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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ffd8c743-f8dd-4a77-8c84-85a6c8ddd5c0", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2891/91 of 1 October 1991 amending Regulation (EEC) No 910/91 on the sale by the procedure laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2539/84 of beef held by certain intervention agencies and intended for export to Brazil", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-10-01", "subjects": "Brazil,beef,export,intervention stock", "workIds": "celex:31991R2891,oj:JOL_1991_275_R_0005_020", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Brazil", "beef", "export", "intervention stock"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ffd8c743-f8dd-4a77-8c84-85a6c8ddd5c0", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2a8c1b80-3585-4f41-ad37-57a2b2c995d4", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2900/91 of 1 October 1991 amending Regulation (EEC) No 1048/90 with regard to the imposition of a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of small screen colour television receivers originating in the Republic of Korea", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1991-10-01", "subjects": "South Korea,anti-dumping duty,dumping,import,television equipment", "workIds": "celex:31991R2900,oj:JOL_1991_275_R_0024_029", "eurovoc_concepts": ["South Korea", "anti-dumping duty", "dumping", "import", "television equipment"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2a8c1b80-3585-4f41-ad37-57a2b2c995d4", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2960adf3-0e97-499b-b616-977c243f1b5a", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2892/91 of 1 October 1991 on the sale by the procedure laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2539/84 of beef held by certain intervention agencies and intended for export to the Soviet Union, amending Regulation (EEC) No 569/88 and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 1933/91", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-10-01", "subjects": "USSR,beef,intervention stock", "workIds": "celex:31991R2892,oj:JOL_1991_275_R_0006_021", "eurovoc_concepts": ["USSR", "beef", "intervention stock"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2960adf3-0e97-499b-b616-977c243f1b5a", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/055f7eae-6bf7-4e7e-8a99-22b2b9b77d19", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2898/91 of 1 October 1991 temporarily suspending the autonomous Common Customs Tariff duty on three industrial products (in the microelectronics sector)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1991-10-01", "subjects": "common customs tariff,computer systems,microelectronics,suspension of customs duties", "workIds": "celex:31991R2898,oj:JOL_1991_275_R_0019_027", "eurovoc_concepts": ["common customs tariff", "computer systems", "microelectronics", "suspension of customs duties"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/055f7eae-6bf7-4e7e-8a99-22b2b9b77d19", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/01aaa5fc-3c09-49a4-aa5b-32cd0b30a1df", "title": "92/232/EEC: Council Decision of 1 October 1991 on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Austria concerning the adjustment of the Community import arrangements applicable to certain beef and veal sector products originating in Austria", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1991-10-01", "subjects": "Austria,agreement (EU),agricultural levy,beef,import policy", "workIds": "celex:31992D0232", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Austria", "agreement (EU)", "agricultural levy", "beef", "import policy"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/01aaa5fc-3c09-49a4-aa5b-32cd0b30a1df", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a5778256-52e0-4c19-8b21-3e045700ff4b", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2899/91 of 1 October 1991 amending Regulation (EEC) No 3905/88 and repealing the definitive anti-dumping duty imposed on imports into the Community of polyester yarn originating in Mexico", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1991-10-01", "subjects": "Mexico,anti-dumping duty,dumping,plastics", "workIds": "celex:31991R2899,oj:JOL_1991_275_R_0021_028", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Mexico", "anti-dumping duty", "dumping", "plastics"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a5778256-52e0-4c19-8b21-3e045700ff4b", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a12be873-60ea-4ffc-a014-28edfe10ad33", "title": "Question No 27 by Mr ARBELOA MURU (H-0946/91) to the Council: Commission representative in the Occupied Territories", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary_question_time,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "ARBELOA MURU,European Parliament", "date": "1991-10-01", "subjects": "European Commission,Israel,diplomatic representation,occupied territory", "workIds": "celex:91991H000946", "eurovoc_concepts": ["European Commission", "Israel", "diplomatic representation", "occupied territory"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a12be873-60ea-4ffc-a014-28edfe10ad33", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/04561d06-708a-40a5-a70b-a2eb516f20c4", "title": "91/528/EEC: Commission Decision of 1 October 1991 making an initial allocation to Belgium of part of the resources to be charged to the 1992 budget year for the supply of food from intervention stocks to designated organizations for distribution to the most deprived persons in the Community", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-10-01", "subjects": "Belgium,aid to disadvantaged groups,food aid,foodstuff,intervention stock", "workIds": "celex:31991D0528,oj:JOL_1991_284_R_0029_031", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Belgium", "aid to disadvantaged groups", "food aid", "foodstuff", "intervention stock"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/04561d06-708a-40a5-a70b-a2eb516f20c4", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1fd8b25e-a9a1-407f-8746-03a249c1324b", "title": "Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of video tapes in cassettes originating in the People' s Republic of China and collecting definitively the provisional duty", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_regulation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-10-01", "subjects": "China,anti-dumping duty,dumping,import,video cassette", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0360,comnat:COM_1991_0360_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["China", "anti-dumping duty", "dumping", "import", "video cassette"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1fd8b25e-a9a1-407f-8746-03a249c1324b", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 360 final \n\nBrussels, 1 October 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) \n\nImposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on Imports of video tapes In \n\ncassettes originating In the People's Republic of China and collecting \n\ndefinitively the provisional duty \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\n\fz \n\nEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\n1. By Regulation (EEC) No 1034/91<1> the Commission imposed a \n\nprovisional anti-dumping duty on Imports of video tapes In cassettes \n\noriginating In the People's Republic of China. That duty was \n\nextended for a maximum period of two months by Regulation (EEC) \n\nNo 2525/91(2). 2. Following the imposition of provisional measures, the Commission has \n\ncontinued Its investigation and has examined the arguments of the \n\ncomplainants and exporters which have requested to be heard. 3. For purposes of the Provisional Duty Regulation, normal value was \n\nbased on prices paid or payable in the Community. This was done \n\nbecause no producers in third countries were found who were willing \n\nto cooperate In the Investigation. Subsequently, several Hong Kong \n\nproducers stated their willingness to cooperate and the Commission \n\nwas able to collect and verify information from those producers. Normal values could then be established using Hong Kong as an \n\nanalogue market economy country. 4. As a result of the use of different normal values, dumping margins \n\nhave been substantially modified. 5. In the provisional findings, a single uniform dumping margin was \n\nestablished for all Chinese exporters. For purposes of definitive \n\nfindings the Commission has concluded that those exporters which are \n\nJoint ventures with foreign participation are able to freely \n\ntransfer their profits out of China. In these circumstances and \n\nfollowing the approach used in the small screen colour television \n\nreceivers case (Regulation (EEC) No 2093/91) individual dumping \n\nmargins have been established for such imports. (1) O. J. n- L 106, 26. 4. 1991, p. 15 \n(2) O. J. n* L 236, 24. 8. 91 , p. 1 \n\n\f3 \n\n6. Provisional findings that the Community video cassette industry has \n\nsuffered material Injury In terms of loss of market share, price \n\nundercutting, price depression and subsequent loss of profitability, \n\nwere confirmed. It was also confirmed that the dumped imports from \n\nthe People's Republic of China had, In isolation, caused material \n\nInjury to the Community Industry. Levels of duty necessary to \n\nremove the Injury were also confirmed. 7. It Is also confirmed - no new facts or arguments having been \n\npresented - that It is In the Community's interest to eliminate the \n\ninjurious effects of the dumping determined. The benefits of such \n\nprotection for the current viability and future development of the \n\nCommunity Industry outweigh the temporary disadvantages to consumers \n\nof limited price Increases for certain imported cassettes. 8. In the light of the economic structure of the exporters and price \n\nvariations for very similar models, the Commission considers that \n\nthe duty should take the form of a variable duty equal to the \n\ndifference between price per cassette net, free at Community \n\nfrontier, not cleared through customs, and a floor price established \n\non the basis of the normal value for each individual model. 9. It Is proposed therefore to Impose definitive anti-dumping duties in \n\nthe form of a variable duty and in the amount established In \n\nArticle 1(2) on imports of video tapes In cassettes originating In \n\nthe People's Republic of China. It is also proposed that the amounts secured by way of the \n\nprovisional duty should be collected up to the levels of the \n\ndefinitive duties finally determined. Proposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO \n\nof \n\nImposing a definitive antI-dumping duty on Imports of video tapes In \n\ncassettes originating in the People's Republic of China and collecting \n\ndefinitively the provisional duty \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, \n\nHaving regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2423/88 of 11 July 1988 on \n\nprotection against dumped or subsidized Imports from countries not \n\nmembers of the European Economic Commun!ty<1), and In particular Article \n\n12 thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal submitted by the Commission after \n\nconsultation within the Advisory Committee as provided for under the \n\nabove Regulation, \n\nWhereas: \n\nA. PROVISIONAL MEASURES \n\n1. The Commission, by Regulation (EEC) No 1034/91(2>, (hereinafter the \n\nProvisional Duty Regulation), imposed a provisional anti-dumping duty \n\non Imports Into the Community of video tapes in cassettes originating \n\nin the People's Republic of China and falling within CN Code ex 8523 \n\n13 00. The Council, by Regulation (EEC) No<3) extended this duty \n\nfor a period not exceeding two months. (1) OJ No L 209, 2/1/1988, p. 1. (2) OJ No L 106, 26/4/1991, p. 15. (3) OJ No L \n\n\fs \n\nB. SUBSEQUENT PROCEDURE \n\n2. Following the Imposition of the provisional anti-dumping duty, the \n\nInterested parties who so requested were granted an opportunity to be \n\nheard by the Commission. They also made written submissions making \n\nknown their views on the findings. 3. Upon request, parties were Informed of the essential facts and \n\nconsiderations on the basis of which it was intended to recommend the \n\nimposition of definitive duties and the definitive collection of \n\namounts secured by way of a provisional duty. They were also granted \n\na period within which to make representations subsequent to the \n\ndisclosure. 4. The oral and written comments submitted by the parties were \n\nconsidered and, where appropriate, the Commission's findings were \n\nmodified to take account of them. 5. Due to the complexity of the proceeding, In particular to the \n\ndetailed verification of the voluminous data Involved and the \n\nnumerous arguments put forward, including the study of related Issues \n\nwhich arose during the proceeding and which could not have been \n\nforeseen at Its outset, the investigation could not be concluded \n\nwithin the normal time limit. C. PRODUCT UNDER CONSIDERATION. LIKE PRODUCT. COMMUNITY INDUSTRY \n\n6. No comments from any of the interested parties were received \n\nconcerning the conclusions of the Commission as set out In recitals 7 \n\nto 11 of the Provisional Duty Regulation, relating to the product \n\nunder consideration, the like product and the Community industry. The Council confirms these conclusions. D. DUMPING \n\na. Normal Value \n\n7. For the purposes of provisional findings the Commission for the \n\nreasons and in the manner described in recitals 12 to 17 of the \n\nProvisional Duty Regulation, established normal value on the basis of \n\nthe price payable In the Community for the like product. 8. The Chinese exporters strongly objected to the use of Community \n\nprices as normal value and requested that normal value should be \n\nestablished, in accordance with the provisions of Article 2 (5) of \n\nRegulation (EEC) in 2423/88, by using Hong Kong as a market economy \n\nfor reference. In this context, several Hong Kong producers of video \n\ncassettes, which had previously refused to cooperate in the \n\ninvestigation, stated, immediately prior to the imposition of \n\nprovisional duties, their willingness to cooperate with the \n\nCommission in the conduct of the investigation. 9. The complainants argued that Hong Kong could not be used as a \n\nreference market economy territory at this stage of the proceeding \n\nbecause the producers now willing to cooperate had previously refused \n\ncooperation and because there appeared to be close links between some \n\nof the Chinese exporters and some of the Hong Kong producers willing \n\nto cooperate with the investigation. 10. The Commission considered that neither of the complainants arguments \n\nprovide sufficient grounds not to select the Hong Kong market as \n\nreference for establishing normal value. The producers in Hong Kong \n\nare not interested parties in the proceeding and therefore their \n\nrefusal to cooperate cannot be Judged in the light of the provisions \n\nof Article 7 (7)(b) of Regulation (EEC) No 2423/88. As to the \n\nalleged links of these Hong Kong producers with Chinese exporters, \n\nthe Commission considers that, insofar as it was able to \n\nsatisfactorily verify all data necessary for the purposes of the \n\ninvestigation the existence of those links is irrelevant for the \n\nestablishment of normal value. } \n\n11. In the light of the above conclusions, the Commission addressed \n\nquestionnaires to several Hong Kong producers and obtained \n\nsatisfactory replies from two of them. The information contained In \n\nthose replies was verified by means of on spot visits. 12. Normal value was established on the basis of the prices paid or \n\npayable for the sales of the like product In the ordinary course of \n\ntrade In Hong Kong. The Commission noted that these sales In the \n\nHong Kong domestic market allowed the producers a considerable profit \n\nmargin. For those models which were not sold In the Hong Kong domestic market \n\nnormal value was constructed on the basis of the average cost of \n\nproduction plus the profit margin realised on the sales of the most \n\nsold model In Hong Kong which comprised substantially all the \n\ndomestic sales of the product concerned In the Hong Kong market. The \n\nselling, general and administrative expenses Included in the cost of \n\nproduction were calculated by obtaining a weighted average for the \n\ntwo producers visited. The Council confirms these conclusions. b. Export price \n\n13. Hong Kong \n\nFor the purposes of the Provisional Duty Regulation, the export \n\nprices were established on the basis of the prices paid or payable \n\nfor the products sold for export to the Community. No comments from \n\nany party have been made on this course of action except Insofar as \n\nthe situation of companies with foreign participation is concerned. These arguments are considered in recital 18 below. The Council \n\nconfirms the course of action followed by the Commission as set out \n\nin recital 18 of the Provisional Duty Regulation. s \n\nC. Comparison \n\n14. As explained in the Provisional Duty Regulation at recitals 20 and \n\n21, all comparisons were made at the ex-factory basis and at the same \n\nlevel of trade. For the purposes of ensuring a fair comparison \n\nbetween normal value and export prices, the Commission took account \n\nwhere appropriate of differences affecting price comparability, such \n\nas transport, packing, credit and other selling expenses. 15. The China Association of Enterprises with Foreign Investment (CAEFI), \n\nrepresenting several cooperating Chinese exporters, alleged that \n\nChinese produced video cassettes were of a significantly lower \n\nquality than that of Hong Kong produced cassettes, mainly due to the \n\nuse of inferior raw materials and processing methods, and requested \n\nan adjustment for differences in physical characteristics which it \n\nquant If led at 20%. The complainant contested the request of the exporters on the basis \n\nthat both Chinese and Hong Kong producers were manufacturing the \n\ntapes under the same licence and should therefore obtain the same \n\nlevel of quality and that consumers made no distinction between Hong \n\nKong and Chinese produced cassettes. 16. After examination of the facts, the Commission considers that there \n\nare no differences in comparable physical characteristics which \n\nJustify an allowance as far as the comparison between Hong Kong and \n\nChinese produced video cassettes Is concerned. Furthermore, the \n\nCommission considers that there is no difference in the consumer's \n\nperception of Hong Kong and Chinese made video cassettes. Consequently, the exporters' claim was rejected. The Council confirms these conclusions. d. Dumping margins \n\n17. For purposes of Its provisional findings, the Commission established \n\na single dumping margin for all Chinese exporters. This was done \n\n\f9 \n\nsince the People's Republic of China is a non-market economy and, in \n\naccordance with previous Community practice, the Commission \n\nconsidered that, because of the lack of independence of the \n\nexporters, a single dumping margin should be established to avoid \n\npurely arbitrary results and the likelihood of circumvention. 18. The Shenzhen Video Tape Manufacturers Association, acting on behalf \n\nof one cooperating exporter and CAEFI on behalf of four cooperating \n\nexporters, argued that these exporters were joint ventures with \n\nforeign participation which operated In an environment very similar \n\nto that of market economy companies and requested that, because of \n\ntheir specific characteristics, individual company findings should be \n\ndetermined for them. In addition the Shenzhen Video Tape \n\nManufacturers Association requested that the Joint venture exporters \n\nwhich did not reply to the questionnaire be granted a different \n\ntreatment than that given to State owned companies. 19. The Commission considered that these cooperating Chinese exporters \n\nhad supplied sufficient evidence to determine that they were \n\ngenuinely Joint venture companies with foreign Investment, were able \n\nto freely establish their export prices and subject to certain \n\nadministrative requirements, were able to transfer profits from China \n\nto their foreign shareholders. The Commission considered that this was also the case for two other \n\ncooperating exporters which had supplied information indicating that \n\nthey were joint ventures with foreign participation. In these circumstances and following the Community's previous \n\npractice as set out in Council Regulation (EEC) No 2093/91 of 15 July \n\n1991 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of small-\n\nscreen colour television receivers originating in Hong Kong and the \n\nPeople's Republic of China and collecting definitively the \n\nprovisional d u t y *4), the Commission concluded that individual \n\ndumping margins could be determined for those companies. (4) OJ No L 195, 18/7/91, p. 1. 4o \n\n20. As to the remaining three cooperating exporters, namely Dong Guan \n\nChangan Jlekou Magnetic Tape Factory, Long Gung Xln Shen Fung Fu \n\nPlastic Mfg. and Shantou Ocean Audio-Video Gen. Corp. , the Commission \n\nreceived no evidence or information indicating that these companies \n\nwere joint ventures with foreign participation. The Commission \n\nconsidered that, because of their lack of independence, the same \n\napproach as the one set out in recital 22 of the Provisional Duty \n\nRegulation should be applied and a single dumping margin calculated \n\nfor these three exporters. The Council confirms the above conclusion. 21. On this basis, export prices were compared on a transaction by \n\ntransaction basis with normal values for each of the exporters \n\nconcerned with the three exceptions mentioned in recital 20 above. The final examination of the facts shows the existence of dumping in \n\nrespect of the product concerned originating in the People's Republic \n\nof China from all the exporters involved, the margin of dumping being \n\nequal to the amount by which the normal value as established exceeds \n\nthe price for export to the Community. 22. The weighted average margins, expressed as a percentage of CIF \n\nCommunity frontier prices varied according to the exporter as \n\nfo11ows: \n\nAcme Cassette Manufacturing \n\nBujI Bant Ian Oscar Video Products Fty. Fuzhou Wonderful Video Tapes Co. Ltd. Fuzhou Fortune Video Tapes Co. Ltd. Nan-Hua Magnet Electricity Co. Ltd. 9,3% \n\n5,1% \n\n6,4% \n\n3,8% \n\n5,4% \n\nSong Gang Hang Sing Cassette Factory Song Gang \n\n1,3% \n\nAll other Chinese exporters \n\n12,5% \n\n23. For those producers that neither replied to the Commission's \n\nquestionnaire, nor otherwise made themselves know, dumping was \n\ndetermined on the basis of the facts available in accordance with the \n\nprovision of Article 7 (7) (b) of Regulation (EEC) No 2423/88. In \n\nthis conection, the Commission considered that the result of its \n\ninvestigation concerning other companies provided the most apropriate \n\n\fA^ \n\nbasis for determination of the margin of dumping. Since It could \n\ncreate an opportunity for circumvention of the duty, If the dumping \n\nmargin for those producers was any lower than the highest dumping \n\nmargin found In their respective countries determined with regard to \n\nthose producers who had cooperated In the investigation, it is \n\nconsidered appropriate to use the highest dumping margin found in \n\ntheir respective country for these groups of producers. E. INJURY \n\n24. The Commission concluded in its provisional findings (See recitals 33 \n\nto 35) that the Community industry had suffered material injury as a \n\nresult of the dumped imports of video tapes In cassettes originating \n\nin the People's Republic of China. 25. Both CAEFI and the Shenzen video Tape Manufacturers Association \n\nobjected to the Commission's findings concerning Injury by Indicating \n\nthat: \n\nthe volume of sales of the Community producers increased between \n\n1986 and 1989, \n\nstocks decreased in the same period, \n\nthe decrease in capacity utilisation between 1986 and 1989 was \n\nthe result of an increase In capacity and not of the existence of \n\ndumped imports, \n\nthe decrease in employment was due to cost rationalization and \n\nautomat izat ion, \n\none of the Community producers already incurred losses in 1986 at \n\na time when imports of video tapes In cassettes from China were \n\nminimal. 26. The Commission considers that these arguments neglect the basic \n\nfacts. Imports of the product concerned from the People's Republic \n\nof China increased from 0,74 million units in 1986 to 38,67 million \n\nunits In 1989, the market share of the Community producers decreased \n\nin a fast growing market and their prices were significantly \n\ndepressed decreasing by 28,6% from 1986 to 1989. 'U \n\nThese facts are by themselves sufficient to establish the existence \n\nof material injury to the Community Industry, taking Into account \n\nthat Article 4(2) of Regulation (EEC) No 2423/88 does not require \n\nthat all the factors listed therein show a negative trend. 27. In addition to these arguments, the Commission notes that the \n\nexporters have not objected to the findings concerning price \n\nundercutting as set out in recital 28 of the Provisional Duty \n\nRegulation, except to request a 40% adjustment instead of the 20% \n\nused. The exporters based their request for this further adjustment \n\non pretended differences in physical characteristics among Community, \n\nHong Kong and Chinese produced video tapes. Given the very similar nature of the Hong Kong and Chinese produced \n\nvideo tapes (see recital 16), the Commission considers that the \n\nevidence submitted is not conclusive enough to indicate that any \n\nadjustment for differences in physical characteristics and the \n\nperceptions of imported and Community produced video tapes by \n\nconsumers should differ from that used provisionally. In view of the above the Commission confirms Its conclusions \n\nconcerning the level of undercutting (59,9%) and concerning the \n\nexistence of material Injury to the Community industry. The Council confirms these conclusions. F. CAUSATION OF INJURY \n\n28. In recitals 36 to 38 of the Provisional Duty Regulation, the \n\nCommission concluded that the imports of video tapes In cassettes \n\noriginating in the People's Republic of China had caused material \n\ninjury to the Community industry. The representatives of the exporters have contested this conclusion. In support of their contention they have argued that the only fact \n\nalleged by the Commission to establish the existence of a causal link \n\nbetween the dumped Chinese Imports and the existence of material \n\ninjury to the Community industry was simultaneity and that this time \n\n\f13 \n\nfactor by Itself Is not sufficient, according to the provisions of \n\nArticle 4 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2423/88, to establish the \n\nexistence of a causal link. The exporters have argued that the \n\nInjury suffered by the Community industry must have been caused by \n\nimports from other sources. 29. The Commission cannot accept these arguments. Simultaneity is not \n\nthe only factor which determines the existence of a causal link. The \n\nCommission notes that the Chinese imports arrive in the Community \n\nmarket at very low prices and, as the market Is very price sensitive, \n\nthis results in a general price depression of the Community prices \n\nwhich prevents the Community producers from increasing their prices \n\nand restoring their profitability to acceptable levels. 30. As to the argument concerning injury caused by Imports from other \n\nsources the Commission considers that the fact that the Increase of \n\nmarket share of the Chinese Imports has been done at the expense of \n\nthe Hong Kong and Korean exports does not render the causal link non \n\nexisting nor the Injury non material. The very low prices of the \n\nChinese Imports and the heavy price undercutting have caused Injury \n\nby not allowing the community Industry to reach acceptable levels of \n\nprofitability which might secure Its continuing operation. The \n\nexporters also referred to the surge of Imports from unidentified \n\nsources as a possible cause of injury to the Community Industry. The \n\nCommission notes that none of the parties involved has provided any \n\ninformation on prices of these imports which are not known to \n\nundercut Community prices. However, even If it was admitted that \n\nthese Imports from unidentified sources were undercutting Community \n\nprices and causing injury to the Community industry, the volume and \n\nlow prices of the dumped imports are such that this would not modify \n\nthe finding that the Chinese exports, taken in isolation, have caused \n\nmaterial Injury to the Community Industry. In view of the above, the Commission confirms Its conclusions In \n\nrecitals 36 to 38 of the Provisional Duty Regulation. The Council confirms these conclusions. * <, \n\nG. COMMUNITY INTEREST \n\n31. No further facts or arguments concerning this subject were submitted \n\nto the Commission by any of the parties. The Council therefore \n\nconfirms the Commission's conclusions set out in recitals 39 to 47 of \n\nthe Provisional Duty Regulation, that it is in the Community's \n\ninterest to eliminate the Injurious effects to the Community Industry \n\nof the dumping determined. The benefits of such protection for the \n\ncurrent viability and future development of that industry outweigh \n\nthe possible disadvantages, of a temporary nature, for the consumer \n\nin terms of limited price increases for certain imported video tapes \n\nin cassettes. H. DUTY \n\n(a) Level of duty \n\n32. Provisional measures took the form of anti-dumping duties. These \n\nwere imposed at the level of the increase in price considered \n\nnecessary to prevent injury being caused during the proceedings. This duty was established (recital 49 of the provisional Duty \n\nRegulation) at the level of 25,8%. 33. Subsequently both the exporters and the complainant contested the \n\nmethod followed by the Commission on establishing the level of duty \n\nnecessary to remove the injury. 34. The Commission considers that, since the dumping margins definitively \n\ndetermined are significantly below the level required to eliminate \n\nthe injury caused, neither the argument of the exporters nor that of \n\nthe complainants has any practical relevance in terms of the final \n\nresult. 35. As the dumping margins established are in all cases lower than the \n\npercentage needed to remove the injury, duties should be established \n\nat the level of the dumping margins. The Council confirms these conclusions. IS\" \n\n(b) Form of duty \n\n36. In the light of the economic structure of the exporters and price \n\nvariations for very similar models, the Commission considers that the \n\nduty should take the form of a variable duty equal to the difference \n\nbetween price per cassette net, free at Community frontier, not \n\ncleared through customs, and a floor price established on the basis \n\nof the normal value for each individual model. In order to avoid difficulties in the application of the duties \n\nshould developments in the market result in the appearance of \n\ncassettes with different lengths from those known at present, the \n\nmodels of cassettes are to be described in such a way that all \n\npossible future combinations are included. 37. The Commission notes that the variable duty provides Individual \n\nresults for the cooperating Chinese Joint venture exporters as the \n\nduty for each one of them will be the equivalent to the difference \n\nbetween their export prices and the normal value. The Council confirms these conclusions. I. COLLECTION OF PROVISIONAL DUTIES \n\n38. in view of the dumping margins established, and the seriousness of \n\nthe Injury caused to the Community industry, the Council considers it \n\nnecessary that amounts collected by way of provisional anti-dumping \n\nduties should be definitively collected to the extent of the amount \n\nof the duty definitively imposed, \n\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION \n\nARTICLE 1 \n\n1. A definitive anti-dumping duty is hereby imposed on imports of video \n\ntapes of VHS standard In cassettes falling within CN Code ex 8523 13 00 \n\n(TARIC codes: see Annex) and originating in the People's Republic of \n\nChina. K \n\n2. The amount of the duty shall be equal to the difference between the \n\nminimum prices listed below and the price per cassette net, free at \n\nCommunity frontier, not cleared through customs for cassettes with tapes \n\nhaving a playing time : \n\nup to and including 30 minutes \n\nexceeding 30 minutes and up to 60 minutes \n\nexceeding 60 minutes and up to 90 minutes \n\nexceeding 90 minutes and up to 120 minutes \n\nexceeding 120 minutes and up to 180 minutes \n\nexceeding 180 minutes and up to 195 minutes \n\nexceeding 195 minutes and up to 240 minutes \n\nexceeding 240 minutes \n\n0. 76 ECU \n\n0. 92 ECU \n\n1. 08 ECU \n\n1. 26 ECU \n\n1. 57 ECU \n\n1. 74 ECU \n\n1. 95 ECU \n\n2. 22 ECU \n\n3. The provisions in force concerning customs duties shall apply. ARTICLE 2 \n\nAmounts secured by way of the provisional anti-dumping duty imposed by \n\nRegulation (EEC) No 1034/91 will be definitively collected to the extent \n\nof the amounts resulting from the application of the definitive duty as \n\nfixed in Article 1 (2). Secured amounts in excess of these amounts will be released. ANNLA \n\n\f1} \n\nARTICLE 3 \n\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on the day following its \n\npublication In the Official Journal of the European Communities. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable \n\nin a 11 Member States. Done at Brussels, \n\nFor the Council \n\nThe President \n\n\fn \n\nANNEX \n\nCN \n\nCODE \n\nTARIC \n\nD E S C R I P T 0 N \n\nSUBHEADING \n\nVideo tapes : \n\n- - - - in cassettes : \n\n- - - - - falling under VHS standards : \n\n_ _ _ _ __ having a playing time : \n\n85231300 \n\n* 21 \n\n_ _ _ _ _ __ up to and including \n\n30 minutes \n\n85231300 \n\n* 23 \n\n- - - - - -- exceeding 30 minutes \n\nand up to 60 minutes \n\n85231300 \n\n* 25 \n\n_ _ _ _ _ __ exceeding 60 minutes \n\nand up to 90 minutes \n\n85231300 \n\n* 27 \n\n- - - - - -- exceeding 90 minutes \n\nand up to 120 minutes \n\n85231300 \n\n* 28 \n\n- - - - - -- exceeding 120 minutes \n\n85231300 \n\n* 31 \n\n- - - - - -- exceeding 180 minutes \n\nand up to 195 minutes \n\n85231300 \n\n* 33 \n\n- - - - - -- exceeding 195 minutes \n\nand up to 180 minutes \n\n85231300 \n\n85231300 \n\n85231300 \n\n* 35 \n\n* 39 \n\n* 49 \n\nand up to 240 minutes \n\n- - - - - -- exceeding 240 minutes \n\nOther \n\nOther \n\n\fT3 \n\nISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 360 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n02 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-410-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75888-0 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Coi-ununities \nL-2985 Luxembourg"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d20b20a3-0b6e-11e4-a7d0-01aa75ed71a1", "title": "Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) laying down rules for the description and presentation of special wines", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_regulation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-27", "subjects": "food technology,fortified wine,labelling,sparkling wine", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0348,comnat:COM_1991_0348_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["food technology", "fortified wine", "labelling", "sparkling wine"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d20b20a3-0b6e-11e4-a7d0-01aa75ed71a1", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91)348 final \n\nBrussels, 27 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) \n\nlaying down rules for the description and \npresentation of special wines \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\n\f& \n\nEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\nThe capsules containing lead which are used to cover the closing devices of the \ncontainers in which liqueur wines, semi-spark Iing wines and aerated semi-\nsparkling wines are supplied to the final consumer are suspected of being one of \nthe causes of contamination where traces of lead are found in the wine. The \ncapsules contribute to the pollution of the environment when disposed of as waste \nand could hamper Community wine exports to certain non-member countries. Their \nuse should consequently be banned. For wines other than special wines, Council Regulation (EEC) No 2356/91 bans the \nuse of capsules containing lead. For sparkling wines and aerated sparkling \nwines, Regulation (EEC) No 2357/91 imposes a similar ban. To allow the users and \nmanufacturers of the capsules a period to adjust, transitional arrangements \nshould be made for them to continue to be used and for wines put up in containers \nfitted with such capsules to be kept for sale, and put on sale. The adoption of this proposal for a Council Regulation has no financial \nimplications for the Community budget. Proposal for Council Regulation (EEC) No \n\nof \nlaying down rules for the description and \npresentation of special'wines \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission, \n\nHaving regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No 822/87 of 16 March 1987 on the \n\ncommon organization of the market in wine( 1 ), as last amended by Regulation \n\n(EEC) No 1734/91<2>, and in particular Article 72(1) thereof. Whereas Council Directive 79/112/EEC of 18 December 1987 on the approximation of \n\nthe laws of the Member States relating to the labelling, presentation and \n\nadvertising of foodstuffs for sale to the ultimate consumer*3), as last amended \n\nby Directive 89/395/EEC^4^, provides for the introduction of the principle of \n\nthe compulsory indication of the actual acIoho lie strength of all alcoholic \n\nbeverages; whereas, on the other hand, in Article 10a thereof it provides for \n\nthe determination, by specific provisions, of detailed rules governing the \n\nindication of the alcoholic strength by volume on the labelling of products \n\nfalling within CN code 2204; \n\nWhereas the description of liqueur wines, semi-sparkling wines and aerated \n\nsemi-sparkling wines is not regulated by Council Regulation (EEC) 2392/89 of 24 \n\nJuly 1989 laying down general rules for the description and presentation of \n\nwines and grape musts( 5 ), as last amended by Regulation (EEC) No 2356/91(6), \n\nnor by Council Regulation (EEC) No 3309/85 of 18 November 1985 laying down \n\ngeneral rules for the description and presentation of sparkling wines and \n\naerated \n\n(1) 0J No L 84, 27. 3. 1987, p. 1. (2) 0J No L 163, 26. 6. 1991, p. 6. (3) 0J NO L 33, 8. 2. 1979, p. 1. (4) 0J No L 186, 30. 6. 1989, p. 17. (5) 0J No L 232, 9. 8. 1989, p. 13. (6) 0J NO L 216, 3. 8. 1991, p. 1. H \n\nsparkling wines*7), as last amended by Regulation (EEC) No 2357/91*8); \n\nwhereas specific rules should be laid down for the indication of the alcoholic \n\nstrength by volume on the labelling of such wines; \n\nWhereas the use of lead to cover the closing devices of containers in which \n\nwines or grape musts are marketed should be banned, firstly, in order to avoid \n\nany risk of contamination in patricular by accidental contact with those \n\nproducts, and secondly to avoid any risk of environmental pollution from waste \n\ncontaining lead from the aforementioned capsules; \n\nWhereas, however, to allow the manufacturers and users of these capsules a \n\nperiod to adjust, this ban should be applied from 1 January 1993; \n\nWhereas Council Regulation (EEC) No 1627/86 of 6 May 1986 laying down rules for \n\nthe description of special wines with regard to the indication of alcoholic \n\nstrength*9^ should be repealed; \n\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION: \n\nArticle 1 \n\n1. The description on the labelling of liqueur wines, semi-spark Iing wines and \n\naerated semi-sparkIing wines, as referred to in Annex I to Regulation (EEC) \n\nNo 822/87 and Article 2 of Regulation (EEC) No 2391/89*10), shall include \n\nthe actual alcoholic strength by volume. 2. The actual alcoholic strength by volume shall be indicated in accordance \n\nwith the conditions laid down in the implementing provisions. Art icle 2 \n\nCapsules or foils containing lead shall not be used to cover the closing devices \n\non liqueur wines, semi-sparkIing wines or aerated semi-sparkIing wines. (7) OJ NO L 320, 29. 11. 1985, p. 9. (8) OJ NO L 216. 3. 8. 1991, p. 2. (9) OJ NO L 144, 29. 5. 1986, p. 4. (10) OJ No L 232, 9. 8. 1989, p. 10. r \n\nArt icle 3 \n\n1. Regulation (EEC) No 1627/86 is hereby repealed. 2. References to the repealed Regulation shall be understood to be references \n\nto this Regulation and are to be interpreted in accordance with the table \n\nof equivalence set ou in the Annex hereto. Art icle 4 \n\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the \n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities. Article 2 shall apply with effect from 1 January 1993. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all \n\nMember States. Done at Brussels, \n\nFor the CounciI \n\n\fANNEX \n\nRegulation (EEC) No 1627/86 \n\nThis R\u00e9gul\u00e2t ion \n\nArticle 1 \nArticle 2 \nArticle 3 \n\nArticle 1 \n\nArt icle 4 \n\n\f4 \n\nFINANCIAL STATEMENT \n\n1. BUDGET HEADING: 16 \n\nAPPROPRIATIONS: ECU 1. 581 million \n\n2. TITLE: \n\nProposal for a Council Regulation laying down certain rules on the designation and presentation of \nspecial wines \n\n3. LEGAL BASIS: Council Regulation (EEC) No 822/87 \n\n4. AIMS OF PROJECT: \n\nTo ban the use of lead capsules for special wines and to make provision for transitional periods during \nwhich lead capsules may be used for wine not fal I ing within the category of special wines \n\nPeriod of 12 months \n\nECU mi 11 ion \n\nCurrent Financial Year \n1991 \nECU mi 11 ion \n\nFollowing Financial Year \n1992 \n\nECU mi 11 ion \n\n1993 \n\n1994 \n\n1995 \n\n1996 \n\n5. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS \n\n5. 0 EXPENDITURE \n\n- CHARGED TO THE EC BUDGET \n- (REFUNDS/INTERVENT ION) \n- NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION \n- OTHER \n\n5. 1 REVENUE \n\n- OWN RESOURCES OF THE EC \n(LEVIES/CUSTOMS DUTIES) \n\n- NATIONAL \n\n5. 0. 1 ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE \n5. 1. 1 ESTIMATED REVENUE \n\n5. 2 METHOD OF CALCULATION: \n\n6. 0 CAN THE PROJECT BE FINANCED FROM APPROPRIATIONS ENTERED IN THE RELEVANT CHAPTER OF THE CURRENT BUDGET? \n\n6. 1 CAN THE PROJECT BE FINANCED BY TRANSFER BETWEEN CHAPTERS OF THE CURRENT BUDGET? \n\n6. 2 IS A SUPPLEMENTARY BUDGET NECESSARY? \n\n6. 3 WILL FUTURE BUDGET APPROPRIATIONS BE NECESSARY? \n\nOBSERVATIONS: \n\nYES \n\nYES \n\nNO \n\nNO \n\n\fFICHE D'IMPACT \n\nOBJET: R\u00e8glement Conseil \u00e9tablissant certaines r\u00e8gles pour la \n\nd\u00e9signation et la pr\u00e9sentation de vins sp\u00e9ciaux. Cette mesure n'a pas d'impact sur les PME et l'emploi. Diese MalBnahme hat weder Auswirkungen auf Klein- und Mittelbetriebe \nnoch auf die Besch\u00e0ftigungslage. This measure has no impact on the small and medium-sized businesses and \nemployment. ISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 348 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n03 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-400-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75798-1 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \n\nL-2985 Luxembourg"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a1f43c22-e7a0-46ea-a6f5-37ea31220cd8", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION No. 2020/91 by Mr Ernest GLINNE to the Council. Censorship of publications arriving at Walvis Bay", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,GLINNE", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "Namibia,South Africa,censorship,customs inspection,publication", "workIds": "celex:91991E002020", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Namibia", "South Africa", "censorship", "customs inspection", "publication"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a1f43c22-e7a0-46ea-a6f5-37ea31220cd8", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2aa61279-c80f-11e6-a6db-01aa75ed71a1", "title": "Commerce ext\u00e9rieur : tableaux analytiques - 1990, Import. Volume L: 90-99..,External trade : analytical tables - 1990, Import. Volume L: 90-99..", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Eurostat", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "Nimexe,economic statistics,firearms and munitions,foreign trade,import (EU),medical device,optical industry,photographic industry,precision instrument", "workIds": "PUB_CA6891012", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Nimexe", "economic statistics", "firearms and munitions", "foreign trade", "import (EU)", "medical device", "optical industry", "photographic industry", "precision instrument"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2aa61279-c80f-11e6-a6db-01aa75ed71a1", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2c051993-cad5-43ad-9d2b-7a3a579b2533", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION No. 2044/91 by Mrs Anita POLLACK to the Commission. Charity laws in Member States", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,POLLACK", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "European social policy,association,foundation,social economy,voluntary organisation", "workIds": "celex:91991E002044", "eurovoc_concepts": ["European social policy", "association", "foundation", "social economy", "voluntary organisation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2c051993-cad5-43ad-9d2b-7a3a579b2533", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/45dedbe6-2080-49a9-a8ec-a273a51ed94c", "title": "Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Commission of the European Communities regarding the application of their competition laws - Exchange of interpretative letters with the Government of the United States of America", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_non-member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Coal and Steel Community,European Community,United States", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "United States,competition law,competition policy,cooperation agreement (EU),exchange of information", "workIds": "celex:21995A0427(01)", "eurovoc_concepts": ["United States", "competition law", "competition policy", "cooperation agreement (EU)", "exchange of information"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/45dedbe6-2080-49a9-a8ec-a273a51ed94c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1995095EN. 01004701. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n27. 4. 1995\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 95/47\n\n\n\n\n\nAGREEMENT\nbetween the Government of the United States of America and the Commission of the European Communities regarding the application of their competition laws\nTHE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nRecognizing that the world's economies are becoming increasingly interrelated, and in particular that this is true of the economies of the United States of America and the European Communities;\nNoting that the Government of the United States of America and the Commission of the European Communities share the view that the sound and effective enforcement of competition law is a matter of importance to the efficient operation of their respective markets and to trade between them;\nNoting that the sound and effective enforcement of the Parties' competition laws would be enhanced by cooperation and, in appropriate cases, coordination between them in the application of those laws;\nNoting further that from time to time differences may arise between the Parties concerning the application of their competition laws to conduct or transactions that implicate significant interests of both Parties;\nHaving regard to the Recommendation of the Council of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Concerning Cooperation Between Member Countries on Restrictive Business Practices Affecting International Trade, adopted on June 5, 1986;\nand\nHaving regard to the Declaration on US-EC Relations adopted on November 23, 1990,\nHAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:\nArticle I\nPurpose and definitions\n1. The purpose of this Agreement is to promote cooperation and coordination and lessen the possibility or impact of differences between the Parties in the application of their competition laws. 2. For the purpose of this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following definitions:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA. \u2018competition law(s)\u2019 shall mean\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nfor the European Communities, Articles 85, 86, 89 and 90 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, Articles 65 and 66 of the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and their implementing Regulations including High Authority Decision No 24-54, and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nfor the United States of America, the Sherman Act (15 USC \u00a7\u00a7 1-7), the Clayton Act (15 USC \u00a7\u00a7 12-27), the Wilson Tariff Act (15 USC \u00a7\u00a7 8-11), and the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 USC \u00a7\u00a7 41-68, except as these sections relate to consumer protection functions),\n\n\n\n\nas well as such other laws or regulations as the Parties shall jointly agree in writing to be a \u2018competition law\u2019 for purposes of this Agreement;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB. \u2018competition authorities\u2019 shall mean (i) for the European Communities, the Commission of the European Communities, as to its responsibilities pursuant to the competition laws of the European Communities, and (ii) for the United States, the Antitrust Division of the United Stated Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nC. \u2018enforcement activities\u2019 shall mean any application of competition law by way of investigation or proceeding conducted by the competition authorities of a Part; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. \u2018anticompetitive activities\u2019 shall mean any conduct or transaction that is impermissible under the competition laws of a Party. Article II\nNotification\n1. Each Party shall notify the other whenever its competition authorities become aware that their enforcement activities may affect important interests of the other Party. 2. Enforcement activities as to which notification ordinarily will be appropriate include those that:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nare relevant to enforcement activities of the other Party;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\ninvolve anticompetitive activities (other than a merger or acquisition) carried out in significant part in the other Party's territory;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\ninvolve a merger or acquisition in which one or more of the parties to the transaction, or a company controlling one or more of the parties to the transaction, is a company incorporated or organized under the laws of the other Party or one of its States or Member States;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\ninvolve conduct believed to have been required, encouraged or approved by the other Party; or\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\ninvolve remedies that would, in significant respects, require or prohibit conduct in the other Party's territory. 3. With respect to mergers or acquisitions required by law to be reported to the competition authorities, notification under this Article shall be made:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nin the case of the Government of the United States of America,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nnot later than the time its competition authorities request, pursuant to 15 USC \u00a7 18 a (e), additional information or documentary material concerning the proposed transaction,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nwhen its competition authorities decide to file a complaint challenging the transaction, and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(iii)\n\n\nwhere this is possible, far enough in advance of the entry of a consent decree to enable the other Party's views to be taken into account; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nin the case of the Commission of the European Communities,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nwhen notice of the transaction is published in the Official Journal, pursuant to Article 4 (3) of Council Regulation No 4064/89, or when notice of the transaction is received under Article 66 of the ECSC Treaty and a prior authorization from the Commission is required under that provision,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nwhen its competition authorities decide to initiate proceedings with respect to the proposed transaction, pursuant to Article 6 (1) (c) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89, and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(iii)\n\n\nfar enough in advance of the adoption of a decision in the case to enable the other Party's views to be taken into account. 4. With respect to other matters, notification shall ordinarily be provided at the stage in an investigation when it becomes evident that notifiable circumstances are present, and in any event far enough in advance of:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe issuance of a statement of objections in the case of the Commission of the European Communities, or a complaint or indictment in the case of the Government of the United States of America; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthe adoption of a decision or settlement in the case of the Commission of the European Communities, or the entry of a consent decree in the case of the Government of the United States of America;\n\n\n\n\nto enable the other Party's views to be taken into account. 5. Each Party shall also notify the other whenever its competition authorities intervene or otherwise participate in a regulatory or judicial proceeding that does not arise from its enforcement activities, if the issues addressed in the intervention or participation may affect the other Party's important interests. Notification under this paragraph shall apply only to:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nregulatory or judicial proceedings that are public;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nintervention or participation that is public and pursuant to formal procedures; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nin the case of regulatory proceedings in the United States, only proceedings before federal agencies. Notification shall be made at the time of the intervention or participation or as soon thereafter as possible. 6. Notifications under this Article shall include sufficient information to permit an initial evaluation by the recipient Party of any effects on its interests. Article III\nExchange of information\n1. The Parties agree that it is in their common interest to share information that will (a) facilitate effective application of their respective competition laws, or (b) promote better understanding by them of economic conditions and theories relevant to their competition authorities' enforcement activities and interventions or participation of the kind described in Article II (5). 2. In furtherance of this common interest, appropriate officials from the competition authorities of each Party shall meet at least twice each year, unless otherwise agreed, to (a) exchange information on their current enforcement activities and priorities, (b) exchange information on economic sectors of common interest, (c) discuss policy changes which they are considering, and (d) discuss other matters of mutual interest relating to the application of competition laws. 3. Each Party will provide the other Party with any significant information that comes to the attention of its competition authorities about anticompetitive activities that its competition authorities believe is relevant to, or may warrant, enforcement activity by the other Party's competition authorities. 4. Upon receiving a request from the other Party, and within the limits of Articles VIII and IX, a Party will provide to the requesting Party such information within its possession as the requesting Party may describe that is relevant to an enforcement activity being considered or conducted by the requesting Party's competition authorities. Article IV\nCooperation and coordination in enforcement activities\n1. The competition authorities of each Party will render assistance to the competition authorities of the other Party in their enforcement activities, to the extent compatible with the assisting Party's laws and important interests, and within its reasonably available resources. 2. In cases where both Parties have an interest in pursuing enforcement activities with regard to related situations, they may agree that it is in their mutual interest to coordinate their enforcement activities. In considering whether particular enforcement activities should be coordinated, the Parties shall take account of the following factors, among others:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe opportunity to make more efficient use of their resources devoted to the enforcement activities;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthe relative abilities of the Parties' competition authorities to obtain information necessary to conduct the enforcement activities;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthe effect of such coordination on the ability of both Parties to achieve the objectives of their enforcement activities; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthe possibility of reducing costs incurred by persons subject to the enforcement activities. 3. In any coordination arrangement, each Party shall conduct its enforcement activities expeditiously and, insofar as possible, consistently with the enforcement objectives of the other Party. 4. Subject to appropriate notice to the other Party, the competition authorities of either Party may limit or terminate their participation in a coordination arrangement and pursue their enforcement activities independently. Article V\nCooperation regarding anticompetitive activities in the territory of one Party that adversely affect the interests of the other Party\n1. The Parties note that anticompetitive activities may occur within the territory of one Party that, in addition to violating that Party's competition laws, adversely affect important interests of the other Party. The Parties agree that it is in both their interests to address anticompetitive activities of this nature. 2. If a Party believes that anticompetitive activities carried out on the territory of the other Party are adversely affecting its important interests, the first Party may notify the other Party and may request that the other Party's competition authorities initiate appropriate enforcement activities. The notification shall be as specific as possible about the nature of the anticompetitive activities and their effects on the interests of the notifying Party, and shall include an offer of such further information and other cooperation as the notifying Party is able to provide. 3. Upon receipt of a notification under paragraph 2, and after such other discussion between the Parties as may be appropriate and useful in the circumstances, the competition authorities of the notified Party will consider whether or not to initiate enforcement activities, or to expand ongoing enforcement activities, with respect to the anticompetitive activities identified in the notification. The notified Party will advise the notifying Party of its decision. If enforcement activities are initiated, the notified Party will advise the notifying Party of their outcome and, to the extent possible, of significant interim developments. 4. Nothing in this Article limits the discretion of the notified Party under its competition laws and enforcement policies as to whether or not to undertake enforcement activities with respect to the notified anticompetitive activities, or precludes the notifying Party from undertaking enforcement activities with respect to such anticompetitive activities. Article VI\nAvoidance of conflicts over enforcement activities\nWithin the framework of its own laws and to the extent compatible with its important interests, each Party will seek, at all stages in its enforcement activities, to take into account the important interests of the other Party. Each Party shall consider important interests of the other Party in decisions as to whether or not to initiate an investigation or proceeding, the scope of an investigation or proceeding, the nature of the remedies or penalties sought, and in other ways, as appropriate. In considering one another's important interests in the course of their enforcement activities, the Parties will take account of, but will not be limited to, the following principles:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. While an important interest of a Party may exist in the absence of official involvement by the Party with the activity in question, it is recognized that such interests would normally be reflected in antecedent laws, decisions or statements of policy by its competent authorities. 2. A Party's important interests may be affected at any stage of enforcement activity by the other Party. The Parties recognize, however, that as a general mater the potential for adverse impact on one Party's important interests arising from enforcement activity by the other Party is less at the investigative stage and greater at the stage at which conduct is prohibited or penalized, or at which other forms of remedial orders are imposed. 3. Where it appears that one Party's enforcement activities may adversely affect important interests of the other Party, the Parties will consider the following factors, in addition to any other factors that appear relevant in the circumstances, in seeking an appropriate accommodation of the competing interests:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe relative significance to the anticompetitive activities involved of conduct. within the enforcing Party's territory as compared to conduct within the other Party's territory;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthe presence or absence of a purpose on the part of those engaged in the anticompetitive activities to affect consumers, suppliers, or competitors within the enforcing Party's territory;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthe relative significance of the effects of the anticompetitive activities on the enforcing Party's interests as compared to the effects on the other Party's interests;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthe existence or absence of reasonable expectations that would be furthered or defeated by the enforcement activities;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nthe degree of conflict or consistency between the enforcement activities and the other Party's laws or articulated economic policies; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\nthe extent to which enforcement activities of the other Party with respect to the same persons, including judgments or undertakings resulting from such activities, may be affected. Article VII\nConsultation\n1. Each Party agrees to consult promptly with the other Party in response to a request by the other Party for consultations regarding any matter related to this Agreement and to attempt to conclude consultations expeditiously with a view to reaching mutually satisfactory conclusions. Any request for consultations shall include the reasons therefor and shall state whether procedural time limits or other considerations require the consultations to be expedited. These consultations shall take place at the appropriate level, which may include consultations between the heads of the competition authorities concerned. 2. In each consultation under paragraph 1, each Party shall take into account the principles of cooperation set forth in this Agreement and shall be prepared to explain to the other Party the specific results of its application of those principles to the issue that is the subject of consultation. Article VIII\nConfidentiality of information\n1. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, neither Party is required to provide information to the other Party if disclosure of that information to the requesting Party (a) is prohibited by the law of the Party possessing the information, or (b) would be incompatible with important interests of the Party possessing the information. 2. Each Party agrees to maintain, to the fullest extent possible, the confidentiality of any information provided to it in confidence by the other Party under this Agreement and to oppose, to the fullest extent possible, any application for disclosure of such information by a third party that is not authorized by the Party that supplied the information. Article IX\nExisting law\nNothing in this Agreement shall be interpreted in a manner inconsistent with the existing laws, or as requiring any change in the laws, of the United States of America or the European Communities or of their respective States or Member States. Article X\nCommunications under this Agreement\nCommunications under this Agreement, including notifications under Articles II and V, may be carried out by direct oral, telephonic, written or facsimile communication from one Party's competition authority to the other Party's authority. Notifications under Articles II, V and XI, and requests under Article VII, shall be confirmed promptly in writing through diplomatic channels. Article XI\nEntry into force, termination and review\n1. This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature. 2. This Agreement shall remain in force until 60 days after the date on which either Party notifies the other Party in writing that it wishes to terminate the Agreement. 3. The Parties shall review the operation of this Agreement not more than 24 months from the date of its entry into force, with a view to assessing their cooperative activities, identifying additional areas in which they could usefully cooperate and identifying any other ways in which the Agreement could be improved. The Parties agree that this review will include, among other things, an analysis of actual or potential cases to determine whether their interests could be better served through closer cooperation. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized, have signed this Agreement. DONE at Washington, in duplicate, this twenty-third day of September, 1991, in the English language. For the Commission of the European Communities\n\n\n\n\nFor the Government of the United States of America\n\n\n\n\n\nExchange of interpretative letters with the Government of the United States of America\nDear [name],\nAs you are aware, on 9 August 1994, the Court of Justice of the European Communities held that the European Commission was not competent to conclude the \u2018Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the Government of the United States of America regarding the application of their competition rules\u2019. In order to remedy this situation, the Council has decided on [date] to conclude the Agreement itself. However, as the Agreement will now be concluded by the Council on behalf of the European Community and by the Commission on behalf of the European Coal and Steel Community only, certain corrections of errors in the text of the Agreement are necessary. These are set out in detail in the Annex to this letter, which forms an integral part of this letter. As these corrections do not affect the substance of the Agreement, we consider that they can be made through an exchange of letters. We should therefore be grateful if you would confirm your acceptance of the corrections contained in this letter. Moreover, in order to ensure a clear understanding of the European Communities' interpretation of the Agreement, we set out below two interpretative statements:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. In the light of Article IX of the Agreement, Article VIII (1) should be understood to mean that the information covered by the provisions of Article 20 of Council Regulation 17/62 may not under any circumstances be communicated by the Commission to the US antitrust authorities, save with the express agreement of the source concerned. Similarly, the information referred to in Articles II (6) and III of the Agreement may not include information covered by Article 20 of Regulation 17/62 nor by similar provisions of regulations of equivalent application save with the express agreement of the source concerned. 2. In the light of Article VIII (2) of the Agreement, all non-public information provided by either of the Parties in accordance with the Agreement will be considered as confidential by the receiving Party which should oppose any request for disclosure to a third party unless such disclosure is:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nauthorized by the undertaking concerned, or\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nrequired under the law of the receiving Party. This is understood to mean that\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\neach Party assures the confidentiality of all information furnished by the other Party in accordance with the applicable rules, including those rules intended to assure the confidentiality of information gathered during a Party's own enforcement activities,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\neach Party shall use all the legal means at its disposal to oppose the disclosure of this information. The European Communities recall the principles which govern the relationship between the Commission and the Member States in the application of the competition rules as enshrined, for example, in Council Regulation 17/62. The Commission after notice to the US competition authorities, will inform the Member State or Member States whose interests are affected of the notifications sent to it by the US antitrust authorities. The Commission, after consultation with the US competition authorities, will also inform such Member State or Member States of any cooperation and coordination of enforcement activities. However, as regards such activities, either competition authority will respect the other's request not to disclose the information which it provides when necessary to ensure confidentiality, subject to any contrary requirement of the applicable law. We should be grateful if you would also confirm that these interpretative statements do not present any difficulties for the US Government. Yours sincerely,\n\nANNEX\nCHANGES TO THE TEXT OF THE AGREEMENT NECESSITATED BY THE CONCLUSION OF THE AGREEMENT BY THE COMMISSION ON BEHALF OF THE EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY AND BY THE COUNCIL ON BEHALF OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY\u00a0(1)\n\n\nTitle\n\nAgreement between the European Communities and the Government of the United States of America regarding the application of their competition laws\n\nParties\n\n\nThe European Community and the European Coal and Steel Community on the one hand (hereinafter referred to as \u2018the European Communities\u2019)\n\n\nRecital No 2\n\nNoting that the European Communities and the Government of the United States of America share the view that the sound and effective enforcement of competition law is a matter of importance to the efficient operation of their respective markets and to trade between them;\n\nExecution\n\n\nFor the European Community\n\n\nFor the European Coal and Steel Community\n\nFor the Government of the United States of America. (1)\u00a0\u00a0All changes have been underlined (italic in this Official Journal)"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3f67aa9b-0b2c-40e0-9e0f-b4464f8d9648", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION No. 2032/91 by Mr Jos\u00e9 HAPPART to the Commission. 1992 Draft Budget", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,HAPPART", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "Community budget,EU policy,European integration,budget appropriation,draft budget", "workIds": "celex:91991E002032", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Community budget", "EU policy", "European integration", "budget appropriation", "draft budget"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3f67aa9b-0b2c-40e0-9e0f-b4464f8d9648", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/106c5e27-cfff-48fb-997d-ab9aea58a309", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DIRECTIVE AMENDING DIRECTIVE 70/156/EEC ON THE APPROXIMATION OF THE LAWS OF THE MEMBER STATES RELATING TO THE TYPE-APPROVAL OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND THEIR TRAILERS", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_directive_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "approximation of laws,commercial vehicle,marketing standard,motor vehicle,technical standard,vehicle registration", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0279,comnat:COM_1991_0279_FIN,oj:JOC_1991_301_R_0001_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["approximation of laws", "commercial vehicle", "marketing standard", "motor vehicle", "technical standard", "vehicle registration"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/106c5e27-cfff-48fb-997d-ab9aea58a309", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf", "pdfa1b", "print"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 279 final - SYN 360 \n\nBrussels, 23 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL DIRECTIVE \n\namending Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the \n\nMember States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles \n\nand their trailers \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\n\f\f- 7 \n\n-\n\nEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\nI. Background and Objectives of the Proposal. In accordance with the General Programme for the Elimination of Technical \n\nBarriers to Trade of 1969, Directive 70/156/EEC on the Approximation of the \n\nlaws of the Member States relating to the Type-Approval of motor vehicles and \n\ntheir trailers was issued In February 1970. The central objective was to \n\nestablish a system whereby a vehicle type which was approved in one Member \n\nState of the EEC as being In conformity with a complete set of uniform \n\ntechnical requirements should be eligible for free trade throughout the \n\nCommunity without any further testing. The Directive laid down the basic \n\nprinciples and the administrative procedures of the EEC Type-Approval. It \n\nalso contained a complete list of the various characteristics, systems and \n\ncomponents of a vehicle which were to be covered by the requirements of 44 so-\n\ncalled separate Directives. The complete EEC Type-Approval procedure could only become applicable when all \n\nof these 44 separate Directives became available. However, special \n\ntransitional provisions of Directive 70/156 (Article 10) allowed the use of \n\nthe separate Directives already in existence. Thus it was possible to gain \n\nexperience with the growing number of EEC requirements in the framework of the \n\nfamiliar national type-approval systems. Now, as the Community approaches the completion of its internal market, the \n\nlast of the 44 separate Directives - those on tyres, safety glass and weights \n\nand dimensions are at an advanced stage in the Community's decision making \n\nprocess. However, it has become obvious that the administrative procedures \n\nlaid down in Directive 70/156 also needed to be improved before the EEC Type-\n\nApproval system could become fully operational. Based on the thorough work of the Commission's expert group \"Operation of EEC \n\nType-Approval (OTA)\", the present proposal aims at a comprehensive revision of \n\nDirective 70/156 in order to establish a feasible and transparent procedure. - 3 -\n\n11. The Main Features of the Future Procedure. Considerations of principle which were confirmed by high level consultations \n\nwith Member States and industry have permitted the identification of a number \n\nof main features which the proposed amending Directive incorporates: \n\n- As a logical consequence of the forthcoming Single Market, the new \n\nDirective is based on \"total harmonization\", i. e. the EEC type-\n\napproval requirements and procedures should be mandatory, and hence \n\nreplace the national type-approval systems requirements which up to \n\nnow have co-existed as an alternative option. - The EEC type-approval procedure is, by definition, limited to the \n\nharmonization of the national type-approval systems i. e. vehicles \n\nreproduced and marketed in significant numbers and does not cover the \n\nnational procedures for individual approvals, i. e. vehicles produced \n\nin very small numbers or as a unique product. - The new procedure allows for approval of vehicles, systems, \n\ncomponents and separate technical units according to the relevant \n\nseparate Directives. - The new procedure allows for the type-approval of a whole vehicle to \n\nbe achieved by the compilation of approvals of its constituent \n\nsystems, components and separate technical units according to the \n\nrelevant separate Directives, even when these separate approvals have \n\nbeen granted in different Member States. - For the purpose of achieving the type-approval of a whole vehicle, it \n\nis possible to make use of international regulations issued on the \n\nbasis of the 1958 Agreement on mutual recognition of approvals of \n\nautomotive parts and components of the United Nations Economic \n\nCommission for Europe in place of the corresponding separate \n\nDirectives, if these Regulations are recognised by the Community as \n\nbeing equivalent. - 4 -\n\nAdherence to these principles determines, of course, both the structure and \n\nthe individual provisions of the new Directive. In particular, the fact that \n\nthe EEC system is intended to replace the national type approval systems has a \n\nnumber of consequences. In the future, only one of the twelve EC Member \n\nStates will need to carry out the full type-approval process. In all other \n\nMember States the vehicles of this type can be presented at the registration \n\noffices and can be registered on the basis of their EEC certificate of \n\nconformi ty. It appears obvious that such a system will have to rely on considerable mutual \n\ntrust between the authorities involved. Therefore the procedures to be \n\nfollowed have been carefully established in order to ensure the necessary \n\ntransparency. The responsibilities of all parties involved in the approvals \n\nprocess have been clearly defined. Provisions have been made for safeguards. Member States will have the right \n\nto refuse the approval of a vehicle type which complies perfectly with the \n\nrequirements of all the separate Directives but appears nevertheless to \n\nconstitute a risk to road safety. Equally, Member States will be able to \n\nrefuse, under certain conditions, the sale and registration of vehicles which \n\nare accompanied by valid certificates of conformity, but which demonstrably \n\npresent a risk to road safety. The newly offered possibility of obtaining the approval of a whole vehicle \n\ntype by compiling the approvals of its systems and components requires a \n\ncareful definition of the relevant procedures. An authority may have, in the \n\nfuture, to grant a whole vehicle type-approval solely on the basis of separate \n\ndirective approvals without carrying out a single system or component test of \n\ntheir own. Because of these features the future EEC type-approval procedure needs to be \n\nbased on a certain amount of documentation - papers which pass from one \n\nauthority to another In order to assure adequate information, and thus \n\ngenerate the aforementioned mutual trust, which is a prerequisite for the \n\nfunctioning of the proposed procedure. - 5 -\n\nParticular attention has been paid to the question of the responsibility for \n\ncontrolling the conformity of production. Each authority involved in a \n\n\"compiled\" whole vehicle approval has a clearly defined responsibility for \n\nassuring the production conformity of the systems, components etc. it has \n\napproved. The EEC type-approval is not considered to be an end in itself. In order to \n\ncomply with its objective of achieving free trade with motor vehicles in the \n\nfuture single market, it will assure unhindered registration of vehicles \n\npurchased by European citizens. It is clearly not the r\u00f4le of the proposed \n\nDirective to harmonize the national registration procedures. However, the EEC \n\ntype approval has to generate all the Information required by the different \n\nMember States for identification of a vehicle and for other purposes (e. g. taxation). This information will be contained in the \"Certificate of \n\nConformity\" which constitutes the interface between the EEC type-approval \n\nsystem and the as yet non-harmonised national registration systems. III. Detailed description of some essential aspects of the Directive: \n\n1) Administrative Provisions and Definitions (Art. 1 to 7 ). The provisions referring to the actual type-approval process including \n\nregistration and entry into service, are so conceived that they apply to all \n\nvehicles irrespective of the category to which they belong. Definitions and \n\nprovisions which pertain specifically to certain categories of vehicles are \n\nplaced in the Annexes. The reason is that, at present, only the \n\nspecifications for vehicles in category M1, i. e. passenger cars, have been \n\ncompleted. This layout allows the Directive to be completed progressively as \n\nthe specifications for the other vehicle categories become available. The definitions of the Directive have been adapted to the intended flexibility \n\nof the future EEC type-approval procedure. The definition of a vehicle type \n\nalso allows the manufacturer to specify variants and versions of this type. Equally, provisions have been made for the definitions necessary for the \n\napproval of \"multi-stage\" built vehicles (i. e. vehicles which are subject to \n\nsuccessive vehicle type-approvals, the typical example being the motor caravan \n\nwhere in a first stage the combination of chassis + engine is type-approved \n\nand the variants of bodywork and additional equipment at a later s t a g e ). - 6 -\n\n2) Exemptions (Art. 8 ). The EEC type-approval of a vehicle requires compliance with the full set of 44 \n\nSeparate Directives. Four cases have been identified where this is either not \n\ntechnically possible or is not Justified: \n\n- 1) Vehicles Intended for public policy and non-civil uses (armed \n\nforces, civil defence, fire services, and forces maintaining public \n\norder). These vehicles are not subject to EEC type-approval but will \n\nhave to be approved by the authorities ordering and using them. - 2) Vehicles built for special purposes, which prevent them from \n\nmeeting all the requirements of the Separate Directives (e. g. certain \n\nmunicipal vehicles). A special annexe sets out the requirements \n\nwhich these vehicles have to meet in order to get a full, i. e. unrestricted, EEC type-approval. - 3) Vehicles featuring new technologies or concepts for which there \n\nare no provisions in any of the separate Directives. If such \n\nvehicles meet certain well-defined conditions they are granted an EEC \n\ntype-approval, the validity of which is, however, normally limited in \n\nt ime. - 4) Vehicles produced in smalI ser ies. Such vehicles will get a type-\n\napproval which is restricted to the Member State which has granted \n\nit. Where exemptions are granted from the requirements of the \n\nseparate Directives, the national authorities may require relevant \n\nalternative requirements. If the manufacturer so wishes, other \n\nMember States may decide to accept such approvals for their \n\nterritories. The volume of a small series is defined for each \n\nvehicle category in a specific annexe. 3) Acceptance of Equivalent Approvals (Art. 9 ). An important feature of the future EEC type-approval procedure is that system, \n\ncomponent and separate technical unit approvals based on international or \n\nthird country regulations can be accepted under certain conditions in place of \n\n\f- 7 \n\nseparate Directive approvals. The conditions are equivalence and the \n\nexistence of multi-lateral or bilateral agreements between the EC and the \n\ninternational organisation or third country concerned. The latter condition \n\nis an aspect of the external trade policy of the EC, and hence refers to the \n\nrelevant provisions of the Treaty. 4) Conformity of Production Arrangements (Art. 10 and 11). As already stated, the principle of this Directive is that each authority \n\ngranting an approval for a vehicle, system, component or technical unit is and \n\nremains responsible for ensuring the conformity of production during the whole \n\nperiod of validity of the approval. The Directive provides for the Member \n\nStates to take appropriate measures at 2 stages: \n\n- Before grant ing approval the authorities verify that adequate \n\narrangements for ensuring conformity of production have been taken by \n\nthe applicant. This is deemed to be achieved if the manufacturer \n\ndemonstrates compliance with EN standard 29002 or equivalent \n\nstandards. - After having granted approval the authorities verify that the \n\narrangements of the manufacturer continue to be adequate. This \n\nverification will be carried out in accordance with the procedures \n\nset out in annex 'X' of the Directive, and, where appropriate, with \n\nspecific provisions of the separate Directives. It may be carried \n\nout at the level of the manufacturers' technical equipment and \n\ncontrol programmes, but may also be extended to the actual testing of \n\nselected production samples. 5) Adaptation to Technical Progress (Art. 13 and 14). In the framework of the competences conferred upon it by the Council, the \n\nCommission assumes the responsibility for the adaptation to technical progress \n\nof the requirements which are specified in the Annexes to the present \n\nDirective and of the provisions of the separate Directives In order to \n\nsimplify and speed up this procedure, it is proposed that the Commission be \n\nassisted by a Committee of an advisory nature composed of the representatives \n\nof the Member States in accordance with Article 2, Procedure I, of the Council \n\nDecision 87/373 of 13 July 1987. - 8 -\n\n6) Notification of Approval Authorities and Technical Services (Art. 15). Application of the Directive lies within the competence of the Member States. In order to ensure the necessary transparency of the new system, they notify \n\neach other and the Commission the author It les which they declare competent for \n\nthe administrative aspects of the type-approval procedure, as well as the \n\ntechnical services, i. e. the laboratories to which they entrust the actual \n\ncarrying out of the tests required by the separate Directives. These technical services will have to comply with certain quality criteria \n\nconcerning both their personnel and their equipment. Reference is therefore \n\nmade to the harmonized standards of the EN 45000 series, which will ensure the \n\ndesired flexibility for the Member States. As provided for in these CEN \n\nstandards, the accredited technical services may also use equipment in other \n\ntest laboratories, in agreement with the competent authorities concerned. 7) Transitional Provisions (Art. II). In order to achieve its r\u00f4le In the Single Market, it is proposed that the \n\nprovisions of this Directive apply from 1 January 1993 (Art. II, 1 ). In its present form the Directive is only applicable to passenger cars \n\n(\"Category M-| vehicles) at this date. It is proposed to maintain the \n\ntransitional provisions of Directive 70/156, i. e. Article 10 thereof, for all \n\nother vehicle categories until the specific provisions necessary for granting \n\nthem an EEC type-approval have been introduced in the Annexes of this \n\nDirective. In the meantime, this proposal allows manufacturers of such \n\nvehicles to take advantage of the relevant separate Directives as at present, \n\nin order to obtain national type-approvals (Art. II, 2 ). In order to allow for a smooth transition from the present regime based on \n\noptional EEC requirements to the proposed mandatory EEC type-approval system, \n\nand to gain experience with this new system, it is proposed that this \n\nDirective be applied until 31 December 1995 on a non-mandatory basis, i. e. exclusively when so requested by the party which applies for type-approval. - 9 -\n\nDuring this transitional period of three years the manufacturer can, as at \n\npresent, opt for national type-approval, in accordance with the provisions of \n\nArticle 10 of Directive 70/156 (Article II, 3 ). For the same reasons, it is proposed that national type-approvals which have \n\nbeen granted before 1 January 1996 should remain valid until 31 December 1997 \n\n(Art. I 1, 4 ). The aforementioned provisions do not, however, permit Member States to \n\nderogate from the provisions of any separate Directive which is already based \n\non total harmonization (e. g. the exhaust emission Directives) (Art. II, 5 ). IV. Cone Ius Ions. The Commission deems that the proposed Directive constitutes an important \n\nelement in achieving the internal market in the automobile sector where \n\ntechnical and administrative barriers to trade will be eliminated. The \n\nsubstitution of the approval procedures of the 12 Member States by an EEC \n\ntype-approval procedure based on uniform technical requirements will lead to \n\nthe simplification and acceleration of the administrative procedures which the \n\nmanufacturers have to undergo in order to be able to market their products. The directive will definitely suppress the necessity for manufacturers to \n\nmaintain technical variants in their products in order to comply with \n\ndiffering national technical requirements and the obligation to go through a \n\ntype-approval procedure for a new type of vehicle in each Member State. - 10 -\n\nINDEX TO THE ARTICLES \n\n1. Scope \n\n2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Def ini t ions \n\nApplication for type-approval \n\nThe type-approval process \n\nAmendments to approvals \n\nCertificate of conformity \n\nRegistration and entry into service \n\nExemptions and alternative procedures \n\nAcceptance of equivalent approvals \n\nConformity of production arrangements \n\nNon-conformity \n\nNotification of decisions and remedies \n\nAdaptation to technical progress \n\nThe Committee procedure \n\nNotification of authorities \n\nLIST OF ANNEXES \n\nAnnex I \n\nFull list of information \n\nAnnex II \n\nDefinition of vehicle category and type \n\nAnnex III \n\nInformation document \n\nAnnex IV \n\nList of requirements \n\nAnnex V \n\nApproval procedures \n\nAnnex VI \n\nApproval certificate \n\nAnnex VII \n\nApproval certificate numbering system \n\nAnnex VI I I Test results attachment \n\nAnnex IX \n\nCertificate of conformity \n\nAnnex X \n\nConformity of production procedures \n\nAnnex XI \n\nNature and provisions for special purpose vehicles \n\nAnnex XII \n\nSmall series limits \n\nAnnex XIII \n\nMonthly list of approvals issued \n\nAnnex XIV \n\nMulti-stage type-approval \n\n\f- 11 -\n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL DIRECTIVE \n\namending Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the \n\nMember States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles \n\nand their trailers \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and \n\nin particular Article 100a thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission^1), \n\nIn cooperation with the European Par Iiarnent^2), \n\nHaving regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee^3), \n\nWhereas it is important to adopt measures with the aim of progressively \n\nestablishing the internal market over a period expiring on 31 December 1992; \n\nwhereas the internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers \n\nin which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured; \n\nWhereas Council Directive 70/156/EEC^4), as last amended by Directive \n\n87/403/EEC(5)t laid down the Community type-approval procedure for vehicles, \n\ncomponents and separate technical units built in compliance with the technical \n\nrequirements set out in separate directives and also the complete list of \n\nvehicle systems, components and separate technical units covered by these \n\ndirect ives; \n\n(1) OJ No C \n(2) Opinion delivered on \n(3) OJ No C \n(4) OJ No L 42, 23. 