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"eurovoc_concepts": ["consumer goods", "customs formalities", "customs harmonisation", "import (EU)", "international convention", "processing under customs control"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/447e27c1-a875-4aee-b830-0b42623be329", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1986088EN. 01004201. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3. 4. 1986\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 88/42\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL DECISION\nof 24 March 1986\naccepting, on behalf of the Community, Annex F 2 to the International Convention on the simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures\n(86/103/EEC)\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission,\nWhereas, by Decision 75/199/EEC\u00a0(1), the Community concluded the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures;\nWhereas Annex F 2 concerning the processing of goods for home use can be accepted by the Community;\nWhereas acceptance should, however, be accompanied by certain reservations to take account of the specific requirements of the customs union and the stage currently reached in the harmonization of customs legislation,\nHAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS:\nArticle 1\nAnnex F 2, concerning the processing of goods for home use, to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures is hereby accepted on behalf of the Community, subject to a reservation of a general nature and a reservation with regard to Recommended Practice 7. The text of the Annex, together with the reservations, is attached to this Decision. Article 2\nThe President of the Council is hereby authorized to designate the person empowered to notify the Secretary-General of the Customs Cooperation Council of the acceptance by the Community, subject to the reservations referred to in Article 1, of the Annex referred to in that Article\u00a0(2). Done at Brussels, 24 March 1986. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nG. BRAKS\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ L 100, 21. 4. 1975, p. 1. (2)\u00a0\u00a0The date of entry into force of Annex F2 will be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities by the General Secretariat of the Council. Reservations entered by the Community in respect of Annex F 2 to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures\n1. Reservation of a general nature (observation of a general nature)\n\n\n\u2018Community legislation covers only part of the provisions of this Annex. In the areas not covered by Community legislation, the Member States enter their own reservations if necessary. \u2019\n\n2. Recommended Practice 7\n\n\n\u2018Under normal circumstances the Community applies the provisions of this Recommended Practice. However, authorization is only granted where the placing of the goods under the arrangements cannot result in distortion of the effects of the origin rules or of quantitative restrictions applicable to imported goods. \u2019\n\n\nANNEX F 2\n\n\nCONCERNING PROCESSING OF GOODS FOR HOME USE\n\nINTRODUCTION\nIn general the duties and taxes chargeable on goods imported for home use are well adapted to the tariff policy of the country concerned. However, in certain cases, the level of the import duties and taxes chargeable on imported goods is such that any intended manufacture, processing or further working of the goods after clearance for home use would render the overall commercial operation unprofitable with a resultant loss to the country because of the transfer of such economic activities to another country. On the other hand, these economic activities can be encouraged by permitting certain goods to be processed under customs control prior to being taken into home use. The purpose of the customs procedure of processing of goods for home use is to provide for the possibility where it is in the national economic interest, of processing certain imported goods under customs control to such an extent that the amount of the import duties and taxes applicable to the products thus obtained is lower than that which would be applicable to the imported goods. DEFINITIONS\nFor the purposes of this Annex:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe term \u2018processing of goods for home use\u2019 means the customs procedure under which imported goods may be manufactured, processed or worked, before clearance for home use and under customs control, to such an extent that the amount of the import duties and taxes applicable to the products thus obtained is lower than that which would be applicable to the imported goods;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthe term \u2018clearance for home use\u2019 means the customs procedure which provides that imported goods may remain permanently in the customs territory. This procedure implies the payment of any import duties and taxes chargeable and the accomplishment of all the necessary customs formalities;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthe term \u2018import duties and taxes\u2019 means customs duties and all other duties, taxes, fees or other charges which are collected on or in connection with the importation of goods, but not including fees and charges which are limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthe term \u2018goods declaration\u2019 means a statement made in the form prescribed by the customs by which the persons interested indicate the customs procedure to be applied to the goods and furnish the particulars which the customs require to be declared for the application of that procedure;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nthe term \u2018customs control\u2019 means measures applied to ensure compliance with the laws and regulations which the customs are responsible for enforcing;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\nthe term \u2018security\u2019 means that which ensures to the satisfaction of the customs that an obligation to the customs will be fulfilled. Security is described as \u2018general\u2019 when it ensures that the obligations arising from several operations will be fulfilled;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(g)\n\n\nthe term \u2018person\u2019 means both natural and legal persons, unless the context otherwise requires. PRINCIPLES\n1. Standard\n\nProcessing of goods for home use shall be governed by the provisions of this Annex. 2. Standard\n\nNational legislation shall specify the conditions to be fulfilled and the customs formalities to be accomplished for processing of goods for home use. Notes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. The granting of approval for processing of goods for home use may be made subject to the condition that the proposed processing operations are regarded by the competent authorities as beneficial to the national economy. 2. The right to process goods for home use may be reserved to persons established in the customs territory and whose operations meet the requirements of the customs authorities. 3. The customs authorities normally give approval for the processing operations to be carried out at a particular place (e. g. the importer's premises) and by specified persons. 4. The customs authorities may set standard rates of yield for the operations involved in the processing of goods for home use. 3. Standard\n\nThe granting of the procedure of processing of goods for home use shall be subject to the condition that the customs authorities are able to satisfy themselves that the products resulting from the processing have been obtained from the imported goods. 4. Standard\n\nThe granting of the procedure of processing of goods for home use shall be subject to the condition that the original state of the goods cannot be economically recovered after the processing. SCOPE\n5. Standard\n\nProcessing of goods for home use shall be allowed in respect of specified categories of goods undergoing approved processing operations. Note\n\nApproval may be restricted to processing operations which result in products classifiable under specified tariff headings. 6. Standard\n\nProcessing of goods for home use shall not be limited to goods imported directly from abroad but shall also be granted in respect of goods ex customs transit, ex customs warehouse or from a free zone. 7. Recommended Practice\n\nProcessing of goods for home use should not be refused solely on the grounds of the country of origin of the goods or the country whence consigned. 8. Standard\n\nThe right to process goods for home use shall not be limited to the owner of the imported goods. 9. Recommended Practice\n\nPersons who carry on large-scale and continuous processing of the same type of goods for home should be granted a general authorization covering such operations. DECLARATION FOR PROCESSING OF GOODS FOR HOME USE\n\n10. Standard\n\nNational legislation shall specify the conditions under which the goods declaration for processing of goods for home use shall be lodged and under which the goods shall be produced at the competent customs office. Note\n\nThe goods declaration is generally lodged before the goods are processed for home use but, in cases where the operations involved are relatively simple, approval may be given for the processing to be carried out prior to the lodgment of the goods declaration. SECURITY\n11. Standard\n\nThe form in which security, if any, is to be provided in respect of processing of goods for home use shall be laid down in national legislation or determined by the customs authorities in accordance with national legislation. 12. Recommended Practice\n\nThe choice between the various acceptable forms of security should be left to the person concerned. 13. Standard\n\nThe customs authorities shall, in accordance with national legislation, determine the amount in which security is to be provided in respect of the processing of goods for home use. 14. Recommended Practice\n\nThe amount of any security should be set as low as possible having regard to the import duties and taxes potentially chargeable. Note\n\nThis Recommended Practice does not prevent the amount of the security from being determined on the basis of a single rate where the goods fall in a wide range of tariff headings. 15. Standard\n\nWhen security is to be provided to ensure that the obligations arising from several operations under the procedure of processing of goods for home use will be fulfilled, the customs authorities shall accept a general security. 16. Recommended Practice\n\nCustoms authorities should waive the requirement for security where they are satisfied that payment of any sums that might fall due can be ensured by other means. TERMINATION OF PROCESSING OF GOODS FOR HOME USE\n\n17. Standard\n\nProcessing of goods for home use shall be terminated when the products resulting from the processing are cleared for home use. 18. Standard\n\nNational legislation shall specify the point in time to be taken into consideration for the purpose of determining the value and quantity of goods declared for home use and also the rates of the import duties and taxes applicable to them. 19. Recommended Practice\n\nWhere justified by the circumstances and at the request of the person concerned, the customs authorities should approve termination of the procedure when the products obtained from the processing or working are exported, placed in a customs warehouse or introduced into a free zone. 20. Standard\n\nAny waste or scrap resulting from the processing of goods for home use shall be liable, if cleared for home use, to the import duties and taxes that would be applicable to such waste or scrap imported in that state. Note\n\nApproval may be given for such waste or scrap to be rendered commercially valueless under customs control or to be re-exported. 21. Standard\n\nGoods intended for processing for home use or products resulting therefrom which are destroyed or irrecoverably lost by accident or force majeure before they are cleared for home use shall not be subjected to import duties and taxes, provided that such destruction or loss is duly established to the satisfaction of the customs authorities. Any waste or scrap remaining after destruction shall be liable, if cleared for home use, to the import duties and taxes that would be applicable to such waste or scrap imported in that state. DISCHARGE OF SECURITY\n22. Standard\n\nAny security furnished shall be discharged as soon as possible after processing of goods for home use has been terminated. INFORMATION CONCERNING PROCESSING OF GOODS FOR HOME USE\n\n23. 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"http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/66cc77e5-b97b-4536-9b1c-20395c8c69e1", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]} +{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3f2138ea-b544-4f06-a896-e9edce6a04c7", "title": "THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY GUIDELINES FOR A NEW COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 1987-1991", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#communication_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#document_com_other_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1986-03-17", "subjects": "Framework Programme for Research and Development,action programme,applied research,competitiveness,innovation,research and development,research expenditure (EU),scientific cooperation,technical cooperation,technology", "workIds": "celex:51986DC0129,comnat:COM_1986_0129_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Framework Programme for Research and Development", "action programme", "applied research", "competitiveness", "innovation", "research and development", "research expenditure (EU)", "scientific cooperation", "technical cooperation", "technology"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3f2138ea-b544-4f06-a896-e9edce6a04c7", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES \nDE LA COMMISSION \n\nCOLLECTION RELIEE DES \nDOCUMENTS \"COM\" \n\nCOM (86) 129 \n\nVol. 1986/0043 \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\fDisclaimer \n\nConform\u00e9ment au r\u00e8glement (CEE, Euratom) n\u00b0 354/83 du Conseil du 1er f\u00e9vrier 1983 \nconcernant l'ouverture au public des archives historiques de la Communaut\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \neurop\u00e9enne et de la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne de l'\u00e9nergie atomique (JO L 43 du 15. 2. 1983, \np. 1), tel que modifi\u00e9 par le r\u00e8glement (CE, Euratom) n\u00b0 1700/2003 du 22 septembre 2003 \n(JO L 243 du 27. 9. 2003, p. 1), ce dossier est ouvert au public. Le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, les documents \nclassifi\u00e9s pr\u00e9sents dans ce dossier ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9classifi\u00e9s conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l'article 5 dudit \nr\u00e8glement. In accordance with Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 354/83 of 1 February 1983 \nconcerning the opening to the public of the historical archives of the European Economic \nCommunity and the European Atomic Energy Community (OJ L 43, 15. 2. 1983, p. 1), as \namended by Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1700/2003 of 22 September 2003 (OJ L 243, \n27. 9. 2003, p. 1), this file is open to the public. Where necessary, classified documents in this \nfile have been declassified in conformity with Article 5 of the aforementioned regulation. In \u00dcbereinstimmung mit der Verordnung (EWG, Euratom) Nr. 354/83 des Rates vom 1. Februar 1983 \u00fcber die Freigabe der historischen Archive der Europ\u00e4ischen \nWirtschaftsgemeinschaft und der Europ\u00e4ischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI. L 43 vom 15. 2. 1983, \nS. 1), ge\u00e4ndert durch die Verordnung (EG, Euratom) Nr. 1700/2003 vom 22. September 2003 \n(ABI. L 243 vom 27. 9. 2003, S. 1), ist diese Datei der \u00d6ffentlichkeit zug\u00e4nglich. Soweit \nerforderlich, wurden die Verschlusssachen in dieser Datei in \u00dcbereinstimmung mit Artikel 5 \nder genannten Verordnung freigegeben. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES\n\nCOH(fS) 129 final\u00b7\n\nBrussels, 1? March 19\u2014 \u00b7\u00b7\n\nTHE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY\n\nGuidelines for a new Community Framework \n\nProgramme of technological research \n\nand development \n\n1987-1991\n\n(Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament)\n\nCCK(\u00a36) 129 final. - I -\n\nThe Science and Technology Community :\nGuidelines for a new Framework Programme of technological research\nand development 1987-1991\n\nSUMMARY\n\n1. A new deal for Europe\n\nEurope accepts the challenge. In a world characterized by the acceleration of the process of \ninnovation, the global application of production techniques, the \ndevelopment of services and, lastly, the expansion of defence \nprogrammes and the importance attached to space in national \ntechnological development, Europe is beginning to organize. The year \n1985 saw the launching of the Technology Community, the EUREKA \ninitiative and the formal confirmation, in the European Single Act, of \ntechnological R&D activities. Today, the Commission is presenting its guidelines for a new Framework \nProgramme of technological research and development during the period \n1987-91. 2. The contribution of the Community dimension to technological R&D in \n\nEurope\n\nThe success and reputation of such programmes as ESPRIT, RACE and \nBRITE rest on an appreciation of the added value generated by \nCommunity technological R&D activities. The Community provides a framework for a synergy of efforts and \nabilities; it thus promotes the attainment of economies of scale and \ncritical size and provides the opportunities for diversification \ncalled for by rapid and expensive scientific and technical \ndevelopment. Community action creates the fertile soil for greater creativity and \ncooperation on the part of the. scientists and industrialists involved \nin strategic programmes and priority and significant projects. The Community framework links efforts in the field of technology to \nthe large European market. In 1992 it will lead to open public-sector \nmarkets based on common standards and a common industrial property \npolicy. The resources allocated to research are drawn from the Community \nbudgetary instruments; a,s a supplementary measure, the coming months \nwill see the presentation of new financial instruments specially \ntailored to the particular needs of scientists and industrialists. The Community context also ensures \npolicy which extends and underpins \nindust ri ali st s. a link with a dynamic commercial \nthe efforts of research workers and\n\n\f- II -\n\nLastly, the Community provides a coherent framework for the \noptimization of the efforts of the Member States, the exploitation of \ntheir specific potential and avoidance of the duplication of \nactivities, all of which benefits both the Community as a whole and \nits individual regions. 3. A new institutional legitimacy for technological research and \n\ndevelopment\n\nThe European Single Act provides a new political and legal basis for \nthe development of the Community's scientific and technical strategy. Community activity in the field of technological R&D will be conducted \nin a series of programmes at three levels, namely :\n\n- a unanimously approved multiannual Framework Programme, which will \n\nprovide the basis for the balanced overall development of Community \nactions;\n\n- specific programmes, adopted by a qualified majority, which are \n\nconcerned with particular objectives, designed to promote \ncooperation between all the partners and open to participation by \nnon-member countries;\n\n- supplementary programmes in which Member States will participate on \n\na voluntary basis. 4. What are the priorities for Community action ?\n\nThe outline document proposes the adoption of seven lines of action \nadapted to the new requirements of the 1990s. These lines of action, which are essentially intended to lead to the \nimprovement of Europe's international competitiveness, a better \nquality of life and the creation of a genuine research workers'\nEurope, cover the following seven topics :\n\n- management of resources (particularly in agriculture);\n\n- management of energy;\n\n- competitiveness of industry and services (information technology, \n\ntelecommunications, etc. );\n\n- quality of life (\"Europe against cancer\", the fight against AIDS, \n\nsafety, environmental protection, etc. );\n\n- science and technology for development;\n\nEurope's scientific and technical potential;\n\ngeneral suport for scientific and technical development (innovation, \nscientific networks, machine translation, etc. ). -\n\nI\n\nl\n\nl\n\n-\n\nThe Commission advocates a substantial increase in activities designed \nto increase the competitiveness of industry and its services, not only \nin the light of the changing world scientific and technological \ncontext but also because of the increasing pressure of the external \nchallenge facing our continent. As regards the management of energy, the Commission hopes to \nconsolidate Europe's world lead in thermonuclear fusion which, \nmoreover, is one of the areas where efforts are integrated on a fully \nEuropean scale. A fairly substantial reorganization of activities is recommended with \nregard to other aspects of energy research. Nevertheless the \nCommission is of the opinion that the present, still unpredictable \nfluctuations in the price of petrol should not lead to the abandonment \nof this type of research which remains an important factor for the \ndiversification of the Community's sources of supply and the reduction \nof its energy consumption. The Commission is also examining the possibility of including \nactivities on the exploitation of space and the development of \naeronautics in the list of actions to be conducted in the next \nFramework Programme. The scale of the challenge and the Community's ability to respond will \nnecessitate an appreciable increase in the financial resources, both \npublic and private, national and Community, made available for \nresearch and technology. For its part, the Commission puts the total \nfinancial commitments required for the implementation of the 1987-1991 \nFramework Programme at 10. 000 MioECUs. Although this amount \nconstitutes an appreciable increase in relation to the budget for the \npreceding Framework Programme, it represents less than 5 /. of total \nresearch expenditure in the Member States over the same period. 5. New a rrangements for implementing Community research\n\nFor the future Framework Programme, the Commission is in favour of a \nsignificant increase in shared-cost actions of the ESPRIT type \ncompared with the direct-action projects carried out at the Joint \nResearch Centre, the role and tasks of which are to be reevaluated a \ndiscussed in a forthcoming communication. Furthermore, in addition to those already established for \ntechnological R&D in the Community, new implementing arrangements wi \nbe prepared, for example through the creation of joint enterprises o \nthe initiation of supplementary programmes for which the European \nSingle Act provides. The Commission is prepared to examine the possibility of setting up \nflexible structures of the \"agency type\" as a means of creating an \ninterface between Community priorities and policies on the one hand \nand the specific requirements of operators. - IV -\n\nLastly; Community budgetary intervention will be supplemented by a \nnumber of facilities deriving from new Commission initiatives in \nrespect of financial instruments or techniques, particularly in the \ncase of technological R8D programmes for industrial-scale application \nwhich are close to the market, such as the EUREKA projects. 6. An open, confident Technology Community\n\nThe Technology Community cannot withdraw behind its geographical and \ninstitutional frontiers. By adopting an open stance towards the outside world, it will \nreinforce its international cooperation along the lines already \nestablished in the field of thermonuclear fusion. On a strictly European level, the Commission recommends a \nstrengthening of relations with the European Space Agency, CERN, the \nEuropean Science Foundation and the Council of Europe. Bilateral cooperation with the EFTA countries will acquire a new \ndimension with the implementation of framework agreements for \nscientific and technical cooperation which have already been, or are \nabout to be, signed. In the execution of the Framework Programme, considerable importance \nwill be attached to the development of cooperation within the \nframework of COST, in which many non-Member countries are involved. Lastly, the Commission supports the EUREKA initiative. It considers \nthat, by virtue of their complementarity, Community programmes and the \nEUREKA projects constitute a single whole orientated towards the \nattainment of the same objective, namely improved international \nindustrial competitiveness and greater employment and prosperity in \nEurope. Consequently, the Community and, in particular the Commission, can \nmake a variety of contributions designed to ensure that the potential \nof the EUREKA initiative is fully realized; these include :\n\n- cooperation in EUREKA projects,\n\n- the secondment of qualified staff to the EUREKA secretariat,\n\n- the organization of industrial seminars,\n\n- the provision of access to an information communication system \n\ndeveloped within the ESPRIT framework,\n\n\u201c access to the large market,\n\n- suitable, new institutional and financial frameworks. 7. Tomorrow/\u00b7 the 1987-1991 Framework Programme\n\nFollowing the forthcoming discussion of these guidelines by the \nCouncil and Parliament, the Commission will submit its formal proposal \nfor a Framework Programme of technological research and development \n1987-1991 in July of this year. *\n\n* \n\n*\n\n\f 1 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nCONTENTS\n\nI. Introduction\n\nII. Aim of the document\n\nIII. Current position and prospects: Europe in the international context\n\nIV. The challenge within: achievement of the European Science and Technology \nCommunity\n\n1. Selection criteria\n2. Lines of action\n3. Financial balance\n\nV. Implementation of the European Science and Technology Community\n\n1. General framework\n2. Preparatory, implementation, financing and evaluation arrangements\n\nA. Existing implementation procedures, role of the JRC\nB. New procedures\nC. Evaluation of results\n\n3. Accompanying measures\n4. An open, confident Technology Community\n\n- EUREKA\n- COST\n\nVJ. Conclusions\n\nAnnex I : Summary table of Community actions\nAnnex II : Information sheets relating to Community actions\n\n\f 2 \n\n-\n\n- \u00b7\n\nThe Science and Technology Community\n\nI. Introduction\n\nThe Member States of the European Community are today faced with a task \nof major importance : the practical realization of a Science and \nTechnology Community. The intention is certainly not to throw away opportunities or fruitful \npossibilities for cooperation with non-Community countries. On the \ncontrary, these Commission proposals cover the opening-up of Community \nprojects to European countries outside the Community and the improvement \nof opportunities for cooperation - on an equal footing - with the major \nnon-European partners. The Community is in fact in a position to define and adopt a \ntechnological research and development strategy on a continental scale. The European dimension is essential in order to meet the considerable and \nincreasing costs of technological R&D, to take advantage of economies of \nscale and of the resultant opportunities for diversification, and to \nensure greater synergy between efforts and capacities in rapidly evolving \nscientific and technical fields. The Community framework makes it possible, in an overall strategic \ncontext, to optimize the various measures required to improve, with a \nhigh degree of complementarity, Europe's economic competitiveness and \nscientific and technological base, namely :\n\n- cooperation between scientific and industrial participants in strategic \nprogrammes and priority and significant projects, the results of which \nthey share at a low cost;\n\n- the creation of a vast precursor internal market through a coherent \npolicy on standardization, the opening-up of markets, industrial \nproperty, competition, etc. ;\n\n- the provision of appropriate financial resources through the use of \n\nexisting financial instruments and the new financial management \nmachinery;\n\n- co-operation in the planning, creation and use of complex and expensive \n\ninfrastructures (telecommunications, instruments and large-scale \nscientific equipment);\n\n- the establishment of greater cohesion on behalf of the least-favoured \nregions and population groups through the use of structural funds for \nthe attainment of the Community's economic and social objectives;\n\n- reliance on the common foreign and trade policy for the purpose of \n\nadopting common positions in major international discussions;\n\n*\u00b7 \n\n- the development of education and training on the basis of close\n\ncooperation at Community level between the universities and industry \nand through the development of new equipment and systems designed to\n\n\f- 3 -\n\nfacilitate adjustment to the forthcoming changes in professional \nqualifications and to make available the high degree of expertise \nrequired for the mastery of new technologies. Thus, the creation of a Science and Technology Community, which has been \nregarded as a difficult, if not an impossible task to date, can now be \nguaranteed. Indeed, the Community has been enlarged to 12 Member States and thus has \na new political, economic and commercial base. The European Council meeting in Milan (28 and 29 June 1985) approved and \nadopted the Commission's memorandum \"Towards a European Technology \nCommunity\". The declaration of principle approved in Hannover (November 1985) clearly \nidentified EUREKA and the projects that will result from it as an \nextension of Community and multilateral European R,D&D activities, with a \nview to optimizing the industrial potential of these projects. Furthermore, framework science and technology cooperation agreements \nbetween the Community and several other European countries (Austria, \nFinland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland) have already been, or will \nshortly be, concluded. Moreover, the chapters on the \"Internal Market\" and \"Technological \nResearch and Development\" in the Single Act have opened the way to the \nsimultaneous coordinated development of Community scientific, \ntechnological, industrial and commercial policy. Finally, these developments, at international economic, scientific and \ntechnological level (aeronautics, space, major military programmes, \netc. ) confirm the Commission's view that the implementation of an \nambitious new European scientific and technical strategy now seems to be \nboth necessary and possible. Necessary, because the scientific and technological capacities of the \ngreat economic powers over the next decade will largely determine their \nability to secure growth and jobs. Possible, because of the close cooperation and climate of confidence \nwhich have been established between Community enterprises and scientific \norganizations in recent years, as well as between the latter and the \nCommission, particularly within the framework of the ESPRIT, RACE and \nBRITE programmes. Possible also, because the Community provides a favourable organizational \nframework for bringing together and committing the required resources: \ncoordinated use of human and financial resources, concerted and planned \ngrowth of national and Community funds. See chapter III of this document\n\n\fII. Aim of the document\n\nIn the Council resolution of 25 July 1983 which approved - as regards the \nprinciples, objectives and criteria for selecting projects - the \nFramework Programme of Community scientific and technological objectives \n1984-87, provision was made for a review of the programme \"in 1985 at the \nLatest\". During 1985, research was the subject of much discussion and many \ninitiatives at European level: the European Council in Milan, the EUREKA\nministerial conference and the Luxembourg intergovernmental conference. On this basis the Commission, as it announced in particular in its \ncommunication \"Towards a European Technology Community\", feels that this \nreview should now be \"carried out speedily so as to ensure that a second\nFramework Programme for 1987-91 _ _ is drawn up and adopted without\ndelay\". This document aims to sketch the broad outlines of the Framework \nProgramme for 1987-91 and appropriate ways and means of implementing it. On the basis of this initial document - which does not represent the \nCommissions formal proposal and which is completely without prejudice to \nits final content - the Commission would like to know the opinions and \nattitudes of the Community institutions, especially as regards:\n\nscientific and technical approaches, \npriorities and balances,\n\n- the level of financial resources to be set aside for the period 1987- \n\n91. In the light of these discussions and the conclusions reached, the \nCommission will prepare a formal proposal for the Framework Programme \n1987-91 and submit it to the Council and Parliament in July 1986. Il l. Current position and prospects: Europe in the international\n\ncontext\n\nIn recent years, notwithstanding persistent and disquieting weaknesses \nwhich will be analysed below, the Member States have shown not only that \nthey could cope with a serious crisis, but that they could, through \njoining together and/or cooperating, create an almost unparalleled force \nin the world. Furthermore, Europe is maintaining its status as a major world trading \npower, since more than a third of international trade passes through the \nCommunity. 40% of the industrial production of what is the most open \neconomy in the world, the European Community, is traded with non- \nmember states, i. e. 25% to 30% of its gross domestic product, as compared \nwith 10-20% in the case of the United States and Japan. Europe has, thanks to the EMS, managed to preserve a significant degree \nof monetary stability in the face of the fluctuations in the dollar and \nmany other foreign currencies. 2C0M(85)final, 30. 9. 