diff --git "a/36_years1988-06.jsonl" "b/36_years1988-06.jsonl"
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+++ "b/36_years1988-06.jsonl"
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9012a579-65bc-4288-8232-13f4580bf433", "title": "Written Question No 608/88 by Mr Pierre-Benjamin Pranch\u00e8re to the Commission: Shipment of Community agricultural exports by sea", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,PRANCHERE", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "United States,agricultural product,export,freight rate,maritime transport,ship's flag", "workIds": "celex:91988E000608", "eurovoc_concepts": ["United States", "agricultural product", "export", "freight rate", "maritime transport", "ship's flag"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9012a579-65bc-4288-8232-13f4580bf433", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4c5fa1ec-c29c-4557-9dad-e15bdc8f24e1", "title": "REINFORCING COOPERATION BETWEEN EUREKA AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#communication_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#document_com_other_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "EU research policy,Eureka,industry-research relations,innovation,international cooperation,research and development,research expenditure (EU),research programme,technical cooperation,technological change", "workIds": "celex:51988DC0291,comnat:COM_1988_0291_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU research policy", "Eureka", "industry-research relations", "innovation", "international cooperation", "research and development", "research expenditure (EU)", "research programme", "technical cooperation", "technological change"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4c5fa1ec-c29c-4557-9dad-e15bdc8f24e1", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES \nDE LA COMMISSION \n\nCOLLECTION RELIEE DES \nDOCUMENTS \"COM\" \n\nCOM (88)291 \n\nVol. 1988/0100 \n\n\fDisclaimer \n\nConformement au reglement (CEE, Euratom) n\u00b0 354/83 du Conseil du 1 er fevrier 1983 concernant \nl'ouverture au public des archives historiques de la Communaute economique europeenne et de \nla Communaute europeenne de l'energie atomique (JO L 43 du 15. 2. 1983, p. 1) modifie en dernier \nlieu par le reglement (UE) 2015/496 du Conseil du 17 mars 2015 (JO L79 du 25. 3. 2015, p. 1), ce \ndossier est ouvert au public. Le cas echeant, les documents classifies presents dans ce dossier \nont ete declassifies conformement a !'article 5 dudit reglement ou sont consideres declassifies \nconformement aux articles 26(3) et 59(2) de la decision (UE, Euratom) 2015/444 de la \nCommission du 13 mars 2015 concernant les regles de securite aux fins de la protection des \ninformations classifiees de l'Union europeenne. In accordance with Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 354/83 of 1 February 1983 concerning \nthe opening to the public of the historical archives of the European Economic Community and the \nEuropean Atomic Energy Community (OJ L 43, 15. 2. 1983, p. 1 ), as last amended by Council \nRegulation (EU) 2015/496 of 17 March 2015 (OJ L 79, 27. 3. 2015, p. 1 ), this file is open to the \npublic. Where necessary, classified documents in this file have been declassified in conformity \nwith Article 5 of the aforementioned regulation or are considered declassified in conformity with \nArticles (26. 3) and 59(2) of the Commission Decision (EU, Euratom) 2015/444 of 13 March 2015 \non the security rules for protecting EU classified information. In Obereinstimmung mit der Verordnung (EWG, Euratom) Nr. 354/83 des Rates vom 1. Februar \n1983 Ober die Freigabe der historischen Archive der Europaischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft und \nder Europaischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI. L 43 vom 15. 2. 1983, S. 1 ), zuletzt geandert durch die \nVerordnung (EU) Nr. 2015/496 vom 17. Marz 2015 (ABI. L 79 vom 25. 3. 2015, S. 1 ), ist dieser Akt \nder Offentlichkeit zuganglich. Soweit erforderlich, wurden die Verschlusssachen in diesem Akt in \nObereinstimmung mit Artikel 5 der genannten Verordnung freigegeben; beziehungsweise werden \nsie auf Grundlage von Artikel 26(3) und 59(2) der Entscheidung der Kommission (EU, Euratom) \n2015/444 vom 13. Marz 2015 Ober die Sicherheitsvorschriften \nfur den Schutz von EU \nVerschlusssachen als herabgestuft angesehen. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \n\nCOM (88) 291 \n\nfinal \n\nBrussels, 24 June 1988 \n\nREINFORCING COOPERATION BETWEEN EUREKA AND THE \n\nEUROPEAN COMMUNITY \n\n(Communication from the Commission). \\ \n\\ \n\nREINFORCING COOPERATION BETWEEN EUREKA AND THE EUROPEAN COMUNITY \n\n1. Technological cooperation is a powerful factor in European integration. The success of our programmes such as ESPRIT, BRITE and RACE, the progress \nwithin the Eureka framework and in the European Space Agency, each \ndemonstrates that the pooling of resources, efforts and talents as well as \nthe sharing of risks, offers Europe a unique chance of making up lost \nground and establishing. a-leading role in most of the new high technology \nsectors. With that end in view the Single European Act provides for different types \nof European cooperation - the Framework Programme itself, coordination of \nnational policies, joint ventures and agencies, supplementary programmes \nand participations. THE ORIGINS OF EUREKA \n\n2. EUREKA was launched in 1985 as a new framework for fostering transnational \n\ncooperation in Europe on high technology R&O. Its essential features were a concentration on R&O closer to the \nmarket-place than Community programmes;\u00b7 wider geographical coverage than \nthe Community Call the EFTA countries and Turkey are members in addition to \nthe Twelve); and a different institutional framework in which the \ninitiative for projects came essentially from enterprises and research \ninstitutes. Governments concentrated on helping to provide the right policy framework \nin which such projects could flourish, without seeking to define priorities \nfor research aimed at improving Europe's competitive position. THE COMMISSION'S ROLE \n\n3. From the outset the Commission has regarded Eureka as complementary to the \n\nCommunity programmes in R&O. But with the aim of speeding up the improvement in Europe's competitive \nposition - notably in the context of competition between Europe, Japan and \nthe USA -\nhenceforth be strengthened. the Commission believes that this complementarity should \n\nIt sees this as an important means of encouraging research close to the \nmarket and of associating non-Community European countries in Europe's \ncooperative efforts. I \n\ni \n\ni. ' \n\n4. In its Communication to the Council of November 1986 1 \n\nthe Commission \n\noutlined the first set of measures which it proposed to take in order to \nencourage synergy between Community programmes and Eureka projects, both on \na case-by-case basis (though its involvement in specific projects) and in \nthe wider context of the Community's responsibilities for fostering an \neconomic and business environment favourable ~o the success of~~~ \ntransnational R&O ventures in Europe. ' \nS. The annex sets out what has been achieved so far on the basis of the \n\n\u00b7\u00b7-<\u00b7. \u2022,. , \n\napproach adopted in COMC86) 664 final. It demonstrates that the Commission \n\nc. ' is already involved directly in a number of important Eureka projects. \u00b7 \n\n\"?f \n\n,. ,~~!T;\u00b7~~:~,::\u2022~\u00b7c\u00b7\\ }tE\u00b7:!-~S-\u00b7JJofU~~:=\u00b774. ~ \n\n'. J. 1. ,,;;;'. :'':\u2022L'. ?Yl '!:,}~::::~::~ ~i,~\\,~~\u2022/~O?. ~//i',;,~_:/,;''~;::\u00b7. t\", v \":\u00b7. \u00b7~. ';,;~. ,,;. i':. :\u00b7:,,\u00b7t\u2022: \n\n\u00b7, ~ \n\n\u2022 \n\nTHE STRENGTHENING OF COOPERATION BETWEEN EUREKA ANO THE COMMUNITY THAT IS ~--\nREQUIRED. -,. <\u00b7ic,. ,,,. c. ,\u00b7=. i \u00b7\u2022 \n\n\u00b7 ~-\n\n,. ,. \u2022\u00b7 \n\n\u00b7. \u00b7,\"b. ,\u2022~ \nt \n\n,l\u00b7,,\u2022. _\u2022_,,;,\u2022;. :1. :-:. f':,)'i\u00b7,\"\u00b71/j. ~. -. :J\u2022;,,:I' \n\n6. But the time is now ripe to go fu~th~r:_~/~;:: -~\u00b7\u00b7,:,(~r:~-~:\u2022sJ,;(\\~ ('<;:-\u2022~\u00b7:1c\u00b7\u2022. d \n\nti \u00b7; l\u00b7\\} \nr,,) \n,. ;~q!. ,r\u00b71. ~!n. ,~ \nSince the launch of Eureka and the Commission's first policy position in \nNovember 1986, several factors have altered the environment in which the \nCommission's guidelines were established: \n\nh. \"'. \u2022,. '. ~:i,\u00b7:~f\u00b7. ~7)0. ,_ \n~ \n\nrn~_-,,_-. ~ \n\n-:;~1. ~-' \u00b7r \n\n\u20221!';\u20224(\\~-(,'if'l. f \n\nl'. ,\u00b7,:. :\u2022l'\u00b7 \n\n!i~\u00b7. , \n\n, \n\n' \n\n~-\n\n1 \n\n, \n\nplaying an important role. Ca) Eureka projects often cover fields in which the Community is already. \"',. ,:,. ;;\u2022 :\u00b7. -. s \ni:\u00bbr. \u2022:~---. ,-,\u00b7\u2022~ l~t\u2022';, ~-. l:,,~';;\\,,') ')\u00b7\u00b7\u2022~;~:);\u00b7 ~f \",\u2022: ;:\u2022t;. ~'i\u00b7\". i\u2022'. t,):l \n;\"t. /,. ,. ,t. , \n\n-. -:-;. ,,. ,. nr r. --,,. M\u00b7\u00b7\",f<;;\u00b7t1. 0- j \n\n\u2022 :-\u00b7\u00b71;11\u00b7. >-. -\u00b7 t \n\n'. r\u00b7\u00b7:,1;. \u2022,'l-\n\n\u00b7-,;:~ \n\n,. ,:~:. :. ~J \n\nl: \n\nOn the one hand, Eureka projects have been more heavily concentrated in the \npre-competitive field that was foreseen fo 1985. > r::~-ild~,:; :\u00b7 \n\n~~. :_r \n\n\u00b7:. -~~ \n\nf~\u2022. -. __\u20221;. _;f. J,. ,~,,:,. ,~ \n\n,. ,. ,. -t~. \u00b7'-. _. ~. :~\u00b7\u2022\u2022\u2022;'\"(\u00b7'\"~\u00b7\u2022, v\u00b7~'\"rnU':. \"1. r/,i:f) t~. e-(i!. ' t 1. 1 :;\u2022,:;,\u2022 \". d \n;_ \n!;,Z\")S. Jq. :. ~Jt\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7;;,m \n\nThis is particularly clear. in the case of the large infrastructure projects \nCEUROTRAC and EUROfllAR in the field of the environment, COSINE in that of i \ninformation networks) which require public participation and a governmental_ \nframework. \u00b7, t,r. :' \n\n,;, - \u00b7\u2022\u2022 \u00b7 -\u2022\u00b7\u00b7 \n\n; -. ;;;. 1-: \n\nThis has also led to a larger call on public finance as well as sever\u2022 10~ \ndifficulties in attracting private finance \u2022. ,,\u00b7?. :,,,1 ~ 2 -;:-\u2022~\u00b7r 1,\u00b7F~ ;\u00b7t:,vz n;. ;i-,:,; nr \nrl;\"1\u00b7~~=-~:'~~~~\u00b7-~\u00b7-,. ~ 01 \n\n~~. ';~ t. i\u00b7~rrf1. r. l \")({\u2022\" t f;:;. --::\u2022\"~~-. ::;,:. ~;:::if \n\n:,. r,. ~:. j;. ~~;:fJi-\n\nl~i\"t,~\u00b7\u00b7 \n\n\"];\". 7. ;_>::-\n\n,~ \n\nOn the other hand; some of the larger Eureka projects or groups of projects. _ \n- such as PROMETHEUS (transport), EUROLASER, FAMOR (robotics) - are \ndirected at research areas where it is particularly important to define the \u00b7 1\nrespective roles of the different actors if the risk of overlap is to be \navoided \u2022 \n\n\u00b7V \n\n,_. -, t v. \"\u2022 >\u00b7. '. -. \u00b7,. '. ;. , \n\n,;_ \n\n!'- { :;-t\u00b7i ,J ~YJG E ~~n ;;;i. rl m. ?' :: c; '. ;r'. ~;t:? :;~;-\\ ~ ;:;} \\\\:~:: ~'\u2022. l:i;:~:;1 \u2022 f. Cb) The Community has adopted the Framework Programme. \u00b7. \u2022. , \n\n;:. ;;, \n\nt\u00b7. '. '\u00b7t\u00b7\u00b7:. \\-,,,_:_. \u00b7\u2022\" ~\u00b7> 1J; 1 ;:\u00b7 \n\n:;:lJ fJ:1/i\u00b7v Ju~\\. , \n\nThe Council has already adopted specific programmes of which the estimated \n\u00b7 cost is equivalent to about 45% of the amount deemed necessary for the :~,,1. application of the Framework Programme; and other proposals covering more \nthan a further 30% are already before the Council. These programmes aim \nprincipally to encourage cooperation in the pre-competitive or basic 3 ~\u2022 1 ' \nresearch fields. 1 The future orientation of certain Eureka project, notably \nthose in their definition phases, is less clearly def;ned. -:;,' 1''; ':\"' __ ,, 1 '\u2022\u2022_,,. ,. 1 COM(86) 664 Final, 20 Nov. 1986. The strengthening of ties between Eureka and the Community would help to \nestablish a strategic vision linking pre-competitive actions with those \nclose to the market. -\n\nCc) Europe needs to ensure rapid progress in sectors of crucial importance \n\nfor the future, such as m1cro-electron1cs, aeronaut1cs, \nsupraconduct1vity, biotechnology and the environment. areas Eureka projects are in preparation. One example of strategic \nimportance in the field of micro-electronics is JESSI. In some of these \n\nCd) EFTA countries are now more closely associated with the Community's R&0 \nefforts as a result of bilateral agreements giving them access of \nvarious kinds to Community programmes, alongside their long-standing \ncooper,ation with the Community through the COST mechanism. The Commission considers that closer international cooperation in R&D, \nalready mentioned in Article 130 N of the Treaty, is an important \nelement in external policy. 7. All these factors point to the conclusion that it would now be right to \nclarify the Community's objectives vis-a-vis Eureka and to reinforce the \ninstruments applied in pursuit of them. The memorandum from the Presidency of the Council which was circulated to \nMember States in April 1988 sets out the arguments. 8. Against that background the Commission considers that the Community should \ncontribute more to the success of Eureka by measures in five fields: \n\n- practical steps to improve the links and to reduce the possible overlap \n\nwith Community programmes; \n\n- financial participation in Eureka projects or project phases that are \n\nupstream of development for the market; \n\n-\n\nrecourse to the possibilities offered by Articles 130 Land 130 M \n(supplementary programmes and participation); \n\n- measures to attract private capital to Eureka projects or project phases \n\nthat are close to the market; \n\n- measures to improve the economic and business environment. <a> reinforcing the links and reducing the overlaps: establishing solid \n\ncomplementarity between Eureka and Community programmes in order to \nensure continuity \n\n9. The Commission intends to ensure greater complementarity and continuity \n\nby: \n\n-\n\nredoubling its existing efforts to ensure that potential Eureka\u00b7 \nparticipants are fully aware of the opportunities offered by Community \nR&D programmes (through ad hoe workshops, active involvement in Eureka's \nown information efforts etc); \n\n- working. directly with the national officials concerned to identify at the \nearliest possible stages possible links with the Community programmes and \nways in which the most effective synergy can be developed; \n\n\u2022 \n\n- ensuring, through its participation in the steering committees of the \nlarger Eureka projects that work programmes and procedures can be \ndeveloped that\u00b7minimise the overlap with Community programmes. , \n\n10. All these actions will only be effective as long as the Commission receives \ntimely and adequate information on projects. Without this it will not be. in a position to make its contribution under the most satisfactory \nconditions. (b) Helping to finance pre-competitive Eureka projects \n\nThere are several posibilities for the Commission. ~1. The Commission envisages direct participation by the Joint Research Centre \nin consortia presenting Eureka proposals, in those areas where it has the \nrequisite skills and expertise. In line with its new focus on research that is more oriented towards the \nneeds of industry, the JRC intends already to carry out four research \nprojects in support of the Eureka environmental project EUROTRAC. Negotiations are also at an advanced stage for participation in a Eureka \nproject on industrial safety. The Centre will be looking for all further \nopportunities to participate in these fields, as well as in the field of \nnon-nuclear energy \u2022. 12. The Community's research programmes in specific fields are open to \n\nsubmissions for financial support from participants in Eureka projects in \nthe areas concerned. Funding, normally on a shared cost basis, will be available for projects of \na pre-competitive, pre-normative or non-competitive nature that are \nsuccessful through the normal transparent selection procedures applying to \nthe programmes concerned. Within the existing restricted financial ceiling, however, the Commission \nis unable to participate financially in more then 15-20X of the proposals \nmade to it. Moreover, the percentage is falling, with the Commission \nhaving to reject an increasing number of good proposals. \u00b7,; \n\n13. The scope for financing Eureka projects in this way is therefore not large. The real solution is to increase the budget available for the Community \nprogrammes. y \n\n,. :. , \n,\u2022: \n\u2022 ,A\u00b7: \n\nThe extra efforts in R&0 that will be required will be specified in the \nrevision of the Framework Programme, in line moreover with the decision of \nthe European Council of 11 and 12 February 1988 taken in the framework of \nthe financial outlook for the period 1988-1992 (Chapter F, Page 28). This revisjon will be the right occasion for considering the replies to \nthe challenges cited in paragraph 6c above. The Commission is ready to \npresent a first outline of its ideas on this subject to the Council in the \nautumn. Cc) ,recourse to the possibilities offered by Articles 130 Land 130 M \n\n(supplementary programmes and participations). 14. Supplementary programmes and participations were foreseen in the Single \nEuropean Act as a means of enlarging the array of types of Community \nintervention, and of ensuring the necessary flexibility according to the \nactions envisaged. The advantages for the Community are essentially: \n\n-\n\n-\n\nthe scope for carrying out actions which do not necessarily interest all \nMember States but which nevertherless are in line with the main \nobjectives of Community action; \n\nthe possibility of launching such actions going beyond those that could \nbe financed form the Community's own resources and of mobilizing national \nfinancial resources beyond those foreseen in the Framework Programme. These forms of cooperation are particularly interesting in the context of \n\n'the Commission's efforts to encourage better coordination of national \n\npolicies. They could also be used to support national actions in Eureka \nprojects, notably in strategic areas such as micro-electronics, in \nparticular the JESSI project. 15. Recourse to complementary programmes for Eureka projects that are of \ninterest for the Community and which require a special commitment by \ncertain Member States, does not inevitably mean financial support. The Community's contribution could take the form of project management or \ntechnical assistance. Clearly the Commission could also intervene directly by means of the budget \nof the Framework Programme, provided that the projects concerned were \nlinked to the objectives of the Framework Programme. !Piiit'1Pfffi\u00a7?lfWST1Pl57W~PmTrrr:s \n\n16. In its first outline of the rev1s1on of the Framework Programme the \nCommission intends also to examine in detail the possible modes of \nintervention, in particular the possibilities offered by Articles \n130 Land 130 M. It will also examine the various loan possibilities. Cd) Mobilizing private finance \n\n17. The Commission has transmitted to the Council and to the Parliament a \n\nCommunication outlining a series of measures to facilitate the financing of \n\n_ transnational technological cooperation in Europe. 18. Several possibilities are envisaged: \n\n-\n\nthe promotion of the investment fund EUROTECH CAPITAL, which would take \nshares in high-risk long-term, high-technology projects, could be a key \nelement for the private sector. The Commission envisages an initial financial contribution from the \nCommunity. risk insurance for advanced technology projects, developed in close \ncollaboration with Eureka. This would be a mechanism to be put in place by the private insurance \nsector. But the Commission is ready to make a financial contribution to the \nlaunching of a pilot project which would allow the promoters of advanced \ntechnology projects to benefit - over 5 years -\npremia related to protection against certain risks. from reduced insurance \n\nThe financing of the pilot project will be accompanied by an information \ncampaign by the Commission directed at all the interested parties \n(promoters, financiers, insurers, agents) and a programme of cooperation \nbetween the Commission services and the insurance companies to help risk \nevaluation. as already indicated in its Communication, the Commission also intends to \ncontribute to better information on the financing needs of high \ntechnology projects. (e) Improving the economic and business environment \n\n19. Further progress towards completion of the Community's Internal Market \n\nProgramme will help to improve the environment in which Eureka and other \nadvanced technology projects can thrive. Moreover, the Commission insists \non the need to improve the legal, fiscal and regulatory framework covering \ntransnational cooperation between companies. Measures of particular importance in this context involve the prevention of \nnew technical obstacles to trade; and the opening-up of national public \nprocurement to general advertising, competitive tendering and \nnon-discriminatory selection from tenders received. The same is true of the Commission's constructive approach in the \napplication to high-technology projects of the Community's state aid \nrules; and a number of measures intended to develop a more rational system \nof intellectual and industrial property rights throughout the Community. The Commission will also continue to work closely with the EFTA countries \nin the discussions concerning joint measures on technical standards, \nintellectual and industrial property rights, state aids and public \nprocurement which are already under way. These will be helpful in the context of Eureka projects involving \nparticipants from the Community and EFTA countries. CONCLUSIONS \n\n2O. The actions outlined above are important new initiatives in promoting \n\nsynergy between the Community and Eureka, in reducing the risks of overlap, \nand in developing continuity between pre-competitive actions and those \nclose to the market. They bear witness to the importance of the Community \nrole. The further success of the Eureka venture will not however depend solely on \nthe role which the Community can play. It would be unreasonable to suppose \nthat the Community budget could shoulder the financial burdens for projects \nthat require major public financial support, given the limited resources \navailable under the Framework Programme. But the Commission is confident that the measures proposed will make a \nmajor contribution to the pursuit of the goal of improving European \ncompetitiveness which the Community shares with Eureka. The Council is therefore invited to endorse the actions proposed in this \nCommunication. q \n\nANNEX \n\nEUREKA AND COMMUNITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: \n\nPROGRESS TO DATE \n\n1. Introduction \n\n1. 1 The Communication itself outlines the new actions proposed' \nby the Commission to reinforce cooperation over the coming \nThis more detailed annex reviews cooperation to \nyears. date, \nin the \nCommission's earlier Communication COM( 86) 664 final of 20 \nNovember 1986. It \n\nthe guidelines set out \n\nlight of \n\nthe \n\nin \n\n0 \n\nrecalls \nthe essential \nCommunication (paras 2. 1 - 2. 3 >; \noutlines how EUREKA has evolved in the meantime \n(paras 3. 1 - 3. 8); and \nsummarises the actions taken by the Commission as a \nf9llow-up to COM(86)664 (paras 4. 1 - 4. 7). the earlier \n\nfeatures \n\nof \n\n1. 2 Appendix I \n\nAppendix II \n\nprovides summary information on some of the \nlarger EUREKA projects. summarises the involvement of the Commission \nin specific EUREKA projects. Appendix III and IV show the evolution of EUREKA projects \n\nsince 1985. 2. The Current Guidelines \n\n2. 1 The Commission's earlier Communication drew attention to the \nown \nEUREKA \nsimilarities between \nprogrammes as regards their main areas of research and their \n(to help Europe master and develop \nultimate objectives \nadvanced \nfuture \ncompetitiveness). It also highlighted the main differences \nas regards: \n\nthe Community's \n\ntechnologies \n\nessential \n\nits \n\nand \n\nto \n\nEUREKA embraces all the EFTA \ngeographical coverage. countries and Turkey, as well as all the Member States \nof \n(However, special arrangements have subsequently been \nnegotiated with 5 EfTA countries which provide for \n\nthe European Community \n\nthe Commission \n\nand. ,. specific \nprogrammes). forms of cooperation with \n\nthe Community \n\n2 \n\nstrategic whole \n\nthe institutional framework. Community R&D programmes \n( the Framework \na \nfrom part of \nProgramme) prepared with advice \nfrom \nindustry and research institutions and agreed by the \nCouncil of Ministers. the \nCommunity budget is available under specific Community \nprocedures, mostly on \nshared-cost basis, with \nprojects from all the Community countries competing for \nfunding. Financial support \n\nfrom experts \n\nfrom \n\na \n\nof \n\nis \n\nEUREKA \n\nstatus \n\nthe Governments of \n\nThe initiative for EUREKA projects, on the other hand, \ncomes from the industrial and other partners concerned. Granting \nexclusive \nthe countries \nresponsibility of \nthe participants are situated,. once certain \nwhere \ncommon criteria have been met. The projects are \nsubsequently announced officially at regular meetings \nof the EUREKA Ministerial Conference. But there is, \nand no \nquite deliberately, no strategic \ncentral \nfinance. Participants \nfinance, where \nrequired, from their own national authorities. framework, \nproject \n\nfor \npublic \n\ncompete \n\nbudget \n\nEUREKA \n\nthe \n\nfor \n\n, \n\nthe nature of the R&D work. The Community programmes \nare concentrated essentially on R&D \nupstream of \nindustrial or commercial_,application for the market \nplace. The aim behind EUREKA, on the other hand, was \nto stimulate projects that would lead directly to the \ndevelopment of products, processes and services with a \nmarket potential. It was also accepted, however, that \nEUREKA could embrace advanced technology projects aimed \nat the creation of the technical prerequisites for a \nmodern \nof \nand \ninfrastructure \ntransboundary problems. solution \n\nthe \n\nat \n\n2. 2 The Communication went on to outline ways \n\nthe \ncomplementary features of the two frameworks for cooperation \ncould be developed to mutual advantage through actions by \nthe Commission: \n\nin which \n\nindividual \n\nfor \nprogrammes \n\nby establishing appropriate case-by-case cooperation \narrangements \nto \ntechnical \nCommunity \nassistance; by facilitating information exchanges and \ncontacts between project participants; and by adjusting \nthe \nplanned \nCommunity programmes so as to take account of the wider \nneeds of specific EUREKA projects>; \n\ntechnical objectives or \n\ncontent of \n\n(notably, \n\nprojects \n\nthrough \n\nlinked \n\n\fI. (, \n\n\". ; \nj ; \n\u2022 ; \n\n; \n\nby Commission \nharmonized \nstandards which would facilitate \nproducts resulting from EUREKA projects; \n\nsupport \nimplementation \n\nfor \n\ncommon \n\nof \n\nthe definition \n\nnorms \n\nthe marketing \n\nprogress \n\nthrough \nCommunity's Internal Market which would create \nright economic and business environment; \n\nestablishment \n\nthe \n\nin \n\nof \n\n3 \n\nand \nand \nof \n\nthe \nthe \n\nby the Commission's examination of possible ways \nfacilitating access to \u00b7private sector finance,. and \nmaking available Commission expertise in the field \ninformation networks \u2022 \n\nof \nby \nof' \n\n\u2022 \n\nby applying the Treaty of Rome's rules on state aids i~ \na constructive manner to R&D projects, recognising the \nneed to encourage the growth of successful new products \ntrade \nand services as well as \ndistortion and unfair compe~ition in Europe. the need \n\nto avoid \n\n2. 3 The Communication also envisaged the possibility in certain \nparticularly suitable cases,-\u00b7 of some financial participation \nby the Community in those EUREKA projects Cor phases of. such \nthose of a pre-normative character*, \nprojects>, notably \nthe normal procedures for \nwhich were submitted \nCommunity finance. through \n\n* \n\nPre-normative research provides the scientific and technical \nbasis \ntechnical \nspecifications. the preparation of \n\nstandards and \n\nfor. 3. How EUREKA has evolved \n\n(i) the project portfolio \n\n4 \n\n3. 1 There are now 214* announced EUREKA projects, with an \nestimated cost of over 3. 8 milliard ECU**. Well over 800 \norganisations are involved in these projects, around two \nthirds of them industrial and with a good representation in \n(enterprises with less than 500 employees \nterms of SMEs \naccount for 50% of the industrial partners). 3. 2 The projects are heavily concentrated in the fields of \ninformation technology, robotics and biotechnology, although \nthe latest set of projects announced in Copenhagen show some \nshift away from information technology (see appendices III \nand IV). 3. 3 Few projects have an expected duration of 2 years or less, \nand every second project is expected to last more than 4 \nyears. Many of the projects, notably the larger ones, are \nstill in definition phases, and it will be some time before \nresults are available. trend \n\ntowards \n\nsmaller, \n\n3. 4 Half of all projects are expected to cost less than 10 MECU, \nand in contrast to earlier tendencies there appears to be an \nlower-cost projects. increasing \nThere are, however, a number of projects in the fields of \ncommunications, \nand \ntransport that are expected to cost upwards of 50 MECU. 6 years or more to \nMany of these are expected to take 5 -\ncomplete. A number of these projects are composed of a \nseries of sub-projects and have become known within EUREKA \nas \"umbrella projects\". Appendix \nthese \ntotal costs and \nlarger projects, with \nexpected duration. their estimated \n\nlists some of \n\nenvironment \n\ninformation \n\ntechnology, \n\nI \n\n* \n\n** \n\nIncluding 54 projects \ndefinition phases of 360 MECU> \nMinisterial Conference in Copenhagen on 16 June 1988. This figure may underestimate total costs over the life-time \nof all the projects, since the data include only the costs \nof the definition phases for some projects. (with an estimated cost for their \nannounced at the EUREKA \n\n\f-CS \n\n5 \n\n3. 5 Only \n\nThe \n\nlimited \nthe \n\nfinancing of EUREKA projects. information is available to the Commission \nabout \nlatest \ninformation suggests, however, that on average some 35% of \ntotal funding is expected to be secured from public sector \nsources. But ~n the case of certain projects, notably those \nin the environmental field which are of a \"non-competitive\" \nnature and which do not aim to produce commercial goods and \nservices, the share of public funding can be as high as \n100%. Officials from the Member Countries of EUREKA, with \nthe support of the Commission, are actively examining how to \nencourage the flow of private capital \nthe banking \nsystem and venture capital companies. The results to date \nappear to have been modest, largely because of the nature of \nthe EUREKA portfolio as it has developed. According to a \nrecent analysis by the European Bankers Round Table, only \n13% of 190 projects analysed appear likely to qualify for \n52% may \nprivate \nconceivably result in a commercially viable product; and 35% \nby their nature could not qualify for private finance. Here \ntoo, however, \nthe EUREKA \nportfolio changes over \nsmaller and more \nproduct-oriented projects. the situation may evolve as \n\nforseeable \n\nfinancing \n\ntowards \n\nfuture: \n\ntime \n\nfrom \n\nthe \n\nin \n\n(ii> the framework of cooperation \n\na \n\nthe \n\nnetwork of \n\n3. 6 EUREKA aims as far as possible to create a \"light\" and \nflexible mechanism for interqovernmental cooperation, with a \nsmall Secretariat and \n\"National Project \nCoordinators\" facilitating the exchange of information on \nidentification at an early stage, of \nprojects and \nsupportive actions requiring some form of \ninvolvement by \nGovernments. Apart from their work on project development, \nofficials responsible for EUREKA \nin the member countries \nhave also been engaged, for example, in the examination of \nissues such as how \nto encourage private sector project \nfinancing; how to promote the interests of small and medium \nsized enterprises in EUREKA; and norms and standards. The \narrangements, \nis participating \nin which \nlight of experience and \nactively, are evolving \ndevelopments in other international fora. the Commission \nin \n\nthe \n\n3. 7 Particular efforts are under way at present \n\nto ensure \nenhanced coordination between the participating Governments \nso as to facilitate the emergence of new projects. One \nimportant issue that has been identified within EUREKA is \nthe need to ensure that the existence of different national \nsystems and procedures for public financial support does not \ninhibit EUREKA projects (at present a project may be delayed \nuntil the public financing issues are resolved in all the \n\n\u00b7 Member Countries concerned). 3. 8 The new Austrian Presidency of EUREKA plans \n\nto \n\nfocus \n\n\fframework \n\nparticular attention during the coming year. on measures to \nhelp project development and monitoring; on improving the \nmarket-oriented \ngeneral \ninternational technological cooperation \n( including further \nprogress in the field of norms and standards>; and on better \nthe \ncoordination of \n(including the links with the Community \ntransport field \nDRIVE programme). In each of these areas close liason with \nthe Commission will be important. EUREKA projects \n\nthe various \n\nconditions \n\nfor \n\nin \n\n6 \n\n4. Actions by the Commission \n\nprogrammes, either deriving \n\n4. 1 Around half the announced EUREKA projects have links with \nthe Community's R&D \nfrom \nCommunity projects, covering different stages of R&D on the \nsame subject, or having some degree of overlap. Some \ninvolve the same industrial or other partners as Community \nprojects*. This degree of linkage is high. As foreshadowed \nin COM(86)664 final, the Commission has therefore taken a \nwide \nto specific EUREKA \nprojects to reduce overlap and thus to contribute to the \nbest possible use of scarce European research resources. A \nsummary of Commission actions and involvement in some EUREKA \nprojects is at Appendix II. These actions are discussed \nbelow, \ntogether with more general actions to improve the \nenvironment for the success of EUREKA projects. range of actions \n\nin relation \n\n4. 2 Actions to facilitate the emergence of EUREKA projects, \nbuilding on the experience of Community programmes. The \nCommission has made specific efforts to make available to \npotential and present EUREKA participants information about \nthe results of Community programmes and their planned future \ndevelopment. joint workshops have been \norganised with partners from Community and EUREKA projects \non BRITE subjects (eg lasers>, on HDTV and on COSINE**\u00b7 The \nCommission has improved access to information on Community \nprojects through the IES and EUROABSTRACT data bases. It \nhas also taken steps to ensure that participants in good \nprojects that are submitted to Community programmes but \nwhich cannot be adopted because they are too close to the \nmarket-place, are made aware of the opportunities offered by \nEUREKA. For example, \n\n* \n\n** \n\n- Membranes \n\ninclude EU005 \n\nfor micro-filtration \nExamples \nwhich derives from BRITE 1566; EU20 EUREKA advanced software \ntechnology and EU43 EUREKA Software Factory, which derive in \npart from and build on the results of an ESPRIT project \n(PCTE>; EU109-PACA (absorption heat pumps>, which continues \nthe Community's non-nuclear energy \nwork \nprogramme. A summary description of the projects cited, together with \nan explanation of the acronyms used, is given in Appendix II \n\ninitiated under \n\n-\n\n\f4. 3 Technica1 contributions to the definition phases of EUREKA \nprojects \nthat are downstream of Community projects. An \nexample here is the adoption in the EUREKA Software Factory \nproject of software interface standards developed under the \nESPRIT programme. ( \n\n\u2022[ \n\n7 \n\n4. 4 Help in the definition and organisation of the 1arger EUREKA \nprojects whictt\u00b7are linked to CoDDDunity programmes, such as \nEUROTRAC, EUROMAR, COSINE, HDTV, PROMETHEUS. The Commission \nis represented on the Scientific Steering Committee and on \nthe \nit \nInternational Executive Committee of EUROTRAC; \nit is the leading \nattends meetings of the Board of EUROMAR; \nIt is \npartner and provides the Secretariat for COSINE. actively involved with the Steering Committee of PROMETHEUS \nthe \nand with participants \ntransport \nfor \nresearch and an appropriate interface with the Comuni ty' s \nDRIVE programme. in other EUREKA projects in \nthe definition of priorities \n\nfield, \n\nin \n\nIn the case of HDTV the Commission is active on a number of \nfronts to ensure the right environment for the success of \nthe project by \n\n0 \n\n0 \n\nencouraging \nin \nstandardisation within Europe; \n\nconsistency \n\nthe \n\nongoing work \n\non \n\nin \n\nensuring, \nthe Member \nStates most directly concerned, the defence of E~ropean \nthe \ninterests vis-A-vis ~third \ninternational standards bodies; \n\nindustry and \n\nliaison with \n\ncountries \n\nand \n\nin \n\nproviding \ntogether all the economic \n<radio, TV, cinema companies etc). framework \n\n(the HDTV \n\ninterests \n\na \n\nForum> \n\nbringing \nin the project \n\n4. 5 Direct or indirect f inancia1 participation in some EUREKA \n\nprojects, viz: \n\nCOSINE. MECU> of the cost of the definition phase; \n\nThe Commission is currently meeting 20% (0. 3 \n\nEUROTRAC. The Commission has accepted two sub-projects \n(LACTOZ and HALIPP) for funding of 2 MECU over 4 years, \nfollowing \nthe \nproject participants to the Community's environmental \nprogramme. In addition the JRC intends to carry out 4 \nof its projects within the EUROTRAC framework, at an \nestimated cost of some 7 MECU. the successful application made by \n\n\f8 \n\nFORMENTOR <expert system for dealing with major plant \nfailures and security control). The question of direct \nJRC participation is currently under negotiation with \nthe project participants. 8 R&D contracts under \n\nthe Community's \nEUROCARE. programme on the effect of air pollution on historic \nbuildings are linked closely to EUROCARE and represent \na substantial indirect contribution. PROMETHEUS. The work programme is being developed in \nclose liaison with the Community's DRIVE programme, \nwhich is to have a budget of 60 MECU for its pilot \nphase. The Community is making a substantial indirect \nfinancial contribution to PROMETHEUS, by financing the \nresearch on \nthe \ninfrastructure \noperation of the \"intelligent car\"; \n\nrequired \n\nthe \n\nfor \n\nThree RACE projects*, costing together 16 MECU \nHDTV. over 3 years, are an important complement to the work \non HDTV. The Community is contributing to the achievement of the \n(ES2) through the participation of \nobjectives of EU16 \nImportant \nthis EUREKA venture in ESPRIT activities. ESPRIT activities notably in the field of CAD, \nIC \nmanufacturing equipments and automation are furthermore \ndirectly\u00b7 relevant to the current objectives of EU127 \n(JESSI). For this latter, moreover, consultations are \nin hand with the companies and the countries concerned \nto investigate ways of ensuring a fuller synergy of \neffort through a direct participation of the Community \nin the JESSI programme of work. 4. 6 \"Supportive Measures\u2022. Aside from involvement in specific \nEUREKA projects on a case-by-case basis, the Commission is \nplaying a key role in the field of so-called \"supportive \nmeasures\"(cf para 2. 2 above): \n\n0 \n\nby developing mechanisms to encourage a flow of private \nsector finance to high technology projects (including \nnotably EUROTECH CAPITAL). Recent\u00b7Commission work in \nthe field of risk insurance is an important complement \nto initiatives already under discussion and \nled by \nFrance within EUREKA. The Commission now proposes to \nfinance the launching of a pilot insurance scheme. * \n\nHIVITS 1+2 - picture encoding and transmission \n- digital video-images. DVT \n\n\f9 \n\non \n\nand \n\ntransmission of mandates \n\nin the field of norms and standards the Commission has \noffered its services to EUREKA participants in the \ndevelopment \nnew \ntechnical standards to the European technical standards \nIt systematically analyses \nbodies (CEN and CENELEC). EUREKA projects in order to identify when action may be \nrequired and has taken appropriate contacts with the \nparticipants involved. Thus far there are a small \nnumber of projects for which a specific need for \nEuropean standards has been identified (eg. EUROTRAC, \nIHS, PROMETHEUS, ESF, HDTV and FAMOS). In most of \nthe process of \nthese cases \nobtaining \nto \nrequired \nIHS \nin relation to the \nestablish mandates. < Integrated Home Systems> project has the Commission \nalready been able to forward the necessary mandate. The Commission initiated a special workshop for EUREKA \nparticipants on standardisation which was held by \nCEN/CENELEC (the technical standards bodies)in Brussels \nin March 1988. the Commission \n\nthe detailed \n\ninformation \n\nOnly \n\nis \n\nin \n\nfor R&D projects \n\nin the field of competition policy the Commission has \ndemonstrated its constructive attitude towards state \naids \nthe \ni. n \ncorresponding Treaty provisions \nto specific cases \nnotified to it. In a number of cases it has granted \nexemptions under Article 92. 3c and in one case (HDTV) \nan exemption under Article 92. 3b on the basis of the \nprojects common European interest. the application of \n\n4. 7 Financial and material support. The European Commission \nprovides 13. 7% of the budget of the EUREKA Secretariat and \nhas \nthe \nSecretariat. the Secretariat's \nequipment in the early phases and set up the EUREKA project \ndata base, which is now managed by the Secretariat. It also contributed to \n\nseconded one of \n\nstaff members \n\nits \n\nown \n\nto \n\n\fJ\\PPJ. -:Nl>IX 1. LARGE - SCALE EUREKA PROJECTS \n\nIllustrative Examples (not exhaustive) are: \n\nEUREKA N\u00b0 SUBJECT \n\nEXPECTED COST \n\n(MECUs) \n\nDURATION \n\nI. \u00b7- f ,. :; \n\nEU 7 \n\nEU 16 \n\nEU 37 \n\nEU 43 \n\nEU 58 \n\nEUROTRAC: \nexperiment on trans \nport & transformation of \ntrace elements in the \ntroposphere \n\nAutomatic design & \nproduction of custom \nchips \n\n68 \n\n94 \n\nEUROMAR: modern \ntechnologies for \necological exploration in \nEuropean seas \n\n164 \n\nESF: EUREKA Software \nFactory \n\nEUROPOLIS: Intelligent \ncontrol of urban & inter \nurban traffic \n\nEU 95 \n\nHDTV: compatible high \ndefinition TV \n\nEU 102 \n\nEPROM: multi-megbit \nnon-volatile memories \n\n327 \n\n128 \n\n180 \n\n404 \n\n72 \n\n36 \n\n108 \n\n96 \n\n84 \n\n48 \n\n60 \n\nThere are also two \"umbrella\" projects, which are composed of a \nnumber of related sub-projects with separate EUREKA status \nFAMOS (flexible automated assembly) and EUROLASER (application of \nlaser technology> - each of which could cost in total upwards of \nThe main stage of the EUREKA \n200 MECUs over the next 5 years. project COSINE, currently \nis also \nin \nexpected to cost up to 200 MECU. its definition phase,. '( \n\nAPPENDIX I I \n\nCOMMISSION \n\nINVOLVEMENT \n\nIN MAJOR \n\nEUREKA \nCOMMUNITY PROGRAMMES. Subject \n\nCurrent Status \n\nl. ENVIRONMENT \n\n\u00b7 \u00b7 EUROTRAC : \nEuropean experi \nment on transport \nand transformation \nof environmentally \nrelevant trace \nconstituents in the \ntroposphere over \nEurope. Commission funding \n2 sub-projects (2MECU) \nthrough Community en \nvironment programme. Commission represented \non Steering Committees. Coordinated work with \nrelated actions such as \nCOST 611. EUROMAR: \n\ndevelopment and \napplication of \nmodern technologies \nfor the exploration \nof ecological r~ \nlations and cause \nand effect chains \nin the seas of Europe. Commission is a member \nof the EUROMAR Board, \nwith a view to en \nsuring coordination \nwith planned Community \nprogramme on marine \nscience & technology. PROJECTS LINKED TO \n\nPossible \ndevelopment \n\nfuture \n\nJRC proposes to \ncarry out 4 projects \nwithin EUROTRAC. framework ( 7 MECU \nover 4 years). EC programme \nexpected to deal \nwith the more pre \ncompeti:ti ve stages. \u00b7. ,. : \nof work. EUROCARE: \n\nEuropean project \non Conservation & \nRestoration. of work with the \n\nCommission participates Further coordination \nin EUROCARE Board \nmeetings. The Commission Community programme \nNewsletter on Cultural \nHeritage is used free of (effect of air \ncharge by EUROCARE for \ndiffusion of information. historic buildings \n8 R&D contracts under \nthe Community programme \non environmental protection \nare closely linked to \nEUROCARE. on the environment \n\nand monuments). pollution on \n\n\f2. TRANSPORT. l \n\nPROMETHEUS: \n\nprogramme for a Euro \npean Traffic System \nwith highest effi \nciency and unpreceden \nted safety. Together with DEMETER: \ndigital electronic mapping \nof Europe, \nCARMINAT:driver information \nsystem. DRIVE work programme \nestablished as comple \nmentary to PROMETHEUS. Commission takes part \nin the PROMETHEUS \nSteering Committee. Implementation \nof the DRIVE \nprogramme (60 \nMECU over 30 \nmonths). i \n\nI. t ':. ' ,. EUROPOLIS:intelligent control \n\nsystem to aid urban & inter \nurban traffic. 3. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY \n\nCOSINE: cooperation on \nopen systems networking \nin Europe. Commission is lead \nproject coordinator. Assures\u00b7Secretariat, \n\nEAST:. EUREKA advanced. software technology -\n\ndevelopment of software \nengineering facilities. ESF: EUREKA Software \nFactory. provides 20% of fun \nding of definition \nphase (-0. 3 MECU). Commission closely \ninvolved in the work \nto date which relies \nheavily on the result \nof an ESPRIT project. JESSI: joint European \n\nSubmicron Silicon \n\nCommission has par \nticipated in mee-\ntings with the partners \n\nFurther \nCommission in \nvo lv em en t \npossible via \nthe Framework \nProgramme. (Commission \nexamining a \njoint proposal \nfrom ESF/EAST \nconsortia pre-\nsented \nESPRIT II). to \n\nCommission \nexamining scope \nfor \nimproved \nsynergy. concerned so as to ensure \nsynergy with ESPRIT projects \non micro-electronics. 4. COMMUNICATIONS \n\nHDTV: compatible \nhigh definition TV. Commission actively in \nvolved in support of \nthis project through \npromotion of consistent \nwork on standards in-\n\nContinuation of \nexisting initia \ntives. Partici \npation in the \nproduction of \n\n\fside Europe; diplomatic \naction vis-a-vis third \ncountries; contacts \nwith international stan \ndards authorities. Indirect financial con \ntribution through 3 \nRACE projects (16 MECU \nover 3 years). a high defini \ntion video clip \n\n, ( 0. 5 MECU > \u2022 \n\nPossible finan \ncial. participa \ntion in SYNTH. TV project. Representatives of \nCommission (BRITE & \nESPRIT) \nhave attended meetings \nof the steering committee \nof FAMOS. FAMOS partici-\npants have taken part in \nCommission workshops or-\nganised through BRITE. Further coordi \nnation of work \nwith BRITE & \nESPRIT. 5. FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING \n\nFAMOS: Development \nof automated flexible \nassembly systems for \nan automated factory \nof\u00b7the future. I \n\n, \n\n\fI', I -'I \u00b7\u00b71-\u00b7 \nI \nI \n\n!. , 11\u00b7. \u2022. -u\u00b7,. I. ,j_ \ni I \nI \n! \n:-:n-1. I \n\n1 f:)\u2022 \"' \n\n,. It \n() \n\n\u00b7' ,. \u00b7 \n\nl'H0. 11\u00b7\u00b71 :,: El IHEJCf\\ 1\"1tll\"-IOM( F::; \n\n1\"1 Ct-h-\"lt'. ;tl IE \nC 1. ltRJL ES: \n\n( \n\nCOM~ERENCE MlNl8lERIELLK \n) \n\nnPPEN])JCE JJJ \n\n;-::~=::~89:l \n\nPBOJEfS/D()MAl NE \n~; \n\nS MAORID/87 \n\nP BO. J l::T S/f)Qr\u00b7u-. 1 t-1 E \n\n1 \n\n0 STOCl<HOLM/86 \n\nI:' HO,J \u2022. ,. DO Mt:-. 1 MES. PHO. JETS/ l),C,MA I NE'. ::. ,. :. I \n___ _j \n\nEtiVI \n\n[1 (0 \n\nHOBOT \n\nCOt1 \n\n1. ASEl't \n\nt1t~T \n\nl ttFOB T r-lf1NS \n\n\u2022. \u00b7,,. , \n\n\f11!-i\" \n! \ni \n! \ni \nI \n\n16-t\u00b7 \n\nI \nI \n\nI \n\nI :J \n\nI' \n\nI \nu 1M\u00b7t \nI \n\ni \n\n() \n,J \nI\u2022: \n'J' \n\n< \u2022. , \n\nIt\u2022 \n\nr\u00b7, \n\n\u00b71 \u00b7' \n\n\u00b7\". ''\" \n\n,-. PPEl'IJH C:E \n\nI. U \n\n[I l\u00b7IAMOt) F. : n. \u00b7rn,. PROJF. :T S/ CIOMA I N. t:: \ns \n\n~ LONDON/Of:, \n\nPROJETS/DOMAJ l'IF. : \ns \n\n[ ] ST OC KHO r. t\"Vl:16 \n\nP AO,J. /])OMA I N F. ;8 \n\n~ f1ADR I D. -'{;17 \n\nl'BOJET:S/DOMAIINE: \ns \n\nBJ J<OBENHAVN/El0 \n\nPRO,J E:T S,_. DOMA I NE \ns \n\nfll O \n\nHODOT \n\ncor1 \n\nLASKB \n\nMf-'\\'I\" \n\nI f'i:FOH T llAM8 \n\n001\u00b71,. _ I 1-iJi:8 \n\nN \n\n\\,J"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/7a4c6bfd-e0d7-41b4-8049-21e60525f5fc", "title": "PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISION TO ADOPT A MULTIANNUAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ( 1989 TO MID-1993 ) - FLAIR ( FOOD-LINKED AGRO-INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH )", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_decision_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "food chemistry,food technology,foodstuff,research and development,research programme", "workIds": "celex:51988PC0351,comnat:COM_1988_0351_FIN,oj:JOC_1988_306_R_0013_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["food chemistry", "food technology", "foodstuff", "research and development", "research programme"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/7a4c6bfd-e0d7-41b4-8049-21e60525f5fc", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/dea8bc1a-e05d-4b9c-b9d6-20d6d0e40d64", "title": "88/382/EEC: Council Decision of 24 June 1988 concerning a supplement, in respect of mercury originating in sectors other than the chlor-alkali electrolysis industry, to Annex IV to the Convention for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "Rhine Valley,chemical pollution,international convention,mercury,pollution control,pollution of waterways", "workIds": "celex:31988D0382", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Rhine Valley", "chemical pollution", "international convention", "mercury", "pollution control", "pollution of waterways"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/dea8bc1a-e05d-4b9c-b9d6-20d6d0e40d64", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1988183EN. 01003001. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14. 7. 1988\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 183/30\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL DECISION\nof 24 June 1988\nconcerning a supplement, in respect of mercury originating in sectors other than the chlor-alkali electrolysis industry, to Annex IV to the Convention for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution\n(88/382/EEC)\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 130 S thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission,\nHaving regard to the opinion of the European Parliament\u00a0(1),\nHaving regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee\u00a0(2),\nWhereas, by Decision 77/586/EEC\u00a0(3), the Community concluded the Convention for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution, hereinafter referred to as the \u2018Chemical Convention\u2019, and the Additional Agreement to the Agreement signed in Berne on 29 April 1963 concerning the International Commission for the protection of the Rhine against Pollution, hereinafter referred to as the \u2018International Commission\u2019;\nWhereas, under Article 5 of the Convention, the International Commission proposes limit values for the discharge of certain substances into the surface waters of the Rhine basin by way of amendments to Annex IV to the Chemical Convention; whereas, under Article 14 of the Chemical Convention, unanimous acceptance by the Contracting Parties to the Convention is necessary for those amendments to enter into force;\nWhereas, in the form of a proposal designed to supplement Annex IV to the Chemical Convention, the International Commission has established limit values for mercury discharged by industries other than the chlor-alkali electrolysis industry;\nWhereas Directive 84/156/EEC\u00a0(4) lays down limit values for mercury discharges by sectors other than the chlor-alkali electrolysis industry into the aquatic environment of the Community; whereas these limit values are identical to those set out in the proposal of the International Commission;\nWhereas Article 4 of that Directive requires Member States to draw up specific programmes for reduction of mercury discharges by multiple sources which are not industrial plants; whereas there are no such provisions in the proposal of the International Commission;\nWhereas it is desirable that the Community, as a Contracting Party to the Convention, adopt, the abovementioned proposal,\nHAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS:\nArticle 1\nThe proposal by the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution, intended to supplement, in respect of mercury originating in sectors other than the chlor-alkali electrolysis industry, Annex IV to the Convention for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution, is hereby adopted on behalf of the European Economic Community. The text of the proposal is attached to this Decision. Article 2\nThis Decision shall be applicable without prejudice to the specific provisions in other Community rules, particularly Article 4 of Directive 84/156/EEC. Article 3\nThe President of the Council shall notify the Government of the Swiss Confederation, in accordance with the procedures laid down by the Chemical Convention, of the adoption of the proposal referred to in Article 1. Done at Luxembourg, 24 June 1988. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nM. BANGEMANN\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0Opinion delivered on 15 June 1988 (not yet published in the Official Journal). (2)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 105, 21. 4. 1987, p. 17. (3)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 240, 19. 9. 1977, p. 35. (4)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 74, 17. 3. 1984, p. 49. Proposal by the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution intended to supplement ANNEX IV to the Convention for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976\nTHE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE RHINE AGAINST POLLUTION,\nHaving regard to the Convention for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976,\nHaving regard in particular to Articles 3, 4, 5 and 14 thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal of 28 June 1979 tabled at Baden in Switzerland and intended to add to Annex IV of the above Convention limit values for mercury discharges from chlor-alkali electrolysis establishments,\nPROPOSES TO THE CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION\nthat Annex IV to the Convention of 3 December 1976 be supplemented as follows in respect of mercury:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSubstance or group of substances\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nLimit value in terms of the maximum concentration of a substance\n\n\nLimit value in terms of the maximum quantity of a substance\n\n\nTime limit for existing discharges\n\n\nRemarks\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n2\n\n\n3\n\n\n4\n\n\n5\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\nMercury\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Chemical industries using mercury catalysts\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. 1\n\n\nFor the production of vinyl chloride\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n0,1 grams of mercury per tonne of vinyl chloride production capacity\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies. For existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,2 grams of mercury per tonne of vinyl chloride production capacity applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. 2\n\n\nfor the manufacture of other products\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n5 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 10 grams of mercury per kilogram treated applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2. The manufacture of mercury catalysts used in the production of vinyl chloride\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n0,7 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 1,4 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3. The manufacture of organic and non-organic mercury compounds (except the products covered by point 2)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n0,05 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4. Manufacture of primary batteries containing mercury\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n0,03 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,05 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. Non-ferrous metal industries\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4),\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. 1\n\n\nEstablishments for the recovery of mercury\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams per litre of discharge applies\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. 2\n\n\nExtraction and refining of non-ferrous metals\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6. Establishments for the treatment of toxic waste containing mercury\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\nIf necessary, limit values for other industries, such as paper, steel and coal-fired power stations, will be proposed by the International Commission at a later stage. In the meantime, governments will fix emission standards for mercury autonomously in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of the Convention. These standards must take account of the best technical means available and must not be less stringent than the nearest comparable limit value in Annex IV. Pursuant to Articles 14 and 19 of the Convention, these provisions will enter into force after their unanimous acceptance by the Contracting Parties to the Convention. The Contracting Parties will notify their adoption to the Government of the Swiss Confederation which will acknowledge receipt of notification. (1)\u00a0\u00a0The limit values given in the table represent a monthly average concentration or a monthly average load. The amounts of mercury discharged are expressed in terms of the quantity of mercury treated by a given industrial establishment during the same period or in terms of a plant's installed vinyl chloride production capacity. (2)\u00a0\u00a0Limit values, expressed in terms of concentration, are given in the above table for industries 1 to 4 and should not, in principle, be exceeded. In no case may the limit values expressed in terms of maximum concentration exceed those expressed in terms of maximum quantity divided by water requirements per kilogram of mercury treated or per tonne of installed vinyl chloride production capacity. Nevertheless, as the concentration of mercury in effluents depends on the volume of water involved, and as this differs from one process and establishment to the next, the limit values, expressed in terms of the quantity of mercury discharged as compared with the quantity of mercury treated or the installed vinyl chloride capacity given in the above table, must be complied with at all times. (3)\u00a0\u00a0The limit values given in the above table refer to the amount of mercury contained in an unfiltered sample. They apply to total mercury in all waste water resulting from production processes and discharged from the site of the production plant. Discharges containing mercury shall be treated off the premises of the production plant in an establishment designed for the disposal of mercury. Governments may permit the limit values to apply at the point where the discharge leaves the plant. (4)\u00a0\u00a0Average daily limit values shall be equivalent to double the corresponding average monthly limit values given in the table. (5)\u00a0\u00a0On the basis of experience gained in applying these provisions the International Commission will submit to the Contracting Parties proposals relating to the non-ferrous metals industry and intended to lay down more stringent limit values for entry into force 10 years after the adoption of these provisions"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/7e1283d1-fe5a-4550-b41c-6cdee841fd2f", "title": "Written Question No 615/88 by Mrs Winifred Ewing to the Commission: The disabled", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "EWING,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "disabled person", "workIds": "celex:91988E000615", "eurovoc_concepts": ["disabled person"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/7e1283d1-fe5a-4550-b41c-6cdee841fd2f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/34121f0b-dcfc-4c5f-8c3a-3c570898e3f1", "title": "88/376/EEC, Euratom: Council Decision of 24 June 1988 on the system of the Communities' own resources", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "EAGGF,budgetary equilibrium,commitment of expenditure,own resources,payment appropriation", "workIds": "celex:31988D0376,oj:JOL_1988_185_R_0024_016", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EAGGF", "budgetary equilibrium", "commitment of expenditure", "own resources", "payment appropriation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/34121f0b-dcfc-4c5f-8c3a-3c570898e3f1", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1988185EN. 01002401. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n15. 7. 1988\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 185/24\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL DECISION\nof 24 June 1988\non the system of the Communities' own resources\n(88/376/EEC, Euratom)\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Articles 199 and 201 thereof,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, and in particular Articles 171 (1) and 173 thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission\u00a0(1),\nHaving regard to the opinion of the European Parliament\u00a0(2),\nHaving regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee\u00a0(3),\nWhereas Council Decision 85/257/EEC, Euratom of 7 May 1985 on the Communities' system of own resources\u00a0(4), as last amended by the Single European Act, raised to 1,4 % the limit for each Member State on the rate applied to the uniform value-added tax (VAT) base previously set at 1 % by the Council Decision of 21 April 1970 on the replacement of financial contributions from Member States by the Communities' own resources\u00a0(5) hereinafter referred to as \u2018the Decision of 21 April 1970\u2019;\nWhereas the resources available within the limit of 1,4 % are no longer sufficient to cover the estimates of Community expenditure;\nWhereas the Single European Act opens up new possibilities to the Community; whereas Article 8a of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community provides for the completion of the internal market by 31 December 1992;\nWhereas the Community must possess stable and guaranteed revenue enabling it to stabilize the present situation and operate the common policies; whereas this revenue must be based on the expenditure deemed necessary to this end which was determined in the financial estimates in the Inter institutional Agreement between the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission, which will take effect on 1 July 1988;\nWhereas the European Council meeting in Brussels on 11, 12 and 13 February 1988 reached certain conclusions;\nWhereas, in accordance with these conclusions, the Community will, by 1992, be assigned a maximum amount of own resources corresponding to 1,2 % of the total of the Member States' gross national product for the year at market prices, hereinafter referred to as \u2018GNP\u2019;\nWhereas observance of this ceiling requires that the total amount of own resources at the Community's disposal for the period 1988 to 1992 does not in any one year exceed a specified percentage of the sum of the Community's GNP for the year in question; whereas that percentage shall correspond to application of the guidelines established for growth in Community expenditure as laid down in the European Council conclusions concerning budgetary discipline and budget management, and a safety margin of 0,03 % of Community GNP aimed at coping with unforeseen expenditure;\nWhereas a global ceiling of 1,30 % of the Member States' GNP is set for commitment appropriations; whereas an orderly progression of commitment appropriations and payment appropriations must be ensured;\nWhereas these ceilings should remain applicable until this Decision is amended;\nWhereas, with a view to matching the resources paid by each Member State more closely with its ability to contribute, the compositon of Community own resources should be amended and enlarged; whereas it is necessary for this purpose:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nto fix at 1,4 % the maximum rate to be applied to each Member State's uniform base for value added tax, limited where appropriate to 55 % of its GNP;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nto introduce an additional type of own resource to balance budget revenue and expenditure, based on the sum of Member States' GNP; for this purpose, the Council will adopt a Directive on the harmonization of the compilation of gross national product at market prices;\n\n\n\n\nWhereas the customs duties on products coming under the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community should be included in Community own resources;\nWhereas the conclusions of the European Council of 25 and 26 June 1984 on the correction of budgetary imbalances continue to apply for the duration of this Decision's validity; whereas the present compensation mechanism must, however, be adjusted to take account of the capping of the VAT base and the introduction of an additional resource and must provide for financing of the correction on the basis of a GNP key; whereas this adjustment should ensure that the VAT share of the United Kingdom is replaced by its share of payments under the third and fourth resources (those provided by VAT and GNP respectively) and that the effect on the United Kingdom, in respect of a given year, of the capping of the VAT base and of the introduction of the fourth resource which is not compensated by this change will be offset by an adjustment to the compensation in respect of that year; whereas the contributions of Spain and Portugal should be reduced in accordance with the rebates provided for in Articles 187 and 374 of the 1985 Act of Accession;\nWhereas the budgetary imbalances should be corrected in such a way as not to affect the own resources available for the Community's policies;\nWhereas the conclusions of the European Council of 11, 12 and 13 February 1988 provided for the creation, in the Community budget, of a monetary reserve, hereinafter referred to as the \u2018EAGGF monetary reserve\u2019, to offset the impact of significant and unforeseen fluctuations in the ECU/dollar parity on the expenditure under the Guarantee Section of the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF); whereas that reserve should be covered by specific provisions;\nWhereas provisions must be laid down to cover the changeover from the system introduced by Decision 85/257/EEC, Euratom to that arising from this Decision;\nWhereas the European Council of 11, 12 and 13 February 1988 provided that this Decision should take effect on 1 January 1988,\nHAS LAID DOWN THESE PROVISIONS, WHICH IT RECOMMENDS TO THE MEMBER STATES FOR ADOPTION:\nArticle 1\nThe Communities shall be allocated resources of their own in accordance with the following Articles in order to ensure the financing of their budget. The budget of the Communities shall, irrespective of other revenue, be financed entirely from the Communities' own resources. Article 2\n1. Revenue from the following shall constitute own resources entered in the budget of the Communities:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nlevies, premiums, additional or compensatory amounts, additional amounts or factors and other duties established or to be established by the institutions of the Communities in respect of trade with non-member countries within the framework of the common agricultural policy, and also contributions and other duties provided for within the framework of the common organization of the markets in sugar;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nCommon Customs Tariff duties and other duties established or to be established by the institutions of the Communities in respect of trade with non-member countries and customs duties on products coming under the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthe application of a uniform rate valid for all Member States to the VAT asessment base which is determined in a uniform manner for Member States according to Community rules; however, the assessment base for any Member State to be taken into account for the purposes of this Decision shall not exceed 55 % of its GNP;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthe application of a rate \u2014 to be determined under the budgetary procedure in the light of the total of all other revenue \u2014 to the sum of all the Member States' GNP established in accordance with Community rules to be laid down in a Directive adopted under Article 8 (2) of this Decision. 2. Revenue deriving from any new charges introduced within the framework of a common policy, in accordance with the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community or the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, provided the procedure laid down in Article 201 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community or in Article 173 of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community has been followed, shall also constitute own resources entered in the budget of the Communities. 3. Member States shall retain, by way of collection costs, 10 % of the amounts paid under 1 (a) and (b). 4. The uniform rate referred to in 1 (c) shall correspond to the rate resulting from:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe application of 1,4 % to the VAT assessment base for the Member States, and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthe deduction of the gross amount of the reference compensation referred to in Article 4 (2). The gross amount shall be the compensation amount adjusted for the fact that the United Kingdom is not participating in the financing of its own compensation and the Federal Republic of Germany's share is reduced by one-third. It shall be calculated as if the reference compensation amount were financed by Member States according to their VAT assessment bases established in accordance with Article 2 (1) (c). For 1988, the gross amount of the reference compensation shall be reduced by 780 million ECU. 5. The rate fixed under paragraph 1 (d) shall apply to the GNP of each Member State. 6. If, at the beginning of the financial year, the budget has not been adopted, the previous uniform VAT rate and rate applicable to Member States' GNP, without prejudice to whatever provisions may be adopted in accordance with Article 8 (2) by reason of the entry of an EAGGF monetary reserve in the budget, shall remain applicable until the entry into force of the new rates. 7. By way of derogation from 1 (c), if, on 1 January of the financial year in question, the rules for determining the uniform basis for assessing VAT are not yet applied in all the Member States, the financial contribution which a Member State not yet applying this uniform basis is to make to the budget of the Communities in lieu of VAT shall be determined according to the proportion of its gross national product at market prices to the sum total of the gross national product of the Member States at market prices in the first three years of the five-year period preceding the year in question. This derogation shall cease to have effect as soon as the rules for determining the uniform basis for assessing VAT are applied in all Member States. 8. For the purposes of applying this Decision, GNP shall mean gross national product for the year at market prices. Article 3\n1. The total amount of own resources assigned to the Communities may not exceed 1,20 % of the total GNP of the Community for payment appropriations. The total amount of own resources assigned to the Communities may not, for any of the years during the 1988 to 1992 period, exceed the following percentages of the total GNP of the Community for the year in question:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\n1988: 1,15,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\n1989: 1,17,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\n1990: 1,18,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\n1991: 1,19,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\n1992: 1,20. 2. The commitment appropriations entered in the general budget of the Communities over the period 1988 to 1992 must follow an orderly progression resulting in a total amount which does not exceed 1,30 % of the total GNP of the Community in 1992. A precise ratio between commitment appropriations and payment appropriations shall be maintained to guarantee their compatibility and to enable the ceiling mentioned in paragraph 1 to be observed in subsequent years. 3. The overall ceilings referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall continue to apply until such time as this Decision is amended. Article 4\nThe United Kingdom shall be granted a correction in respect of budgetary imbalances. This correction shall consist of a basic amount and an adjustment. The adjustment shall correct the basic amount to a reference compensation amount. 1. The basic amount shall be established by:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\ncalculating the difference, in the preceding financial year, between:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe percentage share of the United Kingdom in the sum total of the payments referred to in Article 2 (1) (c) and (d) made during the financial year, including adjustments at the uniform rate in respect of earlier financial years, and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe percentage share of the United Kingdom in total allocated expenditure;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\napplying the difference thus obtained to total allocated expenditure;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nmultiplying the result by 0,66. 2. The reference compensation shall be the correction resulting from application of (a), (b) and (c) below, corrected by the effects arising for the United Kingdom from the changeover to capped VAT and the payments referred to in Article 2 (1) (d). It shall be established by:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\ncalculating the difference, in the preceding financial year, between:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe percentage share of the United Kingdom in the sum total of VAT payments which would have been made during that financial year, including adjustments in respect of earlier financial years, for the amounts financed by the resources referred to in Article 2 (1) (c) and (d) if the uniform VAT rate had been applied to non-capped bases, and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe percentage share of the United Kingdom in total allocated expenditure;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\napplying the difference thus obtained to total allocated expenditure;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nmultiplying the result by 0,66;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nsubtracting the payments by the United Kingdom taken into account in the first indent of 1 (a) from those taken into account in the first indent of 2 (a);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nsubtracting the amount calculated at (d) from the amount calculated at (c). 3. The basic amount shall be adjusted in such a way as to correspond to the reference compensation amount. Article 5\n1. The cost of the correction shall be borne by the other Member States in accordance with the following arrangements:\nthe distribution of the cost shall first be calculated by reference to each Member State's share of the payments referred to in Article (2) (1) (d), the United Kingdom being excluded; it shall then be adjusted in such a way as to restrict the share of the Federal Republic of Germany to two-thirds of the share resulting from this calculation. 2. The correction shall be granted to the United Kingdom by a reduction in its payments resulting from the application of Article 2 (1) (c). The costs borne by the other Member States shall be added to their payments resulting from the application for each Member State of Article 2 (1) (c) up to a 1,4 % VAT rate and Article 2 (1) (d). 3. The Commission shall perform the calculations required for the application of Article 4 and this Article. 4. If, at the beginning of the financial year, the budget has not been adopted, the correction granted to the United Kingdom and the costs borne by the other Member States as entered in the last budget finally adopted shall remain applicable. Article 6\nThe revenue referred to in Article 2 shall be used without distinction to finance all expenditure entered in the budget of the Communities. However, the revenue needed to cover in full or in part the EAGGF monetary reserve, entered in the budget of the Communities, shall not be called up from the Member States until the reserve is implemented. Provisions for the operation of that reserve shall be adopted as necessary in accordance with Article 8 (2). The preceding subparagraph shall be without prejudice to the treatment of contributions by certain Member States to supplementary programmes provided for in Article 1301 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community. Article 7\nAny surplus of the Communities' revenue over total actual expenditure during a financial year shall be carried over to the following financial year. However, any surplus generated by a transfer from EAGGF Guarantee chapters to the monetary reserve shall be regarded as constituting own resources. Article 8\n1. The Community own resources referred to in Article 2 (1) (a) and (b) shall be collected by the Member States in accordance with the national provisions imposed by law, regulation or administrative action, which shall, where appropriate, be adapted to meet the requirements of Community rules. The Commission shall examine at regular intervals the national provisions communicated to it by the Member States, transmit to the Member States the adjustments it deems necessary in order to ensure that they comply with Community rules and report to the budget authority. Member States shall make the resources under Article 2 (1) (a) to (d) available to the Commission. 2. Without prejudice to the auditing of the accounts and to checks that they are lawful and regular and as laid down in Article 206a of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, such auditing and checks being mainly concerned with the reliability and effectiveness of national systems and procedures for determining the base for own resources accruing from VAT and GNP and without prejudice to the inspection arrangements made pursuant to Article 209 (c) of that Treaty, the Council shall, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, adopt the provisions necessary to apply this Decision and to make possible the inspection of the collection, the making available to the Commission and payment of the revenue referred to in Articles 2 and 5. Article 9\nThe mechanism for the graduated refund of own resources accruing from VAT or GNP-based financial contributions introduced for the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic up to 1991 by Articles 187 and 374 of the 1985 Act of Accession shall apply to the own resources accruing from VAT and the GNP-based resource referred to in Article 2 (1) (c) and (d) of this Decision. It shall also apply to payments by these two Member States in accordance with Article 5 (2) of this Decision In the latter case the rate of refund shall be that applicable for the year in respect of which the correction is granted. Article 10\nThe Commission shall submit, by the end of 1991, a report on the operation of the system, including a re-examination of the correction of budgetary imbalances granted to the United Kingdom, established by this Decision. Article 11\n1. Member States shall be notified of this Decision by the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities; it shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Communities. Member States shall notify the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities without delay of the completion of the procedures for the adoption of this Decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. This Decision shall enter into force on the first day of the month following receipt of the last of the notifications referred to in the second subparagraph. It shall take effect on 1 January 1988. 2. (a)\n\n\nSubject to (b) and (c), Decision 85/257/EEC, Euratom shall be repealed as of 1 January 1988. Any references to the Decision of 21 April 1970 or to Decision 85/257/EEC, Euratom shall be construed as references to this Decision. (b)\n\n\nArticle 3 of Decision 85/257/EEC, Euratom shall continue to apply to the calculation and adjustment of revenue accruing from the application of rates to the uncapped uniform assessment basis for value added tax in 1987 and earlier years. For 1988 the deduction in favour of the United Kingdom in respect of previous financial years shall be calculated in accordance with points (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) of Article 3 (3) of the said Decision. The distribution of the cost of financing it shall be calculated in accordance with Article 5 (1) of this Decision. The amounts corresponding to the deduction and the distribution of the cost of financing it shall be dealt with in accordance with Article 5 (2) of this Decision. When Article 2 (7) has to be applied, the value added tax payments shall be replaced by financial contributions in the calculations referred to in this paragraph for any Member State concerned; this system shall also apply to the payment of adjustments of corrections for earlier years. (c)\n\n\nArticle 4 (2) of Decision 85/257/EEC, Euratom shall continue to apply to the financial contributions needed to finance the completion of the supplementary programme for the operation of the HFR (high-flux reactor) reactor of 1984 to 1987. Done at Luxembourg, 24 June 1988. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nM. BANGEMANN\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 102, 16. 4. 1988, p. 8. (2)\u00a0\u00a0Opinion delivered on 15 June 1988 (not yet published in the Official Journal). (3)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 175, 4. 7. 1988. (4)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 128, 14. 5. 1985, p. 15. (5)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 94, 28. 4. 1970, p. 19"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2d6c29b7-16c1-4e16-bc26-0ec5c92a0584", "title": "Written Question No 610/88 by Mr Pierre-Benjamin Pranch\u00e8re to the Commission: Repercussions of the free trade agreement between the United States and Canada", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,PRANCHERE", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "Canada,Spain,United States,export,import,maize", "workIds": "celex:91988E000610", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Canada", "Spain", "United States", "export", "import", "maize"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2d6c29b7-16c1-4e16-bc26-0ec5c92a0584", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ccb6c902-0e40-4403-9a63-9b0dd936ede2", "title": "Written Question No 604/88 by Mrs Else Hammerich to the Commission: Food additives and approved lists", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,HAMMERICH", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "food additive", "workIds": "celex:91988E000604", "eurovoc_concepts": ["food additive"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ccb6c902-0e40-4403-9a63-9b0dd936ede2", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1549173f-232e-4e66-a800-93b7a1e5b8a3", "title": "Written Question No 637/88 by Mr Jean-Pierre Cot to the Commission: Flour mill production quotas in 1992", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "COT,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "flour milling", "workIds": "celex:91988E000637", "eurovoc_concepts": ["flour milling"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1549173f-232e-4e66-a800-93b7a1e5b8a3", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/14423634-df08-4e16-b77a-95aa7358357c", "title": "Proposal by the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution intended to supplement Annex IV to the Convention for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_non-member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Economic Community", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "Rhine Valley,chemical pollution,environmental cooperation,environmental protection,international convention,mercury,pollution control measures,pollution of waterways", "workIds": "celex:21988A0714(02)", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Rhine Valley", "chemical pollution", "environmental cooperation", "environmental protection", "international convention", "mercury", "pollution control measures", "pollution of waterways"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/14423634-df08-4e16-b77a-95aa7358357c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1988183EN. 01003101. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14. 7. 1988\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 183/31\n\n\n\n\n\nProposal by the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution intended to supplement ANNEX IV to the Convention for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976\nTHE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE RHINE AGAINST POLLUTION,\nHaving regard to the Convention for the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution, signed in Bonn on 3 December 1976,\nHaving regard in particular to Articles 3, 4, 5 and 14 thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal of 28 June 1979 tabled at Baden in Switzerland and intended to add to Annex IV of the above Convention limit values for mercury discharges from chlor-alkali electrolysis establishments,\nPROPOSES TO THE CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION\nthat Annex IV to the Convention of 3 December 1976 be supplemented as follows in respect of mercury:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSubstance or group of substances\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nLimit value in terms of the maximum concentration of a substance\n\n\nLimit value in terms of the maximum quantity of a substance\n\n\nTime limit for existing discharges\n\n\nRemarks\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n\n2\n\n\n3\n\n\n4\n\n\n5\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\nMercury\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Chemical industries using mercury catalysts\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. 1\n\n\nFor the production of vinyl chloride\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n0,1 grams of mercury per tonne of vinyl chloride production capacity\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies. For existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,2 grams of mercury per tonne of vinyl chloride production capacity applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. 2\n\n\nfor the manufacture of other products\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n5 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 10 grams of mercury per kilogram treated applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2. The manufacture of mercury catalysts used in the production of vinyl chloride\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n0,7 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 1,4 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3. The manufacture of organic and non-organic mercury compounds (except the products covered by point 2)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n0,05 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4. Manufacture of primary batteries containing mercury\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n0,03 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,05 grams of mercury per kilogram of mercury treated applies\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. Non-ferrous metal industries\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4),\u00a0(5)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. 1\n\n\nEstablishments for the recovery of mercury\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams per litre of discharge applies\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5. 2\n\n\nExtraction and refining of non-ferrous metals\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6. Establishments for the treatment of toxic waste containing mercury\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0,05 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1989\n\n\n\n\u00a0(1),\u00a0(2),\u00a0(3),\u00a0(4)\n\n\n\n\n\nFor existing discharges the provisional limit value of 0,1 milligrams of mercury per litre of discharge applies\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n1 July 1986\n\n\n\n\nIf necessary, limit values for other industries, such as paper, steel and coal-fired power stations, will be proposed by the International Commission at a later stage. In the meantime, governments will fix emission standards for mercury autonomously in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of the Convention. These standards must take account of the best technical means available and must not be less stringent than the nearest comparable limit value in Annex IV. Pursuant to Articles 14 and 19 of the Convention, these provisions will enter into force after their unanimous acceptance by the Contracting Parties to the Convention. The Contracting Parties will notify their adoption to the Government of the Swiss Confederation which will acknowledge receipt of notification. (1)\u00a0\u00a0The limit values given in the table represent a monthly average concentration or a monthly average load. The amounts of mercury discharged are expressed in terms of the quantity of mercury treated by a given industrial establishment during the same period or in terms of a plant's installed vinyl chloride production capacity. (2)\u00a0\u00a0Limit values, expressed in terms of concentration, are given in the above table for industries 1 to 4 and should not, in principle, be exceeded. In no case may the limit values expressed in terms of maximum concentration exceed those expressed in terms of maximum quantity divided by water requirements per kilogram of mercury treated or per tonne of installed vinyl chloride production capacity. Nevertheless, as the concentration of mercury in effluents depends on the volume of water involved, and as this differs from one process and establishment to the next, the limit values, expressed in terms of the quantity of mercury discharged as compared with the quantity of mercury treated or the installed vinyl chloride capacity given in the above table, must be complied with at all times. (3)\u00a0\u00a0The limit values given in the above table refer to the amount of mercury contained in an unfiltered sample. They apply to total mercury in all waste water resulting from production processes and discharged from the site of the production plant. Discharges containing mercury shall be treated off the premises of the production plant in an establishment designed for the disposal of mercury. Governments may permit the limit values to apply at the point where the discharge leaves the plant. (4)\u00a0\u00a0Average daily limit values shall be equivalent to double the corresponding average monthly limit values given in the table. (5)\u00a0\u00a0On the basis of experience gained in applying these provisions the International Commission will submit to the Contracting Parties proposals relating to the non-ferrous metals industry and intended to lay down more stringent limit values for entry into force 10 years after the adoption of these provisions"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8890662e-787d-4bc1-b917-d13a2a75dcf0", "title": "Written Question No 623/88 by Mrs Anne-Marie Lizin to the Council: Detection of AIDS on recruitment to the European institutions", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,LIZIN", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "European Community,health control,infectious disease,political prisoner,public health,public opinion,recruitment", "workIds": "celex:91988E000623", "eurovoc_concepts": ["European Community", "health control", "infectious disease", "political prisoner", "public health", "public opinion", "recruitment"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8890662e-787d-4bc1-b917-d13a2a75dcf0", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b74d4520-6210-4ab6-95d7-e4bee82e71fa", "title": "Council Directive 88/361/EEC of 24 June 1988 for the implementation of Article 67 of the Treaty", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#directive,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "application of EU law,capital movement,single exchange-rate policy", "workIds": "celex:31988L0361,oj:JOL_1988_178_R_0005_005", "eurovoc_concepts": ["application of EU law", "capital movement", "single exchange-rate policy"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b74d4520-6210-4ab6-95d7-e4bee82e71fa", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1988178EN. 01000501. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8. 7. 