2. 1970, p. 1. (5) OJ No L 220, 8. 8. 1987, p. 44. - 12 -\n\nWhereas in the interest of the establishment and operation of the internal \n\nmarket of the Community it appears appropriate to replace the existing type-\n\napproval systems of the Member States by the Community type-approval \n\nprocedure; \n\nWhereas, in order that the said type-approval procedure may achieve its \n\nobjective in the most effective manner it appears necessary to make its \n\nadministrative provisions more precise and comprehensive; whereas this \n\nimplies, inter alia. that these provisions allow for the type-approval of a \n\nwhole vehicle to be established by compilation of approvals of its constituent \n\nsystems, components and separate technical units, if the manufacturer so \n\ndesires, and in the case of vehicles built in several stages involving several \n\nmanufacturers, by compilation of the approvals of the different stages of \n\ncomplet ion; \n\nWhereas a vehicle may comply with the provisions of this Directive but \n\nnevertheless have certain features which demonstrably present a potential risk \n\nfor road safety; whereas it is therefore desirable to allow the Member States \n\nto refuse to approve such vehicle types as well as to prohibit the sale and \n\nentry into service and refuse registration of the said vehicles; whereas for \n\nthe latter case appropriate conditions are established; \n\nWhereas the mandatory nature of the Community type-approval procedure makes it \n\nnecessary to allow for exemptions and lay down alternative procedures for \n\nvehicles either designed for special purposes or built in small series or \n\nincorporating new technologies not yet covered by the provisions of the \n\nseparate directives; \n\nWhereas in order to facilitate the access to the markets of countries outside \n\nthe Community it appears appropriate to allow, under certain conditions, for \n\nthe acceptance of system, component and separate technical unit approvals \n\nbased on equivalent international and third country regulations; whereas \n\nequivalence of such regulations is established in application of the relevant \n\nprovisions of the Treaty; \n\n\f13 -\n\nWhereas for the adaption to technical progress of the provisions contained in \n\nthe Annexes to the present Directive and in the separate directives it appears \n\nappropriate to apply the procedure of the advisory committee established by \n\nthe Council Decision 87/373/EEC<6>; \n\nWhereas in order to ensure the necessary transparency of the Community type-\n\napproval procedures it is necessary to lay down provisions according to which \n\nthe Member States shall notify each other and the Commission of their approval \n\nauthorities and technical services as well as provisions on the quality \n\ncriteria with which the latter have to comply; \n\nWhereas due to the fact that the Annexes to the present Directive are \n\ncomplete only for vehicles of category M-|, it is applicable only to the \n\ntype-approval of such vehicles; whereas it appears advisable that pending the \n\ncompletion of the Annexes by provisions relating to vehicles of all other \n\ncategories, Member States should be allowed to continue to operate their \n\nnational approval systems in relation to such vehicles in conformity with the \n\nprovisions of Article 10 of Directive 70/156/EEC; \n\nWhereas, in order to allow for an adequate transition, both from the technical \n\nand administrative points of view, from the present optional regime of \n\nCommunity requirements to the mandatory type-approval procedure established by \n\nthe present Directive, it appears appropriate to leave the manufacturers the \n\noption between the application of the procedure of the present Directive and \n\nthat provided for in Article 10 of Directive 70/156/EEC for a period of three \n\nyears; whereas approvals granted in application of the latter procedure should \n\nremain valid until 31 December 1997; \n\nWhereas the aforementioned transitional provisions are not meant to allow the \n\nMember States to derogate from the provisions of separate directives which are \n\nbased on total harmonization, \n\nHAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: \n\n(6) OJ No L 197, 18. 7. 1987, p. 33. - 14 \n\nARTICLE 1 \n\nDirective 70/156/EEC is hereby amended as follows : \n\n1. Articles 1 to 16 are replaced by the following Articles : \n\n\"Article 1 \n\nScope \n\nThis Directive applies to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their \n\ntrailers built in one or more stages, of systems, components and separate \n\ntechnical units intended for use on such vehicles and trailers. It does not apply to the approval of single vehicles except that Member States \n\ngranting such approvals shall accept any valid system, component, separate \n\ntechnical unit or incomplete vehicle approval granted under this Directive \n\ninstead of the relevant national requirement. Article 2 \n\nDefinitions \n\nFor the purpose of this Directive : \n\n- \"type-approval\" means the procedure whereby a Member State certifies that a \n\ntype of vehicle, system, component or separate technical unit satisfies the \n\nrelevant technical requirements of this Directive or a separate Directive \n\ncontained in the exhaustive list set out in Annex IV or XI; \n\n- \"multi-stage type-approval\" means the procedure whereby one or more Member \n\nStates certify that, depending on the state of completion, an incomplete or \n\ncompleted vehicle type satisfies the relevant technical requirements of \n\nthis Direct ive; \n\n\f- 15 -\n\n\"vehicle\" means any motor vehicle intended for use on the road, being \n\ncomplete or incomplete, having at least four wheels and a maximum design \n\nspeed exceeding 25 km/h, and its trailers, with the exception of vehicles \n\nwhich run on rails and of agricultural and forestry tractors and all mobile \n\nmachinery; \n\n\"base vehicle\" means any incomplete vehicle, the vehicle identification \n\nnumber of which is retained during subsequent stages of the multi-stage \n\ntype-approval process; \n\n\"incomplete vehicle\" means any vehicle which still needs completion in at \n\nleast one further stage in order to meet all the relevant requirements of \n\nthis Direct ive; \n\n\"completed vehicle\" means a vehicle resulting from the process of multi \n\nstage type-approval which meets all the relevant requirements of this \n\nDirect ive; \n\n\"type\" of vehicle means vehicles of one category which do not differ in at \n\nleast the essential respects specified in Annex II B. A type of vehicle may \n\ncontain variants and versions; \n\n\"system\" means any vehicle system such as brakes, emission control \n\nequipment, interior fittings, etc. which is subject to the requirements in \n\nany of the separate Directives; \n\n\"component\" means a device, such as a lamp, subject to the requirements of \n\na separate Directive, intended to be part of a vehicle, which may be type-\n\napproved independently of a vehicle where the separate Directive makes \n\nexpress provision for so doing; \n\n\"separate technical unit\" means a device, such as a rear protective device, \n\nsubject to the requirements of a separate Directive, intended to be part of \n\na vehicle, which may be type-approved separately but only in relation to \n\none or more specified types of vehicle, where the separate Directive makes \n\nexpress provision for so doing-, \n\n\f- 16 -\n\n\"manufacturer\" means the person or body who is responsible to the approval \n\nauthority for all aspects of the type-approval process and for ensuring \n\nconformity of production. It is not essential that the person or body is \n\ndirectly involved in all stages of the construction of the vehicle, system, \n\ncomponent or separate technical unit which is the subject of the approval \n\nprocess; \n\n\"approval authority\" means the competent authority of a Member State which \n\nis responsible for all aspects of type-approval of a type of vehicle, \n\nsystem, component or separate technical unit, to issue and (if appropriate) \n\nto withdraw approval certificates, to serve as the contact point with the \n\napproval authorities of the other Member States and which is responsible \n\nfor verifying the manufacturer's conformity of production arrangements; \n\n\"technical service\" means the organisation or body that has been appointed \n\nas a testing laboratory to carry out tests or inspections on behalf of the \n\napproval authority of a Member State. This function may also be carried out \n\nby the approval authority itself; \n\n\"information document\" means the document set out in Annex I or Annex III \n\nto this Directive or the corresponding Annex to a separate Directive that \n\nprescribes the information to be supplied by an applicant; \n\n\"information folder\" means the total folder or file of data, drawings, \n\nphotographs, etc. supplied by the applicant to the technical service or the \n\napproval authority as prescribed in the information document; \n\n\"information package\" means the information folder plus any test reports or \n\nother documents that the technical service or the approval authority has \n\nadded to the information folder in the course of carrying out their \n\nfunct ions; \n\n\"index to the information package\" means the document in which is listed \n\nthe contents of the information package suitably numbered or otherwise \n\nmarked to clearly identify all pages. - 17 -\n\nArticle 3 \n\nApplication for type-approval \n\n1. Application for vehicle type-approval shall be submitted by the \n\nmanufacturer to the approval authority of a Member State. An application \n\nshall be accompanied by an information folder containing the information \n\nrequired by Annex III, and by the approval certificates for each of the \n\napplicable separate Directives as required by Annex IV or XI; also, the \n\ninformation package in respect of each separate Directive shall be made \n\navailable to the approval authority throughout the period up to the date \n\nwhen the approval is either issued or refused. 2. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, in the case where no approval \n\ncertificates for any of the relevant separate Directives are available, the \n\ndocuments accompanying an application shall comprise an information folder \n\ncontaining the relevant information required by Annex I in relation to the \n\nseparate Directives specified in Annex IV or XI and, where applicable, Part \n\n11 of Annex III. 3. In the case of multi-stage type-approval the information to be supplied \n\nshalI consist of : \n\n- at stage 1: those parts of the information folder and the approval \n\ncertificates as required for a complete vehicle which are relevant to \n\nthe state of completion of the base vehicle; \n\n- at the second and subsequent stages: those parts of the information \n\nfolder and the approval certificates which are relevant to the current \n\nstage of construction and a copy of the approval certificate for the \n\nincomplete vehicle issued at the previous stage of built. In addition, \n\nthe manufacturer shall supply full details of the changes and additions \n\ncarried out by him to the incomplete vehicle. 4. Application for system, component or separate technical unit type-approval \n\nshall be submitted by the manufacturer to the approval authority of a \n\nMember State. An application shall be accompanied by an information folder, \n\nthe contents of which are given in the information document in the relevant \n\nseparate Directive. - 18 -\n\n5. No application in respect of one type of vehicle, system, component or \n\nseparate technical unit may be submitted to more than one Member State. A \n\nseparate application shall be submitted for each type to be approved. Article 4 \n\nThe type-approval process \n\n1. Each Member State shall grant : \n\na) vehicle type-approval to : \n\n- all vehicle types which conform to the particulars in the information \n\nfolder and which meet the technical requirements of all the relevant \n\nseparate Directives as prescribed in Annex IV, \n\n- special purpose vehicle types mentioned in Annex XI which conform to \n\nthe particulars in the information folder and which meet the \n\ntechnical requirements of the separate Directives as denoted in the \n\nrelevant column of Annex XI. This process shall be satisfied by the procedures described in Annex V; \n\nb) multi-stage type-approval to base, incomplete or completed vehicle types \n\nwhich conform to the particulars in the information folder and which \n\nmeet the technical requirements of the relevant separate Directives as \n\nprescribed in Annex IV or XI taking account of the state of completion \n\nof the vehicle type. This process shall be satisfied by the procedures described in Annex \n\nXIV; \n\nc) system type-approval to all vehicle types which conform to the \n\nparticulars in the information folder and which meet the technical \n\nrequirements of a relevant separate Directive; \n\nd) component or separate technical unit type-approval to all types of \n\ncomponent or separate technical unit which conform to the particulars in \n\nthe information folder and which meet the technical requirements \n\ncontained in the relevant separate Directive which makes express \n\nprovision for so doing; \n\n141 \n\n\f- 19 -\n\n2. However, if a Member State finds that a vehicle, system, component or \n\nseparate technical unit which complies with the provisions of paragraph 1 \n\nis, nevertheless, a serious risk to road safety, it may refuse to grant the \n\ntype-approval. It shall forthwith inform the other Member States and the \n\nCommission thereof, stating the reasons on which its decision is based. 3. Each Member State shall complete all applicable sections of a type-approval \n\ncertificate (models for which are given in Annex VI to this Directive and \n\nin an Annex to each of the separate Directives) for each type of vehicle, \n\nsystem, component or separate technical unit which it approves and, in \n\naddition, shall complete the relevant sections of the test \n\nresults \n\nattachment to the vehicle approval certificate (the model for which is \n\ngiven in Annex VIII) and shall compile or verify the contents of the index \n\nto the information package. Approval certificates shall be numbered in \n\naccordance with \n\nthe method described \n\nin Annex \n\nVII. The \n\ncompleted \n\ncertificate and its attachments shall be delivered to the applicant. 4. Where the component or the separate technical unit to be approved fulfils \n\nits function or offers a specific feature only in conjunction with other \n\nparts of the vehicle and for this reason compliance with one or more \n\nrequirements can be verified only when the component or separate technical \n\nunit to be approved operates in conjunction with other vehicle parts, \n\nwhether real or simulated, the scope of the type-approval of the component \n\nor the separate technical unit must be restricted accordingly. The type-\n\napproval certificate for a component or a separate technical unit shall \n\nthen include any restrictions on its use and shall indicate any conditions \n\nfor fitting it. Observance of these restrictions and conditions shall be \n\nverified at the time of type-approval of the vehicle. 5. The approval authority of each Member State shall, within one month, send \n\nto the approval authorities of the other Member States a copy of the \n\nvehicle type-approval certificate (together with its attachments) for each \n\nvehicle type which it has approved or refused to approve or withdrawn. - 20 \n\n6. The approval authority of each Member State shall send monthly to the \n\napproval authorities of the other Member States a list (containing the \n\nparticulars shown in Annex XIII) of the system, component or separate \n\ntechnical unit approvals it has granted, refused to grant or withdrawn \n\nduring that month; in addition, on receiving an application from the \n\napproval authority of another Member State, it shall send forthwith a copy \n\nof the system, component or separate technical unit type-approval \n\ncertificate and/or information package for each type of system, component \n\nor separate technical unit which it has approved or refused to approve or \n\nwi thdrawn. Article 5 \n\nAmendments to approvals \n\n1. The Member State which has granted type-approval must take the necessary \n\nmeasures to ensure that it is informed of any change in the particulars \n\nappearing in the information package. 2. The application for the amendment or extension of a type-approval shall be \n\nsubmitted exclusively to the Member State which granted the original type-\n\napproval. 3. In the case of system, component or separate technical unit approval, if \n\nparticulars appearing in the information package have changed, the approval \n\nauthority of the Member State in question shall : \n\nissue revised page(s) of the information package as necessary, marking \n\neach revised page to show clearly the nature of the change and the date \n\nof re-issue. On any occasion when revised pages are issued the index to \n\nthe information package (which is attached to the approval certificate) \n\nshall also be amended to show the latest dates of revised pages; and \n\nissue a revised approval certificate (denoted by an extension number) if \n\nany information on it (excluding its attachments) has changed or if the \n\nstandards of the Directive have changed since the date currently on the \n\napproval. The revised certificate shall show clearly the reason for \n\nrevision and the date of re-issue. - 21 -\n\nIf the approval authority of the Member State in question finds that an \n\namendment to an information package warrants fresh tests or checks it shall \n\ninform the manufacturer thereof and issue the documents mentioned above \n\nonly after the conduct of successful fresh tests or checks. In the case of vehicle approval, if particulars appearing in the \n\ninformation package have changed, the approval authority of the Member \n\nState in question shall : \n\nissue revised page(s) of the information package as necessary, marking \n\neach revised page to show clearly the nature of the change and the date \n\nof re-issue. On any occasion when revised pages are issued the index to \n\nthe information package (which is attached to the approval certificate) \n\nshall also be amended to show the latest dates of revised pages; and \n\nissue a revised approval certificate (denoted by an extension number) if \n\neither further inspections are required or any information on the \n\napproval certificate (excluding its attachments) has changed or if the \n\nstandards of any of the separate Directives applicable to the date from \n\nwhich first entry into service is prohibited have changed since the date \n\ncurrently on the vehicle approval. The new certificate shall show \n\nclearly the reason for extension and the date of re-issue. If the approval authority of the Member State in question finds that an \n\namendment to an information package warrants fresh inspections it shall \n\ninform the manufacturer thereof and issue the documents mentioned above \n\nonly after the conduct of successful fresh inspections. Any revised \n\ndocuments shall be sent to all other approval authorities within one month. Where a vehicle type-approval is no longer valid because one or more of the \n\nseparate Directive approvals referred to in its information package is no \n\nlonger valid the approval authority of the Member State which granted that \n\napproval shall, within one month, communicate to the approval authorities \n\nof the other Member States the vehicle identification number of the last \n\nvehicle produced in conformity with the old certificate. - 22 -\n\nArticle 6 \n\nCertificate of conformity \n\n1. The manufacturer, in his capacity as the holder of a vehicle type-approval, \n\nshall issue a certificate of conformity (models for which are given in \n\nAnnex IX), which shall accompany each vehicle, whether complete or \n\nincomplete, manufactured in conformity with the approved vehicle type. In \n\nthe case of an incomplete or completed vehicle type, the manufacturer shall \n\ncomplete only those items on side 2 of the certificate of conformity which \n\nhave been added or changed at the current stage of approval and, if \n\napplicable, shall attach to this certificate all certificates of conformity \n\ndelivered at the previous stage(s). 2. However, Member States may, for purposes of vehicle taxation or \n\nregistration, after giving at least 3 month's notice to the Commission and \n\nthe other Member States, request particulars not mentioned in Annex IX to \n\nbe added to the certificate provided that such particulars are explicitly \n\nstated in the information package or can be derived from it by a simple \n\ncalcul\u00e2t ion. 3. The manufacturer, in his capcity as the holder of a type-approval for a \n\ncomponent or separate technical unit shall affix to each component or unit \n\nmanufactured in conformity with the approved type the trade name or mark, \n\nthe type and/or, if the separate Directive so provides, the type-approval \n\nmark or number. 4. The manufacturer, in his capacity as the holder of a type-approval \n\ncertificate, which in accordance with the provisions of Article 4(4) \n\nincludes restrictions on its use, shall deliver with each component or unit \n\nmanufactured detailed information on these restrictions and shall indicate \n\nany conditions for fitting it. - 23 -\n\nArticle 7 \n\nRegistration and entry into service \n\n1. Each Member State shall register, permit the sale or entry into service of \n\nnew vehicles on grounds relating to their construction and functioning if, \n\nand only if, they are accompanied by a valid certificate of conformity. In \n\nthe case of incomplete vehicles, each Member State shall permit the sale of \n\nsuch vehicles but may refuse their permanent registration and entry into \n\nservice so long as they are not completed. 2. Each Member State shall permit the sale or entry into service of components \n\nor separate technical units if, and only if, they comply with the \n\nrequirements of the relevant separate Directive and the requirements \n\nreferred to in Article 6(3). 3. If a Member State finds that vehicles, components or separate technical \n\nunits of a particular type are a serious risk to road safety although they \n\nare accompanied by a valid certificate of conformity or are properly \n\nmarked, then that State may, for a maximum period of six months, refuse to \n\nregister such vehicles or may prohibit the sale or entry into service in \n\nits territory of such vehicles, components or separate technical units. It \n\nshall forthwith notify the other Member States and the Commission thereof, \n\nstating the reasons on which its decision is based. If the Member State \n\nwhich granted type-approval disputes the risk to road safety notified to it \n\nthe Member States concerned shall endeavour to settle the dispute. The \n\nCommission shall be kept informed and shall, where necessary, hold \n\nappropriate consultations for the purpose of reaching a settlement. Article 8 \n\nExemptions and alternative procedures \n\n1. The requirements of Article 7(1) do not apply to : \n\n- vehicles intended for use by the armed services, civil defence, fire \n\nservices and forces responsible for maintaining public order, \n\n- vehicles approved in accordance with paragraph 2. - 24 -\n\n2. Each Member State may, at the request of the manufacturer, exempt from one \n\nor more of the provisions of one or more of the separate Directives : \n\na) vehicles produced in small series, in this case, the number of vehicles \n\nof a type per year registered in that Member State shall be limited to \n\nnot more than the number of units shown in Annex XII. Each year the \n\nMember States shall send to the Commission a list of such approvals. The Member State granting such an approval shall send a copy of the \n\napproval certificate and its attachments to the approval authorities of \n\nthe other Member States designated by the manufacturer, stating the \n\nnature of exemptions which have been granted. Within three months these \n\nMember States shall decide whether, and for which number of units, they \n\naccept the type-approval for vehicles to be registered within their \n\nterritory. For the purposes of approvals granted in accordance with this \n\npoint a ), the requirements of Articles 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 11 shall apply \n\nonly in so far as they are deemed to be relevant by the approval \n\nauthority. Where an exemption is granted in accordance with this point \n\na) the Member State may require a relevant alternative provision; \n\nb) vehicles incorporating technologies or concepts which cannot, due to \n\ntheir specific nature, comply with one or more of the requirements of \n\none or more of the separate Directives. In this case, the Member State \n\nshall, within one month, inform the other Member States of such \n\napprovals and shall forthwith send \n\nto \n\nthe Commission a report \n\ncontaining : \n\nthe reason why the technology or concept prevents the vehicle from \n\ncomplying with the requirements of one or more of the relevant \n\nseparate Directives, \n\n- a description of the areas of safety and environmental protection \n\nconcerned and the measures taken, \n\n- a description of the tests and their results that demonstrate at \n\nleast an equivalent level of safety and environmental protection as \n\nis provided by the requirements of one or more of the relevant \n\nseparate Directives, \n\n- proposals for amendments to the relevant separate Directives or new \n\nseparate Directive(s) as applicable. The Commission shall, in accordance with the procedure laid down in \n\nArticle 14, decide within 3 months whether or not to approve the report. - 25 -\n\nIf the Commission approves the report the Member State may issue a type-\n\napproval in accordance with this Directive and the Commission will take \n\nthe necessary steps to adapt the separate Directive(s) to which the \n\nderogation was granted. The validity of such type-approval is restricted \n\nto 24 months, but may be extended by the Commission upon request of the \n\nMember State which has granted the type-approval. 3. Approval certificates issued in accordance with paragraph 2 must not use \n\nthe model shown in Annex VI and, in particular, must not carry the heading \n\nEEC Vehicle Type-Approval Certificate, except in the case mentioned in \n\npoint b) of paragraph 2 where the Commission has approved the report. Article 9 \n\nAcceptance of equivalent approvals \n\n1. The Council may, on a proposal from the Commission, acknowledge the \n\nequivalence between the conditions or provisions for type-approval of \n\nsystems, components and separate technical units established by the present \n\nDirective and the procedures established by international regulations or \n\nregulations of third countries, in the framework of multilateral or \n\nbilateral agreements between the Community and third countries. 2. Pursuant to paragraph 1, the equivalence of international regulations \n\nlisted in Part II of Annex IV, with the corresponding separate Directives \n\nis recognized. The approval authorities of the Member States shall accept \n\napprovals according to such regulations and, where applicable the \n\npertaining approval marks, in lieu of the corresponding approvals and/or \n\napproval marks according to the equivalent separate Directives. The listed \n\ninternational regulations shall be published in the Official Journal of the \n\nEuropean Communities. - 26 -\n\nArticle 10 \n\nConformity of production arrangements \n\n1. A Member State granting a type-approval shall take the necessary measures \n\nin accordance with Annex X in relation to that approval to verify, if need \n\nbe in cooperation with the approval authorities of the other Member States, \n\nthat adequate arrangements have been made to ensure that vehicles, systems, \n\ncomponents or separate technical Units, as the case may be, in production \n\nconform to the approved type. 2. A Member State which has granted a type-approval shall take the necessary \n\nmeasures in accordance with Annex X in relation to that approval to verify, \n\nif need be in cooperation with the approval authorities of the other Member \n\nStates, that the arrangements referred to in paragraph 1 continue to be \n\nadequate and that production vehicles, systems, components or separate \n\ntechnical units, as the case may be, continue to conform to the approved \n\ntype. Verification to ensure that products conform to the approved type \n\nshall be limited to the procedures set out in point 2 of Annex X and in \n\nthose separate Directives that contain specific requirements. Article 11 \n\nNon-conformity with the approved type \n\n1. There shall be failure to conform to the approved type where deviations \n\nfrom the particulars in the type-approval certificate and/or the \n\ninformation package are found to exist and where these deviations have not \n\nbeen authorized under Article 5(3) or (4), by the Member State which \n\ngranted the type-approval. A vehicle shall not be considered to deviate \n\nfrom the approved type where tolerances are permitted by separate \n\nDirectives and these tolerances are respected. (5) \n\n\f- 27 -\n\nIf a Member State which has granted type-approval finds that vehicles, \n\ncomponents or separate technical units accompanied by a certificate of \n\nconformity or bearing an approval mark do not conform to the type it has \n\napproved, it shall take the necessary measures to ensure that vehicles, \n\ncomponents or separate technical units, as the case may be, in production \n\nagain conform to the approved type. The approval authorities of that Member \n\nState shall advise those of the other Member States of the measures taken \n\nwhich may, where necessary, extend to withdrawal of type-approval. If a Member State demonstrates that vehicles, components or separate \n\ntechnical units accompanied by a certificate of conformity or bearing an \n\napproval mark do not conform to the approved type it may request the Member \n\nState which granted the type-approval to verify that vehicles, components \n\nor separate technical units, as the case may be, in production conform to \n\nthe approved type. Such action shall be taken within six months of the date \n\nof the request. In the case of \n\n- vehicle type-approval where the non-conformity of a vehicle arises \n\nexclusively from the non-conformity of a system, component or separate \n\ntechnical unit, or \n\n- multi-stage type-approval where the non-conformity of a completed \n\nvehicle arises exclusively from the non-conformity of a system, \n\ncomponent or separate technical unit being part of the incomplete \n\nvehicle, or of the incomplete vehicle itself, \n\nthe vehicle approval authority shall request the Member State(s) which \n\ngranted any relevant system, component, separate technical unit or \n\nincomplete vehicle type-approval(s) to take the necessary action to ensure \n\nthat vehicles in production again conform to the approved type. Such action \n\nshall be taken within six months of the date of the request, if necessary \n\nin conjunction with the Member State making the request. Where a failure to \n\nconform is established, the approval authorities of the Member State which \n\ngranted the system, component or separate technical unit type-approval or \n\nthe approval of the incomplete vehicle shall take the measures set out in \n\nparagraph 2. 28 -\n\n5. The approval authorities of the Member States shall inform each other \n\nwithin one month of any withdrawal of type-approval and of the reasons for \n\nsuch measure. 6. If the Member State which granted type-approval disputes the failure to \n\nconform notified to it the Member States concerned shall endeavour to \n\nsettle the dispute. The Commission shall be kept informed and shall, where \n\nnecessary, hold appropriate consultations for the purpose of reaching a \n\nsettlement. Notification of decisions and remedies available \n\nArticle 12 \n\nAll decisions taken pursuant to the provisions adopted in implementation of \n\nthis Directive and refusing or withdrawing type-approval, or refusing \n\nregistration or prohibiting sale, shall state in detail the reasons on which \n\nthey are based. Any decision shall be notified to the party concerned who \n\nshall, at the same time, be informed of the remedies available to him under \n\nthe laws in force in the Member States and of the time limits allowed for the \n\nexercise of such remedies. Article 13 \n\nAdaptation to technical progress \n\nAny amendments which are necessary in order to adapt : \n\n- the Annexes to this Directive, or \n\n- the provisions contained in the separate Directives, \n\nto take account of technical progress shall be adopted by the Commission in \n\naccordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14. This procedure shall \n\nalso apply for the purposes of introducing provisions relating to the type-\n\napproval of separate technical units into the separate Directives. - 29 -\n\nArticle 14 \n\nThe Committee procedure \n\nThe Commission shall be assisted by a committee of an advisory nature composed \n\nof the representatives of the Member States and chaired by the representative \n\nof the Commission. The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of \n\nthe measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft \n\nwithin a time-limit which the Chairman may lay down according to the urgency \n\nof the matter, if necessary by taking a vote. The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State \n\nshall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes, \n\nminutes. The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the \n\ncommittee. It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion \n\nhas been taken into account. Notification of approval authorities and technical services \n\nArticle 15 \n\n1. The Member States shall notify to the Commission and to the other Member \n\nStates the names and addresses of : \n\n- the type-approval authorities and, if applicable, the disciplines for \n\nwhich the authorities are responsible, and \n\n- the technical services which they have appointed, specifying for which \n\ntest procedures each of these services has been appointed. The notified \n\nservices must satisfy the harmonised standards on the operation of \n\ntesting laboratories (EN 45001) subject to the following provisos : \n\ni) \n\na manufacturer cannot be accredited as a technical service except \n\nwhere the separate Directives make express provision; \n\nii) for the purposes of this Directive it is not considered \n\nexceptional for a technical service to use outside equipment, \n\nsubject to the agreement of the approval authority. - 30 -\n\n2. A notified service shall be presumed to satisfy the harmonized standard \n\nbut, where appropriate, the Commission may request Member States to provide \n\nsupporting evidence. Third country services may only be notified as an appointed technical \n\nservice in the framework of a bilateral or multilateral agreement between \n\nthe Community and the third country. \" \n\n2. Annexes I to III are replaced by the Annexes to this Directive. ARTICLE 2 \n\n1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and \n\nadministrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive on or \n\nbefore 31 December 1992. They shall forthwith inform the Commission \n\nthereof. They shall apply these provisions from 1 January 1993. When Member States adopt these provisions, these shall contain a reference \n\nto this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference at the time of \n\nthier official publication. The procedure for such reference shall be \n\nadopted by Member States. 2. As far as vehicle type-approval is concerned, Member States shall apply \n\nthis Directive for vehicles of category M-j only pending an amendment of \n\nthe Annexes in accordance with Article 13 of Directive 70/156/EEC, as \n\namended by this Directive, in order to include other vehicle categories. In \n\nthe meantime, the provisions of Article 10 of Directive 70/156/EEC, as last \n\namended by Directive 87/403/EEC, will be applicable to vehicle type-\n\napproval of the other vehicle categories. - 31 -\n\n3. Until 31 December 1995 Member States shall apply the provisions of Article \n\n4(1) of Directive 70/156/EEC, as amended by this Directive, only at the \n\nrequest of the manufacturer. In the meantime Member States shall grant \n\nnational type-approvals to, and permit registration, sale and entry into \n\nservice of vehicles, components and separate technical units in accordance \n\nwith the provisions of Article 10 of Directive 70/156/EEC, as last amended \n\nby Directive 87/403/EEC. 4. Until 31 December 1997 the provisions of Article 7(1) and (2) of Directive \n\n70/1256/EEC, as amended by this Directive, shall not apply to vehicles, \n\ncomponents and separate technical units belonging to a type for which a \n\nnational type-approval has been granted before 1 January 1996 or to a type \n\nwhich a Member State has registered, permitted the sale or entry into \n\nservice of before 1 January 1996. 5. The provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 do not permit Member States to \n\nderogate from any provision of a separate Directive which lays down \n\nrequirements based on total harmonization in respect of the type-approval \n\nand initial entry into service of a vehicle, component or separate \n\ntechnical unit before 1 January 1996 and 1 January 1998 respectively. ARTICLE 3 \n\nThis Directive is addressed to the Member States \n\nDone at Brussels, \n\nFor the Counci \n\nThe President \n\n\f- 32 -\n\nANNEX I <a> \n\nTOTAL LIST OF INFORMATION FOR THE PURPOSES OF VEHICLE TYPE-APPROVAL \n\n(All information documents in this Directive and in separate Directives shall \nconsist only of extracts from, and adhere to the item numbering system of, \nthis total Iist. ) \n\nThe following information, if applicable, shall be supplied in triplicate and \nshall include a list of contents. Drawings, if any, shall be supplied in \nappropriate scale and in sufficient detail on size A4 or folded to that size. Photographs, if any, shall show sufficient detail. In the case of \nmicroprocessor controlled functions supply relevant performance-related \ninformat ion. 0. 0. 1. 0. 2. 0. 3. GENERAL \n\nMake (trade name of manufacturer) : \n\nType and commercial description(s) : \n\nMeans of identification of type, if marked on the v e h i c l e ^: \n\n0. 3. 1. Location of that marking : \n\n0. 4. 0. 5. 0. 6. Category of vehicle^0); \n\nName and address of manufacturer : \n\nLocation of statutory plates and inscriptions and method of \n\naff ix ing \n\n0. 6. 1. on the chassis : \n\n0. 6. 2. on the bodywork : \n\n0. 7. In the case of components and separate technical units, \n\nlocation and method of affixing of the EEC approval mark : \n\n0. 8. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 3. 1. 3. 1. Address(es) of assembly plant(s) : \n\nGENERAL CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLE \n\nPhotographs and/or drawings of a representative vehicle : \n\nDimensional drawing of the whole vehicle : \nNumber of axles and wheels (if applicable, number of \ncaterpillars or tracks) : \nNumber and position of axles with double wheels : \n\n1. 3. 2. Number and position of steered axles : \n\n\f33 -\n\n1. 3. 3. Powered axles (number, position, interconnection) : \n\n1. 4. 1. 5. 1. 6. 1. 7. 1. 8. 2. 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. Chassis (if any) (overall drawing) : \n\nMaterial used for the side-members^: \n\nPosition and arrangement of the engine : \n\nDriving cab (forward, semi-forward or normal) : \n\nHand of dr ive : \n\nMASSES AND DIMENSIONS<e> (in kg and mm) \n(Refer to drawing where applicable) \n\nWheel base(s) (fully loaded)(f): \n\nIn the case of semi-trailers : distance between the axis of the \nfifth wheel king pin and the foremost rear axle : \n\n2. 2. In the case of tractive units \n\n2. 2. 1. Fifth wheel lead (maximum and minimum)(9): \n\n2. 2. 2. Maximum height of the fifth wheel (standardized)^) : \n\n2. 2. 3. Distance between the rear of the cab and the rear axle(s) : \n\n2. 2. 3. 1. 2. 2. 3. 2. Distance between the rear of the cab and the rear axle(s) (in \nthe case of a chassis with cab) : \n\nDistance between the rear of the steering wheel and the rear \naxle(s) (in the case of a bare chassis) : \n\n2. 3. Axle track(s) and width(s) \n\n2. 3. 1. Track of each steered axle^'). -\n\n2. 3. 2. Track of all other axles( i ): \n\n2. 3. 3. Width of the widest rear axle : \n\n2. 3. 4. Width of the rearmost axle : \n\n2. 4. Range of vehicle dimensions (overall) \n\n2. 4. 1. For chassis without bodywork \n\n2. 4. 1. 1. Length(J): \n\n2. 4. 1. 2. WidthCO: \n\n2. 4. 1. 2. 1. Maximum width : \n\n\f- 34 -\n\n2. 4. 1. 2. 2. Minimum width : \n\n2. 4. 1. 3. Height (unladen)^) (for suspensions adjustable for height, \nindicate normal running position) : \n\n2. 4. 1. 4. Front overhang^1\"): \n\n2. 4. 1. 5. Rear o v e r h a n g ^: \n\n2. 4. 1. 6. Ground clearance (as defined in \u00a7 4. 5. 4. of Section A of \nAnnex I I ): \n\n2. 4. 1. 7. Distance between axles (if multi-axled) : \n\n2. 4. 2. For chassis with bodywork \n\n2. 4. 2. 1. Length<J): \n\n2. 4. 2. 2. W i d t h ^: \n\n2. 4. 2. 3. Height (unladen)^) (for suspensions adjustable for height, \nindicate normal running position) : \n\n2. 4. 2. 4. Front overhang <m): \n\n2. 4. 2. 5. Rear o v e r h a n g ^: \n\n2. 4. 2. 6. Ground clearance (as defined in \u00a7 4. 5. 4. of Section A of \nAnnex II) : \n\n2. 4. 2. 7. Distance between axles (if multi-axled) : \n\n2. 5. Mass of the bare chassis (without cab, coolant, oils, fuel, \nspare wheel, tools or driver) : \n\n2. 5. 1. Distribution of this mass among the axles : \n\n2. 6. 2. 6. 1. Mass of the vehicle with bodywork in running order, or mass of \nthe chassis with cab if the manufacturer does not fit the \nbodywork (including coolant, oils, fuel, tools, spare wheel and \ndriver)(\u00b0) (max. and min. for each version) : \n\nDistribution of this mass among the axles and, in the case of a \nsemi-trailer or centre-axle trailer, load on the coupling point \n(max. and min. for each version) : \n\n2. 7. Minimum mass of the vehicle as stated by the manufacturer : \n\n2. 7. 1. Distribution of this mass among the axles and, in the case of a \nsemi-trailer or centre-axle trailer, load on the coupling point \n\n2. 8. Technically permissible maximum laden mass stated by the \nmanufacturer (max. and min. for each version) : (y) \n\n(6) \n\n\f- 35 -\n\n2. 8. 1. 2. 9. Distribution of this mass among the axles and, in the case of a \nsemi-trailer or centre-axle trailer, load on the coupling point \n(max. and min. for each version) : \n\nTechnically permissible maximum mass on each axle and, in the \ncase of a semi-trailer or centre-axle trailer, load on the \ncoupling point, stated by the manufacturer : \n\n2. 10. Maximum mass of trailer which may be coupled \n\n2. 10. 1. FulI trai 1er : \n\n2. 10. 2. Semi-trai1er : \n\n2. 10. 3. Centre-axle trailer : \n\n2. 10. 3. 1. Maximum ratio of the coupling overhang(P) to the wheelbase : \n\n2. 10. 3. 2. Maximum V-value (kN) : \n\n2. 10. 4. Maximum mass of the combination : \n\n2. 10. 5. Vehicle is/is not<1>suitable for towing loads (applicable to \nM1 vehicles only) \n\n2. 10. 6. Maximum mass of unbraked trailer : \n\n2. 11. Maximum vertical load \n\n2. 11. 1. On the towing vehicle's coupling point for a trailer : \n\n2. 11. 2. On the drawbar of a trailer : \n\n2. 12. 2. 13. 2. 14. 3. 3. 1. Swept path : \n\nEngine power/maximum mass ratio (in kw/kg) : \n\nHi Il-starting abiIity : \n\nPOWER PLANTA) \n\nManufacturer : \n\n3. 1. 1. Manufacturer's engine code : \n\n(As marked on the engine, or other means of identification) \n\n3. 2. Internal combustion engine \n\n3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. 1. Specific engine information \nWorking principle : positive ignition/compression ignition, \nfour stroke/two stroke^1) \n\n\f- 36 -\n\n3. 2. 1. 2. Number and arrangement of cylinders : \n\n3. 2. 1. 2. 1. Bore<r): \n\n3. 2. 1. 2. 2. Stroke<r): \n\n3. 2. 1. 2. 3. Firing order : \n\nmm \n\nmm \n\n3. 2. 1. 3. Engine capacity^); \n\ncm3 \n\n3. 2. 1. 4. Volumetric compression ratio^2^: \n\n3. 2. 1. 5. Drawings of combustion chamber, piston crown and piston rings \n\n3. 2. 1. 6. Idling speed<2>: \n\nmin-1 \n\n3. 2. 1. 7. Carbon monoxide content by volume in the exhaust gas with the \nengine idling^2): \nmanufacturer \n\n% as stated by the \n\n3. 2. 1. 8. Maximum net power(t). lew at \n\nmin\"1 \n\n3. 2. 1. 9. Maximum permitted engine speed as prescribed by the \nmanufacturer: \n\nmin\"1 \n\n3. 2. 1. 10. Maximum net torque^*); \n\nNm at \n\nmin\"1 \n\n3. 2. 2. Fuel : diesel oil/petrol/LPG/any other<1> \n\n3. 2. 2. 1. RON, leaded : \n\n3. 2. 2. 2. RON, unleaded : \n\n3. 2. 2. 3. Fuel tank inlet : restricted orifice/label<1) \n\n3. 2. 3. Fuel tank(s) \n\n3. 2. 3. 1. Service fuel tank(s) \n\n3. 2. 3. 1. 1. Number, capacity, material : \n\n3. 2. 3. 1. 2. Drawing and technical description of the tank(s) with all \nconnections and all lines of the breathing and venting system, \nlocks, valves, fastening devices : \n\n3. 2. 3. 1. 3. Drawing clearly showing the position of the tank(s) in the \nvehicle: \n\n3. 2. 3. 2. Reserve fuel tank(s) \n\n3. 2. 3. 2. 1. Number, capacity, material : \n\n3. 2. 3. 2. 2. Drawing and technical description of the tank(s) with all \nconnections and all lines of the breathing and venting system, \nlocks, valves, fastening devices : \n\n\f37 -\n\n3. 2. 3. 2. 3. Drawing clearly showing the position of the tank(s) in the \nvehicle: \n\n3. 2. 4. FueI feed \n\n3. 2. 4. 1. By carburettor(s) : \n\nyes/no^1) \n\n3. 2. 4. 1. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 1. 2. Type(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 1. 3. Number fitted : \n\n3. 2. 4. 1. 4. Adjustments^2) \n\n3. 2. 4. 1. 4. 1. 3. 2. 4. 1. 4. 2. 3. 2. 4. 1. 4. 3. 3. 2. 4. 1. 4. 4. 3. 2. 4. 1. 4. 5. Jets : \nVenturis : \nFloat-chamber level \nMass of float -. Float needle : \n\nOr the curve of fuel \ndelivery plotted \n\n\u2014against the air flow \n\nand settings required \nto keep to the curve. 3. 2. 4. 1. 5. Cold start system : manuaI/automatic^1 ) \n\n3. 2. 4. 1. 5. 1. Operating principle(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 1. 5. 2. Operat ing I imits/sett ings^1^2) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. By fuel injection (compr. ignition only) : yes/no^1) \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 1. System description : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 2. Working principle : direct injection/pre-chamber/swirI \nchamber<1) \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 3. Injection pump \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 3. 1 \n\nMake(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 3. 2 \n\nType(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 3. 3 \n\nMaximum fuel del ivery (1 ^2^ :. or cycle at a pump speed of : \nalternatively, a characteristic diagram : \n\nmm 3/stroke \n\nmin\"1 or, \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 3. 4 \n\nInjection timing^2)-. 3. 2. 4. 2. 3. 5 \n\nInjection advance c u r v ed : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 3. 6 \n\nCalibration procedure : test bench/engine^1) \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 4. Governor \n\n\f38 -\n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 4. 1. Type : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 4. 2. Cut-off point \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 4. 2. 1 Cut-off point under load : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 4. 2. 2 Cut-off point without load : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 5. Injection piping \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 5. 1. Length \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 5. 2. Internal diameter : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 6. Injector(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 6. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 6. 2. Type(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 6. 3. Opening pressure^2); \n\nkPa \n\nor characteristic diagram^2); \n\nmin\"1 \n\nmin\"1 \n\nmm \n\nmm \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 7. Cold start system \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 7. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 7. 2. Type(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 7. 3. Description : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 8. Auxiliary starting aid \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 8. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 8. 2. Type(S) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. 8. 3. System description : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 3. 2. 4. 3. 1. By fuel injection (positive ign. only) : yes/no^1) \nWorking principle : intake manifold (single-/multi-point^1V \ndirect injection/other (specify)^1) \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 2. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 3. Type(s) : \n\n\f- 39 -\n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. System description \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 1. Type or number of the control unit \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 2. Type of fuel regulator : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 3. Type of air-flow sensor : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 4. Type of fuel distributor : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 5. Type of pressure regulator : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 6. Type of mlcroswitch : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 7. Type of idling adjustment screw \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 8. Type of throttle housing : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 9. Type of water temperature sensor \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 10. Type of air temperature sensor : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 11 \n\nType of air temperature switch : \n\nIn the case of \nsystems other \nthan cont inuous \ninject ion give \nequivalent \ndetaiIs. 3. 2. 4. 3. 5. Injectors : opening pressure*2^: \nor characteristic diagram*2)-. kPa \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 6. Injection timing : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 7. Cold start system \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 7. 1. Operating principle(s) : \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. 7. 2. Operating I imits/sett ings<1H2). 3. 2. 4. 4. Feed pump \n\n3. 2. 4. 4. 1. Pressure*2^ : \n\nkPa \n\nor characteristic diagram : \n\n3. 2. 5. 3. 2. 5. 1. 3. 2. 5. 2. 3. 2. 5. 2. 1. 3. 2. 5. 2. 2. 3. 2. 6. 3. 2. 6. 1. 3. 2. 6. 2. Electrical system \n\nRated voltage : \n\nGenerator \n\nType : \n\nNominal output : \n\nI gn111on \n\nMake(s) : \n\nType(s) : \n\nV, pos. /neg. ground*1) \n\nVA \n\n\f- 40 \n\n3. 2. 6. 3. Working principle : \n\n3. 2. 6. 4. Ignition advance curve*2): \n\n3. 2. 6. 5. Static ignition timing*2): \n\ndegrees before TDC \n\n3. 2. 6. 6. Contact-point gap*2): \n\nmm \n\n3. 2. 6. 7. Dwell-angle*2): \n\ndegrees \n\n3. 2. 6. 8. Interference suppressor (description) : \n\n3. 2. 7. Cooling system (liquid/air)*1) \n\n3. 2. 7. 1. Nominal setting of the engine temperature control mechanism \n\n3. 2. 7. 2. Liquid \n\n3. 2. 7. 2. 1. Nature of liquid : \n\n3. 2. 7. 2. 2. Circulating pump(s) : \n\nyes/no*1) \n\n3. 2. 7. 2. 3. Characteristics : \n\nor \n\n3. 2. 7. 2. 3. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 7. 2. 3. 2. Type(s) : \n\n3. 2. 7. 2. 4. Drive ratio(s) : \n\n3. 2. 7. 2. 5. Description of the fan and its drive mechanism : \n\n3. 2. 7. 3. Air \n\n3. 2. 7. 3. 1. Blower : \n\n3. 2. 7. 3. 2. Characteristics : \n\n3. 2. 7. 3. 2. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 7. 3. 2. 2. Type(s) : \n\n3. 2. 7. 3. 3. Drive ratio(s) : \n\n3. 2. 8. Intake system \n\nyes/no*1) \n\nor \n\n3. 2. 8. 1. Pressure charger : \n\nyes/no*1) \n\n3. 2. 8. 1. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 8. 1. 2. Type(s) : \n\n3. 2. 8. 1. 3. Description of the system \n(e. g. max. charge pressure : \napplicab le) \n\nkPa, wastegate if \n\n\f- 41 -\n\n3. 2. 8. 2. Intercooler : \n\nyes/no*1) \n\n3. 2. 8. 3. Intake depression at rated engine speed and at 100% load \nminimum allowable : \nmaximum allowable : \n\nkPa \nkPa \n\n3. 2. 8. 4. Description and drawings of inlet pipes and their accessories \n(plenum chamber, heating device, additional air intakes, etc. ) \n\n3. 2. 8. 4. 1. Intake manifold description (include drawings and/or photos) : \n\n3. 2. 8. 4. 2. Air filter, drawings : \n\n, or \n\n3. 2. 8. 4. 2. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 8. 4. 2. 2. Type(s) : \n\n3. 2. 8. 4. 3. Intake silencer, drawings : \n\nor \n\n3. 2. 8. 4. 3. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 2. 8. 4. 3. 2. Type(s) : \n\n3. 2. 9. Exhaust system \n\n3. 2. 9. 1. Description and/or drawing of the exhaust manifold : \n\n3. 2. 9. 2. Description and/or drawing of the exhaust system : \n\n3. 2. 9. 3. 3. 2. 9. 4. Maximum allowable exhaust back pressure at rated engine speed \nand at 100 % load : \n\nkPa \n\nExhaust silencer(s) : \nFor front, centre, rear silencer : construction, type, marking; \nwhere relevant for exterior noise : noise reducing measures in \nthe engine compartment and on the engine : \n\n3. 2. 10. Minimum cross-sectional areas of inlet and outlet ports : \n\n3. 2. 11. Valve timing or equivalent data \n\n3. 2. 11. 1. Maximum lift of valves, angles of opening and closing, or \ntiming details of alternative distribution systems, in relation \nto dead centres : \n\n3. 2. 11. 2. Reference and/or setting ranges*1); \n\n3. 2. 12. Measures taken against air pollution \n\n3. 2. 12. 1. Device for recycling crankcase gases (description and \ndrawings): \n\n\f- 42 -\n\n3. 2. 12. 2. Additional anti-pollut ion devices (if any, and if not covered \nby another heading) : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. Catalytic converter : \n\nyes/no *1) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. 1. Number of catalytic converters and elements : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. 2. Dimensions, shape and volume of the catalytic converter (s) : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. 3. Type of catalytic action : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. 4. Total charge of precious metal \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. 5. Relative concentration : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. 6. substrate (structure and material) : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. 7. CelI density : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. 8. Type of casing for the catalytic converter (s) : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. 9. Location of the catalytic converter(s) (place and reference \n\ndistance in the exhaust line) : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 2. Oxygen sensor : \n\nyes/no *1) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 2. 1. Type : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 2. 2. Location : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 2. 3. Control range : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 3. Air injection : \n\nyes/no *1) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 3. 1. Type (pulse air, air pump etc. ) : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 4. Exhaust gas recirculation : \n\nyes/no *1) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 4. 1. Characteristics (flow rate e t c. ) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 5. Evaporative emissions control system : yes/no *1) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 5. 1. Detailed description of the devices and their state of tune : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 5. 2. Drawing of the evaporation control system : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 5. 3. Drawing of the carbon canister : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 5. 4. Schematic drawing of the fuel tank with indication of capacity \n\nand mater ial : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 6. Particulate trap : \n\nyes/no *1) \n\n(7) \n\n\f- 43 -\n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 6. 1. Dimensions, shape and capacity of the particulate trap : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 6. 2. Type and design of the particulate trap : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 6. 3. Location (reference distance in the exhaust line) : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 6. 4. Method or system of regeneration, description and/or drawing : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 7. Other systems (description and operation) : \n\n3. 2. 13. 3. 2. 14. Location of the absorption coefficient symbol (compression \nignition engines only) : \n\nDetails of any devices designed to influence fuel economy (if \nnot covered by other items) : \n\n3. 3. Electr ic motor \n\n3. 3. 1. Type (winding, excitation) : \n\n3. 3. 1. 1. Maximum hourly output : \n\n3. 3. 1. 2. Operating voltage : \n\n3. 3. 2. Battery \n\n3. 3. 2. 1. Number of cells : \n\n3. 3. 2. 2. Mass : \n\nkW \n\nV \n\nkg \n\n3. 3. 2. 3. Capacity : \n\nAh (Amp-hours) \n\n3. 3. 2. 4. Position : \n\n3. 4. Other engines or motors or combinations thereof \n(particulars regarding the parts of such engines or motors) : \n\n3. 5. Fuel consumption*11) \n\n3. 5. 1. Urban cycle : \n\n3. 5. 2. Constant speed at 90 km/h : \n\n3. 5. 3. Constant speed at 120 km/h : \n\n3. 6. Temperatures permitted by the manufacturer \n\n3. 6. 1. Cooling system \n\n3. 6. 1. 1. Liquid coo I Ing \n\n1/100 km \n\n1/100 km \n\n1/100 km \n\nMaximum temperature at outlet : \n\n*C \n\n3. 6. 1. 2. Air coo Ii ng \n\n3. 6. 1. 2. 1. Reference point : \n\n\f- 44 \n\n3. 6. 1. 2. 2. Maximum temperature at reference point : \n\n\"C \n\n3. 6. 2. M a x. outlet temp, of the inlet intercooler : \n\n*C \n\n3. 6. 3. 3. 6. 4. 3. 6. 5. 3. 7. M a x. exhaust temp, at the point in the exhaust p i p e ( s) adjacent \nthe outer f l a n g e ( s) of the exhaust m a n i f o ld : \n\n*C \n\nFuel t e m p e r a t u re \nmini mum : \nm a x i m um : \n\nLubricant t e m p e r a t u re \nmini mum : \nm a x i m um : \n\n* C \n'C \n\n' C \n*C \n\nEngine-driven equipment \nMaximum permissible power absorbed by the engine-driven \nequipment as specified in and under the operating conditions of \nDirective 80/1269, as amended, Annex I, item 5. 1. 1. , at each \nengine speed as defined in item 4. 1. in Annex I 11 to Directive \n88/77 \nI d I i ng : \nIntermediate : \nRated : \n\nkW \nkW \n\nkW \n\n3. 8. Lubrication system \n\n3. 8. 1. Description of the system \n\n3. 8. 1. 1. P o s i t i on of lubricant reservoir : \n\n3. 8. 1. 2. Feed system (by pump/inject ion into intake/mixing with fuel, \netc. )*1): \n\n3. 8. 2. L u b r i c a t i ng pump \n\n3. 8. 2. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 8. 2. 2. Type(s) : \n\n3. 8. 3. M i x t u re w i th fuel \n\n3. 8. 3. 1. P e r c e n t a ge : \n\n3. 8. 4. Oil cooler : \n\n3. 8. 4. 1. Drawing(s) : \n\n3. 8. 4. 1. 1. Make(s) : \n\n3. 8. 4. 1. 2. Type(s) : \n\nyes/no*1) \n\nor \n\n\f- 45 -\n\n4. 4. 1. 4. 2. 4. 3. TRANSMISSION**) \n\nDrawing of the transmission : \n\nType (mechanical, hydraulic, electric, etc. ) : \n\nMoment of inertia of engine flywheel : \n\n4. 3. 1. Additional moment of inertia with no gear engaged \n\n4. 4. Clutch (type) : \n\n4. 4. 1. Maximum torque conversion : \n\n4. 5. Gearbox \n\n4. 5. 1. Type (manual/automatic/CVT**1)) : \n\n4. 5. 2. Location relative to the engine : \n\n4. 5. 3. Method of control : \n\n4. 6. Gear ratios \n\nGear \n\nInternal \ngearbox ratios \n(rat ios of engine \nto gearbox output \nshaft revolutions) \n\nFinal \ndrive ratio(s) \n(rat io of gear \nbox output shaft \nto dr iven wheel \nrevolut ions) \n\nTotal \ngear ratios \n\nMax. for CVT* \n\n1 \n2 \n3 \n\nMin. for CVT* \n\nReverse \n\n* Continuously Variable Transmission \n\n4. 6. 1. 4. 7. Gear change-over points (for first to second, etc. , manual \ntransmissions only, in the case of flats according to \nAnnex III A to Directive 70/220) : \n\nMaximum vehicle speed and gear in which this is achieved \n(in km/h)*w): \n\n4. 8. Speedometer (in the case of tachograph give approval mark only) \n\n\f- 46 -\n\n4. 8. 1. Method of operation and description of drive mechanism : \n\n4. 8. 2. Instrument constant : \n\n4. 8. 3. 4. 8. 4. Tolerance of the measuring mechanism (persuant to item 2. 1. 3. of Annex II to Directive 75/443) : \nOverall transmission ratio (persuant to item 2. 1. 2. of Annex I \nto Directive 75/443) or equivalent data : \n\n4. 8. 5. Diagram of the speedometer scale or other forms of display : \n\n4. 9. 5. 5. 1. 6. 6. 1. 6. 2. 6. 2. 1. 6. 3. 6. 4. 6. 5. 6. 6. 6. 6. 1. Differential lock : \n\nyes/no*1) \n\nAXLES \n\nDrawing of each axle, together with a statement of the \n\nmaterials used and (optionally) of the make and type : \n\nSUSPENSION \n\nDrawing of the suspension arrangements : \n\nType and design of the suspension of each axle or wheel : \n\nLevel adjustment : \nCharacteristics of the springing parts of the suspension \ndesign, characteristics of the materials and dimensions : \n\nyes/no *1) \n\nStabilizers : \n\nShock absorbers : \n\nTyres and wheels \n\nyes/no*1) \n\nyes/no*1) \n\nTyre/wheel combination(s) \n(For tyres indicate size designation, minimum load-capacity \nindex, minimum speed category symbol; for wheels indicate rim \nsize(s) and off-set(s)). 6. 6. 1. 1. 6. 6. 1. 2. Axle 1 : \nAxle 2 : \netc \n\n6. 6. 2. Upper and lower limit of rolling radii \n\n6. 6. 2. 1. 6. 6. 2. 2. Axle 1 : \nAxle 2 : \netc. 6. 6. 3. Tyre pressure(s) as recommended by the vehicle manufacturer : \n\nkPa \n\n\f- 47 -\n\n6. 6. 4. Chain/tyre/wheel combination on the front and/or rear axle that \nis suitable for the type of vehicle, as recommended by the \nmanufacturer : \n\n6. 6. 5. Brief description of temporary-use spare unit, if any : \n\n7. 7. 1. 7. 2. STEERING \n\nSchematic diagram of steered axle(s) showing steering geometry: \n\nMechanism and control \n\n7. 2. 1. Type of mechanism : \n\n7. 2. 2. 7. 2. 3. Linkage to wheels : \n\nMethod of assistance if any : \n\n7. 2. 3. 1. Method and diagram of operation, make(s) and type(s) : \n\n7. 2. 4. Schematic diagram of the steering mechanism : \n\n7. 2. 5. 7. 2. 6. Schematic diagram(s) of the steering control(s) : \n\nRange and method of adjustment, if any, of the steering \ncontrol : \n\n7. 3. Maximum steering angle of the wheels \n\n7. 3. 1. 7. 3. 2. 8. 8. 1. 8. 2. To the right. (degrees); number of turns of the steering \nwheel \n\n(or equivalent data) \n\nTo the left. (degrees); number of turns of the steering \nwheel \n\n(or equivalent data) \n\nBRAKES \nThe following particulars, incl. means of identification, where \napplicable, are to be given : \n\nType and characteristics of the brakes (as defined in Annex I, \nitem 1. 6. to Directive 71/320) with a drawing, (e. g. drums or \ndiscs, wheels braked, connection to braked wheels, make and \ntype of lining/pads, effective braking areas, radius of drums, \nshoes or discs, mass of drums, adjustment devices, relevant \nparts of the axle(s) and suspension,. ) : \n\nOperating diagram, description and/or drawing of the following \nbraking devices (as defined in Annex I, item 1. 2. to Directive \n71/320) with e. g. transmission and control (construction, \nadjustment, lever ratios, accessibility of control and its \nposition, ratchet controls in the case of mechanical \ntransmission, characteristics of the main parts of the linkage, \ncylinders and control pistons, brake cylinders or equivalent \ncomponents in the case of electrical braking systems) \n\n\f- 48 -\n\n8. 2. 1. Service braking device : \n\n8. 2. 2. Secondary braking device : \n\n8. 2. 3. Parking braking device : \n\n8. 2. 4. Any additional braking device : \n\n8. 2. 5. Break-away braking device : \n\n8. 3. 8. 4. 8. 5. 8. 6. 8. 7. 8. 8. 8. 9. 8. 10. 9. 9. 1. 9. 2. 9. 3. Control and transmission of trailer braking devices in vehicles \n(including trailers) designed to pull a trailer : \n\nVehicle is equipped to tow a trailer with electric/pneumatic/ \nhydraulic*1) service brakes : yes/no *1) \n\nFor vehicles with anti-lock systems, description of system \noperation (including any electronic parts), electric block \ndiagram, hydraulic or pneumatic circuit plan : \n\nCalculation and curves according to the Appendix to 1. 1. 4. 2. of \nAnnex II to Directive 71/320 (or the Appendix to Annex XI, if \napplicable) : \n\nDescription and/or drawing of the energy supply (also to be \nspecified for power-assisted braking devices) : \n\nCalculation of the braking system : determination of the ratio \nbetween the total braking forces at the circumference of the \nwheels and the force applied to the braking control : \n\nBrief description of the braking devices (according to item \n1. 3. of Annex IX to Directive 71/320) : \n\nIf claiming exemptions from the Type I and/or Typell tests, \nstate the number of the report in accordance with Appendix 2 of \nAnnex VII to Directive 71/320 : \n\nBODYWORK \n\nType of bodywork : \n\nMaterials used and methods of construction : \n\nOccupant doors, latches and hinges \n\n9. 3. 1. Door configuration and number of doors : \n\n9. 3. 1. 1. Dimensions, direction and maximum angle of opening : \n\n9. 3. 2. Drawing of latches and hinges and of their position in the \ndoors: \n\n9. 3. 3. Technical description of latches and hinges : \n\n\f- 49 -\n\n9. 3. 4. Details (including dimensions) of entrances, steps and \nnecessary handles where applicable : \n\n9. 4. Field of vision \n\n9. 4. 1. Particulars of the primary reference marks in sufficient detail \nto enable them to be readily identified and the position of \neach in relation to the others and to the R-point to be \nverified : \n\n9. 4. 2. Drawing(s) or photograph(s) showing the location of components \nparts within the 180 degrees forward field of vision : \n\n9. 5. Windscreen and other windows \n\n9. 5. 1. Windscreen \n\n9. 5. 1. 1. Materials used: laminated/toughened *1) : \n\n9. 5. 1. 2. Method of mounting : \n\n9. 5. 1. 3. Angle of inclination : \n\n9. 5. 1. 4. Approval number(s) : \n\n9. 5. 2. Other windows \n\n9. 5. 2. 1. Materials used : \n\n9. 5. 2. 2. Approval number(s) : \n\n9. 5. 2. 3. Rear window with light transmission factor of less than \n70 % : \n\nyes/no*1) \n\n9. 6. Windscreen wiper(s) \n\n9. 6. 1. Detailed technical description (including photographs or \ndrawings): \n\n9. 7. Windscreen washer \n\n9. 7. 1. Detailed technical description (including photographs or \ndrawings) or, if approved as separate technical unit, approval \nnumber : \n\n9. 8. Defrosting and demisting \n\n9. 8. 1. Detailed technical description (including photographs or \ndrawings) : \n\n9. 8. 2. Maximum electrical consumption : \n\nkW \n\n9. 9. Rear-view mirrors (state for each mirror) \n\n9. 9. 1. Make : \n\n\f9. 9. 2. 9. 9. 3. 9. 9. 4. 9. 9. 5. 9. 9. 6. 9. 10. 9. 10. 1 \n\n9. 10. 1. 1. 9. 10. 1. 2. 9. 10. 1. 3. 9. 10. 2. 9. 10. 2. 1. 9. 10. 2. 2. 9. 10. 2. 3. - 50 -\n\nApproval mark : \n\nVariant : \n\nDrawing(s) showing the position relative to the vehicle \nstructure : \n\nDetails of the method of attachment including that part of the \nvehicle structure to which it is attached : \n\nOptional equipment which may affect the rearward field of \nv i s i on : \n\nInterior fittings \n\nInterior protection for occupants \n\nLayout drawing or photographs showing the position of the \nattached sections or views : \n\nPhotograph or drawing showing the reference line incl. the \nexempted area (Annex I, item 2. 3. 1. to Directive 74/60) : \n\nPhotographs, drawings and/or an exploded view of the interior \nfittings, showing the parts in the passenger compartment and \nthe materials used - with the exception of interior rear-view \nmirrors -, arrangement of controls, roof and sliding roof, \nbackrest, seats and the rear part of seats (Annex I, item 3. 2. to Directive 74/60) : \n\nArrangement and identification of controls, tell-tales and \nindicators \n\nPhotographs and/or drawings of the arrangement of symbols and \ncontrols, tell-tales and indicators : \n\nPhotographs and/or drawings of the identification of controls, \ntell-tales and indicators and of the vehicle parts mentioned in \nDirective 78/316 where relevant : \n\nSummary table : \nThe vehicle is equipped with the following controls, indicators \nand tell-tales pursuant to Annexes II and I I I to Directive \n78/316 : \n\n\f51 -\n\nCONTROLS. TELL-TALES AND INDICATORS FOR WHICH. WHEN FITTED. IDENTIFICATION IS MANDATORY. AND SYMBOLS TO BE USED FOR THAT PURPOSE \n\nControl/ \nindicator \navalloble(+) \n\nIdentified \nby \nsymbol (+) \n\nWhere (++) \n\nTell-tale \naval lable(+) \n\nIdentified \nby \nsymbol (+) \n\nWhere (++) \n\nSymbol \nN\u00bb \n\nDevice \n\n1 \n\nMatter light switch \n\n2 \n\n3 \n\n4 \n\n5 \n\n6 \n\n7 \n\n8 \n\n9 \n\nDipped-beam headlamps \n\nMain-beam headlamps \n\nPosition (side) lamps \n\nFront fog lamps \n\nRear fog lamp \n\nHeadlamp levelling device \n\nParking lamps \n\nDirection indicators \n\n10 \n\nHazard warning \n\n11 \n\nWindscreen wiper \n\n12 \n\nWindscreen washer \n\n13 \n\n14 \n\n15 \n\n16 \n\nWindscreen wiper and washer \n\nHeadlamp cleaning device \n\nWindscreen demisting and \ndefrosting \n\nRear window demisting and \ndefrosting \n\n17 \n\nVentilating fan \n\n18 \n\nDiesel pre-heat \n\n19 \n\nChoke \n\n20 \n\nBrake failure \n\n21 \n\nFue1 1 eve 1 \n\n22 \n\n23 \n\nBattery charging condition \n\nEngine coolant temperature \n\n(+) x \u00ab yes \n\n(++) d - directly on control, indicator or tell-tale \n\n- - no or not separately available \no - optional \n\nc - In close vicinity \n\n\f- 52 -\n\nCONTROLS. TELL-TALES AND INDICATORS FOR WHICH. WHEN FITTED. IDENTIFICATION IS OPTIONAL, AND SYMBOLS \nWHICH MUST BE USED IF THEY ARE TO BE IDENTIFIED \n\nIdentified \nby \nsymbo 1 (+) \n\nWhere (++) \n\nTell-tale \naval lable(+) \n\nIdentified \nby \nsymbol (+) \n\nWhere (++) \n\n1 \nSymbol \nN\u00ab \n\nDevice \n\nControl/ \nindicator \navailable^) \n\n1 \n\n2 \n\n3 \n\n4 \n\n5 \n\n6 \n\n7 \n\n8 \n\n9 \n\nParking brake \n\nRear window wiper \n\nRear window washer \n\nRear window wiper and washer \n\nIntermittent windscr. wiper \n\nAudible warning device (horn) \n\nFront hood (bonnet) \n\nRear hood (boot) \n\nSeat belt \n\n10 \n\nEngine oi1 pressure \n\n11 \n\nUnleaded petrol \n\n(+) x - yes \n\n- - no or not separately available \no \u00ab optional \n\n(++) d - directly on control, indicator or tell-tale \n\nc \u00bb in close vicinity \n\n\f- 53 -\n\n9. 10. 3. Seats \n\n9. 10. 3. 1. Number : \n\n9. 10. 3. 2. Position and arrangement : \n\n9. 10. 3. 3. Mass : \n\n9. 10. 3. 4. Characteristics : description and drawing of \n\n9. 10. 3. 4. 1. the seats and their anchorages : \n\n9. 10. 3. 4. 2. the adjustment system : \n\n9. 10. 3. 4. 3. the displacement and locking systems : \n\n9. 10. 3. 4. 4. the seat belt anchorages if incorporated in the seat structure: \n\n9. 10. 3. 5. Coordinates or drawing of the R point**) \n\n9. 10. 3. 5. 1. Driver's seat : \n\n9. 10. 3. 5. 2. All other seating positions : \n\n9. 10. 3. 6. Design seat back angle \n\n9. 10. 3. 6. 1. Driver's seat : \n\n9. 10. 3. 6. 2. All other seating positions : \n\n9. 10. 3. 7. Range of seat adjustment \n\n9. 10. 3. 7. 1. Driver's seat \n\n9. 10. 3. 7. 2. All other seating positions : \n\n9. 10. 4. Type of head restraint(s) (give approval number, if available) \n\n9. 10. 5. Heating systems for the passenger compartment \n\n9. 10. 5. 1. 9. 10. 5. 2. A brief description of the vehicle type with regard to the \nheating system if the heating system uses the heat of the \neng i ne coo Ii ng fluid : \n\nA detailed description of the vehicle type with regard to the \nheating if the cooling air or the exhaust gases of the engine \nare used as heat source, including \n\n9. 10. 5. 2. 1. layout drawing of the heating system showing its position in \nthe vehicle : \n\n9. 10. 5. 2. 2. layout drawing of the heat exchanger for heating systems using \nthe exhaust gases for heating or of the parts, where the heat \nexchange takes place (for heating systems using the engine \ncooling air for heating) : \n\n\f- 54 -\n\n9. 10. 5. 2. 3. Sectional drawing of the heat exchanger or the parts \nrespectively where the heat exchange takes place indicating the \nthickness of the wall, used materials and characteristics of \nthe surface : \n\n9. 10. 5. 2. 4. Specifications shall be given for further important components \nof the heating system such as e. g. the heater fan, with regard \nto their method of construction and technical data : \n\n9. 10. 5. 3. Maximum electrical consumption : \n\nkW \n\n9. 10. 6. Components influencing the behaviour of the steering mechanism \nin the event of an impact \n\n9. 10. 6. 1. 9. 10. 6. 2. A detailed description, including photograph(s) and/or \ndrawing(s), of the vehicle type with respect to the structure, \nthe dimensions, the lines and the constituent materials of that \npart of the vehicle forward of the steering control, including \nthose components designed to contribute to the absorption of \nenergy in the event of an impact against the steering control : \n\nPhotograph(s) and/or drawing(s) of vehicle components other \nthan those described in 9. 10. 6. 1. as identified by the \nmanufacturer in agreement with the technical service, as \ncontributing to the behaviour of the steering mechanism in case \nof impact : \n\n9. 11. External projections \n\n9. 11. 1. 9. 11. 2. General arrangement (drawing or photographs) indicating the \nposition of the attached sections and views : \n\nDrawings and/or photographs, for example, and where relevant, \nof the door and window pillars, air-intake grilles, radiator \ngrille, windscreen wipers, rain gutter channels, handles, slide \nrails, flaps, door hinges and locks, hooks, eyes, decorative \ntrim, badges, emblems and recesses and any other external \nprojections and parts of the exterior surface which can be \nregarded as critical (e. g. lighting equipment). If the parts \nlisted in the previous sentence are not critical, for \ndocumentation purposes they may be replaced by photographs, \naccompanied if necessary by dimensional details and/or text : \n\n9. 11. 3. Drawings of parts of the external surface in accordance with \nAnnex I, item 6. 9. 1. to Directive 74/483 : \n\n9. 11. 4. Drawing of bumpers : \n\n9. 11. 5. Drawing of the floor line : \n\n9. 12. Safety belts and/or other restraint systems \n\n\f- 55 -\n\n9. 12. 1. Number and position of safety belts and restraint systems and \nseats on which they can be used : \n\n(D - driver's side, P - passenger side, C - centre) \n\nD/P/C/ \n\nComplete EEC type-approval mark \n\nVariant, if applicab le \n\nFront Seat \n\nRear Seat \n\nOptinal extras (e. g. for height adjusting seats, preloading device, etc. ) \n\n9. 12. 2. Number and position of safety belt anchorages and proof of \ncompliance with Directive 76/115, as amended (i. e. type-\napproval number or test report) : \n\n9. 13. Safety belt anchorages \n\n9. 13. 1. 9. 13. 2. Photographs and/or drawings of the bodywork showing the \nposition and dimensions of the actual and the effective \nanchorages including the R-points : \n\nDrawings of the belt anchorages and parts of the vehicle \nstructure where they are attached (with the material \nindicat ion): \n\n\f- 56 -\n\n9. 13. 3. Designation of the types (*) of safety belt authorized for \nfitting to the anchorages with which the vehicle is equipped \n\nAnchorage ocation \nVehicle structure Seat structure \n\nFront \n\noutboard \n\nlower anchorages \n\ninboard \n\nRight-hand seat \n\nupper anchorage \n\nCentre seat \n\nright \n\nlower anchorages \n\nleft \n\nupper anchorage \n\noutboard \n\nlower anchorages \n\ninboard \n\nLeft-hand seat \n\nupper anchorage \n\nRear \n\noutboard \n\nlower anchorages \n\ninboard \n\nRight-hand seat \n\nupper anchorage \n\nCentre seat \n\nright \n\nlower anchorages \n\nleft \n\nupper anchorage \n\noutboard \n\nlower anchorages \n\ninboard \n\nLeft-hand seat \n\nupper anchorage \n\n(*) For symbols and marks to be used, see Annex III, items 1. 1. 3. and 1. 1. 4. to Directive 77/451. In the case of \"S\" type belts, specify the nature \nof the type(s). 9. 13. 4 \n\n9. 14. Description of a particular type of safety belt where an \nanchorage is located in the seat backrest or incorporates an \nenergy dissipating device : \n\nSpace for mounting rear registration plates (give range where \nappropriate, drawings may be used where applicable) \n\n\f- 57 -\n\n9. 14. 1. Height above road surface, upper edge : \n\n9. 14. 2. Height above road surface, lower edge : \n\n9. 14. 3. Distance of the centre line from the longitudinal median plane \nof the vehicle : \n\n9. 14. 4. Distance from the left vehicle edge : \n\n9. 14. 5. Dimensions (length x width) : \n\n9. 14. 6. Inclination of the plane to the vertical : \n\n9. 14. 7. Angle of the visibility in the horizontal plane : \n\n9. 15. Rear underrun protection \n\n9. 15. 1. 9. 15. 2. Drawing of the vehicle parts relevant to the rear underrun \nprotection i. e. drawing of the vehicle and/or chassis with \nposition and mounting of the rearmost axle, drawing of the \nmounting and/or fittings of the rear underrun protection. If \nthe underrun protection is not a special device, the drawing \nmust clearly show that the required dimensions are met : \n\nIn case of a special device full description and/or drawing of \nthe rear underrun protection (including mountings and \nfittings), or, if approved as a separate technical unit, type-\napproval number : \n\n9. 16. Wheel guards \n\n9. 16. 1. 9. 16. 2. Brief description of the vehicle with regard to its wheel \nguards : \n\nDetailed drawings of the wheel guards and their position on the \nvehicle showing the dimensions specified in Fig. 1 of Annex I \nto Directive 78/549 and taking account of the extremes of tyre/ \nwheel combinations : \n\n9. 17. Statutory plates \n\n9. 17. 1. 9. 17. 2. 9. 17. 3. 9. 17. 4. Photographs and/or drawings of the locations of the statutory \nplates and inscriptions and of the chassis number : \n\nPhotographs and/or drawings of the official part of the plates \nand inscriptions (completed example with dimensions) : \n\nPhotographs and/or drawings of the chassis number (completed \nexample with dimensions) : \n\nManufacturer's certificate of compliance with the requirement \nof the Annex, item 3 to Directive 76/114 \n\n\f- 58 -\n\n9. 17. 4. 1. 9. 17. 4. 2. 9. 18. 9. 18. 1. The meaning of characters in the 2nd section and, if \napplicable, in the 3rd section used to comply with the \nrequirements of item 3. 1. 1. 2. shall be explained : \n\nIf characters in the 2nd section are used to comply with the \nrequirements of item 3. 1. 1. 3. , these characters shall be \nindicated : \nSuppression of radio interference \n\nDescription and drawings/photographs of the shapes and \nconstituent materials of the part of the body forming the \nengine compartment and the part of the passenger compartment \nnearest to it : \n\n9. 18. 2. Drawings or photographs of the position of metal components \nhoused in in the engine compartment (e. g. heating appliances, \nspare wheel, air filter, steering mechanism, etc. ) : \n\n9. 18. 3. Table and drawing of radio-interference control equipment : \n\n9. 18. 4. Particulars of the nominal value of the direct current \nresistances, and, in the case of resistive ignition cables, of \ntheir nominal resistance per metre : \n\n10. 10. 1. 10. 2. 10. 3. LIGHTING AND LIGHT SIGNALLING DEVICES \n\nTable of all devices : number, make, model, type-approval mark, \nmaximum intensity of main-beam headlamps, colour, tell-tale : \n\nDrawing of the position of lighting and light signalling \ndevices : \n\nFor every lamp and reflector specified in Directive 76/756 (as \namended) supply the following information (in writing and/or by \ndiagram) \n\n10. 3. 1. Drawing showing the extent of the illuminating surface : \n\n10. 3. 2. Axis of reference and centre of reference : \n\n10. 3. 3. Method of operation of conceal able lamps : \n\n10. 3. 4. Any specific mounting and wiring provisions : \n\n10. 4. Dipped beam lamps : normal orientation as per Annex I, item \n4. 2. 6. 1. to Directive 76/756 \n\n10. 4. 1. Value of initial adjustment : \n\n\f- 59 -\n\n10. 4. 2, \n\nLocation of indication : \n\n10. 4. 3 \n\nDescription/drawing *1) and \ntype of headlamp levelling device \n(e. g. automatic, \nstepwise manually adjustable \ncontinuously adjustable) : \n\napplicab le only \nfor vehicles with \nheadlamp I eve I-\nI ing device \n\n10. 4. 4, \n\nControl device : \n\n10. 4. 5, \n\nReference marks : \n\n10. 4. 6 \n\nMarks assigned for loading \nconditions : \n\n11. 11. 1 \n\n11. 2. 11. 3. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TOWING VEHICLES AND TRAILERS AND SEMI \nTRAILERS \n\nClass and type of the coupling device(s) : \n\nMaximum D-value : \n\nkN \n\nInstructions of attachment of the coupling type to the vehicle \nand photographs or drawings of the fixing points at the vehicle \ngiven by the manufacturer; additional information, if the use \nof the coupling type is restricted to special types of \nvehicles: \n\n11. 4. Information of the fitting of special towing brackets or \nmount ing plates *1) : \n\n12. MISCELLANEOUS \n\n12. 1. Audible warning device(s) \n\n12. 1. 1 \n\nLocation, method of affixing, placement and orientation of the \ndevice, with dimensions : \n\n12. 1. 2 \n\nNumber of device(s) : \n\n12. 1. 3, \n\nType-approval mark(s) : \n\n12. 1. 4, \n\nElectrical/pneumatic *1) circuit diagram : \n\n12. 1. 5 \n\nRated voltage or pressure : \n\n12. 1. 6 \n\nDrawing of the mounting device : \n\n12. 2 \n\n12. 2. 1 \n\nDevices to prevent unauthorized use of the vehicle \n\nA detailed description of the vehicle type with regard to the \narrangement and design of the control or of the unit on which \nthe protective device acts : \n\n\f- 60 -\n\n12. 2. 2. Drawings of the protective device and of its mounting on the \nvehicle : \n\n12. 2. 3. A technical description of the device : \n\n12. 2. 4. Details of the lock combinations used : \n\n12. 3. Towing device(s) \n\n12. 3. 1. Front : Hook/eye/otherC) \n\n12. 3. 2. Rear : Hook/eye/other/none*1) \n\n12. 3. 3. 12. 4. 12. 5. Drawing or photograph of the chassis/area of the vehicle body \nshowing the position, construction and mounting of the towing \ndevice(s) : \n\nDetails of any non-engine related devices designed to influence \nfuel consumption (if not covered by other items) : \n\nDetails of any non-engine related devices designed to reduce \nnoise (if not covered by other items) : \n\n\f- 61 -\n\nFOOTNOTES \n\n(a) If a part has been type-approved that part need not be described if \n\nreference is made to such approval. Similarly, a part need not be \ndescribed if its construction is clearly apparent from the attached \ndiagrams or drawings. For each item for which drawings or photographs must be attached, give \nnumbers of the corresponding attached documents. Throughout this Annex, footnote *1) means : Delete where not applicable \nand footnote *2) means : Specify the tolerance. (b) If the means of identification of type contains characters not relevant \nto describe the vehicle, component or separate technical unit types \ncovered by this information document, such characters shall be \nrepresented in the documentation by the symbol : \"?\" (eg. ABC77123??). (c) Classified according to the definitions listed in Annex II A. (d) If possible, designation according to Euronorm, otherwise give : \n\n- description of the material \n- yield point \n- ultimate tensile stress \n- elongat ion (in %) \n- Br ine I I hardness \n\n(e) Where there is one version with a normal cab and another with a sleeper \n\ncab, both sets of masses and dimensions are to be stated. (f) \n(g) \n(h) \n(i) \n(J) \n(k) \n(I) \n(m) \n(n) \n\nSO Standard 612 - 1978, term N 6. 4 \n\n6. 19. 2. 6. 20 \n6. 5 \n6. 1 \n6. 2 \n6. 3 \n6. 6 \n6. 7 \n\n(o) The mass of the driver is assessed at 75 kg and the fuel tank is filled \n\nto 90% of the capacity specified by the manufacturer. (p) \"Coupling overhang\" is the horizontal distance between the coupling for \n\ncentre-axle trailers and the centreline of the rear axle(s). (q) In the case of non-conventional engines and systems, particulars \n\nequivalent to those referred to here shall be supplied by the \nmanufacturer. (r) This figure must be rounded off the nearest tenth of a millimetre. (s) This value must be calculated with \n\n- 3,1416 and rounded off to the \n\nnearest cm3. - 62 -\n\n(t) Determined in accordance with the requirements of Directive 80/1269/EEC. (u) Determined in accordance with the requirements of Directive 80/1268/EEC. (v) The specified particulars are to be given for any proposed variants. (w) A 5% tolerance is permitted. (x) The \"R point\" or \"seating reference point\" is the reference point \n\nspecified by the vehicle manufacturer which : \n\n- has coordinates determined in relation to the vehicle structure \n- corresponds to the theoretical position of the point of torso/thigh \nrotation (H point) for the lowest and most rearward normal driving \nposition or position of use given by the vehicle manufacturer for each \nseating position specified by him \n\n- in any seating position other than front seats where the \"H point\" \n\ncannot be determined using the \"Three-dimensional 'H-point' machine\" or \nprocedures, the \"R Point\" indicated by the manufacturer may be taken as \na reference at the discretion of the competent authority. (y) For trailers or semi-trailers, and for vehicles coupled with a trailer or \n\na semi-trailer, which exert a significant vertical load on the coupling \ndevice or the fifth wheel, this load, divided by standard acceleration of \ngravity, is included in the maximum technically permissible mass. - 63 -\n\nANNEX I I \n\nDEFINITION OF VEHICLE CATEGORIES AND VEHICLE TYPES \n\nVehicle categories are defined according to the following \ninternational classification : \n\nCategory M : \n\nMotor vehicles having at least four wheels, or \nhaving three wheels when the maximum mass \nexceeds 1 tonne, and used for the carriage of \npassengers. - Category M-, : Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers \n\nand comprising no more than eight seats in \naddition to the driver's seat. - Category M2 : Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, \n\ncomprising more than eight seats in addition \nto the driver's seat, and having a maximum \nmass not exceeding 5 tonnes. - Category M3 : Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, \n\ncomprising more than eight seats in addition \nto the driver's seat, and having a maximum \nmass exceeding 5 tonnes. Category N : \n\nMotor vehicles having at least four wheels, or \nhaving three wheels when the maximum mass \nexceeds 1 tonne, and used for the carriage of \ngoods. - Category N1 : Vehicles used for the carriage of goods and \n\nhaving a maximum mass not exceeding 3. 5 \ntonnes. - Category N2 : Vehicles used for the carriage of goods and \nhaving a maximum mass exceeding 3. 5 but not \nexceeding 12 tonnes. - Category N3 : Vehicles used for the carriage of goods and \n\nhaving a maximum mass exceeding 12 tonnes. In the case of a towing vehicle designed to be coupled to a \nsemi-trailer or centre-axle trailer, the mass to be considered \nfor classifying the vehicle is the mass of the tractor vehicle \nin running order, increased by the mass corresponding to the \nmaximum static vertical load transferred to the tractor vehicle \nby the semi-trailer or centre-axle trailer and, where \napplicable, by the maximum mass of the tractor vehicles's own \nload. Category 0 : \n\nTrailers (including semi-trailers) \n\n- Category 0^ : Trailers with a maximum mass not exceeding \n\n0. 75 tonnes. - 64 -\n\n- Category 02 : Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 0. 75 \n\ntonnes but not exceeding 3. 5 tonnes-, \n\n- Cagegory O3: \n\nTrailers with a maximum mass exceeding 3. 5 but \nnot exceeding 10 tonnes. - Category O4: \n\nTrailers with a maximum mass exceeding 10 \ntonnes. In the case of a semi-trailer or centre -axle trailer, the \nmaximum mass to be considered for classifying the trailer \ncorresponds to the static vertical load transmitted to the \nground by the axle or axles of the semi-trailer or centre-axle \ntrailer when coupled to the towing vehicle and carrying its \nmaximum load. 4. 4. 1. Vehicles in categories M and N, above, considered to be off-road \nvehicles under the load and checking conditions set out in point \n4. 4 and pursuant to the definitions and sketches of point 4. 5. Vehicles in category N-j with a maximum mass not exceeding two \ntonnes and motor vehicles in category M-j are considered to be \noff-road vehicles if they have : \n\n- at least one front axle and at least one rear axle designed to \nbe driven simultaneously including vehicles where the drive to \none axle can be disengaged. - at least one differential locking mechanism or at least one \n\nmechanism having a similar effect and if they can climb a 30% \ngradient calculated for a solo vehicle. In addition, they must satisfy at least five of the following \nsix requirements : \n\n- the approach angle must be at least 25 degrees, \n- the departure angle must be at least 20 degrees, \n- the ramp angle must be at least 20 degrees, \n- the ground clearance under the front axle must be at least 180 \n\nmm, \n\n- the ground clearance under the rear axle must be at least \n\n180 mm, \n\n- the ground clearance between the axles must be at least \n\n200 mm. 4. 2. Vehicles in category N-j with a maximum mass exceeding two \ntonnes or in category N2, M2 or M3 with a maximum mass not \nexceeding 12 tonnes are considered to be off-road vehicles \neither if all their wheels are designed to be driven \nsimultaneously, including vehicles where the drive to one axle \ncan be disengaged, or if the following three requirements are \nsatisfied : \n\n\f4. 