1985. - 5 -\n\nApart from gaining an increasing control over inflation, the Community \nMember States have achieved a slow, but genuine increase in investments \nand in productivity through the improved distribution of added value for \nthe benefit of firms; their growth in this respect is greater than that \nof the United States, for example\u00ab\n\nOn the various world markets, Europe's performance has been comparable to \nthat of its formidable trading adversary, Japan (especially in the OPEC \narea). As far as energy is concerned, in ten years Europe's considerable \nefforts have reduced its dependence on oil from 65 to 45%, whereas Japan \nstill relies on oil for more than 60% of its requirements. Lastly, European successes in the field of science and technology \n(Airbus, Ariane, CERN, JET, ESPRIT, BRITE, RACE. ) underline the value \nand effectiveness of Europe's R,D&D potential. This very brief survey of some of the encouraging European figures \nclearly must not conceal the darker aspects of the situation that argue \neven more insistently for an offensive European research and innovation \nstrategy specifically aimed at the objective of international \ncompetitiveness as a means of improving employment opportunities. Out in the arena with the great industrialized countries, the Community \nMember States are confronted with those whose scientific and technical \npotential and dynamism are not only very considerable, but sometimes \nquite out of proportion to their own. Development of science and \ntechnology policies by the European nations is still marked to a notable \nextent by the economic conditions that prevailed in the seventies, \nalthough a certain revival is beginning to make an impression. Because \nmost of the European governments were (and still are) greatly concerned \nwith solving the unemployment problem, science and technology policy was \nnot, for the most part, a major priority and its financing was, \ntherefore, subject to severe constraints, in spite of the close links \nbetween technology, growth and employment. Fortunately, this trend was reversed towards the end of the decade when \nmost of the governments had realized how important strong R&D was for a \ngrowth economy. There has been, in particular, a tendency to give \npriority to applied research, geared to economic needs; most of the \nEuropean countries now have science and technology policies with \nincreasing emphasis on innovation and improving the links between basic \nresearch and industry. The scale of the effort required must not, however, be underestimated. In fact there is no single European country, however big, which is \ncapable of facing up to today's technological challenges on its own. To \nappreciate the scale of the effort which is needed, it is worth taking a \nclose look at five trends that have been marked in recent years:\n\nthe acceleration of the innovation process, that is competition \n\nthrough innovation at the international level. It is the force of \nthis current which determines the extent to which new technologies, \nproducts and processes make their appearance, together with the \nsupport which comes from large-scale research programmes. Thus, \nEuropean countries owe it to themselves to ensure that thebe is \nsignificant growth in the financial resources devoted to R&D if they \ndo not wish to be left behind, once and for all, in today's race to \ninnovate;\n\n\f 6 \n\n-\n\n-\n\n- the spread in all fields of economic and social activity of new \n\ntechnologies which are subject to extremely rapid change (data \nprocessing, biotechnology, materials);\n\n- the acceleration of the tendency of productive activities to be \n\ndeveloped on a world-wide scale, a significant factor which can also \nbe observed in the world of science and technology and which carries \nthe risk of watering down Europe against the will of its Member \nStates;\n\n- the rise in the number of \"non-material\" activities, i. e. the rapid\n\nincrease in jobs in the service sector. The wealth of nations is \nfounded, and will continue increasingly in the foreseeable future to \nbe built, on highly efficient service activities: services to\nproduction, financial services, communication and information \nservices, services linked with distribution, training, research, etc;\n\nlastly and perhaps above all, in the short and medium term, the growth \nin defence programmes and their repercussions as regards the world \nsystem of research, science and technology. Since the traditional \nfrontier between civilian and military research is in fact dissolving, \nmajor defence programmes are beginning to have a dual scientific and \ntechnological purpose. The big defence programmes concentrate R&D into a number of key fields, \nsuch as telecommunications, sophisticated energy sources, large-scale \ncomputers, advanced materials and space. In many countries, this means \nlarge contracts for the big industrial groups (whose R&D structure is \noften geared to specialist military applications). At the same time, \nthese programmes absorb an increasing proportion of the overall research \npotential in terms of financing and personnel. It is worth dwelling for a moment, on this point, particularly as \nregards the USA. There the State is assuming an increasingly significant \nrole through the R&D budgets of the Department of Defense (DOD). The \nlarge increase in expenditure on R&D in the United States must be seen in \ndirect relation to its military programmes, the most recent and intensive \nacceleration being linked with the strategic defence initiative (SDI). In only a few years the proportion of the public expenditure budget \naccounted for by military R&D \ntotal of 57 000 million dollars in 1986 - has risen from 50% to 70%. - i. e. 40 000 million dollars out of a \n\nApart from the general effect of acceleration that such financial \ninjections have on the development of technologies, the programmes in \nquestion frequently involve areas of research which are entirely new and \noriginal (serving both civilian and military interests), providing the \nfoundations for the production and services of tomorrow. Furthermore, \nsuch programmes are designed with a view to developing systems and not \njust components or products, a major factor in future competitiveness. Again,the resources which are devoted to such programmes are a direct \nsubsidy to the industries which implement them. Finally, the latest efforts made by the United States may be seen as a \ncontrolled part of the shift towards research on a world scale, given \nthat they have the effect of setting up cooperation networks for \ntechnological research as well as development. - 7 -\n\nThis is the picture that should be taken into account in setting up a \nCommunity technological R&D system. Unconnected national endeavours are \nlikely for a long time to deprive the Community of the resources it needs \nto make significant breakthroughs in fields which are just as important \nto Europeans; this national dispersion is also likely to reduce the role \nof Europeans to that of subcontractors in projects which they will not \nhave the means to gear to their own interests. Extending the comparison between the Member States and the rest of the \nworld, even if it is difficult to predict how the industrialized \ncountries' science and technology policies will evolve in the medium and \nlong term it is possible to discern a number of trends. (As \n\nAn analysis of the trends observed over the past decade with regard to \npublic expenditure on R&D shows that the 12 Community Member States \nshould be devoting around 230 000 million ECU'5 of public funds to R,D&D \nover the period 1987-1991, whereas the gross domestic expenditure of \nthese countries on R&D is estimated at 460 000 million ECU. indicated on page 13 of this document, this overall estimate embraces the \nvery uneven breakdown that exists between the various Member States). During the same period, domestic expenditure on R&D should be around \n1 000 000 million ECU in the United States and 330 000 million ECU in \nJapan (according to an estimate based on an extrapolation from OECD \nfigures for the past ten years). As far as R&D is concerned then, the \nCommunity falls between Japan, whose technological performance hardly \nneeds reiterating, and the USA. This position should also be viewed in the light of the comparative \neconomic status of each of the three regions. With regard to GDP, \nthose of the Community and the USA are more or less identical, whereas \nthat of Japan is around 50% less. Assuming that this trend continues \nuntil 1991, the Community countries' 460 000 million ECU should thus be \ncompared with 660 000 million ECU for Japan (therefore at a comparable \nGDP). Although this is not a flawless argument, it does prove the validity of \nthe dynamic strategy adopted by Japan and the United States as regards \nfuture R&D. It can also be seen that the Community is not in a particularly strong \nposition compared with the other industrialized countries. The total \nUSSR expenditure on R&D in 1983 was 26 000 million roubles, i. e. 38 000 million ECU, as compared with the 55 000 million ECU spent by the \n12 Member States. Assuming that these trends continue, the amount \ncorresponding to the Member States' 460 000 million ECU for the period \n1987-91 should be around 320 000 million ECU in the USSR; all the same,if \nthe documents of the 26th Congress, are anything to go by, it is highly \nlikely that this figure will be exceeded. It is also worth noting the \nconsiderable increase in the number of research workers, which has more \nthan tripled since 1965 and is Likely to match the US figure in 1987. Significant too is the signing on 18 December 1985 of the \"framework \nprogramme for the scientific and technical progress of the COMECON States \nuntil the year 2000\", a huge, ambitious programme. ^The estimates are all expressed at current rates. Domestic expenditure on R&D, i. e. public and private expenditure. Around 50% \nof the total funds available for R&D is accounted for by oublic financing in \nthe 12 Member States, whereas the corresponding figures are 22% for Japan and \n52% for the USA. Lastly, a number of other countries are emerging gradually in the \nfields of science and technology - China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Korea, \netc. - further intensifying \"international competition through \ninnovation\". Against this general background, Europe must be given power, status and \ncompetitiveness at international level and be provided with a solid \nbase, i. e. a scientific and technological system able to meet challenges \nat home and abroad: this the Commission sees as a fundamental objective. As far as Community activities are concerned, therefore, the Commission \nconsiders it vital to give technological research and development \nspecial priority together with a correspondingly special rate of growth \nin the relevant budget appropriations. - 9 -\n\nIV. The challenge within: achievement of the European Science \n\nand Technology Community \n\n\u201c \n\n\u2014\n\nFaced with S/T competition from outside, Europe - this heterogeneous \ncollection of ageing countries in a rejuvenating world - is likely to \nslide gradually into oblivion, despite the substantial advantages it can \ncall on, if it does not make proper use of these advantages and, in \nparticular, of the scale and momentum of the Community. All the analyses carried out by the Commission, the conclusions of which \nare widely shared not only by the European Parliament and the Economic \nand Social Committee but also by those responsible for national R&D \npolicies and by the representatives of the scientific and industrial \nworld show that the European Community must constitute the basis and the \nheart of any such undertaking. The Commission believes that it must conduct its activities \nsimultaneously on three fronts; this will involve :\n\na) \n\n^ \n\ncompletion of the internal market which should be effective in 1992. The establishment of this market should enable the Member States to\"\ncombine, in the advanced technology field, the opening-up of their \npublic-sector markets with access to the corresponding scientific \nand technical know-how. An innovative public procurement policy and \na common R, D&D strategy are thus to be considered jointly;\n\nb) \n\nc) \n\nthe adoption of new financial mechanisms, which should make it \npossible to ensure synergy between public and private financing;\nthe continuation and development of a technological R&D strategy \nwhich, in the coming years must involve a fundamental response to \nthe following major objectives :\n\nthe strenthening of the scientific and technological basis of \nEuropean industry and the development of its international \ncompetitiveness (Subsection V, Chapter VI of the Single Act);\n\nv. - the strengthening of the Community's economic and social cohesion, \nAll the Member States and all the regions of the Community must \nbenefit from the results of the Framework Programme and of the \nsubsequent specific programmes, and must be involved in the \ndevelopment process based on the foundations thus established. The means to be employed and pooled in the context of this dynamic \noperation will include the ERDF, the IMPs, the coordination of \nother financial instruments (Social Fund, EAG6F guidelines, etc. ) \nand the definition of new loan instruments^\n\n' \n\n- a 9?nerfi; improvement in the quality of life within the Community\n\n(this objective, which covers numerous projects concerning health, \nsafety and the environment, must both complement and offset the \ngoal \"technological and industrial competitiveness\"). To achieve these objectives it appears essential to increase \ns ubstantially both public and private funding within the Member States \n\u00a3 n_d to ensure a significant growth in Community S/T appropriationT l \u00ef h T c h \nmust accompany increased cooperation between the different participants \nin scientific and technological development (industry, universities. - 10 -\n\nAt national level, expenditure on R, D&D still seems comparatively \nslight, averaging only 2 % of GNP ghereas, for example, the corresponding \nfigure is already 2. 8 % in the USA and should reach 3 % in Japan by the \nend of the decade. It should be noted however that there are significant differences between \nCommunity Member States; the 2 % of GNP which they devote on average-to \nresearch covers national efforts ranging from 0. 35 % to 2. 4 %. It will be up to the individual States to decide what form any increases \nshould take, either by stepping up public spending or by encouraging an \nexpansion of the industrial research effort. At Community level expenditure in both absolute value and as a percentage \nof the Community budget is also modest (about 3% of the general budget of \nthe Communities and 2. 5% of total national public spending on R&D). In \nview of the incentive effect and coordinating force of Community spending \non R&D, these funds should be substantially increased and at the same \ntime the aim should be to achieve optimum use of both Community and \nMember State resources. Achievement of the major objectives outlined above should help to promote \nwithin the Community of Twelve a scientific and technological system that \nwill allow balanced but selective development. This wish for selectivity \nshould not, however, lead to certain fields being excluded which come \nwithin the responsibility of the Community (teaching and training, \nestablishment of a research workers' Europe, agriculture, industry, \npreservation and improvement of the human environment, health, safety, \ne t c. ). This development should be based on a set of projects that make maximum \nuse of the added value offered by the Community dimension. In concrete \nterms, this Community added value is manifested by the following \nadvantages :\n\n- cost sharing,\n- the spreading of scientific risks (discussion of objectives and \n\nmethods, greater number of scientific responses),- an increase in the \nrange of available skills and expertise\n\n- attainment of critical size as regards financial or human resources\n\n- greater efficiency in R&D activities (more ambitious projects, more \n\nrapid acquisition of results with corresponding advantages for \nscientific and industrial competitiveness)\n\n- the ability to initiate further measures which are essential to \n\nsuccess. In this connection, it should be pointed out that the proposed federal R&D \nbudget for 1987 totals 63. 000 million dollars compared with 57. 000 million \ndollars in 1986 (42. 000 million dollars being allocated to the D0D and \n4. 800 million dollars for the SDI programme alone). 11 \n\n-\n\n-\n\n1. Selection criteria\n\nTo ensure that the specific projects and programmes selected do in fact \noffer that Community added value (which distinguishes them from projects \nsuitable for implementation at regional or national level or within other \ninternational or multilateral organizations), the Commission considers \nthe choice must be based on a number of precise criteria:\n\nresearch on a scale such that the individual Member States could \nnot, or could only with difficulty, provide the necessary facilities \non their own;\n\nresearch which has obvious advantages in the way of greater \nefficiency and lower costs resulting from the sharing of work and \nthe mobilization of adequate human and financial resources,\n\nresearch which, because of the complementary nature of the work \nbeing done nationally and the scale of the problems involved, \nespecially from the geographical viewpoint, enables significant \nresults to be obtained for the Community as a whole;\n\nresearch which provides a favourable environment for international \nexchange and creativity;\n\nresearch which, either because of the scale of its financial \nallocation or because of its incentive and stimulating effect, \nattains the necessary \"critical size\" in relation to existing or \nfuture national or multilateral activities;\n\nresearch which contributes to the implementation of Community\npolicies including, in particular, the completion of the large~scale \nmarket. These six basic criteria often overlap or complement each other and in \nany case are never mutually exclusive. 2. Lines of action\n\nOn the basis of the general considerations outlined above and the \ncriteria set out, the Commission proposes that seven basic lines of \naction, within which priorities and programmes will be chosen, be adopted \nfor the establishment of the Community's S/T strategy over the period\n\n\f 12 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nLIST OF COMMUNITY ACTIONS\n\nManagement of Resources\nAgricultural and Fisheries Resources\nRaw Materials\n\nManagement of Energy\nFusion\nNuclear Fission\nFossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources\nand Rational Use of Energy,\n\nCompetitiveness of Industry and Services\nInformation Technologies\nTelecommunications Technologies\nIntegration of Information and Telecommunications Technologies \ninto New Applications and Services of Common Interest\nCooperation on Basic Research on Information Technologies\n\n*\u25a0\n\nTechnologies for Manufacturing Industry and Special \nTechnologies\nBiotechnologies and Agro-Industrial Technologies\nMaterials Science and Technology\nMarine Science and Technology\n\n*\n\n1. 1. 1 \n1. 2 \n\n2. 2. 1 \n2. 2 \n2. 3 \n\n3. 3. 1 \n3. 2 \n3. 3 \n\n3. 4 \n\n3. 5 \n\n3. 6 \n3. 7 \n3. 8 \n\n3. 9 \n\nTransport\n\n3. 10 Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods\n\n4. 4. 1 \n4. 2 \n4. 3 \n\n5. 6. 7. 7. 1 \n7. 2 \n7. 3 \n7. 4 \n7. 5 \n\nQuality of life\nHealth\nSafety\nEnvironmental Protection\n\nScience and Technology for Development\n\nEurope's Scientific and Technical Potential - The Researchers'\nEurope\n\nGeneral Support for Scientific and Technical Development\nInnovation\nCommunication and Information Networks and Scientific Data Bases\nLinguistic Problems\nForecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools\nInternational Cooperation\n\n\u2605\n\f- 13 -\n\nIn the Commission's opinion, priority should be given to activities \ncontributing towards:\n\ncompetitiveness at international level;\n\nimprovements in the quality of life,\n\n- the establishment of a research workers' Europe. An initial outline of the scientific and technical orientation to be \ngiven to these different actions during the period from 1987 to 1991 and \nof the corresponding resources which it would seem advisable to allocate \nthereto is set out in Annex I in the form of information sheets; this \norientation will be considered and examined in greater detail throughout \nthe entire preparation of the formal proposal for the new Framework \nProgramme. The following summary of the scientific and technical orientation \ndescribed in the information sheets can already be provided:\n\n1st line of action : Management of resources\n\nIn the case of agricultural resources, it will be necessary to reinforce \nthe R&D activities conducted to date in the context of the prospects \nopened up by the Commission's \"Green Paper\". The coordination of \nnational activities is of particular importance in this sector. Close \ncontacts must be maintained with actions initiated elsewhere (3. 6) in the \nfields of biotechnology and agro-industrial technologies. A long-postponed Community action on fish resources should finally be \neffectively launched in conjunction with new activities to be developed \nin the marine science and technology sector. The actions proposed in respect of raw materials are essentially based \non, and selectively reinforce, the action in respect of which the Council \nadopted a common position in December 1985. 2nd line of action : Management of energy resources\n\nThermonuclear fusion is one of the fields in which the integration of \nEuropean activities is most advanced; the results of this lengthy and \nexacting research could both determine and guarantee Community energy \nsupplies. It therefore calls for sustained and steady efforts funded \nfrom public resources, since it is imperative that existing successes \nshould not be jeopardized by a lack of adequate finance. In the field of nuclear fission, emphasis will be placed on the safety \naspects of the introduction of this energy source; the management and \nstorage of radioactive waste, the regulatory aspects of reactor safety \nand safeguards for fissile materials are topics in relation to which the \nfull value of Community-level activity can be appreciated. In the case of fossil, new and renewable energy sources and the rational \nuse of energy, account must be taken of the development of the relevant \ntechniques, with particular reference to the maturity of some, and of the \nfact of enlargement, which will entail a relatively major reorganization \nof activities. The current and still unpredictable trends in the price of\n\n\f- 14 -\n\npetrol, however, should not lead to the abandonment of this topic, which \nremains an important factor as regards the diversification of our sources \nof supply and reduced energy consumption. 3rd line of action : Competitiveness of industry and services\n\nClearly, this must be regarded as a priority objective in view of the \nexisting social and economic situation in the Community, international \ndevelopments in science and technology and the increasing pressure of the \noutside challenge. The Community can play a decisive role in this \ncontext by encouraging, promoting and supporting all forms of cooperation \nbetween State and industries. The implementation of ESPRIT has led to a remarkable stimulation of \ninformation technology within the framework of Community R&D activities. The aim must now be to reinforce existing achievements taking account of \nthe valuable experience gained during the first programme and of the \nintensive efforts being made in this field in Japan and the USA. Special \nattention will be given to the field of software, which is both one of \nthe generic technologies in TIT and a key element in the development of \napplications. The need for Community action has also been felt with regard to \ntelecommunications, in view of the transnational dimension of this sector \nand the scale of the new services offered by the development of advanced \ntelecommunications networks and terminals. RACE must provide Europe's \nresponse to existing opportunities and shortcomings. In addition to \nactivities deriving from more specifically technological considerations, \nEurope must turn its attention to the integration of information \ntechnology and telecommunications with a view to the development' of new \napplications and services in the common interest: education and transport \nare suitable sectors for such applications in the common interest in \nwhich, moreover, due account is also taken of social concerns, as \ndemonstrated by the IRIS initiative. It will be particularly important \nto ensure a high degree of coordination of national activities in this \ncase. Upstream of technological concerns, it is also proposed to establish \ncooperation in basic research on information technology, in order to \nprovide a constant supply of new know-how in a rapidly developing sector. Particular emphasis has been laid in Europe on the revitalization of \ntraditional industries through the exploitation of the new technologies. The success of the BRITE programme reveals that the Community initiative \nin this field is a response to a genuine need. On the basis of the \nexperience gained, new guidelines are being drawn up for actions relating \nto technologies for the manufacturing industries and special \ntechnologies\u25a0\nBiotechnology has also already demonstrated its enormous potential for \ntransforming several traditional fields of economic activity, such as the \nchemistry and pharmaceuticals sectors. Recognition of this fact led to \nthe Commission's proposal concerning the reinforcement of actions in the \nfiel-d of biotechnology and the initiation of new actions in the field of \nagro-industrial technology, which should be closely coordinated with the \nagricultural R&D programme to enable the latter to benefit from the \ncontribution of biotechnology. - 15 -\n\nTo a Large extent, our technological future will depend on our control of \nthe materials sector, a field, moreover, in which the challenge \nrepresented by developments in the USA and Japan is particularly acute. The coordinated efforts and creation of Community networks which this \nsituation seems to call for have given rise to the proposals for new \nactivities under the materials science and technology project. Marine science and technology are the subject of a wide variety of \nactivities in most of the Member States. The Commission is of the \nopinion that Community action in this vast field is justified on the \nfollowing grounds : use of large-scale, expensive equipment which would \nconstitute a drain on the resources of individual countries, optimization \nof the use of existing equipment (oceanographic vessels, underwater \nmachinery, etc. ), the pooling of existing complementary skills in the \nMember States, the application of research results in the implementation \nof common policies, its potential for aid to developing countries and a \ncontribution to the development of the internal market through the \nacceptance of common standards. The transport sector constitutes the preferred field for transnational \nactions. Although limited as yet to a number of COST projects of \nacknowledged value, Community R&D activities in this sector deserve to be \nstrengthened, both by the extension of COST projects and by the \ninitiation of original Community activities. Completion of the internal market represents one of the fundamental goals \nof the Community in the coming years. Among the numerous initiatives \nwhich must be launched with a view to the attainment of this objective \nparticular importance must be attached to the definition and adoption of \ncommon standards. The preparation of rules and standards is frequently \nbased on upstream research activit\u00e9s which, if jointly conducted, \nfacilitate the adoption of rules and standards recognized by all parties; \nthis fact has given rise to the new proposals for the continuation and \nstrengthening of Community action in respect of scientific standards and \nreference materials and methods, particularly within the framework of the\n\n4th line of action : Quality of life\n\nThe importance attached to industrial \nnot divert the Community from the aim \nits citizens. competitiveness and services should \nof improving the quality of life of\n\nAs stated earlier, the Commission takes the view that special attention \nshould be devoted to attaining that objective, in view of its direct \nsocio-economic value, its impact on the social acceptability of new \ntechnology and the effects of research undertaken on citizens' welfare. Three main lines of action are proposed:\n\nhealth, with a reinforcement of activities relating to epidemiology \nand the establishment of common standards. Special projects on cancer \n(Europe against Cancer) and AIDS should also be developed;\n\nsafety: a number of recent accidents in industrial plants have in \nparticular highlighted the importance of improving the safety of \nhigh-risk plant through more thorough scientific analysis;\n\n\f- 16 -\n\n\" environmental protection : the transnational nature of problems in \n\nthese areas is self-evident, and Community action is proving \nparticularly desirable in this respect along the lines set out in \nparticular in the Community's environment policy. 5th line of action : Science and technology for development\n\nEurope has a duty to remain attentive to the problems of the Third World; \nscience and technology are an important aspect of development. Community \naction in the field should be continued and intensified, with due regard \nto the specific circumstances of both the Community and the recipient \ncountri e s. In particular, close cooperation should be established between European \nlaboratories and institutes in the most advanced developing countries, on \nthe basis of which specific or regional schemes should be conducted for \nthe benefit of the least developed countries (possibly through the \nreinforcement or creation of local scientific and technical structures). 6th line of action : The researchers' Europe\n\nThe vitality and creativeness of the science and technology community \ndepend primarily on the calibre of the individuals and teams that \norganize and carry out technological R&D. The mobility of researchers, \nthe strengthening of scientific and technical networks, training, \nretraining and the optimum use of present and future major scientific \nfacilities are areas that are now calling for support and action at \nCommunity level. The new policy lines proposed reflect that need. 7th line of action : General support for scientific and technical\n\ndevelopment\n\nCommunity technological RD&D can only develop in a favourable climate. Recognition of this fact has prompted the Commission to consider \nincluding in the new framework programme activities aimed at ensuring \nthat such a climate is created. These are:\n\nactivities relating to innovation and the utilization of the results \nof Community research: the Community R&D effort should be able to \nbenefit from improved innovation machinery ensuring that the results \nof R&D are used by socio-economic operators;\n\nactivities concerning communication and information networks and \nscientific data banks, which constitute the essential infrastructure \nfor a research workers' Europe: this should produce synergy between \ngeographically dispersed R&D organizations and thus improve the \nquality and effectiveness of R&D and speed up the transfer processes. Technological developments now make this possible. - 17 -\n\nThe Commission has examined the desirability of including the utilization \nof space and the development of the aeronautical industry in the list of \nactivities to be conducted under the forthcoming Framework Programme. As regards space,, it is necessary to examine the extent to which, while \nacknowledging the areas of responsibility of the national and European \norganizations specializing in space activities, and the European Space \nAgency in particular, the Community could play a greater role on the \nscientific, technological and industrial level. Such a role could involve utilizing in the socio-economic Sphere the \ntechnologies that have been developed so successfully at European level. In the case of activities relating to telecommunications, the remote- \nsensing of agricultural resources and the development and protection of \nthe environment, the technologies developed have already begun to be \nutilized. The Commission is continuing its effort to identify other \nspace-related fields in which action at Community level could contribute \nadded value. As regards aeronautics, consideration is still being given to the extent \nto which it is opportune to put forward a specific activity at Community \nlevel. A preliminary information sheet on this topic was included in \nAnnex I under the heading Transport. Clearly, in selecting the appropriate scientific and technical approach, \nas in the adoption of the financial resources considered necessary for \nits implementation over a five-year period (see below), the Community \nmust retain the freedom to make any adjustments dictated by changing \npolitical, economic, scientific and technological conditions. In \nparticular, it must be able to take account of efforts designed to \naccelerate the process of discovery and innovation. It will therefore be essential to include a review clause providing for \nsuch adjustments in the text of the decision relating to the 1987-91 \nFramework Programme. 3. Financial balance\n\n3. 1. For each activity, a range of financial estimates is given in the \ntable in Annex I. These ranges correspond to different levels of \nemphasis as regards implementation of the objectives outlined. Different combinations of these estimates, according to the relative \npriority attached to the individual activities, add up to the total \namount that the Commission is contemplating at this stage, namely \n9 000 million ECU at current prices for the five years of the \nFramework Programme. This amount is supplemented by a reserve \nrepresenting some 15% of the above-mentioned figure, thus producing \na grand total of 10 350 million ECU. The reserve is intended to cover the financing of activities which, \nin view of developments in the political, scientific and \ntechnological situation, the Commission might be prompted to propose \nbut cannot identify at this stage. The Commission is aware of the need to increase expenditure on \ntechnological R&D gradually; this requirement will be taken into \naccount in outlining the changes in commitment and payment \nappropriations for the period 1987-91. - 18 -\n\n3. 2. A direct comparison of the major amounts and the financial balance \n\nthus outlined for 1987-91 with those of the preceding Framework \nProgramme is hardly possible given the different approach adopted \nwith regard to the very structure of the Programme. Under the \n1984-87 Framework Programme, the financial balance related to the \nobjectives to the attainment of which the R, D&D actions \ncontributed, in accordance with varying proposals. Thus, the \nprogramme on non-nuclear forms of energy contributed to the \nattainment of the objectives \"Improvement of the management of \nenergy resources\" (74 %) and \"Promotion of industrial \ncompetitiveness\" (16 %) and, to a lesser extent (less than 5 %), of \nother objectives under the first Framework Programme. Under the new \nstructure, financial balance is direcly related to actions covering \none or several R&D programmes. Nevertheless, the following table \nprovides a very broad outline of changes in the relative priority of \nthe different topics on which the Coimmunity's action is based. Topics \nDecember 1985 \n\nPosition \nin 1982 \n\n1984-87 \nFramework \nProgramme \n\nExecution of 84-87 \nFramework Programme Framework\nProgramme\nin December 1985 \n\n1987-91\n\n- Agricultural and\n\nfisheries resources. raw materials\n\n- Energy\n- Industrial\n\ncompetitiveness\n- Quality of life\n- S/T for development\n- Europe's S/T potential\n- General support for\n\nS/T development\n\n3. 3%\n\n65. 4 %\n\n16. 9%\n9. 7%\n0. 7%\n0. 0%\n\n4. 0%\n\n5. 6%\n\n47. 2%\n\n28. 2%\n10. 3%\n4. 0%\n2. 3%\n\n2. 4%\n\n2. 6%\n\n47. 3%\n\n35. 7%\n10. 5%\n1. 7%\n1. 6%\n\n0. 6%\n\n2. 0%\n\n21. 0%\n\n60. 0%\n7. 5%\n1. 5%\n5. 0%\n\n3. 0%\n\n100 \n\n% \n\n100 \n\n% \n\n100 \n\n% \n\n100 \n\n%\n\n\f- 19 -\n\nImplementation of the Science and Technology Community \n\nGeneral framework\n\nThe European Single Act provides a new political and legal basis for \nthe development of the Community's scientific and technical strategy. The Single Act fixes the strengthening of the scientific and \ntechnological bases of European industry and the promotion of the \ndevelopment of its international competitiveness as Community \nobjectives. Community activity in the field of technological R&D is to be \nconducted in a series of programmes at three Levels, namely :\n\n~ a unanimously approved multiannual Framework Programme, which will \n\nprovide the basis for the balanced overall development of Community \nactions;\n\nspecific programmes adopted by a qualified majority, which are \nconcerned with particular objectives, designed to promote \ncooperation between all the partners (enterprises, research centres) \nand open to participation by non-member countries;\n\nsupplementary programmes in which only certain Member States will \nparticipate. Pending ratification of the Single Act by the Member States, the \nCommission's proposal concerning the 1987-1991 Framework Programme is\nbased on Article 235 of the EEC Treaty and Article 7 of the Euratom \nTreaty. The specific programmes which are the responsibility of the Community \nwill be adopted in accordance with the procedures laid down by the \nEuropean Single Act; the Council, acting by a qualified majority, will \ntake a decision on a proposal submitted by the Commission in \nassociation with the Parliament; the specific programmes which are the \nresponsibility of Euratom will be adopted in accordance with an \nidentical procedure except that, in this case, Parliament will merely \nbe consulted. All research, development and demonstration activities will be \npresented or referred to in the Framework Programme. Nevertheless,\nthe text of the decision to be adopted unanimously by the Council will \nnot mention :\n\n- specific programmes under the ECSC Treaty, which are covered by a \n\nCommission decision;\n\n- demonstration projects in the field of energy, since these are \n\nintended to demonstrate the economic value of products or processes \ndeveloped downstream of technological R&D actions, and thus extend \nthe Community's research activity. 