Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations  (Consolidated version)  — First protocol on the interpretation of the 1980 convention by the Court of Justice  (Consolidated version)  — Second protocol conferring on the Court of Justice powers to interpret the 1980 convention  (Consolidated version)

Court of Justice of the European Union,Intergovernmental Convention (EU),consolidation of EU law,contract,interpretation of the law,powers of the institutions (EU)

Court of Justice of the European Union
Intergovernmental Convention (EU)
consolidation of EU law
contract
interpretation of the law
powers of the institutions (EU)

30. 12. 2005

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

C 334/1

I

(Information)

COUNCIL

CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

(Consolidated version)

FIRST PROTOCOL ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE 1980 CONVENTION BY THE COURT
OF JUSTICE

SECOND PROTOCOL CONFERRING ON THE COURT OF JUSTICE POWERS TO INTERPRET
THE 1980 CONVENTION

(Consolidated version)

(Consolidated version)

(2005/C 334/01)

PRELIMINARY NOTE

The signing on 14 April 2005 of the Convention on the accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of
Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of
Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic
to the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations and to the two Protocols on its
interpretation by the Court of Justice has made it desirable to produce a consolidated version of the Rome
Convention and those two Protocols. These texts are accompanied by six declarations, the first one made in 1980 with regard to the need for
consistency between measures to be adopted on choice-of-law rules by the Community and those under
the Convention, the second, also made in 1980, on the interpretation of the Convention by the Court of
Justice, the third, made in 1996, concerning compliance with the procedure provided for in Article 23 of
the Rome Convention as regards carriage of goods by sea, the fourth, made in 2005 concerning the dead-
lines set for ratification of the Accession Conventions, the fifth, also made in 2005, concerning the timing
of the submission of the proposal for a Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations, and
the sixth, also made in 2005, on the exchange of information. The text printed in this edition was drawn up by the General Secretariat of the Council, in whose archives
the originals of the instruments concerned are deposited. It should be noted, however, that this text has no
binding force. The official texts of the instruments consolidated are to be found in the following Official
Journals. Language version
of the Official
Journal

German

English

Danish

1980 Convention

1984 Accession
Convention

1988 First
Protocol

1988 Second
Protocol

1992 Accession
Convention

1996 Accession
Convention

2005 Accession
Convention

L 266,
9. 10. 1980, p. 1

L 146,
31. 5. 1984, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989, p. 1

L 266,
9. 10. 1980, p. 1

L 146,
31. 5. 1984, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989, p. 1

L 266,
9. 10. 1980, p. 1

L 146,
31. 5. 1984, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989,
p. 17

L 48,
20. 2. 1989,
p. 17

L 48,
20. 2. 1989,
p. 17

L 333,
18. 11. 1992,
p. 1

L 333,
18. 11. 1992,
p. 1

L 333,
18. 11. 1992,
p. 1

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 10

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 10

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 10

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 334/2

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

30. 12. 2005

Language version
of the Official
Journal

1980 Convention

1984 Accession
Convention

1988 First
Protocol

1988 Second
Protocol

1992 Accession
Convention

1996 Accession
Convention

2005 Accession
Convention

French

L 266,
9. 10. 1980, p. 1

L 146,
31. 5. 1984, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989, p. 1

L 146,
31. 5. 1984, p. 7

L 146,
31. 5. 1984, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989,
p. 17

L 48,
20. 2. 1989,
p. 17

L 333,
18. 11. 1992,
p. 1

L 333,
18. 11. 1992,
p. 1

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 10

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 10

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

Special Edition
(L 266)

Special Edition
(L 146)

Special Edition
(L 48)

Special Edition
(L 48)

Special Edition
(L 333)

Special Edition
(C 15)

Special Edition
(C 169)

L 266,
9. 10. 1980, p. 1

L 146,
31. 5. 1984, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989, p. 1

L 266,
9. 10. 1980, p. 1

L 146,
31. 5. 1984, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989, p. 1

Special Edition,
Chapter 1,
Volume 3, p. 36
(see also OJ L
333, p. 17)

Special Edition,
Chapter 1,
Volume 4, p. 36
(see also OJ L
333, p. 72)

Special Edition,
Chapter 1,
Volume 3, p. 36
(see also OJ L
333, p. 7)

Special Edition,
Chapter 1,
Volume 4, p. 72
(see also OJ L
333, p. 7)

L 48,
20. 2. 1989,
p. 17

L 48,
20. 2. 1989,
p. 17

L 48,
20. 2. 1989,
p. 17

L 333,
18. 11. 1992,
p. 1

L 333,
18. 11. 1992,
p. 1

L 333,
18. 11. 1992,
p. 1

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 10

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 10

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 10

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989, p. 1

L 48,
20. 2. 1989,
p. 17

L 333,
18. 11. 1992,
p. 1

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 10

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 70

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 70

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 66

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 66

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 60

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 60

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 64

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 64

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 68

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 68

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 53

C 15,
15. 1. 1997,
p. 53

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 23

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 26

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 28

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 23

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 26

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 28

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 23

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 26

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 28

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 23

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 26

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 28

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 23

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 26

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 28

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 23

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 26

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 28

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 23

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 26

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 28

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 23

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 26

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 28

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 23

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 10

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 26

C 169,
8. 7. 2005, p. 28

C 169, 8. 7. 2005,
p. 1

Greek

Irish

Italian

Dutch

Spanish

Portuguese

Finnish

Swedish

Czech

Estonian

Latvian

Lithuanian

Hungarian

Maltese

Polish

Slovak

Slovene

30. 12. 2005

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Official Journal of the European Union

C 334/3

CONVENTION (1) ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS OPENED FOR
SIGNATURE IN ROME ON 19 JUNE 1980

(1) Text as amended by the Convention of 10 April 1984 on the accession of the Hellenic Republic – hereafter referred
to as the ‘1984 Accession Convention’ –, by the Convention of 18 May 1992 on the accession of the Kingdom of
Spain and the Portuguese Republic – hereafter referred to as the ‘1992 Accession Convention’ –, by the Convention
of 29 November 1996 on the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of
Sweden – hereafter referred to as the ‘1996 Accession Convention’ – and by the Convention of 14 April 2005 on
the accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the
Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of
Slovenia and the Slovak Republic – hereafter referred to as the ‘2005 Accession Convention. ’

C 334/4

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Official Journal of the European Union

30. 12. 2005

THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,

PREAMBLE

ANXIOUS to continue in the field of private international law the work of unification of law which has
already been done within the Community, in particular in the field of jurisdiction and enforcement of judg-
ments,

WISHING to establish uniform rules concerning the law applicable to contractual obligations,

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

TITLE I

SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION

Article 1

Scope of the Convention

The rules of this Convention shall apply to contractual obligations in any situation involving a choice

1. between the laws of different countries. 2. They shall not apply to:

(a) questions involving the status or legal capacity of natural persons, without prejudice to Article 11;

(b) contractual obligations relating to:

— wills and succession,

— rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship,

— rights and duties arising out of a family relationship, parentage, marriage or affinity, including

maintenance obligations in respect of children who are not legitimate;

(c) obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instru-
ments to the extent that the obligations under such other negotiable instruments arise out of their
negotiable character;

(d) arbitration agreements and agreements on the choice of court;

(e) questions governed by the law of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate such as the
creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organisation or winding up of companies
and other bodies corporate or unincorporate and the personal liability of officers and members as such
for the obligations of the company or body;

(f) the question whether an agent is able to bind a principal, or an organ to bind a company or body

corporate or unincorporate, to a third party;

(g) the constitution of trusts and the relationship between settlors, trustees and beneficiaries;

(h) evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Article 14. 30. 12. 2005

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3. The rules of this Convention do not apply to contracts of insurance which cover risks situated in the
territories of the Member States of the European Economic Community. In order to determine whether a
risk is situated in those territories the court shall apply its internal law. 4. The preceding paragraph does not apply to contracts of re-insurance. Article 2