3. - 65 -\n\n- at least one front axle and at least one rear axle are \n\ndesigned to be driven simultaneously, including vehicles where \nthe drive to one axle can be disengaged, \n\n- there is at least one differential locking mechanism or at \n\nleast one mechanism having a similar effect, \n\n- they can climb a 25% gradient calculated for a solo vehicle. Vehicles in category M3 with a maximum mass exceeding \n12 tonnes or in category N3 are to be considered to be off-\nroad vehicles either if the wheels are designed to be driven \nsimultaenously, including vehicles where the drive to one axle \ncan be disengaged, or if the following requirements are \nsatisfied : \n\n- at least half the wheels are driven, \n\n- there is at least one differential locking mechanism or at \n\nleast one mechanism having a similar effect, \n\n- they can climb a 25% gradient calculated for a solo vehicle, \n\n- at least four of the following six requirements are \n\nsatisfied : \n\n- the approach angle must be at least 25 degrees, \n- the departure angle must be at lest 25 degrees, \n- the ramp angle must be at least 25 degrees, \n- the ground clearance under the front axle must be at least \n\n250 mm, \n\n- the ground clearance between the axles must be at least \n\n300 mm, \n\n- the ground clearance under the rear axle must be least 250 mm. 4. 4. Load and checking conditions. 4. 4. 1. 4. 4. 2. 4. 4. 3. Vehicles in category N-j with a maximum mass not exceeding two \ntonnes and vehicles in category M-j must be in running order, \nnamely with coolant fluid, lubricants, fuel, tools, spare-wheel \nand a driver considered to weigh a standard 75 kilograms. Motor vehicles other than those referred to in 4. 4. 1. must be \nloaded to the technically permissible maximum mass stated by the \nmanufacturer. The ability to climb the required gradients (25% and 30%) is \nverified by simple calculation. In exceptional cases, however, \nthe technical services may ask for a vehicle of the type \nconcerned to be submitted to it for an actual test. 4. 4. 4. When measuring approach and departure angles and ramp angles, no \naccount is taken of underrun protective devices. - 66 -\n\n4. 5. 4. 5. 1 \n\nDefinitions and sketches of approach and departure angles, ramp \nangle and ground clearance. \"Approach angle\" means the maximum angle between the ground \nplane and planes tangential to the tyres of the front wheels, \nunder a static load, such that no point of the vehicle ahead of \nthe front axle is situated below these planes and no rigid part \nof the vehicle, with the exception of any steps. Is situated \nbelow these planes. 4. 5. 2 \n\n\"Departure angle\" means the maximum angle between the ground \nplane and planes tangential to the tyres of the rear wheels, \nunder a static load, such that no point of the vehicle behind \nthe rearmost axle is situated below these planes and no rigid \npart of the vehicle is situated below these planes. TW \n\n4. 5. 3 \n\n\"Ramp angle\" means the minimum acute angle between two planes, \nperpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle, \ntangential to the tyres of the front wheels and to the tyres of \nthe rear wheels respectively, under a static load, the \nintersection of which touches the rigid underside of the vehicle \napart from the wheels. This angle defines the steepest ramp over \nwhich the vehicle can pass. - 67 -\n\n4. 5. 4 \n\n\"Ground clearance between the axles\" means the shortest distance \nbetween the ground plane and the lowest fixed point of the \nvehicle. Multi-axled bogies are considered to be a single axle. 4. 5. 5 \n\n\"Ground clearance beneath one axle\" means the distance beneath \nthe highest point of the arc of a circle passing through the \ncentre of the tyre footprint of the wheels on one axle (the \ninner wheels in the case of twin tyres) and touching the lowest \nfixed point of the vehicle between the wheels. No rigid part of the vehicle may project into the shaded area of \nthe diagram. Where appropriate, the ground clearance of several \naxles is indicated in accordance with their arrangement, for \nexample 280/250/250. m ^s \n\nmm \n\n\\^mM^v \n\n\f- 68 -\n\nB. 1. DEFINITION OF VEHICLE TYPE \n\nFor the purposes of category M1 : \n\nA \"type\" shall consist of vehicles which do not differ in at \nleast the following essential respects : \n\n- the manufacturer \n\n- the manufacturer's type designation \n\n- essential aspects of construction and design :. chassis/floor pan (obvious and fundamental differences). power plant (internal combustion/electric/hybrid) \n\n\"Variant\" of a type means vehicles within a type which do not \ndiffer in at least the following essential respects : \n\n- body style (e. g. saloon, hatchback, coupe, cabriolet, wagon, \n\netc. ) \n\n- power plant :. working principle (as in item 3. 2. 1. 1. of Annex III). number and arrangement of cylinders. power differences of more than 30% (the highest is more than \n\n1. 3 t imes the lowest). capacity differences of more than 20% (the highest is more \n\nthan 1. 2 times the lowest) \n\n- powered axles (number, position, interconnection) \n\n- steered axles (number and position). \"Version\" of a variant means vehicles which consist of permitted \ncombinations of items shown in the information package in \naccordance with Annex III. 69 -\n\nANNEX I I I \n\nINFORMATION DOCUMENT \nFOR THE PURPOSES OF VEHICLE TYPE-APPROVAL \n(for footnotes refer to Annex I) \nPART I \n\nGENERAL \n\nMake (trade name of manufacturer) : \n\nType and commercial description(s) : \n\nMeans of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle^0) \n\n0. 0. 1. 0. 2. 0. 3. 0. 3. 1. Location of that marking : \n\n0. 4. 0. 5. 0. 8. 1. 1. 1. Category of vehicle^0): \n\nName and address of manufacturer : \n\nAddress(es) of assembly plant(s) : \n\nGENERAL CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLE \n\nPhotographs and/or drawings of a representative vehicle : \n(different body styles only) \n\n1. 3. Number of axles and wheels : \n\n1. 3. 2. Number and position of steered axles : \n\n1. 3. 3. Powered axles (number, position, interconnection) : \n\n1. 4. 1. 6. 1. 8. 2. 2. 1. Chassis (if any) (overall drawing) : \n\nPosition and arrangement of the engine : \n\nHand of dr ive : \n\nMASSES AND DIMENSIONS \n\nWheelbase(s) (fully loaded)(f): \n\n2. 3. 1. Track of each steered axle('); \n\n2. 3. 2. Track of ail other axles( i); \n\n2. 4. Range of vehicle dimensions (overall) \n\n2. 4. 2. 1. LengthU); \n\n2. 4. 2. 2. Width<k): \n\n\f- 70 -\n\n2. 4. 2. 3. Height (unladen)^1) (for suspension adjustable for height, \nindicate normal running position) : \n\n2. 6. 2. 6. 1. 2. 8. 2. 8. 1. Mass of the vehicle with bodywork in running order (including \ncoolant, oils, fuel, tools, spare wheel and driver)^0) (max. and min. for each version) : \n\nDistribution of this mass among the axles (max. and min. for \neach version) : \n\nTechnically permissible maximum laden mass stated by the \nmanufacturer (max. and min. for each version) (y) : \n\nDistribution of this mass among the axles (max. and min. for \neach version) : \n\n2. 9. Technically permissible maximum mass on each axle : \n\n2. 10. Maximum mass of trailer which may be coupled : \n\n2. 10. 1. Full trailer : \n\n2. 10. 2. Semi-trai1er : \n\n2. 10. 3. Centre-axle trailer : \n\n2. 10. 4. Maximum mass of the combination : \n\n2. 10. 5. Vehicle is/is not<1) suitable for towing loads : \n\n2. 10. 6. Maximum mass of unbraked trailer : \n\n2. 11. Maximum vertical load : \n\n2. 11. 1. On the towing vehicle's coupling point for a trailer : \n\n3. 3. 1. 3. 1. 1. POWER PLANT<q) \n\nManufacturer : \n\nManufacturer's engine code : \n(As marked on the engine, or other means of identification) \n\n3. 2. Internal combustion engine \n\n3. 2. 1. 1. Working principle : positive ignition/compression ignition, four \nstroke/two stroke^) \n\n3. 2. 1. 2. Number and arrangement of cylinders : \n\n3. 2. 1. 3. Engine capacity^): \n\ncm3 \n\n3. 2. 1. 8. Maximum net power<*): \n\nkW at \n\nmin-1 \n\n3. 2. 2. Fuel : diesel oil/petrol/LPG/any o t h e r C) \n\n\f- 71 -\n\n3. 2. 4. Fuel feed \n\n3. 2. 4. 1. By carburettor(s) : \n\nyes/no^1) \n\n3. 2. 4. 2. By fuel injection (compression ignition only) : yes/no^1) \n\n3. 2. 4. 3. By fuel injection (positive ignition only) : \n\nyes/no^1) \n\n3. 2. 7. Cooling system (Iiquid/air)<1) \n\n3. 2. 8. Intake system \n\n3. 2. 8. 1. Pressure charger : \n\nyes/no^1) \n\n3. 2. 12. Measures taken against air pollution \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. Additional anti-pollut ion devices (if any, and if not covered by \nanother heading) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 1. Catalitic converter : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 2. Oxygen sensor : \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 3. Air injection : \n\nyes/no^1) \n\nyes/no^1) \n\nyes/no^1) \n(1) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 4. 3. 2. 12. 2. 5. Exhaust gas recirculation : yes/no \n\nEvaporative emissions control system : yes/no \n\n(1) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 6. Particulate trap : \n\nyes/no \n\n(1) \n\n3. 2. 12. 2. 7. Other systems : \n\n3. 2. 13. Location of the absorption coefficient symbol (compression \nignition engines only) : \n\n3. 3. Electr ic motor \n\n3. 3. 1. Type (winding, excitation) : \n\n3. 3. 1. 1. Maximum hourly output : \n\n3. 3. 1. 2. Operating voltage : \n\nkW \n\nv \n\n3. 3. 2. Battery \n\n3. 3. 2. 4. Position : \n\n\f- 72 \n\n4. 4. 2. 4. 5. TRANSMISSION \n\n(v) \n\nType (mechanical, hydraulic, electric, etc. ) \n\nGearbox \n\n4. 5. 1. Type (manuaI/automatic/CVT*) : \n\n4. 6. Gear ratios \n\nGear \n\nInternal \ngearbox ratios \n(rat ios of engine \nto gearbox output \nshaft revolutions) \n\nFinal \ndrive ratio(s) \n(rat io of gear \nbox output shaft \nto dr iven wheel \nrevolut ions \n\nTotal \ngear ratios \n\nMax. for CVT* \n\n1 \n2 \n3 \n\nMin. for CVT* \n\nReverse \n\n* Continuously Variable Transmission \n\n4. 7. 6. 6. 2. Maximum^vehicle speed and gear in which this is achieved (in \nkm/h) \n\nSUSPENSION \n\nType and design of the suspension of each axle or wheel : \n(e. g. McPherson strut, coil spring, etc. ) \n\n6. 2. 1. Level adjustment : \n\n6. 2. 2. Range of tyre sizes \n\n(1) \n\nyes/no \n\n6. 6. 1. Tyre/wheel combination(s) \n(For tyres indicate size designation, minimum load-capacity \nindex, minimum speed category symbol; for wheels indicate rim \nsize(s) and off-set(s)) \n\n6. 6. 1. 1 \n6. 6. 1. 2 \n\nAxle 1 : \nAxle 2 : \netc \n\n6. 6. 2. Upper and lower limit of rolling radii \n\n6. 6. 2. 1 \n6. 6. 2. 2 \n\nAxle 1 : \nAxle 2 : \netc \n\n\f- 73 -\n\n7. 7. 2. STEERING \n\nMechanism and control \n\n7. 2. 1. Type of mechanism : \n\n7. 2. 2. Linkage to wheels : \n\n7. 2. 3. Method of assistance, if any : \n\n8. 8. 9. 9. 9. 1. 9. 3. BRAKES \n\nBrief description of the braking devices (according to item 1. 3. of Annex IX to Directive 71/320) : \n\nBODYWORK \n\nType of bodywork : \n\nOccupant doors, latches and hinges \n\n9. 3. 1. Door configuration and number of doors : \n\n9. 10. Interior fittings \n\n9. 10. 3. Seats : \n\n9. 10. 3. 1. Number : \n\n9. 10. 3. 2. Position and arrangement : \n\n9. 10. 4. Type of head restraint(s) (give approval number if available) : \n\n9. 17. Statutory plates \n\n9. 17. 1. 9. 17. 4. 9. 17. 4. 1. 9. 17. 4. 2. Photographs and/or drawings of the locations of the statutory \nplates and inscriptions and of the chassis number : \n\nManufacturer's certificate of compliance with the requirement of \nthe Annex, item 3. to Directive 76/114 \n\nThe meaning of characters in the 2nd section and, if applicable, \nin the 3rd section used to comply with the requirements of item \n3. 1. 1. 2. shall be explained : \n\nIf characters in the 2nd section are used to comply with the \nrequirements of item 3. 1. 1. 3. , these characters shall be \nindicated -. 11. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TOWING VEHICLES AND TRAILERS AND SEMI \nTRAILERS \n\n11. 1. Class and type of the coupling device(s) : \n\n\f- 74 \n\nPART I \n\nMatrix showing the permissible combinations into vehicle versions of those \nitems in PART I for which there are multiple entries. For those multiple entry \nitems each entry shall be denoted by a prefix letter which will be used in \nthis matrix to denote which entry (or entries) from a particular item are \napplicable to a particular version. A separate matrix must be compiled for each variant within the type. For the purposes of computation of the applicable taxes the following \nparameters may not be combined within one version : \n\nwheel base \nMass of the vehicle with bodywork in running order \nTechnically permissible max. mass on each axle. Engine capacity \nMaximum net power \nGearbox type. Number of gears, gear ratios and final drive ratio \nUpper and lower limits of rolling radii of tyres fitted to each \naxle. Number of doors. Number of seats. Multiple entries for which there are no restrictions on their combination \nwithin a variant should be listed in the column headed \"all\". Item N'. al 1 \n\nVersion 1 \n\nVersion 2 \n\netc. Version n \n\nThis information may be presented in an alternative format or \nas the original purpose is fulfilled. ayout so long \n\n\f- 75 -\n\nPART I I I \n\nSEPARATE DIRECTIVE APPROVAL NUMBERS \n\nSupply the information required by the following table in respect of the \napplicable subjects* f or t h is vehicle in Annex IV or XI. (All relevant \napprovals for each subject must be included. ) \n\nSubject \n\nApproval \nNumber \n\nExtension \ndate \n\nVar iant(s)/Version(s) \n\nSigned \n\nPosi t ion in company \n\nDate \n\n* The information in respect of components need not be given here so long as \nsuch information is included in the relevant installation approval certi-\nf icate. - 76 -\n\nANNEX IV \n\nLIST OF REQUIREMENTS \nFOR THE PURPOSES OF VEHICLE TYPE-APPROVAL \n\nPART I \n\nList of separate Directives \n\n(As appropriate, taking account of the scope and latest amendment to each of \nthe separate Directives listed below) \n\nSubject \n\nDirective \nNumber \n\nOfficial Journal \nReference \n\nApplicability \n\nM1 M2 M3 N1 N2 N3 01 02 03 04 \n\nL42 \nL76 \nL76 \nL76 \nL133 \nL176 \nL176 \nL68 \nL202 \nL152 \nL190 \nL38 \nL38 \nL165 \nL221 \nL256 \nL196 \nL24 \nL24 \nL262 \nL262 \nL262 \nL262 \nL262 \nL262 \nL262 \nL145 \nL220 \nL220 \nL220 \nL220 \nL267 \nL81 \nL81 \nL81 \nL168 \nL168 \nL325 \nL375 \nL375 \nL36 \nL124 \n\n23. 02. 06. 04. 06. 04. 06. 04. 18. 06. 10. 08. 10. 08. 22. 03. 06. 09. 06. 07. 20. 08. 11. 02. 11. 02. 20. 06. 12. 08. 02. 10. 26. 07. 30. 01. 30. 01. 27. 09. 27. 09. 27. 09. 27. 09. 27. 09. 27. 09. 27. 09. 13. 06. 29. 08. 29. 08. 29. 08. 29. 08. 19. 10. 28. 03. 28. 03. 28. 03. 26. 06 \n26. 06 \n20. 11 \n31. 12 \n31. 12 \n09. 02 \n05. 05 \n\n70 \n70 \n70 \n70 \n70 \n70. 70. 71. 71. 72 \n72. 74 \n74. 74. 74. 74. 75. 76. 76. 76. 76. 76. 76. 76. 76. 76. 77. 77. 77. 77. 77. 77. 78. 78. 78. 78. 78. 78. 80. 80. 88. 89 \n\n1. Sound levels \n2. Emissions \n3. Fuel tanks/rear protective devices \n4. Rear registration plate space \n5. Steering effort \n6. Door latches and hinges \n7. Audible warning \n8. Rear visibiIity \n9. Braking \n10. Suppression (radio) \n11. Diesel smoke \n12. Interior fittings \n13. Anti-theft \n14. Protective steering \n15. Seat strength \n16. Exterior projections \n17. Speedometer and reverse gear \n18. Plates (statutory) \n19. Seat belt anchorages \n20. Lighting installations \n21. Reflex reflectors \n22. Lamps (side, rear, stop) \n23. Direction indicators \n24. Lamps (number plate) \n25. Headlamps (including bulbs) \n26. Fog lamps (front) \n27. Towing hooks \n28. Fog lamps (rear) \n29. Lamps (reversing) \n30. Lamps (parking) \n31. Seat belts \n32. Forward vision \n33. Identification of controls \n34. Defrost/demist \n35. Wash/wipe \n36. Heating systems \n37. Wheel guards \n38. Head restraints \n39. Fuel consumption \n40. Engine power \n41. Diesel emissions \n42. Lateral protection \n43. Safety glass \n44. Masses and dimensions (cars) \n45. Tyres \n46. Coup Ii ngs \n47. AntI\u2014spray devices \n48. Masses and dimensions (goods) \n49. FI amiability \n50. External projections of cabs \n51. Speed limiters \n52. Public service vehicles \n\n70/157 \n70/220 \n70/221 \n70/222 \n70/311 \n70/387 \n70/388 \n71/127 \n71/320 \n72/245 \n72/306 \n74/60 \n74/61 \n74/297 \n74/408 \n74/483 \n75/443 \n76/114 \n76/115 \n76/756 \n76/757 \n76/758 \n76/759 \n76/760 \n76/761 \n76/762 \n77/389 \n77/538 \n77/539 \n77/540 \n77/541 \n77/649 \n78/316 \n78/317 \n78/318 \n78/548 \n78/549 \n78/932 \n80/1268 \n80/1269 \n88/77 \n89/297 \n91/??? \n91/??? \n91/??? \n91/??? \n91/??? \n91/??? \n91/??? \n91/??? \n91/??? \n91/??? \n\n16 \n1 \n23 \n25 \n10 \n5 \n12 \n1 \n37 \n15 \n1 \n2 \n22 \n16 \n1 \n4 \n1 \n1 \n6 \n1 \n32 \n54 \n71 \n85 \n96 \n122 \n41 \n60 \n72 \n83 \n95 \n1 \n3 \n27 \n49 \n40 \n45 \n1 \n36 \n46 \n33 \n\nX X X X \nX X X X \nX X X X \nX X X X \n\nX XX \nX XX \n\nX X \n\nX XX \n\nX X \nX X \nX X \nX X \n\nX XX \nX XX \n\nX X \n\nX XX \n\n\f- 77 -\n\nPART II \n\nWhere reference is made to a separate Directive in Article 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 or 11 \nan approval to the following ECE Regulation (taking account of the scope and \nlatest amendment) shall be deemed to be equivalent to an approval to the \nseparate Directive specified for the relevant subject in the table above. Subject \n\nBase Regulation Number \n\nI. Sound level \n3. Rear protective device \n5. Steer ing effort \n6. Door latches and hinges \n7. Aud i bIe wa r n i ng dev i ce \n8. Rear v iew mirrors \n9. Braking \n10. Radio suppression \nII. Diesel smoke \n12. Interior fittings \n13. Anti-theft \n14. Protective steering \n15. Seat strength and head restraints \n16. Exterior projections \n17. Speedometer \n19. Seat belt anchorages \n20. Lighting installation \n21. Reflex reflectors \n22. Lamps side/rear/stop \n23. Direction indicators \n24. Lamps number plate \n25. Headlamps (including bulbs) \n26. Fog lamps (front) \n28. Fog lamps (rear) \n29. Lamps (reversing) \n30. Lamps (parking) \n31. Seat belts \n38. Head restraints \n39. Fuel consumption \n40. Engine power \n42. Lateral protection \n43. Safety glass \n45. Tyres \n46. Coup I ings \n50. External projections of cabs \n\n51/59 \n58 \n79 \n11 \n28 \n46 \n13 \n10 \n24 \n21 \n18 \n12 \n17 \n26 \n39 \n14 \n48 \n3 \n7 \n6 \n4 \n\n1/8/20/37 \n19 \n38 \n23 \n77 \n16 \n25 \n84 \n85 \n73 \n43 \n30/54/64 \n55 \n61 \n\n\f- 78 -\n\nANNEX V \n\nPROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED DURING VEHICLE APPROVAL \n(see Art icle 4) \n\n1. In the case of an application made in accordance with paragraph 1 of \n\nArticle 3, the approval authority shall : \n\na) verify that all separate Directive approvals are applicable to the \n\nappropriate standard in the relevant separate Directive; \n\nb) by reference to the documentation make sure that the vehicle \nspecification(s) and data contained in part I of the vehicle \ninformation document are included in the data in the information \npackages and/or the approval certificates of the relevant separate \nDirective approvals-, and \n\nwhen an item number in part i of the information document is not \nincluded in the information package of any of the separate Directives, \nconfirm that the relevant part or characteristic conforms to the \nparticulars in the information folder; \n\nc) on a selected sample of vehicles from the type to be approved carry \n\nout or arrange to be carried out inspections of vehicle parts and \nsystems to verify that the vehicle(s) is/are built in accordance with \nthe relevant data contained in the authenticated information package \nin respect of all separate Directive approvals; \n\nd) carry out or arrange to be carried out relevant installation checks in \n\nrespect of separate technical units where applicable. 2. The number of vehicles to be inspected for the purposes of paragraph 1. c \n\nshall be sufficient to permit the proper control of the various \ncombinations to be approved according to the following criteria : \n\nEngine \nGear box \nPowered axles (number, position, interconnection) \nSteered axles (number and position) \nBody styles \nNumber of doors \nHand of dr ive \nNumber of seats \nLevel of equipment \n\n3. In the case of an application made in accordance with paragraph 2 of \n\nArticle 3, the approval authority shall : \n\na) arrange for the necessary tests and checks as required by each of the \n\nrelevant separate Directives; \n\nb) verify that the vehicle conforms to the particulars in the vehicle \ninformation folder and that it meets the technical requirements of \neach of the relevant separate Directives; \n\nc) carry out or arrange to be carried out relevant installation checks in \n\nrespect of separate technical units where appiicable. - 79 -\n\nANNEX VI, Part I \nMODEL (maximum format : A4 (210 x 297 mm)) \n\nEEC VEHICLE TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE \n\nfor complete/completed (1) ^2^ vehicles \n\nSide 1 \n\nSTAMP OF \n\nADMINISTRATION \n\nCommunication concerning \n\n- type approval <1> \n- extension of type approval (1) \n- refusal of type approval <1) \n- withdrawal of type approval ^1^ \n\nof a type of vehicle with regard to Directive 70/156 as last amended by \nDirect ive. Type approval number : \nReason for extension : \n\n0. 0. 1 \n0. 2 \n0. 3 \n0. 3. 1. 0. 4 \n0. 5 \n\n0. 8 \n\nGENERAL \nMake (trade name of manufacturer) : \nType and Commercial Description(s) \nMeans of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle : \nLocation of that marking : \nCategory of vehicle : \nName and address of manufacturer of the base vehicle : \nName and address of manufacturer of the latest built stage of \nthe vehicle : \nAddress(es) of assembly plant(s) : \n\nThe undersigned hereby certifies the accuracy of the manufacturer's \ndescription in the attached information document of the vehicle(s) described \nabove (a sample(s) having been selected by the approval authority and \nsubmitted by the manufacturer as prototype(s) of the vehicle type) and that \nthe attached test results are applicable to the vehicle type. The vehicle type meets/does not meet (1) the technical requirements of all \nthe relevant separate Directives as prescribed in Annex IV/Annex XI (1) to \nthis Direct ive. Type approval is granted/refused/withdrawn <1> \n\n(place) \n\n(date) \n\nAttachments: information package \n\nTest results (see Annex VIII) \nName(s) and specimen(s) of the signature of the person(s) \nauthorised to sign certificates of conformity and a statement of \ntheir position in the company. (Signature) \n\n(1) Delete where not applicable \n(2) See side 2 \n\n\f- 80 -\n\nEEC VEHICLE TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE \nfor completed vehicles \n\nSide 2 \n\nThis approval is based on the approval(s) for compled vehicles listed below \n\nStage 1 : \n\nStage 2 : \n\nStage 3 : \n\nManufacturer of the base vehicle \nType approvaI number \nDated \n\nManufacturer \nType approvaI number \nDated \n\nManufacturer \nType approvaI number \nDated \n\n\f- 81 -\n\nANNEX VI, Part I I \nMODEL (maximum format : A4 (210 x 297 mm)) \n\nEEC VEHICLE TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE \n\nfor incomplete ^2^ vehicles \n\nSide 1 \n\nSTAMP OF \n\nADMINISTRATION \n\nCommunication concerning \n\n- type approval^1) \n- extension of type approval ^1^ \n- refusal of type approval ^1^ \n- withdrawal of type approval (1) \n\nof a type of vehicle with regard to Directive 70/156 as last amended by \nDirect ive. Type approval number : \nReason for extension : \n\n0. 0. 1 \n0. 2 \n0. 3 \n0. 3. 1 \n0. 4 \n0. 5 \n\n0. 8 \n\nGENERAL \nMake (trade name of manufacturer) : \nType and Commercial Description(s) \nMeans of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle : \nLocation of that marking : \nCategory of vehicle : \nName and address of manufacturer of the base vehicle : \nName and address of manufacturer of the latest built stage of \nthe vehicle : \nAddress(es) of assembly plant(s) : \n\nThe undersigned hereby certifies the accuracy of the manufacturer's \ndescription in the attached information document of the vehicle(s) described \nabove (a sample(s) having been selected by the approval authority and \nsubmitted by the manufacturer as prototype(s) of the vehicle type) and that \nthe attached test results are applicable to the vehicle type. The vehicle type meets/does not meet (1) the technical requirements of the \nseparate Directives listed in the table on side 2. Type approval is granted/refused/withdrawn C) \n\n(place) \n\n(date) \n\nAttachments: \n\nInformation package \nTest results (see Annex VIII) \nName(s) and specimen(s) of the signature of the person(s) \nauthorised to sign certificates of conformity and a statement of \ntheir position in the company. (Signature) \n\n(2) see side 2 \n(1) Delete where not applicable \n\n\f- 82 -\n\nEEC VEHICLE TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE \nfor incomplete vehicles \n\nSide 2 \n\nThis approval is based on the approvaI(s) listed below : \n\nStage 1 : \n\nManufacturer of the base vehicle \nType approvaI number \nDated \n\nStage 2 : \n\nStage 3 : \n\nManufacturer \nType approvaI number \nDated \n\nManufacturer \nType approvaI number \nDated \n\nList of requirements applicable to the approved incomplete vehicle type, \n\n(As appropriate, taking account of the scope and latest amendment \nto each of the separate Directives listed below) \n\nItem \n\nSubject \n\nDirective \nNumber \n\nLast \namended \n\n(list only subjects for which a separate Directive approval exists) \n\n\f- 83 -\n\nANNEX VI I \n\nAPPROVAL CERTIFICATE NUMBERING SYSTEM* \n(see Article 4, paragraph 3) \n\nIn the case of an approval for a system, component or separate technical \nunit : \n\nthe number shall consist of 5 sections separated by the '*' character. Section 1 : the lowercase letter 'e' followed by the distinguishing \n\nletter(s) or number of the Member State issuing the approval : \n\nfor Germany \nfor France \nfor Italy \nfor the Netherlands \nfor Belgium \nfor Spain \nfor the United Kingdom \nfor Luxembourg \nfor Denmark \nfor Portugal \n\n'1' \n'2' \n'3* \n'4' \n6' \n\u20226' \n9' \n*11' \n'13' \n'18' \n'21' \n'EL' for Greece \n*IRL' for Ireland \n\nSection 2 : the number of the base Directive. Section 3 : the number of the latest amending Directive applicable to the \n\napproval. Section 4 : a 4-digit sequential number (with leading zeros as applicable) \n\nto denote the base approval number. The sequence shall start \nfrom 0001 for each base Directive and amending Directive, as \napplicable. Section 5 : a 2-digit sequential number (with a leading zero if \n\napplicable) to denote the extension. The sequence shall start from 01 for each base approval \nnumber. 2. In the case of an approval for a vehicle section 2 shall be omitted. 3. Example of the third approval (with, as yet, no extension) issued by \n\nFrance to the braking Directive. e 2*71/320*88/194*0003*00 \n\n4. Example of the second extension to the fourth vehicle approval issued by \n\nthe United Kingdom. e 11*91/???*0004*02 \n\n* Components and separate technical units shall be marked in accordance with \n\nthe provisions of the relevant separate Directive. - 84 -\n\nANNEX VI I I \n\nTEST RESULTS \n\n(To be completed by the approval authority and attached to the vehicle \napproval certificate) \n\n1. Results of the sound level tests \n\nVar iant/Version \n(dB(A)/E) \nMoving \nStationary (dB(A)/E) \nat \n\n(min-1) \n\n2. Results of the exhaust emission tests \n\n2. 1. Diesel \n\nVar iant/Version \n(g/km) \nCO \n(g/km) \nHC \nN0X \n(g/km) \nParticulates (g/km) \n\n2. 2. Petrol \n\nVar iant/Version \nCO \nCO \nHC \nNOv \n\n(g/km) (Type I) \n(%) \n(g/km) \n(g/km) \n\n(Type 11) \n\n3. Results of the fuel consumption tests \n\n(1/100 km) \n\nVar iant/Version \non the urban cycle \nat constant 90 km/h \nat constant 120 km/h \n\n\f- 85 -\n\nANNEX IX, Part I \nMODEL (maximum format : A4 (210 x 297 mm)) \n\nEEC CERTIFICATE OF CONFORMITY \nfor complete/completed <1> vehicles \n\nSide 1 \n\nThe undersigned \n\nhereby certifies that the vehicle \n0. 1. Make \n\n(fulI name) \n\n(trade name of manufacturer) \n\n0. 2. 0. 4. 0. 5. Type and commercial descriptions \nvar i ant \nversion \nCategory \nName and address of the manufacturer of the base vehicle \n\nName and address of the manufacturer of the latest built stage of \nthe vehicled) \n\n0. 6. Location of the statutory plates \n\n-Vehicle I dent ification Number \n\nbased upon the type(s) of vehicle described in approval(1) \n\nBase Vehicle \n\nManufacturer : \nType approvaI number : \ndated : \n\nStage 2 \n\nManufacturer : \nType approvaI number : \ndated : \n\nconforms in all respects to the complete/completedd)type described in \n\ntype approval number \ndated : \n\nThe vehicle can be permanently registered without further approvals, \n\n(place) \n\n(signature) \n\n(date) \n\n(position) \n\nAttachments (only applicable to multi-stage vehicle types) -. certificate of \nconformity for each stage. (1) Delete where not applicable \n\n\f- 86 -\n\nNumber of ax I es \nPowered axles \nAxle(s) track : 1 \n\nand whee Is \n\n3. mm 2 \n\nWhee I base \nmm 3 \n\n6. 8. Width \nRear overhang \n\nmm \nLength \nHeight \nmm \nMass of the vehicle with bodywork in running order \nMass of the vehicle (excluding driver, coolant, oil, fuel) \nTechnically permissible maximum laden mass \nDistribution of this mass among the axles : \n1 \n2 \nTechnically permissible max mass on each axle : \n1 \nMax imum mass of trailer (braked) \nMaximum mass of combination \nMaximum vertical load at the trailer coupling point \n\nkg (unbraked) \n\nkg 3 \n\nkg 3 \n\nkg \n\nkg \n\n2 \n\nmm \nmm \n\nmm \nmm \nkg \nkg \nkg. kg \n\nkg \nkg \nkg \nkg \n\nEngine manufacturer \nEngine code \nNumber and arrangement of cylinders : \n\n18. Working principle \n\nCapacity \nMaximum net power \n\nClutch (type) \nGear ratios : 1 \n5 \n\n6 \n\ncm3 \nkW \n\n2 \n\n21. at \n\n24. 3 \n\n26. Fuel \n\nmin-1 \n\nGearbox (type). 4 \n\nFinal dive ratio \n\nSide 2 \n\n1 \n2. 4. 5. 7. 9. 10. 11. 11. 1. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 19. 20. 22. 23. 25. 27. Tyres and wheels: Axle 1 \n\nAxle 2 \n\nAxle 3 \n\nSteering, method of assistance \n\nBrief description of the braking device \n\nType of body \nNumber and configuration of doors \nNumber and position of seats \n\nApproval mark of towing device \n\nMax i mum speed \nSound level : Stationary \nExhaust emissions : CO \nN 0\ng/km \n\nX \n\nHC+N0x \n\nkm/h \ndB(A) \ng/km \n\ng/km \n\nDrive-by \nHC \nParticulates \n\ndB(A) \ng/km \ng/km \n\nFiscal power : I ta I y \n\nFrance \n\nSpain \n\nRemarks \n\n28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. - 87 -\n\nANNEX IX, Part II \nMODEL (maximum format : A4 (210 x 297 mm)) \nEEC CERTIFICATE OF CONFORMITY \nfor incomplete vehicles \n\nSide 1 \n\nThe unders igned \n\nhereby certifies that the vehicle \n0. 1. Make \n\n(fulI name) \n\n(trade name of manufacturer) \n\n0. 2. 0. 4. 0. 5. Type and commercial description (s) \nvar i ant \nversion \nCategory \nName and address of the manufacturer of the base vehicle \n\nName and address of the manufacturer of the latest built stage of \nthe vehicled) \n\n0. 6. Location of the statutory plates \n\n- Veh i cIe I dent i fI cat i on Number \n\nbased upon the type(s) of vehicle described in approval (1) \n\nBase Vehicle \n\nManufacturer : \nType approvaI number : \ndated : \n\nStage 2 Manufacturer : \n\nType approval number \ndated : \n\nconforms in all respects to the incomplet type described in \n\ntype approval number \ndated : \n\nThe vehicle cannot be permanently registered without further approvals, \n\n(place) \n\n(signature) \n\n(date) \n\n(position) \n\nAttachments : certificate of conformity for each stage. - 88 -\n\nNumber of ax I es \nPowered axles \nAxle(s) track 1 \n\nand whee Is \n\n3. mm \n\nWhee I base \n3 \n\nmm \n\n2 \n\nLength \nmm \nMaximum permissible width of the completed vehicle \nmm \nHeight \n\nWidth \n\n6. mm \nmm \n\nmm \nmm \n\nHeight of the centre of gravity (c. o. g. ) \nMax. permissible height of the c. o. g. of the completed vehicle. mm \nRear overhang \n\nmm \n\nmm \n\nMass of the vehicle with bodywork in running order \nMass of the vehicle (excluding driver, coolant, oil, fuel) \nTechnically permissible maximum laden mass \nDistribution of this mass among the axles : \n2 \n1 \nTechnically permissible max mass on each axle : \n1 \nMaximum mass of trailer (braked) \nMaximum mass of combination \nMaximum vertical load at the trailer coupling point \n\nkg (unbraked) \n\nkg 3 \n\nkg 3 \n\nkg \n\nkg \n\n2 \n\nkg \nkg \nkg \n\nkg \n\nkg \nkg \nkg \nkg \n\nEngine manufacturer \nEngine code \nNumber and arrangement of cylinders : \n\n18. Working principle \n\nCapacity \nMaximum net power \n\ncm3 \nkW \n\n21. Fuel \nat \n\n! \n\n!!mSn-i \n\nClutch (type) \nGear ratios : 1 \n5 \n\n6 \n\n24. Gearbox (type) \n\n2 \n\n3 \n\n4 \n\n26. Final drive ratio. Tyres and wheels: Axle 1 \nAxle 3 \n\nAxle 2 \n\nSteering method of assistance \n\nBrief descriptionof the braking device \n\nType of body \nNumber and configuration of doors \nNumber and position of seats \n\nApproval mark of towing device \n\nSide 2 \n\n1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 1. 7. 7. 1. 7. 2. 8. 9. 10. 11. 11. 1. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 19. 20. 22. 23. 25. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. - 89 -\n\n34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Max i mum speed \nSound level : Stationary \nExhaust emissions : CO \nHC+NOx \ng/km \n^x \n\nkm/h \n\ndB(A) Drive-by \n\ng/km \ng/km \n\nHC \n\nParticulates \n\ndB(A) \ng/km \ng/km \n\nFiscal power : I ta I y \n\nFrance \n\nSpain, \n\nRemarks \n\n\f- 90 -\n\nANNEX X \n\nCONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION PROCEDURES \n\n1. INITIAL ASSESSMENT \n\n1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 3. The approval authority of a Member State shall verify - before \ngranting type-approval - the existence of satisfactory arrangements \nand procedures for ensuring effective control so that components, \nsystems, separate technical units or vehicles when in production \nconform to the approved type. The requirement in paragraph 1. 1. shall be verified to the \nsatisfaction of the authority granting type-approval but may also be \nverified, on behalf of the authority granting type-approval, by the \napproval authority of another Member State. In that case, the latter \napproval authority shall prepare a statement of compliance outlining \nthe areas and production facilities it has covered as relevant to the \nproduct(s) to be type approved. The approval authority shall also accept the manufacturer's \nregistration to harmonised standard EN 29002 (whose scope covers the \nproduct(s) to be approved) or an equivalent accreditation standard as \nsatisfying the requirements of paragraph 1. 1. The manufacturer shall \nprovide details of the registration and undertake to inform the \napproval authority of any revisions to its validity or scope. 1. 4. On receiving an application from the authority of another Member \nState, the approval authority shall send forthwith the statement of \ncompliance mentioned in the last sentence of paragraph 1. 2. or advise \nthat it is not in a position to provide such a statement. 2. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION \n\n2. 1. 2. 2. Every vehicle, system, component or separate technical unit(s) \napproved under this Directive or a separate Directive shall be so \nmanufactured as to conform to the type approved by meeting the \nrequirements of this Directive or a separate Directive contained in \nthe exhaustive list set out in Annex IV or XI. The approval authority of a Member State, granting a type-approval \nshall verify the existence of adequate arrangements and documented \ncontrol plans, to be agreed with the manufacturer for each approval, \nto carry out at specified intervals those tests or associated checks \nnecessary to verify continued conformity with the approved type \nincluding specifically, where applicable, tests specified in the \nseparate Directives. 2. 3. The holder of the approval shall, in particular : \n\n2. 3. 1. Ensure the existence of procedures for effective control of the \n\nconformity of products (vehicles, systems, components or separate \ntechnical units) to the type-approval. - 91 -\n\n2. 3. 2. Have access to the testing equipment necessary for checking the \n\nconformity to each approved type. 2. 3. 3. Ensure that test results data are recorded and that annexed documents \nremain available for a period to be determined in agreement with the \napproval authority. This period shall not be greater than 10 years. 2. 3. 4. Analyse the results of each type of test, in order to verify and \n\nensure the stability of the product characteristics, making allowance \nfor variation of an industrial production. 2. 3. 5. Ensure that for each type of product, at least the checks prescribed \n\nin this Directive and the tests prescribed in the applicable separate \nDirectives contained in the exhaustive list set out in Annex IV or XI, \nare carr ied out. 2. 3. 6. Ensure that any set of samples or test pieces, giving evidence of \n\nnon conformity in the type of test in question shall give rise to a \nfurther sampling and test. All the necessary steps shall be taken to \nrestore conformity of the corresponding production. 2. 3. 7. In the case of vehicle approval, the checks referred to in 2. 3. 5. shall be restricted to those verifying the correct build specification \nin relation to the approval certification. 2. 4. The authority which has granted type-approval may at any time verify \nthe conformity control methods applied in each production facility. The normal frequency of these verifications shall respect the \narrangements (if any) accepted under paragraph 1. 2. or 1. 3. of this \nAnnex and ensure that the relevant controls are reviewed over a period \nappropriate to the confidence established by the approval authority. 2. 4. 1. At every inspection, the test records and production records shall be \n\nmade available to the visiting inspector. 2. 4. 2. Where the nature of the test is appropriate, the inspector may select \n\nsamples at random to be tested in the manufacturer's laboratory (or by \nthe technical service where the separate Directive so provides). The \nminimum number of samples may be determined according to the results \nof the manufacturer's own verification. 2. 4. 3. Where the level of control appears unsatisfactory, or when it seems \nnecessary to verify the validity of the tests carried out in \napplication of item 2. 4. 2. , the inspector shall select samples to be \nsent to the technical service which conducted the type-approval tests. 2. 4. 4. The approval authority may carry out any check or test prescribed in \nthis Directive or in the applicable separate Directives contained in \nthe exhaustive list set out in Annex IV or XI. 2. 4. 5. In cases where unsatisfactory results are found during an inspection, \n\nthe approval authority shall ensure that all necessary steps are \ntaken to restore conformity of production as rapidly as possible. - 92 \n\nANNEX XI \n\nNATURE OF AND PROVISIONS FOR SPECIAL-PURPOSE VEHICLES \n(see Art icle 4) \n\nV e h i c l es of category M1 \n\n1 \n\nSubject \n\nD i r e c t i ve \nnumber \n\nArmoured \nvehicles \n\nSpecial-use vehicles \n\n- ambulances \n- motor\u2014caravans \n- hearses \n\nSound I eve I s \nEmissions \nFuel tanks/rear protective device \nRear registration plate space \nSteering effort \nDoor latches and hinges \nAudible warning \nRear visibility \nBraking \nSuppression (radio) \nDiesel smoke \nInterior fittings \nAnti-theft \nProtective steering \nSeat strength \nExterior projections \nSpeedometer and reverse gear \nPlates (statutory) \nSeat belt anchorages \nLighting installation \nReflec reflectors \nLamps (side, rear, stop) \nDirection indicators \nLamps (number plate) \nHeadlamps (including bulbs) \nFog lamps \nTowing hooks \nReversing lamps \nParking lamps \nSafety belts \nForward vision \nIdentification of controls \nDefrost/demist \nWash/wipe \nHeating systems \nWheel guards \nHead restraints \nFuel consumption \nEngine power \nSafety glass \nMasses and dimensions \nTyres \nCoup Iings \nJ \n\n70/157 \n70/220 \n70/221 \n70/222 \n70/311 \n70/387 \n70/388 \n71/127 \n71/320 \n72/245 \n73/306 \n74/60 \n74/61 \n74/297 \n74/408 \n74/483 \n75/443 \n76/114 \n76/115 \n76/756 \n76/757 \n76/758 \n76/759 \n76/760 \n76/761 \n76/762 \n77/389 \n77/539 \n77/540 \n77/541 \n77/649 \n78/316 \n78/317 \n78/318 \n78/548 \n78/549 \n78/932 \n80/1268 \n80/1269 \n90/??? \n90/??? \n90/??? \n90/??? \n\nX \nA \nX \nX \nX \nX \nA \nB \nX \nX \nX \nA \nX \nN/A \nX \nA \nX \nX \nA \nA \nX \nX \nX \nX \nX \nX \nA \nX \nX \nA \nB \nX \nA \nA \nX \nX \nX \nN/A \nX \nN/A \nX \nN/A \nX \n\nX \nX \nX \nX \nX \nC \nX \nX \nX \nX \nX \nD \nX \nX \nE \nA \nX \nX \nE \nA \nX \nX \nX \nX \nX \nX \nF \nX \nX \nE \nX \nX \nX \nX \nX \nX \nE \nN/A \nX \nX \nX \nX \nX \n\nItem \n\n1. 1 \n1. 2 \n1. 3 \n1. 4 \n1. 5 \n1. 6 \n1. 7 \n1. 8 \n1. 9 \n1. 10 \n1. 11 \n1. 12 \n1. 13 \n1. 14 \n1. 15 \n1. 16 \n1. 17 \n18 \n19 \n1. 20 \n1. 21 \n1. 22 \n1. 23 \n1. 24 \n1. 25 \n1. 26 \n1. 27 \n1. 29 \n1. 30 \n1. 31 \n1. 32 \n1. 33 \n1. 34 \n1. 35 \n1. 36 \n1. 37 \n1. 38 \n1. 39 \n1. 40 \n1. 41 \n1. 42 \n1. 43 \n1. 44 \n\nN / A\u00bb this Directive is not applicable to this vehicle (no requirements) \nX \u00ab no exemption \nA - exemption permitted where the special purpose makes it impossible to fully comply \nB \u2022 the light transmission factor is at least 60%, also the 'A' pillar obscuration angle is \n\nnot more than 10 degrees \n\nC \u00ab application limited to doors giving access to the seats designed for normal use when the \n\nvehicle is travelling on a road \n\nD - application limited to that part of the vehicle in front of the rearmost seat designated \n\nfor normal use when the vehicle Is travelling on a road \n\nE \u00ab application limited to the seats designated for normal use when the vehicle is \n\nt rave 111ng on a road \n\nF \u00ab front only \n\n\f- 93 \n\nANNEX X I I \n\nSMALL SERIES LIMITS \n(see Art icle 8) \n\nThe number of units of one family of types as defined below to be registered \nper year in one Member State shall not exceed the value shown below relative \nto the vehicle category in question. Category \n\nM1 \n\nUnits \n\n[500] \n\nA \"family of types\" shall consist of vehicles which do not differ in the \nfollowing essential respects; \n\nthe manufacturer \nessential aspects of construction and design : \n\nchassis/floor pan (obvious and fundamental differences) \npower plant (internal combustion/electric/hybrid) \n\n\f- 94 -\n\nANNEX XIII \n\nLIST OF SEPARATE DIRECTIVE APPROVALS ISSUED \n\nSTAMP OF \nADMINISTRATION \n\nList number : \n\nCovering the period \n\n, \n\nto \n\nThe following information in respect of each approval granted, refused or \nwithdrawn in the above mentioned period shall be given: \n\nManufacturer \n\nApprovaI number \n\nReason for extension (where applicable) \n\nMake \n\nType \n\nDate of issue \n\nFirst issued date (in the case of extensions) \n\n\f95 -\n\nANNEX XIV \n\nPROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED DURING MULTI-STAGE TYPE-APPROVAL \n(see Art icle 4 ). 1. GENERAL \n\n1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 3. The satisfactory operation of the process of multi-stage type approval \nrequires Joint action by all the manufacturers concerned. To this end \napproval authorities shall ensure, before granting second or \nsubsequent stage approval, that suitable arrangements exist between \nthe relevant manufacturers for the supply and interchange of documents \nand information such that the completed vehicle type meets the \ntechnical requirements of all the relevant separate Directives as \nprescribed in Annex IV or Annex XI. Such information shall include \ndetails of relevant system, component and separate technical unit \napprovals and of vehicle parts which form part of the incomplete \nvehicle but are not yet approved. Type approvals in accordance with this Annex shall be granted to the \ncurrent state of completion of the vehicle type and shall include all \napprovals granted to earlier stages. Each manufacturer in a multi-stage approval process shall be \nresponsible for the approval and conformity of production of ail \nsystems, components or separate technical units manufactured by him or \nadded by him to the previously built stage. He shall not be \nresponsible for subjects which have been approved in an earlier stage \nexcept in those cases where he modifies relevant parts to an extent \nthat the previously granted approval becomes invalid. 2. PROCEDURES \n\nIn the case of an application made in accordance with paragraph 3 of \nArticle 3, the approval authority shall : \n\na) \n\nb) \n\nc) \n\nverify that all relevant separate Directive approvals are \napplicable to the appropriate standard in the separate \nDirect ive; \n\nensure that all the relevant data, taking account of the state \nof completion of the vehicle, is included in the information \nfolder ; \n\nby reference to the documentation make sure that the vehicle \nspecification(s) and data contained in part I of the vehicle \ninformation folder are included in the data in the information \npackages and/or the approval certificates of the relevant \nseparate Directive approvals; and \n\nin the case of a completed vehicle, where an item number in part \nI of the information folder is not included in the information \npackage of any of the separate Directives, confirm that the \nrelevant part of characteristic conforms to the particulars in \nthe information folder; \n\n\f- 96 -\n\nd) \n\non a selected sample of vehicles from the type to be approved \ncarry out or arrange to be carried out inspections of vehicle \nparts and systems to verify that the vehicle(s) is/are built in \naccordance with the relevant data contained in the authenticated \ninformation package in respect of ail relevant separate \nDirective approvals; \n\ne) \n\ncarry out or arrange to be carried out relevant installation \nchecks in respect of separate technical units where applicable. The number of vehicles to be inspected for the purposes of paragraph \n2. (d) shall be sufficient to permit the proper control of the various \ncombinations to be approved according to the state of completion of \nthe vehicle and the following criteria : \n\nEngine \nGear box \nPowered axles (number, position, interconnection) \nSteered axles (number and position) \nBody styles \nNumber of doors \nHand of dr ive \nNumber of seats \nLevel of equipment \n\nIDENTIFICATION OF THE VEHICLE \n\nAt the second and subsequent stages, in addition to the statutory \nplate prescribed by Directive 76/114 (as last amended), each \nmanufacturer shall affix to the vehicle an additional plate the model \nof which is shown in the appendix to this annex. This plate shall be \nfirmly attached, in a conspicuous and readily accessible position on a \npart not subject to replacement in use. It must show clearly and \nindelibly the following information in the order listed. Name of the manufacturer \n\nEEC type approval number \n\nThe stage of approval \n\nVehicle serial number \n\nMaximum permitted laden mass of the vehicle(a) \n\nMaximum permitted laden mass of the combination (where the \nvehicle is permitted to tow a trailer)(a) \n\nMaximum permitted mass on each axle, listed in order from front \nto rear (a) \n\nIn the case of a semi-trailer, the maximum permitted mass on the \nfifth wheel king pin (a) \n\n(a) only where the value has changed during the current stage of approval \n\n\f- 97 -\n\nAPPENDIX \n\nMODEL OF THE MANUFACTURER'S ADDITIONAL PLATE \n\nThe example below is given as a guide only \n\nHENSSLER BODYWORK COMPANY \n\ne 2*91/289*2609*01 \n\nStage 3 \n\n1856 \n\n1500 kg. 2500 kg. 1 - 700 kg \n\n2 - 810 kg \n\n\f- 98 -\n\nFICHE D'IMPACT SUR LA COMPETITIVITE ET L'EMPLOI \n\nr-ini\u00bb\"\u00bb! t Ion IIA tlliAnliv* (III ( m m* I I nuidl f Imil I II U I I A C I I VA /O/lfifl I A I A I I VA A lu \n\nr\u00e9ception de v\u00e9hicules A moteur et de leurs remorques. I. Quelle est la Justification principale de la mesure 7 \n\nAbolir les douze proc\u00e9dures nationales de r\u00e9ception de v\u00e9hicules \u00e0 moteur \n\net de leurs remorques pour les remplacer par une proc\u00e9dure unique de \n\nr\u00e9ception valable poiur l'ensemble de la Communaut\u00e9. Cette mesure \n\nsimplifiera la t\u00e2che administrative de l'industrie et favorisera la libre \n\ncirculation et l'utilisation des v\u00e9hicules A moteur. II. Caract\u00e9ristiques des entreprises concern\u00e9es \n\nEn partIcul1er : \n\n- y-a-t-il un grand nombre de PME ? Non \n\n- note t'on des concentrations dans des r\u00e9gions : \n\n* \u00e9ligibles aux aides r\u00e9gionales des E. M. ? Non \n\n* \u00e9ligibles au Feder ? Non. III. Quelles sont les obligations impos\u00e9es aux entreprises 7 \n\nAucune. IV. Quelles sont les obligations susceptibles d'\u00eatre impos\u00e9es \n\nindirectement aux entreprises via les autorit\u00e9s locales ? \n\nRespecter les prescriptions de ladite directive assurant ainsi les libre \n\nacc\u00e8s de leurs v\u00e9hicules dans tout le territoire de la Communaut\u00e9. V. Y-a-t-il des mesures sp\u00e9ciales pour les PME ? Non. - lesquelles ? \n\nVI. quel est l'effet pr\u00e9visible : \n\n- sur la comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 des entreprises ? \n\npas d'effet pr\u00e9visible. - sur I'emploi ? \n\npas d'effet pr\u00e9visible. VII. Les partenaires sociaux ont-ils \u00e9t\u00e9 consult\u00e9s 7 Oui. - Avis des partenaires sociaux : Pas d'objections. ic4/EMR/IMPACT/propdir70-156 \n\nEMR/an 10 Jul I let 1991 \n\n\f- 99 -\n\nISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 279 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n07 06 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-380-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75571-7 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \n\nL-2985 Luxembourg"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/6f2ecc07-615c-4296-8927-515e31a100f7", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION No. 2036/91 by Mrs Christine CRAWLEY to the Commission. Discrimination in UK pensions", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "CRAWLEY,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "United Kingdom,case-law (EU),equal treatment,gender equality,pension scheme,social-security contribution", "workIds": "celex:91991E002036", "eurovoc_concepts": ["United Kingdom", "case-law (EU)", "equal treatment", "gender equality", "pension scheme", "social-security contribution"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/6f2ecc07-615c-4296-8927-515e31a100f7", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1e852e44-1089-439e-94ad-218559eda981", "title": "Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) establishing provisions for the implementation of the Joint Declaration annexed to Decision No. 1/89 of the EEC\u00adMalta Association Council", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_regulation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "Malta,agreement (EU),originating product", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0344,comnat:COM_1991_0344_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Malta", "agreement (EU)", "originating product"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1e852e44-1089-439e-94ad-218559eda981", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "IOMV1ISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 344 final \n\nBrussels, 23 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) \n\nestablishing provisions for the implementation of the Joint Declaration \nannexed to Decision No. 1/89 of the EEC-Malta Association Council \n\nDraft \n\nDECISION OF THE ^EC-MALTA ASSOCIATION COUNCIL \n\namending Annex 111 of Protocol No. 2 concerning the \ndefinition of the concept of \"originating products\" \nand methods of administrative cooperation \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\n\fExplanatory Memorandum \n\n1. 2. The rules of origin set out in Protocol 2 to the EEC-Malta \nAssociation Agreement were amended by Decision No. 1/89 of the EEC-\nMai ta Association Council following the introduction of the \nHarmonized System. This decision was made applicable in the \nCommunity by Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2229/89 of 18 July 1989 \n(1), with effect from 1. 1. 1990. Decision No. 1/89 is accompanied by a Joint Declaration concerning \nthe review of the changes to the origin rules as a result of the \nintroduction of the Harmonized System. The Declaration states that \nthe Association Council shall, as a matter of urgency, make an \nexamination of the need to restore the substance of any rule of \norigin as it was before Decision No. 1/89, where it appears that an \nalteration results in a situation prejudicial to the interest of the \nsectors concerned. In such cases the Association Council must take a \ndecision within a period of three months of the request being made to \nit by either of the parties to the Agreement. 3. On 26 April 1991 Malta raised a practical problem which it has \nencountered concerning embroidered aprons and overalls falling under \nHS heading No. ex 6211. Before the Harmonized System was introduced, women's aprons and \noveralls were classified under CCCN heading No. 61. 02, \"Women's, \ngirls' and infants' outer garments\". For embroidered products of \nthat heading, the origin rule which applied at that time was \n\"Manufacture from fabrics, not embroidered, the value of which does \nnot exceed 40% of the value of the finished product\" \n\nIn the HS, CCCN heading No. 61. 02 was split up into various headings, \nand the \"embroidery\" origin rule is taken up in the HS transposition \nof the origin rules in relation to headings ex 6202, ex 6204, ex \n6206, ex 6209 and ex 6217. However, certain items covered by the definition \"women's and girls' \nouterwear\" of CCCN heading 61. 02 fall, in the HS, under heading No. 6211; but that HS heading was not included in the list of headings to \nwhich the \"embroidery\" origin rule applies. This has the effect of \nmaking the general rule for ex Chapter 62 applicable to these \nproducts, which requires manufacture from the yarn stage. Consequently, embroidered aprons and overalls which used to acquire \noriginating status now do not. The problem raised by Malta shows that there are practical cases \nwhere the result of Decision 1/89 is a situation prejudicial to the \ninterest of the sectors concerned. The Committee on Origin is \ntherefore unanimously in favour of restoring the substance of the \nrule in question as it was before Decision No. 1/89. (1) OJ MO. L 217, 27. 7. 1989, p. 1 \n\n\f4. The practical example given above already shows that it is not really \npossible to comply with the three-month period laid down in the Joint \nDeclaration. The first requirement in such cases is an in-depth discussion by the \nCommittee on Origin, based on working documents prepared by the \nCommission departments. The Commission's proposal then has to be \nformally adopted and transmitted to the Council for discussion. The \nCouncil then has to adopt a common position and the Association \nCouncil has to adopt the decision (but it is no longer necessary to \nalso adopt an implementing regulation). As there are already other cases up for review, which have been \nraised either by Member States or by EFTA countries in the context of \nother Agreements but for products which have identical origin rules \nin the EEC-Malta Agreement, it would seem that the decision-making \nprocess should be speeded up by giving the Commission authority to \nadopt the common position in these cases, which are of a technical \nnature, with no political implications. Moreover Council Regulations to this effect (1) have already been \nadopted in the context of the EEC-EFTA Free Trade Agreements, for \nthe reasons set out above. 5. Consequently, the following measures are proposed: \n\n(i) \n\n(ii) \n\na Decision of the EEC-Malta Association Council amending \nAnnex 111 to Protocol No. 2 of the Agreement; \n\na Council Regulation conferring on the Commission the power \nto adopt the common position on cases submitted under the \nJoint Declaration annexed to Decision 1/89 of the EEC-Malta \nAssoc iat ion Counc iI. (1) \n\nOJ L 278, 27. 9. 1989, pp. 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 and 21. Proposal for*a *\u2022\u2022 \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No. /91 \n\nof \n\n1991 \n\nestablishing provisions for the implementation of the Joint Declaration \n\nannexed to Decision no. 1/89 of the EEC-Malta Association Council \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, \n\nand in particular Article 113 thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission \n\nWhereas the Agreement establishing an Association between the European \n\nEconomic Community and M a l t a C) was signed on 5 December 1970; \n\nWhereas the Joint Declaration annexed to Decision No. 1/89 of the EEC-Malta \n\nAssociation Council implemented in the Community by Regulation (EEC) No. 2229/89 of 18 July 1989*2) provides, under certain conditions, for a \n\nreview of the changes made to the rules of origin following the \n\nintroduction of the Harmonized System; whereas, by virtue of that Joint \n\nDeclaration, the Association Council must take a decision within a period \n\nof three months of a request being made to it by either of the parties to \n\nthe Agreement; \n\nWhereas this review concerns cases where the transposition of the existing \n\nrules of origin into the Harmonized System was not entirely neutral and \n\nwhere it is necessary to restore the substance of previous rules of origin; \n\n(1) \n(2) \n\nOJ No. L 61, 14. 3. 1971, p. 2 \nOJ No. L 217, 27. 7. 1989, p. 2 \n\n\f~s~ \n\nWhereas for the purposes of the Decisions to be taken by the Association \n\nCouncil, a common position has to be reached by the Community; \n\nWhereas this decision-making process makes it impossible to comply with the \n\nthree-month time limit laid down in the Joint Declaration; whereas the \n\nprocedure should therefore be speeded up and the Community's common \n\nposition should be adopted by the Commission according to the proc\u00e9dure set \n\nout in Article 14 of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 802/68 of 27 June 1968 on \n\nthe common concept of the origin of g o o d s O ), as last amended by Council \nRegulation (EEC) No. 456/91<4); \n\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION \n\nArticle 1 \n\nThe Community's common position for the purposes of the Decisions of the \n\nEEC-Malta Association Council concerning a review of the changes made to \n\nthe rules of origin following the introduction of the Harmonized System \n\npursuant to the Joint Declaration annexed to Decision No. 1/89 of the said \n\nAssociation Council shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid \n\ndown in Article 14 of Regulation (EEC) No. 802/68. Article 2 \n\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on the third day following its \n\npublication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in \n\na 11 Member States. Done at Brussels, \n\nFor the CounciI \n\nThe President \n\n(3) OJ No. L 148, 28. 6. 1968, p. 1 \n(4) OJ No. L 54, 28. 2. 1991, p. 4 \n\n\fDraft \n\nDECISION NO. /91 OF THE EEC-MALTA ASSOCIATION COUNCIL \n\nOf \n\n1991 \n\namending Annex 111 of Protocol No. 2 concerning the \n\ndefinition of the concept of \"originating products\" \n\nand methods of administrative cooperation \n\nTHE ASSOCIATION COUNCIL, \n\nHaving regard to the Agreement creating an Association between the European \n\nEconomic Community and Malta, signed on 5 December 1970, \n\nHaving regard to Protocol No. 2 concerning the definition of the concept of \n\n\"originating products\" and methods of administrative cooperation, and in \n\nparticular Article 25 thereof, \n\nWhereas the Joint Declaration annexed to Decision No. 1/89 of the \n\nAssociation Council provides for a review of the changes made to the rules \n\nof origin following the introduction of the Harmonized System where the \n\namendments result in a situation prejudicial to the interest of the sectors \n\nconcerned; whereas it also provides for the substance of the rule of origin \n\nconcerned to be restored as from 1 January 1990; \n\nWhereas the rule of origin concerning \"other garments, women's or girls\", \n\nembroidered, which was established by Decision No. 1/89 of the Association \n\nCouncil, should be amended to restore the substance of this rule as it was \n\nbefore the introduction of the Harmonized System, \n\n\fHAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: \n\nArticle 1 \n\n* \n\nIn Annex III to Protocol No. 2 to the Agreement between the European \n\nEconomic Community and Malta the wording of the entry relating to HS \n\nheadings Nos. ex 6202, ex 6204, ex 6206, ex 6209 and ex 6217 is hereby \n\nreplaced by that set out in the Annex to this Decision; \n\nArticle 2 \n\nThis Decision shall enter into force on 1 January 1990. Done at Brussels, \n\nFor the Association Council \n\nThe President \n\n\fANNEX \n\n8 \n\nHS Heading \n\nDescription of product \n\nWorking or processing carried out \non non-originating materials that \nconfers originating status \n\n(2) \n\n(3) \n\nWomen * s, girls' and \nbabies' clothing and \n\"other made-up clothing \naccessories\", embroi \ndered \n\nManufacture from yarn (1) \nor \nManufacture from unembroidered \nfabric provided the value of the \nunembroidered fabric used does not \nexceed 40% of the ex works price \nof the product (1) \n\nNo. (1) \n\nex 6202 \nex 6204 \nex 6206 \nex 6209 \nex 6211 \nand \nex 6217 \n\n(1) See Introductory Note 7 for the treatment of textile trimmings and \n\naccessories \n\n\f9 \n\nISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 344 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\nil 02 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-393-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75697-7 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \nL-2985 Luxembourg"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a1f28228-c773-11e6-a6db-01aa75ed71a1", "title": "Commerce ext\u00e9rieur : tableaux analytiques - 1990, Import. Volume I: 74-83..,External trade : analytical tables - 1990, Import. Volume I: 74-83..", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Eurostat", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "Nimexe,economic statistics,foreign trade,import (EU),metal product,metals", "workIds": "PUB_CA6891009", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Nimexe", "economic statistics", "foreign trade", "import (EU)", "metal product", "metals"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a1f28228-c773-11e6-a6db-01aa75ed71a1", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8deaa9f7-0787-4ddb-b9f5-73a51baaaf8c", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2834/91 of 23 September 1991 collecting definitively the provisional countervailing duty on imports of polyester fibres and polyester yarns originating in Turkey", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "T\u00fcrkiye,anti-dumping duty,dumping,man-made fibre,originating product", "workIds": "celex:31991R2834,oj:JOL_1991_272_R_0003_037", "eurovoc_concepts": ["T\u00fcrkiye", "anti-dumping duty", "dumping", "man-made fibre", "originating product"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8deaa9f7-0787-4ddb-b9f5-73a51baaaf8c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/431e2d16-5398-4ef1-862b-751a990028bf", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION No. 2041/91 by Mrs Anita POLLACK to the Commission. Pump-priming for environment projects", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,POLLACK", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "EU financial instrument,environmental policy,environmental protection,job creation,private investment", "workIds": "celex:91991E002041", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU financial instrument", "environmental policy", "environmental protection", "job creation", "private investment"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/431e2d16-5398-4ef1-862b-751a990028bf", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/eb90cd62-5beb-4de4-8916-301ec0fffad8", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION No. 2008/91 by Mr Pierre BERNARD-REYMOND to the Commission. Community Amateur Drama Programme", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "BERNARD-REYMOND,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "competence of the Member States,cultural relations,performing arts,public financing", "workIds": "celex:91991E002008", "eurovoc_concepts": ["competence of the Member States", "cultural relations", "performing arts", "public financing"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/eb90cd62-5beb-4de4-8916-301ec0fffad8", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/36e2e7d4-4f2a-4886-86f8-778cbfac5706", "title": "Commerce ext\u00e9rieur : tableaux analytiques - 1990, Export. Volume J: 84-85..,External trade : analytical tables - 1990, Export. Volume J: 84-85..", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Eurostat", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "Nimexe,economic statistics,electrical equipment,export (EU),foreign trade,machinery,mechanical equipment", "workIds": "PUB_CA6991010", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Nimexe", "economic statistics", "electrical equipment", "export (EU)", "foreign trade", "machinery", "mechanical equipment"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/36e2e7d4-4f2a-4886-86f8-778cbfac5706", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/5eafabc5-a618-4af5-858a-205bcaf249c9", "title": "WRITTEN QUESTION No. 2028/91 by Mr Pierre BERNARD-RAYMOND to the Commission. Study on the economy of Alpine tunnels", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "BERNARD-REYMOND,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-23", "subjects": "France,Italy,economic analysis,engineering structure,financial analysis,mountain,report,transport economics", "workIds": "celex:91991E002028", "eurovoc_concepts": ["France", "Italy", "economic analysis", "engineering structure", "financial analysis", "mountain", "report", "transport economics"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/5eafabc5-a618-4af5-858a-205bcaf249c9", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/965847b6-7a77-4c6c-9b6e-2816ff36048c", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISION ON ACCEPTANCE OF THE TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL STUDY GROUP ON NICKEL", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_other,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-19", "subjects": "international cooperation,international organisation,market supervision,nickel,research body", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0337,comnat:COM_1991_0337_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["international cooperation", "international organisation", "market supervision", "nickel", "research body"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/965847b6-7a77-4c6c-9b6e-2816ff36048c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 337 final \n\nBrussels, 19 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL DECISION \n\nni \n\non acceptance of the t e ns of reference \n\nif the International Study Group on Nickel \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\nMjt \n\ni, \n\n\fz \n\nE^xpJ^a_na_^or_^_n^e_m_o_i^a_r^d_um_ \n\nOn 2 May 1986 a n e g o t i a t i ng c o n f e r e n ce c o n v e n ed under the UNCTAD \na d o p t ed the t e r ms of r e f e r e n ce of an i n t e r n a t i o n al study group on \nSince the c o n d i t i o ns for entry into force were not met within \nn i c k e l. the s c h e d u l ed time limit this group did not c o m m e n ce its w o r k. in n i c k e l1 \n\ninternational \nOn 23 May 1990 t w e l ve c o u n t r i es r e p r e s e n t i ng 6 1% of \ntrade \nof \nr e f e r e n ce of the i n t e r n a t i o n al group and called for the c o n v e n i ng of \nthe first m e e t i ng of the group in The H a g u e. T h is m e e t i ng was held on \n2 5 - 28 June 1990 and The H a g ue was c o n f i r m ed as the future location of \nthe g r o u p 's s e c r e t a r i a t. into force all \n\nthe terms \n\nto bring \n\nd e c i d ed \n\nAll c o u n t r i es a f f e c t ed by the p r o d u c t i on and c o n s u m p t i on of nickel \nby i n t e r n a t i o n al t r a de In nickel may b e c o me m e m b e rs of the g r o u p. or \n\nf o l l o w i ng \n\nby u n a n i m o us a g r e e m e nt \n\nD u r i ng the inaugural m e e t i ng the t e r ms of r e f e r e n ce adopted in 1986 \nfrom \nwere a m e n d ed \nC a n a da to the e f f e ct that \"any i n t e r g o v e r n m e n t al body r e s p o n s i b le for \nn e g o t i a t i n g, c o n c l u d i ng and a p p l y i ng international a g r e e m e n t s, and in \np a r t i c u l ar p r o d u ct a g r e e m e n t s \", may b e c o me a member of the g r o u p. This a m e n d m e nt a l l o ws the C o m m u n i t y, as r e p r e s e n t ed by the C o m m i s s i o n, \nto b e c o me a full member except for the right to v o t e. The C o m m u n i ty \nwill in fact pay the same fixed c o n t r i b u t i on as the other c o u n t r i es in \norder to cover 4 0% of the total b u d g e t, the other 6 0% being s u b d i v i d ed \nb e t w e en the c o u n t r i es In a c c o r d a n ce with their s h a re of international \nt r a d e. initiative \n\nan \n\nThe t e r ms of r e f e r e n ce a p p r o v ed by the c o n f e r e n ce a s s i gn the group the \nimportant t a s ks of a n a l y s i ng and m o n i t o r i ng the m a r k et for and trade \nin n icke I : \n\nby way of c o n s u l t a t i on on International trade in n i c k e l; \n\nby way of b e t t er a c c e ss to and a v a i l a b i l i ty of statistics-, \n\nby way of s u i t a b le s t u d i e s; \n\nby way of e x a m i n a t i on of the special p r o b l e ms that exist or might \narise in i n t e r n a t i o n al trade In n i c k e l. G e r m a n y, A u s t r a l i a, C a n a d a, C u b a, F i n l a n d, F r a n c e, G r e e c e, Indonesia, \nJ a p a n, N o r w a y, N e t h e r l a n d s, S w e d e n. The group's activities have a bearing on the common commercial policy. Consequently, the Community must be part of it and not be excluded \nfrom this international Initiative. However, only the participation \nof the countries has been taken into account to determine the entry \nthe \ninto force \nCommission to claim exclusive powers for the Community under Article \n113 of the EEC Treaty and thus prevent the participation of the \nMember States it would be impossible for the group to operate. of the terms of reference \n\nof the group. Were \n\n5. It therefore seems wise to have once more recourse to the arrangement \nprovided for in the Council on adoption of the terms of reference of \nthe international study groups on tin and copper. According to the \njoint Council-Commission declaration this arrangement may serve as a \nmodel for the study group on \"nickel\", which Is the subject of the \nCommission proposal. The text of the arrangement is contained in the \nannex, as is the proposal for a Council decision. Y \n\nPROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISION \n\non acceptance of the t e ns of reference \n\nof the International Study Group on Nickel \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, \n\nand in particular Articles 113 and 116 thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission, \n\nWhereas the terms of reference of the International Study Group on Nickel \n\nwere adopted in Geneva on 2 May 1986 by the United Nations Conference on \n\nNickel and amended during the inaugural meeting of the Study Group in \n\nJune 1990; \n\nWhereas the states and international organizations which participated in \n\nthe Conference have been asked to notify the Secretary-General of their \n\nacceptance of the terms of reference in accordance with paragraph 19(c) \n\nthereof ; \n\nWhereas the Group will perform the Important functions of analysing and \n\nmonitoring the market of and trade In nickel; \n\nWhereas the institutional structure of the Group, as laid down m the terms \n\nof reference, means Joint participation of the Community and those \n\nMember States which have agreed to the terms of reference; \n\n\f5 \n\nW h e r e as some Member S t a t es a l r e a dy p a r t i c i p a te In the work of the G r o u p, \n\nHAS D E C I D ED AS F O L L O W S: \n\nLLVJLL\u00b1-L \n\nThe terras of r e f e r e n ce of the International S t u dy G r o up on Nickel are \n\nh e r e by a c c e p t ed by the E u r o p e an E c o n o m ic C o m m u n i t y. The C o m m u n i ty and the Member S t a t es which at this s t a ge have d e c i d ed to \n\np a r t i c i p a te \n\nin the work of the Group shall s i m u l t a n e o u s ly \n\nlodge their \n\ni n s t r u m e n ts of a c c e p t a n ce with the S e c r e t a r y - G e n e r al of the Group as soon \n\nas the n e c e s s a ry internal p r o c e d u r es have been c o m p l e t e d. The text of the t e r ms of r e f e r e n ce Is a t t a c h ed h e r e t o. A f _ U c H e _2 \n\nThe P r e s i d e nt of the Council Is hereby a u t h o r i z ed to d e s i g n a te the p e r s o ns \n\ne m p o w e r ed \n\nto \n\nlodge \n\nthe \n\ni n s t r u m e n ts \n\nof \n\na c c e p t a n ce \n\non \n\nb e h a lf \n\nof \n\nthe \n\nCommun Ity. Done at B r u s s e l s, \n\nFor the Counc \n\nThe P r e s i d e nt \n\n\fAnnex ^ \n\nQ \n\nTERH8 OF REFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL STUDY GROUP, \nAS ADOPTED ON 2 HAY 1986 BY THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE \nON NICKEL, 1985, AND INCORPORATING AMENDMENTS APPROVED \nAT THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JUNE 1990 \n\nPreamble \n\nThe parties to this arrangement have reached an \nunderstanding for the establishment of an International Nickel \nStudy Group which will have the following Terms of Reference. Establishment \n\n1. The International Nickel Study Group is hereby established \nto administer the provisions and supervise the operation of \nthe Terms of Reference. Objectives \n\nTo ensure enhanced international co-operation on issues \nconcerning Nickel/ in particular by improving the \nH* information available on the international nickel economy \nintergovernmental \n\nforum \n\nfor \n\nand \na \nconsultations on Nickel. providing \n\nby \n\nDefinitions \n\n3. (a) \"The Group\" means the International Nickel Study Group \n\nas constituted in these Terms of Reference; \n\n(b) \"Nickel\" shall include, inter alia, scraps, wastes, \nand/or residues and such nickel products as the Group \nmay determine; \n\n(c) \"Members\" means all States and intergovernmental \norganizations as provided for in paragraph 5 which \nhave notified their acceptance pursuant to paragraph \n19. Functions \n\n4. (a) To establish the capacity for and to undertake the \ncontinued monitoring of the world nickel economy and \nits trends, particularly by establishing, maintaining \nand continuously updating a statistical system on \nworld production, stocks, trade and consumption of all \nforms of Nickel. (b) To conduct between Members consultations and exchanges \nof information on developments related to the \nproduction, stocks, trade and consumption of all forms \nof Nickel. (c) To undertake studies as appropriate on a broad range \nof important issues concerning Nickel, in accordance \nwith the decisions of the Group. (d) To consider special problems or difficulties which \nexist or may be expected to arise in the international \nnickel economy. Membership \n\n5. Membership of the Group shall be open to all States which \nare interested in the production or consumption of, or \ninternational trade in Nickel, and to any intergovernmental \norganization having responsibilities in respect of the \nnegotiation, conclusion and application of international \nagreements, in particular commodity agreements. Powers of the Group \n\n6. (a) The Group shall exercise such * powers and perform or \narrange for the performance of such functions as are \nnecessary to carry out the provisions of the Terms of \nReference. (b) The Group is not a trading organization and shall not \nhave power to enter into any trading contract for \nNickel or any other commodity or product. (c) The Group shall adopt such Rules of Procedure as are \nconsidered necessary to carry out its functions. Headquarters \n\n7. The Headquarters of the Group shall be at a location \nselected by it in the territory of a Member State. The \nGroup shall negotiate a Headquarters Agreement with the \nhost Government. ,<*f\u00bb \n\nDecision-making \n\n8. (a) The highest authority of the Group established under \nthese Terms of Reference shall be vested in the \nGeneral Session. (b) The Group, the Standing Committee referred to in \nparagraph 9, and such committees and subsidiary bodies \n\n\fas may be established, shall normally take decisions \nby consensus. If a vote is called for, it shall be \ntaken under the conditions set out in the Rules of \nProcedure. Standing Committee \n\n9. (a) The Group shall establish a Standing Committee which \nshall consist of those Members of the Group who have \nindicated their desire to participate in its work. (b) The Standing Committee shall undertake such tasks as \nmay be assigned to it by the Group and shall report to \nthe Group on completion, or on progress, of its work. Committees and Subsidiary Bodies \n\n10. The Group may establish such committees or subsidiary \nbodies, in addition to the Standing Committee, on such \nterms and conditions as it may determine. Secretariat \n\n11. (a) The Group shall have a Secretariat consisting of a \nSecretary-General and such staff as may be required. (b) The \n\nSecretary-General \n\nchief \nadministrative officer of the Group and shall be \nresponsible to it for the administration and operation \nof these Terms of Reference in accordance with the \ndecisions of the Group. shall \n\nthe \n\nbe \n\nCo-operation with others \n\n12. (a) The Group may make arrangements for consultations or \nco-operation with the United Nations, its organs or \nspecialized agencies, and with other intergovernmental \ninstitutions, as appropriate. (b) The Group may also make arrangements for maintaining \ncontact with interested non-participating Governments \nof the States referred to in paragraph 5, T;ith other \ninternational non-governmental organizations, or with \nprivate sector institutions, as appropriate. Legal status \n\n13. (a) The Group shall have legal personality in its host \ncountry. It shall, in particular, have the capacity \nto enter into contracts, to acquire and to dispose of \n\n\f3 \n\nmovable and immovable property, and to institute legal \nproceedings. (b) The status of the Group in the territory of the host \nGovernment shall be governed by a Headquarters \nAgreement between the host Government and the Group, \nto be concluded as soon as possible after these Terms \nof Reference have come into effect. Budget contributions \n\n14. The Group shall assess the contribution of each Member for \neach financial year, in the currency of the host country, \nin accordance with the provisions for contributions \nspecified in the Rules of Procedure. The payment of the \ncontribution by each Member shall be made in accordance \nwith its constitutional procedures. Statistics and information \n\n15. (a) The Group shall collect, collate and make available to \nMembers such statistical information on production, \ntrade, stocks, consumption and \ninternationally \nrecognized published prices of Nickel as it deems \nappropriate for the effective operation of these Terms \nof Reference. (b) The Group shall make such arrangements as it considers \nappropriate by which information may be exchanged with \nthe interested non-participating Governments and with \nappropriate non-governmental and intergovernmental \norganizations in order to ensure the availability of \nrecent and reliable data on production, consumption, \nstocks, \ninternationally \nrecognized published prices, and on other factors that \ninfluence the demand for and supply of Nickel. international \n\ntrade, \n\n(c) The Group shall endeavour to ensure that no \ninformation \nthe \nconfidentiality of the operations of persons or \nenterprises producing, processing, marketing or \nconsuming Nickel. prejudice \n\npublished \n\nshall \n\nAnnual assessment and studies \n\n16. (a) The Group shall prepare and distribute to Members an \nannual assessment of the world nickel situation and \nrelated matters in the light of information supplied \nby Members and supplemented by information from all \nother relevant sources. '\\ \n\n(b) The Group shall, as deemed desirable, undertake or \nmake appropriate arrangements to undertake studies of \nshort- and long-term trends in the international \nnickel economy, including, once a year or, with the \napproval of the Group, more than once a year, the \nprovision of an outlook on nickel production, \nconsumption and trade for the following calendar year, \nso that such an exchange of information will be a \ntechnical aid to Members \nin their, individual \nassessments of the evolution of the international \nn i eke1 economy. Obligations of Members \n\n17. Members shall use their best endeavours to co-operate and \nto promote the attainment of the objectives of the Group, \nin particular as far as the provision of data referred to \nin paragraph 15 on the nickel economy is concerned. Amendment \n\n18. The Terms of Reference may only be amended by consensus of \n\nthe Group and without a vote. Coming into effect \n\n19. (a) These Terms of Reference shall come into effect when \nat least 15 States which in total account for over 50 \nper cent of the world trade in Nickel have notified \nthe Secretary-General of the United Nations pursuant \nto (c) below. If the Terms of Reference come into \neffect under this article, members shall be invited to \nattend an inaugural meeting. Members shall be \nnotified at least one month, where possible, prior to \nthat meeting. (b) If the requirements for the coming into effect of \nthese Terms of Reference have not been met on 20 \nSeptember 1986, the Secretary-General of the United \nNations \nhaving \nnotified, pursuant to (c) below, their intention to \nbecome members of the Group, to meet at the earliest \ntime practicable to decide whether or not to put these \nTerms of Reference into effect among th ;mselves in \nwhole or in part. invite those Governments \n\nshall \n\n(c) Any State or any intergovernmental organization \nreferred to in paragraph 5 which desires to become a \nMember of the Group shall give written notice that it \nintends to apply these Terms of Reference either \nprovisionally, pending the conclusion of its internal \nprocedures, or definitively. Pending the coming into \neffect of these Terms of Reference and the assumption \n\n\f/)1 \n\nof office by the Secretary-General of the Group, such \nnotice shall be given to the Secretary-General of the \nUnited Nations; thereafter it shall be given to the \nSecretary-General of the Group. A State applying \nthese Terms of Reference provisionally shall endeavour \nto complete its procedures within six months but in \nany case not later than 12 months from the date of its \nnotification and shall notify the \ndepositary \naccordingly. Withdrawal \n\n20. (a) A Member may withdraw from the Group at any time by \n\ngiving written notice of withdrawal to the Secretary-\nGeneral of the Group. (b) Withdrawal shall be without prejudice to any financial \nobligations already incurred and shall not entitle the \nwithdrawing State to any rebate of its contribution \nfor the year in which the withdrawal occurs. (c) Withdrawal shall become effective 60 days after the \n\nnotice is received by the Secretary-General. (d) The Secretary-General shall notify each Member of any \n\nnotification received under this paragraph. Duration of the Group \n\n21. The Group shall remain in existence as long as it continues \nin the opinion of the Members to serve a useful purpose, \nunless terminated in accordance with paragraph 22. Termination \n\n22. (a) The Group may at any time decide by a two-thirds \nmajority vote*of the Members to terminate these Terms \nof Reference. Such termination shall take effect on \nsuch date as the Group shall decide. (b) Notwithstanding the termination of these Terms of \nReference, the Group shall continue in being for as \nlong as it is necessary to carry out its liquidation, \nincluding the settlement of accounts. 1 Z. Annexe Z \n\nFICHE FINANCIERE \nVOLET 1 : IMPLICATIONS FINANCIERES \n\n1. Intitul\u00e9 de l'action : Participation de la Communaut\u00e9 au groupe \n\nd'\u00e9tude sur le nickel. 2. Ligne budg\u00e9taire concern\u00e9e : B5-411 \n\n3. Base l\u00e9gale : Art. 235 \n\n4. Description de l'action \n4. 1. Objectifs sp\u00e9ciaux de l'action : le groupe d'\u00e9tude a \n\nd'importantes fonctions \nd'analyse et de surveillance \ndu march\u00e9 et du commerce du \nnickel. 4. 2. Dur\u00e9e : \n\ni l l i m i t \u00e9e \n\n4. 3. Population v i s \u00e9e par \n\nl ' a c t i on \n\nProducteurs et consommateurs \nde n i c k e l. 5. C l a s s i f i c a t i on de la d\u00e9pense ou des recettes \n\n5. 1. DNO \n\n5. 2. CD \n\n6. Quelle est la nature de la d\u00e9pense ou des recettes \n\n6. 2. Subvention pour co-financement avec d'autres sources du \n\nsecteur public \n\n7. Incidence financi\u00e8re sur les cr\u00e9dits d'intervention (partie B \n\ndu budget) \n\n7. 1. Le co\u00fbt total de l'action est de 33. 336 florins (soit 14. 414 \n\nEcus) sur la base d'une pr\u00e9vision faite par le secr\u00e9taire \ng\u00e9n\u00e9ral du groupe. 40 % du budget du groupe sont couverts par \nune contribution fixe \u00e9gale pour tous les membres du groupe. La Communaut\u00e9 n'intervient pas pour les 60 % restants. 7. 3. Ech\u00e9ancier indicatif des cr\u00e9dits d'engagement et de payement \n\nIl est pr\u00e9vu de consommer 100 % des cr\u00e9dits en 1991. A3 \n\nVOLET 2 : DEPENSES ADMINISTRATIVES (partie A du budget) \n\nL'action propos\u00e9e n'implique aucune augmentation du nombre \nd'effectifs de la Commission. Montant des d\u00e9penses de fonctionnement : environ 1000 Ecus de \nfrais de mission (7 jours \u00e0 La Haye + 2 voyages en train \nBruxelles-La Haye) \n\nVOLET 3 : ELEMENTS D'ANALYSE COUT-EFFICACITE \n\n1. Objectifs et coh\u00e9rence avec la programmation financi\u00e8re \n\n1. 1. Le groupe d'\u00e9tude international du nickel rassemble des pays \n\nindustrialis\u00e9s et en d\u00e9veloppement producteurs et \nconsommateurs de ce m\u00e9tal. Comme les statuts du groupe \nconfient \u00e0 celui-ci d'importantes fonctions d'analyse et de \nsurveillance du march\u00e9 et de commerce du nickel, il est \nindispensable que la Communaut\u00e9 soit pr\u00e9sente dans le groupe \nafin d'\u00eatre inform\u00e9e des politiques nationales de pays comme \nl'URSS, Cuba, le Canada et l'Australie qui pourraient \ninfluencer l'approvisionnement de la Communaut\u00e9. 1. 2. L'action est-elle pr\u00e9vue dans la programmation financi\u00e8re de \n\nla DG pour les ann\u00e9es concern\u00e9es ? \n\nOui. 1. 3. Indiquez \u00e0 quel o b j e c t if p l us g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d \u00e9 f i ni dans \n\nla \n\nprogrammation f i n a n c i \u00e8 re de la DG correspond l ' o b j e c t if de \nl ' a c t i on propos\u00e9e \n\nActions dans le domaine i n d u s t r i e l. 2. J u s t i f i c a t i on de l ' a c t i on \n\nIl n 'y a pas d ' a l t e r n a t i ve permettant d ' a t t e i n d re \no b j e c t i fs \n\nl es m\u00eames \n\n\f1y \n\n3. Suivi et \u00e9valuation de l'action \n\n3. 1. Indicateurs de performance s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s : Connaissance du \n\ncommerce international du nickel, mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re \nessentielle pour l'industrie europ\u00e9enne. 3. 2. Modalit\u00e9s et p\u00e9riodicit\u00e9 de l'\u00e9valuation pr\u00e9vues : \n\n2 fois par an, faisant l'objet d'un rapport de mission. 3. 