20 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nPreparatory, implementation, financing and evaluation arrangements\n\nEven in preparing the Framework Programme, and in addition to its basic \nconsultation of Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and \nCREST, the Commission intends to refer repeatedly to the various \nconsultative committees attached to it (CST, CODEST, IRDAC, ESPRIT \nCommittee, etc. ). These Committees are made up of representatives of scientific and \ntechnical circles, industry, the trade unions, consumer associations \nand the like; the Commission considers that the involvement of all the \ninterested \"participants\" is essential for the definition of the \nCommunity science and technology strategy best adapted to the \nrequirements and aspirations voiced. Existing implementation arrangements - Role of the JRC\n\nIn order to implement the actions adopted in the Framework Programme, \nthe Commission intends not only to use the full range of existing \narrangements but also to specify a number of new procedures, which the \nEuropean Single Act in particular makes available to it. As regards procedures currently in use (direct action, shared-cost \nprojects, concerted action, demonstration projects), the attached table \nshows the preferred approach to be taken in respect of the procedures \nproposed for each action. The sharea-cost procedure is obviously the one used in most cases; it \nmakes possible an optimal use of the limited resources available to \nEurope by combining the resources of industry or national research \ninstitutes and those of the Community. Direct action calls for some comment upon the future role of the JRC. For the implementation of the Framework Programme, the Commission will \ncall on the JRC to undertake the activities most suited to this \nprocedure. The Commission is currently preparing the new JRC programme \nfor the period 1987-91 on the basis of the existing general guidelines \nfor the Framework Programme; together with this new programme, it will \nsubmit a document entitled \"Guidelines for the Future Development of \nthe JRC\". These guidelines derive from the overall evaluation recently \ncarried out by the JRC Scientific Council. It is clear that JRC's vocation is found essentially in the \nestablishment of norms and standards, that is, the development of the \nscientific knowledge and techniques necessary to permit regulatory \nauthorities to fix norms and standards on a solid and neutral basis; \nthis being an important element in achieving the internal market. The \nvocation of the JRC is equally tied to research on industrial safety \nand the protection of the environment, fields in which the JRC has a \nspecial role closely related to acquired competence and to existing \nexperimental installations. Present research carried out in the JRC already comprises a number of \nprojects which are a good fit with its vocation but which should be \nfurther developed in the future programme. As compared to the present \nsituation it is planned to enlarge programmes falling within Community \nactions relating to the \"competitiveness of industry and of services\"\n\n\fL I S T OF C O M M U N I T Y AC T I O N S\n\nManagement of Resources\n\n1. 1. 1. Agricultural and Fisheries Resources \u2014\n1. 2. Rau Materials -- \n\nJ____. __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\n\n - - - - - :\u2014\n\nManagement of Energy\n\n2. 2. 1. Fusion - \n2. 2. Nuclear Fission \n2. 3. Fossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources and \n\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. ______ _ \n\n- - - - - - -\n\nRational Use of Energy\n\nCompetitiveness of Industry and Services\n\n3. 3. 1. Information Technologies --- \n3. 2. Telecommunications Technologies. _ _ _\n3. 3. Integration of Information and Telecommunications \n\n\u2014 - - - - - - -- - - - - - -\n\nTechnologies into New Applications and Services\nof Common Interest\n\n3. A. Cooperation on Basic Research in Informatiqn Technologies \u2014\n\n3. 5. Technologies for the Manufacturing Industry and Special\n\n*\n\nTechnologies \n\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\n3. 6. Biotechnologies, Agro-Industrial Technologies _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\n3. 7. Materials Science and Technology \n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\n3. 8. Marine Science and Technology \n\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \n\n_. _____ a _ _ _. Concerted\nAction\n\nShared-Cost\nAction\n\nJoint Research \nCentre\n\nSupplementary\nP r o g r a n e s\n\nReearks\n\nxxx - - - - -\nx. X\nXX\n\nXX \u2014 - -\n_ _\nxxx \n\nxxx\nxxx \nxxx\n\n_ _ _\n\nX X \n\nf\n\ni x\n\n\u2014\n\nX X\nXXX \nX\n\n__ _ _\n\nX X\nxx\n\n(1) see Reoote Sensing \n\nsection\n\nX \n\n\u2014. X X\n\nX X\n\nX X\n\nxxx\nxxx\n\nxxx\n\nX X\n\n- xxx \nxxx\nxxx. __. - \n\n(2)\n\n(2) JRC Materials section in 3. 10 \nto be specified\n\n3. 9. Transport \n\n*\n\n*. X X. _ _ _ _ _ _\n\n3. 10. Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods _ _ _ _ _ _\n\nQuality of Life\n\nA. A. 1. Health\nA. 2. Safety. A. 3. Environmental Protection_ _ _ _. __ _\n\n5. Science and Technology for Development __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\n\n6. Europe's Scientific and Technical;Potential -\nthe Researcher's Europe \n\n----- -\u25a0 \n\n- - - - - - - - - - - - -\n\nGeneral Support for Scientific and Technical Development\n\n7. 7. 1. Innovation\n7. 2. Communication and Information Network and Scientific\n\nData Bases \n\n- - - - - - - - - - - - -\n7. 3. Linguistic Problems. - \u2014 ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\n7. A. Forecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools - - - - - - - -\n7. 5. International Cooperation\n\nThis action will be executed x to a liaited extent\n\non the basis of the procedure in question\n\nxx to a considerable extent \nxxx priaarily. xxx \nX\nX X. - - - - - - - - - - - - -\n\n\u2014 \n\n-\n\nX X\n\nXX\n\nX. _ _\n\n' \n\nX X\n\nxxx\n\nXX\nx. rx\nxxx\n\nxxx\n\nxxx\n\nX X\n\nX X\n\nX X X \n\nX X X\n\nX X X\n\nxxx\nxxx\n\nX\n\n\f 22 \n\n-\n\n-\n\nand to the \"quality of life\". In contrast, the JRC effort on \"energy \nmanagement\" should be reduced. These changes represent a significant \nstep forward in comparison with the present programme. The evaluation \nreport recently issued by the Scientific Council indicates that the \nJRC is capable of responding to these changes. To attain the desired end, the JRC must be suitably integrated within \nthe framework of Community research. Still basing itself on the \nconclusions of the evaluation report, the Commission has the intention \non the one hand, of taking measures to ensure better integration \nbetween various means of research and, on the other, of guaranteeing \nbetter contact between the JRC, industrial circles and national \nresearch organizations. It also plans to increase the mobility of JRC \nresearch staff as well as to make the necessary arrangements to \nincrease the number of visiting scientists and research fellows coming\nfrom the Community. B. New Arrangements\n\nIn addition to applying management procedures and financing \narrangements which already exist, the Commission wishes to make use of \na set of new methods which are both more flexible and better adapted \nto the new range of proposed actions. New procedures are already \nplanned or are under study in the Commission's departments. In this connection, reference can be made to the new arrangements \nwhich could be implemented quickly:\n\n1- Joint undertakings: here it is a matter of extending (with or \n\nwithout the participation of the Community, of all or some of the \nMember States, and possibly of non-Member States), the system laid \ndown in the EAEC and EEC Treaties, after amendment and\nsi mplifi cati o n s. 2- Supplementary programmes: programmes of this type - such as those \n\nwhich have existed or which still exist in the EURATOM framework \n- can from now on be developed on the basis of the EEC Treaty. These programmes, with or without a contribution from the Community \nbudget, would be defined and carried out only by the Member States \nconcerned and financed by national funds. 3- Minority participation by the Community in national and \n\nmultinational actions or projects. With this arrangement it would \nbe possible to involve the Community in actions or projects of \nCommunity interest in exchange for a degree of financial support. 4. Community budgetary intervention will be supplemented by a number \nof facilities deriving from new Commission initiatives in respect \nof financial instruments or techniques, particularly in the case of \ntechnological R&D programmes for industrial-scale application which \nare close to the market, such as the EUREKA projects. 5. Lastly, still with a view to ensuring the same complementarity in \n\nrelation to existing arrangements, the Commission is prepared to \nexamine the possibility of creating flexible structures of the \n\"agency\" type which can provide an interface between Community \npriorities and policies and the special requirements of operators. - 23 -\n\nEvaluation of results\n\nTo complete this set of arrangements, the Commission intends finally \nto reinforce the system for evaluating its research programmes and \ntheir results in the light of the experience gained over several \nyears. In particular, evaluation by independent experts which has already \nbeen applied in respect of numerous Community activities (JRC, \nprogrammes on renewable sources of energy, the ESPRIT mid-term review, \netc. ) will be conducted systematically and periodically for all R&D \nprogrammes. Accompanying measures\n\nIn order to support the implementation of R, D&D programmes it will, \nmoreover, be possible to make use of a range of accompanying measures. By way of example, reference can already be made to the following :\n\n- all of the initiatives appropriate to the organization of the large \n\nmarket (standards, free movement of goods and capital, tax \nharmonization). In particular, the Commission will endeavour to \nfacilitate inter-industrial R&D agreements and the exploitation of \ntheir results within the framework of its competition policy. In \napplying Community competition rules, the Commission will accord \nfavourable treatment to state aid for technological R&D. - The implementation of specific activities of particular interest to \n\nthose states or regions of the Community whose scientific and \ntechnical development calls for special efforts. As pointed out earlier, a balanced development of all the Member \nStates and regions of the Community will essentially depend on the \ntranslation of the Framework Programme into a set of approriate \nspecific programmes. In addition, the use of the ERDF and the IMPs for certain \ninfrastructure projects can be considered together with the creation \nof new financial arrangements which could support infrastructure \nprojects and at the same time meet the needs of small and medium\u00ad\nsized firms. Furthermore, other proposals have already been submitted by the \nCommission, such as the programme relating to the development of \ncertain less-favoured regions of the Community for improved access \nto the advanced telecommunications service (STAR Programme, \nCOM/85/836 final). In the framework of shared-cost R&D programmes \nthe Commission's departments are studying ways and means of \nsystematically linking laboratories or firms in less-favoured \nregions to R&D institutions in those Community countries which are \nmost advanced in science and technology, in fields in which this \ntype of association facilitates valuable cross-fertile cooperation. - the implementation of measures concerning small and medium-sized \n\nundertakings with a view to involving them in the progress of the \nCommunity and allowing them to exploit the Community's large-scale \nmarket potential to the full. - 24 -\n\nThe Science and Technology Community must take account of the fact \nthat the advanced industrial economies are going through a period of \nintense technological change, during which small and medium-sized \nbusinesses are frequently best suited to the adoption of innovatory \npolicies and the maintenance of a high degree of competitiveness \nbased on innovation. These businesses can guarantee Europe's place \nin the new international division of labour and the competitive \ndissemination of its technology. Consequently, the Community will \nseek to create a suitable environment for the development of a \nnetwork of healthy, dynamic and innovatory small and medium-sized \nEuropean businesses. The Commission will shortly send the Council a \ncommunication specifically concerned with this type of action. - finally, increased support for the training and retraining of\n\nresearch workers. It should be mentioned here that in the Framework \nProgramme of Community scientific and technical activities only \ninitiatives favouring postgraduate research workers and scientists \nwill be considered. These activities therefore go beyond the scope \nof the COMETT programme (Community Programme for Education and \nTraining in Technology), which is essentially concerned with the \nfurther training of student, teachers, engineers and technicians \nwith regard to changes in the new technologies and thus constitutes \na necessary complement to the actions planned under the \ntechnological R&D Framework Programme. 4. An open, confident Te c hnology Community\n\nThe reinforcement of Community action in the field of technological R&D \ncertainly does not represent an isolationist withdrawal behind its \ngeographical and institutional frontiers on the scientific and technical \nlevel. On the contrary, it must be accompanied by increased \ninternational cooperation, especially in a field such as thermonuclear \nfusion and more particularly at European level. - The close links established with the European Science Foundation, the \n\nEuropean Space Agency, CERN and the Council of Europe must be \nmaintained and, where appropriate, strengthened, in particular by the \nexecution of joint projects. - Bilateral cooperation with the EFTA countries will acquire a new \ndimension with the implementation of the framework agreements on \nscientific and technical cooperation which have aLready been, or which \nare due to be, signed. These countries, which are already involved in \na number of Community programmes both under the Euratom (fusion, \nradioactive waste) and EEC (environment, raw materials) Treaties should \nin future cooperate more closely with the Community in several sectors, \nsuch as telecommunications, information technology, manufacturing \ntechniques and materials. - Lastly, in preparing the new Framework Programme, particular attention \n\nmust be paid to existing links with two multilateral cooperation \ninitiatives, namely the extremely new EUREKA programme and the much \nolder COST. At the present stage of planning, the following links \nbetween the Community action and these two initiatives can be outlined. EUREKA\n\nThe EUREKA initiative is the expression of the wish of the Government's \nof eighteen European states and the Commission to implement a policy \ncentring on the joint confrontation of the challenges posed by the \ndevelopment of new technologies and their incorporation in the industrial \ninnovation process. Twenty-six cooperation projects involving industries from several states \nand, in many cases, the Community have been launched since the \ndeclaration of principle defining, in particular, the goals and \nimplementing conditions of this initiative was adopted by the European \nMinisters of Foreign Affairs and of Research in Hanover on 5- \n6 November 1985, following the launching of the initiative at the \nEuropean Technology meeting in Paris on 17 July 1985 in response to the \ninitial discussion at the Milan European Council on 28-29 June 1985. The declaration points out these \"EUREKA projects are not intended to \nreplace existing technological cooperation in Europe - such as the \nprogrammes of the European Communities - nor its subsequent development. On the contrary, their purpose is to extend or supplement this \ncooperation\". Whilst the Community will continue to develop scientific and \ntechnological programmes on the basis of objectives, criteria and \npriorities defined jointly with the Governments and industries of the \nMember States, EUREKA projects will essentially be implemented on the \ninitiative of individual enterprises seeking to cooperate. These \nenterprises will be responsible for project management including, in most \ncases, financing. The projects will mainly relate to the joint \ndevelopment of advanced techniques close to the market or of \ninfrastructures of transnational interest. The Commission has supported this initiative from the start, considering \nthat, if conducted in a consistent and symbiotic manner, the Community \nprogrammes, together with their resultant projects and the EUREKA \nprojects, can, by virtue of their complementarity, constitute a whole \nwhich will make possible the attainment of the common objectives of these \ntwo categories of action, namely the increased productivity and \ncompetitiveness of European national industries and economies on the \nworld market and a resultant contribution to greater prosperity, and \nhigher levels of employment. In this connection, it should be emphasized that the general budget of \nthe European Communities for 1986 contains a new Chapter 78 on \n\nExpenditure arising from the participation of the European Communities \nin Scientific and Technological Prospects of Community Interest - EUREKA \nand others\". The Commission believes that the Community must make a variety of \ncontributions to EUREKA to enable the full potential of this initiative \nto be realized. These include :\n\n- the immediate and direct involvement of its experts in the preparation \nof the procedures now under discussion concerning the execution of the \nproject, and its agreement in principle to second qualified staff to \nthe EUREKA secretariat. 26 \n\n-\n\n\u25a0 -\n\nIt will also be necessary to provide access in conjunction with \nIreland, to the EUROKOM information communication system developed \nwithin the framework of ESPRIT. - participation in the organization of industrial seminars such as that \n\non gallium arsenide and biotechnology. - direct Community participation in certain EUREKA projects of recognized \n\nCommunity interest. - Community cooperation in EUREKA projects representing a direct \n\nextension of activities conducted within the framework of Community \nprojects (e. g. projects on amorphous silicon, software portability, \nmembranes, the environment and research networks). - the Community's contribution to the success of research cooperation \n\nthrough the creation of a large internal market which will provide the \noptimum conditions for the economic exploitation both of\nCommunity programmes and of EUREKA projects. - lastly, the creation in the future of the abovementioned flexible \n\ninstitutional and financial frameworks suitable for EUREKA projects \nwhose implementation would be in the Community interest. Links with COST\n\nThe Commission has repeatedly stressed the importance that it attaches to \nfurthering cooperation within COST. This form of cooperation had its \nbeginnings in 1971 and it has enabled a wide range of activities to take \nplace in different scientific and technical sectors by combining the \nadvantages of a flexible procedure, of variable association between \nStates - depending on their specific interests - and of participation by \nnon Member States in the scientific and technical activities of a wider \nEurope. Since COST was created, its background has of course altered profoundly. The expansion of the Community from six to twelve States, the \ndiversification of the range of Community R&D programmes, the opening of \nthose programmes to more and more non-Member countries, the strengthening \nof the bonds between the EFTA and Community countries as a result, in \nparticular, of the Luxembourg Declaration of April 1984, and the \nlaunching in 1985 of the EUREKA initiative are all factors which cannot \nbe disregarded when examining the future of COST. There must be provision in future for a symbiosis between Community \nprogrammes, COST and EUREKA projects. As one of the avenues of activity \nopen to Europe, COST seems particularly suited to:\n\n- highly specific activities which are limited in time and are not well \n\nadapted to inclusion in the Community's major long-term programmes and \nwhich, moreover, while adopting the EUREKA \"bottom-up\" approach, are \nunable by their very nature to share EUREKA's background owing, for \nexample, to their distance from the market. - activities in areas inadequately covered, if at all, by Community \n\nprogrammes, such as transport or aquaculture. - 27 -\n\nThe Commission will pursue its dialogue with the Member States and the \nother COST States on the direction in which to steer COST in future. It \nmust be accorded considerable importance when the new Framework Programme \nis put into effect. - 28 -\n\nV I. Conclusions\n\nThe initial responses - whether informal or not - of all of the advisory \nbodies consulted (CREST, CODEST, IRDAC, CGC, ESPRIT Committee,. ) have \nconfirmed the Commission's conviction that the creation of a European \nscience and technology community is both necessary and feasible. A great effort by all the participants (public institutions engaged in \nR&D, large-scale enterprises, small and medium-sized businesses and \nnational and Community bodies capable of contributing to the attainment \nof this objective) is thus called for. Among this vast array of activities to be conducted and initiatives to be \nLaunched, it will be necessary in the coming months to define the action \nto be taken by the Community, that is that part of the undertaking to be \nconducted jointly. The vehicle for this undertaking must be the \"1987-91 Outline programme \nof Community scientific and technological activities\" forming the basis \nof Europe's scientific and technical strategy. That is why, before preparing a formal proposal for an outline programme, \nthe Commission hopes to draw upon this document, which does not \nconstitute its formal proposal or prejudge its contents,and its annexes \nin discussing the following with the Community institutions:\n\n- the general S/T lines to be followed,\n- the priorities and balances to be respected,\n- funding and the gradual \"increase in power\" to be provided for in \n\nterms both of commitments and of payments. The Commission will draw up its formal proposal as regards scientific and \nbudgetary aspects, in the light of these discussions and the conclusions \ndrawn and will send it to the Council and to Parliament in July 1986. SUMMARY LIST OF COMMUNITY ACTIONS\n\n1. Management of Resources\n1. 1. Agricultural and Fisheries Resources\n1. 2. Raw Materials\n\n2. Management of Energy\n2. 1. Fusion\n2. 2. Nuclear Fission\n2. 3. Fossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources and \n\nRational Use of Energy\n\nCompetitiveness of Industry and Services\n\n3. 3. 1. Information Technologies\n3. 2. Telecommunications Technologies\n3. 3. Integration of Information and Telecommunications \n\nTechnologies into New Applications and Services \nof Common Interest\n\nANNEX I\n\nRange in * \n\nMioECUs\n\n90- 180 \n60- 90\n\n1060-1200 \n600- 700\n\n250- 350\n\n2200 \n1000\n\n700- 900 \n\n3. 4. Cooperation on Basic Research in Information Technologies\n\n40- 50\n\n3. 5. Technologies for Manufacturing Industry and Special \n\nTechnologies\n\n3. 6. Biotechnologies, Agro-Industrial Technologies\n3. 7. Materials Science and Technology\n3. 8. Marine Science and Technology\n\n3. 9. Transport\n\n*\n\n*\n\n600- 900 \n350- 460 \n200- 300 \npm**\n\n50\u2014 80***\n\n3. 10. Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods\n\n300- 350\n\n4. Quality of Life\n4. 1. Health\n4. 2. Safety\n4. 3. Environmental Protection\n\n5. Science and Technology for Development\n\n6. Europe's Scientific and Technical Potential - \nthe Researchers' Europe\n\n7. General Support for Scientific and Technical Development\n7. 1. Innovation\n7. 2. Communication and Information Network and Scientific \n\nData Bases\n\n7. 3. Linguistic Problems\n7. 4. Forecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools\n7. 5. International Cooperation\n\nSupplementary programmes (outside own resources) \nidentified to date : HFR\n\n140- 160 \n230- 280 \n285- 320\n\n100- 200\n\n400- 500\n\n80- 150 \n\n20\n\n80- 100 \n30- 35\n50- 60\n\n100\n\n* \n\nin July 1986, the Commission will submit a formal proposal, as \nregards the scientific and financial aspects, in the light of its \ndiscussions with the community institutions. ** the sum subsequently decided upon will be taken from the reserve \n*** does not include a possible action in the field of aeronautics which \n\nwould be funded from the reserve\n\n\u2605\n\fANNEX II\n\nBACKGROUND MATERIAL ON COMMUNITY ACTIONS \n****************************************\n\n\fTABLE OF CONTENTS\n\nCOMMUNITY ACTIONS \n\nManagement of Resources \nAgricultural and Fisheries Resources \nRaw Materials \n\nManagement of Energy \nFusion \nNuclear Fission \nFossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources\n\nand Rational Use of Energy \n\nCompetitiveness of Industry and Services \nInformation Technologies \nTelecommunications Technologies \nIntegration of Information and Telecommunications\nTechnologies into New Applications and Services\nof Common Interest \n\nCooperation on Basic Research on Information Technologies \n*\nTechnologies for Manufacturing Industry\n\nand Special Technologies \n\nBiotechnologies and Agro-Industrial Technologies \nMaterials Science and Technology \nMarine Science and Technology \n\n1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 1. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 3. 1. 3. 2. 3. 3. 3. 4. 3. 5. 3. 6. 3. 7. 3. 8. *\n\n3. 9. Transport \n\n*\n\npage\n\n1. 1-1\n1. 1-1\n1. 2-1\n\n2. 1-1\n2. 1-1\n2. 2-1\n\n2. 3-1\n\n3 - 1\n3. 1-1\n3. 2-1\n\n3. 3-1\n3. 4-1 \n\n3. 5-1\n3. 6-1\n3. 7-1\n3. 8-1\n\n3. 9-1\n\n3. 10. Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods \n\n3. 10-1\n\n4. 4. 1. 4. 2. 4. 3. Quality of Life \nHealth \nSafety \nEnvironmental Protection \n\n5. 6. 7. 7. 1. 7. 2. 7. 3. 7. 4. 7. 5. Science and Technology for Development \n\nEurope's Scientific and Technical Potential\n\nThe Researchers' Europe \n\nGeneral Support for Scientific and Technical Development \nInnovation \nCommunication and Information Networks\n\nand Scientific Data Bases \n\nLinguistic Problems \nForecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools \nInternational Cooperation \n\n* \n\n4. 1-1\n4. 1-1\n4. 2-1\n4. 3-1\n\n5 - 1\n\n6 - 1\n\n7. 1-1\n7. 1-1\n\n7. 2-1\n7. 3-1\n7. 4-1\n7. 5-1\n\n\f1. 1 \n\n 1\n\n-\n\n1. MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES\n\n1. 1. Agricultural and Fisheries Resources\n\n1. 1. 1. Agricultural Resources\n\na. Community- actions in agricultural research have for fundamental \nreasons and in the general interest to aim at increasing the \neffectiveness of the human and financial resources devoted to \nagriculture:\n\n- seeking to avoid, through better coordination, useless duplications \n\nof effort;\n\n- stimulating the development of an agricultural scientific community \n\nin Europe;\n\n- orienting research efforts in line with the requirements of the \n\ncommon agricultural policy. This policy faces a series of challenges which will influence its \nfuture development; excess production of the principal agricultural \nproducts, consequent pressure on prices, the need for high quality \nfood products, the need to find non-food outlets, the need to \nstabilise the rural population in certain regions by revenues of \nnon-agri cultural character, the concern caused by the risks to the \nenvironment posed by certain methods of modern agriculture, etc. Community agricultural research has to take account of these \nchallenges and strive to develop research actions capable of \nanticipating the difficulties which they are inevitably going to \nimpose upon agriculture and the common agricultural policy. b. Community research, development and demonstration activities will be \n\nbased upon four major orientations :\n\n1. Efficiency of production techniques : in plant (including forestry) \nand livestock productivity, integration with industrial activities \nupstream and downstream (see corresponding references under \n\"agro-industrial\"), energy utilisation, integrated biological \ncontrol, new technologies in agricultural engineering, and in all \nareas, the application of information technologies;\n\n2. Utilisation of soil and water : soil degradation and fertility, \n\nalternative uses, water management, and the development of advanced \ntechnologies (particularly teledetection and related information \ntechnologies);\n\n3. Regional balance : integrated rural development (particularly in \nMediterranean regions), specific production problems of less \nfavoured regions, diversification;\n\n4. Utilisation and quality of agricultural products : \ntraditional products, new products and derivatives \nindustrial use, improvement of nutritional quality\n\nresearch on \nfor food or \nof products. 1. 1 \n\n 2\n\n-\n\nThese orientations, which largely reflect the options discussed by \nthe SCAR (Standing Committee on Agricultural Research) for the \ncoordination of agricultural research in the European Community, \nhave to be considered also in close relationship with the actions \n\"Biotechnology and agro-industrial technologies\" (see \u00a7 3. 6). For all these areas, the Community dimension offers particular \nadvantages in enabling the costs of pre-competitive and generic \nresearch to be shared and its benefits diffused; or enables \nresearch to be undertaken in areas where national efforts are \ninadequate. analytical methods, it is essential for coherent standardisation. For areas such as harmonisation of methodologies and \n\nc. The proposed effort incorporates the experience of earlier years, (the \n3rd programme runs from 1984 to 1988, value 30 MioECUs) but reflects \nboth the impact of new technological tools, and the evolving new \npolicy priorities. Thus, for example, the soil map work has renewed \nrelevance with the growing need for new uses for land, and the \nregional needs of Mediterranean agriculture acquire increased \nimportance in view of the new Member States. d. It is envisaged that most of the proposed actions should be shared \n\ncost, including scientific stimulation. Demonstration projects are \nalso indispensable elements to ensure the useful exploitation and \ndissemination of results. In some areas, concerted actions may be \nemployed. The JRC will contribute through its teledetection \nactivities. e. To reach the minimum level of efficacy, the funds required are \n\nestimated between 60 and 150 MioECUs for the period 1987-1991. Some of these objectives are covered by research under article 41 of \nthe Treaty and correspond to an amount of 100 MioECUs. 1. 1. 2. Fisheries Resources\n\na. Fish production is an important source of high quality protein for the \nCommunity but although EEC output is now of the order of 6 million \ntonnes, the Community is in deficit. The aim of EEC Common Fisheries \nPolicy (CFP) is therefore to increase production wherever this is \npossible without damage to fish stocks and to make better use of the \nmaterial landed. There is a considerable potential of the application \nof new methods of resources management, of reducing waste and of \nincreasing production from certain areas which have so far received \nrelatively little attention. b. Since the elaboration of the CFP fisheries research has been an \n\nintegral component of Community strategy. There is no question of \nseparating research from the other elements making up overall policy \nwith regard to Community fisheries. Apart from this fact, there is \nevery reason why fisheries research should have a high priority within \nthe CFP. This has become even more important since the enlargement of \nthe Community to Spain and Portugal, where fisheries have a particular \nimportance. It is clear that if the Community fishing effort is to be \napplied on a rational basis, research into socio-economic aspects of \nthe fishery must be a major consideration. At the same time there are also a number of areas of research which \nare of very considerable interest to the Community, in particular \nthose relating to :\n\n- management of fishing resources : assessment of stocks by modern \ntechniques (including remote sensing), biological models taking \naccount to the interaction of species, multidisciplinary approach \n(biological, technical and socio-economic) to the management of \nfishing operations;\n\n- catching techniques : improvement of fishing gear and methods;\n- aquaculture : growth, survival and feeding of the species cultivated \n\n(fish, molluscs and crustaceans), diagnosis and treatment of \ndiseases, genetic research to develop breeds suitable for rearing;\n\n- processing of produce : refrigeration, sterilization, storage, \n\noptimum use of small fish and byproducts, control and improvement of\n\n, food quality. The main criteria to be borne in mind in the seltction of research \ntopics, as already stated above, are the requirements of the Community \nmarket and the need to maintain fish-stocks for the future. So far, the Community has not undertaken any significant action in the \nresearch field but this situation is about to be remedied with the \nexpected implementation of a multiannual research programme, prepared \nby the Commission and now under discussion in the Council. The \nprogramme will be achieved in two ways. Firstly, the Community will \nfund investigations undertaken by several Member States on a \ncollaborative basis and secondly it will aid and co-ordinate an \nexchange of research workers, the publication of data and the \norganisation of symposia and seminars. Moreover cooperation with \nthird countries may be envisaged under COST procedures, particularly \nin the field of aquaculture. These activities imply Community funding of about 30 MioECUs on a five \nyear basis. 1. 2 \n\n 1\n\n-\n\n1. 2. Raw Materials\n\n1. 2. 1. Non-Fuel Minerals. (*)\n\na. Despite the entry of Spain and Portugal in the Community which \nwill bring sizeable mineral reserves, the EEC trade balance \ndeficit for primary minerals raw materials (12,000 MioECUs in \n1984) will remain high for a number of strategic and critical \nmetals (although decreasing for base metals). This situation makes \nit necessary to promote the exploitation of domestic primary and \nsecondary (recycling) resources, and to increase its cost- \neffectiveness. Furthermore, the mining and metallurgical sectors \nmust remain competitive in their operations throughout the world. Such objectives cannot be met without an adequate research effort. The market for raw materials is cyclical. To a large extent, \npublicly funded research should be anti-cyclical, particularly as \nexperts predict in the long term an upward change from the \ncurrently depressed situation. b. Research on primary raw materials will focus on problems of common \ninterest in exploration (preparing concepts and methods in view of \na future revival of exploration activities), mining technology \n(improving the economic viability of existing mines and developing \nadvanced technologies for future mines) and ore processing \n(treating complex, lean and refractory ores and ores which contain \nmetals for advanced materials technology). An overall objective is \nto reduce investment and operating costs. Research on those topics can greatly benefit from a coordinated \nmultinational approach. Main reasons for believing this are :\n\n- the same types of deposits and of mines occur throughout the \n\nCommunity,\n\n- modern exploration concepts will rely more and more on the \ncombined processing of data from several disciplines and \nparticularly on developments in areas of high technology; this \nmay exceed the expertise available in any Member States,\n- the modernisation of processing plants and of mines can be \n\nachieved only through joint research efforts implying adequate \nscale of work and appropriate dissemination of results to \nindustry. Other possible orientations :\n\n- research on sea-bed resources, particularly in the 200 miles- \n\nEEZ,\n\nexcluding steel, which is covered\n\nunder ECSC activities\n\n\f2\n\n~ Continental. Lithosphere studies for basic research on processes \n\nof ore concentration (Links to be set up with nationaL and \ninternationaL programmes). The scope for investigations here \ncLearLy exceeds the potentiaL of any one Member State. In the area of secondary raw materials, the Community dimension of \nresearch arises :\n\n- from the simiLarity of probLems encountered in aLL Member\n\nStates,\n\n- from the need to spread through industry the resuLts of \n\nresearch, thus promoting innovation in a rapidLy evoLving fieLd,\n\n- from environmentaL protection considerations. For exampLe, new materiaLs such as speciaL aLLoys and composites \nwiLL be used more and more in industriaL sectors having high \ntechnoLogicaL deveLopment, and wiLL have to be recycLed. Research in the recycLing of urban and industriaL waste (pLastics, \ngLass, paper and organic matter) wiLL concentrate on the economic \nrecovery of materiaLs which can compete on the market with primary \nsources. c. With respect to the current effort, which has yieLded encouraging \n\nresuLts in the evaLuation report, the foreseeabLe trend for future \nresearch is as foLLows :\n\nin expLoration : Less focus on base metaLs, more on mineraLs \nneeded for new materiaLs and technoLogies,\n\n- in mining technoLogy : emphasis on robotics, rock fracturing, \n\ntransportation and underground safety,\nin mineraL processing : emphasis on deveLoping advanced \ntechniques and on new fLotation reagents. d. Most of the EC sponsored research is to be carried out under cost \nsharing contracts in projects invoLving firms and/or research \norganizations in at Least two Member States. Part of the funding is to be devoted to coordination activities, \neither on topics which are aLready studied in the nationaL \nprogramme, or to arrive at common methods and standards. 