Application of law of non-contracting States

Any law specified by this Convention shall be applied whether or not it is the law of a Contracting State. TITLE II

UNIFORM RULES

Article 3

Freedom of choice

1. A contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties. The choice must be expressed or
demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case. By
their choice the parties can select the law applicable to the whole or a part only of the contract. 2. The parties may at any time agree to subject the contract to a law other than that which previously
governed it, whether as a result of an earlier choice under this Article or of other provisions of this
Convention. Any variation by the parties of the law to be applied made after the conclusion of the contract
shall not prejudice its formal validity under Article 9 or adversely affect the rights of third parties. 3. The fact that the parties have chosen a foreign law, whether or not accompanied by the choice of a
foreign tribunal, shall not, where all the other elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice
are connected with one country only, prejudice the application of rules of the law at the country which
cannot be derogated from by contract, hereinafter called ‘mandatory rules’. The existence and validity of the consent of the parties as to the choice of the applicable law shall be

4. determined in accordance with the provisions of Articles 8, 9 and 11. Article 4

Applicable law in the absence of choice

To the extent that the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen in accordance with Article
1. 3, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. Never-
theless, a separable part of the contract which has a closer connection with another country may by way
of exception be governed by the law of that other country. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article, it shall be presumed that the contract is most
closely connected with the country where the party who is to effect the performance which is characteristic
of the contract has, at the time of conclusion of the contract, his habitual residence, or, in the case of a
body corporate or unincorporate, its central administration. However, if the contract is entered into in the
course of that party's trade or profession, that country shall be the country in which the principal place of
business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a
place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of busi-
ness is situated. C 334/6

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3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, to the extent that the subject matter of
the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property it shall be presumed
that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the immovable property is situated. 4. A contract for the carriage of goods shall not be subject to the presumption in paragraph 2. In such
a contract if the country in which, at the time the contract is concluded, the carrier has his principal place
of business is also the country in which the place of loading or the place of discharge or the principal
it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely
place of business of the consignor is situated,
connected with that country. In applying this paragraph single voyage charter-parties and other contracts
the main purpose of which is the carriage of goods shall be treated as contracts for the carriage of goods. Paragraph 2 shall not apply if the characteristic performance cannot be determined, and the presump-
5. tions in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall be disregarded if it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the
contract is more closely connected with another country. Article 5

Certain consumer contracts

1. This Article applies to a contract the object of which is the supply of goods or services to a person
(‘the consumer’) for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, or a contract
for the provision of credit for that object. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the
result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law of
the country in which he has his habitual residence:

— if in that country the conclusion of the contract was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to him
or by advertising, and he had taken in that country all the steps necessary on his part for the conclu-
sion of the contract, or

— if the other party or his agent received the consumer's order in that country, or

— if the contract is for the sale of goods and the consumer travelled from that country to another country
and there gave his order, provided that the consumer's journey was arranged by the seller for the
purpose of inducing the consumer to buy. 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract to which this Article applies shall, in the
absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed by the law of the country in which the
consumer has his habitual residence if it is entered into in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of
this Article. 4. This Article shall not apply to:

(a) a contract of carriage;

(b) a contract for the supply of services where the services are to be supplied to the consumer exclusively

in a country other than that in which he has his habitual residence. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 4, this Article shall apply to a contract which, for an

5. inclusive price, provides for a combination of travel and accommodation. Article 6

Individual employment contracts

1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, in a contract of employment a choice of law made by
the parties shall not have the result of depriving the employee of the protection afforded to him by the
mandatory rules of the law which would be applicable under paragraph 2 in the absence of choice. 30. 12. 2005

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Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract of employment shall, in the absence of choice

2. in accordance with Article 3, be governed:

(a) by the law of the country in which the employee habitually carries out his work in performance of the

contract, even if he is temporarily employed in another country; or

(b) if the employee does not habitually carry out his work in any one country, by the law of the country

in which the place of business through which he was engaged is situated;

unless it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with
another country, in which case the contract shall be governed by the law of that country. Article 7

Mandatory rules

1. When applying under this Convention the law of a country, effect may be given to the mandatory
rules of the law of another country with which the situation has a close connection, if and in so far as,
under the law of the latter country, those rules must be applied whatever the law applicable to the
contract. In considering whether to give effect to these mandatory rules, regard shall be had to their nature
and purpose and to the consequences of their application or non-application. Nothing in this Convention shall restrict the application of the rules of the law of the forum in a

2. situation where they are mandatory irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to the contract. Article 8

Material validity

The existence and validity of a contract, or of any term of a contract, shall be determined by the law

1. which would govern it under this Convention if the contract or term were valid. Nevertheless a party may rely upon the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence to
2. establish that he did not consent if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to
determine the effect of his conduct in accordance with the law specified in the preceding paragraph. Article 9

Formal validity

1. A contract concluded between persons who are in the same country is formally valid if it satisfies the
formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of the country where
it is concluded. 2. A contract concluded between persons who are in different countries is formally valid if it satisfies
the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of one of those
countries. 3. Where a contract is concluded by an agent, the country in which the agent acts is the relevant
country for the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2. 4. An act intended to have legal effect relating to an existing or contemplated contract is formally valid
if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which under this Convention governs or would govern the
contract or of the law of the country where the act was done. C 334/8

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5. The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall not apply to a contract to which Article 5 applies,
concluded in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of Article 5. The formal validity of such a
contract is governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence. 6. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 to 4 of this Article, a contract the subject matter of which is a right in
immovable property or a right to use immovable property shall be subject to the mandatory requirements
of form of the law of the country where the property is situated if by that law those requirements are
imposed irrespective of the country where the contract is concluded and irrespective of the law governing
the contract. Article 10

Scope of applicable law

The law applicable to a contract by virtue of Articles 3 to 6 and 12 of this Convention shall govern

1. in particular:

(a) interpretation;

(b) performance;

(c) within the limits of the powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the consequences of

breach, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law;

(d) the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and prescription and limitation of actions;

(e) the consequences of nullity of the contract. In relation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective perfor-

2. mance regard shall be had to the law of the country in which performance takes place. Article 11

Incapacity

In a contract concluded between persons who are in the same country, a natural person who would have
capacity under the law of that country may invoke his incapacity resulting from another law only if the
other party to the contract was aware of this incapacity at the time of the conclusion of the contract or
was not aware thereof as a result of negligence. Article 12

Voluntary assignment

1. The mutual obligations of assignor and assignee under a voluntary assignment of a right against
another person (‘the debtor’) shall be governed by the law which under this Convention applies to the
contract between the assignor and assignee. 2. The law governing the right to which the assignment relates shall determine its assignability, the rela-
tionship between the assignee and the debtor, the conditions under which the assignment can be invoked
against the debtor and any question whether the debtor's obligations have been discharged. 30. 12. 2005

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Article 13

Subrogation

1. Where a person (‘the creditor’) has a contractual claim upon another (‘the debtor’), and a third person
has a duty to satisfy the creditor, or has in fact satisfied the creditor in discharge of that duty, the law
which governs the third person's duty to satisfy the creditor shall determine whether the third person is
entitled to exercise against the debtor the rights which the creditor had against the debtor under the law
governing their relationship and, if so, whether he may do so in full or only to a limited extent. The same rule applies where several persons are subject to the same contractual claim and one of

2. them has satisfied the creditor. Article 14

Burden of proof, etc. The law governing the contract under this Convention applies to the extent that it contains, in the

1. law of contract, rules which raise presumptions of law or determine the burden of proof. 2. A contract or an act intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognised
by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred to in Article 9 under which that contract or act is
formally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be administered by the forum. Article 15

Exclusion of convoi

The application of the law of any country specified by this Convention means the application of the rules
of law in force in that country other than its rules of private international law. Article 16

‘Ordre public’

The application of a rule of the law of any country specified by this Convention may be refused only if
such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy (‘ordre public’) of the forum. Article 17

No retrospective effect

This Convention shall apply in a Contracting State to contracts made after the date on which this Conven-
tion has entered into force with respect to that State. Article 18