3. Principaux facteurs d'incertitude pouvant affecter les \n\nr\u00e9sultats sp\u00e9cifiques de l'action : \n\nFluctuation dans l'approvisionnement du nickel/connaissances \nstatistiques incompl\u00e8tes. 1j \n\nISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 337 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n15 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-390-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75670-5 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \nLP2985 Luxembourg"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/222a0e04-14aa-4eb2-bc15-4cab749599e3", "title": "ORAL QUESTION DOCUMENT B3-1281/91 with debate by Mr MARTINEZ on behalf of the DR Group to the Commission: Completion of the internal market on 1 January 1993", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_oral,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,MARTINEZ", "date": "1991-09-11", "subjects": "crime,drug traffic,excise duty,free movement of persons,immigration,migratory movement,single market,tax harmonisation,wine", "workIds": "celex:91991O000233", "eurovoc_concepts": ["crime", "drug traffic", "excise duty", "free movement of persons", "immigration", "migratory movement", "single market", "tax harmonisation", "wine"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/222a0e04-14aa-4eb2-bc15-4cab749599e3", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4ae229e0-0ff7-45af-8d8c-9f4556c93563", "title": "RESOLUTION on transport and the environment", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Transport and Tourism,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-11", "subjects": "air transport,ecology,environmental impact,environmental protection,harmonisation of standards,inland waterway shipping,international convention,international transport,pollution control measures,rail transport,road transport,safety standard,speed control,transport infrastructure", "workIds": "celex:51991IP0216", "eurovoc_concepts": ["air transport", "ecology", "environmental impact", "environmental protection", "harmonisation of standards", "inland waterway shipping", "international convention", "international transport", "pollution control measures", "rail transport", "road transport", "safety standard", "speed control", "transport infrastructure"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4ae229e0-0ff7-45af-8d8c-9f4556c93563", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8c4cf714-2a21-4dea-929a-bf49b04dab4d", "title": "ORAL QUESTION DOCUMENT B3-1280/91 with debate by Mr MARTINEZ on behalf of the DR Group to the Council: Completion of the internal market on 1 January 1993", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_oral,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,MARTINEZ", "date": "1991-09-11", "subjects": "crime,drug traffic,excise duty,free movement of persons,immigration,migratory movement,single market,tax harmonisation,wine", "workIds": "celex:91991O000232", "eurovoc_concepts": ["crime", "drug traffic", "excise duty", "free movement of persons", "immigration", "migratory movement", "single market", "tax harmonisation", "wine"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8c4cf714-2a21-4dea-929a-bf49b04dab4d", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/93d6ca9d-a3b3-49ca-b319-7e16fc9ca686", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON THE COORDINATION OF CERTAIN RULES CONCERNING COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS APPLICABLE TO SATELLITE BROADCASTING AND CABLE RETRANSMISSION", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_directive_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-11", "subjects": "European audiovisual area,cable distribution,contract,copyright,free movement of programmes,satellite communications", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0276,comnat:COM_1991_0276_FIN,oj:JOC_1991_255_R_0003_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["European audiovisual area", "cable distribution", "contract", "copyright", "free movement of programmes", "satellite communications"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/93d6ca9d-a3b3-49ca-b319-7e16fc9ca686", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf", "pdfa1b", "print"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN CQMVIUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 276 final - SYN 358 \n\nBrussels, 11 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL DIRECTIVE \n\non the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright \n\nand neighbouring rights applicable to satellite broadcasting \n\nand cable retransmission \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\n\f2 -\n\nCONTENTS \n\nSUMMARY \n\nEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\nPART ONE: GENERAL \n\nA. INTRODUCTION \n\nB. THE NEED FOR ACTION ON THE PART OF THE COMMUNITY AND THE PURPOSE OF \n\nTHE DIRECTIVE PROPOSED: \n\nI. The legal position in the Member States and under international law \n\nSatellite broadcasting \n\nCable retransmission \n\nII. The need for action at Community level \n\nSatellite broadcasting \n\nCable retransmission \n\nSummary \n\nC. TYPE OF HARMONISATION SOUGHT \n\nD. LEGAL BASIS \n\nPART TWO: PARTICULAR PROVISIONS \n\nChapter I: \n\nDefinitions \n\nChapter II: Broadcasting by satellite \n\nChapter III: Cable retransmission \n\nChapter IV: General provisions \n\nPROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DIRECTIVE \n\n2) \n\n\f- 3 -\n\nSUMMARY \n\nThe draft proposal intends to provide a missing element in the creation of \n\nthe European audiovisual area, since the directive \"Television without \n\nFrontiers\" has been adopted on 3 October 1989 without a chapter relating to \n\nquestions of copyright. In its communication on audiovisual policy COM(90)78 final of 21 February \n\n1990 the Commission confirmed that the single European audiovisual area \n\nrequired a set of common rules in the field of copyright. The Commission \n\nobserved: \n\n\"The legal framework established by the Directive (Television without \nFrontiers) still has to be amplified on the question of copyright. At a \ntime when cross-frontier broadcasting has, as a result of technology, \nbecome a reality and, by legislation a free right, this exercise must be \naccompanied by an effective protection of copyright in all the Member \nStates in order that the holders of such rights may benefit fully from the \nEuropean dimension of broadcasting\". The Commission published a discussion paper on \"Broadcasting and Copyright \n\nin the Internal Market\" in November 1990 which was submitted to the \n\nprofessionals and formed the subject of a hearing on 5 February 1991. The \n\npresent draft proposal reflects the outcome of this consultation process. The draft proposal covers two distinct areas: satellite broadcasting and \n\ncable retransmission. Satellite broadcasting \n\nSatellite broadcasting by its very nature is \"transnational\". However, \n\nnational copyright legislation in most cases is only inadequately adapted \n\nto the new technological reality. Legal insecurity as to where and when \n\n\f- 4 -\n\nand how satellite broadcasting involves copyright has seriously hampered \n\nsatellite broadcasting to develop satisfactorily. This was detrimental not \n\nonly to broadcasters wishing to transmit their programme by satellite but \n\nalso to rightholders such as authors, performing artists, phonogram \n\nproducers and film producers who wished to exploit their rights by way of \n\nsatellite broadcasting. The draft proposal seeks to limit this legal gap by proposing a \"two-legged \n\nsolution\". In the first place, the draft proposal defines at Community-1 eve I what \n\nconstitutes the act of satellite broadcasting for copyright purposes and, \n\ntherefore, requires authorization of the rightholders. As a consequence, \n\nthe authorization to transmit protected works by satellite must be acquired \n\nin the country of establishment of the broadcaster while the remuneration \n\nshould be paid according to the actual or potential audience (which might \n\nwell be situated in several countries). Yet, it has to be avoided that one \"country of establishment\" decides to \n\ncreate a copyright haven which would receive all the satellite broadcasters \n\nwithin the Community, leaving the creative professions without protection. The \"second leg\" of the draft proposal, therefore, provides a common \n\nminimum standard of protection for authors, performing artists, phonogram \n\nproducers and broadcasters throughout the Community. Cable retransmission \n\nLegal insecurity prevailing in the field of cable retransmission of foreign \n\ntelevision broadcasts is of a different nature than that in the field of \n\nsatellite broadcasting. Cable retransmission of television broadcasts constitutes an act subject to \n\ncopyright, that is prior authorization of right-owners. However, in the \n\ncase of a simultaneous, unaltered and unabridged cable retransmission it is \n\nimpossible for the cable-operator to acquire the necessary rights in \n\nadvance for lack of information about both content and identity of right-\n\nowners of the retransmitted programme. - 5 -\n\nThe way out of this dilemma has been shown by contractual practice in the \n\nmost cabled Member States such as Belgium, the Netherlands and, partly \n\nGermany. In those countries the authorization for cable retransmission is \n\nnegotiated in a centralized form by the collective organizations \n\nrepresenting the different categories of rightholders, the cable operators \n\nand the broadcasters. The draft proposal's \"umbrella model\" is based on the experience gained \n\nfrom this conractual practice and seeks to eliminate the remaining flaws. According to the draft proposal cable retransmission rights should be \n\nexclusively negotiated under the umbrella of collective organizations that \n\nwould represent the various categories of right-owners. This type of \n\ncentralized negotiation between cable-operators, broadcasters and umbrella \n\norganizations should be promoted by two additional measures. In the first \n\nplace, a neutral platform for negotiations in the form of a friendly non-\n\nbinding mediation should be available at request of one of the parties \n\ninvolved in the negotiations. Furthermore, all the parties should be \n\nsubject to an obligation not to refuse negotiation on unreasonable grounds. Both measures are intended to open negotiations on cable retransmission \n\nwithout, however, forcing the parties concerned to conclude an agreement. This will remain entirely in the contractual sphere. - 6 -\n\nEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\nPART ONE: GENERAL \n\nA. INTRODUCTION \n\n1. The Commission first put forward proposals on the law governing \n\ncross-border broadcasting in the common market in its 1984 Green Paper \n\non the establishment of the common market for broadcasting, especially \n\nby satellite and cable. 1 The proposal that a single market should be \n\nestablished in broadcasting was included in the list of measures to be \n\ntaken by the end of 1992 which the Commission set out in its White \n\nPaper on completing the internal market. 2 \n\n2. On 3 October 1989 the Council adopted Directive 89/552/EEC, the \n\n\"Television Without Frontiers\" Directive. 3 In its final form the \n\nDirective departed from the Commission's original proposal, and from \n\nParliament's opinion, in that it did not include a chapter on \n\ncopyright. On 21 February 1990 the Commission in its Communication on \n\naudiovisual poI icy observed:4 \n\nCOM(84) 300 final, 14. 6. 1984. COM(85) 310 final, 14. 6. 1985. Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989 on the coordination of \ncertain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative \naction in Member States concerning the pursuit of television \nbroadcasting activities: OJ No L 298, 17. 10. 1989, p. 23. COM(90) 78 final, 21. 2. 1990. - 7 -\n\n\"The legal framework established by the Directive has still to be \namplified on the question of copyright. At a time when cross-frontier \nbroadcasting has, as a result of technology, become a reality and, by \nlegislation, a free right, this exercise must be accompanied by an \neffective protection of copyright in all the Member States in order \nthat the holders of such rights may benefit fully from the European \ndimension of broadcasting. \" \n\n3. The Commission then included this task in its programme of \n\nharmonization measures,5 it submitted a discussion paper to all \n\ninterested parties setting out its thinking on the shape of a system \n\nof copyright protection in the future European audiovisual area,6 and \n\nheld a hearing on the subject on 5 February 1991. 4. Without a Community approach the European audiovisual area will be set \n\nup solely on the basis of those legal opportunities which are left \n\nopen, to the detriment of artistic creation in Europe. The proposal \n\nfor a Directive accordingly includes general rules for copyright which \n\ntake account of the need to maintain a balance between the various \n\ninterests involved and to facilitate the management of copyright and \n\nrelated or \"neighbouring\" rights on a European scale. The rules \n\nensure that protection is as effective as possible and that authors \n\nand neighbouring right owners are fairly remunerated \n\nin all \n\nMember States. At the same time they serve to encourage investment in \n\npromoting creativity and cross-border programme transmission, and as \n\nfar as possible to minimize the associated risks, to the extent that \n\nthey derive from uncertainty as to -the law or heterogeneous national \n\nrules. Follow-up to the Green Paper - working programme of the Commission in \nthe field of copyright and neighbouring rights, COM(90) 584 final, \n17. 1. 1991. Broadcasting and Copyright in the Internal Market - discussion paper \nprepared by the Commission of the European Communities on copyright \nquestions concerning cable and satellite broadcasts, I Il/F/5263/90, \nNovember 1990. - 8 -\n\n5. The Directive here proposed therefore does not try to put over ideas \n\nalready rejected in the discussion of the \"Television Without \n\nFrontiers\" Green Paper7 and the subsequently adopted Directive. 8 \n\nRather, the concern is now, through the introduction of supporting \n\nmeasures, to safeguard and supplement the acquisition of rights to \n\nsimultaneous, unaltered and unabridged retransmission of programmes \n\nvia cable, which in practice has since been largely organized through \n\ncollective \n\nagreements. This will \n\npromote \n\ncross-border \n\ncable \n\nretransmission and underpin the European audiovisual area. 6. Above all, the system of regulation proposed includes the primary \n\nbroadcasting of programmes via satellite (the need to cover this \n\naspect in Community law was not acknowledged in the Green Paper). The \n\nrapidly growing number of satellites used for programme transmission, \n\nthe introduction of medium-power and direct broadcast satellites and \n\nimproved aerial technology, which is making good quality individual \n\nreception increasingly attractive, mean that a solution which is \n\nconfined simply to cable retransmission would be incomplete. 7. The arrangements adopted for the Community will, moreover, have to be \n\nconsistent with the territorially wider design currently being \n\ndiscussed in the Council of Europe as a supplement to the European \n\nConvention on Transfrontier Television of 5 May 1989. But the \n\nobjectives of the Community are different, because they aim at \n\ncreating the Common Market. The proposal for a directive tries to \n\nfulfil this obligation by stepping up copyright protection, promoting \n\ncross-border transmission of programmes and, hence, creating the \n\nintended audiovisual area. 7 \n\n8 \n\nLoc. cit. Loc. cit. - 9 -\n\nThe proposal for a Directive essentially falls into two parts. Both \n\ncontain provisions on the law governing the cross-border transmission \n\nof television and radio programmes in the common market. Chapter I \n\ndefines the terms used, and thereafter Chapter II deals with satellite \n\nbroadcasting and Chapter III deals with the simultaneous, unaltered \n\ncable retransmission of terrestrial or satellite broadcast programmes. B. THE NEED FOR ACTION ON THE PART OF THE COMMUNITY AND THE PURPOSE OF \n\nTHE DIRECTIVE PROPOSED \n\nI. * The legal position in the Member States and under international law \n\nSatellite transmission \n\n9. Article 1 1b is (1)(i) of the Revised Berne Convention on the \n\nprotection of literary and artistic works (RBC) in the Brussels \n\nversion, by which or by whose subsequent versions all Member Statesare \n\nbound, grants copyright owners the exclusive right of authorizing \n\nwireless radio-diffusion (primary transmissions). The principle \n\napplies to both terrestrial and satellite broadcasting. Under \n\nArticle 11b j s(2), it is to be a matter for the countries of the \n\nUnion to determine the conditions under which the right mentioned may \n\nbe exercised, without prejudice to the moral right of the author or to \n\nhis right to obtain equitable remuneration. 10. The application of Article llb i s(1) RBC to the transmission of \n\nprotected works via satellites raises a series of questions, however. 11. Since the notion of broadcasting presupposes that programme signals \n\ncan be received by the public, a distinction has hitherto been drawn, \n\nas regards satellite programme transmission, between the broadcasting \n\n\f- 10 -\n\nof protected works by communications and direct satellite. While the \n\nlatter operate at relatively high power over frequencies provided \n\nunder international telecommunications law for reception by the public \n\nand their signals can be received by the public directly, the former \n\ntransmit signals at much lower power over frequencies which the \n\npublic, under telecommunications law, is not allowed to \n\nreceive. 9 Although these signals were at first beamed only to the \n\nhead-ends of cable networks, their individual reception has now become \n\naffordable as a result of improved aerial technology and is being \n\nallowed by national telecommunications authorities to an increasing \n\nextent. 1^ Recently, medium-power satellites have appeared on the \n\nscene; these continue to use telecommunications frequencies but their \n\nsignals can also be received directly without any difficulty in large \n\nparts of their footprint. Nevertheless, this direct reception of \n\nprogramme signals transmitted via communications satellites has \n\nhitherto not come within the scope of copyright \n\nlaw, and the \n\ndistinction hitherto made in telecommunications law has continued to \n\nbe applied for copyright purposes. Accordingly, only the broadcasting \n\nof programme signals via direct satellite is considered as a \n\ncommunication of a work to the public for the purposes of copyright, \n\nbut not transmission via communications satellite; in the latter \n\ncase, only the subsequent retransmission of the programme signals via \n\ncable networks is relevant for copyright purposes. In contrast to \n\nwhat happens when signals emitted by direct satellite are fed into a \n\nnetwork, cable retransmission seems therefore to be comparable not to \n\nwireless transmission but to a primary transmission by wire, against \n\nwhich authors are protected by Article 11(1)(1) of the Brussels \n\nRevision, and Articles 1 1t e r( 1 ) ( i i ), 14(1)(ii) and 1 4b i s( 2 ) ( b) of \n\nthe Paris Revision, of the Berne Convention. 9 \n\nSee the International Telecommunications Convention and Article 1 para \n37 of the Radio Regulations. 10 \n\nSee Chapter 3 of the Satellite Communications Greenpaper, to be \nC0M(90)490 final of 20 November, 1990. (3) \n\n\f- 11 -\n\n12. The question whether a uniform approach to the satellite transmission \n\nof protected works is discernible for copyright purposes, covering \n\nboth uplink and downlink and including any conversion on the satellite \n\nitself, or whether \n\nsome of \n\nthese operations \n\nrequire \n\nspecial \n\nauthorization for copyright purposes has been answered on various \n\noccasions in various ways. 13. Which copyright applies to the transmission of programmes via direct \n\nsatellite has not yet been clarified. Since an author, by virtue of \n\nthe principle of territoriality, is in fact entitled to a bundle of \n\nterritorially limited copyrights in respect of all those countries \n\nwhere he enjoys protection, a user of protected works must be granted \n\na right of use for each country in which he performs a relevant act of \n\nuse \n\nfor \n\ncopyright \n\npurposes. With \n\nconventional \n\nterrestrial \n\nbroadcasting, such a relevant act of use is generally acknowledged to \n\nbe carried out in the country in which the broadcast originates; the \n\n- sometimes not inconsiderable - spillover of the broadcast signals \n\ninto neighbouring countries has been neglected as irrelevant for \n\ncopyright purposes. 14. According to this approach the transmission of programmes via direct \n\nbroadcasting satellite would only be subject to an authorization by \n\nthe right owners in the broadcasting country and not by the right \n\nowners in the countries of reception. This can be justified on the \n\nground that as regards copyright only the actof transmission is \n\nrelevant and the direct satellite must simply be considered an \n\nextended aerial in space, whereas in all other countries reception is \n\nsimply free of copyright. 15. A more recent view, however, is that the relevant act of use for \n\ncopyright purposes in the transmission of programmes via direct \n\nsatellite takes place not only in the broadcasting country but at the \n\nsame time in all those countries in which the programme signals are \n\n\f12 -\n\ndirectly receivable. Consequently, any person intending to transmit \n\nprogrammes via a direct satellite would require authorization not only \n\nfrom right owners in the broadcasting country but from right owners in \n\nall the receiving countries. To protect authors it is sometimes \n\nproposed that the highest level of protection available at the time \n\nunder the copyright system of the receiving countries should be \n\napplied, and sometimes that the law of the receiving countries should \n\nbe applied only alternatively, where no, or only \n\ninadequate, \n\nprotection exists in the broadcasting country. 16. For a long time this controversy was of theoretical interest only. Since the first direct satellites have started broadcasting - to be \n\nfollowed by a great many more in the foreseeable future - and since \n\nprogrammes transmitted via medium-power satellites can be received \n\ndirectly, the question of the relevant \n\nlaw has assumed central \n\nimportance in the matter of the acquisition of rights. 17. Under the national copyright \n\nlaws of the Member States authors \n\ngenerally hold the right to communicate protected works to the public \n\nnot \n\nJust \n\nterrestrially but \n\nvia satellite, as part \n\nof \n\ntheir \n\nbroadcasting right. The copyright laws of France and Spain contain \n\nspecific provisions concerning the beaming of protected works to a \n\ncommun i cat i ons \n\nsate I Ii te \n\n(droi t \n\nd'inject ion);11 \u00bb 12 t ^e \n\nUnited Kingdom, following a legislative change made in 1988, also \n\nregards \n\nthe diffusion of programme \n\nsignals via \n\ncommunications \n\nsatellites, which are \"capable of being lawfully received by members \n\nof \n\nthe \n\npublic\", \n\nas \n\nbroadcasting \n\nactivity. 13 \n\nIn \n\nthe \n\nother \n\nMember States \n\nit is at \n\nleast the general \n\nrule that only the \n\n11 \n\n12 \n\n13 \n\nArticle 27(3) in conjunction with Article 45(3) of Law No 57/298 of \n11 March 1957 on literary and artistic property, as amended by \nLaw No 85-660 of 3 July 1985. Article 20(2)(c) in conjunction with Article 36(2) of Law No 22/1987 \nof 11 November 1987 on intellectual property. Section 6(1 )(a) and (2) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act \n1988. - 13 -\n\ntransmission of signals via direct satellite, but not the transmission \n\nof signals to a communications satellite, constitutes an act of \n\nbroadcasting under copyright law. It is also unclear at national \n\nlevel whether in the case of diffusion by direct satellite only \n\ncopyright in the broadcasting country or the copyrights in all \n\nreceiving countries are relevant. 18. For historical reasons the protection of neighbouring rights,under the \n\n1961 Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of \n\nPhonograms and Broadcasting Organizations, is lessdeveloped. Denmark, \n\nGermany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Luxembourg have acceded \n\nto the Convention, but not Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands, Spain or \n\nPortugal. 19. Performers are protected, under Article 7(1)(a) of the Rome \n\nConvention, against the broadcasting of their live performances only. If their performance, however, has been fixed with their consent on a \n\nphonogram, videogram or video-phonogram, their consent is not required \n\nfor broadcasting of the fixation. If commercial phonograms are used \n\nfor the broadcast either the performer, or the producer of the \n\nphonogram, or both, are at least entitled to equitable remuneration \n\npursuant to Article 12. Apart from the fact that in this respect the \n\nRome Convention leaves an option for the contracting States, the right \n\nto remuneration can be annulled either in part or in full by entering \n\nan appropriate reservation (Article 16(1)(a)). Thus, Denmark and \n\nItaly essentially exclude the right to remuneration with regard to <t \n\ntransmission for non-commercial purposes only,1^ whereas by contrast, \n\nLuxembourg has entered a reservation with regard to the whole of \n\nArticle 12. I5 Broadcasting \n\norganizations \n\nare \n\nprotected, \n\nunder \n\nArticle 13(a) and (b) against the simultaneous use of parts of their \n\ntransmissions in primary satellite broadcasts by the right to \n\nauthorize rebroadcasting, and from deferred use by the right to \n\nauthorize fixation of their broadcasts. 14 See Copyright 1965, p. 214 (Denmark) and Copyright 1975, p. 44 \n\n(Italy). 15 See Copyright 1976, p. 24. - 14 -\n\n20. At nat ional level, however, there are many differences with regard to \n\nneighbouring rights. Thus, first of all, neighbouring rights have not \n\nhitherto been protected by statute in Belgium, Greece and the \n\nNetherlands, although draft laws on this subject are currently being \n\ndiscussed in Belgium and the Netherlands. In the meantime, the courts \n\nin the Member States have granted protection to a certain extent on \n\nnon-copyright grounds. Where neighbouring rights have been protected \n\nby statute performers can prevent the broadcast of their live \n\nperformances without \n\ntheir consent, \n\nin accordance with the \n\ninternational protection afforded by Article 7(1)(a) of the Rome \n\nConvention. 1** The draft laws of Belgium and the Netherlands also \n\nconfer such a right on performers. 17 However, the rights which \n\nperformers and/or producers of phonograms enjoy as regards direct use \n\nfor the broadcasting of phonograms published for commercial purposes \n\nare regulated differently. Thus, Luxembourg and Portugal currently \n\ngrant neither performers nor phonogram producers independent rights \n\nwith regard to the use of phonograms for broadcasting purposes. By \n\ncontrast, the United Kingdom and Ireland refuse independent rights \n\nregarding the use of phonograms for broadcasting purposes only to \n\nperformers; but in both these Member States phonogram producers are \n\n16 \n\nof \n\nthe \n\n\u00a7 76(1) \n\nUrhebergesetz \n\n\u00a7 45(1)(b) of Law 158 on Copyright in literary and artistic works \n(Denmark); \n(Germany); \nArticle 18(1) of Law No 85/660 (France); Section 182(1)(b) of the \nCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (United Kingdom); Section 5 \nof the Performers' Protection Act (Ireland); Article 80(1) of Law \nNo 633 on the Protection of copyright and other rights associated with \nits exercise (Italy); Article 3(1)(a) of the Law on the Protection of \nperformers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations \n(Luxembourg); Article 178(a) of the Code on copyright and related \nrights (Portugal); Article 102(1) of Law 22/1987 (Spain). (UrhG) \n\n17 See Article 51(1) of the draft Law on copyright, Documents du S\u00e9nat \nNo 329-1 (1988) (Belgium), and Article 2(1)(b) of the draft Law on \nNeighbouring rights, Second Chamber, 1988-89, 21 244 (Netherlands). - 15 -\n\nentitled under copyright law to authorize the use of phonograms. 18 \n\nOn the other hand, in Germany,19 Denmark,20 France,21 Italy22 and \n\nSpain23 both performers and producers of phonograms have a right to a \n\nshare of an additional remuneration for the broadcasting of \n\nphonograms. Comparable rules are also provided for in the draft laws \n\nof Belgium and the Netherlands. 24 However, the procedures for \n\nclaiming the remuneration and the method of allocating remuneration \n\nbetween beneficiaries differ \n\nconsiderably \n\nin detail. Lastly, \n\nbroadcasting organizations are protected in all Member States which \n\nhave statutory neighbouring rights or grant such organizations \n\ncopyright protection, against the fixation and the rebroadcasting of \n\ntheir broadcasts. 2^ \n\n18 Section 16(1)(d) and 20(b) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Acts \n1988 (United Kingdom) and Section 17(1) and (4)(b) and (c) in \nconjunction with Section 2(3) of the Copyright Act 1963 (Ireland). 19 \u00a7\u00a7 76(2) and 86 UrhG. 20 \u00a7 47 of Law 158 on Copyright in literary and artistic works. 21 \n\nArticle 22(2) to (5) of Law No 85-660. 22 Articles 73 and 80(2) of Law No 633 on the Protection of copyright and \n\nother rights relating to its exercise. 23 Articles 103 and 109(1) of Law 22/1987. 24 See Articles 56 and 61 of the draft Law on copyright, Documents du \nS\u00e9nat No 329-1 (1988) (Belgium), and Article 6 of the draft Law on \nNeighbouring rights, Second Chamber, 1988-89, 21 244 (Netherlands). 25 \n\nSee \u00a7 48(1) of Law 158 of Copyright in literary and artistic works \n(Denmark); \u00a7 87(1)(1 ) and (2) UrhG (Germany); Article 27(1) of Law \nNo 85-660 (France); Section 16(1)(a) and (d) in conjunction with \nSection 17(1) and (4) and Section 20(c) of the Copyright, Designs and \nPatents Act 1988 (United Kingdom); Section 19(1) and (5)(a), (b) and \n(d) of Copyright Act 1963 (Ireland); Article 79 of Law No 633 on the \nProtection of copyright and other rights relating to its exercise \n(Italy); Article 10(a) and (b) of the Law on the Protection of \nperformers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations \n(Luxembourg); Article 187(a) and (b) of the Code on Copyright and \nrelated rights (Portugal); Article I16(1)(a) and (b) of Law 22/1987 \n(Spain). - 16 -\n\nCable Retransmission \n\n21. The \n\ntransmission \n\nby \n\ncable \n\nof \n\na \n\nprogramme \n\nbroadcast \n\neither \n\nterrestrially or via direct broadcasting satellite constitutes an \n\nind\u00e9pendant act of broadcasting in accordance with Article 11 bis \n\n(1)(ii) of the Berne Convention. This qualification is valid for both \n\na simultaneous and unchanged transmission of a programme broadcast and \n\na defered transmission thereof. Where the programme signals from the \n\nprimary broadcast are retransmitted via cable networks in a country \n\nother \n\nthan \n\nthe \n\nprimary \n\nbroadcasting \n\ncountry, \n\nthe \n\nnational \n\nretransmission right in each individual country is affected by that \n\nretransmission. The only condition is that the signals are fed into \n\nthe network by a party other \n\nthan the primary \n\nbroadcasting \n\norganizat ion. 22. It has hitherto been argued that in order to qualify as a broadcast it \n\nshould comply with an additional criterion, namely that cable \n\nretransmission must reach an additional audience vis-\u00e0-vis the primary \n\nbroadcast. Retransmission within the national service area or even \n\nwithin the direct reception area of commercial broadcaster would thus \n\nbe admissible without the author's renewed consent and would not give \n\nrise to an entitlement to additional remuneration. The rebroadcasting \n\nright in Article 11b i s(1)(ii) of the Berne Convention Just like the \n\nprimary broadcasting right in (i) is subject to the possibilities of \n\nrestriction provided for in Article 1 1b i s( 2 ). It can therefore be \n\nmade subject to exclusively collective management or even to a \n\nstatutory Iicence. - 17 -\n\n23. Under the Member States' copyright laws, too, cable retransmission is \n\nsubject to the author's consent. 2** Denmark has introduced a \n\nstatutory licence with respect to the retransmission of domestic and \n\nforeign programmes broadcast terrestrially or via direct broadcasting \n\nsatellite, \n\nbut \n\nnot \n\nvia \n\ncommunications \n\nsatellite. 27 In the \n\nUnited Kingdom28 - and similarly in Ireland29 - the law assumes that \n\nthe cable retransmission of programmes which network operators are \n\nobliged to retransmit under the legislation governing the media, as \n\nwell as the retransmission of programmes within their intended \n\nreception area are classed as primary broadcasts, and as such do not \n\nneed the special consent of right owners. This does not apply to the \n\nretransmission of satellite broadcasts. 24. By contrast, the Rome Convention does not deal with the retransmission \n\nof primary broadcast signals in an international context. The rules \n\nof the Convention afford protection only against rebroadcasting by \n\nwireless means (see Article 3(f) and (g)), and do not cover \n\nby Law No 85-660 \n\n(France); Section 16(1)(d), \n\n26 See \u00a7\u00a7 15(2), 20 UrhG (Germany); Article 27 of Law No 57-298, as \namended \n20 in \nconjunction with Section 7, 178 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents \nAct 1988 (United Kingdom); Section 8(6)(e), 9(7)(d) and 18(4)(d) in \nconjunction \n(Ireland); \nArticle 16 of Law No 633 on the Protection of Copyright and other \nrights relating to its exercise (Italy); Article 23(l)(2) of the \nCopyright Act of 29 March 1972 (Luxembourg); Article 68(2)(e) in \nconjunction with Article 153(3) of the Code on copyright and related \nrights (Portugal); Article 17 in conjunction with Article 20(2)(e) of \nLaw 22/1987 (Spain). Section 2(3) Copyright \n\nwith \n\n1963 \n\nAct \n\n27 See \u00a7 22(a) and \u00a7 45(2) (compulsory licence for the rebroadcast ing \nright of broadcasting organizations) of Law No 158 on Copyright in \nliterary and artistic works, and \u00a7 11(a) of Law No 157 on the Right to \nphotographic images. 28 Section 73 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 29 Section 52(3) and (4) of the Copyright Act 1963. - 18 -\n\nretransmission by wire. Even if a cable retransmission should be \n\nconsidered as \"communication to the public\" within the meaning of the \n\nRome Convention, the simultaneous, unaltered cable retransmission \n\nwhich is the only form concerned by this Directive would not affect \n\nany of the entitlements conferred by the Rome Convention: \n\nArticle 7(1)(a) of the Convention does not protect performers where \n\nwhat is communicated to the public is a performance that has already \n\nbeen broadcast; the right to remuneration for the use of phonograms \n\nprovided for in Article 12 requires that the phonograms be used \n\n\"direct\" for broadcasting purposes; and, finally, broadcasting \n\norganizations are protected only against a retransmission of their \n\nbroadcasts by wireless means (Article 13(a) in conjunction with \n\nArticle 3(g)). 25. However, under Article 1(1 M b) of the 1960 European Convention on the \n\nProtection of Television Broadcasts, whose signatories include \n\nBelgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Spain, \n\nbroadcasting \n\norganizations \n\nare \n\nalso \n\nprotected \n\nagainst \n\nthe \n\nretransmission of their broadcasts by wire. The United Kingdom, \n\nhowever, has excluded such protection generally by entering a \n\nreservation; Belgium has excluded the protection only for Belgian \n\nbroadcasting organizations and restricted theprotection of foreign \n\nbroadcasting organizations to 50% of the weekly broadcasting time. 26. Of very minor importance in this respect is the 1974 Convention \n\nrelating to the distribution of programme-carrying signals transmitted \n\nby satellite, to which of the Member States only Germany and Italy \n\nhave so far acceded. The Convention provides protection only against \n\nunauthorized \"tapping\" of programme-carrying signals not intended for \n\nreception by the general public and hence essentially only against \n\nunauthorized reception of point-to-point broadcasts via satellite. Broadcasts which are transmitted via satellite direct to the public \n\nare specifically excluded from the protection of the Convention under \n\nArticle 3. *) \n\n\f- 19 -\n\n27. By contrast, the Member States' legislation on copyright or \n\nneighbouring rights frequently grants, in this respect, a level of \n\nprotection that exceeds the minimum provided for in international law. Thus, in particular, broadcasting organizations in many Member States, \n\ne. g. in Germany,30 France,31 the United Kingdom32 or Spain33 are \n\nprotected not only against wireless retransmission of their broadcasts \n\nbut as well, in principle, against any retransmission by wire. As \n\nregards neighbouring rights for performers the disparities are \n\nrelatively large: In certain Member States, such as Germany,34 \n\nFrance35 or Spain,3^ their right also includes the right to \n\nauthorize the retransmission of their performance - it is sometimes \n\npresumed that such authorization is granted when authorization is \n\ngiven to broadcast a performance or fix it on a videogram or audio-\n\nvideogram - while in other countries, such as recently the \n\nUnited Kingdom,37 rebroadcasting is specifically exempt. If a \n\ncommercial phonogram is used for the primary broadcast, the laws of \n\nthe Member States frequently also grant performers and/or producers \n\n30 \n\n\u00a7 87(1)(1) in conjunction with \u00a7 20 of UrhG. 31 \n\nArticle 27(1) of Law No 85-660 in conjunction with Article 27 of Law \nNo 57-298 as amended by Law No 85-660. 32 Sections 16(1)(d) and 20(c) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act \n\n1988. 33 Article 116(1)(a) of Law 22/1987. 34 See \u00a7 76, UrhG. 35 Article 18(1) of Law No 85-660. 36 Article 101(1) of Law 22/1987. 37 See Sections 182 and 183 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act \n\n1988. - 20 -\n\nof phonograms a right to remuneration for the retransmission of that \n\nbroadcast38 \n\nin addition \n\nto the minimum \n\nprotection \n\nin the \n\nRome Convention; the United Kingdom and Ireland even grant an \n\nindependent right to authorize the retransmission of the broadcast. 39 \n\nII. The need for action at Community level \n\n28. In both fields, satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission, \n\ncopyright law has been unable to keep pace in ail respects with the \n\nexpanding technological possibilities and commercial realities of \n\ncross-border broadcasting. In international law, and especially in \n\nthe domestic laws of the Member States, therefore, there are currently \n\ncertain areas of serious uncertainty as to the law; but there are also \n\nshortcomings in the protection offered which impede the objective of \n\npromoting creative work. In addition, right owners are exposed to the \n\nthreat of seeing the exploitation of their rights blocked by other \n\nright-owners who hold an exclusive right in another part of that same \n\nprogramme. 29. For copyright purposes, however, a distinction has to be drawn between \n\nprimary broadcasting and the simultaneous, unabridged retransmission \n\nof programmes by cable. In a primary broadcast, which includes the \n\nbroadcast of an original programme via satellite, the broadcaster \n\nhimself decides the composition of the programme. He will include \n\nonly works and protected performances for which he has already secured \n\nthe broadcasting rights. In cable retransmission, on the other hand, \n\n38 See for instance, \u00a7\u00a7 76(2) and 86 in conjunction with \u00a7 20 UrhG \n(Germany) or Article 103 in conjunction with Article 20(2)(d) and (e) \nof Law 22/1987 (Spain). 39 Sections 16(1)(d), and 20(b) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act \n1988 (United Kingdom) and Section 17(1), (4)(b) and (c) in conjunction \nwith Section 2(3) of the Copyright Act 1963 (Ireland). - 21 -\n\nthe cable operator cannot make up his programmes on the basis of a \n\nportfolio of rights which he has acquired beforehand. The cable \n\noperator can decide only whether he wants to retransmit the primary \n\nbroadcast in full or not at all. Satellite broadcasting \n\n30. In considering the broadcasting of programmes via satellite there is \n\nno longer any justification from the point of view of right owners, \n\nbroadcasters or viewers for excluding an activity which has to be \n\ndescribed as broadcasting from the scope of copyright on the sole \n\nground that it uses technology that was originally reserved under \n\ntelecommunications law for closed point-to-point communication. For \n\nthe purposes of copyright the decisive question is simply whether the \n\nuse made of protected works and performances constitutes communication \n\nto the pub Iic. 31. Where programmes are broadcast via satellite there is legal \n\nuncertainty as to whether the rights must be acquired only in respect \n\nof the country from which the programme is transmitted, or in all \n\ncountries of reception too; and once the broadcasting of programmes \n\nvia a communications satellite is placed on the same footing with \n\nbroadcasting via direct satellite, as the Directive proposes, this \n\nuncertainty will extend to the overwhelming majority of programmes \n\nalready being broadcast via satellite in the Community. 32. Given the right owner's interest in seeing his protected work or \n\nperformance exploited, the only commercially sound way of resolving \n\nthis legal uncertainty is to determine that the broadcasting rights \n\nmust be acquired only in respect of the country of transmission, which \n\nwill have to be more precisely defined. 33. If a broadcaster were to have to acquire the rights in all receiving \n\ncountries, the difficulty would immediately arise of deciding in \n\n\f- 22 -\n\nwhich countries the programme signals could in fact be received \n\ndirectly. A satellite footprint cannot be defined with enough \n\nprecision to allow the individual countries of reception to be \n\ndetermined exactly. A satellite broadcast beamed at western Europe \n\nmay also be receivable in eastern Europe and parts of Scandinavia, \n\nalbeit with more expensive aerials. With recent satellite technology \n\nfootprints are becoming more sharply defined, but the edges are still \n\nblurred. There is a margin where reception is possible but requires \n\nincreasingly large and more powerful aerials. In the circumstances, \n\nit is not possible for a broadcaster to determine with sufficient \n\ncertainty where the public can receive direct and where not. Finally, a \n\nfailure of negotiations with any one of the right owners in any one of \n\nthe Member States would now have the consequence that the entire \n\nsatellite transmission would be obstructed. This would not benefit the \n\nauthor, who has an interest in seeing his work exploited; it would not \n\nbe in the general interest either. 34. The proposal for a directive does not rule out the possibility, for a \n\nrightowner to authorize the transmission of a protected work, such as \n\na film, exclusively by one broadcaster or exclusively for one \n\nlinguistic version. These limited authorizations can still be granted \n\nin the framework of a contractual arrangement. 35. But a decision that only the law of the broadcasting country rs to be \n\nrelevant requires that copyright and the neighbouring rights of \n\nperformers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations be \n\nproperly protected by means of a minimum alignment of the rules in \n\nforce in the individual states. Where one Member State does not \n\nprovide protection against the broadcasting of protected works by \n\nsatellite, the transmission via direct satellite from that country \n\nthroughout the Community would require neither the consent of right \n\nowners nor the payment of remuneration, and would render ineffective \n\nthe protection that the legislation of another Member State may grant. If the law of the broadcasting country does confer protection in \n\nprinciple, but makes a primary broadcast via direct satellite subject \n\nto a statutory licence, right owners in the entire footprint are \n\n\f- 23 -\n\nprevented from deciding how their works will be exploited and simply \n\nreceive remuneration that has been fixed by the competent authority in \n\nthe broadcasting country. The same applies to the owners of \n\nneighbouring rights; but here the disparity between the rights \n\nprotected in the different Member States is currently much wider than \n\nin the case of copyright protection, as there is still no systematic \n\nprotection of neighbouring rights in a number of Member States. 36. For this reason the proposal for a Directive rules out the \n\nintroduction of statutory licences for satellite broadcasts. If on \n\nthe date of the proposal the legislation of a Member State allows \n\nagreements between an entitled organization of right owners and a \n\nbroadcaster to be declared generally binding, this possibility may be \n\nmaintained \n\nsubject \n\nto \n\ncertain \n\nconditions. In \n\nthe \n\nfield \n\nof \n\nneighbouring rights the proposal is explicitly confined to introducing \n\na standard minimum level of protection; any additional entitlements in \n\nrespect of the protection of neighbouring rights will continue to be a \n\nmatter for the Member States. Cable retransmission \n\n37. This proposal for a directive provides regulation only for cable \n\nretransmission of broadcasts from another Member State. For the time \n\nbeing the Commission cannot establish the need for harmonisation, as \n\nfar as cable retransmission of broadcasts from one Member State within \n\nthat same Member State are concerned. The reason is that such a \n\npurely national situation does not in general affect the creation of a \n\nsingle European audiovisual area. 38. The rights needed for a primary broadcast can be acquired on an \n\nindividual basis, but this is difficult in the case of the rights for \n\nsimultaneous, unaltered cable retransmission, on account of its \n\ndependence on the primary broadcast. In Belgium, Germany and the \n\nNetherlands, at least, such rights are already being acquired on the \n\nbasis of general contracts to which the cable operators and where \n\n\f- 24 -\n\npossible all groups of right owners are party. In France the \n\ncollecting societies, representatives of film right owners and some \n\nbroadcasting organizations have each concluded special contracts with \n\nindividual cable operators. Contractual acquisition of rights for \n\ncable retransmission does not exist in Denmark, where the law provides \n\nfor statutory licensing. 39. This type of collective acquisition of rights - in the form of a \n\ngeneral contract in most cases - has largely managed to solve the \n\ninitial problems associated with the acquisition of rights to \n\nsimultaneous, unaltered \n\ncable retransmission of \n\nterrestrially \n\nbroadcast programmes. Basically, though, two problems still remain, \n\nwhich may Jeopardize the retransmission of national programmes and the \n\ncross-border retransmission of programmes from other Member States. 40. Firstly, the idea underlying general contracts at least is that the \n\nparties to them should be the owners of all rights, thus dispensing \n\nwith the need for detailed proof of title. Yet network operators can \n\nnever be sure that outsiders will not claim individually a right to \n\nauthorize the retransmission (the \"outsider problem\"). Although the \n\nright owners party to a contract do undertake to indemnify network \n\noperators against claims by third parties whose rights fall within the \n\ncategory of rights managed or represented by them, such an arrangement \n\ngives network operators partial protection only. For one thing, the \n\nindemnity clause is limited to the amount which the outsider, had he \n\nbeen represented when the contract was concluded, could have claimed \n\nas his share of the total remuneration under the contract. Whether \n\nthis is enough to cover the damages a network operator may have to \n\npay, plus any legal costs, is doubtful. Indemnification protects only \n\nagainst damages claims, and not against injunctions preventing a \n\nretransmission or criminal sanctions. The network operator is anyway \n\nwholly unprotected against claims by those right owners whose \n\ncategories of rights were not represented by any of the groups of \n\nright owners involved in the conclusion of the contract. - 25 -\n\n41. The second potential threat is that, when conducting new negotiations, \n\nthe parties may not be able to agree in time to modify or continue the \n\nexisting contract. This may be the result differing of opinions as to \n\nthe amount and composition of the remuneration or, more recently, as \n\nto the inclusion of new, satellite-broadcast programmes. Thus, in \n\nBelgium and the Netherlands it has so far only been possible to reach \n\nagreement on a one to two-year temporary extension of the original \n\ncontract. Moreover, suppliers of new satellite programmes sometimes \n\nencounter difficulties in being included in these general contracts, \n\nwhich are created by those who are already parties to them. 42. The proposal for a Directive seeks to deal with these problems in two \n\nways. Firstly, it would introduce a requirement that the right to authorize \n\nor prohibit cross-border cable retransmission be exercised only \n\nthrough a collecting society. The rule would not apply to \n\nbroadcasters' rights in their own broadcasts, whether originally their \n\nown or assigned to them. Secondly, it would as far as possible alleviate difficulties in the \n\nconclusion of agreements for the grant of rights to cross-border cable \n\nretransmission by requiring that the parties may call upon the \n\nassistance of impartial mediators. Furthermore, measures to prevent \n\nthe abuse of negotiating positions, should be provided for, without \n\nhowever \n\ntaking away from the exclusive character of cable \n\nretransmission rights. Finally, the proposal for a directive seeks to stimulate the parties \n\nto transfer the rights needed for cable retransmission in a single \n\ngeneral contract in every Member State; all right-owners and cable \n\noperators should be party to these agreements. - 26 -\n\nSummary \n\n43. Thus the proposal for a Directive covering satellite broadcasting and \n\ncable retransmission seeks to overcome the adverse effects of the \n\ninadequate protection available where cross-border broadcasting is \n\nconcerned, and so, in line with the other planned harmonization \n\nmeasures, to establish the legal and economic foundations for \n\ncontinued creative work in the European cultural sphere, which merits \n\nparticular protection. The diversity of European culture, as was \n\nrecently emphasized in the proposal for a Council Directive on rental \n\nright, lending right and on certain rights related to copyright,40 is \n\nnot merely deserving of protection: it must have a high level of \n\nprotection in order to preserve its identity. C. TYPE OF HARMONIZATION SOUGHT \n\n44. Like the other plans for harmonization in the field of copyright, this \n\nproposal does not aim at a general harmonization of the protection of \n\ncopyright and related rights, but seeks only to harmonize areas which \n\nare currently of foremost importance. One of these areas is the \n\ncreation of a European audiovisual area, which has partly been \n\nestablished by the directive \"Television without Frontiers\" of 3 \n\nOctober 198941 leaving for harmonisation the field of copyright \n\nrules. The proposal therefore provides for harmonization only to the \n\nextent that it is absolutely necessary in order to meet the need for \n\naction at Community level. 45. The national approaches to copyright in the Member States are \n\ntherefore left as far as possible untouched. Only where the purpose \n\n40 COM(90) 586 final - SYN 319, 24. 1. 1991. 41 \n\nCouncil Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989, OJ No L 298, \n17. 10. 1989. (5) \n\n\f- 27 -\n\nof the proposed Directive requires it are Member States to be obliged \n\nto enact harmonized rules. A number of the measures proposed here, \n\nparticularly regarding neighbouring rights, in any event already form \n\npart of the legislation on the protection of copyright and related \n\nrights in several Member States. The proposal for a directive mainly \n\nseeks to avoid both, the existence of \"protection-free\" areas and the \n\npossibility of their introduction in the future within the Community. 46. In the case of satellite broadcasting, for example, the Member States \n\nwill remain free to decide how the broadcasting right which they must \n\nprovide for is to be incorporated into their national systems of \n\nrights management. As regards the obligation to protect neighbouring \n\nrights, this proposal confines itself to an indispensible level of \n\nprotection. The Member States remain free to lay down more \n\nfar-reaching protective measures. Neither would the proposal in any \n\nway affect national rules on remuneration in respect of sound \n\nrecordings, including the allocation of payments between phonogram \n\nproducers and performers. The proposal for a directive provides for a \n\nprotection of neighbouring rights which is mainly taken from the \n\nsubstance of the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, \n\nProducers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations which, at \n\npresent, must be considered the most comprehensive standard for a \n\nprotection of neighbouring rights on the international level and which \n\nhas been accepted by the majority of Member States. In some areas, \n\nhowever, the proposal for a directive seeks to go above the standard \n\nof the Rome Convention, in particular with regard to the exclusion of \n\nthe reservations. The transcription of a minimum standard of \n\nprotection for the purposes of this proposal, however, does not imply \n\nthat further harmonization in the field of neighbouring rights might \n\nnot strive to establish a higher level of protection throughout the \n\nCommun i t y. - 28 -\n\n47. The Directive also takes account of the special mechanisms operating \n\nin particular countries, such as the possibility of declaring \n\ncollective agreements generally binding in the field of satellite \n\nbroadcasting, or the existence of statutory licences for cable \n\nretransmission. Lastly, the proposal would leave the Member States' \n\nexisting rules on the activities of collecting societies unaffected. 48. Lastly, the proposal avoids interfering with existing agreements for \n\nthe exploitation of works enjoying copyright protection and other \n\nprotected matter, except where this \n\nis indispensible for the \n\nachievement of the objective pursued. The same applies to the \n\npractice of contractual acquisition of the rights needed for cable \n\nretransmission, where that practice has established itself. Similarly, \n\nthe proposal will not form an obstacle to future contractual \n\narrangements that result from the economic situation. 49. This proposal does not prejudice the harmonization proposed in other \n\nfields of copyright, in particular the proposal for a Council decision \n\nconcerning the accession of the Member States to the Berne Convention \n\nfor the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, as revised by the \n\nParis Act of 24 July 1971, and the International Convention for the \n\nProtection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting \n\norganizations of 26 October 1961 and the proposal for a Council \n\nDirective on Rental Right, Lending Right and on certain rights related \n\nto copyr ight. 50. The proposal for a decision of the Council concerning the accession of \n\nMember States to the Berne Convention and to the Rome Convention seeks \n\nto introduce a basic standard for the protection of copyright and \n\nneighbouring rights. The intention of the present proposal is to \n\nestablish a common level of protection for neighbouring rights insofar \n\nas such level is required to avoid the development of low-protection \n\ncountries to attract satellite broadcasters. The proposal for a \n\ndirective on \n\nrental \n\nright \n\nfinally \n\nprovides \n\nfor \n\nan \n\nabsolute \n\nharmonization of certain neighbouring rights within the Community. Within the comprehensive approach of the Commission in the field of \n\ncopyright \n\nas \n\nlaid \n\ndown \n\nin \n\nthe \n\nworking \n\nprogramme \n\nof \n\nthe \n\n\f- 29 -\n\nCommission each of the three proposals must be considered as a self-\n\nrelying set of rules which reflects the three different objectives of \n\nharmonization. Partial overlaps during the proposa I-stage are the \n\nconsequence and will have to be eliminated in a way depending on the \n\nprogress of the adoption of each of these proposals. LEGAL BASIS \n\n51. Article 2 of the EEC Treaty gives the Community the task of promoting \n\na harmonious development of economic activities and closer relations \n\nbetween the states belonging to it. To this end the Treaty calls for \n\nthe establishment of a common market and for the approximation of the \n\nlaws of the Member States. 52. As far as the audiovisual field is concerned, a first step towards a \n\nEuropean audiovisual area was made in the \"Television without \n\nFrontiers\" Directive. 42 \n\n53. In its subsequent Communication from the Commission to the Council and \n\nParliament on audiovisual policy the Commission confirmed that the \n\nlegal framework established by that Directive had still to be \n\namplified on the question of copyright. 43 \"Failing a Community \n\napproach on this question,\" the Commission said, \"the legislative \n\ncompartmentalization and legal insecurity due to differences in the \n\n42 Loc. cit. 43 C0M(90) 78 final, 21. 2. 1991. - 30 -\n\nvarious national protection systems will constitute a disincentive to \n\ninvestment in creativity, limit opportunities for the exploitation of \n\ncreative works. and prove detrimental or advantageous, depending on \n\nthe nature of the legal system applied, to certain of the interested \n\nparties. \" There was \"a common interest among all the parties \n\nconcerned that the question of copyright be handled within a Community \n\ncontext\". 54. The Directive proposed here is intended to make it easier for \n\nbroadcasting organizations, performers, producers of phonograms and \n\ncable operators to work in a single audiovisual area. 55. The Court of Justice has consistently held that broadcasting and the \n\nrelay of broadcasts represent services rather than goods. It makes no \n\ndifference here whether a broadcast is a conventional terrestrial one \n\n(Sacchi),44 or takes place by cable (Debauve)45 or by satellite. The technical medium used is irrelevant to the question whether a \n\nservice is being provided. The exploitation of rights by the author \n\nor right owner also constitutes a service. 56. An important part of the activity of a satellite broadcaster is the \n\nbroadcasting of television and radio-programmes via satellite. The \n\nprerequisite acquisition of broadcasting rights is governed by the \n\nindividual \n\ncopyright \n\nlaws of the Member States, which vary \n\nconsiderably if they address satellite broadcasting at all. Only a \n\nfew national legal systems expressly grant authors a satellite \n\nbroadcasting right, in other countries it has still to be established \n\nwhether the author's general broadcasting right includes a satellite \n\n44 Case 155/73 [1974] ECR 409 \n\n45 Case 52/79 [1980] ECR 833. - 31 -\n\nbroadcasting right, and whether that right is separable. Neither is \n\nit clear in the laws of most countries which of the author's rights \n\nare affected by a satellite broadcast. The present state of the law \n\nmeans that the acquisition of the rights for a programme to be \n\nbroadcast by satellite is subject to serious uncertainties, and these \n\nhave a dissuasive if not a prohibitive effect on the organization of \n\nsatellite broadcasts. 57. Furthermore, the existing legal uncertainties hamper the activities of \n\nright-owners \n\n(authors, \n\nartists, \n\nproducers \n\nof \n\nphongrams \n\nand \n\nbroadcasting organizations themselves) because the exploitation of \n\ntheir rights by granting a satellite broadcasting right is encumbered \n\nby the above mentioned legal problems. 58. The proposal for a Directive seeks to coordinate the national \n\ncopyright rules in this sphere so as to remove the uncertainties \n\nsurrounding the acquisition of rights for satellite broadcasting. 59. The proposal for a Directive would also provide for the coordination \n\nof the rules on the related rights held by performers, broadcasting \n\norganizations and the producers of phonograms. The rules governing \n\nthese related rights, like the other copyright rules on broadcasting \n\nrights, form part of the legal framework of a single European \n\naudiovisual area. 60. Performers, broadcasting organizations and the producers of phonograms \n\nare not protected against the use of their work for broadcasting \n\npurposes in all Member States. In the absence of any coordination of \n\nthese rules, satellite broadcasters might establish themselves in \n\nwhichever Member State provided the lowest level of protection for \n\nthese related rights. 61. Given the disparities which exist it is conceivable that the Court of \n\nJustice could follow its findings in Codite I v Cin\u00e9 V o g46 and hold \n\nthat there has not yet been established a single audiovisual area. 46 \n\nCase 62/79 [1980] ECR 881, 903 \n\n\f- 32 -\n\n62. The second set of provisions in the proposal concerns the cable \n\nretransmission of broadcasts. The acquisition of the rights for the \n\ncable retransmission of broadcasts is an essential part of the \n\nactivity of a cable operator, as retransmission requires that the \n\nnecessary broadcasting rights be acquired beforehand. There is a need \n\nfor a provision requiring that such rights be exercised through a \n\ncollecting society, in order to ensure that cable retransmission \n\nrights can be acquired in their entirety. This would make it \n\nimpossible for the retransmission of a comprehensive programme to be \n\nprevented by the refusal of a single right owner exercising a right \n\nwhich relates only to one component in that programme. Cable operators \n\nwould be able to retransmit the whole of the programme, and at the \n\nsame time the right holders with an interest in a cable retransmission \n\nwould not be prevented from exploiting their rights. 63. The acquisition of cable retransmission rights, which must necessarily \n\nbe on a contractual basis, is further facilitated by providing for a \n\nmediation body which can assist where right holders and cable \n\noperators have difficulty in reaching agreement. A prohibition on the \n\nabuse of negotiating positions is also included, in order to prompt \n\nthe parties to engage in serious negotiation. 64. It follows from the above-mentioned that the proposal for a directive \n\nseeks to facilitate the pursuit of the activities of satellite \n\nbroadcasters, cable operators as well as those of authors, performing \n\nartists and phonogram producers. To that end article 57 paragraph 2 \n\nprovides for the coordination of the provisions laid down by law, \n\nregulation or administrative action in Member States. 65. In the presentation of this directive, the Commission has taken into \n\naccount the requirements of Article 8c of the EEC-Treaty and has \n\nconcluded that no special provisions or derogations seem warranted or \n\njustified at this stage. - 33 -\n\nPART TWO; PARTICULAR PROVISIONS \n\nCHAPTER I - DEFINITIONS \n\nArticle 1 \n\nDef in it ions \n\n1. This provision seeks to define the terms used in the Directive. 2. In view of the technical development of satellites and receiving \n\naerials there is no longer any Justification from the point of view of \n\nright owners or broadcasters for excluding from the scope of copyright an \n\nactivity which has to be described as broadcasting, on the sole ground that \n\nit uses technology that was originally reserved under telecommunications \n\nlaw for closed point-to-point communication. The broadcasting of programme \n\nsignals via a communications satellite should therefore be put on the same \n\nfooting as far as copyright and related rights are concerned as \n\nbroadcasting by direct satellite, provided it is comparable to the latter \n\nin terms of direct reception. This is the case when the reception of the \n\nprogramme bearing signals is enabled with aereals conceived for individual \n\nreception of television and radiobroadcasts. 3. Communication to the public of protected works and other protected \n\nmatter by satellite is to require the prior authorization of the right \n\nholder. The purpose of this provision is to determine when the \n\nbroadcasting of programmes via satellite constitutes communication to the \n\npublic, and who is to be responsible for such communication. - 34 -\n\n4. Responsibility for communication to the public will arise only at the \n\npoint where a single decision is taken on the content and the transmission \n\nof the signals, provided the chain of broadcasting equipment from the point \n\nwhere this decision is taken to the transmission of the signals from the \n\nsatellite to the public is uninterrupted. Thus a decision on the content \n\nalone (such as a decision to produce a particular film, or the act of \n\nacquiring broadcasting rights, or the filming of a football match) would \n\nnot constitute communication to the public. In the same way a decision to \n\ntransmit, taken in isolation (such as the decision of an engineer at a \n\nsatellite ground station) would not constitute communication to the public \n\neither. Lastly, there would be no act giving rise to responsibility in \n\ncopyright law where a broadcasting organization planned its programmes and \n\ndrew up a schedule months in advance. Such a decision is translated into \n\naction only when the programme is cleared for broadcasting in its final \n\nform, with any commercials and current programme references incorporated. Only then is there an uninterrupted chain of broadcasting equipment from \n\nthe point where the decision to act is taken to the transmission of the \n\nsignal. 5. The responsibility in copyright law, so described, arises where the act \n\nrequiring authorization takes place, that is to say where the decision on \n\ncontent and transmission is taken. As a rule this will be the headquarters \n\nof the broadcasting organization. This will still be so if the signals are \n\nfirst sent to a ground station in another Member State and transmitted to \n\nthe satellite from there. The decisive test is that the chain of \n\nbroadcasting equipment used must be uninterrupted from the place of the \n\ndecision on the content and on transmission up to the point of \n\ntransmission. - 35 -\n\n6. This does not mean that the question whether a broadcasting \n\norganization's transmission can be received in more than one Member State \n\nloses its importance. Even though reception as such may be irrelevant for \n\ncopyright purposes, there can be no doubt that it can have commercial \n\nrepercussions on any other exploitation of the work received in the country \n\nof reception. Thus the extent of reception will usually be taken into \n\naccount when the remuneration to be paid is arrived at. The relationship \n\nbetween the transmission of a satellite programme and other forms of use or \n\nexploitation will as a rule be coordinated by contract too. 7. The proposal for a Directive says nothing of the treatment of cases in \n\nwhich the decision on the content and transmission of the programme-bearing \n\nsignals is taken in a non-Community country. The reason for this is that \n\nCommunity law cannot lay down any compulsory standard of protection for \n\ncopyright and related rights in a non-member country, as it can inside the \n\nCommunity. Member States are accordingly free to make the responsibility \n\nin copyright law for satellite broadcasts from non-member countries depend \n\non alternative tests. 8. Furthermore, the proposal for a directive deals with questions \n\nrelating to the simultaneous, unchanged and unabridged cable retransmission \n\nof broadcasts from another Member State. 9. With regard to the retransmission of broadcasts of one Member State \n\nwithin that same Member State Community action, at present, is not required \n\nin order to establish the European audiovisual area. SimiMarly a need for \n\nCommunity intervention concerning copyright treatment of simultaneous, \n\nunaltered cable retransmission of the programmes of domestic broadcasters \n\nwithin their so-called \"distribution zone\" must be denied. Finally, this \n\nreasoning also applies to the question how transmitting equipment which is \n\nrelevant for copyright purposes must be distinguished from mere receiving \n\nequipment which is irrelevant for copyright purposes. - 36 -\n\n10. The proposal for a directive does not make a distinction regarding \n\nthe mode of transmission of the primary broadcast that is retransmitted. The rules proposed, therefore, apply irrespective of whether the primary \n\nbroadcast is a satellite or a terrestrial broadcast. However, there is no \n\ncable retransmission in the sense of this proposal, if the programme is \n\nmerely delivered by point-to-point communication to the cable head end \n\nwithout being the subject of a simultaneous primary broadcast. 11. The notion of cable-retransmission extends to multipoint micro-wave \n\ndistribution systems where the latter perform the role of broadcast-\n\nretransmission in areas where the establishment of a cable network is not \n\neconomi caIi y viable. CHAPTER M - BROADCASTING BY SATELLITE \n\nArt icle 2 \n\nBroadcasting right \n\n12. Article 2 of the proposal provides that the satellite broadcasting of \n\nworks which are protected under copyright law is to require the prior \n\nauthorization of the right owners. 13. It is not proposed, however, that a new satellite exploitation right \n\nshould be introduced. The intention is simply to make it clear that \n\ncommunication by satellite can constitute communication to the public in \n\nthis same way as communication via a terrestrial broadcasting network. Both forms of communication are covered by the broadcasting right. 14. This will, under no circumstances limit the existing practise of \n\ncontractual arrangements for the exploitation of rights. In particular, it \n\nis still possible to limit the exploitation of rights contractually to \n\nspecific modes of transmission or to specific linguistic versions. 37 -\n\nArt icle 3 \n\nAcquisition of broadcasting rights \n\n15. Under the proposal the only law which would apply to the broadcast of \n\na television or radio programme by satellite would be that of the \n\nMember State in which a single decision is taken on the content and \n\ntransmission of the programme-bearing signals. If there were to be \n\nstatutory licensing in that Member State, right owners would have to accept \n\nthe direct reception of their works broadcast by satellite throughout the \n\nentire satellite footprint. 16. This would be too far-reaching an effect; and in order to prevent it, \n\nthe Directive would not allow statutory licences to restrict the right to \n\ncommunicate works enjoying copyright protection by satellite to the public. 17. In line with harmonisation rules put forward by the Nordic Council \n\nScandinavian countries allow collective agreements concluded between an \n\nentitled organization of right owners and a broadcasting organization to be \n\nextended to right owners not represented by the relevant organization. 18. Where on 31 July 1991 such a possibility exists in a Member State, \n\nand covers satellite broadcasting as well, this may be retained until 31 \n\nDecember 1997 provided that an extended collective agreement system is not \n\napplied to cinematographic works. Cinematographic works in this context, \n\nrefers to the definition of Articles 2, paragraph 1 and 14bis of the Berne \n\nConvention \n\non \n\nthe \n\nprotection \n\nof \n\nArtistic \n\nand \n\nLiterary \n\nWorks. - 38 -\n\nArt icle 4 \n\nPerformers \n\n19. The current variations in the level of protection of performers, \n\nproducers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations in the Member States \n\ncould be exploited by satellite broadcasters who established themselves in \n\nthe Member State which granted the most limited protection to these \n\ncategories. The proposal therefore provides for a harmonization of the \n\nprotection of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting \n\norganizations in the Community to the extent required to achieve the \n\nobjective of the proposal. 20. This would mean that performers would be entitled to authorize or \n\nprohibit the transmission of their live performances by satellite. To \n\navoid this right being deprived of substance through the use of recorded \n\nperformances, the Directive also provides for a fixation right and a \n\nreproduction right. 21. When an audiovisual work is produced the contract between the artist \n\nand the producer will as a rule settle the remuneration of the artist, \n\nwhile the later commercial exploitation of the work, including the artist's \n\nperformance, will, in practise, mostly be in the producer's hands. This \n\npractice is reflected in the legislations of a number of Member States. These legislations mostly provide for a presumption of assignment according \n\nto which the artist who participates in the production of an audiovisual \n\nwork and has concluded a contract with the producer is presumed to have \n\nassigned his rights to this producer. In some Member States the \n\npresumption of assignment is rebuttable. It is not the intention 4f the \n\npresent proposal to interfere with the rules on the assignment of rights. Member States, therefore, can leave the assignment of performer's rights to \n\nthe individual negotiation between the parties or make the assignment of \n\nperformers rights subject to a system of legal presumption. - 39 -\n\nArt icle 5 \n\nRemuneration for the use of phonograms \n\n22. Sound recordings are extensively used in the composition of broadcast \n\nprogrammes. The Rome Convention therefore provides that performers or the \n\nproducers of phonograms, or both, singly or severally, are to be given a \n\nshare in this form of use of a phonogram by a broadcasting organization, \n\nthrough the grant of a right of remuneration. It would be advisable to \n\nadopt this principle at Community level. The Member States would remain \n\nfree to determine whether they wish to grant this right of remuneration to \n\nboth categories of right holders, to a single category, or to one category \n\nwith some participation by the other. The rules on the division of the \n\nremuneration would also be a matter for the Member States. Art icle 6 \n\nBroadcasting organizations \n\n23. In order to protect broadcasting organizations from seeing parts of \n\ntheir broadcasts taken over by other broadcasting organizations without \n\nauthorization, the proposal provides that broadcasting organizations would \n\nhave the right to authorize or to prohibit the simultaneous retransmission \n\nof their transmissions by satellite, the fixation of their transmissions \n\nand the reproduction of any fixation of their transmissions. - 40 -\n\nArt icle 7 \n\nLimitations on rights \n\n24. The proposal avoids any detailed harmonization of the rules providing \n\nfor limitations on related rights in the Member States-, its wording is \n\nbased on Article 15 of the Rome Convention. In most Member States \n\nlimitations on related rights are regulated in whole or in part by means of \n\na reference to the corresponding provisions of copyright law proper. To \n\nattempt a detailed harmonization here would run counter to this principle, \n\nand the result might be that owners of related rights would be placed in a \n\nbetter position than authors. This would conflict with the approach to \n\ncopyright and related rights in most Member States. 25. This in no way prevents steps being taken to harmonize such \n\nlimitations at Community level at a later stage. Art icle 8 \n\nMinimum protection \n\n26. Articles 4 to 7 seek to lay down a minimum level of protection for \n\nperformers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations in \n\nrespect of satellite broadcasting. The Member States remain free, however, \n\nto provide for more far-reaching protection of these categories of right \n\nowners or other categories. In any event Member States should be bound by \n\nthe definition of a communication to the public by satellite when granting \n\nrights above the minimum standard. Article 8 paragraph 1 does not preclude \n\nany further harmonization in the field of copyright and neighbouring \n\nr ights. - 41 -\n\n27. The Directive provides for recognition of the rights only of nationals \n\nof Community Member States, and of companies or firms within the scope of \n\nArticle 58 of the EEC Treaty, so as to prevent any discrimination against \n\nright owners from other Member States which would be incompatible with the \n\nEEC Treaty. The question whether the rules in this Directive can be \n\napplied to the nationals of non-member countries will therefore depend on \n\nthe \n\nrelevant \n\nbilateral \n\nand \n\ninternational \n\nagreements \n\nbetween \n\nthe \n\nMember States and non-Community countries. Where those agreements provide \n\nfor national treatment of nationals of non-Community countries this \n\nDirective may also apply to them. Art icle 9 \n\nTransitional Provision \n\n28. The immediate application of Chapter 2 of the Directive to works could \n\nbe a source of difficulty where their exploitation is the subject of an \n\nexisting agreement. This would be the case where broadcasting rights have \n\nbeen divided between different right holders in defined areas. Under the \n\ncircumstances obtaining at the time the agreement was concluded, rights \n\nwere conferred whose exploitation was not to affect the exploitation of the \n\nsister rights. In the bulk of these cases the difficulty can be resolved \n\nby reinterpreting or if necessary renegotiating the agreement. The grant \n\nof a three-year period of grace is intended to allow satisfactory agreed \n\nsolutions to be found where a genuine problem arises. - 42 -\n\nCHAPTER III: CABLE RETRANSMISSION \n\nArticle 10 \n\nCable retransmission right \n\n29. The cable retransmission of broadcasts constitutes communication to \n\nthe public of the works and other protected matter contained in the \n\nbroadcast, and is protected by copyright. The cable retransmission of \n\nbroadcasts therefore requires the authorization of the relevant right \n\nowners. 30. But this does not tell us which are the relevant right owners, nor \n\ndoes it define types of use which may be outside the scope of copyright. The Member States are consequently free to decide which categories of right \n\nowners are to be entitled to authorize or to prohibit the cable \n\nretransmission of a broadcast. It is likewise a matter for the \n\nMember States to determine the view to be taken for copyright purposes of a \n\ncommunal aerial, for example, or of the coverage of a domestic broadcaster. 31. Neither is the proposal intended to harmonize moral rights in relation \n\nto cable retransmission. It does not affect rules in the Member States \n\nallowing a cable retransmission to be interrupted on grounds of \n\ninfringement of moral rights. 32. While the cable retransmission of broadcasts is in future to be \n\ncarried out on a purely contractual basis, account has to be taken of the \n\ndeveloped cable retransmission systems which exist in the Member States and \n\nwhich operate in a satisfactory way. Where on 31 July 1991 a Member State \n\nhas introduced a statutory licensing system covering cable retransmission, \n\n\f- 43 -\n\nthat possibility will remain open until 1998 too. This is equally valid for \n\na situation where the national copyright legislation expressly provides for \n\nthe possibility of the introduction of a statutory licence system by \n\nadministrative regulation. However, there is no need to maintain such \n\nsystems after 1998, when the contractual system envisaged by this proposal \n\nwill have shown its merit of rendering a statutory licence solution \n\nsuperfluous. Article 11 \n\nExercise of the cable retransmission right \n\n33. A cable network operator takes over a primary broadcast without \n\nalteration, and has no say in the composition of the programmes he relays. This means that he is not usually in a position to identify the owners of \n\nrights in particular parts of the programme in advance. In order to \n\nprevent rights in individual programme components from standing in the way \n\nof the cable retransmission operation as a whole, it is proposed that cable \n\nretransmission rights should be exercised centrally by one or more \n\ncollecting societies. The right of each individual right owner to \n\nauthorize or to prohibit cable retransmission could be exercised only \n\nthrough the intermediary of these collecting societies. 34. The obligation to exercise the cable retransmission right only through \n\na collecting society would not affect the questions of ownership and \n\ntransfer of ownership; the obligation to act through a collecting society \n\nwould apply only to the exercise of the cable retransmission right against \n\na cable operator. 35. Lastly, right owners as members of the collecting society would remain \n\nfree to take steps through the society to protect their commercial interest \n\nin seeing their works exploited in an orderly fashion. The collecting \n\nsociety might for example be told to include an escape clause in agreements \n\nauthorizing cable retransmission. Such a clause might provide that the \n\nsociety may oppose the retransmission of a work where this would result in \n\nserious and irreparable damage to the right owner. - 44 -\n\n36. Neither does the obligation to act through a collecting, society mean \n\nthat right owners would be required to Join such a society. A right owner \n\nwho has not transferred the exercise of his rights to a collecting society \n\nwould have a claim for compensation on the society which manages rights of \n\nthe same kind. The claim would be confined to the sum which the right \n\nowner would have received if he had transferred his rights to the society. This implies that as far as this compensation is concerned the right-owner \n\nwho is not a member of the collecting society must be put on the same \n\nfooting as the members of that society. Furthermore, the non-member must \n\nhave the possibility to enforce his claim for equal treatment before the \n\nnational courts. Article 12 \n\nExercise of the cable retransmission right by broadcasting organizations \n\n37. The number of broadcasting organizations can be determined at the time \n\na cable retransmission agreement is concluded, and every cable operator \n\nknows which programmes he is feeding into his network. It is not \n\nnecessary, therefore, to extend the obligation to act through a collecting \n\nsociety to cover broadcasting organizations' own rights and rights assigned \n\nto them. 38. Where a right owner transfers the rights for a primary broadcast and \n\nfor any associated cable retransmission to a broadcasting organization, \n\nthese cable retransmission rights are to be exercised by the broadcasting \n\norganization and not by a collecting society. - 45 -\n\nArticle 13 \n\nGeneral contracts \n\n39. Both cable operators and right owners can have an interest in \n\nregulating authorization for the cable retransmission of one or more \n\nbroadcasts by one or more cable operators in a single general contract. Right owners and cable operators should therefore be encouraged to do so. The parties would conclude such general contracts freely, but any party \n\nseeking such an agreement must himself be prepared to negotiate on a \n\ncollect ive basis. 40. This does not mean that the other side could be required to act \n\ncollectively. It is conceivable, therefore, that negotiations might be \n\nindividual on the one side and collective on the other. A cable operator \n\nmight negotiate with all right owners together, for example, or a \n\ncollecting society might negotiate with all cable operators regarding a \n\nparticular category of rights. Article 14 \n\nMediators \n\n41. Orderly \n\ncable \n\nretransmission \n\nrequires \n\nthat \n\nthe parties be \n\nfundamentally available for negotiations on the acquisition of rights. To \n\nensure that this is so the parties may have recourse to the assistance of \n\nmediators if they encounter an unwillingness to negotiate. The mediators \n\nbody would help with negotiation, and if necessary could submit non-binding \n\namicable proposals. The mediators should be impartial experts to ensure \n\nthat proper account is taken of the interests involved. The details of the \n\nprocedure would remain a matter for the Member States. - 46 -\n\nArticle 15 \n\nPrevention of the abuse of negotiating positions \n\n42. The willingness of the parties to negotiate is also to be promoted by \n\na ban on the abuse of negotiating positions. In general terms, the \n\nexistence of an abuse of a negotiating position should be considered if a \n\nposition taken with regard to an ongoing negotiation can in no way be \n\njustified by the circumstances. There would be such abuse, for example, \n\nwhere one of the parties refused absolutely to enter into negotiation. The \n\nsame would apply where a purported offer was in no way based on rational \n\nelements. In effect, therefore, this ban on the abuse of negotiating \n\npositions constitutes a requirement at least to enter into bona f i de \n\nnegotiation. But it is only an aid to negotiation, and does not force the \n\nparties to reach agreement. A proposal of an improperly high or low level \n\nof consideration would be inadmissible. But the Directive does not give a \n\ndefinition of what constitutes a fair proposal. 43. If no agreement is reached and there has been no abusive conduct, \n\ncable retransmission will not be possible in that particular case. 44. Member States remain free to determine the way in which they will seek \n\nto prevent such abuse. A civil-law remedy or administrative supervision \n\nwould both be conceivable. - 47 -\n\nCHAPTER IV; GENERAL PROVISIONS \n\nArticle 16 \n\nCompet it ion Rules \n\n45. The application of the competition rules of the Community and of the \n\nMember States are not affected by the provisions of the draft \n\ndirective. In particular, the measures to prevent the abuse of \n\nnegotiating positions is intended only to promote the willingness to \n\nnegotiate in a given situation, quite independently from the rules of \n\nconduct imposed by the competition laws in force. Article 17 \n\nCollective administration of rights \n\n46. Regulation of the activities of collecting societies will continue to \n\nbe a matter for the Member States, which must however comply with Community \n\nlaw. This article does not preclude any further harmonization with regard \n\nto the collective administration of rights. - 48 -\n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL DIRECTIVE \n\non the coordination of certain rules concerning copyright \n\nand neighbouring rights applicable to satellite broadcasting \n\nand cable retransmission \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, \n\nand in particular Article 57(2) thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission, \n\nIn cooperation with the European Parliament, \n\nHaving regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee, \n\n(1) Whereas the objectives of the Community as laid down in the Treaty \n\ninclude establishing an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, \n\nfostering closer relations between the States belonging to the \n\nCommunity, and ensuring the economic and social progress of the \n\nCommunity countries by common action to eliminate the barriers which \n\ndivide Europe; \n\n(2) Whereas to that end the Treaty provides for the establishment of a \n\ncommon market and an area without frontiers; whereas this is to \n\ninclude the abolition of obstacles to the free movement of services \n\nand the institution of a system ensuring that competition in the \n\ncommon market is not distorted; whereas to that end the Council may \n\nadopt directives for the coordination of the provisions laid down by \n\nlaw, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning \n\nthe taking up and pursuit of activities as self-employed persons; \n\n\f- 49 -\n\n(3) Whereas broadcasts transmitted across frontiers within the Community, \n\nin particular by satellite and cable, are one of the most important \n\nways of pursuing these Community objectives, which are at the same \n\ntime political, economic, social, cultural and legal; \n\n(4) Whereas the Council has already adopted Directive 89/552/EEC of \n\n3 October 1989 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by \n\nlaw, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning \n\nthe pursuit of television broadcasting activities1, which makes \n\nprovision for the promotion of the distribution and production of \n\nEuropean television programmes and for advertising and sponsorship, \n\nthe protection of minors and the right of reply; \n\n(5) Whereas, however, the achievement of these objectives in respect of \n\ncross-border satellite broadcasting and the cable retransmission of \n\nprogrammes from other Member States is currently still obstructed by a \n\nseries of differences between national rules of copyright and some \n\nuncertainties as to the law; whereas this means that holders of rights \n\nare exposed to the threat of seeing their works exploited without \n\npayment of remuneration or that the individual holders of exclusive \n\nrights in various Member States block the exploitation of their \n\nrights; whereas the legal uncertainty in particular constitutes a \n\ndirect obstacle to the free circulation of programmes within the \n\nCommunity; \n\nOJ No L 298, 17. 10. 