1988\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 178/5\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL DIRECTIVE\nof 24 June 1988\nfor the implementation of Article 67 of the Treaty\n(88/361/EEC)\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Articles 69 and 70(1) thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission, submitted following consultation with the Monetary Committee\u00a0(1),\nHaving regard to the opinion of the European Parliament\u00a0(2),\nWhereas Article 8 a of the Treaty stipulates that the internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of capital is ensured, without prejudice to the other provisions of the Treaty;\nWhereas Member States should be able to take the requisite measures to regulate bank liquidity; whereas these measures should be restricted to this purpose;\nWhereas Member States should, if necessary, be able to take measures to restrict, temporarily and within the framework of appropriate Community procedures, short-term capital movements which, even where there is no appreciable divergence in economic fundamentals, might seriously disrupt the conduct of their monetary and exchange-rate policies;\nWhereas, in the interests of transparency, it is advisable to indicate the scope, in accordance with the arrangements laid down in this Directive, of the transitional measures adopted for the benefit of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic by the 1985 Act of Accession in the field of capital movements;\nWhereas the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic may, under the terms of Articles 61 to 66 and 222 to 232 respectively of the 1985 Act of Accession, postpone the liberalization of certain capital movements in derogation from the obligations set out in the First Council Directive of 11 May 1960 for the implementation of Article 67 of the Treaty\u00a0(3), as last amended by Directive 86/566/EEC\u00a0(4); whereas Directive 86/566/EEC also provides for transitional arrangements to be applied for the benefit of those two Member States in respect of their obligations to liberalize capital movements; whereas it is appropriate for those two Member States to be able to postpone the application of the new liberalization obligations resulting from this Directive;\nWhereas the Hellenic Republic and Ireland are faced, albeit to differing degrees, with difficult balance-of-payments situations and high levels of external indebtedness; whereas the immediate and complete liberalization of capital movements by those two Member States would make it more difficult for them to continue to apply the measures they have taken to improve their external positions and to reinforce the capacity of their financial systems to adapt to the requirements of an integrated financial market in the Community; whereas it is appropriate, in accordance with Article 8c of the Treaty, to grant to those two Member States, in the light of their specific circumstances, further time in which to comply with the obligations arising from this Directive;\nWhereas, since the full liberalization of capital movements could in some Member States, and especially in border areas, contribute to difficulties in the market for secondary residences; whereas existing national legislation regulating these purchases should not be affected by the entry into effect of this Directive;\nWhereas advantage should be taken of the period adopted for bringing this Directive into effect in order to enable the Commission to submit proposals designed to eliminate or reduce risks of distortion, tax evasion and tax avoidance resulting from the diversity of national systems for taxation and to permit the Council to take a position on such proposals;\nWhereas, in accordance with Article 70 (1) of the Treaty, the Community shall endeavour to attain the highest possible degree of liberalization in respect of the movement of capital between its residents and those of third countries;\nWhereas large-scale short-term capital movements to or from third countries may seriously disturb the monetary or financial situation of Member States or cause serious stresses on the exchange markets; whereas such developments may prove harmful for the cohesion of the European Monetary System, for the smooth operation of the internal market and for the progressive achievement of economic and monetary union; whereas it is therefore appropriate to create the requisite conditions for concerted action by Member States should this prove necessary;\nWhereas this Directive replaces Council Directive 72/156/EEC of 21 March 1972 on regulating international capital flows and neutralizing their undesirable effects on domestic liquidity\u00a0(5); whereas Directive 72/156/EEC should accordingly be repealed,\nHAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:\nArticle 1\n1. Without prejudice to the following provisions, Member States shall abolish restrictions on movements of capital taking place between persons resident in Member States. To facilitate application of this Directive, capital movements shall be classified in accordance with the Nomenclature in Annex I. 2. Transfers in respect of capital movements shall be made on the same exchange rate conditions as those governing payments relating to current transactions. Article 2\nMember States shall notify the Committee of Governors of the Central Banks, the Monetary Committee and the Commission, by the date of their entry into force at the latest, of measures to regulate bank liquidity which have a specific impact on capital transactions carried out by credit institutions with non-residents. Such measures shall be confined to what is necessary for the purposes of domestic monetary regulation. The Monetary Committee and the Committee of Governors of the Central Banks shall provide the Commission with opinions on this subject. Article 3\n1. Where short-term capital movements of exceptional magnitude impose severe strains on foreign-exchange markets and lead to serious disturbances in the conduct of a Member State's monetary and exchange rate policies, being reflected in particular in substantial variations in domestic liquidity, the Commission may, after consulting the Monetary Committee and the Committee of Governors of the Central Banks, authorize that Member State to take, in respect of the capital movements listed in Annex II, protective measures the conditions and details of which the Commission shall determine. 2. The Member State concerned may itself take the protective measures referred to above, on grounds of urgency, should these measures be necessary. The Commission and the other Member States shall be informed of such measures by the date of their entry into force at the latest. The Commission, after consulting the Monetary Committee and the Committee of Governors of the Central Banks, shall decide whether the Member State concerned may continue to apply these measures or whether it should amend or abolish them. 3. The decisions taken by the Commission under paragraphs 1 and 2 may be revoked or amended by the Council acting by a qualified majority. 4. The period of application of protective measures taken pursuant to this Article shall not exceed six months. 5. Before 31 December 1992, the Council shall examine, on the basis of a report from the Commission, after delivery of an opinion by the Monetary Committee and the Committee of Governors of the Central Banks, whether the provisions of this Article remain appropriate, as regards their principle and details, to the requirements which they were intended to satisfy. Article 4\nThis Directive shall be without prejudice to the right of Member States to take all requisite measures to prevent infringements of their laws and regulations, inter alia in the field of taxation and prudential supervision of financial institutions, or to lay down procedures for the declaration of capital movements for purposes of administrative or statistical information. Application of those measures and procedures may not have the effect of impeding capital movements carried out in accordance with Community law. Article 5\nFor the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic, the scope, in accordance with the Nomenclature of capital movements contained in Annex I, of the provisions of the 1985 Act of Accession in the field of capital movements shall be as indicated in Annex III. Article 6\n1. Member States shall take the measures necessary to comply with this Directive no later than 1 July 1990. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. They shall also make known, by the date of their entry into force at the latest, any new measure or any amendment made to the provisions governing the capital movements listed in Annex I. 2. The Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic, without prejudice for these two Member States to Articles 61 to 66 and 222 to 232 of the 1985 Act of Accession, and the Hellenic Republic and Ireland may temporarily continue to apply restrictions to the capital movements listed in Annex IV, subject to the conditions and time limits laid down in that Annex. If, before expiry of the time limit set for the liberalization of the capital movements referred to in Lists III and IV of Annex IV, the Portuguese Republic or the Hellenic Republic considers that it is unable to proceed with liberalization, in particular because of difficulties as regards its balance of payments or because the national financial system is insufficiently adapted, the Commission, at the request of one or other of these Member States, shall in collaboration with the Monetary Committee, review the economic and financial situation of the Member State concerned. On the basis of the outcome of this review, the Commission shall propose to the Council an extension of the time limit set for liberalization of all or part of the capital movements referred to. This extension may not exceed three years. The Council shall act in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 69 of the Treaty. 3. The Kingdom of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg may temporarily continue to operate the dual exchange market under the conditions and for the periods laid down in Annex V. 4. Existing national legislation regulating purchases of secondary residences may be upheld until the Council adopts further provisions in this area in accordance with Article 69 of the Treaty. This provision does not affect the applicability of other provisions of Community law. 5. The Commission shall submit to the Council, by 31 December 1988, proposals aimed at eliminating or reducing risks of distortion, tax evasion and tax avoidance linked to the diversity of national systems for the taxation of savings and for controlling the application of these systems. The Council shall take a position on these Commission proposals by 30 June 1989. Any tax provisions of a Community nature shall, in accordance with the Treaty, be adopted unanimously. Article 7\n1. In their treatment of transfers in respect of movements of capital to or from third countries, the Member States shall endeavour to attain the same degree of liberalization as that which applies to operations with residents of other Member States, subject to the other provisions of this Directive. The provisions of the preceding subparagraph shall not prejudice the application to third countries of domestic rules or Community law, particularly any reciprocal conditions, concerning operations involving establishment, the provisions of financial services and the admission of securities to capital markets. 2. Where large-scale short-term capital movements to or from third countries seriously disturb the domestic or external monetary or financial situation of the Member States, or of a number of them, or cause serious strains in exchange relations within the Community or between the Community and third countries, Member States shall consult with one another on any measure to be taken to counteract such difficulties. This consultation shall take place within the Committee of Governors of the Central Banks and the Monetary Committee on the initiative of the Commission or of any Member State. Article 8\nAt least once a year the Monetary Committee shall examine the situation regarding free movement of capital as it results from the application of this Directive. The examination shall cover measures concerning the domestic regulation of credit and financial and monetary markets which could have a specific impact on international capital movements and on all other aspects of this Directive. The Committee shall report to the Commission on the outcome of this examination. Article 9\nThe First Directive of 11 May 1960 and Directive 72/156/EEC shall be repealed with effect from 1 July 1990. Article 10\nThis Directive is addressed to the Member States. Done at Luxembourg, 24 June 1988. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nM. BANGEMANN\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 26, 1. 2. 1988, p. 1. (2)\u00a0\u00a0Opinion delivered on 17 June 1988 (not yet published in the Official Journal). (3)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No 43, 12. 7. 1960, p. 921/60. (4)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 332, 26. 11. 1986, p. 22. (5)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 91, 18. 4. 1972, p. 13. ANNEX I\nNOMENCLATURE OF THE CAPITAL MOVEMENTS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 1 OF THE DIRECTIVE\nIn this Nomenclature, capital movements are classified according to the economic nature of the assets and liabilities they concern, denominated either in national currency or in foreign exchange. The capital movements listed in this Nomenclature are taken to cover:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nall the operations necessary for the purposes of capital movements: conclusion and performance of the transaction and related transfers. The transaction is generally between residents of different Member States although some capital movements are carried out by a single person for his own account (e. g. transfers of assets belonging to emigrants),\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\noperations carried out by any natural or legal person\u00a0(1), including operations in respect of the assets or liabilities of Member States or of other public administrations and agencies, subject to the provisions of Article 68 (3) of the Treaty,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\naccess for the economic operator to all the financial techniques available on the market approached for the purpose of carrying out the operation in question. For example, the concept of acquisition of securities and other financial instruments covers not only spot transactions but also all the dealing techniques available: forward transactions, transactions carrying an option or warrant, swaps against other assets, etc. Similarly, the concept of operations in current and deposit accounts with financial institutions, includes not only the opening and placing of funds on accounts but also forward foreign exchange transactions, irrespective of whether these are intended to cover an exchange risk or to take an open foreign exchange position,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\noperations to liquidate or assign assets built up, repatriation of the proceeds of liquidation thereof\u00a0(1) or immediate use of such proceeds within the limits of Community obligations,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\noperations to repay credits or loans. This Nomenclature is not an exhaustive list for the notion of capital movements \u2014 whence a heading XIII \u2014 F. \u2018Other capital movements \u2014 Miscellaneous\u2019. It should not therefore be interpreted as restricting the scope of the principle of full liberalization of capital movements as referred to in Article 1 of the Directive. I \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0DIRECT INVESTMENTS\u00a0(1)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Establishment and extension of branches or new undertakings belonging solely to the person providing the capital, and the acquisition in full of existing undertakings. 2. Participation in new or existing undertaking with a view to establishing or maintaining lasting economic links. 3. Long-term loans with a view to establishing or maintaining lasting economic links. 4. Reinvestment of profits with a view to maintaining lasting economic links. A \u2014\n\n\n\nDirect investments on national territory by non-residents\n\u00a0(1)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB \u2014\n\n\n\nDirect investments abroad by residents\n\u00a0(1)\n\n\n\n\n\nII \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0INVESTMENTS IN REAL ESTATE (not included under I)\u00a0(1)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA \u2014\n\n\n\nInvestments in real estate on national territory by non-residents\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB \u2014\n\n\n\nInvestments in real estate abroad by residents\n\n\n\n\n\nIII \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OPERATIONS IN SECURITIES NORMALLY DEALT IN ON THE CAPITAL MARKET (not included under I, IV and V)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\n\nShares and other securities of a participating nature\n\u00a0(1). (b)\n\n\n\nBonds\n\u00a0(1). A \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Transactions in securities on the capital market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Acquisition by non-residents of domestic securities dealt in on a stock exchange\u00a0(2). 2. Acquisition by residents of foreign securities dealt in on a stock exchange. 3. Acquisition by non-residents of domestic securities not dealt in on a stock exchange\u00a0(2). 4. Aquisition by residents of foreign securities not dealt in on a stock exchange. B \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Admission of securities to the capital market\n\u00a0(2)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\n\nIntroduction on a stock exchange\n\u00a0(2). (ii)\n\n\n\nIssue and placing on a capital market (*). 1. Admission of domestic securities to a foreign capital market. 2. Administration of foreign securities to the domestic capital market. IV \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OPERATIONS IN UNITS OF COLLECTIVE INVESTMENT UNDERTAKINGS\u00a0(2)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nUnits of undertakings for collective investment in securities normally dealt in on the capital market (shares, other equities and bonds). (b)\n\n\nUnits of undertakings for collective investment in securities or instruments normally dealt in on the money market. (c)\n\n\nUnits of undertakings for collective investment in other assets. A \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Transactions in units of collective investment undertakings\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Acquisition by non-residents of units of national undertakings dealt in on a stock exchange. 2. Acquisition by residents of units of foreign undertakings dealt in on a stock exchange. 3. Acquisition by non-residents of units of national undertakings not dealt in on a stock exchange. 4. Acquisition by residents of units of foreign undertakings not dealt in on a stock exchange. B \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Administration of units of collective investment undertakings to the capital market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\n\nIntroduction on a stock exchange. (ii)\n\n\n\nIssue and placing on a capital market. 1. Admission of units of national collective investment undertakings to a foreign capital market. 2. Admission of units of foreign collective investment undertakings to the domestic capital market. V \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OPERATIONS IN SECURITIES AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS NORMALLY DEALT IN ON THE MONEY MARKET\u00a0(2)\n\nA \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Transactions in securities and other instruments on the money market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Acquisition by non-residents of domestic money market securities and instruments. 2. Acquisition by residents of foreign money market securities and instruments. B \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Admission of securities and other instruments to the money market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\n\nIntroduction on a recognized money market (*). (ii)\n\n\n\nIssue and placing on a recognized money market. 1. Admission of domestic securities and instruments to a foreign money market. 2. Admission of foreign securities and instruments to the domestic money market. VI \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OPERATIONS IN CURRENT AND DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS WITH FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA \u2014\n\n\n\nOperations carried out by non-residents with domestic financial institutions\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB \u2014\n\n\n\nOperations carried out by residents with foreign financial institutions\n\n\n\n\n\nVII \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CREDITS RELATED TO COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS OR TO THE PROVISION OF SERVICES IN WHICH A RESIDENT IS PARTICIPATING\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Short-term (less than one year). 2. Medium-term (from one to five years). 3. Long-term (five years or more). A \u2014\n\n\n\nCredits granted by non-residents to residents\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB \u2014\n\n\n\nCredits granted by residents to non-residents\n\n\n\n\n\nVIII \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0FINANCIAL LOANS AND CREDITS (not included under I, VII and XI)\u00a0(3)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Short-term (less than one year). 2. Medium-term (from one to five years). 3. Long-term (five years or more). A \u2014\n\n\n\nLoans and credits granted by non-residents to residents\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB \u2014\n\n\n\nLoans and credits granted by residents to non-residents\n\n\n\n\n\nIX \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0SURETIES, OTHER GUARANTEES AND RIGHTS OF PLEDGE\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA \u2014\n\n\n\nGranted by non-residents to residents\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB \u2014\n\n\n\nGranted by residents to non-residents\n\n\n\n\n\nX \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0TRANSFERS IN PERFORMANCE OF INSURANCE CONTRACTS\nA \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Premiums and payments in respect of life assurance\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Contracts concluded between domestic life assurance companies and non-residents. 2. Contracts concluded between foreign life assurance companies and residents. B \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Premiums and payments in respect of credit insurance\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Contracts concluded between domestic credit insurance companies and non-residents. 2. Contracts concluded between foreign credit insurance companies and residents. C \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Other transfers of capital in respect of insurance contracts\n\nXI \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0PERSONAL CAPITAL MOVEMENTS\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA \u2014\n\n\n\nLoans\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB \u2014\n\n\n\nGifts and endowments\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nC \u2014\n\n\n\nDowries\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD \u2014\n\n\n\nInheritances and legacies\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE \u2014\n\n\n\nSettlement of debts by immigrants in their previous country of residence\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nF \u2014\n\n\n\nTransfers of assets constituted by residents, in the event of emigration, at the time of their installation or during their period of stay abroad\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nG \u2014\n\n\n\nTransfers, during their period of stay, of immigrants' savings to their previous country of residence\n\n\n\n\n\nXII \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0PHYSICAL IMPORT AND EXPORT OF FINANCIAL ASSETS\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA \u2014\n\n\n\nSecurities\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB \u2014\n\n\n\nMeans of payment of every kind\n\n\n\n\n\nXIII \u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0OTHER CAPITAL MOVEMENTS\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA \u2014\n\n\n\nDeath duties\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB \u2014\n\n\n\nDamages (where these can be considered as capital)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nC \u2014\n\n\n\nRefunds in the case of cancellation of contracts and refunds of uncalled-for payments (where these can be considered as capital)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD \u2014\n\n\n\nAuthors' royalties: patents, designs, trade marks and inventions (assignments and transfers arising out of such assignments)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE \u2014\n\n\n\nTransfers of the monies required for the provision of services (not included under VI)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nF \u2014\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous\n\n\n\n\n\nEXPLANATORY NOTES\nFor the purposes of this Nomenclature and the Directive only, the following expressions have the meanings assigned to them respectively:\n\nDirect investments\n\nInvestments of all kinds by natural persons or commercial, industrial or financial undertakings, and which serve to establish or to maintain lasting and direct links between the person providing the capital and the entrepreneur to whom or the undertaking to which the capital is made available in order to carry on an economic activity. This concept must therefore be understood in its widest sense. The undertakings mentioned under I-1 of the Nomenclature include legally independent undertakings (wholly-owned subsidiaries) and branches. As regards those undertakings mentioned under I-2 of the Nomenclature which have the status of companies limited by shares, there is participation in the nature of direct investment where the block of shares held by a natural person of another undertaking or any other holder enables the shareholder, either pursuant to the provisions of national laws relating to companies limited by shares or otherwise, to participate effectively in the management of the company or in its control. Long-term loans of a participating nature, mentioned under I-3 of the Nomenclature, means loans for a period of more than five years which are made for the purpose of establishing or maintaining lasting economic links. The main examples which may be cited are loans granted by a company to its subsidiaries or to companies in which it has a share and loans linked with a profit-sharing arrangement. Loans granted by financial institutions with a view to establishing or maintaining lasting economic links are also included under this heading. Investments in real estate\n\nPurchases of buildings and land and the construction of buildings by private persons for gain or personal use. This category also includes rights of usufruct, easements and building rights. Introduction on a stock exchange or on a recognized money market\n\nAccess \u2014 in accordance with a specified procedure \u2014 for securities and other negotiable instruments to dealings, whether controlled officially or unofficially, on an officially recognized stock exchange or in an officially recognized segment of the money market. Securities dealt in on a stock exchange (quoted or unquoted)\n\nSecurities the dealings in which are controlled by regulations, the prices for which are regularly published, either by official stock exchanges (quoted securities) or by other bodies attached to a stock exchange \u2014 e. g. committees of banks (unquoted securities). Issue of securities and other negotiable instruments\n\nSale by way of an offer to the public. Placing of securities and other negotiable instruments\n\nThe direct sale of securities by the issuer of by the consortium which the issuer has instructed to sell them, with no offer being made to the public. Domestic or foreign securities and other instruments\n\nSecurities according to the country in which the issuer has his principal place of business. Acquisition by residents of domestic securities and other instruments issued on a foreign market ranks as the acquisition of foreign securities. Shares and other securities of a participating nature\n\nIncluding rights to subscribe to new issues of shares. Bonds\n\nNegotiable securities with a maturity of two years or more from issue for which the interest rate and the terms for the repayment of the principal and the payment of interest are determined at the time of issue. Collective investment undertakings\n\nUntertakings:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe object of which is the collective investment in transferable securities or other assets of the capital they raise and which operate on the principle of risk-spreading, and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe units of which are, at the request of holders, under the legal, contractual or statutory conditions governing them, repurchased or redeemed, directly or indirectly, out of those undertakings' assets. Action taken by a collective investment undertaking to ensure that the stock exchange value of its units does not significantly vary from their net asset value shall be regarded as equivalent to such repurchase or redemption. Such undertakings may be constituted according to law either under the law of contract (as common funds managed by management companies) or trust law (as unit trusts) or under statute (as investment companies). For the purposes of the Directive, \u2018common funds\u2019 shall also include unit trusts. Securities and other instruments normally dealt in on the money market\n\nTreasury bills and other negotiable bills, certificates of deposit, bankers' acceptances, commercial paper and other like instruments. Credits related to commercial transactions or to the provision of services\n\nContractual trade credits (advances or payments by instalment in respect of work in progress or on order and extended payment terms, whether or not involving subscription to a commercial bill) and their financing by credits provided by credit institutions. This category also includes factoring operations. Financial loans and credits\n\nFinancing of every kind granted by financial institutions, including financing related to commercial transactions or to the provision of services in which no resident is participating. This category also includes mortgage loans, consumer credit and financial leasing, as well as back-up facilities and other note-issuance facilities. Residents or non-residents\n\nNatural and legal persons according to the definitions laid down in the exchange control regulations in force in each Member State. Proceeds of liquidation (of investments, securities, etc. )\n\nProceeds of sale including any capital appreciation, amount of repayments, proceeds of execution of judgements, etc. Natural or legal persons\n\nAs defined by the national rules. Financial institutions\n\nBanks, savings banks and institutions specializing in the provision of short-term, medium-term and long-term credit, and insurance companies, building societies, investment companies and other institutions of like character. Credit institutions\n\nBanks, savings banks and institutions specializing in the provision of short-term, medium-term and long-term credit. (1)\u00a0\u00a0See Explanatory Notes below. (2)\u00a0\u00a0See Explanatory Notes below. (3)\u00a0\u00a0See Explanatory Notes below. ANNEX II\nLIST OF OPERATIONS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 3 OF THE DIRECTIVE\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNature of operation\n\n\nHeading\n\n\n\n\nOperations in securities and other instruments normally dealt in on the money market\n\n\nV\n\n\n\n\nOperations in current and deposit accounts with financial institutions\n\n\nVI\n\n\n\n\nOperations in units of collective investment undertakings\n\n\nIV-A and B (c)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nundertakings for investment in securities or instruments normally dealt in on the money market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nFinancial loans and credits\n\n\nVIII-A and B-l\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nshort-term\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nPersonal capital movements\n\n\nXI-A\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nloans\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nPhysical import and export of financial assets\n\n\nXII\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nsecurities normally dealt in on the money market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nmeans of payment\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nOther capital movements: Miscellaneous\n\n\nXIII-F\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nshort-term operations similar to those listed above\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nThe restrictions which Member States may apply to the capital movements listed above must be defined and applied in such a way as to cause the least possible hindrance to the free movement of persons, goods and services. ANNEX III\nREFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 5 OF THE DIRECTIVE\nScope of the provisions of the 1985 Act of Accession relating to capital movements, in accordance with the Nomenclature of capital movements set out in Annex I to the Directive\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArticles of the Art of Accession (dates of expiry of transitional provisions)\n\n\nNature of operation\n\n\nHeading\n\n\n\n\n(a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Provisions concerning the Kingdom of Spain\n\n\n\n\n\nArticle 62\n(31. 12. 1990)\n\n\nDirect investments abroad by residents\n\n\nI-B\n\n\n\n\nArticle 63\n(31. 12. 1990)\n\n\nInvestments in real estate abroad by residents\n\n\nII-B\n\n\n\n\nArticle 64\n(31. 12. 1988)\n\n\nOperations in securities normally dealt in on the capital market\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAcquisition by residents of foreign securities dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIII-A-2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nexcluding bonds issued on a foreign market and denominated in national currency\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nOperations in units of collective investment undertakings\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAcquisition by residents of units of collective investment undertakings dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV-A-2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nexcluding units of undertakings taking the form of common funds\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n(b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Provisions concerning the Portuguese Republic\n\n\n\n\n\nArticle 222\n(31. 12. 1989)\n\n\nDirect investments on national territory by non-residents\n\n\nI-A\n\n\n\n\nArticle 224\n(31. 12. 1992)\n\n\nDirect investments abroad by residents\n\n\nI-B\n\n\n\n\nArticles 225 and 226\n(31. 12. 1990)\n\n\nInvestments in real estate on national territory by non-residents\n\n\nII-A\n\n\n\n\nArticle 227\n(31. 12. 1992)\n\n\nInvestments in real estate abroad by residents\n\n\nII-B\n\n\n\n\nArticle 228\n(31. 12. 1990)\n\n\nPersonal capital movements\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nfor the purpose of applying the higher amounts specified in Article 228 (2):\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nDowries\n\n\n\n\n\n\nXI-C\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nInheritances and legacies\n\n\n\n\n\n\nXI-D\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nTransfers of assets built up by residents in case of emigration at the time of their installation or during their period of stay abroad\n\n\n\n\n\n\nXI-F\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nfor the purpose of applying the lower amounts specified in Article 228 (2):\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nGifts and endowments\n\n\n\n\n\n\nXI-B\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nSettlement of debts by immigrants in their previous country of residence\n\n\n\n\n\n\nXI-E\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nTransfers of immigrants' savings to their previous country of residence during their period of stay\n\n\n\n\n\n\nXI-G\n\n\n\n\nArticle 229\n(31. 12. 1990)\n\n\nOperations in securities normally dealt in on the capital market\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAcquisition by residents of foreign securities dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIII-A-2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nexcluding bonds issued on a foreign market and denominated in national currency\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nOperations in units of collective investment undertakings\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAcquisition by residents of units of foreign collective investment undertakings dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV-A-2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nexcluding units of undertakings taking the form of common funds\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nANNEX IV\nREFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 6 (2) OF THE DIRECTIVE\n\n\n\n\n\n\nI. The Portuguese Republic may continue to apply or reintroduce, until 31 December 1990 restrictions existing on the date of notification of the Directive on capital movements given in List I below:\n\nLIST I\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNature of operation\n\n\nHeading\n\n\n\n\nOperations in units of collective investment undertakings\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nacquisition by residents of units of foreign collective investment undertakings dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV-A-2 (a)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nundertakings subject to Directive 85/611/EEC\u00a0(1) and taking the form of common funds\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAcquisition by residents of units of foreign collective investment undertakings not dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV-A-4 (a)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nundertakings subject to Directive 85/611/EEC\u00a0(1)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nII. The Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic may continue to apply or reintroduce, until 31 December 1990 and 31 December 1992 respectively, restrictions existing on the date of notification of the Directive on capital movements given in List II below:\n\nLIST II\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNature of operation\n\n\nHeading\n\n\n\n\nOperations in securities normally dealt in on the capital market\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAcquisition by residents of foreign securities dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIII-A-2 (b)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nbonds issued on a foreign market and denominated in national currency\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAcquisition by residents (non-residents) of foreign (domestic) securities not dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIII-A-3 and 4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAdmission of securities to the capital market\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIII-B-1 and 2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nwhere they are dealt in on or in the process of introduction to a stock exchange in a Member State\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nOperations in units of collective investment undertakings\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAcquisition by residents of units of foreign collective investment undertakings dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV-A-2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nundertakings not subject to Directive 85/611/EEC\u00a0(2) and taking the form of common funds\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAcquisition by residents (non-residents) of units of foreign (domestic) collective investment undertakings not dealt in on a stock exchange\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV-A-3 and 4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nundertakings not subject to Directive 85/611/EEC\u00a0(2) and the sole object of which is the acquisition of assets that have been liberalized\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAdmission to the capital market of units of collective investment of undertakings\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV-B-1 and 2 (a)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nundertakings subject to Directive 85/611/EEC\u00a0(2)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nCredits related to commercial transactions or to the provision of services in which a resident is participating\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVII-A and B-3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nLong-term credits\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIII. The Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, Ireland and the Portuguese Republic may, until 31 December 1992, continue to apply or reintroduce restrictions existing at the date of notification of the Directive on capital movements given in List III below:\n\nLIST III\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNature of operation\n\n\nHeading\n\n\n\n\nOperations in securities dealt in on the capital market\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAdmission of securities to the capital market\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIII-B-1 and 2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nwhere they are not dealt in on or in the process of introduction to a stock exchange in a Member State\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nOperations in units of collective investment undertakings\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nAdmission to the capital market of units of collective investment undertakings\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV-B-1 and 2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nundertakings not subject to Directive 85/611/EEC\u00a0(3) and the sole object of which is the acquisition of assets that have been liberalized\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nFinancial loans and credits\n\n\nVIII-A, B-2 and 3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nmedium-term and long-term\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV. The Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, Ireland and the Portuguese Republic may, until 31 December 1992, defer liberalization of the capital movements given in List IV below:\n\nLIST IV\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNature of operation\n\n\nHeading\n\n\n\n\nOperations in securities and other instruments normally dealt in on the money market\n\n\nV\n\n\n\n\nOperations in current and deposit accounts with financial institutions\n\n\nVI\n\n\n\n\nOperations in units of collective investment undertakings\n\n\nIV-A and B (c)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nundertakings for investment in securities or instruments normally dealt in on the money market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nFinancial loans and credits\n\n\nVIII-A and B-1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nshort term\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nPersonal capital movements\n\n\nXI-A\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nloans\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nPhysical import and export of financial assets\n\n\nXII\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nsecurities normally dealt in on the money market\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nmeans of payment\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\n\n\n\n\nOther capital movements: Miscellaneous\n\n\nXIII-F\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0Council Directive 85/611/EEC on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) (OJ No L 375, 31. 12. 1985, p. 3). (2)\u00a0\u00a0See footnote to List I. (3)\u00a0\u00a0See footnote to List I. ANNEX V\nSince the dual exchange market system, as operated by the Kingdom of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, has not had the effect of restricting capital movements but nevertheless constitutes an anomaly in the EMS and should therefore be brought to an end in the interests of effective implementation of the Directive and with a view to strengthening the European Monetary System, these two Member States undertake to abolish it by 31 December 1992. They also undertake to administer the system, until such time as it is abolished, on the basis of procedures which will still ensure the de facto free movement of capital on such conditions that the exchange rates ruling on the two markets show no appreciable and lasting differences"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1abf603b-4e33-401b-a419-9d68359f2338", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2050/88 of 24 June 1988 amending Regulation (EEC) No 1883/78 laying down general rules for the financing of interventions by the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund, Guarantee Section", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "EAGGF Guarantee Section,EU financing,devaluation,fixing of prices,interest,public stock", "workIds": "celex:31988R2050,oj:JOL_1988_185_R_0006_012", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EAGGF Guarantee Section", "EU financing", "devaluation", "fixing of prices", "interest", "public stock"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1abf603b-4e33-401b-a419-9d68359f2338", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/89856c34-4834-4001-976b-b1876a6d8588", "title": "Written Question No 616/88 by Mrs Winifred Ewing to the Council: The disabled", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "EWING,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "EU employment policy,disabled person,schooling,social policy,vocational retraining,vocational training", "workIds": "celex:91988E000616", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU employment policy", "disabled person", "schooling", "social policy", "vocational retraining", "vocational training"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/89856c34-4834-4001-976b-b1876a6d8588", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/80e8c466-d3c4-45af-b529-5ca36819896c", "title": "Written Question No 645/88 by Mr Dom\u00e8nec Romera i Alc\u00e0zar to the Commission: Acts of vandalism from footbridges spanning motorways and other roads", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,ROMERA I ALCAZAR", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "indemnification,insurance company,insurance indemnity,road safety,transport accident,transport insurance,violence", "workIds": "celex:91988E000645", "eurovoc_concepts": ["indemnification", "insurance company", "insurance indemnity", "road safety", "transport accident", "transport insurance", "violence"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/80e8c466-d3c4-45af-b529-5ca36819896c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/37146c93-39c2-43de-b388-9d8627f187ba", "title": "Written Question No 652/88 by Mr Carlos Robles Piquer to the Commission: Subsidies for easier access to innovative services", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,ROBLES PIQUER", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "EU aid,European undertaking,innovation,small and medium-sized enterprises", "workIds": "celex:91988E000652", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU aid", "European undertaking", "innovation", "small and medium-sized enterprises"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/37146c93-39c2-43de-b388-9d8627f187ba", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/baca8e4b-66e2-4b78-bbba-fd5813f21c62", "title": "Written Question No 632/88 by Mr Ernest Glinne to the Commission: Dangerous waterproofing sprays", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,GLINNE", "date": "1988-06-24", "subjects": "aerosol,consumer information,dangerous substance,health risk,polishing and scouring preparations", "workIds": "celex:91988E000632", "eurovoc_concepts": ["aerosol", "consumer information", "dangerous substance", "health risk", "polishing and scouring preparations"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/baca8e4b-66e2-4b78-bbba-fd5813f21c62", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/de1f943d-e3aa-4b42-b831-4e6d52117ace", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1810/88 of 23 June 1988 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2245/85 laying down certain technical measures for the conservation of fish stocks in the Antarctic", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-23", "subjects": "Antarctica,authorised catch,conservation of fish stocks,fishing area,fishing regulations,fishing rights", "workIds": "celex:31988R1810,oj:JOL_1988_162_R_0001_031", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Antarctica", "authorised catch", "conservation of fish stocks", "fishing area", "fishing regulations", "fishing rights"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/de1f943d-e3aa-4b42-b831-4e6d52117ace", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/7f30656d-29c4-4016-8165-215267f13011", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1811/88 of 23 June 1988 concerning the application of Decision 1/88 of the EEC- EFTA Joint Committee 'Common transit' amending Appendices I, II and III to the Convention of 20 May 1987 on a common transit procedure", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-23", "subjects": "Union transit,customs formalities,guarantee,mixed agreement,movement certificate,rail transport", "workIds": "celex:31988R1811", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Union transit", "customs formalities", "guarantee", "mixed agreement", "movement certificate", "rail transport"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/7f30656d-29c4-4016-8165-215267f13011", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1988162EN. 01000401. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n29. 6. 1988\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 162/4\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No 1811/88\nof 23 June 1988\nconcerning the application of Decision 1/88 of the EEC-EFTA Joint Committee \u2018Common transit\u2019 amending Appendices I, II and III to the Convention of 20 May 1987 on a common transit procedure\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHeaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 113 thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission,\nWhereas Article 15 (3) of the Convention between the European Community, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Iceland, the Kingdom of Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden and the Swiss Confederation on a common transit procedure\u00a0(1) confers on the Joint Committee set up by that Convention the power to adopt, by decision, amendments to the Appendices to the Convention;\nWhereas the Joint Committee has decided to amend and adapt certain provisions of Appendices I, II and III to the Convention;\nWhereas those amendments and adaptations are the subject of Decision 1/88 of the Joint Committee; whereas it is necessary to take measures for the implementation of that Decision,\nHAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:\nArticle 1\nDecision 1/88 of the EEC-EFTA Joint Committee \u2018Common transit\u2019 amending Appendices I, II and III to the Convention on a common transit procedure shall apply in the Community. The text of the said Decision is attached to this Regulation. Article 2\nThis Regulation shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Luxembourg, 23 June 1988. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nW. von GELDERN\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 226, 13. 8. 1987, p. 1"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/46c0e379-8bf9-4a03-8033-0d66884891d2", "title": "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2024/88 of 23 June 1988 amending for the fifth time Regulation (EEC) No 3094/86 laying down certain technical measures for the conservation of fishery resources", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-23", "subjects": "EU waters,catch by species,conservation of fish stocks,crustacean,sea fish", "workIds": "celex:31988R2024,oj:JOL_1988_179_R_0001_030", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU waters", "catch by species", "conservation of fish stocks", "crustacean", "sea fish"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/46c0e379-8bf9-4a03-8033-0d66884891d2", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/34b27292-39d2-4249-95d9-abc2177865e7", "title": "Written Question No 590/88 by Mrs Anne-Marie Lizin to the Commission: South Africa: positive measures in the struggle against apartheid", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,LIZIN", "date": "1988-06-22", "subjects": "EU aid,South Africa,apartheid,national law,supervisory power", "workIds": "celex:91988E000590", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU aid", "South Africa", "apartheid", "national law", "supervisory power"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/34b27292-39d2-4249-95d9-abc2177865e7", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/615887f9-7e26-4b67-b026-eba41091368c", "title": "Written Question No 591/88 by Mrs Hedy d' Ancona and Mrs Marietta Giannakou-Koutsikou to the Commission: New initiatives of the European Commission on parental leave", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "D'ANCONA,European Parliament,GIANNAKOU-KOUTSIKOU Marietta", "date": "1988-06-22", "subjects": "child,education,equal treatment,family,family policy,paid leave,social policy,woman", "workIds": "celex:91988E000591", "eurovoc_concepts": ["child", "education", "equal treatment", "family", "family policy", "paid leave", "social policy", "woman"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/615887f9-7e26-4b67-b026-eba41091368c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f3c13080-2180-4601-9c89-fc7f1ff6422a", "title": "REEXAMINED PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISION ON A COMMUNITY PROGRAMME IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS APPLIED TO ROAD TRANSPORT DRIVE ( DEDICATED ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE FOR VEHICLE SAFETY IN EUROPE )", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_act,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#proposal_decision_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "Eureka,computer systems,research programme,road transport,telecommunications", "workIds": "celex:51988PC0360,comnat:COM_1988_0360_FIN,oj:JOC_1988_214_R_0020_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Eureka", "computer systems", "research programme", "road transport", "telecommunications"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f3c13080-2180-4601-9c89-fc7f1ff6422a", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b2580526-9e19-4f41-8d92-1488c0a96926", "title": "Council Resolution of 16 June 1988 concerning export from and import into the Community of certain dangerous chemicals", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_legislative_other_oj_c,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "chemical product,dangerous substance,export (EU),import (EU),quality of the environment", "workIds": "celex:31988Y0629(01),oj:JOC_1988_170_R_0001_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["chemical product", "dangerous substance", "export (EU)", "import (EU)", "quality of the environment"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b2580526-9e19-4f41-8d92-1488c0a96926", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/678bb9be-337e-4c0c-9628-8ca801564847", "title": "ORAL QUESTION DOCUMENT B 2-466/88 WITH DEBATE, BY MR FITZSIMONS, MR LALOR, MR ANDREWS, MR BARRETT, MR FITZGERALD, MR KILLILEA AND MRS LEMASS TO THE COUNCIL: TRANSPORTATION BY SEA OF DANGEROUS NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND THE FOURTH ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMME", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_oral,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "ANDREWS,BARRETT,European Parliament,FITZGERALD,FITZSIMONS,KILLILEA,LALOR,LEMASS", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "action programme,approximation of laws,dangerous substance,database,environmental protection,international agreement,maritime transport,nuclear fuel,pipeline transport,rail transport,road transport,safety standard,toxic substance,transport safety", "workIds": "celex:91988O000015", "eurovoc_concepts": ["action programme", "approximation of laws", "dangerous substance", "database", "environmental protection", "international agreement", "maritime transport", "nuclear fuel", "pipeline transport", "rail transport", "road transport", "safety standard", "toxic substance", "transport safety"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/678bb9be-337e-4c0c-9628-8ca801564847", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/62084ccf-044c-43fb-a9fb-9427028a636a", "title": "Council Directive 88/347/EEC of 16 June 1988 amending Annex II to Directive 86/280/EEC on limit values and quality objectives for discharges of certain dangerous substances included in List I of the Annex to Directive 76/464/EEC", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#directive,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "chemical compound,chemical pollution,environmental standard,industrial waste,pollution control,quality standard", "workIds": "celex:31988L0347,oj:JOL_1988_158_R_0035_039", "eurovoc_concepts": ["chemical compound", "chemical pollution", "environmental standard", "industrial waste", "pollution control", "quality standard"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/62084ccf-044c-43fb-a9fb-9427028a636a", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/71ea4934-5284-4e79-812c-3caa0953cd94", "title": "ORAL QUESTION DOCUMENT B 2-399/88 WITH DEBATE, BY MR ANASTASSOPOULOS, MR KLINKENBORG, MR PUERTA GUTIERREZ, MR STARITA, MR VISSER, MR EBEL, MR MOORHOUSE, MR CAROSSINO, MR WIJSENBEEK, MR VAN DER WAAL, MR LALOR AND MR SEEFELD ON BEHALF OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT TO THE COMMISSION: POTENTIAL CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY AIRPORTS TO MEET THE CHALLENGE OF 1992, CONGESTION OF AIRPORTS AND THE PROBLEMS OF AIR SAFETY", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_oral,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "ANASTASSOPOULOS,CAROSSINO,EBEL,European Parliament,KLINKENBORG,LALOR,MOORHOUSE,PUERTA GUTIERREZ,SEEFELD,STARITA,VAN DER WAAL,VISSER,WIJSENBEEK", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "Eurocontrol,air safety,air space,air traffic,air transport,airport,crew,permanent crop,pipeline transport,professional qualifications,safety standard,transport infrastructure,transport policy", "workIds": "celex:91987O000220", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Eurocontrol", "air safety", "air space", "air traffic", "air transport", "airport", "crew", "permanent crop", "pipeline transport", "professional qualifications", "safety standard", "transport infrastructure", "transport policy"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/71ea4934-5284-4e79-812c-3caa0953cd94", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ff5cbcd3-a834-4139-9a17-5b9a667047a6", "title": "LEGISLATIVE RESOLUTION embodying the opinion of the European Parliament on the proposal for a Council directive (EEC) on the harmonization of definitions of Gross National Product at market prices (GNPmp) and improvements to the basic statistics needed to estimate it", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Budgets,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "Community budget,conciliation,financial policy,gross national product,statistics", "workIds": "celex:51988AP0111", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Community budget", "conciliation", "financial policy", "gross national product", "statistics"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ff5cbcd3-a834-4139-9a17-5b9a667047a6", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e661ba0a-f097-46a8-9c05-ffeafcf8ea7f", "title": "LEGISLATIVE RESOLUTION embodying the opinion of the European Parliament on the proposal from the Commission to the Council for a Council decision on budgetary discipline", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Budgets,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "agricultural expenditure,budgetary discipline (EU),budgetary power,budgetary procedure,compulsory expenditure,non-compulsory expenditure,powers of parliament", "workIds": "celex:51988AP0117", "eurovoc_concepts": ["agricultural expenditure", "budgetary discipline (EU)", "budgetary power", "budgetary procedure", "compulsory expenditure", "non-compulsory expenditure", "powers of parliament"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e661ba0a-f097-46a8-9c05-ffeafcf8ea7f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d7f4168e-0ad6-467d-bf1f-2f6d7b61722f", "title": "88/348/EEC: Council Decision of 16 June 1988 adopting an action programme for the promotion of youth exchanges in the Community - \"Youth for Europe\" programme", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "action programme,cultural policy,cultural relations,young person", "workIds": "celex:31988D0348,oj:JOL_1988_158_R_0042_040", "eurovoc_concepts": ["action programme", "cultural policy", "cultural relations", "young person"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d7f4168e-0ad6-467d-bf1f-2f6d7b61722f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c6bad5ee-da4b-4f21-b1c7-f673e7a1c55d", "title": "RESOLUTION on the conservation of the architectural heritage of Lisbon", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_other_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Regional Development,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "European Regional Development Fund,Portugal,Structural Funds,cultural heritage,economic infrastructure,less-favoured region,pollution control measures,regional policy,tourism,town planning", "workIds": "celex:51988IP0020(01)", "eurovoc_concepts": ["European Regional Development Fund", "Portugal", "Structural Funds", "cultural heritage", "economic infrastructure", "less-favoured region", "pollution control measures", "regional policy", "tourism", "town planning"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c6bad5ee-da4b-4f21-b1c7-f673e7a1c55d", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/931e980f-0083-4b4c-ad29-b50d4c25a0ca", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1693/88 of 16 June 1988 fixing for June 1988 the minimum purchase price for lemons delivered to the industry and the amount of financial compensation payable after their processing", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "food processing,indemnification,minimum price,purchase price", "workIds": "celex:31988R1693,oj:JOL_1988_151_R_0036_033", "eurovoc_concepts": ["food processing", "indemnification", "minimum price", "purchase price"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/931e980f-0083-4b4c-ad29-b50d4c25a0ca", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f981385d-cb78-485f-8392-fbb22b73186c", "title": "LEGISLATIVE RESOLUTION embodying the opinion of the European Parliament on the proposal from the Commission of the European Communities for a Council Regulation (ECSC, EURATOM, EEC) amending the Financial Regulation of 21 December 1977, applicable to the general budget of the European Communities", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Budgets,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "Community budget,EAGGF,administrative expenditure,budgetary power,carry-over of appropriations,compulsory expenditure,conciliation,financial legislation,financial policy", "workIds": "celex:51988AP0118", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Community budget", "EAGGF", "administrative expenditure", "budgetary power", "carry-over of appropriations", "compulsory expenditure", "conciliation", "financial legislation", "financial policy"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f981385d-cb78-485f-8392-fbb22b73186c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a8932e78-c788-4717-8605-4f3a39923281", "title": "Additional Protocol to the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Syrian Arab Republic - Joint Declaration - Declaration by the representative of the Federal Republic of Germany", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdf,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_non-member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Economic Community,Syria", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "Syria,cooperation agreement (EU),protocol to an agreement", "workIds": "celex:21988A1130(05)", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Syria", "cooperation agreement (EU)", "protocol to an agreement"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a8932e78-c788-4717-8605-4f3a39923281", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdf", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "No L 327 / 58\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n30. 11. 88\n\nADDITIONAL PROTOCOL\n\nto the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Syrian Arab\nRepublic\n\nTHE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY ,\n\nof the one part , and\n\nTHE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC ,\n\nof the other part ,\n\nHAVING REGARD to the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Syrian\nArab Republic, signed at Brussels on 18 January 1977 , hereinafter referred to as 'the Agreement'. CONSIDERING that the Community and Syria wish to strengthen still further their relations in order to take\naccount of the new dimension created by the accession to the European Communities of Spain and Portugal , on 1\nJanuary 1986 , and that Article 44 of the Agreement provides for the possibility of improvements in its terms ,\n\nCONSIDERING that certain rules should be foreseen to enable Syria's traditional export trade with the\nCommunity to be maintained ,\n\nHAVE DECIDED to conclude a Protocol adapting certain provisions of the Agreement, and to this end have\ndesignated as their Plenipotentiaries :\n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES :\n\nWerner UNGERER ,\n\nAmbassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary ,\nPermanent Representative of the Federal Republic of Germany,\nChairman of the Permanent Representatives Committee ;\n\nJean DURIEUX ,\nSpecial Adviser in the Directorate-General for External Relations of the Commission of the European\nCommunities ;\n\nTHE GOVERNMENT OF THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC :\n\nSiba NASSER ,\n\nAmbassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary ,\nHead of the Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the European Communities. WHO , having exchanged their full powers , found in good and due form ,\n\nHAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS :\n\nArticle. 1\n\n1. Customs duties applicable under the Agreement to\nimports into the Community of products originating in Syria\ncovered by the Agreement and listed in the Annex to this\nProtocol shall be phased out progressively over the same\nperiods and at the same rates as provided in the Act of\nAccession of Spain and Portugal in respect of imports into the\nCommunity as constituted on 31 December 1985 of the same\nproducts from Spain and Portugal. This provision shall be\napplied in accordance with the rules hereinafter set out in this\nArticle. In the course of this progressive phasing-out of customs\nduties and where the level of customs duty in force for\n\nSpanish imports into the Community as constituted on 31\nDecember 1985 differs from that in force for Portugal ,\nproducts originating in Syria shall be subject to the higher of\nthe two rates. 2. Where the customs duty on a product listed in the\nAnnex is lower for Syria than for Spain , Portugal or both ,\nphasing out of the duty shall commence once the duty on the\nproduct from both Spain and Portugal has fallen below that\napplying to imports originating in Syria. For the purposes of phasing out customs duties for\n3. dried , dehydrated or evaporated vegetables falling within\nsubheading 07. 04 A of the Common Customs Tariff\noriginating in Syria , a reference quantity of 700 tonnes is\nhereby established. 30. 11. 88\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\nNo L 327 / 59\n\nShould the volume of imports of one of these products exceed\nthe reference quantity, the Community, having regard to the\nannual review of trade flows which it shall carry out , may\nmake the product in question subject to a Community tariff\nquota, the volume of which shall be equal to the reference\nquantity. For quantities of the product imported in excess of\nthe quota , the Community shall apply the customs duty\nprevailing under the Agreement. 4. For the products listed in the Annex , other than that\nreferred to in paragraph 3 , the Community may establish a\nreference quantity , within the meaning and under the terms\nof this paragraph , if it discovers, in the light of an annual\nreview of trade flows which it shall carry out , that the volume\nof imports threatens to cause difficulties on the Community\nmarket. Article 2\n\n1. A Trade and Economic Cooperation Committee shall\nbe set up for the purpose of improving the operation of the\ninstitutional mechanisms of the Agreement. The committee shall facilitate :\n\n\u2014 the regular exchange of information on trade and\n\nproduction data and forecasts ,\n\n\u2014 the regular exchange of information on the possibilities\nfor cooperation in areas covered by the Agreement. committee\n\nshall\nThe\nrepresentative of\nthe Commission of\nCommunities and a representative of Syria. chaired\n\nbe\n\nalternately by\n\na\nthe European\n\n2. The Cooperation Council shall determine as soon as\npossible the composition of this committee and how it shall\n\nfunction in accordance with Article 38 ( 2 ) of the Agreement. It may also decide, where appropriate , upon the submission\nof reports to the Council by the committee. Article 3\n\nThe Community and Syria shall , as from 1995 , examine the\nresults of the cooperation between the Contracting Parties in\norder to appraise the situation and the future development of\ntheir relations in the light of the objectives defined in the\nAgreement. Article 4\n\nThis Protocol shall form an integral part of the Cooperation\nAgreement between the European Economic Community\nand the Syrian Arab Republic. Article 5\n\n1. This Protocol shall be ratified , accepted or approved\nby the Contracting Parties in accordance with their own\nprocedure ; the Contracting Parties shall notify each other of\nthe completion of the procedures necessary to that end. 2. This Protocol shall enter into force on the first day of\nthe month following that in which the notification provided\nfor in paragraph 1 was given. Article 6\n\nThis Protocol shall be drawn up in duplicate in the Danish ,\nDutch ,\nItalian ,\nPortuguese , Spanish and Arabic languages , each of these\ntexts being equally authentic. French , German , Greek,\n\nEnglish ,\n\n\fNo L 327 / 60\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n30. 11. 88\n\nEn fe de lo cual , los plenipotenciarios abajo firmantes suscriben el presente Protocolo. Til bekr\u00e6ftelse heraf har undertegnede befuldm\u00e6gtigede underskrevet denne protokol. Zu Urkund dessen haben die unterzeichneten Bevollm\u00e4chtigten ihre Unterschriften unter dieses\nProtokoll gesetzt. \u0395\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\n\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf. In witness whereof, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have signed this Protocol. En foi de quoi,\nprotocole. In fede di che,\nprotocollo. les pl\u00e9nipotentiaires soussign\u00e9s ont appos\u00e9 leurs signatures au bas du pr\u00e9sent\n\ni plenipotenziari sottoscritti hanno apposto le loro firme in calce al presente\n\nTen blijke waarvan de ondergetekende gevolmachtigden hun handtekening onder dit Protocol hebben\ngesteld. Em f\u00e9 do que, os plenipotenci\u00e1rios abaixo assinados apuseram as suas assinaturas no final do presente\nProtocolo. Hecho en Bruselas , el dieciseis de junio de mil novecientos ochenta y ocho. Udf\u00e6rdiget i Bruxelles, den sekstende juni nitten hundrede og otteogfirs. Geschehen zu Br\u00fcssel am sechzehnten Juni neunzehnhundertachtundachtzig. \u0388\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ad\u03be\u03b9 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b3\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9. Done at Brussels on the sixteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and\neighty-eight. Fait \u00e0 Bruxelles , le seize juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-huit. Fatto a Bruxelles , add\u00ec sedici giugno millenovecentottantotto. Gedaan te Brussel , de zestiende juni negentienhonderdachtentachtig. Feito em Bruxelas , em dezasseis de Junho de mil novecentos e oitenta e oito. 30. 11. 88\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\nNo L 327 / 61\n\nPor el Consejo de las Comunidades Europeas\n\nFor R\u00e5det for De Europ\u00e6iske F\u00e6llesskaber\n\nF\u00fcr den Rat der Europ\u00e4ischen Gemeinschaften\n\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\n\nFor the Council of the European Communities\n\nPour le Conseil des Communaut\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes\n\nPer il Consiglio delle Comunit\u00e0 europee\n\nVoor de Raad van de Europese Gemeenschappen\n\nPelo Conselho das Comunidades Europeias\n\nPor el Gobierno de la Rep\u00fablica \u00c1rabe Siria\n\nFor regeringen for Den Arabiske Republik Syrien\n\nF\u00fcr die Regierung der Arabischen Republik Syrien\n\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\n\nFor the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic\n\nPour le gouvernement de la R\u00e9publique arabe syrienne\n\nPer il governo della Repubblica araba siriana\n\nVoor de Regering van de Syrische Arabische Republiek\n\nPelo Governo da Republica Arabe Siria\n\n\fNo L 327 / 62\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n30. 11. 88\n\nReference\nquantity\n( tonnes )\n\n700\n\nCCT\nheading No\n\n07. 04\n\n07. 05\n\n08. 12\n\n09. 09\n\nANNEX\n\nDescription\n\nDried , dehydrated or evaporated vegetables , whole , cut, sliced ,\nbroken or in powder, but not further prepared:\n\nA. Onions\n\nDried leguminous vegetables , shelled , whether or not skinned or\nsplit :\n\nex B. Other than intended for sowing\n\nFruit , dried , other than that falling within heading No 08. 01 ,\n08. 02 , 08. 03 , 08. 04 or 08. 05 :\n\nA. Apricots\n\nSeeds of anise , badian , fennel , coriander , cumin , caraway and\njuniper\n\n12. 03\n\nSeeds , fruit and spores , of a kind used for sowing :\n\nE. Other ( a )\n\n12. 07\n\nex 12. 08\n\nPlants and parts (including seeds and fruit) of trees , bushes , shrubs\nor other plants , being goods of a kind used primarily in perfumery ,\nin pharmacy, or for insecticidal , fungicidal or similar purposes ,\nfresh or dried , whole , cut , crushed , ground or powdered :\n\nB. Liquorice roots\n\nChicory roots , fresh or dried, whole or cut, unroasted ; locust\nbeans , fresh or dried , whether or not kibbled or ground , but not\nfurther prepared ; fruit kernels and other vegetable products of a\nkind used primarily for human food , not falling within any other\nheading:\n\n\u2014 except chicory roots\n\n( a) This concession is solely for seeds complying with the provisions of the Directives on the marketing of seeds and plants. 30. 11. 88\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\nNo L 327 / 63\n\nJoint declaration by the Contracting Parties on Article 1 of the Additional Protocol\n\nThe Contracting Parties agree that , should the entry into force of the Additional Protocol not coincide\nwith the start of the calendar year or , as the case may be , the seasonal year , the quantitative limit\nreferred to in Article 1 shall be applied on a pro rata basis. The Contracting Parties further agree that the charging against quantitative limits of Community\nimports of products originating in Syria and subject to such limits under the Additional Protocol shall\nbegin on 1 January of each year. Declaration by the Representative of the Federal Republic of Germany on the definition of German\nnationality\n\nEvery German person , within the meaning of the basic constitutional law applying in the Federal\nRepublic of Germany , is considered as a national of the Federal Republic of Germany\n\nDeclaration by the Representative of the Federal Republic of Germany on the Application of the\nAdditional protocol to Berlin\n\nThe Additional Protocol shall also apply to Land Berlin provided that no statement to the contrary by\nthe Government of the Federal Republic of Germany is addressed to the other Contracting Parties\nwithin three months of the entry into force of the Protocol"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/78d87dd4-ff1e-4d43-9ba0-c05fd88fde16", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1695/88 of 14 June 1988 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of polyester yarn originating in Mexico, South Korea, Taiwan and Turkey", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "dumping,man-made fibre,third country", "workIds": "celex:31988R1695,oj:JOL_1988_151_R_0039_035", "eurovoc_concepts": ["dumping", "man-made fibre", "third country"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/78d87dd4-ff1e-4d43-9ba0-c05fd88fde16", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/527f6980-a3dd-4d45-bd82-1db2e8b48dcf", "title": "ORAL QUESTION DOCUMENT B 2-471/88/REV. WITH DEBATE, BY MR SHERLOCK, MRS BLOCH VON BLOTTNITZ, MR FICH, MR SCHMID, MRS ANDRE, MR ULBURGHS AND MR IVERSEN, ON BEHALF OF THE COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY ON THE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL, TO THE COMMISSION: RESULTS OF THE INQUIRY ON THE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_oral,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "ANDRE-LEONARD,BLOCH VON BLOTTNITZ,European Parliament,FICH,IVERSEN,SCHMID,SHERLOCK,ULBURGHS", "date": "1988-06-16", "subjects": "Belgium,EAEC Treaty,Germany,International Atomic Energy Agency,Libya,Pakistan,committee of inquiry,corruption,non-proliferation of arms,nuclear energy,nuclear fuel,nuclear power station,parliamentary committee,parliamentary scrutiny,powers of the EP,radiation protection,radioactive pollution,radioactive waste,safety standard,supervisory power,waste disposal", "workIds": "celex:91988O000068", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Belgium", "EAEC Treaty", "Germany", "International Atomic Energy Agency", "Libya", "Pakistan", "committee of inquiry", "corruption", "non-proliferation of arms", "nuclear energy", "nuclear fuel", "nuclear power station", "parliamentary committee", "parliamentary scrutiny", "powers of the EP", "radiation protection", "radioactive pollution", "radioactive waste", "safety standard", "supervisory power", "waste disposal"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/527f6980-a3dd-4d45-bd82-1db2e8b48dcf", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b894b4b7-27b9-42a0-9a58-cb8ec3b502e7", "title": "DECISION (Cooperation procedure: second reading) on the common position of the Council on the proposal from the Commission for a decision on a Research and Development Programme for the European Economic Community in the field of applied metrology and chemical analyses (1988-1992) (the Community Bureau of Reference - BCR)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Industry, Research and Energy,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "domestic market,metrology,research and development,research programme,standardisation", "workIds": "celex:51988AP0083", "eurovoc_concepts": ["domestic market", "metrology", "research and development", "research programme", "standardisation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b894b4b7-27b9-42a0-9a58-cb8ec3b502e7", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9f8cc6a4-53c8-4a86-a1e1-4116c9830739", "title": "ASSENT to the conclusion of an Additional Protocol to the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Kingdom of Morocco", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Development,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "Morocco,Protocol (EU),cooperation agreement", "workIds": "celex:51988AP0096", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Morocco", "Protocol (EU)", "cooperation agreement"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9f8cc6a4-53c8-4a86-a1e1-4116c9830739", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9d0e328c-d259-4ed8-9cc0-a48f486a8a7f", "title": "88/395/EEC: Commission Decision of 15 June 1988 requiring Italy to rescind the further measures taken to protect itself against the introduction of harmful organisms associated with fresh cultivated mushrooms (Only the Italian text is authentic)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "Italy,mushroom-growing,plant health control", "workIds": "celex:31988D0395,oj:JOL_1988_188_R_0046_048", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Italy", "mushroom-growing", "plant health control"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/9d0e328c-d259-4ed8-9cc0-a48f486a8a7f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e20b9fab-e105-4c4d-a250-ce2cd0f2c3d9", "title": "QUESTION NO 56 BY MR CHRISTENSEN (H-221/88) TO THE COMMISSION: ADVERSE EFFECTS OF MILK SHORTAGES ON DANISH EXPORTS", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary_question_time,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "CHRISTENSEN FINN,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "Denmark,agricultural production,common agricultural policy,common organisation of markets,export,market prices,milk,milk product,production quota,stock", "workIds": "celex:91988H000221", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Denmark", "agricultural production", "common agricultural policy", "common organisation of markets", "export", "market prices", "milk", "milk product", "production quota", "stock"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e20b9fab-e105-4c4d-a250-ce2cd0f2c3d9", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b44ef160-1bec-47b8-a1a1-929963481ca3", "title": "DECISION (Cooperation procedure: second reading) on the common position of the Council on the proposal from the Commission for a decision on the revision of the multiannual research programme for the European Community in the field of biotechnology", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resolution_legislative_ep,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Committee on Industry, Research and Energy,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "Portugal,Spain,biotechnology,public safety,research programme", "workIds": "celex:51988AP0087", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Portugal", "Spain", "biotechnology", "public safety", "research programme"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b44ef160-1bec-47b8-a1a1-929963481ca3", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/35162125-b939-40a8-bcde-9c3a91800af2", "title": "Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community, of the one part, and the countries parties to the Charter of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (the State of the United Arab Emirates, the State of Bahrain, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman, the State of Qatar and the State of Kuwait) of the other part - Joint Declarations - Declaration by the European Economic Community - Exchange of Letters", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_non-member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Bahrain,European Economic Community,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,United Arab Emirates", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "Gulf Cooperation Council,Gulf States,cooperation agreement (EU),cooperation policy,multilateral agreement", "workIds": "celex:21989A0225(01)", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Gulf Cooperation Council", "Gulf States", "cooperation agreement (EU)", "cooperation policy", "multilateral agreement"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/35162125-b939-40a8-bcde-9c3a91800af2", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1989054EN. 01000301. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n25. 2. 1989\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 54/3\n\n\n\n\n\nCOOPERATION AGREEMENT\nbetween the European Economic Community, of the one part, and the countries parties to the Charter of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (the State of the United Arab Emirates, the State of Bahrain, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman, the State of Qatar and the State of Kuwait) of the other part\n\nPREAMBLE\n\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, hereinafter referred to as \u2018the Community\u2019,\nof the one part, and\nTHE GOVERNMENTS OF THE COUNTRIES PARTIES TO THE CHARTER OF THE COOPERATION COUNCIL FOR THE ARAB STATES OF THE GULF (the State of the United Arab Emirates, the State of Bahrain, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman, the State of Qatar and the State of Kuwait), hereinafter referred to as \u2018the GCC Countries\u2019\nof the other part,\nHAVING REGARD to the traditional bonds of friendship between the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the Member States of Community,\nRECOGNIZING that the establishment of contractual relations between the community and the GCC Countries will help to promote overall cooperation between equal partners on mutually advantageous terms in all spheres between the two regions and further their economic development, taking into consideration the differences in levels of development of the parties,\nCONFIRMING their political will to establish a new structure for a comprehensive dialogue between the Community and the GCC Countries in order to broaden and consolidate cooperation between the two regions,\nEMPHASIZING the fundamental importance attached by the parties to consolidating and strengthening regional integration, a key factor in the development of the GCC Countries and the stability of the Gulf region,\nEMPHASIZING the parties' determination to cooperate with a view to improving the world economic and energy situation,\nREAFFIRMING that cooperation between the Community and the GCC Countries is complementary to the Euror-Arab dialogue and not a substitute for it,\nREAFFIRMING their attachment to the principles of the United Nations Charter,\nRECOGNIZING the positive role of the GCC for the preservation of peace, security and stability of the Gulf region,\nRESOLVED to provide a sounder basis for cooperation in conformity with international obligations,\nFOR THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES:\nMr Hans-Dietrich GENSCHER\nFederal Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany,\nPresident-in-Office of the Council of the European Communities,\nMr Claude CHEYSSON\nMember of the Commission of the European Communities,\nFOR THE GOVERNMENTS OF COUNTRIES PARTIES TO THE CHARTER OF THE COOPERATION COUNCIL FOR THE ARAB STATES OF THE GULF:\nHRH Prince Saud AL-FAISAL\nMinister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, President-in-Office of the Ministerial Council of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf,\nH. E. ABDULLAH YAKOOB BISHARA\nSecretary General of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf\nHAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:\n\nGeneral objectives\n\nArticle 1\n1. The Contracting Parties hereby agree that the main objectives of this Cooperation Agreement are as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nto strengthen relations between the European Economic Community, on the one hand, and the GCC countries, on the other, by placing them in an institutional and contractual framework;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nto broaden and consolidate their economic and technical cooperation relations and also cooperation in energy, industry, trade and services, agriculture, fisheries, investment, science, technology and environment, on mutually advantageous terms, taking into account the differences in levels of development of the Parties;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nto help strengthen the process of economic development and diversification of the GCC countries and so reinforce the role of the GCC in contributing to peace and stability in the region. 2. Cooperation in particular fields will be governed by the provisions hereafter. Econmic cooperation\n\nArticle 2\nIn the light of their mutual interests and in accordance with their long-term economic objectives, the Contracting Parties undertake to establish within the limits of their competence, the broadest possible economic cooperation from which no field shall be excluded in advance. Article 3\n1. In the economic and technical fields, the Contracting Parties shall strive to encourage and facilitate, inter alia:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe efforts made by the GCC countries to develope their productive sectors and the economic infrastructure in order to diversify the structure of their economies, taking into account the mutual interest of the Parties,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nmarket surveys and trade promotion by both parties on their respective markets and on other markets,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe transfer and development of technology, in particular through joint ventures between undertakings and institutions in the two regions (research, production, goods and services), and to this end, and in the framework of their respective legislation, appropriate arrangements between undertakings and institutions within the Community and those of the GCC countries, with a view to protecting patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe promotion of cooperation on a long-term basis between undertakings of the two Parties in order to establish more stable and balanced links between the respective economies,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe promotion of cooperation in the fields of standards and measurements,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe exchange of available information on short and medium-term prospects and forecasts for production, consumption and trade,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ntraining. 2. The specific aspects of cooperation will be dealt with by the provisions hereafter. Article 4\nIn the field of agriculture, agri-industry and fisheries, the Contracting Parties shall strive to encourage and facilitate, inter alia:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe stepping-up of exchanges of information on developments in agricultural production and on short and medium-term forecasts of production, consumption and trade on world markets,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe promotion of contacts between enterprises, research institutions and other agencies in order to stimulate joint projects in agriculture, agri-industry and fisheries. Article 5\nIn the industrial field, the Contracting Parties shall strive to encourage and facilitate, inter alia:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe GCC countries' efforts to develop their industrial production and diversify and expand their economic base, taking into account the mutual interest of the Contracting Parties,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe organization of contacts and meetings between industrial policy makers, promoters and undertakings in order to encourage the establishment of new relations in the industrial sector in conformity with the objectives of the Agreement,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe promotion of joint industrial ventures. Article 6\nIn the field of energy, the Contracting Parties shall strive to encourage and facilitate, inter alia:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ncooperation in the two regions by energy undertakings of the Community and the GCC countries,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\njoint analyses of trade between the two regions in crude oil, gas and petroleum products and its industrial aspects with a view to considering ways and means of improving their trade exchanges,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nexchanges of views and information on matters relating to energy in general and respective energy policies, without prejudice to the parties' international obligations,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ntraining,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nstudies, notably on new and renewable sources of energy. Article 7\nIn the field of investments, the Contracting Parties shall strive to take steps for the mutual promotion and protection of investments, in particular through the extension by the Member States of the Community and the GCC countries of investment promotion and protection agreements with a view to improving reciprocal investment conditions. Article 8\nIn the fields of science and technology, the Community and the GCC countries shall strive to encourage and facilitate, inter alia:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ncooperation in scientific and technological research and development in the two regions,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe transfer and adaptation of technology, notably through research activities and appropriate arrangements between economic operators of the two regions,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe links between the scientific communities in the GCC countries and the Community,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\naccess to data banks concerning patents. Article 9\nThe Contracting Parties shall exchange information on developments in their respective policies on protecting the environment and the protection and development of wildlife. They shall encourage cooperation in these fields. Article 10\n1. The Joint Council referred to in Article 12 shall periodically define the general guidelines of cooperation for the purpose of attaining the aims set out in this Agreement. 2. The Joint Council shall be responsible for seeking ways and means of establishing cooperation in the areas defined by the Agreement. Trade\n\nArticle 11\n1. In the field of trade, the objective of this Agreement is to promote the development and diversification of the reciprocal commercial exchanges between the Contracting Parties to the highest possible level, inter alia by studying ways and means of overcoming trade barriers for the access of each Contracting Party's products to the other Contracting Party's market. 2. The Contracting Parties shall enter into discussions concerning the negotiation of an agreement aimed at the expansion of trade in accordance with the provisions of the Joint Declaration annexed hereto. 3. Pending the conclusion of the trade agreement referred to in paragraph 2, the Contracting Parties accord each other most-favoured-nation treatment. General and final provisions\n\nArticle 12\n1. A Joint Council for GCC/Community cooperation, hereafter referred to as the \u2018Joint Council\u2019, is hereby established which shall have the power, for the purpose of attaining the objectives set out in the Agreement, to take decisions in the cases provided for in the Agreement. The decisions taken shall be binding on the Contracting Parties, which shall take such measures as are required to implement them. 2. The Joint Council may also formulate any resolutions, recommendations or opinions which it considers desirable for the attainment of the common objectives and the smooth functioning of the Agreement. 3. The Joint Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure. Article 13\n1. The Joint Council shall be composed of representatives of the Community, on the one hand, and of representatives of the GCC countries, on the other. 2. Members of the Joint Council may be represented as laid down in its rules of procedure. 3. The Joint Council shall act by mutual agreement between the Community, on the one hand, and the GCC countries, on the other. Article 14\n1. The office of President of the Joint Council shall be held alternately by the Community and the GCC countries in accordance with the conditions to be laid down in the rules of procedure. 2. Meetings of the Joint Council shall be called once a year by the President. The Joint Council shall hold whatever additional meetings may be necessary, at the request of the Community or the GCC countries, as laid down in its rules of procedure. Article 15\n1. The Joint Council shall be assisted in the performance of its duties by a Joint Cooperation Committee. It may decide to set up any other committee that can assist it in carrying out its duties,\n2. The Joint Council shall determine the composition and duties of such committees and how they shall function. Article 16\n1. The Contracting Parties shall take all appropriate measures required to fulfil their obligations under this Agreement. They shall see to it that the objectives of this Agreement are attained. 2. If either Contracting Party considers that the other Contracting Party has failed to fulfil an obligation under this Agreement, it may take appropriate measures. Before so doing, it shall supply the Joint Council with all relevant information required for a thorough examination of the situation with a view to seeking a solution acceptable to the Contracting Parties. In the selection of measures, priority must be given to those which least disturb the functioning of this Agreement. These measures shall be notified to the Joint Council, which shall hold consultations on them if another Contracting Party so requests. Article 17\nWhere, in the course of the exchanges of information provided for in this Agreement, problems arise, or seem likely to arise, in the general functioning of the Agreement or in the trade field, consultations may take place between the Parties, in the Joint Council, with a view to avoiding market disturbances in so far as possible. Article 18\nEach Contracting Party may request the other Party to provide all relevant information on an agreement which has a direct and specific impact on the functioning of the Agreement. In such cases, appropriate consultation shall be held within the Joint Council at the request of the other Party so that the interests of the Contracting Parties may be taken into consideration. Article 19\nIn the fields covered by this Agreement and without prejudice to its provisions:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe arrangements applied by the GCC countries in respect of the Community shall not give rise to any discrimination between its Member States, their nationals, or their companies or firms,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe arrangements applied by the Community in respect of the GCC countries shall not give rise to any discrimination between them, their nationals, or their companies or firms. Article 20\n1. Without prejudice to the relevant provisions of the Treaties establishing the European Communities, this Agreement and any action taken thereunder shall in no way affect the power of the Member States of the Communities to undertake bilateral activities with the GCC countries in the field of economic cooperation or to conclude, where appropriate, new economic cooperation agreements with those countries. 