Uniform interpretation

In the interpretation and application of the preceding uniform rules, regard shall be had to their interna-
tional character and to the desirability of achieving uniformity in their interpretation and application. C 334/10

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Article 19

States with more than one legal system

1. Where a State comprises several territorial units each of which has its own rules of law in respect of
contractual obligations, each territorial unit shall be considered as a country for the purposes of identifying
the law applicable under this Convention. 2. A State within which different territorial units have their own rules of law in respect of contractual
obligations shall not be bound to apply this Convention to conflicts solely between the laws of such units. Article 20

Precedence of Community law

This Convention shall not affect the application of provisions which, in relation to particular matters, lay
down choice of law rules relating to contractual obligations and which are or will be contained in acts of
the institutions of the European Communities or in national laws harmonised in implementation of such
acts. Article 21

Relationship with other conventions

This Convention shall not prejudice the application of international conventions to which a Contracting
State is, or becomes, a party. Article 22

Reservations

Any Contracting State may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval, reserve the

1. right not to apply:

(a) the provisions of Article 7(1);

(b) the provisions of Article 10(1) (e). 2. (1)

Any Contracting State may at any time withdraw a reservation which it has made; the reservation

3. shall cease to have effect on the first day of the third calendar month after notification of the withdrawal. TITLE III

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 23

1. If, after the date on which this Convention has entered into force for a Contracting State, that State
wishes to adopt any new choice of law rule in regard to any particular category of contract within the
scope of this Convention, it shall communicate its intention to the other signatory States through the
Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. 2. Any signatory State may, within six months from the date of the communication made to the Secre-
tary-General, request him to arrange consultations between signatory States in order to reach agreement. (…) (2). (1) Paragraph deleted by Article 2(1) of the 1992 Accession Convention. (2) Phrase deleted by the 1992 Accession Convention. 30. 12. 2005

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3. If no signatory State has requested consultations within this period or if within two years following
the communication made to the Secretary-General no agreement is reached in the course of consultations,
the Contracting State concerned may amend its law in the manner indicated. The measures taken by that
State shall be brought to the knowledge of the other signatory States through the Secretary-General of the
Council of the European Communities. Article 24

If, after the date on which this Convention has entered into force with respect to a Contracting State,
1. that State wishes to become a party to a multilateral convention whose principal aim or one of whose
principal aims is to lay down rules of private international law concerning any of the matters governed by
this Convention, the procedure set out in Article 23 shall apply. However, the period of two years, referred
to in paragraph 3 of that Article, shall be reduced to one year. 2. The procedure referred to in the preceding paragraph need not be followed if a Contracting State or
one of the European Communities is already a party to the multilateral convention, or if its object is to
revise a convention to which the State concerned is already a party, or if it is a convention concluded
within the framework of the Treaties establishing the European Communities. Article 25

If a Contracting State considers that the unification achieved by this Convention is prejudiced by the
conclusion of agreements not covered by Article 24(1), that State may request the Secretary-General of the
Council of the European Communities to arrange consultations between the signatory States of this
Convention. Any Contracting State may request the revision of this Convention. In this event a revision conference
shall be convened by the President of the Council of the European Communities. Article 26

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Article 27 (1)

Article 28

This Convention shall be open from 19 June 1980 for signature by the States party to the Treaty

1. establishing the European Economic Community. 2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory States. The
instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the
Council of the European Communities (2). Article 29 (3)

This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the deposit of

1. the seventh instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval. 2. This Convention shall enter into force for each signatory State ratifying, accepting or approving at a
later date on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification, accep-
tance or approval. (1) Article deleted by Article 2(1) of the 1992 Accession Convention. (2) Ratification of the Accession Conventions is governed by the following provisions of those Conventions:
— as regards the 1984 Accession Convention, by Article 3 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 3
This Convention shall be ratified by signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the
Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. ’,

— as regards the 1992 Accession Convention, by Article 4 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 4
This Convention shall be ratified by signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the
Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. ’,

— as regards the 1996 Accession Convention, by Article 5 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 5
This Convention shall be ratified by signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the
Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union. ’,

— as regards the 2005 Accession Convention, by Article 4 of the Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 4
This Convention shall be ratified by signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the
Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union. ’. (3) The entry into force of the Accession Conventions is governed by the following provisions of those Conventions:

— as regards the 1984 Accession Convention, by Article 4 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 4
This Convention shall enter into force, as between the States which have ratified it, on the first day of the third
month following the deposit of the last instrument of ratification by the Hellenic Republic and seven States
which have ratified the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. This Convention shall enter into force for each Contracting State which subsequently ratifies it on the first day of
the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification. ’,

— as regards the 1992 Accession Convention, by Article 5 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 5
This Convention shall enter into force, as between the States which have ratified it, on the first day of the third
month following the deposit of the last instrument of ratification by the Kingdom of Spain or the Portuguese
Republic and by one State which has ratified the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. This Convention shall enter into force for each Contracting State which subsequently ratifies it on the first day of
the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification. ’,

— as regards the 1996 Accession Convention, by Article 6 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 6
1. This Convention shall enter into force, as between the States which have ratified it, on the first day of the
third month following the deposit of the last instrument of ratification by the Republic of Austria, the Republic
of Finland or the Kingdom of Sweden and by one Contracting State which has ratified the Convention on the law
applicable to contractual obligations. 2. day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification. ’,

This Convention shall enter into force for each Contracting State which subsequently ratifies it on the first

— as regards the 2005 Accession Convention, by Article 5 of the Convention, which reads as follows:

This Convention shall enter into force between the States which have ratified it, on the first day of the third

‘Article 5
1. month following the deposit of the second instrument of ratification. ’
2. the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification. Thereafter, this Convention shall enter into force, for each signatory State which subsequently ratifies it, on

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Article 30

This Convention shall remain in force for 10 years from the date of its entry into force in accordance

1. with Article 29(1), even for States for which it enters into force at a later date. 2. If there has been no denunciation it shall be renewed tacitly every five years. 3. A Contracting State which wishes to denounce shall, not less than six months before the expiration
of the period of 10 or five years, as the case may be, give notice to the Secretary-General of the Council of
the European Communities. (1). The denunciation shall have effect only in relation to the State which has notified it. The Convention

4. will remain in force as between all other Contracting States. The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the States party to the
Treaty establishing the European Economic Community of:

Article 31 (2)

(a) the signatures;

(b) deposit of each instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval;

(c) the date of entry into force of this Convention;

(d) communications made in pursuance of Articles 23, 24, 25, 26 and 30 (3);

(e) the reservations and withdrawals of reservations referred to in Article 22. The Protocol annexed to this Convention shall form an integral part thereof. Article 32

(1) Phrase deleted by the 1992 Accession Convention. (2) Notification concerning the Accession Conventions is governed by the following provisions of those Conventions:

— as regards the 1984 Accession Convention, by Article 5 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 5
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of:
(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification;
(b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States. ’,

— as regards the 1992 Accession Convention, by Article 6 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 6
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of:
(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification;
(b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States. ’,

— as regards the 1996 Accession Convention, by Article 7 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 7
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union shall notify the signatory States of:
(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification;
(b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States. ’,

— as regards the 2005 Accession Convention, by Article 6 of the Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 6
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of:
(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification;
(b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States. ’

(3) Point (d) as amended by the 1992 Accession Convention. C 334/14

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Article 33 (1)

This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish and
Italian languages, these texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Secretariat of
the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy thereof to
the Government of each signatory State. (1) An indication of the authentic texts of the Accession Convention is to be found in the following provisions:

— as regards the 1984 Accession Convention, in Articles 2 and 6 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 2
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall transmit a certified copy of the Conven-
tion on the law applicable to contractual obligations in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish and
Italian languages to the Government of the Hellenic Republic. The text of the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations in the Greek language is annexed
hereto. The text in the Greek language shall be authentic under the same conditions as the other texts of the
Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. ’
‘Article 6
This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish and
Italian languages, all eight texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the General Secre-
tariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the
government of each Signatory State. ’