1989, p. 23. - 50 -\n\n(6) Whereas a distinction is currently drawn for copyright purposes \n\nbetween broadcasting by direct satellite and broadcasting by \n\ncommunications satellite; whereas since individual reception is \n\npossible and nowadays affordable with both types of satellite, there \n\nis no longer any justification for this differing legal treatment; \n\n(7) Whereas the free broadcasting of programmes is further impeded by the \n\ncurrent legal uncertainty as to whether broadcasting by a satellite \n\nwhose signals can be received directly affects the rights in the \n\ncountry of transmission only, or in all countries of reception \n\ntogether; whereas since communications satellites and direct \n\nsatellites are treated alike for copyright purposes, this legal \n\nuncertainty now affects almost all programmes broadcast in the \n\nCommunity by satellite; \n\n(8) Whereas, furthermore, the legal certainty, which is a prerequisite for \n\nthe free movement of broadcasts within the Community, is missing where \n\nprogrammes transmitted across frontiers are fed into and retransmitted \n\nthrough cable networks; \n\n(9) Whereas the development of the acquisition of rights on a contractual \n\nbasis is already making a vigorous contribution to the creation of the \n\ndesired European audiovisual area; whereas the continuation of such \n\ncontractual agreements should be ensured, and their smooth application \n\nin practice should be promoted wherever possible; \n\n(10) Whereas at present cable-operators in particular cannot be sure to \n\nhave actually acquired all the programme rights covered by such an \n\nagreement ; \n\n(11) Whereas, lastly, parties in different Member States are not all \n\nsimilarly bound by obligations which prevent them from improperly \n\nrefusing to negotiate on the acquisition of the rights necessary for \n\ncable distribution or improperly allowing such negotiations to fail; \n\n(12) Whereas the legal framework for the creation of a single audiovisual \n\narea laid down in Directive 89/552/EEC must therefore be supplemented \n\nwith reference to copyright; \n\n\f- 51 -\n\n(13) Whereas, therefore, an end should be put to the differences of \n\ntreatment of the transmission of programmes by communications \n\nsatellite which exists in the Member States, so that the vital \n\ndistinction throughout the Community becomes whether protected works \n\nand other protected matter are communicated to the public; whereas \n\nthis will also ensure equal treatment of the suppliers of cross-border \n\nbroadcasts, regardless of whether they use a direct broadcasting \n\nsatellite or communications satellite; \n\n(14) Whereas the legal uncertainty regarding the rights to be acquired \n\nwhich impedes cross-border satellite broadcasting will be overcome by \n\ndefining the notion of communication to the public by satellite at a \n\nCommunity level; whereas this definition will at the same time \n\nspecify where the act of communication takes place; whereas such a \n\ndefinition is necessary to avoid the cumulative application of several \n\nnational laws to one single act of broadcasting; whereas communication \n\nto the public occurs only when and in the Member State where a \n\nbroadcasting organization takes a single decision on the content and \n\nthe transmission of programme-carrying signals; whereas there is no \n\ncommunication if the chain of broadcasting equipment between the point \n\nwhere such single decision is taken and the transmission of the \n\nrelevant signals from the satellite is interrupted; \n\n(15) Whereas in arriving at the amount of the payment to be made for the \n\nrights acquired the parties should take account of the actual or \n\npotential audience throughout the area in which the broadcast can be \n\nreceived; \n\n(16) Whereas a special transitional provision applicable to existing \n\nagreements should be provided for so that at the latest by 1998 these \n\nagreements will be adapted in the light of the new legal framework; \n\n\f- 52 -\n\n(17) Whereas programmes broadcast from non-member countries to the \n\nterritory of the Community will be outside the scope of this \n\nDirective; whereas they may be treated differently in the law of the \n\nMember States from programmes transmitted from a Member State if the \n\nprotection provided for by this Directive is not granted in the non-\n\nmember country or only granted to a lesser extent; \n\n(18) Whereas the arrangements made should also include provisions for the \n\nprotection of holders of copyrights and neighbouring rights; whereas \n\nit is necessary to ensure that protection for specific categories is \n\naccorded in all Member States to the extent provided for by this \n\nDirective and that this protection is not subject to a statutory \n\nlicence system; whereas only in this way is it possible to ensure that \n\nany difference in the level of protection within the common market \n\nwill not create distortions of competition which might result in an \n\nunjustified disadvantage for programme suppliers and holders of rights \n\nin Member States with a high level of protection; \n\n(19) Whereas the minimum protection provided for neighbouring rights is \n\nmainly taken from the substance of the Rome Convention of the \n\nProtection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting \n\nOrganizations which at present must be considered to provide the most \n\ncomprehensive standard of protection of neighbouring rights in the \n\ninternational field-, whereas this standard has been accepted by the \n\nmajority of Member States-, whereas, however, in accordance with the \n\naims of this Directive, it is not appropriate to allow for derogations \n\ncorresponding to those provided for in the Rome Convention; \n\n(20) Whereas the cable retransmission of programmes from other Member \n\nStates is an act subject to copyright and neighbouring rights; whereas \n\nthe cable operator must therefore obtain the authorization from every \n\nholder of rights in each part of the programme retransmitted; whereas, \n\nunder \n\nthis Directive, the authorizations should be granted \n\ncontractually unless an exception is provided for in the case of \n\nexisting legal licence schemes-, \n\n\f- 53 -\n\n(21) Whereas, this Directive, through the obligation to have recourse to a \n\ncollecting society, provides for the exclusive collective exercise of \n\nthe authorization right to the extent that this is required by the \n\nspecial features of cable retransmission; whereas this Directive is \n\nthereby seeking to ensure that the smooth operation of contractual \n\narrangements is not called into question by the intervention of \n\noutsiders holding rights in individual parts of the programme; whereas \n\nthe authorization right as such remains intact and only the exercise \n\nof this right is regulated to some extent, so that the right to \n\nauthorize a cable retransmission can still be assigned; whereas this \n\nDirective does not affect the exercise of moral rights-, \n\n(22) Whereas contractual agreements regarding the authorization of cable \n\nretransmission shall be promoted by additional measures; whereas, to \n\nbegin with, all the rights necessary for a cable retransmission should \n\nbe acquired in the form of a general contract; whereas, furthermore, \n\nany party shall be entitled, at any moment, to call upon the \n\nassistance of impartial mediators whose task it is to assist \n\nnegotiations and to put forward non-binding proposals; whereas, \n\nfinally, it is necessary to ensure that the negotiations are not \n\nimproperly blocked or that individual holders of rights are not \n\nimproperly prevented from taking part in the negotiations; whereas \n\nnone of these measures for the promotion of the acquisition of rights \n\ncalls into question the contractual nature of the acquisition of cable \n\nrights; \n\n(23) Whereas, however, Community rules are not needed to deal with all of \n\nthose matters whose effects, perhaps with some commercially \n\ninsignificant exceptions, are felt only inside the borders of a single \n\nMember State; \n\n(24) Whereas this Directive lays down the minimum rules needed to establish \n\nand guarantee free and uninterrupted cross-border broadcasting by \n\nsatellite and simultaneous, unaltered cable retransmission of \n\nprogrammes broadcast from other Member States, on what is essentially \n\na contractual basis; \n\n\f- 54 -\n\n(25) Whereas this Directive does not prejudice further harmonization in the \n\nfield of copyright and neighbouring rights and the collective \n\nadministration of such rights; \n\n(26) Whereas it is therefore a matter for the Member States to supplement \n\nthe general provisions needed to achieve the objectives of this \n\nDirective by taking legislative and administrative measures in their \n\ndomestic law, provided these do not run counter to the objectives of \n\nthis Directive and are compatible with Community law; whereas, in \n\nparticular, Member States are accordingly free to lay down rules for \n\nthe protection of rights related to copyright which go beyond those \n\nprovided for in this Directive; \n\n(27) Whereas this Directive does not affect the applicability of the \n\ncompetition rules in Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty, \n\nHAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: \n\nCHAPTER I: DEFINITIONS \n\nArticle 1 \n\nFor the purpose of this Directive: \n\na) \n\n\"satellite\" means any satellite operating either on frequencies which \n\nunder telecommunications law allow reception by the public (a \n\nbroadcasting satellite) or on frequencies which are reserved for \n\nclosed, point-to-point communication (a communications satellite). In \n\nthe latter case, however, the circumstances in which individual \n\nreception of the signals takes place must be comparable to those which \n\napply in the case of broadcasting satellites; \n\n\f55 -\n\nb) \n\n\"communication to the public by satellite\" inside the Community means \n\nthe act of taking a single decision on the content and the \n\ntransmission by satellite of programme-carrying signals by the \n\nbroadcaster. This act of communication to the public by satellite \n\noccurs in the Member State where the broadcaster takes the single \n\ndecision on the content and the transmission by satellite of \n\nprogramme-carrying signals. If the programme-carrying signals are \n\nencrypted, communication to the public by satellite means the act of \n\ntaking a single decision on the content and the transmission of the \n\nprogramme carrying signals under the condition that decoders are \n\nprovided to the public by the broadcaster himself or with his \n\napproval. There is no communication to the public by satellite, \n\nhowever, if there is any interruption of the chain of broadcasting \n\nequipment between the point where a single decision is taken and the \n\ntransmission of the relevant signals from the satellite; \n\nc) \n\n\"cable retransmission\" means the simultaneous, unaltered and \n\nunabridged retransmission of a broadcast from another Member State by \n\na cable or microwave system for reception by the public; \n\nd) \n\n\"broadcasting\" means the initial transmission, by wire or over the \n\nair, including that by satellite, of television or radio programmes \n\nintended for reception by the public-, \n\ne) \n\n\"collecting society\" means an organization whose members have \n\nappointed it to manage copyright or related rights. CHAPTER II: BROADCASTING OF PROGRAMMES BY SATELLITE \n\nArticle 2: Broadcasting right \n\nMember States shall provide a right for the author to authorize or to \n\nprohibit the communication to the public by satellite of copyright works, \n\nsubject to the provisions set out in this Chapter. - 56 -\n\nArticle 3: Acquisition of broadcasting rights \n\n(1) Member States shall ensure that the right referred to in Article 2 may \n\nbe acquired only by agreement. (2) Where, on 31 July 1991, it is provided by a Member State that an \n\nagreement between a collecting society and a broadcasting organization \n\nmay be extended to include holders of rights not represented by the \n\ncollecting society, this shall continue to be \n\npossible until \n\n31 December 1997. (3) Paragraph 2 shall not apply to cinematographic works, including works \n\ncreated by a process analogous to cinematography. Article 4: Performers \n\nMember States shall provide that performers shall enjoy the right: \n\n- to authorize or prohibit the communication to the public by \n\nsatellite of their performance except where the performance used \n\nin the broadcasting is itself already a broadcast performance or \n\nis made from a fixation-, \n\n- to authorize or prohibit the fixation of their unfixed \n\nperformances; \n\n- to authorize or prohibit the reproduction of a fixation of their \n\nperformance. - 57 -\n\nArticle 5: Remuneration for the use of phonograms \n\nMember States shall provide that if a phonogram published for commercial \n\npurposes, or a reproduction of such phonogram, is used directly for a \n\ncommunication to the public by satellite, a single equitable remuneration \n\nshall be paid to the performers, or to the producers of the phonograms, or \n\nto both. Article 6: Broadcasting organizations \n\nMember States shall provide that broadcasting organizations shall enjoy the \n\nright to authorize or prohibit: \n\nthe simultaneous retransmission of their broadcasts by satellite; \n\nthe fixation of their broadcasts; \n\nthe reproduction of fixations of their broadcasts. Article 7: Limitations on rights \n\n(1) Member States may provide for limitations to the protection guaranteed \n\nby Articles 4, 5 and 6 only as regards: \n\n- pr ivate use-, \n\n- use of short excerpts in connection with the reporting of \n\ncurrent events; \n\n- ephemeral fixation by a broadcasting organization by means of \n\nits own facilities and for its own broadcasts; \n\n- use solely for purposes of teaching or scientific research. - 58 -\n\n(2) Notwithstanding paragraph 1 of this Article, any Member State may \n\nprovide for the same kinds of limitation with regard to the protection \n\nof performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations \n\nas it provides for in its legislation concerning the protection of \n\ncopyright \n\nin literary and artistic works. However, compulsory \n\nlicences may be provided for only to the extent to which they are \n\ncompatible with the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, \n\nProducers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations. Article 8: Minimum protection \n\n(1) Member States may provide for more far-reaching protection for \n\nauthors, and holders of neighbouring rights under their jurisdiction \n\nthan that required by Articles 2 to 6. (2) In applying paragraph 1 Member States shall observe the definitions \n\ncontained in points (a) and (b) of Article 1. Article 9: Transitional provision \n\nAgreements concerning the exploitation of protected works and services, in \n\nforce on 1 January 1995, shall not be subject to Articles 2 to 8 until \n\n31 December 1997 if they expire after that date. - 59 -\n\nCHAPTER M l: CABLE RETRANSMISSION \n\nArticle 10; Cable retransmission right \n\n(1) Member States shall \n\nensure that when programmes from other \n\nMember States are retransmitted by cable in their territory the \n\napplicable copyright and neighbouring rights are observed, and that \n\nsuch retransmission takes place on the basis of agreements between \n\ncopyright owners, holders of neighbouring rights and cable operators. (2) Notwithstanding \n\nparagraph 1, Member States \n\nmay \n\nretain \n\nuntil \n\n31 December 1997 such statutory licence systems that are in operation \n\nor expressly provided for by the national law on 31 July 1991. Article 11: Exercise of the cable retransmission right \n\n(1) Member States shall ensure that the right of copyright owners and \n\nholders of neighbouring rights to authorize or prohibit the cable \n\nretransmission of a broadcast may be exercised only through a \n\ncollect ing society. (2) A holder of a right who has not transferred the management of his \n\nrights to a collecting society shall have a claim to compensation on \n\nthe collecting society which manages rights of the same category. His \n\nclaim shall be confined to the sum which he would have received if he \n\nhad mandated the collecting society to exercise his rights. Article 12: Exercise of the cable retransmission right by broadcasting \n\norganizations \n\nArticle 11 shall not apply to the rights exercised by a broadcasting \n\norganization in respect of its own transmissions. - 60 -\n\nArticle 13: General contracts \n\nMember States shall ensure that a party seeking the conclusion of a general \n\ncontract is for its part obliged to submit collective proposals for an \n\nagreement. Article 14: Mediators \n\n(1) Where no agreement is concluded regarding authorization of the cable \n\nretransmission of a broadcast, Member States shall ensure that either \n\nparty may call upon the assistance of one or several mediators \n\nreferred to in paragraphs 2 and 3. (2) The mediators shall have the task of providing assistance with \n\nnegotiation. They may also submit non-binding recommendations to the \n\nparties. (3) Member States shall ensure that the mediators are so selected that \n\ntheir impartiality is beyond doubt. Article 15; Prevention of the abuse of negotiating positions \n\nMember States shall ensure that the parties do not improperly prevent \n\nnegotiation regarding authorization for cable retransmission. - 61 -\n\nCHAPTER IV: GENERAL PROVISIONS \n\nArticle 16: Competition rules \n\nThis Directive shall be without prejudice to the Community competition \n\nrules. Article 17: Collective administration of rights \n\nThe regulation of the activities of collecting societies shall be a matter \n\nfor the Member States. Article 18: Final provisions \n\n1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and \n\nadministrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by \n\n1 January 1995. They shall immediately inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt these provisions, these shall contain a reference \n\nto this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference at the time of \n\ntheir official publication. The procedure for such reference shall be \n\nadopted by Member States. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the provisions of \n\nnational law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 19 \n\nThis Directive is addressed to the Member States. Done at Brussels, \n\nFor the Council \nThe President \n\n\f- 62 -\n\nNOTE ON THE FINANCIAL IMPACT \n\nThe present proposal does not have budgetary consequences \n\nfor the Community. - 63 -\n\nNOTE ON THE EFFECT ON C O M P E T I T I V E N E SS AND EMPLOYMENT \n\nI. What Is the main Justification for the measure? \n\nestablishment of the Internal market; \n\ndefinition of common rules of the game for a European \n\naudovisual area; \n\nstrengthening of the position of European culture by the \n\nprovision of remuneration to those Involved In the \n\nproduction and dissemination of protected w o r k s; \n\nI I. C h a r a c t e r i s t i cs of the enterprises concerned \n\nThe proposal affects firms of all d e s c r i p t i o n s. Film \n\np r o d u c e r s, phonogram p r o d u c e r s, satellite b r o a d c a s t e rs and \n\ncable o p e r a t o rs vary from m u l t i n a t i o n a ls to medium size \n\nnational c o m p a n i e s. Authors and performers normally conduct \n\nbusiness as private Individuals or as small c o m p a n i e s. III. What o b l i g a t i o ns are Imposed directly on e n t e r p r i s e s? \n\nSatellite broadcasting o r g a n i z a t i o ns and cable o p e r a t o rs \n\nwhich broadcast or retransmit protected works will have to \n\nrespect the rights of a u t h o r s, of p e r f o r m e rs and of \n\np r o d u c e rs of film works and phonograms to allow the use of \n\ntheir w o r k s. The participants of n e g o t i a t i o ns concerning \n\ncable r e t r a n s m i s s i on rights will have to accept the \n\n\f- 64 -\n\nIntervention of one or more mediators and may not \n\nunreasonably refuse negotiations. IV. What obligations may be Imposed Indirectly on \n\nenterprises by local authorities? \n\nNone \n\nV. Are there any special measures for SMEs? \n\nNo \n\nVI. What foreseeable effects are there? \n\n(a) on the competitiveness of enterprises? \n\nRightholders will benefit from the direct effect of \n\nreceiving remuneration for the broadcasting by satellite or \n\nthe retransmission of their works. The directive will \n\nenhance their competitiveness by establishing the country of \n\norigin principle for authorization of satellite \n\nbroadcast ing. Film right owners, in particular, which have acquired the \n\nrelevant rights of use In one Member State will be given \n\nlegal security to be able to exploit these rights by \n\nsatellite broadcasting In competition with rightholders In \n\nother Member States. This will lead to a more competitive \n\nenvironment favourable to the strengthening of a single \n\nEuropean audiovisual area. The competitiveness of broadcasters and cable-operators will \n\nbe increased by the enhanced legal security with regard to \n\nthe applicable rules on copyright and neighbouring rights. - 6*3 -\n\n( b) \n\non e m p l o y m e nt \n\nT he e s t a b l i s h m e nt of c o m m on r u l es of the g a me for all \n\ne c o n o m ic o p e r a t o rs i m p l i ed in a s a t e l l i te b r o a d c a st or a \n\nc a b le r e t r a n s m i s s i on will p r o m o te the p r o d u c t i on and \n\nd i s t r i b u t i on of b r o a d c a st p r o g r a m m es and s h o u ld t h e r e f o re \n\nh a ve a p o s i t i ve impact on e m p l o y m e n t. V I I. W h at c o n s u l t a t i o ns h a ve t h e re b e en on t h is p r o p o s a l? \n\nA d i s c u s s i on p a p er on \" B r o a d c a s t i ng and C o p y r i g ht In the \n\nI n t e r n al M a r k e t\" on c o p y r i g ht q u e s t i o ns c o n c e r n i ng c a b le and \n\ns a t e l l i te b r o a d c a s ts w as p u b l i s h ed In N o v e m b er 1 9 9 0. All \n\nI n t e r e s t ed c i r c l es ( a u t h o r s, p e r f o r m e r s, b r o a d c a s t e r s, \n\np h o n o g r am p r o d u c e r s, film p r o d u c e r s, c a b l e - o p e r a t o r s) w e re \n\ni n v i t ed to p a r t i c i p a te In a w r i t t en c o n s u l t a t i on p r o c e d u re \n\nIn D e c e m b er 1 9 90 and J a n u a ry 1 9 9 1. A h e a r i ng on the \n\nd i s c u s s i on p a p er w as h e ld on 5 F e b r u a ry 1991 In B r u s s e l s. P r o f e s s i o n a ls a g r e ed on the n e c e s s i ty for C o m m u n i ty a c t i on \n\nin t h is f i e l d. - G(, \n\nISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 276 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n15 08 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-384-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75616-0 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \nL 2985 Luxembourg"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8bee844b-b20f-4efc-8d0e-a517dfe23f2d", "title": "LEGISLATIVE RESOLUTION embodying the opinion of the European Parliament on the Commission proposal for a Council regulation concerning the establishment of a reinsurance pool for export credits to Central and Eastern European countries", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on External Economic Relations,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-10", "subjects": "Central and Eastern Europe,credit guarantee,credit insurance,export (EU),export credit,investment protection,reinsurance", "workIds": "celex:51991AP0222(01)", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Central and Eastern Europe", "credit guarantee", "credit insurance", "export (EU)", "export credit", "investment protection", "reinsurance"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8bee844b-b20f-4efc-8d0e-a517dfe23f2d", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/018e9a40-8423-4c28-b9b7-54766b38bbb4", "title": "RESOLUTION on industrial and infrastructure investments in Poland", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on External Economic Relations,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-10", "subjects": "Poland,debt reduction,democratisation,development aid,environmental protection,external debt,industrial development,investment,miscellaneous industries,modernisation of industry,own resources,pollution,standardisation", "workIds": "celex:51991IP0115", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Poland", "debt reduction", "democratisation", "development aid", "environmental protection", "external debt", "industrial development", "investment", "miscellaneous industries", "modernisation of industry", "own resources", "pollution", "standardisation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/018e9a40-8423-4c28-b9b7-54766b38bbb4", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/0516edcc-2654-4ed5-869d-837b877a368c", "title": "RESOLUTION on the establishment of a European Law Academy", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Legal Affairs,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-10", "subjects": "Court of Justice of the European Union,EU law,application of EU law,higher education,postgraduate education", "workIds": "celex:51991IP0198", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Court of Justice of the European Union", "EU law", "application of EU law", "higher education", "postgraduate education"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/0516edcc-2654-4ed5-869d-837b877a368c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/cc2b8f74-c320-4d88-82f7-2d4784bddd06", "title": "Decision No 1/91 of the EEC-Austria Joint Committee of 10 September 1991 supplementing and amending, in the framework of the Joint Declaration concerning the review of the changes to the origin rules as a result of the introduction of the harmonized system, Annex III to Protocol No 3 concerning the definition of the concept of originating products and methods of administrative cooperation", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_body_agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "EEC\u2013Austria Joint Committee", "date": "1991-09-10", "subjects": "Austria,agreement (EU),originating product", "workIds": "celex:21991D1112(07),oj:JOL_1991_311_R_0011_020", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Austria", "agreement (EU)", "originating product"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/cc2b8f74-c320-4d88-82f7-2d4784bddd06", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e2d30ff1-1f4a-45c7-a2c2-4633ab28b85f", "title": "LEGISLATIVE RESOLUTION embodying the opinion of the European Parliament on the Commission proposal for a Council regulation on financial and technical assistance to and economic cooperation with the developing countries in Asia and Latin America", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Development,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-10", "subjects": "Asia,Latin America,developing countries,economic aid,economic cooperation,financial aid,technical cooperation", "workIds": "celex:51991AP0218", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Asia", "Latin America", "developing countries", "economic aid", "economic cooperation", "financial aid", "technical cooperation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e2d30ff1-1f4a-45c7-a2c2-4633ab28b85f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1e0c4ce6-5563-4af6-aee0-ee73b00f739f", "title": "RESOLUTION on Palestinian exports from the Occupied Territories to the European Community", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on External Economic Relations,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-10", "subjects": "Israel,Palestine question,occupied territory,trading operation,water supply", "workIds": "celex:51991IP0207", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Israel", "Palestine question", "occupied territory", "trading operation", "water supply"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1e0c4ce6-5563-4af6-aee0-ee73b00f739f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/83b82d11-af34-4388-a091-c957f1fae55e", "title": "RESOLUTION on cultural relations between the European Community and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Culture and Education,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-10", "subjects": "Central and Eastern Europe,EU relations,architectural heritage,arts,cultural cooperation,cultural heritage,database,economic aid,foundation,revision of the Treaty (EU),vocational training", "workIds": "celex:51991IP0201", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Central and Eastern Europe", "EU relations", "architectural heritage", "arts", "cultural cooperation", "cultural heritage", "database", "economic aid", "foundation", "revision of the Treaty (EU)", "vocational training"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/83b82d11-af34-4388-a091-c957f1fae55e", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/77f200a1-0e0b-4255-af43-eb18e39d7ee6", "title": "RESOLUTION on scientific and technological cooperation with countries and organisations outside Europe", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Industry, Research and Energy,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-10", "subjects": "European Parliament,cooperation agreement,developing countries,development aid,human rights,interinstitutional relations,powers of parliament,scientific cooperation,technical cooperation,terms for aid,third country,trade agreement", "workIds": "celex:51991IP0206", "eurovoc_concepts": ["European Parliament", "cooperation agreement", "developing countries", "development aid", "human rights", "interinstitutional relations", "powers of parliament", "scientific cooperation", "technical cooperation", "terms for aid", "third country", "trade agreement"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/77f200a1-0e0b-4255-af43-eb18e39d7ee6", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4c125955-d07d-4cdf-bf97-073a537d2980", "title": "91/487/EEC: Commission Decision of 9 September 1991 amending Decision 89/15/EEC on the importations of live animals and fresh meat from certain third countries", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-09", "subjects": "fresh meat,health control,import,live animal,third country", "workIds": "celex:31991D0487,oj:JOL_1991_260_R_0015_019", "eurovoc_concepts": ["fresh meat", "health control", "import", "live animal", "third country"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4c125955-d07d-4cdf-bf97-073a537d2980", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/818da238-22b1-4cc7-b494-97f1199c23ef", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2675/91 of 9 September 1991 correcting Regulation (EEC) No 1157/91 amending Regulation (EEC) No 570/88 on the sale of butter at reduced prices and the granting of aid for butter and concentrated butter for use in the manufacture of pastry products, ice-cream and other foodstuffs and amending Regulation (EEC) No 569/88", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-09", "subjects": "butter,discount sale,farm price support,food processing", "workIds": "celex:31991R2675,oj:JOL_1991_253_R_0013_020", "eurovoc_concepts": ["butter", "discount sale", "farm price support", "food processing"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/818da238-22b1-4cc7-b494-97f1199c23ef", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8e311cf8-b79e-4d6a-874f-605fa270feaf", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) COLLECTING DEFINITIVELY THE PROVISIONAL COUNTERVAILING DUTY ON IMPORTS OF POLYESTER FIBRES AND POLYESTER YARNS ORIGINATING IN TURKEY", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_regulation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-09", "subjects": "T\u00fcrkiye,anti-dumping duty,dumping,man-made fibre,originating product", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0334,comnat:COM_1991_0334_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["T\u00fcrkiye", "anti-dumping duty", "dumping", "man-made fibre", "originating product"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8e311cf8-b79e-4d6a-874f-605fa270feaf", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 334 final \n\nBrussels, 9 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) \n\ncollecting definitively the provisional countervailing duty \n\non Imports of polyester fibres and polyester \n\nyarns originating In Turkey \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\n\fEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\n1. Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1432/91 Imposed a provisional \n\ncountervailing duty on Imports of polyester fibres and polyester yarns \n\noriginating In Turkey. 2. The Government of Turkey has offered an undertaking which the \n\nCommission considered acceptable. 3. Examination of the facts finally established has shown that imports of \n\nthe subsidized Turkish products have caused material Injury to the \n\nCommunity industry. 4. Accordingly, pursuant to Article 12 (2) of Council Regulation (EEC) \n\nNo 2423/88, the Commission Is putting before the Council a draft \n\nRegulation collecting definitively the provisional countervailing duty \n\nimposed on the above-mentioned products at the level of the net \n\ncountervailing duty established. 5. The Advisory Committee has been consulted on this proposal and no \n\nnegative comments have been received. - 1 -\n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No. /91 \n\nOf \n\n1991 \n\ncollecting definitively the provisional countervailing duty \n\non imports of polyester fibres and polyester \n\nyarns originating In Turkey \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, \n\nHaving regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2423/88 of 11 July 1988 on \n\nprotection against dumped or subsidized imports from countries not \n\nmembers of the European Economic Commun Ity<1), and in particular Article \n\n12 thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the Additional Protocol<2) to the Agreement \n\nestablishing an Association between the European Economic Community and \n\nTurkey, and In particular Article 46 thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal submitted by the Commission after \n\nconsultation within the Advisory Committee as provided for under the \n\nabove R\u00e9gul\u00e2t Ion, \n\n(1) OJ No L209, 2. 8. 1988, p. 1 \n(2) OJ No L 293, 29. 12. 1972, p. 4. - 2 -\n\nWhereas : \n\nA. PROVISIONAL MEASURES AND SUBSEQUENT PROCEDURE \n\n1. The Commission, by Regulation (EEC) No 1432/91<2> (hereinafter \n\nreferred to as the Commission Regulation) Imposed a provisional \n\ncountervailing duty on Imports of polyester fibres and polyester \n\nyarns originating In Turkey. 2. Following the Imposition of the provisional countervailing duty, the \n\nTurkish Government, three exporters and one importer made written \n\nsubmissions making known their views on the findings. The Turkish \n\nGovernment and one exporter who so requested were granted an \n\nopportunity to be heard by the Commission. 3. The oral and written submissions and comments of the parties were \n\nconsidered and, where appropriate, the Commission's findings were \n\nmodified to take account of them. B. LENGTH OF PROCEEDING \n\n4. The initiation of this proceeding was announced in a notice published \n\nin the Official Journal of 09. 02. 89. The Investigation of subsidies \n\ncovered the period 1 July 1987 to 31 December 1988. The investigation \n\nexceeded the normal time period because of the volume and complexity \n\nof the data initially gathered and examined. (2) OJ No L137, 31. 5. 91, p. 8 \n\n\f- 3 -\n\nThe Turkish Government and one Turkish exporter argued that the \n\nCommission has exceeded a reasonable period to finalize this \n\nproceeding and that some data was therefore out of date. In this regard the Council has noted that for a considerable period \n\nof time before the imposition of countervailing duties, the \n\nCommission had, in vain, discussed with the Turkish authorities the \n\npossibility of an undertaking. The Council confirmed the explanation of the Commission as outlined \n\nIn Recital 6 of the Commission Regulation. C. SUBSIDIZATION \n\n5. The Council considered in this specific case whether it would be \n\nappropriate to countervail subsidy schemes which were abolished after \n\nthe Investigation period. The Council, taking Into account evidence supplied by the Turkish \n\nGovernment and being convinced that no further benefits will accrue \n\nafter the abolition of these subsidy schemes and In the understanding \n\nof the non re-introductIon of these subsidies, considered it \n\nunnecessary to Impose countervailing duties against such schemes. Specific schemes \n\n6. The Commission Identified eleven subsidy schemes, of which a number \n\nwere considered counterva 11 able. Specific arguments were made on the following schemes by the Turkish \n\nGovernment and the Turkish exporters. - 4 -\n\nCorporate tax exemption \n\n7. The Turkish Government and one Turkish exporter did not challenge the \n\nfact that this subsidy is contingent upon export performance, but \n\ncontested the basis on which the Commission had calculated the level \n\nof counterva I lab 11Ity of this scheme. The Turkish Government \n\nproposed to use as a basis the exemption rate (14 %) which will apply \n\nto export earnings In 1992, but will not come Into effect until 1993. The corporate tax exemption scheme exempted from corporate taxation \n\n20% of the export earnings of manufacturing companies In 1989 and 18% \n\nof export earnings In 1990. This percentage has been lowered to 16 X \n\nIn 1991, but It will not come Into effect until 1992. The Turkish \n\nGovernment has further reduced the exemption rate to 14 X of export \n\nearnings In 1992, which will come Into effect in 1993. The Commission \n\nconsidered that, as the present cost to the Turkish Government and \n\nthe benefit to the companies concerned was based on the companies \n\n1990 export earnings, the 18X exemption rate which is applicable In \n\n1991, \n\nshould form the basis for calculating the level of \n\ncounterval IablIIty of this scheme. It would not be justified at this \n\nstage to anticipate a further reduction In the cost and benefit of \n\nthis scheme in future years. The Council confirmed this finding. Low Interest credit for Investment purposes \n\n8. The Turkish Government and one Turkish exporter have stated that this \n\nscheme was abolished In January 1990. As adequate proof was given \n\nand considered acceptable by the Council, this scheme was considered \n\nto be no longer countervail able. Incentive premium \n\n9. The Turkish Government and one exporter have stated that this scheme \n\nwas abolished in November 1989. Leaving aside the fact that the \n\nCommission had not been informed of this fact when Imposing \n\nprovisional countervailing duties, the actual benefit accruing to the \n\n\f- 5 -\n\ncompanies which availed of this scheme was negligible and therefore \n\ndid not and will not have any effect on the duties. The Council did \n\nnot take Into account the benefits of this scheme. Investment Incentive a Ilowance \n\n10 The Turkish Government and one Turkish exporter alleged that the \n\nCommission used for this scheme, as well as for the customs \n\nexemption, a depreciation period which was not representative of the \n\nnormal depreciation period in Turkey. They claimed that the normal \n\ndepreciation period in Turkey is from 8 to 10 years, with companies \n\nfree to choose their own period. 11 In this respect the Commission based its findings on Information \n\nobtained during the verification visits which showed the normal \n\ndepreciation period in the industry concerned to be four years. 12 In addition, one Turkish exporter noted that if the benefit from this \n\nscheme was calculated on the basis of polyester fibre and yarn \n\nInvestments only, rather than on all Investments, a lower subsidy \n\namount would accrue to them. The exporter was unable to quantify \n\nsatisfactorily the amount of subsidy relating solely to Investments \n\nin polyester fibre and yarns and therefore the Commission's \n\ncalculations have been based on the only reliable evidence provided \n\nby the company concerned, I. e. on all Its investments benefiting from \n\nthis scheme. In these circumstances, the Council confirmed all methods of the \n\nCommission's basis of calculating the countervaiI able amount of \n\nsubsidy for this scheme. customs exemption \n\n13 The Turkish Government and one Turkish exporter have stated that the \n\ncustoms duty rate on which exemption is claimed was reduced from 30 X \n\nto 5 X in November 1989. Satisfactory evidence has been provided to \n\nthat effect. The Council has taken account of this fact In \n\ncalculating the countervaiI able amount of this subsidy. Other schemes \n\n14 The Council confirmed the Commission's findings not to take measures \n\nagainst the Resource Utilisation Support Fund (Recital 9 of \n\nCommission Regulation), the Rebate of Indirect Taxes (Recitals 10 and \n\n11), because these two schemes ended before the end of the \n\nInvestigation period; against the Support and Price Stabilisation \n\nFund (Recital 17) because the products Involved are not eligible for \n\npayments from this Fund and against the Low Interest Credit for \n\nOperational Phase (Recital 29), because its benefits were negligible. p. SPECIFICITY \n\n15 The Turkish Government and one Turkish exporter have further advanced \n\nthe argument that domestic subsidies can only be countervaiI able if \n\nthey have been provided in a specific manner to the benefiting \n\nindustry. The Turkish Government claimed the domestic subsidies \n\nwhich the Commission has found countervaiI able are, however all \n\ngranted under generally available incentive schemes. 16 The Council noted the way domestic subsidies are granted in Turkey. A company must obtain an Incentive certificate from the State \n\nPlanning Organisation (S. P. O. ). To assist this decision, the S. P. O. has established a list of non-eligible Industries for domestic \n\nIncentive schemes. In addition the S. P. O. carries out on a case-by-\n\ncase basis, an analysis of each investment application which Is \n\nnormally accompanied by a so-called feasibility study, and decides \n\nsubsequently whether and if a company obtains one or any of the \n\nsubsidies under the domestic schemes described. Under these circumstances, there is every reason to believe that the \n\nallocation of the subsidies In question was not carried out In \n\naccordance with neutral and objective criteria. The Commission requested the Turkish authorities to submit conclusive \n\nevidence as to the general availability of the subsidies In question, \n\nwhich however was not supplied. - 7 -\n\nUnder these circumstances, the Council shares the Commission's \n\nconviction that the Turkish system does not entitle the applying \n\ncompanies to obtain automatically the subsidies they claim once the \n\ncrIter la are met. 17 The consequence of these arguments is that the Council cannot accept \n\nthe allegations that these schemes are generally available. Consequently the Council considered these schemes to be specifically \n\ngranted. 18 In addition, even those domestic subsidies which were allocated \n\naccording to the state of development of the region In which the \n\nbenefiting company was located, were found to have been granted \n\nspecifically and In all cases, In the most developed regions of \n\nTurkey. 19 Therefore it was clear that there was no effective general \n\navailability of these subsidies between companies, nor between \n\nregions where differing eligible percentages have been established \n\naccording to the state of development of the region. The Council \n\nconsidered them countervaiI able. E. TOTAL AMOUNT OF SUBSIDIES \n\n20 The total amounts of countervaiI able subsidies determined by the \n\nCouncil are as follows : \n\nSASA \n\n9. 99 X \n\nSONMEZ FILAMENT \n\n9. 13 X \n\nSONMEZ ASF \n\nSI FAS \n\nPOLYLEN \n\nPOLYTEKS \n\n9. 35 X \n\n9. 39 X \n\n8. 79 X \n\n10. 16 X \n\nThe Individual amounts of countervaiI able subsidies found by scheme \n\nhave been notified to each of the companies concerned. For reasons of \n\nconfidentiality they are not published here. - 8 -\n\nF. INJURY \n\n21 In Its provisional Regulation, the Commission found that four \n\nproducts were concerned by these proceedings and that the Community \n\nIndustry was manufacturing like products. As far as the assessment \n\nof the effect of the subsidized imports was concerned, it was however \n\nargued that the polyester fibres and yarns exported by the Turkish \n\ncompanies and those of the Community producers were not similar \n\nproducts since they were of different qualities. These Imports could, \n\ntherefore, not have caused material Injury on the Community \n\nproduction of like products. The Commission did not accept these \n\narguments in its Regulation since these differences In quality \n\nbetween Turkish and Community products, if any, were so minor, that \n\nno clear product distinction between them could be made. This \n\nconclusion was further supported by the similarity of the end uses of \n\nthese products. 22 The Council confirmed that in this case the basic physical \n\ncharacteristics of the exported and Community-produced products and \n\ntheir uses were Identical. In addition, the end users are the same \n\nand the only decisive element of distinction between the imported and \n\nthe Community-produced products are the prices. These prices are, \n\nhowever, largely Influenced by the subsidization by the Turkish \n\nGovernment. In these circumstances, there Is no clear and decisive \n\nelement of distinction between these products. 23 The Council confirms therefore the Commission findings that the \n\nCommunity production has to be considered as like to the Imported \n\nsubsidized products. 24 In Its provisional findings, the Commission concluded that the \n\nCommunity fibres and yarn Industry had experienced material Injury \n\ndue to the subsidized imports from Turkey. - 9 -\n\n25 These Injury findings were based mainly on the following facts : \n\nAs far as the volume of the subsidized Imports was concerned, the \n\nCommission established In Its Regulation that Imports of yarn \n\nIncreased from 233 T in 1984 to 13. 315 T In 1988; an increase in \n\nmarket share from 0 X to 5 X, and that that of fibres fluctuated \n\naround 4 X and was 3. 3 X In 1988. In this respect, it has to be \n\nrecalled that in June 1988, provisional antidumping duties were \nImposed^3), on the imports of most of the products concerned which \n\nprobably had effects on the import volumes. No comments were \n\nsubmitted in this respect. 26 The market share of the Community industry decreased for fibres from \n\n79 X in 1984 to 75 X in 1988 and for yarns from 81 X In 1984 to 69. 8 \n\nX In 1988. As far as prices were concerned between 1985 and the \n\ninvestigation period, considerable price depressions from 5 X for \n\ntextured yarn, 12 X for polyester filament yarn, 20 X for fibre and \n\n26 X for POY were established. In addition, it was found that the majority of the Community industry \n\nsuffered heavy losses in 1988, in some Instances up to 26 X for \n\nfibres and 15 X for yarns. 27 The Council confirms therefore the findings of the Commission as \n\ngiven in recitals 50 to 53 of Its Regulation. 28 The Commission has further established that during the Investigation \n\nperiod the prices In the Community of Turkish Imported products were \n\non average lower than the corresponding prices of the Community \n\nmanufactured like products by the following percentages : for fibres \n\n18 to 22 X; for Turkish polyster filament yarn : 65 X; for Turkish \n\nPOY : 30 X, and for Turkish textured yarn between 25 to 43 X. (3) Provisional duty : O. J. no L 151, 17. 06. 1988, p. 39 and 47 \n\n\f- 10 -\n\n29 In this respect, the Turkish Government and one Turkish exporter \n\nargued that the price undercutting margins were not correct, since no \n\nadjustments of the Turkish prices have been made in order to take \n\naccount of the alleged differences In physical characteristics \n\nbetween the Turkish and the Community products. However, no effect \n\non prices of these alleged differences was proven to the satisfaction \n\nof the Commission, neither by the Turkish Government nor by the \n\nexporter concerned. Accordingly, this claim was rejected. 30 In addition, it has to be recalled that, even if the alleged \n\ndifferences were to have a certain effect on the prices and thus on \n\nthe price comparability of the products, this effect would never be \n\nsuch as to compensate for the huge undercutting margins established \n\nand verified by the Commission. The Council therefore confirmed the \n\nprice-undercutting analysis of the Commission. Conclusion \n\n31 in the light of the Commission's finding as shown In recital 53 of \n\nits Regulation and the above-mentioned considerations, the Council \n\nconfirmed that the Turkish exporters had considerably Increased their \n\nmarket presence, reverted to price undercutting and that Community \n\nindustry Is suffering material injury. G. CAUSALITY \n\n32 As already shown In recital 54 of the Commission Regulation, the \n\nmarkets concerned were highly price-sensitive and transparent. The \n\nhuge price undercutting of the Turkish exports, which to a large \n\nextent was covered by the substantial subsidy margin, had thus \n\nclearly an effect on the prices of the Community industry. - 11 -\n\nIn this respect, the Turkish Government alleged that with a small \n\nmarket share, the Turkish exports could not have an Injurious effect \n\non the prices of the Community Industry. However, In this particular \n\nmarket, where only a relatively limited number of suppliers exist and \n\nthe price situation Is transparent, low prices charged by exporters \n\nwhich have only a relatively small market share can nevertheless have \n\na considerably detrimental effect on the general price level, and \n\nforce the Community producers to align their prices to these low-\n\npriced imports at the expense of their profitability. 33 It was further argued that the price depression, which as such is not \n\ncontested, was mainly caused by falling raw material costs. The \n\nCouncil was however of the opinion, that while falling raw material \n\nprices may have had a decreasing effect on prices, this does not \n\nexplain the fact that the Community Industry was prevented from \n\nselling at profitable prices. Thus, the price undercutting by the \n\nsubsidized Imports increased the price depressing effect, and forced \n\nthe prices down beyond the normal price development due to cost \n\nreductIons. 34 The Turkish Government and one Turkish exporter argued that the \n\nmaterial Injury of the Community Industry had been caused by other \n\nfactors, either by the dumped imports from several countries against \n\nwhich ant I-dumping duties are in force, or by low prices of fairly \n\npriced Imports. In this respect, the Council was aware that it had Imposed anti \n\ndumping duties on imports of three of the investigated products from \n\nseveral countries. These measures were supposed to eliminate the \n\ninjury caused by the dumping of these exports. However, apart from \n\nthe fact that the findings In the ant I-dumping cases related to a \n\ndifferent reference period, the ant I-dumping duties were for most \n\nTurkish companies and most products based on the dumping margins \n\nfound for Turkey and did not completely eliminate Injury. Consequently, the subsidization of Imports had an additional \n\ninjurious impact on the Community industry, which has not been \n\neliminated by these anti-dumping measures. - 12 -\n\nIndeed, Article 4 of Regulation (EEC) No 2423/88 does not foresee \n\nthat Injury can only be established if subsidization Is the only, or \n\nthe principal cause of the overall injury suffered by an Industry. Therefore, Injury caused by subsidization may Justify protective \n\nmeasures, even if it Is only a part of a larger Injury due also to \n\nother factors. In this particular case, the Investigation has indeed \n\nshown that in spite of the ant I-dumping measures taken the situation \n\nof the Community Industry is still precarious and that, thus, the \n\nmeasures against dumped Imports have not fully remedied the injury \n\ncaused by unfair pricing. 35 It was further claimed by the Turkish authorities that the \n\ndifficulties encountered by the Community industry were predominantly \n\ncaused by fundamental structural problems. 36 The Council acknowledged that the Community industry had suffered \n\nmajor economic problems In the past. To overcome these problems, the \n\nCommunity producers had taken a number of restructuring measures, \n\nwhich had Improved their performance. This restructuring of the \n\nCommunity Industry has however now been jeopardized by unfair and \n\ninjurious pricing from different imports by a number of countries, as \n\nevidenced by the profitability figures set out in recital 52 of the \n\nCommission Regulation. The Council considered it therefore Incorrect \n\nto blame structural problems for the Injury actually caused by unfair \n\npricing. 37 The Turkish Government argued further, that as the effect of dumped \n\nImports from Turkey were considered together with those of dumped \n\nImports from five other countries in assessing Injury in these anti \n\ndumping cases, the Council would - a contrario - not have the \n\npossibility in this anti-subsidies case to determine whether the \n\nsubsidized imports from Turkey have caused injury. - 13 -\n\n38 However, for the reasons given in recitals 56 - 58 of the Commission \n\nRegulation and In view of the considerations above, the Council \n\nconfirms that the subsidized Turkish Imports have caused material \n\ninjury to the Community Industry. H. COMMUNITY INTEREST \n\n39 The Commission has stated In recitals 59 to 63 of its Regulation the \n\nreasons why the interest of the Community called for Intervention to \n\nprevent Injury during the proceeding. The Council considered these \n\nreasons to be val id. One Turkish exporter and the Turkish Government argued, however, \n\nthat duties would prevent price competition on the Community market, \n\nwhich would not be In the Community interest. 40 In this respect, the Council recalls that countervailing duties are \n\nIntended to re-establish a fair competitive situation and that it Is \n\ntherefore necessary to eliminate the effect of the subsidy on the \n\nimports, resulting in the Community industry being further exposed \n\nto fair competition, also from exports by the Turkish companies, on \n\nthe Community market. Therefore, the Council confirmed the \n\nCommission findings concerning the Community interest. I. THE ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL TQ THE EEC - TURKEY ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT \n\n41 The Turkish Government contended that the Commission did not use the \n\nappropriate Instrument against the Turkish subsidy schemes by \n\nImposing duties under Regulation (EEC) No 2423/88, as special rules \n\nexist under the Additional Protocol to the EEC-Turkey Association \n\nAgreement of 23 November 1970. - 14 -\n\n42 Article 43 (2) of this Additional Protocol, which allows Turkey to be \n\nconsidered as being in a situation specified In Article 92 (3) (a) of \n\nthe EEC Treaty, considers such aid compatible with the proper \n\nfunctioning of the Association only If it does not alter the \n\nconditions of trade to an extent Inconsistent with the mutual \n\ninterest of the contracting parties. The Turkish Government was of the opinion that hence it was entitled \n\nunder Article 43 (2) to grant these subsidies. 43 The Council considered however that the Commission has correctly \n\nassessed its findings on injury and causality and it further \n\nconfirmed that by the subsidization of the Turkish Imports, the \n\nconditions of trade have been altered In a manner which is \n\nInconsistent with the mutual Interest of the contracting parties. 44 The Community has, in accordance with Article 45 of the Additional \n\nProtocol, further submitted to the Association Council for Its \n\napproval, the countervailing duties which the Community intends to \n\ncollect definitively on Imports of fibres and yarns from Turkey. In \n\nthe absence however of any decision, under Article 45 by the \n\nAssociation Council, the Community is further allowed under Article \n\n46 of the Additional Protocol to take safeguard measures which it \n\nfeels appropriate In order to overcome difficulties due to this \n\nabsence of a decision of the Association Council. J. GATT - SUBSIDIES COPE - DEVELOPING COUNTRIES \n\n45 The Turkish Government alleged further that, contrary to recitals 36 \n\nand 37 of the Commission Regulation, the requirements of Article 14 \n\nof the Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, \n\nXVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade \n\n(Subsidies Code) had been violated. - 15 -\n\n46 Concerning domestic subsidies, the special provisions for developing \n\ncountries (Art. 14 Subsidies Code) however do not restrict the \n\npossibility for another signatory to apply Its countervaiIing-duty \n\nlaws, in case subsidized exports from a developing country cause \n\nmaterial Injury to Its domestic industry (Article 14 (7) GATT \n\nSubsidies Code). In addition, insofar as export subsidies are concerned, the Council \n\nhas noted in this respect that Turkey has entered into a commitment \n\nvis-a-vis the signatories of the GATT Subsidies Code (Article 14 (5) \n\nand (6) refers)to phase out Its export subsidies at the end of 1989. Turkey has not respected this commitment. 47 The Council considered that the Community is entitled under the \n\nSubsidies Code to apply countervailing duties. K. INJURY THRESHOLD \n\n48 The Commission has calculated the amount of the duty, necessary to \n\nremove the Injury by comparing, for each of the four products, the \n\nprices of the Turkish products in the Community during the \n\nInvestigation period with a target price of the Community industry \n\ncalculated on the average production costs for each product of \n\nrepresentative Community producers plus a reasonable profit margin (6 \n\nX for fibre and 7 X for yarns). The differences between these two \n\nprices were considered to constitute the amount by which the prices \n\nof the Turkish products should be increased at the Community frontier \n\nin order to remove the Injury caused by the subsidized Imports. - 16 -\n\nThe Turkish Government and one Turkish exporter considered that, In \n\ncalculating the injury threshold, a profit margin of 3 X is a more \n\nrealistic margin to apply to Community producers. No basis has been \n\nprovided, however, to justify applying a 3 X profit margin. The \n\nCouncil noted that the Commission established the profit margin on \n\nthe basis of the average profit margin of Community producers in 1985 \n\nand 1986 since for most of that period the Injurious impact on \n\nCommunity producers of unfairly priced third country imports was \n\nst111 moderate. In these circumstances, the Council confirmed the basis of selecting \n\nthe level of profit margin used in this Instance and thus the \n\nfindings of the Commission under Recitals 64 and 65 of the Commission \n\nRegulation. L. UNDERTAKING \n\n49 Following the parties being informed of the essential facts and \n\nconsiderations on the basis of which It was intended to recommend the \n\nimposition of definitive duties and the definitive collection of \n\namounts secured by way of a provisional duty, the Government of \n\nTurkey offered an undertaking which Is considered to be acceptable. The effect of this undertaking will be to phase out the most \n\nimportant export-subsidy (the Corporate Tax Exemption) which will \n\nremedy the material injury caused by the Turkish subsidies. After consultation with the Advisory Committee, this undertaking was \naccepted by Commission Decision 91/. /EEC^3*. The Council has \nfurther noted that the investigation in this case has been \n\nterminated. (3) See page. of this Official Journal. - 17 -\n\n50 Since part of these rates of definitive countervailing duties would \n\nhave been suspended In view of the ant I-dumping duties imposed by \nRegulations (EEC) No 3905/88<1> and 3946/99<2>, only net definitive \n\ncountervailing duties would have been Imposed as listed in Article 1 \n\nof this Regulation. M. CUMULATION OF ANT I-DUMPING DUTIES \n\nAND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES \n\n51 The Commission has set out in recitals 67 to 70 of the Commission \n\nRegulation, the question as to whether ant I-dumping duties and \n\ncountervailing duties can be cumulated in accordance with Article 13 \n\n(9) of Regulation (EEC) No 2423/88 and Article VI (5) of the GATT. 52 The Council accepted the Commission reasoning as set out In Recitals \n\n67 to 70 of the Commission Regulation and it confirmed that Art. 13 \n\n(9) does not preclude that countervailing duties are Imposed in \n\naddition to ant I-dumping duties against the domestic subsidies found, \n\nas well as against export subsidies which cannot have influenced the \n\nanti-dumping duty since the companies concerned first availed of them \n\nafter the anti-dumping duties were Imposed. 53 While the ant I-dumping duties are in force, that part of the \n\ncountervailing duty which corresponds to the export subsidies which \n\nwill have influenced the dumping margin, should only be Imposed to \n\nthe extent that It exceeds the ant I-dumping duty. (1) OJ No L 347, 16. 12. 1988, p. 10. (2) OJ No L 348, 17. 12. 1988, p. 49. - 18 -\n\nN. COLLECTION OF PROVISIONAL DUTIES \n\n54 in view of the subsidy level definitively established as mentioned \n\nabove and the seriousness of the Injury caused to the Community \n\nIndustry, the Council considered it necessary that amounts collected \n\nby way of provisional countervailing duties should be definitively \n\ncollected at the level of the net countervailing duty established \n\n(Article 1 of this Regulation). HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION : \n\nArticle 1 \n\nThe amounts collected or secured by way of provisional countervailing \n\nduty pursuant to Regulation (EEC) No 1432/91 shall be collected at the \n\nfollowing rates of duty. (i) Polyester staple fibres \n\n- \n\n3. 19X \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8527) \n\nFor the company hereunder, the following rate shall apply: \n\nSonmez Filament \n\n- \n\n0. 58X \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8526) \n\n(ii) \n\nPolyester textured filament yarn - 1. 98X \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8532) \n\n\f- 19 -\n\nFor the companies hereunder, the following rates shall apply: \n\nSASA \n\n- \n\n1. 31% \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8531) \n\nSonmez Filament - \n\n0. 58X \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8530) \n\nSonmez ASF \n\n- \n\n0. 58X \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8529) \n\nP\u00f4lyteks \n\n- \n\n1. 48X \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8528) \n\n(ill) Polyester filament yarn \n\n- 9. 99X \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8534) \n\nThe following company is exempted from this rate: \n\nSonmez Filament \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8533) \n\n(iv) \n\nPartially Oriented Polyester Yarn (POY) - 7. 29X \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8536) \n\nThe following company is exempted from this rate: \n\nSonmez ASF \n\n(TARIC additional code: 8535) \n\nAmounts provisionally collected or secured which are not covered by the \n\nabove rates shall be released. - 20 -\n\nArticle 2 \n\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on the day following Its \n\npublication In the Official Journal of the European Communities \n\nThis Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable \n\nin a 11 Member States. Done at Brussels, September 1991 \n\nFor the Council, \n\n\fISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 334 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n02 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-385-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75625-X \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \n1^2985 Luxembourg"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ec9e0f2d-7583-4c41-90c4-259d09c3d532", "title": "ORAL QUESTION DOCUMENT B3-1247/91 with debate by Mr ANTONY on behalf of the DR Group to the Commission: The social consequences of military spending cuts in the regions of the Member States", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_oral,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "ANTONY,European Parliament", "date": "1991-09-09", "subjects": "arms industry,defence expenditure,disarmament,economic consequence,force reduction,industrial conversion,job cuts,redevelopment aid,regional economy,stationing of forces", "workIds": "celex:91991O000231", "eurovoc_concepts": ["arms industry", "defence expenditure", "disarmament", "economic consequence", "force reduction", "industrial conversion", "job cuts", "redevelopment aid", "regional economy", "stationing of forces"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ec9e0f2d-7583-4c41-90c4-259d09c3d532", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c9839c57-7bbd-4978-85df-b72aa80afac0", "title": "Commission Directive 91/508/EEC of 9 September 1991 amending the Annexes to Council Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#directive,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-09", "subjects": "animal nutrition,food additive", "workIds": "celex:31991L0508,oj:JOL_1991_271_R_0067_050", "eurovoc_concepts": ["animal nutrition", "food additive"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c9839c57-7bbd-4978-85df-b72aa80afac0", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/96224f2b-934f-429d-8f40-f662f148d067", "title": "Climate and global change : Proceedings of the European School of Climatology and Natural Hazards course, held in Arles/Rh\u00f4ne, France, from 4 to 12 April 1990.", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print_sftcv", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Directorate-General for Research and Innovation,Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media,European Commission", "date": "1991-09-09", "subjects": "atmosphere,climate,degradation of the environment,quality of the environment", "workIds": "PUB_CDNA13149", "eurovoc_concepts": ["atmosphere", "climate", "degradation of the environment", "quality of the environment"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/96224f2b-934f-429d-8f40-f662f148d067", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print_sftcv"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/866989f4-7a5a-4686-b3e2-f72e2e5e11b6", "title": "Development of a workshop facility for the quality inspection of gearboxes. Volume 1.", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Directorate-General for Energy", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "motor vehicle industry,research report,spare part", "workIds": "genpub:PUB_CDNA13552", "eurovoc_concepts": ["motor vehicle industry", "research report", "spare part"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/866989f4-7a5a-4686-b3e2-f72e2e5e11b6", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/84fb903f-de18-4afc-a52b-2d8cedf391cd", "title": "91/597/ECSC: Commission Decision of 6 September 1991 on the conclusion of a Protocol on trade and commercial and economic cooperation between the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), on the one hand, and the Republic of Poland, on the other", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "Poland,agreement (EU),cooperation agreement,economic cooperation,trade cooperation", "workIds": "celex:31991D0597", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Poland", "agreement (EU)", "cooperation agreement", "economic cooperation", "trade cooperation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/84fb903f-de18-4afc-a52b-2d8cedf391cd", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c535e85f-127e-4504-bb99-2a47a12bd063", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) OPENING AND PROVIDING FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF A COMMUNITY TARIFF QUOTA FOR FROZEN PEAS ORIGINATING IN SWEDEN ( 1992 )", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_regulation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "Sweden,tariff policy,tariff quota", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0324,comnat:COM_1991_0324_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Sweden", "tariff policy", "tariff quota"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c535e85f-127e-4504-bb99-2a47a12bd063", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN CQMV1UNITIES \n\nCOM(91)324 final \n\nBrussels, 6 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) \n\nopening and providing for t he a d m i n i s t r a t i on ^ \n\nCommunity \n\nt a r i ff \n\nquota for frozen peas o r i g i n a t i ng in Sweden (1992) \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\ni \n\n*' \n\nJ ,i \n\n\fEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\n1. The Agreement in form of an exchange of letters between the European Economic \n\nCommunity and Sweden concerning agriculture and fisheries, approved by the \n\nCouncil Decision of 15 September 1986 (1), provides for the opening of an \n\nannual Community tariff quota of 6 000 tonnes for frozen peas falling \n\nwithin subheading ex 07. 02B of the Common Customs Tariff and originating \n\nin Sweden, of which 4 500 tonnes are reserved for Spain. The rate of duty \n\nto be applied under this tariff quota is reduced to 4. 5X in Spain and 6X \n\nin the other Member States. 2. The purpose of this proposal is to implement the tariff quota for the period \n\n1 January to 31 December 1992. Account is taken of the entry into force on \n\n1 January 1988 of the Combined Nomenclature in place of the Common Customs \n\nTariff. 3. The existence of a clause, in the Agreement reserving a large quantity of \n\nthe tariff quota for Spain justifies a derogation from the Community \n\nmanagement imposed by the Court of Justice in its judgment of 27. 9. 1980 \n\nin case 51/87. The Commission's proposal therefore provides that the quota will be divided \n\ninto two parts, the first of which will be allocated to Spain, and the \n\nsecond of which will constitute a Community reserve to be used by the other \n\nMember States for drawing quantities as and when they actually need to do \n\nso. (1) PB nr L 328 van 22. 11. 1986, biz. 89 \n\n\fProposal for a \n\nC O U N C IL REGULATION (EEC) No \n\n791 \n\nof \n\nopening \n\nand providing for the administration of a Community tariff \n\nquota for frozen peas originating in Sweden (1992) \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European \nEconomic Community, and \nin particular Article 113 \nthereof, \n\nHaving regard to the Act of Accession of Spain and \nPortugal, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission, \n\nWhereas an Agreement between the European Economic \nCommunity and the Kingdom of Sweden was concluded \non 22 July 1972; whereas following the accession of \nSpain and Portugal to the Community, an Agreement in \nthe form of an Exchange of Letters has been concluded \nand approved by Council Decision 86/558/EEC (') ; \n\nWhereas the said Agreement provides for the opening of \na 6 000-tonne Community tariff quota at a reduced rate of \nduty for frozen peas originating in Sweden, 4 500 tonnes \nof which are reserved for Spain ; whereas, therefore, the \ntariff quota in question should be opened for the period 1 \nJanuary to 31 December 1992; \n\nWhereas equal and continuous access to the quota should \nbe ensured for all Community importers and the rate laid \ndown for the quota should be applied consistently to all \nimports until the quota is exhausted ; whereas, during the \nperiod of application of \nseems \nnecessary to keep a certain allocation of the quota in \nquestion among the Member States on account of the \nrequirement in the Agreement to reserve the major part \nof the quota amount for Spain ; whereas it is therefore \nappropriate to subdivide the quota amount into two parts, \nthe first one amounting to 4 500 tonnes allocated from \nthe outset to Spain, the second one amounting to 1 500 \n\nthis Regulation, \n\nit \n\nto constitute a reserve from which \n\ntonnes \nthe other \nMember States and where appropriate, the Kingdom of \nSpain could, for quantities that may exist on a given date \nto the first part \nafter the Member State has returned \nthe necessary \nunused quantities on \nthis \nquantities \nmethod of management \ncooperation \nbetween the Member States and the Commission, and \nrequires \nto \nmonitor the extent to which the quota volume has been \nUsed up and inform the Member States accordingly ; \n\ntheir actual needs ; whereas \nrequires close \n\nthe Commission \n\nthat date, draw \n\nin particular \n\nto be able \n\nto cover \n\nif at a given date \n\nthe quota period a \nWhereas \nin \nconsiderable quantity of Spain's \nremains \ninitial share \nunused, it is essential that the Member State concerned \nshould return any unused quantities in order to prevent \npart of the the Community tariff quota from remaining \nunused in one Member State when it could be used in \nothers ; \n\nWhereas since the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of \nthe Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg \nare united within and jointly represented by the Benelux \nEconomic Union, any operation concerning the adminis \ntration of this quota may be carried out by any one of its \nmembers, \n\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION \n\nArticle 1 \n\nFrom 1 January to 31 December 1992 the customs \n1. duty applicable \nthe following products \noriginating in Sweden, shall be suspended at the level \ntariff \nindicated and within the limits of a Community \nquota as shown below : \n\nto imports of \n\nOrder No \n\nCN code \n\nDescription \n\n09. 0613 \n\n0710 21 00 \nex 0710 29 00 (*) \n\nFrozen peas originating in Sweden \n\nf) Taric code 0710 29 00 * 10. (') OJ No L 328, 22. 11. 1986, p. 89. Amount \nof quota \n(in tonnes) \n\n6 000 \n\nQuota duty \n(%) \n\n4,5 in Spain \n6 in the other \nMember States \n\n>*> \n\n\f- 2-\n\n2. The Protocol on the definition of the concept of \noriginating products and on methods of administrative \nthe \ncooperation, annexed to the Agreement between \nEuropean Economic Community and the Kingdom of \nSweden shall be applicable. Article 2 \n\n1. The tariff quota referred to in Article 1 (1) shall be \ndivided into two parts. 2. The first part of the tariff quota, amounting to 4 500 \ntonnes, shall be allocated to Spain until the date fixed in \nArticle 4. 3. The second part, amounting to 1 500 tonnes, shall \nbe reserved for the Member States other than Spain, and \nshall be managed by the Commission, who can take any \nadministrative measure \nefficient \nmanagement. The provisions of Article 3 shall apply for \nthe management of this quantity. to ensure \n\nserving \n\nArticle 3 \n\nIf an importer presents, in a Member State, a declaration \nfor release for free circulation, including a request for \npreferential benefit \nthis \nRegulation and if this declaration is accepted by the \ncustoms authorities, the Member State concerned shall \ninform the Commission and draw an amount corre \nsponding to its requirements from the quota amount. for a product covered by \n\nThe drawing requests, with indication of the date of \nacceptance of the said declarations, must be transmitted \nto the Commission without delay. The drawings shall be granted by the Commission by \nreference to the date of acceptance of the declarations for \nrelease for free circulation by the customs authorities of \nthe Member State concerned to the extent that the \navailable balance so permits. If a Member State does, not use the quantities drawn, it \nshall return them as soon as possible to the quota \namount. If the quantities requested are greater than the available \nbalance of the quota amount, allocation shall be made on \na pro rata basis with respect to the request. Member States \nshall be informed by the Commission thereof. Article 4 \n\nThe Kingdom of Spain shall, as quickly as possible, \nreturn to the second part of the quota the total quantities \nwhich, on 15 September 1992, have not been used in the \nfirst part which was allocated to the Member State. It shall, at the same time, inform the Commission what \nwas the total of imports of the product in question up to \nand including 15 September 1992, charged against the \ntariff quota and if appropriate the quantity being returned \nto the second part of the quota. With effect from 16 September 1992, imports of the \nproduct in question in Spain shall only benefit from the \ntariff quota within the limits of the balance available, and \nin accordance with the procedures laid down in Article 3. Article 5 \n\nEach Member State shall ensure that importers of the \nproducts concerned have equal and continuous access to \nthe quota for such time as the residual balance of the \nquota volume so permits. Article 6 \n\nMember States and the Commission shall collaborate \nclosely in order to ensure that this Regulation is complied \nwith. Article 7 \n\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on 1 January 1992-\n\nThis Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member \nStates. Done at Brussels, \n\nFor the Council \n\nThe President \n\nH \n\n\fFICHE FINANCIERE \n\n1. Ligne budg\u00e9taire concern\u00e9e : Cnap. 12 art. 120 \n\n2. Base juridique : art. 113 du trait\u00e9 \n\n3. Intitul\u00e9 de la mesure tarifaire : Proposition de r\u00e8glement \ndu Conseil portant ouverture et mode de gestion d'un \ncontingent tarifaire communautaire pour des pois congel\u00e9s \noriginaires de Su\u00e8de. 4. Obleotlf : Respeoter les engagements contract\u00e9s par la \nCommunaut\u00e9 vis-\u00e0-vis de la Su\u00e8de. 5. Mode de calcul : \n\ncodes de la N. C. : \nvolume du contingent : \ndroit \u00e0 appliquer : \ndroit normal : \n\n6. Perte de r e c e t t es : \n\n0710 21 00 et ex 0710 29 00 \n6 000 tonnes \net \n\n4,5 % \n\n6 % \n18 % \n\n- valeur d'une tonne : 818 \n- valeur t o t a le : \n\n4 908 000 \u00e9cus \n\nPerte de recette :\u00ab \u00e0 4,5% (13,5%) : 3 681 000 \u00e9cus x 13,5% - 496 935 \u00e9cus \n\nCU \u00e0 6% \n\n(12% ) : 1 227 000 \u00e9cus X 12% \n\n- 147 240 \u00e9cus \n\n644 175 \u00e9cus \n\nPar rapport \u00e0 1991, diminution des pertes de 691 425 - 644 175 \u00e9cus- 47 250 \u00e9cus \n(voir proc\u00e9dure \u00e9crite OCM (90) 417 ou 13. 9. 90) \n\n(Calcul effectu\u00e9 sur base EUROSTAT 1969). 5 \n\n\f\fISSN 0254-1475 \n\nC0M(91) 324 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n02 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-C0-91-376-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75434^6 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \nLr2985 Luxembourg"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/77e72f19-7560-4711-8f31-97487bb45543", "title": "Development of a workshop facility for the quality inspection of gearboxes. Volume 2, Appendices.", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Directorate-General for Energy", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "motor vehicle industry,research report,spare part", "workIds": "genpub:PUB_CDNB13552", "eurovoc_concepts": ["motor vehicle industry", "research report", "spare part"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/77e72f19-7560-4711-8f31-97487bb45543", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c0a2c631-efa1-4440-8b41-e963f7b676ba", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) AMENDING REGULATION ( EEC ) NO 2658/87 ON THE TARIFF STATISTICAL NOMENCLATURE AND THE COMMON CUSTOMS TARIFF AND REGULATION ( EEC ) NO 2915/79 DETERMINING THE GROUPS OF PRODUCTS AND THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR CALCULATING LEVIES ON MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_regulation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "agricultural levy,common customs tariff,milk product,tariff nomenclature,yoghourt", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0319,comnat:COM_1991_0319_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["agricultural levy", "common customs tariff", "milk product", "tariff nomenclature", "yoghourt"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c0a2c631-efa1-4440-8b41-e963f7b676ba", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "Efc-\u00bb- ------- \n\n\u2014 \n\nCOMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 319 final \n\nBrussels, 6 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) \n\namending Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 on the tariff statistical \n\nmonenclature and the Common Customs Tariff and Regulation (EEC) No \n2915/7? determining the groups of products and the special provisions re \ncalculating levies on milk and milk products \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\nIf j^ I \n\n^u \n\nte^o\"*-** \n\njgk\u2014 \u2022- - -- \u2022 \n\nliiiiiiii\u00c9: \n\nISlWEsIIII \n\n\fEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\nThe Customs Cooperation Council has decided to group all fresh cheeses, \n\nfermented and unfermented, in CN code 0406 10 with effect from \n\n1 January 1992. As a result codes 0406 90 71, 0406 90 91 and 0406 90 97 will have to be \n\ndeleted from the combined nomenclature and from Regulation (EEC) No 2915/79 \n\n(milk product levies). DG XXI proposes to use the opportunity to revise the classification of \n\nsalted ricotta, which is also a fresh cheese, by grouping it in the same \n\nheading, 0406 10, and deleting CN code 0406 90 83 (current ricotta \n\nheading). In view of the negligible amount of trade in this cheese (2% of \n\nexported fresh cheeses and 0% imported) it has been decided not to mention \n\nit in the combined nomenclature. This does not prevent DG VI from \n\nspecifying it in the refund nomenclature. Proposal for \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No \n\n/91 \n\nOf \n\namending Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 on the tariff and statistical \nnomenclature and the Common Customs Tariff and Regulation (EEC) No 2915/79 \ndetermining the groups of products and the special provisions for \ncalculating levies on mil* and milk products \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, \n\nHaving regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No 804/68 of 27 June 1968 on the \ncommon organization of the market in milk and milk products,1 as last \namended by Regulation (EEC) No 1630/91,2 and in particular Article 14(6) \nthereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission, \n\nWhereas the distinction between fresh cheeses in CN code 0406 according to \nwhether they are fermented or not gives rise to monitoring problems; \nwhereas the Customs Cooperation Council has recommended that all fresh \ncheeses be regrouped under CN code 0406 10; whereas, therefore, Regulation \n(EEC) No 2915/79,5 as last amended by Regulation (EEC) No 3116/90,* \nshould be amended and Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87,5 as last amended by \nRegulation (EEC) No \nthe opportunity should be used to review the classification of certain \nproducts, \n\n/ ,6 should be adapted accordingly; whereas also \n\nHAS ADOPTED TECS REGULATION: \n\nArticle 1 \n\nThe combined nomenclature annexed to Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 is hereby \namended in accordance with the Annex to this Regulation. 1 OJ NO L 148, 28. 6. 1968, p. 13. 2 O J N oL 150, 15. 6. 1991, p. 19. 3 OJ No L 329, 24. 12. 1979, p. 1. 4 OJ No L 303, 31. 10. 1990, p. 1. 5 OJ No L 256, 7. 9. 1987, p. 1. , p. , \n6 OJ NO L \n\n\f- 2 -\n\nArticle 2 \n\nRegulation (EEC) No 2915/79 is hereby amended as follows: \n\n1) Article 7 is amended as follows: \n\nThe first sentence of paragraph 1 is replaced by the following: \n\n\"1) \n\nif it falls within subheadings 0406 10 20 and 0406 90 93 of \nthe combined nomenclature, to the sum of the following \ncomponents :\" \n\nThe first sentence of paragraph 2 is replaced by the following: \n\n\"2) \n\nif it falls within subheadings 0406 10 80 and 0406 90 99 of \nthe combined nomenclature, to the sum of the following \ncomponents :\" \n\n2) In the Annex, the product groups in Group 11 are replaced by the \n\nfollowing groups: \n\nNumber of \ngroup \n\n11 \n\nGroups of products \naccording to the \ncombined nomenclature \n\nPilot product for each group of products \n\nWhole cheese, having matured for six to \neight weeks, with a fat content of 45% by \nweight in the dry matter, without \npackaging \n\n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n0406 \n\n10 \n30 \n90 23 \n90 25 \n90 27 \n90 29 \n90 31 \n90 33 \n90 35 \n90 37 \n90 39 \n90 50 \n90 73 \n90 75 \n90 77 \n90 79 \n90 81 \n90 85 \n90 89 \n90 93 \n90 99 \n\n\fArticle 3 \n\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on 1 January 1992. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in \nall Miember States. Done at Brussels, \n\nFor the Council \n\n\fANNEX \n\nRate of duty \n\nCN Code \n\nDescr ipt ion \n\n0406 \n\nCheese and curd : \n\n0406 10 \n\n- Fresh cheese (unrefined) including whey cheese, and curd \n\n0406 10 20 \n\n\u2014 - of a fat content, by weight, not exceeding 4OX \n\n0406 10 80 \n\nother \n\n0406 20 \nto \n0406 90 50 \n\nunchanged \n\nof o fat content, by weight, not exceeding 4OX ond \no water content, by weight, in the non-fatty matter \n\nnot exceeding 47X: \n\n0406 90 61 \n\n- Crona padono, Parmigiono Reggiano \n\n0406 90 63 \n\n- Fiore \u00abordo. Pecorino \n\n0406 90 69 \n\n- other \n\nexceeding 47X but not exceeding 72X: \n\n0406 90 73 \n\n- Provolone \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n0406 90 75 \n\n- Asiago, Caciocavollo, Montasio. Ragusano \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n0406 90 77 \n\n0406 90 79 \n\n0406 90 81 \n\nOonbo, Fontal, Fontino, Fynbo, Coudo, Hovorti, \nMori bo, Samse' \n\n23 (AGR) \n\nEsrom, Italico, Kernhem. Soint-Nectoi re. Saint-\nPaul in. ToI eggio \n\n23 (AGR) \n\nContai, Cheshire, Wens leydo le. Lancashire, Double \nGloucester, Blarney. Colby, Monterey \n\n0406 90 85 \n\n- - - - - -- Kefalograviera, Kosseri \n\n0406 90 89 \n\nother \n\n0406 90 93 \n\nexceeding 72X : \n\n0406 90 99 \n\n- - - \n\nother : \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n23 (AGR) \n\n\fISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 319 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n03 02 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-361-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75008-1 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \n\nL-2985 Luxembourg"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8d868ca7-ca6a-4e05-a80f-ed817f9541fc", "title": "Obtaining a patent protection in an industrialized country : the time, risks and costs involved. Volume 4.", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Directorate-General for Research and Innovation", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "EU trade mark,European patent,approximation of laws,innovation,intellectual property,patent,patent law,registered trademark", "workIds": "genpub:PUB_CDND13488", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU trade mark", "European patent", "approximation of laws", "innovation", "intellectual property", "patent", "patent law", "registered trademark"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8d868ca7-ca6a-4e05-a80f-ed817f9541fc", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8f0fd3d9-b023-455b-afb9-4d3b549268be", "title": "91/631/ECSC: Commission Decision of 6 September 1991 on the conclusion of a Protocol on trade and commercial and economic cooperation between the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ), on the one hand, and the Republic of Hungary, on the other", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "ECSC,Hungary,economic cooperation,protocol to an agreement,trade cooperation", "workIds": "celex:31991D0631", "eurovoc_concepts": ["ECSC", "Hungary", "economic cooperation", "protocol to an agreement", "trade cooperation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8f0fd3d9-b023-455b-afb9-4d3b549268be", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b0bda174-caf5-4f37-b71f-5ac2db16a7df", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) TEMPORARILY SUSPENDING THE AUTONOMOUS COMMON CUSTOMS TARIFF DUTIES ON THREE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS ( IN THE MICROELECTRONICS SECTOR )", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_regulation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "common customs tariff,computer systems,microelectronics,suspension of customs duties", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0325,comnat:COM_1991_0325_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["common customs tariff", "computer systems", "microelectronics", "suspension of customs duties"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b0bda174-caf5-4f37-b71f-5ac2db16a7df", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 325 final \n\nBrussels, 6 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) \n\ntemporarily suspending the autonomous Common Customs Tariff \n\nduties on three industrial products \n\n(in the microelectronics sector) \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\nMBe\u00cbS \n\n\fEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUN \n\nCouncil Regulation (EEC) N\" 1810/91 of 31 May 1991<1), in its Annex I, \n\nlisted products for which suspension of duty was granted for 3 months \n\n(1. 7. 91 to 30. 9. 91). After examining the situation, the Commission deems it Justifiable to \n\npropose the suspension of duty on the products listed in the Annex to the \n\nattached draft Regulation. The reduced or zero-rates proposed reflect the status of Community \n\nproduction. (1) O. J. n* L 167 of 29. 6. 1991. proposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No \n\nof \n\ntemporarily suspending the autonomous Common Customs Tariff duty on three industrial \n\nproducts (in the microelectronics s e c t o r) \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE l. l'ROPEAN COMMUNITIES. Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European \nin particular Article 28 \nEconomic Communn>, and \nthereof. Having regard to the propos. il from the Commission. Whereas, taking account of the difficulties involved in \naccurately assessing the development of the economic \nsituation in the sectors concerned in the near future, these \nsuspension measures should be taken only temporarily, by \nfixing their period of validity by reference to the interests of \nCommunity production, \n\nI IAS ADOPTED II IIS REGULATION: \n\nArticle 1 \n\nWhereas production ol ihe products referred to in this \nRegulation is at present inadequate or non-existent within \nthe Community and producers are thus unable to meet the \nneeds of user industries in the Community; \n\nThe autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties for the \nproducts listed in the table appearing in the Annex shall be \nsuspended at the level indicated in respect of each of \nthem. Whereas it is in the Community's interest in certain CINCS to \nsuspend the autonomous Common Customs Tariff duties \nonly partially, particularly because of the existence of \nCommunity produai. ':*. and in other cases to suspend \nthem completely; \n\nThese suspensions shall apply from 1 October t o' 31 December \n1991. Article 2 \n\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on 1 October 1991. ThiN Kcuul. iuon sh. iil be binding m its entirety and directly applicable in all Member \nStates \n\nDone. u HrusseU \n\nFor the Council \n\nThe President \n\n\fCN code \n\nDescription \n\nRate of autonomous duly (X) \n\nANNEX \n\n179 ex85421172 \n\nElectrically erasable, programmable, read only aeaory (E2PR0H), \nexcluding Flash-E2PR0H, \u00abith a storage capacity of 1 Kbit, in the \nfora of a aonolithic integrated circuit, contained in a housing the \nexterior diaensions of \u00abhich do not exceed 17 x 42 \u2022\u2022, \u00abith not more \nthan 32 connecting pins and bearing: \n- an identification aarking consisting of or including the following \n\ncoabination of figures and letters: \n\nAT 28C1824 \n\n179bis ex85421172 \n\n- other identification aarkings relating to devices coaplying \u00abith the \n\naboveaentioned description \n\nFlash electrically erasable, prograaaable, read only aeaory \n(Flash-E2PKOH), \u00abith a storage capacity of 1 Mbit, in the fora of a \naonolithic integrated circuit, contained in a housing the exterior \ndiaensions of which do not exceed 17 x 42 aa, \u00abith not aore than 32 \nconnecting pins and bearing: \n- an identification aarking consisting of or including the following \n\ncoabination of figures and letters: \n\n48 F 816 \n\n- other identification aarkings relating to devices coaplying \u00abith the \n\naboveaentioned description \n\n188 ex8S421172 \n\nFlash electrically erasable, prograaaable, read only aeaory \n(Flaeh-E2PROH) \u00abith a storage capacity of 2 Kbits, in the fora of a \naonolithic integrated circuit, contained in a housing the exterior \ndiaensions of which do not exceed 17 x 42 aa, \u00abith not aore than 32 \nconnecting pins or contact areas and bearing: \n- an identification aarking consisting of or including the following \n\ncoabination of figures and letters: \n\n28F828 \n\n- other identification aarkings relating to devices coaplying \u00abith the \n\naboveaentioned description \n\n\fFICHE FINANCIERE \n\n1. Ligne budg\u00e9taire concern\u00e9e : Chap. 12 art. 120 \n\n2. Intitul\u00e9 de I'act ion : Projet de proposition de r\u00e8glement du Conseil \nportant suspension temporaire des droits autonomes du tarif douanier \ncommun pour trois produits industriels (domaine de la micro \n\u00e9lectronique ). 3. Base lurid loue : Art. 28 du Trait\u00e9-CEE. 4. Objectif de I'act ion : Suspension des droits du T. D. C. pour les \nproduits susvis\u00e9s. 5. Co\u00fbt de l'action : \n\n\u00e0 la charge du budget de la CEE : \n\nEvaluation rendue difficile, faute de statistiques communautaires \ncompl\u00e8tes et pr\u00e9cises. Compte tenu de ce qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de et sur la base d'une pond\u00e9ration \n\u00e9tablie \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es fournies par certains Etats membres, le \nco\u00fbt de cette op\u00e9ration peut \u00eatre chiffr\u00e9 de la fa\u00e7on suivante : \n\n1\u2022 Co\u00fbt de l'action pour la p\u00e9riode 1/7/91 - 30/9/91 (p\u00e9riode \n\nif \n\n4* \n\npr\u00e9c\u00e9dente) \n\n122. 000 Ecus \n\n2. Co\u00fbt de l'action actuelle (3 mois) : \n\n67. 