2. Without prejudice to the provisions of the GCC Charter and any other agreements on GCC integration, this Agreement and any action taken thereunder shall in no way affect the powers of the GCC countries to undertake bilateral activities with the Member States of the Community in the field of economic cooperation or to conclude, where appropriate, new cooperation agreements with those Member States. 3. Subject to the provisions of Article 11, this Agreement and any action taken thereunder shall in no way affect the power of the GCC countries to undertake bilateral activities with other Arab League Nations in the field of economic cooperation or to conclude, where appropriate, new economic cooperation agreements with these countries. Article 21\n1. Any dispute which may arise between the Contracting Parties concerning the interpretation of this Agreement may be placed before the Joint Council. 2. If the Joint Council fails to settle the dispute at its next meeting, either Party may notify the other of the appointment of an arbitrator; the other Party must then appoint a second arbitrator within two months. For the purposes of the application of this procedure, the Community shall be deemed to be one Party to the dispute, as shall the GCC countries. The Joint Council shall appoint a third arbitrator. The decisions of the arbitrators must be taken by majority vote. Each party to the dispute must take the measures required for the implementation of the arbitrators' decision. Article 22\nThe Declarations and Exchanges of Letters annexed hereto shall form an integral part of this Agreement. Article 23\nThis Agreement is concluded for an unlimited period. Each Contracting Party may denounce this Agreement by notifying the other Contracting Party. This Agreement shall cease to apply six months after the date of such notification. Article 24\nThis Agreement shall apply, on the one hand, to the territories in which the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community is applied and under the conditions laid down in that Treaty and, on the other hand, to the territories of the GCC countries. Article 25\nThis Agreement is drawn up in duplicate in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Arabic languages, each of these texts being equally authentic. Article 26\nThis Agreement will be approved by the Contracting Parties in accordance with their own procedures. This Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the second month following notification that the procedures referred to in the first subparagraph have been completed. En fe de lo cual, los plenipotenciarios firmantes, debidamente habilitados para este fin, han firmado el presente acuerdo. Til bekr\u00e6ftelse heraf har undertegnede befuldm\u00e6gtigede, som er beh\u00f8rigt befuldm\u00e6gtigede hertil, underskrevet denne aftale. Zu Urkund dessen haben die hierzu geh\u00f6rig befugten unterzeichneten Bevollm\u00e4chtigten dieses Abkommen unterschrieben. \u0395\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. In witness whereof, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Agreement. En foi de quoi, les pl\u00e9nipotentiaires soussign\u00e9s, d\u00fbment habilit\u00e9s \u00e0 cette fin, ont sign\u00e9 le pr\u00e9sent accord. In fede di che, i plenipotenziari sottoscritti, debitamente abilitati a tale fine, hanno firmato il presente accordo. Ten blijke waarvan de ondergetekende gevolmachtigden, naar behoren daartoe gemachtigd, deze Overeenkomst hebben ondertekend. Em f\u00e9 do que, os plenipotenciarios abaixo assinados, devidamente habilitados para o efeito, apuseram as suas assinaturas no presente acordo. Hecho en Luxemburgo, el quince de junio de mil novecientos ochenta y ocho, correspondiente al primero del mes Thil QUDAH de mil cuatrocientos ocho de la H\u00e9jira. Udf\u00e6rdiget i Luxembourg, den femtende juni nitten hundrede og otteogfirs, svarende til den f\u00f8rste i m\u00e5neden Thil QUDAH fjorten hundrede og otte HEGIRE. Geschehen zu Luxemburg am f\u00fcnfzehnten Juni neunzehnhundertachtundachtzig, der dem Ersten des Monats Thil QUDAH eintausendvierhundertacht HEGIRE entspricht. \u0388\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03be\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b3\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 Thil QUDAH \u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce HEGIRE. Done at Luxembourg on the fifteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight, which corresponds to the first day of the month of Thil QUDAH, HEGIRA, one thousand four hundred and eight. Fait \u00e0 Luxembourg, le quinze juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-huit, correspondant au premier du mois Thil QUDAH mil quatre cent huit de l'h\u00e9gire. Fatto a Lussemburgo, il quindici giugno millenovecentottantotto, corrispondente al primo del mese Thil QUDAH millequattrocento e otto HEGIRE. Gedaan te Luxemburg de vijftiende juni negentienhonderd \u00e4chtentachtig welke datum overeenkomt met de eerste van de maand Thil QUDAH duizend vierhonderd acht van de hidzjra. Feito no Luxemburgo, em quinze de Junho de mil novecentos e oitenta e oito, correspondente ao primeiro dia do m\u00eas Thil QUDAH mil quatrocentos e oito HEVIRE. Por el Consejo de las Comunidades Europeas\nFor R\u00e5det for De Europ\u00e6iske F\u00e6llesskaber\nF\u00fcr den Rat der Europ\u00e4ischen Gemeinschaften\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\nFor the Council of the European Communities\nPour le Conseil des Communaut\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes\nPer il Consiglio delle Comunit\u00e0 europee\nVoor de Raad van de Europese Gemeenschappen\nPelo Conselho das Comunidades Europeias\n\n\n\n\n\nPor los Gobiernos de los pa\u00edses parte de la Carta del Consejo de Cooperaci\u00f3n para los Estados \u00e1rabes del Golfo\nFor regeringerne for deltagerlandene i Charteret for Samarbejdsr\u00e5det for De Arabiske Golfstater\nF\u00fcr die Regierungen der Vertragsparteien der Charta des Kooperationsrates der Arabischen Golfstaaten\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u039a\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03cc\u03bb\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\nFor the Governments of the countries parties to the Charter of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf\nPour les gouvernements des pays parties \u00e0 la charte du Conseil de coop\u00e9ration pour les \u00c9tats arabes du Golfe\nPer i governi dei paesi membri del consiglio di cooperazione degli Stati arabi del Golfo\nVoor de Regeringen van de landen die partij zijn bij het Handvest van de Raad voor Samenwerking van de Arabische Golfstaten\nPelos Governos dos pa\u00edses que s\u00e3o partes na Carta do Conselho de Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o dos Estados \u00c1rabes do Golfo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJoint Declaration concerning Article 7\nThe Contracting Parties welcome the work and the progress achieved within the Euro-Arab Dialogue towards the elaboration of the Convention between the Member States of the European Communities and the Member States of the Arab League for the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments. They express the wish to see this work rapidly finished so that such Convention can soon enter into force. Both sides welcome the fact that the Member States of the European Community and the Member States of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf shall, pending the conclusion of the EAD Convention concerning the reciprocal promotion and protection of investments, use their best endeavours to apply in their mutual investment policies the orientations upheld during the negotiations of that Convention. Joint Delcaration concerning Article 11 (2)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. The Contracting Parties agree that the objective of the agreement referred to in Article 11 (2) is the expansion of trade by appropriate measures to improve the access of each Party's exports to the other Party's market and to liberalize their bilateral trade. 2. The European Community has expressed its readiness to examine the possibility of negotiating the agreement referred to in paragraph 1 provided that the entry into force of this Agreement is not jeopardized and that the Contracting Parties find solutions enabling the following conditions to be met:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nfull conformity with the relevant provisions of the GATT,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe adoption of measures in the industrial and commercial field ensuring that the agreement does not undermine efforts to restructure the Community's oil refining and petrochemical industries and to maintain a production capacity in these industries, in accordance with the Community's basic interest and its security of supply,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nthe adoption of measures enabling the worries of the GCC countries concerning the sensitive sectors of their economy, and in particular the protection of their infant industries, to be resolved,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nan undertaking on the part of the Community, as far as petroleum products of the GCC are concerned, to maintain non-discriminatory conditions of market access for GCC petroleum products. 3. The Contracting Parties agree to enter into talks, as of the signature of this Agreement, to examine whether the conditions set out in paragraph 2 can be met, so as to enable them to open the formal negotiations. 4. Prior to the formal opening of the negotiations of the agreement referred to in paragraph 1, the Contracting Parties shall make appropriate arrangements in order not to aggravate existing barriers trade between them, nor to create new barriers as of such opening date. 5. The Contracting Parties undertake to promote, in particular in the context of the GATT multilateral negotiations, joint actions to bring about a multilateral reduction of customs duties applicable to petrochemicals. Declaration of the European Economic Community concerning paragraph 4 of the Joint Declaration concerning Article 11 (2)\nThe European Economic Community hereby declares that nothing in paragraph 4 of the Joint Declaration concerning Article 11 (2), annexed to the Cooperation Agreement, shall prevent the Community from taking any measures in conformity with GATT and in particular from taking any measures concerning the advantages accorded under the provisions of the generalized system of preferences. Exchange of Letters concerning Article 11 (3)\nSir,\nAccording to Article 11 (3) of the Cooperation Agreement, the Contracting Parties accord each other most-favoured-nation treatment. Since the Agreement does not specify the nature of such treatment, it is necessary to define the same as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. The most-favoured-nation treatment accorded by the Contracting Parties shall be given with regard to imported and exported goods in all matters relating to:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ncustoms duties and charges of all kinds, including the procedures collecting such duties and charges,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nregulations concerning customs clearance, transit, warehousing or transhipment,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ndirect or indirect taxes and other internal charges,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nregulations concerning payments, including the allocation of foreign currency and the transfer of such payments,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nregulations affecting the sale, purchase transport, distribution and use of goods on the internal market. As far as the Community is concerned, imports into Spain and Portugal shall be subject to the provisions of 12 June 1985 Act of Accession of those countries to the Community. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply to:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nadvantages granted with the object of establishing a customs union or a free-trade area or as required by such a customs union or free-trade area,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nadvantages granted to certain countries in conformity with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nadvantages granted to neighbouring countries to facilitate frontier-zone traffic,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nadvantages which the GCC countries grant to certain countries as laid down by the Protocol on trade negotiations between developing countries done at Geneva on 8 December 1971. 3. These provisions shall apply without prejudice to the rights and obligations with exist under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. I would be grateful if you would acknowledge receipt of this letter and confirm the agreement of your Governments with its contents. Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration. On behalf of the Council the European Communities\n\n\nSir,\nI have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today's date concerning Article 11 (3) of the Cooperation Agreement which reads as follows:\n\n\u2018According to Article 11 (3) of the Cooperation Agreement, the Contracting Parties accord each other most-favoured-nation treatment. Since the Agreement does not specify the nature of such treatment, it is necessary to define the same as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1. The most-favoured-nation treatment accorded by the Contracting Parties shall be given with regard to imported and exported goods in all matters relating to:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ncustoms duties and charges of all kinds, including the procedures for collecting such duties and charges,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nregulations concerning customs clearance, transit, warehousing or transhipment,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ndirect or indirect taxes and other internal charges,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nregulations concerning payments, including the allocation of foreign currency and the transfer of such payments,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nregulations affecting the sale, purchase, transport, distribution and use of goods on the internal market. As far as the Community is concerned, imports into Spain and Portugal shall be subject to the provisions of 12 June 1985 Act of Accession of those countries to the Community. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply to:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nadvantages granted with the object of establishing a customs union or a free-trade area or as required by such a customs union or free-trade area,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nadvantages granted to certain countries in conformity with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nadvantages granted to neighbouring countries to facilitate frontier-zone traffic,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nadvantages which the GCC countries grant to certain countries as laid down by the Protocol on trade negotiations between developing countries done at Geneva on 8 December 1971. 3. These provisions shall apply without prejudice to the rights and obligations which exist under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. \u2019\n\n\n\n\n\nI have the honour to inform you that the Governments of the GCC countries are in agreement with the contents of your letter. Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration. On behalf of the Governments of the GCC countries\n\n\n\n\n\nExchange of Letters concerning Article 19\nSir,\nI have the honour to inform you of the following declaration by the Governments of the GCC countries on Article 19 of the Cooperation Agreement:\n\n\u2018The GCC Countries hereby declare that, in applying Article 19 of the Agreement, their undertakings do not require them to repeal laws and regulations in force in so far as they remain necessary for the protection of their essential security interests. The GCC countries will ensure that such laws and regulations are applied in such a way as to ensure compliance with Article 16 of the Agreement. \u2019\n\nPlease accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration. On behalf of the Governments of the GCC countries\n\n\nSir,\nIn your letter of today's date you communicate to me a declaration by your Governments on Article 19 of the Cooperation Agreement. I have the honour to inform you of the following declaration by the European Economic Community on Article 19 of the Agreement:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u20181. The European Economic Community notes the declaration by the GCC countries. 2. The European Economic Community expects the principles set out in the Agreement, including those in Article 19 of the Agreement, to be put into full application. The European Economic Community considers, in particular, that the application of the principle of non-discrimination should ensure the correct and smooth application of the Agreement. \u2019\n\n\n\n\n\nPlease accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration. On behalf of the Council of the European Communities"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f05068a9-81ed-4564-8a2e-df09be6baf62", "title": "QUESTION NO 37 BY MR ELLIOTT (H-176/88) TO THE COMMISSION: CONSUMER SAFETY", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary_question_time,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "ELLIOTT,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "carriage of goods,consumer protection,directive,mass-consumption product,pharmaceutical industry,public safety", "workIds": "celex:91988H000176", "eurovoc_concepts": ["carriage of goods", "consumer protection", "directive", "mass-consumption product", "pharmaceutical industry", "public safety"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f05068a9-81ed-4564-8a2e-df09be6baf62", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/32ad0731-14b4-4a90-bf27-11241ecd5c04", "title": "QUESTION NO 41 BY MRS GARCIA ARIAS (H-189/88) TO THE COMMISSION: COOPERATION WITH THE PHILIPPINES", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary_question_time,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,GARCIA ARIAS", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "Philippines,democracy,development policy,export,financial aid,generalised preferences,investment,reflation,rural development,technical cooperation", "workIds": "celex:91988H000189", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Philippines", "democracy", "development policy", "export", "financial aid", "generalised preferences", "investment", "reflation", "rural development", "technical cooperation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/32ad0731-14b4-4a90-bf27-11241ecd5c04", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e8692c1d-d3b8-495f-bade-ceedb4fd5183", "title": "QUESTION NO 40 BY MR MCCARTIN (H-186/88) TO THE COMMISSION: AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE LESS-FAVOURED AREAS OF IRELAND", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary_question_time,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,MCCARTIN", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "EU programme,Ireland,agricultural production,aid to agriculture,farming sector,less-favoured region,regional policy,rural development,water pollution", "workIds": "celex:91988H000186", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU programme", "Ireland", "agricultural production", "aid to agriculture", "farming sector", "less-favoured region", "regional policy", "rural development", "water pollution"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e8692c1d-d3b8-495f-bade-ceedb4fd5183", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/01deefb7-cde2-4b69-9a27-bb119baac9c9", "title": "QUESTION NO 43 BY MRS CAROLINE JACKSON (H-224/88) TO THE COMMISSION: ENFORCEMENT OF EC LAW", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary_question_time,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,JACKSON CAROLINE", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "EU control,EU law,European Court of Auditors,European Regional Development Fund,Structural Funds,activity report,application of EU law,judgment of the Court (EU),offence,supplies contract,works contract", "workIds": "celex:91988H000224", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU control", "EU law", "European Court of Auditors", "European Regional Development Fund", "Structural Funds", "activity report", "application of EU law", "judgment of the Court (EU)", "offence", "supplies contract", "works contract"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/01deefb7-cde2-4b69-9a27-bb119baac9c9", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/898c919b-6eb7-4ccb-8ace-7e2ef7dbc8ba", "title": "QUESTION NO 53 BY MR HABSBURG (H-208/88) TO THE COMMISSION: ALLEGED PRESENCE OF A COMMISSION REPRESENTATIVE AT A POLISARIO EVENT", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary_question_time,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,HABSBURG", "date": "1988-06-15", "subjects": "European Commission,Western Sahara,national liberation movement,political representation", "workIds": "celex:91988H000208", "eurovoc_concepts": ["European Commission", "Western Sahara", "national liberation movement", "political representation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/898c919b-6eb7-4ccb-8ace-7e2ef7dbc8ba", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/834ec3a6-d2e9-46c2-9c47-7b66c352abbb", "title": "Written Question No 370/88 by Mr Florus Wijsenbeek to the Commission: Occupation of the premises of an inland shipping company", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Parliament,WIJSENBEEK", "date": "1988-06-09", "subjects": "Netherlands,approximation of laws,carriage of goods,carrier,inland waterway shipping,transport market,transport policy,type of business", "workIds": "celex:91988E000370", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Netherlands", "approximation of laws", "carriage of goods", "carrier", "inland waterway shipping", "transport market", "transport policy", "type of business"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/834ec3a6-d2e9-46c2-9c47-7b66c352abbb", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/92f530b3-8185-4287-9520-f691765f1877", "title": "Written Question No 398/88 by Mr Alfons Boesmans to the Commission: Spanish customs", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_parliamentary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#question_written,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "BOESMANS,European Parliament", "date": "1988-06-09", "subjects": "EU national,Spain,application of EU law,customs,customs formalities,free movement of persons,offence,passport", "workIds": "celex:91988E000398", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU national", "Spain", "application of EU law", "customs", "customs formalities", "free movement of persons", "offence", "passport"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/92f530b3-8185-4287-9520-f691765f1877", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1adbe646-7585-4910-83c6-3190bd87b95a", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1594/88 of 8 June 1988 re-establishing the levying of customs duties on men' s or boys' suits and ensembles, other than knitted or crocheted, products of category 16 (order No 40.0160), women' s or girls' dresses, products of category 26 (order No 40.0260), women' s or girls' skirts, products of category 27 (order No 40.0270), originating in Pakistan, to which the preferential tariff arrangements set out in Council Regulation (EEC) No 3783/87 apply", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-08", "subjects": "Pakistan,restoration of customs duties,tariff preference", "workIds": "celex:31988R1594,oj:JOL_1988_142_R_0013_020", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Pakistan", "restoration of customs duties", "tariff preference"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1adbe646-7585-4910-83c6-3190bd87b95a", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d3298551-92e2-4984-8c80-00aa35e4b031", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1595/88 of 8 June 1988 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2185/87 on the repayment of export refunds for certain agricultural products exported in the form of certain goods not covered by Annex II to the Treaty and the charging of accession compensatory amounts", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-08", "subjects": "export refund,monetary compensatory amount,redemption", "workIds": "celex:31988R1595,oj:JOL_1988_142_R_0015_021", "eurovoc_concepts": ["export refund", "monetary compensatory amount", "redemption"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/d3298551-92e2-4984-8c80-00aa35e4b031", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b1570a38-1403-4fd1-97cf-e64665729b3d", "title": "ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE - COMMUNICATION OF THE COMMISSION", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#communication_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#document_com_other_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Directorate-General for Environment,European Commission", "date": "1988-06-08", "subjects": "EU environmental policy,agricultural policy,environmental impact,environmental protection,farming sector,pesticide,pollution from agricultural sources,reform of the CAP", "workIds": "celex:51988DC0338,comnat:COM_1988_0338_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU environmental policy", "agricultural policy", "environmental impact", "environmental protection", "farming sector", "pesticide", "pollution from agricultural sources", "reform of the CAP"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/b1570a38-1403-4fd1-97cf-e64665729b3d", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES\n\nCOM(88 ) 338 final. Brussels / 8 June 1988\n\nENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE\n\n( Commission Communication ). X. is:-?\n- :j\n\n\u00ab\n\nhy i\n\n\u00bb. \u00bb\n\n<\n\n\u2022\n\n-\n\ni\n\n~ i\n\n\fENUIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE\n\nc*w> a ?\n\nI. 1. *\n\nINTRODUCTION\n\nAgricultural evolution and PAC reform\n\nEuropean Agriculture is traditionally an ally of the environment. Over the centuries European farmers have shaped , maintained and\nprotected the vast majority of the land surface of the continent. Since they have depended upon nature for their livelihood , farmers\nhave , on the whole , lived and worked in harmony with nature. They\nhave depended upon fertile soils , clean waters and a stable ecological\nbalance. soil , preventing rural pollution and defending rural ecology. They have therefore played a key role in maintaining the\n\nTo a major extent this remains true. much of Europe 's land area from exhaustion , pollution or erosion. zones where depopulation and abandonment of the land threatens\ndamaging ecological consequences , it is often farming activity which\nholds these consequences at bay. It is still farmers who protect\nIn\n\nBut the picture has begun to change. In the past 40 years agriculture has , on the one hand , undergone a\ntechnological revolution which has led to more intensive farming\npractices , and on the other , it has itself suffered from pressures\ncoming from other economic activities , such as urbanisation ,\nindustrial development and transport. Objectives , such as\n\nThe recent review of the CAP , confronted by problems of\nover-production , has however led the Community to reflect on the role\nof agriculture in the economy and in society. self-sufficiency in foodstuffs or socio-economic ones such as\nmaintenance of farmers' incomes have been complemented by objectives\nrelating to the protection of certain traditional values which\nagriculture represents in our society , in particular with respect to\nthe protection of the environment. It follows that the measures which\nnow need to be taken to ensure a better control of production must be\nsuch so as to guarantee that all future progress in the sector is\nachieved in harmony with environmental requirements , and that an\nenvironmental equilibrium is eventually re-established in the zones\naffected from this point of view. It is within this framework that the Community has been working on its\nagricultural structural policy , in order to establish the measures\nwhich must accompany the reform of market organisation. successive modifications of R. 797/85 < 1 > on improving the\nefficiency of agricultural structures , indicate a will to promote a\nnumber of actions , concentrating on the double objective of avoiding\nfirst the problems caused by intensive agriculture , and second any\nnegative environmental consequences. The\n\n\u2022: 1 :\u00ab OJ No L 93 , 30. 3. 85 ,\n\np. 1\n\n\f2\n\nMoreover , the agreement by Heads of State and of Government of\nFebruary 1988 concerning the reform of the CAP , has reinforced the\nmeans of reaching these goals. So it is that there exists today a context more favourable to the\nintegration of an environmental dimension in the framework of the\nadaptation of production potential to market requirements. 2. The Commission 's reflections on environment and agriculture\n\n2. 1. The Green Paper\n\nThe Commission further noted\n\nAt a time when the Community is\n\nThe Commission has on a number of occasions underlined the need for\nagricultural policy to take the environment into account. The Green\nPaper of July 1985 noted that \" The role of agriculture in a modern\nindustrialised economy is increasingly perceived to include not only\nstrategic , economic and social functions , but also the conservation of\nthe rural environment. self-sufficient in many agricultural products , and therefore obliged\nto manage its productive capacity in a prudent way , environmental\nconsiderations even gain in importance \". \" In the last decades agriculture has undergone a technological\nthat :\nThere is\nrevolution which has profoundly changed farming practices. growing concern about the effects of such changes on the environment ,\nwhich is expressed not only among the urban population but also among\nthose engaged in agriculture \" and \" although environmental\nconsiderations have already been taken into account in the CAP in\nrecent years. be envisaged in the next decade \"; the Green Paper accepted that\n\" agriculture has to be considered as a sector of economic activity\nwhich , like other sectors with potentially harmful activities , should\nbe subject to reasonable public prescriptions and controls designed to\navoid the deterioration of the environment \" as well as that \" in\ngeneral the principle of \" Polluter Pays \" would apply and it would not\nbe normal for farmers to expect to be compensated by the public\nauthorities for the introduction of such rules \". underlined that \" at least as important as the passive protection of\nthe environment is a policy designed to protect farming practices ,\nwhich conserve the rural environment , and to protect specific sites \". It is necessary to consider what. Furthermore , it was. measures could. - 3 -\n\n2. 2. Programme of action on the environment\n\nIn its fourth programme of action on the environment ( 1987-1992 ), the\nCommission specially stressed the need to integrate the environmental\ndimension into other Community policies , including the agricultural\npolicy. Uith this in mind , the Commission considered it necessary to establish\na proper balance between agricultural development and the sometimes\nconflicting needs of environmental conservation. announced proposals aimed at reducing the damage caused by agriculture\nto the ecological infrastructure. These proposals refer in particular\nto pollution resulting from intensive animal breeding and to the\nexcessive use of fertilizers and pesticides , as well as to the\nprotection of natural habitats. It has thus\n\n3. Reflections of the European Parliament\n\nIn its resolution of 19. 2. 1986 , the European Parliament stressed that\n\" the reform of the CAP gives an opportunity to establish a coherent\nagricultural policy , which also seeks to preserve the environment and\nthe way of life in rural areas \", and that \" ways must be found to meet\nthe economic and social needs of the farming community , bearing\nMoreover , the Parliament ,\nenvironmental considerations in mind \". moreover , asked for \" an overall policy based on quantitative and\nqualitative objectives , aiming particularly at :\n\nrational land use and long term land conservation , combined with\nprotection of natural riches and resources as a whole\n\nthe maintenance and development of rural life\n\nthe production of good-quality food\n\ncloser cooperation between agriculture and industry\n\nchanging the general conditions of agricultural policy in such a\nway as to foster an agriculture compatible with the environment \". The European Parliament insisted , in particular , on the necessity for\na European Soils Policy ( planning , fight against soil erosion ,\nreafforestation , diversification of agricultural production , the\nenvironmental assessment of large agricultural projects , respect of\nthe Community directives and international conventions on the\nprotection of wild fauna ), and on an integrated rural planning policy\nbased on collaboration between all parties concerned. It also\nconsiders that the structural agricultural policy initiated by\nR-797/85 should be continued , through budgetary improvement and a\nbetter distribution of funds in favour of the \" orientation \" sector of\nEftGGF , the channelling of structural funds into regional programmes\nwhich foresee the remuneration of certain agricultural practices\ncompatible with the environment , and , most important , the preparation\nof precise rules governing the granting of structural funds in favour\nof ecological agricultural practices. 4\n\n4. T he approa ch to the problem by the Ministers of Agriculture and of the\nEnvironment\n\nThe Ministers of Agriculture and of the Environment have also stressed\nthe importance of taking into account the environmental constraints ,\nand have accepted the Commission 's position that additional measures\nare necessary. Their conclusions were drawn at the two informal meetings held on\n8. 9. 1987 at Nyborg ( Denmark ) for the Ministers of Agriculture , and on\n26. 2. 88 at Uilbad-Kreuth ( Germany ) for the Ministers of the\nEnvironment. The debate has allowed us to note that though there is some\nconvergence between the objective of better production control on the\none hand , and an environmental policy on the other , the Ministers of\nAgriculture express different preoccupations resulting from the\ndiversity of conditions in the regions of the Community. preoccupations can be noted on this subject : the problems that\nintensive agriculture pose for the environment , and rural\ndesertification which is equally destructive from an environmental\npoint of view. Two major\n\nThe Agriculture Ministers recognised the need for better Community\nco-ordination in the search for an environmental equilibrium in\nagriculture , but were more cautious about the need for common rules at\na European level , given the need to find ad-hoc solutions adapted to\nthe specific diversities of the zones concerned. The Environment Ministers , too , noted that caution was required in\ntackling a problem as complex and delicate as the development of\nagriculture in harmony with the environment. They stressed the need for a policy which would not only prevent but\nalso correct the excesses of intensive agriculture in certain zones ,\nso as to protect the environment from which the farmers themselves\ndraw their subsistance , without , however , reducing their standard of\nliving. Such a policy could , in particular , be based on the\nagricultural structural policy ,\n\u201c set-aside\u201d , extensif ication and early\nretirement schemes , which should be used to the full in order to help\nachieve the objectives of the environmental protection. The Environment Ministers concluded that the ''environmental \" dimension\nshould be progressively integrated into agriculture , and that the\nflexibility necessary to allow for different conditions in the Member\nStates should not prevent the establishment as well as the respect of\ncommon principles. Compensation and economic incentives , together\nwith regulatory measures , should support the effort of farmers to\nprotect the environment , whilst appropriate assistance should be\nprovided in the field of training , information and its dissemination. 5. The approach of international organisations\n\n- 5 -\n\nSimilar discussions are under may in all Member States as uell as in a\nnumber of international organisations. For instance , OECD has set up an ad hoc working group on the\nenvironment and agriculture , which has produced a very detailed and\ncomprehensive report. Important work has also been undertaken by the Council of Europe and\nby the United Nations. which gives particular thought to environmental problems in\nagriculture. The recent Bruntland Report is an example ,\n\n6. The aim of this paper\n\nThis paper aims to clarify the Commission 's guidelines on this subject\nand is based on the positions expressed by the European Parliament and\nby the Ministers of Agriculture and of the Environment ; it uses the\nextensive body of work that has already been done within the Community\nas well as the international organisations with respect to agriculture\nand environment. It deals in particular with the consequences of recent developments in\nagriculture on the environment , with a view to focusing on the\nproblems and to establishing common principles or guidelines ,\naccompanied by priorities for action as well as identifying a first\nphase of proposals to the Council. A workable environmental and agricultural policy for the rural areas\nof Europe must take fully into account the wide diversity of European\nagriculture , the very different environmental problems that it poses\nfor the environment and its social and economic situation. The Commission will examine to the extent possible the costs and\nbenefits of actions which might be taken , and will take into account\nsocial , economic and environmental aspects , as well as the most recent\nscientific data. The \" polluter pays \" principle must of course apply to agricultural\nactivity as it does elsewhere , but this must be done in conjunction\nwith the other policies tailored to meet the particular needs of the\nrural population. II\n\nSPECIFIC PROBLEMS\n\n6\n\nThe changes which have characterized agriculture in recent decades -\nmechanisation , use of agrochemicals , the improvement of cultivation\ntechniques and the intensification of much agricultural production\nhave led to higher yields but have also led to the creation of\nstructural surpluses , and very often to environmental damage. In particular the following specific problems have been indentified :\n\nDeterioration of certain terrestrial habitats and extinction of\nwildlife species due to habit disturbance , pollution and drainage\nof wetlands. Although other developments ( tourism , urbanisation ,\nindustrial pollution ) have also contributed to the problem , it\nappears that intensive agricultural practices are the cause of\nboth fauna and flora extinction ,\nCommunity. in many regions of the\n\nWater quality problems in many areas of intensive agriculture. These include eutrophication , nitrate and pesticide pollution\nmainly as a result of misuse and /or overuse of chemicals , animal\nmanures and other organic material. Community there is a problem concerning nitrate in drinking water\nwhich often exceeds the Commission 's guideline of 25 mg/ 1 , or\neven the maximum limit of 50 mg/ 1 , and which is in general on the\nincrease. In many regions of the\n\nThe same situation exists for\nadmissible concentration is 0,1 pg/ 1 and 0,5 pg when all products\nare considered ( Directive 80 / 778 / CEE < 1 :' ). pesticides for which the maximum\n\n\u2022: 1 ) 0J No L 229 , 30. 8. 1980 ,\n\np. 11\n\n\f- 7 -\n\nMoreover there is growing concern for the future about the following :\n\nSoil degradation and in particular soil erosion can result not\nonly from intensive farming but also from the abandonment of\nagricultural activity in the less favoured , hilly or mountainous\nThe total threatened area in the Community is estimated\nareas. at at least 25 million hectares , that is about eight times the\nsize of the Netherlands. Erosion is a particularly grave problem\nin the Mediterranean countries where losses of top soil reach up\nto 2800 kg/ha/year , but Northern countries do not escape the\nproblem. Increased ammonia evaporation as a result of intensive livestock\nrearing and use of certain types of fertilizers is leading to the\nApproximatedy half of the total\ndeterioration of air quality. nitrogen in manure is in the form of ammonia. Where manure is\napplied to the soil surface most of this ammonia can be lost to\nthe atmosphere within a few days if conditions are suitable. The long term accumulation of heavy metals and acidification\nmakes soils unsuitable for farming , while pollution of waters\nmakes irrigation difficult and residues of chemical substances\nmay lower the quality of agricultural products. Landscape changes due to undesirable deforestation or\nafforestation , field rationalisation , hedgerow removal , wetlands\ndrainage and the deterioration of other features are destroying\nflora and fauna habitat. It is also worthy of note that modern agricultural techniques can\naffect the taste quality of foodstuffs. III. CURRENT COMMUNITY MEASURES\n\n1. The Community has already adopted agricultural measures directly or\nindirectly aimed at promoting environmental objectives and reducing\nthe impact of modern farming on the environment. 5\n\nThose include :\n\nthe introduction of a system of Community aids to farmers who\nundertake to follow practices compatible with the environment in\nsensitive zones\n\na system of aids to encourage farm investments for the protection\nor improvement of the environment , within the farm holding or\nbeyond ( agro-food industry )\n\nadoption of a series of provisions limiting or prohibiting the\npayment of investment aids for intensive livestock production\n\nthe application of a Comunity system of compensatory allowances\nto help maintain farming activity in mountainous and less\nfavoured areas where the abandonment of agriculture could be\ndetrimental to the environment\n\nthe prohibition of the use of a number of harmful pesticides\n\nmeasures for the protection of the Community 's forests against\natmospheric pollution and fires\n\nthe introduction of a system of additional Community aids to help\ntrain farmers ,\nproduction and the application of production practices compatible\nwith environmental requirements\n\nin view of the qualitative re-orientation of\n\nthe introduction of a set of measures aimed at encouraging the\nextensif ication of production and the set aside as well as the\ncessation of farming through an early retirement scheme. Amongst the above mentioned measures , the encouragement of\nagricultural practices compatible with environmental requirements , the\nextensif ication of the production and \" set-aside \" will play a key role\nin the development of the land use system in agriculture and have\nbeneficial effects on the environment. Moreover it has to be noted that ,\nit\nwas accepted that they may be granted within the framework of a more\nflexible system for investment aimed at the protection and improvement\nof the environment , subject to its not leading to distortions in\ncompetition ( Article 92-94 of Treaty of Rome ). in the context of national aids ,\n\n\f-9\n\n2. 3. Within the framework of Article 19 of R. 797 /85 on improving the\nefficiency of agricultural structures , the Commmission has received\nits first applications for financial contributions by the Community\nfor the introduction of measures for the protection of the environment\nin certain rural areas. Only two countries , Germany and United Kingdom , have presented such\napplications to date , and the Commission hopes that Member States make\nwider use of the possibilities offered by the measure. With respect to the application of certain measures having an impact\non the environment , the Commission , following a demand by the Informal\nCouncil of Agricultural Ministers at Nyborg , has prepared an inventory\nof regulatory and administrative procedures introduced by the Member\nStates for the adaptation of intensive agriculture. This inventory was transmitted to Member States which were invited to\ngive supplementary information and precisions where necessary. IU. MEASURES ENUISAGED\n\n1. Land Use\n\nLand use in the Community is not static : it is multi-functional and\ntherefore does not depend exclusively on agriculture , although\nagriculture plays a dominant role. The man/ land relationship , the economic situation , urban and\nindustrial development , habitat requirements for fauna and flora , are\nsome of the factors which need to be incorporated into any review of\nthe problem. From a purely agricultural point of view , land use is subject to short\nand long term changes. In the short term , adjustments are made in cropping as part of\nrotational systems or in response to management , economic or climatic\nfactors. In the longer term , changing market conditions and\ntechnological development lead to more general adjustments , while the\ntotal area of agricultural land alters as land is reclaimed , abandoned\nEven within agricultural uses there\nor lost to non-agricultural uses. are significant changes such as the reduction of grasslands or the\nexpansion of oilseed crops and green fodder observed in past years. 10\n\nThe environmental implications of land use , especially in the\nagricultural context , suggest that planning and incentives aimed at\norienting production and at limiting environmentally undesirable\ndevelopments are increasingly necessary. As concluded by the Ministers for the Environment , the structural\nfunds constitute a privileged instrument in achieving such aims , as\nwell as for the integration of the environmental dimension in the\nagricultural sector. Community action in this field should be based on the existing\nEnvironment Impact Assessment Directive < 1 >. listing project types for which assessment is mandatory or is\noptional. The Commission will propose the modification of this\nDirective making it mandatory to carry out environmental impact\nassessments where decisions are required concerning large-scale\nagricultural projects , such as the restructuring of holdings , changes\nSuch assessment will be particularly\nin the water regime , roads , etc. Criteria or size thresholds\nimportant in the case of public funding. should be envisaged for this purpose. This contains annexes\n\nIn addition , the possiblity of discouraging certain types of large\nin\nscale land use change would be examined. particular , undertake an early review of large scale agricultural\narterial drainage projects with a view to limiting or even in some\ncase or regions , prohibiting the use of public aids for this purpose. The Commission will ,\n\nFurthermore and in line with the Green Paper , the Commission will\nexamine additional measures to introduce or maintain agricultural\npractices compatible with the need for the protection of nature. In many cases they could be introduced on a voluntary basis , for\nexample in the form of management contracts between public authorities\nand the public concerned. In some zones , where the environmental balance is particularly\nthreatened , certain compulsory measures should not be excluded. this context , the establishment of ecological corridors could be\nenvisaged , not only for the habitat protection , but also along water\ncourses or close to ponds , for the protection of water as a natural\nresource. In\n\nCurrently , Article 19 of R-797 / 85 offers the possibility of\ninitiatives by farmers for the protection of the environment on a\nvoluntary basis. \u2022: i >\n\nDirective 85 / 337 , 0J No L 175 , 5. 7. 85 , p. 40\n\n\f11\n\nThe Commission is examining the opportunity of making these measures\napplicable in those cases where farmers are obliged to introduce\ncropping or breeding practices compatible with the environmental\nrequirements. imposed recently by the Commission in its detailed rules for applying\nthe set aside , such as limitations in the use of fertilizers , animal\nmanure and plant protection products or the obligation for the farmers\nto maintain the soil in good condition , could result in a positive\ncontribution to the environment , if correctly applied. It can be noted on this subject that the conditions\n\nHowever , their introduction presupposes a\n\nThe same is true of extensif ication measures , the procedures for which\nneed still to be defined. thorough examination of possible obstacles which may exist in\nlegislation concerning taxes on land. on the table of the Council concerning direct income aids should\nfavour the survival of small agricultural holdings of the family type ,\nthe role of which is important for the rural environment and the\noverall agricultural economy. In addition , the measures still\n\nFinally , the establishment of the set-aside and extensification\nschemes offer great possibilities for the protection of agricultural\necosystems. be used for non-agricultural purposes in the framework of integrated\ncountryside management programmes , in order to favour initiatives\nwhich could ensure a complementary income for farmers as well as\nenvironmental benefits. Land made available as a result of these programmes could\n\nThe main possibilities in this field are agri-tourism in all its forms\n( hunting , fishing , riding. sporting breeds. ) and the extensive rearing of game or. 2. Use of Pesticides\n\nThe use of pesticides in agriculture , although necessary , can cause\nenvironmental problems which have been recognised for many years. principal problems are :\n\nThe\n\nthe effects of residues in food and water on human health and the\nrisks associated with spray drift from pesticides during\napplication\n\nthe unintended negative effects of pesticides on species , other\nthan those to which they are applied. the risk for the farmers themselves resulting from inappropriate\nuse of pesticides. 12\n\nThe general objective of Community policy must be to reduce to a\nstrict minimum , the use of chemicals for agriculture , not only because\nof the known hazards to humans , fauna and flora , but also because of\nuncertainty about the long-term and synergetic effects of the release\nof such agents into the environment. The Commission has , therefore , the intention to proceed with the\nrevision of existing legislation on pesticides ( 1 >. To achieve this , it will make use of the most recent scientific\nfindings and will make the appropriate proposals. Much more attention must be given to the broader effects of pesticides\non the environment as a whole and to wildlife in particular. In that context , Community action could concern the authorisation of\nsubstances and products as well as of their distribution and\napplication. As already announced at the Informal Council of Ministers of\nAgriculture of 1987 , the Commission is now considering a revision of\nits 1976 proposal on the authorisation of pesticides. This might include the establishment of a \" positive list \" of\npermissible active ingredients , which would be noted on a complete\nanalysis of all relevant properties of these meterials. There would\nalso be appropriate review procedures and controls on labelling. ' 1\nCouncil Directive 78 / 631 on classification , packaging and labelling\nof dangerous chemicals , council Directive 79/117 prohibiting the placing\non the market and use of plant protection products containing certain\nactive substances , Council Directive 76/895 on fixing of maximum levels\nfor pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables , Council Directive\n86/ 362 on fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on\ncereals and Council Directive 86/363 for pesticide residues in and on\nfoodstuffs of animal origin , Council Directive 87/519 concerning maximum\nlevels for substances and undesirable products in animal feed\n( pesticides ). 13\n\nBoth of these , particularly in the case of the more\n\nIn the longer term the Commission will also examine the necessity and\nthe possibility of controls on the distribution and application of\npesticides. dangerous products , might be limited to persons with the appropriate\nprofessional qualifications , equipment and facilities. The most\ndangerous products might be sold only on prescription and their\napplication might be subject to the terms of that prescription. certain cases , notably application by aircraft , special authorisations\nand technical controls might be required. compatible with a general harmony of practice throughout the Community\nthe various controls and qualifications would be administered at a\nnational level and would be integrated into existing national systems. To the greatest extent\n\nIn\n\nObviously , the cornerstone of all efforts to reduce and rationalise\nthe use of chemicals in agriculture lies in the constant improvement\nof information and of training of the users themselves , who must be\nfully aware of their own real interest. 3. Intensive animal and plant production\n\nIt uses animal feed produced on the farm , and employs\n\nTraditionally , livestock production is integrated into general farming\nactivity. animal wastes to improve the soil. production , exploiting economies of scale and assisted by new\ntechniques of feeding and management as well as by low-priced imported\nfeed stuffs have led to a specialisation , which involves large numbers\nof animals living on a small area of land , in fact a quasi-industrial\nactivity. But modern systems of livestock\n\nWhen animal wastes produced exceed the absoption capacity of both the\nsoil and vegetation they create a considerable risk of pollution of\nsurface and ground waters by nitrates , toxic trace elements and\npathogenic micro-organisms. smell and noise. just as they are for other activities of an industrial nature. Controls should be imposed on this type of activity ,\n\nProduction units also cause problems of\n\nSimilar problems sometimes arise from the excessive use of chemical\nfertilisers in intensive crop production. Certain Member States are already taking the first steps to control\nthe effects of intensive agriculture. 4\n\n\f14\n\nThe Council approved in 1987 a system of Community aids for\nextensif ication of agricultural production and for farmers in\nenvironmentally sensitive zones , who undertake to follow practices\ncompatible with the environment ,\n\nBut additional Community action seems to be necessary to protect the\nenvironment on a more general scale , while ensuring fair conditions of\ncompetition. Such action could cover both intensive livestock rearing and intensive\ncrop production , particularly in zones with considerable pollution or\nrisk of pollution of surface and ground waters by nitrates of the\nCommunity (\" vulnerable zones \"). It will first be necessary to define Community parameters and\nprocedures for the identification and designation by Member States of\nsuch \" vulnerable zones \". The Commission intends to propose that Member States establish\nprogrammes with a view to achieving early and appropriate cuts in the\nquantities of nitrate leaching into the soil and into the water table ,\nallowing for a re-establishment of a normal situation in due course. Such programmes should allow Member States to take into account the\nparticular characteristics , natural as well as socio-economic , to\nintroduce a flexibility as to the choice of means for reducing nitrate\nleaching , to provide appropriate technical and/or financial assistance\nto help farmers adapt to the new agro-economic context , avoiding at\nthe same time unrealistic requirements on administration and control. In this context the Member States will do their best to ensure that\nthe objectives can be reached through the active and voluntary\nparticipation of farmers. As far as intensive livestock production is concerned the creation of\nnew large units and important extension of all existing ones should be\nsubject to prior authorisation on the basis of an environmental impact\nassessment specifying particular conditions to be respected. In the vulnerable zones , the rate of application of animal manures\nshould be within the take up rate by crops. In situations where there is a surplus of manure , proof must be given\nthat it can be disposed of in an environmentally appropriate way , or\nthe intensity of livestock production should be reduced. - 15 -\n\n4. Qu a 1 i lu o f Products\n\nIn fact , this activity has not only favourable\n\nThe possibilities offered by organic farming should not be\nunderestimated. effects on the environment but may also assure a diversification in\nproducers\u2019 sources of revenue ;\nit can benefit from the different aid\nprogrammes for production and commercialisation , but in order to\nincrease the number of outlets ,\nframework that can offer guarantees to the consumer of product\nauthenticity and adequate protection for the producer against unfair\ncompetition. it requires an appropriate legislative\n\nIt would also be useful to take more into account the quality element\nin classification of agricultural products given the fact that the\ncurrent search for\na better visual appearance incites producers to\nthe over-use of chemical inputs. U. ACCOMPANYING MEASURES\n\nAt present , existing Community legislation introducing various systems\nof Community aids allows for actions to be taken by farmers aiming at\nthe protection of the environment\n( e. g. aids to farmers who undertake\nto follow practices compatible with the environment , aids for\ninvestments for the protection and improvement of the environment ,\naids for hill farming and less favoured areas , aids for set-aside and\nextensif ication programmes etc. ). In the periodic review of the above mentioned systems of aids , their\nenvironmental effects should be assessed and proposals should be made\naccordingly in order to optimize these effects. It is , however , important that Member States make fuller use of the\nexisting provisions which allow farmers to protect the environment. The Commission fully encourages and supports such an effort. In addition , extension services in all Member States should be trained\nand equipped in a way as to be able to contribute towards a less\nintensive and less polluting agriculture in accordance with what is\ndone for training the farmers on the basis of Community provisions. In certain cases , studies should be carried out in order to ensure\nbetter training and orientation of the services concerned. The establishment of codes of good agricultural practice would be a\nhelpful tool to be developed. in those sectors of low input agriculture , such as integrated pest\ncontrol or the organic farming , where research is generally less\nadvanced than for conventional high input agriculture. There should be more funds for reserach\n\n\f- 16 -\n\nUI. CONCLUSIQNS\n\n1. General guidel iries\n\nAgricultural activity has for centuries co-existed in harmony with the\nenvironment , but some of the present trends in agriculture are causing\nenvironmental concern and problems which should be better controlled. The reform of CAP provides an excellent opportunity to efficiently\nintegrate the economic , social and environmental elements of this\npolicy. On the one hand , the rigorous market and price policy , indispensable\nfor economic and financial reasons , will at the same time discourage\nunjustified intensification , which is harmful to the environment. On the other hand , the reinforcement of social structural measures and\nthe aid schemes intended to improve and diversify farmers income , will\nalso permit the promotion of beneficial effects on the environment. A judicious combination of regulatory and incentive measures , which\nshould normally lead to economies rather that expenditure , will lead\nin the future to an agriculture more friendly to the environment but\nnot necessarily less efficient. This combination must , of course , be modulated with regard to regional\nand other diversities of European agriculture and has to be\ncomplementary to other Community policies to tackle the great problem\nof Europe 's rural areas. It is clear that in order to be effective , all programmes in this\nfield have to be widely supported by training and dissemination of\ninformation , as appropriate to specific situations. promote an agricultural community more aware of the fact that it is in\nits own best interest to manage production in a more rational manner\nin order to attain a rational equilibrium between its needs and those\nof the environment. This could\n\nThanks to this training and dissemination of information , the farmer\nshould become aware that his role is not limited to agricultural\nproduction in itself , but , that it also extends to the maintenance of\nthe rural environment of which he is the manager. This implies that\nsociety has to accept the fact that the farmer , as manager of the\nenvironment ,\nremuneration. is rendering a public service which merits an adequate\n\n\f- 17 -\n\n2. Timetable\n\nOn the basis of the elements discussed in the previous chapters and\nconsidering the state of the preparatory work already done , the\nCommission will as a first step and before the end of 1988 , present\nthe following proposals :\n\nthe revision of the proposal for a Directive concerning the\nmarketing of plant protection products ( proposal presented in\n1976 )\n\na proposal concerning the production and marketing of\nagricultural products and foodstuffs , obtained without the use of\nsynthetic chemicals. a proposal for a Directive concerning the protection of fresh\nsurface and ground waters and coastal waters against pollution\nfrom livestock manure and from overuse of nitrogenous compounds. the revision of the Directive concerning the assessment of the\neffects of certain public and private projects on the\nenvironment ,\n\nIn the short term , the Commission intends to promote a thorough study\non the use of economic instruments as a means to reducing consumption\nof chemical fertilizers and pesticides , thus decreasing their impact\non the environment ,\n\nin particular on water resources. In addition and in the framework of the reinforcement of its training\nand information actions the Commission will study the possibilities of\n\nreinforcing its financial participation in the application of\nexisting measures\n\nensuring the satisfactory coordination of the measures taken by\nthe Member States\n\npromoting the awareness of farmers of the possibilities offered\nby the Community\n\nin the framework of the reform of the\n\nFinally , the Commission , in addition to the proposals mentioned\nabove , will stress ,\nstructural funds and in particular of EAGGF - Guidance Section ,\nthe need to promote alternative economic activities which will\nallow farmers to increase their income , whilst respecting the\nenvironmental requirements , protecting the rural environment and\nits traditional way of life ( agritourism , hunting , game rearing ,\nfishing etc. )"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ded0b427-5267-476a-a963-c0c90a286f25", "title": "88/605/EEC: Commission Decision of 8 June 1988 on the draft Sicilian Regional Law on the setting-up of a regional fund to encourage citrus exports (Italy)(Only the Italian text is authentic)", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-08", "subjects": "Italy,Sicily,State aid,citrus fruit,export aid,restriction on competition", "workIds": "celex:31988D0605,oj:JOL_1988_334_R_0022_027", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Italy", "Sicily", "State aid", "citrus fruit", "export aid", "restriction on competition"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ded0b427-5267-476a-a963-c0c90a286f25", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/5b8bf203-0474-4d87-90ae-be59c3eb9ad8", "title": "88/384/EEC: Commission Decision of 8 June 1988 setting up a prior communication and consultation procedure on migration policies in relation to non-member countries", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-08", "subjects": "conciliation,consolidation of EU law,migrant worker,migration policy,third country", "workIds": "celex:31988D0384,oj:JOL_1988_183_R_0035_038", "eurovoc_concepts": ["conciliation", "consolidation of EU law", "migrant worker", "migration policy", "third country"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/5b8bf203-0474-4d87-90ae-be59c3eb9ad8", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1988183EN. 01003501. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14. 7. 1988\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 183/35\n\n\n\n\n\nCOMMISSION DECISION\nof 8 June 1988\nsetting up a prior communication and consultation procedure on migration policies in relation to non-member countries\n(88/384/EEC)\nTHE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community and in particular Article 118 thereof,\nWhereas the foreign populations in the Community and the changes which have taken place in their composition are important demographic factors, more especially by virtue of the permanent nature of their presence, the reuniting of families and the fact of their high birth rate;\nWhereas there are problems linked with their integration into the workforce and society and, more particularly, those encountered in the education, training and employment of the second generation;\nWhereas it is important to ensure that the migration policies of Member States in relation to non-member countries take into account both common policies and the actions taken at Community level, particularly within the framework of Community labour market policy, in order not to jeopardize the results; whereas it is necessary to facilitate the exchange of information and views in these areas with a view to adopting common propositions, and it is therefore important to organize a consultation procedure ensuring the participation of all Member States;\nWhereas, moreover, the Council in its resolution of 9 February 1976\u00a0(1) concerning an action programme in favour of migrant workers and members of their families and in its resolution of 27 June 1980\u00a0(2) concerning orientation towards a Community labour market policy, underlined the importance of undertaking appropriate consultation on migration policies in relation to non-member countries, and whereas integration of the Community labour market should be favoured in the framework of free movement of the labour force within the Community, in particular by appropriate consultation on these policies, in accordance with the conclusions which the Council adopted on 22 November 1979 on this subject; whereas its resolution of 16 July 1985\u00a0(3) on guidelines for a Community policy on migration reaffirmed the need for such consultation;\nWhereas, moreover, the final communiqu\u00e9 of the Conference of Heads of State or of Government of 9 and 10 December 1974 in Paris recommends, in point 10, the stage-by-stage harmonization of legislation concerning foreigners; whereas the European Council on 25 and 26 June 1984 adopted conclusions on social policy; whereas in a declaration annexed to the Final Act of the Single European Act\u00a0(4), the Intergovernmental Conference expressed the will of the Member States to cooperate \u2018without prejudice to the powers of the Community, in particular as regards the entry, movement and residence of nationals of third countries\u2019;\nWhereas in its resolution of 9 June 1983\u00a0(5) concerning, inter alia, the passport union and the suppression of individual controls at Community frontiers, the European Parliament urged the Council and the Commission to make further proposals particularly with a view to harmonization of visa policies and legislation concerning foreigners;\nWhereas the role of the Commission, in view of the powers conferred on it by the Treaty, is to promote cooperation between Member States in the field of social policy, in particular in the different areas mentioned above, and to organize appropriate consultations to this end;\nWhereas, to this end, the Commission adopted Decision 85/381/EEC\u00a0(6) setting up a prior communication and consultation procedure on migration policies in relation to non-member countries;\nWhereas in its judgment of 9 July 1987 handed down in joined cases 281, 283, 284, 285 and 287/85 (Federal Republic of Germany, French Republic, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Kingdom of Denmark, United Kingdom v Commission), the Court of Justice ruled that cooperation between Member States in the social field, provided for in the first paragraph of Article 118 of the Treaty, extends to migration policies in relation to non-member countries in that the power to arrange consultation granted to the Commission under the second paragraph of Article 118 authorizes it to adopt rules of a binding nature;\nWhereas this Decision reproduces the content of Decision 85/381/EEC with the amendments dictated by the abovementioned judgement of 9 July 1987,\nHAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:\nArticle 1\n1. The Member States shall give the Commission and the other Member States in good time, and at the latest at the moment they are made public, advance information of:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ndraft measures which they intend to take with regard to third country workers and members of their families, in the areas of entry, residence and employment, including illegal entry, residence and employment, as well as the realization of equality of treatment in living and working conditions, wages and economic rights, the promotion of integration into the workforce and society, and the voluntary return of such persons to their countries of origin,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ndraft agreements relating to the abovementioned matters, as well as draft cooperation agreements which they intend to negotiate or renegotiate with third countries, when these agreements involve provisions relating to the abovementioned matters,\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\ndraft agreements relating to conditions of residence and employement of their nationals working in third countries and members of their families, which they intend to negotiate or renegotiate with those countries. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission and to the other Member States, in the areas mentioned in paragraph 1, the texts of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action already in force, and also the texts of agreements made with third countries. Article 2\n1. If, within the space of two weeks from the date of receipt of the documents mentioned in Article 1, a Member State so requests, or if the Commission so decides on its own initiative, the Commission shall proceed with the consultation with the Member States on those documents within six weeks of their receipt. The Commission shall proceed with this consultation immediately, if a Member State requests it to do so as a matter of urgency. 2. The Commission may at any time, at the request of a Member State or on its own initiative, arrange a consultation on the draft provisions and agreements referred to in Article 1, except in the case of questions upon which consultation has already taken place and concerning which no new developments have arisen. Article 3\nThe objectives of the consultation procedure provided for in Article 2 (1) shall be, inter alia:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nto facilitate the mutual exchange of information and the identification of problems of common interest and, in relation to those problems, to facilitate the adoption of a common policy by the Member States particularly as regards international instruments relating to migration;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nto examine the possibility of measures, which might be taken by the Community or Member States in the fields referred to in Article 1, aimed at achieving progress towards the harmonization of national legislation on foreigners, promoting the inclusion of a maximum of common provisions in bilateral agreements, and improving the protection of Community nationals working and living in third countries. Article 4\n1. Consultation shall be arranged by the Commission. Meetings shall be chaired by the Commission, which shall also provide the Secretariat. 2. The consultation procedure established by this Decision shall not affect the responsibilities of committees already in existence, in particular those of the Advisory and Technical Committee, as determined by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68\u00a0(7). 3. Member States shall take all necessary steps to ensure the proper functioning of the consultation procedure, and in particular, where necessary, to safeguard the confidential nature of the information which will be made available to them in that connection. Article 5\nThis Decision is addressed to the Member States. Done at Brussels, 8 June 1988. For the Commission\n\nManuel MAR\u00cdN\n\nVice-President\n\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 34, 14. 2. 1976, p. 2. (2)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 168, 8. 7. 1980, p. 1. (3)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 186, 26. 7. 1985, p. 3. (4)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 169, 29. 6. 1987, p. 26. (5)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 184, 11. 7. 1983, p. 112. (6)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 217, 14. 8. 1985, p. 25. (7)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 257, 19. 10. 1968, p. 2"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/58f289ca-ec1c-42c8-998b-a9ed68c7513f", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1596/88 of 8 June 1988 amending Regulation (EEC) No 441/88 laying down detailed rules for applying compulsory distillation as referred to in Article 39 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 822/87", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-08", "subjects": "concentrated product,distillation,fruit juice,fruit product,sparkling wine", "workIds": "celex:31988R1596,oj:JOL_1988_142_R_0017_022", "eurovoc_concepts": ["concentrated product", "distillation", "fruit juice", "fruit product", "sparkling wine"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/58f289ca-ec1c-42c8-998b-a9ed68c7513f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c7fbd1bf-e8a4-4de2-86fc-85ad56c4148c", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1593/88 of 8 June 1988 re-establishing the levying of customs duties on trunks, suit-cases, vanity cases, executive cases, brief cases, school satchels and similar containers falling within CN code ex 4202 originating in India to which the preferential tariff arrangements set out in Council Regulation (EEC) No 3635/87 apply", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-08", "subjects": "India,fancy leather goods and glove-making industry,restoration of customs duties,tariff preference", "workIds": "celex:31988R1593,oj:JOL_1988_142_R_0011_019", "eurovoc_concepts": ["India", "fancy leather goods and glove-making industry", "restoration of customs duties", "tariff preference"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c7fbd1bf-e8a4-4de2-86fc-85ad56c4148c", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8d00ae69-2a45-4d97-b44d-b244b829b6c8", "title": "Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1592/88 of 8 June 1988 re-establishing the levying of customs duties on footwear falling within CN codes 6404 and 6405 90 10 originating in Thailand to which the preferential tariff arrangements set out in Council Regulation (EEC) No 3635/87 apply", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-08", "subjects": "Thailand,restoration of customs duties,tariff preference", "workIds": "celex:31988R1592,oj:JOL_1988_142_R_0010_018", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Thailand", "restoration of customs duties", "tariff preference"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/8d00ae69-2a45-4d97-b44d-b244b829b6c8", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/fc58836d-3c13-46ff-b5d0-a8504ae2c1bc", "title": "Council Directive 88/314/EEC of 7 June 1988 on consumer protection in the indication of the prices of non-food products", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#directive,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-07", "subjects": "consumer information,consumer protection,directive (EU),packaged product,publishing of prices,selling price", "workIds": "celex:31988L0314,oj:JOL_1988_142_R_0019_024", "eurovoc_concepts": ["consumer information", "consumer protection", "directive (EU)", "packaged product", "publishing of prices", "selling price"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/fc58836d-3c13-46ff-b5d0-a8504ae2c1bc", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e6d671d6-314c-4b6c-97ce-f81f71e01b5f", "title": "Council Regulation (ECSC, EEC, Euratom) No 1600/88 of 7 June 1988 amending temporarily the Financial Regulation of 21 December 1977 applicable to the general budget of the European Communities", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#regulation,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-07", "subjects": "EAGGF Guarantee Section,financial regulation,financial year,general budget (EU)", "workIds": "celex:31988R1600,oj:JOL_1988_143_R_0001_018", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EAGGF Guarantee Section", "financial regulation", "financial year", "general budget (EU)"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/e6d671d6-314c-4b6c-97ce-f81f71e01b5f", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/21cab86e-584b-4087-9d05-f2761a7d2e12", "title": "Council Directive 88/316/EEC of 7 June 1988 amending Directive 75/106/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making-up by volume of certain prepackaged liquids", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#directive,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-07", "subjects": "approximation of laws,beverage,marketing standard,pre-packaging,weights and measures", "workIds": "celex:31988L0316,oj:JOL_1988_143_R_0026_029", "eurovoc_concepts": ["approximation of laws", "beverage", "marketing standard", "pre-packaging", "weights and measures"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/21cab86e-584b-4087-9d05-f2761a7d2e12", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2f7d974e-aa53-4e01-b8e6-b655fe00235d", "title": "Council Resolution of 7 June 1988 on consumer protection in the indication of the prices of foodstuffs and non- food products", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,pdfa1b,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_legislative_other_oj_c,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-07", "subjects": "consumer information,consumer protection,labelling,price disparity,publishing of prices,selling price", "workIds": "celex:31988Y0611(01),oj:JOC_1988_153_R_0001_01", "eurovoc_concepts": ["consumer information", "consumer protection", "labelling", "price disparity", "publishing of prices", "selling price"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/2f7d974e-aa53-4e01-b8e6-b655fe00235d", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "pdfa1b", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/266349dd-c9fb-4fc6-9aa1-12abcc5872d8", "title": "88/356/EEC: Council Decision of 7 June 1988 accepting, on behalf of the Community, Annex E.4 to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-07", "subjects": "customs harmonisation,import tax,international convention,inward processing,redemption,trading operation", "workIds": "celex:31988D0356,oj:JOL_1988_161_R_0012_007", "eurovoc_concepts": ["customs harmonisation", "import tax", "international convention", "inward processing", "redemption", "trading operation"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/266349dd-c9fb-4fc6-9aa1-12abcc5872d8", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1988161EN. 01001201. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n28. 6. 1988\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 161/12\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL DECISION\nof 7 June 1988\naccepting, on behalf of the Community, Annex E. 4 to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures\n(88/356/EEC)\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Articles 28,43,113 and 235 thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission,\nHaving regard to the opinion of the European Parliament\u00a0(1),\nWhereas, by Decision 75/199/EEC\u00a0(2), the Community concluded the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures;\nWhereas the acceptance of the Annexes to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures effectively contributes to the development and easing of international trade in goods;\nWhereas Annex E. 4 concerning drawback may be accepted by the Community;\nWhereas acceptance should, however, be accompanied by certain reservations to take account of the specific requirements of the customs union and the stage currently reached in the harmonization of customs legislation,\nHAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS:\nArticle 1\nAnnex E. 4 to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures, concerning drawback, is hereby accepted on behalf of the Community, subject to a reservation of a general nature and a reservation with regard to Standard 5. The text of Annex E. 4, together with the reservations, is attached to this Decision. Article 2\nThe President of the Council shall designate the person empowered to notify the Secretary-General of the Customs Cooperation Council of the acceptance by the Community, subject to the reservations referred to in Article 1, of the Annex referred to in Article 1. Done at Luxembourg, 7 June 1988. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nM. BANGEMANN\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 167, 27. 6. 1988. (2)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 100, 21. 4. 1975, p. 1. ANNEX E. 4\nANNEX CONCERNING DRAWBACK\n\nINTRODUCTION\n\nWhen imported materials which have borne import duties and taxes are subjected to manufacturing or processing (or, in certain circumstances, repair) and are then exported, they can often be offered for sale in foreign markets at more competitive prices if the import duties and taxes are refunded at exportation. The drawback procedure provides facilities for such a refund. Since, however, such refunds may encourage the importation of foreign goods for which equivalents are available from domestic sources, some restriction on the granting of such refund may be considered necessary in respect of particular categories of goods or particular processing or manufacturing operations. The extent to which drawback may be granted will have to be specified as necessary by individual countries. This Annex covers not only the granting of drawback in cases where the goods have undergone processing, manufacture or repair, but also the possibility of granting drawback in cases where goods have been imported and are subsequently re-exported in the same state. The Annex does not cover, however, repayment made on grounds of equity, for example, when goods are returned to the supplier as being not in accordance with contract. Neither does the Annex cover the repayment on exportation of duties and taxes other than import duties and taxes. DEFINITIONS\n\nFor the purposes of this Annex:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe term \u2018drawback procedure\u2019 means the customs procedure which, when goods are exported, provides for a refund (total or partial) to be made in respect of the import duties and taxes charged on the goods, or on materials contained in them or used up in their production;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthe term \u2018drawback\u2019 means the amount of import duties and taxes repaid unter the drawback procedure;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthe term \u2018import duties and taxes\u2019 means customs duties and all other duties, taxes, fees or other charges which are collected on or in connection with the importation of goods, but not including fees and charges which are limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered. PRINCIPLE\n\n1. Standard\n\nThe drawback provisions shall be governed by the provisions of this Annex. SCOPE\n\n2. Standard\n\nNational legislation shall specify the cases in which drawback may be claimed and the conditions under which it is paid. Note 1\n\nThe cases where drawback may be claimed may be specified by reference to certain goods or classes of goods or to certain uses of goods. Drawback may also be restricted to certain categories of import duties and taxes or to cases where the goods have undergone processing, manufacture or repair or other authorized uses. Drawback in respect of goods used up in the production of exported goods does not normally extend to mere aids to manufacture, such as lubricants, but may apply to waste or loss resulting from such. manufacture. Note 2\n\nRepayments under the drawback procedure are not granted in cases where import duties and taxes have been, or will be, repaid under other provisions. 3. Recommended practice\n\nThe drawback procedure should also be applied in cases where the goods or materials which have borne import duties and taxes have been replaced by equivalent goods or materials used in the manufacture or production of exported goods. CONDITIONS TO BE FULFILLED\n\n4. Standard\n\nThe interested parties shall maintain records or stock accounts enabling the validity of the claim for drawback to be verified. 5. Standard\n\nWhen it is known or anticipated at the time of importation of the goods for home use that drawback will be claimed, the declarant may be required, in order to facilitate a later claim, to state this intention; however, payment of drawback shall not be withheld solely because such a statement has not been made, nor shall exportation be required because of such a statement. Note\n\nThe customs may require that goods on which drawback is to be claimed be segregated from other goods or be processed or manufactured under customs supervision. DURATION OF STAY OF THE GOODS IN THE CUSTOMS TERRITORY\n\n6. Standard\n\nWhere a time limit for the exportation of the goods is fixed beyond which they no longer qualify for drawback, due account shall be taken in fixing such limit of the nature of the process or manufacture to which the goods may be subjected, and of the commercial or other factors involved. 7. Recommended practice\n\nWhere a time limit for the exportation of the goods is fixed, this should, upon request, be extended if the reasons are deemed by the customs authorities to be valid. DECLARATION ON EXPORTATION AND CLAIM FOR DRAWBACK\n\n8. Standard\n\nA declaration of exportation on drawback accompanied by supporting documents shall be lodged at a competent customs office. 9. Recommended practice\n\nAt the request of the exporter, and for reasons deemed to be valid, the customs authorities should, so far as possible, allow goods for exportation to be examined on private premises, the expenses entailed by such examination being borne by the exporter. The customs authorities may themselves require goods for exportation to be produced for examination at private premises. 10. Recommended practice\n\nWhere the exportation of goods under the drawback procedure is controlled through the exporter's records, production of the goods at exportation should normally be dispensed with. 11. Standard\n\nThe claim for drawback shall contain (or provide in the accompanying documents) such proof as is required to show that the conditions laid down for the payment of drawback have been fulfilled. Note\n\nThe particulars that may be required by the customs authorities for the payment of drawback include the following:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe claimant;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthe initial clearance of the goods for home use (for example, the number and date of the goods declaration for home use);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthe import duties and taxes paid;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthe nature or tariff description, and the quantity of the goods;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nthe use, process or manufacture to which the goods have been subjected;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\ndetails of exportation. 12. Recommended practice\n\nWhere a time limit is fixed beyond which claims for drawback will not be accepted, provision should be made for its extension for commercial or other reasons deemed by the customs authorities to be valid. PAYMENT OF DRAWBACK\n\n13. Standard\n\nDrawback shall be paid as soon as possible after the claim has been verified. 14. Recommended practice\n\nDrawback should also be paid on deposit of the goods in a customs warehouse on condition that they are to be exported subsequently. 15. Recommended practice\n\nThe customs authorities should, if so requested, pay drawback periodically, on goods exported during a specified period. INFORMATION CONCERNING DRAWBACK\n\n16. Standard\n\nThe customs authorities shall ensure that all relevant information regarding the drawback procedure is readily available to any person interested. Commentaries and reservations to be entered by the Community in respect of Annex E. 4 to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures\n1. General Reservation (general remark)\n\n\nCommunity legislation generally covers the provisions of this Annex. However, in the areas not covered by Community legislation, the Member States enter their own reservations, if necessary. 2. Standard 5\n\nThe declaration for release for free circulation must contain certain details regarding the use of the inward processing relief arrangements-drawback system. Furthermore, use of this system pre-supposes that an inward processing authorization has been issued or, in certain cases, requested before this release for free circulation"}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f075fcc5-0c3d-11e4-a7d0-01aa75ed71a1", "title": "GREEN PAPER ON COPYRIGHT AND THE CHALLENGE OF TECHNOLOGY - COPYRIGHT ISSUES REQUIRING IMMEDIATE ACTION", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "pdf", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#act_preparatory,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#communication_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#document_com_other_ec,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Commission", "date": "1988-06-07", "subjects": "EU relations,audiovisual piracy,computer piracy,copyright,data protection,database,digital single market,impact of information technology,reprography,software", "workIds": "celex:51988DC0172,comnat:COM_1988_0172_FIN", "eurovoc_concepts": ["EU relations", "audiovisual piracy", "computer piracy", "copyright", "data protection", "database", "digital single market", "impact of information technology", "reprography", "software"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f075fcc5-0c3d-11e4-a7d0-01aa75ed71a1", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["pdf"], "text": "COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES\n\nCOM ( 88 ) 172 final\n\nBrussels , 7 June 1988\n\nGREEN PAPER\n\nON COPYRIGHT AND THE CHALLENGE OF TECHNOLOGY -\n\nCOPYRIGHT ISSUES REQUIRING IMMEDIATE ACTION\n\nCommunication from the Commission. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES\n\nCOM ( 88 ) 172 final\n\nBrussels , 7 June 1988\n\nGREEN PAPER\n\nON COPYRIGHT AND THE CHALLENGE OF TECHNOLOGY -\n\nCOPYRIGHT ISSUES REQUIRING IMMEDIATE ACTION\n\nCommunication from the Commission. GREEN PAPER\n\nON COPYRIGHT AND THE CHALLENGE OF TECHNOLOGY -\n\nCOPYRIGHT ISSUES REQUIRING IMMEDIATE ACTION\n\nCommunication from the Commission. \u00a9 1988\n\nCommission of\nReproduction is authorized , except\npurposes , provided the source is acknowledged. the European Communities. for commercial\n\n\f- I -\n\nCONTENTS\n\nPages\n\nCHAPTER 1\n\n: COPYRIGHT AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY\n\n1. 1. Emergence of important copyright issues at Community Level. 1\n\n1. 2. The growing importance of copyright to industry and\ncommerce. 2\n\n1. 3. The Community 's concerns in general. 3\n\n1. 4. Cultural consid\u00e9rations. 5\n\n1. 5. 1. 6. The EEC Treaty and the Community 's powers in relation to\ncopyright goods and services. 8\n\nThe Community 's priorities : the purposes and scope of this\nconsultative document. 15\n\n1. 7. Summa ry. '. 16\n\n1. 8. Conclusion. 16\n\nCHAPTER 2 : PIRACY\n\n2. 1. The nature of piracy. 19\n\n2. 2. The importance of piracy by sector. 20\n\nBooks. 21\nSound recordings. 21\nFilms and video recordings. 28\nComputer programs. 35\n\n2. 3. Main reasons for differences between sectors. 36\n\n2. 4. Different bases for protection at the international level. 38\n\nBooks , film and video recordings. 38\nSound recordings. '. 39\nBroadcasts and cable transmissions. 40\n\n2. 5. Necessary conditions for the repression of piracy. 42\n\n\fII\n\nPages\n\n2. 6. Present situation inside the Community. 45\n\nSubstantive legal provisions. 45\nProcedures facilitating legal action and proof :. 54\n- search and seizure procedures. 54\n- customs seizure. 61\nRemedies and sanctions :. 65\n- damages or other financial relief. 65\n- injunctive relief. 67\n- disposal of infringing products and equipment used to\n\nproduce them. 68\n- dissuasive criminal sanctions. 69\n\n2. 7. The organizational framework for enforcement. 71\n\nRight holders and their organizations. 72\nPublic authorities. 74\n\n2. 8. The international context for future initiatives and\ndevelopments at Community level. 80\n\n2. 9. Future developments and initiatives at Community level. 83\n\n2. 10. Summa ry. 90\n\n2. 11. Conclusion. 91\n\n2. 12. Timetable for submissions. 93\n\nCHAPTER 3 : AUDIO-VISUAL HOME COPYING\n\n3. 1. Introduction. 99\n\n3. 2. The early development of home copying. 101\n\n3. 3. The international legal framework. 102\n\n3. 4. The legal position in the Member States. 103\n\nMember States appearing to treat home copying as an\ninfringment of copyright or relevant neighbouring rights. 104\nMember States appearing to treat home copying as permitted\nunder national l\u00e9gislation. 104\nRadio and television broadcasts and cable transmissions. 107\nLegislative trends in the Member States. 108\n\n\f- III -\n\nPages\n\n3. 5. Home copying in practice. 109\n\nThe market for recording equipment , blank tape and\naudio-visual recordings. 110\nThe effect of home copying on the market for audio-visual\nrecordings. 113\nImpact of copying on the exploitation of protected works. 116\n\n3. 6. New technical possibilities. 118\n\nDigital recording techniques. 118\nTechnical protection devices. 119\n\n3. 7. The views of interested parties. 120\n\nDemands for greater protection. 120\nOpposition to demands for greater protection. 122\nA \" pay at source \" approach to the home copying problem. 125\n\n3. 8. The main issues for the Community. 125\n\n3. 9. The Commission 's present orientations. 126\n\n3. 10. Possible legislative responses. 127\n\nPrinciples. 127\nSolutions :. 128\n- mandatory technical solutions. 128\n- levies. 132\n- the \" Pay at source \" approach. 135\n\n3. 11. Associated policies. 135\n\n3. 12. Summary. 136\n\n3. 13. Conclusion. 137\n\n3. 14. Timetable for submissions. 138\n\n3. 15. Appendix : Technical protection\n\n139\n\n\fIV\n\nCHAPTER 4 ; DISTRIBUTION RIGHT , EXHAUSTION AND RENTAL RIGHT\n\n4. 1. Distribution right : the right to control commercial\nexploitation. 146\n\n4. 2. Exhaustion of distribution rights : national law. 147\n\n4. 3. Exhaustion of rights : Community law. 148\n\n4. 4. Distribution rights and exhaustion : outstanding issues. 152\n\n4. 5. The distribution of sound and video recordings. 155\n\n4. 6. 4. 7. 4. 8. The present position concerning the rental of\nsound recordings. 157\n\nThe present position concerning the rental of\nvideo recordings. 159\n\nRecent legislative proposals concerning the rental of\nsound and video recordings. 160\n\n4. 9. The Community dimension of the problem. 160\n\n4. 10. The future development of the Community 's sound and video\nrecording industries and the general introduction of\na rental right. 161\n\n4. 11. Summary. 165\n\n4. 12. Conclusion. 166\n\n4. 13. Timetable for submissions. 166\n\nCHAPTER 5 : COMPUTER PROGRAMS\n\n5. 1. Subject matter. 170\n\n5. 2. 5. 3. 5. 4. The economic , industrial and technological context. 171\nThe legal response. j. 175\nCommunity involvement to date. 180\n\n5. 5. Copyright : the focus for a Community initiative. 181\n\n\f- V -\n\nPages\n\n5. 6. Clarification and adaptation of existing copyright regimes. 186\n\nAvailability of protection. 186\nOriginality and independent intellectual effort. 187\nFixation. 189\nScope of protection : restricted acts. 189\n- restricted acts : reproduction , translation , adaptation\n\nand use. 190\n- restricted acts : adaptation to improve performance. 