— as regards the 1992 Accession Convention, in Articles 3 and 7 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 3
1. The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall transmit a certified copy of the
Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German,
Greek, Irish and Italian languages to the Governments of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic. 2. The text of the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations in the Portuguese and Spanish
languages is set out in Annexes I and II to this Convention. The texts drawn up in the Portuguese and Spanish
languages shall be authentic under the same conditions as the other texts of the Convention on the law applicable
to contractual obligations. ’
‘Article 7
This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish,
Italian, Portuguese and Spanish languages, all ten texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives
of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a
certified copy to the government of each Signatory State. ’

— as regards the 1996 Accession Convention, in Articles 4 and 8 of that Convention, which read as follows:

‘Article 4
1. The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union shall transmit a certified copy of the Conven-
tion of 1980, the Convention of 1984, the First Protocol of 1988, the Second Protocol of 1988 and the Conven-
tion of 1992 in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese
languages to the Governments of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden. The text of the Convention of 1980, the Convention of 1984, the First Protocol of 1988, the Second
2. Protocol of 1988 and the Convention of 1992 in the Finnish and Swedish languages shall be authentic under the
same conditions as the other texts of the Convention of 1980, the Convention of 1984, the First Protocol of
1988, the Second Protocol of 1988 and the Convention of 1992. ’
‘Article 8
This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek,
Irish, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish languages, all twelve texts being equally authentic, shall be depos-
ited in the archives of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. The Secretary-General shall
transmit a certified copy to the government of each Signatory State. ’

— as regards the 2005 Accession Convention, in Articles 3 and 7 of that Convention, which reads as follows:

‘Article 3
1. The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union shall transmit a certified copy of the Conven-
tion of 1980, the Convention of 1984, the FirstProtocol of 1988, the Second Protocol of 1988, the Convention
of 1992 and the Convention of 1996 in the Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Irish,
Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish languages to the Governments of the Czech Republic, the Republic of
Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the
Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic. 2. The text of the Convention of 1980, the Convention of 1984, the First Protocol of 1988, the Second
Protocol of 1988, the Convention of 1992 and the Convention of 1996 in the Czech, Estonian, Hungarian,
Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Slovakian and Slovenian languages shall be authentic under the same condi-
tions as the other texts of the Convention of 1980, the Convention of 1984, the First Protocol of 1988, the
Second Protocol of 1988, the Convention of 1992 and the Convention of 1996. ’
‘Article
This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French,
German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovakian, Slovenian,
Spanish and Swedish languages, all twenty-one texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of
the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified
copy to the Government of each signatory state. ’

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In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, having signed this Convention. Done at Rome on the nineteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty. [Signatures of the plenipotentiaries]

C 334/16

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PROTOCOL (1)

The High Contracting Parties have agreed upon the following provision which shall be annexed to the
Convention:

‘Notwithstanding the provisions of the Convention, Denmark, Sweden and Finland may retain national
provisions concerning the law applicable to questions relating to the carriage of goods by sea and may
amend such provisions without following the procedure provided for in Article 23 of the Convention
of Rome. The national provisions applicable in this respect are the following:

— in Denmark, paragraphs 252 and 321 (3) and (4) of the “Sølov” (maritime law),

— in Sweden, Chapter 13, Article 2(1) and (2), and Chapter 14, Article 1(3), of “sjölagen” (maritime

law),

— in Finland, Chapter 13, Article 2(1) and (2), and Chapter 14, Article 1(3), of “merilaki”/“sjölagen”

(maritime law). ’

In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed this Protocol. Done at Rome on the nineteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty. [Signatures of the Plenipotentiaries]

(1) Text as amended by the 1996 Accession Convention. 30. 12. 2005

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JOINT DECLARATION

At the time of the signature of the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, the
Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the
French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Neth-
erlands and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

I. anxious to avoid, as far as possible, dispersion of choice of law rules among several instruments and
differences between these rules, express the wish that the institutions of the European Communities, in
the exercise of their powers under the Treaties by which they were established, will, where the need
arises, endeavour to adopt choice of law rules which are as far as possible consistent with those of this
Convention;

II. declare their intention as from the date of signature of this Convention until becoming bound by
Article 24, to consult with each other if any one of the signatory States wishes to become a party to
any convention to which the procedure referred to in Article 24 would apply;

III. having regard to the contribution of the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations to
the unification of choice of law rules within the European Communities, express the view that any
State which becomes a member of the European Communities should accede to this Convention. In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed this Joint Declaration. Done at Rome on the nineteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty. [Signatures of the Plenipotentiaries]

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JOINT DECLARATION

The Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium,
Germany,
Kingdom of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of
the

the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,

Ireland, the Italian Republic,

the French Republic,

On signing the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations;

Desiring to ensure that the Convention is applied as effectively as possible;

Anxious to prevent differences of interpretation of the Convention from impairing its unifying effect;

Declare themselves ready:

1. to examine the possibility of conferring jurisdiction in certain matters on the Court of Justice of the

European Communities and, if necessary, to negotiate an agreement to this effect;

2. to arrange meetings at regular intervals between their representatives. In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed this Joint Declaration. Done at Rome on the nineteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty. [Signatures of the Plenipotentiaries]

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Joint declaration by the High Contracting Parties concerning the deadlines set for ratification of
the Accession Convention

‘The High Contracting Parties, meeting in the Council at the time of the signature of the Convention on
the accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of
Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland,
the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic to the 1980 Rome Convention on the law applicable to
contractual obligations, declare that they will take the necessary steps to ratify this Convention within a
reasonable time and, if possible, before December 2005. ’

Declaration by the Member States concerning the timing of the submission of a proposal for a
Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations

‘The Member States request that the Commission submit, as soon as possible and at the latest by the end
of 2005, a proposal for a Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations. ’

Joint Declaration by the Member States on the exchange of information

‘The Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal
Republic of Germany, the Republic of Estonia, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French
Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of
Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Kingdom
of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic
of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden and the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

On signing the 2005 Convention on accession to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obli-
gations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980, and to the First and Second Protocols on interpre-
tation by the Court of Justice of the European Communities, as amended,

Desiring to ensure that the provisions of the First Protocol are applied as effectively and as uniformly as
possible,

Declare themselves ready to organise, in cooperation with the Court of Justice of the European Commu-
nities, an exchange of information on judgments which have become res judicata and have been handed
down pursuant to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations by the courts referred
to in Article 2 of the said Protocol. The exchange of information will comprise:

— the forwarding to the Court of Justice by the competent national authorities of judgments handed
down by the courts referred to in Article 2(a) of the First Protocol and significant judgments handed
down by the courts referred to in Article 2(b) of that Protocol,

— the classification and the documentary exploitation of

Justice
including, as far as necessary, the drawing up of abstracts and translations, and the publication of judg-
ments of particular importance,

these judgments by the Court of

— the communication by the Court of Justice of the documentary material to the competent national
authorities of the States parties to the Protocol and to the Commission and the Council of the European
Communities. ’

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FIRST PROTOCOL (1) ON THE INTERPRETATION BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EURO-
PEAN COMMUNITIES OF THE CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL
OBLIGATIONS, OPENED FOR SIGNATURE IN ROME ON 19 JUNE 1980

THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY,

HAVING REGARD to the Joint Declaration annexed to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual
obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980,

HAVE DECIDED to conclude a Protocol conferring jurisdiction on the Court of Justice of the European
Communities to interpret that Convention, and to this end have designated as their Plenipotentiaries:

[Plenipotentiaries designated by the Member States]

WHO, meeting within the Council of the European Communities, having exchanged their full powers,
found in good and due form,

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

Article 1

The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall have jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpreta-
tion of:

(a) the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19

June 1980, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Rome Convention’;

(b) the Convention on accession to the Rome Convention by the States which have become Members of

the European Communities since the date on which it was opened for signature;