1. 2. 2. Wood\n\na. As stated again most recentLy in the SILVA conference (Paris, \n\n1986), the EC trade baLance deficit for wood and wood products \ncomes to 17. 000 MioECOs per year, and is second onLy to petroLeum \nproducts. Yet, the 12 Member States have a Large forest resource, \nat Least 53 MioHa, but it is far from yieLding its reaL potentiaL \ndue to a variety of technicaL, sociaL and economic reasons. 1. 2 - 3\n\nForests play other useful roles. Beside wood production, they \nregulate water resources, prevent soil erosion, decrease air \npollution and provide invaluable amenities to the population, be \nit close to urban centres or in remote areas. Yet, they are \nthreatened by man-made enemies (pollution, fire), pests (insects, \nfungi, viruses), meteorological phenomena (droughts, wind), \nencroachment by urbanization. The afforestation of land which agriculture may relinquish in the \nnear future will require careful management to make it profitable \nand avoid considerable financial losses. Research may help considerably in addressing the multiple problems \nof European forestry. Wood-using industries must also be encouraged to develop and apply \nthe most sophisticated technologies in order to make the best use \nof basic products which are often of relatively low quality and \ncompete more successfully with their larger, vertically integrated \nU. S. and Scandinavian counterparts. b. Community-sponsored research in this field is justified and needed \nfor attacking problems of common concern. Similar types of climate \nand soils are found throughout the Member States : the same tree \nspecies and ecotypes are found or must be introduced. Pests spread \nfreely across national borders, so do pollutants and wind storms \nor droughts. The problems of utilization of forest products are\nsi mi Lar. Community coordinated research is also justified in that it may \nprovide a sound technical basis for the development of Community \npolicies (environmental protection, norms for the internal market, \nregulations on land use, development of less-favoured regions, \nintegrated Mediterranean programmes and more specific forestry \nactions, etc. ). To be most effective this research should be integrated for the \nwhole \"wood chain\" from seed production to the final use of wood \nand other forest products, including problems such as genetic \nimprovements, tree physiology, protection against pests and \npollution, wood utilization as a source of fibre and as chemical \nfeedstock. c. EC research carried out since 1982. has made it possible for \nEuropean specialists to cooperate closely and also produce a \nnumber of patents and industrial applications in such areas as \nsawing, pulp making, paper recycling, etc. , (it may be noteworthy \nthat Sweden and Switzerland joined this programme). Future \nresearch will capitalize on the results obtained and place more \nemphasis on joint projects of common interest. Whereas results can\n\n\fbe acquired fairly rapidly in technological developments, they are \nmuch slower in forest production as such, and here continuity of \nthe effort is essential. Community research in this field is carried out mainly through \ncost sharing contracts with research organizations and industrial \nfirms but coordination of national programmes must be greatly \nexpanded in relation to what has been done heretofore. Considering the importance of this action for many Member States, \nin particular the new ones, and in order to achieve a significant \nimpact, it is estimated that this action on raw materials should \nbe funded at a level of 60 to 90 MioECUs for the period 1987-1991. This level of effort would represent about 5 to 77. of the funding \nof this field of research in the Member States. 2. MANAGEMENT OF ENERGJT\n\n2. 1. fusion\n\na. The long-term potential of fusion, namely to open a new way of power \n\ngeneration, friendly to the environment and using practically \ninexhaustible fuel, remains a valid and strong argument to vigorously \ncontinue its development. strongly reduce the economic, ecological and political vulnerability \nof Europe. Fusion could contribute in a few decades to \n\nThe way towards the prototype reactor (DEMO, which should prove the \neconomic feasibility of fusion) goes first through the demonstration \nof the scientific feasibility of fusion (hopefully to be made by JET \nand its foreign equivalents in the early nineties), and second through \nthe demonstration of the technological feasibility of fusion (to be \nachieved by NET, the Next European Torus, and its equivalents; NET is \npresently in the phase of conceptual design). Fusion has already today a large high-technology content : JET, the \nspecialized devices in construction or in operation in the associated \nlaboratories, and the NET oriented components development, are by \nthemselves a demonstration of high technology, with spin-offs (in \nparticular in the fields of superconducting magnet technology, \nrobotics, and high power microwave systems) to the benefit of other \nbranches of science and of European industry. The role of industry is \nexpected to grow appreciably when NET will enter the phase of \nengineering design. b. In conformity with reiterated Council Decisions, \"the Community Fusion \nProgramme is a long-term cooperative project embracing all the work \ncarried out in the Member States in the field of controlled \nthermonuclear fusion. It is designed to lead in due course to the \njoint construction of prototype reactors with a view to their \nindustrial production and marketing. \"\n\nA large scale well integrated programme is made necessary by the \ndifficulties and the length of the road towards commercial fusion \npower, together with the high costs and the scientific uncertainties \ninvolved. In Europe, all activities of the Member States (plus Sweden \nand Switzerland) constitute a single programme supported by the \nCommission. The Community approach makes Europe an appealing partner\nfor international collaboration (USA, Japan, USSR, C a n a d a _ _ ) and has\nled, not only to added, but also to created values such as JET, the \nsetting up of the NET team, and the mobility of Staff. The main objectives of the 1987-91 fusion activity are :\n\n- to establish the physics and technology basis necessary for the \n\ndetailed design of NET; this implies the full exploitation of JET \nand of several medium-size specialized tokamaks in existence or in \nconstruction and the strengthening of the technology programme;\n\n- to embark, possibly in 1989/90, on the detailed design of NET;\n- to explore the reactor potential of some alternative lines \n\n(Stallarator and Reversed Field Pinch). 2. 1 \n\n 2\n\n-\n\nc. The scientific and technical achievements of the European programme \n\nplace Europe in the forefront of world-wide magnetic fusion research. JET is the leading fusion experiment in the world, which achieved its \ninitial objectives for the basic performance phase on time and in \nbudget, and hence made formidable progress towards the demonstration \nof the scientific feasibility of fusion. The European medium-size \nmachines contribute in a powerful way to the progress of fusion and to \nthe future success of JET. Europe is also leading in research on \nstel larators and reversed field pinches, which are alternative \nconfigurations to the Tokamak. European industry has built all these \ndevices (to give an example, more than 98 % in cost of JET contracts \nhas been placed within Europe) and has already been entrusted with \nsome long-terr advanced development (for instance high frequency, high \npower RF Generators). Its involvement should make a qualitative and \nquantitative jump towards 1989/90, when a decision could be taken on \nthe start of the engineering design of NET. d. The structure of the fusion programme is that it is driven by the \n\nrelevant national institutions coordinated by the Commission within \nthe system of Associations. All fusion activities in the Member \nStates (plus Sweden and Switzerland) and in the JRC are integrated \ninto \"the European programme\". The fusion activity is carried out along three modes of action, the \nfirst two of them corresponding to shared-cost actions :\n\n- JET (a Joint Undertaking);\n\n- the General Programme (Associations, NET and Technology);\n\n- the JRC (technology concentrated on fusion safety, including the \ntritium handling laboratory, on materials and on support to NET). e. On the basis of an analytical cost estimate of the various elements of \n\nthe activities sketched above, the Community funds required amount to \napproximately 1060 to 1200 MioECUs, which cover the fusion programme \nproper and the fusion activities at JRC. The fusion programme proper \nencompasses the same activities which are covered by the March 1985 \nCouncil Decision. 2. 2 \n\n 1\n\n-\n\n2. 2. Nuclear Fission\n\na. Development of the nuclear fission energy is one of the main ways of \n\nreducing - through diversification of energy sources - the Community's \ndependence on imported fossil fuels such as oil. In the long term, \nthrough advanced technologies - notably fast breeder reactors - fission \nenergy can virtually be considered as a renewable energy source. Therefore, continuation of a resolute effort on nuclear energy remains \nan essential aspect of the European energy policy. The strategic objective of increasing energy source diversification and \nreducing energy dependence from imports must be compatible with the \nobjective of protecting the population and the environment. A two- \npronged approach is therefore necessary :\n\n- while the safety and the benign environmental impact of the present \ngeneration of nuclear technologies must be maintained and confirmed,\n\n- further progress and innovation towards more performant systems \n\nshould be assured by conceivable technological improvements. b. The proposed R, D&D will be carried out according to the following main \n\nlines :\n\nReactor safety problems - including those raised by the mature light \nwater reactor industry - extend beyond frontiers : progressive \nharmonization of safety requirements and criteria is necessary to be \ndeveloped and maintained at the Community level in order to provide an \nequivalent and satisfactory degree of protection of the \npopulation/workers/environment, and to assist development of trade. The main thrust of the effort will be directed to light water reactor \nsafety and reliability (including feedback from aging plants), fast \nbreeder reactor accident progression analysis and circuits integrity, \nand codes and standards convergence. Work related to the radioactive waste management will receive \nparticular attention. Problems raised by radioactive waste operations \ninvolve a combination of issues of social/ legal/ administrative/ \nfinancial/ technical nature which need to be resolved in one and same \ncontext. The effort will progressively concentrate on demonstration of \nsafe waste disposal options with a view to reach a European concensus \nand to harmonize policies within the Community. Other more technical oriented problems are those related to \ndecommissioning operations. In this field, the effort will concentrate \non demonstration of relevant technologies with a view to harmonize the \napproach and policies within the Community. The Commission is a safeguarding authority in its own right \n(Chapter VII of the Euratom Treaty) and has carried out R, D&D in \nsupport of this institutional task. In the future the transportation \nand handling of nuclear materials are going to increase as reactors and \nother nuclear installations now under construction will become \noperational. Therefore, the Commission will have to further develop \nmethodologies and techniques to adequately deal with the increasing \nnumber and variety of facilities to be monitored. Finally, Community effort could lend support to the Member States \nengaged in the development of advanced reactors and systems including \ntheir fuel cycles. Fission energy R&D, by its nature requires continuity. However, the \nfollowing shifts in emphasis are foreseen :\n\nNuclear reactor safety R&D will undergo an overall reduction, \nespecially in the light water reactor field. The Commission will \npromote the transfer of experience and methodologies acquired in this \nfield to other industrial and potentially hazardous activities. What concerns the radioactive waste management, basic R&D wilt diminish \nbut R&D oriented towards the demonstration of safe disposal options \nwill strongly increase, leading to an overall increase in effort. Decommissioning of nuclear installations effort will follow a similar \ntrend as the radioactive waste management. Safeguards R&D will undergo a mild expansion. Supporting actions on development of reactor systems and their fuel \ncycle is virtually all a new activity essentially focussed on \ndemonstration. The implementation of actions in the fields reactor safety, radioactive \nwaste, and safeguards will have recourse both to the JRC activities and \nto the shared cost contracts. Decommissioning of nuclear installation will be performed exclusively \nby shared cost action. Supporting actions for the development of reactor systems and their \nfuel cycle will be performed essentially through complementary \nprogrammes and/or joint enterprises. For Community action to achieve significant impact, the funding needed \nto support R, D&D in the above areas for the period 1987 to 1991, is \nestimated to amount between 600 and 700 MioECUs. This corresponds to \n5 to 10 % of total Member States effort. However, because the \nCommunity action is selective (i. e. it is concentrated upon safety \nrelated issues and not deployed over the whole spectrum of Member \nStates activities) the percentages of Community funding in the proposed \nactivities will be higher. Complementary programmes for support to development of reactor systems \nand their fuel cycle would be additional. 2. 3 - 1\n\n2. 3. Fossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources and Rational Use of Energy\n\na. The importance of the energy technologies which are the subject of. this action, derives directly from the Community energy strategy^ * \nand its objectives, defined so as to contribute to the overall goal : \nincreasing security of supply and decreasing energy imports. With \nregard to the technologies in question, these objectives call for an \nincreased contribution of solid fuels and of new and renewable sources \nby the end of the century and for a 20 to 25 % energy demand intensity \nreduction by the mid-nineties. The Community should undertake \nadequate efforts to achieve these medium-term objectives and also to \nsupport its long-term energy strategy - independent from short-term \nenergy market developments. One pre-requisite for the realization of these objectives is the \ndevelopment of a wide range of innovative energy technologies to be \napplied in all sectors of our economy. This represents a major \nchallenge for science and industry, as the energy technologies of the \nfuture must be competitive/taking into account not only their direct \ncost but also their inherent environmental consequences, in particular \nas concerns fossil fuel. The present oil market conditions - although not expected to last very \nlong - are likely to lead to a reduction in national and private \nfunding for energy research in fields covered by this action. This \nwould affect many industrial and other laboratories for which the \nenergy aspects are considered as driving forces towards innovation. The future markets for the technologies involved are of the order of \nmany billions of ECUs per year. b. It is the Commission's opinion that stimulating European research\n\nlaboratories and industry to prepare for capturing a significant share \nof these markets - both within the EC, in other industrialized \ncountries and in the developing countries - should be continued. This \nimplies that the Community further supports the joint funding of \ncollaborative projects, the coordination of research and testing as \nwell as the development of norms and standards. This concerns not \nonly a number of the well known classical energy fields but also, and \neven more, quite a number of \"horizontal\" fields where a particular \nneed is identified. Examples of horizontal fields are : combustion \nscience, sensor techniques, phototronics, energy engineering, etc. The added value of this Community action will consist primarily of a \ncoordinated approach towards realization of the Community energy \nstrategy, of promotion of the competitiveness of the European industry \nby optimal use of expertise and of financial resources, and of \npromotion of the creation of a real internal market for energy \ntechnologies. The recent enlargement of the Community and the \nparticular needs for R&D support of some Member Countries have to be \nduly considered. currently being discussed by the Council\n\n\f2. 3. ,\n\n-\n\n 2\n\n\u2022 While the 1987 \"photograph\" of Community R&D will be determined by the \n\ncurrent activities, the orientations for Community research in the \nsecond part of the period 1987-1991 will be along the followinq \nlines :\n\nContinuation (but reoriented, to take account of results and their \nevaluation) of the actions on :\n\n- solar energy (possibly merged with a programme on building \n\ntechnologies),\n\n- energy from biomass\n- energy conservation,\n- solid fuel utilisation,\n- hydrocarbon exploitation and use,\n- new energy vectors (possibly merged with the hydrocarbons sub- \n\nprogramme),\n\n- energy systems analysis. Depending on the needs of the Member States, current R&D on geothermal \nenergy will progressively be terminated while high technology work in \nthe field of exploration, instrumentation and hot-dry-rock-technology \nshould be carried out in other, new, separate activities. The solar \nenergy chapter might concentrate on \"passive solar\", data collection \nand testing. Wind energy research should be brought to an end. Energy \nconservation might be concentrated on certain very advanced \ntechnologies (batteries, clean car, fuel cells) and important \nhorizontal areas (combustion science, sensor techniques, etc. ). As already pointed out, many of the above actions will be re-shuffled \n\nT ^ w i t h the assistance of the CGC) in order to concentrate on very \n\nspecific advanced technology objectives (for example : clean use of \ncoal in the solid fuels area) and horizontal fields. This re\u00ad\nshuffling might also lead to devote separate chapters to :\n\nphotovoltaic technology and systems,\n\n- bioethanol,\n\nadvanced building technologies (energy saving, solar architecture). In addition, a completely new area should be addressed by an \nactivity on :\n\ndeep gas and deep geology (possibly including hot-dry-rock \ntechnology). It must be pointed out that the choice between the different options \noutlined above as well as the more detailed content of each action \nshould be determined in consultation with the CGC and in the light of \nthe first results of the third non-nuclear energy R&D programme and of \nits corresponding JRC actions, becoming gradually available. The major part of the work under this action will be carried out \nthrough contract research; the specific activities on standards and \ntesting (solar, buildings, conservation) will be carried out within \n(or under supervision of) the JRC, and certain other activities could \nbe carried out via (reinforced) concerted actions. 2. 3 - 3\n\ne. Community funding required for research in this action is estimated \nbetween 250 and 350 MioECUs for the period 1987-1991. This amount \nrepresents between 7 and 12 % of the total spending of Member States \nin the same areas. Beyond those activities mention should be made of the energy \ndemonstration projects and of the coal research carried out in the frame \nof the ECSC Treaty. 3. COMPETITIVENESS OF INDUSTRY AND SERVICES\n\nInformation technologies, telecommunications technologies \nand their applications\n(Introduction to items 3. 1. , 3. 2. , 3. 3. and 3. 4. )\n\n1. Because of their enabling character and of their pervasiveness,\n\ninformation and telecommunications technologies (IT&T) play a key role \nin all scientific, economic and social activities. Performance in \nthese domains will heavily influence the socio-economic choices open \nto Europe. Already 2/3 of the GDP or 55% of the labour force are classified as \nconcerned with information activities (acquisition, processing, \ntransmission, storage, selling) and thus rely on performance in IT&T. The competition between economic regions worldwide will strongly \ndepend on their ability to use IT&T in an effective and timely manner \nto meet economic and social objectives\n\nBecause the deployment of IT&T enhances skill content, and thus the \nefficiency of all factors of production, these technologies are \nparticularly appropriate to Europe which has both to optimise the \nuti lisation of its scarce natural resources and also to compensate for \nthe cumulative negative impact of industrial production on the \nenvironment and to maximales its relatively important scientific \nassets and skills. IT&T offers a tremendous potential for creation of new products, \nprocesses and services addressing economic problems but, maybe more \nimportantly, offers new ways to address urgent social problems in \ndomains such as health care, road safety, adult education and others. The United States and Japan, but also other countries are steadily \nincreasing and concentrating their efforts in IT&T by funding big \nprojects such as INS, 5th generation computer, SDI or by creating \nfavourable conditions, stimulating cooperative R&D between \nuniversities and companies. -\u25a0 The Community wide dimension, framework and instruments are\n\nparticularly appropriate for the development of R&D activities in the \nfield of IT. Research and technological developments in this sector are \ncharacterised by :\n\nThe importance of R&D expenditures to devote in order to keep the \npace. European or american semi-conductors industry must spend some \n7 to 10% of their yearly turnover in R&D. 3 - 2\n\n- The increasing speed of technological evolution (with a shortening \nof the delay between two technological generations to some 2 years). - The relative scarceness of human resources (limited amont of \n\nspecialists in areas characterised by very fast changes). - The increasing need of pluridisciplinary approach. - The fruitfullness of innovations gained through the work performed \n\nby small groupings such as University scientists, SMEs. The constraints set out by this situation (difficulty of recouping R&D \nexpenditures below a minimum threshold of some 5 to 10% of the world \nmarket; fierce competition between companies; heavy technological and \nfinancial risks) may be overcome at Community level by cooperative \nactions allowing :\n\n- The definition of common objectives and strategies. - The pooling of scarce human and financial resources, and the \n\nconsequent work sharing. - Economies of scale for instance (european companies in the IT sector \n\nmust devote to R&D twice or three times as much resources, in \npercentage of their turnover, as their American or Japanese \ncompetitors, with much poorer results). - The broadening of the research areas and of the technological \n\noptions investigated. - A concerted and coherent approach in the field of standardization \n\nand of complementary measures. - A stimulation of skills and centers of excellence existing all over \nEurope, as demonstrated by the participation of, all Member States \nin ESPRIT. 3. In order to answer this challenge, and to exploit the Community \n\nadvantage it is necessary to pursue and strengthen the actions \ninitiated during recent years at the level of technology base as well \nas complement them so as to create synergy and favourable conditions \nfor their translation into applications. This process indicates a set of specific concerted actions, addressing \na number of key factors or issues which are closely related to each \nother :\n\n- Further strengthening of the technology base. Improving the use of industrial R&D capacities by cooperation and \nwork sharing. 3 - 3\n\n- Contributing to the formation of a Community wide market for IT & T \n\nproducts, equipments and applications by reinforcing efforts in \nstandardisation, certification and opening up of public procurement. - Stimulating demand by infrastructure projects, pilot schemes and by \ncreating a favourable environment for the wide use and diffusion of \nnew applications. - Diffusion of technology into less privileged regions. - Improving the level of education and training. 4. Concerning the technology aspects, the content scope and objectives of \nthe actions related to IT & T and their applications are established \naccording to the following pattern :\n\n- Preliminary analysis of the strategic importance of the envisaged \n\naction for Europe. - Definition with the interested partners of key factors and of the \n\nsubsequent action lines to be set up. - Establishment of a definition phase to precise the detailed \n\nobjectives and the necessary human and financial resources to \ngather. Permanent evaluation of the actions and yearly review of the \nworkplan. The actions proposed in the 1987-1991 Framework Programme will build \non previous actions, in particular the :\n\n- Microelectronics Programme,\n\n- Pluriannual Informatics Programme,\n\n- ESPRIT phase I (initiated in 1984), and\n\n- RACE definition phase (launched in 1985). Based on the evaluations carried out on the above mentioned programmes \nand in consultation with industry, the scientific community and the \nnational administrations, the new Framework Programme should include \nthe continuation of :\n\nESPRIT I with ESPRIT II, in accordance with the recommendations of \nthe Council, of the mid-term Review (Autumn 1985) and of industry. 3 - A\n\nESPRIT II will put the emphasis on technology integration and on \nmore ambitious and more focused projects, including also increased \nattention to the generic technology requirements of advanced \napplications. - RACE definition phase with RACE main. The main phase of RACE (to be \n\nlaunched in 1987) will establish the technology base, the \nprecompetivive developments and the work necessary for common \nspecification and standards which are required for progressive \nintroduction of integrated broadband communication infrastructure \nand services. Exploratory academic research in order to strengthen European \ncooperation in basic research related to IT&T. Moreover, greater emphasis will be put on developing new applications \nin concert with the respective users, drawing on synergy between \nparallel developments. Complementary actions addressing major objectives of common interest \n(and covering some of the seven areas mentioned in the IRIS \ninitiative) include the use of IT&T for supporting :\n\nLearning, teaching and training, which will permit the overcoming of \nsome of the distance and access constraints to learning (DELTA). Road-safety, traffic guidance, and mobile communication, which can \nbe addressed by exploiting synergy between parallel technological \ndevelopments and could result in an integral solution offering major \nadvantages in terms of costs and infrastructure requirements \n(DRIVE). Bioinformatics and medical informatics, which can benefit in cost \nperformance by a systematic and timely introduction and integration \nof advanced IT&T (BICEPS). Other areas which may offer opportunities for Community action are \nbeing actively explored and may result in the next two years in \nproposals for action. These concern :\n\nthe domain of laboratory equipment technology (to improve R&D \nproductivity) and financial technology which would make financial \ntransactions speedier and more secure;\n\n- other domains contributing to social objectives in Europe. The follow-up of the microelectronics and the informatics programme \nwill occur in the framework of ESPRIT. 3 - 5\n\nThe proposed actions will take the form of shared cost programmes and \nwill be carried out in close concertation with national and \nintergovernmental activities. The required resources will be estimated in concertation with the \nrespective actors and Member State administrations. At this very \npreliminary stage, and under the assumption that the current \nmodalities would be applied, the efforts would be situated \napproximately between 3940 and 4150 MioEcus over 5 years. This amount corresponds to a few percents of the overall efforts made \nat national level by Member States. As this Community effort focus on key areas of strategic relevance, \nand on the strengthening of technological cooperation, it will exert a \nmultiplier effect and will produce results far beyond the rather \nlimited appropriations requested on the EEC budget. 3. 1 - 1\n\n3. 1 Information Technologies\n\na. This action covers the ESPRIT programme the objectives of which are to take \n\nadvantage of the Community dimension :\n\n- to enhance the technology base in IT on the precompetitive level, \nenlarging scope and applying economics of scale, in order to meet \nsuccessfully the requirements of the world market in the nineties\n- to improve the use of scientific and industrial R&D capabilities by \n\ncooperative efforts,\n\n- to pave the way to widely accepted international IT standards, and\n- to promote the transfer of technology in the IT sector with particular \n\nemphasis on needs of SME's. b. The programme has just been reviewed by an independent high level body \n\n(ESPRIT Review Board). The results of this review, which demonstrate that \nESPRIT has been successfully established and is well on its way to meeting \nits objectives, has been transmitted to the Council and the Parliament \n(C0M(85)616 final). Moreover, the yearly workprogramme of ESPRIT is a \nunique character!stic, ensuring that the programme is under constant \nassessment. In accordance with the recommendations of the ESPRIT Review Board, and as a \nresult of an extensive conslutation process with industrial experts a \nconsensus view on the scope and content of the programme from 1987 onwards \nis emerging along the following axes:\n\n1. Microelectronics and peripheral technologies\n\n- Silicon technology. Silicon technology represents the foundation of \nthe IC industry and silicon-based devices are responsible for the \ndramatic reduction in the cost of electronic equipment that has \noccurred in the past years and will continue in the future. Specific \ntechnological targets would be eg. 4 million transistors on a chip \nusing 0. 5 micron technologies and 3D-integration. Compound semiconductors. The use of compound semiconductors for \nhigh-speed circuits is expected to become increasingly relevant in \nfuture computer and telecommunication systems as well as in other \napplications. Europe has the potential opportunity to become a \nsignificant supplier of compound semiconductor devices. To ensure a \nsufficient European capability in this area, a significant increase \nof the current R&D level is required. Computer aided design (CAD). The availability of CAD for very large \nscale integration for the overall success of the efforts in \nmicroelectronics continues to be a crucial factor. Future CAD \nprojects will take advantage of the results achieved so far in ESPRIT \nand will in particular focus on very high performance systems, \ntesting aspects as well as standardisation aspects. 3. 1 - 2\n\n~ Peripherals. Peripherals represent an ever increasing proportion of \n\nthe total cost of IT systems. A major technology push in response to \nfuture market demands requires, in particular, substantial R&D \nefforts in magnetic, optical and magneto-optical storage, printers, \nsensors and displays. Information processing systems\n\n\u201c Systems design and architectures. The overall aim is to ensure that \nIT industry has the necessary facilities to produce high quality \nsystems, quickly and economically. Systems, of similar complexity of \nthose being developed in 1985, should within 10 years be developed \nwith 'lO/o of the resources required to develop the systems today. Furthermore, novel architectures for IT systems will be developed and \nanalysed with respect to their reliability and performance. - Knowledge engineering. The use of knowledge based systems is expected \nto provide a qualitative jump in future applications of IT. The level \nof cooperative generic research in this area needs to be maintained \nin order to successfully meet the competitive requirements in the \nnineties. Signal processing. The ability to process speech and complex images, \nare expected to be important new characteristics of future IT \nsystems. Accordingly R&D in this area will be on continuous speech \nrecognition with large vocabulary, and advanced image processing \nsystems. Integration of IT into application systems\n\n\" IT support systems. This area is concerned with the basic IT\n\ntechnologies relevant to the office, production, other professional \napplications and the home sector. It includes eg. R&D on \nworkstations, I/O subsystems for broad spectrum applications, man- \nmachine interfaces and interfaces with the physical environment. Its \npotential impact on medium-term market requirements is expected to be \nparticularly relevant. ~ Factory automation. IT applications in production environments are of \nutmost importance to European economy. Key target is to establish \nopen systems architectures, promote CAD/CAM systems and shop floor \ncontrol systems. The level of R&D in this area needs to be \nconsiderably increased. \u201c Integrated IT systems comprise technology integration projects\n\nbuilding upon different technologies, and oriented towards selected \napplications. Measures with respect to the dissemination of the results of R&D\nprojects play an increasing role in the further progress of the action. A broad-scale participation of SME's to the action is considered to be \nvital in order to maintain and stimulate its innovative character, which \nis a prerequisite to meet its overall objectives. 3. 