192\n- reproduction for private purposes. 192\n- the term of protection. 193\n- authorship. 196\n- computer-generated programs. 196\n- moral rights. 197\n- beneficiaries of protection. 197\n- problems of proof. 199\n\n5. 7. Summary. 200\n\n5. 8. Conclusion. 200\n\n5. 9. Timetable for submissions. 201\n\nCHAPTER 6 : DATA BASES\n\n6. 1. Subject matter. 205\n\n6. 2. The creation of the common information market. 207\n\n6. 3. Legal problems arising from the storage and retrieval of\ninformation using data bases. 208\n\nStorage of information. 209\nThe retrieval of works stored in computerized data bases. 210\n\n6. 4. Protection of data bases as such against copying. 211\n\n6. 5. Data stored on discs and tapes. 215\n\n6. 6. Summary. 215\n\n6. 7. Conclusion. 216\n\n6. 8. Timetable for submissions. 216\n\n\f- VI\n\nPages\n\nCHAPTER 7 : THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY IN MULTILATERAL AND\n\nBILATERAL EXTERNAL RELATIONS\n\n7. 1. External relations : Multilateral and bilateral. 218\n\n7. 2. Multilateral relations. 219\n\nThe World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ). 219\nUnited Nations Educational , Scientific and\nCultural Organization ( UNESCO ). 221\nGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ). 221\nOrganization for Economie Co-operation and Development ( OECD )\n224\nInternational Labour Office ( ILO ). 225\nCouncil of Europe. 225\n\n7. 3. Bilateral relations : general. 226\n\n7. 4. Bilateral relations in the context of existing arrangements. 229\n\nDesign problems of the textile and clothing industry. 230\n\n7. 5. The Lom\u00e9 Conventions. 231\n\n7. 6. The new trade policy instrument. 232\n\n7. 7. Summary. 236\n\n7. 8. Conclusion. 236\n\n7. 9. Timetable for submissions\n\n236\n\n\fCHAPTER 1\n\n: COPYRIGHT AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY\n\n1. 1. Emergence of important copyright issues at Cowunity level\n\n1. 1. 1\n\n1. 1. 2\n\n1. 1. 3\n\nThe development of copyright laws in the Community and elsewhere reveals a\ncontinual re-examination of those laws to achieve an appropriate balance ,\nin the light of conditions prevailing at the time , between important\nobjectives that are partially in tension. Protection of the economic\ninterests of the author and\nto information , and the pursuit of cultural goals have all had to be\npursued and reconciled. In recent years and with increasing frequency , this\nchallenge has been raised , in terms of copyright\nCommunity level. other creators , the promotion of ready access\n\nlaw and policy , at\n\n1\n\nThe directly applicable provisions of the Community Treaty concerning the\nfree movement of goods and freedom to provide services have produced a\nnumber of leading cases on the extent to which copyright , of necessity\nnational in scope , may be relied upon if the result is to prevent goods and\nservices being supplied across the Community 's internal frontiers. As\nelsewhere in the field of intellectual property rights , the European Court\nof Justice quickly established the principle that , where goods are lawfully\nplaced on the market in a Member State , copyright cannot be relied upon to\nrestrict the free circulation of those goods elsewhere in the Community. More recently , it has been called upon to define more clearly the limits of\nthat principle , for example , as regards the continuing possibility for\nright holders to rely on their rights in relation to performances of\n2\nimported films and sound recordings and to the rental of video recordings. Copyright issues have also emerged in other contexts. Reference must be\nmade to initiatives taken to develop Community action in the cultural\nsector\nto possible applications of Community competition law to certain\nsituations involving the exercise of copyright and industrial designs ; to\nproblems posed by the arrival of new technologies including television by\ncable and satellite\n, and new\naudio-visual recording techniques\nproblems caused to Community right holders by lack of effective protection\nfor their rights in many non-Member States\n\nand to the important commercial\n\n, computer technologies\n\n, semiconductors\n\n6\n\n4\n\n8\n\n5\n\n\f- 2 -\n\n1. 1. 4. The emergence of all these issues at Community level within recent years is\nnot due to pure chance. It is in large part a reflection of the profound\nchanges which have been occurring in the world economy , involving as they\ndo important structural adaptations not least in the industrialized\ncountries. 1. 2. The growing importance of copyright to industry and commerce\n\n1. 2. 1. The structural adaptations that are under way can be said to be\ncharacterized by the following phenomena , all of which have served to\nemphasize the importance of copyright protection to industry and commerce. 1. 2. 2. 1. 2. 3. First , a shift has continued in the economic activity of industrialized\ncountries away from the production of goods having the character primarily\nof staple commodities and towards the production of goods to which\nconsiderable value has been added through the application of technology ,\nskill and creativity. The superior performance and non-material attributes\nof such goods , such as their design or image , constitute their main\ncompetitive advantages. If some or all of those features can be readily\nappropriated by others through copying for commercial purposes at a\nfraction of the cost of developing a competing original , then the\nproduction and marketing of such high added-value goods is put at risk\n\n9\n\nSecond , the industrialized countries' manufacturing activities have often\nproved less dynamic than the service sector , of which the information and\nentertainment industries form an important part. Those industries are also\nparticularly vulnerable to damage through misappropriation , in particular. Thus the very activities which offer the best\nby unauthorized copying\nhope for economic expansion , and are consequently the subject of\nconsiderable new investment , are those which are particularly exposed to\nlosses through copying and accordingly have been seeking appropriate forms\nof protection, including suitably adapted copyright laws. 10\n\n\f- 3 -\n\n1. 2. 4. 1. 2. 5. Third , technological innovation itself paradoxically generates not only the\npossibility for new kinds of economic activity but , at the same time , the\nmeans whereby the results of the efforts of others can be readily\nmisappropriated. In the field of semiconductor designs , for example , it has\nbeen estimated that the original development of a sophisticated chip could\ninvolve an investment of 100 million dollars , whereas reproduction of an\nexisting design would cost between 50,000 and 100,000 dollars\ncomputer program representing many man hours of work and other investment\nbesides can be copied perfectly and almost instantaneously at the touch of\na button. Multiple copies of a sound or video recording can be made with\nequipment little more sophisticated than that used in the average home. A complex\n\n11\n\n12\n\nagainst ready misappropriation of their products ,\n\nIn sum , the growing economic importance of the industries needing copyright\nprotection\nparticularly by copying , has naturally produced pressure for the\nmodernization of existing copyright protection systems at both national and\nCommunity level. 1. 3. The Coamunity 's concerns in general\n\n1. 3. 1. In the Commission 's view , the Community 's fundamental concerns in this\nfield should be four-fold. 1. 3. 2. First , the Community must ensure the proper functioning of the common\nmarket. To the maximum extent possible , creators and providers of copyright\ngoods and services should be able to treat the Community as a single\ninternal market. This requires the elimination of obstacles and legal\ndifferences that substantially disrupt the functioning of the market by\nobstructing or distorting cross-frontier trade in those goods and services\nas well as distorting competition. - 4 -\n\nThis matter is explored in greater detail in the next section of this\nchapter. It suffices to note here that significant differences in the\nprotection available to particular classes of copyright works can clearly\nfragment the internal market in those works in an undesirable way. Similarly , if in a number of Member States , effective action is not taken\nto eliminate audio-visual piracy , the benefits of a Community-wide internal\nmarket will be denied to the European production industry since it will not\nbe able to operate successfully in those parts of the market where it will\nbe undercut by unfair competition from pirate products. Action at Community\nlevel is needed to remove differences in national laws and procedures\ncreating problems of this kind and to prevent new and harmful divergences\nfrom arising. 1. 3. 3. Second , in framing measures to ensure the proper functioning of the\ninternal market in copyright goods and services , the Community should\ndevelop policies that will improve the competitiveness of its economy in\nrelation to its trading partners , particularly in areas of potential growth\nsuch as the media and information. In addition to project-oriented measures\nsuch as ESPRIT , accompanying measures are also needed , among them\nlegislative initiatives in relation to intellectual property , so that\nEuropean creators and firms can rely on legal protection for their products\nand activities at least as favourable to their development as that enjoyed\nby their principal competitors in their home markets. 1. 3. 4. The third general concern must be that intellectual property resulting from\ncreative effort and substantial investment within the Community should not\nbe misappropriated by others outside its external frontiers. It should\nenjoy a fair return when exploited in non-Member States. This is frequently\nnot the case at present\n\n13\n\n\f- 5 -\n\n1. 3. 5. On the other hand , copyright is an exclusive right granted by legislation\nto an individual. One of its effects is inevitably to limit to a certain\nextent the normal freedom of third parties to compete by marketing similar\nproducts. In the more traditional domains of copyright applying to\nliterary , musical and dramatic works , this has not posed a significant\nproblem since independent works of the same genre can in law and practice\nstill compete with each other quite fairly. In areas which have developed\nmore recently , however , the restrictive effects of copyright protection on\nlegitimate competition have on occasion risked becoming excessive , for\nexample , in respect of purely functional industrial designs and computer\nprograms. In such contexts , copyright protection without suitable limits\ncan in practice amount to a genuine monopoly , unduly broad in scope and\nlengthy in duration. 1. 3. 6. It follows that , in developing Community measures on copyright , due regard\nmust be paid not only to the interests of the right holder but also to the\ninterests of third parties and the public at large , since , particularly\nwith regard to products of an industrial character , works are placed on the\nmarket by a decision of the right holder himself. 1. 4. Cultural consid\u00e9rations\n\n1. 4. 1. The economic interests which copyright law aims at protecting are\ninextricably interwoven with cultural interests and cultural needs. New\ndissemination and reproduction techniques have developed with an\never-increasing speed and have added , at a corresponding rate of speed , to\nthe complexity of this relationship. These new technologies have entailed\nthe de facto abolition of national frontiers and increasingly make the\nterritorial application of national copyright law obsolete , while , at the\nsame time , permitting for better and for worse in every country ever more\nrapid , easy , cheap and high-fidelity reproduction. This has at one and the\nsame time been a cause of satisfaction and concern. - 6 -\n\n1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 3. 1. 4. 4. 1. 4. 5. Satisfaction has been expressed because the creator never before has\nenjoyed comparable possibilities of making his work known at the national ,\nEuropean or even global level at a speed which continues to increase. Thus ,\nit is more and more commonplace that the audience , for a specific work or\nperformance , consists of hundreds of millions or even billions of\nspectators. At the same time , it raises concern because new technologies\nrender the control of the exploitation or use of a work difficult or even\nimpossible , thereby reducing the value of copyright protection based on the\nprovisions of national law and the existing framework of international\nconventions. Seen in the perspective of the completion of the Internal Market , the\nCommission cannot but welcome the possibilities of rapid , simultaneous\ndissemination of intellectual creation in the Community. In any case , the\ntrend to ever increasingly rapid dissemination cannot be reversed or\nrepressed. The Community must meet this challenge. Any action at the Community level is to be based on the following\nconsiderations. Intellectual and artistic creativity is a precious asset ,\nthe source of Europe 's cultural identity and of that of each individual\nState. It is a vital source of economic wealth and of European influence\nthroughout the world. This creativity needs to be protected ; it needs to be\ngiven a higher status and it needs to be stimulated. In general , the protection of creativity implies that creators enjoy due\nrespect for the integrity of their work and the right to authorize the use\nmade thereof. Remuneration must be adequate and in general correspond to\nthe use made of the work. To give a higher status to creativity implies the\nsearch for the appropriate means of rapid and extensive dissemination ; and\nthe stimulation of creativity implies that , in addition to the protection\nfrom which the work may benefit , the creator is offered additional\nadvantages in terms of royalties , new ways of dissemination and\nexploitation , and new markets. 1. 4. 6. 1. 4. 7. 1. 4. 8. 1. 4. 9. 7\n\nIt is evident that the three objectives are at the one and same time\ninteractive and contradictory. They are interactive since the purpose of\nprotection can only be the search for higher status and stimulation. They\nare contradictory because undue protection may hamper the possibilities of\ndissemination as well as constitute the basis of unduly high remuneration. On the other hand , uncontrolled dissemination may make protection\ninoperative and thereby prejudice the possibilities of generating adequate\nincome. The Copyright Green Paper is intended to constitute the basis of a broad\nconsultation of interested circles. For this purpose , the paper contains an\nanalysis , legal and economic , of the various priority issues in respect of\nwhich new technologies have raised questions. In each chapter a number of legislative or technical solutions have been\nsuggested so that future political decisions can establish the delicate\nbalance which needs to be struck between the conflicting objectives ,\nthereby promoting at the Community level the protection , the increased\nstatus and the stimulation of intellectual and artistic creativity. However , Community legislation should be restricted to what is needed to\ncarry out the tasks of the Community. Many issues of copyright law , do not\nneed to be subject of action at Community level. Since all Member States\nadhere to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic\nWorks and to the Universal Copyright Convention , a certain fundamental\nconvergence of their laws has already been achieved. Many of the\ndifferences that remain have no significant impact on the functioning of\nthe internal market or the Community 's economic competitiveness. Differences in national approaches to authors' moral rights , for example ,\ndo not in general produce situations which need to be addressed by\nCommunity legislation. For this reason , the matter can for the most part be\nleft to be regulated by national laws within the framework of Article 6 bis\nof the Berne Convention\nincluding , for example , the introduction of a public domain subject to\npayment and artists' resale rights. The same applies to many other matters\n\n14. - 8 -\n\n1. 4. 10. The Community approach should therefore be marked by a need to address\nCommunity problems. Any temptation to engage in law reform for its own sake\nshould be resisted. 1. 5. The EEC Treaty and the Community 's powers in relation to copyright goods\nand services\n\n1. 5. 1. In law , the Community 's objectives in the copyright field as in others are\ndefined by the Treaty , which also specifies the means by which they are to\nbe achieved. 1. 5. 2. The rights of authors , performers and others under national laws of\ncopyright are not abstractions but are in practice exercised in respect of\nspecific goods or services. Many provisions of the EEC Treaty govern the\nmovement of goods and the provision of services ; and in the absence of any\nexplicit exception concerning goods and services subject to copyright\nprotection , these are covered like all others by the provisions in\nquestion. An examination of the most important of these provisions shows\nthat the general concerns set out above correspond to the Community 's\ncompetence as defined by the EEC Treaty and that it disposes of the powers\nnecessary to provide solutions. 1. 5. 3. The objectives of the Community as specified by Article 2 of the EEC Treaty\n( hereafter EEC ) are to promote throughout the Community a harmonious\ndevelopment of economic activities , a continuous and balanced expansion , an\nincrease in stability , an accelerated raising of the standard of living and\ncloser relations between the Member States. These objectives are to be\nrealized by establishing a common market and progressively approximating\nthe economic policies of the Member States. - 9 -\n\n1. 5. A. For these purposes , the Community must carry out a number of activities\nListed in Article 3 EEC. These can be grouped under the following\nheadings : first , the elimination as between Member States of quantitative\nrestrictions on the import and export of goods and on all measures having\nequivalent effect ; second , the establishment of a common commercial policy\ntowards non-Member States ; third , the abolition as between Member States of\nobstacles to freedom of movement for persons , services and capital ; fourth ,\nthe institution of a system ensuring that competition in the common market\nis not distorted ; and fifth , the approximation of the laws of Member States\nto the extent required for the proper functioning of the common market. In\naddition , Member States are under an obligation to facilitate the\nachievement of the Community 's tasks and to abstain from any measures which\ncould jeopardize the attainment of the objectives of the Treaty. Also ,\nwithin the scope of application of the Treaty , and without prejudice to any\nother special provisions , any discrimination on grounds of nationality is\nprohibi ted. 1. 5. 5. Many of the Community 's tasks are further elaborated in subsequent\nprovisions of the Treaty and the application , actual and potential , of all\nthose provisions in the copyright field would occupy many pages. For\npresent purposes , it suffices to concentrate on the elimination of all\nmeasures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions ; on the\napproximation of the laws of the Member States to the extent required for\nthe proper functioning of the common market ; on the removal of obstacles to\nthe free provision of services and , finally , on the establishment of a\ncommon commercial policy towards non-Member States and to other possible\nbases for common action as regards the Community 's external relations. - 10 -\n\n1. 5. 6. 1. 5. 7. 1. 5. 8. Under the Treaty , quantitative restrictions on imports and exports and on\nmeasures having equivalent effect are prohibited between Member States\n( Articles 30 to 34 EEC ). These provisions are widely interpreted by the\nCourt of Justice. They are one of the most effective instruments of the\nTreaty for ensuring the free circulation of goods. They are , however ,\nsubject to certain qualifications. They do not , for example , preclude\nprohibitions or restrictions on imports , exports or goods in transit\njustified on the grounds of protection of industrial and commercial\nproperty , although such prohibitions or restrictions may not constitute a\nmeans of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade\nbetween Member States ( Article 36 EEC ). As already mentioned , cases concerning the free movement of goods subject\nto copyright or to similar rights have already reached the Court of\nJustice. Although the number of cases is not yet as great , nor the range of\nconflicts as wide , as those which have caused litigation in other areas of\nintellectual property rights such as patents and trademarks , it is already\nclear that , as regards copyright goods , the principles which forbid a\npartitioning of the market_are applicable in copyright cases just as they\nare in cases where the industrial property right in question is a patent or\na trade mark. However , those principles do not exclude the application of\ncopyright to imported products where exploitation is through a performance\nof the work , unless reliance on the right constitutes a means of arbitrary\n15\ndiscrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between Member States\n\nAccordingly , the effect of the provisions of the Treaty on free circulation\nof goods may be said to apply broadly , mutatis mutandis , to goods subject\nto copyright ; and, in particular , recourse to copyright law as a means of\nartificially partitioning the market is as effectively prohibited , being\nequivalent in effect to a quantitative restriction, as recourse to patent\nor trade mark law. In addition , it follows that conditions may well arise\nin which harmonization of national copyright rules might be necessary. Such\ncould be the case in particular where Article 36 , and notably its exemption\nof restrictions justified on grounds of protection of industrial and\ncommercial property , applies to national rules which would otherwise be\ncontrary to Articles 30 or 34 EEC. - 11\n\n1. 5. 9. The Treaty confers on the Council the power and the duty , acting\nunanimously on a proposal from the Commission , to issue directives for the\napproximation of such provisions laid down by law , regulation or\nadministrative action in Member States as directly affect the establishment\nor functioning of the common market ( Article 100 EEC ). Until recently , this\npower constituted the most likely basis for action at Community level in\nthe field of copyright law. It is a vital instrument for the harmonization\nof differing national laws and for creating a standard throughout the\nCommunity , even where some Member States have no laws governing the\nsubjects at issue. The provision was accordingly used as the main legal\nbasis for the recently adopted directive on the legal protection of\ntopographies of semiconductor products\n\n16\n\n1. 5. 10. After the entry into force of the Single European Act , Article 100A EEC has\nbecome available for measures aimed at the establishment of an internal\n\nmarket. This provision permits such measures to be adopted by qualified\nmajority. Accordingly , where differences in the copyright laws of the\nMember States affect the functioning of the internal market to the point\nthat legislative action is required , the Community is now able to rely on\nthis new possibility to remove the obstacles and distortions in question. 1. 5. 11. Performances subject to copyright and neighbouring rights protection may\nfall into the category of services within the meaning of the Treaty ; this\nis the case if they are normally provided against remuneration and if they\nare not governed by the provisions relating to freedom of movement for\ngoods , capital and persons. Consequently , they are covered by the\nprovisions of the Treaty abolishing restrictions on freedom to provide\nservices within the Community ( Articles 59 to 66 EEC ). While there is ample\ncase law on the general application of these provisions , there is little in\nthe specific field of copyright services. However , there is no doubt from\nsuch case law as is available that certain services relating to copyright\ngoods are fully covered by the provisions in question. More particularly,\nthey have been explicitly held to cover broadcasting services\n\n17\n\n\f1. 5. 12. 1. 5. 13. 1. 5. 14. 1. 5. 15. - 12 -\n\nArticle 57 EEC may accordingly have an important role to play as the legal\nbasis for directives designed to facilitate the provision of services\nsubject to copyright through the co-ordination of provisions regulating the\ntaking up and pursuit of such activities. The copyright chapter of the\nproposal for a Council directive concerning broadcasting activities\nconstitutes the first use of Article 57 EEC for this purpose. Obstacles to inter-State trade in goods and services flowing from copyright\nhave been brought to the Commission 's attention in several fields. It\nsuffices to refer again by way of example to problems that have arisen\nconcerning broadcasting and the rental of video cassettes. However , in addition to such obstacles, differences in copyright laws can\nclearly have other direct and negative effects on the functioning of the\ncommon market by distorting the competitive conditions under which\nenterprises operate in different parts of the Community. In jurisdictions where copyright is difficult to enforce, for example ,\nworks will tend to be misappropriated more readily than in jurisdictions\nwhere copyright offers effective protection. Moreover , the illegally copied\nworks will in many cases be produced at a lower cost than the originals and\nwill then be able to undercut the latter in the market place. The\nfunctioning of the common market will be directly affected in that , in\nMember States offering relatively weak protection , illegally copied works\nwill tend to occupy a bigger market share than they do elsewhere. Moreover , the risk of such copied works finding their way onto national\nmarkets where the original is protected is a real one. The functioning of\nthe common market is in this way further disturbed since works lawfully\nproduced in one Member State , though legally copied, can circulate until\naction is taken to stop them in Member States where the original is\nprotected by which time they may be in the hands of innocent economic\noperators. At the same time , the need to take action against imported goods\nthat infringe copyright in the importing State tends to perpetuate controls\nat the Community 's internal frontiers which inevitably produce adverse\nconsequences for the movement of legitimate products. I\n\n\f1. 5. 16. 1. 5. 17. 13 -\n\nFinally as regards the elimination of obstacles and distortions , it should\nbe noted that the functioning of the common market is a broad concept\nembracing the movement of all the factors of production across the\nfrontiers of the Member States including direct investment. Divergent\nlevels of protection offered by copyright and other intellectual and\nindustrial property laws will affect not only trade flows in the goods and\nservices concerned but more fundamentally the scale and nature of the\nconnected productive activities in different Member States and the\n\ninvestment therein. Mention should also be made , in addition to the power to issue directives\nfor the harmonization of national laws , to a further enabling power in the\nTreaty , which proves relevant to some areas of copyright law. If action by\nthe Community should prove necessary to attain , in the course of the\noperation of the common market , one of the objectives of the Community , and\nthe Treaty has not provided the necessary powers , the Council has the power\nand duty to take the appropriate measures ; and these measures may consist\nof directives , regulations or other instruments ( Article 235 EEC ). This is\nin the nature of things a supplementary means of action. It would not be\nappropriate as regards harmonization measures to complete the internal\nmarket for which Article 100A EEC provides a specific legislative basis ,\nbut it could well be one of the powers to be used in dealing with problems\nfor which harmonization alone may well not provide an adequate solution ,\nsuch as piracy. The Council Regulation laying down measures to prohibit the\nrelease for free circulation of counterfeit goods\ninteresting precedent in this regard. constitutes an\n\n19\n\n\f1. 5. 18. 1. 5. 19. - 14 -\n\nTurning to the Community 's external relations , piracy in copyright goods is\none of several ways in which copyright problems extend beyond the\nboundaries of the Community itself ; and it is the objective of the\nCommunity 's commercial policy to ensure the setting up of a uniform\ncommercial policy in relation to third countries. The customs union is , as\nit were , the starting point for the common commercial policy , for by\nestablishing a customs union between themselves. Member States aim to\ncontribute to the harmonious development of world trade , to the progressive\nabolition of restrictions on international trade and to the lowering of\ncustoms barriers. But the common commercial policy also includes such\nmatters as the conclusion of trade agreements and measures to protect and\npromote external trade. Tariff and trade agreements are increasingly used\nas instruments for further protecting goods and services covered by\nintellectual property rights. The new GATT round includes a consideration\nof possible action to address the trade related aspects of intellectual\nproperty rights\nupon to arrive at a Community position. In areas of this kind, Article 113 EEC may be relied\n\nIn addition , the provisions of the Treaty governing the common commercial\npolicy also include a provision to the effect that Member States are\nrequired in respect of all matters of particular interest to the common\nmarket to proceed within the framework of international organizations of an\neconomic character only by common action ; and it is for the Commission to\nsubmit to the Council proposals concerning the scope and implementation of\nsuch common action ( Article 116 EEC ). This procedure has been adopted in\nrelation to the World Intellectual Property Organization , in respect of\nnegotiations on the Revision of the Paris Convention for the protection of\nindustrial property and , if similar negotiations take place in the future\nconcerning the Berne Convention for the protection of copyright or for\nother copyright or neighbouring rights conventions administered by WIPO , if\nnecessary , similar procedures would apply. The need to rely upon Article\n116 EEC will in any event diminish to the extent that the Community adopts\nlegislation harmonizing the copyright laws of the Member States. In such\ncircumstances , the legal basis for Community action will be the AETR\n21\ndecision of the Court of Justice\n\n\f- 15\n\n1. 5. 20. A consideration of the Legal powers of the Community pursuant to the EEC\nTreaty would not be complete without a reference to Article 222. This\narticle provides that the EEC Treaty shall in no way prejudice the rules in\nMember States governing systems of property ownership. The Commission has\nalready explained in some detail the interpretation to be given to this\narticle in the field of intellectual property. In essence , the contents\nof the provision are that the assignment of property to private or public\nowners and hence the question of whether property is to be nationalized or\ntransferred from public to private ownership remains the preserve of the\nMember States. However , the content of proprietary rights , the scope of\nprotection afforded to them and the limits on their use may be regulated by\nthe Community to the extent required by its objectives , and in particular ,\nto the extent required for the proper functioning of the common market. The\nscope for Community action thus remains considerable. 22\n\n1. 6. The Community 's priorities : the purposes and scope of this consultative\ndocument\n\n1. 6. 1. For some time now , the Commission has been keeping under review the\ncopyright field as a whole with a view to publishing a consultative\ndocument that would deal comprehensively with the issues that have emerged\nas meriting discussion and decision at Community level. The European\nParliament has also , on numerous occasions , in particular by submitting\nquestions to the Commission\nCommission 's position on current copyright issues. The issues dealt with in\nthis document are not the only ones requiring attention at Community level\nbut constitute the issues considered most urgent. , expressed its interest in learning the\n\n23\n\n1. 6. 2. In brief , they are piracy ; home copying of sound and audio-visual material ;\ndistribution and rental rights for certain classes of work , in particular ,\nsound and video recordings ; the protection available to computer programs\nand data bases ; and finally , the limitations on the protection available to\nCommunity right holders in non-Member States. - 16 -. 6. 3. Other matters , such as problems in relation to the protection of designs\nand models , have not been forgotten. They will continue to be addressed\nboth on the basis of the Treaty 's directly applicable provisions and with a\nview to possible further legislative initiatives when the time is ripe. At\npresent , however , it would be unrealistic to think that such legislative\nproposals could be launched with a reasonable chance of success. They would\nalso require an allocation of additional resources. Even those initiatives\nthat are proposed as a matter of priority will pose problems in this regard\nand will require a particular effort to be made to ensure that results are\nachieved within a reasonable period of time. 1. 7. Summa ry\n\nThe scope of this consultative document has been limited to piracy, to the\nhome copying of sound and audio-visual works, to the question of\ndistribution and rental rights for sound and videorecordings, to the legal\nprotection of computer programs, legal problems relating to the operations\nof data bases and to the external aspects of copyright protection. 1. 8. Conclusion\n\nThe Commission would welcome the views of interested parties on the\nspecific suggestions made in the ensuing chapters of this consultative\ndocument. To focus and facilitate the consultative process , the key issues\non which views are sought have been listed in a summary conclusion to each\nchapter. However , all relevant comment is welcome , including reactions to\nthe general propositions contained in this introductory chapter. \\\n\n\f1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n- 17 -\n\ni\n\nWhen used without qualification , \" copyright \" in this document signifies\nthe broad range of rights that are perhaps more correctly referred to as\ncopyright and neighbouring rights , that is , in addition to authors'\nrights , analogous rights granted to , amongst others , performers ,\nproducers of audiovisual works , and broadcasting organizations. Different\nviews exist as to whether some rights should be considered to be\n\" copyright \" even if it is used in this broad sense , for example , rights\nin designs and models or semiconductor topographies. For the purposes of\nthis document , such rights are to be considered as being included unless\nthe contrary is specified. See Chapter 4 below for further details. See Community Action in the Cultural Sector , Bulletin of the European\nCommunities , Supplement 6 / 77 , and Stronger Community Action in the\nCultural Sector , Bulletin of the European Communities , Supplement 6 / 82. See the proposal for a Council Directive on the coordination of certain\nprovisions laid down by law , regulation or administrative action in\nMember States concerning broadcasting activities of 6 June 1986 , O. J. No. C 179 of 17 July 1986 , p. 4 and \" Television without frontiers\", a green\npaper on the establishment of the common market for broadcasting ,\nespecially by satellite and cable , C0M(84 ) 300 final of 14 June 1984. See Council Directive 87/ 54 / EEC of 16 December 1986 on the legal\nprotection of topographies of semiconductor products , O. J. L 24 / 36 of 27\nJanuary 1987. See Chapter 5 below. See Chapters 2 and 3 below\n\nSee Chapter 7 below. The Community 's textile industry constitutes a good example. See Chapter 7 , paragraphs 7. 4. 4. to 7. 4. 8. below. See Chapters 2 , 3 and 5 below. See Robert W. Kastenmeier and Michael J. Remington , Minnesota Law\nReview , Vol. 70 No. 2 , December 1985 page 437-438. A number of attempts have been made in recent years to quantify the\neconomic importance of copyright. Naturally such attempts have\nconfronted serious definitional and measurement problems. Taken\ntogether , however , such studies suggest that , in the industrialized\ncountries , copyright activities generate at least 2% to 3% of Gross\nDomestic Product and probably much more. Higher estimates are in the\nregion of 5% to 6%. Available evidence also indicates unsurprisingly\nthat these percentages are rising. See , in particular , J. Philipps , The Economic Importance of Copyright ,\nThe Common Law Institute of Intellectual Property , 1985 ; J. S. Cramer ,\nJ. M. Meigering, T. J. M. Nijssen , The Economic Importance of Copyright in\nthe Netherlands in 1982 , Stichting voor Economisch Onderzoek der\nUniversiteit van Amsterdam , 1986 ; A. H. Olsson , Copyright in the National\nEconomy , in Copyright , World Intellectual Property Organization , April\n1982 ; United States Copyright Office , Size of the Copyright Industries\nin the United States , Report to the Subcommittee on Patents , Copyrights\n\n\f- 18 -\n\nand Trade Marks of the Committee on the Judiciary of the US Senate ,\n1984 ;, Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress , Intellectual\nProperty Rights in an Age of Electronics and Information, 1986. See Chapter 2 , paragraphs 2. 2. 2. to 2. 2. 31 below. This approach was adopted , for example , in the proposal for a Council\ndirective concerning broadcasting activities , loc. cit. , Article 20. For\none possible but limited exception , see Chapter 4 , paragraph 4. 4. 4. be low. See Chapter 4 , paragraphs 4. 3. 5. , 4. 3. 6. and 4. 9. 1. below ,\n\nloc. cit. Coditel v. Cin\u00e9-Vog Films ( 1980 ) ECR 881. loc. cit. Council Regulation 3842 / 86 / EEC of 1 December 1986, O. J. No. L 357 of 18\nDecember 1986. See Chapter 7, paragraphs 7. 2. 5. to 7. 2. 8. below. Commission v. Council ( 1971 ) ECR 263. See also Chapter 7 , paragraphs\n7. 2. 2. and 7. 2. 3. below. Most recently in \" Television without frontiers\", op. cit. , pages 323 to\n328\n\nSee , for example , written question no. 1977 / 86 ( O. J. no. 1987 , page 26 ), written question no. 1157 / 86 ( O. J. no. C 149 of 9 June\n1987 , page 8 ), written question no. 656/ 87 ( O. J. no. C 315 of 26\nNovember 1987 , page 3 ). C 124 of 11 May\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n\f- 19\n\nCHAPTER 2 : PIRACY\n\n2. 1. The nature of piracy\n\n2. 1. 1. \" Piracy \" for the purposes of this chapter embraces the unauthorized\nreproduction of works protected by copyright or allied rights for\ncommercial purposes as well as all subsequent commercial dealing in such\n\nreproductions. The commercial purpose and frequently the scale on which\n\nthe activity is carried out are characteristic features which distinguish\nthe practice from other forms of unauthorized reproduction or use such as\nPiracy in this sense includes \" bootlegging \", that is , the\nhome copying. unauthorized recording of performances and the subsequent marketing of\ncopies of the recording. \" counterfeiting \", that is , unauthorized use of a legitimate product 's\ncommercial presentation , in particular , its trade mark or some other\nprotected indication. It is frequently associated with\n\n2. 1. 2. Defined in this way , piracy includes the piracy of computer programs. However , since most discussion in recent years has concentrated on the\nquestion of whether computer programs could be or should be assimilated to\nworks protected under copyright laws in force ,\nappropriate to give an account of this discussion separately in Chapter 5. However , insofar as the trend in the Member States is in favour of the\nprotection of computer programs through copyright or a neighbouring right ,\nthe observations made in this chapter are frequently applicable mut at i s\nmutandis to computer programs also. it has been felt more\n\n\f2. 1. 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. 4. _ 20 _\n\nSimilarly , commercial misappropriation of designs falls within this concept\nof piracy. In certain fields , such as textiles and clothing , piracy and\ncounterfeiting constitute a significant problem for Community firms. However , since the production , though not the marketing , of such goods\nembodying pirated designs is taking place primarily outside the Community ,\nthe problem is considered for the most part in the context of Chapter 7 of\nthis paper concerning the Community 's external relations. Nevertheless ,\nmuch of what is said in this chapter is also applicable to piracy of\ndesigns , in particular , observations concerning measures directed at\nimports into the Community of infringing products. In recent years , piracy has emerged as a serious problem for copyright\nindustries and for creative artists depending upon due respect of copyright\nfor their living. Ministers of Culture , during their very first formal meeting at Community\nlevel spent considerable time on the subject preparing a resolution on\nmeasures to combat audio-visual piracy , a resolution which was adopted on\n24 July 1984 by representatives of the governments of the Member States. It is thus not a coincidence that , in June 1984 ,\n\n1\n\n2. 2. The importance of piracy by sector\n\n2. 2. 1. The significance of piracy in practice varies from sector to sector and\nwith the passage of time. concerned can be summarized as follows though necessarily information on\nsuch illicit activities has frequently to take the form of informed\nestimates rather than rigorously controlled data. Recent developments in the main sectors\n\n\f2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 3. 21 \"\n\nBooks\n\nThere appear to be no statistics available even on an estimated basis as to\nthe scale of piracy of books within the Community , but the generally held\nview in the publishing industry is that the share of pirate books on the\ninternal market is negligible compared to that of legitimate publications. Some sources have expressed apprehension as to the future , however ,\nincluding fears as to the development of sophisticated reproduction\ntechniques in parts of the world known as pirate-havens in respect of other\nproducts which might lead to increased imports into the Community of\nillegally produced books. signifi cant. At present , the problem does not seem to be\n\nIn sharp contrast , outside the Community , the problem must be Considered\nserious , especially for books in the Spanish , French and English languages ,\nthe latter forming the greatest part of the illegitimate traffic. occurs to such an extent in India , Pakistan , the Middle East , South East\nAsia , Latin America and Africa that publishers claimed in 1983 that their\nlost sales due to piracy corresponded to approximately 1 billion US dollars\n2\na year. It is considered that this figure is still valid today\n\nPiracy\n\nI _ I. J _\n\n3\n\n\u2022 J\n\n__l\n\ne \u2022. \u2022_\n\nb. \u2022\n\n\u2022\n\n_. I. _\n\nI\n\nI\n\nSound recordings\n\n2. 2. 4. For many years , the sound recording industry has suffered considerable\nlosses due to the piracy of records and tapes. an issue of constant concern to the industry which has made great efforts\nand taken numerous initiatives to improve the law and its enforcement in\norder to combat piracy as effectively as possible. Likewise , at the level\nof competent international organizations , piracy of sound recordings has\nbeen the subject of numerous conferences and discussions. The piracy problem has been\n\n\f\" 22\n\n2. 2. 5. In order to obtain detailed information on the penetration of pirate\nproducts in the individual Member States and on specific legal problems\nconnected with the protection of sound recordings , the Commission has\ncommissioned studies and consulted experts in the field. On piracy of\nsound recordings , a study was carried out at the Commission 's request by\nGillian Davies , Associate Director-General of the International Federation\nof Producers of Phonograms and Videograms. The study contains a wealth of\ninformation on the problem which need not be repeated in its entirety here\nThe following remarks on piracy of sound recordings are a reaction to that\nstudy and , in particular , to its conclusions as to the importance of the\npiracy problem as it affects sound recordings. 4\n\n2. 2. 6. The tables in the 1984 version of the study showed alarming figures on the\nFor the\nestimated losses caused by piracy in the Community and worldwide. purposes of this paper , those tables have to the extent possible been\nupdated and enlarged to cover also the new Member States of the Community. I. Estimated Loss of earnings resulting from phonogram piracy - 1984\n( In Millions of National Currency and US dollars )\n\nCount ry\n\nPublishers\n\nAuthors /\nMusic\n\nPerformers\n\nDistributors\n\nBelgium\n\nGermany\n\nGreece\n\nSpain\n\nFrance\n\nItaly\n\nNether lands\n\nPortugal\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\nBF\nUS$\n\nDM\nUS$\n\n3. 8\n0. 06\n\n2. 9\n0. 9\n\nDr. i> 24. 0\nUS$\n1. 8\n\n7. 1\nBF\nUS$ 0. 11\n\n5. 4\nDM\nUS$ 1. 8\n\nDr. !520. 0\nUS$\n2. 5\n\nPst. 4420. 0\nUS$\n\n1. 9\n\nPst. 780. 0\nUS$\n\n4. 5\n\nFF\nUS$\n\n7. 8\n0. 8\n\nL6,\u2018720. 0\nUS$\n3. 5\n\nDf l\nUS$\n\n1. 3\n0. 4\n\nESC 308. 7\nUS$\n\n1. 9\n\n\u00a3\nUS$\n\n0. 8\n1. 0\n\nFF 14. 6\nUS$ 1. 5\n\nL12 , 480. 0\nUS$\n\n6. 5\n\nDf l\nUS$\n\n2. 4\n0. 7\n\nESC 573. 3\nUS$\n\n3. 4\n\n\u00a3\nUS$\n\n1. 6\n1. 9\n\nBF\nUS$\n\nDM\nUS$\n\n8. 2\n0. 13\n\n6. 3\n2. 0\n\nDr. 480. 0\nUS$\n3. 9\n\nPst ,. 900. 0\nus$\n5. 2\n\nFF\nUS$\n\n16. 8\n1. 8\n\nL14 ,, 400. 0\nUS$\n7. 5\n\nDf l\nUS$\n\n2. 8\n0. 8\n\nESC 661. 5\nUS$\n4. 0\n\n\u00a3\nUS$\n\n1. 9\n2. 3\n\nProducers\nOf\nPhonograms\n\nBF\nUS$\n\nDM\nUS$\n\n8. 2\n0. 13\n\n6. 3\n2. 0\n\nDr. 480. 0\nUS$\n3. 9\n\nPst ,. 900. 0\nUS$\n5. 2\n\nFF\nUS$\n\n16. 8\n1. 8\n\nL14 ,, 400. 0\nUS$\n7. 5\n\nDf l\nUS$\n\n2. 8\n0. 8\n\nESC 661. 5\nUS$\n4. 0\n\n\u00a3\nUS$\n\n1. 9\n2. 3\n\n( The level of phonogram piracy in Denmark , Ireland and Luxembourg is\nconsidered to be insignificant ). Source : Information obtained from IFPI\n\n\f24 -\n\n2. 2. 7. Even if allowance is made for the fact that not every sale of a pirate\nproduct necessarily substitutes for the sale of a legitimate recording ,\nthe economic importance of the losses seems undeniable. Moreover ,\nthough the market share of pirate products within the Community has\ndeclined since 1978 ( see Tables II and III ), this should not be\ninterpreted as indicating that the problem has been solved. (3)\n\n\fII. Unit sales of pirate phonograms as a percentage of the total market\n( pirate and legitimate markets )\n\nin 1978 and 1984\n\n1978 1\n\n1984 D\n\nT apes\n\nBelgium and\nLuxembou rg\n\n15. 0%\n3. 0%\n\n\u25a0 BIHMIII\n\u25a1\n\nGermany\n\n9. 0% \u25a0 III\u00b7\n5. 0% \u25a1\n\nGreece\n\nSpain\n\nFrance\n\nIre land\n\nItaly\n\n78. 0% \u0399\u0399\u00b7\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u00b7\u00b7\u0399\u0399\u00b7\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u00b7\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399\n64. 0% I\n\n-. '. J\n\n-\n\n50. 0% f. _. _. ]\n\n12. 0% min\n\n5. 0% :\n\nj\n\n20. 0%\n3. 0% \u25a1\n\n40. 0%\n25. 0% :\n\n~\n\ni\n\nNether lands\n\n10. 0% \u25a0 mi\n5. 0% C:J\n\nDiscs LPs\n\n11 3. 0%\n0 1. 0%\n\n1 2. 0%\n0 1. 5%\n\nVery low\nVery low\n\n-\n\n1 1. 0%\nI 0. 5%\n\nII 3. 0%\n\nVery low\n\n( III 6. 5%\nr::g 7. 0%\n\nIII ! 7. 0%\n\u03a0 3. 0%\n\nPo rtugal\n\n_\n\n-\n\n80. 0% r. '\n\n\u25a0. '\n\n\u00b7\n\n\u25a0. \u00ef\n\nUni ted\nKingdom\n\n7. 0% III !\n5. 0% LLJ\n\n\u25a0 2. 0%\n\u0393 1. 0%\n\nSource : Information received from IFPI\n\n\f- 26 -\n\nIII. Retail value of pirate phonograms as a percentage of the total market\n( pirate and legitimate markets ) in 1978 and 1984\n\n1978 \u25a0\n\n1984 \u25a1\n\nBelgium and\nLuxembourg\n\nGermany\n\n6% III\n1% \u00f6\n\n4% IN\n2%\n\nD\n\nGreece\n\nSpain\n\nFrance\n\nIreland\n\nItaly\n\n28% CZ. - - Z)\n\n26% I_I_I\n\nII\n\n4%\n1. 5%fl\n\n6% INI\n0. 5%l\n\n14% Z-. ZZ1\n\nNether lands\n\n6% 111\n3% Zi\n\nPortugal\n\n23% tzn. _j\n\nUni ted Kingdom\n\n6% III\n2% 0\n\nSource : Information received from IFPI\n\n\f27 -\n\n2. 2. 8. First , the decrease is partly due to the continuing efforts of the\nindustry , sometimes under difficult circumstances , to suppress piracy. Second , while those efforts appear to have had positive results , a\nsubstantial part of the decrease during the last few years is probably due\nto the fact that pirates have been concentrating for some time on video\nproducts which , as will appear from what follows , at least for a period of\ntime , have offered a more profitable and therefore more attractive target. Finally , it is important to bear in mind the particular characteristics of\nthe sound recording industry. recordings released do not make a profit ^. proportion of profitable releases , which can be considerable , are used to\nfinance new releases and maintain a breadth of repertoire that would\notherwise be impossible. recordings which are already known to be in current demand and in this way\nthe overall profitability of the recording industry is reduced. But the pirates of course target precisely the\n\nThe returns on the small\n\nThe overwhelming majority of sound\n\n2. 2. 9. Table IV gives an indication of the provenance of pirate sound recordings\nsold within the Member States of the European Community. IV. Home markets of EEC Member States ( except Portugal and Spain ) -\nprovenance of pirate products sold\n\n40%\n\n1 00%\n40%\n\n% Imported into\nthe country\n\n|\nI Country\nI\nI\nI\nI\n|\niBelgium and\n|\n[ Luxembourg\n|\nI Denmark\n|\niGermany\nI\nI\n|\niGreece\n| over 50% Arab repertoire\nI France\nI low % of other repertoire\nI\ni\nI\nI\nI\n|\nI Ire land\n\u00a1Italy\ni\nI\nI\n|\n[ Netherlands\ni Uni ted Kingdomj\nI\nI\n\n85%\n5% tapes\n80% records\n99%\nvery low\n\n0%\n\n|\n|\nI\nI\n\nI\nI\nI\nl\n|\n|\nI\nI\nI\n|\n|\nI\n|\nI\n\nProvenance of\nimported product\n\nMainly EEC\n\nEEC & Row\nMostly EEC ( Belgium ,\nItaly , Netherlands ). EEC & Row\n( in particular :\nItaly , Netherlands\nSouth East Asia ). 50 / 50 EEC / Row. Non-EEC ( USA ,\nSingapore ). 50 / 50 EEC / Row. EEC & Row\n\nI\nI\n!\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\n=\n\nRow\nSource : Based on information contained in Piracy of Phonograms , Gillian\n\nRest of the world\n\nDavies , second edition 1984. 2. 2. 10. The cross-frontier nature of the traffic emerges clearly , both as between\nMember States and between Member States and non-Member countries. - 28 -\n\n2. 2. 11. 2. 2. 12. Outside the Community , the Middle East is rife with piracy. Combined with\nAfrica , the problem is estimated to be in the region of 355 million dollars\nof pirate products sold each year^. Equally important is the problem in the\nFar East , in particular , in India, Malaysia , Taiwan , Indonesia and , until\nrecently , Singapore where new copyright legislation and energetic\nanti-piracy actions have considerably reduced the previous level of piracy. It is estimated that the value of sales of pirate products in this area\namounts to 350 million dollars a year. On a worldwide basis , it is\nestimated that the value of pirate products sold represents 1,200 million\nUS$ compared to a global turnover of about 10,000 million dollars. A\nconsiderable proportion of this pirate trade concerns recordings of\nEuropean origin. In contrast to the position in the Community , the market\nshare of pirate products in the areas mentioned does not show a tendency to\n\ndecline. Films and video recordings\n\nOwing to video recording being a relatively recent phenomenon , available\ninformation concerning the industry and the piracy of films and other video\nproducts in the early years of the video recorder (VCR ) is less extensive\nand less detailed. The magnitude of the piracy problem is clear , however. Illegitimate video recordings on the market both within and outside the\nCommunity have been found to such an extent that they sometimes outnumber\nthose legitimately produced. recorders the problem is less serious , but in the UK , for example , where\nthe penetration of video recorders is high , the government made an estimate\naccording to which the market share of pirate products in 1983 was 66%. After amendment of copyright law and its more energetic enforcement , it is\nestimated that the market share of pirate products has been significantly\nreduced , though to a still substantial 20% or so. In countries with relatively few video\n\n2. 2. 13. Table V shows the estimated penetration of VCRs in Community households in\n1985 and 1986. V. Penetration of VCR in homes ( at year end )\n\n- 29 -\n\nCOUNTRY\n\ni\nI\ni\nI Belgium\nI Denma rk\nI Germany\nI Greece\nI Spain\nI France\nI Ireland\nI Italy\nI Luxembourg\ni Netherlands\ni Portugal\ni United\ni\n\nKingdom\n\n1985\n\nI\nIper cent of\nI households\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\ni\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\ni\n\n14. 9%\n23. 0%\n22. 0%\n6. 9%\n13. 8%\n14. 0%\n22. 0%\n3. 0%\n26. 4%\n29. 0%\n10. 0%\n\n40. 0%\n\nI\n|\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\nNumber\nC' OOO )\n471\n430\n5,250\n200\n1,500\n2,800\n220\n500\n24\n1,500\n200\n\n8,500\n\n1986\n\nper cent of\n\nhouseholds\n\nNumber\n\n( ' 000 )\n\n18. 7%\n28. 5%\n26. 0%\n8. 3%\n18. 4%\n17. 0%\n27. 0%\n5. 0%\n34. 0%. 35. 0%\n15. 0%\n\n46. 0%\n\n595\n545\n6,250\n250\n2,000\n3,500\n250\n800\n31\n1,850\n300\n\n9,800\n\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\nSource : Information obtained from IFPI\n\n2. 2. 14. Table VI shows industry estimates of video piracy as a percentage of the\n\nma rket. VI. Extent of video piracy in the Community\n\nMarket share of video pirate products\n\nBelgium and\nLuxembourg\nDenmark\nGermany\nGr eece\nSpai n\nF ran ce\nI re land\nIt aly\nNether lands\nPo rtugal\nUnited Kingdom\n\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\nI\n\ni\n!\n!\n\u00a1\nI\n\n1983\n\n30-40%\n5-10%\n40-50%\n60-70%\n60 - 70%\n30-40%\n80%\n50%\n50-65%\n90-95%\n60-70%\n\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\u00cd\nI\n\u00a1\nI\nI\nI\ni\n\n1984\n\n1985\n\nin the Community\nI\nI\nI\n25%\nI\n5-10%\nI\n65%\nI\n50%\nI\n35%\nI\n30%\nI\n40%\nI\n50%\n45%\nI\nI\n75-85%\n1 under 20%\n\n30-40%\n5-10%\n40-50%\n60-70%\n40%\n20-25%\n60%\n50%\n50-60%\n90-95%\n35-40%\n\n1986\n\n25%\n5-10%\n45%\n50%\n30%\n25%\n30%\n40%\n40-45%\n70-75%\n\nI\n\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n!\ni\ni\n\nSource : Statistics provided by the Motion Picture Export Association of\n\nAmerica for the Commission in October 1986. - 30 -\n\n2. 2. 15. As to the nature and origin of pirate products in the Member States ,\ninformation provided by the industry gives the following picture of the main\nfeatures of recent pirate activities. 2. 2. 16. In Belgium , piracy has decreased slightly since 1983 and is believed now to\nrepresent around 25% of the market. It is impossible to know how much piracy\nconsists of copying by retailers but it is believed to be substantial. Most\npiracy , however , is industrial in character. Pirate copies available in\nBelgium are manufactured in the country as well as imported from the\nNetherlands which share a common language. Pirate products are also exported\nto the Netherlands. Some masters are imported from the United Kingdom or the\nUSA but then need to be subtitled or dubbed before copies can be duplicated. 2. 2. 17. Denmark has the lowest incidence of piracy in the Community. Piracy is\n\nestimated to represent now around 5% of the market as compared to more than\n50% some years ago. This striking reduction is probably due to the\norganization of the legitimate rental market. A network of primarily rental\noutlets with an appropriate territorial coverage has been created and\ndistributors organized within the Association of Danish Video Distributors\n( ADV ) which covers the legitimate market in nearly its entirety. Membership\nof this organization and respect for its rules is in reality a condition for\naccess to legitimate material. The Association of Danish Video Distributors\nhas also been energetic in taking successful anti-piracy action. Nevertheless , piracy occurs and a substantial number of pirate cassettes\nhave been seized during raids carried out as a result of investigation by\nthe ADV. Pirate copies are believed to be imported from the United Kingdom\n\nor the USA. - 31\n\n2. 2. 18. In Germany , contrary to the trend outlined in other Community countries ,\nvideo piracy was until 1985 on the increase and at that time still\nrepresented 65% of the total market. Two factors are reported as having\ncontributed to a change in the picture. One is the creation in December 1984\nof GVU \" Gesel Ischaft zur Verfolgung von Urheber rechtsver letzungen \" which is\nthe German Federation against copyright theft based in Hamburg. The other\nfactor is the 1985 amendment of copyright law which introduced heavy prison\nterms for piracy and made piracy a \" public offence \" enhancing police\nparticipation in investigation and detection. Through 1985 , GVU became\nactive and instigated more than 450 raids on outlets carrying pirate stock\n\nand obtained more than 500 convictions. As a result the market share of\n\npirate products in Germany , domestically produced or imported from\nneighbouring German speaking countries such as Austria and Switzerland , is\nnow reported to be on the decrease , for 1986 being estimated at 45% of the\n\nmarket. 2. 2. 19. In Greece , the video industry is still at a very early stage of development\nsince only 8% of households own a video recorder. Piracy has , however ,\n\nbedevilled the Greek video industry from the start. However , recent court\nactions resulting in heavy prison sentences and fines for the pirates have\nhad the results of reducing the level of piracy quite noticeably to around\n50% of the market. 2. 2. 20. In Spain , the market share of pirate products has now been brought down to\naround 30%. The decrease seems to follow the activities undertaken by\n\nADICAN ,\na national distributors association formed by major companies\nengaged in the distribution of video products , which has been able to\ninspire a different approach to the piracy problem by the authorities and in\nparticular the Supreme Court. In 1985 , the Anti-Piracy Federation ( FAP ) was\nestablished under the stewardship of the Motion Picture Export Association\nof America. activities against pirates , thus succeeding in making the market share of\npirate products decrease in a significant way. This organization has carried out a number of successful\n\n\f- 32 -\n\n2. 2. 21. In France , video piracy is estimated to represent 20% to 25% of the market. Pirate products are made almost exclusively in France. This is due to the\n\nfact that France uses the SECAM system which is different from the PAL\nsystem used in much of the rest of the world ( apart from the USA which uses\nthe NTSC system ). This technical difference as well as the need to have many\nvideos dubbed in French probably protects France from a higher incidence of\nvideo piracy than is currently the case. 2. 2. 22. In Ireland , piracy has decreased over the past few years and now accounts\nfor 30% of the market. Pirate copies are made in Ireland as well as\nimported , mostly from the United Kingdom. Pirate copies are often made from\nprivate homes and then sold by video clubs or from market stalls or vans. 2. 2. 23. In Italy , video piracy is believed to account for 40% to 50% of the total\nmarket with a slightly decreasing tendency. This total turnover , however , is\nrelatively small since the video market is in an early stage of development\n\nin Italy. There are only 800,000 VCRs in the country which represents a\npenetration of only 5% of households. The video market has developed more\nslowly in Italy than in most other European countries probably in part\nbecause of the superabundance of TV channels and the wider choice of\nentertainment thus available to the public. The less important form of\npiracy consists of copying by retailers. As regards the more serious\nindustrial piracy , copies are made from masters of newly released feature\nfilms or even new films which have not yet been released. feature films are legitimately released on video one year after the\ntheatrical exploitation. Pirate products thus consist mainly of films which\nare not yet released for video exploitation. Pirate copies are mainly\nmanufactured in Italy , here again for language reasons. Only masters are\nsometimes imported from abroad. By and large ,\n\n\u2022\n\n2. 2. 24. As far as Luxembourg is concerned , piracy has not been reported as being a\nsignificant problem , though a number of anti-piracy actions were carried out\nin 1985 and 1986. 2. 2. 25. *\n\n2. 2. 26. - 33 -\n\nIn the Netherlands , for a considerable time , pirate products had a dominant\nshare of a market marked by the increasing penetration of VCRs , to reach a\nlevel in 1986 of around 35% of all households. The importance of the pirate\ntrade in this well-organized and normally law-abiding society has tickled\nthe curiosity of many people but indications that video piracy is in the\nhands of well organized criminal circles have been so constant and so\nnumerous that they cannot simply be dismissed. Since January 1984 the fight\nagainst video piracy has however been increasingly successful. At that time\nthe Dutch Cinematographic Association together with the Motion Picture\nExport Association of America , the N. O. S. ( the Dutch television ), the STEMRA\n( the Collecting Society for Mechanical Rights ) and the NVPI ( Nederlandse\nVereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van Beeld- en ge luidsdragers )\nformed a federation against copyright theft , the Stichting Video Veilig. The\norganization has with the assistance of STEMRA carried out a large number of\nraids leading to numerous convictions and important seizures of pirate\nmaterial. Due to energetic action from right holders the level of piracy has\n\nnow decreased to 40% to 45% of the market. It is difficult to explain clearly why the\n\nIn Portugal the penetration of VCRs has reached 15% of households in 1986\naccording to the latest estimates. Pirate products dominate the market with\na market share of 70% to 75%. piracy problem is so acute in Portugal. reasons of which two seem particularly important. law giving substantive rights to all right holders has only recently come\ninto force. not organized to the same extent as , for example in Denmark , and , as a\nresult , rental outlets are not able to offer consumers an adequate choice of\nlegitimate titles in all parts of the country. Second , the rental market in respect of legitimate products is\n\nThere seems to be a variety of\n\nFirst , a modern copyright\n\n\f- 34 -\n\n2. 2. 27. FACT ( the Federation against Copyright Theft ) which has\n\nThe United Kingdom has also seen a striking decrease in the Level of video\npiracy over the past few years , which is now believed to be around 20% of\nthe market or less. been actively engaged in anti-piracy actions , believes that it has now\nstopped the theft ( or \" borrowing \") of newly released films from UK cinemas\nfor piracy purposes. A system of \" marking \" films played a crucial role in\nstopping piracy of newly released films since those markings enabled police\nand FACT investigators to identify the cinema from which the copy had been\n\" borrowed \". broken , there is still a steady stream of imports of pirate cassettes from\nabroad , mainly transfers from the NTSC American format imported from the\nUSA. Malay , Chinese and Indian subtitles. There is also evidence of importation of films from the Far East with\n\nAlthough two major rings of local video pirates have been\n\n2. 2. 28. Most pirate video cassettes found on the market within the Community appear\nto be of Community origin. This is due to various factors. Language ,\ntechnical equipment and know-how play a role , as do different colour\ntelevision standards. The choice of London and Amsterdam as production\n\ncentres in the early days of video piracy was due partly to the fact that\nthe PAL system used in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands has widespread\napplication elsewhere in the world. Moreover , a considerable proportion of\nthe production most in demand is released relatively quickly on the United\nKingdom market , for example , British television programmes , films and a\nlarge number of popular American productions. languages are furnished with English subtitles when they are shown in the\nUnited Kingdom and can then be copied , not necessarily in the United Kingdom\nitself , and rapidly introduced on major markets all over* the world. Productions in other\n\n\f- 35 -\n\n2. 2. 29. The general trend in respect of a decrease in the market share of pirate\nproducts of the video market from 1983 to 1986 shown in table VI has\n\nAccording to information provided by the Motion\n\ncontinued during 1987. Picture Export Association of America to the Commission in November 1987 ,\nthe estimated mid-1987 European piracy levels appear to be slightly lower\nthan the figures for the preceding years. 2. 2. 30. Outside the Community , video piracy is naturally most prevalent in those\ncountries with a high level of video recorder ownership such as the United\nStates , Canada and Japan. limited to such countries , being found also in certain developing countries ,\nfor example , in South East Asia. works are of European origin. Production of pirate products , however , is not\n\nA considerable proportion of the pirated\n\nComputer programs\n\n2. 2. 31. Recently computer software and in particular computer programs have become a\n\nvery vulnerable target for pirate activities. As long as the use of\n\nPrograms for computers and in particular games are sold\n\nSince the microcomputer has become popular the picture has ,\n\ncomputers was restricted mainly to professional use in business and\nadministration , the penetration of illegally reproduced programs was not\nalarming. however , changed. over the counter as consumer goods tike records and tapes. easily reproduced at costs which only represent a tiny fraction of the costs\ninvolved in their original development. This has caused considerable harm to\nthe packaged software industry. For example , the Federation Against Software\nTheft ( FAST ) has estimated that sales of legitimate programs lost through\npiracy in the United Kingdom in 1986 amount to \u00a3 150 million. Programs are\n\n\f2. 3. Main reasons for differences between sectors\n\n- 36 -\n\n2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 2. Thus the current prevalence of video piracy is\n\nThe differences in the importance of piracy in the main sectors concerned\nare explained by a number of factors. Some of these are legal in nature and\nthese are further considered below , but the principal factors appear to have\nan economic character. undoubtedly due in large part to the considerable profit margin available to\nthe illegal producer which is much greater than in the case of either books\nor sound recordings. Unauthorized reproduction of books , for example ,\npermits royalties to be saved. of the retail price. at costs similar to those of legitimate products. recordings can be readily and cheaply reproduced on tape , their average\nretail selling price is much less than that of a video recording , which can\n8\nalso be profitably exploited through rental. These amount in general to about 10% to 15%\nBut the books still have to be printed and distributed\n\nThe video recording is thus a\n\nLikewise , even if sound\n\nmuch more tempting target. For some years too right holders in feature films undoubtedly contributed to\nthe creation of a market for pirate products by witholding licences to\nmarket their works on video cassettes. as a supplementary source of income for productions already shown in\ncinemas , for productions which had not been a commercial success and for\nchildrens' movies , for example , many producers were opposed to the new\nmedium and tried unsuccessfully to resist it by refusing licences. television and video as a threat to film production instead of as an\n\nInstead of welcoming this new medium\n\nThey saw\n\nimportant new outlet. - 37 -\n\n2. 3. 3. 2. 3. 4. Another exacerbating factor contributing to the attractiveness of video\npiracy has been the normal distribution policy of film producers. to musical productions which are normally released simultaneously on all\nmarkets , new films are released on the various markets at different times ,\ndepending on when it is thought most lucrative to release the work. addition , modern productions are often so expensive that a major publicity\ncampaign has to precede the release of a film to maximize box-office\nreceipts. The publicity campaign is meant to create a demand for the work\n\nIn\n\nContrary\n\nand normally does so , but unfortunately also in areas where no immediate\n\nrelease will follow or where no release will follow on video cassettes. The\n\npractice thus creates a ready market for pirate copies and an almost\n\nirresistible temptation for racketeers. Whatever view is taken of national\n\nlaws or agreements designed to ensure the exploitation of films in cinemas\nprior to their marketing as video recordings , by generalizing and\ninstitutionalizing the delay between the two forms of marketing , they\ncontribute to the piracy phenomenon and accordingly reinforce the need for\neffective means to combat pirate activities. The decreasing market share of pirate video products which has been observed\nin the last few years can be attributed , like the decline in piracy of sound\nrecordings , to a variety of factors. Improved legislation and more energetic\naction by right holders are undoubtedly two important reasons. But probably\nmost important of all are economic factors. The price of high quality\npre-recorded material is falling dramatically. In the US the purchase price\nof a feature film on video cassette is less than 20$ and the \" rental \"\nprice less than 1$. Though prices in the Community generally are higher than\nin the US it\ndramatically reduced in the last few years , taking away a major incentive to\n\nis a fact that the profit margin for video pirates has been\n\n9\n\nengage in the activity. - 38 -\n\n2. 3. 5. Piracy in respect of compact discs is so rare as to be unheard of , probably\nbecause the manufacture of CDs is too costly and technically complicated for\npirates. However , the arrival of digital audio tape recording ( DAT ) may\nagain stimulate audio piracy. Since DAT is considered , however , primarily to\nraise issues relating to unauthorized private reproduction, detailed\ndiscussion on DAT will take place in Chapter 3 on home copying. Nevertheless , the piracy aspect should not be overlooked. 2. 4. Different bases for protection at the international Level\n\n2. 4. 1. Books , sound recordings , films and video recordings are not protected in the\nsame way at the international level. The extent and quality of the\nprotection varies from one sector to another , particularly as between books\nand video products on the one hand and sound recordings on the other. The\nbasis on which broadcasts and cable transmissions are protected also has a\n\nparticular character. Books , film and video recordings\n\n2. 4. 2. 10\n\nand national laws of Member States\n\nBooks are protected as literary works at the international level by the\nBerne and Universal Copyright Conventions. All Community Member States are\nparties to the Berne Convention\naccordingly vest in the author the exclusive right to authorize the\nreproduction of his work. Similarly , in conformity with the Berne\nConvention, cinematographic works are protected in all Member States , the\nownership of the copyright being however governed by national legislation\nwithin the framework established by Article 1 4b i s of the Convention. Video\nrecordings appear to have been assimilated to films in accordance with the\nBerne Convention 's definition of cinematographic work as including \"works\nexpressed by a process analogous to cinematography \". Some contemporary\nlegislation , however , expressly protects video recordings which , together\nwith cinematographic works , are then sometimes referred to as audio visual\nworks. 11\n\n\f- 39 -\n\nSound recordings\n\n2. 4. 3. However ,\n\nAccordingly , they do not ensure protection of the\n\nThe legal protection of sound recordings is much less uniform. Neither the\nBerne nor the Universal Copyright Conventions require protection to be given\nto sound recordings as such as distinct from the literary and musical works\nthat may be recorded. performers and producers responsible for sound recordings. provision to this effect has been made by the International Convention for\nthe Protection of Performers and Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting\nOrganizations signed in Rome in 1961 , generally called the Rome Convention\nThe Rome Convention offers producers of phonograms\non neighbouring rights. the right to authorize or prohibit the reproduction of their phonogram for a\nperiod of at least 20 years from the first fixation. protected against inter alia the unauthorized fixation of their\nperformances. following Community Member States :\nLuxembourg , United Kingdom and France. A total of 31 States are members as\nof 1 September 1987. This Convention has , however , been ratified by only the\nDenmark , Germany , Ireland , Italy ,\n\nPerformers are\n\n2. 4. 4. The limited ratification of the Convention had two main causes : first , at\nthe time of its adoption in 1961 it was in advance of many national\nlegislations , so that most countries had to legislate before they could\nadhere to it. Second , it contains a non-ob ligat ory provision on the right of\nperformers and producers to receive , equitable remuneration when records are\nplayed by radio and television or otherwise communicated to the public. This\nprovision has been vigorously opposed from the outset by broadcasting\norganizations. On the other hand , the Convention has been actively promoted\nby the sound recording industry and performers' organizations who have\nconstantly pressed for full protection under its provisions. Sufficient\nconsensus to permit the adoption of legislation has accordingly sometimes\nbeen difficult to achieve. - 40 -\n\n2. 4. 5. However , the problem of piracy had become so acute by 1969 that the sound\nrecording industry was obliged to seek protection by means of another\ninternational instrument in view of the limited application of the Rome\nConvention. As a result the Convention for the Protection of Producers of\n\nPhonograms against Unauthorized Publication of their Phonograms was signed\nin Geneva in 1971. This Convention allows States who are not in favour of\n\nthe equitable remuneration of performers to subscribe to measures directed\nagainst piracy. The following Community Member States have ratified this\nConvention : Denmark , Germany , Spain , France , Italy , Luxembourg and United\nKingdom. A total of 39 States are currently members. 2. 4. 6. In contrast to the Rome Convention of 1961 , contracting States to the Geneva\n\nConvention are not required to adhere to the Berne Union or the Universal\nCopyright Convention. The Convention , dealing specifically with the\nunauthorized reproduction , importation and distribution of sound recordings ,\noffers a choice of four possible methods of legal protection : copyright , a\nspecific or neighbouring right , unfair competition law or penal sanctions or\ncombinations of these possibilities. Community Member States who are parties\nto the Convention have chosen different methods of implementing it , as will\n\nappear in greater detail from the analysis below. Broadcasts and cable transmissions\n\nThe protection accorded to broadcasts and cable transmissions as such , as\nopposed to that accorded to literary and other works when broadcast or\ntransmitted , also falls outside the Berne and Universal Copyright. Conventions\n\n12\n\n* \u2022\n\n2. 4. 7. (4)\n\n\f- 41\n\n2. 4. 8. 2. 4. 9. The Rome Convention provides for national treatment to be accorded to\nbroadcasting organizations in other contracting States. in Article 13 that broadcasting organizations shall enjoy the right to\nauthorize the fixation of their broadcasts and , within certain limits , the\nreproduction of such fixations. transmission for public reception of sounds or images and sounds. Transmissions exclusively by cable are thus not covered even if fixation of\na broadcast signal re-transmitted by cable might nevertheless be regarded\nas an infringement of the broadcaster 's right where the re-transmission is\n\nBroadcasting is defined as wireless\n\nIt also provides\n\ninstantaneous. The European Agreement on the Protection of Television Broadcasts of 1960\nprovides for broadcasting organizations to have the right to authorize any\nfixation of their broadcasts or any reproduction thereof. The protection\napplies to the visual and sound elements of television broadcasts , but not\nthe sound element when broadcast separately ( Article 5 ). No definition of\nbroadcasting is given , but if broadcasting means wireless transmission as\nin the Rome Convention , then the Agreement would not appear to protect\ntransmissions exclusively by cable against unauthorized fixation or any\nreproduction thereof. Belgium , Denmark , Germany , Spain , France and the\nUnited Kingdom are members of the Convention. 2. 4. 10. The legal protection available to broadcasts or cable transmissions as such\nis a matter of considerable and growing importance given the fact that they\nconstitute a readily accessible source of access to a steadily increasing\nrange of audio-visual works , some of which may not be protected otherwise. As with sound recordings , the existing international instruments leave a\nconsiderable degree of liberty to the Member States as the subsequent\nanalysi swill show. 2. 4. 11. Before proceeding to such an analysis , however , the conditions necessary\nfor the repression of piracy should perhaps be summarized , if in somewhat\nidealized terms , as a basis for evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of\nthe present situation in the Member States of the Community. 2. 5. Necessary conditions for the repression of piracy\n\n- 42 -\n\n2. 5. 1. 2. 5. 2. The necessary conditions for the repression of piracy are essentially\nfour-fold :\nclear substantive legal provisions giving protection to the\ninterests that piracy can damage ; effective procedures for taking legal\naction against and proving pirate activity ; adequate sanctions and\nremedies ; and organized and co-ordinated enforcement efforts of interested\nThese conditions are to a certain\nparties and relevant public authorities. extent inter-related. For example , procedures and remedies may well be\ndependent on the kind of substantive legal provisions enacted in a\nparticular Member State. helps to clarify an analysis of the problem. Nevertheless , considering each of them separately\n\nThe\n\nFirst , there must be clear rules of substantive law protecting the\nimportant economic interests in question from the main acts of piracy. law should clearly specify what interests are protected and against what\nforms of activity. The main interests to be taken into account appear to\nbe those of the authors of relevant literary , musical and artistic works ;\nof the performers who have participated in the making of a sound or\naudio-visual recording or film;\nof the producers responsible therefor ;\nand of broadcasters and cable operators. The main acts of piracy should\nThese include not only unauthorized\nalso be clearly prohibited. reproduction of the works in question , but also the importation ,\nexportation and distribution , including possession for commercial purposes ,\nof illicit copies. performances should be clearly prohibited. As regards performers , unauthorized fixation of live\n\n\f- 43 -\n\n2. 5. 3. Second ,, effective procedures for taking Legal action against and proving\npirate activity should permit right holders and relevant public authorities\nto begin legal proceedings with an adequate chance of success against those\nIn\nwhom they have reasonable grounds to believe are engaged in piracy. particular , provision should be made for search and seizure procedures\nenabling plaintiffs and prosecuting authorities to obtain interim orders ,\npreferably on an ex^ parte basis , permitting them to enter the premises of\nthe presumed infringer , search for evidence of pirate activity and , if\nnecessary , seize such evidence pending trial of the action. procedures help to ensure that pirates cannot hide , destroy or otherwise\ndispose of pirated material once they know they are suspected. Such\n\nThe\n\nevidence thus obtained not only proves the existence of the infringement ,\nbut also gives an indication of the scale on which the piracy is being\ncarried out and thus contributes to the imposition of an adequate sanction. It also ensures that any pirate material seized cannot continue to\ncirculate in the market. Safeguards against the abuse of such procedures\nare clearly necessary and can be readily incorporated , for example , by\nmeans of security requirements or undertakings to pay damages concerning\nlosses thereby inflicted on innocent defendants. customs procedures enabling apparently pirated goods to be stopped on entry\nto the Community from third countries pending an adjudication on their\nlegitimacy can play an important role. suspected goods to be controlled at this point much more efficiently than\nwhen they are passed further down the distribution system. The opportunity exists for\n\nIn addition , appropriate\n\n\f2. 5. 4. 2. 5. 5. 2. 5. 6. - 44 -\n\nThird , the remedies and sanctions applicable after final judgement should\nbe such as to ensure not only that adversely affected interests are\ncompensated to the full extent possible , but also that pirate products can\nno longer circulate and that pirates are prevented or dissuaded from\ncontinuing their illicit activities. Damages to compensate the right\nholder for his losses clearly have a role to play , but difficulties may\nwell arise owing to the plaintiff not being able to establish the real\nextent of his loss. well be prepared to run the risk of paying damages , as and when proved , in\nthe knowledge that this will frequently not be possible in practice and\nthat , in any case , awards of damages can be avoided by ensuring that\nrealizable assets are not available to meet them. In any event , sophisticated pirate enterprises may\n\nIn addition, destruction of seized merchandise ensures that no\n\nFor this reason , damages to compensate right holders for loss need to be\nInjunctive relief , damages not linked to\naccompanied by other measures. proof of economic loss and criminal sanctions , including imprisonment for\nparticularly serious or repeated cases , may all make a contribution in this\nrespect. profit will be made from it at the right holder 's expense. can be achieved if seized merchandise is required to be rendered\nunmarketable or transferred to the right holder. Finally , destruction of\nthe means of producing infringing copies ensures that new activity will not\nimmediately begin using the equipment that led to the original\ninfringements. Similar results\n\nOnce relatively sophisticated\n\nFourth , whatever rights , procedures , remedies and sanctions are prescribed\nMoreover , experience suggests\nby law , they have to be applied in practice. that when piracy has been allowed to develop on a certain scale it becomes\nmuch more difficult to repress. organizations have been allowed to establish themselves , they tend to have\nthe resources and techniques to avoid being easily caught. Also a public\nacceptance of their practices can develop that makes it harder for right\nholders and public authorities to eliminate the illicit trade. Accordingly ,\nright holders have to equip themselves to be vigilant and active in their\nown defence and procedures must be established that facilitate co-operation\nbetween them and relevant public authorities , who have an equally important\nrole to play. 2. 6. Present situation inside the Community\n\n- 45 -\n\n2. 6. 1. The paragraphs which follow seek to analyse the present situation in the\nCommunity in the light of the model set out in the preceding paragraphs. 2. 6. 2. It should be emphasized from the outset that the present situation in many\nrespects is materially different from the situation in July 1984 when the\n\n13. The resolution and its implementation were discussed on the\n\nrepresentatives of governments of the Member States were for the first time\naddressing the piracy issue and adopting a resolution on combatting\npiracy\n25 June 1985 during a special meeting of representatives of national\nauthorities concerned with the fight against piracy within the framework of\nthe Council ( Working Party of Cultural Affairs Attaches ). That discussion\nand subsequent events both demonstrate that substantial improvements in law\n\nand in practice can produce positive results. Substantive legal provisions\n\n2. 6. 3. 2. 6. 4. 2. 6. 5. In the area of substantive legal provisions , the protection given to books\nseems to give satisfactory results in practice. As regards films and\naudio-visual recordings , the situation could in some jurisdictions be\nimproved. The main weaknesses , however , appear to concern sound recordings ,\nbroadcasting and cable transmission. To begin with books , authors of literary works are clearly protected in all\nMember States and the normal contractual relationships between authors and\npublishers appear to enable the latter to act effectively against pirates\nin practice in so far as the need arises. As for films and video recordings , these seem to be protected everywhere as\ncinematographic works or , in some recent laws , as audio-visual works or\nvideographic works. However , the question of who owns the exclusive rights\nor who is presumed to be able to exercise the economic rights on behalf of\nall who have participated in the creation of the work is settled differently\nfrom one jurisdiction to another. - 46 -\n\n2. 6. 6. For historical reasons , the film producer does not normally represent the\nauthor of the film music. During the silent movie era it became practice\nthat collecting societies representing the author of the music played as\naccompaniment to the film by a band or a piano player in movie theatres\ncollected royalties for the use of the music actually played during shows. - The arrival of the \" talking movie \" did not change this pattern. The authors\n\nof the film music still collect independent royalties through their\ncollecting societies on the basis of box office receipts. This tradition may\nbe expressed explicitly in the law as for example in France\n\nand the\n\n14\n\n1 5\n\nbut even when it is not , the same general pattern can be\n\nNetherlands\nrecognized in all jurisdictions. The film producer does not represent the\nauthor of film music , which has proved to be an important target for pirates\neven quite independently of the cinematographic work itself. 2. 6. 7. As regards rights in cinematographic works as such , one group of Member\nStates grants the rights explicitly to the film producer who either acts as\nthe sole right holder or the legal representative of all authors in respect\nof the collective work which the film represents. This group consists of\nSpain, Ireland , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Portugal and the United\nKingdom. Italy achieves a similar result since , though copyright originates\nwith the persons who create the cinematographic work , within certain limits ,\nthe exploitation rights pass immediately by operation of law to the film\nproducer. Another group of States consisting of Germany and France provides\nthat , unless the contrary is proved , the rights of those who create the work\nare presumed to be transferred to the producer. Finally , in Belgium , Denmark\nand Greece , copyright is vested in the persons making an artistic\ncontribution to the creation of the film. Transfer of these rights to the\n\nproducer has a contractual basis. - 47 -\n\n2. 6. 8. 2. 6. 9. The rebuttable presumptions applicable\n\nIn practice , even in those States where producers are not automatically\ngranted rights , whether directly or by reason of a transfer by operation of\nlaw , contractual arrangements have frequently been reached which enable\nproducers to act against pirates. in some jurisdictions play an important role , but even in their absence the\nnecessary rights are in practice frequently transferred to the producer by\ncontract. Nevertheless , it would be preferable if , in all Member States ,\nproducers of audio-visual works had their own rights , though without\nprejudice to the rights of other persons ,\nact against pirates. granting such rights directly or through the immediate transfer by\noperation of law of the rights of those who have participated in the\nIt is noteworthy in this respect that , as regards video\nproduction. recordings , the recent French and Portuguese laws directly grant just such\na right to the producers of the new and separate category of audio-visual\nworks. Such a result could be achieved either by the law\n\non the basis of which they can\n\nThe need to grant rights to persons other than the producer or his\nsuccessor in title , in the context of the repression of audio-visual\npiracy , is less evident , though clearly other social and cultural\nconsiderations weigh strongly in favour of rights being granted to those\nwho contribute to the creation of such works or perform in them. piracy is by its nature primarily an economic problem and it is the\nproducer who normally assumes the economic risks involved in a production. He has the pressing economic interest in repressing piracy and above all\nneeds a firm legal basis on which to act. For this reason , the rights of\nother contributors and of performers , important as they are , are not\nfurther considered in this context. Incidentally , it may be observed, that\nas regards performers , audio-visual bootlegging of live performances is for\nobvious technical reasons not a problem of the same practical importance as\nbootlegged sound recordings. However ,\n\n\f- 48 -\n\n2. 6. 10. of the rights of the author of any work recorded. Turning to sound recordings , the Member States which are parties to the\nRome Convention have enacted laws giving protection to producers of such\nrecordings independently\nLikewise , they protect performers against the unauthorized fixation of\ntheir live performances though in the case of Ireland and the United\nKingdom this is achieved by application of the criminal law alone. However ,\nin November 1987 , the UK government , within the context of a new copyright\nbill , has proposed to make civil remedies available to performers\n\n16\n\n2. 6. 11. In other Member States , the situation is less clear and can give rise to\nproblems. 2. 6. 12. In Belgium , where the copyright law dates back to 1886 , no legal provision\ngives producers and performers a specific right to authorize reproduction\nof sound recordings. Instead producers and performers have sought protec \u00ac\ntion , in particular , under the Law of 14 July 1971 on Trade Practices. Article 54 of this law prohibits acts contrary to honest commercial usage\nby which a trader harms or attempts to harm the professional interests of\none or more other traders. under this law have been quite successful and the system of protection is\nreported to be considered relatively effective by producers. Nevertheless ,\ncertain problems remain which would be solved if producers and performers\nwere protected by a right analogous to copyright\nIn particular , search\nand seizure procedures might become available facilitating the proof of an\ninfringement and of its importance. paragraphs 2. 6. 27. - 2. 6. 40. Actions brought by producers and performers\n\nThis is discussed further below in\n\n17. - 49 -\n\n2. 6. 13. In Greece , there is no specific Legislative protection for producers and\nperformers against copying of recordings but in practice the Greek courts\nhave accepted the view that the protection enjoyed by authors under\ncopyright Law has been assigned to phonogram producers by means of their\ncontracts for mechanical reproduction. This has enabled producers to act\non the basis of copyright law and such problems as arise in their regard\nconcern primarily the adequacy of available sanctions. As to performers ,\nlegislation was passed in September 1980 providing amongst other things for\nperformers to have the right to authorize or prohibit the recording or use\nof their performance in any manner. Presidential Decree to bring the law into force has not so far been issued. Unfortunately , the necessary\n\n18\n\n2. 6. 14. Spain has ratified the Geneva Convention for the Protection of Producers of\n\nPhonograms against Unauthorized Duplication of their Phonograms but not the\nRome Convention. The requirements of the Geneva Convention have hitherto\n\nbeen fulfilled through the provisions of the Decree of 10 July 1942 on the\nProtection of Phonographic Works confering upon the record producer the\nrights described in Article 19 et seq. of the law of 1879 on intellectual\nproperty. These rights included the right to authorize or prohibit the\nreproduction of the recording. These provisions have , however , recently been\n19\nreplaced by the provisions of Articles 108-111 of the 1987 copyright law\nconferring upon the phonogram producer the right to authorize reproduction\nof phonograms for a period of 40 years computed from the production or\npublication of the phonogram. In respect of performers , however , it appears\nto be a question of interpretation whether the right for the performer laid\ndown by Article 102 of the 1987 copyright act to authorize reproduction of\nhis performances also applies in respect of recordings. - 50 -\n\n2. 6. 15. This is due to the fact that the\n\nplace a heavy burden of proof on the\nHe has first of all to provide proof of the illegal act , that\n\nIn the Netherlands , where no specific rights in respect of reproduction\nhave so far been granted to producers and performers , protection against\nunauthorized reproduction has in practice to be sought by joining forces\nwith the authors' society , STEMRA. remedies available to producers and performers , namely , actions brought\nunder the law of unfair competition\nplaintiff. is , the manufacture of or dealing in pirate , counterfeit or bootleg\nproducts. knew or at least should have known that these acts were illegal. actual prejudice suffered by the plaintiff must also be proven and\nquantified and also the fact that the prejudice suffered is caused by the\nThese limitations and the alleged concentration of\nacts of the defendant. pirate activity in the Hague may thus be more than a coincidence. Fortunately , legislation appears to be in preparation to introduce specific\nneighbouring rights for record producers and performers\n\nFurther , he has to prove that the pirate acted in bad faith and\n\nThe\n\n20\n\n\f- 51\n\n2. 6. 16. 21\n\nwhich puts it in a\n\nPortugal is not a contracting party to the Rome Convention nor to the Geneva\nConvention but in 1985 it enacted new legislation\nposition to ratify the Rome Convention , if it wishes. By virtue of Article\n178 of the law , performers are given the right to authorize the fixation of\ntheir performances and the reproduction of their fixed performances. By\nArticle 184 , producers of phonograms are given the right to authorize the\nreproduction and distribution of their recordings. The conditions for\nprotection of performers as laid down in Article 190 are fulfilled when the\nperformer is of Portuguese nationality ; or when the performance is on\nPortuguese territory ; or when the original performance is fixed or broadcast\nfor the first time on Portuguese territory. Likewise for phonograms ,\nprotection is accorded to the producer on the condition that he is a\nPortuguese national or has his headquarters on Portuguese territory , or that\nthe fixation has taken place in Portugal ; or that the first publication has\ntaken place in Portugal or simultaneously in Portugal with the publication\nfor the first time elsewhere. The provisions giving performers and producers\nthe right to authorize the reproduction of recordings is consequently of\nlimited value to foreign right holders , except where protection in\naccordance with Article 193 follows from bilateral or multilateral\n\nar rangements\n\n*\n\n22\n\n2. 6. 