600 Ecus \n\n\f\fISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 325 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n02 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-375-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-75425-7 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \n\nL-2985 Luxembourg"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/84384d89-624f-4323-b223-55c21a3d692f", "title": "91/475/EEC: Council Decision of 6 September 1991 extending the validity of Decision 86/283/EEC on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Economic Community", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "association agreement (EU),economic cooperation,financial cooperation,industrial cooperation,overseas countries and territories", "workIds": "celex:31991D0475,oj:JOL_1991_255_R_0020_026", "eurovoc_concepts": ["association agreement (EU)", "economic cooperation", "financial cooperation", "industrial cooperation", "overseas countries and territories"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/84384d89-624f-4323-b223-55c21a3d692f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/610324d1-441b-4e59-8a85-13bed2408f00", "title": "Obtaining a patent protection in an industrialized country : the time, risks and costs involved. Volume 5.", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "EU trade mark,European patent,approximation of laws,innovation,intellectual property,patent,patent law,registered trademark", "workIds": "genpub:PUB_CDNE13488", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU trade mark", "European patent", "approximation of laws", "innovation", "intellectual property", "patent", "patent law", "registered trademark"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/610324d1-441b-4e59-8a85-13bed2408f00", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9d7acb4c-8922-4658-becf-00a4a45ef356", "title": "L'Europe des Douze face \u00e0 la demande de stup\u00e9fiants : \u00e9tude comparative des l\u00e9gislations et des pratiques judiciaires.,The Community of Twelve and drug demand : comparative study of legislation and judicial practice.", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print_sftcv", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Directorate-General for Research and Innovation,Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "EU law,approximation of laws,drug addiction,narcotic", "workIds": "genpub:1991.1335", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU law", "approximation of laws", "drug addiction", "narcotic"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9d7acb4c-8922-4658-becf-00a4a45ef356", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print_sftcv"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/93c8b174-4025-4ce8-b74a-f6d3c755bc20", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2669/91 of 6 September 1991 re-establishing the levying of customs duties on products falling within CN code 8712 00, originating in China, to which the preferential tariff arrangements set out in Council Regulation (EEC) No 3831/90 apply", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "customs duties,generalised preferences,originating product,two-wheeled vehicle", "workIds": "celex:31991R2669,oj:JOL_1991_250_R_0021_026", "eurovoc_concepts": ["customs duties", "generalised preferences", "originating product", "two-wheeled vehicle"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/93c8b174-4025-4ce8-b74a-f6d3c755bc20", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ba37dd42-2db4-4483-b36a-54f2d3013549", "title": "Protocol on trade and commercial and economic cooperation between the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) of the one part and the Republic of Poland of the other part", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_non-member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Coal and Steel Community,Poland", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "Poland,agreement (EU),cooperation agreement,economic cooperation,trade cooperation", "workIds": "celex:21991A1123(02)", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Poland", "agreement (EU)", "cooperation agreement", "economic cooperation", "trade cooperation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ba37dd42-2db4-4483-b36a-54f2d3013549", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/cc177632-8bf8-4ae4-b1aa-54f4424201c5", "title": "91/514/EEC: Commission Decision of 6 September 1991 amending the Seventh Council Decision 85/355/EEC on the equivalence of field inspections carried out in third countries on seed-producing crops and the Seventh Council Decision 85/356/EEC on the equivalence of seed produced in third countries", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "plant health control,seed,third country", "workIds": "celex:31991D0514,oj:JOL_1991_278_R_0027_033", "eurovoc_concepts": ["plant health control", "seed", "third country"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/cc177632-8bf8-4ae4-b1aa-54f4424201c5", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/45082279-1d55-4191-895b-20699776770d", "title": "Guidelines on the application of EEC competition rules in the telecommunications sector (1991/C 233/02)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_other_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "application of EU law,competition law,telecommunications", "workIds": "celex:51991XC0906(02),oj:JOC_1991_233_R_0002_002", "eurovoc_concepts": ["application of EU law", "competition law", "telecommunications"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/45082279-1d55-4191-895b-20699776770d", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "C_1991233EN. 01000201. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6. 9. 1991\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nC 233/2\n\n\n\n\n\nGUIDELINES ON THE APPLICATION OF EEC COMPETITION RULES IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR\n(91/C 233/02)\n\nPREFACE\n\nThese guidelines aim at clarifying the application of Community competition rules to the market participants in the telecommunications sector. They must be viewed in the context of the special conditions of the telecommunications sector, and the overall Community telecommunications policy will be taken into account in their application. In particular, account will have to be taken of the actions the Commission will be in a position to propose for the telecommunications industry as a whole, actions deriving from the assessment of the state of play and issues at stake for this industry, as has already been the case for the European electronics and information technology industry in the communication of the Commission of 3 April 1991\u00a0(1). A major political aim, as emphasized by the Commission, the Council, and the European Parliament, must be the development of efficient Europe-wide networks and services, at the lowest cost and of the highest quality, to provide the European user in the single market of 1992 with a basic infrastructure for efficient operation. The Commission has made it clear in the past that in this context it is considered that liberalization and harmonization in the sector must go hand in hand. Given the competition context in the telecommunications sector, the telecommunications operators should be allowed, and encouraged, to establish the necessary cooperation mechanisms, in order to create \u2014 or ensure \u2014 Community-wide full interconnectivity between public networks, and where required between services to enable European users to benefit from a wider range of better and cheaper telecommunications services. This can and has to be done in compliance with, and respect of, EEC competition rules in order to avoid the diseconomies which otherwise could result. For the same reasons, operators and other firms that may be in a dominant market position should be made aware of the prohibition of abuse of such positions. The guidelines should be read in the light of this objective. They set out to clarify, inter alia, which forms of cooperation amount to undesirable collusion, and in this sense they list what is not acceptable. They should therefore be seen as one aspect of an overall Community policy towards telecommunications, and notably of policies and actions to encourage and stimulate those forms of cooperation which promote the development and availability of advanced communications for Europe. The full application of competition rules forms a major part of the Community's overall approach to telecommunications. These guidelines should help market participants to shape their strategies and arrangements for Europe-wide networks and services from the outset in a manner which allows them to be fully in line with these rules. In the event of significant changes in the conditions which prevailed when the guidelines were drawn up, the Commission may find it appropriate to adapt the guidelines to the evolution of the situation in the telecommunications sector. I. SUMMARY\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. The Commission of the European Communities in its Green Paper on the development of the common market for telecommunications services and equipment (COM(87)290) dated 30 June 1987 proposed a number of Community positions. Amongst these, positions (H) and (I) are as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2018(H)\n\n\nstrict continuous review of operational (commercial) activities of telecommunications administrations according to Articles 85, 86 and 90 of the EEC Treaty. This applies in particular to practices of cross-subsidization of activities in the competitive services sector and of activities in manufacturing;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(J)\n\n\nstrict continuous review of all private providers in the newly opened sectors according to Articles 85 and 86, in order to avoid the abuse of dominant positions;\u2019. 2. These positions were restated in the Commission's document of 9 February 1988\u2018Implementing the Green Paper on the development of the common market for telecommunications services and equipment/state of discussions and proposals by the Commission\u2019 (COM(88)48). Among the areas where the development of concrete policy actions is now possible, the Commission indicated the following:\n\u2018Ensuring fair conditions of competition:\nEnsuring an open competitive market makes continuous review of the telecommunications sector necessary. The Commission intends to issue guidelines regarding the application of competition rules to the telecommunications sector and on the way that the review should be carried out. \u2019\nThis is the objective of this communication. The telecommunications sector in many cases requires cooperation agreements, inter alia, between telecommunications organizations (TOs) in order to ensure network and services interconnectivity, one-stop shopping and one-stop billing which are necessary to provide for Europe-wide services and to offer optimum service to users. These objectives can be achieved, inter alia, by TOs cooperating \u2014 for example, in those areas where exclusive or special rights for provision may continue in accordance with Community law, including competition law, as well as in areas where optimum service will require certain features of cooperation. On the other hand the overriding objective to develop the conditions for the market to provide European users with a greater variety of telecommunications services, of better quality and at lower cost requires the introduction and safeguarding of a strong competitive structure. Competition plays a central role for the Community, especially in view of the completion of the single market for 1992. This role has already been emphasized in the Green Paper. The single market will represent a new dimension for telecoms operators and users. Competition will give them the opportunity to make full use of technological development and to accelerate it, and encouraging them to restructure and reach the necessary economies of scale to become competitive not only on the Community market, but worldwide. With this in mind, these guidelines recall the main principles which the Commission, according to its mandate under the Treaty's competition rules, has applied and will apply in the sector without prejudging the outcome of any specific case which will have to be considered on the facts. The objective is, inter alia, to contribute to more certainty of condititions for investment in the sector and the development of Europe-wide services. The mechanisms for creating certainty for individual cases (apart from complaints and ex-officio investigations) are provided for by the notification and negative clearance procedures provided under Regulation No 17, which give a formal procedure for clearing cooperation agreements in this area whenever a formal clearance is requested. This is set out in further detail in this communication. II. INTRODUCTION\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3. The fundamental technological development worldwide in the telecommunications sector\u00a0(2) has caused considerable changes in the competition conditions. The traditional monopolistic administrations cannot alone take up the challenge of the technological revolution. New economic forces have appeared on the telecoms scene which are capable of offering users the numerous enhanced services generated by the new technologies. This has given rise to and stimulated a wide deregulation process propagated in the Community with various degrees of intensity. This move is progressively changing the face of the European market structure. New private suppliers have penetrated the market with more and more transnational value-added services and equipment. The telecommunications administrations, although keeping a central role as public services providers, have acquired a business-like way of thinking. They have started competing dynamically with private operators in services and equipment. Wide restructuring, through mergers and joint ventures, is taking place in order to compete more effectively on the deregulated market through economies of scale and rationalization. All these events have a multiplier effect on technological progress. 4. In the light of this, the central role of competition for the Community appears clear, especially in view of the completion of the single market for 1992. This role has already been emphasized in the Green Paper. 5. In the application of competition rules the Commission endeavours to avoid the adopting of State measures or undertakings erecting or maintaining artificial barriers incompatible with the single market. But it also favours all forms of cooperation which foster innovation and economic progress, as contemplated by competition law. Pursuing effective competition in telecoms is not a matter of political choice. The choice of a free market and a competition-oriented economy was already envisaged in the EEC Treaty, and the competition rules of the Treaty are directly applicable within the Community. The abovementioned fundamental changes make necessary the full application of competition law. 6. There is a need for more certainty as to the application of competition rules. The telecommunication administrations together with keeping their duties of public interest, are now confronted with the application of these rules practically without transition from a long tradition of legal protection. Their scope and actual implications are often not easily perceivable. As the technology is fast-moving and huge investments are necessary, in order to benefit from the new possibilities on the market-place, all the operators, public or private, have to take quick decisions, taking into account the competition regulatory framework. 7. This need for more certainty regarding the application of competition rules is already met by assessments made in several individual cases. However, assessments of individual cases so far have enabled a response to only some of the numerous competition questions which arise in telecommunications. Future cases will further develop the Commission's practice in this sector. Purpose of these guidelines\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8. These guidelines are intended to advise public telecommunications operators, other telecommunications service and equipment suppliers and users, the legal profession and the interested members of the public about the general legal and economic principles which have been and are being followed by the Commission in the application of competition rules to undertakings in the telecommunications sector, based on experience gained in individual cases in compliance with the rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. 9. The Commission will apply these principles also to future individual cases in a flexible way, and taking the particular context of each case into account. These guidelines do not cover all the general principles governing the application of competition rules, but only those which are of specific relevance to telecommunication issues. The general principles of competition rules not specifically connected with telecommunications but entirely applicable to these can be found, inter alia, in the regulatory acts, the Court judgments and the Commission decisions dealing with the individual cases, the Commission's yearly reports on competition policy, press releases and other public information originating from the Commission. 10. These guidelines do not create enforceable rights. Moreover, they do not prejudice the application of EEC competition rules by the Court of Justice of the European Communities and by national authorities (as these rules may be directly applied in each Member State, by the national authorities, administrative or judicial). 11. A change in the economic and legal situation will not automatically bring about a simultaneous amendment to the guidelines. The Commission, however, reserves the possibility to make such an amendment when it considers that these guidelines no longer satisfy their purpose, because of fundamental and/or repeated changes in legal precedents, methods of applying competition rules, and the regulatory, economic and technical context. 12. These guidelines essentially concern the direct application of competition rules to undertakings, i. e. Articles 85 and 86 of the EEC Treaty. They do not concern those applicable to the Member States, in particular Articles 5 and 90 (1) and (3). Principles ruling the application of Article 90 in telecommunications are expressed in Commission Directives adopted under Article 90 (3) for the implementation of the Green Paper\u00a0(3). Relationship between competition rules applicable to undertakings and those applicable to Member States\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n13. The Court of Justice of the European Communities\u00a0(4) has ruled that while it is true that Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty concern the conduct of undertakings and not the laws or regulations of the Member States, by virtue of Article 5 (2) of the EEC Treaty, Member States must not adopt or maintain in force any measure which could deprive those provisions of their effectiveness. The Court has stated that such would be the case, in particular, if a Member State were to require or favour prohibited cartels or reinforce the effects thereof or to encourage abuses by dominant undertakings. If those measures are adopted or maintained in force vis-\u00e0-vis public undertakings or undertakings to which a Member State grants special or exclusive rights, Article 90 might also apply. 14. When the conduct of a public undertaking or an undertaking to which a Member State grants special or exclusive rights arises entirely as a result of the exercise of the undertaking's autonomous behaviour, it can only be caught by Articles 85 and 86. When this behaviour is imposed by a mandatory State measure (regulative or administrative), leaving no discretionary choice to the undertakings concerned, Article 90 may apply to the State involved in association with Articles 85 and 86. In this case Articles 85 and 86 apply to the undertakings' behaviour taking into account the constraints to which the undertakings are submitted by the mandatory State measure. Ultimately, when the behaviour arises from the free choice of the undertakings involved, but the State has taken a measure which encourages the behaviour or strengthens its effects, Articles 85 and/or 86 apply to the undertakings' behaviour and Article 90 may apply to the State measure. This could be the case, inter alia, when the State has approved and/or legally endorsed the result of the undertakings' behaviour (for instance tariffs). These guidelines and the Article 90 Directives complement each other to a certain extent in that they cover the principles governing the application of the competition rules: Articles 85 and 86 on the one hand, Article 90 on the other. Application of competition rules and other Community law, including open network provision (ONP) rules\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n15. Articles 85 and 86 and Regulations implementing those Articles in application of Article 87 of the EEC Treaty constitute law in force and enforceable throughout the Community. Conflicts should not arise with other Community rules because Community law forms a coherent regulatory framework. Other Community rules, and in particular those specifically governing the telecommunications sector, cannot be considered as provisions implementing Articles 85 and 86 in this sector. However it is obvious that Community acts adopted in the telecommunications sector are to be interpreted in a way consistent with competition rules, so to ensure the best possible implementation of all aspects of the Community telecommunications policy. 16. This applies, inter alia, to the relationship between competition rules applicable to undertakings and the ONP rules. According to the Council Resolution of 30 June 1988 on the development of the common market for telecommunications services and equipment up to 1992\u00a0(5), ONP comprises the \u2018rapid definition, by Council Directives, of technical conditions, usage conditions, and tariff principles for open network provision, starting with harmonized conditions for the use of leased lines\u2019. The details of the ONP procedures have been fixed by Directive 90/387/EEC\u00a0(6) on the establishment of the internal market for telecommunications services through the implementation of open network provision, adopted by Council on 28 June 1990 under Article 100a of the EEC Treaty. 17. ONP has a fundamental role in providing European-wide access to Community-wide interconnected public networks. When ONP harmonization is implemented, a network user will be offered harmonized access conditions throughout the EEC, whichever country they address. Harmonized access will be ensured in compliance with the competition rules as mentioned above, as the ONP rules specifically provide. ONP rules cannot be considered as competition rules which apply to States and/or to undertakings' behaviour. ONP and competition rules therefore constitute two different but coherent sets of rules. Hence, the competition rules have full application, even when all ONP rules have been adopted. 18. Competition rules are and will be applied in a coherent manner with Community trade rules in force. However, competition rules apply in a non-discriminatory manner to EEC undertakings and to non-EEC ones which have access to the EEC market. III. COMMON PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 85 AND 86\n\nEqual application of Articles 85 and 86\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n19. Articles 85 and 86 apply directly and throughout the Community to all undertakings, whether public or private, on equal terms and to the same extent, apart from the exception provided in Article 90 (2)\u00a0(7). The Commission and national administrative and judicial authorities are competent to apply these rules under the conditions set out in Council Regulation No 17\u00a0(8). 20. Therefore, Articles 85 and 86 apply both to private enterprises and public telecommunications operators embracing telecommunications administrations and recognized private operating agencies, hereinafter called \u2018telecommunications organizations\u2019 (TOs). TOs are undertakings within the meaning of Articles 85 and 86 to the extent that they exert an economic activity, for the manufacturing and/or sale of telecommunications equipment and/or for the provision of telecommunications services, regardless of other facts such as, for example, whether their nature is economic or not and whether they are legally distinct entities or form part of the State organization\u00a0(9). Associations of TOs are associations of undertakings within the meaning of Article 85, even though TOs participate as undertakings in organizations in which governmental authorities are also represented. Articles 85 and 86 apply also to undertakings located outside the EEC when restrictive agreements are implemented or intended to be implemented or abuses are committed by those undertakings within the common market to the extent that trade between Member States is affected\u00a0(10). Competition restrictions justified under Article 90 (2) or by essential requirements\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n21. The exception provided in Article 90 (2) may apply both to State measures and to practices by undertakings. The Services Directive 90/388/EEC, in particular in Article 3, makes provision for a Member State to impose specified restrictions in the licences which it can grant for the provision of certain telecommunications services. These restrictions may be imposed under Article 90 (2) or in order to ensure the compliance with State essential requirements specified in the Directive. 22. As far as Article 90 (2) is concerned, the benefit of the exception provided by this provision may still be invoked for a TO's behaviour when it brings about competition restrictions which its Member State did not impose in application of the Services Directive. However, the fact should be taken into account that in this case the State whose function is to protect the public and the general economic interest, did not deem it necessary to impose the said restrictions. This makes particularly hard the burden of proving that the Article 90 (2) exception still applies to an undertakings's behaviour involving these restrictions. 23. The Commission infers from the case law of the Court of Justice\u00a0(11) that it has exclusive competence, under the control of the Court, to decide that the exception of Article 90 (2) applies. The national authorities including judicial authorities can assess that this exception does not apply, when they find that the competition rules clearly do not obstruct the performance of the task of general economic interest assigned to undertakings. When those authorities cannot make a clear assessment in this sense they should suspend their decision in order to enable the Commission to find that the conditions for the application of that provision are fulfilled. 24. As to measures aiming at the compliance with \u2018essential requirements\u2019 within the meaning of the Services Directive, under Article 1 of the latter\u00a0(12), they can only be taken by Member States and not by undertakings. The relevant market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n25. In order to assess the effects of an agreement on competition for the purposes of Article 85 and whether there is a dominant position on the market for the purposes of Article 86, it is necessary to define the relevant market(s), product or service market(s) and geographic market(s), within the domain of telecommunications. In a context of fast-moving technology the relevant market definition is dynamic and variable. (a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The product market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n26. A product market comprises the totality of the products which, with respect to their characteristics, are particularly suitable for satisfying constant needs and are only to a limited extent interchangeable with other products in terms of price, usage and consumer preference. An examination limited to the objective characteristics only of the relevant products cannot be sufficient: the competitive conditions and the structure of supply and demand on the market must also be taken into consideration\u00a0(13). The Commission can precisely define these markets only within the framework of individual cases. 27. For the guidelines' purpose it can only be indicated that distinct service markets could exist at least for terrestrial network provision, voice communication, data communication and satellites. With regard to the equipment market, the following areas could all be taken into account for the purposes of market definition: public switches, private switches, transmission systems and more particularly, in the field of terminals, telephone sets, modems, telex terminals, data transmission terminals and mobile telephones. The above indications are without prejudice to the definition of further narrower distinct markets. As to other services \u2014 such as value-added ones \u2014 as well as terminal and network equipment, it cannot be specified here whether there is a market for each of them or for an aggregate of them, or for both, depending upon the interchangeability existing in different geographic markets. This is mainly determined by the supply and the requirements in those markets. 28. Since the various national public networks compete for the installation of the telecommunication hubs of large users, market definition may accordingly vary. Indeed, large telecommunications users, whether or not they are service providers, locate their premises depending, inter alia, upon the features of the telecommunications services supplied by each TO. Therefore, they compare national public networks and other services provided by the TOs in terms of characteristics and prices. 29. As to satellite provision, the question is whether or not it is substantially interchangeable with terrestrial network provision:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\ncommunication by satellite can be of various kinds: fixed service (point to point communication), multipoint (point to multipoint and multipoint to multipoint), one-way or two-way;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nsatellites' main characteristics are: coverage of a wide geographic area not limited by national borders, insensitivity of costs to distance, flexibility and ease of networks deployment, in particular in the very small aperture terminals (VSAT) systems;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nsatellites' uses can be broken down into the following categories: public switched voice and data transmission, business value-added services and broadcasting;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\na satellite provision presents a broad interchange-ability with the terrestrial transmission link for the basic voice and data transmission on long distance. Conversely, because of its characteristics it is not substantially interchangeable but rather complementary to terrestrial transmission links for several specific voice and data transmission uses. These uses are: services to peripheral or less-developed regions, links between non-contiguous countries, reconfiguration of capacity and provision of routing for traffic restoration. Moreover, satellites are not currently substantially interchangeable for direct broadcasting and multipoint private networks for value-added business services. Therefore, for all those uses satellites should constitute distinct product markets. Within satellites, there may be distinct markets. 30. In mobile communications distinct services seem to exist such as cellular telephone, paging, telepoint, cordless voice and cordless data communication. Technical development permits providing each of these systems with more and more enhanced features. A consequence of this is that the differences between all these systems are progressively blurring and their interchange-ability increasing. Therefore, it cannot be excluded that in future for certain uses several of those systems be embraced by a single product market. By the same token, it is likely that, for certain uses, mobile systems will be comprised in a single market with certain services offered on the public switched network. (b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The geographic market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n31. A geographic market is an area:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nwhere undertakings enter into competition with each other, and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nwhere the objective conditions of competition applying to the product or service in question are similar for all traders\u00a0(14). 32. Without prejudice to the definition of the geographic market in individual cases, each national territory within the EEC seems still to be a distinct geographic market as regards those relevant services or products, where:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe customer's needs cannot be satisfied by using a non-domestic service,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthere are different regulatory conditions of access to services, in particular special or exclusive rights which are apt to isolate national territories,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nas to equipment and network, there are no Community-common standards, whether mandatory or voluntary, whose absence could also isolate the national markets. The absence of voluntary Community-wide standards shows different national customers' requirements. However, it is expected that the geographic market will progressively extend to the EEC territory at the pace of the progressive realization of a single EEC market. 33. It has also to be ascertained whether each national market or a part thereof is a substantial part of the common market. This is the case where the services of the product involved represent a substantial percentage of volume within the EEC. This applies to all services and products involved. 34. As to satellite uplinks, for cross-border communication by satellite the uplink could be provided from any of several countries. In this case, the geographic market is wider than the national territory and may cover the whole EEC. As to space segment capacity, the extension of the geographic market will depend on the power of the satellite and its ability to compete with other satellites for transmission to a given area, in other words on its range. This can be assessed only case by case. 35. As to services in general as well as terminal and network equipment, the Commission assesses the market power of the undertakings concerned and the result for EEC competition of the undertakings' conduct, taking into account their interrelated activities and interaction between the EEC and world markets. This is even more necessary to the extent that the EEC market is progressively being opened. This could have a considerable effect on the structure of the markets in the EEC, on the overall competitivity of the undertakings operating in those markets, and in the long run, on their capacity to remain independent operators. IV. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n36. The Commission recalls that a major policy target of the Council Resolution of 30 June 1988 on the development of the common market for telecommunications services and equipment up to 1992 was that of:\n\u2018. stimulating European cooperation at all levels, as far as compatible with Community competition rules, and particularly in the field of research and development, in order to secure a strong European presence on the telecommunications markets and to ensure the full participation of all Member States\u2019. In many cases Europe-wide services can be achieved by TOs' cooperation \u2014 for example, by ensuring interconnectivity and interoperability\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nin those areas where exclusive or special rights for provision may continue in accordance with Community law and in particular with the Services Directive 90/388/EEC; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nin areas where optimum service will require certain features of cooperation, such as so-called \u2018one-stop shopping\u2019 arrangements, i. e. the possibility of acquiring Europe-wide services at a single sales point. The Council is giving guidance, by Directives, Decisions, recommendations and resolutions on those areas where Europe-wide services are most urgently needed: such as by recommendation 86/659/EEC on the coordinated introduction of the integrated services digital network (ISDN) in the European Community\u00a0(15) and by recommendation 87/371/EEC on the coordinated introduction of public pan-European cellular digital land-based mobile communications in the Community\u00a0(16). The Commission welcomes and fully supports the necessity of cooperation particularly in order to promote the development of trans-Europe an services and strengthen the competitivity of the EEC industry throughout the Community and in the world markets. However, this cooperation can only attain that objective if it complies with Community competition rules. Regulation No 17 provides well-defined clearing procedures for such cooperation agreements. The procedures foreseen by Regulation No 17 are:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nthe application for negative clearance, by which the Commission certifies that the agreements are not caught by Article 85, because they do not restrict competition and/or do not affect trade between Member States; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nthe notification of agreements caught by Article 85 in order to obtain an exemption under Article 85 (3). Although if a particular agreement is caught by Article 85, an exemption can be granted by the Commission under Article 85 (3), this is only so when the agreement brings about economic benefits \u2014 assessed on the basis of the criteria in the said paragraph 3 \u2014 which outweigh its restrictions on competition. In any event competition may not be eliminated for a substantial part of the products in question. Notification is not an obligation; but if, for reasons of legal certainty, the parties decide to request an exemption pursuant to Article 4 of Regulation No 17 the agreements may not be exempted until they have been notified to the Commission. 37. Cooperation agreements may be covered by one of the Commission block exemption Regulations or Notices\u00a0(17). In the first case the agreement is automatically exempted under Article 85 (3). In the latter case, in the Commission's view, the agreement does not appreciably restrict competition and trade between Member States and therefore does not justify a Commission action. In either case, the agreement does not need to be notified; but it may be notified in case of doubt. If the Commission receives a multitude of notifications of similar cooperation agreements in the telecommunications sector, it may consider whether a specific block exemption regulation for such agreements would be appropriate. 38. The categories of agreements\u00a0(18) which seem to be typical in telecommunications and may be caught by Article 85 are listed below. This list provides examples only and is, therefore, not exhaustive. The Commission is thereby indicating possible competition restrictions which could be caught by Article 85 and cases where there may be the possibility of an exemption. 39. These agreements may affect trade between Member States for the following reasons:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nservices other than services reserved to TOs, equipment and spatial segment facilities are traded throughout the EEC; agreements on these services and equipment are therefore likely to affect trade. Although at present cross-frontier trade is limited, there is potentially no reason to suppose that suppliers of such facilities will in future confine themselves to their national market;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nas to reserved network services, one can consider that they also are traded throughout the Community. These services could be provided by an operator located in one Member State to customers located in other Member States, which decide to move their telecommunications hub into the first one because it is economically or qualitatively advantageous. Moreover, agreements on these matters are likely to affect EEC trade at least to the extent they influence the conditions under which the other services and equipment are supplied throughout the EEC. 40. Finally, to the extent that the TOs hold dominant positions in facilities, services and equipment markets, their behaviour leading to \u2014 and including the conclusion of \u2014 the agreements in question could also give rise to a violation of Article 86, if agreements have or are likely to have as their effect hindering the maintenance of the degree of competition still existing in the market or the growth of that competition, or causing the TOs to reap trading benefits which they would not have reaped if there had been normal and sufficiently effective competition. A. Horizontal agreements concerning the provision of terrestrial facilities and reserved services\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n41. Agreements concerning terrestrial facilities (public switched network or leased circuits) or services (e. g. voice telephony for the general public) can currently only be concluded between TOs because of this legal regime providing for exclusive or special rights. The fact that the Services Directive recognizes the possibility for a Member State to reserve this provision to certain operators does not exempt those operators from complying with the competition rules in providing these facilities or services. These agreements may restrict competition within a Member State only where such exclusive rights are granted to more than one provider. 42. These agreements may restrict the competition between TOs for retaining or attracting large telecommunications users for their telecommunications centres. Such \u2018hub competition\u2019 is substantially based upon favourable rates and other conditions, as well as the quality of the services. Member States are not allowed to prevent such competition since the Directive allows only the granting of exclusive and special rights by each Member State in its own territory. 43. Finally, these agreements may restrict competition in non-reserved services from third party undertakings, which are supported by the facilities in question, for example if they impose discriminatory or inequitable trading conditions on certain users. 44. (aa)\n\n\n\nPrice agreements: all TOs' agreements on prices, discounting or collection charges for international services, are apt to restrict the hub competition to an appreciable extent. Coordination on or prohibition of discounting could cause particularly serious restrictions. In situations of public knowledge such as exists in respect of the tariff level, discounting could remain the only possibility of effective price competition. 45. In several cases the Court of Justice and the Commission have considered price agreements among the most serious infringements of Article 85\u00a0(19). While harmonization of tariff structures may be a major element for the provision of Community-wide services, this goal should be pursued as far as compatible with Community competition rules and should include definition of efficient pricing principles throughout the Community. Price competition is a crucial, if not the principal, element of customer choice and is apt to stimulate technical progress. Without prejudice to any application for individual exemption that may be made, the justification of any price agreement in terms of Article 85 (3) would be the subject of very rigorous examination by the Commission. 46. Conversely, where the agreements concern only the setting up of common tariff structures or principles, the Commission may consider whether this would not constitute one of the economic benefits under Article 85 (3) which outweigh the competition restriction. Indeed, this could provide the necessary transparency on tariff calculations and facilitate users' decisions about traffic flow or the location of headquarters or premises. Such agreements could also contribute to achieving one of the Green Paper's economic objectives \u2014 more cost-orientated tariffs. In this connection, following the intervention of the Commission, the CEPT has decided to abolish recommendation PGT/10 on the general principles for the lease of international telecommunications circuits and the establishment of private international networks. This recommendation recommended, inter alia, the imposition of a 30 % surcharge or an access charge where third-party traffic was carried on an international telecommunications leased circuit, or if such a circuit was interconnected to the public telecommunications network. It also recommended the application of uniform tariff coefficients in order to determine the relative price level of international telecommunications leased circuits. Thanks to the CEPT's cooperation with the Commission leading to the abolition of the recommendation, competition between telecoms operators for the supply of international leased circuits is re-established, to the benefit of users, especially suppliers of non-reserved services. The Commission had found that the recommendation amounted to a price agreement between undertakings under Article 85 of the Treaty which substantially restricted competition within the European Community\u00a0(20). 47. (ab)\n\n\nAgreements on other conditions for the provision of facilities\nThese agreements may limit hub competition between the partners. Moreover, they may limit the access of users to the network, and thus restrict third undertakings' competition as to non-reserved services. This applies especially to the use of leased circuits. The abolished CEPT recommendation PGT/10 on tariffs had also recommended restrictions on conditions of sale which the Commission objected to. These restrictions were mainly:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nmaking the use of leased circuits between the customer and third parties subject to the condition that the communication concern exclusively the activity for which the circuit has been granted,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\na ban on subleasing,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nauthorization of private networks only for customers tied to each other by economic links and which carry out the same activity,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nprior consultation between the TOs for any approval of a private network and of any modification of the use of the network, and for any interconnection of private networks. For the purpose of an exemption under Article 85 (3), the granting of special conditions for a particular facility in order to promote its development could be taken into account among other elements. This could foster technologies which reduce the costs of services and contribute to increasing competitiveness of European industry structures. Naturally, the other Article 85 (3) requirements should also be met. 48. (ac)\n\n\nAgreements on the choice of telecommunication routes. These may have the following restrictive effects:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nto the extent that they coordinate the TOs' choice of the routes to be set up in international services, they may limit competition between TOs as suppliers to users' communications hubs, in terms of investments and production, with a possible effect on tariffs. It should be determined whether this restriction of their business autonomy is sufficiently appreciable to be caught by Article 85. In any event, an argument for an exemption under Article 85 (3) could be more easily sustained if common routes designation were necessary to enable interconnections and, therefore, the use of a Europe-wide network;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nto the extent that they reserve the choice of routes already set up to the TOs, and this choice concerns one determined facility, they could limit the use of other facilities and thus services provision possibly to the detriment of technological progress. By contrast, the choice of routes does not seem restrictive in principle to the extent that it constitutes a technical requirement. 49. (ad)\n\n\nAgreements on the imposition of technical and quality standards on the services provided on the public network\nStandardization brings substantial economic benefits which can be relevant under Article 85 (3). It facilitates inter alia the provision of pan-European telecommunications services. As set out in the framework of the Community's approach to standardization, products and services complying with standards may be used Community-wide. In the context of this approach, European standards institutions have developed in this field (ETSI and CEN-Cenelec). National markets in the EC would be opened up and form a Community market. Service and equipment markets would be enlarged, hence favouring economies of scale. Cheaper products and services are thus available to users. Standardization may also offer an alternative to specifications controlled by undertakings dominant in the network architecture and in non-reserved services. Standardization agreements may, therefore, lessen the risk of abuses by these undertakings which could block the access to the markets for non-reserved services and for equipment. However, certain standardization agreements can have restrictive effects on competition: hindering innovation, freezing a particular stage of technical development, blocking the network access of some users/service providers. This restriction could be appreciable, for example when deciding to what extent intelligence will in future be located in the network or continue to be permitted in customers' equipment. The imposition of specifications other than those provided for by Community law could have restrictive effects on competition. Agreements having these effects are, therefore, caught by Article 85. The balance between economic benefits and competition restrictions is complex. In principle, an exemption could be granted if an agreement brings more openness and facilitates access to the market, and these benefits outweigh the restrictions caused by it. 50. Standards jointly developed and/or published in accordance with the ONP procedures carry with them the presumption that the cooperating TOs which comply with those standards fulfil the requirement of open and efficient access (see the ONP Directive mentioned in paragraph 16). This presumption can be rebutted, inter alia, if the agreement contains restrictions which are not foreseen by Community law and are not indispensable for the standardization sought. 51. One important Article 85 (3) requirement is that users must also be allowed a fair share of the resulting benefit. This is more likely to happen when users are directly involved in the standardization process in order to contribute to deciding what products or services will meet their needs. Also, the involvement of manufacturers or service providers other than TOs seems a positive element for Article 85 (3) purposes. However, this involvement must be open and widely representative in order to avoid competition restrictions to the detriment of excluded manufacturers or service providers. Licensing other manufacturers may be deemed necessary, for the purpose of granting an exemption to these agreements under Article 85 (3). 52. (ae)\n\n\nAgreements foreseeing special treatment for TOs' terminal equipment or other companies' equipment for the interconnection or interoperation of terminal equipment with reserved services and facilities\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n53. (af)\n\n\nAgreements on the exchange of information\nA general exchange of information could indeed be necessary for the good functioning of international telecommunications services, and for cooperation aimed at ensuring interconnectivity or one-stop shopping and billing. It should not be extended to competition-sensitive information, such as certain tariff information which constitutes business secrets, discounting, customers and commercial strategy, including that concerning new products. The exchange of this information would affect the autonomy of each TO's commercial policy and it is not necessary to attain the said objectives. B. Agreements concerning the provision of non-reserved services and terminal equipment\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n54. Unlike facilities markets, where only the TOs are the providers, in the services markets the actual or potential competitors are numerous and include, besides the TOs, international private companies, computer companies, publishers and others. Agreements on services and terminal equipment could therefore be concluded between TOs, between TOs and private companies, and between private companies. 55. The liberalizing process has led mostly to strategic agreements between (i) TOs, and (ii) TOs and other companies. These agreements usually take the form of joint ventures. 56. (ba)\n\n\nAgreements between TOs\nThe scope of these agreements, in general, is the provision by each partner of a value-added service including the management of the service. Those agreements are mostly based on the \u2018one-stop shopping\u2019 principle, i. e. each partner offers to the customer the entire package of services which he needs. These managed services are called managed data network services (MDNS). An MDNS essentially consists of a broad package of services including facilities, value-added services and management. The agreements may also concern such basic services as satellite uplink. 57. These agreements could restrict competition in the MDNS market and also in the markets for a service or a group of services included in the MDNS:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nbetween the participating TOs themselves; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\n\nvis-\u00e0-vis other actual or potential third-party providers. 58. (i)\n\n\nRestrictions of competition between TOs\nCooperation between TOs could limit the number of potential individual MDNS offered by each participating TO. The agreements may affect competition at least in certain aspects which are contemplated as specific examples of prohibited practices under Article 85 (1) (a) to (c), in the event that:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthey fix or recommend, or at least lead (through the exchange of price information) to coordination of prices charged by each participant to customers,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthey provide for joint specification of MDNS products, quotas, joint delivery, specification of customers' systems; all this would amount to controlling production, markets, technical development and investments,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthey contemplate joint purchase of MDNS hardware and/or software, which would amount to sharing markets or sources of supply. 59. (ii)\n\n\nRestrictive effects on third party undertakings\nThird parties' market entry could be precluded or hampered if the participating TOs:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nrefuse to provide facilities to third party suppliers of services,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\napply usage restrictions only to third parties and not to themselves (e. g. a private provider is precluded from placing multiple customers on a leased line facility to obtain lower unit costs),\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nfavour their MDNS offerings over those of private suppliers with respect to access, availability, quality and price of leased circuits, maintenance and other services,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\napply especially low rates to their MDNS offerings, cross-subsidizing them with higher rates for monopoly services. Examples of this could be the restrictions imposed by the TOs on private network operators as to the qualifications of the users, the nature of the messages to be exchanged over the network or the use of international private leased circuits. 60. Finally, as the participating TOs hold, individually or collectively, a dominant position for the creation and the exploitation of the network in each national market, any restrictive behaviour described in paragraph 59 could amount to an abuse of a dominant position under Article 86 (see V below). 61. On the other hand, agreements between TOs may bring economic benefits which could be taken into account for the possible granting of an exemption under Article 85 (3). Inter alia, the possible benefits could be as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\na European-wide service and \u2018one-stop shopping\u2019 could favour business in Europe. Large multinational undertakings are provided with a European communication service using only a single point of contact,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe cooperation could lead to a certain amount of European-wide standardization even before further EEC legislation on this matter is adopted,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe cooperation could bring a cost reduction and consequently cheaper offerings to the advantage of consumers,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\na general improvement of public infrastructure could arise from a joint service provision. 62. Only by notification of the cases in question, in accordance with the appropriate procedures under Regulation No 17, will the Commission be able, where requested, to ascertain, on the merits, whether these benefits outweigh the competition restrictions. But in any event, restrictions on access for third parties seem likely to be considered as not indispensable and to lead to the elimination of competition for a substantial part of the products and services concerned within the meaning of Article 85 (3), thus excluding the possibility of an exemption. Moreover, if an MDNS agreement strengthens appreciably a dominant position which a participating TO holds in the market for a service included in the MDNS, this is also likely to lead to a rejection of the exemption. 63. The Commission has outlined the conditions for exempting such forms of cooperation in a case concerning a proposed joint venture between 22 TOs for the provision of a Europe-wide MDNS, later abandoned for commercial reasons\u00a0(21), The Commission considered that the MDNS project presented the risks of restriction of competition between the operators themselves and private service suppliers but it accepted that the project also offered economic benefits to telecommunications users such as access to Europe-wide services through a single operator. Such cooperation could also have accelerated European standardization, reduced costs and increased the quality of the services. The Commission had informed the participants that approval of the project would have to be subject to guarantees designed to prevent undue restriction of competition in the telecommunications services markets, such as discrimination against private services suppliers and cross-subsidization. Such guarantees would be essential conditions for the granting of an exemption under the competition rules to cooperation agreements involving TOs. The requirement for an appropriate guarantee of non-discrimination and non-cross-subsidization will be specified in individual cases according to the examples of discrimination indicated in Section V below concerning the application of Article 86. 64. (bb)\n\n\nAgreements between TOs and other service providers\nCooperation between TOs and other operators is increasing in telecommunications services. It frequently takes the form of a joint venture. The Commission recognizes that it may have beneficial effects. However, this cooperation may also adversely affect competition and the opening up of services markets. Beneficial and harmful effects must therefore be carefully weighed. 65. Such agreements may restrict competition for the provision of telecommunications services:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nbetween the partners; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nfrom third parties. 66. (i)\n\n\nCompetition between the partners may be restricted when these are actual or potential competitors for the relevant telecommunications service. This is generally the case, even when only the other partners and not the TOs are already providing the service. Indeed, TOs may have the required financial capacity, technical and commercial skills to enter the market for non-reserved services and could reasonably bear the technical and financial risk of doing it. This is also generally the case as far as private operators are concerned, when they do not yet provide the service in the geographical market covered by the cooperation, but do provide this service elsewhere. They may therefore be potential competitors in this geographic market. 67. (ii)\n\n\nThe cooperation may restrict competition from third parties because:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthere is an appreciable risk that the participant TO, i. e. the dominant network provider, will give more favourable network access to its cooperation partners than to other service providers in competition with the partners,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\npotential competitors may refrain from entering the market because of this objective risk or, in any event, because of the presence on the market-place of a cooperation involving the monopolist for the network provision. This is especially the case when market entry barriers are high: the market structure allows only few suppliers and the size and the market power of the partners are considerable. 68. On the other hand, the cooperation may bring economic benefits which outweigh its harmful effect and therefore justify the granting of an exemption under Article 85 (3). The economic benefits can consist, inter alia, of the rationalization of the production and distribution of telecommunication services, in improvements in existing services or development of new services, or transfer of technology which improves the efficiency and the competitiveness of the European industrial structures. 69. In the absence of such economic benefits a complementarity between partners, i. e. between the. provision of a reserved activity and that of a service under competition, is not a benefit as such. Considering it as a benefit would be equal to justifying an involvement through restrictive agreements of TOs in any non-reserved service provision. This would be to hinder a competitive structure in this market. In certain cases, the cooperation could consolidate or extend the dominant position of the TOs concerned to a non-reserved services market, in violation of Article 86. 70. The imposition or the proposal of cooperation with the service provider as a condition for the provision of the network may be deemed abusive (see paragraph 98 (vi)). 71. (bc)\n\n\nAgreements between service providers other than TOs\nThe Commission will apply the same principles indicated in (ba) and (bb) above also to agreements between private service providers, inter alia, agreements providing quotas, price fixing, market and/or customer allocation. In principle, they are unlikely to qualify for an exemption. The Commission will be particularly vigilant in order to avoid cooperation on services leading to a strengthening of dominant positions of the partners or restricting competition from third parties. There is a danger of this occurring for example when an undertaking is dominant with regard to the network architecture and its proprietary standard is adopted to support the service contemplated by the cooperation. This architecture enabling interconnection between computer systems of the partners could attract some partners to the dominant partner. The dominant position for the network architecture will be strengthened and Article 86 may apply. 72. In any exemption of agreements between TOs and other services and/or equipment providers, or between these providers, the Commission will require from the partners appropriate guarantees of non-cross-subsidization and non-discrimination. The risk of cross-subsidization and discrimination is higher when the TOs or the other partners provide both services and equipment, whether within or outside the Community. C. Agreements on research and development (R&D)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n73. As in other high technology based sectors, R&D in telecommunications is essential for keeping pace with technological progress and being competitive on the market-place to the benefit of users. R&D requires more and more important financial, technical and human resources which only few undertakings can generate individually. Cooperation is therefore crucial for attaining the above objectives. 74. The Commission has adopted a Regulation for the block exemption under Article 85 (3) of R&D agreements in all sectors, including telecommunications\u00a0(22). 75. Agreements which are not covered by this Regulation (or the other Commission block exemption Regulations) could still obtain an individual exemption from the Commission if Article 85 (3) requirements are met individually. However, not in all cases do the economic benefits of an R&D agreement outweigh its competition restrictions. In telecommunications, one major asset, enabling access to new markets, is the launch of new products or services. Competition is based not only on price, but also on technology. R&D agreements could constitute the means for powerful undertakings with high market shares to avoid or limit competition from more innovative rivals. The risk of excessive restrictions of competition increases when the cooperation is extended from R&D to manufacturing and even more to distribution. 76. The importance which the Commission attaches to R&D and innovation is demonstrated by the fact that it has launched several programmes for this purpose. The joint companies' activities which may result from these programmes are not automatically cleared or exempted as such in all aspects from the application of the competition rules. However, most of those joint activities may be covered by the Commission's block exemption Regulations. If not, the joint activities in question may be exempted, where required, in accordance with the appropriate criteria and procedures. 77. In the Commission's experience joint distribution linked to joint R&D which is not covered by the Regulation on R&D does not play the crucial role in the exploitation of the results of R&D. Nevertheless, in individual cases, provided that a competitive environment is maintained, the Commission is prepared to consider full-range cooperation even between large firms. This should lead to improving the structure of European industry and thus enable it to meet strong competition in the world market place. V. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 86\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n78. Article 86 applies when:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nthe undertaking concerned holds an individual or a joint dominant position;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nit commits an abuse of that dominant position; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(iii)\n\n\nthe abuse may affect trade between Member States. Dominant position\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n79. In each national market the TOs hold individually or collectively a dominant position for the creation and the exploitation of the network, since they are protected by exclusive or special rights granted by the State. Moreover, the TOs hold a dominant position for some telecommunications services, in so far as they hold exclusive or special rights with respect to those services\u00a0(23). 80. The TOs may also hold dominant positions on the markets for certain equipment or services, even though they no longer hold any exclusive rights on those markets. After the elimination of these rights, they may have kept very important market shares in this sector. When the market share in itself does not suffice to give the TOs a dominant position, it could do it in combination with the other factors such as the monopoly for the network or other related services and a powerful and wide distribution network. As to the equipment, for example terminal equipment, even if the TOs are not involved in the equipment manufacturing or in the services provision, they may hold a dominant position in the market as distributors. 81. Also, firms other than TOs may hold individual or collective dominant positions in markets where there are no exclusive rights. This may be the case especially for certain non-reserved services because of either the market shares alone of those undertakings, or because of a combination of several factors. Among these factors, in addition to the market shares, two of particular importance are the technological advance and the holding of the information concerning access protocols or interfaces necessary to ensure interoperability of software and hardware. When this information is covered by intellectual property rights this is a further factor of dominance. 82. Finally, the TOs hold, individually or collectively, dominant positions in the demand for some telecommunication equipment, works or software services. Being dominant for the network and other services provisions they may account for a purchaser's share high enough to give them dominance as to the demand, i. e. making suppliers dependent on them. Dependence could exist when the supplier cannot sell to other customers a substantial part of its production or change a production. In certain national markets, for example in large switching equipment, big purchasers such as the TOs face big suppliers. In this situation, it should be weighed up case by case whether the supplier or the customer position will prevail on the other to such an extent as to be considered dominant under Article 86. With the liberalization of services and the expansion of new forces on the services markets, dominant positions of undertakings other than the TOs may arise for the purchasing of equipment. Abuse\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n83. Commission's activity may concern mainly the following broad areas of abuses:\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA. TOs' abuses: in particular, they may take advantage of their monopoly or at least dominant position to acquire a foothold or to extend their power in non-reserved neighbouring markets, to the detriment of competitors and customers. B. Abuses by undertaking other than TOs: these may take advantage of the fundamental information they hold, whether or not covered by intellectual property rights, with the object and/or effect of restricting competition. C. Abuses of a dominant purchasing position: for the time being this concerns mainly the TOs, especially to the extent that they hold a dominant position for reserved activities in the national market. However, it may also increasingly concern other undertakings which have entered the market. A. TOs'Abuses\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n84. The Commission has recognized in the Green Paper the central role of the TOs, which justifies the maintenance of certain monopolies to enable them to perform their public task. This public task consists in the provision and exploitation of a universal network or, where appropriate, universal service, i. e. one having general coverage and available to all users (including service providers and the TOs themselves) upon request on reasonable and non-discriminatory conditions. This fundamental obligation could justify the benefit of the exception provided in Article 90 (2) under certain circumstances, as laid down in the Services Directive. 85. In most cases, however, the competition rules, far from obstructing the fulfilment of this obligation, contribute to ensuring it. In particular, Article 86 can apply to behaviour of dominant undertakings resulting in a refusal to supply, discrimination, restrictive tying clauses, unfair prices or other inequitable conditions. If one of these types of behaviour occurs in the provision of one of the monopoly services, the fundamental obligation indicated above is not performed. This could be the case when a TO tries to take advantage of its monopoly for certain services (for instance: network provision) in order to limit the competition they have to face in respect of non-reserved services, which in turn are supported by those monopoly services. It is not necessary for the purpose of the application of Article 86 that competition be restricted as to a service which is supported by the monopoly provision in question. It would suffice that the behaviour results in an appreciable restriction of competition in whatever way. This means that an abuse may occur when the company affected by the behaviour is not a service provider but an end user who could himself be disadvantaged in competition in the course of his own business. 86. The Court of Justice has set out this fundamental principle of competition in telecommunications in one of its judgments\u00a0(24). An abuse within the meaning of Article 86 is committed where, without any objective necessity, an undertaking holding a dominant position on a particular market reserves to itself or to an undertaking belonging to the same group an ancillary activity which might be carried out by another undertaking as part of its activities on a neighbouring but separate market, with the possibility of eliminating all competition from such undertaking. The Commission believes that this principle applies, not only when a dominant undertaking monopolizes other markets, but also when by anti-competitive means it extends its activity to other markets. Hampering the provision of non-reserved services could limit production, markets and above all the technical progress which is a key factor of telecommunications. The Commission has already shown these adverse effects of usage restrictions on monopoly provision in its decision in the \u2018British Telecom\u2019 case\u00a0(25). In this Decision it was found that the restrictions imposed by British Telecom on telex and telephone networks usage, namely on the transmission of international messages on behalf of third parties:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nlimited the activity of economic operators to the detriment of technological progress;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\ndiscriminated against these operators, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage vis-\u00e0-vis TOs not bound by these restrictions; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(iii)\n\n\nmade the conclusion of the contracts for the supply of telex circuits subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which had no connection with such contracts. These were considered abuses of a dominant position identified respectively in Article 86 (b), (c) and (d). This could be done:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nas above, by refusing or restricting the usage of the service provided under monopoly so as to limit the provision of non-reserved services by third parties; or\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nby predatory behaviour, as a result of cross-subsidization. 87. The separation of the TOs' regulatory power from their business activity is a crucial matter in the context of the application of Article 86. This separation is provided in the Article 90 Directives on terminals and on services mentioned in Note 2 above. (a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Usage restrictions\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n88. Usage restrictions on provisions of reserved services are likely to correspond to the specific examples of abuses indicated in Article 86. In particular:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthey may limit the provision of telecommunications services in free competition, the investments and the technical progress, to the prejudice of telecommunications consumers (Article 86 (b)),\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nto the extent that these usage restrictions are not applied to all users, including the TOs themselves as users, they may result in discrimination against certain users, placing them at a competitive disadvantage (Article 86 (c)),\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthey may make the usage of the reserved services subject to the acceptance of obligations which have no connection with this usage (Article 86 (d)). 89. The usage restrictions in question mainly concern public networks (public switched telephone network (PSTN) or public switched data networks (PSDN)) and especially leased circuits. They may also concern other provisions such as satellite uplink, and mobile communication networks. The most frequent types of behaviour are as follows:\n\n\n\n\n(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Prohibition imposed by TOs on third parties:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\n\n\nto connect private leased circuits by means of concentrator, multiplexer or other equipment to the public switched network; and/or\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\n\n\nto use private leased circuits for providing services, to the extent that these services are not reserved, but under competition. 90. To the extent that the user is granted a licence by State regulatory authorities under national law in compliance with EEC law, these prohibitions limit the user's freedom of access to the leased circuits, the provision of which is a public service. Moreover, it discriminates between users, depending upon the usage (Article 86 (c)). This is one of the most serious restrictions and could substantially hinder the development of international telecommunications services (Article 86 (b)). 91. When the usage restriction limits the provision of non-reserved service in competition with that provided by the TO itself the abuse is even more serious and the principles of the abovementioned \u2018T\u00e9l\u00e9marketing\u2019 judgment (Note 23 supra) apply. 92. In individual cases, the Commission will assess whether the service provided on the leased circuit is reserved or not, on the basis of the Community regulatory acts interpreted in the technical and economic context of each case. Even though a service could be considered reserved according to the law, the fact that a TO actually prohibits the usage of the leased circuit only to some users and not to others could constitute a discrimination under Article 86 (c). 93. The Commission has taken action in respect of the Belgian R\u00e9gie des t\u00e9l\u00e9graphes et t\u00e9l\u00e9phones after receiving a complaint concerning an alleged abuse of dominant position from a private supplier of value-added telecommunications services relating to the conditions under which telecommunications circuits were being leased. Following discussions with the Commission, the RTT authorized the private supplier concerned to use the leased telecommunications circuits subject to no restrictions other than that they should not be used for the simple transport of data. Moreover, pending the possible adoption of new rules in Belgium, and without prejudice to any such rules, the RTT undertook that all its existing and potential clients for leased telecommunications circuits to which third parties may have access shall be governed by the same conditions as those which were agreed with the private sector supplier mentioned above\u00a0(26). (ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Refusal by TOs to provide reserved services (in particular the network and leased circuits) to third parties\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n94. Refusal to supply has been considered an abuse by the Commission and the Court of Justice\u00a0(27). This behaviour would make it impossible or at least appreciably difficult for third parties to provide non-reserved services. This, in turn, would lead to a limitation of services and of technical development (Article 86 (b)) and, if applied only to some users, result in discrimination (Article 86 (c)). (iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Imposition of extra charges or other special conditions for certain usages of reserved services\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n95. An example would be the imposition of access charges to leased circuits when they are connected to the public switched network or other special prices and charges for service provision to third parties. Such access charges may discriminate between users of the same service (leased circuits provision) depending upon the usage and result in imposing unfair trading conditions. This will limit the usage of leased circuits and finally non-reserved service provision. Conversely, it does not constitute an abuse provided that it is shown, in each specific case, that the access charges correspond to costs which are entailed directly for the TOs for the access in question. In this case, access charges can be imposed only on an equal basis to all users, including TOs themselves. 96. Apart from these possible additional costs which should be covered by an extra charge, the interconnection of a leased circuit to the public switched network is already remunerated by the price related to the use of this network. Certainly, a leased circuit can represent a subjective value for a user depending on the profitability of the enhanced service to be provided on that leased circuit. However, this cannot be a criterion on which a dominant undertaking, and above all a public service provider, can base the price of this public service. 97. The Commission appreciates that the substantial difference between leased circuits and the public switched network causes a problem of obtaining the necessary revenues to cover the costs of the switched network. However, the remedy chosen must not be contrary to law, i. e. the EEC Treaty, as discriminatory pricing between customers would be. (iv)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Discriminatory price or quality of the service provided\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n98. This behaviour may relate, inter alia, to tariffs or to restrictions or delays in connection to the public switched network or leased circuits provision, in installation, maintenance and repair, in effecting interconnection of systems or in providing information concerning network planning, signalling protocols, technical standards and all other information necessary for an appropriate interconnection and interoperation with the reserved service and which may affect the inter-working of competitive services or terminal equipment offerings. (v)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tying the provision of the reserved service to the supply by the TOs or others of terminal equipment to be interconnected or interoperated, in particular through imposition, pressure, offer of special prices or other trading conditions for the reserved service linked to the equipment. (vi)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tying the provision of the reserved service to the agreement of the user to enter into cooperation with the reserved service provider himself as to the non-reserved service to be carried on the network\n\n(vii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Reserving to itself for the purpose of non-reserved service provision or to other service providers information obtained in the exercise of a reserved service in particular information concerning users of a reserved services providers more favourable conditions for the supply of this information\n\nThis latter information could be important for the provision of services under competition to the extent that it permits the targeting of customers of those services and the definition of business strategy. The behaviour indicated above could result in a discrimination against undertakings to which the use of this information is denied in violation of Article 86 (c). The information in question can only be disclosed with the agreement of the users concerned and in accordance with relevant data protection legislation (see the proposal for a Council Directive concerning the protection of personal data and privacy in the context of public digital telecommunications networks, in particular the integrated services digital network (ISDN) and public digital mobile networks)\u00a0(28). (viii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Imposition of unneeded reserved services by supplying reserved and/or non-reserved services when the former reserved services are reasonably separable from the others\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n99. The practices under (v) (vi) (vii) and (viii) result in applying conditions which have no connection with the reserved service, contravening Article 86 (d). 100. Most of these practices were in fact identified in the Services Directive as restrictions on the provision of services within the meaning of Article 59 and Article 86 of the Treaty brought about by State measures. They are therefore covered by the broader concept of \u2018restrictions\u2019 which under Article 6 of the Directive have to be removed by Member States. 101. The Commission believes that the Directives on terminals and on services also clarify some principles of application of Articles 85 and 86 in the sector. The Services Directive does not apply to important sectors such as mobile communications and satellites; however, competition rules apply fully to these sectors. Moreover, as to the services covered by the Directive it will depend very much on the degree of precision of the licences given by the regulatory body whether the TOs still have a discretionary margin for imposing conditions which should be scrutinized under competition rules. Not all the conditions can be regulated in licences: consequently, there could be room for discretionary action. The application of competition rules to companies will therefore depend very much on a case-by-case examination of the licences. Nothing more than a class licence can be required for terminals. (b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Cross-subsidization\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n102. Cross-subsidization means that an undertaking allocates all or part of the costs of its activity in one product or geographic market to its activity in another product or geographic market. Under certain circumstances, cross-subsidization in telecommunications could distort competition, i. e. lead to beating other competitors with offers which are made possible not by efficiency and performance but by artificial means such as subsidies. Avoiding cross-subsidization leading to unfair competition is crucial for the development of service provision and equipment supply. 103. Cross-subsidization does not lead to predatory pricing and does not restrict competition when it is the costs of reserved activities which are subsidized by the revenue generated by other reserved activities since there is no competition possible as to these activities. This form of subsidization is even necessary, as it enables the TOs holders of exclusive rights to perform their obligation to provide a public service universally and on the same conditions to everybody. For instance, telephone provision in unprofitable rural areas is subsidized through revenues from telephone provision in profitable urban areas or long-distance calls. The same could be said of subsidizing the provision of reserved services through revenues generated by activities under competition. The application of the general principle of cost-orientation should be the ultimate goal, in order, inter alia, to ensure that prices are not inequitable as between users. 104. Subsidizing activities under competition, whether concerning services or equipment, by allocating their costs to monopoly activities, however, is likely to distort competition in violation of Article 86. It could amount to an abuse by an undertaking holding a dominant position within the Community. Moreover, users of activities under monopoly have to bear unrelated costs for the provision of these activities. Cross-subsidization can also exist between monopoly provision and equipment manufacturing and sale. Cross-subsidization can be carried out through:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nfunding the operation of the activities in question with capital remunerated substantially below the market rate;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nproviding for those activities premises, equipment, experts and/or services with a remuneration substantially lower than the market price. 105. As to funding through monopoly revenues or making available monopoly material and intellectual means for the starting up of new activities under competition, this constitutes an investment whose costs should be allocated to the new activity. Offering the new product or service should normally include a reasonable remuneration of such investment in the long run. If it does not, the Commission will assess the case on the basis of the remuneration plans of the undertaking concerned and of the economic context. 106. Transparency in the TOs' accounting should enable the Commission to ascertain whether there is cross-subsidization in the cases in which this question arises. The ONP Directive provides in this respect for the definition of harmonized tariff principles which should lessen the number of these cases. This transparency can be provided by an accounting system which ensures the fully proportionate distribution of all costs between reserved and non-reserved activities. Proper allocation of costs is more easily ensured in cases of structural separation, i. e. creating distinct entities for running each of these two categories of activities. An appropriate accounting system approach should permit the identification and allocation of all costs between the activities which they support. In this system all products and services should bear proportionally all the relevant costs, including costs of research and development, facilities and overheads. It should enable the production of recorded figures which can be verified by accountants. 107. As indicated above (paragraph 59), in cases of cooperation agreements involving TOs a guarantee of no cross-subsidization is one of the conditions required by the Commission for exemption under Article 85 (3). In order to monitor properly compliance with that guarantee, the Commission now envisages requesting the parties to ensure an appropriate accounting system as described above, the accounts being regularly submitted to the Commission. Where the accounting method is chosen, the Commission will reserve the possibility of submitting the accounts to independent audit, especially if any doubt arises as to the capability of the system to ensure the necessary transparency or to detect any cross-subsidization. If the guarantee cannot be properly monitored, the Commission may withdraw the exemption. 108. In all other cases, the Commission does not envisage requiring such transparency of the TOs. However, if in a specific case there are substantial elements converging in indicating the existence of an abusive cross-subsidization and/or predatory pricing, the Commission could establish a presumption of such cross-subsidization and predatory pricing. An appropriate separate accounting system could be important in order to counter this presumption. 109. Cross-subsidization of a reserved activity by a non-reserved one does not in principle restrict competition. However, the application of the exception provided in Article 90 (2) to this non-reserved activity could not as a rule be justified by the fact that the financial viability of the TO in question rests on the non-reserved activity. Its financial viability and the performance of its task of general economic interest can only be ensured by the State where appropriate by the granting of an exclusive or special right and by imposing restrictions on activities competing with the reserved ones. 110. Also cross-subsidization by a public or private operator outside the EEC may be deemed abusive in terms of Article 86 if that operator holds a dominant position for equipment or non-reserved services within the EEC. The existence of this dominant position, which allows the holder to behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors and customers and ultimately of consumers, will be assessed in the light of all elements in the EEC and outside. B. Abuses by undertakings other than the TOs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n111. Further to the liberalization of services, undertakings other than the TOs may increasingly extend their power to acquire dominant positions in non-reserved markets. They may already hold such a position in some services markets which had not been reserved. When they take advantage of their dominant position to restrict competition and to extend their power, Article 86 may also apply to them. The abuses in which they might indulge are broadly similar to most of those previously described in relation to the TOs. 112. Infringements of Article 86 may be committed by the abusive exercise of industrial property rights in relation with standards, which are of crucial importance for telecommunications. Standards may be either the results of international standardization, or de facto standards and the property of undertakings. 