1 - 3\n\nExpected results :\n\n- enable the European information technology industry to successfully meet \n\nthe competitive requirements of the world market in the nineties,\n\n- diffusion of these technologies through different sectors of our economy \n\nleading to product, process and service innovations. Motivation for EC action :\n\n- pooling of resources and worksharing is necessary to compete with the \n\nmassive public programmes in the US and Japan,\ncoordinated approach is also necessary to develop common standards and to \nencourage industrial cooperation in Europe. Industry representatives currently estimate the overall efforts necessary \nto carry out the above described work to 30000 manyears to be invested \nprogressively from 1987 onwards. These estimates need to be consolidated in \nthe forthcoming months. These efforts would correspond to approximately \n2200 MioECUs Community contribution. 3. 2 - 1\n\n3. 2 Telecommunications Technologies\n\na. For the competitiveness of European economies the price-performance of \ntelecommunications services plays a decisive role in the emerging \nglobal market-place. In order to maintain a strong position and lead in \nthe transition towards fully digital operation Europe will need to \ninvest in a timely manner in the advanced telecommunication \ntechnologies and make optimal use of its resources. The EC telematics industry and Telecommunications Operators Research \nEstablishments have, in 1984, established a broad based consensus on \nthe objective :\n\nCommunity-Wide Introduction of Integrated Broadband Communication (IBC) \nby 1995 taking into account the evolving Integrated Services Digital \nNetworks (ISDN)\n\nand worked out common requirements for :\n\nR&D in Advanced Communications-technologies in Europe (RACE)\n\nwhich aims at establishing the technology base for progressive \nintroduction of Community IBC infrastructure and services. RACE distinguishes several phases or stages of commitments which \ncorrespond to progressively improved definition of the objectives and \nrequirements. Specifically:\n\nDefinition phase (decided in 1985), to execute initial work as required \nto focus the main programme R&D accurately on future functional \nrequirements of the network, the terminal area and future applications, \nand the evaluation of key technology options. Phase I (1987-1991) will have the objectives:\n\n- the technology base for IBC,\n- the precompetitive developments necessary for the provision of \n\ntrial equipments and services for IBC demonstration,\n\n- support for the work of CEPT and CCITT in the formulation of \n\ncommon proposals for specifications and standards. Phase II (1991-1996), depending on the outcome of phase I, would have \nthe overall objectives of developing the technology base for enhanced \nIBC equipments and services beyond 1995. 3. 2 - 2\n\nb. Scope (Phase I) :\n\n1. Specific system aspects\n\nPart 1 addresses the system engineering aspect of IBC and will \nexplore systems architecture, subscriber environments, network \nsub-systems, operations and maintenance related issues. In doing \nso, it will take into account ISDN and alternative carrier concepts \nand mixes. The work addresses three closely related but distinct aims:\n\n- exploration and identification of IBC systems evolution,\n\n- identification and specification of functional requirements \n\nserving as objectives for the R&D on the sub-systems and basic \ntechnology levels, and\n\n- specification of the verification and testing required before \n\nfull scale development is considered i. e. the definition of the \nrequirements for demonstration and trials. 2. Research into the requirements of the users and service providers\n\nThe understanding of the user and service provider Requirements is \na key condition for the conception and design of future \ninfrastructure and services. Some requirements can be assessed on \nthe basis of past experience with sufficient accuracy to serve as \nan orientation for the technical development. However, new services \nand operational concepts for users and service providers require \ncareful research. This is in its own right a significant \nmultidisciplinary R&D effort. Past experience with the introduction of new communication services \nclearly demonstrates the risks of separating technical from market, \napplication and user oriented research. Accordingly part 2 has been \ndesigned to address the link between the users and the service \nproviders on the one hand, and the developing technology options on \nthe other. 3. Enabling and supporting technologies\n\nThis part addresses the three main families of technologies \nwhich the successive generations of IBC implementation will\n\non\nbuiId:\n\n- electronic components used for communications,\n\n- optics and optoelectronics, and\n\n- design tools for communication systems. 3. 2 - 3\n\nThe aim of the R&D in these domains will be to advance the \nperformance characteristics for their applications in \ntelecommunications, i. e. performance in terms of bandwidth and complexity,\n\nsystem compatibility, i. e. aptness to standardisation, and\n\nlive-cycle costs, including quality, reliability and \nmaintenance. Although the main thrust of part 3 is at the basic technology \nlevel, some sub-system considerations are implicitly included since \nsome components (e. g. microprocessors) represent in terms of \ncomplexity, sub-systems in themselves. 4. Dedicated communication software\n\nThis part addresses the software R&D issues which are particular to \nthe application in telecommunications. It is assumed that progress \nin software technology aimed at in national programmes and ESPRIT \nare realised and that the work in RACE can benefit from it. A considerable effort will be required to develop adequate tools \nthat will meet simultaneously the operational and managerial \nspecifications of telecommunications. This applies particularly to \nIBC which will require a very large, complex, and functionally \nrich, software implementation. 5. Terminal technologies\n\nHaving a powerful and low-cost IBC technology is an essential pre\u00ad\nrequisite for the introduction of broadband services, but \ninsufficient unless parallel major progress is made in improving \nthe cost-performance of terminal technology. IBC aims ultimately at serving the public at large, i. e. cannot be \nseen just under the aspect of specialised services for the business \ncommunity which may be prepared to pay comparatively high system \ncosts. For IBC to achieve high penetration rates and wide \nacceptance, costs have to be very much reduced. Terminal equipment with the right characteristics enabling easy and \nfriendly use and the right cost-performance will require major \ntechnological advances and prolonged efforts of a considerable \nscale. This kind of technology cannot be expected to derive \nautomatically from business applications. Part 5 defines the R&D which promises to offer adequate performance \nfor the use by the general public at sufficiently low cost levels. 3. 2 - 4\n\nc. The thrust of RACE would be to establish on the world market a strong, \n\nif not leading, position of the Community telecommunications \nmanufacturing and service industries in broadband communications and \naccelerate the emergence of a strong and competitive Community market \nfor telecommunication equipment and services. The phase I will result \nin a common technology base and contribute to the convergence in \ntechnical and functional specifications, which is of decisive \nimportance for the emergence of a Community-sized market for broadband \ninfrastructures, equipments and services. d. The objective of providing Europe's economies in the 1990s with \n\ntelecommunications services leading in cost-performance can only be \nrealised by making full use of Europe's integral assets in technology, \nindustrial capacities, human resources, markets and finance. A \nconcerted approach offers advantages of scale and scope comparable to \nthose available to Europe's main competitors. The investments \nassociated with developments are so high that it goes largely beyond \nwhat operators and industry can invest on the economies national \nmarkets can offer. The RACE programme which will be carried out with the participation of \nall Member States, will be instrumental in harnessing Europe's \nconsiderable technological expertise in areas such as optoelectronics, \nadvanced semiconductors and software for multi\u2014 service broadband \ntelecommunications systems. This will service business needs on a \ncommunity scale for low-cost, reliable and secure data, voice and \nimage communication as well as providing a wide variety of \ncommunications and entertainment services for private users. e. In 1984 a planning exercise has been carried out by the\n\ntelecommnication industry and operators, which identified the pre- \ncompetitive effort offering significant advantage of Community scale. This planning exercise led to an approcimate level of 14. 000 man-years \nfor five years. The Council of Ministers decided in July 1985 a \ndefinition phase, which will define the scale and scope of the effort \nto be engaged in the main phase. On this basis and supposing a 50% \nCommunity financing, this evalution leads to an estimation of \n1000 MioECUs. The Council of Ministers decided in July 1985 an 18 months definition \nphase, which will further define scale and scope of the efforts to be \nengaged under this action. 3. 3 - 1\n\n3. 3. Integration of Information and Telecommunications Technologies into \n\nNew A p p lications and Services of Common\u201d Interest \n\n~\n\nProgress in information technologies and telecommunications (IT&T) is \nrapidly transforming the socio-economic conditions and the basis of the \nworld economy. This offers new opportunities to solve present and future \nsocietal problems in all spheres of life. The benefits of this change \nwill depend on mastering these technologies and their conscious \napplication and choice governed by societal needs and aspirations. The \nsuccessful exploitation of these new possibilities requires a well \nconsidered and systematic approach involving the respective main actors \nsince in most cases traditional sectors undergo in this context profound \ntransformations. Besides the direct application of IT&T the systems-integration with other \ntechnologies, leading to new applications and services, opens up a most \nimportant potential for the future, both in terms of economic \nopportunities and of contribution to societal objectives in Europe. A. The systems-integration of IT&T with\n\n\u201c i e_a. r. ni,n 9 and teaching permits the realisation of advanced open \nlearning concepts which will not only provide the educational \ncommunity with enhanced tools but also remove constraints in access \nto learning (DELTA);\n\nroad-safety and m o b i le communication offers powerful means to reduce \ntraffic accidents, improve traffic management and thereby transport \neconomics (DRIVE);\n\nbjoinformatics and medical informatics can be developed to \nconsiderably further improve research, diagnostics and health care \n(BICEPS);\n\nlaboratory technology offers major improvement in the productivity \nof research, development and experimentation (PERT);\n\nfinancial technology offers advances towards the realisation of \nCommunity-wide financial services, markets and a reduction of crime \n(DIME). Background and method of elaboration of the actions:\n\nThe identification of these actions has resulted from the consultati \nof the respective actors and have been indicated in the C0M(85) 350 \nand C0M(85) 530 \"Technological Europe\" as areas where the Commission \nis developing action proposals. Some of their objectives have been \nconfirmed in the framework of IRIS as corresponding also to the \nsocio-political perception of Community priorities. 3. 3 - 2\n\nThe method of elaboration for these actions follows a consistent \nsequence of steps:\n\n1) \n\n2) \n\n3) \n\n4) \n\n5) \n\nan initial in-house ana lysis of the importance and the likely \n\"value-added\" o T T C o m m u n i ty approach resulting in the \nidentification of overall objectives and lines of action;\n\nexploratory investigation and definition of the detailed \nobjectives and T h e optimal approach to an effective use of the \noverall Community resources with the respective main actors;\n\npreparation of proposals for concerted actions embedding the \nCommunity measures in the context of national and international \nactivities;\n\nlaunching of a definition phase serving the systematic \nd e v e l o p m e n F o f the action by the respective main actors;\n\nimplementation including periodic reviews and assessments of \ndevelopments which might require adjustment of objectives and \napproach;\n\n6) \n\non-going critical evaluation and adjustment in the light of the \nexperiences gathered in the implementation. The first step is guided by the priorities of the Community and the \npolitical orientation of Council and Parliament as it translates for \nthe domain of IT&T. During the second step each action is subject of systematic \ninvestigations drawing on external expertise as well. The best \nqualified organisations are identified in an open bidding procedure in \nthe Official Journal. Step three is referred to as \"planning exercise\", it consists of a \nsystematic involvement of the main actors in developing the action \npropo s a I s. The definition phase represents the last step before the \nimplementation of an action. It consists of initial work as may be \nrequired to verify the objectives, approach and assessment of the \nrequirements to realise them. With the implementation the task of evaluating is taken up which \n^extends both to external changes, i. e. requirements, state-of-the-art, \netc. as well as progress of the projects making up the action. In \nyearly intervals the workprogramme and resource allocation is \nsystematically re-examined. At a suitable stage of the implementation, an independent review aids \nthe Council and Parliament to assess the action in the light of its \nobjectives. For each of the subjects described below it is indicated which stage \nhas been reached. 3. 3 - 3\n\nB. Other actions aiming more specifically to societal objectives will be \n\nidentified in the coming months according to the orientations given by \nthe Research Council of December 1985 in its debate on IRIS. In this \ncontext, preliminary studies will be launched to explore Community \ninitiatives in priority areas dealing with objectives such as :\n\n- better health;\n- safer life;\n- domestic and home applications;\n- improvement of services and facilities for people living in rural \n\nareas. \u2605 \n\n*\n\n*\n\nThe estimates of the resources derive from the detailed workplans; \ntherefore it is at this preliminary stage not possible to provide \nreliable figures. Still based on initial assessments one could envisage \nCommunity contributions situated between 700 and 900 MioECUs. 3. 3 - 4\n\nDELTA (developing European Learning through Technical Advance)\n\na. A skilled population can rightly be considered as the single most\n\nimportant asset of Europe. With rapid changes in human activities, the \nimportance of life-long education and training increases and with it \nthe need to extend the formal education for it to become more flexible \nand adaptable to the needs of the learner and teachers. Progress in \ninformation and telecommunication technologies opens up the \npossibility to overcome distance and access constraints and the \neconomic realisation of advanced open learning concepts (i. e. an \napproach to learning under which the barriers relating to formalities, \nlocation and time are dimished). Learning technology represents, moreover, a major future world market \nopportunity for the Community equipment and service industry and \nteaching professions. equipment, systems and tools for advanced open learning. This \n\nDELTA is to concert the development by Community industry and academia \nof \naction will bring together at the Community level the potential users \nand producers of open learning systems and associated equipment, thus \nenabling the Community to achieve economy in scope and scale, which \nare now lacking. DELTA will benefit from synergy with on-going actions \nin the field of information technologies (ESPRIT) and \ntelecommunications (RACE). The programme identifies the technological efforts required to reach \nthe following objectives:\n\n1988-90: overcoming of distance and access constraints, via the \n\nadaptation of existing infrastructures, systems, equipment \nand technology\n\n1990-95: enhanced handling and access of information, based on \n\nprogressive digitisation of IT&T complemented by specific \nlearning-oriented features\n\n1995-2000: smart learning aids, based on the features of \"5th \n\ngeneration\" computing and integrated broadband communication \n(IBC). b. Scope :\n\n1. Interdisciplinary concertation on present and feature learning \nsupport requirements\n\nBy developing in a timely manner an understanding of the requirements \nand opportunities it will be possible to establish synergy, share work \nand cooperate throughout the Community and thereby improve the \neffectiveness of the resources available. In order to support this process and optimise the use of Community \nresources and focus the research efforts, a systematic analysis and \nsystems engineering evaluation of the learning system and its \nfunctions is required. This will be achieved by means of the \ndevelopment of a learning systems reference model. 2. Learning Technology and Systems R&D\n\n\u00bb\n\nThis entails a systematic development of the features specific to the \nlearner and authoring/teaching requirements. The programme will place \nparticular emphasis on improving delivery to the learner, \ncommunication between learners and tutors/teachers, the ease of \nauthoring and the economics and management of the overall system. 3. Testing and validation\n\nThe importance of the \"human factor\" in this domain requires the \nthorough testing of learning technology and concepts at all stages of \nthe development. The programme foresees the realisation of a \nsatellite-based open testing facility accessible from all parts of the \nCommunity. 4. Developing interoperability\n\nIn order to achieve acceptable economies as well as flexibility in \nuse, multi-media interoperability will need to be established. This \nrequires, over and above the on-going standardisation work in IT&T, \nthe application-specific development of standards and conventions \nfacilitating progress in this domain. 5. Creating favourable conditions\n\nWhile learning technology is potentially very attractive and offers \nadvantageous solutions, this process wilt be retarded unless specific \naccompanying measures are adopted lowering the \"entry-barrier\". DELTA will help to accelerate the emergence of new techniques, \nfacilities and tools to support learning, in particular the \nrealisation of new Open Learning concepts. It will provide the \ntechnologies to educationalists and learners to reduce the distance \nand access constraints. In this emerging new domain, human expert resources are rare and \nsparsely distributed throughout the Community. In addition to re\u00ad\ninforcing efforts to exploit the opportunities opening up in the use \nof learning technology, it will also be necessary to focus efforts by \nconcertation and work-sharing within a defined framework of objectives \nand measures. The opportunities for industry will depend on reasonable \nmarket sizes as can be offered in a Community framework. DELTA will \nprovide a vehicle for better use of resources and attracting \nindustrial support. The resources estimated necessary will be indicated at a later stage. 3. 3 - 6\n\nDRIVE (Dedicated Road Safety Systems and Intelligent Vehicles in JEurope)\n\na. Each year 55. 000 people are killed and 1. 8 million people injured on \n\nroads in the Community. The overall societal costs of these accidents \nis very high and it has been estimated that 3. 2 billion ECU a year \ncould be saved by applying information and telecommunication \ntechnologies to avoid car collisions. Moreover, the indirect effects of road safety on the quality of life \nand the economy are numerous and of great importance, e. g. on the \ncongestion of roads. Recent advances in IT&T are progressively opening up new and much more \ncost-effective ways of improving road-safety and transport management \nin general. b. Scope :\n\nDRIVE will contain application-specific R&D&D&T addressing in \nparticular the systems engineering and systems-integration aspects. 1. Accident avoidance system\n\nThis area is concerned with the integration of various \"safety- \nrelated\" electronic subsystems into an integrated vehicle control and \nmanagement system. 2. Vehicle communication systems\n\nIn the coming decade mobile telephony will increasingly become \nstandard equipment of vehicles. The infrastructure provided for this \nservice can at the same time support safety and traffic management \nfunctions. 3. Traffic management and control\n\nThe use of IT&T as part of an integrated application will permit \nconsiderable progress to be made in avoiding congestions, navigation \nin towns, re-routing in case of blockages and the clearing of routes \nin emergency situations. c. The Programme DRIVE is to provide the framework in which industry and \nadministrations can Europe-wide develop the technological means to \nachieve\n\na drastic reduction of serious road incidents, and\n\neconomies of scale and scope required for an early \ndevelopment and introduction of these techniques. Improving road-safety is a common objective of all Member States and \nsharing the burden of developing new means of improving road safety \nand communications are clearly to the advantage of both the citizens \nas well as the industries concerned. The way for such a development is \nprepared in R&D&D&T efforts as to be undertaken in the framework of \nDRIVE. For 1987 a definition phase is envisaged preparing the main programme \nforeseen to be implemented in 1988. This will permit a precise \nformulation of the work offering the greatest advantage of Community \nscale and being complementary to work carried out on the Member State \nlevel. The resource estimates are to be indicated at a later stage of \ndevelopment of this action. 3. 3 - 8\n\nBICEPS (Bio-Informatics Collaborative European Programme and Strategy)\n\na. The continuous growth of medical expenditure has become a major issue. In the European Community, the total expenditure for social services \nhas in real terms, increased by 27% since 1975 and its accounts now \nfor more than one quarter of the GDP. Of the total ECU 720 billion \nexpenditure more than 75%, ie ECU 540 billion relate to medical \nservices and care for the aged. As life expectancy grows the demand \nfor further improvements in the quality and cost-effectiveness is also \nlikely to increase. BICEPS develops IT&T to meet the specific needs of medical services \nand the use in medical and biotechnological R&D&D&T. b. Scope :\n\n1. Medical informatics\n\nA further improvement of health care and better economics of providing \nit will depend on progress in numerous domains. One of the \nopportunity areas for progress builds on the consequent exploitation \nof the potential of IT&T. Their application in various functions can \nring very significant improvements in quality, availability and cost- \neffectiveness of medical care. 2. Bio-informatics\n\nA major part of the medical expenses in associated with pharmaceutical \nproducts and medical research. In this domain there is strong \ndependence of progress in biotechnology and medical research with \nbio-informati cs. Therefore, BICEPS addresses both the medical-informatics and bio- \ninformatics needs. Links with Community actions ESPRIT, RACE and the BAP exist as well as \nwith actions on the level of Member States. c. The results of BICEPS are expected to provide for a rapid development \n\nof advanced techniques for both the medical services and \nmedi cal/biotechnological R&D&D&T. d. ESPRIT is resulting in generic information technology on with specific \n\nefforts in bio-informatics can build. The IT-industry is \ncollaborating already on a Community scale. This offers particular \nopportunities to assemble the expertise and industrial capacities to \nsupport the work in this domain. Furthermore, there are considerable \nadvantages in worksharing and cooperating for both the speeding up of \ndevelopment and the gathering of experiences which is crucial for \nbuilding up the confidence of the medical profession in new \ntechni q u e s. 3. 3 - 9\n\ne. For 1987 a definition phase is envisaged preparing the main programme \n\nforeseen to be implemented in 1988. This will permit a precise \nformulation of the work offering the greatest advantage of Community \nscale and being complementary to work carried out on the Member State \nlevel. The resource estimates are to be indicated at a later stage of the \npreparation of this action. 3. 3 - 10\n\nPERT (Professional Electronics and Research Technology)\n\na. The Community's productivity in R&D and here particularly in \n\nhigh-technology domains is significantly below that achieved in the \nUSA and Japan which have made enormous advances in this respect in. recent years based on a consequent use of advanced IT&T. The objective of PERT is to improve the productivity in Community R&D \nequal to or better than that of its main competitors. b. Scope :\n\n1. Information resource management in the laboratory environment\n\nThe information resource management is one of the central problems in \nlaboratory work. Advanced techniques using recent progress in IT&T \noffer the potential of major improvements. However, the laboratory \nconditions and diverse requirements demand a systematic effort in \ndeveloping compatible components and subsystems which can \ninteroperate to meet a wide range of conditions. This represents a \nmajor task in systems-R&D, systems engineering and \nsystems-integration. 2. Data capture\n\nRapid gathering of data and their pre-processing is a key factor in \nspeeding up technological analyses. New techniques using progress in \nsensoric and IT&T permit the development of more versatile devices for \nthese needs. 3. Information interpretation\n\nIncreasingly screening and alternative interpretation of technological \ndata, concepts and conditions require sophisticated tools for \ninterpretation and simulation. While these tools have been developed \nfor engineering purposes their use for designing and interpreting \nexperiments is still in its early stages. PERT is to develop \ngeneralised laboratory/scientific tools for these functions. This \nincludes the development of knowledge-based used friendly applications \nfor the interpretation of information. PERT is to result in a significant improvement in the productivity \ntechnological R&D and the provision of high performance tools for \naccelerating the industrial development processes. of\n\n\f3. 3 - 11\n\nBesides being a problem common to all Member States the investment and \nthe specialists in this domain are comparatively limited. A work- \nsharing and cooperative approach not only improves the chances for \neach project but because of the systems interdependencies synergy and \ncross-fertilisation will be important. Within a Community action, \ndefined jointly with the main actors, this can be realised. For 1987 a definition phase is envisaged preparing the main programme \nforeseen to be implemented in 1988. This will permit a precise \nformulation of the work offering the greatest advantage of Community \nscale and being complementary to work carried out on the Member State \nlevel. Resource estimates are to be indicated at a later stage of the \npreparation of this action. 3. 3 - 12\n\nIE (Development of integrated Monetary Electronics)\n\nAlready most financial transactions are carried out by electronic \ntransmission and also electronic theft outweighs by far armed \nrobberies. This and recent developments of using IT&T to implement \nspecial finance technologies such as the \"smart card\" (microcomputer \non a bank card) are signalling the emergence of \"electronic cash\" and \nmajor changes of the way citizens receive and spend money. With a consequent development of the technologies now within reach \n'personalised electronic money' could be developed which could only be \nused by the legitimate owner, i. e. eliminate the risk of unauthorised \nuse or stealing. Conventional bank robberies could soon be made a \nthing of the past. Furthermore the 'smart card' will be able to serve numerous other \nfunctions in all spheres of human activity requiring authentication. DIME is to carry out R&D in the use of IT&T for financial services and \nother services with the objective of taking the lead in the \ndevelopment of 'personalised electronic money' and the development of \n'smart card technology' suited to serve as a generalised tool for \ncrediting and authentication. Scope :\n\n1. Intelligent credentials\n\nThe use of monies depends basically on the ability to provide \n\"evidence of having credit\". In conventional money this is achieved by \nauthorised bank notes. More recently bank or credit cards have been \nintroduced which can be considered a first generation of personalised \nmoney. However, this development is far from having reached its end. The heart of 'personalised electronic money* may well be a \n'microcomputer on a card-like device'. This device will use personal \ncharacteristics of the bearer, e. g. fingerprints, to be protected \nagainst use by others. The device could store any amount of credit the \nbearer chooses to put on it and in paying the corresponding amount \nwould be withdrawn from the card as from an account. The principles of how this can be realised are comparatively simple, \nbut its technical realisation with the degree of reliability required \nfor general use requires systematic R&D&D&T of considerable scope. Much the same technology will also serve numerous authentication \nfunctions. In order to avoid excessive proliferation of different \ncards systems and operations, research will need to establish the \noptimal approach. 3. 3 - 13\n\n2. Falsification counter measures\n\nBank notes and even credit cards are increasingly exposed to being \nforged. In developing 'new forms of credit' this problem is of utmost \nimportance. The potential of a 'microcomputer on a card' is largely \nsufficient, but the implementation of counter measures needs to be \nconsistent with the functions of the device and of the numerous \noptions possible the most practical has to be identified and \nresearched. DIME is to result in providing a sound technological basis for the \nintroduction in Europe of 'personalised money' which reduces the \npossibility of money being stolen or falsified. Money and the protection of personal property and safety is an \nobjective all citizens and their governments throughout the Community \nshare. Furthermore, for realising the full benefit of such a new \nfinancial technology it will be essential that it can be used \nthroughout the Community. In view of the required investment for the \nterminal equipment and the objective of good economics, the size of \nthe Community market will be a decisive factor. For 1987 a definition phase is envisaged preparing the main programme \nforeseen to be implemented in 1988. This will permit a precise \nformulation of the work offering the greatest advantage of Community \nscale and being complementary to work carried out on the Member State \nlevel. Resource estimates are to be indicated at a later stage of the \npreparation of this action. 3. 4 - 1\n\n3-4. Cooperation on Basic Research on Information Technologies\n\na. This action covers collaborative research and concerted actions with \n\nthe objective to improve the use of scientific capabilities in \ncomputer science by cooperative efforts. b. It is expected that universities and research institutes will be \n\nactive in industrial projects, but there remains the necessity that \npresent and future efforts in precompetitive research with commercial \napplication should be supplemented by promoting research into IT at a \nmore fundamental level without immediate direct application. Basic \nresearch is also an important element for the training of the highly \nqualified manpower, which is strongly needed by IT as well as other \nindustry. This type of research is, of course, mainly carried out in \nuniversities and in public or private research institutes. One positive way was indicated by the ESPRIT Review Board, which \nrecommended that one of the benefits of the programme is the breaking \nof geographical isolation of certain institutions. The Review Board viewed on to propose that a few selected European \ncentres of excellence in IT should be encouraged to become \ninternational in their orientation. Such centres would preferably be based on existing activities and \nwould also build on efforts developped at European level, notably in \nthe framework of COST activities related to computer science. The Commission could support such research in areas of strategic \ninterest, provided that:\n\nthe European dimension be guaranteed by an ambitious common work \nprogramme to be agreed by a High Level Board drawn from leading \nexperts,\n\n- the best organisations in that field (a maximum of 4 or 5) who would \n\nbe sufficiently motivated by the task to willingly work to this \ncommon work programme in a reasonable manner. There should be strong focus on promising selective research areas, \nwhich have not yet reached maturity, and where therefore Community \naction could provide some visible impetus. These would include e. g. :\n- molecular electronics;\n- special sectors of cognitive science and artificial intelligence; \nspecial sectors of solid state physics applied to IT (amorphous \nsilicon, magneto-optical research. )\n\nc. Expected results\n\nenable European IT science to develop excellency in sectors of \nstrategic relevance by critical mass efforts;\n\n- improve the use of scientific R&D capabilities in IT by cooperative \n\nefforts and concerted actions. d. Motivation for EEC action : scarce and scattered -esources need to be \n\ncoordinated and directed towards critical mass efforts. e. It is estimated that between 40 and 50 MioECUs Community contribution \n\nwould be necessary for a five-year period. 3. 5 - 1\n\n3. 5. Technologies for Manufacturing Industry and Special Technologies\n\na. In the recent years, a recovery of European industry has begun to \nbecome apparent. Technology is a major factor in sustaining this \nrecovery. In the 90s, this factor will increase even further in \nimportance in facing competition from the USA, Japan and other \ncountries of the Pacific. All sectors will need high technology and \nnowhere is this more the case than in sectors like motor vehicles, \nchemicals, textiles, clothing, shipbuilding, construction, furniture, \nwhich employ over 25 million people - nearly 70 % of the industrial \nworkforce of the Community - and in all countries will continue to \nrepresent the largest contributor to that part of the GDP provided by \nindustry. Increasingly, the dividing line will not be between sectors like \nelectronics and the mature industries but, irrespective of sector, \nbetween those who make full use of the newest technologies and those \nwho do not. The potential for change is greatest in sectors which so \nfar have been the slowest to absorb new technology and it is therefore \non those that efforts will need to be concentrated and where the \nencouragement given by Community programmes will bear fruit. The problem consists not only in the development of appropriate new \ntechnologies (especially multidisciplinary technologies) at the \nprecompetitive stage and their application, but also in the need to \nuse research resource more efficiently through co-operation across the \nfrontiers. Among the major priorities supported by the governments in the USA and \nJapan are research projects of an inter-disciplinary character in new \nproduction technologies and in the engineering aspects of new \nFor example, in the USA the university-industry co\u00ad\nmaterials. operative research centres in fields such as polymer processing, \nwelding, process control and triboloby and, in Japan, the R&D project \non basic technologies for future industries receive annually several \nhundred million dollars from the central governments. Moreover, as is \nwell known, the US Department of Defense and NASA both continue to \nfund research in these fields on a major scale which has a rapid \nimpact on industry and there is a constant flood of technical \ninformation. These programmes are ample evidence of the strategic \nimportance which these countries attach to these technologies. b. BRITE continues to develop in constant and continuing close \n\nconsultation with industry and the fields currently of the highest \npriority but constantly under review together with industry are :\n\n- the improvement of the strength and inherent reliability over long \n\nperiods of time of engineering materials and components,\n\n- the reduction in the deterioration of materials through corrosion, \n\nwear, biodeterioration, etc. ,\n\n- the tribology of mechanical systems,\n\n\f3. 