17. Provision for producers' and performers' rights in relation to sound\nrecordings in all Member States would clearly be an improvement. Moreover ,\nthere are particular factors at work in this sector which differentiate it\nProducers of sound\nfrom others and reinforce the case for such rights. recordings are not necessarily in a close , contractual relationship with\nauthors holding rights in the works that they record. compulsory licensing systems exist in some Member States ( Germany , Ireland ,\nthe Netherlands , Portugal and the United Kingdom ) which enable second or\nsubsequent versions of recorded musical works to be made without the\nauthorization of the authors. In the field of classical music , many\nrecordings , involving considerable investment , will in any case relate to\nFinally , as regards performers , only\nworks on which copyright has expired. the star performer may have a significant interest in pursuing bootleggers\nand securing the co operation of authors may prove difficult. Statutory or\n\n\f2. 6. 18. 2. 6. 19. 2. 6. 20. 2. 6. 21. - 52 -\n\n23\n\nAccordingly , quite independently of the question of the desirability of all\nMember States ratifying the Geneva and Rome Conventions in their\nentirety\n, the general introduction of producers' and performers' rights\nin sound recordings would appear to be a desirable development that would\ncontribute to the effective repression of piracy and therefore merits\nserious consideration. Turning to broadcasts and cable transmissions , protection against\n24\nunauthorized fixation and reproduction for commercial purposes\nonly in part. works , but this is not always the case. of copyright or a neighbouring right in the broadcast or transmission as\nEven when a broadcast or transmission\nsuch is of particular importance. Rights may often exist of course in broadcast or transmitted\nIn these situations , the existence\n\nexists\n\n\\'\n\nconcerns protected works , such rights provide a clear legal basis for the\nbroadcasting or cable organizations to take action on their own behalf\n\nagainst pirates. Ireland and the United Kingdom have long extended copyright protection to\nbroadcasts both domestic and foreign in conformity with their international\nobligations under the Rome Convention and , as regards television in the\nUnited Kingdom , the European Agreement. modified its law to give explicit protection to cable programmes even when\nthese have not been broadcast in the traditional way. In 1984 the United Kingdom\n\n25\n\nDenmark , Germany , France , Luxembourg and Portugal accord broadcasters a\nneighbouring right through provisions virtually identical with those of\nArticle 13 of the Rome Convention which provides that broadcasting\norganizations shall have the right to authorize the fixation of their\nbroadcasts and reproductions thereof. through the provisions of Articles 79 and 203 of its copyright law. Italy arrives at the same result\n\n\f- 53 -\n\n2. 6. 22. In Belgium , which does not yet adhere to the Rome Convention , the\nprotection of television broadcasts is based on the European Agreement\nratified by Belgium by a law of 14 January 1968 pending new legislation\nwhich will allow Belgium to adhere to the Rome Convention\n\n26\n\n2. 6. 23. Further , the\nSpain ratified the European Agreement on 23 October 1971. 1987 copyright law has conferred upon broadcasters a right to authorize\nfixation of their broadcasts and reproductions thereof for a duration of 40\n\n27\n\nyears\n\n2. 6. 24. In Greece and the Netherlands , no specific protection is given to\nbroadcasts or transmission as opposed to the works from which programmes\nmay be composed , though reform is reported to be under consideration in the\n\nlatter State\n\n28\n\n2. 6. 25. 2. 6. 26. Even in those Member States that provide for it , the extent to which\nprotection accorded to broadcasting applies to transmissions by cable is\nfrequently far from clear. re-transmitted by cable , a strong argument can clearly be made that\nunauthorized fixation of the cable signal is an unauthorized fixation of\nWhere the cable transmission is not being contemporaneously\nthe broadcast. broadcast over the air , however , or not broadcast over the air at all , such\n\nWhere a broadcast is being instantaneously\n\na conclusion is much more difficult' to reach. it would appear that , as with sound recordings , the\n\nAccordingly ,\nintroduction of rights for organizations engaged in broadcasting to\nauthorize or prohibit the fixation of their broadcasts for commercial\npurposes would be desirable where they do not exist already. given the likely development of cable systems carrying both re-transmitted\nand original material , clear provision prohibiting unauthorized fixation of\ncable signals and the reproduction thereof would also serve a useful\n\nSimilarly ,\n\npurpos e. - 54 -\n\nProcedures facilitating legal action and proof\n\nSearch and seizure procedures\n\n2. 6. 27. 2. 6. 28. Search and seizure procedures are available in most Member States , though\ntheir efficacity varies not only from one jurisdiction to another but\ndepending on the nature of the rights being protected. A minority of\nMember States has not yet developed procedures of this kind. In Belgium , Article 29 of the copyright law of 1886 provides for a seizure\nprocedure on simple request of the right holder as regards works protected\nby copyright in its narrow sense and subject to the possibility of a\nguarantee being constituted by way of security in accordance with\nArticle 31. This procedure is not available , however , under the provisions\nof the unfair competition law upon which producers of sound recordings and\nperformers are still obliged to rely in the manner already described. Instead a provision is made under Articles 70 to 72 of that law for a\nseizure procedure in cases of infringements committed in bad faith within\nThis procedure is dependent on the co-operation\nthe meaning of Article 61. of the public officials responsible for enforcing the law and , in addition ,\nthe requirement that bad faith be shown limits its application. 2. 6. 29. In Denmark , search and seizure procedures were previously not available in\nthe copyright field. In 1985 , however , the copyright law was amended\nto\nprovide more effective remedies and sanctions for piracy. Right holders ,\nincluding the producers of sound recordings and performers , are also now\nentitled to request the public prosecuting authorities to proceed against\npirates. By virtue of Article 55 of the copyright law as amended in 1985\nsearch and seizure procedures pursuant to Chapters 72 and 73 of the Law on\nCivil and Criminal Procedure ^ have been made applicable to cases of\npi racy. 29\n\n\f- 55 -\n\n2. 6. 30. In Germany , search and seizure procedures are available for violations of\n\n31. Whereas copyright infringement normally is subject to public\nof\n\ncopyright and neighbouring rights under the general law of criminal -\nprocedure\nprosecution only on request of an injured party , the 1985 amendment\nthe German copyright law concerning the reinforcement of remedies introduced\na system of public prosecution ex officio also if the public interest\nrequires the involvement of public authorities. The wording of the new\nArticle 109 shows that this will normally be the case where there is\ncommercial piracy for which penalties have been laid down in Article 108a. The new provisions on sanctions have made normal procedures in criminal\ncases including search and seizure measures fully applicable to piracy. 2. 6. 31. Under Greek penal procedure , seizure can be ordered as an interim measure\n\nby law enforcement authorities. 2. 6. 32. In Spain , the police may in piracy cases under the terms of the Penal Code\n\nrequest a court order to search the premises of a suspect. If there is\nprima facie evidence of infringement taking place pirate copies will be\nseized and placed in custody of the Court. - 56 -\n\n2. 6. 33. In France , Articles 66 to 69 of the copyright law of 1957 provide for the\nsummary seizure of illicit copies of works protected by copyright in its\nnarrow sense on the simple request of the right holder , subject under\ncertain conditions to the constitution of a guarantee by way of security. These procedures have been considered sufficiently valuable for the new law\nof 1985 to include provisions introducing similar though not identical\nprocedures in the context of the new neighbouring rights granted to\nperformers and producers of sound and video recordings and to audio-visual\ncommunications undertakings. The new law also provides for a procedure\nwhereby officials of the National Centre for Cinematography may have access\nto accounts and records to establish the origin or destination of video\nrecordings reproduced or distributed as well as the operating receipts of\npersons reproducing or distributing video recordings for private use by\nmembers of the public^. Such procedures clearly facilitate the task of\ndemolishing complete networks for the distribution of pirate products ,\nenabling action to be taken against all involved. - 57 -\n\n2. 6. 34. the Court\n\nIf the District Court is\n\nSection 27 of the Irish Copyright Act , 1963 contains provisions on search\nand seizure as to infringing copies of copyright works including sound\nrecordings , but excluding cinematographic works. satisfied by information on oath that there is reasonable ground for\nsuspecting that an offence is being committed on any premises ,\nmay grant a search warrant authorizing a member of the police force to\nenter the premises , if need be by force , and to seize any copies of any\nwork or any plates in respect of which he has reasonable grounds for\nsuspecting that any offence is being committed. provides that the District Court , if satisfied by evidence that there are\nreasonable grounds for believing that infringing copies of a copyright work\nare being hawked , carried about , sold or offered for sale , may by order\nauthorize a member of the police force to seize the copies without warrant\nand to bring them before the Court which may order them to be destroyed or\ndelivered up to the owner of the copyright. include cinematographic works is under active consideration. Anton Piller type\nIrish courts'*\"\u2019. works. performers combat bootlegging. The extension of section 27 to\nOrders of the\nare available in civil copyright proceedings before the\n\nThese can be obtained in cases involving cinematographic\n\nHowever , none of these remedies appear to be available to help\n\nThe same section also\n\n34\n\n\f- 53 -\n\n2. 6. 35. A guarantee by way of security may be required except\n\nIn Italy , for works protected by copyright in its narrow sense , search and\nseizure procedures are available in accordance with Article 161 of the\ncopyright law. Notice to and hearing of the presumed infringer , though\nnormally required , can be dispensed with in cases of extreme urgency\n( periculum in mora ). where proceedings are begun by the national organization representing\nauthors^. As regards neighbouring rights , the possibility of relying on\nCase law exists denying the possibility^,\nArticle 161 is controversial. Article 700\nIn any event ,\nwhile certain commentators argue otherwise\nof the code of civil procedure can be relied upon. This permits the court\nto order whatever measures it considers necessary in favour of any person\nwho has reasonable cause to fear that during the period needed to establish\nhis rights under the normal procedure , he will suffer a prejudice that in\npractice cannot be corrected. 38. 2. 6. 36. In Luxembourg , no possibility appears to exist of search and seizure in\ncopyright cases under criminal procedure. Such a\nSeizure may be ordered under Article 37 of the Copyright Act. possibility does not apply to cases of infringement of the rights of\nproducers of sound recordings or performers. In civil proceedings , however ,\n\n\f- 59 -\n\n2. 6. 37. The procedure is subject to little\n\nIn the Netherlands , copyright owners can seize infringing copies under\nArticle 28 of the Copyright Act. formality , the order being granted on the request of the right holder to\nthe president of the court. Seizure is also possible in copyright cases\nunder the criminal law. However , since producers of sound recordings and\nperformers , as has been seen , are at present not protected by copyright or\na neighbouring right , none of these procedures appear to be available to\nthem in their own right. It is understood , however , that the new law now\nin preparation introducing neighbouring rights for producers and performers\n\nwill also introduce seizure procedures similar to those already applicable\n\nin copyright cases. Further , licensees will also be entitled to request\n\nseizure. 2. 6. 38. In Portugal , copyright infringement is subject to public prosecution. The\nlaw of 1985 provides for the seizure of all illegally produced copies as\nwell as their packaging and any machines or other instruments and documents\nwhich are involved in the infringement. In flagrante delicto , various\nbranches of the police and other enforcement authorities have the\n\ncompetence to proceed to seizure\n\n\f2. 6. 39. - 60 -\n\n,\n\n40\n\nthe practice has\n\nThus there must be a strong prima facie case that infringement\n\nIn the United Kingdom , following the decision of the Court of Appeal in\nAnton Pi ller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd. developed of allowing a plaintiff to obtain an interim order , without prior\nnotification to the defendant , permitting him to inspect the latter 's\npremises , take photographs , and seize materials infringing copyright and\nneighbouring rights in the defendant 's possession. Naturally , such an\norder is only granted where certain conditions are met and subject to\nsafeguards. has occurred , the damage to the plaintiff must be actually or' potentially\nserious , and a grave danger must exist that vital evidence will be\ndestroyed if the defendant is put on notice. In addition , the inspection\nmust be carried out according to certain procedures and the plaintiff must\ngive an undertaking in damages to compensate the defendant for losses\nresulting from inspections that prove unjustified. Associated interim\norders may also be granted compelling the defendant to reveal relevant\ninformation to the plaintiff , including the names of persons from whom\ninfringing articles have been obtained or to whom they have been\ndistributed\nthe Copyright ( Amendment ) Act 1983\npolice warrants for search and seizure on suspicion of piracy has been\nintroduced for films and sound recordings and extended by the 1985 Copyright\n( Computer Software ) Amendment Act\nto computer programs. The Government\nhas , however , now proposed these powers be extended to all categories of\ncopyright material ^. As for performers , these remedies are not available\nto combat bootlegging , since it has been held that the legislation making it\nan offence to make or distribute unauthorized recordings of a performance\ncreates no civil rights of action\nproposed this gap be closed by making orders for search and seizure\navailable to performers also. By\npowers for magistrates to grant the\n\n, and also preventing him from disposing of his assets. The government has , however , now\n\n_. 42\n\n47\n\n43\n\n44\n\n41\n\n46. ,\n\n\f- 61\n\n2. 6. 40. In summary , search and seizure procedures , subject to appropriate\nsafeguards , could be made available more generally in Belgium , Luxembourg\nand the Netherlands. In particular , in those countries , they need to be\nplaced at the disposal of both the producers of sound recordings and\nperformers. The latter would also benefit from such procedures being made\navailable in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Consideration might also be\ngiven to the more general adoption of powers such as those already found in\n\nFrance and the United Kingdom which require pirates to disclose from whom\ninfringing copies have been obtained and to whom they have been\n\ntransferred. Customs seizure\n\n2. 6. 41. Seizure by customs authorities is possible in some Member States though not\n\nin others. Moreover , where the systems exist , they vary as to the extent\n\nto which they can be used in practice. 2. 6. 42. Belgium and Luxembourg , which operate a complete customs union , give no\nlegal powers to the customs authorities in relation to copyright or indeed\nCustoms authorities thus play little\nto intellectual property generally. However , consideration is\nor no part in the detection or proof of piracy. now being given to a more active role for the customs authorities as\nregards counterfeiting of trade marks following the adoption of Council\nRegulation No. 3842 / 86 on measures to prohibit the release for free\n48\ncirculation of counterfeit goods\n\n2. 6. 43. In Denmark , there are at present no provisions in copyright or trade mark\nlaw enabling customs authorities to intervene to prevent the importation of\npirate products. Again , however , action will now be taken to give effect to\nCouncil Regulation No. 3842 / 86. - 62 -\n\n2. 6. 44. 2. 6. 45. In Germany , the Law provides a basis for customs authorities to act to\nseize imports of goods with false indications of the source or the identity\nof products in addition to goods bearing trade marks without the consent of\nthei r owners\n\n49. In Greece , no specific provisions of Greek Law authorize customs\nauthorities to intervene to prevent importation of pirated goods. since the Berne Convention is considered part of Greek national copyright\nLaw and provides that infringing copies of works protected by the\nConvention shall be liable to seizure on importation^, the Customs\nInvestigative Service does intervene in piracy cases to seize illicit\n\nHowever ,. copies\n\n51\n\n2. 6. 46. In Spain, there are no specific provisions under legislation currently in\nforce which enable customs authorities to intervene to prevent the\nimportation of pirated goods. In practice , however , the customs authorities\nare reported to have been co-operating with the Spanish Authors' Society\n( SGAE ) and the record industry in the control of transborder traffic in\n\ncopyright goods. 2. 6. 47. In France , importing articles which infringe French copyright law\nconstitutes a criminal offence under the Penal Code^. This permits\ncustoms authorities to exercise a degree of control over imports of such\ngoods. matter , action has been regularly taken on this basis , at least as regards\nimported sound recordings\"^. Since 1977 , when a series of directives were drawn up on this\n\n\f- 63 -\n\n2. 6. 48. 2. 6. 49. 2. 6. 50. Section 28 of the Irish Copyright Act , 1963 enables the owner of rights in\nany published literary , dramatic or musical work or sound recording , but\nnot cinematographic works , to give notice to the customs authorities that\nhe is the owner of the copyright in a particular work or recording , and to\nrequire them , for a fixed period of time , to treat copies of the work or\nrecording as prohibited goods. authorities to prevent importation , except for private and domestic use , of\nany infringing copy of the work or of the recording. and the fees payable in respect thereof are included in matters prescribed\nin Regulations made under the Act by the competent customs authority. Arrangements have been made between right holders' organizations and the\ncustoms authorities to define the circumstances in which consignments will\n\nThis procedure enables the customs\n\nThe form of notices\n\nbe inspected\n\n54. Similar provisions exist under the Irish trade and\n\nmerchandise marks legislation. In Italy , customs authorities have powers to prevent the importation of\ngoods which have been deliberately misdescribed^^ or which bear counterfeit\ntrade marks 3\ncopyright or neighbouring rights. They have no specific powers as regards infringements of. In the Netherlands , no specific provision is made for customs authorities\nto intervene to prevent the importation of pirate products. Though they\nmay inspect all goods in the course of their importation , their powers to\nintervene are limited to the control of import formalities , including the\nThe customs authorities are\naccuracy of the declared value of the goods. also subject to obligations of secrecy. Customs intervention has thus not\ndeveloped as an important instrument in the repression of piracy , though on\noccasions information has been passed on in appropriate cases to the police\nor to right holders' organizations 3\nmakes no proposal on the involvement of Customs Authorities in its report on\npiracy\n, but action will now be needed to give effect to Council\nRegulation No. 3842 / 86. The Interministerial Working Group\n\n58\n\n\f2. 6. 51. 2. 6. 52. - 64 -\n\nconfers upon\nIn Portugal , Article 229 of the law on Industrial Property\ncustoms authorities the power to seize counterfeit goods at the frontier. This provision is however applicable only where a trade mark or an\nappellation of origin has been falsified. 59\n\nIn the United Kingdom, section 22 of the Copyright Act 1956 provides that\nthe owner of the copyright in any published literary, dramatic or musical\nwork may by notice require the customs authorities to treat copies of a\ngiven work as prohibited goods and prevent their importation. provision does not apply to sound recordings or cinematographic works ,\nhowever. Similar provision is made as regards goods bearing infringing\ntrade marks under section 64(a ) of the Trade Marks Act 1938. This\n\nThis\n\nIn its copyright bill of October 1987 the\n\nprovision is of course available to producers who are owners of trade marks\nappropriated by pirates. government has inserted a provision aiming at the introduction of the same\npossibility in respect of films and records , though right holders will have\nto give an advance notice as to the time and place of the expected\nimportation in respect of infringing copies of films and recordings\nThese notice requirements can , however , limit the utility of these\nprocedures from the point of view of right holders\n\n61\n\n2. 6. 53. It would thus appear that , in many Member States , customs seizure at the\nCommunity 's external frontiers could be developed as a more effective\ninstrument in the repression of infringements of copyright. At the\nCommunity 's internal frontiers , no control can be exercised after 1992. This does not , however , exclude customs seizure when the existence of\nillegitimate merchandise is brought to the attention of customs authorities\nor , when they , in the exercise of internal control functions, detect fraud. However, attention will have to be paid to the practical difficulties ^\ninvolved if the customs services are not to be diverted from their\nprincipal tasks , while at the same time procedures cannot be so burdensome\nto right holders that they are of little or no practical use. - 65 -\n\n2. 6. 54. In December 1986 , the Council adopted a regulation laying down measures to\nprohibit the release for free circulation of counterfeit goods , that is ,\ngoods to which a trade mark has been improperly affixed^. This regulation\ncreates common rules on the procedure to be followed to prevent counterfeit\ngoods being imported into the Community. The regulation is limited to\ngoods bearing infringing trade marks but , as stated in the explanatory\nmemorandum of the Commission 's initial proposal , at a later stage ,\nconsideration might be given to applying the procedures to other\nintellectual property rights , in particular , copyrights. of the regulation would ensure that customs seizure procedures made a\nuniform contribution to the repression of copyright piracy at the external\nfrontiers of the Community. Such an extension\n\nRemedies and sanctions\n\n2. 6. 55. A relatively comprehensive State - by - State description of the current\nsituation would involve a considerable degree of detail. preferable to concentrate on a limited number of important issues , namely\nthe availability of damages or other financial relief to those whose rights\nhave been violated ;\nthe availability of injunctive relief ; the possibility\nof disposing of discovered pirate products and equipment used to produce\nthem in ways which ensure that they will not continue to circulate to the\nright holders' disadvantage ; and , finally , the possibility of imposing\nsufficiently dissuasive criminal sanctions , including imprisonment for\n\nIt seems\n\nserious offences. Damages or other financial relief\n\n2. 6. 56. As regards damages , where exclusive rights have been granted under the\ncivil law , damages will of course in principle be available , as may an\naction for an account of profits. can be relied upon in a civil action , damages can be obtained for\nconsequent financial losses. Similarly , where unfair competition law\n\n\f- 66 -\n\n2. 6. 57. 2. 6. 58. On the other hand, as has been seen , certain important interests may not be\nThis applies not only to cases where\nprotected by civil rights of action. the interest is simply not legally recognized , such as those of the\nproducers of sound recordings in the Netherlands , but also to jurisdictions\nwhich protect certain interests exclusively by the criminal law and without\nprovision for compensation within the criminal framework. seen , this is at present the case as regards the unauthorized recording of\nlive performances in the United Kingdom and probably Ireland. introduction of civil rights of action as already announced by the United\nKingdom government would close this particular gap\n\nAs has been\n\nThe\n\n64\n\nand the United\n\nOnly in Ireland0\n\nIn some jurisdictions , the damage may\n\nMore generally , claims for damages are normally dependent on proof of the\ndamage sustained or income foregone. include damage of a moral character though this is normally limited to\nauthors' and performers' claims. Kingdom^ is provision made enabling courts to award conversion damages\nequivalent to the full value of infringing copies detained or converted\nand, in flagrant cases , additional exemplary damages. Even so , awards of\nthe former depend on proof of the number of copies in question and awards\nof the latter are subject to a number of restrictive conditions making them\nunusual in practice. Further , the UK Government has recently announced its\nintention to abolish conversion damages\nobjectionable in particular in the field of design copyright. Instead the\npowers of the courts to award additional damages will be strengthened by\nremoval of existing limitations on their applicability. which are regarded as\n\n\f67 -\n\n2. 6. 59. The necessity of proving the damage sustained or income foregone can pose\nproblems since the quantities of pirate products in fact sold may not be\nascertainable with any degree of certainty , even where search and seizure\nprocedures have been successfully used. the added difficulty arises that an estimation of the depressive effect of\nthe appearance of a bootleg recording on sales of legitimate records is\nThese problems of proving the quantum\nfrequently speculative in character. of damages , as well as the practical difficulty of enforcing awards against\n\nIn the case of bootleg records ,\n\nthe many pirate enterprises which are careful to keep their realizable\nassets relatively small , mean that damages need to be complemented by other\nremedies if pirates are to be effectively dissuaded from continuing their\n\nact i vi t ies. Injunctive relief\n\n2. 6. 60. An important instrument in this respect is injunctive relief , that is , the\navailability of judicial orders which will enable continuing or future\npirate activity to be subject to sanctions of a penal type. are available in somewhat different forms in Belgium , Denmark , Germany ,\nIreland , Luxembourg , the Netherlands (\" astreint \" or \" dwangsom \") and the\nUnited Kingdom,\nlimitations as to the substantive rights conferred by the law and the\navailability of civil rights of action. They may also be available on an\ninterim or accelerated basis which has the considerable advantage of\nenabling action to be taken that can prevent pirate products being placed\non the market in the first place. subject of course to what has already been said concerning\n\nSuch remedies\n\n2. 6. 61. In Greece , injunctive relief is available and , under certain conditions , as\nan interim measure also^. 2. 6. 62. In Spain , injunctive relief is available under the provisions of the 1987\ncopyright law and under certain conditions as an interim measure also\n\n\f- 68 -\n\n2. 6. 63. In France , however , injunctive relief appears not to be available and it\nhas been suggested that its introduction would in many cases be helpful ,\nparticularly to combat more sophisticated and persistent lawbreakers^. The new French law\nother measures which are aimed at the determined pirate\n\ndoes not alter this position , though it provides for\n\n72\n\n71\n\n2. 6. 64. In Portugal , injunctive relief is not available under the legislation in\nforce. Disposal of infringing products and equipment used to produce them\n\n2. 6. 65. Different techniques exist for ensuring that pirate products that have been\ndiscovered will not continue to circulate to the right holders'\n\ndisadvantage. 2. 6. 66. Thus , under the rules of civil and criminal procedure in force in most\nMember States , proceedings for the infringement of rights in books , films\nand sound and video recordings may lead to the court ordering that\ninfringing copies be destroyed or , in some cases , be rendered unusable or ,\nin others be transferred to the right holder. 2. 6. 67. Likewise , provision is frequently made for equipment used to produce\ninfringing copies to be destroyed with a view to preventing pirate activity\nfrom continuing in the future. - 69 -\n\n2. 6. 68. The main gaps in this area appear to be consequential on certain interests\nnot being protected by the substantive rules of civil or criminal law\nrather than weaknesses in the procedural provisions alone. Some of these\n\nhave recently been closed. introduced confiscation for sound and video recordings infringing the\nsubstantive neighbouring rights which the law now has introduced for\n\nFor example , in France , the new law has\n\nSuch a possibility has long existed for books\nOther gaps remain , however , notably those flowing from the\nfor\nIn addition , the Belgian law of\n\nperformers and producers. and films\nabsence of specific protection for producers of sound recordings and\nperformers in Greece and the Netherlands. 1971 on Trade Practices which , as has been seen , plays an important role in\nthe protection of sound recordings , appears not to permit confiscation or a\nsimilar remedy in either criminal or civil proceedings. Dissuasive criminal sanctions\n\n2. 6. 69. The nature of many pirate operations requires substantial criminal\npenalties to be available to dissuade those who seek to avoid the full\neffect of civil judgements and are skilful in so doing. In addition ,\nproviding for severe penalties , including imprisonment for more serious\noffences , gives a clear indication to law enforcement authorities of the\nneed to act against piracy and a real incentive to do so. On the other\nhand , if these authorities know that even a successful prosecution will\nlead only to a small fine , which will probably be regarded by pirates\nsimply as an irritating tax on their continuing activities , it is\nunderstandable that they prefer to concentrate their limited resources on\n\nother matters. - 70 -\n\n2. 6. 70. Many States have already recognized the importance of having an adequate\nrange of criminal sanctions available to secure effective police involvement\nin the detection of piracy and the enforcement of law and also to constitute\neffective disincentives to pirates. Thus , in spite of the general tendency\nin the Community to reduce criminal penalties , in particular , those\nconsisting of imprisonment , sanctions available in case of piracy have been\nsubstantially reinforced in many Member States in accordance with the\nobjectives set out in the resolution by representatives of governments of\nthe Member States of 24 July 1984\nincreased its maximum penalties in 1983\nand Portugal\nyears. In Italy the penalties introduced for piracy in respect of recordings\nwere made applicable for film and video piracy in 1985\nin 1981\nFurther , an increase of penalties available is under active consideration in\nIreland and the Netherlands. In short , deterrent sanctions are already or\nwill be shortly available in Denmark , Germany , Greece , France , Ireland ,\nItaly , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Portugal and the United Kingdom. France\nhave all introduced increased penalties in the past two. Whereas the United Kingdom had already\n78\n,\n\n, Denmark\n\n, Germany\n\n76\n\n80\n\n77\n\n75\n\n79\n\n74\n\n81\n\n2. 6. 71. However , in the following cases in particular , the criminal sanctions\napplicable seem in need of reinforcement. 2. 6. 72. Thus , in Belgium , imprisonment is not possible for copyright infringement\nas such , whatever the nature of the right infringed or the scale or\ncharacter of the offence. However , where conviction is obtained for\ncounterfeiting or under Article 191 , 498 or 505 of the Penal Code sentences\nof imprisonment may be imposed. 2. 6. 73. As regards producers' rights in sound recordings , as has been seen , these\nare not protected in the Netherlands and a fortiori penal sanctions are not\navailable , though their introduction is being considered\n\n82\n\n2. 6. 74. Finally , the penalties applicable to bootlegging in Ireland do not include\nimprisonment. 2. 6. 75. 2. 6. 76. \u00e0\n\n- 71\n\nIn addition , however , the effectiveness of criminal sanctions depends not\nonly on the characteristics of the penalties , but also on the degree of\ncertainty that they will in practice be applied. This in turn depends in\nlarge part on law enforcement authorities taking an active part in the\nprosecution of offenders. repeated offences , as has already been stated , act as an incentive for law\nHowever , it\nenforcement authorities to act where they have power to do so. appears that , in some cases , copyright infringements , though criminal\noffences , can be prosecuted only on a complaint from an injured party , as\nin Belgium and Luxembourg or even only by the injured party himself as in\n\nSubstantial penalties , at least for serious or\n\nGreece. However ,\n\nThe explanation for this state of affairs seems in part at least to be an\nunderstandable reluctance to give law enforcement authorities\nresponsibilities in cases of the more classical and delicate type in which\none author is alleging that another has plagiarized his work. modern , commercial copying is clearly\ndistinguishable from such cases : the\ncopies are complete or nearly so , no attempt being made to present the work\nas different from the original. Moreover , the scale of the phenomenon is\nsuch that it should rank as an economic crime of the first order damaging ,\nnot only to individual right holders , but also to the viability of\nimportant areas of economic and cultural activity. Member States authorize law enforcement authorities to prosecute on their\nown initiative as regards large scale copying and traffic in pirate\nproducts or at least encourage public prosecution on request by the injured\nparty. Such approaches should be adopted by all Member States. For these reasons , most\n\n2. 7. The organizational framework for enforcement\n\n2. 7. 1. The organizational framework for enforcement activities is complex and\nvaries from State to State. organizations representing such right holders and public authorities. It includes individual right holders ,\n\n\f- 72 -\n\nRight holders and their organizations\n\n2. 7. 2. Authors are in all Member States organized in societies which are engaged\nprimarily in the collecting of royalties for literary and musical works. Separate societies may exist for different classes of work , for example ,\nsocieties dealing with dramatic and dramatic musical works are frequently\ndistinct from those dealing with other forms of music and lyrics including\npopular songs. The national organizations are members of an international. Other right holders are also organized at national\n\n, organization , CISAC\n\n83\n\nThus producers of sound and video recordings are\n\nand international level. organized in all Member States and these national organizations , together\nwih others , form the International Federation of Producers of Phonograms. 84\n85\nare\nand Videograms ( IFPI ). and distributors0\nFilm and video producers0\n,\nalso organized at national and international level as are publishers\nbroadcasters0 , and performers0. 86\n\n2. 7. 3. In an increasing number of cases , the current prevalence of piracy has led\nat both national and international levels to new initiatives , including the\nformation of ad hoc anti-piracy organizations bringing together different\ninterest groups , to combine resources and operate with greater\neffectiveness. enforcement such as the marking of films to enable the source of seized\ncopies to be identified more easily. New techniques have been developed to facilitate\n\n\f- 73 -\n\n2. 7. 4. For example , in the United Kingdom , the British Phonograph Industry ( BPI )\nhas been dealing with piracy of sound recordings , while the Federation\nAgainst Copyright Theft ( FACT ) was founded in 1982 and has since played an\nIn\nimportant part in reducing the market share of pirate video recordings. 1983 , a similar action group was founded to combat video piracy in the\nNetherlands known as Foundation Video Safe. In Ireland , the Irish National\n\nFederation Against Copyright Theft ( INFACT ) began operations in 1984 and\nfrom the beginning of 1985 , the Belgian Anti-Piracy Federation ( BAF ) and ,\nin Germany , the Society for the Prosecution of Copyright Infringement\n( GW , Gesellschaft zur Verfolgung von Urheber rechtsverletzungen ) have begun\nsimilar operations. These examples and , in particular , the success achieved\nin the area of video piracy in the United Kingdom have inspired the\ncreation of similar organizations in other Member States : in France ,\nl 1 Assoc iat ion de Lutte contre la Piraterie Audiovisuel le ( ACPA ); in Spain :\nFederacion Antipi rater ia ( FAP ); and in Denmark , the Foreningen af Danske\nVideogramdi st ributdrer. 2. 7. 5. At the international level also , the producers of sound and video\nrecordings have created an organization in co-operation with the\nInternational Chamber of Commerce and the Commonwealth Secretariat. The\n\nInternational Maritime Bureau of the International Chamber of Commerce\n\ncontributes to the project its particular expertise in monitoring the\ntransportation of goods. intelligence collected by its national and regional groups throughout the\nworld. ( JAPIG ), achieved significant results from the outset\n\nThe organization , known as the Joint Anti-Piracy Intelligence Group\n\nIFPI contributes amongst other things\n\n89\n\n\f- 74 -\n\n2. 7. 6. This concentration of anti-piracy interests at national and international\nlevel is a welcome development. By centralizing relevant information and\nactivity on a limited number of focal points , it not only increases the\neffectiveness and efficiency of anti-piracy efforts , it should also\nfacilitate the deve lopment\\ of fruitful co-operation between rights holders\nand public authorities by providing a limited number of contact points\nwhich , without prejudice to the rights and possibilities of others , can\ndevelop particularly productive relations with relevant national\n\nadministrations. Public authorities\n\n2. 7. 7. At national level , different agencies may be involved depending\nx^tate in question including the customs , the police and public prosecuting\nautfiorities as well as agencies responsible for taxation and consumer\nprotection. on the\n\n2. 7. 8. 90\n\n, limitations on the role and powers of some\n\nAs has already been indicated\nof these agencies sometimes exist , for example , as regards the police and\nRemoving these limitations would increase the contribution\nthe customs. In particular , ensuring\nthat they would make to the repression of piracy. that customs authorities are in law and in practice able to inform right\nholders of possible violations of their rights so that the latter can act\nto protect themselves , where appropriate , seems to be a desirable\nobj ect ive. - 75 -\n\n2. 7. 9. However , this involves not only removing the legal limitations to which\nreference has already been made , but also ensuring that there are readily\nusable lines of communication between the authorities on the one hand and\n\nAs has been seen , the formation\n\nright holders' organizations on the other. of ad hoc anti-piracy action groups is already making a significant\ncontribution in this respect. right holders are in a position to improve the position in the short run\nfor themselves by taking action along the lines already traced by others. In the longer term , attention might also be given to the creation of\nsystems using modern information technology to ensure that useful\ninformation is made available to the parties at the lowest cost possible. To the extent that there may be weaknesses ,\n\nFurther reference will be made to this possibility subsequently. 2. 7. 10. Conversely , the effectiveness of the public authorities depends on their\nhaving the full co-operation of those interest groups which are adversely\nThe activities of public authorities are subject to\naffected by piracy. inevitable resource constraints. The restrictive effect of those\n\nconstraints can be significantly reduced to the extent that those\nimmediately concerned can provide the authorities with information enabling\nthem to act with efficiency. In the customs context , for example , one of\nthe obstacles to more effective intervention is the difficulty and cost of\nestablishing that goods are probably pirated and the identity of those\nwhose rights have been infringed. The possibility of extending the Council\nRegulation , to which reference has' already been made , on release of goods\ninto free circulation , to include other forms of intellectual property ,\nincluding copyright , depends in substantial part on solutions being found\nto these practical problems. - 76 -\n\n2. 7. 11. Again , modern information technology may help to provide the solution. From time to time , the suggestion has been made at Community level of the\n\ncreation of a register of rights in cinematographic or audio-visual\n\n91\n\nworks. This has been regarded primarily as an instrument\n\nto facilitate\n\n92\n\nthe financing of film production and up to now agreement on the creation of. However , a register of rights in\nsuch a system has not proved possible\nrespect of sound recordings , video recordings and films could also play a\nrole in the repression of piracy by making it relatively easy to identify\nThis could\nwho has the right to exploit a work in a given jurisdiction. facilitate intervention by customs and other authorities since they should\nbe able to establish more easily and rapidly whether merchandise seems\nlikely to be infringing or not and would also be able to inform interested\nparties of consignments of apparently pirated products. Within the\nframework of WIPO-UNESCO , a Committee of Governmental Experts will discuss\nin March 1988 the setting up of an International register of audiovisual\nworks. Depending on the outcome of the WIPO-UNESCO meeting , the work at\nCommunity level could be co-ordinated with future work at the international\n\nlevel. 2. 7. 12. In order to make such a system workable in practice from the point of view\nof customs authorities , right holders would need to notify those\nauthorities periodically of works in relation to which a particular risk of\npi racy exi st s. 77 -\n\n2. 7. 13. The Commission has in 1985 submitted to Council a communication on the\n\n93\n\n, which the Council endorsed by decision of 4 February. The system envisaged could probably be used to orient customs\n\nco-ordinated development of computerized administrative procedures , the\nC. D. project\n94\n1986\nchecks in the piracy context. Detailed examination of this possibility\nwould not be appropriate in the context of this paper but should form part\nof the work leading to the development of the system. As to the register\nitself , one of the main objections in the past has been the cost to the\n\npublic of its creation and administration. as to whether it would not be possible for a register to be organized and\npaid for by those who will derive the benefit from it , that is , the right\nholders concerned. If such an approach were possible , Community\n\nBut the question clearly arises\n\ninvolvement could be limited to ensuring that the register could be\n\naccessed by customs and other relevant authorities within the framework of\n\nthe C. D. project and possibly to providing a simple legal framework to give\nthe registry and the information that it contains legal recognition. 2. 7. 14. In addition to co-operation between public authorities on the one hand and\nright holders on the other , co-operation between relevant public\n\nauthorities at national , international and Community levels is also\n\nimportant. - 78 -\n\n2. 7. 15. 2. 7. 16. 2. 7. 17. However , a strong case can be made for the\n\nAt the national level , Member States are in a position to take for\nthemselves the necessary measures in the light of their particular\nadministrative structures. creation or designation of focal points having particular responsibilities\nin relation to piracy and associated problems. As regards the audio-visual\nfield, the role of the Centre National de la Cinematographic in France\nconstitutes an interesting example. co-ordination of the activities of all public authorities concerned and\nco-operation between them. interlocutor for right holders and their organizations which , as has been\nexplained above , are frequently in the process of creating similar focal\npoints for themselves. Such focal points not only facilitate\n\nThey can also perform the role\n\nof natural\n\nAt the Community and international levels , procedures for co-operation\nbetween law enforcement agencies already exist which can be used in\n95\nappropriate cases including, for example , the services of Interpol\ngeneral legislative tendency to sanction piracy as a serious offence\npunishable by imprisonment should make it easier to use these procedures\nsince it makes it less likely that piracy will be perceived as a matter of\nminor importance. The\n\nThe Interpol General Assembly at its 46th session in Stockholm in 1977\nadopted a resolution on audio-visual piracy and has since made efforts to\nexpand its activities to combat piracy. It should be remembered however\nthat co-operation within Interpol consists of voluntary acts of mutual\nassistance and is based on the possibilities offered by national laws of\nits Member States , their national sovereignty being strictly respected. They retain power to decide whether or not to co-operate ; they do not have\nto justify their decisions and no measures may be taken if they do not. These limitations on the co-ordinating possibilities of the Interpol are an\nimportant qualification on its ability to act in the repression of piracy. 2. 7. 18. 2. 7. 19. - 79 -\n\nFor the future , at Community Level , a Logical consequence of the recent\nadoption of a Community regulation on the release into free circulation of\ncounterfeit goods^ might be to consider counterfeit as a matter that\nshould fall within the mutual assistance regime created by the Council\nRegulation on mutual assistance between the administrative authorities of\nthe Member States and co-operation between the latter and the Commission to\nensure the correct application of the law on customs and agricultural\nmatters. assistance. to clarify the position. It would also follow that if it proves possible to\nextend the regulation on release into free circulation to other forms of\nintellectual property infringement , including copyright , the mutual\nassistance regime could apply equally in such cases. Project will provide the technical means whereby such mutual assistance can\n\nIf necessary , a relatively simple amendment could be adopted\n\nThis provides for both assistance on request and spontaneous\n\nFinally , the C. D. 97\n\nbe efficiently managed. 98\n\nFurthermore , in 1975 ,\n\nIn 1953 , it adopted a Recommendation on Mutual\n\nAt the international level , the Customs Co-operation Council ( CCC ) has\nproved an efficient instrument for increasing co-operation between national\ncustoms authorities. Administration Assistance aiming at providing information on new methods or\nmeans of customs fraud and to offer on request of another Member State the\nmaintenance of a special watch on particular consignments , on persons known\nto be engaged in smuggling or on suspect vehicles. the Council adopted a Recommendation on the Pooling of Information\nconcerning Customs Fraud. communicated to States relates to persons convicted of smuggling or customs\nfraud , methods of smuggling and vessels involved in smuggling. instruments do not relate directly to copyright goods , but they can play a\nrole when trade in pirate products involves , as it often does , customs\nfraud. customs in implementing copyright and industrial property law. the study partly carried out by means of a questionnaire addressed to\nMember States and international organizations was to define the role of\ncustoms authorities in general anti-piracy action and how the participation\nof these authorities could be made more regular and effective. was completed in 1984\n\nin 1983 , the CCC embarked on a study of the role of the\n\nThe information collected and subsequently\n\nThe aim of\n\nThe study\n\nHowever ,\n\nThese\n\n99\n\n\f2. 7. 20. - 80 -\n\nThe study has been discussed by the competent Committees of the CCC , that\nis the Enforcement Committee and the Permanent Technical Committee. The\nEnforcement Committee reached the following conclusions. First , customs\nenforcement of intellectual property law would be a permanent item on the\nCommittee's work programme so that the Committee could continue to exchange\nviews about developments in this field. Secondly , the CCC Secretariat\nshould now propose practical means of assisting administrations which\nalready have competence in this field. Thirdly , the Secretariat should\ncontinue to maintain contacts with the international organizations which\nare concerned with this question , and to co-ordinate the activities of the\nEnforcement Committee and of the Permanent Technical Committee which was\nresponsible for the administrative aspects of the question. Fourthly, the\nSecretariat should further analyse the enforcement instruments of the CCC\nwith a view to determining the extent to which they could be used for\npurposes of combating piracy and counterfeiting pending further\nconsideration of a new instrument. The Permanent Technical Committee has\n\nfinished its work in developing a model law which gives customs authorities\npower to act in counterfeiting and piracy cases. 2. 7. 21. The CCC's programme in relation to piracy and counterfeiting clearly merits\nthe Community's full support. 2. 8. The international context for future initiatives and developments at\nCommunity level\n\n2. 8. 1. Before proceeding from the analysis set out above to a consideration of\npossible future initiatives and developments at Community level , the\nbroader international context in which such initiatives and developments\nmay be taken should be considered in so far as this context has not yet\nbeen covered. - 81\n\n2. 8. 2. The international organizations which administer the relevant copyright and\nrelated rights conventions have several times addressed the piracy issue to\nalert the public to the damage done to cultural activity by piracy and to\npromote , in the various parts of the world where piracy constitutes a\nserious problem , actions to combat pirate activities. 2. 8. 3. At the level of the Rome Conventi on^^, the Intergovernmental Committee in\nOctober 1979 adopted a recommendation to Member States of the United\n\nNations in which the administering organizations recommended UN Member\n101\nStates to accede to the Convention\nthe Intergovernmental Committee during its eighth Ordinary Session in\nNovember 1981 ^^. This recommendation was renewed by. 2. 8. 4. A resolution was\n\nAt the WIP0 level , a first worldwide Forum on the Piracy of Sound and\nAudiovisual Recordings was held in Geneva in March 1981. adopted recommending steps to be taken both in developed and developing\ncountries to bring into force appropriate legislation to prevent piracy and\nA second worldwide forum\nto ensure the application of such legislation\nwas organized in WIP0 in March 1983 , this time on \" Piracy of Broadcasts and\nthe Printed Word \". 104\nIt considered that\nmeeting\nthe search for practical measures for combating piracy with more efficiency\nshould continue and recommended that the Assembly of the Berne Union adopt\na recommendation on the subject. The subject was addressed again at a\nmeeting of government experts on 2-6 June 1986 organized by UNESC0 / WIP0 and\na resolution adopted calling for stronger penal sanctions against\n\nThe resolution adopted as the conclusion of the\n\nexpressed concern over the spread of piracy. 103. 105\n\npiracy\n\n2. 8. 5. The Resolutions adopted within WIP0 can realistically only aim at bringing\nto the attention of national governments the need to adopt appropriate\nmeasures against piracy at the national level. Even when taking a general\nposition as to the piracy issue , the wording of a resolution must be chosen\nwith delicacy if an important number of developing countries are not to\nfind it too difficult to endorse. of intellectual property rights must normally be balanced against\nrecognition of the need for ready access to copyright material. For them , the importance of due respect\n\n\f2. 8. 6. 2. 8. 7. 2. 8. 8. - 82 -\n\nThe UNESCO Secretariat has prepared a document entitled \"Analysis of the\nreplies to the UNESCO questionnaire on the phenomenon of the piracy of\nprinted material , phonograms , audiovisual material , films , and radio and\ntelevision programs ,\" which summarizes and analyses the replies to the\nquestionnaire given by its Member States. 106\n\nAt the level of the. Council of Europe , Ministers of Culture adopted a\nresolution in May 1984\nand European level , action to repress audio-visual piracy. 1988, the Committee of Ministers adopted a Recommendation\nStates on measures to combat piracy in the field of copyright, and\nneighbouring rights. inviting Member States to organize , at national\nOn 18 January\nto Member\n\n107\n\nIn 1984 , a group of\n\nThis GATT initiative aimed at\n\nWithin the GATT, the possibility of action on the trade aspects of\ncounterfeiting has been actively discussed since 1982. experts was set up to pursue the matter. providing a framework for the participation of customs authorities in the\ndetection and seizure of counterfeit merchandise , which is at present\ndefined as merchandise on which a trade mark allegedly has been placed\nwithout the consent of the trade mark owner. only the work but also the packing, which for audio-visual works is\nfrequently the case , this initiative is also of interest to the copyright\nholder. However , the work within GATT has not resulted in an agreement on\ncounterfeit merchandise , because of opposition by numerous third countries ,\nin particular developing countries. Insofar as pirates copy not\n\n\f- 83 -\n\n2. 8. 9. This work had resulted in that at least one area of intellectual property\nrights could be dealt with by GATT. In September 1986 , the Ministers of\nTrade of contracting States meeting in Punta del Esta decided that , in a\nmore general sense , trade aspects of intellectual property should be\nincluded on the agenda of the multilateral negotiations , which they had\njust opened. Consequently , these negotiations will also include other\nissues of intellectual property , which have an impact on trade flows and\ntrade relations. It is clear from the preliminary discussions on this issue\nwhich have taken place that there is a marked willingness at Community\nlevel to examine the possibilities of effectively reinforcing legislation\non copyright and related rights within the framework of GATT , in particular\nto combat book , phonogram and videogram piracy , on the basis of the work\nalready carried out on counterfeit goods. 2. 8. 10. Finally ,\nit should be noted that the Community has recently taken up\nintellectual property problems with third countries , in particular as\nregards the barriers which certain intellectual property systems constitute\nin respect of trade flows and investment by Community enterprises. It\nappears worthwhile at this stage to consider the possibility of using these\ncontacts more systematically to combat piracy. This question will be\nexamined in more detail in Chapter 7. 2. 9. Future developments and initiatives at Community level\n\n2. 9. 1. The present situation as regards piracy in the Member States of the\nEuropean Community and in the rest of the world can be summarized as\nAlthough in several Member States substantial progress has been\nfollows. made in the recent past , piracy of sound recordings and audio-visual works\nremains a substantial problem both within and outside the Community. Piracy of books also remains serious , though in this case the problem\nexists essentially in certain non-Member countries. - 84 -\n\n2. 9. 2. Many other countries do not take effective\n\nOutside the Community , positive trends can be perceived only in Western\nEuropean countries , the United States , Canada , Japan , Australia , Hong-Kong\nand recently Singapore. anti-piracy action and in some cases , display a degree of complacency that\nsuggests connivance , even complicity. The external dimension of the piracy\nproblem seems likely to remain significant for some time to come. The\nCommunity has a clear -interest in using its collective weight to ensure\nbetter protection for the creations of its authors , performers and\nproducers in non-Member States. The nature of possible Community actions to\nthis end and the frameworks within which such actions can be taken is\ndiscussed in detail in Chapter 7. 2. 9. 3. Inside the Community , there is good reason to believe that progress recently\nmade in repressing piracy can be maintained , even increased. Copyright laws\nhave been amended or are under current review in many Member States. The\nCouncil Resolution of 1984 has drawn the attention of Member States to the\n\npiracy problem. As a consequence , reinforced legislation , deterrent\nsanctions and better enforcement procedures can now be relied upon in a\nnumber of cases. Further , right holders have in the recent past organized\nthemselves in anti-piracy organizations and are actively taking\nagainst piracy. action\n\n2. 9. 4. 2. 9. 5. Nevertheless , many improvements remain to be made in particular\njurisdictions. Moreover , it could be dangerous to relax too soon ,\nparticularly when new reproduction technology may give fresh impetus to\npi rate activity. As stated in paragraph 2. 3. 5. , pirate compact discs are virtually unknown\ndue to the fact that the manufacture is technically complicated and requires\nhigh investments. The launch of the digital audio tape recording equipment\n( DAT ) which offers the same sound quality as the compact disc may change the\npicture in respect of piracy of high fidelity sound recordings. Digital\nsound sources , whether compact discs or digital tape , can be perfectly\nreproduced and contrary to analogue copies , digital copies do not\ndeteriorate by successive copying. On the basis of a \" clone \" copy ,\ngenerations of copies may be reproduced , each copy serving as a master copy. - 85 -\n\n2. 9. 6. In an effort to reduce the piracy problem , Japanese producers have agreed to\nimplement in full the standards of protection for digital recordings laid\ndown in the R-DAT conference standard of 1986. Guidance from MITI has led\n\na sampling rate for digital\n\nall major manufacturers of DAT in Japan to accept the conference standard\nwhich includes the following measures :\nrecording ( 48kHz ) which is different from the sampling rate used for compact\ndiscs ( 44,1kHz ). This has the effect of excluding the reproduction of a\ncompact disc through the digital input socket of the DAT recorder and\nthereby excludes the production of \" clones \" on the basis of CDs , unless a\nrate converter is applied. Further , the MITI guidelines provide for the use\nof detector circuitry to identify copy-inhibit codes inserted in the\n\nsub-codes of pre-recorded digital software , both CD and eventually DAT. This\nrenders digital copying of CD onto DAT impossible but does not prevent\ncopying via the analogue output of a CD player. MITI guidance also suggests\nthat licence agreements with non-Japanese firms to produce DAT should\n\nmaintain both these anti-copying measures. 2. 9. 7. The use of digital audio tape is seen by the recording industry primarily as\na potential problem in relation to home copying and is consequently dealt\nwith in Chapter 3 below where a number of possible protection measures are\ndiscussed. A piracy problem remains , however , since the described measures\nrelating to the prevention of direct digital copying will not prevent the\ndetermined pirate from producing such illegitimate copies as the market may\n\ndemand. 2. 9. 8. Mass production of pre-recorded digital tape will eventually take place by\nmeans of contact process printers allowing copies to be made many times\nfaster than on a recorder. The danger that such machines , in the wrong\nhands , might be used to produce large quantities of pirate copies is real. - 86 -\n\n2. 9. 9. On the other hand , manufacturers of recorded music are Limited in number and\nthe identity of legitimate manufacturers in the Community is known to right\nholders and their organizations. Since considerable economic interests are\nat stake , consideration might be given to limiting the sale of DAT printers\nto professional users such as record companies and to making the sale to a\nuser and his possession of the equipment dependent on a licence to be issued\nby a public authority of a Member State. This public authority would keep\ntrack of all machines sold on its territory to make sure that equipment is\nnot subsequently transferred to non-licensed users. Licences could be\nrevocable on proof that the user had engaged in pirate activity. 2. 9. 10. Since contact printing equipment is not yet on the market or at least in a\nvery limited number only , such a measure would be effective and would not\nnecessarily imply the introduction of unreasonably burdensome bureaucratic\nprocedures. It could well be compared to the firearm licence in use in\nMember States with the qualification that the licence would be delivered to\nany person being a bona fide producer of pre-recorded DAT. 2. 9. 11. If a licensing scheme were to prove successful within the Community ,\nconsideration could then be given to persuading other countries to do\n\nlikewise. 2. 9. 12. 2. 9. 13. 2. 9. 14. - 87 -\n\nIn addition , even\n\nA considerable proportion\n\nMore generally , that piracy of copyrighted goods in the Community has a\nsignificant cross-frontier dimension is clear. of pirate goods sold in the Member States have been imported from the\ncountries both from within and outside the Community. when pirate products are produced in the Member State of sale , the\nprotected work may well have its origin in another Member State , having\nbeen procured or copied from a broadcast originating there. phenomenon is likely to increase as cross-frontier television broadcasting\nand cable transmission become increasingly common in the Community. Accordingly , strategies for the repression and prevention of piracy that\nare conceived exclusively within national frameworks are unlikely to prove\nsatisfactory. much of the problem and , in so far as they will be obliged to confront\npirate imports essentially at the national frontier , they risk having\nnegative effects on legitimate commerce between Member States. accordingly have a direct , and adverse , effect on the functioning of the\n\nSuch approaches will not be able to tackle the source of\n\nThis last\n\nThey could\n\ncommon market. A strong case can thus be made for concerted actions at Community level to\nreduce to the maximum extent possible production of pirated works by\nsources within the Community and trade in pirate products of whatever\nprovenance or origin. The main actions that might be taken follow from the\nanalysis already made. First , quite independently of the ratification of relevant international\nconventions , substantive rights should be enacted where they are lacking at\npresent , in particular , in favour of producers of films and sound and video\nrecordings , performing artists , broadcasters and cable operators. They\nshould be entitled to authorize the fixation and reproduction for\ncommercial purposes and the commercial distribution by way of sale\ntheir works ( see paragraphs 2. 6. 3. to 2. 6. 26. above ). 108\n\nof\n\n\f- 88 -\n\n2. 9. 15. 2. 9. 16. 2. 9. 17. Second , effective search and seizure procedures , subject to appropriate\nsafeguards , should generally be made available in both civil and criminal\nproceedings. powers , again subject to appropriate safeguards , to enforce disclosure of\nsources and destinations of pi rate products ( see paragraphs 2. 6. 27. to\n2. 6. 40. above ). Consideration should also be given to the general adoption of\n\nThird , consideration should be given to extending the Council Regulation on\nprohibiting the release for free circulation of counterfeit goods to\ninclude goods infringing copyrights. Now that the regulation has been\nadopted , experience will soon be gained as to its operation ( see paragraphs\n2. 6. 41. to 2. 6. 54. above ). Fourth , as regards remedies and sanctions , appropriate damages should be\navailable to those whose interests have been damaged ;\ninjunctive relief\nshould be available to deal with persistent offenders ; confiscation of\ninfringing goods and equipment used to produce them should be introduced\nwhere they are not possible at present ;\ncriminal offence , subject to public prosecution and entailing the\npossibility of imprisonment for serious or repeated offences ( see\nparagraphs 2. 6. 55. to 2. 6. 76. above ). and piracy should be treated as a\n\n\f89 -\n\n2. 9. 18. This involves both the removal of certain formal\n\nFifth , the efforts of rights holders and their organizations to develop\nstructures enabling them to act effectively against pirates should be\ndeveloped and encouraged , not least by the public authorities responding in\na reciprocal fashion. constraints on co-operation between public authorities and rights holders\nand , in addition , practical measures to improve the effectiveness of such\nco-operation while respecting the inevitable resource constraints on public\nadministrations. creation at national level of administrative focal points to facilitate\nco-operation both between concerned public agencies and between the\nadministration as a whole and rights holders and their organizations. Consideration might also be given to the creation by right holders'\norganizations of a register or registers of rights in protected works in a\ncomputerized form. The possibility of exploiting this information in order\nto strengthen customs controls should be explored in the context of the\nC. D. project for the co-ordinated development of computerized\nadministrative procedures ( see paragraphs 2. 7. 10. to 2. 7. 13. above ). In this context , consideration might be given to the\n\n2. 9. 19. 2. 9. 20. Sixth , co-operation between competent authorities should be promoted at\nnational , Community and international level. In this context , at the\nCommunity level , consideration should be given to an extension of the\nmutual assistance regime to include first counterfeit and then copyright\ninfringements ( see paragraph 2. 7. 18. above ). Finally , at the international level , the initiatives within GATT and\nCustoms Co-operation Council in this field should be actively supported by\nAt the same\nthe Community , while duplication of efforts should be avoided. time , consideration should be given to using more systematically the\nvarious channels open to the Community to influence countries which are\nknown to be sources of pirate products to act against the producers ( see\nparagraphs 2. 7. 19 to 2. 8. 10. above and chapter 7 below ). - 90 -\n\n2. 9. 21. Some of the actions listed above clearly call for formal legislative\nactivity by the Community 's institutions , for example , the extension at the\nappropriate time of the regulation on the release of counterfeit goods and\nthe mutual assistance regime. Equally clearly , some other actions are not\nlegislative in character , for example , the creation of administrative focal\npoints and the initiatives at the international level. actions as to which binding Community legislation would be possible , but as\nto which less formal , and probably less lengthy , responses may also be\npossible. Into this category fall the actions designed to assure the\ngeneral introduction of deterrent sanctions in respect of piracy , for\nexample. At this stage , however , the advantages in terms of legal security\noffered by a binding Community legal instrument seem to outweigh the\nadvantages of other techniques in so far as measures concerning the\navailability and legal enforcement of relevant intellectual property rights\n\nIn between , are\n\nare concerned. 2. 10. Summary\n\nWhereas measures to combat piracy outside the Community 's jurisdiction is\ndealt with in Chapter 7 on the Community 's external relations, the findings\nof the present chapter can be summarized as follows :\n\nThe repression of piracy of sound and video recordings in the Community\nrequires the existence of clear substantive legal provisions in favour of\nauthors, producers and performers and broadcasting organizations in respect\nof their right to authorize the reproduction for commercial purposes of\ntheir recordings and broadcasts. Such substantive legal provisions must be accompanied by appropriate\nprocedures facilitating legal action and proof against acts of piracy, in\nparticular provisions on search and seizure. - 91\n\nEfficient remedies must be at the disposal of right holders in infringement\ncases and dissuasive criminal sanctions available for dealing with , in\nparticular , organized professional piracy. Finally, an appropriate\norganizational framework permitting an effective cooperation between right\nholders and public authorities, in particular law enforcement authorities,\nmust exist. Specific measures, such as the control of commercial tape\nduplication equipment , should be adopted where appropriate. 2. 11. Conclusion\n\nThe Commission would accordingly welcome the views of interested parties on\nthe following matters. * The intention of the Commission to submit to the Council as a matter of\n\npriority a proposal for a binding legal instrument :\n\na ) requiring all Member States to provide , through one legal technique or\nanother , for rights for producers of cinematographic works, videograms\nand sound recordings to authorize the reproduction for commercial\npurposes of those works and their commercial distribution ;\n\nb ) requiring all Member States to provide rights for performing artists to\n\nauthorize the reproduction for commercial purposes of their fixed\nperformances and their commercial distribution ;\n\nc ) requiring all Member States to provide rights for organizations engaged\n\nin broadcasting to authorize the fixation and reproduction for\ncommercial purposes of their broaccasts , as welt as the commercial\ndistribution of such fixed broadcasts and the introduction of similar\n\nrights in respect of signals transmitted by cable in favour of cable\ntelevision operators ;\n\nd ) requiring the introduction in all Member States of regimes making the\npossession of digital audio tape commercial duplicating equipment\ndependent upon a licence to be delivered by a public authority and the\nmaintenance of a register or registers in respect of licensed equipment. * The intention of the Commission to submit to the Council in due course a\n\nproposal for a regulation :\n\n^\n\ne ) extending Council Regulation ( EEC ) no. 3842 / 86 laying down measures to\nprohibit the release for free circulation of counterfeit goods to cover\nequally goods under copyright ;\n\nf ) extending the mutual assistance regime to include first counterfeit and\n\nthen copyright infringements ;\n\n* The desirability of :\n\n^\n\ng ) recommending to Member States-to provide for rights for authors ,\n\nproducers of phonograms and videograms and performers to request public\nprosecution in respect of acts of piracy ;\n\nh ) recommending to Member States the introduction of minimum requirements\n\nas regards search and seizure procedures in cases of suspected piracy of\ncopyright goods ;\n\ni ) recommending to Member States the introduction of minimum requirements\n\nas to criminal sanctions and civil remedies ;\n\nj ) creating at the appropriate Community or international level a register\nor registers , financed by right holders , of rights in sound recordings ,\nvideo recordings and feature films , eventually linked to the C. D. project. k ) setting up an agreement at an international level on the seizure of\ncounterfeit goods , applicable not only as regards the counterfeit of\ntrade marks but also as regards other intellectual property rights\nincluding copyright and related rights. - 93 -\n\nL ) the inclusion in such an agreement of measures relating not only to the\nimportation of counterfeit goods but also on their exportation and of\nmeasures to be taken within the country where the goods are produced or\ncommercialized. 2. 12. Timetable for subnissions\n\n2. 12. 1. General comments on Chapter 2 should be submitted to the Commission no\nHowever , given the urgency of the matter ,\nlater than 1 December 1988. comments on the control of digital commercial duplicating equipment are\nrequested by the end of July 1988. - 94 -\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n0J No. C 204 of 3 August 1984 , page 1. Statement by Mr. Clive Bradley of the United Kingdom Publishers\nAssociation to the WIP0 Worldwide Forum on the Piracy of Broadcasts and\nthe Printed Word , Geneva , March 1983 ( PF / 11 / S / 2 ). Statement of the United Kingdom Publishers Association to the\nCommission , 7 January 1987. Piracy of Phonograms by Gillian Davies , second edition 1984 , Commission\ndocument SG / Culture / 52 / 84. As many as 90% of releases do not make a profit , see Music and Video\nPiracy in the EEC , IFPI 1984. Source : Extent of piracy of sound recordings worldwide in 1984. IFPI\n1985. See Chapter 4 on rental rights. There seems to be a clear link between a\nlow level of piracy and the existence of rights of the author to\nauthorize the rental of videograms. See Chapter 4. Since the rental may be considered illegal , many \" rental \" contracts in\nthe United States present themselves as arrangements for pre-viewing\nprior to possible purchase. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works\nis in the present context more important than the Universal Copyright\nConvention ( UCC ), to which all Community Member States also adhere ,\nbecause the Berne Convention in contrast to the Universal Copyright\nConvention contains an important catalogue of minimum rights. Art icle 2(1 ). This chapter is concerned with piracy as defined in paragraph 1 above. It does not address itself to provisions concerning re-broadcast or\nre-transmission of signals which are discussed in the green paper\n\" Television\n\nwithout frontiers \", June 1984 , COM ( 84 ) 300 final. See paragraph 2. 1. 4. above. See article 63-1 of Law no. 85-660 of 3 July 1985. See article 45 of the copyright law 1912 as amended by Law of 30 May\n1985 ( Staatsblad no. 307 of June 18 , 1985 ). - 95 -\n\nCopyright , Designs and Patents Bill ( H. L. 12 ) of 28 October 1987 ,\nsection 175-177. See Bill presented by Mr. Desmarets and others of 29 May 1986. Senate\n1985-1986 , p. 282 and Bill Nr. 615 of 18 July 1987 presented by Mr. Lallemand and others. Law no. 1075 / 1980 of 23 September 1980. Ley de propiedad intelectual no. 22 / 87 of 11 November 1987 , Boletin\nOficial del Estado no. 275 of 17 November 1987. See also Piracy of copyright protected works , Interim Report of the\nInterdepartmental Working Group on Piracy , 1984 , pages 28 and 29. Code of Copyright and Related Rights ( No. 45 / 85 , 17 September 1985 ). The question of the compatibility of the new Portuguese law with the EEC\nTreaty is not considered here. The matter is under discussion with the\nPortuguese authorities. See Resolution of 24 July 1984 of the representatives of the governments\nof the Member States on measures to combat audio-visual piracy , 0J No. C 204 of 3 August 1984 , page 1. For a general discussion of issues related to recording for private\npurposes , see Chapter 3. Cable and Broadcasting Act 1984 , section 22. See Bill of 29 May 1986 , loc. cit. 27. loc. cit. 28\n\n29\n\n30\n\n31\n\n32\n\n33\n\n34\n\n35\n\n36\n\n37\n\nLetter of 9 November 1984 from the Minister of Justice to the Chairman\nof the Second Chamber ; Piracy of copyright protected works , loc. cit. p. 28. Law no. 274 of 6 June 1985. \" Retsplejeloven \". Section 94 and following of the Strafprozessordnung. Law of 24 June 1985 , Bundesgesetzblatt no. 33 of 27 June 1985. Law no. 85-660 of 3 July 1985 , article 52. '\n\nSee the passage below concerning the United Kingdom , paragraph 2. 6. 39. See House of Spring Gardens Ltd , v. Point Blank Ltd , ,\n\n( 1980 ) FSR 359. Societa italiana degli autori ed editori. Pretura Roma , 9 May 1947 published in Foro Italiano 1947- 1 -871 and 1 May\n1955 in Diritto commerciale, 1956- 11 - 69. - 96 -\n\nMario Fabiani , Il Diritto di Autore Nella Giurisprudenza , Cedam Padova\n1972 , page 220. Law no. 45 / 85 of 17 September 1985 , article 201. ( 1976 )\n\n1 WLR 162. See also the Supreme Court Act 1981 , section 72. See EMI Ltd v. Sarwar and Haidan ( 1977 ) FSR 146 and the Supreme Court\nAct 1981 , section 72. See CBS United Kingdom Ltd , v. Lambert ( 1983 ) FSR 127 and the Supreme\nCourt Act 1981 , section 37. Copyright ( Amendment ) Act 1983 ( 1983 c. 42 ), 13 May 1983. Copyright ( Computer Software ) Amendment Act 1985 ( 1985 c. 41 ), 16. July\n1985. Bill ( H. L. 12 ) loc. cit. , sections 89 and 104. See RCA Corporation v. Pollard ( 1983 ) FSR 9 and Shelley v. Cunane ( 1983\nFSR 390 ). Bill ( H. L. 12 ) loc. cit. , sections 177 and 183. Council Regulation ( EEC ) No. 3842 / 86 of 1 December 1986 laying down\nmeasures to prohibit the release for free circulation of counterfeit\ngoods , O. J. No. L 357 / 1 of 18 December 1986. See Article 28 of the Trade Mark Law of 5 May 1936 , as revised on\n2 January 1968 and Article 2 of the Law ratifying the Madrid Agreement\nfor the Prevention of False and Misleading Indications as basis for\ncustoms seizure in some cases of piracy. Art icle 16. See Davies , op. cit. , p. 69. Articles 425 , 427 et seq. See Davies , op \u25a0 cit. , p. 63. See Davies , op. cit. , p. 71. Article 57 of the Customs Law. Law no. 1322 of 15 December 1954 , Chapter II B 1 and 2 ; Article 303 of\nthe Customs Law , no. 43 of 23 January 1973 and Article 483 of the Penal\nCode. See Davies , op. cit. , p. 81. Piracy of copyright works , Interim Report by the Interministerial\nWorking Group , August 1984. Law decree no. 30679 of 24 August 1940. 45\n\n46\n\n47\n\n48\n\n49\n\n50\n\n51\n\n52\n\n53\n\n54\n\n55\n\n\f- 97 -\n\nBill ( H. L. 12 ), loc. cit. section 102. See Davies, op. c i t. , p. 88. For a possible solution to one of these difficulties , see paragraphs\n2. 7. 13. and 2. 7. 18. Council Regulation ( EEC ) No. 3842 / 86 of 1 December 1986 laying down\nmeasures to prohibit the release for free circulation of counterfeit\ngoods. O. J. no. L 357/ 1 of 18 December 1986. See paragraph 2. 6. 39 supra. Copyright Act 1963 sections 22 and 24. Copyright Act 1956 sections 17 and 18. Bill (H. L. 12 ) loc. cit. , section 87. See Article 682 and 691 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Loc. cit. , articles 123 and 126. See P. Chesnais at p. 366 of International Copyright and Neighbouring\nrights , ed. S. M. Stewart , 1983. loc. cit. See paragraph 2. 6. 68. below. See Article 57 of the law no. 85-660 of 3 July 1985 and Article 73 of\nthe Law of 1957 on literary and artistic works. O. J. no. C 204 of 3 August 1984. Copyright ( Amendment ) Act 1983. Law no. 274 of 6 June 1985. Law of 24 June 1985. Law no. 85-660 of 3 July 1985. Law 45 / 85 of 17 September 1985. Law no. 406 of 29 July 1981. Law no. 400 of 20 July 1985. See Piracy of copyright protected works , op. cit. Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration internationale des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d' auteurs et compositeurs. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration internationale des associations de producteurs de Films\n( FIAPF ) and F\u00e9d\u00e9ration europ\u00e9enne des r\u00e9alisateurs de l' audiovisuel\n( FERA ). 60\n\n61\n\n62\n\n63\n\n64\n\n65\n\n66\n\n67\n\n68\n\n69\n\n70\n\n71\n\n72\n\n73\n\n74\n\n75\n\n76\n\n77\n\n78\n\n79\n\n80\n\n81\n\n82\n\n83\n\n84\n\n\f- 98 -\n\n85\n\nF\u00e9d\u00e9ration internationale des associations de distributeurs des films\n( FIAD ). 86. ,\n\n\u2022\n\ni\n\n\u201e 1. 1\n\n\u2022\n\ni_. _ ^\n\nInternational Publishers Association and Organisation internationale\nd'editeurs de presse. _. 87 European Broadcasting Union. 88\n\nInternational Federation of Actors and International Federation of\nMusicians. 89\n\n92\n\n93\n\n94\n\n95\n\n96\n\n97\n\nStatement by the JAPIG representative to the Council Working Party ; 25\nJune 1985. See paragraphs 2. 6. 41 , 2. 6. 54. and 2. 6. 75 - 2. 6. 76. above. Proposal for a fifth Council Directive for the purposes of co-ordinating\ncertain laws , regulations and administrative provisions concerning the\nfilm industry , O. J. No. C 106 / 23 of 23 October 1971. The Commission 's proposal was formally withdrawn in 1981. O. J. No. C 15 / 1 of 16 January 1985. Decision 86 / 23 / EEC , OJ no. L 33 / 28 of 8 February 1986. See Statement of Mr. A. Waldman on behalf of Interpol to the WIP0\nWorldwide Forum on the Piracy of Sound and Audiovisual Recordings ,\nGeneva , March 1981 ( PF1 / 15 ). \u201e\n\nSee paragraph 2. 6. 54. above. Council Regulation ( EEC ) No. 1468 / 81 of 19 May 1981 , O. J. No. L 144 / 1 of\n2 June 1981. Paragraph 5. 6. 4. 2. of the Commission 's communication suggests , under\nsystems interconnection , \" real time exchanges of data required for\nmutual assistance and other purposes \". Study on the Role of the Customs in Implementing Intellectual Property\nLaw , 30 October 1984 , TE7 - 80108. 1 Administered by UNESCO , WIP0 and, because of the element of protection\nof performers in the convention , by the ILO. 101\n\n102\n\n103\n\n104\n\n105\n\n106\n\n107\n\n108\n\nDocument IL0 / UNESC0 / WIP0 / ICR 7 / 11 of 1979. Document IL0 / UNESC0 / WIP0 / ICR 8 / 7 of 1981. WIP0 PF / I / 21 of 27 Mar ch 1981. PF / II / 9 of 18 March 1983. Document UNESC0 / WIP0 / CGE / AWP / 4. Council of Europe , Document CMC(84)6. Recommendation no. R(88)2 of 18 January 1988. For issues concerning rental , see Chapter 4. - 99 -\n\nCHAPTER 3 : AUDIO-VISUAL HONE C0PYIN6. 3. 1. Introduction\n\n3. 1. 1. The term \" audio-visual \" is used throughout this chapter to denote both\nsound and visual works. Where reproduction without permission of protected\naudio-visual works takes place for commercial purposes , it is a clear\ncopyright infringement. For this , the term \" piracy\" has been used in this\ndocument. The problem of piracy and possible Community responses have been\ndiscussed in the preceding chapter. The present chapter deals with the\nunauthorized reproduction of audio-visual material in the home , that is ,\nreproduction by the individual consumer to satisfy his personal needs ,\nwithout reference to the owner of the rights in the work for permission to\ncopy. This chapter does not deal with reproduction of audio-visual material\nin the \" semi-private \" sphere , that is , for example , in institutions such as\neducational establishments. Copying of audio-visual material in such\ncircumstances raises different issues from home copying and is relevant to\nthe discussion of the issues raised in this chapter only in so far as the\napproach taken to home copying may have implications for copying in these\n\nother contexts. 3. 1. 2. Until recently , the audio-visual material in question consisted of sound\nand video recordings , radio and television broadcasts and cable\ntransmissions. Recent technical developments seem likely to broaden the\nrange of material to include various kinds of information , possibly\ntogether with images and sound , recorded digitally on a support of one kind\nor another. These developments need to be taken into account. 3. 1. 3. The topic of audio-visual home copying is ripe for discussion at Community\nlevel for a number of reasons. - 100-\n\n3. 1. 4. 3. 1. 5. 3. 1. 6. First , some of the industries most concerned have brought claims to the\nattention of their national governments and to the Commission and other\ninternational bodies. These claims relate to the alleged economic harm done\nto their activities by the practice of home copying , to the negative effect\non right owners generally and to the need for greater protection against\nwhat they consider to be infringement of rights. Recently , developments in\ntechnology such as digital audio tape recorders have given new impetus to\nsuch claims. In turn , the claims have provoked counterclaims from interests\nthat view home copying as on balance positive. Second , the claims for greater protection have resulted in a number of\nmeasures being introduced at national level by some , but not all , Member\nStates , and by a number of trading partners among non-Member States , in\norder to compensate right owners by means of taxes or levies. This has\ncreated new divergences in intellectual property law among Member States\nover and above those already existing for long standing , historical\nreasons. Concern has been expressed that the divergences may have\nsignificant , negative effects on the functioning of the internal market. Third , new technical developments are increasing the ease and\nattractiveness of home copying of audio-visual material : high speed\ncopying , improvements in the quality of home made copies , and now the\narrival of digital audio tape recording ( DAT ) with its capacity for making\nperfect copies both rapidly and cheaply have raised new questions as to how\ncopyright laws should deal with the matter. In addition , in opening up new\npossibilities for the creation of innovative kinds of audio-visual work ,\ntechnical developments have raised the question of how the considerable\ninvestment of time , effort and money needed for the creation of such works\ncan be secured if an entire work on the scale of an encyclopedia can be\nperfectly , rapidly and cheaply copied by machines accessible to almost\n\nanyone. - 101\n\n3. 2. The early development of home copying. 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 2. The early machines for playing phonograms were unable to make recordings of\nsound. They could only be used to play the phonograms which the consumer\nhad purchased or borrowed. Home , copying first became widespread when the\nmarketing of cassette tape recorders permitted the ordinary consumer to\nobtain relatively cheap and easily managed equipment to transfer recorded\nsound from one support to another , perhaps editing it in the process. The compact cassette also gave the consumer the freedom to carry sound\nrecordings around from place to place and to compile selections of\nfavourite tracks for use in cars or elsewhere outside the home. Compared\nwith its predecessor , the black vinyl disc , easily damaged and requiring\ncumbersome playing equipment , or even by comparison with the reels of tape\nfor use on reel to reel recorders , the compact cassette marked a revolution\nin the popular music field , soon gaining popularity at the expense\nprimarily of the vinyl disc. 3. 2. 3. It was some time , however , before a full range of titles became available\nin pre-recorded cassette form. Moreover , the quality of blank tape used in\nthe early stages did not always match up to the sound quality of the black\nvinyl record , and not surprisingly , the consumer soon learned to make his\nown cassette recordings using a better quality of blank tape to copy his\nown or borrowed records or to record off the air from broadcasts. 3. 2. 4. The video cassette recorder ( VCR ) permits the play back of pre-recorded\nmaterial and the recording of both sounds and images , primarily , in the\nfirst instance at least , from television broadcasts. 3. 2. 5. In 1983 the launch of compact disc again re-introduced the concept of\nplay-only machines , but with a greatly enhanced sound quality and\ndurability compared with the vinyl record. Re-usable optical discs which\nwould allow the transfer of material from one compact disc to another have\nnot yet been commercialized for home use , although developments in this\nfield seem promising. - 102-\n\n3. 3. The international legal framework\n\n3. 3. 1. The Berne Convention\nin its 1967 revised Stockholm text contains in\nArticle 9(1 ) the basic copyright principle that authors shall have the\nexclusive right of authorizing the reproduction of their works in any\nmanner or form. It was however clear , even in 1967, in spite of the\nemerging popularity of audio visual media and the corresponding risk of an\nincrease in the practice of home taping , that this principle could not be\nupheld without exception , in particular in respect of private use. Therefore it was felt necessary to find a means by which copying which\ntook place in the private sphere could continue. Such copying would be in\nany event , uncontrollable , but it was believed that Member States should\nbe free to permit certain kinds of reproduction where the authors'\ninterests would not be unreasonably prejudiced. The wording of the\nexception clause within the framework of an international treaty had\nnecessarily to be fairly general to find approval by all signatory States. Consequently the following was laid down in Article 9(2 )\n\n:\n\n\" It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of\nthe Union to permit the reproduction of such works in\ncertain special cases ,\nprovided that such reproduction\ndoes not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work\nlegitimate\nnot\nand\ninterests of the author \". unreasonably\n\nprejudice\n\ndoes\n\nthe\n\nThis wording leaves States which are signatories to the Berne Convention\nfairly wide room for manoeuvre and it is consequently not surprising that\nthe legal position has developed in somewhat different directions in the\nMember States. 103 -\n\n3. 3. 2. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. Thus , the absence of provisions in the older copyright laws of some Member\nStates , and the failure of the Berne Convention to deal explicitly with the\nquestion of home copying should be situated in the context of the evolution\nof home copying described above. Even after the 1967 revision of the Berne\nConvention , it was some time before legislation was introduced in a number\nof Member States in response to growing pressure from the recording\nindustry to provide remuneration for right holders for acts of home\ncopying. No actions have yet been brought by right holders against individual home\ntapers within the Community. In the absence of either express provisions in\nnational legislations or of case law , the issue of the legality of home\ntaping remains unclear in a number of Member States. However , in those Member States which have introduced levy or tax systems\nto provide remuneration for acts of home copying , it would seem evident\nthat in return for such payment , home copying is then permitted. There does\nnot seem to be any indication of a trend in Member States towards expressly\npermitting home copying per se ( without remuneration ) within present\ninterpretations of Article 9(2 ) of the Berne Convention. 3. 4. The legal position in the Member States\n\n3. 4. 1. The positions taken in Member States may be defined as follows :\n\n- in one group of States , the position is undefined by national legislation\nor is defined so broadly that some interested parties have claimed that\nhome copying might be interpreted as not permitted under the relevant\nprovisions. There are no known cases to prove the validity of this. interpretation , and given the likelihood that a Court in a Member State\n\nwould prefer not to intervene in what an individual does in his own home ,\nthe situation in these Member States is at best theoretical ;\n\n\f- 104 -\n\n- in a second group of States , express provision has been made to permit\n\nhome copying , either free of charge under the general exception provision\ncontained within Article 9(2 ) of the Berne Convention or against\nremuneration where levy schemes have been brought in. Member States appearing to treat home copying as an infringement of\ncopyright or relevant neighbouring rights\n\n3. 4. 2. In Ireland and the United Kingdom , the producers of both cinematographic\nfilms , a concept that includes video tapes and discs , and of sound\nrecordings have the exclusive right to authorize their reproduction. In\naddition, any recorded literary , musical and dramatic works are also\nprotected against unauthorized reproduction subject to fair dealing\nprovisions that are unlikely to be applicable to the activities of the\ntypical home copier^. Belgium, Greece and Luxembourg make no provision for\nfair dealing or private use and accordingly unauthorized reproduction would\nappear to infringe relevant rights. Italy makes provision of a narrow kind\nfor private copying of protected works for the personal use of \" readers\"\nprovided the copying is done manually or by some means unsuitable for\npublic diffusion'5. It is difficult to see how the home copier of sound or\nvideo recordings could successfully rely on this provision. Member States appearing to treat home copying as permitted under national\nlegis lati on\n\n3. 4. 3. In the Netherlands , home copying of audio-visual recordings is permitted. The copyright law provides for the making of a limited number of copies of\nprotected works^ for the sole purpose of the personal practice, study or\nuse of the person who makes the copies or who orders them to be made^. The\npermission to cause a third party to make a copy for this private purpose\ndoes not extend to reproductions made by recording a work in whole or in\npart on an article intended for causing the work to be heard or seen. Nevertheless the result is that home copying of sound and video recordings\nby persons for their own personal use in not at this time considered an\ninfringement of Dutch copyright law. 3. 4. 4. 3. 4. 5. - 105 -\n\nSimilarly , in Denmark , Germany , Spain, France and Portugal copying of\naudio-visual recordings for private use is explicitly permitted by relevant\nlegislation0. Moreover , in Germany, Spain, France and Portugal provision is\nalso made for compensation of right holders other than broadcasting\norganizations for the private copying of their works. Article 54 of the German copyright law , as amended by Law no. 33 of 27 June\n1985\nprovides that certain right holders can claim remuneration through\na collecting society for the opportunity to make copies of their works for\npersonal use on video or sound supports. The right holders in question are\nauthors , performers and record producers. Broadcasting organizations have,\nhowever , been excluded from the scope of application of the provision\nThis remuneration is financed by means of a levy both on recording\nequipment and on blank tape. The levy has been fixed at 2. 50 DM ( 1. 20 ECU )\non audiorecorders and at 18 DM ( 8. 66 ECU ) on videorecorders. The levy on\ntape has been fixed at 0. 12 DM ( 0. 06 ECU ) per hour playing time for\naudiotape and at 0. 17 DM ( 0. 08 ECU ) per hour playing time for videotape. The proceeds of the levy are divided between the relevant right holders. 8. 3. 4. 6. o\n\nTitle III of the French law of 3 July 1985 on the amendment of the\ncopyright law\nprovides that right holders shall have the right to receive\nremuneration for the private reproduction of phonograms and videograms. The\nright holders in question are authors , performers and producers of\nphonograms and videograms. To provide a source of remuneration , a levy has\nbeen imposed on blank recording tapes , the proceeds of which are paid to a\ncollecting society to be divided between the various right holders. - 106 -\n\n3. 4. 7. 3. 4. 8. 3. 4. 9. While the law establishes the principle that the levy shall be calculated\non the basis of playing time , the size of the levy and certain technical\ndetails as to its collection and the distribution of the proceeds are\ndecided by a commission composed of representatives of the various\ninterests involved. This commission decided\n1. 50 FF ( 0. 17 ECU ) per hour playing time for audiotape and 2. 25 FF ( 0. 33\nECU ) per hour playing time for videotape. For reproduction of audio\nmaterial , authors are to receive one half , whereas performers and producers\neach receive one quarter of the total proceeds. From the levy on\nvideotapes , the three groups mentioned each receive one third of the\nproceeds. that the levy is to be\n\n10\n\n11\n\nIn Denmark , the Copyright Law Committee suggested in a report completed in\n1982\nthat a levy should be introduced on audio and videotape to\ncompensate certain right holders for private reproduction. The right\nholders in question were , according to the proposal , to be authors ,\nperformers and phonogram producers. However , by Law no. 257 of 9 June 1982 ,\nthe Parliament introduced a new fiscal measure applicable to both\nvideorecorders and videotapes , subsequently repealed as to videotapes by\nLaw no. 184 of 9 April 1987. No bill has yet been introduced concerning a\ncopyright levy. 12\n\nprovides in Article 82 for a\n\nIn Portugal , the new copyright law of 1985\nlevy to promote cultural activities and compensate authors , artists and\nproducers of phonograms and videograms but not broadcasters. The levy is to\nbe imposed on all forms of recording and reprographic equipment and\nsupports. The amount of the levy and the precise manner in which it is to\nbe applied are to be fixed by a decree which has not yet been adopted. The\nprovision thus at present has the character of a programme for future\naction rather than a directly applicable system. 3. 4. 10. 3. 4. 11. 3. 4. 12. - 107 -\n\n13\n\nIn Spain a new comprehensive Copyright Law\nprovisions making reproduction for private use legitimate against\ncompensation to right owners , to be financed through a levy on blank tape\nand recording equipment. Detailed rules on the amount of the levy and the\nshare of different groups of right holders in the proceeds of the levy are\nto be laid down in administrative regulations. contains in Article 25\n\nRadio and television broadcasts and cable transmissions\n\n15\n\nof home copying of broadcasts as such and , in the United. However , since the\n\nAs to home copying of radio and television broadcasts and cable\ntransmissions , the legal position is broadly similar to that of audio\u00ac\nvisual recordings though some differences also exist. One notable legal\nand the United\ndifference concerns the general admission in Ireland\nKingdom\nKingdom, of programmes transmitted by cable\nprogrammes being broadcast or transmitted frequently involve the use of\nprotected works to which only the much more limited fair dealing exceptions\napply\nreduced. Of much greater significance in both law and fact is the exclusion\nof broadcasters from participation in the proceeds of the levy schemes in\nGermany , Spain , France and Portugal. , the practical significance of this legal distinction is much\n\n16\n\n17\n\n14\n\nNevertheless , whatever the detail of the differences , the essential result\nis that in one group of States private copying of audio-visual material\nbeing broadcast or transmitted by cable is interpreted as lawful , while in\nothers it normally is not. Thus in Denmark\nFrance\ncopying, while in the Netherlands broadcasts , cable transmissions and sound\nrecordings are not protected by copyright or a neighbouring right at all ,\nand private copying of broadcast works is expressly authorized\n\nexpress provision is made authorizing private\n\nand Portugal\n\n\u00ab\n, Spain\n\n, Germany. 22\n\n, _\n\n19\n\n20\n\n18\n\n23\n\n21\n\n,\n\n_. -108-\n\nOn the other hand , in Belgium, Greece , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg and the\nUnited Kingdom, private copying is not expressly authorized , except for\nbroadcasts as such in Ireland and the United Kingdom and cable\ntransmissions in the latter country. However , as has been seen , these\nexceptions are of limited significance given that programmes frequently\ninvolve the use of protected works. The status of cable transmissions may\nbe uncertain in some countries , however , particularly if the programme\nbeing transmitted is not being broadcast over the air either simultaneously\nor at all. But for the purposes of the present discussion of private\ncopying this complex question will not be further explored. 24\n\nBefore concluding this summary of the present legal position , however , it\nshould be noted that relevant international agreements , namely, in addition\nto the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic\nworks\nphonograms and broadcasting organizations\n, all contain provisions which\nthe protection of television broadcasts\nallow Member States to permit exceptions to be made for private copying. , the Rome Convention for the protection of performers , producers of\nand the European Agreement on\n\n26\n\nLegislative trends in the Member States\nReference has already been made to the laws recently adopted in Germany ,\nSpain , France and Portugal as a response to the problem of private copying. Consideration is also being given to legislative reforms in this respect in\nother Member States. It would appear that in those Member States which have\nintroduced or which are contemplating the introduction of a levy on blank\ntapes\nthe average level of such levy amounts to around 8-10% of the sales\nprice of a blank audio tape. 27\n\nwas introduced in the Senate in May\n\nIn Belgium , a Private Members Bill\n1986 permitting reproduction for private purposes of audio-visual works\nagainst compensation to right owners. The compensation was to be financed\nthrough a levy on recording equipment and blank tape. A second Bill has\nrecently been introduced in the Senate\nthe levy is to be fixed at 8% of the sales price , the proceeds to be\ndivided 50% to producers , authors and performers and 50% to promote\ncultural activities and train performers. , according to which the size of\n\n28\n\n3. 4. 13. 3. 4. 14. 3. 4. 15. - 109 -\n\n3. 4. 16. For Denmark , reference has already been made in paragraph 3. 4. 12. to the\nproposal of the Copyright Committee in respect of a blank tape levy. The\nproposal has not however made tangible progress towards becoming law. 3. 4. 17. 3. 4. 18. 3. 4. 19. has been considered for some time. In Italy , an amendment of the existing provision of the Copyright Law\n29\npermitting reproduction \"by hand\"\nPending a final government position , a Private Members Bill was introduced\nto the Parliament in July 1986 ^ proposing to make home audio and video\ncopying legitimate against a levy on recording equipment and blank tape. The proposal , which is expected to be re-introduced in the new Parliament ,\nis sufficiently recent that relatively new equipment , such as twin-cassette\ndeck tape recorders , has been taken into consideration and for those a high\nlevy has been proposed. In the Netherlands , a government memorandum favourable to the introduction\nof private copying royalties was issued in February 1987 and a bill has\nbeen approved by the Council of Ministers on 23 October 1987 and is now\nawaiting adoption by Parliament. In the United Kingdom, the government has decided against the introduction\nof a blank tape levy in the Copyright Designs and Patents Bill published on\nThe Minister of Trade and Industry indicated that it was\n28 October 1987. felt that the levy proposals went beyond the principle of the Government\nproviding legal protection to the intel lectual property of a creative\nartist , and that any financial benefit to copyright owners and performers\nwould be outweighed by the adverse effects the levy would have had on\nconsumers , especially visually handicapped people. 3. 5. Hoae copying in practice\n\n3. 5. 1. The increasing facility with which home recordings can be made and their\nsteadily improving quality has for some time caused understandable concern\nto the relevant right holders , who claim that the practice of home taping\nis not only harmful but also, according to their interpretation of national\nlegislation and international conventions , unlawful. - 110 -\n\n3. 5. 2. Whether it is in fact lawful or not , however , the private copying of\naudio-visual recordings and programmes is clearly a common practice. 3. 5. 3. 3. 5. 4. 3. 5. 5. Much statistical information has been made available to the Commission from\ninterested industries and organizations on the size and evolution of the\nmarket for audio-visual recordings , blank recording tape and recording\nequipment. Many studies have also been submitted by the numerous interest groups\ninvolved in the home taping issue in support of their claims. To refer in\ndetail to all these studies and submissions would undesirably extend the\nlength of this document. The main arguments which they contain are,\nhowever , summarized in the sections which follow. The market for recording equipment , blank tape and audio-visual recordings\n\nStudies submitted to the Commission show that although sound recording\nequipment has been on the market for a long time , a high penetration did\nnot take place before the marketing of the cassette recorder which is easy\nto use and cheap to acquire. In larger Member States like Germany, France\nand the United Kingdom, over 70% of private households possess at least one. Figures from smaller countries but with the same degree of\nrecorder\nindustrialization point to the same level of penetration. Audio cassette\nrecorders are indeed today within the reach of almost everyone , even those\nof modest means. Many manufacturers include portable and in-car recorders\nand players among their range of products. 31\n\n3. 5. 6. These sound recording facilities are certainly used , as available figures\non sales of blank tape clearly show. Sales of tape increased steadily year\nby year from 1977 through 1985 , reaching particularly high levels in\nGermany and the United Kingdom and for the Community as a whole ( 286\nmillion units in 1985 )\n\n\f- 111\n\n3. 5. 7. As to video recording , being a more recent phenomenon , it has yet to\ndevelop on the same scale as audio recording. In addition , the\nsubstantially higher price of video recording equipment is a constraining\nfactor. Nevertheless , such figures as are available show expanding\npenetration of video recorders in households throughout the Community ,\nparticularly in Germany , France and the United Kingdom where approximately. Likewise , available\n40% of all households possess at least one VCR\nfigures show that sales of blank video tape have increased steadily in\nrecent years , again reaching particularly high levels in Germany and the. The increasing miniaturization and portability of video\nUnited Kingdom\nequipment indicate that it may in time occupy a position similar to that of\nportable sound recording / playing equipment. 34\n\n3. 5. 8. As to sales of sound and video recordings , the main trends appear to have\nbeen the following. 3. 5. 9. Sales of long playing vinyl discs in the Community have fallen steadily\nfrom their peak of 350 million units in 1978 to approximately 211 million\nA similar trend is apparent in the USA. Moreover , in\nunits in 1985\nspite of the general increase in costs and prices in recent years , the\ntotal world sales of all kinds of recording have remained constant from\n1981 to 1985 at about 12 billion US dollars or 9. 6 billion ECU. However , a\ncloser examination of the available data reveals more positive features. 3. 5. 10. - 112 -\n\nInitially , the decline in vinyl disc sales was not fully compensated by\nincreases in sales of other forms of recording such as pre-recorded\ncassettes. However , beginning in 1983 , and more obviously from 1985 , sales\nof compact discs appear to be redressing the situation. Just as the compact\ncassette offered major advantages of portability and a copying facility\nover its predecessor , the vinyl disc , so the CD offers its own advantages\nof greatly enhanced sound quality and resistance to damage , thanks to the\nuse of digital recording techniques and its laser \" reading\" technology. Some manufacturers were hesitant to embrace the new technology and\npenetration of the market by CD was initally slow. Investment costs in CD\npressing plants were high but industry is now beginning to recoup some of\nthat investment as sales of CDs have risen dramatically over the past two\nyears. For 1986 , it is estimated that CD sales world-wide amount to 140\nmillion units , more than double the preceding year and , largely as a result\nof this increase , total world sales of all sound recordings amount to 12. 75\nbillion dollars or 10. 2 billion ECU\n\n3. 5. 11. The turnover in pre-recorded video cassettes shows a different trend. On\nthe one hand , the penetration of the video cassette recorder is still lower\nthan that of the record player or the cassette player and the degree of\npenetration is very different from one Member State to another. On the\nother hand, in the Member States with a high degree of penetration ,\nprimarily Germany and the United Kingdom, the sector shows a healthy\ndevelopment in the sense that in recent years the annual increase in\nturnover , comprising both sale and rental of video cassettes , has been\nestimated to be in the neighbourhood of 20%\n\n\f113 -\n\n3. 5. 12. The evolution of new recording techniques has thus naturally produced\nchanges in the market for recorded material. There is no sign of this\ntendency coming to an end or even slowing down as new recording media are\nunder development that are likely to modify the situation further. These\ninclude digital tape recording ; compact discs used for data storage\n( CD-ROM , that is , compact disc-read only memory ); compact discs for video\n( CD-V )\nrelation to the recorded material ( CD-I , that is , compact disc-interactive )\nand the forthcoming re-usable , optical disc. ; compact discs that permit the user to have an active role in\n\n38\n\n3. 5. 13. Thus as the relationships between the different parts of the audio-visual\nrecording market become closer and interfaces develop with other\ncommunication and information management systems , so it becomes\nincreasingly important to find the appropriate means for protecting\nrelevant copyrights while allowing these dynamic technologies to evolve in\na way that is most beneficial to the producer and consumer alike. The effect of home copying on the market for audio-visual recordings\n\n3. 5. 14. The extent to which the decline in sales of the vinyl disc and the absence\nof growth in the world sound recording market from 1981 to 1985 can be\nattributed to home copying is far from clear. Many factors other than home\ncopying were certainly present which could account for the results. Even if\nit is accepted that home sound and video recording is an increasingly\ncommon practice , as the figures on sales of recording equipment and blank\ntape confirm, questions remain as to whether the recordings made are of\nprotected works and, if so , whether they have a negative impact on the\nnormal exploitation of those works. Since home copying is by its nature a\nprivate act , a clear picture is difficult to draw. - 114 -\n\n3. 5. 15. 3. 5. 16. 3. 5. 17. As far as sound recordings are concerned , such survey evidence as is\navailable suggests that while a proportion of home recording does not\nconcern protected material , much of it does. European surveys indicate , for\nexample , that in France 95% of all recordings concerned artistic works , and\nthat 70% were made from sound recordings on disc or tape , a further 28%\nbeing made from radio and television\nthe United Kingdom showed that 84% of recordings were of music , made mainly. A more recent\nfrom discs ( 70% ), radio ( 21% ) and pre-recorded tapes ( 6% )\nEuropean study confirms that most home sound recordings are of music , the\nmost common source being discs and the radio. Likewise a survey carried out in\n\n39\n\n40\n\n41. A survey carried out in the USA in 1982 indicated a substantially lower\nlevel of home copying of recorded music , which highlights how difficult it\nis to arrive at general conclusions about home copying practices. Even so,\nit indicated that such copying constituted almost half ( 48% ) of the total\nuse made of audio tapes in the relevant period\n\n42\n\nAs to video, available evidence indicates that in earlier years nearly all\nhome recordings were made from television , with films and entertainment\nforming the major part of the subject matter. A French study indicated that\n92% of private video recordings were made from television , with a further. Of the total number of\n4% to 5% being made from pre-recorded material\nrecordings made , 65% were of films followed by 12% consisting of variety\nprogrammes. A more recent survey has confirmed that nearly all video\nrecording is in fact made from television. Further it showed that in France\n83% of respondents had recorded a film during the week preceding the\nsurvey ; in Germany , 67% of respondents and in the United Kingdom, 56% of\nrespondents. Entertainment programmes were also popular , recordings having\nbeen made in the preceding week by 22% of respondents in France, 34% in\nGermany and 52% in the United Kingdom\n\n44\n\n\f- 115 -\n\n3. 5. 18. 3. 5. 19. The most recent survey , Limited to Germany however , indicates a growing\ntrend to use video cassette recorders for reproduction of pre-recorded\nmaterial , in particular , feature films which often are exchanged with\nfriends\ntelevision broadcasts for time-shift purposes is still predominant , the\nreproduction of pre-recorded material could soon be a matter of concern. The film industry points out that though recording of\n\n45\n\nNevertheless , present duplication techniques available to the home user do\nnot allow the easy making of perfect copies of pre-recorded videos. Double-headed machines are not widely available so that two machines are\nneeded. There is a considerable degeneration in quality from copy to copy ,\nexcluding in reality the making of generations of copies , and high speed\ncopying facilities such as are available for audio are not yet on the\nconsumer market. However , duplication equipment enabling one format of\nvideo to be transferred to another is already reported to be ready for\nlaunch. Digital television and video are being developed. When fully\ndigitalized image systems become a reality , the problem of near perfect\nhome copy making currently facing the audio recording industry will present\nitself to video producers. However , at the present time , available evidence\nsuggests that home copying of pre-recorded video material is not extensive. Unauthorized copying of pre-recorded video material for gain does take\nplace in the commercial sphere but this aspect is more appropriately dealt\nwith in Chapter 2 on Piracy ( see paragraphs 2. 2. 12. - 2. 2. 30 ). 3. 5. 20. 3. 5. 21. 3. 5. 22. - 116 -\n\nImpact of copying on the exploitation of protected works\n\nIf it is clear that substantial amounts of protected audio-visual material\nare copied for use in the home , the question of whether such copying has a\nnegative impact on the exploitation of those works remains to be answered. As far as recording off-air is concerned, the exposure of authors via radio\nand television broadcasts has been doubly beneficial to right holders. First , remuneration for the broadcasting of their works has been received. Second , the popularity of successful creators and producers of audio-visual\nworks has been largely a factor of the promotion they have received from\nradio and television broadcasts. Therefore any alleged economic harm done\nto right holders' economic interests by off-air recording should be viewed\nagainst this background of greatly enhanced revenue from the broadcasting\nof their works. As far as recording of purchased pre-recorded original\naudio-visual material is concerned , available statistical information is\nfar less helpful here for arriving at clear conclusions though it appears\nlikely that a distinction should be drawn between sound and video\nrecordings. As regards sound recordings , the French study of 1983 indicated that the\ngreat majority of home sound recordings were to be retained for a. Of the\nconsiderable period of time and listened to frequently\nrecordings made on cassette, 81% were made on new tape; of those made on\nreels , 78%. An intention to keep the recording was indicated in 82% of the\ncases. As to frequency of use of cassettes, 49% had been listened to on\naverage five times , 26% on average fifteen times ; and 25% more than twenty\ntimes. Cassette recordings were kept for an average of ten to eleven\nmonths , those on reels being kept substantially longer , for a period of at\nleast two years. 46\n\nA British survey published in 1984 showed that respondents used the same\nblank tapes for sound recording on average somewhat less than twice\nsame survey also provided information concerning the likelihood that\ncopying substituted for purchase of recordings. Of those copying from the\nradio, 8% said that they would very likely have bought the record; and 20%\nthat they were quite likely to have done so. Of those who had copied long\n\n47. The\n\n\f3. 5. 23. 3. 5. 24. - 117 -\n\nplaying discs or tapes , 16% said that they would definitely have bought the\nrecording, 15% said they would very likely have done so and 20% that they\nwere quite likely to have done so. 17% said they had already done so and\nwere making a copy of their own recording. 48\n\nprovides less clear results since information is not\n\nA later study\navailable in the same detail on the periods of time for which recordings\nwere kept , the frequency with which they were played or the possibility of\nrespondents buying recordings if copying had not been possible. Nevertheless , permanent retention of the copies was indicated as the\nintention in over 15% of cases , with temporary retention , unquantified ,\nalso forming a substantial but unspecified proportion of the total. Editing\nor switching the support was given as the reason for copying in another 30%\nof the cases. Information available on home taping of TV programmes and video cassettes\ntaken as a whole , though limited , points to a significant difference : a\nmuch smaller proportion of such recording seems intended for long term\nretention and successive viewing on a significant number of occasions. The\nFrench study of 1983\nshowed that only 36% of the home video recordings\nin the households surveyed had been made on new tape. An intention to keep\nrecordings permanently was indicated in over 45% of cases but in reality\nrecordings appeared to be kept permanently to a lesser degree. The average\nlength of time recordings were kept was approximately two and a half\nmonths , while they were played on average only four times. 49\n\n3. 5. 25. The later study confirms the findings of the earlier one in the sense that\npermanent retention was the objective in a relatively small proportion of\nthe cases , between 5% and 10%\n\n\f3. 6. New technical possibilities\n\n- 118 -\n\n3. 6. 1. Some of the new technical developments such as DAT to which reference has\nalready been made will almost certainly further modify home copying\npractices. While forecasting the future is necessarily hazardous , an\nattempt must be made to understand and evaluate the most important\nimplications of these developments since they may affect not only the scale\nand nature of the problem but also the possible means for dealing with it. 3. 6. 2. Digital recording techniques\n\nDigital recording techniques , whether applied to sound , image or data ,\nemploy the same basic principles. In the case of sound , information about\nthe sounds to be recorded is sampled and then converted into binary code in\nthe same way as information is normally processed by a computer. The code\ncan then be \" re-translated\" back again to produce the exact sound which was\noriginally recorded. When sound is recorded by analogue means by\nconventional recorders , there is a loss of sound quality every time a copy\nis made. This puts a limit in practice on the number of generations of copy\nwhich can be made. Digital recording will have no such limits. Each copy\nwill be perfect , at least as far as the ordinary listener is concerned , and\ncan serve as a master from which many other generations of copy can be\nmade. A very small number of purchased original recordings could serve to\ngenerate many thousands of perfect \" clone\" copies. The digital cassette\nrecorder will undoubtedly open up new markets in the data storage and audio\nrecording fields. Although compact disc and CD-Rom have advantages of speed\nof access and durability , the high cost and technical complexity of the\ndisc pressing process is a limiting factor on the rate of entry onto the\nmarket of small new companies. Cheaper and simpler recording and\n\n\f- 119 -\n\nduplication facilities using digital tape will therefore widen the\nopportunities available for growth in the market for specialist products. The Commission welcomes the advent of DAT for this reason and is conscious\nof the fact that the possibilities of DAT as a recording medium may present\nconsiderable advantages to the popular music market. At the same time ,\ndigital tape will complement the existence of digital discs in the same way\nthat analogue tape has co-existed with analogue vinyl discs , at least for\nsuch time as discs for the consumer market remain \" play only \". 3. 6. 3. The DAT recorder referred to in paragraph 3. 6. 1. above is intended for the\nrecording of sound. Other types of dedicated digital recorders are being\ndeveloped , for example , for the data storage market , with appropriate\nmodifications to the electronic specifications. Technical protection devices. 3. 6. 4. 3. 6. 5. At the same time as these new forms of recording are appearing , attention\nis also being given to the development of technical devices that might be\nused to prevent or control copying of recorded material. A summary of these\ntechnical protection systems is contained in an Appendix to this chapter. All technical protection devices raise issues as to their reliability in\npractice , as to their possible effects on use of the equipment for playing\nauthorized material , and as to how their use would affect the balance of\ninterests among right holders , equipment producers and consumers. Before\nexamining these issues , however , it would seem useful to situate that\nanalysis by reference to the views already expressed on the home copying\ndebate as a whole by the main protagonists. These remarks reflect the\narguments which have been put to the Commission and may be in part at least\nconjectural owing to the difficulty of obtaining reliable evidence as to\nactivities in the private sphere. - 1Z0 -\n\n3. 7. The views of interested parties\n\nDemands for greater protection\n\n3. 7. 1. 3. 7. 2. On the one side ,, the recording industry , frequently supported by\norganizations representing other right holders , argues in favour of\nmeasures to compensate them for home copying and , more recently , to limit\npossibilities for home recording through the mandatory application of\ntechnical anti-copying devices to DAT recorders. They claim that private copying of audio and video material , whether lawful\nor not , is at present occurring on such a considerable scale and for such\npurposes that it conflicts with the normal exploitation of the works being\ncopied and unreasonably prejudices the legitimate interests of the right\nholders. The relatively low level of sales of discs from 1979 to 1984 and\nsurvey evidence to which reference has already been made are cited as a\nmeasure of the negative effect of home copying. The sound recording\nindustry in particular claims that unlimited private recording facilities\njeopardize the profitability of the industry by reducing the revenue\ngenerated by more popular works, which it is claimed makes it more\ndifficult to maintain a broad repertoire containing works of less\npopularity. New technical developments are said to exacerbate the problem. The high speed, double-headed recorder greatly facilitates the practice of\ncopying. The digital audio recorder is already being marketed , which ,\nwithout protection measures , could permit copies to be made of very high\nquality , comparable even to originals recorded on compact discs. Further\ndevelopments can be expected which , it is claimed , will increase even more\nthe facility , speed and technical quality of home copying. These\ndevelopments in the \" hardware\" available to the public entail the risk of\nfurther serious damage to the \" software\" side of the recording industry. 3. 7. 3. 3. 7. 4. 3. 7. 5. - 121-\n\nAlthough in theory , right holders maintain that they would prefer increased\nsales and reduced private copying of their works , when recommending\nappropriate measures to deal with the problem , they have until recently\nunderlined the difficulty of effectively controlling what takes place in\nthe private sphere in the absence of any effective technical or legal means\nto prevent copying. For this reason, they have promoted legal provisions\nwhich recognized the practice as legitimate but ensured a reasonable return\nto right holders as the most solid basis for a solution. According to this school of thought , private reproduction must be permitted\nagainst compensation based on a levy on recording equipment or blank tapes\nor both. The size of the levy should be such that it would give right\nholders and producers compensation more or less equivalent to the use made\nof protected material and to the losses caused by the practice. The levy\ncould be collected through existing collecting societies and distributed to\nauthors and producers on the basis used in a number of Member States for\nthe collection and distribution of remuneration due to authors and\n\nproducers for the sale and broadcast of records. Such mechanisms , based on\na points system related to sales or air-play and on reports from relevant\norganizations , have been applied in other areas. Exceptions could be made\nfor certain categories of user who have a particular need to make\nrecordings , such as , for example , in the case of the blind. The arrival of DAT and the new possibilities for technical protection have\nled to a modification of this approach , at least in so far as DAT is\nconcerned. To protect works recorded on compact disc , some sections of the\nrecording industry initially favoured the mandatory inclusion of the CBS\nCopycode System ( see Appendix ) in all DAT recorders to be marketed for\nprivate use , together with ancillary measures to make it illegal to\ncircumvent or to make available devices for circumventing the system. Legislation to achieve this goal was promoted in the USA and in Europe by\nthose who supported the recording industry view. The levy system is\nconsidered inadequate to deal with the allegedly greater economic harm\nwhich DAT could imply for right owners\nindustries now appear to favour other technical solutions based on digital\nrecording technology itself. For example , alternatives based on draft. The recording and hardware\n\n\f3. 7. 6. 3. 7. 7. - 122 -\n\nspecifications drawn up by the International Electrotechnical Committee\nhave been proposed. These alternatives called , for the sake of convenience ,\nSOLOCOPY , address the specific characteristic of digital audio recording ,\nnamely the possibility of making \" pyramids \" of copies from one digital\noriginal. These proposals are described in the Appendix. Opposition to demands for greater protection\n\nThe opposite school of thought , led by representatives of the blank tape\nindustries , some sections of the hardware industry and supported by certain\nconsumer organizations , has in the past rejected the claims of the\nrecording industry and other right owners as to the harm done by the\npractice of home copying. First , the prejudice alleged to be caused has been denied. As regards video\nmaterial , since most copying is for the purposes of time shifting of\ntelevision broadcasts , the negative effect on other forms of exploitation\nis said to be insubstantial and , if it exists , should be taken into account\nwhen right holders settle the terms on which material will be broadcast. As\nto sound recordings , it is argued that the relatively low levels of disc\nsales from 1979 to 1984 should be set against increasing sales of\npre-recorded tapes , and more recently , compact discs. At present , the\nrecord market is believed to be showing clear signs of recovery. It is\nfurther claimed that much copying takes place from sources for which the\nconsumer has already paid , either directly in the case of his own records\nor tapes , or indirectly , as in the case of recording off-air. It is\ntherefore argued by these groups that transferring music already purchased\non one form of carrier onto another form of carrier for personal use does\nnot cause prejudice to right owners' interests. 3. 7. 8. x\n\n3. 7. 9. - 123 -\n\nFor both video and sound , this school of thought further argues that the\n\" software \" and \" hardware\" sides of the recording industry are\ninterdependent and that any analysis should go beyond identifying adverse\neconomic effects , if any , of home recording on the \" software\" side. The\nbeneficial effects should also be taken into consideration, and it is\nclaimed that these effects are considerable. Home taping is said to\nstimulate consumers to purchase records and pre-recorded tapes , as portable\nrecorders are said to increase the demand for portable music. Right holders\nare also said to receive additional benefits from video recorders creating\na market for purchased or rented pre-recorded cassettes. The film industry\nis profiting from this outlet which has created an important market for\nolder films and even films considered commercial failures in other\n\ncontext s. As regards levy schemes , the claim is made that such schemes would\ninevitably be overly broad and crude in their application. They would\nsubsidize copyright owners at the expense of the public. No scheme could\ncome into operation without all purchasers of recorders and blank tapes\npaying the royalty regardless of intended or actual use. Exceptions for\nparticular groups of users are said to be impractical and in any case will\nnot solve the problem of the ordinary user who may well buy tapes for\npurposes other than copying protected material and will be unfairly\npenalized when he does so. The problem of differentiating between leviable\nand non-leviable products will become all the more difficult as new types\nof recording support are developed , such as the programmable optical disc\nand digital audio tape, which may have many uses not involving the\nreproduction of copyright material or which may be used to copy material\nsuch as computer programs where a levy would be considered inadequate\ncompensation for acts of unauthorized reproduction. Finally , levies would\n\n\f3. 7. 10. - 124 -\n\ninvolve a serious misallocation of revenue and would be highly unjust since\ncompensation would be allocated primarily to popular authors and other\nsuccessful right holders or , in other words , to those least in need of\nsubsidies. Although a number of Member States have introduced legislation\nin favour of levies on blank tape and / or equipment , it is interesting to\nnote that in the most recent instance of discussion on the subject,' the\nUnited Kingdom has come down strongly against levies in t. he Copyright\nDesigns and Patents Bill currently before Parliament ( see paragraph\n3. 3. 19 ). Devices to prevent unauthorized copying were initially rejected by the\nmajority of those who oppose levies as having negative consequences that\noutweigh their benefits to right holders. They were said to risk\nstultifying important technological developments and the potential markets\nfor hardware and software associated with them. Doubt was expressed about\nthe systems' efficacity and, in some cases , their possible negative effects\non sound quality. The risk that audio-visual material would be \" locked up\"\nin an undesirable way was also stressed. In spite of these concerns , there\nis now every indication that the hardware and music recording industries\nmight find a compromise technical solution acceptable to their respective\ninterests. The solutions currently under discussion appear capable of\navoiding the shortcomings indicated above, unlike earlier proposals for\nsystems such as Copycode ( see Appendix ). 3. 7. 11. 125 -\n\nA \" pay at source \" approach to the home copying problem\n\nThis approach has\n\nIt has been suggested in some circles that remuneration of right holders in\nreturn for acts of home copying could also be achieved by means of a charge\napplied at the moment of first sale , not to the carrier or support on which\nthe copy is made , but to the material which is copied. already been adopted in varying forms in the fields of pay-television , data\nbase operation and the marketing of computer software where a rate is\ncharged for the goods or services commensurate with the use which the\nconsumer can be expected to make of them. In time , telecommunications\nnetworks will also be widely used for the transmission of entertainment\nproducts such as sound and video recordings. When such integration occurs ,\nthe \" pay at source \" approach may well prove to be financially beneficial to\nright holders. This would be , in effect , direct enhancement of the royalty\nwhich right holders already receive for their works. Objections have been\nraised to this concept by the music recording industry which fears that the\ncharge will be seen simply as a price increase to the first purchaser which\nwould have a depressive effect on markets and could indeed exacerbate the\nhome copying problem. 3. 8. The nain issues for the Connunity\n\n3. 8. 1. The main issues for the Community concerning audio-visual home copying at\nthe present time appear to be the following. 3. 8. 2. 3. 8. 3. First , to what extent should it be concluded that home copying adversely\naffects the legitimate exploitation of certain audio-visual works and , if\nso , which ones? How do the latest technical developments appear likely to\naffect the position ?\n\nSecond , if such adverse effects can be established , what legislative\nresponse at Community level , if any , seems preferable ? In this connection ,\nis there a role to be played by Community rules either on levies on\nrecording media , on mandatory technical protection devices or a\npay -at - source approach ?\n\n\f- 126-\n\n3. 8. 4. Third, if any of these solutions are retained , how far can they be applied\nconsistently with the spirit of the Berne Convention ( Article 9(2 )) and in\nfairness to all interested parties ?\n\n3. 9. The Commission 's present orientations\n\n3. 9. 1. The evidence available at present suggests that , as regards sound\nrecordings , home copying does have negative but unquantif iable effects on\nthe legitimate exploitation of recorded works. None of the studies referred\nto has been able to quantify with precision the extent to which home\ncopying has substituted for sales of pre-recorded material due to the\ninherent difficulty in assessing consumer behaviour in twelve Member\nStates. Estimates as to the volume of lost sales vary widely and are in\nmany cases exaggerated. The only accurate starting point for assessing the\nsubstitution effect is the sale of blank tapes in the Community , estimated\nat 350 million units a year. But not all home copies substitute for\nlegitimate sales , particularly where they are made by persons who have\nthemselves purchased the recording in question , or where copies have been\nmade off-air of works which are not for sale. According to the music\nindustry 's own calculations , if home copying were to be prevented , around\n25% of those who now transfer music from one carrier to another would\n\ndefinitely purchase the same material in pre-recorded form. This\ncalculation would indicate that the upper limit of the substitution effect ,\nor the \" loss\" to authors in case home copying from all sources were totally\nprevented , would amount to approximately 1. 5 billion ECU per year. Since a\nsignificant proportion of those who copy at home do so from sources they\nhave already purchased , it seems reasonable to expect that sales of\npre-recorded music would not necessarily increase dramatically , even if\nhome copying of recorded sources were totally prevented. On the other hand ,\nif technical measures can be introduced to prevent the copying of certain\nsources , and in particular , the production of second and third generations\nof copies , sales of pre-recorded material could be expected to rise , with\nincreased revenue to right holders in consequence. This is especially the\ncase for digital recordings , which allow the consumer to produce a copy\nwhich is in effect identical to a studio master tape , implying that home\ncopying could in future substitute for purchases of originals to a much\n\n\f- 127-\n\nI\n\ngreater extent than at present using analogue techniques. Given the\nincreasing density and value of the material which can be recorded\ndigitally on discs and tapes , and the fact that sound , image and data\ncollections can be transferred cheaply , rapidly and perfectly from one\nsupport to another , the Commission believes that urgent action is called\nfor to protect right holders against unauthorized reproduction of their\nworks by digital means. In view of the fact that analogue products ,\nespecially vinyl discs , may be coming to the end of their life span , the\nCommission does not view the problem of home copying of analogue products\nwith the same degree of urgency. 3. 9. 2. As to video recordings , the available evidence is inconclusive. Most\nrecording is of television programmes , and for the purpose of\ntime-shifting , that is , to enable television viewers to re-schedule their\nviewing to suit themselves. It would seem that the majority of programmes\nrecorded off-air at home are not available for sale in video cassette form\n\nand recording does not therefore substitute for purchase of video. Even\nwhere the subject of a recording from television is a feature film , the\nprejudicial effect on other exploitations of the work is unlikely to be\nsubstantially greater than the effect of showing it on television in the\nfirst place. Home copying of pre-recorded video material is still a\nrelatively limited phenomenon and the negative effect on the commercial\nexploitation of those works correspondingly small. 3. 9. 3. New technical developments may well exacerbate the home copying problem for\nvideo as well as for sound. Digital techniques , in particular , seem likely\nto stimulate home copying since they hold out the prospect of the easy\nmaking of perfect copies , in the not too distant future , of video\nrecordings also. Therefore , since in time , all information management ,\ncommunications and entertainment systems will be digitalized and\ninter-related , any solution which is retained must be appropriate to\ndevelopments in the video and information management fields even if , in so\ndoing , no totally adequate remedy can be found for the copying of the\npresent generation of analogue products. - 128-\n\n3. 10. Possible legislative responses\n\nPrinciples\n\n/\n\n3. 10. 1. In establishing whether legislative measures are needed at Community level\nand , if so , what their content should be , the Commission has sought to\napply the following principles. /\n\n3. 10. 2. First , copyright laws should seek to ensure that right holders in\naudio-visual works can authorize , prevent or at least require remuneration ,\nfor any reproduction of their protected works which will adversely affect\ntheir ordinary sale to a substantial degree. In other words , it should not\nbe possible , in principle , to copy a protected work instead of buying it. The creative and financial investment devoted to the making of the work is\nentitled to be protected against copying particularly where that copying\nenables consumers to produce unlimited quantities of perfect replicas of\nthe original recording , and thus to reduce the market for legitimate sales\nof the product. Where a purchase has been made of a pre-recorded source , or\npayment made directly or indirectly to receive a broadcasting transmission,\nin both of which cases a royalty has been received by the right holder , it\nshould be possible to reproduce that source or transmission for personal\nuse. The Commission feels that such reproduction for personal use does not\nunduly prejudice the normal exploitation of the work. 3. 10. 3. At the same time , copyright protection for audio-visual works should not\nprejudice the functioning of a competitive market in such works nor the\ndevelopment of new audio-visual technologies. On the contrary , copyright\nshould provide an important part of the legal environment which favours\ncreativity , innovation and competition. 3. 10. 4. In addition , remedies should not be adopted for want of anything better if\nto do so would simply substitute one set of injustices for another. In\nmatters of legislation , something is not necessarily better than nothing. Abstention is sometimes the best solution. - 129-\n\nSoLutions\n\nMandatory technical solutions\n\n3. 10. 5. Applying these principles , the Commission has concluded that , with regard\nto DAT , Community measures to require a degree of technical protection\nwould be desirable provided that they are technically feasible and properly\nbalanced in respect of all the interests concerned. 3. 10. 6. A technical solution of a type similar to those outlined in the Appendix\nwould have the following advantages : it would allow right holders to fix a\nlimit on the number of copies which could be made of their works , and for\nthe first time effectively to control which sources could be copied : it\nwould permit hardware and tape manufacturers to enjoy approximately the\nsame market for their products as at present whilst encouraging the\ndevelopment of new technologies to the full : it would allow the consumer\nthe freedom to make copies of works for personal use within fairly generous\nlimits. In effect , once digitalization is complete in the audio field, the\nconsumer will have at his disposal approximately the same sources as at\npresent , namely , radio , pre-recorded material and microphone. Such copying\nwould be limited\nso that copies made on a DAT recorder could not serve as\nmasters for subsequent generations of copy. At the same time , the\nspecialist and handicapped user would be free to use DAT technology to meet\nparticular needs. 3. 10. 7. No solution is without disadvantages , and it is clear that a technical\nsolution , in addition to the risks of circumvention or malfunction inherent\nin such systems , will pose difficulties in respect of a differentiation\nbetween professional and domestic user products. Such a distinction must be\nmade if DAT technology is to develop to the maximum , and if smaller\nrecording studios and individual professional users are to have access to\nthe benefits of digital audio recording techniques. 3. 10. 8. 3. 10. 9. 3. 10. 10. 3. 10. 11. - 130-\n\nSimilarly , a distinction must be maintained for the foreseeable future\nbetween machines for audio use and those for data storage. Solutions\nappropriate to the former cannot be applied to the latter. It is not\nproposed to place technical limitations on DAT machines for data storage\nuse provided that they remain incapable of being used to record audio. It is intended that the technical measures described should be applied to\nall DAT audio machines irrespective of their type. If manufacturers wished\nto put \"professional \" audio machines on the market , with specifications\nwhich differ from those required under the technical protection proposals ,\nthey would apply for a licence to put such equipment on the market in the\nsame way as manufacturers of DAT contact printers\na way that professional and home audio recorders are not interconnectable. or design them in such\n\n52\n\nIn this way , bona fide users of professional machines , such as recording\nstudios , broadcasters , educational establishments and the like will not be\ndeprived of the opportunity to use equipment designed for their specific\nneeds. Such machines will not be allowed onto the general consumer market ,\nand manufacturers and importers will have to take some responsibility for\nensuring that the two markets are kept separate. Any other differentiation\nbased on price or technical specifications is bound in the long term to be\nsubject to circumvention. It is only by maintaining some measure of control\nover the distribution of \" professional \" equipment that the freedom for the\nconsumer to copy to the extent proposed can be guaranteed. The basic concept of a legal framework requiring digital tape recording\nequipment produced or marketed in the Community or imported from non-Member\nStates to incorporate particular technical features designed to limit its\nuse for unauthorized home copying appears therefore to be worthy of serious\nconsideration. Such an approach could take the form of a legal instrument\nwhich would oblige the Member States to prohibit the production,\ncommercialization or importation of such machines unless they conform to\ncertain specified technical requirements. Ancillary measures prohibiting\ndevices to frustrate the operation of such technical protection systems\nwould also have to be included. - 131-\n\n3. 10. 12. The Commission has concluded that the incorporation of technical protection\nsystems into existing analogue machines , whatever its attractions in\ntheory , would in practice prove unworkable in view of the re-design costs\ninvolved and the volume of existing products already on the market. 3. 10. 13. As to the different possible protection devices currently under development\nfor DAT machines , the information at present available suggests that a\nnumber of such devices are technically feasible and would give some measure\nof protection to right owners against unauthorized reproduction of their\nworks. It would be premature at this point to attempt a definitive\nevaluation of the technical merits of any particular system. It suffices to\nsay that , in principle , an ideal system would present the following\ncharacteristics. First , it would encourage technological development and\nconform to the general trend towards fully digitalized systems in the\naudio-visual field. Second , it would accommodate future developments in\ntelecommunications and information management systems. Third , it would\npermit the full potential for high quality, flexible , digital sound\nreproduction of both disc and tape to be developed in parallel. Fourth , it\nwould offer right owners a measure of control over the unauthorized\nreproduction of their works. Fifth , it would allow the consumer to have\naccess to, and to make fair use of the sound recordings and transmissions\nfor which he has paid. 3. 10. H. It is self-evident that no technical solution can ever be guaranteed\n\nagainst deliberate attempts at circumvention. However , if a reasonable\ndegree of security can be achieved together with no deterioration in the\nquality of product offered to the consumer , and a reduction in the level of\nsales lost through home copying , then a technical protection system offers\na solution which is worthy of consideration. 3. 10. 15. It is hoped that interested circles will themselves work constructively to\nprovide a solution which can be rapidly implemented and effectively\nmaintained in force. Preliminary evaluation of some systems has already\ntaken place. Further detailed consultation with the industries concerned\nwill be pursued if the principle of a technical protection system is\naccepted. - 132\n\n3. 10. 16. Accordingly, the Commission invites comments on the desirability of a\ntechnical solution which would permit DAT recorders to carry out certain\nlimited copying functions , but which would at the same time impose\nrestraints on the scope and nature of that copying. There may also be a\nneed for particular provisions to be made for special categories of users\nof digital audio equipment. Levies\n\n3. 10. 17. As already indicated, in spite of any limitation of DAT recording as\nsuggested above , copying from analogue sources by analogue recorders would\ncontinue to be possible. While the inevitable deterioration in quality will\nin practice limit the extent to which copies will themselves be reproduced\nby analogue means , nevertheless , as long as a high quality analogue source\nand analogue recorder are used , good quality copies will still be\nrealizable. In time , digital sound recording equipment will replace most\nanalogue systems. For the present , the question of whether right holders in\nanalogue audio-visual recordings should be compensated for the reproduction\nfor private use of their works by analogue means and , if so, whether this\nshould be by means of a levy , remains to be answered. 3. 10. 18. In the case of sound recordings , the Commission has weighed most carefully\nthe evidence presented in favour of and against levy schemes per se and in\nfavour of and against measures to generalize levy schemes by way of\nharmonization at the level of the European Community. 3. 10. 19. As regards the advantages and disadvantages of levy schemes , it is not\nnecessary or appropriate for the Commission to pronounce itself in favour\nof or against such schemes insofar as they have been introduced already in\na number of Member States. The Commission is of the view that where such\nschemes have been introduced, it is the responsibility of right holders to\nensure that the collection and distribution of revenues is satisfactory. 3. 10. 20. 3. 10. 21. 3. 10. 22. - 133-\n\nThe Commission does not intend to propose that existing levy schemes\ncovering analogue products should be removed where right holders are\nsatisfied that they are working to their advantage on analogue products. This is a matter on which Member States are competent to decide for\nthemselves. Levy schemes generate revenue for right holders and in those\ncountries where they have been introduced , right holders appear to find\nthem an acceptable solution. Nevertheless , the Commission feels it would be inadvisable to view levy\nschemes as the most appropriate solution to the copying of works by digital\nmeans. The amount of revenue which can be generated in this way will never\nadequately compensate right holders for the losses incurred by unrestricted\ndigital copying. Similarly , the increasing interchangeability of carriers\nand supports and the trend towards integrated digital networks and\nintegrated products combining data , image and sound make the levy an\ninadequate tool with which to regulate the home copying practices of the\nfuture. Nor does the Commission feel it appropriate to take steps at this late\nstage to harmonize existing levy schemes on analogue products. The reasons\nfor this are as follows :\nFirst , analogue products are becoming obsolete. Digital radio receivers are\nexpected to be on the market within two years , digital audio is available\nnow as compact disc and DAT. Digital video will follow within a few years. All leisure , telecommunications and information management technology is\nmoving rapidly into the totally digital domain. Any Commission initiative\nnow would require a commitment of time and resources which would risk being\nmade obsolete itself by the march of progress within a decade. Second , the Commission is not convinced that levies are entirely in the\ninterests of right holders , more especially of creative artists , in that\nthey sanction unlimited acts of home copying regardless of the value of the\nwork copied. -134-\n\nThird , the possible distortion or deflection of trade between Member States\nwhich could result from differences between leviable and non-leviable\nproducts and differing rates of levies does not appear sufficiently\nimportant to justify a Community initiative at this stage. Existing levy\nschemes do not and , indeed , need not entail systematic controls at the\nborders as is currently the case with respect to fiscal measures. In\naddition , the schemes operate on the basis of direct reporting arrangements\nbetween the relatively limited number of producers and importers , on the\none hand , and the designated collecting societies on the other hand. In\nthis respect too , the collection of levies cannot be equated with the\ncollection of value added taxes. The collection of levies will continue to\noperate in much the same way even after the abolition of internal frontiers\nafter 1992. Equally , the value of the products themselves in the economy as\na whole and the small divergencies in their price as a result of a failure\nto harmonize levies do not call for action on the part of the Commission of\nthe same order as the proposals in other more important areas. As to video recording , at present entirely analogue and likely to remain so\nfor an uncertain period into the future , the evidence is , as has been seen ,\ninconclusive. In these circumstances , a Community initiative to generalize\nthe levy schemes already adopted in some Member States would not be\njustified. Any measures taken as regards technical protection of digital\nrecordings might of course incidentally offer protection in practice to the\nnew types of audio-visual work likely to be marketed in the future. Even if\nimages are recorded analogically , they will be of limited interest if the\nsound and data to which they refer cannot be reproduced as well. In\naddition , existing systems of protection as described in paragraph 3. 15. 2. of the Appendix to this chapter already offer some measure of security to\nrights owners against unauthorized reproduction of pre-recorded video\ncassettes. National legislation and technical developments will be kept\nunder review with a view to ensuring that appropriate action is taken if it\nbecomes necessary. 3. 10. 23. 135 -\n\nThe \" pay at source \" approach\n\n3. 10. 24. This solution has certain advantages / namely that it adapts the present\nroyalty system to remunerate right holders directly and proportionately in\nrelation to sales or air-play of their works. Collection and distribution\nof the charge could be carried out by existing collecting societies , and a\nrelatively modest price increase would generate substantial additional\nrevenue to right holders. A \" pay at source\" approach could be most\neffectively applied in future, when the networking of sound , image and data\nby digital transmission systems becomes commonplace , if a technical\nsolution is adopted now at an early stage. On the other hand the objections\nas to the rough justice of a system which imposes a charge on all who\npurchase a recording regardless of their intention to copy or not cannot be\nignored , nor can the argument that payment by consumers in return for the\nright to copy may stimulate further acts of home copying. The Commission\nwould welcome the views of interested parties on these issues. 3. 11. Associated policies\n\n3. 11. 1. The home copying issue , including the implications of new technical\ndevelopments , should not be considered in isolation. Other policies\nconsidered in this document are relevant to different degrees and should\nnot be lost from sight. The Commission has sought to reconcile a number of\ndivergent interests in its proposals on copyright reform. On the one hand ,\nthrough limitations on the activities of the home taper especially in\nrelation to OAT , it has sought to protect the legitimate interests of the\ncreative artist whilst at the same time recognizing the economic and\ncultural significance of consumer interest in audio-visual products. By\nmeasures to curb the uncontrolled development of rental of audio-visual\nrecordings , it has sought to give a greater degree of protection to the\ninvestment of those who produce and market such recordings. The need to\nstimulate and invest in the development of new manufacturing industries and\nto foster the growth of new technologies has not been overlooked. The\n\n\f- 136-\n\nmeasures proposed to combat piracy in Chapter 2 and to protect computer\nprograms in Chapter 5 will help to ensure that the software products of the\naudio-visual and computer industries will be able to derive maximum\nadvantage from the Community's internal market. Measures taken to secure\nbetter protection for these works in markets outside the Community , as\nsuggested in Chapter 7 , will also serve to safeguard the legitimate\ninterests of the industries concerned. The proposals made by the Commission\nthus reflect the need to balance a broad range of interests in the proposed\npolicies considered as a whole. 3. 12. Summary\n\n3. 12. 1. The Commission recognizes that the practice of home copying may cause\nlosses to right holders to the extent that home copying may substitute for\nsales of pre-recorded material. It therefore proposes a series of related\nmeasures, which , in combination and as seen in the preceding paragraph , aim\nto reduce home copying practices ( and thus indirectly to stimulate sales of\npre-recorded sources ) rather than to sanction the home copying phenomenon\nby means of harmonization at Community level. Thus the limitation of the\ncopying by technical means of right holders' works , the introduction of a\nrental right for audiovisual works, the introduction of a series of\nanti-piracy measures and the freedom for Member States to maintain or\nintroduce levies should all contribute to an enhancement of right holders'\n\nrevenues. 3. 12. 2. The Commission accepts that home copying of digital sound recording by\ndigital means could prejudice the interests of right holders if allowed to\ncontinue and to develop in an uncontrolled way. The Commission proposes to\ncounter this risk by the introduction of technical measures to limit the\nscope of the copying facility of digital audio machines. 3. 12. 3. The Commission proposes that the levy solution should be retained where\nMember States feel that this is the best way to remunerate right holders. - 137-\n\n3. 12. 4. The Commission does not feel that action is required at the present time to\nmake Mandatory the introduction of technical devices to protect video\nrecordings, but intends to keep the situation under close review. 3. 13. Conclusion\n\n3. 13. 1. The Commission would welcome the views of interested parties on whether , as\nregards digital audio recordings :\n\n( a ) DAT recorders should be required to conform to technical specifications\n\nwhich prevent their use for unlimited acts of audio reproduction ;\nCb ) the manufacture , importation or sale of machines which do not conform\n\nto the specification should be prohibited ;\n\n( c ) the measures outlined in ( a ) and ( b ) should apply to all DAT machines\n\nfor recording audio ;\n\n( d ) the manufacture , importation or sale of devices intended to circumvent\nor render inoperable the measures outlined in ( a ) and ( b ) should be\nprohibited. ( e ) possession of machines intended for professional or specialist use and\nnot conforming to the specifications for home use outlined in ( a )\nshould be made dependent upon a licence to be delivered by a public\nauthority and the maintenance of a register or registers in respect of\nlicensed equipment ;\n\n3. 13. 2. The Commission would welcome the views of interested parties as to whether\nit is accepted that levies should remain in those Member States which have\nintroduced them , and could be introduced if Member States so wish in those\ncountries which have not yet introduced them , no Community action being\nrequired for their introduction or harmonization. 3. 14. Timetable for submissions\n\n- 138-\n\n3. 14. 1. Comments , at least statements of principle , on Chapter 3, considering the\nurgency of the DAT issues , should be submitted to the Commission no later\nthan 31 July 1988. On the basis of comments received , the Commission will\ndecide whether further advice - eventually by way of hearings - is called\nfor. - 139-\n\nAPPENDIX\n\n3. 15. Technical protection\n\n3. 15. 1. One system , widely publicized and demonstrated , is the \" Copycode \" developed\nby the Columbia Broadcasting System Records Technology Centre in the USA. This system works in the following way. Sound recordings are encoded by the\ninclusion of a notch , that is , by the removal of an extremely narrow sliver\nof sound energy taken from the upper middle of the audible sound spectrum\nat a frequency around 3840 Hz. This notch can be detected by a scanner\ndevice in the form of an integrated circuit incorporated in recording\nequipment in such a way that its removal , failure or bridging would in\npractice be impossible or at least extremely difficult. The detector in the\nrecorder scans an incoming signal when the recorder is used to make a\nrecording. If a notch is detected , the record function is interrupted\nmaking a copy useless. If the recording does not contain the notch code ,\nthen the scanner in the recorder permits copying to go ahead uninterrupted. It was claimed that the CBS system would work for both analogue and digital\nrecordings. The CBS system has recently been evaluated by the National\nBureau of Standards of the United States Department of Commerce in order to\ndetermine its applicability and effectiveness. The early enthusiasm for the\nsystem displayed by IFPI , representing the major record companies , seems\nnow to have waned in the light of the National Bureau 's findings\n( Evaluation of a Copy Prevention Method for Digital Audio Tape Systems ,\nNational Engineering Laboratory , February 1988 ). \"\n\n\f3. 15. 2. 3. 15. 3. - 140-\n\nDevices are also under development to prevent the unauthorized recording of\nvideos or television programmes. One system, Macrovision , seeks to rely on\nthe existing design of video recorders. A signal is incorporated into the\noriginal video recording or programme which , while undetectable during\nnormal playing or viewing , causes the videorecorder to produce a\ndisturbance in the picture if a copy is made. Such a copy will therefore be\nunusable for replay purposes. This system has the advantage of not\nrequiring special circuitry in the recorders. Tests are being carried out\ncurrently to establish the reliability of the system and whether the\nexistence of the protection interferes with legitimate viewing of a video\nor television programme. Another system , being developed by CBS Fox , also\nworks on the principle of a code signal in the video or transmission being\ndetected by a device incorporated in an integrated circuit in the recorder. The same technology which distinguishes digital audio recording from its\npredecessor , analogue recording, also offers specific possibilities of\nprotection against unauthorized reproduction. Following a conference of the\nworld electronic industry held in Tokyo in June 1986 , a specification for\nthe Rotary Head Version of Digital Audio Tape Recorder , R-DAT, using\ntechnology similar to that of the video recorder , was agreed to ensure that\nthere would be only one format of digital audio recorder and digital audio\ntape commercialized for the home user market at present. This conference\nstandard contains two elements which permit CDs to be protected against\ncopying onto R-DAT tape. The first element is the different sampling\nfrequency rates at which CD and DAT operate : 44. 1 KHz for pre-recorded CDs\nand 48 KHz or 32 KHz for recording onto DAT machines. This means that a CD\ncannot be copied onto a DAT machine by digital means , but only via the\nanalogue output of the CD , with a resulting small loss of sound quality. The second element is the existence of subcode areas in CDs and in DAT tape\nwhich permit the insertion of a copy prohibit code in digital signals. Where such codes are present in a digital in-put , the R-DAT specification\nis designed to ensure that digital recording of a digital source will not\noccur. Since the DAT machines currently on sale do not have the capacity to\nrecord a CD digitally , this copy prohibit code mechanism has not yet come\ninto effect in reality. - 141-\n\n3. 15. 4. The R-DAT specification formed the basis for guidelines issued by the\nJapanese Ministry for International Trade and Industry ( MITI ) early in 1987\nto the Japanese electronics industry. It was indicated to the Commission\nthat these guidelines also provide that where the copy prohibit code ,\nmentioned in paragraph 3. 15. 3. above , has been included in a digital\nsource , it must be passed on if that source is relayed and becomes a\ndigital output. 3. 15. 5. An alternative form of protection system called SOLOCOPY using draft\nspecifications outlined by the Technical Committee 84 of the International\nElectrotechnical Commission has been proposed by some sections of the\nhardware and recording industry. 3. 15. 6. Using the specifications , OAT recorders would be able to identify the\nsource of an incoming digital signal by means of a flag added as a parallel\nsignal on the space reserved for control information which would indicate\nto the receiving DAT recorder whether the signal could or could not be\nrecorded. For example , if the source was a compact disc , the DAT machine\nwould be able to record. In the case of a recording made on a DAT machine ,\nit would not. Depending on how the system is implemented, digital radio\nbroadcasts would be recordable , but copies of broadcasts made on a DAT\nrecorder could not be used as masters to be copied again digitally , neither\ncould digital recordings made of compact discs be used again to copy from\none DAT recorder to another. Direct recording by digital microphone would\nbe possible but not copying from DAT machine to DAT machine of such\nrecordings. 3. 15. 7. The consumer would still be able to make a digital copy of a compact disc\nor broadcast or record with a microphone just as he can make analogue\nrecordings today. Therefore a balance would be retained between the\nconsumer demand for the freedom to make recordings off-air or from\npurchased originals , whilst at the same time the potentially harmful\npyramid effect of DAT to DAT copying would be halted. 3. 15. 8. - 142-\n\nAs an alternative to the SOLOCOPY proposal , a version named the SOLOCOPY\nPLUS has also been outlined. This would remove the analogue input and\nanalogue to digital convertor from within the DAT recorder , thus preventing\nthe first time copying of analogue sources. Digital copies would not serve\nas a master for further generations of digital copy , since DAT to DAT\ncopying would be still impossible. The recording industry has claimed that\nin view of the risk that the continuing existence of analogue to digital\nconvertors within the DAT machine would lead to circumvention of the\n\nprotection system , the Solocopy Plus concept is more attractive to some\nright holders. The view has also been expressed to the Commission by a\nmajor hardware manufacturer that if a Solocopy Plus type system were to be\nmade mandatory , it would have the effect of stimulating the market for\ndigital products and drying up the demand for analogue ones. The fact that\ndigital equipment would be put on the market which could not be\ninterconnected to existing analogue equipment would accelerate the rate at\nwhich the change-over to totally digitalized entertainment and\ncommunications networks would occur. 3. 15. 9. Other forms of protection systems aimed at limiting the number of times a\ndigital copy could be made of the same digital source are currently being\ndiscussed among interested circles. \\\n\n\f- 143-\n\n1\n\n2\n\nThe Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Under Section 6 of the United Kingdom 's Copyright Act 1956 and Section 12\nof the Irish Copyright Act 1963 no fair dealing with a literary ,\ndramatic or musical work for purposes of research or private study shall\nconstitute an infringement of the copyright in the work. Thus domestic\nreproduction of suh works is not per se permitted. The purpose of the\nmaking of the copy , study or research , will determine its legality. ^ Article 68 of the Italian copyright law. 4\n\nThese include dramatic , dramatico-musical , musical and cinematographic\nworks. It should be recalled that producers of sound recordings and\nbroadcasters in the Netherlands do not benefit from the protection of\ncopyright or a neighbouring right , see chapter 2 , paragraphs 2. 6. 10. -\n2. 6. 18. Article 16(b ). See Article 11 of the Danish copyright law. Article 53 of the German\n\ncopyright law , Article 41 of the French copyright law and Article 81 of\nthe Portuguese copyright law of 1985. ^ Bundesgesetzblatt no. 33 of 27 June 1985, page 1137. 8\n\nSee Article 87 paragraph 3. Law no. 85-860 of 3 July 1985, Official Journal of 4 July 1985 page\n7498. Decision of 30 June 1986 , Official Journal of 23 August 1986 , page\n10279. Report no. 944 / 1982. B\u00e5ndafgifter , Sanktioner , P\u00e5tale. Code of Copyright and Related Rights ( No. 45 / 85 , 17 September 1985 ). Ley de propiedad intelectual No. 22 / 87 of 11 November 1987 , Boletin\nOficial del Estado no. 275 of 17 November 1987. Section 19(5 )\n\n( a ) and ( b ) of the Copyright Act 1956. Section 14 ( 4 )\n\n( a ) and ( b ) of the Copyright Act 1963. In Ireland, the status of programmes transmitted by cable is at present\nunclear. See paragraph 3. 4. 3. and note 2 above. Law on copyright , section 48(3 ). Article 87(3 ) of the Copyright Act 1965. Ley de propiedad intelectual No. 22 / 87 of 11 November 1987, Boletin\n\n^\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n20\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n20\n\n\f-144-\n\nOficial dei Estado no. 275 of 17 November 1987. Article 29(2 ) of the Law No. 85-860 of 3 July 1985. Articles 81 and 189 of the copyright law. Artide 16 b. Artide 9(2 ). Artide 15. Artide 3. Bill introduced by Mr. DESMARETS and associates , Senate 282 ( 1985-1986 ),\nNo. 1 , R. A. 13596. Bill no. 615 ( 1986-1987 ) introduced by M. LALLEMANO and others. See paragraph 3. 4. 2. above. Proposal No. 3911 of 10 July 1986 , Camera dei Deputati. See , for example , Audio and Video Cassette Equipment Study in West\nGermany , France and the United Kingdom, MARPLAN GmbH , October 1985. Source : European Tape Industry Council. See Audio- and Video Cassette Equipment Study in West Germany , France\nand the United Kingdom , op. cit. See Davies , The Private Copying of Sound and Audiovisual Recordings ,\n1983 , Annex 15 and the United Kingdom government 's green paper \" The\nRecording and Rental of Audio and Video Copyright Material , 19 , Cmnd. 9445 , para. 2. 1\n\nSource : International Federation of Phonogram and Videogram Producers\n( IFPI ). Source\n\nI FPI. See , for example , for Germany , Mediumspiegel , April 1987, page 3. In its non-compact form , the video disc has had only limited success. Etude sur les enregistrements sonores effectu\u00e9s par le public pour son\nusage personnel , Sofres , May 1983. See the United Kingdom government 's green paper , op. cit. , para. 2. 2\n\nSee Audio and Video Cassette Equipment Study in West Germany , France and\nthe United Kingdom , op. cit. , pages 18 to 20. Why Americans Tape , Yankelovich , Skelly White Inc. , September 1982. 21\n\n22\n\n23\n\n24\n\n25\n\n26\n\n27\n\n28\n\n29\n\n30\n\n31\n\n32\n\n36\n\n37\n\n38\n\n39\n\n40\n\n41\n\n42\n\n\f- 145-\n\nLes enregistrements vid\u00e9o effectu\u00e9s par le public pour son usage\npersonnel , Sofres , December 1983 , pages 7 and 22. See Audio and Video Cassette Equipment Study in West Germany , France and\nthe United Kingdom , op. cit. , page 33. V. Bottcher Marktforschung , Usage and Attitude Study Video , 1986. Etude sur les enregistrements sonores effectu\u00e9s par le public pour son\nusage personnel , op. cit. , pages 11 , 25 and 26. Copyright Infringement , British Market Research Bureau , September 1984. See Audio and Video Cassette Equipment Study in West Germany , France and\nthe United Kingdom , op. cit. , pages 18 to 20. Les enregistrements vid\u00e9o effectu\u00e9s par le public pour son usage\npersonnel , op. cit. , pages 7 , 36 to 40. See Audio and Video Cassette Equipment Study in West Germany , France and\nthe United Kingdom , op. cit. , page 35. See I FPI , Digital Music and Copycode - The Future , 1987. 52\n\nSee paragraphs 2. 9. 7. to 2. 9. 11\n\nabove. - 146-\n\nCHAPTER 4 : DISTRIBUTION RIGHT, EXHAUSTION AND RENTAL RIGHT\n\n4. 1. Distribution right : the right to control commercial exploitation. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 2. This right , where it exists , can be most simply described as\n\nOne major area of difference concerns the economic right of\n\nThese rights are defined in different ways in different Member\n\nCopyright consists of a number of specific rights , some essentially economic\nin character , others protecting the author 's artistic integrity and\nreputation. States. distribution. the exclusive right to authorize that a work or copies thereof be made\navailable to the public. What the distribution right is meant to add in\naddition to the other exclusive rights of the author is control over the\nIt can be\ncommercial exploitation of his work within a given jurisdiction. of particular importance if the manufacturing of copies of the work is not\nitself an \" infringement \" because it takes place , for example , in a country\nwhere the work is not protected or where protection has expired. 1\n\nSome Member States provide expressly for the author to have the exclusive\nright to offer to the public or to place in circulation the original work or\nany copies thereof. This technique is applied in Denmark , Germany , Italy ,\nthe Netherlands and Portugal\n, and the new copyright law recently adopted. Others make no such express\nin Spain contains a corresponding provision\nprovision , though tq some extent a distribution right may form part of the\nMoreover ,\npublication right granted by Irish and United Kingdom law\nunder Belgian , French and Luxembourg law , it seems possible to achieve\nresults close to those of a distribution right by means of conditional\nexercise of the reproduction right. published copies of the work , right holders may at least in some cases , be\n4\nable to limit the use that third parties may make of them. By clearly indicating conditions on\n\n2\n\n\f- 147-\n\n4. 1. 3. The question to be considered in this context is whether a distribution\nright should be introduced in all Member States and, if so , in respect of\nwhich works and which rights in those works. Examination of this question\nshould include an assessment of the consequences appearing to flow at\npresent from the absence of distribution rights or from their early\nexhaustion. 4. 2. Exhaustion of distribution rights ; national Law. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 2. \" Exhaustion\" should not be confused with \" expiry\" of the term of copyright\nprotection. For an explanation of the meaning and application of exhaustion\nsee paragraph 4. 3. 1. et seq. The doctrine of exhaustion is a familiar\nprinciple of intellectual property laws of different kinds. question are considered to be exhausted or consumed when the protected goods\nare first lawfully marketed , that is , by the right holder himself or with\nhis consent. It has been applied in the patent and trade mark context as\nwell as in the copyright field. The principle can be applied in more or less\nsweeping forms. In the copyright field, for example , it tends to be applied\nrigorously to the sale of copies of literary work , but in a more qualified\nform to the sale of copies of musical works. rental of the music may still be subject to the author 's consent. In the latter case , subsequent\n\nThe rights in\n\nThose States that have expressly provided for a distribution right in their\ncopyright laws have been obliged to confront at the same time the question\nof the appropriate limits of the right since permanent control for the\nduration of copyright protection over all forms of distribution of copies of\na work seems clearly excessive. right of the holder is the time when the work or a copy of it is first\nlawfully placed on the market. is given explicit expression in this way in the copyright laws of Denmark ,\nGermany and the Netherlands , whereas the same result is obtained in Italy by\nway of interpretation\nexhaustion of rights by first sale\n\nThe new Spanish law also contains a provision on\n\nThis \" exhaustion\" or \" consumption\" principle\n\nOne obvious moment to put an end to the\n\n\f- 148-\n\nPortugal , however , has no provision in its copyright law on exhaustion\ndespite the far-reaching distribution right laid down in Article 68(2 ). Finally , given that their laws do not make specific provision for a\ndistribution right , Belgium, Greece , France , Ireland, Luxembourg and the\nUnited Kingdom make no express provision for exhaustion. 4. 2. 3. In the absence of clear provisions on the exhaustion of rights upon the\nfirst sale of a copy of the work , it may be uncertain to what extent the\nauthor by contractual or semicontractual means such as a notice of rights on\nthe cover page of a book can impose restrictions in respect of the use of\nthe copy on the buyer of a copy and on third parties. 4. 3. Exhaustion of rights : Community law. 4. 3. 1. Goods lawfully\n\nand trade marks\n\nThe doctrine has thus played a\n\nIn its original form , the doctrine of exhaustion related only to the\njurisdiction within which the rights in question had arisen. marketed in other jurisdictions could still be kept out on the basis of\nrights arising in the first jurisdiction. However , the development of\nregional and international markets has led to the exhaustion concept being\napplied to favour cross-frontier trade. major role in the case law of the European Court of Justice , in relation to\nas well as copyright. The Court has held that in\npatents\nall these fields reliance on an exclusive right to exclude goods lawfully\nmarketed in other Member States would be incompatible with the fundamental\nprinciples of the Community Treaty providing for the free circulation of\ngoods since it would legitimize the isolation of national markets. While\nArticle 36 EEC authorizes the Member States to maintain restrictions on\nimports justified on the grounds of the protection of industrial and\ncommercial property , it does not permit a right holder to prevent the free\ncirculation of goods once , with the right holder 's consent , they have been\nplaced on the market within the Community. - 149-\n\n4. 3. 2. 4. 3. 3. More particularly as regards copyright and neighbouring rights , the Court\nstated in Deutsche Grammophon v. Metro\n\nthat :\n\n10\n\n\" If a right related to copyright is relied upon to prevent the marketing in\na Member State of products distributed by the holder of the right or with\nhis consent on the territory of another Member State on the sole ground\nthat such distribution did not take place on the national territory , such a\nprohibition which would legitimize the isolation of national markets , would\nbe repugnant to the essential purpose of the Treaty , which is to unite\nnational markets into a single market \". 11\n\n, the Court similarly concluded that copyright\n\nIn Musik-Vertrieb v. GEMA\ndid not permit right holders to claim the difference between the royalty\npayable in an importing Member State and that payable in an exporting State\nwhen sound recordings had been lawfully placed on the market in the latter. Such a claim was an improper restriction on the movement of goods in free\n\ncirculation. 4. 3. 4. In subsequent cases , the Court has been given the opportunity to define\nfurther the proper limits of the doctrine of Community exhaustion in the\ncopyright field. - 150-\n\n4. 3. 5. 4. 3. 6. 12\n\nFirst , the Court has made it clear that its doctrine of exhaustion is\nlimited to the marketing through the sale of copies of the works in the form\nof physical objects like other merchandise\nIn such cases , the legitimate\ninterests of the copyright holder are satisfied by the payment of the\nroyalty received on first sale irrespective of where within the Community it\ntook place and even if the royalty paid is lower than it would have been if\nthe first sale had taken place in another Member State. But where a work is\nmarketed by being performed , as is the case with films , for example , then\nthe right holder 's legitimate interest in receipts from successive\nperformances of the work will enable him to prevent performances in a given\njuri sidiction that would otherwise have been possible. Thus in Coditel v. Cine-Vog\nthe Court held that the holder of performing rights for a film in\nBelgium could prevent the re-transmission by cable television in Belgium of\na German broadcast of the same film. exhausted by the authorization to perform the film by televising it in\nGermany given his legitimate interest in calculating the royalty for cinema\nperformance in Belgium on the actual or probable number of performances in\nthat country. Re-transmission by cable television of the German broadcast\nwould clearly upset that calculation. The producer 's rights were not\n\n14\n\na French\n\nMore recently, the Court has had to address the question of the public\nperformance of sound recordings. In G. Basset v. SACEM\ndiscotheque had challenged the right of the author to claim a supplementary\nmechanical right royalty on top of the performance royalty when sound\nrecordings imported from the United Kingdom were performed in public in\nFrance. In the United Kingdom, the mechanical right royalty is unchanged\nwhether the phonogram is used for private purposes or used for public\nperformance purposes. French copyright law , on the other hand , gives the\nauthor the discretion to increase his claim for remuneration for the\nreproduction when copies are used for public performances. - 151-\n\nBefore the French courts , the discotheque owner had unsuccessfully argued\nthat the right of the author , according to the French law , to claim a\nsupplementary mechanical right royalty for phonograms used for public\nperformances was contrary to Community law because the first sale of the\nphonogram took place in the United Kingdom where a similar right did not\nexist. The Court did not endorse this claim , however , holding that the\nTreaty provisions posed no obstacle to the non-discriminatory application of\na national law which permitted a collecting society to demand a royalty,\nknown as a supplementary mechanical right royalty , by reason of the use in\npublic of the recordings , even when such a supplementary right did not exist\nunder the law of the State where the recordings were legitimately placed on\nthe market. It should be noted that the situation in this case was\n\nsignificantly different from that in Musik-Vertrieb v. GEMA in that in the\nlatter case the extra royalty was claimed on the simple grounds of\nimportation from one Member State to another. In G. Basset v. SACEM ,\nhowever , the royalty in question became due only on public performance of\nthe recording within the importing State. 4. 3. 7. 4. 3. 8. The limits of the doctrine of Community exhaustion in the field of rental of\nvideo cassettes will be addressed by the Court in the near future\nmatter is considered further in the context of the discussion of video. This\n\n15\n\nrental rights in paragraphs 4. 10. 1. to 4. 10. 9. below. Finally , in this context , it should be noted that the doctrine of exhaustion\nfounded upon Articles 30 to 36 EEC concerns the free circulation of copies\nof copyright works after they have been lawfully placed on the market. Its\neffects should not be confused with the effects of competition law on\nagreements by which publishing rights are allocated on a territorial basis. Such agreements , which are of considerable interest to authors and\npublishing companies , are to be respected provided they do not run counter\nto the principles of competition policy in the Treaty , particularly the\nprovisions of Article 85. 4. 4. Distribution rights and exhaustion : outstanding issues\n\n,\n\n\\\n\\\n\n- 152-\n\n4. 4. 1. As regards the free circulation of copyright goods , the development of the\nexhaustion doctrine by the European Court on the basis of the Treaty 's\ndirectly applicable provisions has already to a large degree ensured that\nnational copyright laws will not have adverse or divergent effects on the\nHowever , some issues have not y^t been\nfunctioning of the common market. specifically decided by the Court. This applies , for example to the effect of the exhaustion doctrine on\nrestrictive conditions indicated on copyright goods placed on the market and\nintended to limit or prevent the free circulation of those goods from one\nMember State to another. Such indications might state , for example , that the\ngoods are \" Not for sale in. \" or \"Not for export \". Such conditions\nmight in principle be permitted by a given national law. However , there\nseems little reason to doubt that the Court would rule also in the area of\n\ncopyright , as it has done in other areas of intellectual and industrial\nproperty law , that such an exercise of the reproduction right does not form\npart of the essential function of copyright in goods placed lawfully on the\nmarket and accordingly cannot be used to oppose the import of goods from\nother Membert States. Such conditions run counter not only to the\nprovisions of the EEC Treaty on the free flow of goods but also to\ncompetition rules. To this extent then , the \" Europeanization of the\nexhaustion principle \"\n/\n\nhas already been largely achieved. 16\n\n4. 4. 3. These are likely to raise issues as\n\nAs regards performing rights in protected works , as has been explained , the\nexhaustion doctrine does not apply. regards the free provision of services rather than the free circulation of\ngoods. In the broadcasting field , for example , the cross-frontier\ntransmission of broadcasts , particularly television , by satellite and cable\nencounters legal obstacles deriving from copyright that require to be\nremoved by appropriate Community secondary legislation. A proposal has\nalready been submitted by the Commission to the Council\n\n17\n\n\f- 153-\n\nA. 4. 4. The Commission has so far received no request for the introduction in all\nMember States of a distribution right of general application in the\ncopyright field. Most problems that have been mentioned\ncapable of adequate solution at national level. It has been suggested , on\nthe other hand , that the question of public lending or rental of books and\nthe possible right of the author to receive remuneration for this use of his\nwork is an issue requiring a solution at the Community level\n\nseem to be\n\n19\n\n18\n\n4. 4. 5. The desirability of allocating resources to this subject at Community level\nat this time seems far from evident , however. 4. 4. 6. 4. 4. 7. 4. 4. 8. First , in reality , only relatively small sums of money are at present\ninvolved. Commercial rental of books has practically disappeared. Public\nlending schemes , where they exist , generate only modest total revenues. In\nno Member State do they appear to exceed 10 million ECU per annum. Second , the schemes operate only in a minority of Member States : Denmark ,\nGermany , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Moreover , their\nintroduction has on occasion generated considerable controversy. Establishing a political consensus in those circumstances , even at national\nlevel , has proved difficult and time-consuming. The chances of arriving at a\nCommunity consensus within a reasonable period of time are not great. Third , of the four schemes in operation , those in force in Denmark , the\nNetherlands and the United Kingdom are not strictly speaking part of the\ncopyright system at all , but a supplementary regime whereby authors receive\nsums from a fund largely financed from public sources. It may be doubted\nwhether such forms of public financing are an appropriate subject matter for\nCommunity harmonization at this time. - 154-\n\n4. 4. 9. Fourth , neither the absence nor presence of such schemes appears to cause\nsignificant problems for free circulation of books or to the development of\nbook publishing in the Community. In particular , the lending or rental of\nbooks is far less closely linked to problems of private copying and piracy\nsuch as those that affect the audio-visual sector in the manner further\nexplained below ^. 4. 4. 10. For all these reasons , the Commission is of the opinion that Community\naction in respect of approximation of laws in this area at the present time\nwould not be justified. 4. 4. 11. On the other hand , in the audio-visual sector , important issues have arisen\nhaving both a cross-frontier dimension and important implications for the\nfuture development of the Community 's sound and video recording industries. Authors and producers of such recordings have for some time been arguing\nstrongly in favour of the introduction of a distribution right or at least\nfor protection against unauthorized commercial rentals. made in part in the context of the Community debate on audio-visual piracy\nBut the\nand some aspects of the problem have been considered in Chapter 2. demand also raises issues of substantive copyright law that merit further\n\nThe demand has been\n21\n\nconsideration here. 4. 4. 12. As regards the rental of computer programs , it is proposed in Chapter 5\n( paragraph 5. 8. 2. ( d )) that specific provisions be made for a rental right\nwithin the context of the proposed directive on the legal protection of\ncomputer programs. Rental of computer programs is therefore not dealt with\nin this present chapter. - 155-\n\n4. 5. The distribution of sound and video recordings\n\n4. 5. 1. Sound and video recordings appear to Lend themselves increasingly to\ncommercial exploitation by way of rental. 4. 5. 2. But even where these systems have existed , the negative\n\nAs regards sound recordings , non-commercial libraries have been in existence\nfor some time , especially in those countries where the public library system\nis well developed. effects of lending or rental on right holders have appeared to be relatively\nThe principal reason is that the quality of traditional recordings\nlimited. on disc suffers proportionately to the number of times the record is\nborrowed , wear being inevitable and the risk of accidental damage high. Control of wear and tear on returned copies is at best burdensome and\nfrequently impractical. Worn or damaged copies are unattractive whether for\nlistening or private copying. The need to replace damaged copies of popular\nrecordings operates as an automatic limit on the extent to which the\npurchase of one copy of a given work for lending or rental will substitute\nfor the purchase of other copies and indeed on the entire scale of lending\nand rental operations. exploitation of traditional sound recordings through rental seems to have\nbeen rendered insufficiently attractive for it to develop on a substantial\n\nFor all these reasons , profitable commercial\n\nscale. - 156-\n\n4. 5. 3. The first technical development to change this state of affairs was the\nintroduction of the tape cassette which is much less susceptible to damage. However , the relatively recent arrival of the laser read compact disc is\nlikely to have much more profound effects since it appears to be virtually\nindestructible in normal use and repeated playing has little effect on the\nquality of the sound. rental activity is much higher than before and in a number of countries ,\nparticularly outside the Community where the penetration of the compact disc\nplayer is particularly high , rental outlets have mushroomed. This is the\ncase in Canada , Japan and the USA. Recently, following the increasing\npenetration of compact disc players in the United Kingdom , compact disc\nrental outlets have started to appear in large numbers. Similar developments\ncan be expected elsewhere. Consequently the possibility of profitable commercial\n\n4. 5. 4. Furthermore , sound recordings on compact disc could until recently only be\ncopied on to tape using ordinary analogue recording equipment , but the\nadvent of the digital audio tape recorder means that the digital recording\ncan be copied in digital form, unless protected against reproduction by\ntechnical means. digital tapes , the same problems will arise for this support as for the\ncompact disc. The problem of home copying is treated in Chapter 3 , but it is. mentioned here since the negative impact of lending and rental undertakings\non the income of right holders is clearly increased when high quality copies\ncan be readily made by hirers at low cost. When a repertoire is eventually available on pre-recorded\n\n\f- 157-\n\n4. 5. 5. 4. 5. 6. The reasons why video\n\nLending and rental of video recordings on cassette differ from the rental of\nsound recordings because the predominant method of distributing video\nrecordings to the public is rental and not sale. recordings are rented and not sold include the saturation effect of repeated\nplaying of most popular video products , in particular , feature films , and\nthe relatively high price , though now decreasing , for their purchase by\ncomparison with their rental. Some special types of recordings undoubtedly\ntend to be purchased , such as instructional and children 's videos , for these\nare likely to be used repeatedly. cassettes expressly for rental which accordingly then takes place with the\nfull agreement of right holders. But much material is produced on\n\nSuch rental outlets , operating independently and without\n\nAt the same time , however , the video industry is concerned about the scale\nand nature of the unlicensed video rental activities that have developed in\nrecent years. agreements with right holders in respect of the material rented , have\nincreased substantially not only in Europe but also in the United States ,\nCanada and Japan. Competition between outlets is often fierce and their\nTheir activities have a negative effect on\nfinancial situation precarious. the revenue of right holders by diverting legitimate business from licensed\ndistributors and , in addition , they tend to form the main outlet for pirate\ncopies which produce a larger profit margin than rental of legitimate\nproducts. 4. 6. The present position concerning the rental of sound recordings\n\n4. 6. 1. The main features of the present legal position as regards the rental of\nsound recordings in the Member States can be summarized as follows according\nto the three categories of right holder concerned. 4. 6. 2. First , as regards authors' rights in respect of audio recordings , these will\nbe exhausted by first sale in Italy. Accordingly ,\nauthors are not entitled in those countries to authorize or to receive\nspecific remuneration for subsequent rental of their recorded works. 22 _ _ 23\nand the Netherlands\n\n\f4. 6. 3. 4. 6. 4. - 158-\n\nIn another group of States , the opposite situation prevails. Thus , in\nDenmark , the Copyright Act was amended by law no. 274 of 6 June 1985 to\nexclude exhaustion in respect of the right of the author to authorize the\ncommercial rental of musical works including recordings thereof. In Germany ,\nArticle 27 of the copyright law explicity grants authors a right to\nremuneration when sound recordings are lent or rented but not a right to\nprohibit such use of their works. Article 19 of the new Spanish copyright law , the right to control rental. This right is not exhausted by the first sale of a copy. Also in Portugal ,\nArticle 68(1 ) of the copyright law makes explicit provisions for the\nauthor 's right to authorize rental copies of his work. In Spain authors have , by virtue of\n\n24\n\nIn yet a third group of the States , a degree of uncertainty prevails. In\nIreland and the United Kingdom , where rental of published works is not a\nrestricted act , it appears that authors have no right to control rental of\ncopies of recordings marketed with their consent ,\ncontract ; though serious doubts have been expressed about the efficacy of\nsuch practices\ndistribution right is recognized , conditional exercise of the reproduction\nright might in theory permit restrictions to be placed on subsequent rental\nby means of clear notification on the copies sold\nappears to be no case law unequivocally sustaining the thesis that\ncommercial rental can be controlled in this way and commercial practice in\nthose countries frequently suggests the opposite. In Belgium , Greece , France and Luxembourg , where no\n\nexcept perhaps by\n\nHowever , there. 4. 6. 5. As far as producers are concerned , laws at present in force do not generally\ngive them the right to control the subsequent rental of recordings put into\nIn France and Portugal , producers have\ncirculation by sale to the public. however in 1985 been granted such a right. In other countries , an effort\nhas been made to achieve this end. Under the terms of the IFPI / BIEM Standard\n, producers agree to print the following on record labels :\nContract\n\n\f- 159-\n\n\"AIL rights of the producer and of the owner of the work reproduced\nreserved. Unauthorised copying , hiring , lending and public performance of\nthis tape prohibited \". Third parties are thereby put on notice that neither the producer nor the\nauthor of the work has given authorization for the hiring or lending of\nMoreover , the IFPI / BIEM Standard Contract also specifies that the\nrecords. producer is granted the right to put recordings into circulation solely with\na view to their sale for private use. In Germany , recent case law\nrenders\nsuch restrictions ineffective. In the Netherlands , the authors' society is\nengaged in litigation in order to test whether the unauthorized commercial\nrental of records can be prevented on this basis\n\n28\n\n29\n\n4. 6. 6. As for performers , no Member State has enacted laws giving them the right to\nauthorize the rental of their performances fixed on sound recordings. 4. 7. The present position concerning the rental of video recordings. 4. 7. 1. The legal position in respect of rental of videograms is partially similar\nbut not identical to the position in respect of rental of sound recordings. 4. 7. 2. One important difference is that a videogram is assimilated to a\ncinematographic work protected according to Article 2(1 ) of the Berne\nConvention. This implies that the producer of a videogram , irrespective of\nwhether a given State operates with a specific film copyright in favour of\nthe producer\nis automatically considered an author , if not the sole\nauthor of the work and in that capacity , unlike producers of phonograms ,\nenjoys authors' rights. 4. 7. 3. As to the rights of authors and producers to authorize or receive specific\nremuneration for the rental of videograms after their first sale , the legal\nresults appear to be essentially the same as for sound recording though the\nlegal technique used to realize those results may be different. - 160-\n\n4. 8. Recent Legislative proposals concerning the rental of sound and video\nrecordings\n\n4. 8. 1. In Belgium , proposals for new legislation have recently been made which\naddress the problem of lending and rental of sound and video recordings\nIn the United Kingdom , an amendment to the Bill published on 28 October 1987\nproposes the introduction of a rental right\n\n32\n\n31. 4. 9. The Community dimension of the problem. 4. 9. 1. Given the differences in the legal situations in the Member States ,\ndifficulties may obviously arise if a video cassette is brought from a\ncountry where the author has no right to control rental into a country where\nthis right exists. Such a situation has recently been the subject of\nlitigation before the Court of Justice in case 158 / 66 Warner Brothers Inc. and Metronome Video Aps v. Erik Viuff Christiansen. In that case , the Danish\ndefendant bought in the United Kingdom a video cassette of a feature film\nwhich was not available on video cassette in Denmark whether for rental or\nfor sale. The plaintiff , Warner Brothers , later granted exclusive rights to\nthe plaintiff Metronome Video Aps to exploit the work by way of rental in\nDenmark. The question which the Court had to decide was whether the right\nholder in Denmark , having the right to authorize rental in the territory of\nDenmark , could stop a person who purchased a video cassette in a Member\nState where rental is not a restricted act from exploiting the imported\ncassette for commercial rental purposes. By its ruling of 17 May 1988, the\nCourt , in accordance with the Commission 's suggestion , answered the question\nin the affirmative , motivated by the consideration that the exploitation of\nthe film also by way of public performance or shows in cinemas could be\nseverely compromised. The case is a vivid demonstration of the Community\ndimension of this type of problem from the point of view of the functioning\nof the internal market in sound and video recordings. - 161-\n\n4. 10. The future development of the Community 's sound and video recording\nindustries and the general introduction of a rental right. 4. 10. 1. Present trends in the distribution and marketing of sound and video\nrecordings suggest that commercial rental will constitute an increasingly\nimportant means by which such recordings will be made available to the\nFurthermore , given the links between rental and the problems of\npublic. piracy and private copying , this development implies significant economic\nconsequences for those whose works and performances are recorded. In the\nabsence of a firm legal basis for right holders to authorize the commercial\nexploitation of their works through rental , it seems likely that those\nresponsible for creating recorded works will receive a much lower return for\ntheir efforts and investment than would otherwise be the case , while\nmiddlemen could profit disproportionately from the efforts of others. likely consequence may well then be that recorded works will tend to be sold\nat relatively high prices since right holders will seek to achieve a return\non first sale that will reflect , if only in part , the rental use that may\nHowever , this policy is unlikely to\nsubsequently be made of their works. provide a satisfactory solution from the right holders' point of view since\nthere are other limits on the prices that may be charged on first sale ,\nwhile these higher prices will nevertheless prejudice those consumers who\nwould prefer to buy rather than rent the recordings in question. One\n\n\f- 162-\n\n4. 10. 2. On the other hand , if right owners can sufficiently control the commercial\nexploitation of sound and video recordings through rental , they will be in a\nposition to ensure that they receive an adequate return on their investment\nfor rental exploitation of their works. Control of the exploitation by way\nof rental is also the necessary prerequisite for receiving remuneration for\nrental of a copy intended for public performance. The practice of\nentertaining different audiences such as patients in hospitals , military\npersonnel in barracks , seamen aboard ships and inmates in penitentiary\ninstitutions can constitute a supplementary source of income to right\nholders. A rental right should provide the legal foundation for such income\nto be realized. At the same time , sufficient control over rental should\nfavour the adoption of low pricing policies on sales which will encourage\nthat form of demand and directly benefit the consumer. Finally , better\ncontrol over the rental market should contribute to the repression of piracy\nsince it will tend to ensure that rental outlets will not deal in infringing\nproducts. 4. 10. 3. In this connection , the need to provide adequate resources for the future\nactivities of the Community 's audio-visual industries should be borne in\nmind. As the Commission has already explained in other contexts\nthe\nEuropean audio-visual programme industries must be able to call on new\nresources if they are to meet the challenge of supplying the new\naudio-visual media with the material that the latter will need. A rental\nmarket which ensures that right holders receive an adequate return on their\ninvestment has an important role to play in this regard. 4. 10. 4. 4. 10. 5. - 163-\n\nVarious remedies have been suggested to improve the situation including\nlicensing of all rental outlets and the introduction of a broad distribution\nright for sound and video recordings. Such remedies are probably more than\nis necessary to solve the problem. However , a rental right would provide the\nsolid legal foundation necessary for the future development of the\nCommunity 's sound and video recording industries without underestimating the\nimportance of other cultural policies designed to support authors and\nperformers. It would also have the advantage that many practical matters\ncould be settled by contractual arrangement rather than by the law itself\nincluding , for example , the uses to be made of rented copies , royalties and\ntheir distribution between different categories of right holder. Finally ,\nthe general introduction of a rental right in all Member States would ensure\nthat artificial distortions do not arise as regards the marketing of sound\nand video recordings as a result of commercial rentals requiring\nauthorization by right holders in some Member States and not in others. The decisions of the European Court concerning exhaustion are in no sense\nincompatible with the introduction of a rental right whether at national or\nThe situations so far held incompatible with the Treaty 's\nCommunity level. free circulation provisions have all involved the sale and re-sale of goods\nlawfully placed on the market for that purpose , not the rental of recorded\ncase , the Court\nworks subject to copyright. held that where copyright works are exploited through successive\nperformances , the first performance did not exhaust the holder 's rights. The exploitation of sound and video recordings through rental raises similar\nissues to exploitation through performance , not least the holder 's\nlegitimate interest in controlling successive commercial uses of the work. In addition , in the Coditel\n\n34\n\n\f4. 10. 6. 4. 10. 7. - 164-\n\nIn conclusion then , current developments in the distribution of sound and\nvideo recordings suggest that the introduction of a rental right in all\nMember States of the Community should be considered a priority matter. a right should be granted to authors of works embodied in sound and video\nrecordings / to the producers of such recordings and to performers whose\nperformances have been fixed thereon. Many details could probably best be\nsettled at national level , preferably by contractual arrangements between\nThis would probably apply, for example , to the\nthe interests concerned. questions of how the royalty income from rental where authorized should be\nshared between the various right holders and what mechanisms may be needed\nOn the other hand , the\nto handle demands for licences authorizing rental. scope of the right should be defined at Community level in order to avoid\nundue distortions. Such\n\nA choice has to be made in this context between a right to authorize rental\nand a right to equitable remuneration as provided at present by German law. Each solution has different advantages and disadvantages , but at present the\nright to authorize rental appears to be the most appropriate. The trend in\ntechnical development is towards recording and copying facilities that\nreadily and cheaply produce increasingly high quality copies and which\npermit the use of pre-recorded material by numerous users without\ndeterioriation. This trend is likely to lead to rented products having an\nincreasing market share. by charging more for their products ,\navailable for rental , is limited and , in any case , higher sales prices\nprejudice the consumer and tend to operate in themselves as an incentive to\nrental and to copying. holders to decide on the extent to which their products would be marketed by\nrental or sale on the basis of commercial considerations including the\nprobable impact of one form of marketing on the other. remuneration would be far less satisfactory from this point of view and\nwould inevitably involve the uncertainty and complexity of procedures\ndesigned to determine what is equitable remuneration in any given case. The ability of right holders to protect themselves\nparticularly those intended to be made\n\nA right to authorize rental would enable right\n\nA right to equitable\n\n\f- 165-\n\n4. 10. 8. It seems appropriate to suggest a duration of the rental right of 50 years\nto be calculated from the end of the year in which the recording was made in\naccordance with the legislative trend in Member States in respect of the\nreproduction of recordings. 4. 10. 9. Since the problems currently arising are a consequence of commercial\nlending , no need appears to arise to extend the scope of the right to\nincluding free lending , for example , by public libraries. Community action to commercial lending , Member States are also left the\ndiscretion to make appropriate arrangements in respect of other\nnon-commercial lending of sound and video recordings , as for example\nlending to educational institutions. By restricting\n\n4. 11. Summary\n\n4. 11. 1. The Commission considers that the increasing penetration of compact discs,\nwhich do not deteriorate by frequent use, entails the risk that the author ,\nthe performer and the phonogram producer may suffer economic damage by the\nunauthorized commercial rental of sound recordings. This risk should be countered by the introduction in all Member States of a\nright for the author, the performer and the phonogram producer to authorize\nthe commercial rental of sound recordings. 4. 11. 2. As far as video recordings are concerned, the economic interest of the\nproducer of the cinematographic work so recorded makes it necessary to\nguarantee him the right to choose the time and place to exploit his work by\nperformance in movie theatres and by commercial rental. The right to\nauthorize the commercial rental of videograms , as laid down in the\nlegislation of some Member States, should be generalized. 4. 11. 3. There appears at the present time to be no need for the introduction of a\ngeneral right for authors to control other elements in the commercial\ndistribution of copies of their works. 4. 12. Conclusion\n\n- 166-\n\n4. 12. 1. The Commission intends to submit to the Council a proposal for a directive ,\nto be based on Article 100A EEC , to introduce a rental right for sound and\nvideo recordings in all Member States of the Community. Comments are\ninvited on whether this right as suggested should consist of the right to\nauthorize rental or should be restricted to the right to receive equitable\nremuneration. 4. 12. 2. Comment is also invited on the conclusion drawn in this chapter that the\nother issues of a broad distribution right and a harmonisation of\nexhaustion provisions do not appear to call for legislative initiatives at\nCommunity level at the present time. 4. 13. Timetable for submissions\n\n4. 13. 1. Comments on Chapter 4 should be submitted to the Commission no later than\n1 December 1988. - 167-\n\nSee for Denmark , section 2 of Law on Copyright no. 158 of 31 May 1961 with\nlater amendments , for Germany, article 16 of the Copyright Law of 9\nSeptember 1965 with later amendments , for Italy , article 12 of the\nCopyright Law no. 633 of 22 April 1941 with later amendments , for the\nNetherlands , article 12 of the Copyright Law of 23 September 1912 with\nlater amendments and for Portugal , section 67(1 ) of the Code 45 / 85 of\nCopyright and Related Rights of 17 September 1985. See article 17 of Ley de propiedad intelectual no. 22 / 87 of 11 November\n1987\nBoletin Oficial del Estado no. 275 of 17 November 1987. See A. Dietz , Copyright Law in the European Community , 1978 , para. 233 ;\nand Copinger and Stone James , Copyright , twelfth edition, 1980 , paragraph\n495. See A. Dietz , op. cit. paragraphs 233-234 ; and Gotzen , Het\nbestemmingsrecht van de auteur , 1975 , p. 17 et seq. 5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\nA. Dietz , op. cit. , para. 231. Article 19 loc. cit. Centrafarm et al. v. Sterling Drug ,\n\n( 1974 ) ECR 1147. Centrafarm v. Winthrop ,\n\n( 1974 ) ECR 1183. Deutsche Grammophon v. Metro - SB - Grossm\u00e4rkte ,\n( 1981 ) ECR 147. Musik-Vertrieb Membran v. GEMA ,\n\n( 1971 ) ECR 487 and\n\nloc. cit. loc. cit. Coditel v. Cin\u00e9-Vog Films ,\n\n( 1980 ) ECR 881. loc. cit\n\nCase 407 / 85 , G. Basset v. SACEM , not yet reported. A similar problem will\nbe addressed by the Court in its judgement on the pending Case 270 / 86 M. Cholay , Societe Bizon 's Club v. SACEM. Case 158 / 86 , Warner Brothers Inc , and Metronome Video Aps v. Erik Viuff\nChri stiansen. A. Dietz , op. cit. , para 236. Proposal for a Council Directive on the coordination of certain\nprovisions laid down by law , regulation or administrative action in\nMember States concerning the pursuit of broadcasting activities of 6 June\n1986 , O. J. No. C 179 of 17 July 1986 , p. 4. -168-\n\nFor example , see A. Dietz , toc , cit. , paragraphs 227 and 250 et seq. A. Dietz , Loc. cit. paragraphs 250-258 and Community action in the\ncultural sector , Bulletin of the European Communities , Supplement 6/ 77\nparagraph 26. New technical development such as the development of the compact disc\nread only memory ( CD-ROM ) could alter this situation but it cannot be\nassumed that it will. See for example G. Davies , Piracy of Phonograms , second edition 1984,\nCommission Document SG / Culture / 52 / 84 , pages 111 to 112. See also Report\nof the Group of Experts on the Rental of Phonograms and Videograms ,\nUNESCO - WIP0 , November 1984 , UNESCO / WIPO / GE LPV. 1 / 6. A. Dietz , op. cit. , paragraph 231. See Article 12 of the Copyright Law of 23 September 1912 and A. Dietz ,\nop. cit. paragraph 231. See the Recording and Rental of Audio and Video Copyright Material ,\nFebruary 1985 , Cmnd. 9445 , page 11. See Rental of Videograms and Phonograms prepared by the International\nFederation of Producers of Phonograms and Videograms ( IFPI ) for WIP0 and\nUNESCO. Doc. UNESCO / WIPO / GE / LPV 1 / 2 , Paris 30 August 1984, paragraph 44. See for France Law no. 85-660 of 3 July 1985 , Article 21 and for Portugal\nLaw no. 45 / 85 of 17 September 1985 , Article 184(1 ) and 176(8 ). The\nprovisions in article 190 of the law which restricts application of the\nprotection will not be discussed in this context. Standard Contract drawn up by the International Federation of Producers\nof Phonograms and Videograms and the Bureau International de I'Edition\nMecanique. See decision of 6 March 1986 of the Bundesgerichtshof in case 1 ZR\n208 / 83 , GRUR 1986, page 736. STEMRA v. Free Recordshop. The decision by the High Court reported in NJ\n1986 Nr. 206 is at present before the Supreme Court ( Hoge Raad ). For details on film copyright , see paragraphs 2. 6. 5. to 2. 6. 9. of\nChapter 2 on Piracy. Bill no. 282 of 29 May 1986 submitted to the Senate by Mr. Desmarets and\nothers. See also Bill no. 615 of 18 July 1987 submitted to the Senate by\nMr. Lallemand and others. The Copyright , Designs and Patents Bill ( H. L. 12 ). See in particular the Community 's broadcasting policy, Proposal for a\n\n( 12)\n\n\f- 169-\n\nCouncil Directive concerning broadcasting activities , Bulletin of the\nEuropean Communities , Supplement 5 / 86 point 16 and Action Programme for\nthe European Audiovisual Media Products Industry , C0MC86 ) 255 final of 12\nMay 1986. 34\n\nloc. cit. - 170 -\n\nCHAPTER 5 : COMPUTER PROGRAMS\n\n5. 1. Subject natter\n\n5. 1. 1. 5. 1. 2. A computer program is a set of instructions the purpose of which is to\ncause an information processing device , a computer , to perform its\nfunctions. While more complicated definitions have been attempted\nsimple description will suffice for the purposes of the present discussion. , this\n\n1\n\nThe program as such will frequently be accompanied by supporting\ndocumentation in a \"package \". In addition , its development will have\ninvolved the creation of the necessary preparatory design material. The\nprogram together with the supporting and preparatory design material\nconstitute the \" software\". The legal protection of the supporting and\npreparatory design material may raise similar issues to those raised by the\nprotection of the program itself as regards both the availability and scope\nof protection. 5. 1. 3. Computer programs are of different types and can be classified in different\n\nways. 5. 1. 4. Operating systems control the internal functioning of the computer , while\napplication programs direct it to perform particular functions for the\nuser. If the application program is designed for a software developer , a\nprofessional user rather than the typical end user , it is often described\nas a \" tool \". Until recently application programs have normally required to\nbe loaded into a computer prior to being used. However , it is becoming\nincreasingly common for certain application programs to be incorporated in\nthe computer hardware, for example, data base management programs. The\ndistinction between operating systems and application programs is thus\neroding and this trend seems likely to continue. - 171 \"-\n\n5. 1. 5. Programs in object or machine code are expressed in binary digits , while\nsource code programs are expressed in some other form and are automatically\ntranslated into binary digits by a computer 's compiler. 5. 1. 6. Finally , programs can be classified according to the different media on\nwhich they are fixed , including paper tape , punched cards , magnetic tape\nand discs , optical discs , as well as integrated circuits (\" firmware \"). 5. 1. 7. Unless otherwise indicated , in this chapter , the word \" program \" signifies\nall computer programs however they may be classified. 5. 2. The economic , industrial and technological context\n\n5. 2. 1. The importance of computer software to the Community 's economy and its\n\nindustrial and technological future is quite apparent. 5. 2. 2. First , from a quantitative point of view , the world software industry is\nalready large and will continue to expand. Information concerning this\nindustry and its development is necessarily fragmentary. The following\nindications will serve , however , to give an impression of its main\n\nfeatures. 5. 2. 3. Commercial software sales amounted in 1985 to between 30 and 39 billion\n\ndollars , the higher figure including an adjustment for distribution costs. Since such sales figures do not include developments by users for their own\npurposes , the total annual output of the industry can be assumed to have a\nsignificantly higher value. 5. 2. 4. The largest software market is found in the United States which is about\nhalf the size of the world market and about 50% larger than the market in\nWestern Europe. Since the United States imports relatively little software ,\nwhile its industry exports on a considerable scale , with exports of package\napplication programs expanding significantly in recent years , the US share\nof the world market amounts to at least 70%. 5. 2. 5. 5. 2. 6. 5. 2. 7. 5. 2. 8. - 172 -\n\nThe Japanese software market is at present comparatively small at about 5\nbillion dollars. Japanese business attitudes and language difficulties are\nreflected in an almost exclusive demand for custom software and an\nindustrial policy that aims for a mass market in software development\nsystems. If this policy is successful , Japan could be a world player in\nsoftware markets within a decade. The Western European software market was valued in 1985 at 9. 5 billion\ndollars of which 5. 1 billion , or 54% , were derived from sales of package\nsoftware. Package software sales are growing fast. They are led by packages\nfor micro-computers which are at present growing at 30% per annum , having\nexpanded by as much as 40% to 50% per annum in the recent past. Overall ,\nsoftware demand is currently stronger in Europe than in the USA which has\nmotivated US firms to increase their sales and developments through\nsubsidiaries and joint ventures in Western Europe. Indeed , the dominant suppliers of software in Western Europe are of US\norigin. Taken together , US firms in 1985 supplied in the region of 65% to\n85% of the Western European market for system software depending on the\nclass and about 55% of the market for application software. It is also striking that computer hardware manufacturers are the largest\nsuppliers , even in the case of package software. Amongst the computer\nhardware firms , IBM leads the field with a 41. 5% share of the package\nsoftware market in Western Europe ( 1985 ). IBM 's main contenders are Hewlett\nPackard , DEC , ICL and Bull with shares between 4. 3% and 4% , followed by\nSiemens , Olivetti and Nixdorf with somewhat smaller shares of between 3. 4%\nand 3. 3%. The largest and most dynamic firms not involved in hardware\nproduction occupy positions much lower down the scale , ranking between\ntenth and twenty-fifth in relative importance : Computer Associates ,\nSoftware AG , Cullinet , Microsoft , Ashton Tate , Cincom , Lotus and Scicon\nInternati ona l. 5. 2. 9. 5. 2. 10. 173 -\n\nAs to developments in the future , some informed commentators^ believe that\nthe growth of package software will continue into the 1990\u2018s , at the\nexpense of custom software and processing services. This opinion is not\nshared by all. In fact , a few software houses , notably in France , believe\nthat they and their customers will be better off if they serve the growing\ndemand for integrated solutions by supplying application programs that are\nmore easily adaptable and portable than they were in the past. Such\nprograms must also be produced more quickly and cheaply than in the past ,\nby means of raising the number of re-usable program elements or modules. In\ntheir view , suppliers will have to assemble the necessary skills and offer\na host of professional services including market research , business\nconsultancy and user training in order to maximize value added. Developments in other Member States suggest that this view may well be\n\ncor rect. Uncertainty also prevails as to the extent to which reliance on proprietary\nas opposed to freely accessible standards will affect the market position\nof software suppliers. At one level , free worldwide standards reduce\ninvestment risk. This is demonstrated , for instance , by POSIX - a standard\nset of interfaces between UNIX and similar operating systems and the\napplication programs that run on these systems. Existence of POSIX now\nallows independent software producers to develop application software with\nthe knowledge that this software will \" fit \" a range of installations\nirrespective of the version of the operating system being used. Conversely\nit is said that some computer makers aim to restrict the use of operating\nsystems to their own products and to sell as much application software as\npossible. By withholding interface information for their products , they may\ndelay or prevent competitive software from being developed. It was\nprecisely such considerations which , in 1984 , led the Commission to insist\n\n\f5. 2. 11. 5. 2. 12. - 174 -\n\nthat IBM undertook ( ref. Bulletin of the European Communities 10-1984, page\n96 et seq. ) to identify the interface to be used by any competing product\nand give access to the relevant interface information. It has also been\nclaimed that \"proprietary standards \" distort competition in the software\nmarkets , but the degree of distortion is difficult to measure because data\nabout software activities are notoriously poor. The matter is clearly of\nsufficient cause for concern that it must be kept under close examination. Some important aspects of this problem are considered in paragraphs 5. 5. 8. to 5. 5. 12. below. Whatever the outcome , it is nevertheless clear that , in the future ,\nsoftware will increasingly constitute the most important component of\ncomputer systems , with the hardware consisting increasingly of similar ,\nstandardized interoperable components. These systems will be of vital\nimportance in all sectors of the economy. To retain its place in the\nforefront of technical advance , and indeed to maintain its competitiveness\ngenerally, the Community will accordingly have to ensure that it has a\ncompetitive , dynamic software industry. At the present time , however , there is little room for complacency on this\nscore since , though particular European firms may well be very successful\nin their particular niches , overall , the industry is characterized by the\npredominant position of US suppliers , in both the world and the Community\nmarkets , especially as regards operating systems. US computer manufacturers\nhave a technological lead as regards much computer hardware. Operating\nsystems are often supplied together with the hardware. This \"bundling\" of\nthe software and hardware inevitably helps them to maintain their\npredominant position. As regards application programs , users have a much\ngreater degree of freedom to choose their suppliers and , unsurprisingly , it\nis in this field that European firms have found it easier to invest in the\ndevelopment of competitive products and so increase their market share. - '75 -\n\n5. 2. 13. Given the late start of the Community 's software industry compared to that\nof its principal competitors, it is particularly important to ensure that\nappropriate legal protection is available to computer programs and software\ngenerally , which will contribute to an environment favourable to investment\nand innovation by Community firms , thus permitting the Community industry\nto catch up with its competitors. Further , in debating the scope and term\nof protection , a correct balance should be found between the benefits\nprotection gives to software producers and the \" opportunity costs\" it may\nimpose on software users in the form of the range and price of software\nproducts available to them. 5. 3. The legal response\n\n5. 3. 1. Until recently , the development of computers and their associated programs ,\nwhich has been under way for many years , had not produced widespread\nlegislative change in intellectual property laws. Part of the explanation\nfor this inactivity lies in the fact that , until a short time ago , access\nto programs was on the whole limited to more professional users in a direct\nrelationship with program developers. This permitted many problems to be\nresolved satisfactorily on a contractual basis. At the same time , in the\nindustrialized world , programs were not only protected contractually , but\nwere widely considered to be eligible for protection under the existing\nprovisions of copyright and , to a lesser degree , patent laws. The exact\nscope of this protection might well not be completely clear , but to the\nextent that case law was expected to clarify progressively the application\nof the law , there was a natural reluctance to embark on legislative\ninitiatives which might prove to be unnecessary. In addition , if the\nprotection of programs developed on the basis of existing instruments ,\nnational and international , it might be possible to avoid putting at issue\nvalued principles which would run a greater risk of being questioned in the\ncontext of more comprehensive legislative reform. 5. 3. 2. 5. 3. 3. - 176 -\n\nAccordingly , until recently in the Member States , attention focused on the\napplication and adaptation of existing laws to the particular characte\u00ac\nristics of software rather than on the promotion of new legislative\nsolutions. 4\n\nAs regards patent law , the common starting point has been the assimilation\nof computer programs \" as such \" to those forms of innovation , such as\nmathematical methods and presentations of information , that are not\nregarded as patentable inventions. But this point of departure has not\neliminated patent protection for programs to the extent that might appear\nat first sight. For where a program forms part of an invention that , taken\nas a whole , meets the criteria for patentability , patents have indeed been\ngranted and upheld by the courts. The Paris Court of Appeal , for example ,\nheld in 1981 that an invention permitting the analysis and recording of the\nphysical characteristics of the earth 's strata , including its oil-bearing\npotential , should not be refused protection simply because certain steps of\nthe procedure were directed by a computer program3. Similar approaches have\nbeen adopted in several Member States. In addition , the European Patent\nOffice has re-examined its practice in this matter and adopted new\nexamination guidelines in 1985 which , among other things , are designed to\nensure that an invention which , taken as a whole , has a technical character\nand meets the normal criteria for patentability , may be patented even if\nthe subject matter claimed includes a computer program^. Nevertheless, the\nrestrictive criteria that must be met to obtain a patent monopoly are\nundoubtedly such that many programs representing a considerable investment\nare not patentable probably because the technical character of an invention\nis absent , no change being produced on matter or energy in the physical\nworld. Even where a computer program does form part of an invention having\nthis technical character , the required level of inventiveness may not be\nreached. In any event , to obtain patent protection , procedures have to be\nfollowed and charges paid. These can result in potential right holders\nfailing to secure the legal protection of their work. 5. 3. 4. 5. 3. 5. 5. 3. 6. - 177 -\n\nThese limitations of patent law have emphasized the potential role of\ncopyright in the broad sense , that is , authors' rights and neighbouring\nrights as the primary means for protecting computer programs both at the\nlevel of Community Member States and at the international level. The\nscepticism expressed by some in the sixties and seventies in respect of the\nextension of \" copyright \" protection to this new kind of work , gradually and\nin parallel with an increasing understanding of the similarity between a\ncomputer program and a literary and artistic work , has been replaced both\nat national and international level by a general acknowledgment of the\nadvantages for creators , right holders , users and society as a whole of a\n\" copyright \" solution to the problem of ensuring adequate protection of\nprograms against unauthorized reproduction. Indeed , so strong had the preference for a copyright solution become , that\nthe 1983 session of the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO )\ngroup of experts pursuing the work started in 1979 to consider the\nprotection of computer programs at the international level , recommended\nthat the conclusion of a special treaty giving sui generis protection to\ncomputer programs should not be pursued for the time being. Instead , it\nnoted the suggestion that WIPO and UNESCO , the two bodies responsible for\nthe main international copyright conventions , should further study the\nprotection available for computer software under existing copyright laws\nand treaties and should convene a committee of governmental experts for\nthis purpose. On this basis , work on the protection of computer programs has been\ncontinued at the level of the competent international organizations. The\nsession convened by WIPO and UNESCO in February 1985 may well be considered\nto have failed to achieve universal recognition of the existence of\nprotection systems founded on the application of copyright laws. Neither\ndid it obtain a general consensus on the desirability of the introduction\nof copyright protection where not already applicable. It did , however ,\ndemonstrate that copyright protection against unauthorized reproduction of\ncomputer programs already exists in most industrialized countries , and\namong those , nearly all Member States of the European Communities. - 178 -\n\n5. 3. 7. Indeed , the record demonstrated that in Member States , case Law has\nincreasingly recognized the application in principle of copyright to\ncomputer programs and the other forms of expression , such as supporting\ndocumentation , that together constitute the software family. Q\n\n5. 3. 8. In recent years , legislation has also been proposed or adopted in many\nMember States , but essentially to confirm the trends in case law rather\nthan to modify them substantially. 5. 3. 9. 9\n\n10\n\namends the copyright law so as to\n\nthe term of protection. In France , the law of\nprovides that computer programs shall figure among the works\n\nIn Germany , the law of 24 June 1985\nassimilate programs for data processing to literary works , including for\nthe purposes of determining\n3 July 1985\nprotected under copyright law , albeit subject to particular provisions\nincluding a limitation of the term to 25 years from creation. In the\n11\nUnited Kingdom , the Copyright ( Computer Software ) Amendment Act 1985\nwas\nenacted in order to make it clear that computer programs attract copyright\nprotection. Most recently Spain has provided for explicit copyright\nprotection of computer programs by its comprehensive copyright law of. 13\n,\n1987\nItaly\nhave also announced that they will favour copyright as an appropriate\nvehicle for protecting computer programs. In Portugal , learned opinion\nconsiders computer programs to be covered by the notion of \" Intellectual\ncreation \" in Article 1 of the 1985 Code on Copyright and Related Rights\n,\nthough they are not mentioned in the examples specified in Article 2. Only\nin Greece^ do there appear still to be doubts about the desirability of\nprotecting software in this way. Similar legislative initiatives are being taken in Denmark\n14. 15\n, the Netherlands. The governments of Belgium\n\n16 _ 17\nand Luxembourg. , \u201e\n\n12\n\n18\n\n19. 5. 3. 10. 5. 3. 11. - 179 -\n\nIn brief then. , the Member States have generally taken the view that the\nlegal protection of computer software should reside primarily in the\napplication of copyright laws in the broad sense with the patent system\nplaying a more limited and ancillary role in the case of inventions\nIt is also generally recognized that the laws\ninvolving computer programs. of contract , trade secrets and unfair competition have important roles to\nplay , though legislative reform is not generally considered to be necessary\nin these areas in the immediate future. Copyright laws , on the other hand ,\nare the subject of critical comment in their application to computer\nprograms and the European debate is now focusing on the modifications that\nmay be desirable to take account of the particular characteristics of\ncomputer programs and the needs of Community industry both within and\noutside the data processing sector. In order to broaden the activity base\nof the software industry , the Community and the governments of the Member\nStates have committed themselves to IS0 / 0SI standards in data processing. The need to provide for more uniform protection in the Community has also\n\nbecome apparent if industry is to take full advantage of its large internal\n\nmarket. In order to take advantage of this market , industry needs comparable\noperating conditions in the Member States. Commercial developments such as\nthe advent of personal computers have underlined the need for specific\nlegal provisions and interpretations of the laws. Small computers are being\n\nmass marketed like other consumer durables as is the software with which\n\nthey operate. Programs in the form of tapes and discs are sold like books\nor records over the counter and the ability of the developer to protect\nhimself contractually has been much reduced. The incomplete evolution of\nlegal systems through case law and practice in some jurisdictions is\nincreasingly seen as a handicap by comparison with clear legislative\nprovisions adopted , for example - as regards copyright in computer programs ,\n\nin the United States of America\n\n21. It should be noted however that recent\n\nAmerican experience suggests that even if specific legislative provisions\nare enacted , difficult questions of interpretation will remain to be\nsolved. One important example is discussed in paragraph 5. 5. 11. below. - 180 -\n\n5. 3. 12. Given the fact that these questions of interpretation will take time for\nthe courts to resolve. Outstanding issues may be dealt with by agreement or\nby means of arbitration procedures. Such approaches may permit relatively\ndetailed settlements to be reached quite quickly and in a way which takes\nlargely into account the interests of those directly concerned , as has\nrecently been demonstrated by the arbitration involving IBM and Fujitsu in\nthe United States^. 5. 4. Coraunity involveaent to date\n\n5. 4. 1. The Commission has monitored developments concerning the legal protection\nof software both within and outside the Community over a number of years. It has also participated in the meetings of the WIP0 committee of experts\nand in discussions in other international fora. It has in addition\n\nconsulted experts and organizations interested in the question including ,\nrepresentatives from major European Information Technology companies ,\nUNICE , the European Computing Services Association ( ECSA ) and the\nConfederation of the European Computer Users Associations ( CECUA ). On the\nbasis of this involvement , the Commission concluded that a directive on the\nlegal protection of computer programs was a necessary step for the\ncompletion of the internal market. Consequently , in its White Paper\n23\n\" Completing the Internal Market \"\n, it undertook the commitment to submit\nto Council before the end of 1987 a proposal for a directive on the legal\nprotection in Community Member States of computer programs. Though delayed\nfor technical reasons , the proposal will be submitted to Council as rapidly\nas possible. - 181\n\n5. 5. Copyright : the focus for a Community initiative\n\n5. 5. 1. It is suggested that the directive be based on the following principles. 5. 5. 2. No action appears to be called for at this time in relation either to\n\npatent law or to trade secrets and contract laws. As regards patent law , as\npreviously mentioned , the European Patent Office in 1985 amended its\nguidelines on examination in the field of computer programs to make it\nclear that inventions having a technical character may be patentable even\nif they rely on computer programs to achieve their effects. Similar\ndevelopments are occurring in the Member States. The Commission considers\nthis kind of evolution to be desirable and hopes that all national patent\nadministrations will adopt a similarly liberal approach. No formal\nCommunity initiative seems to be necessary at present. Likewise in relation\nto trade secrets and contract law , the situation in the Member States seems\nrelatively satisfactory and legislative action at Community level is not at\npresent needed. 5. 5. 3. Similarly , no legislative initiative appears necessary as regards contract\nlaw though its importance in this field is often underestimated. Guidelines\nfor software suppliers and users might well prove useful , however , and\ncommercial practices be developed which , once they become widespread , will\nacquire the character of rules which might be applied failing other\narrangements. The Confederation of European Computer Users Associations and\nsome national associations are examining the possibility of drawing up\nguidelines in this area. 5. 5. 4. From time to time , the possibility is raised of protecting computer\nprograms by means of technical devices. Devices developed recently may\nprove more effective than they have in the past. At this stage , however ,\nfurther experience is needed of their use in practice. No Community\ninitiative is accordingly suggested at the present time. - 182 -\n\n5. 5. 5. As to copyright and neighbouring rights , the basic question whether their\napplication to protect computer programs is in principle desirable , is\ngenerally being answered in the affirmative. Those who have argued that\nsuch protection is either inadequate or excessive have not been vindicated\n\nby events. 5. 5. 6. As to the suggestion that copyright is insufficient , some European voices\nhave indeed suggested in the recent past that protection against copying is\ninsufficient and that a true monopoly right , analogous to a patent , is\nneeded. They have suggested that the limitations of copyright , in\nparticular the principle that it protects the form in which ideas are\n\nexpressed rather than the ideas themselves , render it a less than\ncompletely adequate solution. The application of the principle to computer\nsoftware leads to the conclusion that while programs are protected , their\nunderlying logic or algorithms are not. To the extent that the basic\nconcepts can be expressed differently , programs can thus be developed to\nachieve the same results. This has led some to propose that a new form of\nprotection be adopted , alongside copyright , to grant exclusive rights in\nnew algorithms involving an inventive step. Such protection would in many\nways be analogous to patent protection being dependent on registration and\ngiving an effective monopoly for a fixed period in the region of 20 years\nas to the algorithms in question. 24\n\n\f5. 5. 7. 183 -\n\nHowever , this approach has not met with general approval. Many in the data\nprocessing industries indicated their doubts about the desirability of such\nprotection , in particular , the risk that the development and use of\nprograms might be stultified by the creation of monopolies in concepts\nhaving a mathematical or scientific character and as such unprotectable\nunder any intellectual and industrial property protection system. This\ndanger that the development and use of programs might be stultified is said\nto be greater since the number of useful algorithms appears in all\nprobability to be limited. A broad consensus has emerged that competition\nwould be severely impaired , if \" independent invention \" of programs having\nessentially the same functions of existing programs but developed without\nundue \" inspiration \" by existing programs and expressed in a different\nmanner and \" reverse engineering \" were to be prevented. Interestingly , the\nsame conclusion has been reached in the context of recent developments\nconcerning the protection of semiconductor designs in the main producer\ncountries. 5. 5. 8. As to the question of whether copyright protection can itself give an\nexcessive degree of protection that is damaging to competition in the data\nprocessing industry and to the spread of computer technology , a definitive\nanswer cannot be given at the present time but should soon emerge as more\nexperience is gained both in the USA and in Europe. 5. 5. 9. 5. 5. 10. 5. 5. 11. - 184 -\n\nFor example , the problem of \" access protocols \" and interfaces has been\nraised. These must be used in the exact form in which they were first\nexpressed if newly developed software or hardware is to operate compatibly\nwith software or hardware already on the market. It has been argued that\ncopyright could create an undesirable monopoly not only of the access\nprotocol itself but of the entire segment of the systems market that\ndepends on its use. The development of compatible programs , which is\ndesirable from the point of view of both competition and industrial policy ,\nwould be impeded if competitors were prevented from integrating into their\nproduct range protocols or interfaces that are gaining wide support as\nlikely international standards. The same would apply if protocols or\ninterfaces were technically available, but only at a licence fee that only\nthe largest of competitors can afford. Because of the severe consequences\neffective monopolies in such software would have for communications and\nindustry at large , the specific exclusion of protocols and interfaces from\n25. copyright and similar protection is being debated in interested circles\n\nSimilarly , the allegation is sometimes heard that copyright protection\nmakes it so difficult to create compatible systems without at least the\nappearance of copying that , quite apart from the particular problem of\naccess protocols and interfaces , the legitimate development of compatible\nsystems will be impeded and desirable competition will be stifled. This\napplies particularly to the systems software and business applications\nmarkets. At present , the extent to which the copyright laws of the Member States\nmight permit program developers to prevent others using access protocols\nand interfaces or developing compatible programs is unclear. In any case ,\nit might well be that in situations as described in the foregoing\nparagraph , where the exercise of copyright as to access protocols or\ninterface specifications is likely to create and increase market dominance,\nsuch exercise would be accompanied by other factors so that an abuse of a\ndominant position may be established under the relevant competition laws. 5. 5. 12. 185 -\n\nMuch will probably depend on how successfully the courts manage in concrete\ncases to resolve the level of abstraction problem and so achieve a\nreasonable balance between the interests of right holders in existing\nprograms and of persons who can show that they have independently developed\nprograms to achieve similar results to existing ones. While copyright\nprotection reaches beyond the form of the program , in object or source\ncode , to include preparatory material such as the program description ,\nthere comes a point at which a claim for protection is a claim to an idea\nrather than the expression of that idea. For example , a mathematical\nformula to solve a particular problem can be implemented in a program in\nmany different ways. Each implementation can provide the same result or\noutput given identical values for the initial variables or input. But the\nperformance of the different implementations will vary , perhaps\nconsiderably. Copyright should protect the manner of the implementation ,\nand hence its particular advantages in terms of performance , and leave the\nformula to be implemented by anyone. As courts become more familiar with\nthe subject matter , they should be able to develop case law on what\nconstitutes copying in this field just as they have in more traditional\nfields. Copyright court cases have multiplied in the USA and so have the\nnumber of interpretations as to the scope of protection. At this stage , in\nthe Community , there is not yet enough experience that would allow one to\nconclude that copyright laws need modification. If problems should arise ,\nthen methods could be found for dealing with them either within the\nrelevant intellectual property laws themselves , through suitable\nnon-voluntary licensing provisions or , in whole or in part , through the\napplication of competition and standardization policy. 5. 5. 13. The Commission is of the opinion that from the point of view of fundamental\neconomic policy , protection against copying of software by copyright or a\nneighbouring right seems correct and should be accorded by the Member\nStates of the Community as a whole. After the Commission has taken a\nposition on the question of principle , attention needs to be given to a\nconsideration of what parameters may be needed to ensure sufficient\nconvergence in the systems that will be applied in practice by the Member\n\nStates. 5. 6. Clarification and adaptation of existing copyright regimes\n\n- 186 -\n\n5. 6. 1. As regards clarification and adaptation of copyright regulation , the\nfollowing matters have been said to merit consideration : the availability\nof copyright protection to computer programs , including requirements as to\nfixation ; beneficiaries of protection ; the scope of protection, that is ,\nrestricted and unrestricted acts , including possible provision for fair\ndealing or other exceptions from the exclusive right of the copyright\nowner ; the term of protection ; authorship , including the employee author\nand the self-employed author producing for remuneration ; the protectabi lity\nand authorship of computer generated programs ; moral rights ; and problems\nof proof. Availability of protection\n\n5. 6. 2. 26\n\nWhile judicial decisions in several Community jurisdictions have recognized\n, and learned opinion\nthat computer programs are protected by copyright\ngenerally supports this conclusion , nevertheless a degree of uncertainty\nremains and will continue to do so until resolved by a series of\nauthoritative decisions of final courts of appeal. This uncertainty should\nbe removed by means of legislative clarification on the basis of a\ndirective explicitly protecting computer programs under copyright law in\nthe broad sense. 5. 6. 3. 5. 6. 4. Originality and independent intellectual effort\n\n- 187 -\n\nSuch a directive would not by itself necessarily ensure , however , that all\ncomputer programs are protected against reproduction on a uniform basis in\nall Member States. In every Member State , to be eligible for copyright\nprotection strictu sensu a work must be \" original \" in the sense that it is\nthe result of the creator 's own intellectual efforts and not itself a copy. But in some jurisdictions , more may be required in certain cases ,\n\nparticularly where works have a utilitarian rather than an aesthetic\nfunction. Courts may then find that work lacks sufficient creative merit or\nis too modest in scope to attract full copyright protection though in some\ncases this \" small change \"\n\" kleine Miinze \") may still be eligible\nfor a lesser form of protection designed to protect the investment of time ,\n\n( in German ,\n\nmanpower and money\n\n, _ 27\n\n28\n\n, the\n\nIn Germany , in the Inkasso Case\n\nThis tendency is more apparent elsewhere in Europe than in the United\nKingdom and Ireland and , even where it exists , it manifests itself to\ndifferent degrees as two recent decisions of final courts of appeal have\nshown in Germany and in France. Supreme Court held that programs must represent an individual , original ,\ncreative achievement and that this required that the form of the computer\nprogram resulting from the selection, collection , arrangement and division\nof the relevant information and statements exceeded the average skills\ndisplayed in the development of computer programs. On the other hand , in\nthat\nFrance , the Court of Cassation held in March 1986 in the Atari Case\nthe Paris Court of Appeals had erred in excluding a program for a computer\ngame on the ground inter alia that the program did not manifest the kind of\noriginality of expression that would confer on it the aesthetic character\nnecessary to attract the protection of the law on literary and artistic\nproperty. The program should be protected without any attempt being made to\napply aesthetic criteria. 29\n\n\f5. 6. 5. 5. 6. 6. - 188 -\n\nIf the courts of different Member States apply standards of originality\nthat are substantially divergent , action may be needed to eliminate the\nresulting distortions. However , at this stage , it would be premature to\nexaggerate the seriousness of the problem or the difficulty of finding a\nsoluti on. First , as to the seriousness of the problem, the divergence threatened by\nthe Inkasso Case may turn out to be less significant than might at first\nsight appear. A complete reading of the judgment suggests that the Court\nwas in large part concerned by the need to distinguish between , on the one\nhand , protectable programs and , on the other , those that consist of\nelements so commonplace that they are in a sense in the public domain. If\nthe judgment , when applied in concrete cases , means no more than the\nexclusion of such commonplace elements from the protection of the copyright\nlaw , the divergence between the legal situation in Germany and that in many\nother Member States will not be very significant. 5. 6. 7. If nevertheless significant divergences persist a solution may already be\nto hand in the provision of the recently adopted directive on the legal\nprotection of topographies of semiconductor products^. The text reads as\n\nfollows ( article 2(2 ))\n\n:\n\na\n\nof\n\nproduct\n\nsemiconductor\n\nintellectual effort\n\n\" The topography\nprotected\ninsofar as it satisfies the conditions that it is the result of its\nand is not commonplace in the\ncreator 's own\na semiconductor\nsemiconductor industry. product\nthe\nit shall be protected to the extent that\nsemiconductor industry ,\nthe combination of such elements ,\nfulfils the\nabove mentioned conditions \". Where the topography of\n\ntaken as a whole ,\n\ncommonplace\n\nelements\n\nconsists\n\nshall\n\nthat\n\nare\n\nbe\n\nof\n\nin\n\nA similar provision seems adequate also for the forthcoming directive on\nthe protection of computer programs. F i xat ion\n\n189 -\n\n5. 6. 8. Programs may well be expressed in conventional written form on paper but ,\nas already indicated , they may also be stored on magnetic tape and magnetic\nor optical discs or even as a pattern of electrical charges on a micro -\n\ncircuit or chip. Indeed these less accessible forms are becoming the normal\nmedium for recording software. Copyright laws should therefore make clear\n\nthat protection extends to programs fixed in any form\n\n31\n\nScope of protection : restricted acts\n\n5. 6. 9. The particular nature of computer software and its typical use must be\ntaken into account when assessing which forms of uses must be regarded as\n\nrestricted acts for which the permission of the author is mandatory. The\nrestricted acts applying to traditional works are not always perfectly\nadapted to software. Accordingly , consideration might well be given to the\nadoption of specific provisions clearly defining the content of the rights\nin question in the software context. 5. 6. 10. - 190 -\n\nRestricted acts : reproduction , translation , adaptation and use\n\nIt is frequently recommended by the\n\nOf the traditional rights , those most obviously relevant to software appear\nto be copying the work in any material form from which it can be reproduced\nand making , reproducing , or publishing an adaptation of the work including\ntranslations of programs from one code to another. One particularity of the\nuse of a computer program lies in the fact that , for technical reasons , its\nnormal use necessarily involves operations of such kinds. In a typical\ncase , a user receives the computer program on a machine-readable medium\nsuch as a floppy disc or magnetic tape. software supplier that the user makes a back-up copy of the software. The\ncopy delivered by the software producer may well no longer be necessary\nthereafter. It is kept for security reasons in case of a defect in the\ncomputer. For the program to be used , it has to be transferred into the\nmemory of the computer , which means it has to be copied. After this first\nand complete reproduction , the program is copied many times , although only\nin parts , whenever the program is run on the computer : when it is\ntransferred from the program library into the main memory ; when individual\nprogram instructions are transferred to the Central Processing Unit ( CPU );\nor when units of information are made visible on the screen or printed on\npaper. The use of a computer program for the purpose it is intended to\nserve is not conceivable without constant reproduction , adaptation and\npossibly even translation , and hence the execution of restricted acts. 5. 6. 11. It is clear that authorized use of a program under a licence agreement\nimplies authorization for reproduction , adaptation and translation of this\nkind , without which the program could not be used for its intended purpose. 5. 6. 12. On the other hand , by virtue of such comprehensive rights to authorize\nreproduction , adaptation and translation , the right holder is entitled\n\n191\n\n5. 6. 13. under copyright law to restrict the use made of a program by reference to\nthe purpose , time or place of such uses. For example , sophisticated\n\nsoftware is often licensed only for use on a specified individual computer. Some manufacturers do provide \" site \" licences , which authorize the licensee\n\nto run the program on any and all machines which are located in the same\n\nroom or on the same premises. Those restrictions appear justified , since\n\nthey are intended to ensure that the licensor obtains a licence fee which\ncorresponds to the extent of the use made by the licensee. Without it ,\nlarge users in particular could profit unfairly from one licence fee , in\nview of the ease of reproduction and of multiple use. These rights might be thought to be less appropriate , and indeed unlikely\nto be in practice enforceable , as far as mass-marketed packaged software is\nconcerned. This kind of software is sold rather than licensed , although\nmany suppliers try to maintain the character of a licence agreement. Typical restrictions on the user provide that he is only allowed to use the\nprogram on one computer at a time and that he is authorized to pass on the\nlicensed material to a third party under the condition that he does not\nretain a copy of it and no longer makes use of the software. This reflects\nthe need for the supplier to impede the simultaneous use by more than one\nuser of a program for which only one fee has been paid. On the other hand ,\nthe authorization to transfer the software to other parties pays tribute to\n\nthe sales-like character of the marketing of this type of software and to\n\nthe public interest in its free circulation. 5. 6. 14. a broad use right , either formulated as such or resulting from\n\nIn brief ,\nrights to authorize reproduction , rental , adaptation and translation , seems\nappropriate given the way software is used in practice. It provides the\nlegal foundation for relating the remuneration received by the right holder\nto the use being effectively made of the program. At the same time ,\nauthorization to use a program must necessarily imply authorization for all\nacts inherent in any such use. 5. 6. 15. Restricted acts : adaptation to improve performance\n\n- 192 -\n\nAttention must be given also to certain adaptations other than those\nnecessarily inherent in the normal running of a program , namely those by\nauthorized users for their own purposes. Much software is continually\nadapted by its users to improve its efficiency in the context of their\nparticular activities. On the other hand , the right to authorize\nadaptations can be considered a normal feature of copyright. A balanced\nsolution is required which takes proper account of the interests of both\nusers and suppliers. The right holder 's authorization should be necessary\nfor adaptations which conflict with the normal exploitation of his rights ,\nfor example , where adaptation involves the translation of substantial parts\nof a program to enable them to be run on a machine other than that for\nwhich the program was licensed. Likewise commercial exploitation of an\nadaptation should be subject to consent. On the other hand , adaptation of a\nprogram to improve its efficiency when used within the scope of the basic\nlicence provisions agreed between user and supplier should be considered as\na legitimate and even necessary aspect of a user 's right to use the program\nfor the purposes for which it was acquired. The supplier 's consent should\nnot be needed or is rather to be conclusively presumed. It would , however ,\nbe appropriate for suppliers of software under commercial contracts to\nrequire that they be informed of any adaptations that are made so that they\nhave the opportunity to check that these fall within the basic scope of the\nlicence. Further suppliers' service and maintenance obligations and\nwarranties may well be modified by a user 's modification of the program. Reproduction for private purposes\n\n5. 6. 16. Member States of the Community have , in different ways and to varying\ndegrees , made use of the discretion given to States by Article 9(2 ) of the\nBerne Convention , to allow reproduction of works without the right holder 's\nauthorization in special cases. Reliance has frequently been placed on this\nprovision to permit reproduction for private purposes. 5. 6. 17. 193 -\n\nThe recent German , French and Spanish Legislation , however , does not apply\nthe normal licence for reproduction for private purposes to computer\nprograms. The reasoning behind the provisions is not so much the wish to\nban genuine private copying which , in any case , cannot be policed , but to\naccord producers the necessary substantive rights to be able to proceed\nagainst \" semi-private \" reproduction , which can be described as the\nreproduction and exchange of programs within organizations and enterprises ,\nbetween residents at universities , by members of computer clubs , and so on. In addition , the arguments used to justify private copying of audio-visual\nmaterial , such as the consumer 's need to change the support or to make\nextracts or compilations of material , have little application to computer\nprograms. The real purpose of private copying of programs is in most cases\nsimply to obtain a \" free \" copy of a program instead of purchasing a\nlegitimate one. 5. 6. 18. This reasoning seems convincing. Accordingly , the directive should contain\na provision excluding private copying of computer programs in general. At\nthe same time , the production of a back-up copy or copies by a legitimate\nuser would explicitly be made permissible. Such a copy or copies would need\nto be destroyed when the right to use the program expired. The term of protection\n\n5. 6. 19. If programs are simply protected as literary works , the length of the\nperiod of protection , according to the copyright laws of Member States , is\nat least 50 years after the death of the author. This appears to be the\nposition in all Member States with the exception of France. According to\nArticle 48 of the French law of 3 July 1985^, computer programs are\nprotected for 25 years only from their creation. This divergence will\nsooner or later create problems in relation to free circulation of\nprograms. Indeed , since the French law does not contain any specific\n\n\f5. 6. 20. 5. 6. 21. - 194 -\n\nprovisions on the matter , programs created prior to the new law coming into\nforce on 1 January 1986 may be subject to the shorter term. The issue may\ntherefore begin to have practical consequences rather quickly as computer\nprograms created in the sixties and seventies in France fall into the\npublic domain. The case for a term of protection shorter than 50 years frequently takes as\nits point of departure the character of computer programs , particularly\noperating systems , as functional devices of potentially strategic\nimportance to the development of the industrial economy as a whole. In this\nconnection, reference is made to the fact that many application programs\nhave in practice a very short life and represent a limited investment for\nwhich a period of protection of 50 years is inappropriate. It stresses that\ngiven this functional character , the term of protection should not be\nlonger than the minimum necessary to provide an appropriate investment\nincentive to program developers. Patent duration is in the region of 20\nyears and , given the functional , industrial character of software , a\nsimilar term of protection would be preferable. The case for a 50 year term stresses that the fact that many programs have\nand will probably continue to have an exploitable life much shorter than\nthis period is not in itself a compelling argument for proposing a shorter\nperiod of protection. The same can be said of many other items that are\nprotected by copyright. In so far as programs do have a lengthy useful\nlife , they should be entitled to protection and in so far as they do not ,\nthey will simply not be used. It certainly cannot be excluded that\nparticular types of software, for example , operating systems , may have\nuseful lives of considerable length. It is hoped that the reactions to this\npart of this paper will include information concerning experiences as to\nthe useful life of programs , proprietary and otherwise, particularly those\nolder than 25 years. 5. 6. 22. 5. 6. 23. - 195 -\n\nIn addition to the issue of the Length of the term , its calculation from the\ndeath of the author may one day pose practical problems since programs are\nfrequently collective works though often all commercial rights will have been\ntransferred to the enterprise for whom the authors have worked. extremely difficult for a third party to know when the term comes to an end ,\nsince he will need to know the date of the death of the last surviving author. The practical relevance of this has of course been negligible as yet. Nevertheless , in the longer term , the issue may become important and\nconsideration should be given to providing for calculating the term from the\ncreation or first use or marketing of the program rather than the death of the\nauthor. technical , industrial or commercial character of much software. Such a method of calculation might also be thought to reflect the\n\nIt may be\n\nIt would clearly be desirable from the point of view of the functioning of\nthe internal market in software , for all Member States to apply the same\nterm of protection to a given program. A persuasive case has been made for\ncalculating the term , whatever it is , from the program 's creation. As to\nthe length of the term , the choice between 50 years and a shorter term in\nthe region of 20 or 25 years has to be resolved in the face of\nconsiderations pointing in opposite directions. It will be easier to\nresolve in favour of the longer term the extent that future developments\nestablish that copyright protection will not lead to undesirable\nlimitations on competition in the software market ( see paragraphs 5. 5. 8. to\n\n5. 5. 12. above ). Authorship\n\n- 196 -\n\n5. 6. 24. In the field of authorship, software produced by employees or on commission\nposes problems similar to those in other fields where collective works are\ncommon , such as advertising. But there is little doubt that the nature of\nthe software industry is such that the legal situation as to authorship can\nbe particularly complex. Standardization of the legal starting point\nthroughout the Community would be the ideal solution but it cannot be said\nto be essential since , as regards economic rights , matters can be\n\n; satisfactorily regulated by agreement and the absence of a uniform solution\nto this issue will not jeopardize the realization of an internal market for\ncomputer programs. Contractual solutions are , however , facilitated if there\nis at least a clear legal starting point in the jurisdiction in question. It would accordingly be desirable for all Member States to ensure that\ntheir law at least establishes clearly who is the right holder in the\nabsence of any agreement to the contrary. A minimum provision of this kind ,\nwhich still leaves the Member States considerable freedom as to the legal\ntechniques that they use to resolve the problem, has been laid down in the\nCouncil Directive on the legal protection of semiconductor topographies^. The provision may serve as a model for a corresponding provision in the\nsoftware context. Computer-generated programs\n\n5. 6. 25. Increasingly in the future , computer programs will be produced with the aid\nof a computer that is itself programmed to carry out certain programming\nfunctions. The question then arises as to who , if anyone , owns the\ncopyright in the program that finally results from the process : those who\nused the computer , those who programmed it , the owner of the computer or\nconceivably all of these. - 197 -\n\n5. 6. 26. The basis of all copyright protectipn is the exercise of sufficient skill\nand labour for a work to be considered original. The Commission inclines to\nthe view that it is those who use the programmed computer , which is\nessentially a tool , who should be regarded as entitled to protection. This\nsolution has the important advantage of conferring the right on those who\nare most easily identified. Moral rights\n\n5. 6. 27. Moral rights , that is , the right of the author to claim paternity and to\nobject to prejudicial modifications of his work , do not appear to have\ngiven rise so far to significant practical problems. Nevertheless , given\ntheir inalienable character , serious doubt exists as to the suitability of\ntheir application to works frequently produced collectively , having a\ntechnical , industrial or commercial character and subject to successive\nmodifications. At least , consideration should in the long term be given to\npermitting the rights to be ceded by agreement though it should be noted\nthat this would necessitate modification of the Berne Convention , should it\nbe one day agreed that programs constitute literary works within the\nIt seems , however , unnecessary to include\nmeaning of that instrument. provisions on moral rights in a Community framework directive at the\n\npresent time. Beneficiaries of protection\n\n5. 6. 28. To the extent that the Member States take the view that programs are\nprotected by copyright within the meaning of the Berne or Universal\nConventions , there is no strict need for a provision in a directive on\nprotected persons. Each Member State will protect persons from other Member\nStates in the same way as it protects its own citizens. On the other hand ,\nit may be argued that neither of those instruments at present requires\ncomputer programs to be protected by copyright in the strict sense. A State\ntaking such a view would probably consider that rights in programs under\nits law should be considered neighbouring rights falling outside the scope\nof any existing multilateral arrangement. 5. 6. 29. - 198 -\n\n34\n\nThe directive need not seek to resolve the issue of whether computer\nprograms are to be protected by copyright strictu sensu or by a. But if it leaves the issue open , it must then address\nneighbouring right\nthe question of protected persons since that issue will not be resolved by\nexisting multi laterial arrangements. One model for so doing exists in\nArticle 3 of the semiconductor directive : provisions for the protection of\npersons having specified links with the Community , combined with a\nmechanism for extensions of protection to others. A more radical\nalternative , which might avoid the need for relatively complex provisions\nand procedures , would be to provide , without prejudice to the question of\nwhether the protection is to be classified as copyright or a neighbouring\nright , that Member States shall protect nationals and residents of members\nof the Berne and Universal Copyright Conventions. Provision might also be\nmade for programs first published in those countries. Such an approach\nwould have the advantage , besides that of relative simplicity , of avoiding\npotential disputes with such countries , though at the cost of perhaps\ngranting protection in favour of some countries which do not extend\nreciprocal protection. The views of interested parties would also be\nwelcome on the even simpler and more radical possibility of according\nnational treatment to all natural and legal persons irrespective of origin\n\nor domi c i le. Problems of proof\n\n199 -\n\n5. 6. 30. Problems of proof also seem to require consideration. Since copyright does\nnot protect ideas but the form in which they are expressed , proof of\ncopying requires a comparison of the works in question in their final form. Normally this poses no problem : if necessary , the works can be produced\nfor examination by the competent tribunal which can judge for itself the\ndegree of similarity. However , computer programs may exist in different\nversions and between some of these there may be little superficial\nresemblance. In addition , a right holder may not have access to the version\nof the infringing program which would enable him to show similarity ; for\nexample , his source program may have been translated by an unknown computer\ninto an object code that looks to the human eye completely different from\neither the right holder 's object code or the original program. This may be\na particularly difficult problem prior to full discovery , for example , when\nseeking interlocutory relief. 5. 6. 31. A possible solution to the problem would be for the burden of proof to be\nshifted to the alleged infringer once the right holder makes available to\nthe court the different versions of his own program to which he has access\nand establishes a prima facie case of copying. He might show , for example ,\nthat the allegedly infringing program achieves the same results with\nvirtually the same method and that the alleged infringer has had access to\nthe right holder 's program. 5. 7. Summary\n\n200 -\n\n5. 7. 1. As already mentioned in paragraph 5. 4. 1. , the Commission has decided within\nthe framework of the completion of the internal market , to examine as a\nmatter of priority the issues relating to the legal protection of computer\nprograms and subsequently to submit a proposal for a Council directive on\nthe legal protection of computer programs. For this purpose, certain\npreliminary consultations have already been concluded, which have confirmed\nthe desirability of an early initiative in this field. Further, all\ninformation received and experience gained from participation in the\ndiscussion at the international level on the appropriate protection system\nindicates that the Community approach should be within the framework of\ncopyright and related rights. 5. 8. Conclusion\n\n5. 8. 1. The Commission intends to submit to the Council as a matter of urgency a\nproposal for a directive based on Article 100 A EC for the protection of\n\ncomputer programs. 5. 8. 2. As regards the contents of the directive , and especially in the light of\nCommunity standardization policy , the Commission would like to receive\n\ncomments on whether :\n\na ) the protection should apply to computer programs fixed in any\nb ) programs should be protected where they are original in the sense that\nthey are the result of their creator 's own intellectual effort and are\nnot commonplace in the software industry ;\n\nform ;\n\nc ) access protocols , interfaces and methods essential for their realization\n\nshould be specifically excluded from protection ;\n\nd ) rights to authorize restricted acts should include a broad use right\neither formulated as such or as a consequence of rights to authorize\nreproduction , rental , adaptation and translation ; for these latter\nrights , specific provision should be made in any event ;\n\n( 14)\n\n\f201\n\ne ) the adaptation of a program by a legitimate user exclusively for his own\npurposes and within the basic scope of a licence should be permitted ;\nf ) the reproduction of a computer program for private purposes should not\nbe permitted without authorization of the right holder whereas the\nproduction of back-up copies by a legitimate user should be permitted\nwithout authorization ;\n\ng ) the term of protection should start with the creation of the program and\n\nlast for an appropriate number of years to be fixed by the directive ; a\nchoice will have to be made between a period of 50 years and one in the\nregion of 20 or 25 years ;\n\nh ) the issue of authorship of computer programs , including authorship in\n\nrespect of computer-generated programs , should be left largely to Member\nStates but with national laws having to establish who , in the absence of\ncontractual arrangements to the contrary , is to be considered the\nauthor ;\n\ni ) protection would be available for creators who are nationals of States\nadhering to the Berne Convention or the Universal Copyright Convention\nor enterprises of such countries or possibly to all natural and legal\npersons irrespective of origin or domicile ;\n\nj ) in infringement cases the onus of proof in respect of copying should be\nshifted to the alleged infringer once the plaintiff makes available to\nthe Court the different versions of his program to which he has access\nand shows similarity and that the alleged infringer has had access to\nthe right holder 's program. 5. 9. Timetable for submissions\n\n5. 9. 1. Given the need to begin the legislative process as soon as possible , the\nCommission will be seeking the views of interested parties on these matters\nas a matter of urgency. Comments on the above mentioned suggestions should\nbe submitted to the Commission not later than 1 September 1988. - 202 -\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\nSee , for example , the definition adopted for the purposes of the WIP0\nModel Provisions on the Protection of Computer Software, Geneva, 1978 :\n\"( 1 ) \" computer program\" means a set of instructions capable , when\nincorporated in a machine-readable medium, of causing a machine having\ninformation-processing capabilities to indicate , perform or achieve a\nparticular function, task or result ;\". See also the Report of WIP0\nWorking Group on Technical Questions Relating to the Legal Protection of\nComputer Software , Geneva , 30 April 1984 ( LPCS / WGTQ / I / 3 ). US Department of Commerce , A Competitive Assessment of the US Data\nProcessing Services Industry , December 1984 , pp. 23-24. US Office of Technology Assessments , Computer Software : Aspects of\nInternational Competition , November 1985 , Exhibits V/ VIII. 0ECD-ICCP(87)6 , The Internationalisation of Software and Computer\nServices, distributed in March 1987, p. 5 & 27 ff. International Data Corporation , EUROCAST - Software and Services\nMarketplace , Western Europe , 1985-1991. See Article 52(2 ) of the European Patent Convention ( 1973 ) reflected in\nthe laws of Belgium, Denmark , Germany , Spain , France , Italy , Luxembourg ,\nand the United Kingdom. Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 Intellectuelle Bulletin Documentaire ( PIBD ), 1981 ,\n\nI I 1\u20131 75. Decision of the President of the European Patent Office of 6 March 1985. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Legal Protection of Computer\nSoftware , Geneva , June 1983 , LPCS / 11 / 6. Leading cases include : for France , Babolat-Mai llot-With v , Pachot ( Paris\nCourt of Appeal , 2 November 1982 ); Apple Computer Inc , v. Segimex SARL\n( Paris \" Tribunal de Grande Instance\", 21 September 1983 ); Atari v. Sidam\n( Court of Cassation , 7 March 1986 ); for Germany , Visicorp v. Basis\nSoftware GmbH et al. ( Munich District Court , 1983 ); Sudwestdeutsche\nInkasso KG v. Bappert and Burker Computer GmbH ( Federal Supreme Court ,\n1985 ); for Italy, Atari Inc , and Bertolino v. ~Sidam Sri. ( Tribunal of\nTurin, 14 July 1983 ), Unicomp Sri , v. Italcomputers and General\nInformatics ( Tribunal of Pisa , 14 April 1984 ); for the Netherlands , The\n\" Logboekprogram\" Case ( District Court of Hertogenbosch , 14 May 1982 ); for\nthe United Kingdom, Sega Enterprises Ltd , v. Alca Electronics ( Court of\nAppeal 1982 ). Law of 24 June 1985 on the Amendment of Legal Provisions in the Copyright\n\nField ( Official Journal ( Bundesgesetzblatt ) No. 33 of 27 June 1985 ). Law No. 85-660 of 3 July 1985 on the rights of authors , performers ,\nrecord and videogram producers and communication enterprises ( Official\nJournal of 4 July 1985 , page 7495 et seq. ). Copyright ( Computer Software ) Amendment Act 1985 , c. 14 of 16 July 1985. See Articles 91-100 of Ley de Propiedad Intelectual no. 22 / 87 of 11\n\n\f- 203 -\n\nNovember 1987 , Boletin Oficial del Estado , no. 275 of 17 November 1987. !\n\nBill No. L 153 of 14 January 1988 on the amendment of the Copyright Act. For example , draft law No. 1746 communicated to the President of the\nSenate , 25 March 1986. Declaration of the Dutch delegate at the meeting of the World\nIntellectual Property Organization 's group of experts held in February\n1985. Declaration of the Belgian delegate at the meeting of the World\nIntellectual Property Organization 's group of experts held in February\n1985. Answer of 26 November 1986 by the Minister of Economy and Trade\n( Ministre de I'Economie et des Classes moyennes ) to Parliamentary\nquestions no. 39 and 40. Parliament Report of 26 November 1986, pages\n761-762. See Rebello in Revue Internationale du Droit d' Auteur , no. 129, July\n1986 , page 16. 19. _ -. Law no. 45 / 85 , Code of Copyright and Related Rights of 17 September 1985\n\n^ Declaration of the Greek delegate at the meeting of the World\n\nIntellectual Property Organization 's group of experts held in February\n1985. Pub. L. 96-517 ( 12 December 1980 ) 94 Stat. 3015. Arbitrator 's Report. 15 September 1987. Announcement of Dispute\nResolution by the American Arbitration Association Commercial\nArbitration Tribunal in the matter of IBM-Fujitsu Ltd. Document C0MC85 ) 310 final , point 149. See for example , \" Vers une protection des logiciels informatiques :\nsituation actuelle et propositions \", 21 June 1984. Report of a working group created within the framework of INPI ( Institut\nNational de la Propriete Intellectuelle ). Japanese Copyright Amendment Act No. 62 of June 1985 specifies , in a\nparagraph added to Article 10 that algorithms , programming languages and\nrules are excluded from copyright protection;\ndetermined whether or not to require registration ). ( also , Japan has not yet\n\n26\n\nSee note 8 above. See , for example , Article 49 of the Danish Copyright Law ( Law no. 158 of\n31 May 1961 with later amendments ). According to this provision\n\" catalogues , tables and similar productions , in which a great number of\nitems of information have been compiled , are protected against\n\n\f28\n\n29\n\n30\n\n31\n\n32\n\n33\n\n34\n\n- 204 -\n\nunauthorized reproduction for a period of 10 years following\nproduction\". See note 8 above. See note 8 above. Directive no. 87 / 54 EEC , O. J. nr. L 24 of 27 January 1987 , page 36. It should be noted in this connection that according to Article 8 of\nthe semiconductor directive , the legal protection of the topography of a\nsemiconductor product does not extend to the information embodied in the\ntopography other than the topography itself. Law n\u00b0 85-660 of 3 July 1985 , Journal Officiel de la R\u00e9publique\nfran\u00e7aise , 4 July 1985 , page 7495 et seq. Loc. cit. , article 3(1 ), 3(2 ) and 3(3 ). Neighbouring and related rights are those relatively modern creations\nwhich have been used on occasion to extend a type of protection similar\nto copyright to classes of work not covered by copyright itself. The\npolicy decision whether to create a new neighbouring right or extend\ncopyright to a new class of work depends on many factors and as a result\ncan vary both with time and space. \"A given work may enjoy a copyright\nin one country , but only a neighbouring right in another. This is the\ncase with photographs , enjoying a copyright in France but only a\nneighbouring right or related right in another. Other rights , formerly\ngranted a neighbouring right , may one day become beneficiary of a\ncopyright \" ( Frangon , International Protection of Neighbouring Rights ,\nRIDA , 1964 , Anniversary Number , p. 410 ). One obvious advantage of\nchoosing the neighbouring right approach from the legislator 's point of\nview is that he has a freer hand to adopt specific solutions that differ\nfrom those already adopted in the copyright context. - 205\n\nCHAPTER 6\n\n: DATA BASES\n\n6. 1. Subject matter\n\n6. 1. 1. The term \" data base \" is used in this chapter to mean a collection of\n\nIt may be a collection\n\ninformation stored and accessed by electronic means. of full-text material , that is to say , existing copyright works , in which\ncase an analogy might be made between the data base and a generalized or\nspecialized library. It may be a compilation of extracts of works , similar\nto an anthology or a documentation centre , from which relevant parts of\nworks may be obtained. It may be a collection of material which is in the\npublic domain , such as lists of names and addresses , prices , reference\nnumbers. There is here a similarity with catalogues , timetables , price\nlists and other such reference material in printed form. consist of the electronic publishing of a single but voluminous work , such\nas an encyclopaedia. Lastly , it may\n\n6. 1. 2. The specific problems relating to electronic publishing and electronic\nlibraries are not discussed in this chapter , although they frequently cause\ncopyright problems similar to the ones related to the activities of data\nbases. Electronic publishing poses problems in relation to reprographic\ntechniques , information management and transmission networks which fall\noutside the scope of the present chapter. Similarly , electronic libraries\ninvolve issues of public lending rights which , whilst they may occur in the\ncontext of the general discussion on rental contained in Chapter 4 or in\nrelation to the piracy and home copying of audio-visual works discussed in\nChapters 2 and 3 respectively are not considered in detail in this\nconsultative document. - 206 -\n\n6. 1. 3. The most common mode of use of a data base is at present by on-line access\nThe data base may thus be accessed\nusing electronic communication media. by users situated at great distances from the source of information. The\narrival on the consumer market of CD Rom discs similar to audio compact\ndiscs but having an immense data storage capacity permits the user to\npurchase his own copy of certain types of data base instead of accessing a\ncentral store of information by electronic means. The main target markets\nfor such discs appear at present to be for works such as encyclopaedias or\ndirectories containing large numbers of names and addresses , but future\ngenerations of CD Interactive discs allowing the user to interact with the\ndata base will contain sound and image in addition to data. Optical\nlaser-read cards the size of a credit card and containing information\nequivalent to 20 volumes of printed text are being developed. Other types\nof re-usable discs known as WORMS ( Write Once-Read Many Times ) are being\nproduced. Digital tape recorders are also being developed to serve as\nexternal data storage units. 6. 1. 4. The advantages of data bases over printed material stored in conventional\nways are numerous. First , data bases are comprehensive in the sense that\nall available material of a given type can be located in a single data\nbase. Second , data bases allow selectivity in that only relevant\ninformation on a given subject may be accessed easily from one source\nwithout having to search through non-relevant material. Third , they give\naccessibility of information which would be impossible in a conventional\nlibrary , since constantly up-dated information can be given to the user at\nhigh speed and over great distances. It is the combination of this\ncomprehensiveness , selectivity and accessibility which ensures the\ncommercial success of the data base. - 207 -\n\n6. 1. 5. Since the most common applications of commercial data bases would appear to\nbe in the scientific , industrial and business fields , it is frequently the\nraw data itself and the fact that it can be easily retrieved and readily\nupdated , which is of value , rather than the way in which the work was\noriginally written. This factor can have an impact on the selection of\nmaterial to form a data base since in some scientific fields , very brief\nextracts from learned publications , such as formulae , may be sufficient to\nprovide key information. This means that in the compilation of some types\nof data base , the form of expression of the information is of lesser\nimportance than the substance of the information itself. Nevertheless , the\narrangement of the compilation will have a bearing on the speed and ease\nwith which the data can be accessed and hence its commercial success. 6. 2. The creation of the common information market\n\n6. 2. 1. The creation of a European information services market , currently divided\nby juridical and linguistic barriers , is of prime importance. Figures\ncollected by the International Publishers Association and quoted in a\n\nrecent Memorandum of UNESC0 / WIP0\n\n1\n\nwould seem to indicate that the market\n\nfor data bases is evolving as follows : the number of data bases in\nexistence for use by the public has grown from 400 in 1980 to 2,901 in\nThe worldwide turnover of electronic publishing in 1985 amounted to\n1986. 5 billion US dollars. Of this , the United States were responsible for more\nthan 4 / 5 of the total turnover but the value of the total market produced\nby Germany , France and the United Kingdom represented 350 million dollars. Obstacles to the free flow of information between Member States must be\n\nremoved if the Community is to develop a competitive role in the\ninformation services market. The Commission has established a specific\npolicy and an action plan for the development of this market. Legal issues\naffecting this market are being examined in cooperation with a Senior\nOfficials Advisory Board ( S0AG ) and a Legal Advisory Board ( LAB ) for the\nInformation Market , and in the context of Commission initiatives in\nspecific sectors. The Legal Advisory Board is made up of legal experts of\nMember States who , acting in their individual capacity , advise the\nCommission services inter alia on legal problems in relation to transborder\ndata flow. 2\n\n\f- 208 -\n\n6. 2. 2. Data of a personal nature may also be incorporated into computerized data\nbases , giving rise to questions of privacy of the individual and the\nprotection of confidential information. These questions of data protection\nfall outside the scope of the present chapter which deals with copyright\nissues only. The same applies to problems associated with the liability of\ndata base operators for the accuracy of the information contained in their\n\nsystems. 6. 3. Legal problems arising from the storage and retrieval of information using\n\ndata bases\n\n6. 3. 1. 6. 3. 2. A broad discussion on the legal problems arising from the use of data bases\nis taking place within the framework of S0A6 and LAB. premature to indicate detailed findings at the present stage of these\ndiscussions but in order to give those interested circles which have not so\nfar been consulted directly the possibility of expressing their view on the\nmain copyright issues under consideration , some tentative general\nconclusions will be drawn. At a later stage , the Commission will submit its\nfindings in respect of the possible necessity for adaptations in existing\nlaws , if any. It would thus be\n\nThe use of computerized information systems creates problems in three\nrespects from a copyright point of view. First , the question arises as to\nwhether incorporation into a data base of a protected work in its entirety\nor in part constitutes a restricted act from a copyright point of view. Second , the question arises whether the retrieval of stored information\nconstitutes a restricted act under copyright law. Third , it has been\nsuggested that the question of adequate protection of the compilation of ^\ndata as such merits consideration. 