113. Producers of equipment or suppliers of services are dependent on proprietary standards to ensure the interconnectivity of their computer resources. An undertaking which owns a dominant network architecture may abuse its dominant position by refusing to provide the necessary information for the interconnection of other architecture resources to its architecture products. Other possible abuses \u2014 similar to those indicated as to the TOs \u2014 are, inter alia, delays in providing the information, discrimination in the quality of the information, discriminatory pricing or other trading conditions, and making the information provision subject to the acceptance by the producer, supplier or user of unfair trading conditions. 114. On 1 August 1984, the Commission accepted a unilateral undertaking from IBM to provide other manufacturers with the technical interface information needed to permit competitive products to be used with IBM's then most powerful range of computers, the System/370. The Commission thereupon suspended the proceedings under Article 86 which it had initiated against IBM in December 1980. The IBM Undertaking\u00a0(29) also contains a commitment relating to SNA formats and protocols. 115. The question how to reconcile copyrights on standards with the competition requirements is particularly difficult. In any event, copyright cannot be used unduly to restrict competition. C. Abuses of dominant purchasing position\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n116. Article 86 also applies to behaviour of undertakings holding a dominant purchasing position. The examples of abuses indicated in that Article may therefore also concern that behaviour. 117. The Council Directive 90/531/EEC\u00a0(30) based on Articles 57 (2), 66, 100a and 113 of the EEC Treaty on the procurement procedures of entities operating in inter alia the telecommunications sector regulates essentially:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nprocurement procedures in order to ensure on a reciprocal basis non-discrimination on the basis of nationality; and\n(ii)for products or services for use in reserved markets, not in competitive markets. That Directive, which is addressed to States, does not exclude the application of Article 86 to the purchasing of products within the scope of the Directive. The Commission will decide case by case how to ensure that these. different sets of rules are applied in a coherent manner. 118. Furthermore, both in reserved and competitive markets, practices other than those covered by the Directive may be established in violation of Article 86. One example is taking advantage of a dominant purchasing position for imposing excessively favourable prices or other trading conditions, in comparison with other purchasers and suppliers (Article 86 (a)). This could result in discrimination under Article 86 (c). Also obtaining, whether or not through imposition, an exclusive distributorship for the purchased product by the dominant purchaser may constitute an abusive extension of its economic power to other markets (see \u2018Telemarketing\u2019 Court judgment (Note 23 supra)). 119. Another abusive practice could be that of making the purchase subject to licensing by the supplier of standards for the product to be purchased or for other products, to the purchaser itself, or to other suppliers (Article 86 (d)). 120. Moreover, even in competitive markets, discriminatory procedures on the basis of nationality may exist, because national pressures and traditional links of a non-economic nature do not always disappear quickly after the liberalization of the markets. In this case, a systematic exclusion or considerably unfavourable treatment of a supplier, without economic necessity, could be examined under Article 86, especially (b) (limitation of outlets) and (c) (discrimination). In assessing the case, the Commission will substantially examine whether the same criteria for awarding the contract have been followed by the dominant undertaking for all suppliers. The Commission will normally take into account criteria similar to those indicated in Article 27 (1) of the Directive\u00a0(31). The purchases in question being outside the scope of the Directive, the Commission will not require that transparent purchasing procedures be pursued. D. Effect on trade between Member States\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n121. The same principle outlined regarding Article 85 applies here. Moreover, in certain circumstances, such as the case of the elimination of a competitor by an undertaking holding a dominant position, although trade between Member States is not directly affected, for the purposes of Article 86 it is sufficient to show that there will be repercussions on the competitive structure of the common market. VI. APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 85 AND 86 IN THE FIELD OF SATELLITES\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n122. The development of this sector is addressed globally by the Commission in the \u2018Green Paper on a common approach in the field of satellite communications in the European Community\u2019 of 20 November 1990 (Doc. COM(90) 490 final). Due to the increasing importance of satellites and the particular uncertainty among undertakings as to the application of competition rules to individual cases in this sector, it is appropriate to address the sector in a distinct section in these guidelines. 123. State regulations on satellites are not covered by the Commission Directives under Article 90 of the EEC Treaty respectively on terminals and services mentioned above except in the Directive on terminals which contemplates receive-only satellite stations not connected to a public network. The Commission's position on the regulatory framework compatible with the Treaty competition rules is stated in the Commission Green Paper on satellites mentioned above. 124. In any event the Treaty competition rules fully apply to the satellites domain, inter alia, Articles 85 and 86 to undertakings. Below is indicated how the principles set out above, in particular in Sections IV and V, apply to satellites. 125. Agreements between European TOs in particular within international conventions may play an important role in providing European satellites systems and a harmonious development of satellite services throughout the Community. These benefits are taken into consideration under competition rules, provided that the agreements do not contain restrictions which are not indispensable for the attainment of these objectives. 126. Agreements between TOs concerning the operation of satellite systems in the broadest sense may be caught by Article 85. As to space segment capacity, the TOs are each other's competitors, whether actual or potential. In pooling together totally or partially their supplies of space segment capacity they may restrict competition between themselves. Moreover, they are likely to restrict competition vis-\u00e0-vis third parties to the extent that their agreements contain provisions with this object or effect: for instance provisions limiting their supplies in quality and/or quantity, or restricting their business autonomy by imposing directly or indirectly a coordination between these third parties and the parties to the agreements. It should be examined whether such agreements could qualify for an exemption under Article 85 (3) provided that they are notified. However, restrictions on third parties' ability to compete are likely to preclude such an exemption. It should also be examined whether such agreements strengthen any individual or collective dominant position of the parties, which also would exclude the granting of an exemption. This could be the case in particular if the agreement provides that the parties are exclusive distributors of the space segment capacity provided by the agreement. 127. Such agreements between TOs could also restrict competition as to the uplink with respect to which TOs are competitors. In certain cases the customer for satellite communication has the choice between providers in several countries, and his choice will be substantially determined by the quality, price and other sales conditions of each provider. This choice will be even ampler since uplink is being progressively liberalized and to the extent that the application of EEC rules to State legislations will open up the uplink markets. Community-wide agreements providing directly or indirectly for coordination as to the parties' uplink provision are therefore caught by Article 85. 128. Agreements between TOs and private operators on space segment capacity may be also caught by Article 85, as that provision applies, inter alia, to cooperation, and in particular joint venture agreements. These agreements could be exempted if they bring specific benefits such as technology transfer, improvement of the quality of the service or enabling better marketing, especially for a new capacity, outweighing the restrictions. In any event, imposing on customers the bundled uplink and space segment capacity provision is likely to exclude an exemption since it limits competition in uplink provision to the detriment of the customer's choice, and in the current market situation will almost certainly strengthen the TOs' dominant position in violation of Article 86. An exemption is unlikely to be granted also when the agreement has the effect of reducing substantially the supply in an oligopolistic market, and even more clearly when an effect of the agreement is to prevent the only potential competitor of a dominant provider in a given market from offering its services independently. This could amount to a violation of Article 86. Direct or indirect imposition of any kind of agreement by a TO, for instance by making the uplink subject to the conclusion of an agreement with a third party, would constitute an infringement of Article 86. VII. RESTRUCTURING IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n129. Deregulation, the objective of a single market for 1992 and the fundamental changes in the telecommunications technology have caused wide strategic restructuring in Europe and throughout the world as well. They have mostly taken the form of mergers and joint ventures. (a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mergers\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n130. In assessing telecom mergers in the framework of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 on the control of concentrations between undertakings\u00a0(32) the Commission will take into account, inter alia, the following elements. 131. Restructuring moves are in general beneficial to the European telecommunications industry. They may enable the companies to rationalize and to reach the critical mass necessary to obtain the economies of scale needed to make the important investments in research and development. These are necessary to develop new technologies and to remain competitive in the world market. However, in certain cases they may also lead to the anticompetitive creation or strengthening of dominant positions. 132. The economic benefits resulting from critical mass must be demonstrated. The concentration operation could result in a mere aggregation of market shares, unaccompanied by restructuring measures or plans. This operation may create or strengthen Community or national dominant positions in a way which impedes competition. 133. When concentration operations have this sole effect, they can hardly be justified by the objective of increasing the competitivity of Community industry in the world market. This objective, strongly pursued by the Commission, rather requires competition in EEC domestic markets in order that the EEC undertakings acquire the competitive structure and attitude needed to operate in the world market. 134. In assessing concentration cases in telecommunications, the Commission will be particularly vigilant to avoid the strengthening of dominant positions through integration. If dominant service providers are allowed to integrate into the equipment market by way of mergers, access to this market by other equipment suppliers may be seriously hindered. A dominant service provider is likely to give preferential treatment to its own equipment subsidiary. Moreover, the possibility of disclosure by the service provider to its subsidiary of sensitive information obtained from competing equipment manufacturers can put the latter at a competitive disadvantage. The Commission- will examine case by case whether vertical integration has such effects or rather is likely to reinforce the competitive structure in the Community. 135. The Commission has enforced principles on restructuring in a case concerning the GEC and Siemens joint bid for Plessey\u00a0(33). 136. Article 85 (1) applies to the acquisition by an undertaking of a minority shareholding in a competitor where, inter alia, the arrangements involve the creation of a structure of cooperation between the investor and the other undertakings, which will influence these undertakings' competitive conduct\u00a0(34). (b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Joint ventures\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n137. A joint venture can be of a cooperative or a concentrative nature. If is of a cooperative nature when it has as its object or effect the coordination of the competitive behaviour of undertakings which remain independent. The principles governing cooperative joint ventures are to be set out in Commission guidelines to that effect. Concentrative joint ventures fall under Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89\u00a0(35). 138. In some of the latest joint venture cases the Commission granted an exemption under Article 85 (3) on grounds which are particularly relevant to telecommunications. Precisely in a decision concerning telecommunications, the \u2018Optical Fibres\u2019 case\u00a0(36), the Commission considered that the joint venture enabled European companies to produce a high technology product, promoted technical progress, and facilitated technology transfer. Therefore, the joint venture permits European companies to withstand competition from non-Community producers, especially in the USA and Japan, in an area of fast-moving technology characterized by international markets. The Commission confirmed this approach in the \u2018Canon-Olivetti\u2019 case\u00a0(37). VIII. IMPACT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF EEC COMPETITION RULES TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n139. International conventions (such as the Convention of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) or Conventions on Satellites) play a fundamental role in ensuring worldwide cooperation for the provision of international services. However, application of such international conventions on telecommunications by EEC Member States must not affect compliance with the EEC law, in particular with competition rules. 140. Article 234 of the EEC Treaty regulates this matter\u00a0(38). The relevant obligations provided in the various conventions or related Acts do not pre-date the entry into force of the Treaty. As to the ITU and World Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference (WATTC), whenever a revision or a new adoption of the ITU Convention or of the WATTC Regulations occurs, the ITU or WATTC members recover their freedom of action. The Satellites Conventions were adopted much later. Moreover, as to all conventions, the application of EEC rules does not seem to affect the fulfilment of obligations of Member States vis-\u00e0-vis third countries. Article 234 does not protect obligations between EEC Member States entered into in international treaties. The purpose of Article 234 is to protect the right of third countries only and it is not intended to crystallize the acquired international treaty rights of Member States to the detriment of the EEC Treaty's objectives or of the Community interest. Finally, even if Article 234 (1) did apply, the Member States concerned would nevertheless be obliged to take all appropriate steps to eliminate incompatibility between their obligations vis-\u00e0-vis third countries and the EEC rules. This applies in particular where Member States acting collectively have the statutory possibility to modify the international convention in question as required, e. g. in the case of the Eutelsat Convention. 141. As to the WATTC Regulations, the relevant provisions of the Regulations in force from 9 December 1988 are flexible enough to give the parties the choice whether or not to implement them or how to implement them. In any event, EEC Member States, by signing the Regulations, have made a joint declaration that they will apply them in accordance with their obligations under the EEC Treaty. 142. As to the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) recommendations, competition rules apply to them. 143. Members of the CCITT are, pursuant to Article 11 (2) of the International Telecommunications Convention, \u2018administrations\u2019 of the Members of the ITU and recognized private operating agencies (\u2018RPOAs\u2019) which so request with the approval of the ITU members which have recognized them. Unlike the members of the ITU or the Administrative Conferences which are States, the members of the CCITT are telecommunications administrations and RPOAs. Telecommunications administrations are defined in Annex 2 to the International Telecommunications Conventions as \u2018tout service ou d\u00e9partement gouvernemental responsable des mesures \u00e0 prendre pour ex\u00e9cuter les obligations de la Convention Internationale des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications et des r\u00e8glements\u2019 [any government service or department responsible for the measures to be taken to fulfil the obligations laid down in the International Convention on Telecommunications and Regulations]. The CCITT meetings are in fact attended by TOs. Article 11 (2) of the International Telecommunications Convention clearly provides that telecommunications administrations and RPOAs are members of the CCITT by themselves. The fact that, because of the ongoing process of separation of the regulatory functions from the business activity, some national authorities participate in the CCITT is not in contradiction with the nature of undertakings of other members. Moreover, even if the CCITT membership became governmental as a result of the separation of regulatory and operational activities of the telecommunications administrations, Article 90 in association with Article 85 could still apply either against the State measures implementing the CCITT recommendations and the recommendations themselves on the basis of Article 90 (1), or if there is no such national implementing measure, directly against the telecommunications organizations which followed the recommendation\u00a0(39). 144. In the Commission's view, the CCITT recommendations are adopted, inter alia, by undertakings. Such CCITT recommendations, although they are not legally binding, are agreements between undertakings or decisions by an association of undertakings. In any event, according to the case law of the Commission and the European Court of Justice\u00a0(40) a statutory body entrusted with certain public functions and including some members appointed by the government of a Member State may be an \u2018association of undertakings\u2019 if it represents the trading interests of other members and takes decisions or makes agreements in pursuance of those interests. The Commission draws attention to the fact that the application of certain provisions in the context of international conventions could result in infringements of the EEC competition rules:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAs to the WATTC Regulations, this is the case for the respective provisions for mutual agreement between TOs on the supply of international telecommunications services (Article 1 (5)), reserving the choice of telecommunications routes to the TOs (Article 3 (3) (3)), recommending practices equivalent to price agreements (Articles 6 (6) (1) (2)), and limiting the possibility of special arrangements to activities meeting needs within and/or between the territories of the Members concerned (Article 9) and only where existing arrangements cannot satisfactorily meet the relevant telecommunications needs (Opinion PL A). \u2014\n\n\nCCITT recommendations D1 and D2 as they stand at the date of the adoption of these guidelines could amount to a collective horizontal agreement on prices and other supply conditions of international leased lines to the extent that they lead to a coordination of sales policies between TOs and therefore limit competition between them. This was indicated by the Commission in a CCITT meeting on 23 May 1990. The Commission reserves the right to examine the compatibility of other recommendations with Article 85. \u2014\n\n\nThe agreements between TOs concluded in the context of the Conventions on Satellites are likely to limit competition contrary to Article 85 and/or 86 on the grounds set out in paragraphs 126 to 128 above. (1)\u00a0\u00a0The European electronics and information technology industry: state of play, issues at stake and proposals for action, SEC(91) 565, 3 April 1991. (2)\u00a0\u00a0Telecommunications embraces any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical and other electromagnetic systems (Article 2 of WATTC Regulation of 9 December 1988). (3)\u00a0\u00a0Commission Directive 88/301/EEC of 16 May 1988 on competition in the markets in telecommunications terminal equipment (OJ No L 131, 27. 5. 1988, p. 73). Commission Directive 90/388/EEC of 28 June 1990 on competition in the markets for telecommunications services (OJ No L 192, 24. 7. 1990, p. 10). (4)\u00a0\u00a0Judgment of 10. 1. 1985 in Case 229/83, Leclerc/gasoline [1985] ECR 17; Judgment of 11. 7. 1985 in Case 299/83, Leclerc/books [1985] ECR 2517; Judgment of 30. 4. 1986 in Cases from 209 to 213/84, Minist\u00e8re public v. Asjes [1986] ECR 1425; Judgment of 1. 10. 1987 in Case 311/85, Vere-niging van Vlaamse Reisbureaus v. Sociale Dienst van de Plaatselijke en Gewestelijke Overheidsdiensten [1987] ECR 3801. (5)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 257, 4. 10. 1988, p. 1. (6)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 192, 24. 7. 1990. p. 1. (7)\u00a0\u00a0Article 90 (2) states: \u2018Undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest or having the character of a revenue-producing monopoly shall be subject to the rules contained in this Treaty, in particular to the rules on competition, in so far as the application of such rules does not obstruct the performance, in law or in fact, of the particular tasks assigned to them. The development of trade must not be affected to such an extent as would be contrary to the interests of the Community\u2019. (8)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No 13, 21. 2. 1962, p. 204/62 (Special Edition 1959-62, p. 87). (9)\u00a0\u00a0See Judgment of the Court 16. 6. 1987 in Case 118/85, Commission v. Italy \u2014 Transparency of Financial Relations between Member States and Public Undertakings [1987] ECR 2599. (10)\u00a0\u00a0See Judgment of the Court of 27. 9. 1988 in Joined Cases 89, 104, 114, 116, 117, 125, 126, 127, 129/85, \u00c5lstr\u00f6m & others v. Commission (\u2018Woodpulp\u2019), [1988] ECR 5193. (11)\u00a0\u00a0Case 10/71, Mueller-Hein [1971] ECR 723; Judgment of 11. 4. 1989 in Case 66/86, Ahmed Saeed [1989] ECR 803. (12)\u00a0\u00a0\u2018. the non-economic reasons in the general interest which may cause a Member State to restrict access to the public telecommunications network or public telecommunications services. \u2019\n\n(13)\u00a0\u00a0Case 322/81, Michelin v. Commission, 9 November 1983 [1983] ECR 3529, Ground 37. (14)\u00a0\u00a0Judgment of 14. 2. 1978 in Case 27/76, United Brands v. Commission [1978] ECR 207, Ground 44. In the telecommunications sector: Judgment of 5. 10. 1988 in Case 247/86, Alsatel-Novasam [1988] ECR 5987. (15)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 382, 31. 12. 1986, p. 36. (16)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 196, 17. 7. 1987, p. 81. (17)\u00a0\u00a0Reported in \u2018Competition Law in the European Communities\u2019 Volume I (situation at 31. 12. 1989) published by the Commission. (18)\u00a0\u00a0For simplification's sake this term stands also for \u2018decisions by associations\u2019 and \u2018concerted practices\u2019 within the meaning of Article 85. (19)\u00a0\u00a0PVC, Commission Decision 89/190/EEC, OJ No L 74, 17. 3. 1989, p. 1; Case 123/85, BNIC v. Clair [1985] ECR 391; Case 8/72, Cementhandelaren v. Commission (1972) ECR 977; Polypropylene, Commission Decision 86/398/EEC (OJ No L 230/1, 18. 8. 1986, p. 1) on appeal Casel79/86. (20)\u00a0\u00a0See Commission press release IP(90) 188 of 6 March 1990. (21)\u00a0\u00a0Commission press release IP(89) 948 of 14. 12. 1989. (22)\u00a0\u00a0Regulation (EEC) No 418/85, OJ No L 53, 22. 2. 1985, p. 5. (23)\u00a0\u00a0Commission Decision 82/861/EEC in the \u2018British Telecommunications\u2019 case, point 26, OJ No L 360, 21. 12. 1982, p. 36, confirmed in the Judgment of 20. 3. 1985 in Case 41/83, Italian Republic v. Commission [1985] ECR 873, generally known as \u2018British Telecom\u2019. (24)\u00a0\u00a0Case 311/84, Centre belge d'\u00e9tudes de march\u00e9 T\u00e9l\u00e9marketing (CBEM) SA v. Compagnie luxembourgoise de t\u00e9l\u00e9diffusion SA and Information Publicit\u00e9 Benelux SA, 3 October 1985 [1985] ECR 3261, Grounds 26 and 27. (25)\u00a0\u00a0See Note 22). (26)\u00a0\u00a0Commission Press release IP(90) 67 of 29. 1. 1990\n\n(27)\u00a0\u00a0Cases 6 and 7/73 Commercial Solvents v. Commission [1974] ECR 223; United Brands v. Commission (Note 13, above). (28)\u00a0\u00a0Commission document COM(90) 314 of 13. 9. 1990. (29)\u00a0\u00a0Reproduced in full in EC Bulletin 10-1984 (point 3. 4. 1). As to its continued application, see Commission press release No IP(88) 814 of 15 December 1988. (30)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 297, 29. 10. 1990, p. 1. (31)\u00a0\u00a0(See Note 26) Article 27 (1) (a) and (b). The criteria on which the contracting entities shall base the award of the contracts shall be: (a) the most economically advantageous tender involving various criteria such as delivery date, period for completion, running costs, cost-effectiveness, quality, aesthetic and functional characteristics, technical merit, after-sales services and technical assistance, commitments with regard to spare parts, security of supplies and price; or (b) the lowest price only. (32)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 395, 30. 12. 1989, p. 1; Corrigendum OJ No L 257, 21. 9. 1990, p. 13. (33)\u00a0\u00a0Commission Decision rejecting Plessey's complaint against the GEC-Siemens bid (Case IV/33. 018 GEC-Siemens/Plessey), OJ No C 239, 25. 9. 1990, p. 2. (34)\u00a0\u00a0British American Tobacco Company Ltd and RJ Reynolds Industries Inc. v. Commission (Joined Cases 142 and 156/84) of 17. 11. 1987 (1987) ECR 4487. (35)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 203, 14. 8. 1990, p. 10. (36)\u00a0\u00a0Decision 86/405/EEC, OJ No L 236, 22. 8. 86, p. 30. (37)\u00a0\u00a0Decision 88/88/EEC, OJ No L 52, 26. 2. 1988, p. 51. (38)\u00a0\u00a0\u2018The rights and obligations arising from agreements concluded before the entry into force of this Treaty between one or more Member States on the one hand and one or more third countries on the other, shall not be affected by the provisions of this Treaty. To the extent that such agreements are not compatible with this Treaty, the Member State or States concerned shall take all appropriate steps to eliminate the incompatibilities established. Member States shall, where necessary, assist each other to this end and shall, where appropriate, adopt a common attitude. \u2019\n\n(39)\u00a0\u00a0See Commission Decision 87/3/EEC ENI/Montedison, OJ No L 5, 7. 1. 1987, p. 13. (40)\u00a0\u00a0See Pabst & Richarz/BNIA, OJ No L 231, 21. 8. 1976, p. 24, AROW/BNIC, OJ No L 379, 31. 12. 1982, p. 1, and Case 123/83 BNIC v. Clair (1985) ECR 391"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/cca3e57b-2730-478d-b063-ca6c0b857034", "title": "91/476/ECSC: Decision of the representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council of 6 September 1991 extending Decision 86/284/ECSC on the arrangements for trade between the Community and the associated overseas countries and territories in products within the province of the European Coal and Steel Community", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision_representatives_member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_complementary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Representatives of the Governments of the Member States", "date": "1991-09-06", "subjects": "ECSC,overseas countries and territories,trade regulations", "workIds": "celex:41991D0476,oj:JOL_1991_255_R_0021_027", "eurovoc_concepts": ["ECSC", "overseas countries and territories", "trade regulations"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/cca3e57b-2730-478d-b063-ca6c0b857034", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ac7538b7-8b80-4127-b781-1e6c98968b53", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2655/91 of 5 September 1991 amending Regulation (EEC) No 1257/91 laying down detailed rules governing the grant of private storage aid for Kefalotyri and Kasseri cheeses", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-05", "subjects": "aid to agriculture,private stock,sheep's milk cheese", "workIds": "celex:31991R2655,oj:JOL_1991_249_R_0013_018", "eurovoc_concepts": ["aid to agriculture", "private stock", "sheep's milk cheese"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ac7538b7-8b80-4127-b781-1e6c98968b53", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8c2b7cbb-65c1-439b-9d53-3897de27ddef", "title": "Question No 9 by Mr VAN OUTRIVE (H-0855/91) to the Council: Rapid consultation centre to deal with problems caused by migration", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary_question_time,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,VAN OUTRIVE", "date": "1991-09-05", "subjects": "Albania,Italy,consultation of information,immigration,migrant,migration policy,refugee", "workIds": "celex:91991H000855", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Albania", "Italy", "consultation of information", "immigration", "migrant", "migration policy", "refugee"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8c2b7cbb-65c1-439b-9d53-3897de27ddef", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1853f04f-f1f9-4cc0-a9b7-ec3faf3da981", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) CHANGING PART II OF REGULATION ( EEC ) NO 1612/68 ON FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT FOR WORKERS WITHIN THE COMMUNITY", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_regulation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-05", "subjects": "EU employment policy,EU national,equal treatment,free movement of workers,labour market", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0316,comnat:COM_1991_0316_FIN,oj:JOC_1991_254_R_0009_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU employment policy", "EU national", "equal treatment", "free movement of workers", "labour market"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1853f04f-f1f9-4cc0-a9b7-ec3faf3da981", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf", "pdfa1b", "print"], "text": "COMVIISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMVTUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 316 final - SYN 359 \n\nBrussels, 5 September 1991 \n\nP r o p o s al \n\nf or a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION \n\n(EEC) \n\nChanging P a rt II of R e g u l a t i on \n\n(EEC) NO 1 6 1 2 / 68 on freedom of \n\nmovement f or workers w i t h in t he Community \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\nV \n' '4; \n\nE 4 \n\n'. ' S'\"s \u2022 if ' - ' M \n\n\fEXPLANATORY MJMQRAypuy \n\n1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS \n\n1. 1. Existing system \n\nPart II of Regulation 1612/68 on the free movement of workers in \n\nthe Community concerns the workings of an exchange system of job \n\nvacancies, applications for employment and cooperation between the \n\nemployment services of the Member states and the Commission, in an \n\neffort to facilitate the mobility of workers within the Community. 2 \n\nThe mechanism, known as SEDOC (Syst\u00e8me Europ\u00e9en de Diffusion des \n\nOffres et demandes d'emploi en Compensation), brings together for \n\nthe purpose two elements : a codified and rigid procedure (for the \n\nexchange of information relating to job vacancies, requests for \n\nemployment, living and working conditions) between employment \n\nservices, and a network of human correspondents in the public \n\nemployment services of each country feeding into and utilising the \n\nsystem. At least once a month, lists of unfilled job vacancies and \n\napplications are exchanged by telex between these services which \n\nthen try to ensure that as many matchings as possible are made \n\nbetween the two lists. 1. 2. Reasons for the proposed revision \n\nThe way this system works in practice has never given real cause \n\nfor satisfaction for a variety of reasons linked to the changing \n\nsituation of national labour markets, insufficient promotion of its \n\nuse, the rapid obsolescence of the tool in relation to modern \n\ntechnologies for the handling and distribution of information, and \n\nalso to the self limiting constraints imposed by the Regulation. These are notably : \n\nOnly information on vacancies \"unfilled. by manpower from \n\nthe national labour market\" should be exchanged. This \n\nsituation condemns the exchange to be centered almost \n\nexclusively on vacancies which tend to be less attractive at \n\nnational level. These vacancies very often couldn't be filled \n\neither at Community level. This situation does not tally with \n\nthe principle of non discrimination between nationals of the \n\nCommunity within a single European labour market. Regarding applications for employment, the search for jobs is \n\nnormally limited to the pool of those unfilled vacancies. These have mostly completely different characteristics in \n\ncomparison with the applications. Clearance is therefore \n\nnormally difficult and not successful. On the other hand there are no measures to ensure that appli \n\ncants will receive a response to their request for information \n\non job opportunities. The Regulation imposes on labour administrations and the \n\nCommission cumbersome bureaucratic constraints which are not \n\nfelt to be justified in this day and age. 4 \n\nThe Commission's work programme implementing the Community \n\nCharter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers, and th \n\nResolution of the European Parliament on this programme \n\nenvisage the renovation of the SEDOC system and consequently \n\nthe updating of Part II of Regulation 1612/68. 1. 3. The legal basis for the proposed revision \n\nArticle 49 of the Treaty as amended by the Single Act constitutes \n\nthe legal basis for regulations and directives on freedom of \n\nmovement; it states that the Council shall act Hby a qualified \n\nmajority on a proposal from the Commission, in cooperation with the \n\nEuropean Parliament and after consulting the Economic and Social \n\nCommittee\". 1. 4. Objectives of the proposed revision \n\nIt is proposed to revise Part II of the Regulation along three main \n\nguidelines : \n\nencourage Member States to distribute vacancies and requests \n\nlikely to be filled at Community level in the framework of \n\nworker mobility; \n\n\f5 \n\nguarantee to those job seekers who wish to work in \n\nanother Member state that they can obtain from the \n\nemployment service of their country of residence the \n\nquality and rapidity of service at least equal to that \n\nthey would obtain if they moved to the Member state where \n\nthey wish to work. - \n\nsimplify procedures for users and administrations. 2. EXAMINATION IN DETAIL OF THE PROPOSED CHANGES TO REGUIATION \n\n1612/68 \n\nThe proposal concerns Articles 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 of the \n\nRegulation which should be changed. These changes put forward based \n\non the following reasons : \n\n2. 1 Article 14 , paragraph 1 and paragraph 2; \n\nThe first sentence should adapted to the rules concerning the \n\nprocedure for committees. Within the overall objective of \n\nsimplifying both the Regulation and the tasks of the Member States, \n\nit is appropriate to alleviate those obligations on Member States \n\nconcerning technical details and other information which the Member \n\nStates provide as part of their cooperation with the Commission. The technical details of the delivery and the exchange of \n\ninformation which may be useful in a future SEDOC system should be \n\ndetermined by the Commission in co-operation with the Technical \n\nCommittee. This simplification of the Regulation could enable the \n\npartners to react more flexibly to the requirements of the system \n\nand avoid overdetailed obligations of the Member States which \n\ncannot be met or aren't useful in the context of a renovated \n\nexchange system. 2. 2. Article 14 paragraph 3 \n\n6 \n\nThe first sentence should be adapted to the rules concerning the \n\nprocedure for committees. 2. 3. Article 15 and Article 16 \n\nThese are the central part of the Regulation concerning the SEDOC \n\nsystem and contain in their revised text the most important changes \n\nand adaptations. Using new data communication techniques, new possibilities are \n\nopened up for rapid exchange of information, and in particular \n\nregarding vacancies and applications for employment. Therefore, \n\n\"returns\" according to Article 15 paragraph lf first sentence will \n\nnot be necessary if a new SEDOC system is capable of exchanging \n\ninformation and messages rapidly. 2. 3. 1. Article 15. parag. 1(a) and (h) \n\nThe objective of the changes in Article 15 paragraph 1(a) is to \n\ndelete the restrictions on the selection of vacancies distributed \n\nin the past by the clearance mechanism, and to encourage the \n\nemployment services to distribute all vacancies which could appeal \n\nto Communitiy workers. It would be desirable as an ideal system of \n\na single labour market to implement a full sharing out of all \n\nregistered job vacancies but this is at the moment basically not \n\npractical. Nevertheless, vacan-cies which may be interesting on a \n\nCommunity labour market basis should be selected as sub-sets of a \n\nCommunity nature from within the national data bases. 7 \n\nThus the Community dimension of the labour market may be added to \n\nthe national procedures of clearance for vacancies and applications \n\nfor employment. The context also implies the insertion of a new alin\u00e9a (b), that \n\nensures a better transparency of the Community labour market. 2. 3. 2 Article 15 paragraph 1(c) and fd) : \n\nIt distinguishes in the revised text between two types of \n\napplicants for employment, on the one hand those applicants who \n\nwish to work in another Member State and who express this wish \n\n\"formally\" (Article 15 para 1 (c)). This first category of \n\napplicants isn't provided for in the existing texts, but experience \n\nshows that it is the group of applicants which is the most \n\ninterested in the Community labour market. On the other hand the \n\nrevised text refers in Article 15 para 1 (d) to those applicants \n\nwho are ready and able to accept employment in another Member \n\nState. In both cases the aim of Article 15 para 1 (c) and (d) is to \n\nallow for any positive measures on the part of the employment \n\nservices to help all job seekers who have decided on mobility. It \n\nshould guarantee that these job seekers obtain from the employment \n\nservices of their country of residence the quality and rapidity of \n\nservice at least equal to that they would obtain if they moved to \n\nthe Member State where they wish to work. 2. 3. 3 Article 15. parag. 2 \n\nThe last part of Article 15 paragraph 2 should be deleted because \n\nthe time delay of eighteen months related only to 1968 and up to \n\nand including the Decisions concerning SEDOC in 1972. 2. 3. 4. Article 16 : \n\n8 \n\nIt contains the details of the procedure for clearance of vacancies \n\nand applications for employment. The changes in Article 16 paragraph 1 have to follow the changes in \n\nArticle 15 paragraph 1 and regulate therefore a different kind of \n\nclearance. Furthermore the revised text lifts cumbersome \n\nobligations under the current procedures. The second sentence in \n\nArticle 16 paragraph 1 (revised text) is transferred from paragraph \n\n2 in the current version and concerns the possible responses \n\nregarding vacancies. 2. 3. 5. Article 16 paragraph 2 : \n\nThis paragraph establishes a new procedure for applications for \n\nemployment in Article 15 paragr. 1 (c), which are introduced with \n\na degree of emphasis and which should get a response in a \n\nreasonable delay whether there is a suitable vacancy or not. The \n\ndelay has to be flexible enough for the employment services to be \n\nable to react as a consequence. 2. 3. 6. Article 16 parag. 3 : \n\nThe principle of equality of treatment between nationals and the \n\nsubjects of other Member States in the Community specificially \n\nenunciated by Article 16 paragraph 2 (existing text) is reiterated \n\nin paragraph 3 of Article 16 (revised). The overdetailed and cumbersomme procedures in Article 16 paragraph \n\n3 of the existing text were not of any practical use in the past \n\nand should be deleted. 9 \n\nI \nI \n\\ \nf. 7-\n\n'%\u2022 \n\ni \n\nj \n\n| \n\n? \n\nI\n\nI \n>t-I \nI \n\n2. 4. Article 17 \n\nThe change concerning the \"returns\" in Article 17 paragraph 1 \n\nsubparagraph (ai fiY follows the changes in Article 15. The word \n\n\"outstanding\" in Article 17 paragraph 1 subparagraph (b) is unclear \n\n(because it can be understood as \"unfilled\"in Article 15 existing \n\ntext) and defunct as well. Article 17 should incite the Member \n\nStates to organize as far as possible the exchange of all vacancies \n\nand applications for employment in the cross border regions. 2. 5 Article 19 \n\n* \n\n\u2022 \n\n\u2022\u2022. The first paragraph represents the legal basis for the monitoring \n\nof the clearance system and as such should remain. Nevertheless the \n\nobligations should be simplified. The periodicity in Article 19 \n\nparagraph 1 first sentence f\"Twice a year\") should be handled more \nflexibly. Regarding Article. 19 paragraph 1 second and third indents \n\n'-\u00c9 S \n\nthe text is simplified taking into account that the reports \n\nreferred to could already be provided for in Article 14. JO \n\n2. 6 Article 20 \n\nIt contains very cumbersome and hardly useful detailed obligations \n\nf \n\n- \n\n-. ^ \n\nfor the Member States. A new clearance system makes such provisions \n\nunnecessary. In facft, the new system allows to react immediately \n\nand without any special administrative measures in front of any \n\nmajor changes andf disturbances on tfce regional or national \n\nindustrial labour markets. 2. 7 The ANNEX (to rArtiele 16) \n\nIt is no longer applicable because Article 16 paragraph 3 is \n\ndeleted. 2 \n\n\fM \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EBC) \n\nChanging Part II of Regulation (EEC) NO 1612/68 on freedom of \n\nmovement for workers within the Community \n\nThe Council of the European Community, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic \n\nCommunity and in particular Article 49 thereof, \n\nIn cooperation with the European Parliament, \n\n- Wr \n\nHaving regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social \n\nCommittee, \n\nt \n\nWhereas the free movement of workers within the Community \n\nconstitutes a fundamental right established by the Treaty; \n\n\fM-\n\nWhereas to give effect to the freedom of movement of workers \n\ncoming from the Member States in the Community it is necessary \n\nto reinforce the mechanism for clearance of vacancies and \n\napplications for employment; \n\nWhereas the principle of non-discrimination between Community \n\nworkers implies the recognition, in fact and in law, for all \n\nnationals of the Member States of the same priority in the \n\nlabour market as enjoyed by national workers of each Member \n\nState; that this priority is established equally in the \n\nframework of the mechanism for clearance of vacancies and \n\napplications for employment; \n\nWhereas it is advisable to ensure the greatest possible \n\ntransparency of the Community labour market, especially when \n\ndetermining vacancies and applications for employment which \n\nare the subject of Community clearance. J\u00cf \n\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION: \n\nARTICLE 1 \n\nRegulation (EEC) N\u00b0 1612/68 is hereby changed as follows \n\n1. In Article 14 : \n\nare deleted in paragraph 1 the words \"by region and \n\nby branch of activity\" \n\nparagraph 2 is replaced by : \n\n\"2. After having obtained the \n\nopinion of the \n\nTechnical Committee, the Commission shall determine \n\nthe manner in which the information referred to in \n\nparagraph 1 shall be drawn up\". in the first sentence of paragraph 3 the words \"in \n\nagreement with\" are replaced by \"after having \n\nobtained the opinion of\" \n\n\fM \n\n2. Article 15 is replaced by : \n\nArticle 15 \n\n1. The specialist service of each Member State shall \n\nregularly send to the specialist services of the \n\nother Member States and to the European Co \n\nordination Office \n\n(a) the vacancies likely to be filled by Community \n\nnationals from other Member States \n\n(b) they acancies addressed to non-Member States \n\n(c) the applications for employment of those who \n\nhave formally expressed the wish to work in \n\nanother Member State \n\n(d) information, by occupation and by region, on \n\nthe applicants, who have declared themselves \n\nactually ready and able to accept employment \n\nin another country \n\nThe specialist service of each Member State shall \n\nforward such information to the appropriate \n\nemployment services and agencies. JLS \n\n2. The vacancies and applications messages referred to \n\nin paragraph 1 shall be circulated according to a \n\nuniform system to be established by the European \n\nCo-ordination Office in collaboration with the \n\nTechnical Committee. Article 16 is replaced by : \n\nArticle 16 \n\n1. Any vacancy within the meaning of Article 15 \n\naddressed to the employment services of a Member \n\nState shall be communicated and dealt with by the \n\ncompetent employment services of the other Member \n\nStates which are concerned. Such services shall \n\nforward to the services of that Member State the \n\ndetails of suitable applicants who are Community \n\nnationals. 2. The applications referred to in subparagraph 1(b) \n\nof Article 15 shall be responded to by the \n\nreveiving services of the Member States within a \n\nreasonable delay. 3. The employment services grant the same priority to \n\nthe workers of the Member States as is granted by \n\nthe national measures pertinent to national workers \n\nwith regard to workers from non-Member States. 4. In Article 17, first paragraph : \n\n- \n\nthe word \"returns\" in subparagraph (a)(i) is \n\nreplaced by \"messages\" \n\nthe word \"outstanding\" in subparagraph (b) is \n\ndeleted \n\n5. In Article 19 the first paragraph is replaced by : \n\n1. On the basis of a report from the Commission drawn \n\nup from information supplied by the Member States, \n\nthe latter and the Commission shall regularly \n\ntogether analyse the results of Community \n\narrangements regarding vacancies and applications \n\n\f6. Article 20 is replaced by : \n\nArticle 20 \n\n(deleted) \n\n7. The Annex is deleted \n\nARTICLE 2 \n\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on \n\nThis Regulation shall be binding in its ejitirety and directly \n\napplicable in all Member States. fi \nin. y. \u00a3 \n\nDone at Brussels, \n\nFor the Council \n\n\f<A% \n\nFINANCIAL SHEET \n\nThe proposal does not have any financial consequences for the Comitiunity \n\ninsofar as it does not modify basically the obligations already falling \n\non the Member States and on the Commission with regard to the \n\nimplementation of the regulation 1612/68. /3 \n\nIMPACT OF CERTAIN LEGISLATIVE MEASURES \n\nON SMALL AND MEDIUM-SI2ED ENTERPRISES AND EMPLOYMENT \n\n1. Administrative obligations arising from the application of \n\nlegislation for enterprises: \n\n- None \n\n2. Advantages for enterprises: \n\nYes \n\nWhich? \n\ngreater transparency and availability of manpower coming from \n\nMember States \n\n3. Disadvantages for enterprises: \n\n(Additional costs) \n\n- none \n\n4. Effects on employment: \n\nMore flexibility for enterprises and increased intra-Community \n\nmobility. 1. Was nere preliminary consultation of the two sides of industry? \n\n\f10 \n\nYes (in the Consultative Committee on free movement of workers) \n\nOpinion of two aides of induatry : favourable \n\n6. Is there a less constraining alternative approach? \n\nNo \n\n\f\fISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91)316final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n04 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-354-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-74907-5 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \nI ,-2985 Luxembourg"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/bbf08431-05ab-498d-97d5-46d552e490fc", "title": "91/502/EEC: Commission Decision of 5 September 1991 determining the amount of VAT own resources payable by the Federal Republic of Germany for 1989 in respect of transactions covered by the 20th Council Directive 85/361/EEC of 16 July 1985 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes - Common system of value added tax: derogations in connection with the special aids granted to certain farmers to compensate for the dismantlement of monetary compensatory amounts applying to certain agricultural products (Only the German text is authentic)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-05", "subjects": "VAT,monetary compensatory amount,own resources,support mechanism", "workIds": "celex:31991D0502,oj:JOL_1991_264_R_0028_026", "eurovoc_concepts": ["VAT", "monetary compensatory amount", "own resources", "support mechanism"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/bbf08431-05ab-498d-97d5-46d552e490fc", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+null
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/63f9b863-2332-4bcc-ba05-36b84b4f7221", "title": "INSIS : The Inter-Institutional Integrated Services Information System.", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print_stpl", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#publication_general,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media,European Commission", "date": "1991-09-05", "subjects": "centralisation of information,information storage and retrieval,information system,information technology", "workIds": "PUB_CD7191017", "eurovoc_concepts": ["centralisation of information", "information storage and retrieval", "information system", "information technology"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/63f9b863-2332-4bcc-ba05-36b84b4f7221", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print_stpl"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/edf65485-9dae-41cb-8b3b-cedafe6416af", "title": "Decision No 1/91 of the EEC-Norway Joint Committee of 5 September 1991 supplementing and amending, in the framework of the Joint Declaration concerning the review of the changes to the origin rules as a result of the introduction of the harmonized system, Annex III to Protocol No 3 concerning the definition of the concept of originating products and methods of administrative cooperation", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_body_agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "EEC\u2013Norway Joint Committee", "date": "1991-09-05", "subjects": "Norway,agreement (EU),originating product", "workIds": "celex:21991D1112(05),oj:JOL_1991_311_R_0008_018", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Norway", "agreement (EU)", "originating product"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/edf65485-9dae-41cb-8b3b-cedafe6416af", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/bd6d08c0-e25f-49a7-87d7-a199440e0152", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISION DESIGNATING THE COMMUNITY REFERENCE LABORATORIES FOR TESTING FOR RESIDUES OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_other,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-05", "subjects": "fresh meat,health control,research body,slaughter animal,testing", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0314,comnat:COM_1991_0314_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["fresh meat", "health control", "research body", "slaughter animal", "testing"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/bd6d08c0-e25f-49a7-87d7-a199440e0152", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91)314 final \n\nBrussels, 5 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL DECISION \n\ndesignating the Community reference laboratories \n\nfor testing for residues of certain substances \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\nI. -: \" \n\n\u00a5\u00a7\u00a3:\u2022\u00a3! \n\nSteffi \nIjpp \n\ns* \n\n\fz> \n\nEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\nOn 16 September 1986, the Council adopted Directive 86/469/EEC1 \n\nconcerning the examination of animals and fresh meat for the presence \n\nof residues. Article 8(2) provides for both the designation for each residue or \n\ngroup of residues of a Community reference laboratory responsible for \n\ncoordinating inspections, to be selected from among the various \n\nnational reference laboratories, and the determining of its powers and \n\nconditions of operation. Council Decision 89/187/EEC2 of 6 March 1989 determines the powers and \n\nthe conditions of operation of the abovementioned Community reference \n\nlaboratories. The laboratories listed in the draft proposal fulfil all the conditions \n\nnecessary to be designated as a Community reference laboratory. It should be noted that these Community reference laboratories may \n\nreceive Community aid in accordance with the conditions set out in \n\nArticle 28 of Council Decision 90/424/EEC3 of 26 June 1990 on \n\nexpenditure in the veterinary field. The future financial impact of the draft proposal for a Council \n\nDecision has already been taken into consideration and will be defined \n\nin the implementing decision to be taken on the basis of the \n\nabovementioned Article 28. 1 0J No L 275, 26. 9. 1986, p. 36. 2 OJ No L 66, 10. 3. 1990, p. 37. 3 OJ No L 224, 18. 8. 1990, p. 19. Proposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL DECISION \n\nof \n\ndesignating the Community reference laboratories \n\nfor testing for residues of certain substances \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, \n\nHaving regard to Council Directive 86/469/EEC of 16 September 1986 \n\nconcerning the examination of animals and fresh meat for the presence of \n\nresidues1, and in particular Article 8(2) thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission, \n\nWhereas coordination \n\nbetween \n\nthe national \n\nreference \n\nlaboratories \n\nresponsible in the Member States for the examination of animals and their \n\nmeat for the presence of residues must be assigned to highly specialized \n\nlaboratories possessing the installations and equipment necessary for this \n\ntype of analysis; \n\nWhereas the Council, in its Decision 89/187/EEC of 6 March 19892, \n\ndetermined the powers and conditions of operation of the Community \n\nreference laboratories provided for in Directive 86/469/EEC concerning the \n\nexamination of animals and fresh meat for the presence of residues; \n\nWhereas, in accordance with Article 8(2) of Directive 86/469/EEC3, it is \n\nimportant to designate at this point the Community reference laboratories \n\nfor testing for residues of certain substances, \n\nHAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION: \n\n1 OJ No L 275, 26. 9. 1986, p. 36. 2 OJ No L 66, 10. 3. 1989, p. 37. 3 OJ No L 224, 18. 8. 1990, p. 19. -k-\n\nArt icle 1 \n\nThe following laboratories are hereby designated as Community reference \n\nlaborator ies: \n\n(a) for the residues included in Annex I, groups A. I and A. I I, of \n\nDirect ive 86/469/EEC: \n\nRijksinstituut voor de Volksgezondheid en Mi I ieuhygiene \n\nAntonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9 \n\n3720 BILTHOVEN \n\nNETHERLANDS \n\n(b) \n\nfor \n\nthe residues \n\nincluded \n\nin Annex I, group A. I I I. a, of \n\nDirective 86/469/EEC, with the exception of sulphonamides: \n\nLaboratoire des M\u00e9dicaments v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires \n\n(CNEVA-LMV) \n\nLa Haute March\u00e9, Javen\u00e9 \n\n35133 FOUGERES \n\nFRANCE \n\n(c) for \n\nthe residues \n\nincluded \n\nin Annex I, group A. lll. b, of \n\nDirective 86/469/EEC, and the residues of beta-agonists and \n\nsulphonamides: \n\nBundesgesundhe i tsamt \n\nThielallee 88 \n\n1000 BERLIN 33 \n\nFEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY \n\n(d) for the residues included in Annex I, groups B. I I. a and B. ll. b, of \n\nDirect ive 86/469/EEC: \n\nIstituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 \n\nvia Regina Elena 299 \n\n00161 ROMA \n\nITALY \n\n\f-5~-\n\nArt icle 2 \n\nThis Decision is addressed to the Member States \n\nDone at Brussels, \n\nFor the CounciI \n\n\f\fISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91)314final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n15 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-351-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-74880-X \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \n\nL-2985 Luxembourg"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/5220c764-69a3-4273-b778-d2dc75caf340", "title": "91/485/EEC: Commission Decision of 5 September 1991 suspending the buying in of butter in certain Member States (Only the German, English, French and Dutch texts are authentic)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-05", "subjects": "EU aid,France", "workIds": "celex:31991D0485,oj:JOL_1991_257_R_0047_034", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU aid", "France"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/5220c764-69a3-4273-b778-d2dc75caf340", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2009fb3e-089b-426a-8366-cd4b54b3aec3", "title": "91/486/EEC: Commission Decision of 4 September 1991 amending Decision 90/135/EEC relating to the plans of certain third countries concerning examination of residues of fresh meat for substances other than those having a hormonal action", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-04", "subjects": "fresh meat,hormone,import,third country,veterinary inspection", "workIds": "celex:31991D0486,oj:JOL_1991_260_R_0013_018", "eurovoc_concepts": ["fresh meat", "hormone", "import", "third country", "veterinary inspection"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2009fb3e-089b-426a-8366-cd4b54b3aec3", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/52f008b8-d58b-4f9d-a708-beaa53c1f710", "title": "Decision No 1/91 of the EEC-Sweden Joint Committee of 4 September 1991 supplementing and amending, in the framework of the Joint Declaration concerning the review of the changes to the origin rules as a result of the introduction of the harmonized system, Annex III to Protocol No 3 concerning the definition of the concept of originating products and methods of administrative cooperation", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_body_agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "EEC\u2013Sweden Joint Committee", "date": "1991-09-04", "subjects": "Sweden,agreement (EU),originating product", "workIds": "celex:21991D1112(03),oj:JOL_1991_311_R_0005_016", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Sweden", "agreement (EU)", "originating product"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/52f008b8-d58b-4f9d-a708-beaa53c1f710", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c352e18b-ac8c-4bb0-99ed-2e03664a8df3", "title": "91/501/EEC: Commission Decision of 4 September 1991 approving an amendment to the varietal conversion programme for hops submitted by the United Kingdom pursuant to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2997/87 (Only the English text is authentic)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-04", "subjects": "United Kingdom,plant breeding,producer organisation,production aid", "workIds": "celex:31991D0501,oj:JOL_1991_264_R_0025_025", "eurovoc_concepts": ["United Kingdom", "plant breeding", "producer organisation", "production aid"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c352e18b-ac8c-4bb0-99ed-2e03664a8df3", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a787639b-4761-4854-aa4d-727c2668a378", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2641/91 of 4 September 1991 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2405/89 laying down special detailed rules for the application of the system of import licences and advance fixing certificates for products processed from fruit and vegetables", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-04", "subjects": "fruit product,import licence,vegetable product", "workIds": "celex:31991R2641,oj:JOL_1991_247_R_0011_019", "eurovoc_concepts": ["fruit product", "import licence", "vegetable product"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a787639b-4761-4854-aa4d-727c2668a378", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9145a8dd-2587-45f4-8e9e-3111fca0ed9a", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2644/91 of 4 September 1991 amending Regulation No 158/67/EEC determining the coefficients of equivalence between the different qualities of cereals", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-04", "subjects": "Poland,ratio,rye,standard", "workIds": "celex:31991R2644,oj:JOL_1991_247_R_0023_022", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Poland", "ratio", "rye", "standard"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9145a8dd-2587-45f4-8e9e-3111fca0ed9a", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/986d2c85-f6c3-439e-a977-e8296b79dab9", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) CONCERNING MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF SPECIFIED ZOONOSES AND OF SPECIFIED ZOONOTIC AGENTS IN ANIMALS AND PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN IN ORDER TO PREVENT OUTBREAKS OF FOOD-BORNE INFECTIONS AND INTOXICATIONS", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_regulation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-04", "subjects": "animal disease,exchange of information,food inspection,health legislation,research body,veterinary legislation", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0310,comnat:COM_1991_0310_FIN,oj:JOC_1991_253_R_0002_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["animal disease", "exchange of information", "food inspection", "health legislation", "research body", "veterinary legislation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/986d2c85-f6c3-439e-a977-e8296b79dab9", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf", "pdfa1b", "print"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\n< ',>\u00bb\u2022 T^dfS \n\nCOM(91) 310 final \n\nBrussels, 4 September 1991 \n\n'\u2022fSS* *faci?s'Xfc^ \n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) \n\nconcerning measures for the prevention of specified zoonoses \n\nand of specified zoonotic agents in animals and products \n\nof animal origin in order to prevent outbreaks \n\nof food-borne Infections and intoxications \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\n\f- 2 -\n\nEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\nThe zoonoses are those diseases and infections naturally transmitted between \n\nvertebrate animals and man. They represent, on top of the health hazards to man, a negative affect on the \n\nagricultural economy, due to losses of productivity and commercial \n\nrestrictions. Furthermore, different policies in relation to zoonoses causes distortions of \n\ncompetition between agricultural producers and poses problems to Intra-\n\nCommunity trade of living animals and products of animal origin. The prevention of zoonoses is based on different strategies which may depend \n\non the nature of the disease, the pathogen involved and its way of \n\ntransmission. Strategies are based principally on a reduction of contamination possibilities \n\nand, where possible, the eradication of the disease, in the livestock or \n\nwildlife. Specific actions have already been undertaken at Community level to \n\ncontrol some zoonotic diseases in livestock or wildlife, in particular, for \n\nbovine tuberculosis, bovine brucellosis, brucellosis in sheep and goats and \n\nrabies. Furthermore, measures intended to reduce the contamination of feeding stuffs \n\nand specific feed of animal origin by zoonotic agents have been already \n\nadopted or proposed at Community level. The present proposal consists of : \n\n- an obligation for the Member States to collect information on the incidence \n\nof zoonotic agents in man and animals, and to report this information to \n\nthe Commission; \n\n- an obligation to take measures for the detection of zoonotic agents in \n\nanimals, feedingstuffs and products of animal origin; \n\n\f- 3 -\n\n- special actions for specific zoonotic agents. In a first instance, such \n\nmeasures will focus on a programme related to Salmonellae in poultry \n\nproduction and Listeria monocytogenes in soft cheese and cooked ready to \n\neat products; \n\n- the appointment of reference laboratories providing the technical \n\nassistance necessary for correct implementation of the system. \"The Commission underlines that this proposed regulation, which covers at the \n\nsame time not only foodstuffs but also animals and feedlngstuffs, does not \n\naffect the existing Council Directive 89/397 of 14 June 1989 on the special \n\ncontrol of foodstuffs whose rules and procedures will continue to apply\". - 4 -\n\nProposal for a \n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) \n\nconcerning measures for the prevention of specified zoonoses \n\nand of specified zoonotic agents in animals and products \n\nof animal origin in order to prevent outbreaks \n\nof food-borne infections and intoxications \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and \n\nin particular Article 43 thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission, \n\nHaving regard to the opinion of the European Parliament, \n\nHaving regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee, \n\nWhereas live animals and products of animal origin appear on the list In \n\nAnnex II to the Treaty; whereas livestock farming and the placing on the \n\nmarket of products of animal origin constitutes a source of income for a large \n\npart of the agricultural population; \n\nWhereas the rational development of this sector, and an improvement In its \n\nproductivity, may be achieved by the initiation of veterinary measures aimed \n\nat protecting and raising the level of public and animal health in the \n\nCommunity; \n\nWhereas It is necessary to prevent and reduce, by appropriate measures, the \n\nappearance of zoonoses which pose a threat to human health, in particular, \n\nthrough food of animal origin-, \n\n\f- 5 -\n\nWhereas the Community has already undertaken action for the eradication of \n\ncertain zoonotic diseases and in particular bovine tuberculosis, bovine \n\nbrucellosis, brucellosis in sheep and goats and rabies; whereas it is \n\nadvisable to collect epidemiological information on those diseases; \n\nWhereas, in order to control some food-borne diseases, it is necessary to \n\nestablish combined actions requiring specific interventions at the level of \n\nproduction of feedlngstuffs, at the level of breeding animals, at the level of \n\npoultry flocks and at the level of transformation of products of animal \n\norigin; \n\nWhereas those rules should apply without prejudice to Council Directive \n89/397/EEC of 14 June 1989 on the official control of foodstuffs*1>; \n\nWhereas it is necessary to collect information in the Member States on the \n\nincidence of zoonotic diseases in the human population, in domesticated \n\nanimals, in animal feedlngstuffs and wildlife in order to assess the \n\npriorities for the preventive actions; \n\nWhereas it is opportune that the Commission follows the development of the \n\nepidemiological situation and takes the appropriate measures; \n\nWhereas the harmonization of essential requirements concerning the protection \n\nof public health presupposes the designation of Community liaison and \n\nreference laboratories and the undertaking of technical and scientific \n\nactions; \n\nWhereas detailed rules governing the Community's financial contribution \n\ntowards some actions laid down in this Regulation have been laid down by \n\nCouncil Decision 90/424/EEC of 26 June 1990 on expenditure in the veterinary \nfield*2), as amended by Decision 91/133/EEC<3>; \n\nWhereas it is appropriate to confer upon the Commission the task of taking the \n\nnecessary measures of application, \n\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION : \n\n(1) 0J NO L 186, 30. 6. 1989, p. 23. (2) OJ No L 224, 18. 8. 1990, p. 19. (3) OJ No L 66, 13. 3. 1991, p. 18. - 6 -\n\nArticle 1 \n\n1. This Regulation lays down the rules for the collection of information on \n\nzoonoses and zoonotic agents and the measures to be taken for zoonoses and \n\nof zoonotic agents in the Member States and at Community level. 2. This Regulation shall apply without prejudice to Directive 89/397/EEC. Article 2 \n\nFor the purpose of this Regulation : \n\n1. \"zoonoses\" means those diseases and infections naturally transmitted \n\nbetween vertebrate animals and man; \n\n2. \"zoonotic agent\" means any bacterium, virus or parasite which can cause a \n\nzoonos18 ; \n\n3. \"fowl breeding flock\" means any group of more than 25 fowl (Gal lus gal lus) \n\nreared for production of hatching eggs, continuously housed in one house \n\nor, in the case of free range fowls, any group of more than 25 fowls having \n\ncommon access to one or more houses; \n\n4. \"fowl commercial flock\" means any group of more than 100 fowl (Gal lus \n\ngal lus) reared for production of poultry meat and/or the production of eggs \n\nfor consumption, continuously housed in one house or, in the case of free \n\nrange fowls, any group of more than 100 fowls having common access to one \n\nor more houses; \n\n5. \"approved laboratory\" means a laboratory approved by the competent \n\nauthority of a Member State to carry out examinations of samples in order \n\nto detect a zoonotic agent; \n\n6. \"sample\" means a sample taken on behalf of the owner or manager of the \n\nestablishment or of the animals, for the examination of the zoonotic agent \n\nconcerned; \n\n7. \"official sample\" means a sample taken by the competent authority for the \n\nexamination of the zoonotic agent concerned. The official sample bears a \n\nreference to the species, the type, the amount and the method of collection \n\nand the Identification of the origin of the animal or the product of animal \n\norigin; this sample is to be taken without prior warning. \u2022 7 -\n\nArtw a \n\nt. Each Member State shall ensure that the activities undertaken In accordance \n\nwith this Regulation by the public health authorities, veterinary \n\nauthorities and other relevant authorities in its territory are coordinated \n\nat national and local level, in particular in relation to the \n\nepidemiological enquiries. 2. Each Member State shall designate the competent authority responsible for \nthe submission of the data collected in accordance with Articles 4 and 8 at \nthe national level. 3. The competent authorities at local level shall be assisted by approved \n\nlaboratories. 4. Each Member State shall designate reference laboratories for zoonoses and \nzoonotic agents. Where necessary the final identification or confirmation \nof a zoonotic agent shaM be carried out in the appropriate reference \nlaboratories. Article 4 \n\n1. For the zoonoses listed In Annex 1, point I, the following rules shall \n\napply. 2. The diagnosis of a clinical case shall rest with the appropriate members of \nthe medical and veterinary profession. The isolation and identification of \na zoonotic agent or any other evidence of their presence rests with the \nperson in charge of the laboratory or, where the Identification is made \nelsewhere than at a laboratory by serological or other examination, with \nthe person responsible for the examination. 3. The diagnosis and identification of a zoonotic agent referred to in \n\nparagraph 2 shall be reported to the appropriate public health or \n\nveterinary authority. This authority shall report to the competent \n\nauthority referred to in Article 3(2). - 8 -\n\n4. The Commission, in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14, \n\nmay extend the provisions of this Article to zoonoses and zoonotic agents \n\nreferred to in Annex 1, point II. Article \u00a7 \n\n1. The national authority referred to in Article 3(2) shall evaluate the \n\ninformation collected in accordance with Article 4(3). They shall \n\ncommunicate to the Commission, every twelve months, the trends of the \n\ninfections and the sources of the infections. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not exclude more frequent communications by Member States \n\nto the Commission, or requests from the Commission for additional \n\ninformation, where the circumstances warrant it. 3. The Commission shall, by 1 January 1995, present a report to the Council on \n\nthe collection of data with proposals in order to improve the reporting \n\nsystem. 4. if necessary the implementing measures necessary to ensure the uniform \n\napplication of this Article shall be laid down in accordance with the \n\nprocedure laid down in Article 14. Article 6 \n\nThe systems of tracing the movement of farm animals laid down in Commission \nDecision 89/153/EEC(4> shall be enforced in relation to the measures for \n\nzoonoses and zoonotic agents laid down in this Regulation. (4) OJ NO L 59, 2. 3. 1989, p. 33. - 9 -\n\nArticle 7 \n\n1. Member States, taking into account the general principles of Directive \n89/397/EEC, shall submit to the Commission by 1 April 1992 national \nmeasures to be taken to achieve the stated objective of this Regulation in \nrespect of zoonoses in accordance with Annexes 2, 3 and 4. However, Member \nStates may include zoonoses or zoonotic agents other than those Indicated \nIn Annexes 2 and 3. 2. The measures must take into account the specific situation of each Member \n\nState and specify inter alia, \n\n(a) the structure and distribution of the domestic animal population in \n\nthe national territory; \n\n(b) the number and distribution of establishments producing final compound \n\nfeedlngstuffs; \n\n(c) the number and distribution of establishments producing food of animal \n\norigin; \n\n(d) the infrastructure of the services (in particular giving details of \nthe authorities associated with the implementation of the plans and \nthe type and size of the bodies involved In such implementation); \n(e) the number of approved laboratories at which the examination and \nidentification will take place and the approval procedures for such \nlaboratories. 3. The measures must Indicate, In relation to monitoring : \n\n(a) the monitoring of the zoonotic agents referred to in Annex 2, point I \n\nat the level of the herds or flocks; \n\n(b) the monitoring of zoonotic agents referred to in Annex 2, point II at \n\nthe level of final production of compound feedlngstuffs; \n\n(c) the monitoring of the zoonotic agents referred to In Annex 2, point \n\nIII at the level of production of food of animal origin; \n\n(d) eventually the monitoring of zoonoses or zoonotic agents included by \n\nthe concerned Member State. - 10 -\n\n4. The measures must comply with the minimum level of sampling referred to in \n\nAnnex 3, points III, IV and V. However derogations can be granted to \n\nspecific Member States, in accordance with the procedure laid down in \n\nArticle 14 for categories of animals or products where they represent a \n\nminimal part of the production of that Member State. 5. The measures must indicate the actions to be taken in relation to controls \n\nin accordance with Annex 4. 6. The Commission shall examine the measures communicated in accordance with \n\nparagraph 1, in order to determine whether they conform to the provisions \n\nlaid down in this Regulation. 7. In accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14, the Commission \n\nshall, by 1 July 1992, approve the measures referred to in paragraph 1. In \n\naccordance with the same procedure the Commission may decide that the \n\nMember States concerned must amend or supplement the measures which they \n\nhave submitted. 8. At the request of the Member States concerned and in order to take account \n\nof the developments of the situation in that Member State or in one of its \n\nregions, the Commission may decide, in accordance with the procedure \n\nprovided for in Article 14, to approve any amendment or addition to \n\nmeasures previously approved pursuant to paragraph 7. 9. In accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14, the Commission \n\nmay decide that a Member State must amend or supplement measures previously \n\napproved pursuant to paragraph 7 in order to take account of the \n\ndevelopment in the situation in that State or of the findings established \n\nunder Articles 5 and 8. Article 8 \n\nEvery year the Member States shall present to the Commission, within the frame \n\nof the committee referred to In Article 14, the results of the measures \n\nreferred to in Article 7. - 11 -\n\nArticle 9 \n\nVeterinary experts from the Commission may, in collaboration with the \n\nauthorities of the Member State concerned, In so far as la necessary to ensure \n\nuniform application of this Regulation, make on-the-spot checks; the \n\nCommission shall inform the Member States of the results of the Investigation. A Member State in whose territory a check is being carried out shall give all \nthe necessary assistance to the experts in carrying out their duties. The general provisions for implementing this Article shall be determined In \naccordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14. ArtlClff 10 \n\nThe reference laboratories referred to in Article 3(4) shall liaise with the \nCommunity reference laboratories referred to in Annex 5. The powers and duties \nof the Community reference laboratories shall be laid down, in so far as they \nare not already covered by Article 28 of Decision 90/424/EEC, in accordance \nwith the procedure laid down in Article 14. ATtlClt 11 \n\nThe Commission shall follow the development of the situation in relation to \n\nzoonotic diseases in the Community, particularly on the basis of the \n\ninformation collected pursuant to Articles 5 and 8 and may : \n\na) institute specific studies, in particular in relation to the evaluation of \nthe risks from zoonotic agents, diagnostic procedures and measures in \ncollaboration with the appropriate reference laboratories referred to in \nArticle 3(4) and the Community reference laboratories referred to in \nArticle 10 and the Scientific Veterinary Committee; \n\n\f- 12 -\n\nb) in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14, establish the \n\nstandard operating procedures for approved laboratories referred to In \n\nArticle 3(3); \n\nc) establish guidelines for the measures concerning zoonoses. Article 12 \n\nDetailed rules governing the Community's financial contribution towards the \n\nactions arising from this Regulation are laid down in Decision 90/424/EEC. Article 13 \n\nThe Annexes to this Regulation may be amended by the Commission, in \n\naccordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14, in order to take Into \n\naccount the development of the situation in relation to zoonotic diseases. Article 14 \n\nWhere the procedure laid down in this Article is to be followed, the chairman \n\nshall, without delay, refer the matter to the Standing Veterinary Committee, \n\nhereinafter referred to as \"the Committee\", either on his own initiative or at \n\nthe request of a Member State. The representative of the Commission shall submit to the Committee a draft of \n\nthe measures to be taken. The Committee shall deliver its opinion on the \n\ndraft within a time-limit which the chairman may lay down according to the \n\nurgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote. The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State \n\nshall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes. The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the \n\nCommittee. It shall Inform the Committee of the manner in which its opinion \n\nhas been taken into account. - 13 -\n\nArticle 15 \n\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on 1 January 1992. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in \n\na 11 Member States. Done at Brussels, \n\nFor the Council \n\nThe President \n\n\f- 14 -\n\nANNEX 1 \n\nI. - Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium Bovis \n\n- Brucellosis and the agents thereof \n\n- Salmonellosis and the agents thereof \n\n- Rabies \n\n- Trichinosis and the agents thereof. II. - Campylobacteriosis \n\n- Listeriosis \n\n- ToxopIasmos i s \n\n- Yersiniosis \n\nand the agents thereof. - 15 -\n\nANNEX 2 \n\nI. - Salmonella \n\nII. - Salmonella \n\nIII. A. The choice of the specific zoonotic agent to be monitored is made by \n\nthe individual Member States taking into account \n\na) the specific food of animal origin involved; \n\nb) the specific establishment to be monitored; \n\nc) the evidence of the direct hazard of the specific food to human \n\nhealth; \n\nd) the effect of processing on the microbiological status of the food; \n\ne) the level of microbiological monitoring systems (HACCP) which are \n\ncarried out in that establishment in the control of hygiene and \n\ngood manufacturing practices. B. The choice is made from the following specified zoonotic agents : \n\n- Listeria monocytogenes \n\n- Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coll \n\n- Salmonella \n\n- Yers i nI a enterocoIi 11ca. However, soft cheese and cooked ready to eat products must be examined \n\nfor Listeria monocytogenes. - 16 -\n\nANNEX 3 \n\nI. The measures must indicate \n\n- the number and type of samples to be taken \n\n- the number and type of official samples to be taken \n\n- the methods of sampling \n\n- the methods of examination of the samples and identification of the \n\nzoonotic organisms. II. The measures must take into account the following criteria for \n\nestablishing the sampling procedures: \n\nA. Variable criteria at level of herds or flocks or individual animals. a) factors liable to encourage the spread of one or more zoonotic \n\ndiseases; \n\nb) previous history of this zoonotic disease in a given country, or \n\npart thereof, in domestic animals or wildlife-, \n\nc) the animal population concerned as regards \n\n- total size of population \n\n- homogenity of population groups \n\n- age of animals \n\n- animal production; \n\nd) the environment of the farms as regards \n\n- regional differences \n\n- the concentration of animals \n\n- the relation to urban areas \n\n- the relation to areas populated by wildlife; \n\ne) farm production systems including \n\n- intensive farming units \n\n- extensive farming units \n\n-husbandry systems, in particular feeding regimes and animal \n\nhealth care measures; \n\nf) problems liable to arise, in the light of known precedents and \n\nother information; \n\n\f- 17 -\n\ng) the required degree of protection, according to the nature and \n\ngravity of the disease in question. B. Variable criteria at level of establishments of final production of \n\ncompound feedlngstuffs \n\na) Types of materials produced and the animals to which they are \n\nintended to be fed; \n\nb) methods of production; \n\nc) total production of each type of material; \n\nd) frequency of production; \n\ne) the level of bacteriological monitoring carried out in accordance \n\nwith Council Regulation (EEC) No. /. [laying down the \n\nveterinary rules for the disposal and processing of animal waste, \n\nfor its placing on the market and for the prevention of pathogens \n\nin feedstuffa]; \n\nf) previous history of transmission to animals of zoonotic diseases \n\nthrough the given product. C. Variable criteria at level of establishments producing food of animal \n\norigin or: \n\na) previous history of animals from which products of animal origin \n\noriginate; \n\nb) previous history of transmission to human beings of a zoonotic \n\ndisease through a given product; \n\nc) the production concerned as regards : \n\n- the total production \n\n- the homogeneity of the production \n\n- the treatment to which the products have undergone; \n\nd) problems liable to arise, in the light of known precedents and \n\nother information; \n\ne) the required degree of protection, according to the nature and \n\ngravity of the disease in question. - 18 -\n\nA. The measures must comply with the following minimum level of sampling \n\nfor the zoonotic agents referred to In Annex 2. 1 : \n\n1. Breeding flocks \n\n(a) Rearing flocks \n\nAll fowl flocks being reared for breeding purposes must be sampled \n\nat least at a day old, 4 weeks of age and 2 weeks prior to entering \n\nthe laying phase. (b) Breeding laving flocks \n\nAll fowl flocks maintained for the production of hatching eggs must \n\nbe sampled at least every two weeks during the laying period. 2. Commercial egg laving flocks, from 1 July 1994 at the latest \n\n(a) Rearing flocks \n\nAll fowl flocks being reared for the production of eggs for human \n\nconsumption should be sampled at least at a day old, 4 weeks of age \n\nand 2 weeks prior to entering the laying phase. (b) Laying flocks \n\nAll fowl flocks maintained for the production and sale of eggs for \n\nhuman consumption should be sampled at least every 12 weeks during \n\nthe laying period. 3. Commercial fowl meat production flocks, from 1 July 1995 at the \n\nlatest \n\nAll fowl flocks maintained for the production of fowl for human \n\nconsumption should be sampled at least a day old and 3 weeks prior \n\nto slaughter. - 19 -\n\n4. Hatcheries \n\nHatcheries with an incubator capacity greater than 1,000 eggs \n\nshould carry out environmental sampling at least once per week \n\nwhlle in operation. B. All flocks and hatcheries referred to in point A must be sampled and \n\nexamined according to the following rules: \n\n1. Samples to be taken \n\nSampling may be carried out either on the farm or in the hatchery \n\nservicing those flocks where appropriate (i. e. for the monitoring \n\nrequirements for day old chicks or for the monitoring requirements \n\nof breeding flocks when in the laying period). When sampling is carried out on the farm the sample shall consist \n\nof pooled faecal samples. When the sampling is carried out in the \n\nhatchey the sample shall consist of dead in shells, culled day old \n\nchicks and meconium obtained at the point of hatch. 2. Number of samples to be taken \n\nThe number of samples to be taken in respect of any one flock is \n\ndetermined on a statistical basis of a 95% probability of detecting \n\none positive sample given that the level of infection in the \n\npopulation being sampled is 5% i. e. : \n\nNumber of birds in a flock \n\nNumber of samples to be taken \nrandomly at the farm or hatchery \n\n25 - 29 \n30 - 39 \n40 - 49 \n50 - 59 \n60 - 89 \n90 - 199 \n200 - 499 \n500 or more \n\n20 \n25 \n30 \n35 \n40 \n50 \n55 \n60* \n\n* The maximum number of samples required in one flock. - 20 -\n\n3. Bacteriological technique \n\nThe total number of samples taken from any one flock at the farm or \n\nthe hatchery may be pooled for bacteriological Investigation, using \n\neither an ISO method for salmonella or a comparable alternative \n\nmethod specified by the Member State. C. All flocks and hatcheries referred to in point A must be officially \n\nsampled and examined at least once very year. IV. A. The measures must comply with the following minimum level of sampling \n\nfor the zoonotic agents referred to in Annex 2. 11. Every month each type of compound feedingstuff intended for the flocks \n\nreferred to in 111. A, produced in the establishment should be sampled. B. Feedlngstuffs referred to in point A must be sampled and examined \n\naccording to the following rules. The samples taken for analysis must \n\ncomprise five units weighing 100 grams each from the final product. The frequency of this monitoring is increased where the final compound \n\nfeedingstuff is not subjected to heat or other alternative methods of \n\ntreatment adequate to eliminate the risk of zoonotic agents and where \n\na risk of transmission of a zoonotic agent has been established. The \n\nsamples may be pooled for bacteriological investigation, using either \n\nan ISO method for salmonella or a comparable alternative method \n\nspecified by the Member State. C. Each type of compound feedingstuff referred to In point A must be \n\nofficially sampled and examined at least once every year. - 21 -\n\nV. A. The measures must comply with the following minimum level of sampling \n\nfor Listeria monocytogenes referred to in Annex 2. 1 N. B. Every month each type of product produced in the establishments \n\nproducing soft cheese and cooked ready to eat products should be \n\nsamp Ied. B. The sampling technique and the bacteriological methods will be \n\nestablished according to the procedure referred to in Article 14. C. Each type of product referred to in point A must be officially sampled \n\nand examined at least once every year. - 22 -\n\nANNEX 4 \n\nI. The measures must comply with the following minimum action levels for \n\nzoonotic agents referred to in Annex 2. 1. A. Breeding flocks \n\n1. Rearing flocks \n\nWhere as a result of the monitoring carried out in accordance with \n\nAnnex 3. 111. A and C, the presence of Salmonella enter itidis or \n\nS. typhimurlum is detected in a rearing flock, the flock is \n\nofficially sampled according to point III, B, 2 of Annex 3, in \n\norder to confirm the initial findings. Liver, ovary and bone \n\nmarrow of each bird are separately examined for presence of \n\nSalmonella, using either an ISO method for Salmonella or a \n\ncomparable alternative method specified by the Member State. Where infection with S. enter itidis or S. typhimurlum is confirmed \n\nin a rearing flock no movements of live fowl (other than by licence \n\nissued by the veterinary authority direct to slaughter) or eggs may \n\nbe made from that flock until it can be established to the \n\nsatisfaction of the verterinary authority that infection with these \n\nserotypes Is no longer present. 2. Breeder laying flocks \n\nWhere, as a result of the monitoring carried out in accordance with \n\n3. 