5 - 2\n\n- Laser technology for manufacturing,\n- joining techniques : new and improved welding techniques, and \n\nadhesive bonding,\n\n- new testing methods including non-destructive testing, on-line \n\ntesting and computer-aided testing,\n\n- advanced design and manufacturing techniques, in particular those \n\nsuitable for SMEs and for specialised industrial purposes,\n\n- membrane science and technology,\n- catalysis and particle technology,\n- specific applications of advanced materials (see 3. 7 for enabling \n\nR&D on materials),\n\n- applications of new technologies in manufacturing processes with \nspecial problems, e. g. production processes involving the use of \nflexible materials. The reaction of manufacturing industry to the first call for proposals \nhas confirmed its interest in co-operative precompetitive research \naimed at :\n\n- improving the co-ordination of work otherwise carried out \n\nindependently in several Member States by industry and other \norganisai i ons,\n\n- helping cross frontier collaboration between different industry \n\nsectors and between industry and university. The conditions for participation (participants from more than one \nMember State with at least one industrial participant, 50 % industrial \nparticipation in the costs) have ensured the industrial nature of the \nprojects proposed and their overall high quality. 559 projects were received nearly all of great interest and of high \nquality (with on average four participants in each project) of which \nonly 102 could be accepted because of the budgetary constraints. This \nrepresents much too high a disappointment rate and could discourage \nfirms - in particular SMEs - from participating. Despite intensive \ninformation campaigns, many firms had not heard of BRITE in time to \nprepare for the first round and the adhesion of Spain and Portugal \nwill increase the number of potential participants. surprising if the number of proposals for the second round of BRITE \nwas several times that for the first round. It would not be \n\nIn view of the need to create for manufacturing industry a European \ncross-frontier co-operation infrastructure and to respond to the \ninternational competition a major increase in the budget is necessary \nfor the second call for proposals (IRDAC has advised that for the \nsecond round this should be at least 300 MioECUs). c. Ultimately, BRITE-type projects should become self-supporting and co\u00ad\n\noperation within a revitalised Community become a naturaL and accepted \nprocedure without support from Community funds. There is nevertheless \nlikely to be a continuing need fro BRITE well into the 1?90s. A follow-on activity (BRITE revised) is therefore envisaged to be \ndeveloped in close consultation with industry. 3. 5 - 3\n\nThe experience of the first and second rounds of BRITE will make it \npossible to deepen and concentrate its strategic approach by tackling \nin depth new areas including\n\n- the problem of bringing new technologies emanating from many sectors \n\nto the manufacture of a wide range of new or technologically \nimproved products including furniture, textiles, paper-based \nproducts, machine-tools, etc. ,\n\n- the use and means of use of new materials by including all aspects \nfinally needed for economic performance such as design, handling, \nmanufacturing, inspection, standards and training. IRDAC has already explained the need for cooperative \n\nThis activity is likely to include a range of pilot and demonstration \nprojects. projects based on the \"pilot demonstration plant\" or \"demonstration \nfactory\" approach in order to encourage the wider adoption of the new \ntechnologies in European industry. Moreover, many BRITE projects will \nwithin a few years, need follow-on action to demonstrate at larger or \nat full-scale the technological and economic viability of the \nprocesses developed. d. The financial amount estimated necessary for these activities for the \n\nperiod of the Framework Programme is situated between 600 and \n900 MioECUs. Research and pilot demonstrations in favour of the steel sector (new \nand improved production processes and improved steel properties and \nfabrication procedures) will continue to be funded from the ECSC \nb u d g e t. 3. 6 - 1\n\n3. 6. Biotechnologies and Agro-Industrial Technologies\n\n3. 6. 1. Biotechnologies\n\na. As in the 1984-87 version of the Framework Programme, the \n\nrecognition of biotechnology as a specific action is motivated by \nthe major impact that the applications of modern biology to \nagriculture and industry will have on the activities of several \ntraditional economic factors. Some 40% of manufacturing output in \na developed economy is biological in nature of origin and numerous \nadvances of fundamental significance (production of new crop \nplants, synthesis of vaccines, drugs and chemicals with high added \nvalue, development of techniques for processing, transformation, \nextraction, detoxification,. ) are now being made or are expected \nbefore the end of the present century. b. The main reasons for current relative weaknesses of the Community \nin modern biotechnology have been identified (C0M(83)672) and can \nbe attributed to the fragmentation and dispersion of research \nefforts, a shortage of scientists with advanced training adapted \nto the requirement of Biotechnology R&D and the absence in the \nCommunity of a supportive context for the rapid development of \nmodern biotechnologies. The objectives of the proposed activities \nare to provide, in the most important areas of biotechnology, a \ntransnational dimension to the isolated efforts carried out in \neach Member State for :\n\n- encouraging mission-oriented research and the reinforcement of \nR&D contextual infrastructures in those sectors where important \nbottlenecks have clearly been identified which cannot be rapidly \novercome without the pooling of competences and facilities \ndispersed throughout the Community;\n\n- organizing these dispersed competences and facilities in a \n\nCommunity training network of exceptional quality from which \nyoung scientists in each Member State can fully benefit. The fields of biotechnology R&D where Community efforts\nfor transnational research and training should be\nconducted in priority, through cost-shared actions and\ntraining contracts, are the following :\n- data banks : modelling of biological structures, \n\nprocesses and systems;\n\n- collections of biotic materials;\n- enzyme engineering and protein design;\n- genetic engineering;\n- physiology, genetics and molecular biology of species \n\nimportant for agriculture and industry (area, essential \nfor long term innovations in biotechnology, not covered \nby the current RAP Biotechnology (1985-89);\n\n- technology of cell and tissue culture in vitro;\n- development of in vitro tests for pharmacology and \n\ntoxicology;\n\n\f3. 6 - 2\n\n- evaluation of risks associated with modern \n\nbiotechno logy. - promoting the concertation of the Member States for the \n\neffective implementation of the Community action priorities \nwhich, in addition to research and training, and concertation \nitself, comprise : raw materials of agricultural origin, \nregularoty regimes, intellectual property, demonstration \nactivities. c. What is proposed above by the Commission is in fact a continuation \n\nand amplification of the work carried out in the biomolecular \nengineering programme (BEP) (April 82 - March 86) and in the RAP \nBiotechnology (1985-1989). The results obtained in the \nbiomolecular engineering programme and the launching in 1985 of \nthe RAP Biotechnology have demonstrated the possibility and \nutility of Community research and Community training in \nbiotechnology. Transnational networks of laboratories of high \nscientific quality have been constituted throughout Europe which \nundertake joint research for the elimination of important \nbottlenecks to innovative applications and which provide an array \nof services and training facilities adapted to the complex \nrequirements of modern biotechnology. It remains, through \nadditional efforts during the period 1987-1991, to intensify the \nactivities of this large multi-disciplinary, polyvalent \"institute \nwithout walls\" distributed throughout the entire territory of the \nCommunity and, now that the foundations of a transnational network \nare firmly established, to stimulate much more actively than in \nthe past, joint partnerships at Community level between \nuniversities and industries. A very important task, in this \nconnexion, wilt be the continuation and amplification of long-term \nCommunity research leading to the development of new crop plants \nadapted to the industrial requirements of the Community and to the \npromotion of innovative technologies for the exploitation by \nindustries of agricultural feedstocks. As far as concertation is concerned, the work initiated in 1985 \nfor assessing the strategic significance of new developments in \nbiotechnology and for promoting the necessary coherence between \nthe various areas of Community policy affecting o r affected by \nbiotechnology needs to be continued and amplified, together with \nthe promotion of the concertation necessary between Member State \nand Community activities in biotechnology. d. The action includes work to be carried out as cost-shared actions \n\n(research), training and concerted actions. /\n\n\f3. 6 - 3\n\n3. 6. 2. Agro-Industrial technologies\n\na. The advances of modern biology and biotechnology have increased and \nwill continue to increase agricultural productivity; throughout the \nworld, developed economies face the prospect of growing surpluses, \nwith heavy economic and political problems of disposal, unless they \ncan find nex uses for land, new ways of creating real value from the \nproducts of agriculture. Advances in animal and plant genetics, in \nthe applications of science on the farm, and in the conversion and \naddition of value to agricultural outputs, particularly by \nbiotechnolgy, enlarge the range of possible source materials and of \nindustrial products obtainable from agriculure. The need in Europe is \nparticularly urgent because of past successes of productivity; the \nscope for innovation expands as we increase our understanding of plant \nmolecular genetics and physiology, of microbial and cellular \nmetabolism, and of enzymology and fermentation science. The future of \nagriculture in the EC will depend increasingly on developing sources \nof non-food income. b. In order to exploit these new possibilities, a \"total system\" approach \n\nis needed, and its feasibility needs to be developed and convincingly \ndemonstrated by exploratory, pilot and demonstration activities. The detailed choice of activities will typically be driven by market \nconsiderations, but the industries concerned must interact in close \npartnership with the research laboratories and with agricultural \nexpertise. Research, development and pi lot/demonstration activities \nwill be sought in three areas :\n\n- the industrial inputs to agriculture;\n- new product and/or production opportunities through agro-industrial \n\ntechnologi e s ;\n\n- quality and production competitiveness in food products. The influence of the Community on agricultural policy, the importance \nof a \"total system\" approach within which a favourable (or non\u00ad\nobstructive) policy context is required at European level, and the \ndesirability of pooling experience Europe-wide, all indicate the value \nof setting these initiatives in the context of a Community framework. c. The biomolecular engineering programme (1982-86) has been focussed on \n\nagriculture and food industry topics, and has led to important \nadvances in plant genes and enzymology; such work is being continued \nin the biotechnology action programme. But these and other \nbreakthroughs at a pre-competitive level require innovations at the \nboundary between agriculuture and industry to enable them to \ncontribute to socio-economic objectives. Evidence from other areas \n(e. g. energy demonstration projects) demonstrates the value and need \nfor propagating innovation in this way. Hitherto no such provision \nhas been made in Community biotechnology research programmes; although \nthe importance of such systematic promotion is increasingly recognised \nboth in Member State national programmes and by our major industrial \ncompetitors. It is envisaged that the proposed actions, carried out in close \ncorrelation with the actions in agricultural research, should be \nshared cost, (up to 50 % of full costs). Industrial co-finance and \ncollaboration will be actively solicited. * \n\n*\n\n\u2022k\n\nThe Community contribution necessary to fund these activities should \nbe in the range of 350 to 460 MioECUS. This would allow to provide a \ntransnational dimension to the main efforts carried out by each Member \nState in the most important areas of biotechnology, as well as \nstarting in agro-industrial technologies three projects per year and \nper Member State for each of the last four years of the planned \nperiod. 3. 7 - 1\n\n3. 7. Materials Science and Technology\n\na. Advanced materials are already, and will remain for the future, \n\ncrucial elements in almost all important manufacturing industries. The scientific and technical progress linked with materials will have \na considerable effect on the prosperity of sectors such as motor \nvehicles, aerospace, shipbuilding, railways, electronics, telematics, \nbuilding, energy production, biomedical and many others. This field includes a wide variety of items such as metals, plastics, \nceramics, concrete, glass, electronic materials and composites. Equally, the properties to be improved are also numerous : mechanical \nstrength, lightness, stiffness, cheapness, flexibility, electrical and \nmagnetic properties, high or low temperature related properties, etc. The considerable economic significance of this area is best \nhighlighted by the following figures : the added value generated by \nthe materials industries for all OECD member countries may be \nestimated at about $ 500 billion and the corresponding number of jobs \nat 20 mi llion. It is with advanced materials and their rational use that \nmanufacturing industries will be able to improve the performance of \ntheir products and thus make them more competitive. Advanced \nmaterials will also contribute to the rational use of raw materials \nand energy and the control and reduction of pollution. b. Europe has lost some ground to the United States and Japan. Although \nthere are materials laboratories with a high reputation in Europe, \ntheir innovative capacity is in decline. This failure to keep up in \nthe field of advanced materials bears a certain similarity to what has \nhappened in the field of information technologies. Europe's creative \nspirit is receding and its laboratories are less efficient than their \noverseas partners. 4 out of 5 patents on materials are applied for by \nAmerican and Japanese companies and a major part of the high \ntechnology materials available in Europe is either produced under \nlicense or imported (carbon fibers, special polymers, etc. )\n\nNo single Member State can afford the resources necessary to be \ncompetitive over the entire spectrum of advanced materials. A \nCommunity action is essential to encourage worksharing and pooling of \nfinancial and manpower resources on the european scale. Only by \nreducing duplications and sharing large research facilities and \nequipments can Europe maintain the pace with its overseas competitors. Effective use of advanced materials is essential for the success of \nthe products of European Industry. Development of improved materials \nand development of improved techniques for exploiting materials make \ncomplementary contributions to this goal. Although generally \ndistinct, these activities must be carried out in continuous close \ninter-action. science and technology and the work in the area of technologies for \nmanufacturing industry (section 3. 5) are and will be carried out in \nclose consultation. For this reason the work in the area of materials \n\n\f3. 7 - 2\n\nc. The former materials research programme on substitution and technical \nceramics was rather small. It was limited to the fundamental aspects \nof substitution of strategic metals such as chromium, cobalt and \ntungsten, and the investigation of technical ceramics in regard to \nceramic powder preparation and characterization. A Community action commensurate with the challenges will need to \naddress the following wide range of advanced materials which are \npromising in terms of improved or new performances, functions and \napplications. The effort will cover fundamental research (understanding of \nproperties and phenomena) as well as technological R&D on means of \nprocessing, testing, characterising and producing these materials :\n\n- engineering ceramics : powder quality and processing, reliability, \n\nbrittleness, shaping;\n\n- polymers : in particular investigation of new types of polymers with \nhigh thermo-mechanical properties, large stability area, polymer \nblends, and conducting polymers;\n\n- composite materials and fibres : further development of organic \n\nmatrix composites and high strength fibres; optimisation of metallic \nmatrix composites with ceramic fibres; special composites with \namorpheous, vitreous, or elastic matrices; matrix/fibres interface \nphenomena;\n\n- advanced metal alloys : light and hard metal alloys, magnetic \n\nalloys; powder techniques (rapid solidification), near net shape \nforming;\n\n- electronic materials science : including special semi-conductors\n\n( 11 / VI amorphous, organic, etc. ) and biomaterials (detailed work \nto be defined in relation with activities described under items 3. 1 \nand 3. 4);\n\n- amorpheous and disordered materials : special materials including \n\nglasses, vitreous materials, non crystalline solids, such as \namorpheous metallic alloys, prepared by fast quenching. Other areas which could also be considered at Community level \ndepending on resources available include : superconducting materials, \nadvanced building materials, and biomaterials. A Community pilot laboratory integrating equipments for advanced \nmaterials synthesis and processing research should be set up in the \nJRC. This ion/laser/electron foundry, would operate as a demonstrator \nproject open to industrial participation and researchers from alt \nMember States. More specific orientations and the allocation of the Community \nresources between fundamental research and technological R&D and among \nthe various material families, materials for specific functional \napplications, and processes will be defined and reviewed on the basis \nof economic studies and surveys on new opportunities and industrial \nrequirements and taking into account the national activities. Most of the research will be carried out through cost-shared projects \nwith an average Community funding of 50 %. Concerted projects will also be considered, where appropriate, to \nencourage sharing of information and experience between well \nestablished teams from different Member States. The Community will also promote the development of data bases, the \ntraining of scientists and the transfer of knowledge through \nconferences and symposia. Considering the strategic importance of materials research for the \nEuropean industry, the Community RSD effort should be substantially \nincreased to improve the strategic coherence of the national efforts \nwhich are still too fragmented and to keep up with the massive efforts \nin the United States and Japan. The effort estimated necessary for the 1987-1991 period is estimated \nbetween 200 and 300 MioECUs. This level of effort corresponds to \nabout 20 % of the present Member States effort (excluding military \nresearch). 3. 8 - 1\n\n3. 8. Marine Science and Technology\n\na. The oceans are the last frontier, the least known part of our planet. They cover 70 % of its surface area, have been used by man from times \nimmemorial to reach other continents and to supply him with food and \nother resources. Yet, it is only fairly recently that their \nmultifarious role has been fully apprehended. They play a fundamental function in the mechanism of climate, provide \nliving resources for food, feed, fertilizers, drugs; their continental \nshelves conceal large reserves of hydrocarbons, the deep ocean bottom \nis a potential source of minerals. Sea water itself is a solution of \nmany chemicals useful to man. The ocean is also the ultimate \ndepository of the wastes from human activity, which may threaten its \nequilibrium. Its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere \nmay determine whether man will eventually cause an irreversible and \nunfavourable modification of the climate. The increasing realization of the importance of the marine environment \nto man has led recently to the preparation and adoption by many \ncountries of the Law of the Sea. It is important for the EC to gain a better knowledge of the seas \naround it in order to better protect and exploit them. In fact, a \nsizeable research effort is already devoted to marine sciences and \ntechnologies in the Member States, in the civilian and military \nsectors. It is estimated that public non-defense R&D expenditure in \nthis area amounts currently to about 400 -500 MioECUs per year. This is \ncomparable to US funding for non-military research, whereas Japan \nspends about 200 MioECUs. It appears at this juncture that many of the national research \nprogrammes are being re-assessed or renewed, or that new integrated \nprogrammes will soon be launched. A coordination at Community level \nappears thus particularly timely. ( *)\n\nin this broad field is justified on several \n\nA specific EC action \ngrounds : use of large or expensive equipment straining the resources \nof any single country, the optimization of the utilization of existing \nfacilities (research vessels, submersibles, etc. ), complementarity of \nskills and competences available in the various Member States, the \napplication of research results for the implementation of Community \npolicies, aid to developing countries, the contribution to the \ndevelopment of the internal market through the acceptance of common \nnorms and standards, etc. There is indeed a large scope for cooperating at EC level. b. In marine_ sciences, the objectives would be :\n\n1. A better knowledge and understanding of the EEZ (exclusive economic \n\nzone) of the Member States (physical, chemical, biological, \ngeological). Regional oceanography projects would deal respectively\n\nThere are at present several ongoing or proposed EC research programmes \nconcerned in part with marine problems : environmental protection, \nremote sensing, navigation, materials, energy, fisheries, \nradioprotection, radio-active waste disposal, etc. , but no integrated \naction. 3. 8 - 2\n\nwith the Mediterranean, the East Atlantic, the Channel and North \nSea, the Baltic. Developing countries could be aided in similar \nstudies of their EEZ. 2. The scientific basis for coastal management and protection, for \nwhich Member States share common problems and preoccupations. 3. A contribution to the understanding of the arctic and antarctic \n\nregions. In marine technologies (which would contribute i. a. to solving the \nabove-mentioned problems), the objectives might be :\n\n1. To develop jointly the next generation of marine instrumentation \n\n(buoys systems, underwater acoustics, unmanned submersible vehicles, \nautonomous pollution monitors, etc. ). 2. To promote the construction of a deep ocean drilling ship, which \n\nwould provide a European capability in this field. A number of supporting and less costly initiatives could also be \nimplemented to further European marine sciences and technologies such \nas :\n\n1. The establishment of a \"clearing-house\" to optimize the use of the \nhigh sea oceanographic vessels and other expensive equipment such \nas the existing exploration submarines and facilities to study large \nmarine ecosystems (\"mesocosms\"), etc. 2. The training of scientific manpower in the oceanological \n\ndisciplines, including for scientists from the developing countries. 3. The development of data bases on marine science and technology. 4. The acquisition of a minority participation in large facilities, \n\nmobile or not, in order to gain access to them for the Member States \nwhich were not involved in their initial funding. A sharper definition of the EC activities will require further \nconsultation of government authorities, industry and the scientific \ncommunity, possibly by means of \"announcements of opportunities\". In view of the substantial activities carried out by Member States, it \nis likely that the action will be executed by means of (reinforced) \nconcerted action, shared cost action and, possibly, minority \nparticipation and joint undertakings. The means required for a significant action at Community level should \nbe determined at a later stage, before the format proposal of the \nCommission is submitted. The corresponding amount will be drawn from \nthe financial reserve mentioned in the summary table. 3. 9 - 1\n\n3. 9. Transport\n\n3. 9. 1. General Action\n\na. Research in the Member States has produced results that put the \n\nCommunity on the same footing as the most advanced industrialized \ncountries in terms of new transport techniques. However, these results have often been obtained from rival \nresearch programmes which, although possibly spurred on for that \nvery reason, lead where uses are concerned to damaging \nsituations :\n\n- projects for public services or captive markets have great \n\ndifficulty in finding uses in the Community or the rest of the \nworld. This is the case, for example, in high-speed track guided \ntransport on land and in urban transport;\n\n- projects for normal commercial purposes that have met with \ncompetitive worldwide success up to more recent years are \naffected by the crisis and will face growing international \ncompetition. This is the case, in particular, of road and \nmaritime transport. On the other hand, projects involving international cooperation, \nafter the disappointing commercial showing of certain technical \nsuccesses that were poorly suited to the market, have finally \ngiven transport operators the products they need, the chief \nexample being the airbus programme. The Community's technological capital in the transport sector must \ntherefore break out of the usual national straightjacket. It is on \nthis that the productivity of research and utilization of results \nhinge, and what is at stake is whether the Community transport \nsector can :\n\n- adapt to the new demand in trade within the Community and with \n\nthe rest of the world (network changes, effects of new \ntechniques, changes in the quality and quantity of traffic \npatterns);\n\n- respond to the constraints of the economic situation and the \n\nsocial environment;\n\n- be competitive in the Community economy and rise to the \n\nchallenge from outside Europe and, in so doing, be a carrier \nmarket for the Community transport equipment industries. b. The common transport policy is designed to ensure that the \n\nCommunity transport system does its job with the help of all modes \nof transport, without favouring or penalizing one or the other. The provisions to emerge from the Treay are conceived on this \nbasi s. But research must provide the way for the transport system to \nadapt in the long-term to requirements. 3. 9 - 2\n\nIn this respect, the changes and increase in demand, the economic \nsituation, the constraints and the effects produced by other \nsectors are considerable factors and will continue to develop. Research must therefore centre on the following :\n\n- for track-guided transport :. automation of traffic monitoring, signalling and track \n\nequipment;. simulation of train-driving;. lightening, noise reduction and aerodynamics of vehicles;. linear motors;. effects on passengers (e. g. travelling through tunnels) and on \n\nthe environment (e. g. noise, unsightliness). - for road trafic :. analysis of road accidents;. improvement of the safety of heavy goods and passenger \n\nveh icles;. optimation of the electric vehicle. - for maritime transport :. ship management, maintenance, functions, condition, economic \n\nrouting;. configuration and performance of the ship, sturdiness of the \n\nhull, resistance to forward motion;. new types of ship and unconventional propulsion equipment to \n\nmeet commercial requirements;. management of maritime traffic;. man-ship system. - for air transport :. flammability and toxicity of materials used in the cabin;. rationalization and modernization of air traffic control. Community action will be called upon :\n\n- both as a complement to schemes in the Member States when \nnational programmes coexist and cooperation is needed for \ngreater efficiency and easier dissemination of results and, \npossibly, standardization;\n\n- and when themes require a Community dimension because of the \nresources needed, the lack of incentive from regulations or \ncommercial prospects, or the final use of Community interest. c. Although no R&D programmes in the transport sector have been \nimplemented by the Community a number of projects concerning \ntransport have shed a certain amount of light :\n\n- COST projects on transport;\n- concerted Community action (COST 301) on navigation aids;\n- transport projects in the \"Non-Nuclear Energy\" programmes or the \n\n\"Energy Saving\" demonstration programmes. 3. 9 - 3\n\nThis gives rise to the need for :\n\n- either shared-cost projects or concerted action schemes \n\ndepending on the case in question;\n\n- possible association with non-Community countries that are \n\nmembers of COST;\n\n- possible additional programmes for a certain number of projects. The importance of transport research differs widely from one \nMember State to another although it is a major item in non-member \ncountries that are geographically significant for Community \ntransport, such as Switzerland, Austria and the Scandinavian \ncountries. It sometimes requires substantial funds but in a large \nnumber of cases its prime need is for momentum, incentive or even \nsimple cooperation. d. A general research action with a budget of 50-80 MioECUs would \n\nenable considerable impetus to be given to the transport sector. This action is complemented in the field of road safety with a \nspecific activity aimed at applying information technology and \ntelecommunications (see \"DRIVE\", described in point 3. 3. ). 3. 9. 2. Aeronautical Technology\n\na. The European aeronautical industry is a major source of strength \nto the countries of the Community. It designs and manufactures a \nfull range of fixed and rotary-wing aircraft. Substantial volumes \nof aircraft, engines and equipment are exported. The industry is a \n\"leading-edge\" developer and user of advanced design techniques, \nmaterials and manufacturing methods. Over and above the direct \nbenefit of advanced technology in its own business, the industry \ntransfers important technological benefits to other industries - \nin areas such as composite materials, joining techniques, etc. The commercial success of an aeronautical product is vitally \ndependent upon the quality of design and manufacturing technology \nwhich it incorporates. Thus, all readily available advanced \ntechnology is routinely exploited and further advancement of the \nstate-of-the-art is costly, not only because of the refinement of \ntechnologies as such but also because of the extreme care which is \ntaken to verify the adequacy of new technologies from a flight \nsafety point of view. Despite the high cost of furthering technology, the pace of \nadvance in the world market is high. Although European research \ncontinues to make notable contributions to aeronautical \ntechnology, the prevailing state-of-the-art is overwhelmingly \ndetermined by the very large US aeronautical research effort. This \nUS research effort is partly funded by the US industry, but it \nbenefits in addition from very large US government support under \nprogrammes pursued by NASA and by DOD. The scale of US research \nactivity, both generally and in notable programmes such as SDI and \nthe hypersonic transatmospheric aircraft, is such that the pace of \ntechnology advance outstrips the capacity of the European \naeronautical industry, supported by national government \nprogrammes, to remain abreast of the prevailing technological \nstate-of-the-art. 3. 9 - 4\n\nb. The Commission believes that this situation calls for remedial \n\naction at European level. Reliance upon licensing or importation \nof US technology does not seem to be an acceptable basis for the \nlong term success of the industry. Equally, solving the problem by \nincreasing individual national support programmes does not provide \nan efficient remedy. For these reasons, the Commission believes \nthat steps now must be taken to review the longer term research \nneeds of all the European aeronautical industry with a view to \ndeveloping a harmonized programme for medium to long-term research \nrequirements. In doing so it believes that the very favourable \nexperience of the management approaches used in the ESPRIT \nprogramme and in the BRITE programme, involving a major \nparticipation of the industries in the definition and guidance of \nthe programmes pursued, should be taken into account. Specific \nproposals for the construction of an action are not yet possible \nsince further consultation with industry and with Member States' \nadministrations will be required. c. As regards the scale of activity which should be contemplated, it \n\ncan be expected that to achieve a significant effect, the scale of \naction must be some measurable fraction of the present level of \naeronautical research. This wouLd imply, for the Community as a \nwhole, activity at the level of some hundreds of MioECUs per year. The corresponding Community contribution would be drawn from the \nfinancial reserve mentioned in the summary table. 3. 10 - 1\n\n10. Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods\n\nThe satisfaction of the need for further harmonisation and \nstandardization is one of the major objectives of a number of \nCommunity policies : the completion of the internal market, energy, \nconsumer protection, agriculture, environment and health. In addition to the need for harmonisation of written standards is \nthe need to demonstrate the quality of a product and to prove that _ \nit conforms to either a standard or regulation, (this requiring \ntesting, measurements and analysis). Further there is a need for \nresearch and data bases to promote and facilitate the establishment \nof written standards. Each Member State possesses a metrology service. This functions as a \nhigh level scientific body ensuring the standardization of the most \nfundamental units and that there is agreement throughout the country \nof all measurements. The provision of such basic metrological infrastructure necessary \nfor industrial developments, is in every country - also in the USA \nand Japan - considered to be a public service. Problems of this kind have, however, often a transnational, character \nand the Community can, because of its neutrality, play an essential \nrole in overcoming differences in particular by using know-how \ndeveloped in its laboratories and by coordinating the efforts of \nnational, public and industrial laboratories. The actions of the Community in this area are threefold :\n\n1. The BCR programme has established efficient means of \n\ncollaboration between the metrology institutes within the \nCommunity, which have allowed a large number of measurement \nproblems to be resolved via the more than 80 collaborative \nprojects sofar executed. This collaboration will be expanded in \nparticular with regard to the development of the measurement \nmethods required by the new technologies. The BCR programme will also establish, for those areas not \ncovered by national authorities, collaborations leading to, above \nall, improvements in analytical techniques and the production of \nancillary measurement methods recognized at the Community level. In this way it will be possible to ensure traceability of \nanalyses and tests in such difficult and varied fields as health, \nthe environment and food, not forgetting the need of industry. The emphasis on standardization for the completion of the \ninternal market and other policies and the introduction of new \ntechnologies will increase the demand for such activities. 