6. 3. 3. A number of countries^ have recently considered the protection of data bases\nwithin the context of revision or amendment of their copyright laws. The\ninternational organizations engaged in the establishment and administration\nof the intellectual property conventions have also for some time been\nengaged in a discussion on the intellectual property issues. 209 -\n\n6. 3. 4. The main issue in relation to the operation of computerized information\nsystems , namely the use of computers to access literary works , was discussed\njointly by WIPO and UNESCO , that is , within the framework of the Berne and\nUniversal Copyright Conventions. As a result , the Second Committee of\nGovernment Experts on Copyright Problems Arising from the Use of Computers\nfor Access to or the Creation of Works , which met in 1982 , was able to adopt\na number of recommendations for solving at the level of relevant national\nlegislations the copyright problems arising. The experts also concluded\nthat revision of the copyright conventions was not necessary since the\nsolutions could be accommodated within the existing framework of principles\nas established by those conventions. A Committee of Governmental Experts on\nthe Printed Word met in Geneva on December 7 to 11 , 1987 and discussed a\nnumber of principles in relation to data bases. The Commission will take\nnote of the discussion of these principles which , as regards their aims ,\nappear broadly compatible with the tentative conclusions of this chapter. 4\n\nStorage of information\n\n6. 3. 5. As a result of this previous work undertaken by WIPO and UNESCO , it is\nrecognized in all Member States of the Community that the use of a work\nprotected by copyright in the broad sense in a computerized information\nsystem is relevant from a copyright point of view. The incorporation of the\nwork in extenso will constitute a reproduction and presupposes the consent\nof the author or his successor in title unless the reproduction falls within\na recognized exception to the restricted acts under the copyright laws of\nMember States. Given the fact that a computerized information system\nnormally aims at giving extensive access to the information stored , the\nnormal exemptions from restricted acts in the laws of Member States for\ncertain uses , such as private use , or fair use , are of little practical\nrelevance to the storage of copyright works in information systems. 6. 3. 6. It is equally clear that bibliographical information relating to published\nworks and authors thereof , indexes , references and similar information can\nbe compiled freely since the use of such information in no way implies that\nworks are reproduced in full or in part. 6. 3. 7. - 210 -\n\nThe extent to which bibliographical information on existing copyright works\ncan be supplemented by quotations , extracts , value-added abstracts , or\nsummaries has in some jurisdictions caused litigation. Though this issue is\none of general relevance , it is of course of specific interest to\npublishers , creators of data bases , information compilers and the operators\nof data bases. Some experts have expressed an interest in seeing the legal\nsituation clarified to the maximum extent possible but have also expressed\nthe view that the practical importance of the problem from an economic point\nof view should not be exaggerated. composed mainly or wholly of abstracts of learned and scientific\npublications do exist. Uncertainty as to whether such abstracts can be\ninserted in a data base without the consent of the author or his successor\n\nNevertheless , data bases which are\n\nin title may have a negative impact on the development of this particular\nkind of data base. However , the practical difficulties of resolving issues\nlike the appropriate scope of the right to quote or borrow from existing\nworks should not be underestimated. It may be that these issues can only be\nsettled by legislation in a very general way , leaving it to case law to\ndetermine the precise parameters in specific circumstances. The retrieval of works stored in computerized data bases\n\n6. 3. 8. Some jurisdictions treat all forms of retrieval of information from a data\nbase involving direct recording ( downloading ) as a restricted act. However ,\nretrieval may take place in different ways and in some jurisdictions a\ndistinction is apparently made by learned opinion between the various ways\nin which a user may have access to the material stored , the main distinction\nbeing made between visual display and print-outs. Whereas print-outs are\nconsidered a copy everywhere , visual display is sometimes compared to the\nmere reading of a page of a book in a library or bookshop and consequently\nnot considered a restricted act. Those differences in the legal position of\nMember States appear , however , to have relatively limited practical impact. - 211\n\n6. 3. 9. Insofar as the storage in a data base is a restricted act presupposing the\nauthorization of the author , the latter will naturally , when solicited for\nauthorization , fix the conditions for the various ways in which his work may\nbe retrieved. The fact that those conditions more often than not are fixed\n\nby a collective agreement comprising all or a majority of authors in respect\nof a particular kind of work does not change the basic principle according\nto which storage and access to the work is in practice regulated by one act\nof agreement. It has consequently been suggested by some interested circles\nthat initiatives aimed at the clarification and approximation of laws to\narrive at a more uniform solution in respect of retrieval of information are\nnot needed at the present time. Other sources have , however , indicated that\nit has proved difficult to negotiate agreements which take into account\npossible later extensive use of the information stored. Whereas authors and\ntheir successors in title in other areas can exercise a reasonable control ,\nso that royalties are paid according to , for example , sale or rental of\ncopies , public performances and the like , it is difficult to ascertain to\nwhat extent a given work stored in a data base is actually used. The views\nof users and operators of data bases would be welcome as to the necessity of\nCommunity action in this field. 6. 4. Protection of the data base as such against copying\n\n6. 4. 1. The protection accorded to data bases relates under existing national\nlegislation and international conventions to the characteristics of the\nworks stored therein , rather than to the data base itself as a collection\nof information. Thus , in the case of full-text data bases , where a single\nwork such as an encyclopaedia is stored , the position is clear in relation\nto the author of the encyclopaedia , who enjoys the same copyright\nprotection for his work regardless of whether publication is by\nconventional or electronic means. In the case of a data base where numerous\nworks or extracts of works are stored, the provisions of Article 2(5 ) of\nthe Berne Convention are of relevance :\n\n\" Collections of literary or artistic works , such as\nencyclopaedias and anthologies which , by reason of\nthe selection and arrangement of their contents ,\nconstitute intellectual creations shall be protected\nas such , without prejudice to the copyright in each\nof the works forming part of such collections \". - 212 -\n\nThus a work which is protected by copyright in a Member State will continue\nto enjoy that protection when , in its entirety or in part , it is\nincorporated in a data base. Difficulties arise where the extracts from\nprotected works are themselves not covered by copyright , by nature of their\nbrevity , for example , or where the subject matter is not protected at all by\ncopyright but is in the public domain. The types of work which are normally considered to be in the public domain\ninclude official texts , legislative and administrative documents , records of\npublic and legal proceedings. Works for which the period of copyright\nprotection has expired are also considered to be in the public domain. All\nof these types of work may form the subject matter of data bases requiring a\nconsiderable degree of skill and investment in their compilation. In\nparticular the compilation will have been designed to ensure ready access to\nthe information and to create features attractive to particular groups of\n\nusers. In some cases the nature of the data base may be such that \" selection\" of\nmaterial has not taken place in the sense that all available published\nmaterial has been included in an exhaustive data base. Equally \" arrangement \"\nmay be constrained by the technical necessity to order the information in\nthe most readily accessed way , for example in alphabetical or chronological\norder. Nevertheless , the compilation of such information may be subject to\ncopyright in some jurisdictions dependent on the level of originality and\ncreativity which the compilation represents and on the requirements in\nrespect of originality and creativity laid down in the specific national\nlegislation. The problem in this respect is similar to that discussed in the\ncontext of computer programs ( Chapter 5 , paragraphs 5. 6. 3. to 5. 6. 7. ). 6. 4. 2. 6. 4. 3. 6. 4. 4. - 213 -\n\n6. 4. 5. 6. 4. 6. 6. 4. 7. In some countries where a specific compilation may not attract genuine\ncopyright protection because the work is considered insufficiently original ,\ncomprehensive or creative , another sort of short-lived protection against\nreproduction may nevertheless exist. This is for example the case in Denmark\nwhere , according to article 49 of the Copyright Act , catalogues , tables and\nsimilar works which compile information may not be reproduced without\nconsent of the producer ( compiler ) for a period of 10 years from the date of\npublication. In other countries , works which are considered insufficiently\ncreative to attract protection are in the public domain. Similarly , a right in the published edition exists in some jurisdictions ,\nover and above the author 's right in the content of the published work. In\nboth Ireland ( Copyright Act 1963 , section 20 ) and the United Kingdom\n( Copyright Act 1956 , section 15 ), such a protection of the typographical\narrangement of the published edition against unauthorized facsimile\nreproduction exists for a 25 year period from the year in which the edition\nwas first published. It has therefore been suggested to the Commission that the investment which\na compilation of data may represent , and which may not attract copyright\nprotection , necessitates some protection against unauthorized reproduction. \" Information broking \", that is , the buying and selling of data bases\ncontaining factual information is indeed a growth industry , which requires a\nclear legal framework within which to develop. The Commission is accordingly\nconsidering whether to propose the introduction of measures to give some\nlimited protection to the data base itself , as a compilation. 6. 4. 8. It would have to be considered first , who should be the beneficiary for such\na protection. Second , the scope of protection and the restricted acts would\nhave to be carefully considered lest access to computerized information be\nunjustifiably restricted. Finally , the issue of down-loading for private\npurposes would have to be considered carefully before being made a\nrestricted act in general. - 214 -\n\n6. 4. 9. 6. 4. 10. Such a protection would not limit the access to information since the scope\nof application of copyright will not be enlarged beyond the protection\nalready given to compilations under Article 2(5 ) of the Berne Convention in\ncases where the material contained in the data base was already protected by\ncopyright. In cases where protection does not follow from the application of\nordinary copyright law , by reason of the work 's brevity or lack of\ncreativity , or its nature , or because the term of protection has expired , it\nwould still seem desirable that protection against copying of the mode of\ncompilation should be available to the data base operator. It would give the\nproducer a right similar to the right of the phonogram producer. The latter\nnormally has a specific statutory right to protect his interest in the\nrecording itself regardless of whether or not he is recording a protected\nwork. The producer of a data base may well not have such a right at\npresent , even where the content of the data base is itself protected by\ncopyright. To combat data piracy , such a right may prove to be an important tool. The\nunauthorized reproduction of data will more often than not involve works of\nseveral authors. The individual author may not be in a position to establish\nthat an infringement has taken place and even , in case of such knowledge ,\nmay consider the infringement of marginal importance only in respect of his\neconomic exploitation of his work. To the data base operator , the\ninfringement may nevertheless be of considerable importance. He is often\nbetter placed than the author to detect infringements and has , as mentioned\nabove , more pressing incentives to react. Finally, a close contractual link\nbetween the operator of a data base and the numerous authors whose works\nform part of the data compiled does not necessarily exist. A contractual\narrangement with a collective body , for example publishers or authors in\nrespect of specific types of scientific literature , is a common solution. 6. 4. 11. Similar arguments have , in respect of phonogram producers , led to the\nconclusion that , in order to combat piracy , the general introduction of\nproducers' rights in sound recordings would appear to be a desirable\ndevelopment. It is a logical step to introduce a corresponding right for\ndata base operators to pursue unauthorized reproduction in their own right. 6. 5. Data stored on discs and tapes\n\n- 215 -\n\n6. 5. 1. As the optical disc or card market and the market for data stored on digital\ntape expand so the protection of data stored on and accessible from such\nsources will become of increasing importance. Data bases may well be\nmarketed along with other types of recorded audio and visual material. The\nlegal principles outlined in paragraphs 6. 3. 1. - 6. 4. 9. of this chapter will\nof course apply in theory to data bases marketed in any form. However ,\nenforcement of rights in data bases sold on discs , tapes or cards will be\nmore difficult in practice than where the user is in direct contractual\nrelationship with the data base operator and accesses the data base within\nthe context of a legally binding agreement as to conditions of use. At the\npresent time , the impact of new technologies raises more immediate\ndifficulties in relation to the private reproduction of sound recordings and\nthe issues relating hereto have been discussed in chapter 3 on home copying. Since the recording of data on disc or tape in digital form relies on much\nthe same technology whether that data represents a sound recording or a\nliterary work , the solution which is eventually retained for the protection\nof digital sound recordings might equally well be applicable in principle to\ndata bases commercialized in the form of discs or tapes. 6. 6. Summary\n\n6. 6. 1. 6. 6. 2. The storage of copyright works in futl or in part within computerized\ninformation systems creates a number of legal problems for which , at\npresent the most appropriate solution would seem to be legal action to\nprotect the compilation of works within a data base where those works are\nthemselves the object of copyright protection. Specific legal action aiming\nat resolving existing difficulties seems to be at best premature. The Commission is also considering whether the protection of the mode of\ncompilation of the data base itself should extend to data bases composed of\nmaterial which is not in itself protected by copyright. Such action would\nonly be taken if it were felt that the considerable investment which the\ncompilation of a data base represents could best be served by copyright\nprotection rather than by other means. 6. 7. Conclusion\n\n- 216 -\n\n6. 7. 1. The Commission would welcome comments from informed circles on the\n\nfollowing matters. a ) whether the mode of compilation within a data base of works should be\n\nprotected by copyright and ,\n\nb ) whether that right to protect the mode of compilation , in addition to\n\npossible contractual arrangements to that effect , should be extended to\ndata bases containing material not protected by copyright and whether\nthis protection should be copyright or a right sui generis. 6. 8. Timetable for submissions\n\n6. 8. 1. Comments on above mentioned suggestions should be submitted to the\nCommission not later than 1 January 1989. 217\n\nUNESC0 / WIP0 / CGE / PW / 3-II of K September 1987. The establishment at Community level of a policy and a plan of priority\nactions for the development of an information services market ( document\nC0MC87 ) 360 final ). See Section 101 of Copyright Act 1976 of United States of America and\nArticle 12bis of Law for Partial Amendments to the Copyright Law ,\nMay 23 , 1986 , Japan. See also Article 2(1)(xter ) of the above. UNESC0 / WIP0 / CEG0 / II / 7 , 13 August 1982. See Chapter 2 , paragraphs 2. 6. 10. - 2. 6. 18. - 218 -\n\nCHAPTER 7 : THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY IN MULTILATERAL\n\nAND BILATERAL EXTERNAL RELATIONS\n\n7. 1. External relations : multilateral and bilateral\n\n7. 1. 1. Not all Community action in the copyright field is concerned with\nlegislative measures or with litigation in the Court of Justice. An\nimportant area in which the Community can take action is in the field of\nexternal relations. Both in bilateral and multilateral relations , the\nCommunity has a part to play in advancing the interests of copyright owners\noperating from within the common market , and this in two respects : the\neffective enforcement of existing intellectual property rights and the\nestablishment of recognized minimum standards of protection. In this\ncontext , multilateral relations means relations within international or\nregional organizations and bilateral relations all others , whether between\nthe Community and a single non-Member State or between the Community and a\nregional or other grouping of non-Member States. In some cases , of course ,\nbilateral and multilateral relations are closely interlinked as will\nappear , for example , in relation to the protection of textile designs. Since intellectual property regimes have direct and intended effects on\ntrade , the activities of the Community aiming at an elimination of\nimpediments to and\nlight of Article 113 EEC establishing a common commercial policy. distortions of international trade must be seen in the\n\n\f7. 2. Multilateral relations\n\n219 -\n\n7. 2. 1. 7. 2. 2. Multilateral discussions and negotiations on copyright and allied matters\ntake place in various international organizations. Of these , the most\nimportant are the United Nations and its specialized agencies , in\nparticular , the World Intellectual Property Organization and the United\nNations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ; the General\nAgreement on Tariffs and Trade ; the Council of Europe ; and the Organization\nfor Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ). The nature of Community\nand Commission actions in each of these contexts varies according to the\nactivities of the organization in question. References to some of the more\nimportant of these actions and activities have already been made at\ndifferent places in the preceding chapters. The following paragraphs\nattempt to summarize the main features for each of the organizations\n\nconcerned. The World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO )\n\nIn copyright matters , the principal forum for international negotiations\nand discussion is the World Intellectual Property Organization , a\nspecialized agency of the United Nations established under the WIPO\nconvention of 1967. WIPO performs the administrative tasks of the Berne\nUnion and assumes or participates in the administration of other\ninternational agreements to promote the protection of copyright and\nneighbouring rights. The Commission has a working agreement with WIPO ,\nunder which there are exchanges of publications and reciprocal attendance\nat meetings organized by WIPO and the Commission respectively. The\nCommission is represented with the status of an observer at WIPO meetings\non subjects related to activities being carried out at Community level. 7. 2. 3. - 220 -\n\nWIP0 is an international organization , of an economic character , within the\nmeaning of Article 116 EEC ; and therefore , in respect of all matters of\nparticular interest to the common market , Member States are under a duty to\nproceed within the framework of WIP0 only by common action. Until recently ,\nthe Community has limited its action on this basis to the industrial\nproperty field , particularly in relation to the current revision of the\nParis Convention. It is only a matter of time , however , before issues arise\nconcerning copyright and allied matters calling for a similar response. Moreover , with the adoption of the directive on the legal protection of\nsemiconductor topographies to which reference has already been made , a new\nphase in the Community 's relationship with WIPO has begun. For the first\ntime , an activity of WIP0 , namely , the preparation of a multilateral\nTreaty , will be undertaken in relation to issues already covered by\nCommunity legislation binding on all its Member States. For this reason , on\n24 April 1987 , the Council decided that the Community should participate as\nsuch in the preparatory work on the Treaty and that , in that context , the\nCommission would present the Community position on questions falling within\nthe scope of the directive and the Commission has acted correspondingly. The question of Community participation in a future diplomatic conference\nfor the adoption of a multilateral treaty on protection of integrated\ncircuits and the possibility for the European Economic Community as such to\nbecome party to the future treaty have been raised in the Governing Bodies\nof WIP0 , but no decision has yet been made by the competent bodies of WIPO. The further evolution of the Community 's role within WIPO in general is a\nmatter of considerable importance given the likelihood of further Community\nlegislation on copyright and related rights and , indeed, on other forms of\nintellectual property. 7. 2. 4. - 221\n\nUnited Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO )\n\n1\n\n2\n\nThus , in recent years , meetings have been\n\n, on copyright aspects of direct broadcasting by satel -\n\nand on the rights of performers , phonogram producers and broad\u00ac\n\nIn certain respects , the activities of UNESCO also concern copyright\nmatters , either directly as , for example , by reason of the Organization 's\nadministrative responsibilities in relation to the Universal Copyright\nConvention , or by virtue of its more general interests in educational ,\nscientific and cultural affairs. held jointly with WIPO concerning the use of computers for access to or\ncreation of works\nLite\ncasting organizations in respect of audiovisual works and phonograms\nDuring 1987 , in co-operation with WIPO , attention has been given to the\nprotection of dramatic and musical works , works of applied art and printed\nworks , the latter in particular with a view to dealing with problems\nrelating to the creation and operation of data bases. The Commission will\ncontinue to follow developments having Community implications and will\nparticipate in discussions to the extent that its resources permit. In\naddition , should matters arise that fall within Community competence or are\nof particular interest to the common market , it will make appropriate\nproposals to the Member States. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT )\n\n7. 2. 5. Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights have been mentioned\nin the GATT on several occasions during the Tokyo Round of Multilateral\nTrade Negotiations. In this context , the European Community 's and United\nStates' proposal for an agreement on commercial conterfeiting of 1979 was\nof particular importance. Discussions on this subject matter among\ninterested delegations , including the European Community , remained\ninformal , however , and an agreement on a text for incorporation in the\nfinal results of the Tokyo Round was not reached. It was not before the\nMinisterial Declaration of the GATT Contracting Parties of 1982 that the\nGATT decided to examine the question of counterfeit goods with a view to\ndetermining the appropriateness of joint action in the GATT framework on\nthe trade aspects of commercial counterfeiting. Work on this issue did not\nlead to conclusive results. - 222 -\n\n7. 2. 6. In September 1986 Ministers of the GATT Contracting Parties , meeting in\nPunta del Este , Uruguay , decided to launch a new round of Multilateral\nTrade Negotiations and to include in them negotiations on \" trade-related\naspects of intellectual property rights , including trade in counterfeit\ngoods\". The relevant part of the Ministerial Declaration reads as follows :\n\n\" In order to reduce the distortions and impediments to\ninternational trade , and taking into account the need to promote\neffective and adequate protection of intellectual property\nrights , and to ensure that measures and procedures to enforce\nintellectual property rights do not themselves become barriers\nto legitimate trade , the negotiations shall aim to clarify GATT\nprovisions and elaborate as appropriate new rules and\ndisciplines. Negotiations shall aim to develop a multilateral framework of\nprinciples , rules and disciplines dealing with international\ntrade in counterfeit goods , taking into account work already\n\nundertaken in the GATT. These negotiations shall be without prejudice to other\ncomplementary initiatives that may be taken in the World\nIntellectual Property Organization and elsewhere to deal with\nthese matters \". - 223 -\n\n7. 2. 7. The Community and the Commission supported the inclusion of this chapter in\nthe new round in pursuit of the following , complementary objectives :\n\n( i )\n\nIn order to avoid trade-related problems , steps should be taken to\nensure that intellectual property rights are effectively implemented ,\nirrespective of whether infringements are carried out through\ninternationally traded goods or local production. Consequently ,\nappropriate procedures should be provided for to ensure rapid and\nefficient enforcement at the border ( regarding imports and exports )\nas well as internally. ( ii )\n\nThe protection of intellectual property rights as recognized by\nexisting national legislation should be improved through the\napplication of certain general principles of the GATT. The\napplication of \" national treatment \" and \" most favoured nation\ntreatment \" would ensure that discrimination between national and\n\nforeign and among foreign right holders is avoided , both with regard\nto the substantive standards applied as well as the enforcement\nprocedures and remedies available. Moreover , effective dispute\nsettlement provisions allowing for appropriate sanctions would make\nsure that all parties to an agreement would respect their\ninternational obligations. ( iii ) A wider. adherence to and respect of international conventions on\n\nintellectual property should be achieved. This applies in particular ,\nbut not exclusively , to the Paris Convention for the Protection of\nIndustrial Property and the Berne Convention for the Protection of\nLiterary and Artistic Works , which enjoy already rather widespread\nr\u00e9cognition. t\n\n( iv )\n\nThe problems created by inadequate or sometimes excessive substantive\nstandards should also be addressed through the transposition into the\nGATT legal system of those basic substantive rules that enjoy wide\n( although not necessarily universal ) recognition , including but not\nlimited to those which are provided for in existing international\nconventions. - 224 -\n\n( v )\n\nWhere appropriate , internationally agreed rules for the protection of\nintellectual property , including those derived from new forms of\ncreative activity ( e. g. software , semiconductors ), should be\nelaborated. All countries should be encouraged to participate\nactively in the revision of existing and the elaboration of new\nconventions within the competent international organ i-zat ions. ^\n\n7. 2. 8. Organization for Economie Co-operation and Development ( OECD )\n\n4\n\nIn the light of the Uruguay Round negotiations , the OECD Trade Committee\nhas also engaged in an examination and discussion of the impact of\nintellectual property law on international trade , inter alia , with a view\nto providing OECD member countries with analyses of practices and\nlegislation in OECD and developing countries. The OECD has also concerned\nitself with copyright issues , particularly in the context of its work on\ntransborder data flows. In this context , the Organization has carried out\nan examination of copyright provisions of its Member States which may act\nas a barrier to the free flow of data. Copyright issues of Community\ninterest may also arise in future in the context of work on international\ntrade in audio-visual services. Further , the Committee for Information ,\nComputer and Communications Policy has made preparations and drafted\nreports for a High-level Meeting in the fall of 1987 on transborder data\nflows under the theme \" Improving International Rules of the Game \",\npreparing an adaptation of the legal environment governing transborder data\nflows. The Commission is participating in the Organization 's work and , in\nparticular , the work related to international trade. It will , as\nappropriate , make proposals on issues arising in this context. International Labour Office ( ILO )\n\n7. 2. 9. Although the Commission has not so far been directly involved in\ndiscussions held under the aegis of ILO in the copyright field, the ILO 's\ncontribution to such debates as those on satellite television and\n\nemployee 's rights is gratefully acknowledged. (16)\n\n\f7. 2. 10. 7. 2. 11. - 225 -\n\nCounc i L of Europe\n\nThe Commission has welcomed the opportunity to participate in meetings with\na direct bearing on certain aspects of copyright , particularly those of the\nSteering Committee on Mass Media and its expert sub-committees. The\ninformation gathered at these meetings has contributed greatly to its own\nwork , for example in the field of television by cable and satellite. Other\ncopyright issues of common concern have arisen , for example , as regards\nprivate copying of sound and audiovisual recordings and piracy of\naudiovisual works. The Commission is of the opinion that work undertaken on copyright in the\nCouncil of Europe and initiatives at Community level are complementary. On\nthe one hand , the Council of Europe seeks in the context of its larger\nmembership to deal with common problems normally by way of recommendation\nand occasionally by means of international conventions. On the other hand ,\n\nwithin the narrower context of States which are members of the Community ,\n\nthe Community seeks to create a genuine internal market for goods and\nservices , including those protected by copyright , using the Treaty 's\ndirectly applicable provisions and the legislative and other powers that\nthe Treaty confers on its institutions. This may require an approximation\nof national laws prior to and going further than the work which can be\nachieved afterwards within the large grouping constituted by the Council of\nEurope. At the same time , where common approaches can be agreed on the\nCouncil 's wider basis , it is desirable that appropriate instruments be\nadopted and that these instruments form a coherent whole together with any\nCommunity measures adopted in relation to the same subject matter. 7. 2. 12. Accordingly , the Commission intends to continue to work together with the\nCouncil of Europe on matters of common concern in the copyright field. It\nwill participate in relevant meetings to the extent that its resources\npermit and will invite the Council 's secretariat to be represented at\nsimilar meetings organized by its own departments , as it already has in the\nfield of cross-frontier television and lately in the preparatory work on\ntwo Council recommendations on the subject of piracy and the private\nreproduction of sound and video recordings , which were adopted by the\nCommittee of Ministers on 18 January 1988^. 7. 3. Bilateral relations : general\n\n- 226 -\n\n7. 3. 1. While multilateral organizations and conventions represent in principle the\nmost adequate framework for addressing problems of intellectual property\nrights and their enforcement , it must be recognized that the existing\ninternational conventions relating to copyright have not yet achieved the\nobjective of providing effective copyright protection on a large enough\ninternational scale , nor have have they succeeded yet in dealing adequately\nwith new forms of in principle copyrightable matters such as semiconductor\ndesigns and software. It is for these reasons that in addition to the work in the multilateral\n\ncontext problems existing with regard to individual countries or groups of\ncountries need to be tackled bilaterally. These problems essentially relate\n\nto three areas :\n\n- the absence of adequate substantive standards protecting intellectual\n\nproperty ,\n\n- the lack of effective enforcement where such standards exist , and\n- the application of national treatment to Community right holders. 7. 3. 2. 7. 3. 3. So far as bilateral relations in general are concerned the Community can\nact ( and has acted ) whenever specific problems concerning copyright and\nallied matters have arisen. In recent years , such problems have arisen with\nincreasing frequency. Thus , in 1984 , when the United States Congress considered and then adopted\n, representations\nlegislation on the protection of semiconductor designs\nwere made on the basis of concerns expressed by Community interests likely\nto be affected. In addition , action was subsequently taken by the Community\nto secure protection on an interim basis for European semiconductor\nproducers in the US market pending adoption of legislation at Community\nlevel in the form of a directive on the legal protection of topographies of\nsemiconductor products\n\n\f7. 3. 4. 7. 3. 5. - 227 -\n\nThe provisions of Article 3(7) of that directive concerning extensions of\nprotection to persons from non-Member States should also be noted in this\nconnection , which enable the Community to act as a whole. The procedure for\nwhich they provide has recently been set in motion for the first time. In\nthe field of semiconductor designs , relations with non-Member States will\nthus develop in future in large part on the basis of the specific\nprovisions contained in the directive. Q\n\nAs regards Japan , reference may be made to the initiatives that were taken\nwhen it was learned in early 1984 that new legislation was being considered\nthat could significantly limit the protection available to computer\nsoftware in a number of ways. Again , representations were made to the\nJapanese authorities on behalf of the European interests that had expressed\nconcern. The widely reported decision of the Japanese government not to\npursue the creation of a specific form of legal protection for software but\nto modify its copyright law , which it realized in 1985\nwelcome development. , has been a\n\n9\n\n7. 3. 6. To complete the picture , reference can also be made to two other more\nrecent examples involving contacts with non-Member countries. 7. 3. 7. 7. 3. 8. In the summer of 1986 , representations were made on behalf of the\nCommmunity and its Member States to the government of Nigeria concerning a\nrange of intellectual property issues , including the need to strengthen\nlegal provisions for the repression of piracy of copyright materials. Early in 1987 , the Commission was consulted by the authorities of Malaysia\non a new bill for copyright protection in that country. The proposed\nlimitation of copyright protection under the bill 's provisions to Malaysian\nnationals and residents and to works first published in Malaysia is clearly\na matter of great concern to Community right holders. The Malaysian\nauthorities' attention has been drawn to the problem. Further Community\naction will be proposed , should it prove necessary. 7. 3. 9. 7. 3. 10. 7. 3. 11. - 228 -\n\nFinally, as recently as the beginning of November 1987, following a\ncommitment previously undertaken by the Republic of Korea to grant to\nCommunity nationals and enterprises rights in the area of intellectual and\nindustrial property equivalent to the rights granted to US nationals by a\nUS-Korea bilateral agreement , a Commission delegation carried out\nnegotiations on a similar bilateral agreement including copyright\nprotection with the government of the Republic of Korea on intellectual\nproperty protection. No results have as yet emerged from these\nnegotiations. As a result of the refusal of the government of Korea to\ncomply with its previously undertaken commitment , Community nationals are\nthe subject of discriminatory treatment within the jurisdiction of the\nRepublic of Korea. Consequently, on 18 December 1987, the Council agreed to\na proposal by the Commission to suspend the generalized tariff preferences. The negotiations with\nfor products originating in the Republic of Korea\nKorea will be resumed as soon as further negotiations appear realistic. 10\n\nIn addition to specific problems of this kind , meetings on an ad hoc basis\nare also held between the Commission and particular countries or groups of\ncountries with which the Community has significant trade and other\nrelationships. On certain occasions in recent years , these meetings have\nbeen used to discuss problems arising in the intellectual property field ,\nthough to date attention has focussed primarily on fields other than\ncopyright and no attempt has so far been made to develop this form of\nintervention in a systematic way. In recent years problems of piracy and counterfeiting have become more\nserious and widespread. Clearly action within the Community or at the\nborder cannot solve these problems effectively. They should be raised in\nthe framework of the Community 's bilateral relations in a more systematic\nway. Such action, which will require consistent co-operation from Community\ninterests affected, should not only aim at ensuring respect for the rights\nof Community right holders , but could also address other matters of current\nconcern , for example , the need for adequate legal protection of computer\nsoftware\n\nand semiconductor products. 1 1\n\n\f7. 4. Bilateral relations in the context of existing arrangements\n\n- 229 -\n\n7. 4. 1. 7. 4. 2. 7. 4. 3. The Community has woven a fabric of bilateral agreements with countries in\nAsia , Latin America , the Mediterranean , Africa , the Caribbean and the\nPacific , thus creating a framework for diversified forms of co-operation. This framework is sufficiently broad to encompass , formally or otherwise ,\nany topic of economic co-operation , including notably the protection of\nintellectual property. Periodic meetings called under these agreements offer the occasion for\ndiscussing problems encountered by one Community industry or another. At times it has been useful to enter into negotiations and to conclude\nformal bilateral agreements. Although this approach has not been\nsystematic , it should not be discarded , in particular for those countries\nwhich maintain formal contractual relations with the Community. Their\ninterest in concluding one agreement with the Community , rather than a\nseries of separate agreements with some or all Member States , is\n\nself-evident. At times it has been necessary to deal in more informal manners with\nintellectual property issues , given their delicate character and the\nsensitivities of certain trading partners. Recently , for example , the\nCommission has agreed to review the national legislation of one of its\ntrading partners to identify possible problems or lacunae. Training of\nofficials and other forms of assistance have also been envisaged. Another\nforum for the discussion of these issues is constituted by the joint\ninvestment committees set up between European operators and their Asian\ncounterparts in every capital of the ASEAN countries. These committees\nregularly attempt to identify and solve the difficulties which either side\n\nmay encounter. - 230 -\n\nDesign problems of the textile and clothing industry\n\n7. 4. 4. In the textile and clothing sector , a start has already been made which may\nwell indicate the direction which future developments should take. 7. 4. 5. 7. 4. 6. By way of background , it should be noted that the Community 's textile and\nclothing industries have a particularly pressing interest in securing\nbetter protection for their designs as well as their trade marks especially\nin developing countries. Since the seventies , the industry has been under\nsevere pressure from low cost production in many newly industrializing and\nState-trading countries. This competition has generated growing quantities\nof low price imports which , combined with decreasing consumption , has led\nto substantial shrinkage and restructuring of the industries. As an\nimportant part of their response. Community industries have sought to\nstress , besides technological innovation , the marketing of higher quality\nproducts , protected by trade marks , offering innovative designs and models\nsubject to change with increasing frequency. However , Community industries\nnow find that this assertive strategy is being put at risk , and is even\nbeing turned against them , by unauthorized copying of their designs and\ntrade marks , especially by firms exporting from developing countries. These\nillicit practices weaken Community performance not only on the world market\nbut also within the Community itself since the firms which are copying are\nsaving themselves the costs of developing their own brands , designs and\nmodels which frequently represent as much as 10% of total production costs. Given the importance of the problem, as a first step , the Community sought\nand obtained the inclusion in the fourth extension protocol of the\nMultifibre Agreement of a provision recognizing the importance of the\nproblem and underlining the need for its resolution\nthe context of the bilateral textile agreements concluded between the\nCommunity and individual trading partners , this recognition was explicitly\nconf i rmed. Subsequently , in\n\n12\n\n\f- 231\n\n7. 4. 7. As a next step , the general consultation clauses of the bilateral\nagreements will be utilized to raise the problem, in particular , on the\nbasis of factual cases sufficiently proved. A pragmatic approach of this\nkind should prove helpful in finding mutually acceptable solutions to the\nproblem which , it cannot be denied , presents a number of particular\ndifficulties including, for example , the short life of many designs and the\npractical difficulties of detecting and proving infringements. The success\nof such an approach will , to a considerable extent , depend on the\nco-operation of Community industries and on the careful preparation of\nappropriate cases. 7. 4. 8. Finally, in this context , future concessions in the framework of bilateral\ntextile agreements might well have to be conditioned by concrete evidence\nof improved co-operation by partner countries in the field of intellectual\nproperty rights including , in particular , both designs , models and trade\nmarks. 7. 5. The Lom\u00e9 Conventions\n\n7. 5. 1. Given its importance , actual and potential , the relationship between the\nCommunity and the African , Caribbean and Pacific ( ACP ) States merits\nmention in this context. 7. 5. 2. Although the Convention does not specifically provide for the protection of\ncopyright , it does permit the Community to prohibit imports in order to\nprotect industrial or commercial property ( Article 132 ). Whereas this\nprovides a certain protection against illegal imports into the Community ,\nit does not deal with the problems associated with illegal reproduction. 7. 5. 3. The Convention does however provide a framework for information and\nconsultation on such questions which can be invoked by any contracting\nparty. This framework will permit the Community to deal with specific cases\ninvolving ACP countries if they arise. - 232 -\n\n7. 5. 4. There are specific problems which confront developing countries ,\nparticularly the least developed , in reconciling the legitimate concerns of\nowners of intellectual property rights with their own pressing development\nneeds. In this context it is to be considered whether a higher profile\nshould not be given to such problems in any successor Convention to\nLome III. 7. 6. The new trade policy instrument\n\n7. 6. 1. 7. 6. 2. In order to combat illegal commercial practices , the Community now has an. One\nadditional resource at its disposal : the new trade policy instrument\nof the main considerations which led to its adoption was that of providing\nthe Community with a procedure permitting it to respond more rapidly , more\neffectively and with a wider range of measures than in the past to illicit\ncommercial practices of third countries with the aim of eliminating the\nresulting injury. 13\n\nIllicit commercial practices are defined as being international trade\npractices which are attributable to third coutries and which are either\nincompatible with international law or with the \" generally accepted rules\". Thus , the instrument 's use is not confined to cases in which countries do\nnot respect their obligations under customary international law or\ninternational agreements to which they are parties. The new trade policy\ninstrument , therefore , could be used against a State which disregards a\nmultilateral treaty to which it is not a party , but to which a large number\nof other States are parties , when the treaty in question is not purely\ndeclaratory of customary international law. A State does not act in breach\nof international law if it acts in a way which is forbidden by a treaty\nwhich is not binding on it. Yet it could be said to have acted in breach of\n\" generally accepted rules \". necessary for the State complained of to have violated an obligation , legal\nor otherwise , applicable to it : the relevant provision in the new\ninstrument is that action may be taken by the Community when there has been\naction \" incompatible with international law or with generally accepted\nrules \". Under the new instrument , it might not be\n\n\f233 -\n\n7. 6. 3. The concept of \" generally accepted rules \" is not defined in the new\ninstrument but its context is clearly that of States engaging in\ninternational trade. There thus seems little doubt that , in the first\nplace , it is intended to refer to the General Agreement on Tariffs and\nTrade , enabling the provisions of that agreement to be applied to the trade\npractices of countries which are not GATT members. On this basis , other\nmultilateral agreements can be evaluated to see whether the share of world\ntrade for which their members are responsible is of the same order as that\nfor which GATT members account. If this proves to be the case , the rules\ncontained in such an agreement should probably be considered as \" generally\naccepted \" by the international trading community. 14\n\n7. 6. 4. An examination of the States parties to the Berne Convention ( 77 States ),\nthe Universal Copyright Convention ( 81 States ), the Paris Convention ( 96\nStates ) and to the GATT ( 92 States ) reveals the following picture. Table I\n\n: The share of exports , imports and world trade for which the\nmembers of certain international agreements are responsible. I International\nAgreement\nI\n\nI GATT\n\nI Berne\n\nI UCC\n\nI Paris\n\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\nExports as % of\nworld total\n\n80\n\n66\n\n82\n\n88\n\nI\nI\nI Imports as %\n|\nI of world total |\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\n81\n\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\n64\n\n81\n\n88\n\nI\nI\nI\nI\ni\nI\nI\nI\nI\n\nInternational\ntrade as %\n\nof world trade\n\n81\n\n65\n\n81\n\n88\n\nSource : IMF and UNO , 1985 figures. 7. 6. 5. Among these international instruments , the Berne Convention has the most\nmodest participation which however , measured in relation to international\ntrade , still accounts for approximately two-thirds of the total. The\nmembers of the Universal Copyright and Paris Conventions each account for a\ngreater share of world trade than the members of the GATT itself. 7. 6. 6. 7. 6. 7. 7. 6. 8. - 234 -\n\nAccordingly , the rules of the Berne , Universal Copyright and Paris\nConventions appear to be \"generally accepted\" among countries engaged in\ninternational trade. Therefore , if the new instrument could be used against\na State for failure to respect a treaty to which it was not a party, it\ncould be used in the case of these three conventions. An illicit commercial practice must also be attributable to third countries\nif it is to fall within the scope of the new instrument. Thus\ninfringements , even repeated infringements , of intellectual or industrial\nproperty rights as recognized by the multilateral conventions will not by\nthemselves be sufficient. The responsibility of a third country as opposed\nto a private individual must be engaged in one way or another. This might\nwell occur , for example , when systematic infringements are carried out by\nentities for which the State is directly responsible since they form part\nof that State 's administrative structure , for example , State trading\norganizations. Even in the absence of such a direct link , however , failure\nto respect generally accepted intellectual or industrial property rights\nmight well be attributable to a particular country under certain\nconditions , for example , where the illicit practices are widespread and,\ndespite repeated requests to act , nothing has been done to enact\nappropriate laws or , where they exist , to enforce them. Where , in the opinion of an interested party, illicit commercial practices\nexist which cause injury to a Community industry, a complaint can be lodged\nwith the Commission by any person, or association acting on behalf of this\nCommunity industry or by a Member State. The injury must be sustained\neither within the Community or on export markets. The latter possibility is\nof considerable importance in the present context for in some sectors , such\nas book publishing , it is indeed on external markets that most of the\ndamage occurs\nprocedure which , where there is sufficient evidence , can lead to an\nexamination procedure on the basis of a formal notice of initiation\npublished in the Community 's Official Journal. This formal notice indicates\nthe product and countries concerned and a summary of the information\nreceived. It also indicates the time limits within which interested parties\nmay make their views known and may request to be heard orally. A complaint triggers an internal Community consultation\n\n\\\n\n\f7. 6. 9. 7. 6. 10. - 235 -\n\nWhere it appears at the end of the examination procedure that action is\nnecessary in the interests of the Community in order to respond to any\nillicit commercial practice with the aim of removing the injury caused by\nit , commercial policy measures may be taken. These measures may consist of\nthe suspension or withdrawal of any concession resulting from commercial\npolicy negotiations , the raising of existing customs duties or the\nintroduction of any other charge on imports , or the introduction of\nquantitative restrictions or any other measures modifying import or export\nconditions or otherwise affecting trade with the third country concerned. Such measures can be taken , however , only after the prior discharge of any\ninternational procedure for consultation or for the settlement of disputes\nwhich the Community has an international obligation to respect. Indeed ,\nmore generally , the procedures established by the new instrument are\nexpressly subjected to compliance with all existing international\nobligations and procedures. In the field of intellectual property , and copyright in particular , the new\ninstrument could conceivably play a significant role in the future ,\nparticularly as regards countries which practise a policy of more or less\nactive connivance in the pirating of goods and services developed\nelsewhere. Such a situation was at the basis of a first complaint , filed\nin March 1987 , by the International Federation of Phonogram and Videogram\nProducers concerning Indonesia. It alleged that this country permitted the\nunauthorized reproduction of sound carriers on its territory , by reason of\nthe lack of protection granted to Community works in Indonesia , thus\ncausing serious injury to the Community industry. Following consultations\nwith the Indonesian authorities and the commitment undertaken by Indonesia\nto grant Community nationals national treatment on the basis of reciprocity\nas regards the protection of sound recordings , the procedure has been\nclosed. The negotiation of a bilateral agreement between the Community and\nIndonesia would permit the consolidation of this result and its extension\nto the area of copyright in general. If in the future this instrument is to\nhave practical effect , the industries concerned will not only have to be\nprepared to use it , but also to prepare possible complaints carefully and\ncommunicate relevant information to the Commission. The value of the\ninstrument thus depends in large part directly on the response and full\nco-operation of those whose interests are being adversely affected. 16\n\n\f7. 7. Summary\n\n- 236 -\n\n7. 7. 1. As is the case for other topics as well , copyright cannot be seen only in a\nunilateral , bilateral or Multilateral context. Copyright too is placed in a\nmulti-faceted, plurilateral world. The success or failure of multilateral\nefforts, and the ongoing negotiations in the new GATT round in particular,\ncannot fail to have an effect on the Community 's bilateral efforts. These,\nin turn, will affect and are affected by the use which interested parties\nmay make of the autonomous new commercial policy instrument. It is this\ncomplementarity between the Community 's multilateral, bilateral and\nautonomous efforts which lies at the basis of this chapter. 7. 8. Conclusions\n\n7. 8. 1. The Commission would accordingly welcome the views of interested parties on\nthe following matters :\n\na ) the priorities to be given to the different aspects of reinforcement of\n\nintellectual property protection in the international context ;\n\nb ) the development by the GATT of new disciplines as regards the effective\nenforcement of intellectual property laws , in particular , copyright , as\nwell as the adoption , as appropriate , of improved substantive standards ;\n\nc ) the more systematic use of bilateral relations , to ensure better\n\nprotection in non-Member States of the intellectual and industrial\nproperty of Community right holders , particularly in the copyright\nfield. 7. 9. Timetable for submissions\n\n7. 9. 1. Comments on Chapter 7 should be submitted to the Commission no later than\n1 December 1988. - 237 -\n\nReport of the Committee of Governmental Experts of Copyright Problems\nArising from the Use of Computers for Access to the Creation of Works. UNESCO / WIPO / CEGO / II / 7 , 13 August 1982. Report of Group of Experts on the Copyright Aspects of Direct Broadcasting\nby Satellite , UNESC0 / WIP0 /GE / DBS / I / 4 , 29 April 1985. Report of Group of Experts on audiovisual works and phonograms ,\nUNE SCO / WIPO / CGE / AWP / 4. 30 June 1986. See paragraphs 7. 2. 5. - 7. 2. 8. above\n\n^ Recommendation no. R(88)1 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on\nSound and Audiovisual Private Copying and Recommendation no. R(88)2 of the\nCommittee of Ministers to Member States on measures to combat Piracy in the\nField of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights. ^ The Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 1984. ^ Council Directive 87/54/EEC of 16 December 1986, O. J. No. L 24 of 27 January\n1987 , page 36. See also the notice as to interim protection in the United\nStates , O. J. No. C 284 of 7 November 1985. 8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\nThe Council has taken a Decision effective from 7 November 1987 on the\nextension of rights on the basis of reciprocity to natural and legal persons\nin the United States and the United Kingdom dependencies for whose external\nrelations the United Kingdom is responsible , O. J. No. L 313 of 4 November\n1987 , page 22. Law Partially Amending the Copyright Law , Law No. 62 of 14 June 1985. Council Regulation ( EEC ) no. 3912 / 87 of 18 December 1987, O. J. no. L 369 of\n29 December 1987 , page 1. See Chapter 2 paragraph 2. 2. 31. and Chapter 5 paragraphs 5. 3. 5. , 5. 3. 6. Protocol extending the arrangement regarding international trade in\ntextiles , paragraph 27 , July 1986. Council Regulation ( EEC ) no. 2641 / 84 of 17 September 1984 on the\nstrengthening of the common commercial policy with regard in particular to\nprotection against illicit commercial practices , O. J. no. L 252 / 1 of\n20 September 1984. See Bourgeois and Laurent : Le \" Nouvel instrument de la politique\ncommerciale \" : un pas en avant vers l' \u00e9limination des obstacles aux\n\u00e9changes internationaux , Revue trimestrielle de droit europ\u00e9en , no. 1 ,\nJanuary-March 1985 , p. 52. See Chapter 2 , paragraphs 2. 2. 2. , 2. 2. 3. O. J. no. C 136 of 21 May 1987 , page 3"}
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+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f8c10f35-6be6-4dcd-82f0-cd0120413769", "title": "Exchange of letters between the European Community and the Republic of Malta as regards trade in malt beer", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "html,print", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_international,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#agreement_non-member-states,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "European Economic Community,Malta", "date": "1988-06-07", "subjects": "Malta,association agreement (EU),beer,protocol to an agreement,tariff quota,trade agreement (EU)", "workIds": "celex:21989A0323(02)", "eurovoc_concepts": ["Malta", "association agreement (EU)", "beer", "protocol to an agreement", "tariff quota", "trade agreement (EU)"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/f8c10f35-6be6-4dcd-82f0-cd0120413769", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["html", "print"]}
+{"cellarURIs": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/be0d3397-79d9-4ba2-88a2-f24f2f64cb19", "title": "88/355/EEC: Council Decision of 7 June 1988 accepting, on behalf of the Community, Annex B.2 to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures", "langIdentifier": "ENG", "mtypes": "fmx4,html,pdfa1b,print,xhtml", "workTypes": "http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#decision,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#legislation_secondary,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#resource_legal,http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#work", "authors": "Council of the European Union", "date": "1988-06-07", "subjects": "consumption,customs harmonisation,exemption from customs duties,guarantee,international convention,personal effects", "workIds": "celex:31988D0355,oj:JOL_1988_161_R_0003_006", "eurovoc_concepts": ["consumption", "customs harmonisation", "exemption from customs duties", "guarantee", "international convention", "personal effects"], "url": "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/be0d3397-79d9-4ba2-88a2-f24f2f64cb19", "lang": "eng", "formats": ["fmx4", "html", "pdfa1b", "print", "xhtml"], "text": "L_1988161EN. 01000301. xml\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n28. 6. 1988\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\nEN\n\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Communities\n\n\nL 161/3\n\n\n\n\n\nCOUNCIL DECISION\nof 7 June 1988\naccepting, on behalf of the Community, Annex B. 2 to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures\n(88/355/EEC)\nTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,\nHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Articles 28, 43 and 235 thereof,\nHaving regard to the proposal from the Commission,\nHaving regard to the opinion of the European Parliament\u00a0(1),\nWhereas, by Decision 75/199/EEC\u00a0(2), the Community concluded the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures;\nWhereas the acceptance of the Annexes to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures effectively contributes to facilitation and development of international trade;\nWhereas Annex B. 2, concerning relief from import duties and taxes in respect of goods declared for home use, may be accepted by the Community;\nWhereas acceptance should, however, be accompanied by certain reservations to take account of the specific requirements of the customs union and the stage currently reached in the harmonization of customs legislation,\nHAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS:\nArticle 1\nAnnex B. 2 to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures, concerning relief from import duties and taxes in respect of goods declared for home use, is hereby accepted on behalf of the Community, subject to a reservation of a general nature and reservations with regard to Standards 3, 21, 28 and 34 and recommended practices 10, 16,18,19, 20, 23, 27, 29, 32, 33 and 35. The text of Annex B. 2, together with the reservations, is attached to this Decision. Article 2\nThe President of the Council shall designate the person empowered to notify the Secretary-General of the Customs Cooperation Council of the acceptance, by the Community, of the Annex referred to in Article 1, subject to the reservations referred to in the said Article. Done at Luxembourg, 7 June 1988. For the Council\n\n\nThe President\n\nM. BANGEMANN\n\n\n\n\n(1)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No C 167, 27. 8. 1968. (2)\u00a0\u00a0OJ No L 100, 21. 4. 1975, p. 1. ANNEX B. 2\nANNEX CONCERNING RELIEF FROM IMPORT DUTIES AND TAXES IN RESPECT OF GOODS DECLARED FOR HOME USE\n\nINTRODUCTION\n\nMost countries experience the need to relieve from import duties and taxes certain goods cleared for home use, irrespective of their normal tariff classification or normal liability, provided that they are imported in specified circumstances and for specified purposes. This relief may be provided for in the customs tariff or may be set out in separate legislation or regulations. Relief may be granted on philanthropic or humanitarian grounds, or may be based on considerations of equity. It may be intended to encourage the development of education, science and culture, or to foster harmonious international relations, or be introduced simply for administrative convenience, to avoid expenditure that would be out of proportion to the amounts collected. Occasionally, economic considerations may also have to be taken into account when granting relief. The relief referred to here is outright inasmuch as the goods are taken into home use and are not placed under a customs procedure affording only conditional relief from import duties and taxes. However, though the relief is outright, there are usually certain conditions to be met and the facility may, for a time at least, be subject to constraints: use for approved purposes, prohibition on sale, etc. The relief may apply to both import duties and import taxes or, in certain cases, to customs duties only. This Annex does not contain an exhaustive list of the various reliefs granted by all countries. It does not cover, inter alia, goods reimported in the same state, goods consumed on board ships, aircraft and international trains or goods contained in travellers' baggage. Nor does it cover tariff preferences, whether granted unilaterally or under bilateral or multilateral agreements. DEFINITIONS\n\nFor the purposes of this Annex:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe term \u2018relief from import duties and taxes\u2019 means the clearance of goods for home use free of import duties and taxes, irrespective of their normal tariff classification or normal liability, provided that they are imported in specified circumstances and for specified purposes;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthe term \u2018clearance for home use\u2019 means the customs procedure which provides that imported goods may remain permanently in the customs territory. This procedure implies the payment of any import duties and taxes chargeable and the accomplishment of all the necessary customs formalities;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthe term \u2018import duties and taxes\u2019 means customs duties and all other duties, taxes, fees or other charges which are collected on or in connection with the importation of goods but not including fees and charges which are limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthe term \u2018customs duties\u2019 means the duties laid down in the customs tariff, to which goods are liable on entering the customs territory;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nthe term \u2018security\u2019 means that which ensures to the satisfaction of the customs that an obligation to the customs will be fulfilled;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\nthe term \u2018person\u2019 means both natural and legal persons, unless the context otherwise requires. PRINCIPLES\n\n1. Standard\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes in respect of goods declared for home use shall be governed by the provisions of this Annex. 2. Standard\n\nNational legislation shall specify the circumstances and enumerate the cases in which relief from import duties and taxes is granted and shall lay down the requirements which must be met to qualify for such relief. 3. Standard\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes shall be authorized not only for goods imported directly from abroad but also for goods which are under another customs procedure. 4. Recommended practice\n\nExcept where an international instrument provides for reciprocity, relief from import duties and taxes should be granted without regard to the country of origin of the goods or the country whence they arrived. FORMALITIES\n\n(a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Prior authority\n\n5. Standard\n\nNational legislation shall specify the cases in which prior authority is required for relief from import duties and taxes and shall designate the authorities empowered to grant such authority. 6. Recommended practice\n\nThe cases in which prior authority is required for relief from import duties and taxes should be as few as possible. (b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Declaration\n\n7. Standard\n\nNational legislation shall specify the conditions under which goods qualifying for relief from import duties and taxes shall be produced at the competent customs office and a goods declaration shall be lodged. 8. Recommended practice\n\nWhen a goods declaration is required, the form used should be that normally used for the goods declaration for home use. (c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Security\n\n9. Standard\n\nThe form in which security, if any, is to be provided for the purposes of relief from import duties and taxes shall be laid down in national legislation or determined by the customs authorities in accordance with national legislation. 10. Recommended practice\n\nWhere security is required to ensure compliance with any conditions laid down in respect of relief from import duties and taxes, the customs authorities should be satisfied with a written undertaking alone. 11. Recommended practice\n\nWhere, in special cases, security is required in the form of a deposit or a surety must be provided, the amount should be as small as possible and should not exceed the amount of the import duties and taxes that would have been involved if no relief had been granted. 12. Standard\n\nWhere security has been furnished, it shall be discharged as soon as possible after the customs are satisfied that the conditions under which relief from import duties and taxes has been granted have been duly fulfilled during any period laid down. SCOPE\n\n\nCases covered by international instruments\n\n13. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes or from customs duties only, as appropriate, should be granted for goods specified in the following international instruments and under the conditions laid down therein:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\ngoods referred to in the Annexes to the Unesco Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials (New York, 22 November 1950) and to the Protocol thereto (Nairobi, 26 November 1976) as well as in the Unesco Agreement for Facilitating the International Circulation of Visual and Auditory Materials of an Educational, Scientific and Cultural Character (Beirut, 1948);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nequipment or material referred to in Recommended practices 4. 39 and 4. 41 of Annex 9 (7th edition) to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 7 December 1944);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\ncommercial samples of negligible value and advertising material referred to in the International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material (Geneva, 7 November 1952);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\ntourist publicity documents and material referred to in the Additional Protocol to the Convention Concerning Customs Facilities for Touring, Relating to the Importation of Tourist Publicity Documents and Material (New York, 4 June 1954);\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nproducts referred to in Articles 6 and 7 of the Customs Convention Concerning Facilities for the Importation of Goods for Display or Use at Exhibitions, Fairs, Meetings or Similar Events (Brussels, 8 June 1961); and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\ngoods imported under diplomatic or consular privileges as referred to in the Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic Relations (18 April 1961) and Consular Relations (24 April 1963). Contracting parties are invited to consider the possibility of acceding to the above international instruments. Samples of no commercial value\n\n14. Standard\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions shall be granted in respect of samples of no commercial value (samples of negligible value within the meaning of the International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material (Geneva, 7 November 1952). 15. Recommended practice\n\nThe following should be regarded as samples of no commercial value:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nraw materials and products of such dimensions that they are useless except for purposes of demonstration;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\narticles of non-precious materials affixed to cards or put up as samples in the manner usual in the trade, provided that there is not more than one of each size or kind;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nraw materials and products, and articles of such materials or products, rendered useless, except for purposes of demonstration, by slashing, perforation, indelible marking or by any other effective method;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nproducts which cannot be put up as samples of no commercial value in accordance with paragraphs (a) to (c) and which consist of:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(i)\n\n\nnon-consumable goods of an individual value not exceeding US $ 5, and provided there is not more than one sample of each kind or quality;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ii)\n\n\nconsumable goods of an individual value not exceeding US $ 5, even if they consist wholly or partly of samples of the same kind or quality, provided the quantity and the manner in which they are put up preclude their being used otherwise than as samples. Human therapeutic substances, blood-grouping and tissue-typing reagents\n\n16. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions should be granted in respect of the following substances, where they are consigned to institutions or laboratories approved by the competent authorities:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\ntherapeutic substances of human origin; human blood and its derivatives (whole blood, dried plasma, albumin, gamma-globulin, fibrinogen); bodily organs;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nblood-grouping reagents of human, animal, plant or other origin; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\ntissue-typing reagents of human, animal, plant or other origin. Removable articles imported on transfer of residence\n\n17. Standard\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions shall be granted in respect of removable articles belonging to a natural person or to members of his household imported on transfer of their residence to the country of importation. 18. Recommended practice\n\nFor the purposes of Standard 17 the expression \u2018removable articles\u2019 should be taken to include, in particular:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nfurniture and furnishings;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nhousehold appliances and audio-visual equipment;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\npersonal effects;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nmeans of transport for private use e. g. : motor vehicles and trailers therefor, cycles, motor cycles, caravans, pleasure boats and light aircraft;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nhousehold provisions normally kept in stock;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\ncollector's pieces;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(g)\n\n\nhousehold pets and saddle horses; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(h)\n\n\nequipment necessary for the calling, trade or profession of the persons transferring their residence, other than industrial, commercial or agricultural plant or equipment. Note\n\nIn some countries, relief from customs duties and from economic prohibitions or restrictions is granted in respect of industrial, commercial or agricultural plant or equipment imported by natural persons in connection with the transfer of their undertaking to the country of importation. 19. Recommended practice\n\nThe relief provided for in Standard 17 should not be made subject to conditions more restrictive than the following:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthat the articles are appropriate, in kind, number and value, to the circumstances of the case:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthat in the case of persons returning to the country of importation, there has been an appropriate period of residence abroad. This period should not be fixed at more than one year;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthat except for household provisions, the removable articles have been owned or possessed, and used abroad by the importer or the members of his household for a reasonable period. This period should not be fixed at more than six months except in the case of articles liable to large amounts of import duties and taxes, for which it should not exceed one year;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthat except for household provisions, the removable articles granted relief will continue to be owned or possessed, and used by the importer or the members of his household for a reasonable period after importation. This period should not be fixed at more than six months except in the case of articles liable to large amounts of import duties and taxes, for which it should not exceed one year;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nthat the removable articles be imported within an appropriate period starting from the date on which the importer establishes residence in the country of importation. This period should not be less than six months;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\nthat any alcoholic beverages and tobacco goods do not exceed the quantities laid down in national legislation;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(g)\n\n\nthat the importer submits a list (inventory) of all the articles being imported. Furniture and household articles for furnishing secondary residences\n20. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions should be granted in respect of furniture and household articles imported for the purpose of furnishing a secondary residence by a person whose normal residence is in another country, under the conditions laid down by national legislation. Note\n\nRelief is normally made subject to the following conditions:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthe furniture and household articles must:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1)\n\n\nhave been used before by the person concerned for a reasonable period;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2)\n\n\nbe imported to furnish the secondary residence and be for the personal use of a private person and the members of his family living with him during their stay in the secondary residence;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3)\n\n\nbe appropriate, in kind and quantity, to the normal furnishing of the secondary residence in question;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4)\n\n\nbe retained in the possession of the person concerned for a reasonable period;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nrelief may be granted on one occasion only for one and the same secondary residence;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthe secondary residence must be owned by the person concerned or have been rented by him for a reasonable period. Trousseaus and wedding presents\n\n21. Standard\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions shall be granted in respect of trousseaus and wedding presents for a person resident abroad who transfers residence to the country of importation on, or with a view to marriage to a person already residing in that country. 22. Standard\n\nTrousseaus and wedding presents shall be taken to include:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nhousehold linen and clothing, whether or not new, for the personal use of the person concerned or for use in his household;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nany articles customarily given on the occasion of a wedding. 23. Recommended practice\n\nThe relief provided for in Standard 21 should not be made subject to conditions more restrictive than the following:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthat the person concerned has lived abroad for an appropriate period. This period should not be fixed at more than one year;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthat the goods be imported no earlier than three months before the scheduled date of the wedding and no later than six months after the wedding;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthat the person granted the relief will continue to own or possess the goods imported as trousseaus and wedding presents for a reasonable period after importation. As a rule, this period should not be fixed at more than one year;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthat the goods are intended for the personal use of the couple;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nthat any alcoholic beverages and tobacco goods do not exceed the quantities laid down in national legislation;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\nthat a list (inventory) of all the goods being imported be submitted, together with any supporting documents required by the customs authorities. Personal effects and educational articles for persons attending educational establishments\n\n24. Standard\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions shall be granted in respect of the personal effects and educational articles used by persons normally resident abroad who are duly enrolled as full-time pupils or students in an educational establishment in the country of importation. 25. Recommended practice\n\nThe relief provided for in Standard 24 should not be made subject to conditions more restrictive than the following:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthat the goods be for the personal use of the person concerned;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthat a list (inventory) of the goods to be imported be submitted, together with any supporting documents required by the customs authorities. Effects acquired by inheritance\n\n26. Standard\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions shall be granted in respect of effects inherited by a person who, at the time of the death of the deceased, has his principal residence in the country of importation provided that such effects were for the personal use of the deceased. 27. Recommended practice\n\nThe relief provided for in Standard 26 should not be made subject to conditions more restrictive than the following:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthat the deceased was resident abroad at the time of death;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nthat the effects be imported within one year of the date on which the person concerned became entitled to dispose of them;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nthat, except in the case of household provisions, the person granted relief retain ownership or possession of the goods inherited for a reasonable period after importation. As a rule, this period should not be fixed at more than one year;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nthat any alcoholic beverages and tobacco goods do not exceed the quantities laid down in national legislation;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nthat a list (inventory) of the goods to be imported be submitted, together with any supporting documentary proof required by the customs authorities. Personal gifts\n\n28. Standard\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions shall be granted in respect of personal gifts (excluding alcohol, alcoholic beverages and tobacco goods) the aggregate value of which, determined on the basis of the retail prices in the country of dispatch, does not exceed US $ 25. Where several consignments are dispatched at the same time by the same sender to the same addressee, the aggregate value shall be taken to be the total value of all those consignments. Note\n\nA gift is usually considered to be personal if it:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nis sent to a private person by or on behalf of another private person resident abroad;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nis occasional; and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nconsists only of goods for personal use by the addressee or his family, and the nature and quantity of the goods imported are such that the consignment is obviously not of a commercial nature. Goods sent to charitable or philanthropic organizations\n\n29. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions should be granted in respect of basic necessities (such as foodstuffs, medicaments, clothing and blankets) sent as gifts to an approved organization for distribution free of charge to needy persons by the organization or under its control. Awards\n\n30. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions should be granted in respect of:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\ndecorations presented by foreign governments to persons resident in the country of importation;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\n\nobjets d'art, trophies, medals and similar articles presented abroad either as prizes in a competition or as a reward for acts of courage or self-sacrifice, to persons resident in the country of importation, or such articles donated by authorities or non-profit-making organizations abroad with a view to presentation for the same purposes in the country of importation to persons resident in that country, subject to the production of any supporting documents required by the customs authorities. Materials for the construction, upkeep or ornamentation of military cemeteries; coffins, funerary urns and ornamental funerary articles\n\n31. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions should be granted in respect of:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\ngoods, imported by organizations approved by the competent authorities of the country of importation and appropriate for the construction, upkeep or ornamentation of military cemeteries;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\ncoffins containing the bodies, and urns containing the ashes, of deceased persons, and the flowers, wreaths and other ornamental objects accompanying them;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nflowers, wreaths and other ornamental objects brought by persons attending a funeral or mourners coming to decorate graves in the country of importation. Documents and miscellaneous articles of no commercial value\n\n32. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions should be granted in respect of consignments containing the following items when they are clearly, by their quantity or nature, of no commercial value:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\npublications of foreign governments and publications of official international organizations;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nprinted forms issued by foreign governments;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nvoting papers for foreign nationals;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\ndocuments sent free of charge to the public services of the country of importation;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nobjects to be submitted as evidence or for similar purposes to the courts or other official agencies of the country of importation;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\nprinted circulars concerning signatures addressed to public services or banks in the country of importation;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(g)\n\n\nsecurities in foreign currencies, cheque books and travellers' cheques of banks established abroad;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(h)\n\n\nreports, statements and notes drawn up by companies established abroad;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ij)\n\n\nrecorded media such as punched cards, sound recordings, magnetic tapes, microfiches, mircofilms and magnetic discs, for the international exchange of information;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(k)\n\n\npublications of chambers of commerce of the country of importation abroad;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(l)\n\n\nplans, technical drawings, traced designs, specifications and other documents imported solely with a view to placing orders abroad or to participating in competitions or calls for tenders in the country of importation;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(m)\n\n\ndocuments relating to trade marks, patterns or designs and patent applications submitted to the agencies in the country of importation which deal with the protection of copyrights or the protection of industrial or commercial property;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(n)\n\n\nprinted forms and tickets sent by transport and travel undertakings located abroad to their offices and agencies in the country of importation;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(o)\n\n\nprinted forms and tickets, bills of lading, waybills and other commercial documents which have been processed;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(p)\n\n\npress photographs and stereotype mats for press photographs sent to press agencies or to publishers of newspapers or periodicals. Religious objects\n\n33. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions should be granted in respect of objects used for religious worship, subject to compliance with the conditions laid down in national legislation. Products imported for testing\n\n34. Standard\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions shall be granted in respect of products imported for testing, provided that the quantities imported do not exceed those strictly necessary for testing and that:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nthey are products that will be completely used up during testing;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\nif not so used up, they will be re-exported, destroyed or rendered commercially valueless under official control, without expense to the revenue. Products and materials for the protection of goods during transport\n\n35. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions should be granted in respect of packing materials (straw, paper, fibre glass, wood shavings, etc. ) and various products such as rope, paper and paperboard which have been used to stow and protect goods during transport. Fodder and other feed for animals in the course of being transported\n\n36. Recommended practice\n\nRelief from import duties and taxes and from economic prohibitions or restrictions should be granted in respect of fodder and other feed accompanying imported animals and intended for use during transport. INFORMATION CONCERNING RELIEF\n\n37. Standard\n\nThe customs authorities shall ensure that all relevant information concerning relief from import duties and taxes is readily available to any person interested. Commentaries and reservations to be entered by the Community in respect of Annex B. 2 to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures\n1. General reservation (general remark)\n\n\n\u2018Community legislation generally covers the provisions of this Annex. However, the Member States shall, if appropriate, enter their own reservations to the extent that Community legislation leaves them the possibility to maintain, in certain cases, their national provisions. \u2019\n\n2. Standard 3\n\n\n\u2018Community law provides the possibility of excluding from relief those goods declared for free circulation after being placed under another customs procedure. This exclusion has only been applied in respect of the entry for free circulation of consignments of negligible value. \u2019\n\n3. Recommended practice 10\n\n\n\u2018In certain cases, relief may be granted if the person concerned undertakes to respect certain conditions (for example, to actually install himself in the. Community or to furnish a supporting document for his relief request). This undertaking is accompanied by a security, the form and amount of which shall be determined by the competent authorities. \u2019\n\n4. Recommended practice 16\n\n\n\u2018The importation of the substances concerned as a commercial operation is excluded from relief. \u2019\n\n5. Recommended practice 18\n\n\u2018Community legislation excludes from relief the following items:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nalcoholic products;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\ntobacco or tobacco products;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\ncommercial means of transport;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\narticles for use in the exercise of a trade or profession, other than portable instruments of the applied or liberal arts. \u2019\n\n\n\n\n6. Recommended practice 19\n\n\n\u2018The period for which the beneficiary must keep the property or possession of the articles in question is set at 12 months. \u2019\n\n7. Recommended practice 20\n\n\n\u2018Community legislation does not provide for exemption from value-added tax on goods imported for furnishing a secondary residence imported from countries outside the European Community. \u2019\n\n8. Standard 21\n\n\n\u2018The exemption from value-added tax (1) applies to presents of a unit value of not more than 200 ECU. Member States may, however, grant exemption for more than 200 ECU, provided that the value of each exempt present does not exceed 1\u00a0000 ECU. The relief from import duties applies to presents when the value of each present does not exceed 1\u00a0000 ECU\u2019\n\n(See also reservation to Recommended practice 23. )\n9. Recommended practice 23\n\n\u2018Community legislation provides no relief for alcoholic products, tobacco or tobacco products. Save in exceptional circumstances, relief shall be granted only in respect of goods entered for free circulation:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nnot earlier than two months before the date fixed for the wedding (in this case the relief shall be subject to the lodging of appropriate security, the form and amount of which shall be determined by the competent authorities), and\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u2014\n\n\nnot later than four months after the date of the wedding. \u2019\n\n\n\n\n10. Recommended practice 27\n\n\u2018Community legislation excludes from relief the following items:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nalcoholic products;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\ntobacco and tobacco products;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\ncommercial means of transport;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\narticles for use in the exercise of a trade or profession, other than portable instruments of the applied or liberal arts, which were required for the exercise of the trade or profession of the deceased;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(e)\n\n\nstocks of raw materials and finished or semi-finished products;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(f)\n\n\nlivestock and stocks of agricultural products exceeding the quantities appropriate to normal family requirements. \u2019\n\n\n\n\n11. Standard 28\n\n\n\u2018Community legislation provides relief for goods the total value of which does not exceed 45 ECU forming small consignments of a non-commercial nature sent without payment by a private person to another private person living in the customs territory of the Community. Besides quantitative restrictions applicable to tobacco, alcohol and alcoholic beverages, Community legislation provides for the following maximum tax allowances for imports of coffee, tea, perfumes and toilet water:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\ncoffee:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n500 grammes\n\n\n\n\nor coffee extracts and essences:\n\n\n200 grammes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\ntea:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n100 grammes\n\n\n\n\nor tea extracts and essences:\n\n\n40 grammes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\nperfumes:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n50 grammes\n\n\n\n\nor toilet waters:\n\n\n0,25 litre\u2019\n\n\n\n\n\n12. Recommended practice 29\n\n\u2018The goods referred to in the Recommended practice are admitted free of import duties in so far as this does not give rise to abuses or major distortions of competition. Community legislation provides that the following goods are excluded from relief for duty and taxes at importation:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a)\n\n\nalcoholic products;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(b)\n\n\ntobacco or tobacco products;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n\ncoffee and tea;\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(d)\n\n\nmotor vehicles other than ambulances. \u2019\n\n\n\n\n13. Recommended practice 32\n\n\n\u2018For the operations covered by points (a) and (b), Community legislation provides that the relief applies to documents addressed or distributed free of charge. Community legislation does not provide for the operations envisaged under points (g) and (k) of this Recommended practice. The importations covered by point (ij) are permitted under Community legislation in so far as duty-free admission does not give rise to abuses or to major distortions of competition and that these goods are used for the transmission of information sent free of charge to the addressee. \u2019\n\n14. Recommended practice 33\n\n\n\u2018Community legislation does not provide for the relief covered by this Recommended practice. \u2019\n\n15. Standard 34\n\n\n\u2018Goods covered by this Standard are entitled to relief only if the examination, analysis or tests concerned do not in themselves constitute sales promotion operations. \u2019\n\n16. Recommended practice 35\n\n\n\u2018Community legislation provides for the relief envisaged in this Recommended practice in so far as the materials in question are not normally reusable and on condition that their value is included in the imposable base of the goods transported. \u2019"}
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