(c) this Protocol. Article 2

Any of the courts referred to below may request the Court of Justice to give a preliminary ruling on a ques-
tion raised in a case pending before it and concerning interpretation of the provisions contained in the
instruments referred to in Article 1 if that court considers that a decision on the question is necessary to
enable it to give judgment:

(a) — in Belgium:

‘la Cour de cassation’ (‘het Hof van Cassatie’) and ‘le Conseil d'État’ (‘de Raad van State’),

— in the Czech Republic:

‘Nejvyšší soud České republiky’ and ‘Nejvyšší správní soud’,

— in Denmark:

‘Højesteret’,

— in the Federal Republic of Germany:

‘die obersten Gerichtshöfe des Bundes’,

— in Estonia:

‘Riigikohus’,

— in Greece:

Τα ανώτατα ∆ικαστήρια,

(1) Text as amended by the 2005 Accession Convention. 30. 12. 2005

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— in Spain:

‘el Tribunal Supremo’,

— in France:

‘la Cour de cassation’ and ‘le Conseil d'État’,

— in Ireland:

the Supreme Court,

— in Italy:

‘la Corte suprema di cassazione’ and ‘il Consiglio di Stato’,

— in Cyprus:

‘Ανώτατο ∆ικαστήριο’,

— in Latvia:

‘Augstākās Tiesas Senāts’,

— in Lithuania:

‘Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas’ and ‘Lietuvos vyriausiasis administracinis teismas’,

— in Luxembourg:

‘la Cour Supérieure de Justice’ when sitting as ‘Cour de cassation’,

— in Hungary:

‘Legfelsõbb Bíróság’,

— in Malta:

‘Qorti ta' l-Appell’,

— in the Netherlands:

‘de Hoge Raad’,

— in Austria:

the ‘Oberste Gerichtshof’, the ‘Verwaltungsgerichtshof’ and the ‘Verfassungsgerichtshof’,

— in Poland:

‘Sąd Najwyższy’ and ‘Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny’,

— in Portugal:

‘o Supremo Tribunal de Justiça’ and ‘o Supremo Tribunal Administrativo’,

— in Slovenia:

‘Ustavno sodišče Republike Slovenije’,

‘Vrhovno sodišče Republike Slovenije’,

— in Slovakia:

‘Najvyšší súd Slovenskej republiky’,

— in Finland:

‘korkein oikeus/högsta domstolen’, ‘korkein hallinto-oikeus/högsta förvaltningsdomstolen’, ‘markki-
natuomioistuin/marknadsdomstolen’ and ‘työtuomioistuin/arbetsdomstolen’,

— in Sweden:

‘Högsta domstolen’, ‘Regeringsrätten’, ‘Arbetsdomstolen’ and ‘Marknadsdomstolen’,

— in the United Kingdom:

the House of Lords and other courts from which no further appeal is possible;

(b) the courts of the Contracting States when acting as appeal courts. C 334/22

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Article 3

The competent authority of a Contracting State may request the Court of Justice to give a ruling on a
1. question of interpretation of the provisions contained in the instruments referred to in Article 1 if judg-
ments given by courts of that State conflict with the interpretation given either by the Court of Justice or
in a judgment of one of the courts of another Contracting State referred to in Article 2. The provisions of
this paragraph shall apply only to judgments which have become res judicata. The interpretation given by the Court of Justice in response to such a request shall not affect the

2. judgments which gave rise to the request for interpretation. 3. The Procurators-General of the Supreme Courts of Appeal of the Contracting States, or any other
authority designated by a Contracting State, shall be entitled to request the Court of Justice for a ruling on
interpretation in accordance with paragraph 1. 4. The Registrar of the Court of Justice shall give notice of the request to the Contracting States, to the
Commission and to the Council of the European Communities; they shall then be entitled within two
months of the notification to submit statements of case or written observations to the Court. No fees shall be levied or any costs or expenses awarded in respect of the proceedings provided for

5. in this Article. Article 4

1. Except where this Protocol otherwise provides, the provisions of the Treaty establishing the European
Economic Community and those of the Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice annexed thereto,
which are applicable when the Court is requested to give a preliminary ruling, shall also apply to any
proceedings for the interpretation of the instruments referred to in Article 1. The Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice shall, if necessary, be adjusted and supplemented in

2. accordance with Article 188 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community. Article 5 (1)

This Protocol shall be subject to ratification by the Signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be
deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. Article 6 (2)

To enter into force,

1. this Protocol must be ratified by seven States in respect of which the
Rome Convention is in force. This Protocol shall enter into force on the first day of the third month
following the deposit of the instrument of ratification by the last such State to take this step. If, however,
the Second Protocol conferring on the Court of Justice of the European Communities certain powers to
interpret the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for signature in Rome
on 19 June 1980, concluded in Brussels on 19 December 1988 (3) enters into force on a later date, this
Protocol shall enter into force on the date of entry into force of the Second Protocol. 2. Any ratification subsequent to the entry into force of this Protocol shall take effect on the first day of
the third month following the deposit of the instrument of ratification, provided that the ratification,
acceptance or approval of the Rome Convention by the State in question has become effective. (1) See footnote 1 on page 12. (2) See footnote 3 on page 12. (3) See page 14. 30. 12. 2005

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The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the Signatory States of:

Article 7 (1)

(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification;

(b) the date of entry into force of this Protocol;

(c) any designation communicated pursuant to Article 3(3);

(d) any communication made pursuant to Article 8. Article 8

The Contracting States shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the Council of the European
Communities the texts of any provisions of their laws which necessitate an amendment to the list of courts
in Article 2(a). Article 9

This Protocol shall have effect for as long as the Rome Convention remains in force under the conditions
laid down in Article 30 of that Convention. Article 10

Any Contracting State may request the revision of this Protocol. In this event, a revision conference shall
be convened by the President of the Council of the European Communities. Article 11 (2)

This Protocol, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish,
Italian, Portuguese and Spanish languages, all 10 texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the
archives of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General
shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each Signatory State. In witness whereof, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have affixed their signatures below this Protocol. Done at Brussels on the nineteenth day of December in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty-
eight. [Signatures of the Plenipotentiaries]

(1) See footnote 1 on page 13. (2) See footnote 1 on page 14. C 334/24

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JOINT DECLARATIONS

Joint Declaration

The Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium,
the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of
Germany, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic,
the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

On signing the First Protocol on the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Communities of
the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June
1980,

Desiring to ensure that the Convention is applied as effectively and as uniformly as possible,

Declare themselves ready to organise, in cooperation with the Court of Justice of the European Commu-
nities, an exchange of information on judgments which have become res judicata and have been handed
down pursuant to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations by the courts referred
to in Article 2 of the said Protocol. The exchange of information will comprise:

— the forwarding to the Court of Justice by the competent national authorities of judgments handed
down by the courts referred to in Article 2(a) and significant judgments handed down by the courts
referred to in Article 2(b),

— the classification and the documentary exploitation of

Justice
including, as far as necessary, the drawing up of abstracts and translations, and the publication of judg-
ments of particular importance,

these judgments by the Court of

— the communication by the Court of Justice of the documentary material to the competent national
authorities of the States parties to the Protocol and to the Commission and the Council of the European
Communities. In witness whereof,
Joint Declaration. the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have

affixed their

signature below this

Done at Brussels on the nineteenth day of December in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty-
eight. [Signatures of the Plenipotentiaries]

Joint Declaration

The Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium,
the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of
Germany, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic,
the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Portuguese Republic and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

On signing the First Protocol on the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Communities of
the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June
1980,

Having regard to the Joint Declaration annexed to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual
obligations,

Desiring to ensure that the Convention is applied as effectively and as uniformly as possible,

Anxious to prevent differences of interpretation of the Convention from impairing its unifying effect,

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Express the view that any State which becomes a member of the European Communities should accede to
this Protocol. In witness whereof,
Joint Declaration. the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have affixed their

signatures below this

Done at Brussels on the nineteenth day of December in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty-
eight. [Signatures of the Plenipotentiaries]