2. The programme of reference measurements and materials will \n\ncontinue in our own uniquely qualified laboratories in Geel, and \nin association with similar large institutes both within the \nCommunity and the rest of the world, to establish nuclear data, \nprincipally for neutron induced reactions, where this is\n\n\f3. 10 - 2\n\nnecessary for applications involving nuclear fusion and fission. In addition an important part of the measurement and reference \nmaterial activity will relate to radioactive sources, neutron \nflux and doses, target materials and the analyses of fissile \nmaterials and isotopic compositions. Geel will also use its \nexperience in the nuclear field to collaborate increasingly with \nBCR in other areas. 3. The JRC activities on materials and structures, conducted in \n\nPetten and Ispra, will be increased to respond to the growing \nneed for improved reliability and standardization. The emphasis \nwill be on the development of reliability methods, models and \ncodes of practice for industrial structures and on research and \ndata bases on the behaviour of materials under extreme \nperformance conditions with the aim to promote standards. Increasingly, collaboration will be established with Community \nshared cost actions (e. g. BRITE and EURAM) and with national \nlaboratories. c. The Community financial effort necessary to carry out this action is\n\nestimated between 300 and 350 MioECUs. 4. 1 - 1\n\n4. QUALITY OF LIFE\n\n4. 1. Health\n\na. Each Member State, \n\nis \nprimarily responsible for promoting and preserving the health of its \ncitizens but becomes increasingly overcharged by the steadily mounting \ncosts of health care which is escaping national control. with its long experience and vast resources, \n\nGlobal health expenditures are presently estimated to superate yearly \n150 milliard ECU in the Community of which less than one percent (about \n1. 2 milliard ECU) are spent for medical and public health research. However, research efforts at national level atone prove to be insufficient. Since most national programmes consist of a large number of relative small \nprojects carried out by relative small and scattered research teams, co\u00ad\nordination of cooperation is indispensable. Especially a Community effort \nof pooling in advanced fields (such as application of modern biotechnology, \nmedical informatics, advanced medical technology) the more or less scarce \nnational expertise and of jointly exploring new R, D&D avenues will create \na real innovation potential capable to solve major health care problems and \nto curb health care expenditures efficiently, and will contribute to the \nindustrial development. b. The Community effort will focus on three main R, D&D areas :\n\nCo-ordination of medical and public health research, oriented towards :\n_ major health problems common to all Member Staites, by including as new \ntargets CANCER (as follow-up of the Luxemburg summit) and AIDS (at\nrequest of the European Parliament), \nand by continuing either ones \nreferring to age related (including disabilities) and to environment and \nlife-style related health problems, respectively. improvement and joint use of health resources, encompassing both medical \nand health services research (research on health \n\nD&D \n\ntechnology \nR, \ncare delivery and organization). For such an effort \ninvestment at Community level (e. g. processing with cost reduction of only 10% will save 100 Mio \ny e a r !)\n\nthere will be a high return value for \n\nelectrocardiography : \n\nlow-cost\nimprovement in\nECUs per\n\nDevelopment of predictive medicine and novel therapy : this new intention\nwill promote the application of modern biotechnologies in their most \nin particular, to very early \nadvanced aspects to the medical field and, \ndiagnosis of diseases and novel methods of treatment. R, D&D will \nmainly be oriented towards better knowledge of the human genoma, immunity \ntechnology \ninfections), \ngenetic engineering \nin congenital diseases of genetic origine), and industrial production of \ndiagnostic tests kits (e. g. AIDS). procedures permitting to repair DNA defects \n\n(applicable to cancer, \n\nauto-immune diseases, \n\n(e. g. Its \n\nbiotechnologies \n\nSuch Community attempt will fill in some gaps subsisting in the scientific \nand technological knowledge (gaps which prevent the full utilization of \na European \nmodern \ntransnational cooperation, \nspeed up the implementation of technologies \nalready applicable, \nand at the same time promote a European scientific \nmilieu which generates a high innovation potential with promising economic \nimpact. medical \n\nfield), \n\nfavour \n\nthe \n\nin \n\n\f4. 1 - 2\n\nImprovement of occupational medicine as continuing institutional task is \ncarried out under the ECSC Treaty. The inherent activities are oriented \ntowards presenting health problems and occupational diseases associated \nThey will \nwith the specific environment of coal and steel industries. research on chronic diseases such as those of the respiratory \ninclude \nsystem, \nas well as on other diseases of workers in \nphysiopathology, \nsteelworks, cooking plants, coal and iron mines such as back problems, skin \ndiseases,. and aim at further improvement of health standards in the ECSC \nindustries by establishment of links between occupational diseases and \nworkplace nuisances, \ndetection techniques, mitigation measures. and by development of preventive measures, early\n\nboth among \nOccupational diseases are among the major cause of morbidity, \nminers and among workers in cooking plants and in the iron and steel \nindustries, and hence present a community-wide problem. c. The medical and public health research include two new targets (cancer and \nAIDS), \nthe continuing ones will undergo changes in their S/T content (by \nterminating several projects, reorienting other ones and adding new ones). Thus, the total number of projects will increase from presently 30 to more \nthan 70. ordination and all evaluation reports proved its scientific, medico-social \nand economic value. Past experience has confirmed the importance of gradual co\u00ad\n\nThe predictive medicine and novel therapy is a new undertaking based on \npast experience from the Biotechnology programmes which gives confidence in \na real efficiency of such operation. The third area includes continuing activities under the ECSC Treaty. d. The medical and public health research will be carried out by means of the \nconcerted action method with increased support to centralized facilities, \nthe predictive medicine and novel therapy by shared cost (or marginal cost) \naction, and the occupational medicine through contracts. e. The Community funding needed to support R, D&D in the above areas for the \nperiod 1987 to 1991 is estimated to amount between 140 and 160 MioECUs. Additional to this amount is the research on occupational medicine covered \nby the ECSC budget. As a comparison, \nresearch the yearly cost of research , \nestimated at more than 200 MioECUs in 1987 at \n1990, \nactivities. in the sole field of the medical and public health \nis \nmore than 400 MioECUs in \nwhich then corresponds to a co-ordination of 25% of total national \n\nperformed in Member States, \n\n\f4. 2 - 1\n\n4. 2. Safety\n\na. No human activity can be risk free. People are exposed to a variety \nof hazards in every aspect of life : physical from various human \nactivities and the forces of nature, chemical from acute and chronic \npoisons, or even biological ones. In addition, with the advance of \ntechnology, new risk factors are added and their control becomes more \ncomplex. Against this background, public interest and concern in \nmaintaining a safe environment are growing. Many of the safety issues that are encountered are similar in nature \nthroughout the Community, and thus permit common solutions to be \neconomically developed and used. Community approach is often the best \nsolution when a considerable investment in time, money and effort is \nrequired, and the knowledge gained by research effectively transferred \ninto application. b. The proposed effort will focus on selected safety issues such as risks \ninherent to industrial and other human activities, fires, special \ntechnologies for hazardous environments, and natural hazards. Primary \nprevention will have a high priority. 1. Characteristic for many industrial activities is that they raise a \ndiversity of safety problems whose solutions call for sizeable \neffort, considerable expertise, and in many cases due consideration \nof issues of social, legal, etc. nature. An integrated approach \nfor safety - allowing environmental and other constraints and also \ntechnological advances to be taken thoroughly into account as they \nbecome known - is playing an increasing importance. The work wilt concentrate on technological hazards of potentially \nsignificant importance, occupational groups exposed to a higher \naccident risk than the rest of the population, and major risk \nfactors that are common to several industries :\n\n\u00ab The research on major technological hazards will be oriented \n\ntowards the understanding, prevention, and mitigation of \nconsequences of important chemical/petrochemical accidents. The \nproblem of preventing and mitigating such events is shared by the \nentire chemical/petrochemical sector; the need therefore is felt \nfor appropriate Community regulation and research support. The \nEC directive \"on major hazards of certain industrial activities\" \nis a first step. - Improvement in occupational safety in the coal and iron/steel \nindustries as a continuing institutional task is carried out \nunder the ECSC Treaty. In this field further co-ordinated work \nis needed at the Community level to assist in the application of \nresearch results. - The rationale for activities concerning radiation protection \n\noriginates from the obligations of the Commission to maintain \nrelevant competences as laid down in the EURATOM Treaty and in \ndirectives. Scientific support is important for the assessment, \nmanagement and political evaluation of problems of radiation \nrisk, which is an area of Community-wide public concern. 4\u201e2 ~ 2\n\n2. Almost 80 % of all accidents are happening in the private \nenvironment, i. e. in connection with activities at home, \nrecreation, sport, etc\u00bb. The corresponding costs for insurance, \nmedical care, etc. ar e several tens of billions of ECUs every \nyear. In addition, there are considerable losses of production. At the Community level no common effort has been made sofar to \nreduce the above expenses while there are ongoing activities in the \nUSA and Japan. The proposed research will concentrate on the elimination of risks \nin the private environment, in particular it will focus on \naccidents due to the introduction of new kind of home-equipments, \non relevant data banks, on consumer protection against dangerous \nproducts, on special products for the elderly, handicapped, \nchi Idren, e t c. 3. The overall cost of fires within the Community has been estimated \n\nto an average of almost 1 % of 6NP. Whereas fire-fighting \ntechniques are generally well developed, methods of optimizing \nlevels of protection are still at the empirical stage. The proposed fire safety effort should produce a scientifically \nbased approach and develop relevant quantitative engineering \ntechniques. The work will focus on three areas : research for \nharmonization and regulation purposes, basic fire research, and \napplied research. 4. Remote handling technology has the potential to extend man's access \nto the natural wealth of the world and the range of his productive \nactivities in incompatible or dangerous environments. Such \nhazardous domains include plants in key industries (handling \nradioactive, biologically active, toxic or combustible materials), \nthe space and the oceans. There is also a public service domain \nconcerned with firefighting, etc. An estimated Community market for this technology of \n500 MioECUs/year from 1990, of which at that time about 1/3 would \nbe nuclear, is large enough to serve as a springboard into a world \nmarket, but only if the R&D effort can be focused and user-led \ndemonstrations coordinated. The proposed effort will focus on the three most relevant problem \nareas : demonstrations of prototypes (each typical of a class of\napplications), user and technician education, and underlying \nresearch. 5. Although destructive natural events may occur Locally, their \neconomic impact is going to be shared by all the Community. Moreover, some hazards, as for instance earthquakes, are shared by \nvarious countries of the EC, so that the ways and means of early \nalert, and efficient prevention and mitigation, are a matter of \nCommunity cooperation in a multidisciplinary approach and in a \ncoordinated adoption of corrective measures. Community cooperation \nis therefore particularly appropriate in fields where it is \nnecessary to build up efficient means for rapid information \nexchange, thorough data storage and trans-frontier establishment of \nsurvey networks. 4. 2 - 3\n\nNatural disasters research in the EEC will focus upon a selected \nyet typical and frequent events such as earthquakes, storms, floods \nand forest fires, which are likely to cause increased loss and \ndamage to densely populated areas. Depletion of land resources due \nto drought in vulnerable ecological and societal contexts should \nalso be taken account of. c. Safety R, D&D by its nature requires continuity. The following \n\nevolution is foreseen :\n\nThe scope of the current programme on technological hazards/industrial \nrisks will be broaden. The occupational safety effort includes continuing activities under \nthe ECSC Treaty. As far as work on radiation protection is concerned, projects of a \nmore fundamental character wilt be gradually diminished, increasing \nemphasis will be given to scenarios of accidental and environmental \nexposure, their consequences for man and society, and the reduction of \nexposure using risk evaluation and optimization, in support of EC \nBasic Safety Standards. The coordinated efforts in the fields of private environment, fire \nsafety, and special technologies for hazardous environment represent \nnew initiatives. The existing climatology and natural hazards research programme \nincludes the study of the mechanisms and impacts of some extreme \nclimatic events and of earthquakes, but so far with appropriations \nwhich are very much below the real needs. d. Work will be apportioned according to the best availability of \ncompetences and with a view to the maximum possible benefits :\n\nThe major technological hazards effort will be carried out by means of \nin-house-, cost shared-, and concerted actions, the occupational \nsafety through contracts, and the radiation protection through cost \nshared action. The work on risks in private environment will be carried \nout mainly by means of cost shared actions and to a lesser extend by \nthe JRC, whereas the work on fire safety by concerted- and cost shared \nactions, the efforts on special technologies for hazardous \nenvironments and on natural hazards through cost shared actions. e. Community funding required to support R, D&D in the above safety \n\nrelated areas for the period 1987 to 1991 is estimated between 230 and \n280 MioECUs. Additional to this amount is the research on \noccupational safety covered by the ECSC budget. It is estimated that the work on radiation protection will cover a \nsignificant part (35 to 45 %) of all pertinent national research \n(which in EUR 12 is estimated at 80 to 100 MioECUs/year) in \ncollaboration with almost all national centres of expertise. The \neffort on special technologies for hazardous environments and on \nnatural hazards could represent between 5 to 10 % of the Member States \nspendings in those fields. 4. 3 - 1\n\n4. 3. Environmental Protection\n\na. Preserving and improving the environment is now universally recognized \nas an absolute prerequisite to ensure man's survival and his material \nand psychological well-being. Long-term economic development is \ncontingent upon the conservation and wise use of natural resources. Of utmost importance is also the prospect of climate modification and \nconsequences thereof. Increasing emphasis is given also to the \nprotection and conservation of our cultural heritage. The problems involved are essentially of a trans-frontier nature. The \neconomic implications of environmental policy have made it imperative \nto give it a Community dimension. Science and technology are needed \nto provide a sound basis for regulations as well as the techniques \nneeded to correct or prevent environmental damage. Setting high \nenvironmental quality objectives spurs technical innovation. Industry \nis induced to develop environmentally safer technologies which may \nfind a market at home and abroad. b. Community cooperation in environmental research is thus particularly \nappropriate as it supports one of the main policies of the Community \nwhich must rest upon a body of sound scientific and technical \nknowledge. Whilst the EC research action in this vast and diversified \nfield should not, and could not, substitute national efforts which are \noften very important, it should coordinate them, complement them, and \nevaluate the results achieved. It can also mobilize, in large \ninternational projects (such as epidemiological surveys), the \nexpertise, skills and equipment spread over the territory of the \nCommuni t y. EC research on the environment must have the triple aim of :\n\n- solving immediate problems for the preparation or implementation of \n\ncurrent acts of the EC environmental policy;\n\n- identifying and investigating environmental issues which will emerge \n\nin the foreseeable future, in view of the often long lead time \nnecessary to obtain results;\n\n- developing the basic understanding of ecological processes, and of \n\nthe climate system. It should be stressed that the problems posed by the environment not \nonly need a multidisciplinary (hence often international) approach for \ntheir solution, but also, due to their strong economical implications, \nthey are of capital importance for resource planning in an integrated \neconomical unit such as the EC. c. EC environmental research was initiated in 1972 and has yielded many \n\nuseful results as attested recently by an evaluation panel. (Research \nEvaluation Report No 14, 1985). These results have been applied in \nthe formulation of environmental policy measures. 4. 3 - 2\n\nOver the years, research has evolved from a corrective to a more \npreventive approach, as well as towards more fundamental concerns. Consequently, the research efforts on straight-forward effects of \nmajor pollutants, on which now a considerable body of knowledge is \navailable, has been considerably reduced and is now limited to rather \nfew unsolved problems. For the 1987-1991 time frame it is proposed to carry out research \nunder this heading in the fields of environment proper, climatology \nand cultural goods. 1. Environmental research will deal in particular with :\n\n- detection, measurement, analysis and monitoring techniques for a \nwide range of pollutants and environmental conditions (including \naerospace remote sensing);\n\n- effects of pollutants on health and on ecosystems (e. g. consequences of \"acid rain\"), and on the cultural heritage \n(buildings, monuments);\n\n- assessment of human activities on environment quality, such as \n\ntesting and evaluation of chemicals;\n\n- elucidation of basic principles of environmental process \n\n(ecosystem research, bio-geochemical cycles);\n\n- development of technologies for the reduction and prevention of \n\npollution, and waste management;\n\n- restoration of the deteriorated environment, in particular of \n\ndamaged ecosystems. 2. Climatological research concerns a most important component of the \n\nhuman environment, the one upon which our harvests, water \nresources, health and energy needs depend. It should aim at a \nthorough understanding of the climate system, and at developing \ntechniques for climate forecasting and for assessing the \necological and societal consequences of any climate change, such \nas the one likely to occur in the course of the next century \nbecause of the warming induced by the atmospheric C02 increase due \nto fossil-fuel burning. In either case the inclusion of Spain and Portugal in the \nCommunity brings with it new or intensified environmental problems \n(e. g. water conservation, desertification) which must be taken \ninto consideration. 3. Research on the protection and conservation of the cultural goods \nis not limited to assessing the effects of pollution on materials \nalready mentioned, but has also to aim at establishing methods for \ndamage prevention, the elimination of the man-made increment to \nnatural decay and to investigate methods for the restoration of\n\n\firreplaceable cultural objects. historical buildings and freely accessible monuments, has to be \nenlarged to public collections of art, printings and books and \narcheological objects, etc. The emphasis, placed until now on \n\nEC research on environmental protection encompasses in-house, contract \nresearch and concerted actions. Tasks assigned to the JRC in this \nrespect tend to be those of a central nature such as the constitution \nof data bases (e. g. ECDIN on environmental chemicals) reference \nmeasurements for environmental monitoring (e. g. the Central Laboratory \nfor Air Pollution Measurements) the organization of joint field \nexperiments etc. non-Member States within the COST system, are carried out on subjects \nfor which a sizeable programme exists at the national level. Shared- \ncost contracts are the instrument used to fill research gaps and to \nstimulate cooperation between research organizations in the Member \nStates. Concerted actions, which involve several European \n\nIn financial terms, the EC effort should represent a significant \nfraction of the total amounts spent within the Community (EC plus \nnational programmes), in order to ensure an efficient coordination on \nEuropean level by means of complementary, gap-bridging contract \nresearch and concerted actions. public spendings in the Community for environmental research seems \nadequate to achieve this goal. A share of about 15 % of the total \n\nIn view of these considerations it is estimated that EC funding in \nenvironmental research should be between 285 and 320 MioECUs for the \n1987-1991 period. 5 - 1\n\n5. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT\n\na. The action concerned with a scientific and technical aid to \n\ndevelopment envisaged for the period 1987-1991 follows the first \nCommunity^programme \"Science and Technology for Development\"\n1983-1986. The latter represented the very first initiative aimed at \napplying science and technology to the solution of Third World \nproblems within a well structured multiannual R&D programme. The new Community action will continue to play an important role in \nthe revival of European tropical research, in decline after the \nacquisition of independence of former colonies. The new action must \nalso allow for a more extensive and successful participation of Third \nWorld research institutes in the research projects which interest \nthem. b. The action covers two main research areas:\n\n1. Tropical and subtropical agriculture including:\n\n- food production: development of food crops resistant to adverse \nnatural conditions (drought, disease, pests etc. ), improved \nmanagement of forage resources, fisheries and livestock (animal \ngenetics, veterinary medicine);\n\n- forestry production: species suitable for humid and arid zones;\n- land conservation and regeneration: protection from \n\ndesertification, improvement of water resources;\n\n- improvement of farming systems taking into account the needs of \nthe rural population and the preservation of natural resources;\n- post-harvest technology and product processing in liaison with \n\nhuman nutrition and animal feed. To support these activities, modern techniques such as remote\nsensing or techniques adapted to local needs (especially for energy\nsupply in rural areas) will be applied. 2. Tropical medicine, health and nutrition including:\n\n- transmissible tropical diseases (prevention, diagnosis, \n\ntreatment) and non-transmissible tropical diseases (such as \nhaemoglobinoses);\n\n- health systems and the population: socio-medical research carried \nout with the help of the populations with a view to organizing \nhealth systems; demographic studies and surveys, applied research \non populations in relation with ecosystems;\n\n- interdisciplinary research taking into account the agricultural, \n\nsocio-economic and medical aspects of nutrition into the problems \nof nutritional deficiencies, malnutrition, food toxicology. The research already undertaken or planned in the above-mentioned \nsectors contributes to the consolidation of the Community \n\"Development\" and \"Science and Technology\" policies. Science and \ntechnology are considered essential instruments of development which \non the medium-long run will make the developing countries true \npartners of the EC Member States. O. J. n\u00b0 L352 of 14. 12. 1982\n\n\fIn particular, Community-promoted research on tropical medicine offers \nmore opportunities to develop diagnostic tools and to prepare \nappropriate drugs and vaccines to fight the most frequent diseases, \nthus improving the world position of the Community from a \nhumanitarian, political and economical point of view. And the \nagricultural research, through Community action can count not only on \nthe European genetic resources, but also on those still largely \navailable of developing countries. The importance of this Community action resides also in the training \npossibilities and therefore in the learning opportunities it offers \nnot only to people from developing countries, but also to young \nEuropean scientists. Furthermore, the action, as well as other EC R&D programmes, will \npermit to avoid duplication of national and international efforts and \nwill make the results more meaningful and of wider application. The new action covers essentially the same sectors considered within \nthe first programme \"Science and Technology for Development\"\n1983-1986. The evaluation of the research. potential expressed by the \nabout 2. 000 proposals received in reply to the calls of the first \nprogramme and the analysis of the preliminary results of about 430 \nresearch contracts concluded have permitted to individuate the \nresearch priorities to be taken into consideration within the new \naction. In its implementation the action :\n\n- will place more emphasis on the stimulation of the research \n\nactivities of developing countries, thus improving or creating their \nendogenous capacities in science and technology;\n\n- will provide those countries with appropriate infrastructure and \nscientific equipment when necessary, according to appropriate \ncontractual procedures;\n\n- will contribute to the improvement of cooperation between scientists \n\nas well as to the setting up of associative networks;\n\n- will include an enlarged training component with possibility of an \nexchange of scientists between laboratories and/or assignment of \nexperts to projects requiring a competent aid;\n\n- will aim for a more effective application of the research results, \n\nfor the benefit of the people of developing countries. The action will be implemented by means of shared cost contracts \nbetween CEC and institutes from developing countries and member \nStates. However the possibility to organize some concerted actions, \nespecially for the creation of associative networks is not excluded. The estimate of the financial resources considered necessary for the \nimplementation of the new action is based on:\n\n- the research potential expressed in the course of the first \n\nprogramme, especially by developing countries;\n\n- the impact the action should have on the bilateral and multilateral \n\nactivities of Member States in order to ensure a coordination effect \n(7-8% of national R&D activities);\n\n- the impact on Community activities implemented in the framework of \n\nits development policy. 5 - 3\n\nThe overall financial means should amount between 100 and 200 MioECUs \nfor the period 1987-1991, taking into consideration the above \nconditions and the enlarged context (12 Member States). This \nenlargement certainly requires increased efforts for the attainment of \nthe objective of a common policy and a common structure in the \nimplementation of the new action, but it will also offer the \nopportunity to benefit from the historical links existing between the \ntwo new Member States and the Latin American countries. 6 \n\n 1\n\n-\n\n6. EUROPE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL POTENTIAL \nThe Researchers' Europe\n\na. To improve the Community's scientific and technical competitiveness by \n\nbreaking down the compartments in Europe's \"science space\" and \nestablishing a true \"researchers' Europe\"; this is a major requirement \nin the Community's medium and long term socio-economic development. b. Faced with the need to strengthen the effectiveness of their potential \n\nto undertake research and produce inventions, Member States have \nimplemented measures to stimulate scientific and technical creativity \nat a national, as well as at the international level. However these \nmeasures, which are often close to individual fields of activity (such \nas molecular biology) or exclusively linked to specific research \ntopics, and which are confined to what is essentially a national or \nbinational geographical area, correspond only partly, despite their \nundeniable value, to the constantly changing needs of the Community \nand its Member States. A multinational activity is therefore needed \nin order to reinforce and develop the range of existing measures. It would seem therefore that the Community level is the most \nappropriate one to achieve this aim. Modern science and technology \nrequires a multitude of views and complementary approaches, often of a \nmultidisciplinary character, which call for synergy between men and \nideas as well as for research teams possessing a certain \"critical \nsize\". This implies of necessity that there be a \"geographical \ncontext\" such as the Community, which is as big as possible. In these circumstances the Commission proposes to develop its activity \nin two main directions :\n\n1. Researchers :\n\nReducing administrative and social obstacles to the mobility of \nresearchers. Research training, developing specialities, supplementary training \nfor scientists. Developing intra-European scientific and technical cooperation and \nthe mobility of researchers. Retaining and supporting high calibre researchers in Europe. 2. Facilities :\n\nOptimising the development and exploitation of major scientific and \ntechnical installations. Eliminating obstacles to and providing help for the free \ncirculation of scientific and technical equipment. c. With its \"Plan to Stimulate European Cooperation and Scientific and \n\nTechnical Interchange 1985-1988\", which followed on from the \nexperimental activity 1983-1984, the Commission followed this route. Up to date some 650 teams of researchers in the Community have been \nlinked in this way, in 265 joint projects, and several dozen\n\n\f\"scientific networks\" have been set up thanks to the Community \n\naction, which has been recognised in all the circles concerned as a \nsuccess. It has aroused a deep interest, not just in the Member States some of \nwhich have now started similar activities themselves on a national \nlevel, but also in international organisations such as the Council of \nEurope and in European non-Member States (Austria, Finland, Norway, \nSweden, Switzerland). Some of the latter have officially made known \ntheir wish to take part in the action and, in accordance with the \nmandate given by the Council in March 1985, negotiations have been \nstarted to agree the conditions, particularly the financial conditions \nunder which such participation could take place. Encouraged by this success and by the interest which it has aroused \nthe Commission now proposes to build upon the activity which has been \ncarried out up to now. In this respect the Commission considers that \na particular emphasis should be placed on the social and cultural \naspects of the \"researchers' Europe\" and on making full use of the \nCommunity's potential so far as major scientific and technical \ninstallations are concerned. Avenues for actions :\n\n1. Researchers :\n\nThe Commission proposes to identify and implement contextual \nmeasures of an administrative and regulatory nature both to \neleminate obstacles and support mobility. Again, it is intended that incentives in the shape of financial \nsupport will be made available in various forms (research grants, \nlaboratory twinnings, operations contracts, sectoral \"bourses\", \nadvanced courses, scientific awards and prizes) to promote \ntraining, scientific and technical cooperations, the mobility of \nresearchers and the retention in Europe of high calibre researchers. 2. Facilities :\n\nThe Commission feels that it would be opportune on the one hand to \nprovide Community support so as to enable researchers in the \nCommunity to make use, free of charge, of time and experimentation \nfacilities at a major scientific and technical installation. In \nreturn, the installation could, thanks to the Community \ncontribution, be adapted, given special features and operated more \neconomically. With a view to involving, ultimately, 5% of European researchers in \ntransnational cooperation activities of this kind the Commission feels \nthat the goal of 2. 5% of researchers (10,000 people) should be adopted \nfor the year 1991. To this end and on the basis of the experience so far gained, the \nfinancial resources required may be estimated between 400 and \n500 MioEcus for the whole period 1987-1991 (corresponding to 0. 2% of \npublic R&D expenditure budgeted for the Europe of 12 during the same \nperiod). 7. 1 - 1\n\n7. GENERAL SUPPORT FOR SCIENTIFIC AMD TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT\n\n7. 1. Innovation\n\nThe European Council has underlined the importance of reinforcing the \nscientific and technical foundations of European industry and of \npromoting its international competitiveness. To this end, the Commission proposes to stimulate the whole innovation \nprocess in the Community through two specific fields :\n\n- an improved dissemination and exploitation of the results of Community \n\nresearch, demonstration and technological development (RDTD) \nactivities;\n\n- a strategic programme for the transnational promotion of innovation and \n\ntechnology transfer (SPRINT). 7. 1. 1. Dissemination and Exploitation of RDTD Results\n\na. The proposed amendments to the EEC Treaty explicitly confirm that \n\n\"dissemination and exploitation of the results of Community research, \ndemonstration and technological development (RDTD) activities\" \nconstitute one of the four inter-related types of action to be \nundertaken by the Community in the field of technology. In the context of a Community-wide market, improved dissemination and \nexploitation of results will lead, throughout the enlarged Community, \nto an increase in general scientific and technical knowledge, a \ngeneral improvement in economic competitiveness and an increase in the \nnumber of jobs created. Certain investigations indicate that, even \nwith the scarce resources so far available, this action has already \nled to the creation of about three thousand (direct and indirect) \npermanent jobs, at a cost per job substantially lower than costs which \nare usual in either the public or the private sector. About half of \nthese new jobs involve transnational activities. b. This horizontal action will be implemented to the benefit of all \n\nregions through three lines :\n\n1. An activity covering the dissemination of all Community RDTD \n\nresults including :\n\n- patent screening, filing and defending, to ensure that \n\nexploitable material is protected;\ntranslating Community RDTD results into several languages and \nproviding appropriate ways and means for dissemination to the \nscientific community, to decision takers in the public and \nprivate sectors and to the general public. 2. An activity covering the exploitation of the JRC's R&D results: \nmarket evaluation of JRC inventions; support for constructing \nprototypes and pilot plants; search for industrial partners for \nexploitation or further development; granting licences; publicity. 3. An activity covering the exploitation of the results from all other \n\nRDTD activities as far as the Community as such is involved \n(shared-cost actions, including demonstration projects, COST,\nEUREKA and cooperation agreements with third countries, etc. ) :\n\n- to ensure proper exploitation by adherence to the relevant legal \nand contractual obligations for protection, exploitation and \nlicensing in the interest of the Community;\n\n- to offer selective and precompetitive support in the field of \n\nprotection, exploitation and licensing, limited to certain types \nof contractors (research centres wholly or partly publicly owned, \nSMEs and universities), providing that the work has a \ntransnational character or cannot be adequately supported by \nnational measures and that provision is made via royalties for \nrepayment of the Community's financial support. The experience of the Commission's services has proved that these \ntasks are far better handled by an approach which enables specialized \nservices for the protection of inventions, the dissemination of \ninformation and the exploitation of research results to be put at the \ndisposal of individual research activities. A notable strengthening of this existing horizontal action, which \ncould be achieved at a cost modest in relation to the overall research \nbudget, would lead to benefits far in excess of that cost. In close collaboration with managers of RDTD activities, researchers \nand inventors and, where appropriate, the technical assistance of the \nJRC, the work listed under b. will be implemented - notably for \nreasons of competence, cost effectiveness and budgetary rules - by the \nCommission's specialized services (which should be adequately \nreinforced), assisted by external experts working under contract. Exploitation projects requiring the further development of inventions, \nor the realization of demonstration installations, will be carried out \nby external enterpreneurial bodies acting under contract with the \nCommi ssion. 1. 2. Strategic Programme for the Transnational Promotion of Innovation \n\nand Technology Transfer (SPRINT)\n\nThe proposed amendments to the EEC Treaty confirmed that \"The \nCommunity's aim shall be to stengthen the scientific and technological \nbasis of European industry and to encourage it to become more \ncompetitive at international level. In order to achieve this, it shall \nencourage undertakings including small and medium-sized undertakings, \nresearch centres and universities in their research and technological \ndevelopment activities; it shall support their efforts to co-operate \nwith one another, aiming, in particular, to enable undertakings to \nexploit the Community's internal market potential to the full _ _ \". Consequently a horizontal action is proposed aiming at the development \nof a European supporting infrastructure for innovation and technology \ntransfer, particularly for the benefit of small and medium-sized \nenterprises (SMEs). It has indeed been shown that SME's are not in a position to exploit \neffectively the results of research and to innovate without the \nsupport of an infrastructure giving them access, across national \nborders, to the finance, the information and the wide range of \nadvisory services, etc. , which they require. In this connection, it \nshould be remembered that it has also been shown that the largest \npotential for innovation is to be found in SMEs. It is thus fully in the interest of SME's that this infrastructure \nshould be Community-wide, because this enables them to take advantage \nof the size of the European internal market. This action is split into three chapters :\n\n1. The establishment of \"human networks\", namely tha transnational\n\ninterconnection of the various intermediaries that hold the know\u00ad\nhow which SMEs need : technology transfer specialists. Chambers of \nCommerce, technology management consultants, marketing consultants, \nventure capitalists, e t c _ _\n\n2. The development of \"instruments\", enabling SMEs (or the \n\nintermediairies that work for them) to have easy access to the \ninformation, originating from all Member States, which they \nrequire : technological conferences, information systems on \ntechnologies available for licensing or on the research \nlaboratories which can provide them with support, on technical \nstandards and specifications to be respected in each country, on \nresearch reports issued at a national level containing data which \ncould be exploited by industry, etc. 3. Systematic concertation between Member States on measures to be \ntaken at a national level to promote research, innovation and \ntechnology transfer, with the aim of not only enabling Member \nStates to take advantage of each other's experiences, but also to \nsuggest new measures to be taken at Community level. The proposed action is designed to follow on from a first 3 year \nexperiment, decided by the Council of Ministers on 25 November 1983, \nconcerning the \"Plan for the transnational development of the \nsupporting infrastructure for innovation and technology transfer\". The Commission has been implementing this plan for over 2 years. On \nthe basis of the experience acquired it can be confirmed that the \n\"infrastructure\" approach is essential. It has at the same time become \nvery clear that the most important elements of this infrastructure are \ntransnational \"human networks\" and an effective system of concertation \nbetween Member States. 7. 1 - 4\n\nIt should be pointed out that this concertation, apart from the \nexchange of experience to which it leads, provides feedback into the \nPlan and generates specific new actions to be undertaken at a \nCommunity level. The action requires both a number of preparatory studies or pitot \nprojects and the implementation of full-size transnational operations \non the basis of shared-cost contracts. * \n\n*\n\nThe financial resources necessary to carry out these activities are \nestimated between 80 and 150 MioECUs for the duration of the Framework \nProgramme. Additional funding for activities relating to dissemination \nand exploitation of research results will come from individual \nprogrammes. \u2605\n\f7. 2 - 1\n\n7. 2 \n\nCommunication and Information Networks and Scientific Data Bases\n\na. The establishment of Europe-wide communications and information \n\nnetworks is a key element to:\n\n1. Strengthen the European research infrastructure :\n\nFundamental, technological and engineering research requires good \ncomputer based communication media to help researchers\n\n- to work effectively while geographically dispersed, through \n\nbetter and quicker access to relevant information sources and \nimproved communication with other scientists;\n\n- and to sharpen their fundamental research capabilities in Europe \n\nin order to use them more quickly than our competitors. The creation of a European integrated computer network should \ncreate a network scientific culture, initiate and intensify \ncooperation between separate national research groups. 2. Improve the process and speed of innovation and stimulate the \n\nindustrial exploitation of industrial results, through the links \nand bridges provided between universities, industrial research \ncentres, standardisation specialists and marketing people. 3. Lead to consistent approach and implementation of European common \n\nstandards. a welcoming structure for EARN members when IBM finance ceases \nsupporting the EARN network). (Furthermore a European Computer Network should provide \n\nb. The objective is the provision of a common integrated computer \n\ncommunication infrastructure and associated services, using public \ndata networks and linking the computers and individuals of \nuniversities as well as academia state and industrial research \ncentres. It will allow exchange of data, software, messages and \nresearch results on a European-wide basis and also allow for the \nsharing of massive and expensive resources such as information data \nbases, super-computers, specialised services centres for expert \nsystems and artificial intelligence. This infrastructure will build upon efforts being made in order to \ndevelop and implement OSI standards and to provide the EEC with high \nspeed and/or broadband communication services (in the framework of \nESPRIT and of RACE). Created under the auspices of the Commission, the RARE association \n(R\u00e9seaux Associ\u00e9s pour la Recherche Europ\u00e9enne) aims to provide a high \nquality networking infrastructure using the data services operated by \nthe PTT s, for the support of research and academic endeavour on a \nEuropean basis. The European research network (ERN) constitutes another important \nEuropean project of which the Commission is a partner. It has similar \nobjectives. Internal discussions are currently taking place within \nthe Commission to define its active participation and contribution. 7. 2 - 2\n\nc. Motivation for EEC action :\n\n- use of EEC wide capabilities in R & D and contribution to the \n\ncreation of the European community of researchers;\n\n- coordinated approach required to develop and implement common \n\nstandards (in liaison with CEPT);\n\n- substantial cost savings compared to a multiplicity of incompatible \n\nnational networks designed for the same purpose;\n\nimprovement of European-wide transfer of technology, including SMEs \nand less favoured regions by setting down geographic barriers to \naccess of information. d. At this very preliminary stage, one could envisage a Community \n\ncontribution of approximately 20 MioECUs. A first estimate of the \nactual expenditure from the different national programmes of the \nCommunity is in the order of magnitude of 80 MioECUs per year. Furthermore part of the work which does not involve RDDT is carried \nout within other programmes such as INSIS and IT & T standardisation \naction plan. f. 5 - 1\n\n7. 3. Linguistic Problems\n\na. Language is the principal medium for human communication and for \n\nrecording of knowledge. languages two classes of problems arise which are both decisive for \nits success or even survival :\n\nFor the Community with nine official \n\n- Multilingualism : the national and cultural identity of the Members \nis inseparably tied to their national (and regional) languages. It \nis therefore a duty of the Community to make sure that all Members \ncan communicate with the Community institutions and with each other \nin their own languages, without being discriminated against. This \ncalls for fast, cheap and reliable translation and interpretation \nservices, which are only possible through an extensive employment of \nadvanced information technologies. Only if the language barriers \nare effectively overcome can Europe hope to avoid both external and \ninternal linguistic and cultural colonialism, with all its economic \nimplications, and to achieve equal chances for all its Members. - Language understanding : the Community and its Members are making a \n\nconsiderable effort to close the gap in the domain of advanced \ninformation technologies which are recognized as one of the main \nfactors for future economic growth. IT research includes as a \npriority area advanced information processing including knowledge \nengineering expert systems, man-machine communication (written and \nspoken), etc. Since the large majority of human knowledge is \nrecorded and communicated in natural language, the success of the \ntechnologies ultimately depends on our ability to open this \ninformation source to advanced information systems, and to \ncommunicate the knowledge to the users in their own language. Our competitors in the USA and Japan attribute a high priority to \nnatural language understanding in their respective IT programmes. Together with the hardware, they export in a growing measure natural \nlanguage components (mostly in English) such as text processing, data \nbases, speech synthesizers etc. At stake is not only the \ncompetitiveness of the Community in the fast growing language \nindustry, but ultimately its own identity. The multilingual dimension \nand the past efforts both at Community and at national level have \ngiven Europe a certain advance over its competitors in this domain. This advance must be maintained and increased through a coordinated \neffort of all those concerned. b. The long term objective of a Community R&D programme (coordinated with \n\nnational programmes) is the creation of methods, tools, technologies, \nknowledge bases and prototype systems which can become the basis for \nthe development of an autonomous and strong European language \nindustry. The principal motivation for a Community action is the fact \nthat the fundamental problems to be resolved, such as the analysis and \nsynthesis of written and spoken language, interfacing linguistic \nmodules with information systems etc. , are to a large extent common to \nall languages, and require common solutions. These common methods and \ntools should be used by the Member states (in cooperative ventures) to \ncreate the monolingual and multilingual analysis and synthesis \nmodules, which in turn can be integrated into a variety of (prototype) \napplication systems. While many of the problems are unlikely to be fully solved within this \ncentury and require long-term basic research, the main concrete lines \nof action for the period 1987-1991 are the following :\n\n- Completion by 1990 of a first multilingual prototype machine\n\ntranslation system (EUROTRA) capable of dealing with all official \nCommunity languages and operational in a limited subject field and \nfor limited text types. EUROTRA was approved by the Council in \nNovember 1982 (5 1/2 years, 16 million ECU). After the accession\nof Spain and Portugal the Commission has proposed an extension of \nthe programme by 18 months and of the funding by 11 million ECU to \ncover the increase of languages from 7 to 9 (and language pairs from \n42 to 72). - Support to the industrial development of an automatic translation \n\nsystem which can be used in a multitude of domains and environments \n(Community institutions, industry, commerce, services, information \nand documentation). The preparation of this programme should start \nin 1988, and the programme itself in 1990 (EUROTRA-II). - Development of methods and tools for the reusability of lexical \n\nresources in computerized applications, and creation of standards \nfor lexical and terminological data (LEXTERM). This action should \nalso include the support to the creation of national terminologies \nin domains where they are missinq (preparation phase 1987, execution \n1989)\n\nLong-term basic research for the next generation of high-quality \nmachine translation systems and other natural language processing \nsystems. This research should include advanced semantic methods, \nsubject field expert knowledge, inference techniques, interfacing of \nlanguage processing modules with information and expert systems, \nspeech analysis and synthesis (EUROTRA III). The cooperative decentralized organization of the EUROTRA project has \nproven its adequacy as it acted as a stimulating and catalyst factor. But it also showed some structural weakness of R8D in the domain of \nlinguistic problems at national level, which in a few cases lead to \nconsiderable delays in the start-up of the national contributions to \nthe programme. Especially objective-oriented contract research is \ninsufficiently organized in many of the Member States and future \nprogrammes should contribute to the improvement of the structures and \nto the training of professionals. For all projects a cost-shared action is foreseen. Projects with a \nprevalent research orientation should be funded by the public sector \n(Community, national contributions) while for projects with a clear \ndevelopment component contributions from the private sector should be \nexpected. The overall effort is estimated at about 280 MioECUs to which the \nCommunity would contribute between 80 and 100 MioECUs, the Member \nStates 80 MioECUs and the private sector 110 MioECUs. This Community \nlevel of effort would represent 15 to 20 % of the present overall \npublic effort of the Member States. 7. 4 - 1\n\n7. 4. Forecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools\n\n7. 4. 1. Forecasting (FAST)\n\na. Forecasting and assessing the implication and consequences of long \n\nterm scientific and technological change for the economic and social \ndevelopment of the Community Member Countries remains one of the \nprincipal tools available to the Commission in view of identifying new \nobjectives and new priorities areas for its action in the field of \nRDTD. b. During the execution of FAST II, an entire new generation of R&D \n\nprogrammes and actions has come into life (ESPRIT, RACE, BRITE, CUBE, \nSTIMULATION. ) which have increased the capacity of the Commission to \nanalyse tong term scientific and technological development and derive \nstrategic orientation. Furthermore, greater and more systematic attention is paid to \ntechnological change and its economic and social implications and \nconsequences by other services within the Commission (particularly by \nthe Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Education). The European Parliament itself has also decided in 1985 to set up a \nParliamentary office for the evaluation of scientific and \ntechnological choices. Thus, the FAST programme will no longer be the unique place within the \nCommission and the Community Institution where activities comparable \nto forecasting and assessment in the field of science and technology \nare carried out. A renewed interest is equally shown in the member countries, both at \nexecutive (government) and legislative (parliament) levels, into the \nanalysis of long term societal implications and consequences of \nscientific and technological development. These new developments call therefore for :\n\n1. an intensification of the specific role of the FAST programme;\n2. opening new directions in the FAST research approach and portfolio\n\nc - Ad 1 \u25a0 The intensification of the specific role of the FAST programme \n\nwithin the new Commission environment and in relation to recent \ndevelopments in the Member Countries. This means :\n\n- a strenghtened emphasis on the entire spectrum of\n\ntechnological \"families\" and particularly in the long term \nprospects of their integration (between IT, materials and \nbiotechnologies, between oploelectronics, IT automation and \nmaterials, etc. ) and the consequences for the European R&D \nstructure, industrial and education systems;\n\n\f7. 4 - 2\n\n- greater focus on assessment of the implications and \n\nconsequences of new emerging fields of science and technology \napplications;\n\n- a greater emphasis on the \"network\" approach, in order to \nbring together the forecasts and analyses made within the \nCommission and Community institutions, and in the Member \nStates, and to integrate their results in science and \ntechnology policy options. Ad 2. Opening new directions in research approach and portfolio :\n\nThis means :\n\n- improvement and diversification of the proper tools \n\n(information data bases, promotion and ad hoc European \n\"observatories\") for better observing and analysing the \nchanges in the scientific and technological system;\n\n- greater attention to the long term factors and dynamics in the \n\ninnovation processes, transfer and diffusion;\n\n- carry out, on a more systematic manner, studies focussing on \nthe world development, problems and prospects of science and \ntechnology, taking into account the accelerated \ntransnationalisation of economy, technology and R&D;\n\n- and, in close relation with IRIS, strengthening the links with \n\nthe world of producers and users of new application of \nadvanced science and technology. d. The work will be carried out as a shared costs action, as it is the \n\ncase since the beginning of FAST. e. The amount to be spent on this action during 1987-91 is estimated \n\nbetween 15 and 18 MioECUs. 7. 4. 2. Evaluation\n\na. A close scrutiny of scientific activities is necessary not only for \nthe development of more effective science policies, but also for \nensuring that in an era of growing demands for accountability, society \nat large is provided with the necessary assurances that public funds \nexpended on research are effectively contributing to the attainment of \nsocial and economic objectives set by the Community and its Member \nStates. Furthermore the increasing awareness of the importance of R&D \nfor economic growth has resulted in a growing recognition of the value \nof R&D evaluation. This is proven by the interest shown by the Member \nCountries and by several international organizations such as the UN \nand the OECD. (. h - 5\n\nb. For the period 1987-91 the Commission will continue to follow the \n\nprinciples exposed by the plan of action relating to the evaluation of \nCommunity R&D approved by the Council on 28 June 1983. This \nevaluation is performed at the level of each individual activity in \ntime to provide input for the formulation of the next programme. Its \nmethodology is based on the \"peer evaluation\" carried out by external \ngroups of independent experts, without neglecting, whenever possible, \nthe use of quantitative indicators. In order to carry out this activity in an effective way, the \nCommission will encourage research in this field in the Community and \ncontinue its efforts in the development of appropriate evaluation \nmethodologies and in the establishment of a Community evaluation \nnetwork. c. Evaluation techniques will reflect the growing Community R&D priority \n\ntowards programmes contributing to industrial competitiveness. This \nimplies that a specific effort will be devoted towards the analysis of \nall aspects contributing to industrial innovation and competitiveness. The importance of socio-economic impact assessments has been \nrepeatedly stressed by several Member States. A full consideration of \nthis aspect will require evaluations at a higher aggregation level \nthan carried out up to now. d. The amount to be spent on evaluation activities during 1987-91 is \n\nestimated between 10 and 12 MioEcus. 7. 4. 3. Statistical tools\n\na. Support of forecasting and evaluation in the form of comprehensive \n\nstatistical data bases is essential. Such support consists not solely \nof the data themselves but should also attempt to embody the expertise \nof those who collect and use the data. This support should be \ndeveloped in the form of knowledge based expert systems. The \nobjective of such systems is to improve the productivity of \nstatistical information by enhancing its value to the user. b. This activity should include a fundamental study of the problems \nunderlying the construction of expert systems in the field of \nstatistics, proposals for standards to be applied in order to ensure \ncompatibility of future work in this area and complete prototype \nsystems designed to operate in selected areas. specific results in the field of statistics, experience of more \ngeneral applicability will be acquired which will be relevant to the \nwider field of research in the development of expert systems. In addition to the \n\nA Community approach is necessary to coordinate and reinforce the \ncurrent efforts scattered in a few Member States by providing a \ngeneral integrating frame, and to develop common standards to promote \nthe generalised use of these new tools. c. This new Community activity should be carried through cost-shared \n\nprojects and would require an amount in the order of 5 MioECUs for the \n1987-91 period. This would represent 5 to 10 % of the efforts of the \nMember States in this field. 7. 5 - 1\n\n7. 5. International Cooperation\n\na. A more active scientific presence in developing countries is becoming \nan important part of the Community strategy. An appropriate response \ncan only be decided upon through a detailed knowledge of the needs of \nits partners. A true transfer of technology to developing countries \ncan only be achieved by strengthening this cooperation between Europe \nand these countries. As a consequence of the strengthening of scientific relations with all \ncountries,, economic opportunities arise through the opening up of \nexport markets and at the same time more assistance can be given with \nthe development of poorer populations. The individual countries of Europe have available a remarkable science \nand technology potential; however, ohly a collective effort will enable \nthe Community to respond to the increasing demand for cooperation from \ndeveloping countries. Scientific and technical cooperation provides one of the pillars on \nwhich increasingly rest the worldwide cooperative agreements which the \nCommunity signs with Third Countries. The industrialized countries, \nand the members of EFTA in particular, wish in effect to join the \nCommunity in order to increase their scientific potential and to \nrationalize the resources necessary to sustain a research effort. Developing countries, in their turn, await the Community's scientific \nand technical aid that is so necessary to speed up their development. b. A Community action was launched in 1984 with a modest budget, in order \n\nto support actions on scientific and technical cooperation with \nindustrialized countries on one hand and with developing countries, \nmore specifically non associated Third World countries, on the other. These scientific and technical actions aim at strengthening the \ncooperation established in a more general frame within other Community \npolicies. The objectives and the methods of carrying out international science \nand technology cooperation differ according to whether they relate to \ndeveloping countries or to industrialized countries. 1. For developing countries these actions are aimed either at \ncomplementing the R&D programme \"Science and Technology for \ndevelopment\" (see point 5) or at preparing future R & D \u00b7programmes. For developing countries, the need is for aid intended to \nstrengthen local research, especially through the establishment of \nlinks between European institutes and those in developing \ncountries. The joint execution of research work on topics of \ncommon interest is the final objective of the cooperation which we \nwish to attain. The main ways of achieving this objective are the following :\n\n- assistance with the establishment of research programmes;\n- training of scientists;\n- exchanges of information;\n- joint organization of seminars, workshops and conferences;\n- creation of research networks between European and Third World \n\ninstitutes;\n- joint research. 2. Scientific and technological cooperation with the industrialized \n\ncountries, on the other hand, aims essentially at strengthening \nexchanges of information and scientific personnel between the \nCommunity and these countries, in order to :\n\n- increase research capacities,\n- reduce research costs,\n- avoid duplication of research activities, and\n- coordinate the work involved. The principal actions which are in progress in this regard are the \nfollowing :\n\n- exchanges of information;\n- seminars, workshops;\n- organization of joint meetings;\n- visits and periods of training and information;\n- joint projects and exchanges of research workers. These actions are complemented, in the case of non-EC European \ncountries, by their direct participation in Community R&D \nprogrammes. The fields covered by this new initiative are most diverse and vary \naccording to needs and mutual interests. Agriculture, environment and \nnew technology have been the sectors in which the greatest number of \nresearch actions have been initiated, especially in developing \ncountries. Cooperation with industrialized countries, by contrast, is \ncentred in the field of more advanced technologies and fundamental \nresearch. Identification of themes for cooperation takes place jointly with the \npartners, and financial participation is also negotiated by mutual \nagreement. It is normally fixed with regard to the degree of \ndevelopment, especially scientific, and the financial capacity of the \ncountry concerned. With certain developing countries (China, the ASEAN \nstates, India, Brazil, Mexico, etc. ) the funding has been set, \ninitially at least, as almost entirely a charge on the Community. The tendency now, however, is to transform aid into a true cooperative \nrelationship and for the developing countries to be responsible for a \npercentage of the costs of the research activities. Among other things \nthis permits an increase in the number of activities that can be \ncarried out. The attainment of \"joint funds\" with our partners and the negotiation \nof framework-contracts are the important administrative and budgetary \ninstruments on which to base the enlargement of this international \ncooperation. 7. 5\n\nIn order to be able to respond to the demand for scientific cooperation \nwhich is destined to increase considerably, especially regarding the \nnewly associated countries in Latin America (and also following the \nCommunity entry of Spain and Portugal), substantial credits must become \navailable. A Community action, taking account of the needs to be met \nand the objectives to be followed, must be able to count on a sum \nestimated between 50 and 60 MioECUs for the period 1987-91 in order to \nbe of significance"} +{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a9490904-02b2-4498-944f-44d7c440ee59", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 788/86 of 17 March 1986 fixing the free-at-Spanish-frontier values applicable on imports of certain cheeses originating in and coming from Switzerland", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1986-03-17", "subjects": "Spain,Switzerland,cheese,free-at-frontier price,import policy", "workIds": 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"http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_non-member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Canada,European Atomic Energy Community", "date": "1986-03-06", "subjects": "Canada,EAEC,cooperation agreement (EU),nuclear energy,nuclear fusion,nuclear research,scientific cooperation", "workIds": "celex:21986A0211(01),oj:JOL_1986_035_R_0010_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Canada", "EAEC", "cooperation agreement (EU)", "nuclear energy", "nuclear fusion", "nuclear research", "scientific cooperation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f73d6286-c28a-4873-a6b3-231b426a9faa", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1986035EN. 01001001. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11. 2. 1986\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 35/10\n\n\n\n\n\nMEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING\nbetween the European Atomic Energy Community represented by the Commission of the European Communities and the Government of Canada concerning cooperation in the field of fusion research and development\nArticle I\nScope and objectives of the Memorandum\nThe Government of Canada and the European Atomic Energy Community represented by the Commission of the European Communities, hereinafter referred to as \u2018the Parties\u2019,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nrecalling the Framework Agreement for Commercial and Economic Cooperation between Canada and the European Communities of 6 July 1976 which provides in Article III. 2 for technological and scientific exchanges,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nrecognizing the mutual benefits which may be derived from cooperation in the field of fusion research and development,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nconsidering that the Commission of the European Communities is coordinating on behalf of the European Atomic Energy Community an extensive European activity on fusion and that the National Research Council of Canada is coordinating a recently established Canadian activity on fusion, and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nhaving in mind the development of closer collaboration in the future;\n\n\n\n\nhereby agree to cooperate in the field of fusion research and development and in particular on those areas which are listed in the Annex to this memorandum. Article II\nModalities of cooperation\nThe forms of cooperation will comprise essentially the following:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nexchange of information, including progress reports and other non-confidential scientific results which the parties have the right to disclose and which are either in their possession or available to them;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nmutual participation in scientific meetings organized by either Party;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nexchange of experts, for which each Party will bear the personnel expenses for the secondment of its own experts;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nconduct of joint experiments, studies and projects as agreed by the Joint Committee mentioned below, especially with regard to NET (Next European Torus) and other facilities of both Parties;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nexchange of materials, equipment and instrumentation. Article III\nImplementation and programme review\nIn order to implement the cooperative activities referred to above, the Parties agree to establish a joint committee composed of two representatives from each Party. On the Canadian side, the National Research Council is hereby designated as the executing agency which will appoint the Canadian representatives to the joint committee. Implementation and details regarding the cooperative activities will be established by unanimous agreement of the joint committee. These activities will be compatible with those undertaken in the framework of the International Energy Agency and in which both Parties participate. Progress reports may be submitted to the preparatory and general cooperation subcommittee of the joint cooperation committee, under the Framework Agreement mentioned above. The joint committee will meet as necessary and at least once a year, alternately in Europe and Canada. In the interval between meetings, the joint committee may make decisions by an exchange of correspondence. One year's notice of termination of any cooperative activity will be given to the Parties through the joint committee. Article IV\nSource of funds\nThe activities carried out under this memorandum will be subject to and dependent on funds and manpower available to each party. Each party will bear the costs of its own participation in cooperative activities under this memeorandum. Article V\nEffective date\nThis Memorandum of Understanding will be effective commencing with the later of the two dates on which it is signed and subject to Article III will remain in force for a period of five years from the effective date unless previously extended by agreement between the parties. Signed at. on. in duplicate in English and French, both texts being equally authentic. For the European Atomic Energy\n\n\nCommunity represented by the Commission of the European Communities\n\n\n\n\nFor the Government of Canada\n\n\n\n\n\nANNEX\nFusion R & D topics which have been identified in particular for EAEC/Canada cooperation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nTokamak physics including auxiliary heating, refuelling, diagnostics, data acquisition, and control instrumentation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nFusion fuels including requirements for the managing of tritium and possible arrangements for its supply\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nRemote manipulation\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nSafety and environment problems related to fusion\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nHigh-power electrotechnology"} +{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f7538243-878c-4766-9c30-0f2aa2e1bb53", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 783/86 of 6 March 1986 on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters between the European Economic 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