111. A and C, the presence of Salmonella enteritis or typhimurlum \n\nis detected in a breeder laying flock, the flock is officially \n\nsampled according to point III, B, 2 of Annex 3, in order to \n\nconfirm the initial findings. Liver, ovary and bone marrow of each \n\nbird are separately examined for presence of Salmonella, using \n\neither an ISO method for Salmonella or a comparable alternative \n\nmethod specified by the Member State. - 23 -\n\nWhere infection with Salmonella enteritidis or typhimurlum is \n\nconfirmed in a breeder laying flock, no movements of live fowl \n\nother than by licence issued by the local veterinary authority \n\ndirect to slaughter or eggs other than direct for production of egg \nproducts in accordance with Directive 89/437/EEC(1) may be made \n\nfrom that flock, until it can be established to the satisfaction of \n\nthe verterinary authority that infection with those serotypes is no \n\nlonger present. Where hatching eggs from flocks in which the presence of \n\nS. enteridis or S. typhimurlum has been confirmed are still present \n\nin a hatchery, those eggs must be destroyed. 3. According to the procedure referred to in Article 14 specific rules \n\nintended to save valuable genetic material may be decided. B. Commercial egg laying flocks, from 1 July 1994 at the latest \n\n1. Rearing flocks \n\nThe same rules referred to in A. 1 shall apply. 2. laying flocks \n\nThe same rules referred to in A. 2 shall apply. C. Commercial fowl meat production flocks, from 1 July 1995 at the latest \n\nWhere, as a result of the monitoring carried out in accordance with \n\nAnnex 3. 111. A and C, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or \n\ntyphimurlum is detected in a fowl meat production flock, the flock is \n\nofficially sampled according to point III, B, 2 of Annex 3, in order \n\nto confirm the initial findings. Liver, ovary and bone marrow of each \n\nbird are separately examined for presence of Salmonella, using either \n\nan ISO method for Salmonella or a comparable alternative method \n\nspecified by the Member State. (1) OJ No L 212, 22. 7. 1989, p. 87. - 24 -\n\nWhere \n\ninfection with Salmonella enteritidis or typhimurlum \n\nis \n\nconfirmed in a fowl meat production flock, no movements of live fowl \n\nother than by licence issued by the local veterinary authority direct \n\nto slaughter may be made from that flock. D. All flocks \n\nWhere Salmonella enteritidis or typhimurlum is confirmed in any of the \n\nflocks referred to in A, B and C, the following supplementary actions \n\nmust also be taken: \n\n1. Where birds are sent direct to slaughter for human consumption the \n\nlocal veterinary authority must give notice of the movement to the \n\nslaughterhouse. These birds must be slaughtered at the end of the \n\nslaughter day and must undergo heat treatment, or other suitable \n\nmethod of treatment, allowing the destruction of Salmonella. 2. Following depopulation of premises occupied by flocks infected with \n\nSalmonella enteritidis or typhimurlum, then effective cleansing and \n\ndisinfection procedures, including the safe disposal of manure or \n\nlitter is set out by the local veterinary authority. E. Hatcher ies \n\nWhere, as a result of environmental or other monitoring activities \n\ncarried out in accordance with Annex 3. 111. A and C, the presence of \n\nany Salmonella serotype \n\nis detected, effective cleansing and \n\ndisinfection procedures including the safe disposal of hatcheries \n\nwastes are set out by the local veterinary authority. II. The measures must comply with the following minimum action levels for \n\nzoonotic agents referred to in Annex 2,ll. Where as a result of the monitoring in accordance with Annex 3. IV. A and C \n\na sample is positive for Salmonella, an investigation is carried out by \n\nthe local veterinary authority in order to: \n\n1. identify the source of contamination in particular by means of \n\nofficial samples taken at different steps of the production; \n\n\f- 25 -\n\n2. examine the application of rules and controls concerning the disposal \n\nand processing of animal waste and in particular those laid down in \n\nCouncil Directive 90/667/EEC of 27 November 1990 laying down the \n\nveterinary rules for the disposal and processing of animal waste, for \n\nits placing on the market and for the prevention of pathogens in \n\nfeedstuffs of animal or fish origin and amending Directive \n90/425/EEC<2>; \n\n3. establish procedures for good manufacturing practices and ensure \n\ncompliance with the established procedures. III. The measures must comply with the following minimum action levels \n\nreferred to in Annex 2. III : \n\nA. Establishments producing soft cheese and cooked ready to eat products. Where as a result of monitoring carried out in accordance with \n\nAnnex 3. V. A and C, the presence of Listeria monocytogenes is detected \n\nthe product of the contaminated batch should be withdrawn from the \n\nmarket and a radical disinfection of the premises should be carried \n\nout. B. All establishments \n\nWhere as a result of the monitoring a sample is positive for the \n\nzoonotic agent or agents designated in the plan, an investigation is \n\ncarried out by the Veterinary authority in order to: \n\n1. identify the source of contamination in particular by means of \n\nofficial samples taken at different steps of the production; \n\n2. examine the current procedures of control in the establishment; \n\n3. establish procedures for good manufacturing practices and ensure \n\ncompliance with the established procedures. IV. The measures must indicate the actions of information of food handlers \n\nand consumers intended to avoid mishandling of food of animal origin. (2) OJ No L 363, 27. 12. 1990, p. 51. - 26 -\n\nANNEX 5 \n\nList of communitory reference laboratories for zoonoses \n\nI. Epidemiology of zoonoses \n\nInstitute of Veterinary Medicine \n\n(Robert von Ostertag Institute) \n\nPostfach 33 00 13 \n\nThielallee 88/92 \n\nD-100 Berlin (Federal Republic of Germany) \n\nI. Salmonellae \n\nRiJksinstituut voor de Volksgezondheid \n\nP. O. Box 1 \n\nNL-3720 BA Bilthoven (The Netherlands) \n\nIII. Yersinia \n\nInstitut Pasteur \n\n27, rue du Docteur Roux \n\nF-75724 Paris Cedex 15 (France) \n\nIV. Listeria \n\nInstitute of Hygiene and Microbiology \n\nThe Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University \n\n13 BUIowsvej \n\nDK-1870 Copenhagen (Denmark) \n\n\fV. Campylobacter \n\n- 27 -\n\nInstitut National de Recherche V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire \n\nGroeselenberg 99 \n\nB-1180 Bruxelles 18 (Belgium) \n\nVI. Parasites \n\nIstituto Super lore di Sanit\u00e9 \n\nVia Regina Elena 299 \n\n1-00161 Rome (Italy) \n\n\f\fISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 310 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n03 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-342-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-74805-2 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of the European Communities \nL-2985 Luxembourg"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/24596160-6e7b-4612-9aea-fd8e8f2e8103", "title": "91/488/EEC: Commission Decision of 4 September 1991 amending Decision 88/324/EEC establishing the amendments to be made in respect of potatoes, to the measures taken by Denmark to protect itself against the introduction of corynebacterium sepedonicum", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-04", "subjects": "plant disease,plant health control,plant health legislation,potato", "workIds": "celex:31991D0488,oj:JOL_1991_261_R_0012_019", "eurovoc_concepts": ["plant disease", "plant health control", "plant health legislation", "potato"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/24596160-6e7b-4612-9aea-fd8e8f2e8103", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b50efcf8-e606-4118-9f21-ab02f08d2b2b", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2642/91 of 4 September 1991 amending Regulation (EEC) No 1569/77 fixing the procedure and conditions for the taking-over of cereals by intervention agencies", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-04", "subjects": "intervention stock,purchase", "workIds": "celex:31991R2642,oj:JOL_1991_247_R_0020_020", "eurovoc_concepts": ["intervention stock", "purchase"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b50efcf8-e606-4118-9f21-ab02f08d2b2b", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/20385ad1-edad-4a4e-9a89-f6154b17ff88", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2640/91 of 4 September 1991 amending Regulation (EEC) No 1350/72 on rules for granting of aid to hop producers", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-04", "subjects": "hops,production aid", "workIds": "celex:31991R2640,oj:JOL_1991_247_R_0009_018", "eurovoc_concepts": ["hops", "production aid"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/20385ad1-edad-4a4e-9a89-f6154b17ff88", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a8044ffb-f94c-48eb-95c8-3c82d4690ecd", "title": "Proposal for a COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION concerning the promotion of employee participation in profits and enterprise results ( including equity participation )", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_recommendation_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1991-09-03", "subjects": "competitiveness,exchange of information,job satisfaction,report,shareholding,worker participation", "workIds": "celex:51991PC0259,comnat:COM_1991_0259_FIN,oj:JOC_1991_245_R_0012_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["competitiveness", "exchange of information", "job satisfaction", "report", "shareholding", "worker participation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a8044ffb-f94c-48eb-95c8-3c82d4690ecd", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf", "pdfa1b", "print"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUBOPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nC0M(91) 259 final \n\nBrussels, 3 September 1991 \n\nProposal for a \n\nCQUNCIL RECOMMENDATION \n\nconcerning the promotion of employee participation \n\nin profits and enterprise results \n\n(including equity participation) \n\n(presented by the Commission) \n\nm \n\n8Si \n\nm: \n\nft*-' \n\n\f2 \n\n-\n\nCONTENTS \n\nI. INTRODUCTION \n\nII. THE CONTEXT \n\nA. Antecedents and preparations \n\nB. Typology of schemes for financial participation by employees \n\nC. Financial participation schemes in economic theory \n\nD. The existing legal and fiscal framework for financial \n\nparticipation schemes in the EC \n\nE. Financial participation schemes in practice \n\nF. Evidence on the effects of financial participation schemes \nG. Cross-border extension within the EC of financial \n\nparticipation schemes \n\nH. Related issues and developments \n\nI. Role of the social partners \n\nJ. Role of governments \n\nI I I. THE ELEMENTS OF THE PROPOSAL \n\nIV. CONCLUSIONS \n\n3 \n\n3 \n\n3 \n\n5 \n\n6 \n\n8 \n\n10 \n\n13 \n\n15 \n\n17 \n\n17 \n\n17 \n\n20 \n\n23 \n\n\f- 3 -\n\nEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM \n\nI. INTRODUCTION \n\n1. 2. 3. in the context of the establishment of the Single European Market, \nthe European Councils of Hanover, Rhodes and Madrid considered that \nthe same importance should be attached to social as to economic \naspects and that they should therefore both be developed in a \nbalanced manner. The European Parliament (in numerous resolutions \ntaken on own iniative) and the Economic and Social Committee (in its \nopinion of 22 February 1989) have taken a similar view. In developing this approach, the Community Charter of the Fundamental \nSocial Rights of Workers states, in point 12, inter alia, that \nemployers or employers'organizations, on the one hand, and workers' \norganizations, on the other, shall have the right to negotiate and \nconclude collective agreements under the conditions laid down by \nnational legislation and practice. In point 17 of the Charter it \nstates that information, consultation and participation for workers \nmust be developed along appropriate lines, taking account of the \npractices in force in the various Member States. With this in mind, in its Action Programme relating to the \nimplementation of the Charter, the Commission announced its intention \nto present a Community instrument on \"equity sharing and financial \nparticipation by workers\". Underlining its earlier declarations in \nfavour of employee participation in asset formation and in productive \ncapital formation as a device for a greater justice in the \ndistribution of wealth and as a means for attaining an adequate level \nthe \nof non-inflationary growth, the Commission considered that \" \nrequirements of economic competition as well as new management \napproaches have led to the establishment of various mechanisms for \nthe financial participation of salaried workers which meet the \nobjectives referred to earlier, as well as others whereby the role of \nworkers in enterprises is reconciled with their aspirations for a \nbetter remuneration and with the financial equilibrium of the \nenterprise. \" \n\nIn accordance with the Charter and as announced in its action \nprogramme, the Commission therefore proposes a Recommendation aiming \nat facilitating and encouraging the development of such practices of: \n- \"profit-sharing\" in Its various forms; \n- employee share-ownership. The nature of the instrument chosen, a Council Recommendation, is \nmotivated on the one hand by the nature of the subject which, as \nshown below, strongly suggests that preference should be given to a \nnon-binding instrument. On the other hand, a Council Recommendation \nis a more appropriate choice than a Recommendation by the Commission, \ngiven the view expressed by i. a. the European Parliament, that the \nstatus of this instrument should be sufficient to have an impact on \na 11 parties. II. THE CONTEXT \n\nA. Antecedents and preparations \n\n4. The 24 June 1976 Tripartite Conference had asked governments and the \ntwo sides of industry to take appropriate measures to encourage asset \nformation by workers. The work undertaken in the few years \nthereafter, in close collaboration with experts from governments and \nthe two sides of industry on the basis of a mandate from the Council \n\n\f(Social Affairs), resulted in a Memorandum on Employee participation \nin asset formation\" which was adopted by th\u00a9 Commission in August \n1973. This Memorandum did not contain formal Commission proposals but \nrather two different sets of guidelines. The first set of guidelines \naimed at reinforcing the social aspect of incentives to individual \nsavings, the second set was directed towards the development of \nsystems of financial participation by employees. The main follow-up to this Memorandum and its 1983 addendum was a \nResolution adopted by the European Parliament in October 1983 in \nwhich the EP supported the approach taken in the Memorandum and \nrequested the Commission to draw up a Recommendation on the subject. The Commission was not able to meet this request in the years \nthereafter, because of other priorities in its work programme, but \nthe issue continued to receive attention in the European Parliament. In the announcement in the Action Programme of its intention to \npresent a Community instrument on equity sharing and financial \nparticipation by workers, the Commission outlined an approach which \nis different from the one followed a decade ago and which takes \naccount of the latest developments and of the present policies in \nthis area within the EC. Rather than trying to cover all aspects of \ngeneral asset-formation policy or of incentives offered to the \npopulation as a whole or to specific income-groups outside tha \nemployment \nfocus on employee \nparticipation in the profits and capital growth of their enterprise \nand on employee share-ownership. instrument will \n\ncontext, the \n\nIn the process of preparing this Community instrument the Commission \nhas funded a research project undertaken at the European University \nInstitute of Florence, with the specific aim of obtaining a good \noverview of \"the state of the art\" concerning financial participation \nby employees in the EC. The results of this project are being \ndescribed in the so-called \"PEPPER-Report\" (PEPPER standing for \n\"Promotion of Employee Participation in Profits and Enterprise \nResults\"). The following descriptive chapters (B-F) largely summarize \nthe most significant findings of the Report. More details, \nbibliographical references etc. are to be found in the Report itself \n(Supplement 3/91 to Social Europe). The two main competitors of the EC on world markets, the USA and \nJapan, both already practize financial participation schemes on a \nmore substantial scale than the Community does. Some estimates for the USA suggest that over the period 1977-1987 the \nnumber of profit-sharing plans has risen from 300,000 to 500,000. Even in 1978 around 17 million workers were covered by registered \nemployee \nconcessions \nencouraging a specific form of financial participation, Employee \nStock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) have known an impressive growth to \nreach in 1990 a figure of some 10,000 ESOPs, covering 10 million \nemployees. profit-sharing \n\nFollowing \n\nschemes. tax \n\nIn Japan financial participation by employees is alrar y a long \ntradition, although some characteristics of the schemes may differ \nfrom what is usual in the West. Among Japanese enterprises profit-\nsharing is widely diffused; profit-sharing bonuses are usually paid \ntwice a year and are estimated to account for as much as 25% of total \nemployee earnings. Another frequent practice is to encourage \nemployees to purchase company shares. Some have argued that Japan's \nlow unemployment rate and level of inflation can be attributed to \nprofit-sharing, but this is almost certainly an oversimplification. - 5 -\n\nB. Typology of schemes for financial participation by employees \n\n9. There is a wide range of different forms of employee participation in \nenterprise results. These can be grouped under two main categories, \nwhich may or may not co-exist and may in some cases overlap: profit-\nsharing, and employee share-ownership. B. 1 \n\nProfit-sharing \n\n10. \"Profit-sharing\" in a strict sense implies the sharing of profits by \nproviders of both capital and labour, by giving employees, in \naddition to a fixed wage, a variable part of income directly linked \nto profits or some other measure of enterprise results. Profit-\nsharing provides employees with a regular bonus paid out of profits \nwhich would normally be allocated to capital but, contrary to \ntraditional bonuses linked to individual performance (e. g. piece \nrates), profit-sharing is a collective scheme applied to all, or a \nlarge group of employees. In practice, profit-sharing can take various forms. At the \nenterprise level, it can provide employees with immediate or deferred \nbenefits; it can be paid in cash, enterprise shares or other \nsecurities; or it can take the form of allocation to specific funds \ninvested for the benefit of employees. At higher levels, profit-\nsharing takes the form of economy-wide or regional wage-earners' \nfunds. Cash-based profit-sharing links employee bonuses directly to some \nmeasure of enterprise performance (profits, revenue, value-added, or \nother), most frequently providing an immediate payment. However, it \ncan also be a deferred scheme: e. g. if a certain percentage of \nprofits is allocated to enterprise funds which are then invested in \nthe name of employees. A distinction is also made between gain-\nsharing and profit-sharing although both are clearly related; gain-\nsharing typically consists of a group incentive pay system that is \ngeared to productivity, cost-reduction or other criteria, less \ncomprehensive than profitability. Share-based profit-sharing consists of giving employees, in relation \nto profits or some other measure of enterprise performance, a portion \nof shares of the enterprise where they work. These are usually frozen \nin a fund for a certain period of time before the workers are allowed \nto dispose of them. When shares are subject to a minimum retention \nperiod the term \"deferred prof It-shar i no\" is used. B. 2 \n\nEmployee share-ownership \n\n11. Employee share-ownership provides for employee participation in \nenterprise results in an indirect way, i. e. on the basis of \nparticipation in ownership, either by receiving dividends, or the \nappreciation of employee-owned capital, or a combination of the two. While such schemes are not directly related to enterprise profits, \nthey are related to enterprise profitability and so enable \nparticipants to gain from the growth of company profits. - 6 -\n\nEmployee share-ownership can be both individual and collective. Shares can be in the enterprise where the employee works or \nelsewhere. However, the draft Recommendation mainly focuses on \nthose employee share-ownership schemes set up with the explicit \nintention of providing employees with an additional source of income \nrelated to enterprise results. Employee share-ownership can take many different forms. Typically a \nportion of company shares is reserved for employees and offered at \nprivileged terms; or employees are offered options to buy their \nenterprise's shares after a determined amount of time, under \nfavourable tax provisions. Alternatively, an employee benefit trust \nis set up through Employee Share Ownership Plans (ESOPs), which \nacquire company stock that is allocated periodically to each \nemployee's ESOP account. Workers' buy-outs of their enterprises are \na special form of employee share-ownership. In the literature, the generic term \"employee share-ownership\" is \nfrequently used to denote both share-based profit-sharing, and \nemployee share-ownership; \"profit-sharing\" is sometimes used to refer \nto both profit-sharing in the strict sense of profit-related pay, and \nto share-based profit-sharing. The distinction between individual and \ncollective employee share-ownership is also not always clear-cut. This draft Recommendation refers primarily to those schemes which \nare : internal (applied within an enterprise); collective (available \nfor all, or a major part of employees); continous (applied on a \nregular basis); and providing for employee participation in some \nmeasure of enterprise performance (whether directly or indirectly). C. Financial participation schemes in economic theory \n\n12. During the 1980s, a lively debate developed among economists on the \npossible effects of financial participation schemes. Those in favour \nargue that there will be three main types of beneficial effects. labour \n\nproductivity \n\nThe first is the Incentive effect, which is expected to result in \nhigher \nenterprise \nand \nperformance. Employee income directly linked to enterprise results \nis expected to lead to higher motivation and commitment, greater \nidentification of workers with the interests of their firm, lower \nabsenteeism and labour turnover, reduced intra-firm conflict and \nlabour-management tension, and improvements in work organization. improved overall \n\nOther related possible effects are a contribution towards a greater \nsocial justice in the distribution of total wealth and an insurance \nagainst managerial opportunism, by an encouragement of Joint wealth-\nmaximizing behaviour. More indirectly related are effects and \nobjectives such as an improvement of employee understanding of the \nfundamentals of enterprise economics or the encouragement of \npositive attitudes towards more Industrial democracy. The second theoretical argument is that profit-sharing provides for \ngreater flexibility of labour earnings. By increasing the frequency \nof adjustments in remuneration, profit-sharing is likely to result in \nless variable employment, and can, therefore, reduce the pressure for \nredundancies. - 7 -\n\nIn addition to these effects expected at the enterprise level, some \neconomists (J. Vanek and M. Weitzman) have proposed that profit-\nsharing could have stabilizing macroeconomic effects. A \"share \neconomy\" in which firms give employees a share of profits as a \nsubstitute for a part of their wages, could have important advantages \nover a \"wage economy\". Since firms would regard the base wage, and \nnot total remuneration, as the relevant marginal cost of labour, \nprofit-sharing would lower the marginal cost of employing extra \nlabour, and therefore could not only raise employment, but shift the \nentire economy to a state of full employment. Monetary policies \ncould then be used to fight inflation, without fear of creating \nunemployment. 13. A number of interrelated arguments against financial participation \nschemes can also be found in the literature, more particularly : \n\na) \n\nb) \n\nc) \n\nWeakening of property rights. Scholars belonging to the Property \nEights School have argued that legislation encouraging any form of \neconomic democracy represents a continuing erosion of property \nrights, by using the power of the state to transfer wealth from \nowners of capital to workers, profit-sharing is thus regarded as a \npurely distributive \"vealth confiscation scheme\" without potential \nincentive effects. They predict a large negative relationship \nbetween employee participation and performance, due to loss of \nmanagerial control and the weakining of the authority of capitalists, \nand increased demands for workers' participation in decision-making. Moreover, where workers' earnings include a share in profits, the \nreinvestable surplus will be lower and hence growth and future \nemployment may be adversely affected. Inefficiency of group incentives. It has also been argued that group \nincentives are ineffective, since incentives become diluted in a \ngroup setting where rewards are linked to group effort. Profit-\nsharing gives each worker only a small fraction of any additional \nprofit due to his own effort; workers will therefore be tempted to \nfree-ride, and difficulties in monitoring a single worker's \ncontribution will arise. However, more cooperative behaviour \nresulting from financial participation (especially if accompanied by \ndecisional participation), could offset these potential negative \neffects. Risk-bearing. Financial participation schemes may also expose \nworkers to an unacceptable degree of risk. Because of the physical \nimpossibility of diversifying the use of their labour in different \nsectors and enterprises in the economy (as capitalists can do with \ntheir capital), by putting \"all eggs in one basket\", workers will not \nonly bear the risk of unemployment, but will also face additional \nincome risk, in particular when building up participation in holdings \n(directly or indirectly) of shares or bonds issued by their employer. This additional risk may however be compensated by higher employment \nsecurity which profit-sharing is expected to provide, the exposure to \nrisk may be limited if workers are excluded from full entrepreneurial \nprofits and losses and in some cases forms of insurance may help to \nreduce the risks (but also potential returns). - 8 -\n\nIn the whole, the theoretical debate on financial participation \nschemes has by itself not yet produced overwhelming support for the \narguments in favour of or against financial participation schemes. A \ncloser examination of the practice of such schemes will give more \nclues (see sections 20 to 30). D. The existing legal and fiscal framework for financial participation \nschemes In the EC \n\nD. 1 \n\nGeneral features \n\n14. The legal and fiscal status of financial participation schemes in EC \ncountries is very heterogeneous. The French experience, based on \nlegislation which since 1967 has made deferred profit-sharing \n(employee participation in company growth) compulsory in enterprises \nof a certain size, clearly contrasts with the voluntary nature of \nfinancial participation schemes in all other EC countries. However, \nthere is also substantial variety in the legal and fiscal framework \nbetween countries in which schemes are voluntarily implemented by \nenterprises, especially regarding conditions for qualifying for tax \nbenefits and the incentives effectively offered. For the moment two EC countries have comprehensive legislation, \nconsisting of specific laws for the various types of financial \nparticipation schemes : France, since 1959; and the UK. since 1978. In most other countries, financial participation measures of a more \nlimited scope have been adopted. Thus in BeIgiurn. Denmark. Germany. Greece. Ireland, the Netherlands \nand Portugal. favourable fiscal provisions have been granted to some \nfinancial participation schemes. Nevertheless, measures adopted so far have regulated a limited number \nof specific forms of schemes, and most frequently when they offer tax \nincentives these are modest. Moreover, these provisions have usually \nbeen adopted as part of more general legislation, e. g. in Germany and \nthe Nether lands on savings schemes, and in BeIgiurn on company laws. In Italy. Luxembourg and Spain, there are no specific legal \nprovisions on financial participation and consequently no particular \ntax incentives are offered at present, although provisions contained \nin more general laws do envisage the possibility of introducing \nfinancial participation schemes, and in some of these countries the \nlegal framework is not unfavourable (particularly In Spain). D. 2 Specific forms encouraged \n\n15. 16. At present, the prevalent types of financial participation encouraged \nby government policies through tax benefits are various forms of \nemployee share-ownership and, to a lesser extent, deferred profit-\nsharing, whereas cash-based profit-sharing is for the moment actively \nsupported In only a few EC countries. Government measures encouraging various types of employee share-\nownership are found in all countries where there is official support \nforsome form of financial participation. In some countries, it has \nbeen the only or principal form of financial participation offered \npreferential treatment. Thus in Belgium, tax incentives have for the \nmoment been granted exclusively to various forms of employee share-\n\n\f- 9 -\n\nownership; in Germany, the introduction of new fiscal provisions in \n1984 was aimed primarily at encouraging individual workers' \ncontributions to enterprise capital; while in Ireland, of the two \nlaws adopted so far, one is specifically destined to a specific form \nof employee share-ownership (stock options). Official encouragement of employee share-ownership has been far from \nlacking in other countries. In Denmark, offers of enterprise shares \nto employees at preferential terms have been encouraged since 1958. In France, favourable tax provisions have been granted to a variety \nof employee share-ownership schemes, including stock options (since \n1970), offers of shares at preferential terms (since 1973), free \ndistribution of shares to employees (since 1980), employee investment \nfunds (since 1983), and employee buy-outs (since 1984). In Greece, \nlegal obstacles for the free distribution of a company's shares to \nits employees were removed in 1987, and thereafter employee share-\nownership (including share options) has been encouraged through \nfavourable legal provisions. In Portugal. employee share-ownership \nhas been promoted within the 1990 privatization measures. In the UK. fiscal measures have encouraged a number of specific employee share-\nownership schemes, including \"BOGOFs\" (buy one, get one free, \nIntroduced in 1978), all-employee stock options (the so-called SAYE-\n\"Save as you earn\" scheme, promoted since 1980), discretionary share \noptions (since 1987), and ESOPs (since 1989). Deferred profit-sharing, most frequently consisting of the allocation \nof enterprise shares (or other securities) to employees which are \nfrozen for a certain period of time, or directing profits to \ninvestment funds for the benefit of employees, has been encouraged in \nseveral countries (Denmark. France. Germany. Ireland, the Nether lands \nand the UK). In Denmark, employee share and bond schemes offered \nwithin a profit-sharing arrangement have been given preferential tax \ntreatment since 1958. In France, a 1967 law introduced employee \nparticipation in company growth. This was obligatory for ail \nenterprises with over 100 employees (in 1990 extended to all \nenterprises with more than 50 workers). Under the scheme a part of \nprofits is allocated to a special enterprise fund which is then \ninvested for the benefit of all employees; both enterprises and \nemployees are exempted from tax and social security charges. In \nGermany, specific investment funds, sometimes combining enterprise \nresources with employees' savings (which, up to a certain amount, are \ntax free), have been encouraged since the early 1960s. It is only \nsince 1984, however,that investment in specifically productive \ncapital has been actively promoted through legislative measures. Share-based profit-sharing has been encouraged through tax exemption \nor deduction both in the UK (since 1978) and in Ireland (since 1982), \non condition that shares are held in a trust for a determined period \nof time. In the Nether lands, minor fiscal advantages have been \ngranted to profit-sharing since the 1960s,on condition that the \nbonuses are frozen on special accounts for a determined amount of \ntime. 17. 18. Finally, cash-based profit-sharing has been actively encouraged \nthrough specific laws in only two EC countries : in France (since \n1959) and in the UK (since 1987). In Greece and Portugal. although \nno specific laws have promoted this type of financial participation, \nprovisions contained in more general laws provide fiscal benefits for \nboth firms and employees. In other countries, there is no supportive \nlegislation for this type of profit-sharing, particularly in Belgium. - 10 -\n\nGermany and the Netherlands, where enterprises introducing such \nschemes incur high taxes and social security contributions. 19. In short, the large majority of schemes currently encouraged through \ngovernments policies are those which allow workers to acquire their \nenterprise's shares, whether automatically (as in the case of share-\nbased profit-sharing or distribution of company shares), or by \nstimulating voluntary employee share-ownership (through workers' \nacquisition of enterprise shares). This seems to be reflection of \ncommon and interrelated objectives pursued by individual governments \nand enterprises. Because of obligatory retention and other resale \nrestrictions on shares, the majority of schemes presently encouraged \nare of a savings-oriented nature, whether through the allocation of a \npart of profits to specific enterprise funds or trusts, or even more \nso through workers' voluntary contributions of capital. E. Financial participation schemes in practice \n\nE. 1 \n\nGeneral features \n\n20. There is a great variety from one country to another in the types of \nfinancial participation schemes encountered in practice. These \ninclude cash bonuses, share-based and other forms of deferred profit-\nsharing, and a number of particular employee share-ownership schemes, \nsuch as free distribution of shares to employees or share offers at \npreferential terms, stock options for all employees or only for \nexecutives, employee share-ownership plans or trusts (ESOPs and \nESOTs), and employee buy-outs. The most diversified forms are found \nin the UK and France. In those countries where some form of financial participation has \nbeen encouraged by the government, the prevalent types applied by \nenterprises are indeed the ones promoted through official government \nmeasures. The preferential tax treatment granted particularly to \nemployee share-ownership and/or deferred profit-sharing, does seem \nto have led to their prevalent adoption in practice (in BeIgIurn. France. Germany. Ireland, the UK). In Be I g I urn. employee share-ownership - the only type currently \nencouraged by law - is the principal form of financial participation \napplied by enterprises, as the unfavourable and uncertain fiscal \nclimate for other forms has resulted in limited practices of profit-\nsharing. In France, although cash-based profit-sharing has been \ninstitutionalized for more than three decades, the number of \nagreements on cash-based profit-sharing in 1986 was only 20 X of \nthose concluded on \"participation\" (obligatory); moreover, the 1986 \nFrench legislation explicitly encourages workers to invest their cash \nbonuses in the savings fund of the enterprise (which is then \nreinvested, frequently in enterprise shares). In Germany, employee \nparticipation in enterprise capital is the dominant form, and 80 % of \nemployees in firms using financial participation schemes hold capital \nshares. In Ireland, since only share-based profit-sharing and share \noptions are currently offered preferential fiscal treatment, these \nforms are also the most widespread. In the UK. at present 84 % of \nall registered schemes are of this type (72% are various forms of \nemployee \nprofit-sharing \nschemes), while only 16 % are profit-related pay schemes. share-ownership, and \n\n12% share-based \n\nI \n| \n\n| \n> \n! \ni \nj \n| \nI \n\n! \nI \n| \n| \nI \n\n; \n\n! \n\n! \n\n\f- 11 -\n\nIn countries without specific legislation on employee share-ownership \n(Italy. Luxembourg. Spain), and in those with only limited, or fairly \nrecently Introduced, incentives (Denmark. Greece, the Netherlands. Portugal), cash-based profit-sharing still today seems to be the \nprevalent form practised by firms. E. 2 \n\nDiffusion \n\n21. Recently there has been a significant growth of various forms of \nfinancial participation schemes in the majority of EC countries. At \npresent financial participation is most widespread in France, with \nover 10,000 agreements on employee participation in company growth, \nand an additional 7,000 agreements on cash-based profit-sharing. In \nthe UK there are currently more than 7,000 different financial \nparticipation schemes in operation, applied by almost 30 % of all \nBritish firms (20 % have at least one all-employee scheme, and an \nadditional 9 % have schemes for executives only). The large majority \nof schemes in the UK - over 4,300 - are discretionary share option \nschemes, as compared with 1,200 cash-based profit-sharing, around 900 \nall-employee share option, and 900 share-based profit-sharing \nschemes, and only around 20 ESOPs. In general, in other countries financial participation schemes are \nless widely used. For some of these countries, only estimates are \navailable at present. In some cases these are highly divergent \ndepending mainly on the definition used. In Ireland there are currently around 250 registered schemes, of \nwhich 60% concern stock options and 40% share-based profit-sharing. In Denmark the overall number of schemes is estimated to be no more \nthan 200, the most common being cash-based profit-sharing. In \nGermany some 1,600 firms have \nintroduced employee financial \nparticipation schemes but if informal and less regular arrangements \nare also included, there may be as many as 5,000 firms practising \nsome kind of financial participation. For Italy it has been \nestimated that 25% of large firms currently give their employees \nvariable remuneration, but only In sompe cases directly linked to an \nindicator of enterprise performance; in addition, around 30 quoted \ncompanies have offered shares at preferential terms to their \nemployees in recent years. In the Netherlands about 30 % of \nenterprises currently use related schemes, but only 6% can be said to \nhave a \"real\" profit-sharing scheme. For BeIgIurn. no estimates are \navailable at present on the use of profit-sharing; as to employee \nshare-ownership, 20 quoted companies offered shares to their \nemployees in 1989. In Luxembourg a recent survey found that 22 % of \nfirms had introduced \"profit-sharing\" but without specifying which \ntype. In Spain as many as 44 % of medium and large firms give \nemployees a variable component of pay related to enterprise \nperformance, but only in 6 % of firms are these payments directly \nlinked to profits. For Greece and Portugal. no estimates are \ncurrently available on the use of financial participation schemes. Not all the schemes providing employee financial participation \neffectively link employee earnings directly to an indicator of \nenterprise performance. Sometimes this link is very loose indeed, \nparticularly in Spain. Italy and the Netherlands. f \n}\u2022 \n\nE. 3 \n\nEnterprise size and sectoral distribution \n\n- 12 -\n\n22. No clear common pattern seems to emerge on the importance of firm \nsize. In Germany employee financial participation schemes are \nadopted mainly by small firms, although quite a few very large \nenterprises (with over 10,000 workers) have also been involved. In \nthe UK mainly large companies have adopted one of the registered \nschemes qualifying for tax benefits, while small firms have tended to \nintroduce non-approved cash-based schemes. In France there is a \nmixture of both, since participation schemes used to be obligatory \nprimarily in larger firms, while small firms mainly introduce cash-\nbased profit-sharing. In BeIgiurn. Italy. Spain and Portugal large \nfirms seem to be predominant. As far as the distribution of schemes by industry type is concerned, \nit appears that in most countries schemes are being introduced in a \nin some countries such as \nlarge variety of sectors, while \nLuxembourg. Portugal and the UK. the finance sector uses them more \nthan the average. E-4 \n\nEmployees involved \n\n23. In France and the UK large numbers of employees take part in \nfinancial participation schemes. In France, the different types of \nschemes cover almost 6 million employees, of whom around 4 million \nactually participate (around 18%\"of all employees). This is not \nsurprising considering France has had the longest tradition, and has \nmade some schemes compulsory. In the UK 3. 5 million employees are \neligible to participate in financial participation schemes, but the \nactual number benefiting has been estimated to be 2 million (around \n8% of all employees). In other countries the percentage of employees participating is \nlower. In the Netherlands some 350,000 employees participated in \nprofit-sharing schemes In the mid-1970s (around 7. 4% of all, or 12 % \nof market sector employees), while in Germany 1. 3 million employees \nare currently involved in financial participation schemes (around 5 % \nof all employees). For Ireland no official figures are available but \nan estimate suggests that some 40,000 employees currently participate \nin share-based profit-sharing schemes (more than 3% of total). Variable remuneration linked to enterprise performance is given in \nItaly to some 2% of employees. However, these figures may be overestimates considering that in some \ncountries the same individuals may participate simultaneously in \ndifferent types of schemes. Nor are these country figures directly \ncomparable since they are sometimes related to quite different \nschemes. Not all schemes are available for all employees nor do all eligible \nemployees necessarily participate. In the case of discretionary \nschemes for certain groups of employees, which are by far the most \npopular type of scheme in some countries (yK, Ireland). most often \nonly a small percentage of employees benefit (in the UK usually no \nmore than 10% of employees). At the same time, in share options or \nother types of schemes available to all employees, the degree of \nparticipation is not always high. Although for example in Germany. the participation rate of employees in schemes offered has been \naround 80%, in the UK. in SAYE-type share option schemes the \nparticipation rate has frequently not been higher than 15%. E-5 \n\nEmployee benefits \n\n- 13 -\n\n24. At present the benefits accruing to workers from financial \nparticipation schemes, whether on the basis of profit-sharing or of \nemployee share-ownership, in most cases remain small. The amount allocated to profit-sharing hardly ever exceeds 10% of \naverage employee earnings and 5 % of enterprise profits. In France \nthe profit share per employee in both cash-based and deferred profit-\nsharing schemes amounts to around 3-4% of the wage bill, while in the \nNetherlands the share amounts to 4. 5-6. 5% of average employee \nearnings. In the UK profit-related pay accounts for around 7% of \naverage earnings, but in share-based schemes it usually does not \nexceed 2-4% of total wages. Some ItalIan enterprises give their \nemployees substantial variable pay, but the sectoral averages range \nfrom 3 to 8% of the minimum national wage. In Spain, variable \npayments to employees In some cases have amounted to 10-25% of total \npay, but average payments linked to profits usually represent no more \nthan 5% of labour costs. In employee share-ownership schemes, excluding share offers as part \nof privatization measures, the percentage of shares reserved for \nemployees in most cases has not exceeded 5% of the total shares \nissued, and the discount on shares (if available) has usually been \nrather low. E-6 \n\nSummary Table \n\n25. The annexed summary table based on the findings of the PEPPER-Report \npresents an overview, in a comparative framework, of the EC Member \nStates' general attitude towards financial participation, legislation \nand tax benefits, the most frequent types of schemes adopted by \nenterprises and, where available, some other relevant figures (on the \nnumber of schemes, firms and employees involved; and average profit \nshares per employee or other benefits). F. Evidence on the effects of financial participation schemes \n\n26. Sections 12 and 13 contain the main theoretical arguments advanced in \nfavour of or against financial participation schemes. In this \nchapter the empirical evidence concerning these arguments is \nexamined. Theoretical arguments advanced In favour of financial participation \nschemes claim the following principal types of beneficial effect : \nthe incentive effect, which Is expected to result in higher labour \nproductivity and improved enterprise performance; and major wage \nflexibility, which is expected to result in less variable employment \nand/or higher employment, both at the enterprise and at the macro-\neconomIc Ieve I. In evaluating the effects of financial participation schemes, two \nsources of information are available : econometric estimates and \nsurveys on the attitude of employees and firms towards these \nschemes. - 14 -\n\nHowever, the evidence reported is preliminary and ought to be \ninterpreted cautiously. On the one hand, attitude surveys are based \non the perception of effects, and not the effects themselves. On the \nother hand, although econometric models are a more objective source \nof information, there are a number of specific problems involved, \nsuch as the high sensitivity of results to model specification, the \nindicators actually used and estimating techniques; difficulties in \nisolating the effects of profit-sharing from other organisational \nfactors and external causes; ambiguity concerning the separation of \ncause from effect. F. 1 \n\nIncentIve effects \n\n27. Econometric estimates of the effects of financial participation \nschemes on employee motivation have so far been few in number, and \nhave exclusively concentrated on three countries: Germany, the UK and \nFrance (for which only one econometric study is available). Evidence \nfrom all three countries points to positive net effects on employee \nmotivation and on productivity. The positive link between profit-\nsharing and productivity is also supported by a number of similar \nstudies on the US. However, these effects might for the moment be \nrelatively small because of the low incidence of employee benefits on \ntotal earnings. There is no specific scheme which a priori has significant advantages \nover the others. The experience to date nevertheless suggests that \ncash-based schemes may have had more significant incentive effects \nthan share-based schemes. This is supported by both econometric \nestimates and by attitude surveys. In some of these surveys, cash-\nbased profit-sharing was by far the most popular scheme, while many \ndeferred profit-sharing and employee share-ownership schemes have not \nachieved the objective of increasing workers' involvement as \nshareholders and their greater identification with the interests of \ntheir enterprise. This seems to be confirmed by the fact that \ninvolvement of employees in capital participation schemes in Germany \nis below the maximum, and the frequent practice in both France and \nBrItain of workers selling their shares as soon as they are allowed \nto. From the point of view of the individual employee, the crucial \ndifference between the two types of scheme seems to lie in resale \nrestrictions, since workers usually prefer to be able to cash in \ntheir profit share at any moment (in spite of the fact that cash-\nbased schemes in general attract lower, if any, tax incentives). Therefore, when for whatever reason non-cash-based schemes are to be \ngiven priority, they may need to be accompanied by certain advantages \nover cash-based schemes. Provided that they are properly designed, \nshare-based schemes could not only have similar motivational effects \nto cash-based schemes, but could also provide for a longer-term \ncommitment by employees. Indeed, there are cases in which share-\nbased schemes may provide not only the right incentives, but would \neven be preferred. F. 2 \n\nWage flex lbiIity \n\n28. The effects of profit-sharing on employment through greater wage \nflexibility are much more debatable, as the econometric evidence is \nmixed. On the one hand, some earlier evidence for the UK suggested \nthat profit-sharing had a positive and significant effect on \nemployment, but more recent estimates show that the size of the \neffect may not be very large. On the other hand, evidence from \n\n\f- 15 -\n\nFrance suggests that profit-sharing has resulted in greater wage \nflexibility, less frequent adjustments in employment, and in higher \nand more stable employment growth. F. 3 MacroeconomIc effects \n\n29. Given that profit-sharing for the moment is not sufficiently \nwidespread in any single country to have significant macroeconomic \neffects, these effects cannot really be empirically verified. Nevertheless, several econometric studies suggest that enterprises in \nall three countries for which estimates are available - France. Germany and the UK - regard total remuneration, and not the basic \nwage, as the marginal cost of labour, thus contradicting the \nfundamental assumption of the Vanek-Weitzman hypothesis (see section \n12). F. 4 \n\nLink with participation in decision making \n\n30. The link between the effects of financial participation and \nparticipation in decision making essentially depends on the specific \neffects being tested. With regard to employment effects, existing \neconometric evidence is mixed, in some cases offering support to the \nhypothesis that the effects may be higher if participation in \ndecision making is absent. On the other hand, prevailing evidence on \nincentive effects from both econometric and more informal studies \ndoes suggest that the combination of financial participation with \nparticipation in decision making can have significant beneficial \neffects. The less positive attitude of employees towards share-based \nschemes seems to be related to the practice in several countries \nwhereby employees are not always offered the same rights as other \nshareholders (primarily voting rights). More employee participation \nin decision-making may indeed, in many instances, substantially \nfacilitate the achievement of some of the objectives of financial \nparticipation schemes. G. Cross-border extension of financial participation schemes in the EC \n\n31. The data in the three preceding chapters about the existing legal and \nfiscal framework, the practice of financial participation schemes and \non the evidence of their effects, are essentially drawn from the \nPEPPER-Report. The examination of the practice of financial \nparticipation In the EC-countries, the legal framework etc. by the \nPEPPER-Report, was basically carried out within the existing legal \nand fiscal framework of each individual country, i. e. with a \n\"national\" perspective, and then compared with the other countries. A \nnumber of reactions to this approach have made the Commission realise \nthat in this way certain intra-community aspects of financial \nparticipation are not sufficiently covered. A number of multinational enterprises operating at a European level \n(and this number is only likely to grow) want, for various reasons, \nto make the benefits of financial participation schemes available to \ncomparable \ntheir employees \nconditions. In addition to the usual motives which companies may have \nfor using financial participation schemes in a national context, \nthese companies also have transnational motives like using financial \ncorporate identity and the \nparticipation as a means of reinforcing \nsense of belonging to a multinational group. Alternatively they may \n\nEC-countries under \n\nin different \n\n\f- 16 -\n\nbe faced with practical problems arising when employees within the \ngroup wish to remain participant in a financial participation scheme \nalso when they are transferred to work In a different part of the \ngroup in another country. In addition, when a multinational operates \na successful scheme In one particular country, e. g. its country of \norigin, employees in other countries often ask for something similar. At present, enterprises wishing to cross borders with their \nfinancial participation schemes, are confronted with a number of \nobstacles. These obstacles can broadly be grouped into three general categories: \n\na) socio-cultural differences between the member states-, \nb) differences in fiscal/financial treatment of schemes; \nc) administrative/procedural requirements. The socio-cultural differences between member \nstates are in \nthemselves not the major obstacle, but may require of the enterprise \nconcerned additional efforts to explain what is intended or may \nrequire it to engage in different ways of dealing with employees and \ntheir representatives than what it is used to do. More information \nabout all aspects of financial participation schemes distributed on a \nwide scale as this Recommendation will encourage,should already have \na favourable impact on overcoming such imponderable barriers. The second category, differences in fiscal/financial treatment of \nfinancial participation schemes, is where the largest number of \nproblems originate. In countries where some type of financial \nparticipation scheme is made attractive by government in particular \nthrough fiscal incentives, that type of scheme generally is the one \nmost commonly introduced by enterprises (see also section 34). It is \nunderstandable that when those enterprises want to apply a similar \nscheme abroad and when these incentives then are not available, the \nscheme In question may become much less attractive and even \nconditions of taxation and social security contributions may make its \nuse \nin certain countries prohibitively expensive. Enterprises \nrecognize that each country has its own fiscal and social security \nsystem and that differences in those systems will persist for many \nmore years in the EC. At the same time, however, they observe that \ncertain details of these fiscal and social security regulations make \ncross-border \nschemes \nunnecessarily cumbersome and that things could be facilitated by \nrevising such details without having to perform a major overhaul of \nthese regulations. This could be done without any attempt to \nharmonize fiscal or social security systems - which would clearly \nlie beyond the scope of this Recommendation. Such observations are \nmainly related to the treatment of employee share-ownership and \nstock-option schemes in several countries. participation \n\napplication \n\nfinancial \n\nof \n\nThe third category, administrative hurdles, creates similar problems, \nalthough of a less fundamental character, and therefore in the end of \na less prohibitive nature. In some countries there are procedures for recognition of financial \nparticipation schemes before one can benefit from an advantageous \nfiscal/financial treatment. These procedures can contain elements \nwhich are more difficult to satisfy by a foreign than by a domestic \nenterprise. There are often requirements for a considerable amount of \n\n\f- 17 -\n\ninformation to be supplied e. g. when shares are issued to be made \navailable to employees. Sometimes there is an obligation to use local \nintermedial ries for the handling of a scheme in order for it to be \nrecognized. Employee share-ownership may cause problems when the \nshares are not quoted nor traded in a particular country. Schemes \nwhich use trusts or Joint investment funds may encounter problems \nwhen these entities are not easily recognized abroad (problem of \nlegal status). Although most of theseobstacles can in the end be overcome, their \nexistence may either discourage enterprises from extending their \nfinancial participation schemes abroad or often at least increases \ntheir costs. It is worth examining to what extent things could \nalready be facilitated by a wider use of an approach based on mutual \nrecognit ion. At this stage the Commission can offer no ready-made solutions to the \nproblems caused by administrative hurdles and/or by differences in \nfiscal/financial treatment. It therefore proposes to have them \nexamined by a working party composed of experts from all member \nstates. Cross-border application of financial participation schemes \nin the EC would benefit tremendously from the existence of formulae, \nwhich, when adhered to, would be more or less automatically \nrecognized in all member states and would then qualify in each \ncountry for treatment which would be known in advance and operate as \nfar as possible under comparable conditions. Thus it is suggested to \ncharge the working party with examining possibilities for the \ncreation of formulae of financial participation by employees at a \nEuropean level for each one of the following three types of schemes: \n\na) a profit-sharing scheme; \nb) an employee share ownership scheme; \nc) a stock options scheme. H. Related Issues and developments \n\n32. The promotion of financial participation schemes does not take place \nin a vacuum, but is related to several other relevant socio-economic \ndevelopments. The most important of these related developments are \nmentioned here not only to draw attention to their relationship with \nfinancial participation schemes, but also to indicate unambiguously \nthat these issues themselves lie beyond the scope of this draft \nRecommendation and are therefore not being dealt with in any detail. Related issues, not subject of this Recommendation are : \n\nfor \n\nInformation, \n\nConsultation \n\ngeneral \nprocedures \nParticipation in Enterprises; \ngeneral trends in wage policies and wage negotiation, including \n(individual) performance related pay systems; \ngeneral trends in private share-ownership and asset-formation; \ncooperative enterprises and the cooperative movement; \nthe European Company Statute; \nthe liberalisation of financial services and capital markets in \nconnection with the achievement of the Internal Market; \nfinancing of (supplementary) pension provisions. and \n\n\f:. Role of the social partners \n\n- 18 -\n\n33. The social partners play a crucial role both in the preparation of \nfinancial participation systems and in their implementation. The \npositions and attitudes of the two sides of industry in various EC \ncountries have so far been rather divergent. Of course, there are \nimportant differences concerning the extent to which financial \nparticipation schemes have been a topic for discussion between the \nsocial partners and this is reflected in their positions. In countries where these schemes are rarely used, employers \nassociations do not yet seem to have adopted a definite standpoint. Elsewhere, employers associations generally have emphasised their \nsupport for enterprise-level schemes, provided they can be introduced \non a voluntary basis and the final design of the schemes can be \ndecided at enterprise level. The availability of tax facilities is \nan important incentive to use such schemes but not the overriding \nmotive. Employers usually consider financial participation schemes \nan important \ninstrument for improving employee motivation and \ncommitment to the enterprise's interests. In this connection the \nemployers'first preference generally seems to be for share-based \ntypes of schemes (where practicable). Trade unions have often been reluctant to facilitate the introduction \nof financial participation schemes. They have several major concerns : \n\nlead \n\nparticipation schemes might \n\nthey are unhappy that these schemes are frequently introduced \nunilaterally by employers, which makes them suspicious about \nthe real motives behind the schemes; \nfinancial \nto increased \ninequality between wage-earners, e. g. between those working in \nvery profitable sectors and others in less flourishing sectors; \nfinancial participation schemes may lead to high risks for the \nworkers involved if for example a very substantial part of their \nincome becomes variable or if they build up substantial holdings \nof bonds or shares issued by their employer (see section 13); \nthe introduction of such schemes might be used to circumvent or \nweaken collective wage negotiations; \nif tax-incent Ives were to lead to a serious loss of tax income \nfor the State, this money would then have to be sought elsewhere \nor the State might be tempted to reduce the level of collective \nservices. As an alternative trade unions have often put forward proposals on \ncollective forms of profit-sharing by means of wage-earners' funds; \nthese are regarded as an important instrument for a more even \ndistribution of income and wealth. Nevertheless, many trade unions now have more pragmatic positions on \nfinancial participation. These have evolved with the actual diffusion \nof schemes in practice and range from giving more outright support \nin some countries to a more wait-and-see attitude in others. In \nseveral countries where the central trade union associations do not \nyet fully accept financial participation, many local trade unions \nhave a more positive stance, actively participating in the signing of \nagreements, which they expect to produce positive effects for their \nmembers. - 19 -\n\nIn order to create a climate of constructive cooperation between the \nsocial partners on these matters, it seems therefore essential that \nwhen financial participation schemes are being introduced, this is \ndone on a voluntary basis on both sides and seriously negotiated \nbetween them. The existence of financial participation schemes \nshould not weaken nor substitute for the normal wage negotiations \nbetween the social partners dealing with basic wages and other work \nconditions. J. Role of governments \n\n34. by \n\nare \n\ngovernment \n\naction. Governments \n\nThe development of financial participation schemes is strongly \ninfluenced \nprimarily \nresponsible for the creation of a legal and fiscal framework that may \nfavour such schemes but may also impede their introduction. This is \nillustrated by the finding of the PEPPER-report that in those \ncountries where a particular type of financial participation scheme \nhas been encouraged by government, the schemes most commonly \nintroduced by enterprises are indeed the ones promoted through \nofficial government measures. In particular the availability of tax \nincentives makes a big difference. Such incentives may only be \nneeded temporarily : once the relevant scheme has gained a certain \nmomentum, the incentive may be reduced or phased out. The findings \nof the PEPPER-report suggest that the potential advantages of \nfinancial participation schemes would justify governments giving \nserious consideration to the introduction of such fiscal facilities. At present, different official government positions in individual EC-\ncountries must be seen against a background of differing traditions \nand especially large differences in actual experience in practise \nwith regard to financial participation schemes. In countries like \nFrance and the UK government policies have been actively encouraging \nthe use of financial participation schemes for a considerable number \nof years. In BeIgium. Denmark. Germany. Greece. Ireland. Italy and \nthe Nether lands, financial participation schemes of various types \nhave been the subject of national debate but government support has \neither been limited or lacking, or has emerged fairly recently. An \nimportant issue in political discussions in many countries has been, \nand to some extent still is, whether schemes at enterprise-level, or \nmore central collective schemes, ought to be encouraged. In Denmark. Germany and Italy in particular, the issue of economy-wide wage-\nearners' funds was at the centre of the debate, but due to the \nabsence of a general consensus and insufficient support for \ncompulsory collective arrangements, none of the proposals advanced \nhave been adopted. In Luxembourg. Portugal and Spain, the financial \nparticipation issue has so far received only limited attention, nor \nhas it been among the priority issues for discussion between the \nsocial partners. Only very recently and possibly in connection with \nthe Commission's announcement of a Community instrument and the \nin financial \npublication of the PEPPER-report, has interest \nparticipation matters increased in some of these countries. Governments have so far basically operated from a national \nperspective in matters of financial participation. As set out in \nsection 31, the existing national legal and fiscal frameworks do \ncontain a number of obstacles for enterprises practising a financial \nparticipation scheme in one EC-country, when they want to make the \nbenefits of that scheme also available, under comparable conditions, \nto their employees in another EC-country. Solutions for such \nproblems can only be found with the active help of governments. - 20 -\n\nFinally, governments can encourage the use of financial participation \nschemes by supplying adequate information to all potentially \nInterested parties including in particular information about the \nexperiences acquired in other Member Sates. H I. THE ELEMENTS OF THE PROPOSAL \n\n35. This proposal is the product of a range of preparatory activities. These include the research project carried out at the European \nUniversity Institute in collaboration with experts from the member \nstates resulting in the PEPPER-report. There has also been a wide \nmeasure of consultation between the two sides of industry both \ncentrally (under the social dialogue) and on an industry basis, \ninvolving all types of undertaking, including small and medium sized \nbus Inesses. These consultations have enabled the Commission to take note of the \nvarious points of view regarding both the timeliness of a Community \nproposal in this field and the legal nature and content of the \nproposed instrument. A Recommendation, a Community instrument of a \nnon-binding nature, was chosen, because in the circumstances it was \nconsidered to be the most appropriate oneto obtain voluntary and \nactive support for the introduction of financial participation \nschemes from all parties concerned. 36. Objective and scope \n\nThe objective of the proposal is to encourage the widespread use of \ndifferent forms of participation by employees in profits and \nenterprise results, either by means of profit sharing, or through \nemployee share-ownership or by a combination of both. EC governments but \nis addressed at all \nThe Recommendation \nacknowledges that there is a great diversity in the schemes currently \nencountered in the Community which it is not seeking to reduce. At \nthe same time there are large differences between the member states \nas regards their actual experience with financial participation \nschemes, which makes it very useful, in particular for the less \nexperienced countries, to spread adequate information about the \ndifferent schemes practised, their possibilities, effects etc. 37. The proposed approach \n\nMore specifically member states are recommended: \n\nto ensure that legal structures are adequate to allow the \nintroduction of the forms of financial participation referred to \nin this Recommendation; \nto consider the possibility of according fiscal or other \nfinancial incentives (the importance of such incentives was \nindicated in section 20); \nto facilitate the supply of information and to take account of \nexperiences acquired elsewhere in the EC; \n\n\f- 21 -\n\nto allow the social partners a sufficiently wide range of \noptions, from which to chose at a level close to the employee \nand to the enterprise; \nto encourage consideration of a number of key characteristics \n(described in section 39) when setting up new schemes or when \nreviewing existing ones; \nto examine after three years to what extent financial \nparticipation by employees has increased in their country and to \ncommunicate the results within four years to the Commission. 38. In order to deal with the cross-border aspects of financial \nparticipation, described in section 31, the Commission will set up a \nworking party with a view to examining possibilities for the creation \nof formulae for the following three types of financial participation \nschemes by employees at a European level, in order to improve the \nopportunities for the application under comparable conditions \nthroughout the Community of such schemes: \n\na) a profit-sharing scheme; \nb) an employee share ownership scheme; \nc) a stock options scheme. 39. Key characteristics of financial participation schemes \n\nIn this draft Recommendation the importance of allowing for a wide \nrange of alternative schemes from which the most appropriate ones can \nbe chosen has already been underlined. However, since the success of \nthese schemes mainly depends on certain key features, it would seem \nadvisable to take into account experiences already acquired \nelsewhere In the EC. When new schemes are set up or when existing \nschemes are being reviewed, it is therefore recommended that special \nattention should be paid to the following characteristics, which \nappear to be of crucial importance: \n\na) Regularity: schemes benefit from application on a regular basis \nand from awarding any \"bonus\" at least once a year or over \nshorter periods, if major motivational effects are to be \nobtained; \n\nb) Pre-determined formula: the formula setting employee benefits \nshould be determined unequivocally before the beginning of each \nreference period. Individual governments may decide whether one \nor more parameters of the formula should be established at the \nnational level (e. g. through specific legislation), or whether \nthe formula can be freely negotiated between the two sides of \nindustry, possibly within a legal framework set up to facilitate \nand encourage financial participation schemes. The formula \nitself should not be fixed once and for ail, as it could be \nrenegotiated; but neither should it be subject to too frequent \n(e. g. annual) changes, since a number of years' application will \nbe required before sufficient experience is gained; \n\nc) No substitute for wage negotiations: the existence of financial \nparticipation schemes is not to be considered a substitute for \nnormal negotiations dealing with basic wages and other \nconditions of employment. The benefits of these schemes should \nbe received in addition to basic wages and should not interfere, \nfor example, with the existence of statutory minimum wages. - 22 -\n\nd) Voluntary participation: both enterprises and \n\nindividual \nemployees should be able to choose whether or not they \nparticipate in schemes. e) Calculation of employee benefits: bonuses should not be fixed in \nadvance but be variable and linked to enterprise performance \n(expressed in terms of profits or some other enterprise \nindicator) over a certain period of time, according to a \npreviously agreed formula; this formula should also specify \nunequivocally the indicator of enterprise performance to be \nused. The findings of the PEPPER-report suggest that average \nbenefits amounting to less than 5% of guaranteed employee wages \nin a year of regular profitability, can in themselves not be \nexpected to produce substantial motivational effects. f) Risks: apart from a degree of income variability inherent to \nfinancial participation schemes, employees may incur additional \nrisks when they acquire risk-bearing securities (e. g. shares or \nbonds); when these risks are heavily concentrated (e. g. securities issued by the employing firm) and large in relation \nto the employee's total assets, they may come to be considered \nunacceptably high, even though additional risks linked to \nprofit-sharing schemes may already to some extent be compensated \nfor by the higher employment security which profit-sharing is \nexpected to provide. Under such circumstances it may be \nadvisable either to seek a better spread of risks or to examine \npossibilities of insurance against too heavy losses in the value \nof these assets. g) Beneficiaries: beneficiaries are primarily employees, i. e. wage-\n\nearners covered by employment contracts; benefits should as far \nas possible be made available to all or at least the larger part \nof the enterprise's employees including part-time and temporary \nemployees. h) Enterprise type: schemes can be applied by both privately-owned \nfirms and public enterprises, as long as suitable indicators of \nenterprise results or profits are, or can be, made available. I) Enterprise size: small and medium-sized firms should have \nadequate opportunities to apply financial participation schemes; \nin particular it is important to ensure that administrative \nobligations are reasonable and minimum financial requirements, \nif needed at all, are not too high; in larger enterprises, \nespecially multi-national companies, it may be useful to link \nall or part of employee benefits to the performance of separate \nprofit units, rather than to overall enterprise results. j) Complexity: schemes of a complex nature are to be avoided, as \nthe results are likely to be better if the scheme can be easily \nunderstood by all employees. k) \n\nInformation and training: for the success of any type of scheme \na substantial effort will be required to supply adequate \ninformation to all employees concerned. In this regard the \nimplementation of financial participation schemes can also \nprovide a link with activities promoted by the Community in \nother areas: information and consultation, training, education. IV. CONCLUSIONS \n\n- 23 -\n\n40. In submitting this proposal for a Recommendation to the Council, the \nCommission, in accordance with its Action Programme relating to the \nimplementation of the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social \nRights for Workers, aims to underline the importance which it \nattaches to employee participation in profits and enterprise results \neither by means of profit-sharing, or through employee share-\nownership or by a combination of both. This is the light in which the \npresent draft Recommendation should be viewed. Action at the Community level will mainly consist of: \n\nencouraging the use of financial participation schemes and the \nexchange between users of experiences with these schemes; \nthe supply of relevant information about financial participation \nschemes ; \nencouraging \nfinancial \nof \nparticipation schemes to be used community-wide under comparable \nconditions; \nmonitoring further developments in this field. creation \n\ntypes \n\nsome \n\nthe \n\nof \n\n\fANNEX \n\nFINANCIAL PARTICIPATION SCHEMBS IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUKITY IN THE LATB 1 9 8 0S -\n\nSUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL FINDINGS OF THE PEPPER REPORT \n\nA P h r r V l i l t i o n t ti \nr. n> \nPS: p r o f i t - H h a r i n g; SPS: s h a r e - b a s ed P ^ ' ^ - ^ -\nDPS- d e f e r r ed p r o f i t - u h a r i n g / i n v c B t r o c nt \ns h a re o p t i o n n; ESOP: e m p l o y ee o h a re o w n e r s h ip p l a n s; EBO: e m p l o y ee b u y - o u t \u00bb. f u n d n; ESO: e m p l o y ee s n a re o w n c r n n iF( \n\n' ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ c r B h i p; \n\n_. R t. p. b o n d - b a s ed p r o f i t - H h a r i n g; CPS : c a s h - b a s ed \n\np r o f i t - B h a r i n g; \nSO: s t o ck o p t i o n s; DSO: d i s c r e t i o n a ry. Count i Y \nOELGXUM \n\nG o n o r ol \na t t i t u do \n\nM a i n ly u n \nf a v o u r a b l e, \nb ut \nt o d ay \nd i s c u s s ed \n\nL o g i s 1 a \nl a ws & \ni n t r o d. S p e c i f ic \ny e ar of \nV a r i o u s, b ut \no n ly on ESO \n( \u2022 l i n en 19 8 2 ), \ni n c l u d i ng \n( 1 9 8 4) \nSO \n\nt \n\ni o n \n\nTax \n\n_,bcacfita \nR a t h er \nl i m i t e d, \ne s p e c i a l ly \nf or SO \n\nDENMARK \n\nM a i n ly \nf a v o u r a b lo \n(, d i s c u s s ed \n\nOn SPS and ESO \n(r. inct! 19 5 8) \n\nSome for \nSPS (uharcs \nor bonds) \n(. ESO \n\nCPJL \nSPS \n\nD\u00a3S. ESO \n\nf\n\nD i\ni on \nf u s\nP r e v a l e nt N o. of \n_LYECja \nESO \n\nCPS \n\nof \n\ns c h e m e s/ \nfirm\u00bb involved \nA r o u nd 2 0 \nq u o t ed \nc o m p a n i on \nMultinationals \nInsurance \nBanks \nDiatribution \nMin. 50 schemes \n20 \n27 \n32 \n\n: \n\nGERMANY \n\nMn inly \nf ovourabl\u00bb. * \nexcept for \nCPS; \nintensively \ndiscussed \n\nSome : on DPS \n(sinco 1961) 4 \nESO (primarily \nsince 1984) \n\nMinor until \n1984, only \nfor DPS & \nESO \n\nJCalai \nESO & \nDPS \n\nPS in \ng e n e r al \n\n2Q0 or more \n1 , 6 00 \nf i r ma \n( 0. 1% of \ntolaJj \nMax. 5 , 0 00 \nf i r m s, m a i n ly \ns m a l l - s c a le \n\nP B P P KR \n\nB c h o m os \n\nEmployee benefits or \nprofit M hare/employee \nShares reserved for \n\nEmployees \ninvolved \nOn average \n5% (varying employees: 4% on average \nfrom i-28*i of total shares iouued \nAround 5% of distribut \nable profits; \n8-15% of perforroance-\nrclatcd pay \n\n2% of Bharo capital \nDKR 3. 4QQ per employer \nLess than 2% of total. share capital \n\n1. 3 m l n. 80% u s u a l ly \np f t r t i c i o a ta \n5. 4% of \ni n d i v i d u a ls \n\nE m p l o y ee c a p i t a l: DM 15 \n( o n ly 5% of \nb in \na n n u al b a l a n c e) \n6. 8% of w a g es \n\nf i r m i i' \n\n\fD i f f u s i on \nP B P P BR \nprevalent No. of schemes/ Employ\u00e9es \nt Y P\u201en \nDPS \n\nof \n\nfirmn invgivrrt \n12,000 firros \nt 10,200. ^r^menta \n7,000 \n\ninvolved \n4. 6 mln. (3 \nhrnfif i t U nn 1 \n1. 4 mln. raln- \n\n600,000* \n\ns c h e. es \n\nEmployeo b e n e f i ts or \nDrofit aham/cmo 1 oyrr \n\nProfit shares on average \n3-4% of t ho w a a ti b i l1 \n\nProfit shareB on average \n4. 1% of the waao bill \nFrco distrib. of shared: \n1% of the waac bill \n\nCountry \nFRANCS \n\nO e n e r al \nattitude \n\nVery \nfavourable \nt \nintensively \ndiscussed \n\nORKBCB \n\nGrowing \nacceptance \n\nIRELAND \n\nFavourable \n& discussed \n\ni n U O d. benefits \nSubstantial \nfor both \nfirms & \nemployees \n\nL e g i s l a t i on \nSpecific laws b Tax \nYCOX Qt \nVarious : \nCPS (1959) \nDPS (1967) \nSO (1970) \nESO (since 1973) \nEmployeo invest, \nfunds (1973) \nEBO (1984) \nUnique legisl. on all forms in \n1986, amended in \n199Q. Provisions in \nseveral laws:on for CPS \nCPS (Bince 1984) \n& ESO (primarily. uincu 19B7) \nSPS (1982) \nSO (1986) \n\nModest \n\nSignificant \n\nITALY \n\nNot clearly Non-existent, \ndefined, \nbut some \nforms \ndiscussed \n\nexcept general \nprovisions \n(1942 Civil \nCode) \n\nNo \n\nLUXKHBOURO Not clearly Non-existent \n\nNo \n\ndefined \n\nCPS \n\nES0< \n\nSO \n\nEBO \n\nCPS \n\nSO. _P-S-\n\nCPS \n\nESO \n\nCPS \nESO \n\n350 firma \n(7^1 minted) \n600 quoted \ncompanies \n\n10-20 per year \nin 1980-90 \nLimited; \nin banking, \ninsurance, \nclothing,. _____ \n\nI. 19 Rf hemes \n\n___. All in the \nprivate sector \n25% of all \nlargo firms; \n60 private \nfjpn* *\" 1988 \n30 quoted \ncompanies \n22% of firms \nMainly in. hnnKiaq \n\n\u2022Refers only to free diatribution of enterprise shares \n\nto employees \n\nLump sum of GD 30,000 \n50,000 \n\nv/i \n\nKxccutivcM \n\nProbably high \n\nTS. QQO \n\n400,000; \n3% of average earnings \napplied to (but can bo as high as \n80% of all 10% or more) \nftrnploveoB \n\nLees than 5% of total \nshare capital \nUsually not more than \n0. 5 -2 months' salary \n\n\fOoooral \nattitude \n\nL o g i \u00bb 1 \nSpecific laws \nif intro \n\nTax \nT benefits \n\nt i o n \n\nCotintrr \nNBTHB\u00abI--n)S Favourable \u00ab, Some incentive \n\nPORTUGAL \n\nSPAIN \n\nUK \n\nintensively offered only \ndiscussed \n\nto CPS \n\nNot clearly \ndefined & \nmainly not \nriinTnnacd \nNot clearly \ndefined, \nbut \ndiscussed \n\nOnly genera-\nprovisions c: \nPS & ESO \nf f fWnWTP\"^ \u2022 \nO n ly g e n e r al \ni \np r o v i s i o ns \nS t a t u te of \nW o r k e r s; & \n( 1 9 8 6) \nEDO \n\nVery \nfavourable \n& \ndiscussed \n\nSPS (1978) \nSO (1980) \nDSO (1984) \nCPS (1987) \nESOPo (1989) \nESO (1978 -\n\nf\n\ni on \n\nD i\nf u s\nP r e v a l e nt No. of \n__EC_ \nCPS \n\nof \ns c h e m e s/ \nfirms involved \n6-30% of \nJ lima \n\nP B P P BR \n\ns c h o - os \n\nE m p l o y e es \ni n v o l v ed \n\n3 5 0 , 0 00. 1975 \n\nin \n\nE m p l o y eo b e n e f i t :\u00bb \np r o f it \n\ni i h a r o / e m \u00bb l o y c \u00bbM \n\nor \n\n- 6. 5% of \n\n4. 5 \nflvernqp \n\no a r n i n qu \n\nS P S, BPS V e ry \nE. ftO \n\nM a i n ly \nCPS \n\nCPS \n\nl i m i t e d ( 3% \nnf \n^ 11 B C h _ _ _ _L \nL i m i t e d , b ut m o st \nd i f f u s ed \nL a r ge \njn \n\nf i n a n ce \n\nf i r ms \n\nf o r m. S o m e t i m es \nr e s t r i c t ed \ne u r m i t l v ca \n2% of \nsalaried \n\n44% of medium \n& largo firms \nbut only in 6% employees \ndirectly linked (often \nto profits \n\nrestricted \n\nto \n\nProfit-linked payments \n5% of labour costs; in \nsome cases as high an \n10-25% of total pay \n\no* \n\nMinor, \nconditional \non freezing \nof CPS \nP r i m a r i ly \nf or PS \n\nM i n o r, \ne x c e pt \nf or EBO \n\nSubstantial \nfor both \nfirms & \nemployees \n\no executives! \n\nf i U h H t. f t n t. i al \n\nlu:mea \n\n?f employee pay \n\n2-4% of \n\nt o t al w a g es \n\nSU. __891. 7 S 7. 0 QQ \n\n^ \u2022 ^ \u2022 Q QQ \n\nT o t a l: \n\n7 , 2 82 schemes \nf i r ms \n30% of \n\n2 mln \ne m p l o y e es \nb e n e f i t t i ng \n\nS_____: Compiled on t he b as \n\nis of \n\ni n f o r _ \u00bb t i on c o n t a i n ed \n\nin C h a p te \n\nrs 4 - 15 on i n d i v i d u al c o u n t r i e s1 \n\ne x p e r i e n c es \n\n\f- 27 -\n\nProposal for a \nCOUNCIL RECOMMENDATION \n\nconcerning the promotion of employee participation \nin profits and enterprise results \n(including equity participation) \n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, \nand in particular Article 235 thereof, \n\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission, \n\nHaving regard to the opinion of the European Parliament, \n\nHaving regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee, \n\nWhereas in its Communication concerning the Action Programme relating to \nthe Implementation of the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social \nRights of Workers the Commission announced its intention to present a \nCommunity instrument on equity sharing and financial participation by \nworkers; \n\nWhereas a report on the promotion of employee participation in profits and \nenterprise results in the Member States of the European Community has been \nprepared and whereas this report has established that there is a great \nvariety in the types of scheme encountered in the Community, including cash \npayments, share-based and deferred profit-sharing schemes and various types \nof particular employee share-ownership schemes-, \n\nWhereas encouragement \nlevel of schemes of financial \nparticipation by employees is to be seen as a means of achieving a better \ndistribution of the wealth generated by enterprises, while encouraging a \ngreater involvement of employees in the progress of their companies; \n\nat Community \n\nWhereas while the body of empirical research about the effects of such \nschemes in practice does not yet provide overwhelming evidence of strong \noverall advantages, there are sufficient indications that such schemes \ncontribute to a number of positive effects, including improvements in \nemployee motivation and productivity and in the competitiveness of \nenterpr ises; \n\nWhereas it is appropriate to promote a larger diffusion of financial \nparticipation schemes within the European Community, without seeking an \nactive harmonization or a reduction in the existing wide range of available \nschemes ; \n\nWhereas the ultimate success of this Community in itiative wi 11 to a large \nextent depend on the active interest and involvement of the social partners \nthemselves; \n\n\f- 28 -\n\nWhereas in the context of the completion of the internal market it is \nnecessary to study the possibilities for the development of transnational \nformulae for employee participation in profits and enterprise results; \n\nWhereas the present action appears necessary to attain, in the course of \nthe operation of the common market, one of the objectives of the Community, \n\nI. HEREBY INVITES THE MEMBER STATES: \n\nTo acknowledge the potential benefits of a wider use of a broad variety of \nschemes to increase the participation by employees in profits and \nenterprise results either by means of profit-sharing, or through employee \nshare-ownership or by a combination of both. II. HEREBY RECOMMENDS THE MEMBER STATES: \n\n1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. To ensure that legal structures are adequate to allow the \nintroduction of the forms of financial participation referred to in \nthis Recommendation; \n\nTo consider the possibility of according incentives such as fiscal \nor other financial advantages to encourage the introduction of \ncertain schemes; \n\nTo encourage the use of such schemes by facilitating the supply of \nadequate information to all relevant parties; \n\nTo take account of experiences acquired elsewhere in the European \nCommunity when considering giving preferential \ntreatment to \nparticular types of financial participation schemes; \n\nTo ensure that the social partners have the opportunity to choose \nfrom a sufficiently wide range of options on the basis of \nconsultations \ntheir \nrepr\u00e9sent\u00e2t Ives; \n\nemployees \n\nemployers \n\nbetween \n\nand \n\nor \n\nTo ensure that this choice can be made at a level which, taking \naccount of the national practice in this regard, is as close as \npossible to the employee and to the enterprise ; \n\nTo encourage consideration of the key issues set out in the Annex \nwhen new financial participation schemes are being prepared or when \nexisting schemes are being reviewed; \n\nTo examine, after a period of three years following the adoption of \nthis Recommendation, the data available at a national level on the \ndevelopment of financial participation by employees and to \ncommunicate the results to the Commission; \n\n9. To enhance social partners' awareness of the above matters. III. TAKES NOTE OF THE COMMISSION'S INTENTION \n\n- 29 -\n\n10. To set up a working party to examine possibilities for the creation \nat a Community level of formulae of financial participation schemes \nby employees , in order to improve the opportunities for the \napplication under comparable conditions throughout the Community of \nsuch schemes; these would include the following three types: \n\na) a profit-sharing scheme; \nb) an employee share ownership scheme; \nc) a stock options scheme. 11. To submit a report to the Council on the application of this \nRecommendation within four years of its adoption on the basis of the \ninformation supplied to it by the Member States. Done at Brussels, \n\nFor the Council \n\nThe President \n\n\f- 30 -\n\nANNEX \n\nKey issues to be considered when new financial participation schemes \nare being prepared or when existing schemes are being reviewed \n\n1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Regularity; schemes benefit from application on a regular basis and \nfrom awarding any \"bonus\" at least once a year or over shorter \nperiods. Pre-determined formula: the formula setting employee benefits should \nbe determined unequivocally before the beginning of each reference \nperiod. No substitute for wage negotiations: the existence of financial \nparticipation schemes is not to be considered a substitute for normal \nnegotiations dealing with wages and other conditions of employment. Voluntary participation: both enterprises and individual employees \nshould be able to choose whether or not they want to apply for or \nparticipate in schemes. Calculation of employee benefits: bonuses should not be fixed in \nadvance but variable and linked to enterprise performance (expressed \nin terms of profits or some other enterprise indicator) over a \ncertain period of time, according to a previously agreed formula; \nthis formula should also specify unequivocally the indicator of \nenterprise performance to be used. Amounts: in order to produce the expected motivational effects the \naverage size of bonuses should on the one hand be significant in \nrelation to the fixed part of employees' wages, while on the other \nhand a ceiling (in amounts or in percentages) might be advisable in \norder to avoid wide fluctuations in total income. Risks: apart from some income variability inherent to schemes, \nemployees may incur additional risks when they acquire risk-bearing \nsecurities (e. g. shares or bonds); when these risks are heavily \nconcentrated (e. g. issued by the employing firm) and large in \nrelation to the employee's total assets the possibility of some form \nof insurance against too heavy losses in the value of these assets \nmerits careful examination. Beneficiaries: beneficiaries are primarily employees, i. e. wage-\nearners covered by employment contracts; as far as possible access to \nschemes should be open to all employees of the enterprise. More \ngenerally, workers in the same objective situation should have equal \nrights with regard to access to participation schemes. Enterprise type: schemes can be applied by both privately-owned firms \nand public enterprises, as long as suitable indicators of enterprise \nresults or profits are, or can be, made available. - 31 -\n\n10. 11. 12. Enterprise size: small and medium-sized firms should have adequate \nopportunities to apply financial participation schemes; in particular \nit is important to ensure that administrative obligations are \nreasonable and minimum financial requirements, if needed at all , are \nnot too high; in larger enterprises, especially multi-national \ncompanies, it may be useful to link all or part of employee benefits \nto the performance of separate profit units, rather than to overall \nenterprise results. Complexity: schemes of a complex nature are to be avoided, as the \nresults are likely to be better if the scheme can be easily \nunderstood by all employees; \n\nInformation and training; for the success of any type of scheme a \nsubstantial effort will be required to supply adequate information \nand training, if necessary, to all employees concerned. ISSN 0254-1475 \n\nCOM(91) 259 final \n\nDOCUMENTS \n\nEN \n\n08 \n\nCatalogue number : CB-CO-91-328-EN-C \n\nISBN 92-77-74685-8 \n\nOffice for Official Publications of tie European Communities \n\nL-2985 Luxembourg"}
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