C 334/26

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

30. 12. 2005

SECOND PROTOCOL CONFERRING ON THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITIES CERTAIN POWERS TO INTERPRET THE CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLIC-
ABLE TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS; OPENED FOR SIGNATURE IN ROME ON 19 JUNE
1980

THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY,

WHEREAS the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for signature in Rome
on 19 June 1980, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Rome Convention’, will enter into force after the deposit
of the seventh instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval;

WHEREAS the uniform application of
the rules laid down in the Rome Convention requires that
machinery to ensure uniform interpretation be set up and whereas to that end appropriate powers should
be conferred upon the Court of Justice of the European Communities, even before the Rome Convention
enters into force with respect to all the Member States of the European Economic Community,

HAVE DECIDED to conclude this Protocol and to this end have designated as their Plenipotentiaries:

[Plenipotentiaries designated by the Member States]

WHO, meeting within the Council of the European Communities, having exchanged their full powers;
found in good and due form,

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

Article 1

1. The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall, with respect to the Rome Convention, have
the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the First Protocol on the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the
European Communities of the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for
signature in Rome on 19 June 1980, concluded in Brussels on 19 December 1988 (1). The Protocol on the
Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and the Rules of Procedure of the Court of
Justice shall apply. The Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice shall be adapted and supplemented as necessary in

2. accordance with Article 188 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community. Article 2 (2)

This Protocol shall be subject to ratification by the Signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be
deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. Article 3 (3)

This Protocol shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the instru-
ment of ratification of the last Signatory State to complete that formality. (1) See page 1. (2) See footnote 1 on page 12. (3) See footnote 3 on page 12. 30. 12. 2005

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

C 334/27

Article 4 (1)

This Protocol, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish,
Italian, Portuguese and Spanish languages, all 10 texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the
archives of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General
shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory. In witness whereof, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have affixed their signature below this Protocol. Done at Brussels on the nineteenth day of December in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty-
eight. [Signatures of the Plenipotentiaries]

(1) See footnote 1 on page 14


80/934/EEC: Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980 /* Consolidated version CF 498Y0126(03) */

contract,enforcement of ruling,jurisdiction,law of obligations,private international law

contract
enforcement of ruling
jurisdiction
law of obligations
private international law

L_1980266EN. 01000101. xml

9. 10. 1980

EN

Official Journal of the European Communities

L 266/1

CONVENTION
ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980
(80/934/EEC)

PREAMBLE

THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,
ANXIOUS to continue in the field of private international law the work of unification of law which has already been done within the Community, in particular in the field of jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments,
WISHING to establish uniform rules concerning the law applicable to contractual obligations,
HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
TITLE I

SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION

Article 1
Scope of the Convention
1. The rules of this Convention shall apply to contractual obligations in any situation involving a choice between the laws of different countries. 2. They shall not apply to:

(a)

questions involving the status or legal capacity of natural persons, without prejudice to Article 11;

(b)

contractual obligations relating to:

—

wills and succession,

—

rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship,

—

rights and duties arising out of a family relationship, parentage, marriage or affinity, including maintenance obligations in respect of children who are not legitimate;

(c)

obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instruments to the extent that the obligations under such other negotiable instruments arise out of their negotiable character;

(d)

arbitration agreements and agreements on the choice of court;

(e)

questions governed by the law of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, -internal organization or winding up of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate and the personal liability of officers and members as such for the obligations of the company or body;

(f)

the question whether an agent is able to bind a principal, or an organ to bind a company or body corporate or unincorporate, to a third party;

(g)

the constitution of trusts and the relationship between settlors, trustees and beneficiaries;

(h)

evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Article 14. 3. The rules of this Convention do not apply to contracts of insurance which cover risks situated in the territories of the Member States of the European Economic Community. In order to determine whether a risk is situated in these territories the court shall apply its internal law. 4. The preceding paragraph does not apply to contracts of re-insurance. Article 2
Application of law of non-contracting States
Any law specified by this Convention shall be applied whether or not it is the law of a Contracting State. TITLE II

UNIFORM RULES

Article 3
Freedom of choice
1. A contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties. The choice must be expressed or demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case. By their choice the parties can select the law applicable to the whole or a part only of the contract. 2. The parties may at any time agree to subject the contract to a law other than that which previously governed it, whether as a result of an earlier choice under this Article or of other provisions of this Convention. Any variation by the parties of the law to be applied made after the conclusion of the contract shall not prejudice its formal validity under Article 9 or adversely affect the rights of third parties. 3. The fact that the parties have chosen a foreign law, whether or not accompanied by the choice of a foreign tribunal, shall not, where all the other elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice are connected with one country only, prejudice the application of rules of the law of that country which cannot be derogated from by contract, hereinafter called ‘mandatory rules’. 4. The existence and validity of the consent of the parties as to the choice of the applicable law shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Articles 8, 9 and 11. Article 4
Applicable law in the absence of choice
1. To the extent that the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen in accordance with Article 3, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. Nevertheless, a severable part of the contract which has a closer connection with another country may by way of exception be governed by the law of that other country. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the party who is to effect the performance which is characteristic of the contract has, at the time of conclusion of the contract, his habitual residence, or, in the case of a body corporate or unincorporate, its central administration. However, if the contract is entered into in the course of that party's trade or profession, that country shall be the country in which the principal place of business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of business is situated. 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, to the extent that the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the immovable property is situated. 4. A contract for the carriage of goods shall not be subject to the presumption in paragraph 2. In such a contract if the country in which, at the time the contract is concluded, the carrier has his principal place of business is also the country in which the place of loading or the place of discharge or the principal place of business of the consignor is situated, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with that country. In applying this paragraph single voyage charter-parties and other contracts the main purpose of which is the carriage of goods shall be treated as contracts for the carriage of goods. 5. Paragraph 2 shall not apply if the characteristic performance cannot be determined, and the presumptions in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall be disregarded if it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country. Article 5
Certain consumer contracts
1. This Article applies to a contract the object of which is the supply of goods or services to a person (‘the consumer’) for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, or a contract for the provision of credit for that object. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence:

—

if in that country the conclusion of the contract was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to him or by advertising, and he had taken in that country all the steps necessary on his part for the conclusion of the contract, or

—

if the other party or his agent received the consumer's order in that country, or

—

if the contract is for the sale of goods and the consumer travelled from that country to another country and there gave his order, provided that the consumer's journey was arranged by the seller for the purpose of inducing the consumer to buy. 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract to which this Article applies shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence if it is entered into in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of this Article. 4. This Article shall not apply to:

(a)

a contract of carriage;

(b)

a contract for the supply of services where the services are to be supplied to the consumer exclusively in a country other than that in which he has his habitual residence. 5. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 4, this Article shall apply to a contract which, for an inclusive price, provides for a combination of travel and accommodation. Article 6
Individual employment contracts
1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, in a contract of employment a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the employee of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law which would be applicable under paragraph 2 in the absence of choice. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract of employment shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed:

(a)

by the law of the country in which the employee habitually carries out his work in performance of the contract, even if he is temporarily employed in another country; or

(b)

if the employee does not habitually carry out his work in any one country, by the law of the country in which the place of business through which he was engaged is situated;

unless it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country, in which case the contract shall be governed by the law of that country. Article 7
Mandatory rules
1. When applying under this Convention the law of a country, effect may be given to the mandatory rules of the law of another country with which the situation has a close connection, if and in so far as, under the law of the latter country, those rules must be applied whatever the law applicable to the contract. In considering whether to give effect to these mandatory rules, regard shall be had to their nature and purpose and to the consequences of their application or non-application. 2. Nothing in this Convention shall restrict the application of the rules of the law of the forum in a situation where they are mandatory irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to the contract. Article 8
Material validity
1. The existence and validity of a contract, or of any term of a contract, shall be determined by the law which would govern it under this Convention if the contract or term were valid. 2. Nevertheless a party may rely upon the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence to establish that he did not consent if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to determine the effect of his conduct in accordance with the law specified in the preceding paragraph. Article 9
Formal validity
1. A contract concluded between persons who are in the same country is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of the country where it is concluded. 2. A contract concluded between persons who are in different countries is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of one of those countries. 3. Where a contract is concluded by an agent, the country in which the agent acts is the relevant country for the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2. 4. An act intended to have legal effect relating to an existing or contemplated contract is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which under this Convention governs or would govern the contract or of the law of the country where the act was done. 5. The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall not apply to a contract to which Article 5 applies, concluded in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of Article 5. The formal validity of such a contract is governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence. 6. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 to 4 of this Article, a contract the subject matter of which is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property shall be subject to the mandatory requirements of form of the law of the country where the property is situated if by that law those requirements are imposed irrespective of the country where the contract is concluded and irrespective of the law governing the contract. Article 10
Scope of the applicable law
1. The law applicable to a contract by virtue of Articles 3 to 6 and 12 of this Convention shall govern in particular:

(a)

interpretation;

(b)

performance;

(c)

within the limits of the powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the consquences of breach, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law;

(d)

the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and prescription and limitation of actions;

(e)

the consequences of nullity of the contract. 2. In relation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective performance regard shall be had to the law of the country in which performance takes place. Article 11
Incapacity
In a contract concluded between persons who are in the same country, a natural person who would have capacity under the law of that country may invoke his incapacity resulting from another law only if the other party to the contract was aware of this incapacity at the time of the conclusion of the contract or was not aware thereof as a result of negligence. Article 12
Voluntary assignment
1. The mutual obligations of assignor and assignee under a voluntary assignment of a right against another person (‘the debtor’) shall be governed by the law which under this Convention applies to the contract between the assignor and assignee. 2. The law governing the right to which the assignment relates shall determine its assignability, the relationship betweeen the assignee and the debtor, the conditions under which the assignment can be invoked against the debtor and any question whether the debtor's obligations have been discharged. Article 13
Subrogation
1. Where a person (‘the creditor’) has a contractual claim upon another (‘the debtor’), and a third person has a duty to satisfy the creditor, or has in fact satisfied the creditor in discharge of that duty, the law which governs the third person's duty to satisfy the creditor shall determine whether the third person is entitled to exercise against the debtor the rights which the creditor had against the debtor under the law governing their relationship and, if so, whether he may do so in full or only to a limited extent. 2. The same rule applies where several persons are subject to the same contractual claim and one of them has satisfied the creditor. Article 14
Burden of proof, etc. 1. The law governing the contract under this Convention applies to the extent that it contains, in the law of contract, rules which raise presumptions of law or determine the burden of proof. 2. A contract or an act intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognized by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred to in Article 9 under which that contract or act is formally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be administered by the forum. Article 15
Exclusion of renvoi
The application of the law of any country specified by this Convention means the application of the rules of law in force in that country other than its rules of private international law. Article 16
‘Ordre public’
The application of a rule of the law of any country specified by this Convention may be refused only if such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy (‘ordre public’) of the forum. Article 17
No retrospective effect
This Convention shall apply in a Contracting State to contracts made after the date on which this Convention has entered into force with respect to that State. Article 18
Uniform interpretation
In the interpretation and application of the preceding uniform rules, regard shall be had to their international character and to the desirability of achieving uniformity in their interpretation and application. Article 19
States with more than one legal system
1. Where a State comprises several territorial units each of which has its own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations, each territorial unit shall be considered as a country for the purposes of identifying the law applicable under this Convention. 2. A State within which different territorial units have their own rules of law in respect of contractual obligations shall not be bound to apply this Convention to conflicts solely between the laws of such units. Article 20
Precedence of Community law
This Convention shall not affect the application of provisions which, in relation to particular matters, lay down choice of law rules relating to contractual obligations and which are or will be contained in acts of the institutions of the European Communities or in national laws harmonized in implementation of such acts. Article 21
Relationship with other conventions
This Convention shall not prejudice the application of international conventions to which a Contracting State is, or becomes, a party. Article 22
Reservations
1. Any Contracting State may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval, reserve the right not to apply:

(a)

the provisions of Article 7 (1);

(b)

the provisions of Article 10 (1) (e). 2. Any Contracting State may also, when notifying an extension of the Convention in accordance with Article 27 (2), make one or more of these reservations, with its effect limited to all or some of the territories mentioned in the extension. 3. Any Contracting State may at any time withdraw a reservation which it has made; the reservation shall cease to have effect on the first day of the third calendar month after notification of the withdrawal. TITLE III

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 23
1. If, after the date on which this Convention has entered into force for a Contracting State, that State wishes to adopt any new choice of law rule in regard to any particular category of contract within the scope of this Convention, it shall communicate its intention to the other signatory States through the Secretary-Geneal of the Council of the European Communities. 2. Any signatory State may, within six months from the date of the communication made to the Secretary-General, request him to arrange consultations between signatory States in order to reach agreement. 3. If no signatory State has requested consultations within this period or if within two years following the communication made to the Secretary-General no agreement is reached in the course of consultations, the Contracting State concerned may amend its law in the manner indicated. The measures taken by that State shall be brought to the knowledge of the other signatory States through the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. Article 24
1. If, after the date on which this Convention has entered into force with respect to a Contracting State, that State wishes to become a party to a multilateral convention whose principal aim or one of whose principal aims is to lay down rules of private international law concerning any of the matters governed by this Convention, the procedure set out in Article 23 shall apply. However, the period of two years, referred to in paragraph 3 of that Article, shall be reduced to one year. 2. The procedure referred to in the preceding paragraph need not be followed if a Contracting State or one of the European Communities is already a party to the multilateral convention, or if its object is to revise a convention to which the State concerned is already a party, or if it is a convention concluded within the framework of the Treaties establishing the European Communities. Article 25
If a Contracting State considers that the unification achieved by this Convention is prejudiced by the conclusion of agreements not covered by Article 24 (1), that State may request the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities to arrange consultations between the signatory States of this Convention. Article 26
Any Contracting State may request the revision of this Convention. In this event a revision conference shall be convened by the President of the Council of the European Communities. Article 27
1. This Convention shall apply to the European territories of the Contracting States, including Greenland, and to the entire territory of the French Republic. 2. Nothwithstanding paragraph 1:

(a)

this Convention shall not apply to the Faroe Islands, unless the Kingdom of Denmark makes a declaration to the contrary;

(b)

this Convention shall not apply to any European territory situated outside the United Kingdom for the international relations of which the United Kingdom is responsible, unless the United Kingdom makes a declaration to the contrary in respect of any such territory;

(c)

this Convention shall apply to the Netherlands Antilles, if the Kingdom of the Netherlands makes a declaration to that effect. 3. Such declarations may be made at any time by notifying the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. 4. Proceedings brought in the United Kingdom on appeal from courts in one of the territories referred to in paragraph 2 (b) shall be deemed to be proceedings taking place in those courts. Article 28
1. This Convention shall be open from 19 June 1980 for signature by the States party to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community. 2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. Article 29
1. This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the seventh instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval. 2. This Convention shall enter into force for each signatory State ratifying, accepting or approving at a later date on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval. Article 30
1. This Convention shall remain in force for 10 years from the date of its entry into force in accordance with Article 29 (1), even for States for which it enters into force at a later date. 2. If there has been no denunciation it shall be renewed tacitly every five years. 3. A Contracting State which wishes to denounce shall, not less than six months before the expiration of the period of 10 or five years, as the case may be, give notice to the Sectretary-General of the Council of the European Communities. Denunciation may be limited to any territory to which the Convention has been extended by a declaration under Article 27 (2). 4. The denunciation shall have effect only in relation to the State which has notified it. The Convention will remain in force as between all other Contracting States. Article 31
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the States party to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community of:

(a)

the signatures;

(b)

the deposit of each instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval;

(c)

the date of entry into force of this Convention;

(d)

communications made in pursuance of Articles 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 30;

(e)

the reservations and withdrawals of reservations referred to in Article 22. Article 32
The Protocol annexed to this Convention shall form an integral part thereof. Article 33
This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish and Italian languages, these texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy thereof to the Government of each signatory State. Til bekræftelse heraf har undertegnede behørigt befuldmægtigede underskrevet denne konvention. Zu Urkund dessen haben die hierzu gehörig befugten Unterzeichneten ihre Unterschriften unter dieses Übereinkommen gesetzt. In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Convention. En foi de quoi, les soussignés, dûment autorisés à cet effet, ont signé la présente convention. Dá fhianú sin, shínigh na daoine seo thíos, arna n-údarú go cuí chuige sin, an Coinbhinsiún seo. In fede di che, i sottoscritti, debitamente autorizzati a tal fine, hanno firmato la presente convenzione. Ten blijke waarvan, de ondergetekenden, daartoe behoorlijk gemachtigd, hun handtekening onder dit Verdrag hebben geplaatst. Udfærdiget i Rom, den nittende juni nitten hundrede og firs. Geschehen zu Rom am neunzehnten Juni neunzehnhundertachtzig. Done at Rome on the nineteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty. Fait à Rome, le dix-neuf juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt. Arna dhéanamh sa Róimh, an naoú lá déag de Mheitheamh sa bhliain míle naoi gcéad ochtó. Fatto a Roma, addì diciannove giugno millenovecentoottanta. Gedaan te Rome, de negentiende juni negentienhonderd tachtig. Pour le royaume de Belgique
Voor het Koninkrijk België

På kongeriget Danmarks vegne

Für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Pour la République française

Thar ceann na hÉireann

Per la Repubblica italiana

Pour le grand-duché de Luxembourg

Voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

For the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

PROTOCOL
The High Contracting Parties have agreed upon the following provision which shall be annexed to the Convention:
Notwithstanding the provisions of the Convention, Denmark may retain the rules contained in Søloven (Statute on Maritime Law) paragraph 169 concerning the applicable law in matters relating to carriage of goods by sea and may revise these rules without following the procedure prescribed in Article 23 of the Convention. Til bekræftelse heraf har undertegnede behørigt befuldmægtigede underskrevet denne protokol. Zu Urkund dessen haben die hierzu gehörig befugten Unterzeichneten ihre Unterschriften unter dieses Protokoll gesetzt. In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Protocol. En foi de quoi, les soussignés, dûment autorisés à cet effet, ont signé le présent protocole. Dá fhianú sin, shínigh na daoine seo thíos, arna n-údarú go cuí chuige sin, an Prótacal seo. In fede di che, i sottoscritti, debitamente autorizzati a tal fine, hanno firmato il presente protocollo. Ten blijke waarvan, de ondergetekenden, daartoe behoorlijk gemachtigd, hun handtekening onder dit Protocol hebben geplaatst. Udfærdiget i Rom, den nittende juni nitten hundrede og firs. Geschehen zu Rom am neunzehnten Juni neunzehnhundertachtzig. Done at Rome on the nineteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty. Fait à Rome, le dix-neuf juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt. Arna dhéanamh sa Róimh, an naoú lá déag de Mheitheamh sa bhliain míle naoi gcéad ochtó. Fatto a Roma, addì diciannove giugno millenovecentoottanta. Gedaan te Rome, de negentiende juni negentienhonderd tachtig. Pour le royaume de Belgique
Voor het Koninkrijk België

På kongeriget Danmarks vegne

Für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Pour la République française

Thar ceann na hÉireann

Per la Repubblica italiana

Pour le grand-duché de Luxembourg

Voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

For the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

JOINT DECLARATION
At the time of the signature of the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, the Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

I. anxious to avoid, as far as possible, dispersion of choice of law rules among several instruments and differences between these rules,
express the wish that the institutions of the European Communities, in the exercise of their powers under the Treaties by which they were established, will, where the need arises, endeavour to adopt choice of law rules which are as far as possible consistent with those of this Convention;

II. declare their intention as from the date of signature of this Convention until becoming bound by Article 24, to consult with each other if any one of the signatory States wishes to become a party to any convention to which the procedure referred to in Article 24 would apply;

III. having regard to the contribution of the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations to the unification of choice of law rules within the European Communities, express the view that any State which becomes a member of the European Communities should accede to this Convention

Til bekræftelse heraf har undertegnede beh¢rigt befuldmægtigede underskrevet denne fælleserklæring. Zu Urkund dessen haben die hierzu gehörig befugten Unterzeichneten ihre Unterschriften unter diese gemeinsame Erklärung gesetzt. In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Joint Declaration. En foi de quoi, les soussignés, dûment autorisés à cet effet, ont signé la présente déclaration commune. Dá fhianú sin, shínigh na daoine seo thíos, arna n-údarú go cuí chuige sin, an Dearbhu Comhphaírteach seo. In fede di che, i sottoscritti, debitamente autorizzati a tal fine, hanno firmato la presente dichiarazione comune. Ten blijke waarvan, de ondergetekenden, daartoe behoorlijk gemachtigd, hun handtekening onder deze Verklaring hebben geplaatst. Udfærdiget i Rom, den nittende juni nitten hundrede og firs. Geschehen zu Rom am neunzehnten Juni neunzehnhundertachtzig. Done at Rome on the nineteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty. Fait à Rome, le dix-neuf juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt. Arna dhéanamh sa Róimh, an naoú lá déag de Mheitheamh sa bhliain míle naoi gcéad ochtó. Fatto a Roma, addì diciannove giugno millenovecentoottanta. Gedaan te Rome, de negentiende juni negentienhonderd tachtig. Pour le gouvernement du royaume de Belgique
Voor de Regering van het Koninkrijk België

På kongeriget Danmarks vegne

Für die Regierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Pour le gouvernement de la République française

Thar ceann Rialtas na hÉireann

Per il governo della Repubblica italiana

Pour le gouvernement du grand-duché de Luxembourg

Voor de Regering van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

For the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

JOINT DECLARATION
The Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
On signing the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations;
Desiring to ensure that the Convention is applied as effectively as possible;
Anxious to prevent differences of interpretation of the Convention from impairing its unifying effect;
Declare themselves ready:

1. to examine the possibility of conferring jurisdicition in certain matters on the Court of Justice of the European Communities and, if necessary, to negotiate an agreement to this effect;

2. to arrange meetings at regular intervals between their representatives. Til bekræftelse heraf har undertegnede beh¢rigt befuldmægtigede underskrevet denne fælleserklæring. Zu Urkund dessen haben die hierzu gehörig befugten Unterzeichneten ihre Unterschriften unter diese gemeinsame Erklärung gesetzt. In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Joint Declaration. En foi de quoi, les soussignés, dûment autorisés à cet effet, ont signé la présente déclaration commune. Dá fhianú sin shínigh na daoine seo thíos, arna n-údarú go cuí chuige sin, an Dearbhu Comhpháirteach seo. In fede di che, i sottoscritti, debitamente autorizzati a tal fine, hanno firmato la presente dichiarazione comune. Ten blijke waarvan, de ondergetekenden, daartoe behoorlijk gemachtigd, hun handtekening onder deze Verklaring hebben geplaatst. Udfærdiget i Rom, den nittende juni nitten hundrede og firs. Geschehen zu Rom am neunzehnten Juni neunzehnhundertachtzig. Done at Rome on the nineteenth day of June in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty. Fait à Rome, le dix-neuf juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt. Ama dhéanamh sa Róimh, an naoú lá déag de Mheitheamh sa bhliain míle naoi gcéad ochtó. Fatto a Roma, addì diciannove giugno millenovecentoottanta. Gedaan te Rome, de negentiende juni negentienhonderd tachtig. Pour le gouvernement du royaume de Belgique
Voor de Regering van het Koninkrijk België

På kongeriget Danmarks vegne

Für die Regierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Pour le gouvernement de la République française

Thar ceann Rialtas na hÉireann

Per il governo della Repubblica italiana

Pour le gouvernement du grand-duché de Luxembourg

Voor de Regering van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

For the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland