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+Y360EGAxZiy-00000-00000104-00000318 welcome to this continuation
+Y360EGAxZiy-00001-00000319-00000519 of our lecture about descriptive
+Y360EGAxZiy-00002-00000520-00000790 statistics
+Y360EGAxZiy-00003-00000791-00001015 in this part of the descriptive
+Y360EGAxZiy-00004-00001016-00001231 statistics module
+Y360EGAxZiy-00005-00001232-00001487 we're going to be looking at ways to
+Y360EGAxZiy-00006-00001488-00001647 work with
+Y360EGAxZiy-00007-00001648-00001959 data that is in frequencies grouped
+Y360EGAxZiy-00008-00001960-00002310 data categorical data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00009-00002311-00002623 getting summary measures and looking at
+Y360EGAxZiy-00010-00002624-00003015 graphical approaches
+Y360EGAxZiy-00011-00003016-00003222 start by taking a quick look at a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00012-00003223-00003438 problem we've seen before
+Y360EGAxZiy-00013-00003439-00003751 at the beginning of our lecture on
+Y360EGAxZiy-00014-00003752-00003951 descriptive statistics when
+Y360EGAxZiy-00015-00003952-00004295 we were still focused on
+Y360EGAxZiy-00016-00004296-00004631 measures of location we looked at this
+Y360EGAxZiy-00017-00004632-00005006 example of reading level
+Y360EGAxZiy-00018-00005007-00005335 a random sample of 16
+Y360EGAxZiy-00019-00005336-00005647 8th graders in a particular school
+Y360EGAxZiy-00020-00005648-00005838 were tested and they showed reading
+Y360EGAxZiy-00021-00005839-00006031 levels from
+Y360EGAxZiy-00022-00006032-00006351 uh five meaning fifth grade uh
+Y360EGAxZiy-00023-00006352-00006598 through ninth grade and tenth grade so
+Y360EGAxZiy-00024-00006600-00006798 some of some of them
+Y360EGAxZiy-00025-00006800-00007006 were above some of them were below their
+Y360EGAxZiy-00026-00007008-00007142 grade level
+Y360EGAxZiy-00027-00007143-00007470 and the solution we found then
+Y360EGAxZiy-00028-00007472-00007655 is listed for you here i'm not going to
+Y360EGAxZiy-00029-00007656-00007895 belabor it we did it already
+Y360EGAxZiy-00030-00007895-00008255 you order the data and you get the the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00031-00008256-00008510 location statistics the measures of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00032-00008511-00008607 central location
+Y360EGAxZiy-00033-00008608-00009374 and the measures of non-central location
+Y360EGAxZiy-00034-00009375-00009631 now the previous problem actually can be
+Y360EGAxZiy-00035-00009632-00009942 set up somewhat differently
+Y360EGAxZiy-00036-00009943-00010110 and you're going to like it better this
+Y360EGAxZiy-00037-00010111-00010383 way as a frequency distribution
+Y360EGAxZiy-00038-00010384-00010759 notice you have a 5 a 6 a 7 a 8 a 9 and
+Y360EGAxZiy-00039-00010760-00010863 a 10.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00040-00010864-00011199 and now we show the frequencies okay
+Y360EGAxZiy-00041-00011200-00011519 5 showed up twice the six showed up
+Y360EGAxZiy-00042-00011520-00011663 three times
+Y360EGAxZiy-00043-00011664-00011959 the seven showed up three times the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00044-00011960-00011999 eight
+Y360EGAxZiy-00045-00012000-00012255 showed up twice the nine showed up five
+Y360EGAxZiy-00046-00012256-00012342 times
+Y360EGAxZiy-00047-00012343-00012559 and the ten showed up once you see why
+Y360EGAxZiy-00048-00012560-00012799 we call it a frequency distribution
+Y360EGAxZiy-00049-00012800-00012951 all right and it's also called group
+Y360EGAxZiy-00050-00012952-00013127 data we're grouping it
+Y360EGAxZiy-00051-00013128-00013335 okay so we're grouping the data to make
+Y360EGAxZiy-00052-00013336-00013519 it a lot easier to work with
+Y360EGAxZiy-00053-00013519-00013799 especially when you have a huge data set
+Y360EGAxZiy-00054-00013800-00014086 okay here we only have 16 observations
+Y360EGAxZiy-00055-00014087-00014215 that's why you can ungroup it there's
+Y360EGAxZiy-00056-00014216-00014463 only 16 separate numbers
+Y360EGAxZiy-00057-00014463-00014655 but again it was a big data set you want
+Y360EGAxZiy-00058-00014656-00014847 to group it
+Y360EGAxZiy-00059-00014847-00015047 okay now let's see it we've grouped it
+Y360EGAxZiy-00060-00015047-00015215 now
+Y360EGAxZiy-00061-00015216-00015366 we're only looking at six different
+Y360EGAxZiy-00062-00015368-00015615 values right we're looking at reading
+Y360EGAxZiy-00063-00015616-00015694 levels
+Y360EGAxZiy-00064-00015695-00016038 from 5 all the way up to 10.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00065-00016040-00016303 notice the important thing to recognize
+Y360EGAxZiy-00066-00016304-00016391 is
+Y360EGAxZiy-00067-00016392-00016599 the sum of the frequencies add up all
+Y360EGAxZiy-00068-00016600-00016830 the frequencies you got the n
+Y360EGAxZiy-00069-00016831-00017183 so we sum them 2 plus 3 plus 3 plus 2
+Y360EGAxZiy-00070-00017184-00017535 plus 5 plus 1. 16. that's n we have 16
+Y360EGAxZiy-00071-00017536-00017647 numbers
+Y360EGAxZiy-00072-00017648-00017943 okay so n is the sum of the frequencies
+Y360EGAxZiy-00073-00017944-00018014 now the mode
+Y360EGAxZiy-00074-00018015-00018207 you can see it immediately mode is the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00075-00018208-00018358 one that occurred most often
+Y360EGAxZiy-00076-00018359-00018758 which value came most often okay
+Y360EGAxZiy-00077-00018759-00019175 notice that um that the the highest
+Y360EGAxZiy-00078-00019176-00019319 frequency
+Y360EGAxZiy-00079-00019320-00019750 for the nine is five the nine showed up
+Y360EGAxZiy-00080-00019751-00020055 five times okay that's your mode
+Y360EGAxZiy-00081-00020056-00020383 now you know nine is the mode
+Y360EGAxZiy-00082-00020384-00020703 okay
+Y360EGAxZiy-00083-00020704-00020894 and again remember all your values all
+Y360EGAxZiy-00084-00020895-00021030 your measures actually
+Y360EGAxZiy-00085-00021031-00021271 the x's you call them the x's of the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00086-00021272-00021375 measurements
+Y360EGAxZiy-00087-00021376-00021614 they're basically the values of five six
+Y360EGAxZiy-00088-00021615-00021694 seven eight
+Y360EGAxZiy-00089-00021695-00021999 nine and ten so your mean has to be
+Y360EGAxZiy-00090-00022000-00022191 between the five and the ten
+Y360EGAxZiy-00091-00022192-00022358 same thing the median will also be
+Y360EGAxZiy-00092-00022359-00022494 between five and ten
+Y360EGAxZiy-00093-00022495-00022791 your mole will be one of those values
+Y360EGAxZiy-00094-00022792-00022991 okay now we figured out the mode is 9 we
+Y360EGAxZiy-00095-00022992-00023103 can see it
+Y360EGAxZiy-00096-00023104-00023335 that had the highest frequency now the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00097-00023336-00023527 median has to be somewhere
+Y360EGAxZiy-00098-00023528-00023871 in the middle since n is 16
+Y360EGAxZiy-00099-00023872-00024167 it's going to be kind of right think of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00100-00024168-00024214 the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00101-00024215-00024503 eighth value it's already grouped uh and
+Y360EGAxZiy-00102-00024504-00024607 ordered
+Y360EGAxZiy-00103-00024608-00024927 is ordered for you okay so we have 16
+Y360EGAxZiy-00104-00024928-00025167 value it's got to be the eighth number
+Y360EGAxZiy-00105-00025168-00025335 okay think of it the number that cuts
+Y360EGAxZiy-00106-00025336-00025486 the so you have eight above
+Y360EGAxZiy-00107-00025487-00025862 and eight below count down eight numbers
+Y360EGAxZiy-00108-00025863-00026134 look at using the frequencies two three
+Y360EGAxZiy-00109-00026135-00026287 three
+Y360EGAxZiy-00110-00026288-00026623 notice the eighth value the last of the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00111-00026624-00026927 the eighth value is a seven right
+Y360EGAxZiy-00112-00026927-00027118 effectively go backwards and you go one
+Y360EGAxZiy-00113-00027119-00027327 five two in the frequencies
+Y360EGAxZiy-00114-00027327-00027702 you'll see that the last value was an
+Y360EGAxZiy-00115-00027704-00027879 eight
+Y360EGAxZiy-00116-00027880-00028174 you have eight above and eight below and
+Y360EGAxZiy-00117-00028175-00028335 you go right in the middle between seven
+Y360EGAxZiy-00118-00028336-00028414 and eight
+Y360EGAxZiy-00119-00028416-00028599 so we know the median is observed just
+Y360EGAxZiy-00120-00028600-00028735 by looking at it
+Y360EGAxZiy-00121-00028736-00028887 it's right between the seven and the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00122-00028888-00029062 eight which is seven and a half so your
+Y360EGAxZiy-00123-00029063-00029283 median is going to be
+Y360EGAxZiy-00124-00029283-00029614 7.5 okay that makes
+Y360EGAxZiy-00125-00029616-00029887 things a lot easier when you set it up
+Y360EGAxZiy-00126-00029888-00030262 this way
+Y360EGAxZiy-00127-00030263-00030535 okay let's compute the mean for group
+Y360EGAxZiy-00128-00030536-00030662 data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00129-00030663-00030823 okay the formula is right there on the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00130-00030824-00030999 bottom the sample mean
+Y360EGAxZiy-00131-00031000-00031302 is the sum of the x i times its
+Y360EGAxZiy-00132-00031303-00031414 frequency
+Y360EGAxZiy-00133-00031416-00031718 divided by n okay so in other words what
+Y360EGAxZiy-00134-00031719-00031902 you have to do now is have a new column
+Y360EGAxZiy-00135-00031903-00031974 called x
+Y360EGAxZiy-00136-00031975-00032343 i f i all right so we have five times
+Y360EGAxZiy-00137-00032344-00032558 two which is essentially the same as
+Y360EGAxZiy-00138-00032560-00032767 saying i had two fives i'm adding them
+Y360EGAxZiy-00139-00032768-00032831 up
+Y360EGAxZiy-00140-00032832-00033087 five plus five instead of doing five
+Y360EGAxZiy-00141-00033088-00033271 plus five they say two fives is five
+Y360EGAxZiy-00142-00033272-00033383 times two is ten
+Y360EGAxZiy-00143-00033384-00033599 there were three sixes which is another
+Y360EGAxZiy-00144-00033600-00033783 way of saying six plus six plus six
+Y360EGAxZiy-00145-00033784-00033902 that's eighteen
+Y360EGAxZiy-00146-00033903-00034167 seven times three to three sevenths that
+Y360EGAxZiy-00147-00034168-00034279 adds up to twenty one
+Y360EGAxZiy-00148-00034280-00034527 seven plus seven plus seven eight times
+Y360EGAxZiy-00149-00034528-00034702 two is sixteen
+Y360EGAxZiy-00150-00034703-00034974 five ninths nine plus nine plus nine
+Y360EGAxZiy-00151-00034975-00035239 plus nine plus nine or 45
+Y360EGAxZiy-00152-00035240-00035535 and 10 times 1 is 10. if you add up that
+Y360EGAxZiy-00153-00035536-00035783 last column the sum of the xifi
+Y360EGAxZiy-00154-00035784-00036007 you get 120 that's the same you get as
+Y360EGAxZiy-00155-00036008-00036183 you would get if you ungroup the data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00156-00036184-00036215 and
+Y360EGAxZiy-00157-00036216-00036511 add up the 16 numbers you started with
+Y360EGAxZiy-00158-00036512-00036655 but again you don't have to do this
+Y360EGAxZiy-00159-00036656-00036918 that way get the sum the column of sum
+Y360EGAxZiy-00160-00036919-00037127 of x ifi which is 120
+Y360EGAxZiy-00161-00037128-00037335 divided by the sum of the frequencies n
+Y360EGAxZiy-00162-00037336-00037679 which is 16 120 over 16 is 7.5
+Y360EGAxZiy-00163-00037680-00037943 and 7.5 now is the sample mean that's
+Y360EGAxZiy-00164-00037944-00038015 your average
+Y360EGAxZiy-00165-00038016-00038471 reading level
+Y360EGAxZiy-00166-00038472-00038695 okay let's look at this problem okay now
+Y360EGAxZiy-00167-00038696-00038927 here we have a thousand values
+Y360EGAxZiy-00168-00038928-00039046 right the sum of the frequencies a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00169-00039047-00039239 thousand that means n is a thousand
+Y360EGAxZiy-00170-00039240-00039383 again you're not going to want to write
+Y360EGAxZiy-00171-00039384-00039567 this ungrouped which means you have to
+Y360EGAxZiy-00172-00039568-00039767 write out a thousand numbers
+Y360EGAxZiy-00173-00039768-00039959 okay so now first of all you know n is a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00174-00039960-00040118 thousand the first thing you note
+Y360EGAxZiy-00175-00040119-00040439 then you do the uh third column the x
+Y360EGAxZiy-00176-00040440-00040718 i f i column zero times ten is zero 1
+Y360EGAxZiy-00177-00040719-00040855 times 20 is 20.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00178-00040856-00041246 2 times 30 is 60. 3 times 40 is 120
+Y360EGAxZiy-00179-00041247-00041399 and eventually you'll get to 10 times
+Y360EGAxZiy-00180-00041400-00041687 100 1 000. you add up the last column
+Y360EGAxZiy-00181-00041688-00042015 which is 5960 absences
+Y360EGAxZiy-00182-00042016-00042223 and that's the total number of absences
+Y360EGAxZiy-00183-00042224-00042343 for the thousand people
+Y360EGAxZiy-00184-00042344-00042630 working in the company all right so if
+Y360EGAxZiy-00185-00042631-00042758 you want to get the mean
+Y360EGAxZiy-00186-00042759-00043079 all you got to do is divide 5960
+Y360EGAxZiy-00187-00043080-00043335 over a thousand and the mean is going to
+Y360EGAxZiy-00188-00043336-00043483 be
+Y360EGAxZiy-00189-00043484-00043758 5.96
+Y360EGAxZiy-00190-00043759-00044046 okay now let's get the median and then
+Y360EGAxZiy-00191-00044047-00044271 we'll do q1 and q3 now the median
+Y360EGAxZiy-00192-00044272-00044471 is kind of the middle value when you
+Y360EGAxZiy-00193-00044472-00044623 order the data the data is already
+Y360EGAxZiy-00194-00044624-00044702 ordered
+Y360EGAxZiy-00195-00044703-00044958 for us it goes from lowest 0 to the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00196-00044959-00045007 highest
+Y360EGAxZiy-00197-00045008-00045311 10. okay we have a thousand observations
+Y360EGAxZiy-00198-00045312-00045479 so it's going to be the middle value by
+Y360EGAxZiy-00199-00045480-00045615 the 500
+Y360EGAxZiy-00200-00045616-00045983 mark all right so think about going down
+Y360EGAxZiy-00201-00045984-00046311 500 in frequency
+Y360EGAxZiy-00202-00046312-00046567 okay so we have 10 that's our first
+Y360EGAxZiy-00203-00046568-00046711 frequency for the zero
+Y360EGAxZiy-00204-00046712-00047055 plus 20 is 30 we're not the other 500
+Y360EGAxZiy-00205-00047056-00047399 another 30 is 60. but tommy finished the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00206-00047400-00047607 last three we've had 100 values we've
+Y360EGAxZiy-00207-00047608-00047815 used up 100 values
+Y360EGAxZiy-00208-00047816-00048062 we go to the f4 now we have another 50
+Y360EGAxZiy-00209-00048063-00048430 so it's 150 150 values have been used up
+Y360EGAxZiy-00210-00048431-00048727 okay now the fives can't go past that
+Y360EGAxZiy-00211-00048728-00048823 because that's 400
+Y360EGAxZiy-00212-00048824-00049102 400 and 150 is 550. we want to get to
+Y360EGAxZiy-00213-00049103-00049215 the 500th
+Y360EGAxZiy-00214-00049216-00049518 value so somewhere in the fives
+Y360EGAxZiy-00215-00049519-00049815 somewhere in one of those fives okay
+Y360EGAxZiy-00216-00049816-00050007 that's going to be the median
+Y360EGAxZiy-00217-00050008-00050279 so the median is five absences and as a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00218-00050280-00050446 check you can go in the other direction
+Y360EGAxZiy-00219-00050447-00050839 go backwards go up 500 100 plus 100
+Y360EGAxZiy-00220-00050840-00051190 is 200 plus 60 and 40 is 300
+Y360EGAxZiy-00221-00051191-00051607 plus 150 so now we have 450 values
+Y360EGAxZiy-00222-00051608-00051846 going up we have to go up 50 now and
+Y360EGAxZiy-00223-00051847-00052014 guess what we're again in the five so
+Y360EGAxZiy-00224-00052015-00052126 that's two ways
+Y360EGAxZiy-00225-00052127-00052335 of getting the median you go up or you
+Y360EGAxZiy-00226-00052336-00052430 go down
+Y360EGAxZiy-00227-00052432-00052550 and then you get the median now the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00228-00052551-00052759 motor is just you just look at it you
+Y360EGAxZiy-00229-00052760-00052854 find the mode
+Y360EGAxZiy-00230-00052855-00053063 the mode is a five that has the highest
+Y360EGAxZiy-00231-00053064-00053238 frequency 400.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00232-00053239-00053423 so i've shown you how to get the median
+Y360EGAxZiy-00233-00053424-00053542 i've shown you how to get the mode we
+Y360EGAxZiy-00234-00053544-00053647 did the mean already
+Y360EGAxZiy-00235-00053648-00053942 now let's try to get q1 and q3 you do
+Y360EGAxZiy-00236-00053944-00054135 the same thing but now you're counting
+Y360EGAxZiy-00237-00054136-00054335 down for q1 you count down
+Y360EGAxZiy-00238-00054336-00054694 250 observations again only using the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00239-00054695-00054871 frequency um
+Y360EGAxZiy-00240-00054872-00055182 column count down 250. 10
+Y360EGAxZiy-00241-00055183-00055615 plus 20 that's 30. 30 and 30 is 60.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00242-00055616-00056023 60 and 40 is 100. 50 is 150. now you
+Y360EGAxZiy-00243-00056024-00056119 want 250
+Y360EGAxZiy-00244-00056120-00056294 you're gonna be somewhere in those fives
+Y360EGAxZiy-00245-00056295-00056519 one of those fives will be your q1
+Y360EGAxZiy-00246-00056520-00056799 so q1 is five absences you want to get
+Y360EGAxZiy-00247-00056800-00056887 to q3
+Y360EGAxZiy-00248-00056888-00057126 do the same thing a quarter of a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00249-00057127-00057311 thousand is 250
+Y360EGAxZiy-00250-00057312-00057623 count go backwards go to the other from
+Y360EGAxZiy-00251-00057624-00057782 the other direction from the starting in
+Y360EGAxZiy-00252-00057783-00057871 the bottom
+Y360EGAxZiy-00253-00057872-00058230 10 okay you get 100 and 100 is 200
+Y360EGAxZiy-00254-00058232-00058503 if you go past the eighths you'll have
+Y360EGAxZiy-00255-00058504-00058742 60. so somewhere in those eights
+Y360EGAxZiy-00256-00058744-00058959 one of those eights is going to be q3 so
+Y360EGAxZiy-00257-00058960-00059279 now you found that q1 is 5 absences
+Y360EGAxZiy-00258-00059279-00059582 q3 is 8 absences again
+Y360EGAxZiy-00259-00059583-00059879 to get a median you just take your n the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00260-00059879-00060079 sum of the frequencies cut it in half
+Y360EGAxZiy-00261-00060079-00060342 half of it like in this case it was 500
+Y360EGAxZiy-00262-00060344-00060535 and then you can go up or down
+Y360EGAxZiy-00263-00060536-00060782 the frequency table and you'll get the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00264-00060783-00061047 median so you want to get q1
+Y360EGAxZiy-00265-00061048-00061303 you take a quarter of m which is 250.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00266-00061304-00061575 starting from the lowest number go
+Y360EGAxZiy-00267-00061576-00061911 go count 250 you get the q1
+Y360EGAxZiy-00268-00061912-00062079 starting from the bottom the highest
+Y360EGAxZiy-00269-00062079-00062359 number go backwards go upwards
+Y360EGAxZiy-00270-00062360-00062550 and then you'll get q3 after you count
+Y360EGAxZiy-00271-00062551-00062726 250.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00272-00062727-00062903 and again the interquartile range is the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00273-00062904-00063087 difference between q3 and q1 which we're
+Y360EGAxZiy-00274-00063088-00063199 going to learn about
+Y360EGAxZiy-00275-00063200-00063430 and that's just eight absences minus
+Y360EGAxZiy-00276-00063432-00063919 five absences or three absences
+Y360EGAxZiy-00277-00063920-00064094 okay here's another problem with group
+Y360EGAxZiy-00278-00064095-00064303 data we're looking at defects
+Y360EGAxZiy-00279-00064304-00064566 and the frequency of these defects so
+Y360EGAxZiy-00280-00064567-00064638 we're
+Y360EGAxZiy-00281-00064639-00064911 an automobile manufacturer and we see
+Y360EGAxZiy-00282-00064912-00065047 that
+Y360EGAxZiy-00283-00065048-00065463 you know 10 cars had one defect
+Y360EGAxZiy-00284-00065464-00065663 10 cars are two defects all the way up
+Y360EGAxZiy-00285-00065664-00065935 to 20 cars had 10 defects
+Y360EGAxZiy-00286-00065936-00066087 okay so essentially if you look at the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00287-00066088-00066238 sum of the frequencies
+Y360EGAxZiy-00288-00066239-00066399 you'll note right away that the sample
+Y360EGAxZiy-00289-00066400-00066687 size was 350 cars
+Y360EGAxZiy-00290-00066688-00066887 just add up the frequencies 10 plus 10
+Y360EGAxZiy-00291-00066888-00067087 plus 20 plus 20 all the way to the last
+Y360EGAxZiy-00292-00067088-00067150 20
+Y360EGAxZiy-00293-00067151-00067367 and that's 350. so the sum of the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00294-00067368-00067471 frequencies
+Y360EGAxZiy-00295-00067472-00067791 n is 350. notice
+Y360EGAxZiy-00296-00067792-00068159 that the total number of dvx
+Y360EGAxZiy-00297-00068160-00068487 is 2290 that's the total number of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00298-00068488-00068591 defects
+Y360EGAxZiy-00299-00068592-00068815 just adding the last column sum of the x
+Y360EGAxZiy-00300-00068816-00068959 i f i
+Y360EGAxZiy-00301-00068960-00069247 okay 10 times 1 is 10 10 times 2 is 20
+Y360EGAxZiy-00302-00069248-00069415 20 times 3 is 60
+Y360EGAxZiy-00303-00069416-00069726 20 times 4 is 80 40 times 5 is 200 until
+Y360EGAxZiy-00304-00069727-00069799 you get
+Y360EGAxZiy-00305-00069800-00070094 to the last one 20 times 10 is 200 and
+Y360EGAxZiy-00306-00070095-00070247 now we know that the total number of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00307-00070248-00070438 defects is 2290
+Y360EGAxZiy-00308-00070439-00070606 and then the next slide will go through
+Y360EGAxZiy-00309-00070607-00070950 the statistics
+Y360EGAxZiy-00310-00070951-00071311 the mean okay that's just 22.90 over
+Y360EGAxZiy-00311-00071312-00071423 350.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00312-00071424-00071903 so the average number of defects is 6.54
+Y360EGAxZiy-00313-00071904-00072143 if you want to go to two decimal places
+Y360EGAxZiy-00314-00072144-00072238 okay
+Y360EGAxZiy-00315-00072239-00072359 always remember the sum of the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00316-00072360-00072719 frequencies is n that's your sample size
+Y360EGAxZiy-00317-00072720-00072999 okay now the median remember we have
+Y360EGAxZiy-00318-00073000-00073094 we're looking at three
+Y360EGAxZiy-00319-00073095-00073415 n of 350 those 350 cars
+Y360EGAxZiy-00320-00073416-00073823 okay so we have to basically
+Y360EGAxZiy-00321-00073824-00074311 you know for a median take half of 350
+Y360EGAxZiy-00322-00074312-00074487 okay it's already ordered so we got to
+Y360EGAxZiy-00323-00074488-00074631 go down
+Y360EGAxZiy-00324-00074632-00075038 essentially half of 350 which is 175.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00325-00075039-00075343 so let's go down 175 using
+Y360EGAxZiy-00326-00075344-00075671 only the frequencies column okay go down
+Y360EGAxZiy-00327-00075672-00076023 10 plus 10 plus 20 that's 40 plus 20 is
+Y360EGAxZiy-00328-00076024-00076111 60
+Y360EGAxZiy-00329-00076112-00076462 plus 40 is 100 plus 50
+Y360EGAxZiy-00330-00076463-00076782 is 150. now in the 7 somewhere
+Y360EGAxZiy-00331-00076783-00077094 we got to go down to 175. all right so
+Y360EGAxZiy-00332-00077095-00077175 again so we know
+Y360EGAxZiy-00333-00077176-00077479 somewhere in the sevens at seven defects
+Y360EGAxZiy-00334-00077480-00077759 somewhere in seven defects is going to
+Y360EGAxZiy-00335-00077760-00077871 be our median
+Y360EGAxZiy-00336-00077872-00078206 if you want to check your answer
+Y360EGAxZiy-00337-00078207-00078543 go backwards 175. starting now
+Y360EGAxZiy-00338-00078544-00078855 all with the bottom 20 plus 50 is 70
+Y360EGAxZiy-00339-00078856-00079223 plus 60 is 130 again we see we just go
+Y360EGAxZiy-00340-00079224-00079303 up a little bit
+Y360EGAxZiy-00341-00079304-00079511 and somewhere in those sevens is our
+Y360EGAxZiy-00342-00079512-00079831 median so the median is seven defects
+Y360EGAxZiy-00343-00079832-00080143 you want to get q1 and q3 well you got
+Y360EGAxZiy-00344-00080144-00080199 to take
+Y360EGAxZiy-00345-00080200-00080550 a quarter of 350.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00346-00080551-00080799 okay so you need a quarter of 350. and
+Y360EGAxZiy-00347-00080800-00080950 that's as you know
+Y360EGAxZiy-00348-00080951-00081447 um is roughly it's 87.5
+Y360EGAxZiy-00349-00081448-00081726 all right so around 88 okay 87 and a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00350-00081727-00081782 half
+Y360EGAxZiy-00351-00081783-00082111 let's go down 87.5
+Y360EGAxZiy-00352-00082112-00082343 and that'll get us to q1 and then we'll
+Y360EGAxZiy-00353-00082344-00082431 go from the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00354-00082432-00082703 other direction going upwards we'll do
+Y360EGAxZiy-00355-00082704-00082894 the same thing to get q3
+Y360EGAxZiy-00356-00082895-00083159 okay we got to go down 87.5 so 10 plus
+Y360EGAxZiy-00357-00083160-00083294 10 is 20 20
+Y360EGAxZiy-00358-00083295-00083606 and 20 is 40 then we have 60
+Y360EGAxZiy-00359-00083607-00083799 and notice in the 5 somewheres we're
+Y360EGAxZiy-00360-00083800-00083982 going to have the 87.5
+Y360EGAxZiy-00361-00083983-00084343 observation so q1 is five defects
+Y360EGAxZiy-00362-00084344-00084559 do the same thing going backwards okay
+Y360EGAxZiy-00363-00084560-00084687 let's start from the bottom
+Y360EGAxZiy-00364-00084688-00085062 we want to go up 87.5
+Y360EGAxZiy-00365-00085063-00085343 no 20 plus 50 is 70. it's in the eights
+Y360EGAxZiy-00366-00085344-00085503 i can see right away you can't go beyond
+Y360EGAxZiy-00367-00085504-00085567 that
+Y360EGAxZiy-00368-00085568-00085791 because then you'll have 130. okay so
+Y360EGAxZiy-00369-00085792-00085926 somewhere in the eights
+Y360EGAxZiy-00370-00085927-00086255 is q3 so q1 is five defects
+Y360EGAxZiy-00371-00086256-00086447 q3 is eight defects and the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00372-00086448-00086750 interquartile range is q3 minus q1
+Y360EGAxZiy-00373-00086751-00087262 is three defects
+Y360EGAxZiy-00374-00087263-00087694 so far we have seen discrete group data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00375-00087695-00088006 that has been uh organized collected
+Y360EGAxZiy-00376-00088007-00088223 into a frequency distribution where you
+Y360EGAxZiy-00377-00088224-00088350 have
+Y360EGAxZiy-00378-00088351-00088550 the number of observations that fell
+Y360EGAxZiy-00379-00088551-00088726 into each class
+Y360EGAxZiy-00380-00088727-00088918 what can we use this for well we've
+Y360EGAxZiy-00381-00088919-00089079 already seen
+Y360EGAxZiy-00382-00089080-00089431 uh using frequency distribution for
+Y360EGAxZiy-00383-00089432-00089623 numerical data with repeated
+Y360EGAxZiy-00384-00089624-00089775 observations which is another way of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00385-00089776-00089847 saying
+Y360EGAxZiy-00386-00089848-00090175 discrete group data we could also
+Y360EGAxZiy-00387-00090176-00090582 use it for any quantitative data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00388-00090583-00090999 that has been grouped even if the groups
+Y360EGAxZiy-00389-00091000-00091399 didn't come naturally like collecting
+Y360EGAxZiy-00390-00091400-00091703 income data and organizing it by tens of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00391-00091704-00091935 thousands let's say
+Y360EGAxZiy-00392-00091936-00092215 um and it could also obviously uh it's
+Y360EGAxZiy-00393-00092216-00092350 for the same reason be used for
+Y360EGAxZiy-00394-00092351-00092494 categorical data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00395-00092495-00092662 in fact we don't really have very many
+Y360EGAxZiy-00396-00092663-00092887 other options for categorical data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00397-00092888-00093223 besides frequencies and percentages
+Y360EGAxZiy-00398-00093224-00093359 where you can have a frequency
+Y360EGAxZiy-00399-00093360-00093471 distribution
+Y360EGAxZiy-00400-00093472-00093687 you can have a percentage distribution
+Y360EGAxZiy-00401-00093688-00094055 we'll see about that soon
+Y360EGAxZiy-00402-00094056-00094279 here's a quick example to show what we
+Y360EGAxZiy-00403-00094280-00094399 can do
+Y360EGAxZiy-00404-00094400-00094687 with frequency distributions other than
+Y360EGAxZiy-00405-00094688-00094887 just get the summary statistics like we
+Y360EGAxZiy-00406-00094888-00095126 got before
+Y360EGAxZiy-00407-00095127-00095350 in this problem a sample was taken of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00408-00095351-00095662 200 professors
+Y360EGAxZiy-00409-00095663-00096006 and we asked each for take home weekly
+Y360EGAxZiy-00410-00096007-00096182 salary
+Y360EGAxZiy-00411-00096183-00096574 the responses ranged from 520 dollars a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00412-00096575-00096823 week to 590 dollars a week
+Y360EGAxZiy-00413-00096824-00097326 and remember the sample size was 200.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00414-00097327-00097615 in this case we have numeric data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00415-00097616-00097815 quantitative data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00416-00097816-00098135 we did not need to use a classification
+Y360EGAxZiy-00417-00098136-00098271 technique
+Y360EGAxZiy-00418-00098272-00098518 but sometimes you do because it gives
+Y360EGAxZiy-00419-00098519-00098703 you more insight into your data in this
+Y360EGAxZiy-00420-00098704-00098767 case
+Y360EGAxZiy-00421-00098768-00098967 we had to collapse it by creating
+Y360EGAxZiy-00422-00098968-00099071 intervals
+Y360EGAxZiy-00423-00099072-00099406 that didn't really um come naturally to
+Y360EGAxZiy-00424-00099407-00099647 the data we just had to decide
+Y360EGAxZiy-00425-00099648-00099967 we i guess i guess we decided here
+Y360EGAxZiy-00426-00099968-00100343 uh that we wanted seven categories
+Y360EGAxZiy-00427-00100344-00100735 uh the range was 520 to 590.
+Y360EGAxZiy-00428-00100736-00101047 um that's 70 divided by seven
+Y360EGAxZiy-00429-00101048-00101374 ten dollars per category so
+Y360EGAxZiy-00430-00101375-00101694 um you can see the categories 520
+Y360EGAxZiy-00431-00101695-00102047 and under and under 530
+Y360EGAxZiy-00432-00102048-00102367 there were six
+Y360EGAxZiy-00433-00102368-00102686 six of those so we don't have individual
+Y360EGAxZiy-00434-00102688-00102854 values but we don't need them in this
+Y360EGAxZiy-00435-00102855-00102982 case
+Y360EGAxZiy-00436-00102983-00103206 and six out of two hundred is three so
+Y360EGAxZiy-00437-00103207-00103502 it's that's three percent of the total
+Y360EGAxZiy-00438-00103503-00103815 um and that goes all the way through
+Y360EGAxZiy-00439-00103816-00104134 you have the seven categories you have
+Y360EGAxZiy-00440-00104135-00104527 the intervals uh the frequency
+Y360EGAxZiy-00441-00104528-00104742 and the percentage that's the uh
+Y360EGAxZiy-00442-00104743-00104863 frequency and
+Y360EGAxZiy-00443-00104864-00105119 slash uh percentage distribution in the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00444-00105120-00105390 top chart
+Y360EGAxZiy-00445-00105391-00105575 then we took this and created a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00446-00105576-00105758 cumulative distribution from it you've
+Y360EGAxZiy-00447-00105759-00105902 seen this before you know what these
+Y360EGAxZiy-00448-00105903-00106071 look like
+Y360EGAxZiy-00449-00106072-00106247 basically what this is is as you go
+Y360EGAxZiy-00450-00106248-00106375 along you don't
+Y360EGAxZiy-00451-00106376-00106599 look at individual categories you keep
+Y360EGAxZiy-00452-00106600-00106902 adding to the category that came before
+Y360EGAxZiy-00453-00106903-00107286 um so if the first category
+Y360EGAxZiy-00454-00107288-00107495 uh that we use the classification was
+Y360EGAxZiy-00455-00107496-00107734 520 and under 530 and there were six of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00456-00107735-00107839 them
+Y360EGAxZiy-00457-00107840-00108439 um that's 5 20 to 5 30. so under 5 30
+Y360EGAxZiy-00458-00108440-00108766 less than or equal to 5 30 there were
+Y360EGAxZiy-00459-00108767-00108966 six observations
+Y360EGAxZiy-00460-00108967-00109183 uh less than 520 there were zero
+Y360EGAxZiy-00461-00109183-00109343 observations
+Y360EGAxZiy-00462-00109344-00109710 less than 540 how many were there
+Y360EGAxZiy-00463-00109711-00110095 well the six from the under 530 and the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00464-00110096-00110166 30
+Y360EGAxZiy-00465-00110167-00110534 from 530 to 540 so all together 36
+Y360EGAxZiy-00466-00110535-00110654 and for each of those there's a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00467-00110655-00110895 percentage too it's the cumulative
+Y360EGAxZiy-00468-00110896-00111078 percentage distribution
+Y360EGAxZiy-00469-00111079-00111215 and when you get all the way to the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00470-00111216-00111447 bottom the final category since you're
+Y360EGAxZiy-00471-00111448-00111678 accumulating everything up has to be
+Y360EGAxZiy-00472-00111679-00111878 equal to the sample size
+Y360EGAxZiy-00473-00111879-00112310 so all 200 observations were below 590
+Y360EGAxZiy-00474-00112311-00112558 which we knew to start out
+Y360EGAxZiy-00475-00112559-00112775 and that's a hundred percent of the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00476-00112776-00113166 distribution
+Y360EGAxZiy-00477-00113167-00113375 over the next few slides we're going to
+Y360EGAxZiy-00478-00113376-00113534 look at some
+Y360EGAxZiy-00479-00113535-00113878 graphical approaches to grouped
+Y360EGAxZiy-00480-00113879-00114286 data taking frequency data or percentage
+Y360EGAxZiy-00481-00114288-00114383 data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00482-00114383-00114639 and looking seeing what the graph would
+Y360EGAxZiy-00483-00114640-00114710 look like
+Y360EGAxZiy-00484-00114711-00114943 the chart a graph a chart a bar chart
+Y360EGAxZiy-00485-00114944-00115127 there are other ways of doing it we're
+Y360EGAxZiy-00486-00115128-00115734 just looking at a selection here
+Y360EGAxZiy-00487-00115735-00116095 all right you can create a histogram
+Y360EGAxZiy-00488-00116096-00116302 kind of a bar chart from the frequency
+Y360EGAxZiy-00489-00116303-00116439 distribution
+Y360EGAxZiy-00490-00116440-00116775 in this case it's a vertical bar chart
+Y360EGAxZiy-00491-00116776-00117031 across the x-axis are the categories the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00492-00117032-00117207 intervals
+Y360EGAxZiy-00493-00117208-00117395 and they're discrete intervals they're
+Y360EGAxZiy-00494-00117396-00117510 non-overlapping
+Y360EGAxZiy-00495-00117511-00117831 and that's why it looks like bars we
+Y360EGAxZiy-00496-00117832-00118199 we do not have a regular quantitative
+Y360EGAxZiy-00497-00118200-00118399 data this data has been collapsed into
+Y360EGAxZiy-00498-00118400-00118478 intervals
+Y360EGAxZiy-00499-00118479-00118727 so you don't see a smooth continuous
+Y360EGAxZiy-00500-00118728-00118895 curve
+Y360EGAxZiy-00501-00118896-00119247 the height the y-axis is the frequency
+Y360EGAxZiy-00502-00119248-00119599 and you see that sometimes the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00503-00119600-00119886 individual frequency for each interval
+Y360EGAxZiy-00504-00119888-00119919 is
+Y360EGAxZiy-00505-00119920-00120239 is written on the top of each bar
+Y360EGAxZiy-00506-00120240-00120678 for clarity
+Y360EGAxZiy-00507-00120679-00121071 a frequency polygon uh is another way
+Y360EGAxZiy-00508-00121072-00121383 of portraying the frequency uh
+Y360EGAxZiy-00509-00121383-00121695 histogram it's not a curve although it
+Y360EGAxZiy-00510-00121696-00121758 looks like
+Y360EGAxZiy-00511-00121759-00122143 a curve it's actually this the frequency
+Y360EGAxZiy-00512-00122144-00122423 histogram imagine it overlaid on a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00513-00122424-00122583 histogram
+Y360EGAxZiy-00514-00122583-00122839 the way it's constructed is simply by
+Y360EGAxZiy-00515-00122840-00122999 putting a point
+Y360EGAxZiy-00516-00123000-00123375 at the top center of each bar
+Y360EGAxZiy-00517-00123376-00123566 and then connecting the dots so you
+Y360EGAxZiy-00518-00123567-00124007 could see how how that was done
+Y360EGAxZiy-00519-00124008-00124383 here's a graph of the cumulative
+Y360EGAxZiy-00520-00124383-00124702 frequency distribution with this data
+Y360EGAxZiy-00521-00124703-00124910 you saw the cumulative frequency
+Y360EGAxZiy-00522-00124911-00125231 distribution on a previous slide
+Y360EGAxZiy-00523-00125232-00125502 and this does look like a smoother curve
+Y360EGAxZiy-00524-00125503-00125583 even though
+Y360EGAxZiy-00525-00125583-00125863 it's not based on purely quantitative
+Y360EGAxZiy-00526-00125864-00125927 data but
+Y360EGAxZiy-00527-00125928-00126214 on uh categorical data data that was in
+Y360EGAxZiy-00528-00126215-00126495 uh categories and classification
+Y360EGAxZiy-00529-00126496-00126766 um the interesting thing about this and
+Y360EGAxZiy-00530-00126767-00126895 you'll see this
+Y360EGAxZiy-00531-00126896-00127095 uh more later in this course and in
+Y360EGAxZiy-00532-00127096-00127231 other courses
+Y360EGAxZiy-00533-00127232-00127534 is the s-shaped curve which is typical
+Y360EGAxZiy-00534-00127535-00127639 of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00535-00127640-00128023 um of continuous distributions
+Y360EGAxZiy-00536-00128024-00128223 that are based on distributions which
+Y360EGAxZiy-00537-00128224-00128366 have their mass
+Y360EGAxZiy-00538-00128367-00128654 in the center and are more or less
+Y360EGAxZiy-00539-00128655-00128743 symmetric
+Y360EGAxZiy-00540-00128744-00129078 and then on either side going down
+Y360EGAxZiy-00541-00129079-00129486 towards zero at the extremes
+Y360EGAxZiy-00542-00129488-00129727 you can see how it's at the left side it
+Y360EGAxZiy-00543-00129728-00129807 starts out
+Y360EGAxZiy-00544-00129808-00130231 slow where the smaller frequencies were
+Y360EGAxZiy-00545-00130232-00130423 and then in the middle where the mass of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00546-00130424-00130575 the distribution is
+Y360EGAxZiy-00547-00130576-00130758 it jumps because that's that's where the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00548-00130759-00130934 higher frequencies are
+Y360EGAxZiy-00549-00130935-00131239 and then it peters out again at the end
+Y360EGAxZiy-00550-00131240-00131343 at the right
+Y360EGAxZiy-00551-00131344-00131535 uh again where the smaller frequencies
+Y360EGAxZiy-00552-00131536-00131747 are so there's a typical
+Y360EGAxZiy-00553-00131748-00132054 s-shaped curve for
+Y360EGAxZiy-00554-00132055-00132423 certain very very frequently used
+Y360EGAxZiy-00555-00132424-00132775 cumulative distributions including
+Y360EGAxZiy-00556-00132776-00132983 one that we're going to study very very
+Y360EGAxZiy-00557-00132984-00133111 much
+Y360EGAxZiy-00558-00133112-00133359 we're very involved in most of the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00559-00133360-00133439 semester
+Y360EGAxZiy-00560-00133440-00133823 and that's the normal distribution
+Y360EGAxZiy-00561-00133824-00134135 this descriptive topic uh
+Y360EGAxZiy-00562-00134136-00134327 even though it's at the beginning of the
+Y360EGAxZiy-00563-00134328-00134487 course and relatively
+Y360EGAxZiy-00564-00134488-00134935 easy it ended up being a bit longer
+Y360EGAxZiy-00565-00134936-00135247 altogether than what you might expect
+Y360EGAxZiy-00566-00135248-00135423 there's a lot in there
+Y360EGAxZiy-00567-00135424-00135711 it's descriptive statistics and it's a
+Y360EGAxZiy-00568-00135712-00135854 there's a large
+Y360EGAxZiy-00569-00135855-00136143 large part of what we do is descriptive
+Y360EGAxZiy-00570-00136144-00136439 statistics
+Y360EGAxZiy-00571-00136440-00136671 don't forget a little bit of of
+Y360EGAxZiy-00572-00136672-00136878 shameless reminder here
+Y360EGAxZiy-00573-00136879-00137078 you must do your homework if you if
+Y360EGAxZiy-00574-00137079-00137295 you're in this course to learn
+Y360EGAxZiy-00575-00137296-00137511 or if you're in this course to do well
+Y360EGAxZiy-00576-00137512-00137663 on your exams
+Y360EGAxZiy-00577-00137664-00137911 the answer is the same you have to get
+Y360EGAxZiy-00578-00137912-00138143 find as many problems as you possibly
+Y360EGAxZiy-00579-00138144-00138247 can
+Y360EGAxZiy-00580-00138248-00138495 and practice practice practice and what
+Y360EGAxZiy-00581-00138496-00138599 comes out
+Y360EGAxZiy-00582-00138600-00139144 is a happy smiling student
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00000-00000012-00000127 energy
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00001-00000128-00001717 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00002-00001718-00002887 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00003-00002888-00004031 is awesome
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00004-00004032-00004527 yes
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00005-00004528-00004852 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00006-00004853-00006346 yes
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00007-00006347-00007409 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00008-00007411-00007583 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00009-00007584-00008397 foreign
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00010-00008398-00009628 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00011-00009629-00011561 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00012-00011562-00012899 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00013-00012900-00013983 foreign
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+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00016-00015534-00015744 [Applause]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00017-00015745-00016251 okay okay
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00018-00016252-00018877 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00019-00018878-00019029 all right
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+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00022-00023449-00024083 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00023-00024084-00024308 hahaha
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00024-00024309-00024436 [Music]
+Y50fu3AyW_Y-00026-00027738-00028027 see another video
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+Y54d0UduSuI-00041-00045705-00046092 [Music]
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00000-00000056-00000367 master of Applied Science abbreviations
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00001-00000368-00000911 include masks mapps si ma p pls si mas C
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00002-00000911-00001247 and mass is an academic degree it is
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00003-00001248-00001478 conferred far more widely in the
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00004-00001479-00001768 Commonwealth of Nations than in the u.s.
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00005-00001769-00002159 mask degrees are generally conferred in
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00006-00002160-00002396 Commonwealth of Nations for engineering
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00007-00002397-00002654 related studies more academic than those
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00008-00002655-00002849 required for the master of engineering
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00009-00002850-00003274 meng mask degrees require coursework and
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00010-00003275-00003509 a thesis with the thesis being the major
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00011-00003510-00003725 component whereas a master of
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00012-00003726-00003979 engineering may require only coursework
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00013-00003980-00004202 and a project with the coursework being
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00014-00004203-00004813 the major component mapps Si and ma ppl
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00015-00004814-00005183 SC degrees are conferred in Australia
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00016-00005184-00005420 and New Zealand for a wider variety of
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00017-00005421-00005636 professional studies to include
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00018-00005637-00005840 practitioner fields outside of
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00019-00005841-00006266 engineering mask is conferred in at
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00020-00006267-00006510 least 15 North American universities
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00021-00006511-00006863 Arizona State University University of
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00022-00006864-00007098 British Columbia Dalhousie University
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00023-00007100-00007430 Delta State University University of
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00024-00007431-00007735 Delaware University of Nebraska Carleton
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00025-00007736-00007981 University University of Denver
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00026-00007983-00008237 University of Guelph Memorial University
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00027-00008238-00008499 of Newfoundland Concordia University
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00028-00008500-00008891 University of Toronto Ryerson University
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00029-00008892-00009156 McMaster University Queen's University
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00030-00009157-00009524 University of Victoria York University
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00031-00009525-00009749 eights Montrell and université de
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00032-00009750-00010024 montréal in the more expansive manner of
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00033-00010025-00010394 Australia and New Zealand
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00034-00010395-00010771 mes CE is conferred at the University of
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00035-00010772-00010903 Western Ontario
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00036-00010904-00011126 although the degree is equivalent to the
+Y71Bu2nlxSy-00037-00011127-00011350 mask
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00000-00000112-00000473 I'm not Colonel Carlos Alfred I'm you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00001-00000474-00000741 know as it says division chief for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00002-00000742-00001000 cyberspace force development on on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00003-00001001-00001235 behalf of general Jameson the 80286 who
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00004-00001236-00001448 is our functional Authority or she's a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00005-00001449-00001777 17 X functional Authority and Major
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00006-00001778-00001937 General Kevin Kennedy who's our
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00007-00001938-00002063 functional manager
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00008-00002064-00002326 I just thank you for taking the time to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00009-00002327-00002602 come to this session I've been out on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00010-00002603-00002774 the road given this brief I think I'm on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00011-00002775-00002935 I've done it about eight times now
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00012-00002936-00003281 different locations around CONUS I still
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00013-00003282-00003533 got about six or seven more to go but I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00014-00003534-00003685 have had some very interesting
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00015-00003686-00004006 conversations and it's it's it's been
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00016-00004007-00004395 fun as all I can say
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00017-00004396-00004688 I'll give you where we're at run through
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00018-00004689-00004991 these things our structure i'd ask again
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00019-00004992-00005234 that you save your questions till the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00020-00005235-00005599 end it's only about five slots and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00021-00005600-00005881 relative to time I'll shrink the story a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00022-00005882-00006116 little bit ideal have you've seen these
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00023-00006117-00006545 on our mill sweet page along with FAQ so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00024-00006545-00006677 that we'll be able to get to questions
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00025-00006678-00006878 that haven't been asked before that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00026-00006879-00007064 would be the ideal questions that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00027-00007065-00007223 haven't been asked before in effect a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00028-00007223-00007448 wider a wider range of folks and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00029-00007448-00007639 anything after that I'm happy to take
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00030-00007640-00007948 the one-on-one you know what about me
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00031-00007948-00008242 my situation kind of questions I'm happy
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00032-00008243-00008621 to do those afterwards like I said so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00033-00008622-00008909 our current state of affairs when we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00034-00008910-00009038 talk about career field transformation
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00035-00009039-00009338 inside that oval you see many different
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00036-00009339-00009719 things that a 17 a 17 d currently would
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00037-00009720-00009923 can be asked to do or 17 X can be asked
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00038-00009924-00010171 to do and I'm representative along with
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00039-00010172-00010280 some older folks in the room are
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00040-00010281-00010478 representative of all those things that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00041-00010479-00010724 you could be asked to do and so you know
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00042-00010725-00011078 for me my story I again I've done
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00043-00011079-00011239 several things in there my story starts
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00044-00011240-00011435 at Ramstein Air Base where I've started
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00045-00011436-00011633 out as a deputy flight commander for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00046-00011634-00011867 maintenance okay 170 something people
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00047-00011868-00012116 and then I was asked to stand up a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00048-00012117-00012331 contingency systems flight ie whippy
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00049-00012332-00012571 which you'll find out we're gonna make
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00050-00012572-00012758 whit pees great again here's sue what
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00051-00012759-00013076 I'm tracking so and and that's that's my
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00052-00013077-00013376 kind of my point of departure you know
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00053-00013377-00013516 as my first assignment as a lieutenant
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00054-00013518-00013694 in a slew tenant it was called back then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00055-00013694-00014038 okay and so after I did that tour as a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00056-00014038-00014327 as a contingency systems flight
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00057-00014328-00014585 commander my Group commander asked me I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00058-00014586-00014849 assumed I did a okay job he asked me
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00059-00014850-00015002 what did I want to do all right
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00060-00015003-00015269 and so at that time I made the only
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00061-00015269-00015521 choice that I knew to make which was I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00062-00015522-00015697 want to run the network control center
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00063-00015699-00015838 so if you're old enough to know what a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00064-00015840-00016001 network control center is you'd know why
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00065-00016002-00016213 I was asking to do that that was
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00066-00016215-00016343 probably the place where you could have
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00067-00016344-00016652 the most fun inside a building and doing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00068-00016653-00016922 things and so my group commander was in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00069-00016923-00017072 a comm group and he said you made the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00070-00017073-00017306 absolute right choice he goes you start
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00071-00017307-00017596 as my executive officer on Monday okay
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00072-00017597-00017930 so so I did that I did that for about a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00073-00017931-00018203 year then he sent me off to air control
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00074-00018204-00018494 squadron out at Luke so did some base
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00075-00018495-00018773 comm expeditionary air control a little
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00076-00018774-00018977 bit more expeditionary spent a couple of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00077-00018978-00019226 years out at out at Luke doing that and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00078-00019227-00019439 then I was asked to go to the White
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00079-00019440-00019646 House communications agency again more
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00080-00019647-00019942 expeditionary 5-star hotels but
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00081-00019943-00020273 expeditionary I promise so it was that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00082-00020274-00020486 was a lot of fun all right did that for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00083-00020487-00020666 almost three years a little short of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00084-00020667-00021019 three years then I was asked not asked I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00085-00021020-00021332 was told to go to Barksdale Air Force
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00086-00021333-00021569 Base and do Air Force network operations
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00087-00021570-00021755 there was only one problem I didn't know
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00088-00021756-00022040 what that was I had no idea but I went
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00089-00022041-00022355 to Barksdale nonetheless I learned that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00090-00022356-00022553 learn that piece and for those those of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00091-00022554-00022766 you that are young fnet ops was the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00092-00022767-00022943 beginning of what is now 24th Air Force
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00093-00022944-00023147 by another name it's where it's where
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00094-00023148-00023300 it's somewhat started at there's some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00095-00023301-00023567 plank holders around for that and so I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00096-00023568-00023792 did that and then I went off to an ID
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00097-00023793-00024137 program for for a couple years and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00098-00024138-00024434 I went on to my first command RAF
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00099-00024435-00024701 Molesworth in RAF Alconbury where I was
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00100-00024702-00024917 asked to do base communications as well
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00101-00024918-00025181 as part of my squadron was a dis along
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00102-00025182-00025421 haul node that provided major
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00103-00025422-00025559 communications into Europe and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00104-00025560-00025777 further down rain so so I did that again
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00105-00025779-00026024 base comm with some long-haul DISA stuff
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00106-00026025-00026414 after that through luck possibly I was
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00107-00026414-00026567 sent to the Pentagon to work some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00108-00026568-00026708 personnel stuff
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00109-00026708-00026887 for a couple years and my reward for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00110-00026888-00027029 that was to go back out to be a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00111-00027030-00027299 commander again out at Al Udeid where
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00112-00027300-00027551 again I did base communications and had
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00113-00027552-00027677 a big disel long haul
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00114-00027677-00028037 known as a part of that after I left
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00115-00028038-00028220 there I went to the down to War College
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00116-00028220-00028481 doing advanced war fighting school for a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00117-00028482-00028781 year and then I went to US Cyber Command
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00118-00028782-00029012 now realizing they had done F net ops as
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00119-00029013-00029201 you see a couple of assignments and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00120-00029202-00029440 back in the cyber where I was asked to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00121-00029441-00029675 be a planner in the j5 so I did that and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00122-00029676-00029864 after that assignment they brought me to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00123-00029864-00030074 the Pentagon to do what I'm doing now so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00124-00030075-00030395 my my career represents a few things in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00125-00030395-00030560 there but there are folks that have been
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00126-00030561-00030785 asked to do even more along the way at
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00127-00030786-00030952 that particular time I was asked to be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00128-00030954-00031220 good at all of those things but as I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00129-00031220-00031487 culminate if you will at this point you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00130-00031488-00031690 know I when I tell the technical
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00131-00031691-00032033 equipment that I worked on across across
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00132-00032033-00032261 these sessions most of the folks haven't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00133-00032262-00032395 even heard of the type of equipment that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00134-00032397-00032512 I worked on anybody even know what
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00135-00032513-00032810 Tritech is how many all right okay
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00136-00032811-00033107 that's not many so but that's how much
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00137-00033108-00033260 things have changed so obviously I'm not
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00138-00033261-00033473 an expert in tactical comm anymore right
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00139-00033474-00033812 I inserted my still okay with base comm
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00140-00033813-00033986 I think I could do that and long haul
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00141-00033987-00034162 DISA stuff I think I could do that but
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00142-00034163-00034481 what this represents again that I'm the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00143-00034482-00034604 representative of what's in there and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00144-00034605-00034808 and why we need to change where we're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00145-00034809-00034948 gonna ask you to be really good
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00146-00034949-00035162 tactically and technically competent at
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00147-00035163-00035531 something all right that's what that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00148-00035532-00035711 what this is all about okay
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00149-00035712-00036020 and so we're changing the career
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00150-00036021-00036170 development plan signed in September
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00151-00036171-00036344 that's what that's what we're trying to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00152-00036345-00036626 get after and formed by mission analysis
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00153-00036627-00036950 some studies from randon and others and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00154-00036951-00037421 show that that's where we're at most
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00155-00037422-00037643 folks have seen this slide it's it made
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00156-00037644-00037802 it to Facebook has some means this is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00157-00037803-00037964 how you describe your family how you fit
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00158-00037965-00038132 into cyber you know different things
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00159-00038133-00038714 like that we are going to have two
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00160-00038715-00039026 distinct Air Force specialties 17 D and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00161-00039027-00039302 17 s that's real that's coming and it's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00162-00039303-00039617 coming fast by the end of next month by
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00163-00039618-00039758 1st of October everyone will be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00164-00039759-00040007 designated one of the one of these one
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00165-00040008-00040085 of these
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00166-00040086-00040396 Festus now under with the two AFS s
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00167-00040397-00040561 you're gonna have a one career field
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00168-00040562-00040771 manager that that is me you're gonna
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00169-00040772-00040901 have one functional manager one
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00170-00040902-00041048 functional authority the folks that I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00171-00041049-00041287 mentioned earlier so that is fairly
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00172-00041288-00041521 common one career field manager to a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00173-00041522-00041720 Ephesus that's because these FS as we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00174-00041721-00041945 believe they are more closely related
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00175-00041946-00042139 than some people like to believe on some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00176-00042140-00042407 days but they will all end up going to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00177-00042408-00042699 Keesler for initial skills training so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00178-00042700-00043252 the other piece we expect 417 DS between
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00179-00043253-00043442 a and B shreds to be able to flow in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00180-00043443-00043724 between all right we have started doing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00181-00043725-00043915 the analysis on how many billets exist
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00182-00043916-00044114 started it with expeditionary
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00183-00044115-00044290 communications and Osio because we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00184-00044291-00044423 figured those were the smallest so we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00185-00044424-00044567 know where those requirements are at and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00186-00044568-00044893 we expect it again to flow between the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00187-00044894-00045107 two based on those requirements
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00188-00045108-00045289 now if folks start out in expeditionary
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00189-00045290-00045395 we got to figure out what that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00190-00045396-00045577 development looks like you know where
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00191-00045578-00045710 they're gonna bounce back and forth or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00192-00045711-00045865 whether you're gonna grow up and then we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00193-00045866-00046033 have to figure out kind of like missile
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00194-00046034-00046120 ears if you've been around a little
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00195-00046121-00046330 while they they reach a point where at
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00196-00046331-00046564 o4 you got to break off and do something
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00197-00046565-00046730 they're usually cross-flow to other FSCS
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00198-00046731-00046933 we wouldn't cross flow in the other FSCS
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00199-00046934-00047195 most likely we would just start bringing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00200-00047196-00047332 those folks up the network operations
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00201-00047333-00047602 track strictly network operations tract
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00202-00047603-00047774 because they already have that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00203-00047775-00048061 experience being expeditionary in itself
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00204-00048062-00048323 is not the skill it's being able to is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00205-00048324-00048487 having network operations experience
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00206-00048488-00048668 being able to employ in an expeditionary
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00207-00048669-00048811 environment alright it's just so we're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00208-00048812-00048942 clear on that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00209-00048943-00049199 17s officers will largely remain in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00210-00049200-00049432 their shred right and I say largely
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00211-00049433-00049676 there will be some opportunities but I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00212-00049677-00050014 fully expect DCO officers to flow into
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00213-00050015-00050411 Osio then more likely oco-2 flow out and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00214-00050412-00050651 the reason is as of today the large
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00215-00050652-00050855 investment that we put into some of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00216-00050856-00051058 those o co officers two and a half years
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00217-00051059-00051517 to get them qualified to operate so to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00218-00051519-00051718 do them make that investment and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00219-00051719-00051895 let them go do something else that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00220-00051896-00052039 that's a tough pill to swallow right now
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00221-00052040-00052339 but uh that's based on some title for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00222-00052340-00052441 those you're familiar that's based on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00223-00052442-00052651 title 50 things but as we expand our
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00224-00052652-00052804 title 10 capabilities we might be able
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00225-00052805-00053176 to adjust that model alright a formal
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00226-00053177-00053366 avenues will it will exist for our cross
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00227-00053366-00053462 flow
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00228-00053463-00053660 and it's within the career field it
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00229-00053661-00053824 really won't be cross-flow the Air Force
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00230-00053825-00053999 has a cross-flow board that's usually
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00231-00054000-00054226 other AFS is coming in for us it'll be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00232-00054227-00054416 much like what will experience the in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00233-00054416-00054592 the next month it'll be a designate a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00234-00054594-00054821 redesignate board and with that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00235-00054822-00055012 redesignate board if someone's read Eze
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00236-00055013-00055196 ignited they will get the requisite
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00237-00055197-00055393 training so that they can be fully
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00238-00055394-00055612 functional in whatever AFS they get
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00239-00055613-00055788 redesignated to write so it'll trigger
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00240-00055789-00056062 it'll trigger that trigger that training
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00241-00056063-00056315 and the important thing there to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00242-00056316-00056471 consider is there gonna be many folks
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00243-00056472-00056624 even after next month some people will
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00244-00056625-00056771 get exactly what they want some people
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00245-00056772-00056893 won't that's just the reality
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00246-00056894-00057110 it'll be informed by requirements to a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00247-00057111-00057526 certain degree what if you decide as a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00248-00057527-00057728 captain a mid-grade captain six years or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00249-00057729-00058097 so you want to flow or read beery
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00250-00058098-00058330 designated into another AFS that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00251-00058331-00058618 training gets triggered okay and you go
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00252-00058619-00058825 down that pipeline well whatever that is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00253-00058826-00058999 you're gonna be a six or seven year
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00254-00059000-00059348 captain and behind your peers right
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00255-00059349-00059506 because now you're just flowing into
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00256-00059507-00059660 that AFS so you're gonna be somewhat
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00257-00059661-00059869 behind not as far behind someone coming
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00258-00059870-00060031 into the career fill who has never done
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00259-00060032-00060217 any of it didn't go to the same ist or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00260-00060219-00060406 anything but still behind so those
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00261-00060407-00060599 considerations have to be taken for your
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00262-00060600-00060751 career progression because you could be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00263-00060752-00060943 cross flowing and capping yourself
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00264-00060944-00061199 that's just that's just reality but as
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00265-00061200-00061349 long as it's informed and you don't mind
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00266-00061350-00061579 it's okay the board will have to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00267-00061580-00061736 understand that as well based on the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00268-00061737-00061888 decisions they make because they're more
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00269-00061889-00062092 likely to I would think we haven't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00270-00062094-00062329 established this yet they're more likely
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00271-00062330-00062563 across flow a younger person right who
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00272-00062564-00062911 has more time to catch up if you will so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00273-00062912-00063215 along this entire path as we just as I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00274-00063216-00063442 highlight expeditionary communications
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00275-00063444-00063674 keep in mind everyone is expeditionary
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00276-00063675-00063803 everyone in our Air Force is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00277-00063804-00064030 expeditionary so you're not excluded
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00278-00064031-00064255 from being expeditionary and even when
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00279-00064256-00064421 we talk about Osio no matter how you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00280-00064422-00064547 have it pictured I can tell you that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00281-00064548-00064754 JSOC jcu goes to the schoolhouse and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00282-00064754-00064963 recruits folks to bring them into that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00283-00064964-00065143 world right from right from the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00284-00065144-00065411 beginning so it's not as pronounced but
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00285-00065412-00065687 it is still still there so that those
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00286-00065688-00066155 opportunities exist the z prefix how did
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00287-00066156-00066442 it come about again not cosmyk in any
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00288-00066443-00066790 way the z prefix was used is used by
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00289-00066791-00067087 calm and Eni to classify or designate
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00290-00067088-00067420 engineers it's the only prefix in the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00291-00067421-00067624 category that we own that that's why we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00292-00067625-00067849 use it and there was about 40 folks that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00293-00067850-00068098 it was in use for and we expect when we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00294-00068099-00068290 do this designation of the folks that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00295-00068291-00068566 we'll get that AFS or get that prefix
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00296-00068567-00068836 excuse me we're probably in the 70 or 80
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00297-00068837-00069118 range right now but we do expect there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00298-00069119-00069283 to be expansion that that cyberspace
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00299-00069284-00069475 engineer we're still working through
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00300-00069476-00069613 what that air force classification
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00301-00069614-00069805 directory guide what that definition of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00302-00069806-00070243 that is so what you'll see out on the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00303-00070244-00070576 mill suite page you'll see draft air
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00304-00070577-00070735 force classification guide information
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00305-00070736-00071044 for the 217 DS + 17 s while we still
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00306-00071045-00071302 work through the Z 17 X but it's again
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00307-00071303-00071572 it affects a very small population if
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00308-00071573-00072286 you will so the paradigm shift how we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00309-00072287-00072499 primarily have viewed since the sense of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00310-00072500-00072652 inception since we started doing this
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00311-00072653-00072904 we've been looking at units that do
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00312-00072905-00073240 things right Osio unit DCO unit don't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00313-00073241-00073495 unit or network operations that's how
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00314-00073496-00073837 we've viewed things as we try to shift
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00315-00073838-00074398 the narrative we want to talk about the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00316-00074399-00074593 people in units that are doing things
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00317-00074594-00074929 right so that is it that's a big shift
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00318-00074930-00075100 not that what we were doing was wrong
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00319-00075101-00075454 but as we try to transform we have to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00320-00075455-00075625 think a little bit differently and the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00321-00075626-00075985 example I use is I talked to anion just
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00322-00075986-00076255 it's not a scientific study but I talked
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00323-00076256-00076687 to anion and I said hey who operates
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00324-00076688-00076987 your network and secures your network he
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00325-00076988-00077407 goes I do okay all right I'll go well
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00326-00077408-00077695 who defends your network because I do I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00327-00077696-00077974 go but aren't you tasked with getting
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00328-00077975-00078118 through all of that and creating effects
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00329-00078119-00078331 on the other and he goes yeah that's I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00330-00078332-00078514 do all of those things everything up
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00331-00078515-00078856 there he does so I said what if we had
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00332-00078857-00079036 specialists that operated secured the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00333-00079037-00079231 network he operated on and then someone
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00334-00079232-00079432 that defended it so that you could spend
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00335-00079433-00079639 maximum amount of time getting to the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00336-00079640-00079831 other side to read space to create
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00337-00079832-00080092 effects he goes that'd be cool
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00338-00080093-00080526 okay that's just one sampling of of how
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00339-00080527-00080947 we see things we see multiple AF SS in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00340-00080948-00081148 our u in our units and then they sample
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00341-00081149-00081267 down at the bottom you see the cyber
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00342-00081268-00081646 squadron where we'll have MDT's where we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00343-00081647-00081841 think there will be d co net ops and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00344-00081842-00082023 expeditionary as i talked about making
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00345-00082024-00082173 whit pees great again and all of that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00346-00082174-00082332 business so we expect to have three
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00347-00082333-00082467 different three different specialties
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00348-00082468-00082741 down there operating alright that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00349-00082742-00082938 that's where we're trying to get to so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00350-00082939-00083112 the people with the right skills in the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00351-00083113-00083473 unit executing the mission allowing us
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00352-00083474-00084041 to be more effective as as units alright
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00353-00084042-00084375 our plan of action it's really a hand
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00354-00084376-00084492 wave level we've been working we're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00355-00084493-00084662 working through a more detailed Pio AM
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00356-00084663-00084879 but the stand up with the talent
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00357-00084880-00085072 management team or codification of the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00358-00085073-00085279 talent management team the talent
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00359-00085280-00085461 management team already exists in some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00360-00085462-00085641 form but we think there's an opportunity
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00361-00085642-00085866 to bring more synergy to what we're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00362-00085867-00086094 doing and that talent management team is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00363-00086095-00086367 made up of the CFM office at the half
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00364-00086368-00086704 the senior officer matters officer who
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00365-00086705-00087056 concentrates on Colonels and gos
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00366-00087057-00087312 additionally the assignment team is part
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00367-00087313-00087610 of this this cyber space professional
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00368-00087611-00087792 development office down at ACC we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00369-00087793-00087969 believe they're part of this we believe
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00370-00087970-00088176 magic on farms have a role in this as
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00371-00088177-00088425 well and everybody's doing their thing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00372-00088426-00088701 but we're going to codify how we can
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00373-00088702-00088873 better work together so that we can
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00374-00088874-00089112 develop you or the officers into the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00375-00089113-00089266 what they need to be in what we what our
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00376-00089267-00089448 Air Force needs them to be so that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00377-00089449-00089691 that is ongoing but we will have a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00378-00089692-00089925 charter and get that signed off by our
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00379-00089926-00090085 functional manager and agreed upon by
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00380-00090086-00090318 the the powers that be an ACC so that we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00381-00090319-00090634 can keep keep moving forward the first
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00382-00090635-00090903 step a giant step was a magic on billet
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00383-00090904-00091056 review so we can see what requirements
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00384-00091057-00091386 we have across those AF s's upon initial
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00385-00091387-00091710 look we've probably got about 250 270 on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00386-00091711-00091854 the exhibition area started on the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00387-00091855-00092088 little ones and then on the OCA side we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00388-00092089-00092355 probably got as many so we started there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00389-00092356-00092499 and we start work our way in because
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00390-00092500-00092757 those seem to be the easiest ones to to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00391-00092758-00093073 identify but that went out for one round
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00392-00093074-00093216 we're going back out for another round
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00393-00093217-00093357 and what we've asked folks to do was
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00394-00093358-00093442 identify this
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00395-00093443-00093640 skill sets needed for that for that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00396-00093641-00093784 billet if a person sitting in that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00397-00093785-00094057 billet is it advanced academic degree is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00398-00094058-00094153 it
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00399-00094154-00094399 cv age hunt what what all the things
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00400-00094400-00094626 that do they need is that expeditionary
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00401-00094627-00094849 warfare school whatever skills they need
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00402-00094850-00095119 if we identified on that billet then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00403-00095120-00095260 when a person gets assigned that billet
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00404-00095261-00095401 the requisite training will kick off
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00405-00095402-00095650 right that'll that person needs to get
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00406-00095651-00095773 this trained and they'll get in the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00407-00095774-00095982 queue I think we we do something like
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00408-00095983-00096154 that but it's much more manually
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00409-00096155-00096415 intensive if you will so that's that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00410-00096416-00096613 the first way and then you should have
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00411-00096614-00096799 received by now and should be aware of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00412-00096800-00097194 the my vector update where we're asking
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00413-00097195-00097459 you to go in and document any anything
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00414-00097460-00097621 in your record that's not not there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00415-00097622-00097843 whether it's a job that you've had
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00416-00097844-00098128 downrange okay if you were a flight
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00417-00098129-00098317 commander down at one of this deployed
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00418-00098318-00098593 squadrons then please go in and type it
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00419-00098594-00098710 might be in your records it might be a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00420-00098711-00099013 single line on an OPR buried not not
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00421-00099014-00099253 easy to see and so we're asking you to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00422-00099254-00099490 go in and pronounce that and there's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00423-00099491-00099706 instructions on how to do that and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00424-00099707-00099856 on the education and training side the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00425-00099857-00100030 same thing right so if you've got a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00426-00100031-00100230 certification or something that is not
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00427-00100231-00100510 readily apparent please go in and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00428-00100511-00100807 document that also it might be an SDI on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00429-00100808-00101047 your record I mean that reminds me we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00430-00101048-00101149 will probably have I went through all
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00431-00101150-00101371 the SC is in the last three weeks or so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00432-00101372-00101653 there's like 89 pages of them about 10
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00433-00101654-00101907 to 12 per page so it's quite a few and I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00434-00101908-00102076 tried to parse out which one's apply to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00435-00102077-00102253 us but my main point is not everybody
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00436-00102254-00102475 has those memorized all right so when
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00437-00102476-00102582 you're looking at that serf and you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00438-00102583-00102732 think well I got all nine of my se eyes
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00439-00102733-00102898 on there but you want to make it easy
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00440-00102899-00103035 for the board and we're gonna try to use
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00441-00103036-00103246 my vector to do that and my vectors
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00442-00103247-00103426 turned out to be a very powerful tool
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00443-00103427-00103825 for us to manage you all as a force and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00444-00103826-00103975 as you go in and update you've probably
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00445-00103976-00104140 seen some changes for the drop-down menu
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00446-00104141-00104347 we've been actively updating the org
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00447-00104348-00104556 codes the function codes and the and the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00448-00104557-00104716 job codes that you can actually fill out
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00449-00104717-00104923 so please get out there and do that as
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00450-00104924-00105111 soon as possible and if you have any
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00451-00105113-00105382 trouble check the FAQ open a ticket I'm
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00452-00105383-00105556 probably getting about three or four
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00453-00105557-00105727 those a day where there's some kind of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00454-00105728-00105861 problem or somebody can't do something
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00455-00105863-00106033 I'm trying to correct them as quickly as
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00456-00106033-00106363 possible next thing is the half bore
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00457-00106364-00106576 everybody get the my vector message
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00458-00106577-00106769 anybody here not get to my message
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00459-00106770-00107132 my vector message yet that's good
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00460-00107133-00107405 all right so that's going to determine
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00461-00107406-00107750 how you get designated and it'll be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00462-00107751-00108248 based on your training education some of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00463-00108249-00108467 your experiences but it'll be leading
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00464-00108468-00108725 with those education and training to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00465-00108726-00108893 start with and that's why if you look at
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00466-00108894-00109159 the draft a FOC D inputs that are posted
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00467-00109160-00109351 on mill suite you'll be able to go okay
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00468-00109352-00109633 all right no I fit that I fit this or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00469-00109634-00109763 fit that and you'll be able to put that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00470-00109764-00109982 down and it should make sense it should
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00471-00109983-00110183 make sense there will be folks that are
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00472-00110183-00110405 going and put pie in the sky they're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00473-00110406-00110708 been doing doden ops or network ops for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00474-00110708-00110966 ten years and like the man I really want
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00475-00110967-00111269 to be ocl telling me to put it down all
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00476-00111270-00111440 right that's probably not gonna be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00477-00111441-00111617 helpful unless you've got some kind of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00478-00111618-00111872 hidden gems in your record that we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00479-00111873-00111992 weren't tracking some education and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00480-00111993-00112208 training that we weren't tracking and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00481-00112208-00112376 I'll give you an example I did have one
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00482-00112377-00112544 officer tell me doing these road shows
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00483-00112545-00113033 that says hey what if I was doing Osio I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00484-00113033-00113501 was assigned to a 17 d billet and none
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00485-00113502-00113714 of my oshio work was ever documented in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00486-00113715-00114184 any of my OPRS what what can I do with
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00487-00114185-00114440 that I can't do anything with that so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00488-00114441-00114701 it's important not just today but always
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00489-00114702-00114893 to make sure the the work they're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00490-00114894-00115108 performing is representative of in your
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00491-00115109-00115244 record because that's what we have to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00492-00115245-00115433 look at most of the time but if you do
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00493-00115433-00115568 have any additional training make sure
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00494-00115569-00115763 make sure you're documented that board
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00495-00115764-00116032 will occur the last week of September
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00496-00116033-00116354 we've given everybody a voice that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00497-00116355-00116702 happened three roadshows in people kept
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00498-00116703-00116873 asking I told the boss people keep
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00499-00116874-00117149 asking how do I get a say so you all
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00500-00117150-00117392 have a say now when he when he was asked
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00501-00117393-00117539 he goes he points to me and goes figure
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00502-00117540-00117688 out how to make sure they get a safe so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00503-00117689-00117908 and then I had some smart folks that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00504-00117908-00118108 figured out how did how to do it in my
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00505-00118109-00118336 vector so that was a win and then the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00506-00118338-00118478 commanders get to endorse so that's a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00507-00118479-00118688 good thing right
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00508-00118689-00118949 but last week of September and we will
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00509-00118950-00119141 also figure out how to notify people I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00510-00119142-00119311 mean the system will notify but if you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00511-00119313-00119552 don't get your don't get your choice we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00512-00119553-00119780 will have a an appeal process
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00513-00119781-00120017 that'll be open so but it needs to be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00514-00120018-00120113 informed it can't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00515-00120114-00120299 well I asked for Oh CEO I have no oh CEO
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00516-00120300-00120422 experience education and training
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00517-00120423-00120511 that'll get me there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00518-00120513-00120679 but I still want it and I'm appealing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00519-00120680-00120956 that probably won't work but if you have
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00520-00120957-00121135 all the backup and your senior rater
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00521-00121136-00121331 says yes then then we can have that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00522-00121332-00121526 discussion and we have been tasked with
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00523-00121527-00121678 having that discussion down to the each
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00524-00121679-00121879 of so I got tasks this morning to figure
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00525-00121880-00122110 out how we're gonna do that but calling
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00526-00122111-00122485 people so make sure you have a way to be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00527-00122486-00122690 contacted your best way to be contacted
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00528-00122691-00122935 when you do your my vector so I just
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00529-00122936-00123061 offer you all are getting that first I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00530-00123063-00123304 had to I called back to the back to the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00531-00123305-00123425 staff and said hey we need to update the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00532-00123426-00123569 message so people put in their contact
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00533-00123570-00123746 information so we have a way to talk to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00534-00123747-00123910 them possibly while the board's going on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00535-00123911-00124003 if we have any questions
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00536-00124004-00124408 that's how serious both my boss general
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00537-00124409-00124613 Kennedy and general Jameson are taking
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00538-00124614-00124727 this they want us communicating
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00539-00124728-00125185 throughout the process DT an assignment
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00540-00125186-00125438 team will uh will adopt this process
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00541-00125439-00125728 will everybody move come next summer no
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00542-00125729-00125908 right that's not possible
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00543-00125909-00126119 I did get asked that well does it mean
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00544-00126120-00126272 that the entire career field or a bunch
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00545-00126273-00126436 of them you know it'll probably it'll
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00546-00126438-00126698 happen over Oprah over a period probably
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00547-00126699-00126818 two to three years to get everybody in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00548-00126819-00127127 that right right assignment so and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00549-00127128-00127536 newest sessions I I died alone a grenade
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00550-00127538-00127844 there's a way right now it's if you've
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00551-00127845-00128027 been commissioned its class rank and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00552-00128028-00128219 your choice that's the minimum going in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00553-00128220-00128390 and I said boss I don't feel comfortable
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00554-00128391-00128573 with that can we work on some kind of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00555-00128574-00128714 aptitude test or some kind of screening
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00556-00128715-00128929 to make it at least a little bit more
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00557-00128930-00129251 informed all right an example I use is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00558-00129252-00129527 you know if I've got to two cadets
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00559-00129528-00129683 they're sitting at Rensselaer
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00560-00129683-00129923 Polytechnic or you know possibly
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00561-00129924-00130321 University of Texas let's just say and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00562-00130322-00130583 they're there one and two and they're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00563-00130583-00130786 both equally qualified to go do one of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00564-00130788-00130952 these AF s's and they both want we'll
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00565-00130953-00131174 just use oh co but under our current
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00566-00131175-00131381 construct one of them could randomly get
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00567-00131382-00131503 the number one grads probably getting
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00568-00131504-00131696 what they want but the number two grant
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00569-00131697-00131936 may end up not what not with their
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00570-00131937-00132062 number one choice even though they may
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00571-00132063-00132236 be more qualified than other folks out
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00572-00132237-00132458 in the grand enterprise whether they
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00573-00132459-00132650 were at number one or not so I I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00574-00132651-00132865 struggle with that which is why I want
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00575-00132866-00133007 it to be informed by an aptitude test
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00576-00133008-00133196 and we that's that's uh that's been in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00577-00133197-00133382 work as well as we have some screening
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00578-00133383-00133463 mechanisms to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00579-00133464-00133702 to screen that so that's why I said hey
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00580-00133703-00133787 I'll figure it out
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00581-00133788-00133973 we don't have it today but we're gonna
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00582-00133974-00134207 establish it and ideas we get it all the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00583-00134208-00134376 way back to the accession source I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00584-00134377-00134641 figured out you Safa I figured out OTS
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00585-00134642-00134810 haven't figured out how to get it to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00586-00134811-00135086 ROTC with expediency but the main point
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00587-00135087-00135202 is you will leave your commissioning
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00588-00135203-00135400 source knowing whether you are 17 s or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00589-00135401-00135650 17 D that's the idea good bad or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00590-00135651-00135836 indifferent yes we're just moving it far
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00591-00135837-00135988 left but I believe it's a lot less
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00592-00135989-00136184 consternation if you find out at your
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00593-00136185-00136300 Commission source you know what you got
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00594-00136301-00136409 and you're gonna figure out how to be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00595-00136410-00136595 the best best one of those things you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00596-00136596-00136724 know as you lead up to that and you know
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00597-00136725-00136856 the additional things you probably need
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00598-00136857-00137219 to study self-study to be good at it
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00599-00137220-00137498 and already talked about flooring in the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00600-00137499-00137812 progression billets and then ATC will
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00601-00137813-00137977 modify training and there they look to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00602-00137978-00138206 start doing that next spring and the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00603-00138207-00138391 only thing I can say right now is we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00604-00138392-00138526 believe it'll be a common core I'm
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00605-00138527-00138802 calling it a common core we're 17 DS and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00606-00138803-00139066 17 SS will have that phase 1 they'll be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00607-00139067-00139286 together and but what I don't know is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00608-00139287-00139453 what it will look like on the other end
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00609-00139454-00139760 whether we will have two phase twos for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00610-00139761-00140014 the different things or three what does
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00611-00140015-00140277 that look like well DCO be paired with
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00612-00140278-00140537 net ops and security because those are
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00613-00140538-00140815 more closely related or will DCO and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00614-00140816-00140984 oshio be paired together I don't I don't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00615-00140985-00141224 have that there's a series of working
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00616-00141225-00141332 groups that are happening over the next
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00617-00141333-00141406 few months
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00618-00141407-00141628 that'll work towards coming up with that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00619-00141629-00142251 those ideas alright so ran through those
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00620-00142252-00142499 this is where we're at Air Force needs
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00621-00142500-00142978 more depth that's what we want we want
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00622-00142979-00143128 to build technical and technical
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00623-00143129-00143312 competence toward a strategic
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00624-00143313-00143534 operational and strategic in and so that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00625-00143535-00143684 we believe this is the right way to do
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00626-00143685-00143933 it so what I'm charged with I'm going to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00627-00143934-00144163 try to do that to the best of our
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00628-00144164-00144387 ability to make sure we do this smartly
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00629-00144388-00144770 you've seen the 5a FSS or excuse me for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00630-00144771-00145126 for a FSS as well as the the Z prefix
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00631-00145127-00145373 capability development shifting a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00632-00145374-00145607 mindset from types of units to the types
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00633-00145608-00145903 of people in those units okay and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00634-00145904-00146113 the strategic leaders informed by
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00635-00146114-00146435 operational experience and what I say
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00636-00146436-00146810 here is you know my boss is b1 pilot
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00637-00146811-00146957 all right he's the functional manager
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00638-00146958-00147427 for cyber why I asked was he I don't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00639-00147428-00147584 know if he was good at cyber I did find
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00640-00147585-00147737 out a week ago he does have his sysm
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00641-00147738-00147863 that's probably more than most searched
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00642-00147864-00147991 and a half the people in the room
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00643-00147992-00148181 possibly don't know but he's bummed
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00644-00148182-00148496 pilot now he grew up tactically focused
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00645-00148497-00148694 all right well he wanted to be a fighter
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00646-00148695-00148862 pilot I always like to say that but he
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00647-00148863-00149065 didn't make the cut for that so with
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00648-00149066-00149309 that in mind right he became the best p1
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00649-00149310-00149663 pilot he could be weapons school on the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00650-00149664-00149875 SAS so on and so forth fights Wing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00651-00149876-00150115 Commander Wing Commander and in here he
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00652-00150116-00150311 is but what the Air Force has done is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00653-00150312-00150545 trusted in that he put that effort in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00654-00150546-00150928 and as a bomber pilot became as good as
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00655-00150929-00151225 or if not better than most and they've
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00656-00151226-00151424 trusted him to do something else and so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00657-00151425-00151598 that's what I'm trying to provide for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00658-00151599-00151718 you or that's what we are trying to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00659-00151719-00151900 provide when you become really good at
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00660-00151901-00152111 what we ask you to do not okay at many
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00661-00152112-00152357 things like what I started with right be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00662-00152358-00152539 be good you know
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00663-00152540-00152662 we're not asking you to be good we want
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00664-00152663-00152866 you to be excellent at all these things
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00665-00152867-00153154 tactically and technically competent
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00666-00153155-00153437 that's what we want and then from there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00667-00153438-00153604 you go through those other opportunities
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00668-00153605-00153812 whether it's wick or other other schools
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00669-00153813-00154109 and other ASG programs I always like to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00670-00154110-00154334 put in a plug for ASG program Sam saws
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00671-00154335-00154760 Moss jaws and a few others right so to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00672-00154761-00154934 help build that strategic mind on your
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00673-00154935-00155152 way up to being a senior leader so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00674-00155153-00155375 that's that's the story in a nutshell
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00675-00155376-00155629 the fun part is the questions that I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00676-00155630-00155902 think you might have if you haven't if I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00677-00155903-00156153 haven't answered all your questions and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00678-00156154-00156374 as we went through the brief or you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00679-00156375-00156587 haven't already seen them so that's it
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00680-00156588-00156829 like I said five slides it's about right
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00681-00156830-00157051 gives us about 20 minutes for questions
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00682-00157052-00157346 I again I ask that you ask questions
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00683-00157347-00157516 that you think might affect anybody if
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00684-00157517-00157687 it's just about you and your very
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00685-00157688-00158021 personal situation of I'm happy to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00686-00158022-00158357 answer that offline who wants to go
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00687-00158358-00158808 first okay
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00688-00158809-00159240 see see and I think I'm a new Lt I think
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00689-00159241-00159498 one issue not issue but we have a lot of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00690-00159499-00161211 talent in terms of software development
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00691-00161212-00161553 have you taken the cyber language
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00692-00161554-00162000 self-assessment okay so I that got sent
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00693-00162001-00162133 out through my vector so if you've been
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00694-00162134-00162268 in my vector you should have a notice
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00695-00162269-00162399 sitting right in front of you when you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00696-00162400-00162643 log in that says take this and we'll
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00697-00162644-00162840 that's our first step is to be able to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00698-00162841-00163026 document your computer language skills
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00699-00163027-00163186 and then towards the end of the year
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00700-00163187-00163398 we're working on an effort to be able to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00701-00163399-00163624 determine if you actually can do the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00702-00163625-00163740 things you said you can do it's very
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00703-00163741-00163941 similar to the language piece so you say
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00704-00163942-00164088 you can speak Russian and you're good at
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00705-00164089-00164269 it you take the actual test and you can
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00706-00164270-00164668 have a seat you're making me nervous and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00707-00164669-00164811 then you take the test and then we go
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00708-00164812-00165061 okay documented they can do what they
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00709-00165062-00165177 said they can do so we're working
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00710-00165178-00165375 through that along with a cyber language
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00711-00165376-00165598 aptitude battery some things like that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00712-00165599-00165793 we expect to have by the by the new year
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00713-00165794-00165949 but the first step is that because we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00714-00165950-00166108 can pull that data and I can make sure
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00715-00166109-00166374 that data is available the other the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00716-00166375-00166536 other piece if you go back to the shred
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00717-00166537-00166834 or excuse me the Z prefix right that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00718-00166835-00167143 open to 17 D or 17 s that's not
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00719-00167144-00167352 exclusionary it shouldn't matter where
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00720-00167353-00167407 you're at
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00721-00167408-00167589 another aptitude or screening that we're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00722-00167590-00167814 trying to figure out how do you screen
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00723-00167815-00168031 into that because not every just because
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00724-00168032-00168237 you can do code or or you can do a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00725-00168238-00168411 computer language can you do it in the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00726-00168412-00168627 manner that's required for those
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00727-00168628-00168849 particular raw positions so we're trying
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00728-00168850-00169011 to figure that out as well because some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00729-00169012-00169174 people go and try to do it and they're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00730-00169175-00169447 not good at it so they have to be off
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00731-00169448-00169674 ramped up to other things but that's the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00732-00169675-00169960 first step is that's a computer language
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00733-00169961-00170194 self-assessment again in my vector and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00734-00170195-00170335 everyone should have received a DM on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00735-00170336-00171371 that through my vector
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00736-00171372-00171553 with regard to command opportunities
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00737-00171554-00172634 yeah free flow is not the term I would
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00738-00172635-00172847 use but the top thing that I will tell
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00739-00172848-00173186 you I'm a I'm a policy guy and so I'm
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00740-00173187-00173437 trying to be good at policy I'm always
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00741-00173438-00173665 having commanders hire commanders so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00742-00173666-00173918 they can hire whoever they want that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00743-00173919-00174143 that's that but I would like it to be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00744-00174144-00174497 informed by the development that we're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00745-00174498-00174686 that we're trying to do right here and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00746-00174687-00174979 right now so obviously if you all don't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00747-00174980-00175111 know and I didn't highlight it on the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00748-00175112-00175310 slide but over on the network outside
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00749-00175311-00175532 that's the preponderance of leadership
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00750-00175533-00175777 opportunities all right that's just real
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00751-00175778-00176147 I this is man so even last night I was
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00752-00176148-00176275 trying to figure out how many
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00753-00176276-00176587 opportunities are over on the 17s side
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00754-00176588-00177015 and so I went through I found four
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00755-00177016-00177473 commands squadron commands for 17 essays
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00756-00177474-00177956 as for oshio so I found four over on the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00757-00177957-00178351 DCO side I found six that's real all
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00758-00178352-00178634 right then I went on and go
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00759-00178635-00178837 well what squadrons could they do both
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00760-00178838-00179116 whether it's wick aggressor squadron a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00761-00179117-00179348 few others operation Support Squadron so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00762-00179349-00179536 on and so forth and I believe there were
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00763-00179537-00179890 six more plus six more squadrons there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00764-00179891-00180110 for six more do opportunities most
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00765-00180111-00180299 likely and then there was two debt debt
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00766-00180300-00180538 command so two more or four leadership
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00767-00180539-00180734 opportunities so whatever that math
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00768-00180735-00181157 comes up to roughly you know 1605
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00769-00181158-00181501 Command opportunities and 1800 for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00770-00181502-00181687 leadership opportunities that that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00771-00181688-00181874 real that'll probably be our point of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00772-00181875-00182168 departure for the hiring authorities as
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00773-00182169-00182464 we do the DT and most of those are owned
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00774-00182465-00182621 within the Nath
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00775-00182622-00182962 so those folks typically attend the DT
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00776-00182963-00183119 so they will be making their hiring
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00777-00183120-00183265 authorities I mean making their hiring
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00778-00183266-00183490 decisions right in the room in most
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00779-00183491-00183625 cases so they don't have to go out and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00780-00183626-00183881 consult anybody where they they'll have
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00781-00183882-00184043 the opportunity if they see folks over
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00782-00184044-00184215 in another area 17d
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00783-00184216-00184446 that they need then that's what they'll
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00784-00184447-00184737 do now just as we talked about you know
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00785-00184738-00184920 different folks different skill sets
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00786-00184921-00185217 could I see a mix of 17 D and 17 s in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00787-00185218-00185523 different units and will commanders may
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00788-00185524-00185703 want that mix especially as we get down
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00789-00185704-00185916 to cyber squadrons right that's the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00790-00185917-00186135 potential or other or other units
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00791-00186136-00186252 whether it's a schoolhouse where you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00792-00186253-00186471 might want that mix all of that I expect
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00793-00186472-00186672 to happen you know you get into higher
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00794-00186673-00186828 you're gonna figure out how to alternate
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00795-00186829-00186969 and make make sure it all works where
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00796-00186970-00187404 you have don't have the same ifs in do
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00797-00187405-00187575 or command that can all be figured out
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00798-00187576-00187821 but that's the way I see that going for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00800-00193036-00193368 brief so the way I think about that is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00801-00193369-00193602 on the ATC side in itself just as I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00802-00193603-00193746 described they've been tasked to redo
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00803-00193747-00193965 the curriculum to meet the requirements
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00804-00193966-00194226 of this specialization and ideally
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00805-00194227-00194424 they'll send an airman out or an officer
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00806-00194425-00194601 out that can do something when they show
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00807-00194602-00194715 up they don't you know there will be
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00808-00194716-00194940 some OJT involved but we would like our
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00809-00194941-00195195 lieutenants to be useful when they show
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00810-00195196-00195378 up and not just show up a lump of clay
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00811-00195379-00195528 or why don't we have them in school for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00812-00195529-00195639 six months if they're just going to show
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00813-00195640-00195927 as a lump of clay that's one piece when
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00814-00195928-00196080 it comes to the cyber College I think
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00815-00196081-00196278 there's a larger role that we're trying
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00816-00196279-00196551 to figure out with regard to how it all
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00817-00196552-00196758 plays in the continuum I did have
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00818-00196759-00196977 Colonel Blackwell the 81st Training Wing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00819-00196978-00197217 Commander she's actually we're gonna
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00820-00197218-00197424 call it federates something out to her
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00821-00197425-00197559 she's gonna take
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00822-00197560-00197718 look or assign someone to take a look at
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00823-00197719-00198006 our training our training and education
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00824-00198007-00198266 continuum from once they leave ist
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00825-00198267-00198390 because that's gonna be covered by
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00826-00198391-00198558 Colonel Miller the 330 third commander
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00827-00198559-00198782 and and take a whole look at that and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00828-00198783-00198996 come and do interviews figure that all
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00829-00198997-00199119 out and come back with some proposals
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00830-00199120-00199356 you know so that each so that we know
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00831-00199357-00199490 that each one of these things build on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00832-00199491-00199679 each other and then additionally what is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00833-00199680-00199845 the cyber College role or what do we see
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00834-00199846-00200046 the Kyle cyber College role in there so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00835-00200047-00200295 what I will do based on that I'll make
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00836-00200296-00200559 sure that cyber college is not left out
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00837-00200560-00200739 of that discussion accidentally or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00838-00200740-00200964 otherwise you all already provide input
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00839-00200965-00201219 so our cyber 400 course and some other
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00840-00201220-00201420 things that may or may not be picked up
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00841-00201421-00201704 by the 39th iOS where there's MDT attack
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00842-00201705-00201846 things so we got to figure out how
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00843-00201847-00202056 that's all synchronous because right now
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00844-00202057-00202187 much like the talent management
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00845-00202188-00202464 framework if you will there's good
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00846-00202465-00202664 things happening but it's not it's not
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00847-00202665-00202809 synchronized and that's what we want to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00848-00202810-00203001 try to bring some order to that and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00849-00203002-00203129 when I watch General Holmes briefed
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00850-00203130-00203418 today wasn't the first heard but I heard
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00851-00203419-00203538 it from a four-star so it made it more
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00852-00203539-00203709 real than all the rumors I heard about
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00853-00203710-00203964 an information warfare training wing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00854-00203965-00204219 right so I had heard that but again it
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00855-00204220-00204435 came from him so now I was like whoa you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00856-00204436-00204554 know what what is that what does that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00857-00204555-00204716 look like and how do how do we bring
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00858-00204717-00204951 that to bear and this in this training
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00859-00204952-00207426 containment as well
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00860-00207427-00210085 [Music]
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00861-00210086-00210438 that's that is the brief right to clean
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00862-00210439-00210732 technically competent and probably today
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00863-00210733-00210933 or sometime this week relative to me
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00864-00210934-00211169 getting the document I'll I'll sign off
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00865-00211171-00211469 on an assignment policy that says all
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00866-00211469-00211742 lieutenants leaving UCT will go to a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00867-00211744-00212121 unit and the follow-on to that is they
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00868-00212121-00212273 will have back-to-back assignments in
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00869-00212275-00212481 their specialty to help us get to the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00870-00212482-00212742 tactical and technical deck by and large
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00871-00212742-00212937 right there are some off ramps on there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00872-00212938-00213105 whether it's aphid eat up you know some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00873-00213106-00213279 other things that people might go off
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00874-00213280-00213533 and do but that will be that that will
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00875-00213534-00213804 be the policy yeah taking some practice
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00876-00213805-00214067 but I'm trying to get you know give the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00877-00214069-00214235 team the assignment team who execute
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00878-00214236-00214527 policy give them the policy they need to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00879-00214528-00214782 be part of the goodness that we want to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00880-00214783-00215007 happen so that's what we're trying to do
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00881-00215008-00215217 I'll sign the policy that says that will
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00882-00215217-00215466 be the thing and and then whatever
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00883-00215467-00215621 exceptions pop up because there's always
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00884-00215623-00215792 a story I've had nine of them exactly
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00885-00215794-00216042 since I've been in the job everybody has
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00886-00216042-00216219 a special story that they're the unicorn
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00887-00216219-00216521 that can only do this or that but but
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00888-00216523-00216839 we're getting after that bottom line
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00889-00216840-00218110 sure
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00890-00218111-00219383 categories absolutely so another one of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00891-00219384-00219557 the tasks that I have was for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00892-00219558-00219746 developmental categories I usually say
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00893-00219746-00219929 let's save that for the last five
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00894-00219930-00220178 minutes and then I'll go into that don't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00895-00220179-00220358 let me forget you but it's yours and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00896-00220359-00220469 we'll talk about development category
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00897-00220469-00220682 developmental categories for promotion
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00898-00220683-00220921 and how this all will help us get to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00900-00224527-00224827 it's not a redo it'll be additive I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00901-00224828-00225048 guess the way I way I see it we we have
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00902-00225050-00225229 what we have now I can't spontaneously
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00903-00225230-00225415 you know build off of hey I'm gonna have
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00904-00225416-00225763 an MDT in five years but my my brother
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00905-00225764-00225948 Colonel Fletcher who's more or less
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00906-00225950-00226159 responsible for that portfolio he has a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00907-00226160-00226315 rollout schedule for that so something
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00908-00226316-00226654 it starts as early as 21 I believe maybe
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00909-00226655-00226812 and there's pilots and all of those
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00910-00226813-00227056 pathfinders these things but it
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00911-00227057-00227307 officially starts I think in 21 and so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00912-00227308-00227592 that information is what will drive how
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00913-00227594-00227839 how we do the the billets as we as we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00915-00233898-00234292 okay so from from that force development
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00916-00234292-00234507 model you know we were using pyramids
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00917-00234508-00234715 this will probably a left-to-right type
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00918-00234716-00234967 of thing where we start over here you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00919-00234967-00235153 know on the left and we go that first
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00920-00235154-00235471 anywhere from one one to seven seven and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00921-00235471-00235702 a half years or so right so that's where
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00922-00235703-00235825 they're going to gain their tactical and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00923-00235826-00235987 technical confidence as they move
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00924-00235988-00236317 towards oh four and those that don't go
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00925-00236317-00236566 into you know do or any other for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00926-00236567-00236757 leadership and they make their way
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00927-00236758-00236946 through Air Command and Staff College I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00928-00236948-00237202 ideally and that should prepare them to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00929-00237203-00237369 go work on a staff whether it's at the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00930-00237371-00237678 air staff or a combat command in a JCCC
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00931-00237679-00237933 or a cyber operations integrated
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00932-00237934-00238144 planning element or any of those those
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00933-00238144-00238315 type of things and so that standard
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00934-00238316-00238576 track would would be part of the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00935-00238577-00238848 development informed educated and then
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00936-00238850-00239046 on to these things and then probably if
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00937-00239048-00239251 based on the order of order of battle if
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00938-00239252-00239446 you will they'll leave the staff and go
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00939-00239446-00239604 to one of these things whether it's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00940-00239605-00239832 Beaufort leadership or o5 leadership
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00941-00239833-00240169 depending on where they're at does that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00942-00240169-00241541 that answer
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00943-00241542-00242166 no no gosh no no no their boat both
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00944-00242167-00242325 offenses will be required on those
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00945-00242326-00242630 staffs the harder piece is as just as
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00946-00242631-00242838 we're doing the billet review within Air
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00947-00242839-00243054 Force boom that's gonna that's going to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00948-00243055-00243246 go we have close relationship with Cyber
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00949-00243246-00243492 Command that's have a larger percentage
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00950-00243492-00243794 of 17 days and 17s is out there right
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00951-00243796-00243942 now than any other Combat Command so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00952-00243942-00244082 we're working with them but we got to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00953-00244083-00244230 get down into the aegis because we know
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00954-00244231-00244367 each come back command more or less has
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00955-00244369-00244619 a joint cyber center and elements within
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00956-00244621-00244910 the five five or three five things like
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00957-00244911-00245151 that so getting them to ID what skills
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00958-00245152-00245394 they need Transcom needs a certain type
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00959-00245394-00245648 of skill probably more net ops net
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00960-00245650-00245885 security defensive focus and then some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00961-00245886-00246192 other combat commands like PACOM may may
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00962-00246192-00246525 tilt heavily towards 717s but realizing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00963-00246526-00246777 they both have requirements 417 these
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00964-00246778-00247014 same thing with USFK they'll probably
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00965-00247015-00247296 have be more focused on the 17d and net
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00966-00247296-00247494 ops making sure that they can operate
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00967-00247494-00247931 out on the peninsula effectively so so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00968-00247932-00248139 it should it's based on requirements
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00969-00248140-00248306 they're not we're not driving them we're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00970-00248307-00248538 describing what each skill will do and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00971-00248539-00248783 giving that giving those billet owners a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00972-00248784-00248996 chance to describe because before this
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00973-00248998-00249273 some folks might say hey only 17s is go
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00974-00249273-00249471 out to Cyber Command but that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00975-00249471-00249617 definitely not true having worked out
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00976-00249619-00249939 there there's a range of skills needed
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00977-00249940-00250208 out there and if you're a planner if
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00978-00250209-00250367 you're a good planner it's a FSC
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00979-00250369-00250619 agnostic right I mean that's that's the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00980-00250621-00250827 reality of things you don't if you know
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00981-00250828-00251016 how to plan you're not a plan if you got
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00982-00251017-00251190 some experience in cyber yeah its
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00983-00251191-00251423 additive but from a basic planning
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00984-00251425-00251628 standpoint from a 5 or a 3/5 standpoint
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00985-00251629-00251880 you'll get all of that relative to what
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00986-00251881-00252021 portfolio you got just based on my
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00987-00252021-00252584 limited experience alright still still
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00988-00252585-00254539 time alright
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00989-00254540-00257206 [Music]
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00990-00257207-00257540 well no it's not quite like that I don't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00991-00257541-00257719 know I don't know about wait what I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00992-00257721-00257923 would offer if the commander signatures
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00993-00257925-00258196 informed by fax not a feeling because a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00994-00258198-00258380 gut feelings not going to help me does
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00995-00258381-00258503 the person have the education and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00996-00258504-00258728 training or other experiences that we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00997-00258729-00258971 can't see that ideally I've asked
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00998-00258971-00259112 everybody to provide that so that we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-00999-00259113-00259244 can't see them so that we can make an
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01000-00259244-00259505 informed decision I I would reckon I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01001-00259506-00259667 would caution commanders about endorsing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01002-00259667-00259969 pie-in-the-sky desires when that person
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01003-00259971-00260183 says I want to do Osio and they have
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01004-00260184-00260423 literally no background no education and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01005-00260423-00260567 training that could show that they could
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01006-00260567-00260867 do that then that's probably not an
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01007-00260867-00260990 effective use of that commanders
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01008-00260991-00261356 signature okay that that's that's one
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01009-00261357-00261566 piece but there is a reality there will
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01010-00261567-00261728 be an opportunity I'll call it a course
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01011-00261729-00261989 correction if I have a use office
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01012-00261990-00262303 cyberwarfare person that goes to a fit
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01013-00262304-00262696 for 18 months then comes the Keesler
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01014-00262697-00262997 graduates and then ends up at Fort Meade
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01015-00262998-00263330 in the 707 --the installing printers for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01016-00263331-00263612 a living he didn't pick it most likely
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01017-00263613-00263930 but that's what he got so he's cyber
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01018-00263931-00264197 warfare Computer Engineering masters and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01019-00264198-00264353 he's installing printers and I'm gonna
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01020-00264354-00264494 imagine being the best printer installer
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01021-00264495-00264701 there is in most qualified printer
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01022-00264702-00265097 installer probably in our Air Force so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01023-00265098-00265337 when that airman that officer gets to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01024-00265338-00265505 look and maybe maybe he's happy and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01025-00265506-00265682 maybe he's like man I lucked out I don't
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01026-00265683-00265805 know I'd haven't talked to him
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01027-00265806-00265915 personally but
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01028-00265916-00266119 I said I looked out but he look at the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01029-00266120-00266443 AF o CD and he goes wait a minute I have
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01030-00266444-00266775 the education and training to do OC oh
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01031-00266776-00267013 my current experience doesn't say that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01032-00267014-00267160 but I have the education and training
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01033-00267161-00267400 and background that says I can so I'm
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01034-00267401-00267724 gonna apply for that commander signs off
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01035-00267725-00267856 yes yes there's getting trained he
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01036-00267857-00268015 didn't pick his first assignment he may
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01037-00268016-00268189 be around them out under a FPC rules he
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01038-00268190-00268336 they've got 90 percent of one of their
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01039-00268337-00268528 choices in all that business but you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01040-00268529-00268732 know did he pick that no so I would see
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01041-00268733-00268906 those operate this is an opportunity to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01042-00268907-00269179 try to bring that to I'll say right but
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01043-00269180-00269359 it's it's only as right as what a person
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01044-00269360-00269683 wants right so that that's the way I see
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01045-00269684-00269872 a scenario like that going but not just
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01046-00269873-00270130 endorsing someone because that's what
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01047-00270131-00270406 they want and that that'll that'll that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01048-00270407-00270718 just requires you know us being honest
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01049-00270719-00270868 with folks right looking them in the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01050-00270869-00271075 face which was one reason when this
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01051-00271076-00271384 first started I was like commanders I go
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01052-00271385-00271699 oh gosh that's 2,800 different
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01053-00271700-00271921 I can't tell little Johnnie or Jill that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01054-00271922-00272080 I'm not gonna be the one to tell them no
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01055-00272081-00272205 they don't get to do what they want
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01056-00272206-00272605 right so but again I popularly demand
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01057-00272606-00272866 commander gets to say so use it use it
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01058-00272867-00273184 wisely don't just use it because you can
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01059-00273185-00273325 you got to be able to look say look I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01060-00273326-00273460 looked over your records I looked at
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01061-00273461-00273664 your education and training you had zero
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01062-00273665-00274105 shot at this so you can put it down but
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01063-00274106-00274261 I'm not gonna endorse it I'm gonna sign
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01064-00274262-00274453 and say hey I recommend they do whatever
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01065-00274454-00274561 that's what I'm looking for from the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01066-00274562-00275271 commander honesty on that all right a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01067-00275272-00275470 one more question and then I'll talk
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01068-00275471-00276033 about developmental categories really
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01069-00276034-00276310 how many have questions about themselves
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01070-00276311-00276502 that they'd like to address with me
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01071-00276503-00276596 after
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01072-00276597-00277156 I got at least one I need to talk to you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01073-00277157-00277364 about this it's real
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01074-00277365-00277604 okay developmental categories promotion
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01075-00277605-00277763 developmental promotion categories
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01076-00277764-00278105 I consider this a win so we've been if
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01077-00278106-00278228 you're not read the news we're in the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01078-00278229-00278351 information warfare category I think
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01079-00278352-00278573 there's six other AF SS in there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01080-00278574-00278855 something like that but what is being
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01081-00278856-00279160 allowed to happen is we're being able to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01082-00279161-00279401 describe in two PowerPoint slides and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01083-00279402-00279566 now one narrative it started out with
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01084-00279567-00279815 just two PowerPoint slides and they had
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01085-00279816-00280060 a mock board last week but two
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01086-00280061-00280223 PowerPoint slides and one one-page
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01087-00280224-00280493 narrative to the front can't deviate all
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01088-00280494-00280946 right 12 font Times New Roman boom boom
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01089-00280947-00281158 that's it you got to fit it in there I'm
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01090-00281159-00281342 moving comments I'm doing all kind of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01091-00281343-00281477 stuff to get as much stuff in there but
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01092-00281478-00281639 in there I'm able to describe the things
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01093-00281640-00281969 we value right I'm able to describe hey
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01094-00281970-00282484 we value technical advanced academic
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01095-00282485-00282641 degrees from a fedor Naval Postgraduate
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01096-00282642-00282914 School we value that we value it so much
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01097-00282915-00283127 that we would like to identify folks and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01098-00283128-00283255 send them there and pay for them to go
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01099-00283256-00283582 to school because we value that dad
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01100-00283583-00283787 we're able to put that fidelity we value
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01101-00283788-00283973 certifications I'm able to put in there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01102-00283974-00284279 hey we value a CSS P we value a system
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01103-00284280-00284546 we value some of these sand certs we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01104-00284547-00284755 value that and it'll change my grade
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01105-00284756-00284972 there'll be some self development that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01106-00284973-00285184 we expect out of you right but we're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01107-00285185-00285520 able to put those details in of what we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01108-00285521-00285866 expect not performance because what I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01109-00285867-00286028 was when we first started the first
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01110-00286029-00286220 iteration we put it must do really
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01111-00286221-00286427 really well you know and that was just
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01112-00286428-00286718 taking up space so they go kill all of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01113-00286719-00286882 that fluff because the Air Force can
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01114-00286883-00287078 figure out if you're doing well based on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01115-00287079-00287420 the inputs in your in your OPR so we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01116-00287421-00287624 clean that up and able to put more meat
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01117-00287625-00287900 of this is what we expect from our
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01118-00287901-00288082 officers and that's starting the type of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01119-00288083-00288218 jobs we expect from the whole is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01120-00288219-00288374 lieutenants oh oh I see
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01121-00288375-00288634 flight commander not a do just so you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01122-00288635-00288944 know but anyway that's a that's been a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01123-00288945-00289207 common common Duty title that the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01124-00289208-00289343 assignment team doesn't put anybody on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01125-00289344-00289529 assignment to you by the way just so you
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01126-00289530-00289697 know but we're able to describe those
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01127-00289698-00289817 Duty titles
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01128-00289818-00290003 at the different grades what we expect
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01129-00290004-00290177 we're describing in an environment where
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01130-00290178-00290408 you will get 104 leadership opportunity
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01131-00290409-00290810 and 105 leadership opportunity that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01132-00290811-00290975 the environment that's being described
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01133-00290976-00291212 right now is that how it is today no
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01134-00291213-00291467 right so the first iteration I had to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01135-00291468-00291713 describe a mix of because we have a mix
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01136-00291714-00291914 of career fields I mean I shoot a mix of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01137-00291915-00292100 efforts with regard bouncing back and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01138-00292101-00292238 forth different people doing different
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01139-00292239-00292403 things so I described that environment
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01140-00292404-00292625 but forward-looking I've already started
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01141-00292626-00292961 on a separate one for 17 D and 17 s over
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01142-00292962-00293135 on the 17s side I'd expect you to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01143-00293136-00293357 command as expect you to have 104
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01144-00293358-00293660 leadership opportunity and then 105
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01145-00293661-00293792 leadership opportunity probably a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01146-00293793-00294218 commander a debt Co 404 and in an o-5
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01147-00294219-00294410 opportunity and one of those 16
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01148-00294411-00294602 squadrons and up that I described if
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01149-00294603-00294758 everybody agrees those are the 16
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01150-00294759-00294956 squadrons at least from a starting point
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01151-00294957-00295355 so that over on the 17 D side we would
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01152-00295356-00295676 probably under the current construct we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01153-00295677-00295901 would expect you to command as a no for
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01154-00295902-00296216 or debt Co one time in preparation to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01155-00296217-00296513 command one time is in oh five as of now
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01156-00296514-00296741 the Air Force recognizes all five
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01157-00296742-00296960 leadership but we have an opportunity to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01158-00296961-00297191 turn all this on its head if we want
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01159-00297192-00297383 because we're gonna get a chance someone
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01160-00297384-00297590 goes up they're getting ready to score
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01161-00297591-00297962 150 records from 17 DS and so the brief
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01162-00297963-00298157 comes up this is what we value this is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01163-00298158-00298415 what you would expect to see and so they
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01164-00298416-00298601 can focus in and they're looking hey
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01165-00298602-00298820 they have that they have that yeah ask
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01166-00298821-00299078 yourself do we need deals on one side or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01167-00299079-00299342 the other I don't know I know why we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01168-00299343-00299513 have them I'm very confident of why we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01169-00299514-00299567 have them
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01170-00299568-00299828 started about five years ago right it
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01171-00299829-00299984 was a switch to try to identify with
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01172-00299985-00300140 pilots but if we don't have to identify
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01173-00300141-00300344 with pilots anymore and we only have to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01174-00300345-00300608 identify with our promotion category or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01175-00300609-00300923 our AF SS do we still need those so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01176-00300924-00301175 think about that right I grew up in a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01177-00301176-00301385 world of you had to fly commanders the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01178-00301386-00301601 SEL was number two commander goes on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01179-00301602-00301898 leave SEL you got it that's life you put
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01180-00301899-00302033 in there ran the squadron really well
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01181-00302034-00302192 for one week whatever you put in your
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01182-00302193-00302549 OPR I don't know so so think about those
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01183-00302550-00302813 things and we're taking feedback I'm
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01184-00302814-00303032 drafting it and it's a it's an iterative
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01185-00303033-00303096 process
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01186-00303097-00303335 but if you if you think about that do we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01187-00303336-00303705 need do we need these things I that that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01188-00303706-00303884 is to be determined but we have an
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01189-00303885-00304082 opportunity to flip it on its head from
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01190-00304083-00304287 a developmental standpoint because if I
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01191-00304288-00304607 could have the 140 Cedillo s out of a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01192-00304608-00304854 hundred of the squadrons of 146 that we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01193-00304855-00304982 have out there if I could have a hundred
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01194-00304983-00305319 of those do s to do good work at the maj
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01195-00305320-00305531 coms combat commands and and the half
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01196-00305532-00305865 and SAFF that would be a beautiful
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01197-00305866-00306083 development opportunity much like that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01198-00306084-00306252 was mentioned right now we're short of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01199-00306253-00306455 those Oh force that we really need on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01200-00306456-00306567 the staff because we put them all down
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01201-00306568-00306867 in the field and you know is that good
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01202-00306868-00307143 development how many times and how long
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01203-00307144-00307266 should you be at the squadron I've
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01204-00307267-00307452 already I'm flipping it am I going to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01205-00307453-00307578 have you down there seven or eight years
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01206-00307579-00307893 so do I have you down there for 16 years
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01207-00307894-00308166 you know before you see a half like some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01208-00308167-00308357 of my flying brothers the first time
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01209-00308358-00308493 they were jointness when I was in class
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01210-00308494-00308660 with them it was the most they've been
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01211-00308661-00308885 around a joint environment is in a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01212-00308886-00309072 classroom I don't think that's what we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01213-00309073-00309243 want I think we we want to beat that and
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01214-00309244-00309452 have an opportunity to develop folks a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01215-00309453-00309720 little better and that so that's just
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01216-00309721-00309879 something for us to consider but the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01217-00309880-00310031 main point on the promotion categories
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01218-00310032-00310314 we get to write what we value and we get
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01219-00310315-00310433 to tell that story and once it's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01220-00310434-00310638 approved it will be out there for all to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01221-00310639-00310770 see it's not gonna be cloak and dagger
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01222-00310771-00311025 hidden behind anything it will be out
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01223-00311026-00311193 there the Navy does it this way the army
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01224-00311194-00311367 does it this way which I believe that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01225-00311368-00311547 who we considered when we were changing
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01226-00311548-00311721 things around but we'll be able to put
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01227-00311722-00311919 it all out there and say hey this is
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01228-00311920-00312123 this is uh this is what we expect out of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01229-00312124-00312425 you and you'll see it come to fruition
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01230-00312426-00312648 it'll be it'll be a standalone document
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01231-00312649-00312795 for sure
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01232-00312796-00312939 but many of those things you'll see
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01233-00312940-00313155 incorporated into whatever version of
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01234-00313156-00313365 the CFE TP and/or talent management
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01235-00313366-00313532 framework whatever we finally name the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01236-00313533-00313701 final name for that document but we're
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01237-00313702-00313821 gonna bring all those things together so
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01238-00313822-00313968 it's all right all the way down to the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01239-00313969-00314255 duty titles for those of you in room we
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01240-00314256-00314367 ought to stop making up these Duty
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01241-00314368-00314667 titles we got to they they add no value
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01242-00314668-00314892 they add no value stick to the script
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01243-00314893-00315141 you either oh I see flight commander
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01244-00315142-00315308 there's no deputy flight commander stop
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01245-00315309-00315615 it just stop you're oh I see flight
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01246-00315616-00315956 commander branch chief so on it so on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01247-00315957-00316074 and so forth we got to get some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01248-00316075-00316259 discipline about that and I was joking
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01249-00316260-00316410 about the a do piece
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01250-00316411-00316611 what I've seen happen is they'd make a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01251-00316612-00316788 captain person depend on captain for a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01252-00316789-00317055 month or a year they make him an a do
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01253-00317056-00317247 címon team looks goes they never been a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01254-00317248-00317397 flight commander and they put him on
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01255-00317398-00317568 assignment to be a flight commander now
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01256-00317569-00317868 it looks like whew 8000 I'm fly
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01257-00317869-00318069 commander what they do wrong who next
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01258-00318070-00318318 record so I don't think everybody
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01259-00318319-00318465 understands those second and third or
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01260-00318466-00318663 potential effects when they're trying to
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01261-00318664-00318762 do a good thing and we've all been
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01262-00318763-00318996 guilty of it before do started what
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01263-00318997-00319227 seven years ago you just change the duty
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01264-00319228-00319464 tile deal yeah alright and that that's
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01265-00319465-00319656 had some impacts as well I saw a
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01266-00319657-00321003 question out yeah so they're there
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01267-00321004-00321186 they're do enough they're doing some
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01268-00321187-00321333 kind of formula but within each category
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01269-00321334-00321663 though there will likely be a floor that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01270-00321664-00321834 will promote to a minimum they'll say
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01271-00321835-00322017 that category category must be promoted
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01272-00322018-00322415 to 80% or using that as an example now
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01273-00322416-00322845 Seventeen's may promote to 85 PA may
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01274-00322846-00323262 promote to 50/50 percent but through all
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01275-00323263-00323442 of that that floor they need three PA
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01276-00323443-00323664 lieutenant Colonel's or the world will
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01277-00323665-00323832 come to an in at least three PA
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01278-00323833-00323958 lieutenant Colonel's will get promoted
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01279-00323959-00324174 to meet that floor that's kind of the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01280-00324175-00324270 way they're looking at it but the
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01281-00324271-00324491 promotion opportunity will be the same
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01282-00324492-00325341 for all that's the end of the time that
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01283-00325342-00325611 I'm tracking again I'm happy to stay
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01284-00325612-00325764 back relative to who's in the room next
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01285-00325765-00325980 and answer any of those each's questions
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01286-00325981-00326157 anybody that has a personal question
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01287-00326158-00326436 about himself I can I can help you by
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01288-00326437-00326580 answer it or guide you to where you can
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01289-00326581-00326652 get an answer
+Y7h8DrKyfO0-01290-00326653-00326991 thank you free time
+Y7wICTJIJR4-00004-00029945-00030245 foreign
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00000-00000000-00000293 the e-girl is a mysterious entity they
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00001-00000294-00000449 are hard to describe but you know one
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00002-00000450-00000605 when you see one it's kind of like a
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00003-00000606-00000815 skinwalker or a sleep paralysis demon
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00004-00000816-00000958 standing over the edge of your bed at
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00005-00000959-00001133 night watching you sleep trying to get
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00006-00001134-00001319 you to buy a jar of their bath water
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00007-00001320-00001499 most people's first encounter with an
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00008-00001500-00001726 e-girl is mesmerizing but don't stare
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00009-00001727-00001852 too long at the bright colors and
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00010-00001853-00002117 hypnotizing gyrations this is merely a
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00011-00002118-00002321 distraction the dystopian endgame of the
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00012-00002322-00002507 e-girl industrial complex is the
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00013-00002508-00002692 Relentless monetization of the entire
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00014-00002693-00002902 range of human emotion until the world
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00015-00002903-00003089 banking system inevitably collapses
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00016-00003090-00003274 under the weight of every dollar ever
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00017-00003275-00003479 printed being spent on tier 3 twitch
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00018-00003479-00003719 subs and only fans private messages but
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00019-00003720-00003869 until that happens let's take a look at
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00020-00003870-00004054 some of the most infamous egirl cases
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00021-00004055-00004306 and keep in mind the deeper we go the
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00022-00004307-00004541 darker these stories are going to get so
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00023-00004542-00004715 let's take a look at the Eagle Iceberg
+Y8ZZWIkfHCA-00024-00004716-00005066 explained part three
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00000-00000260-00000730 and we are grateful to the law
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00001-00000731-00000925 enforcement personnel for their
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00002-00000926-00001253 courageous response incredible response
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00003-00001254-00001946 today by law enforcement and I
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00004-00001947-00002338 especially want to recognize a certain
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00005-00002339-00002785 off-duty Border Patrol agent who bravely
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00006-00002786-00003193 returned fire and helped disrupt the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00007-00003194-00003575 attack and saved so many lives Border
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00008-00003576-00004456 Patrol
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00009-00004457-00004872 and I also want to thank mayor Steve
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00010-00004873-00005174 Voss had a great conversation and
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00011-00005175-00005490 governor Gavin Newsom had a great
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00012-00005491-00005892 conversation and we stand together we
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00013-00005893-00006225 will all get to the bottom of it we're
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00014-00006226-00006386 gonna get to the bottom of a lot of
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00015-00006387-00007148 things happening in our country
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00016-00007148-00007418 together we're building a new chapter of
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00017-00007419-00007735 American greatness one founded on the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00018-00007736-00007981 idea that all citizens are entitled to
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00019-00007983-00008369 live in safety prosperity and peace this
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00020-00008370-00008657 is an exciting time for our great
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00021-00008658-00008939 country this is an exciting time for
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00022-00008940-00009503 America
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00023-00009504-00009909 just yesterday it was announced that the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00024-00009910-00010434 United States economy grew some people
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00025-00010435-00010664 thought unexpectedly not me I didn't
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00026-00010665-00011445 think in fact frankly if we had the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00027-00011446-00011966 Obama interest rates low almost nothing
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00028-00011967-00012316 actually nothing and if we had
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00029-00012317-00012563 quantitative easing instead of
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00030-00012564-00012803 tightening we use this conservative
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00031-00012804-00013038 approach we would have been even much
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00032-00013038-00013236 higher than this but this is very high
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00033-00013237-00013587 far greater first quarters always for
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00034-00013588-00013890 the most part it's the lowest quarter we
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00035-00013891-00014455 did 3.2 percent in the first quarter GDP
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00036-00014456-00014886 crushing expectations and accelerating
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00037-00014887-00015321 our economic boom and that was with a
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00038-00015322-00015497 shutdown that was with a lot of
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00039-00015498-00015690 different things that was with bad
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00040-00015691-00015888 weather that was with everything you can
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00041-00015888-00016247 imagine 3.2 in the first quarter usually
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00042-00016248-00016755 the lowest and worst for
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00043-00016756-00017185 and Prime Minister Robbie we're
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00044-00017186-00017413 negotiating trade deals cuz every
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00045-00017414-00017614 country has been ripping us off for
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00046-00017615-00017857 years and I really like the Prime
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00047-00017858-00018022 Minister as a friend of mine but I said
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00048-00018023-00018250 mr. Prime Minister forgot to do
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00049-00018251-00018571 something for so many decades we've been
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00050-00018572-00018841 losing tens of billions of dollars to
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00051-00018842-00019315 China and Japan and India and named any
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00052-00019316-00019837 country and we lost but we're not losing
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00053-00019838-00020074 anymore and I said listen we got to do
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00054-00020075-00020149 something
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00055-00020150-00020413 sixty eight billion dollars in trade
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00056-00020414-00020722 losses over the last four or five years
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00057-00020723-00021193 a year so we're renegotiating and I
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00058-00021194-00021529 think he'll be fair I think he'll be
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00059-00021530-00021725 four
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00060-00021726-00022103 and by the way he he started by saying
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00061-00022104-00022480 that he's putting forty billion dollars
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00062-00022481-00022733 into the United States for new car
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00063-00022734-00022961 factories Toyota's coming in with
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00064-00022962-00023274 fourteen billion dollars many many
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00065-00023275-00023875 companies and they're coming in frankly
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00066-00023876-00024291 to Michigan they're coming back they
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00067-00024292-00024722 want to be back to Ohio to Pennsylvania
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00068-00024723-00025302 to North Carolina South Carolina Florida
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00069-00025303-00025596 and what's the name of this special
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00070-00025597-00026401 place it's called Wisconsin
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00071-00026402-00026693 so they'll be investing very shortly as
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00072-00026694-00026987 it started already 40 billion with the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00073-00026988-00027422 be 40 billion dollars and it'll be a lot
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00074-00027423-00027506 more than that
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00075-00027507-00027842 the poverty rate for Wisconsin families
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00076-00027843-00028801 has reached the lowest rate in 22 years
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00077-00028802-00029236 the unemployment rate for Wisconsin
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00078-00029237-00029635 workers has reached historical has never
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00079-00029636-00029793 been this low before ever ever ever
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00080-00029794-00030517 think of that
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00081-00030518-00030929 never been historic love and we're now
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00082-00030930-00031243 the number one economy anywhere in the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00083-00031244-00031498 world and it's not even close
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00084-00031499-00033161 [Applause]
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00085-00033162-00033626 by the way Saturday night is there any
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00086-00033627-00033982 place that's more fun than a Trump rally
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00087-00033983-00034805 [Applause]
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00088-00034806-00035795 can you imagine sleepy Joe crazy Burnie
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00089-00035796-00036063 you look at the candidates right
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00090-00036064-00036351 I think Pocahontas she's finished she's
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00091-00036352-00037145 out she's got
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00092-00037146-00037451 now when it was found that I had more
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00093-00037452-00037964 Indian blood in me than she did and then
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00094-00037965-00038165 it was determined that I had none but I
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00095-00038166-00038702 still had more that was the end of her
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00096-00038703-00039170 32 year scam when colleges but can you
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00097-00039171-00039395 imagine any of these people up here
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00098-00039396-00039590 doing what I'm doing there'd be 200
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00099-00039591-00039833 people show up if they were president if
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00100-00039834-00040037 they weren't president nobody would show
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00101-00040038-00040485 up is that right
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00102-00040486-00040821 and I have to say I was saying on the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00103-00040822-00041103 way over there tell me about bad weather
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00104-00041104-00041376 by the way we may have to cancel tonight
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00105-00041377-00041646 I said are you crazy now can you imagine
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00106-00041647-00041892 I learned this morning they thought
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00107-00041893-00042210 you're gonna have a big snowstorm right
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00108-00042211-00042762 a big big so soon the people that get it
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00109-00042763-00043085 wrong the most are the weather
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00110-00043086-00044590 forecasters and the political analysts
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00111-00044591-00044864 now they said there's a big big storm
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00112-00044865-00045197 it's gonna be hitting Green Bay we may
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00113-00045198-00045374 have to cancel I said like hell we're
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00114-00045375-00046110 gonna cancel people are standing out
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00115-00046111-00046408 people are standing out 24 hours ago
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00116-00046409-00046684 thirty two hours ago outside who stood
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00117-00046685-00047080 out there for 24 hours thank you we love
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00118-00047081-00047323 you thank you thank you and you know
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00119-00047324-00047611 what and you're rewarded with the best
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00120-00047612-00047797 seats in the house right that's oyster
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00121-00047798-00048391 right America's future has never been
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00122-00048392-00048868 brighter yet the Democrats those very
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00123-00048869-00049252 friendly people in Washington
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00124-00049253-00049615 have never been angrier than they are
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00125-00049616-00050188 today you see somebody else with a very
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00126-00050189-00050422 low level of energy we're supposed to be
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00127-00050423-00050793 standing here instead of
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00128-00050794-00051025 they wouldn't be in this room
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00129-00051026-00052604 [Applause]
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00130-00052605-00052938 I don't know I got some problems I would
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00131-00052939-00053492 say that but you know if you look two
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00132-00053494-00053859 weeks out in 2016 I was going to rallies
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00133-00053860-00054090 we were doing five and six like this and
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00134-00054091-00054300 there were thousands of people outside
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00135-00054301-00054471 just like there are right now we had
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00136-00054472-00054810 sixty nine thousand people sign up to
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00137-00054811-00055029 come in what is this place on like ten
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00138-00055029-00055425 or twelve or whatever whatever it homes
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00139-00055426-00055691 we set the record I just was told by the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00140-00055692-00056328 owners wizzy owner I don't know what the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00141-00056329-00056561 hell it halls but we just set the record
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00142-00056562-00056752 [Applause]
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00143-00056753-00057288 [Music]
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00144-00057289-00057740 where's the owner is this your record
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00145-00057741-00058526 thank you whoa thank you
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00146-00058527-00058834 that's always dangerous he said yes it
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00147-00058835-00058909 is sir
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00148-00058910-00059062 it's always dangerous yes like what no
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00149-00059063-00059217 sir I'm dead
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00150-00059219-00059479 they will take they will take that
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00151-00059479-00059766 answer that'll be headlines thank you
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00152-00059767-00060109 very much you saved me now this is the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00153-00060110-00060330 record we set records everywhere and
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00154-00060332-00060541 it's not me there's a movement like
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00155-00060541-00061170 we've never seen in the history of
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00156-00061171-00061701 but the radical Liberal Democrats would
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00157-00061702-00061947 all their hopes behind their collusion
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00158-00061948-00062363 delusion which has now been totally
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00159-00062364-00062601 exposed to the world as a complete and
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00160-00062602-00063048 total fraud the greatest political hoax
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00161-00063049-00063455 in American history really has been so
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00162-00063457-00063810 this witch-hunt was never really just
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00163-00063811-00064151 about me it was always about stopping
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00164-00064152-00064425 you the millions and millions of freedom
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00165-00064426-00064737 loving citizens who rose up on that
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00166-00064738-00065117 incredible November day remember that
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00167-00065119-00065844 day and demanded a government that puts
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00168-00065845-00066186 America first okay and we're doing that
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00169-00066187-00066407 with China we're doing that with India
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00170-00066408-00066713 we're doing that with Japan we're doing
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00171-00066714-00066849 it with a great new trade deal that
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00172-00066850-00067035 hopefully will get approved in the house
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00173-00067036-00067200 I hope they're going to approve it cuz
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00174-00067201-00067434 it's great for the farmers everybody
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00175-00067435-00067719 wants it everybody loves it but we're
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00176-00067720-00068130 all signed up and getting ready I guess
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00177-00068131-00068400 in 30 days to put it in the u.s. MCA
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00178-00068401-00068849 like the song YMCA right remember us MCA
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00179-00068850-00069135 that's with Mexico and Canada it's a
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00180-00069136-00069407 great deal and it's going to be very
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00181-00069408-00069636 really good for manufacturers and really
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00182-00069637-00069903 really good for the farmers that's what
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00183-00069904-00070404 we want to do so put a lot of pressure
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00184-00070405-00070655 on your congressmen and your Senators
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00185-00070656-00070893 because they have to ratify it you know
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00186-00070894-00071214 they have to approve it and frankly with
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00187-00071215-00071466 what you have today maybe they'd rather
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00188-00071467-00071784 have us have a loss then do something
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00189-00071785-00071944 that's good for the country
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00190-00071945-00072401 right because NAFTA is one of the worst
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00191-00072402-00072656 trade deals ever signed in the history
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00192-00072657-00072804 of our country you look at around
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00193-00072805-00073004 Wisconsin but you still see the scars
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00194-00073005-00073263 empty buildings you up to New England
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00195-00073264-00073512 you go to Ohio you go to different
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00196-00073513-00073806 places NAFTA was a disaster and what we
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00197-00073807-00073992 had the one thing I wanted more than
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00198-00073993-00074247 anything else I want to make it almost
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00199-00074248-00074502 impossible for a company
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00200-00074503-00074685 to leave Wisconsin and leave other
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00201-00074686-00075015 states and go to Mexico and go to other
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00202-00075016-00075422 places but go to Mexico fire its workers
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00203-00075423-00075807 open a new plant in Mexico hire other
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00204-00075808-00076227 workers and sell the equipment into the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00205-00076228-00076443 United States I don't want that and
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00206-00076444-00076638 we're not going to do it and it it makes
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00207-00076639-00076854 it virtually not economically viable
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00208-00076855-00077163 that's what I want so it's gonna be
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00209-00077164-00077382 great I hope we can get Congress to get
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00210-00077383-00077574 it approved quickly because it's going
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00211-00077575-00077769 to be fantastic for everybody in this
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00212-00077770-00078027 room and especially manufacturers and
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00213-00078028-00078243 farmers and people aren't going to be
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00214-00078244-00078606 firing people and moving their plants to
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00215-00078607-00079399 other countries
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00216-00079400-00079691 remember that spell we were going
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00217-00079692-00079807 through before I was a politician
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00218-00079808-00080030 remember can you believe I'm a
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00219-00080031-00080416 politician I can't remember politician
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00220-00080417-00080681 but remember that spell where everybody
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00221-00080682-00080837 was just leaving the country and going
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00222-00080838-00081213 into Mexico Canada Mexico Canada and
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00223-00081214-00081607 Canada has been taking big advantage of
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00224-00081608-00081821 your agricultural products you know that
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00225-00081822-00081988 you know Canada we love to sell Oh
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00226-00081989-00082040 Canada
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00227-00082041-00082304 let's sing Oh Canada right we love the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00228-00082305-00082751 song but I came up here a year ago and I
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00229-00082752-00082975 was with farmers and they were selling
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00230-00082976-00083282 specialty milk now you're getting killed
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00231-00083283-00083534 for years two hundred and ninety seven
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00232-00083535-00083750 percent tariffs that means you can't
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00233-00083751-00083921 sell it that's essentially putting up a
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00234-00083922-00084163 barrier so all of those things are taken
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00235-00084164-00084371 care of in this new deal and you're
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00236-00084372-00084797 gonna be opened up and they don't but
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00237-00084798-00085226 it's gonna be good for everybody it's
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00238-00085227-00085430 gonna be good for everybody and if they
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00239-00085431-00085550 didn't approve I would have just put
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00240-00085551-00085676 tariffs over the course I would have
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00241-00085677-00085900 done that I didn't want to do that I
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00242-00085901-00086135 didn't want to do that but I said if
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00243-00086136-00086285 that's not gonna happen we're putting
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00244-00086286-00086447 tariffs on the cars and frankly we'll
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00245-00086448-00086648 make more money but the farmers wouldn't
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00246-00086649-00086782 be helped so much but you watch the
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00247-00086783-00087057 company grow and prosper as you starve
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00248-00087058-00087392 that's no good right so we like it and
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00249-00087393-00087623 it's good actually it's good for Canada
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00250-00087624-00087782 it's good for Mexico it's good for us we
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00251-00087783-00087976 got to get Congress to approve it so put
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00252-00087977-00088169 a lot of pressure on these geniuses we
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00253-00088170-00088345 have over here
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00254-00088346-00088825 [Applause]
+Y9gD2r4w7kY-00255-00088826-00089224 [Music]
+YsOOo7etpGg-00000-00000023-00000329 color vision as an ability of animals to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00001-00000330-00000503 perceive differences between light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00002-00000504-00000707 composed of different wavelengths ie
+YsOOo7etpGg-00003-00000708-00000947 different spectral power distribution
+YsOOo7etpGg-00004-00000948-00001235 independently of light intensity color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00005-00001236-00001399 perception as a part of the larger
+YsOOo7etpGg-00006-00001400-00001618 visual system and is mediated by a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00007-00001619-00001852 complex process between neurons that
+YsOOo7etpGg-00008-00001853-00002059 begins with differential stimulation of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00009-00002060-00002255 different types of photoreceptors by
+YsOOo7etpGg-00010-00002256-00002467 light entering the eye those
+YsOOo7etpGg-00011-00002468-00002692 photoreceptors then emit outputs that
+YsOOo7etpGg-00012-00002693-00002870 are then propagated through many layers
+YsOOo7etpGg-00013-00002871-00003074 of neurons and then ultimately to the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00014-00003075-00003338 brain color vision is found in many
+YsOOo7etpGg-00015-00003339-00003554 animals and is mediated by similar
+YsOOo7etpGg-00016-00003554-00003767 underlying mechanisms with common types
+YsOOo7etpGg-00017-00003768-00004013 of biological molecules in a complex
+YsOOo7etpGg-00018-00004014-00004231 history of evolution in different animal
+YsOOo7etpGg-00019-00004232-00004552 taxa in primates color vision may have
+YsOOo7etpGg-00020-00004553-00004751 evolved under selective pressure for a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00021-00004752-00004979 variety of visual tasks including the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00022-00004980-00005170 foraging for nutritious young leaves
+YsOOo7etpGg-00023-00005171-00005393 ripe fruit and flowers as well as
+YsOOo7etpGg-00024-00005394-00005588 detecting predator camouflage and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00025-00005589-00005934 emotional states and other primates
+YsOOo7etpGg-00026-00005935-00006301 you
+YsOOo7etpGg-00027-00006302-00006731 topic wavelength and hue detection
+YsOOo7etpGg-00028-00006731-00006928 you
+YsOOo7etpGg-00029-00006929-00007169 Isaac Newton discovered that white light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00030-00007170-00007373 after being split into its component
+YsOOo7etpGg-00031-00007373-00007559 colors when passed through a dispersive
+YsOOo7etpGg-00032-00007559-00007759 prism could be recombined to make white
+YsOOo7etpGg-00033-00007761-00007895 light by passing them through a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00034-00007895-00008185 different prism the characteristic
+YsOOo7etpGg-00035-00008186-00008327 colors are from long to short
+YsOOo7etpGg-00036-00008328-00008591 wavelengths and correspondingly from low
+YsOOo7etpGg-00037-00008592-00008803 to high frequency red orange yellow
+YsOOo7etpGg-00038-00008804-00009134 green blue and violet sufficient
+YsOOo7etpGg-00039-00009135-00009295 differences in wavelength caused a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00040-00009296-00009524 difference in the perceived hue the just
+YsOOo7etpGg-00041-00009525-00009691 noticeable difference in wavelength
+YsOOo7etpGg-00042-00009692-00009910 varies from about one nanometer in the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00043-00009911-00010127 blue green and yellow wavelengths to ten
+YsOOo7etpGg-00044-00010128-00010321 nanometers and more in the longer red
+YsOOo7etpGg-00045-00010322-00010577 and shorter blue wavelengths although
+YsOOo7etpGg-00046-00010578-00010771 the human eye can distinguish up to a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00047-00010772-00010955 few hundred years when those pure
+YsOOo7etpGg-00048-00010956-00011149 spectral colors are mixed together are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00049-00011150-00011335 diluted with white light the number of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00050-00011336-00011537 distinguishable chromaticities can be
+YsOOo7etpGg-00051-00011538-00011746 quite high in very low light levels
+YsOOo7etpGg-00052-00011747-00011987 vision as Scott topic light is detected
+YsOOo7etpGg-00053-00011988-00012263 by rod cells of the retina rods are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00054-00012264-00012478 maximally sensitive to wavelengths near
+YsOOo7etpGg-00055-00012479-00012736 500 nanometers and play little if any
+YsOOo7etpGg-00056-00012737-00013036 role in color vision in brighter light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00057-00013037-00013274 such as daylight vision as photopic
+YsOOo7etpGg-00058-00013275-00013493 light is detected by cone cells which
+YsOOo7etpGg-00059-00013494-00013778 are responsible for color vision cones
+YsOOo7etpGg-00060-00013779-00013943 are sensitive to a range of wavelengths
+YsOOo7etpGg-00061-00013944-00014177 but are most sensitive to wavelengths
+YsOOo7etpGg-00062-00014178-00014540 near 555 nanometers between these
+YsOOo7etpGg-00063-00014541-00014780 regions mass OPIC vision comes into play
+YsOOo7etpGg-00064-00014781-00015005 and both rods and cones provide signals
+YsOOo7etpGg-00065-00015006-00015313 to the retinal ganglion cells the shift
+YsOOo7etpGg-00066-00015315-00015515 in color perception from dim light to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00067-00015516-00015730 daylight gives rise to differences known
+YsOOo7etpGg-00068-00015731-00016043 as the perk and J affect the perception
+YsOOo7etpGg-00069-00016044-00016306 of white is formed by the entire
+YsOOo7etpGg-00070-00016307-00016534 spectrum of visible light or by mixing
+YsOOo7etpGg-00071-00016535-00016724 colors of just a few wavelengths in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00072-00016725-00016892 animals with few types of color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00073-00016893-00017203 receptors in humans white light can be
+YsOOo7etpGg-00074-00017204-00017411 perceived by combining wavelengths such
+YsOOo7etpGg-00075-00017412-00017680 as red green and blue or just a pair of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00076-00017681-00017881 complementary colors such as blue and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00077-00017882-00018072 yellow
+YsOOo7etpGg-00078-00018073-00018439 you
+YsOOo7etpGg-00079-00018440-00019102 topic physiology of color perception
+YsOOo7etpGg-00080-00019103-00019313 perception of color begins with
+YsOOo7etpGg-00081-00019314-00019511 specialized retinal cells containing
+YsOOo7etpGg-00082-00019512-00019678 pigments with different spectral
+YsOOo7etpGg-00083-00019679-00019936 sensitivities known as cone cells in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00084-00019937-00020192 humans there are three types of cones
+YsOOo7etpGg-00085-00020193-00020389 sensitive to three different spectra
+YsOOo7etpGg-00086-00020390-00020622 resulting in trichromatic color vision
+YsOOo7etpGg-00087-00020623-00020944 each individual cone contains pigments
+YsOOo7etpGg-00088-00020945-00021158 composed of opsin app' protein which is
+YsOOo7etpGg-00089-00021159-00021425 covalently linked to either 11 sis Hydra
+YsOOo7etpGg-00090-00021426-00021674 retinal or more rarely eleven sysd Hydra
+YsOOo7etpGg-00091-00021675-00021850 rental the cones are conventionally
+YsOOo7etpGg-00092-00021851-00022019 labeled according to the ordering of the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00093-00022020-00022166 wavelengths of the peaks of their
+YsOOo7etpGg-00094-00022167-00022444 spectral sensitivities short s medium m
+YsOOo7etpGg-00095-00022445-00022811 and long L cone types these three types
+YsOOo7etpGg-00096-00022812-00023027 do not correspond well to particular
+YsOOo7etpGg-00097-00023028-00023288 colors as we know them rather the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00098-00023289-00023474 perception of color is achieved by a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00099-00023475-00023678 complex process that starts with the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00100-00023679-00023864 differential output of these cells in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00101-00023865-00024065 the retina and which is finalized in the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00102-00024066-00024308 visual cortex and associative areas of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00103-00024309-00024631 the brain for example while the L cones
+YsOOo7etpGg-00104-00024632-00024815 have been referred to simply as red
+YsOOo7etpGg-00105-00024816-00025055 receptors microspectrophotometry has
+YsOOo7etpGg-00106-00025056-00025255 shown that their peak sensitivity as in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00107-00025256-00025411 the greenish yellow region of the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00108-00025412-00025775 spectrum similarly the s NM cones do not
+YsOOo7etpGg-00109-00025776-00025981 directly correspond to blue and green
+YsOOo7etpGg-00110-00025982-00026158 although they are often described as
+YsOOo7etpGg-00111-00026159-00026521 such the RGB color model therefore is a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00112-00026522-00026737 convenient means for representing color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00113-00026738-00026942 but is not directly based on the types
+YsOOo7etpGg-00114-00026943-00027233 of cones in the human eye the peak
+YsOOo7etpGg-00115-00027233-00027479 response of human cone cells varies even
+YsOOo7etpGg-00116-00027480-00027707 among individuals with so-called normal
+YsOOo7etpGg-00117-00027708-00028015 color vision in some non-human species
+YsOOo7etpGg-00118-00028016-00028256 this polymorphic variation is even
+YsOOo7etpGg-00119-00028257-00028589 greater and it may well be adaptive
+YsOOo7etpGg-00120-00028591-00028930 you
+YsOOo7etpGg-00121-00028931-00029420 topic theories
+YsOOo7etpGg-00122-00029422-00029652 two complementary theories of color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00123-00029652-00029858 vision are the trichromatic theory and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00124-00029860-00030095 the opponent-process theory the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00125-00030097-00030330 trichromatic theory or Jung Helmholtz
+YsOOo7etpGg-00126-00030331-00030582 theory proposed in the 19th century by
+YsOOo7etpGg-00127-00030583-00030758 Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz
+YsOOo7etpGg-00128-00030760-00030983 as mentioned above states that the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00129-00030985-00031155 retinas three types of cones are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00130-00031156-00031374 preferentially sensitive to blue green
+YsOOo7etpGg-00131-00031375-00031442 and red
+YsOOo7etpGg-00132-00031443-00031668 you'll daring proposed the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00133-00031669-00031989 opponent-process theory in 1872 it
+YsOOo7etpGg-00134-00031989-00032211 states that the visual system interprets
+YsOOo7etpGg-00135-00032212-00032463 color in an antagonistic way red versus
+YsOOo7etpGg-00136-00032464-00032708 green blue versus yellow black versus
+YsOOo7etpGg-00137-00032710-00033000 white both theories are now accepted as
+YsOOo7etpGg-00138-00033001-00033207 valid describing different stages in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00139-00033208-00033453 visual physiology visualized in the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00140-00033454-00033762 adjacent diagram green magenta and blue
+YsOOo7etpGg-00141-00033763-00033945 yellow are scales with mutually
+YsOOo7etpGg-00142-00033946-00034188 exclusive boundaries in the same way
+YsOOo7etpGg-00143-00034189-00034404 that there cannot exist a slightly
+YsOOo7etpGg-00144-00034405-00034698 negative positive number a single eye
+YsOOo7etpGg-00145-00034699-00034911 cannot perceive a bluish yellow or a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00146-00034912-00035482 reddish green
+YsOOo7etpGg-00147-00035483-00036117 topic cone cells in the human eye
+YsOOo7etpGg-00148-00036118-00036288 a range of wavelengths of light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00149-00036289-00036519 stimulates each of these receptor types
+YsOOo7etpGg-00150-00036520-00036813 to varying degrees the brain combines
+YsOOo7etpGg-00151-00036814-00036972 the information from each type of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00152-00036973-00037134 receptor to give rise to different
+YsOOo7etpGg-00153-00037135-00037353 perceptions of different wavelengths of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00154-00037354-00037406 light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00155-00037407-00037728 the opsins photo pigments present in the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00156-00037729-00037935 L&M cones are encoded on the X
+YsOOo7etpGg-00157-00037936-00038145 chromosome defective encoding of these
+YsOOo7etpGg-00158-00038146-00038364 leads to the two most common forms of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00159-00038365-00038787 colorblindness the OPN 1lw gene which
+YsOOo7etpGg-00160-00038788-00038973 codes for the opsin present in the al
+YsOOo7etpGg-00161-00038974-00039225 cones is highly polymorphic a recent
+YsOOo7etpGg-00162-00039226-00039468 study by varelli and Tishkoff found 85
+YsOOo7etpGg-00163-00039469-00039891 variants in a sample of 236 men a very
+YsOOo7etpGg-00164-00039892-00040095 small percentage of women may have an
+YsOOo7etpGg-00165-00040096-00040293 extra type of color receptor because
+YsOOo7etpGg-00166-00040294-00040470 they have different alleles for the gene
+YsOOo7etpGg-00167-00040471-00040776 for the L opsin on each x chromosome X
+YsOOo7etpGg-00168-00040777-00041013 chromosome inactivation means that while
+YsOOo7etpGg-00169-00041014-00041211 only one option is expressed in each
+YsOOo7etpGg-00170-00041212-00041460 cone cell both types occur over all and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00171-00041461-00041667 some women may therefore show a degree
+YsOOo7etpGg-00172-00041668-00041885 of tetrachromatic color vision
+YsOOo7etpGg-00173-00041886-00042261 variations in OPN one MW which codes the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00174-00042262-00042513 opsin expressed in M cones appear to be
+YsOOo7etpGg-00175-00042514-00042723 rare and the observed variants have no
+YsOOo7etpGg-00176-00042724-00043057 effect on spectral sensitivity
+YsOOo7etpGg-00177-00043058-00043401 you
+YsOOo7etpGg-00178-00043402-00044000 topic color in the human brain
+YsOOo7etpGg-00179-00044001-00044243 color processing begins at a very early
+YsOOo7etpGg-00180-00044244-00044477 level in the visual system even within
+YsOOo7etpGg-00181-00044478-00044633 the retina through initial color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00182-00044634-00044930 opponent mechanisms both Helmholtz's
+YsOOo7etpGg-00183-00044931-00045113 trichromatic theory and herrings
+YsOOo7etpGg-00184-00045114-00045296 opponent-process theory are therefore
+YsOOo7etpGg-00185-00045297-00045542 correct but trichromacy arises at the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00186-00045543-00045728 level of the receptors an opponent
+YsOOo7etpGg-00187-00045729-00045944 processes arise at the level of retinal
+YsOOo7etpGg-00188-00045945-00046238 ganglion cells and beyond in herrings
+YsOOo7etpGg-00189-00046239-00046472 Theory opponent mechanisms refer to the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00190-00046473-00046703 opposing color effect of red green blue
+YsOOo7etpGg-00191-00046704-00047006 yellow and light dark however in the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00192-00047007-00047219 visual system it is the activity of the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00193-00047220-00047384 different receptor types that are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00194-00047385-00047639 opposed some retinal ganglion
+YsOOo7etpGg-00195-00047640-00047957 cells oppose L and M cone activity which
+YsOOo7etpGg-00196-00047958-00048128 corresponds loosely to red green
+YsOOo7etpGg-00197-00048129-00048386 opponent C but actually runs along an
+YsOOo7etpGg-00198-00048387-00048686 axis from blue green to magenta small
+YsOOo7etpGg-00199-00048687-00048908 bit stratified retinal ganglion cells
+YsOOo7etpGg-00200-00048909-00049151 oppose input from the S cones to input
+YsOOo7etpGg-00201-00049152-00049442 from the L and M cones this is often
+YsOOo7etpGg-00202-00049443-00049604 thought to correspond to blue yellow
+YsOOo7etpGg-00203-00049605-00049838 opponent C but actually runs along a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00204-00049839-00050113 color axis from yellow-green to violet
+YsOOo7etpGg-00205-00050114-00050369 visual information is then sent to the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00206-00050370-00050591 brain from retinal ganglion cells via
+YsOOo7etpGg-00207-00050592-00050807 the optic nerve to the optic chiasma a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00208-00050808-00051008 point where the two optic nerves meet
+YsOOo7etpGg-00209-00051009-00051173 and information from the temporal
+YsOOo7etpGg-00210-00051174-00051410 contralateral visual field crosses to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00211-00051411-00051655 the other side of the brain after the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00212-00051657-00051851 optic chiasma the visual tracks are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00213-00051852-00052042 referred to as the optic tracts which
+YsOOo7etpGg-00214-00052044-00052226 entered the thalamus to synapse at the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00215-00052227-00052591 lateral geniculate nucleus LGN the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00216-00052592-00052829 lateral geniculate nucleus is divided
+YsOOo7etpGg-00217-00052829-00053039 into lamina zones of which there are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00218-00053040-00053282 three types the M lamina consisting
+YsOOo7etpGg-00219-00053283-00053522 primarily of M cells the P lamina
+YsOOo7etpGg-00220-00053523-00053786 consisting primarily of P cells and the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00221-00053787-00054091 cony o cellular lamina m NP cells
+YsOOo7etpGg-00222-00054092-00054323 receive relatively balanced input from
+YsOOo7etpGg-00223-00054324-00054541 both Al and M cones throughout most of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00224-00054542-00054719 the retina although this seems to not be
+YsOOo7etpGg-00225-00054720-00054932 the case at the fovea with cells
+YsOOo7etpGg-00226-00054933-00055232 synapsing in the P lamina the co neo
+YsOOo7etpGg-00227-00055233-00055441 cellular Lam and I receive axons from
+YsOOo7etpGg-00228-00055442-00055666 the small be stratified ganglion cells
+YsOOo7etpGg-00229-00055667-00055942 after synapsing at the LGN the visual
+YsOOo7etpGg-00230-00055944-00056144 tract continues on back to the primary
+YsOOo7etpGg-00231-00056145-00056459 visual cortex v1 located at the back of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00232-00056460-00056729 the brain within the occipital lobe with
+YsOOo7etpGg-00233-00056729-00057020 in v1 there is a distinct band striation
+YsOOo7etpGg-00234-00057021-00057326 this is also referred to as striate
+YsOOo7etpGg-00235-00057327-00057390 court
+YsOOo7etpGg-00236-00057391-00057644 with other cortical visual regions
+YsOOo7etpGg-00237-00057645-00057893 referred to collectively as extrastriate
+YsOOo7etpGg-00238-00057894-00058215 cortex it is at this stage that color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00239-00058216-00058461 processing becomes much more complicated
+YsOOo7etpGg-00240-00058462-00058829 in v1 the simple three color segregation
+YsOOo7etpGg-00241-00058830-00059138 begins to break down many cells in v1
+YsOOo7etpGg-00242-00059139-00059340 respond to some parts of the spectrum
+YsOOo7etpGg-00243-00059341-00059630 better than others but this color tuning
+YsOOo7etpGg-00244-00059631-00059853 is often different depending on the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00245-00059854-00060098 adaptation state of the visual system a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00246-00060099-00060362 given cell that might respond best to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00247-00060363-00060542 long wavelength light if the light is
+YsOOo7etpGg-00248-00060544-00060719 relatively bright might then become
+YsOOo7etpGg-00249-00060720-00060921 responsive to all wavelengths if the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00250-00060922-00061205 stimulus is relatively dim because the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00251-00061206-00061382 color tuning of these cells is not
+YsOOo7etpGg-00252-00061383-00061580 stable some believe that a different
+YsOOo7etpGg-00253-00061581-00061797 relatively small population of neurons
+YsOOo7etpGg-00254-00061798-00062075 in v1 is responsible for color vision
+YsOOo7etpGg-00255-00062076-00062492 these specialized color cells often have
+YsOOo7etpGg-00256-00062494-00062712 receptive fields that can compute local
+YsOOo7etpGg-00257-00062713-00063113 cone ratios such double opponent cells
+YsOOo7etpGg-00258-00063114-00063317 were initially described in the goldfish
+YsOOo7etpGg-00259-00063319-00063566 retina by Nigel DAW their existence in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00260-00063567-00063816 primates was suggested by David H Hubel
+YsOOo7etpGg-00261-00063816-00064013 and Torsten Wiesel and subsequently
+YsOOo7etpGg-00262-00064014-00064311 proven by bevel Conway as Margaret
+YsOOo7etpGg-00263-00064312-00064493 Livingstone and David Hubel showed
+YsOOo7etpGg-00264-00064494-00064698 double opponents cells are clustered
+YsOOo7etpGg-00265-00064699-00064931 within localized regions of v1 called
+YsOOo7etpGg-00266-00064932-00065121 blobs and are thought to come in two
+YsOOo7etpGg-00267-00065122-00065342 flavors red green and blue yellow red
+YsOOo7etpGg-00268-00065343-00065655 green cells compare the relative amounts
+YsOOo7etpGg-00269-00065656-00065876 of red green in one part of a scene with
+YsOOo7etpGg-00270-00065877-00066056 the amount of red green in an adjacent
+YsOOo7etpGg-00271-00066057-00066275 part of the scene responding best to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00272-00066276-00066548 local color contrast red next to green
+YsOOo7etpGg-00273-00066549-00066804 modelling studies have shown that double
+YsOOo7etpGg-00274-00066805-00067017 oponent cells are ideal candidates for
+YsOOo7etpGg-00275-00067018-00067212 the neural machinery of color constancy
+YsOOo7etpGg-00276-00067213-00067493 explained by Edwin H land in his retinas
+YsOOo7etpGg-00277-00067494-00067832 theory from the v1 blobs color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00278-00067833-00068024 information is sent to cells in the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00279-00068025-00068412 second visual area v2 the cells in v2
+YsOOo7etpGg-00280-00068413-00068624 that are most strongly colored tuned are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00281-00068625-00068937 clustered in the thin stripes that like
+YsOOo7etpGg-00282-00068938-00069180 the blobs in v1 stained for the enzyme
+YsOOo7etpGg-00283-00069181-00069411 cytochrome oxidase separating the thin
+YsOOo7etpGg-00284-00069412-00069587 stripes are inter stripes and thick
+YsOOo7etpGg-00285-00069588-00069792 stripes which seem to be concerned with
+YsOOo7etpGg-00286-00069793-00070011 other visual information like motion and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00287-00070012-00070359 high-resolution form neurons in v2 then
+YsOOo7etpGg-00288-00070360-00070692 synapse onto cells in the extended v4
+YsOOo7etpGg-00289-00070693-00070998 this area includes not only v4 but two
+YsOOo7etpGg-00290-00070999-00071180 other areas in the posterior inferior
+YsOOo7etpGg-00291-00071181-00071541 temporal cortex anterior to area v3 the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00292-00071542-00071729 dorsal posterior inferior temporal
+YsOOo7etpGg-00293-00071730-00072143 cortex and posterior Te'o area v4 was
+YsOOo7etpGg-00294-00072144-00072392 initially suggested by Sameer Zeki to be
+YsOOo7etpGg-00295-00072393-00072617 exclusively dedicated to color but this
+YsOOo7etpGg-00296-00072618-00072834 is now thought to be incorrect in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00297-00072835-00073091 particular the presence in v4 of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00298-00073092-00073323 orientation selective cells led to the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00299-00073324-00073574 view that v4 is involved in processing
+YsOOo7etpGg-00300-00073575-00073775 both color and form associated with
+YsOOo7etpGg-00301-00073776-00074069 color color processing in the extended
+YsOOo7etpGg-00302-00074070-00074322 v4 occurs in millimeter sized color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00303-00074323-00074634 modules called globs this is the first
+YsOOo7etpGg-00304-00074635-00074813 part of the brain in which color is
+YsOOo7etpGg-00305-00074814-00075021 processed in terms of the full range of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00306-00075022-00075275 hues found in color space anatomical
+YsOOo7etpGg-00307-00075276-00075459 studies have shown that neurons an
+YsOOo7etpGg-00308-00075460-00075690 extended v4 provide input to the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00309-00075691-00075992 inferior temporal lobe it cortex has
+YsOOo7etpGg-00310-00075993-00076185 thought to integrate color information
+YsOOo7etpGg-00311-00076186-00076365 with shape and form although it has been
+YsOOo7etpGg-00312-00076366-00076511 difficult to define the appropriate
+YsOOo7etpGg-00313-00076512-00076835 criteria for this claim despite this
+YsOOo7etpGg-00314-00076836-00077022 murkiness it has been useful to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00315-00077023-00077271 characterize this pathway v1 greater
+YsOOo7etpGg-00316-00077272-00077561 than V 2 greater than v4 greater than it
+YsOOo7etpGg-00317-00077562-00077766 as the ventral stream or the what
+YsOOo7etpGg-00318-00077767-00078044 pathway distinguished from the dorsal
+YsOOo7etpGg-00319-00078045-00078341 stream where pathway that is thought to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00320-00078342-00079046 analyze motion among many other features
+YsOOo7etpGg-00321-00079047-00079702 topic subjectivity of color perception
+YsOOo7etpGg-00322-00079703-00079960 nothing categorically distinguishes the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00323-00079961-00080107 visible spectrum of electromagnetic
+YsOOo7etpGg-00324-00080108-00080383 radiation from invisible portions of the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00325-00080384-00080680 broader spectrum in this sense color is
+YsOOo7etpGg-00326-00080681-00080869 not a property of electromagnetic
+YsOOo7etpGg-00327-00080870-00080950 radiation
+YsOOo7etpGg-00328-00080951-00081154 but a feature of visual perception by an
+YsOOo7etpGg-00329-00081155-00081403 observer furthermore there is an
+YsOOo7etpGg-00330-00081404-00081616 arbitrary mapping between wavelengths of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00331-00081617-00081811 light in the visual spectrum and human
+YsOOo7etpGg-00332-00081812-00082087 experiences of color although most
+YsOOo7etpGg-00333-00082088-00082252 people are assumed to have the same
+YsOOo7etpGg-00334-00082253-00082420 mapping the philosopher John Locke
+YsOOo7etpGg-00335-00082421-00082630 recognized that alternatives are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00336-00082631-00082822 possible and described one such
+YsOOo7etpGg-00337-00082823-00083062 hypothetical case with the inverted
+YsOOo7etpGg-00338-00083063-00083334 spectrum thought experiment for example
+YsOOo7etpGg-00339-00083335-00083578 someone with an inverted spectrum might
+YsOOo7etpGg-00340-00083579-00083860 experience green while seeing red 700
+YsOOo7etpGg-00341-00083861-00084073 nanometers light and experience red
+YsOOo7etpGg-00342-00084074-00084423 while seeing green 530 nanometers light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00343-00084424-00084733 synesthesia or ideasthesia provides some
+YsOOo7etpGg-00344-00084734-00084958 atypical but illuminating examples of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00345-00084959-00085174 subjective color experience triggered by
+YsOOo7etpGg-00346-00085175-00085372 input that is not even light such as
+YsOOo7etpGg-00347-00085373-00085681 sounds or shapes the possibility of a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00348-00085682-00085873 cleaned association between color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00349-00085874-00086074 experience from properties of the world
+YsOOo7etpGg-00350-00086075-00086259 reveals that color as a subjective
+YsOOo7etpGg-00351-00086260-00086572 psychological phenomenon the Himba
+YsOOo7etpGg-00352-00086573-00086757 people have been found to categorize
+YsOOo7etpGg-00353-00086758-00086910 colors differently from most
+YsOOo7etpGg-00354-00086911-00087103 euro-americans and are able to easily
+YsOOo7etpGg-00355-00087104-00087361 distinguish close shades of green barely
+YsOOo7etpGg-00356-00087362-00087520 discernible for most people
+YsOOo7etpGg-00357-00087521-00087790 the Himba have created a very different
+YsOOo7etpGg-00358-00087791-00087991 color scheme which divides the spectrum
+YsOOo7etpGg-00359-00087992-00088257 to dark shades Zuzu and Himba very light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00360-00088258-00088525 bapak vivid blue and green brew and dry
+YsOOo7etpGg-00361-00088526-00088699 colors as an adaptation to their
+YsOOo7etpGg-00362-00088700-00089023 specific way of life perception of color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00363-00089024-00089251 depends heavily on the context in which
+YsOOo7etpGg-00364-00089252-00089532 the perceived object is presented for
+YsOOo7etpGg-00365-00089533-00089797 example a white page under blue pink or
+YsOOo7etpGg-00366-00089798-00090010 purple light will reflect mostly blue
+YsOOo7etpGg-00367-00090011-00090175 pink or purple light to the eye
+YsOOo7etpGg-00368-00090176-00090366 respectively the brain however
+YsOOo7etpGg-00369-00090367-00090574 compensates for the effect of lighting
+YsOOo7etpGg-00370-00090575-00090781 based on the color shift of surrounding
+YsOOo7etpGg-00371-00090782-00091006 objects and is more likely to interpret
+YsOOo7etpGg-00372-00091007-00091171 the page as white under all three
+YsOOo7etpGg-00373-00091172-00091384 conditions a phenomenon known as color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00374-00091385-00091623 constancy
+YsOOo7etpGg-00375-00091624-00091964 you
+YsOOo7etpGg-00376-00091965-00092558 topic in other animal species
+YsOOo7etpGg-00377-00092559-00092776 many species can see light with
+YsOOo7etpGg-00378-00092777-00093023 frequencies outside the human visible
+YsOOo7etpGg-00379-00093024-00093347 spectrum bees and many other insects can
+YsOOo7etpGg-00380-00093348-00093545 detect ultraviolet light which helps
+YsOOo7etpGg-00381-00093546-00093824 them to find nectar and flowers plant
+YsOOo7etpGg-00382-00093825-00094010 species that depend on insect
+YsOOo7etpGg-00383-00094011-00094217 pollination may owe reproductive success
+YsOOo7etpGg-00384-00094218-00094511 to ultraviolet colors and patterns
+YsOOo7etpGg-00385-00094512-00094721 rather than how colorful they appear to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00386-00094722-00094922 humans birds too
+YsOOo7etpGg-00387-00094923-00095216 can see into the ultraviolet 300 to 400
+YsOOo7etpGg-00388-00095217-00095432 nanometers and some have sex dependent
+YsOOo7etpGg-00389-00095433-00095582 markings on their plumage that are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00390-00095583-00095800 visible only in the ultraviolet range
+YsOOo7etpGg-00391-00095801-00096056 many animals that can see into the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00392-00096057-00096323 ultraviolet range however cannot see red
+YsOOo7etpGg-00393-00096324-00096515 light or any other reddish wavelengths
+YsOOo7etpGg-00394-00096516-00096832 for example bees visible spectrum ends
+YsOOo7etpGg-00395-00096833-00097130 at about 590 nanometers just before the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00396-00097131-00097430 orange wavelengths start birds however
+YsOOo7etpGg-00397-00097431-00097637 can see some red wavelengths although
+YsOOo7etpGg-00398-00097638-00097832 not as far into the light spectrum as
+YsOOo7etpGg-00399-00097833-00098096 humans it is a myth that the common
+YsOOo7etpGg-00400-00098097-00098315 goldfish is the only animal that can see
+YsOOo7etpGg-00401-00098316-00098507 both infrared and ultraviolet light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00402-00098508-00098693 their color vision extends into the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00403-00098694-00098909 ultraviolet but not the infrared the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00404-00098910-00099119 basis for this variation is the number
+YsOOo7etpGg-00405-00099120-00099269 of cone types that differ between
+YsOOo7etpGg-00406-00099270-00099590 species mammals in general have color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00407-00099591-00099806 vision of a limited type and usually
+YsOOo7etpGg-00408-00099807-00100016 have red-green color blindness with only
+YsOOo7etpGg-00409-00100017-00100364 two types of cones humans some primates
+YsOOo7etpGg-00410-00100365-00100565 and some marsupials see an extended
+YsOOo7etpGg-00411-00100566-00100793 range of colors but only by comparison
+YsOOo7etpGg-00412-00100794-00101075 with other mammals most non-mammalian
+YsOOo7etpGg-00413-00101076-00101264 vertebrates species distinguish
+YsOOo7etpGg-00414-00101265-00101432 different colors at least as well as
+YsOOo7etpGg-00415-00101433-00101696 humans and many species of birds fish
+YsOOo7etpGg-00416-00101697-00101906 reptiles and amphibians and some
+YsOOo7etpGg-00417-00101907-00102101 invertebrates have more than three cone
+YsOOo7etpGg-00418-00102102-00102335 types and probably superior color vision
+YsOOo7etpGg-00419-00102336-00102680 to humans in most catarrhini old-world
+YsOOo7etpGg-00420-00102681-00102950 monkeys and apes primates closely
+YsOOo7etpGg-00421-00102951-00103154 related to humans there are three types
+YsOOo7etpGg-00422-00103155-00103379 of color receptors known as cone cells
+YsOOo7etpGg-00423-00103380-00103603 resulting in trichromatic color vision
+YsOOo7etpGg-00424-00103604-00103918 these primates like humans are known as
+YsOOo7etpGg-00425-00103919-00104150 trichromats many other primates
+YsOOo7etpGg-00426-00104151-00104354 including new world monkeys and other
+YsOOo7etpGg-00427-00104355-00104555 mammals are dichromats which is the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00428-00104556-00104758 general color vision state for mammals
+YsOOo7etpGg-00429-00104759-00104918 that are active during the day ie
+YsOOo7etpGg-00430-00104919-00105305 felines canines ungulates nocturnal
+YsOOo7etpGg-00431-00105306-00105484 mammals may have little or no color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00432-00105485-00105725 vision trichrome at non-primate mammals
+YsOOo7etpGg-00433-00105726-00105938 are rare many invertebrates
+YsOOo7etpGg-00434-00105939-00106186 color vision honey bees and bumblebees
+YsOOo7etpGg-00435-00106188-00106424 have trichromatic color vision which is
+YsOOo7etpGg-00436-00106425-00106649 insensitive to red but sensitive to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00437-00106650-00106967 ultraviolet Azmi aroof a-- for example
+YsOOo7etpGg-00438-00106968-00107183 possess a tri-chromatic color system
+YsOOo7etpGg-00439-00107183-00107383 which they use in foraging for pollen
+YsOOo7etpGg-00440-00107384-00107663 from flowers in view of the importance
+YsOOo7etpGg-00441-00107664-00107855 of color vision to bees one might expect
+YsOOo7etpGg-00442-00107856-00108098 these receptor sensitivities to reflect
+YsOOo7etpGg-00443-00108099-00108308 their specific visual ecology for
+YsOOo7etpGg-00444-00108308-00108488 example the types of flowers that they
+YsOOo7etpGg-00445-00108489-00108760 visit however the main groups of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00446-00108761-00109004 hymenopteran insects excluding ants ie
+YsOOo7etpGg-00447-00109005-00109292 bees wasps and saw flies mostly have
+YsOOo7etpGg-00448-00109293-00109486 three types of photoreceptor with
+YsOOo7etpGg-00449-00109488-00109688 spectral sensitivities similar to the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00450-00109689-00109982 honeybees papilio butterflies possess
+YsOOo7etpGg-00451-00109983-00110213 six types of photoreceptors and may have
+YsOOo7etpGg-00452-00110214-00110507 Penta chromatic vision the most complex
+YsOOo7etpGg-00453-00110508-00110693 color vision system in the animal
+YsOOo7etpGg-00454-00110694-00110897 kingdom has been found in stomata pods
+YsOOo7etpGg-00455-00110898-00111098 such as the mantis shrimp with up to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00456-00111099-00111286 twelve spectral receptor types thought
+YsOOo7etpGg-00457-00111288-00111503 to work as multiple dichromatic units
+YsOOo7etpGg-00458-00111504-00111733 vertebrate animals such as tropical fish
+YsOOo7etpGg-00459-00111734-00111953 and birds sometimes have more complex
+YsOOo7etpGg-00460-00111954-00112148 color vision systems than humans
+YsOOo7etpGg-00461-00112149-00112358 thus the many subtle colors they exhibit
+YsOOo7etpGg-00462-00112358-00112577 generally serve as direct signals for
+YsOOo7etpGg-00463-00112578-00112793 other fish or birds and not to signal
+YsOOo7etpGg-00464-00112794-00113126 mammals in bird vision tetrachromacy has
+YsOOo7etpGg-00465-00113127-00113318 achieved through up to four cone types
+YsOOo7etpGg-00466-00113319-00113639 depending on species each single cone
+YsOOo7etpGg-00467-00113640-00113846 contains one of the four main types of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00468-00113847-00114215 vertebrate cone photopigment LW s m WS r
+YsOOo7etpGg-00469-00114216-00114634 h 2 s w s 2 and s w s 1 and has a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00470-00114635-00114806 colored oil droplet in its inner
+YsOOo7etpGg-00471-00114807-00115100 segments brightly colored oil droplets
+YsOOo7etpGg-00472-00115101-00115307 inside the cones shift or narrow the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00473-00115308-00115598 spectral sensitivity of the cell it has
+YsOOo7etpGg-00474-00115599-00115772 been suggested that it is likely that
+YsOOo7etpGg-00475-00115773-00116003 pigeons are penta crow mats reptiles and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00476-00116004-00116225 amphibians also have four cone types
+YsOOo7etpGg-00477-00116226-00116465 occasionally five and probably see at
+YsOOo7etpGg-00478-00116466-00116645 least the same number of colors that
+YsOOo7etpGg-00479-00116646-00116981 humans do or perhaps more in addition
+YsOOo7etpGg-00480-00116982-00117155 some nocturnal geckos have the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00481-00117156-00117374 capability of seeing color in dim light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00482-00117375-00117605 in the evolution of mammals segments of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00483-00117606-00117806 color vision were lost then for a few
+YsOOo7etpGg-00484-00117807-00118036 species of primates regained by gene
+YsOOo7etpGg-00485-00118038-00118316 duplication you therian mammals other
+YsOOo7etpGg-00486-00118317-00118607 than primates for example dogs mammalian
+YsOOo7etpGg-00487-00118608-00118796 farm animals generally have less
+YsOOo7etpGg-00488-00118797-00119030 effective to receptor dichromatic color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00489-00119031-00119236 perception systems which distinguish
+YsOOo7etpGg-00490-00119238-00119321 blue green
+YsOOo7etpGg-00491-00119322-00119558 and yellow but cannot distinguish
+YsOOo7etpGg-00492-00119558-00119846 oranges and reds there are some evidence
+YsOOo7etpGg-00493-00119847-00120064 that a few mammals such as cats have
+YsOOo7etpGg-00494-00120065-00120259 redeveloped the ability to distinguish
+YsOOo7etpGg-00495-00120260-00120476 longer wavelength colors in at least a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00496-00120477-00120749 limited way via one amino acid mutations
+YsOOo7etpGg-00497-00120750-00121052 in ops and genes the adaptation to C
+YsOOo7etpGg-00498-00121053-00121252 Reds is particularly important for
+YsOOo7etpGg-00499-00121253-00121429 primate mammals since it leads to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00500-00121430-00121666 identification of fruits and also newly
+YsOOo7etpGg-00501-00121667-00121850 sprouting reddish leaves which are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00502-00121851-00122191 particularly nutritious however even
+YsOOo7etpGg-00503-00122192-00122426 among primates full-color vision differs
+YsOOo7etpGg-00504-00122427-00122639 between new world and old world monkeys
+YsOOo7etpGg-00505-00122640-00122972 Old World primates including monkeys and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00506-00122973-00123214 all apes have vision similar to humans
+YsOOo7etpGg-00507-00123215-00123497 new world monkeys may or may not have
+YsOOo7etpGg-00508-00123498-00123731 color sensitivity at this level in most
+YsOOo7etpGg-00509-00123732-00123971 species males are dichromats and about
+YsOOo7etpGg-00510-00123972-00124250 60% of females are trichromats but the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00511-00124251-00124453 owl monkeys are cone monochrome at and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00512-00124454-00124643 both sexes of howler monkeys are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00513-00124644-00124879 trichromats visual sensitivity
+YsOOo7etpGg-00514-00124880-00125147 differences between males and females in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00515-00125148-00125369 a single species is due to the gene for
+YsOOo7etpGg-00516-00125370-00125536 yellow-green sensitive opsin protein
+YsOOo7etpGg-00517-00125538-00125768 which confers ability to differentiate
+YsOOo7etpGg-00518-00125769-00126014 red from green residing on the xx
+YsOOo7etpGg-00519-00126015-00126347 chromosome several marsupials such as
+YsOOo7etpGg-00520-00126348-00126541 the fat-tailed uh nerd smith OPS's
+YsOOo7etpGg-00521-00126542-00126722 krasiki data have been shown to have
+YsOOo7etpGg-00522-00126723-00126958 trichromatic color vision marine mammals
+YsOOo7etpGg-00523-00126959-00127196 adapted for low-light vision have only a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00524-00127197-00127406 single cone type and are thus monochrome
+YsOOo7etpGg-00525-00127407-00127583 at
+YsOOo7etpGg-00526-00127584-00127951 you
+YsOOo7etpGg-00527-00127952-00128483 topic evolution
+YsOOo7etpGg-00528-00128483-00128734 color perception mechanisms are highly
+YsOOo7etpGg-00529-00128735-00128948 dependent on evolutionary factors of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00530-00128949-00129112 which the most prominent is thought to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00531-00129113-00129332 be satisfactory recognition of food
+YsOOo7etpGg-00532-00129333-00129634 sources in herbivorous primates color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00533-00129635-00129829 perception as essential for finding
+YsOOo7etpGg-00534-00129830-00130129 proper immature leaves in hummingbirds
+YsOOo7etpGg-00535-00130130-00130336 particular flower types are often
+YsOOo7etpGg-00536-00130337-00130624 recognized by color as well on the other
+YsOOo7etpGg-00537-00130625-00130820 hand nocturnal mammals have less
+YsOOo7etpGg-00538-00130821-00131038 developed color vision since adequate
+YsOOo7etpGg-00539-00131039-00131222 light is needed for cones to function
+YsOOo7etpGg-00540-00131223-00131440 properly there is evidence that
+YsOOo7etpGg-00541-00131441-00131669 ultraviolet light plays a part in color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00542-00131670-00131851 perception in many branches of the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00543-00131852-00132106 animal kingdom especially insects in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00544-00132107-00132395 general the optical spectrum encompasses
+YsOOo7etpGg-00545-00132396-00132608 the most common electronic transitions
+YsOOo7etpGg-00546-00132609-00132763 in matter and is therefore the most
+YsOOo7etpGg-00547-00132764-00132973 useful for collecting information about
+YsOOo7etpGg-00548-00132974-00133259 the environment the evolution of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00549-00133260-00133474 trichromatic color vision in primates
+YsOOo7etpGg-00550-00133475-00133646 occurred as the ancestors of modern
+YsOOo7etpGg-00551-00133647-00133879 monkeys apes and humans switched to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00552-00133880-00134096 diurnal daytime activity and began
+YsOOo7etpGg-00553-00134097-00134263 consuming fruits and leaves from
+YsOOo7etpGg-00554-00134264-00134585 flowering plants color vision with UV
+YsOOo7etpGg-00555-00134586-00134800 discrimination is also present in a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00556-00134801-00135025 number of arthropods the only
+YsOOo7etpGg-00557-00135026-00135202 terrestrial animals besides the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00558-00135203-00135398 vertebrates to possess this trait some
+YsOOo7etpGg-00559-00135399-00135589 animals can distinguish colors in the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00560-00135590-00135860 ultraviolet spectrum the UV spectrum
+YsOOo7etpGg-00561-00135861-00136090 falls outside the human visible range
+YsOOo7etpGg-00562-00136091-00136283 except for some cataract surgery
+YsOOo7etpGg-00563-00136284-00136663 patients birds turtles lizards many fish
+YsOOo7etpGg-00564-00136664-00136898 and some rodents have UV receptors in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00565-00136899-00137176 their retinas these animals can see the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00566-00137177-00137401 UV patterns found on flowers and other
+YsOOo7etpGg-00567-00137402-00137629 wildlife that are otherwise invisible to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00568-00137630-00137953 the human eye ultraviolet vision as an
+YsOOo7etpGg-00569-00137954-00138185 especially important adaptation in birds
+YsOOo7etpGg-00570-00138186-00138478 it allows birds to spot small prey from
+YsOOo7etpGg-00571-00138479-00138727 a distance navigate avoid predators and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00572-00138728-00139034 forage while flying at high speeds birds
+YsOOo7etpGg-00573-00139035-00139283 also utilize their broad-spectrum vision
+YsOOo7etpGg-00574-00139284-00139516 to recognize other birds and in sexual
+YsOOo7etpGg-00575-00139517-00140093 selection
+YsOOo7etpGg-00576-00140094-00140750 topic mathematics of color perception
+YsOOo7etpGg-00577-00140751-00141128 a physical color is a combination of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00578-00141129-00141281 pure spectral colors in the visible
+YsOOo7etpGg-00579-00141282-00141578 range in principle there exist
+YsOOo7etpGg-00580-00141579-00141800 infinitely many distinct spectral colors
+YsOOo7etpGg-00581-00141801-00142007 and so the set of all physical colors
+YsOOo7etpGg-00582-00142008-00142148 may be thought of as an infinite
+YsOOo7etpGg-00583-00142149-00142405 dimensional vector space a Hilbert space
+YsOOo7etpGg-00584-00142406-00142700 this space is typically notated each
+YsOOo7etpGg-00585-00142701-00142961 color more technically the space of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00586-00142962-00143162 physical colors may be considered to be
+YsOOo7etpGg-00587-00143163-00143372 the topological cone over the simplex
+YsOOo7etpGg-00588-00143373-00143567 whose vertices are the spectral colors
+YsOOo7etpGg-00589-00143568-00143723 with white at the centroid of the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00590-00143724-00143936 simplex black at the apex of the cone
+YsOOo7etpGg-00591-00143937-00144122 and the monochromatic color associated
+YsOOo7etpGg-00592-00144123-00144290 with any given vertex
+YsOOo7etpGg-00593-00144291-00144440 somewhere along the line from that
+YsOOo7etpGg-00594-00144441-00144668 vertex to the apex depending on its
+YsOOo7etpGg-00595-00144669-00145019 brightness an element C of H color as a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00596-00145020-00145190 function from the range of visible
+YsOOo7etpGg-00597-00145191-00145439 wavelengths considered as an interval of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00598-00145440-00145856 real numbers WMI n WM a x2 the real
+YsOOo7etpGg-00599-00145857-00146105 numbers assigning to each wavelength W
+YsOOo7etpGg-00600-00146106-00146617 and W mi n W ma X its intensity C W a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00601-00146618-00146882 humanly perceived color may be modeled
+YsOOo7etpGg-00602-00146883-00147080 as three numbers the extent to which
+YsOOo7etpGg-00603-00147081-00147266 each of the three types of cones is
+YsOOo7etpGg-00604-00147267-00147341 stimulated
+YsOOo7etpGg-00605-00147342-00147605 thus a humanly perceived color may be
+YsOOo7etpGg-00606-00147606-00147731 thought of as a point in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00607-00147732-00148031 three-dimensional Euclidean space we
+YsOOo7etpGg-00608-00148032-00148352 call this space our three color since
+YsOOo7etpGg-00609-00148353-00148595 each wavelength W stimulates each of the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00610-00148596-00148796 three types of cone cells to a known
+YsOOo7etpGg-00611-00148797-00148985 extent these extents may be represented
+YsOOo7etpGg-00612-00148986-00149395 by three functions SW m WL w
+YsOOo7etpGg-00613-00149396-00149639 corresponding to the response of the SM
+YsOOo7etpGg-00614-00149640-00150017 and L cone cells respectively finally
+YsOOo7etpGg-00615-00150018-00150233 since a beam of light can be composed of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00616-00150234-00150437 many different wavelengths to determine
+YsOOo7etpGg-00617-00150438-00150647 the extent to which a physical color C
+YsOOo7etpGg-00618-00150648-00150911 and H color stimulates each cone cell we
+YsOOo7etpGg-00619-00150912-00151082 must calculate the integral with respect
+YsOOo7etpGg-00620-00151083-00151538 to W over the interval W mi n w ma X of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00621-00151539-00152315 C w SW of C WM w NF C WL w the triple of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00622-00152316-00152510 resulting numbers associates with each
+YsOOo7etpGg-00623-00152511-00152753 physical color C which is an element in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00624-00152754-00152969 H color a particular perceived color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00625-00152970-00153314 which is a single point in r3 color this
+YsOOo7etpGg-00626-00153315-00153554 association is easily seen to be linear
+YsOOo7etpGg-00627-00153555-00153806 it may also easily be seen that many
+YsOOo7etpGg-00628-00153807-00154100 different elements in the physical
+YsOOo7etpGg-00629-00154101-00154316 basse H color can all result in the same
+YsOOo7etpGg-00630-00154317-00154523 single perceived color in our three
+YsOOo7etpGg-00631-00154524-00154766 color so a perceived color is not unique
+YsOOo7etpGg-00632-00154767-00155096 to one physical color thus human color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00633-00155097-00155285 perception is determined by a specific
+YsOOo7etpGg-00634-00155286-00155504 non unique linear mapping from the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00635-00155505-00155690 infinite dimensional hilbert space h
+YsOOo7etpGg-00636-00155691-00155939 color to the three-dimensional euclidean
+YsOOo7etpGg-00637-00155940-00156275 space our three color technically the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00638-00156276-00156488 image of the mathematical cone over the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00639-00156489-00156698 simplex whose vertices are the spectral
+YsOOo7etpGg-00640-00156699-00156926 colors by this linear mapping is also a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00641-00156927-00157162 mathematical cone in our three color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00642-00157163-00157454 moving directly away from the vertex of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00643-00157455-00157649 this cone represents maintaining the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00644-00157650-00157856 same chromaticity while increasing its
+YsOOo7etpGg-00645-00157857-00158159 intensity taking a cross-section of this
+YsOOo7etpGg-00646-00158160-00158519 cone yields a 2d chromaticity space both
+YsOOo7etpGg-00647-00158520-00158732 the 3d cone in its projection or
+YsOOo7etpGg-00648-00158733-00158960 cross-section are convex sets that is
+YsOOo7etpGg-00649-00158961-00159191 any mixture of spectral colors is also a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00650-00159192-00159506 color in practice it would be quite
+YsOOo7etpGg-00651-00159507-00159716 difficult to physiologically measure an
+YsOOo7etpGg-00652-00159717-00159935 individual's three cone responses to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00653-00159936-00160268 various physical color stimuli instead a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00654-00160269-00160529 psychophysical approach is taken three
+YsOOo7etpGg-00655-00160530-00160724 specific benchmark test lights are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00656-00160725-00160979 typically used let us call them s m and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00657-00160980-00161216 L to calibrate human perceptual space
+YsOOo7etpGg-00658-00161217-00161477 scientists allowed human subjects to try
+YsOOo7etpGg-00659-00161478-00161684 to match any physical color by turning
+YsOOo7etpGg-00660-00161685-00161930 dials to create specific combinations of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00661-00161931-00162236 intensities as I am ill for the s m and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00662-00162237-00162487 L lights RESP until a match was found
+YsOOo7etpGg-00663-00162488-00162785 this needed only to be done for physical
+YsOOo7etpGg-00664-00162786-00162986 colors that are spectral since a linear
+YsOOo7etpGg-00665-00162987-00163190 combination of spectral colors will be
+YsOOo7etpGg-00666-00163191-00163394 matched by the same linear combination
+YsOOo7etpGg-00667-00163395-00163757 of there is I M L matches note that in
+YsOOo7etpGg-00668-00163758-00164021 practice often at least one of s M L
+YsOOo7etpGg-00669-00164022-00164168 would have to be added with some
+YsOOo7etpGg-00670-00164169-00164387 intensity to the physical test color and
+YsOOo7etpGg-00671-00164388-00164570 that combination matched by a linear
+YsOOo7etpGg-00672-00164571-00164800 combination of the remaining two lights
+YsOOo7etpGg-00673-00164801-00165068 across different individuals without
+YsOOo7etpGg-00674-00165069-00165275 color blindness the matchings turned out
+YsOOo7etpGg-00675-00165276-00165501 to be nearly identical
+YsOOo7etpGg-00676-00165502-00165687 by considering all the resulting
+YsOOo7etpGg-00677-00165688-00165945 combinations of intensities as I am ill
+YsOOo7etpGg-00678-00165946-00166248 as a subset of 3-space a model for human
+YsOOo7etpGg-00679-00166249-00166536 perceptual color space is formed note
+YsOOo7etpGg-00680-00166537-00166797 that when one of s m l had to be added
+YsOOo7etpGg-00681-00166798-00166995 to the test color its intensity was
+YsOOo7etpGg-00682-00166996-00167220 counted as negative again this turns out
+YsOOo7etpGg-00683-00167221-00167481 to be a mathematical cone not a quadric
+YsOOo7etpGg-00684-00167482-00167673 but rather all raised through the origin
+YsOOo7etpGg-00685-00167674-00167877 in 3-space passing through a certain
+YsOOo7etpGg-00686-00167878-00168090 convex set again
+YsOOo7etpGg-00687-00168091-00168288 this cone has the property that moving
+YsOOo7etpGg-00688-00168289-00168434 directly away from the origin
+YsOOo7etpGg-00689-00168435-00168678 corresponds to increasing the intensity
+YsOOo7etpGg-00690-00168679-00169023 of the SM L lights proportionately again
+YsOOo7etpGg-00691-00169024-00169251 a cross-section of this cone as a planar
+YsOOo7etpGg-00692-00169252-00169516 shape that is by definition the spacer
+YsOOo7etpGg-00693-00169517-00169812 chromaticities informally distinct
+YsOOo7etpGg-00694-00169813-00170058 colors one particular such cross-section
+YsOOo7etpGg-00695-00170059-00170298 corresponding to constant X plus y plus
+YsOOo7etpGg-00696-00170299-00170652 Z of the CIE 1931 color space gives the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00697-00170653-00170985 CIE chromaticity diagram this system
+YsOOo7etpGg-00698-00170986-00171228 implies that for any hue or non spectral
+YsOOo7etpGg-00699-00171229-00171381 color not on the boundary of the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00700-00171382-00171558 chromaticity diagram there are
+YsOOo7etpGg-00701-00171559-00171723 infinitely many distinct physical
+YsOOo7etpGg-00702-00171724-00171929 spectra that are all perceived as that
+YsOOo7etpGg-00703-00171930-00172269 hue or color so in general there is no
+YsOOo7etpGg-00704-00172270-00172443 such thing as the combination of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00705-00172444-00172653 spectral colors that we perceive as say
+YsOOo7etpGg-00706-00172654-00172908 a specific version of tan instead there
+YsOOo7etpGg-00707-00172909-00173118 are infinitely many possibilities that
+YsOOo7etpGg-00708-00173119-00173391 produce that exact color the boundary
+YsOOo7etpGg-00709-00173392-00173604 colors that are pure spectral colors can
+YsOOo7etpGg-00710-00173605-00173808 be perceived only in response to light
+YsOOo7etpGg-00711-00173809-00173991 that is purely at the associated
+YsOOo7etpGg-00712-00173992-00174186 wavelength while the boundary colors on
+YsOOo7etpGg-00713-00174187-00174489 the line of purples can each only be
+YsOOo7etpGg-00714-00174490-00174714 generated by a specific ratio of the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00715-00174715-00174915 pure violet and the pure red at the ends
+YsOOo7etpGg-00716-00174916-00175215 of the visible spectrum colors the CIE
+YsOOo7etpGg-00717-00175216-00175452 chromaticity diagram is horseshoe shaped
+YsOOo7etpGg-00718-00175453-00175659 with its curved edge corresponding to
+YsOOo7etpGg-00719-00175660-00175878 all spectral colors the spectral locus
+YsOOo7etpGg-00720-00175879-00176016 and the remaining straight edge
+YsOOo7etpGg-00721-00176017-00176226 corresponding to the most saturated
+YsOOo7etpGg-00722-00176227-00176578 Purple's mixtures of red and violet
+YsOOo7etpGg-00723-00176579-00176947 you
+YsOOo7etpGg-00724-00176948-00177550 topic chromatic adaptation
+YsOOo7etpGg-00725-00177551-00177844 in color science chromatic adaptation as
+YsOOo7etpGg-00726-00177845-00178045 the estimation of the representation of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00727-00178046-00178243 an object under a different light source
+YsOOo7etpGg-00728-00178244-00178455 from the one in which it was recorded a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00729-00178456-00178693 common application is to find a
+YsOOo7etpGg-00730-00178694-00178948 chromatic adaptation transform cat that
+YsOOo7etpGg-00731-00178949-00179104 will make the recording of a neutral
+YsOOo7etpGg-00732-00179105-00179311 object appear neutral color balance
+YsOOo7etpGg-00733-00179312-00179524 while keeping other colors also looking
+YsOOo7etpGg-00734-00179525-00179806 realistic for example chromatic
+YsOOo7etpGg-00735-00179807-00180022 adaptation transforms are used when
+YsOOo7etpGg-00736-00180023-00180286 converting images between ICC profiles
+YsOOo7etpGg-00737-00180287-00180559 with different white points Adobe
+YsOOo7etpGg-00738-00180560-00180820 Photoshop for example uses the Bradford
+YsOOo7etpGg-00739-00180821-00181024 cat in color vision chromatic adaptation
+YsOOo7etpGg-00740-00181025-00181333 refers to color constancy the ability of
+YsOOo7etpGg-00741-00181334-00181504 the visual system to preserve the
+YsOOo7etpGg-00742-00181505-00181687 appearance of an object under a wide
+YsOOo7etpGg-00743-00181688-00181977 range of light sources
+YsOOo7etpGg-00744-00181978-00182346 you
+YsOOo7etpGg-00745-00182347-00182909 topic see also
+YsOOo7etpGg-00746-00182910-00183359 achromatopsia color blindness color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00747-00183360-00183725 theory inverted spectrum
+YsOOo7etpGg-00748-00183726-00183921 primary color
+YsOOo7etpGg-00749-00183922-00184379 the dress visual perception
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00001-00003544-00003670 how are you
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00002-00003671-00003886 my name is gilbert q stepp i'm
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00003-00003887-00004175 originally from the yoko first nation
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00004-00004176-00004351 but i currently reside in the city of
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00005-00004352-00004599 saskatoon now
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00006-00004600-00004863 my name is judy pelley i'm a cultural
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00007-00004864-00004951 advisor
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00008-00004952-00005191 knowledge keeper in primarily in
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00009-00005192-00005302 saskatoon
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00010-00005303-00005670 i i i'm an initiative i was born and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00011-00005671-00005870 raised in cody first nation
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00012-00005871-00006095 with grandfathers and i grew up with
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00013-00006096-00006247 ceremony
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00014-00006248-00006542 orange city is a movement of indian
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00015-00006543-00006606 residents
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00016-00006608-00006942 residential school survivors who went
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00017-00006943-00007110 through a dark time in
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00018-00007111-00007439 canada's history
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00019-00007440-00007814 we all have committed that no child
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00020-00007815-00008110 will go through life as we did as
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00021-00008111-00008303 children
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00022-00008304-00008678 all children lives matter
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00023-00008679-00009023 this orange shirt day recognition
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00024-00009024-00009414 began in 1973 when a
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00025-00009415-00009806 six-year-old girl whose name was phyllis
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00026-00009807-00009878 jack
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00027-00009879-00010191 webster was stripped of her new
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00028-00010192-00010478 orange shirt that her grandmother had
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00029-00010479-00010655 bought her
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00030-00010656-00011006 for her first day of attending
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00031-00011007-00011310 a residential school
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00032-00011311-00011551 this shirt was stripped of her and was
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00033-00011552-00011703 never returned
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00034-00011704-00012070 to her many of us that went to these
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00035-00012071-00012223 schools
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00036-00012224-00012599 felt like she did where no one heard
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00037-00012600-00012966 the cries of a child that no one cared
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00038-00012967-00013503 to listen to warren's shirt day means
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00039-00013504-00013927 that we have overcome all the bad things
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00040-00013928-00014238 that were done to his children
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00041-00014240-00014583 orange shirt day means that the prayers
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00042-00014584-00014727 of our old ones
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00043-00014728-00015071 helped a young boy begin a healing
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00044-00015072-00015503 journey of hope
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00045-00015504-00015758 orange shirt day means that i have been
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00046-00015759-00015830 blessed
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00047-00015831-00016103 to see the day that my gran that my
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00048-00016104-00016327 children my grandchildren
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00049-00016328-00016679 and great-grandchildren will never
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00050-00016680-00017055 be left behind as we were orange shirt
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00051-00017056-00017222 day means
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00052-00017223-00017407 i am able to live the life of my
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00053-00017408-00017527 ancestors
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00054-00017528-00017863 prayed for me to live
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00055-00017864-00018167 with the guidance of her creator and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00056-00018168-00018535 that i will walk with you
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00057-00018536-00018983 my commitment to phyllis jack webster
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00058-00018984-00019207 and all our residential school survivors
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00059-00019208-00019407 and their families
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00060-00019408-00019686 is that i will lift my grandfather early
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00061-00019687-00019830 in the morning
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00062-00019831-00020111 on this day and i will pray for the
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00063-00020112-00020430 human spirit of all nations
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00064-00020431-00020855 on this day for the betterment of all
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00065-00020856-00021063 this is my obligation to the human
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00066-00021064-00021175 spirit
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00067-00021176-00021575 as i wear this orange shirt on this day
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00068-00021576-00021919 this is our orange shirt day may creator
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00069-00021920-00022358 bless us all hey
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00070-00022359-00022614 acknowledge the young the young girl
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00071-00022615-00022694 that was
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00072-00022695-00023022 a six-year-old girl that was uh
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00073-00023023-00023319 went to school i think it was 1973 she
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00074-00023320-00023535 she went to a mission school in bc and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00075-00023536-00023767 was so anxious to go there with her
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00076-00023768-00024063 with her orange shirt shiny orange shirt
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00077-00024064-00024207 that she just loved
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00078-00024208-00024519 her and her grandmother her grandmother
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00079-00024520-00024639 had brought her this
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00080-00024640-00024855 and she was so excited to do that and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00081-00024856-00025030 once she entered that school with her
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00082-00025031-00025127 grandmother
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00083-00025128-00025478 she was stripped of that shirt uh by the
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00084-00025479-00025767 by the missionaries i guess guests were
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00085-00025768-00025911 in that school and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00086-00025912-00026223 and uh never to see her or insured again
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00087-00026224-00026462 and imagine the heartbreak and that this
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00088-00026463-00026639 little girl went through
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00089-00026639-00026918 the heartbreaking of of all of a sudden
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00090-00026919-00027070 she was so happy and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00091-00027072-00027343 proud and then to be stripped of that
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00092-00027344-00027470 the
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00093-00027472-00027751 and the the what it did to her her her
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00094-00027752-00027887 soul and her
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00095-00027888-00028158 her uh you know that happiness
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00096-00028160-00028279 broken-hearted she
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00097-00028280-00028518 she went into that school and this this
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00098-00028519-00028646 is uh
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00099-00028647-00028943 orange city reminds us that there was
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00100-00028944-00029031 many stu
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00101-00029032-00029223 many many little kids that went to
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00102-00029224-00029446 school at six or seven or eight whatever
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00103-00029447-00029718 age and that that went there with hope
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00104-00029719-00029783 and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00105-00029783-00030031 and and where what happened to them once
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00106-00030032-00030239 they they cross that door
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00107-00030239-00030423 and it brings into mind what's happening
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00108-00030424-00030655 now in in society where
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00109-00030656-00030846 where uh people are now just learning
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00110-00030847-00031095 that dark history after trc
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00111-00031095-00031295 they're learning the the the dark
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00112-00031295-00031423 history that
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00113-00031424-00031607 should have been taught in schools and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00114-00031608-00031727 never was
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00115-00031727-00031918 and i think that it's very important to
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00116-00031919-00032255 in on this day to remember that
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00117-00032256-00032495 that these things happened and that they
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00118-00032495-00032646 need to be taught
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00119-00032647-00033015 uh a lot of these uh uh
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00120-00033016-00033423 our students and our newcomers our
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00121-00033424-00033831 uh settler friends are just now learning
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00122-00033832-00034167 and i encourage that
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00123-00034168-00034327 because we can only make a better
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00124-00034328-00034543 tomorrow if we acknowledge that and we
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00125-00034544-00034662 understand
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00126-00034663-00034823 why some of the disparities are
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00127-00034824-00035015 happening in our communities
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00128-00035016-00035287 and with that uh on on on orange shirt
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00129-00035288-00035511 day i commit i will commit myself to
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00130-00035512-00035759 to be uh there when the grandfathers are
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00131-00035760-00035959 lifted to be sitting there and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00132-00035960-00036215 in ceremony and also to uh to do
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00133-00036216-00036359 smudging and praying
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00134-00036360-00036583 praying for for the for the people that
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00135-00036584-00036662 have gone
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00136-00036663-00036895 before us and their that and to pray for
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00137-00036896-00037015 the people and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00138-00037016-00037223 people uh that are with us and and in
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00139-00037224-00037407 the future our grandchildren and those
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00140-00037408-00037518 yet unborn
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00141-00037519-00037743 to understand and to make it a better
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00142-00037744-00037855 tomorrow
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00143-00037856-00038023 understanding this history is very
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00144-00038024-00038167 important and
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00145-00038168-00038407 and wearing this orange shirt has a very
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00146-00038408-00038535 strong meaning
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00147-00038536-00038815 in working together in our communities
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00148-00038816-00039427 thank you very much
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00149-00039428-00040671 [Music]
+YvdNVmd1YYI-00150-00040672-00040880 you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00000-00000224-00002247 um
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00001-00002248-00002463 welcome back to this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00002-00002464-00002607 lecture
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00003-00002608-00002710 in the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00004-00002711-00002883 last lecture we
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00005-00002884-00003158 were introduced the second order linear
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00006-00003159-00003327 equations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00007-00003328-00003495 we have introduced the concept of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00008-00003496-00003654 wronskian
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00009-00003655-00003927 and we also seen the solution space of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00010-00003928-00004191 homogeneous equation is two dimensional
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00011-00004192-00004303 which is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00012-00004304-00004638 in some sense a remarkable fact
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00013-00004639-00004854 but the only difficulty
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00014-00004855-00005070 compared to your first order equations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00015-00005071-00005263 where the solution could be easily
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00016-00005264-00005591 founded by a integral calculus problem
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00017-00005592-00005895 there is no general method to find
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00018-00005896-00006127 the two independent solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00019-00006128-00006318 so if you have a procedure to find
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00020-00006319-00006510 independent solution or if anybody can
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00021-00006511-00006734 prove that independent solutions then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00022-00006736-00007006 the entire solutions space can be
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00023-00007008-00007198 understood as a linear combination of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00024-00007200-00007423 two independent solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00025-00007423-00007646 since there are no recipe
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00026-00007647-00007959 i will begin with two methods
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00027-00007959-00008167 ah to how to find the independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00028-00008168-00008463 solution is not very general method
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00029-00008464-00008814 and still ah we do not have a complete
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00030-00008815-00009127 procedure so we will start with the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00031-00009128-00009351 one easy method
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00032-00009352-00009551 it may not work all the time
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00033-00009552-00009751 it depends on particular problems you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00034-00009752-00009919 are dealing with
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00035-00009920-00010223 it might work or might not work so let
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00036-00010224-00010463 me recall the equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00037-00010464-00010638 general equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00038-00010639-00010799 recall
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00039-00010800-00011406 the general equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00040-00011407-00011663 is nothing but l of y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00041-00011664-00011895 for shorter notation we will put it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00042-00011896-00012119 or you can also put l of y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00043-00012120-00012238 y prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00044-00012239-00012391 y double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00045-00012392-00012542 that is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00046-00012543-00012759 y double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00047-00012760-00013030 plus p t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00048-00013031-00013215 y prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00049-00013216-00013430 plus q t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00050-00013431-00013647 y equal to zero
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00051-00013647-00013830 this is the general equation which we
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00052-00013831-00013999 are going to introduce
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00053-00014000-00014415 so the idea
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00054-00014416-00014519 is to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00055-00014519-00014807 look for a solution of the form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00056-00014808-00015094 look for a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00057-00015095-00015511 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00058-00015512-00015743 of the form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00059-00015744-00015991 this there is no reason why such a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00060-00015991-00016294 solution we can look for but then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00061-00016295-00016558 for certain equations it will work out
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00062-00016559-00016735 we are not claiming u and we are
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00063-00016736-00016975 solutions you are looking for a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00064-00016976-00017230 in the product form u n v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00065-00017231-00017503 and if you are fortunate enough we will
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00066-00017504-00017847 be able to find the solution uh find u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00067-00017848-00018143 and v by solving some other easy
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00068-00018144-00018407 equations so do a computation to that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00069-00018408-00018679 one so you can do the computation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00070-00018680-00018886 i will not do the entire computation but
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00071-00018887-00019014 y equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00072-00019015-00019143 u prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00073-00019144-00019303 v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00074-00019304-00019567 plus u v prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00075-00019568-00019830 and then y double prime you can compute
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00076-00019831-00020063 y double prime when you computed y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00077-00020064-00020447 double prime you get u double prime v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00078-00020448-00020735 then u prime v prime 2 times will come
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00079-00020736-00020983 to u prime v prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00080-00020984-00021071 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00081-00021072-00021175 u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00082-00021176-00021367 v double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00083-00021368-00021575 substituting the equation let me call
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00084-00021576-00021783 this equation to be one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00085-00021784-00021950 substitute in
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00086-00021951-00022111 in one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00087-00022112-00022350 you get a bigger equation you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00088-00022351-00022478 will give you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00089-00022479-00022686 a large equation you can you have to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00090-00022687-00022919 substitute all that you will get u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00091-00022920-00023094 double prime v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00092-00023095-00023183 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00093-00023184-00023278 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00094-00023279-00023519 u prime v prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00095-00023520-00023622 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00096-00023623-00023878 u v double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00097-00023879-00024175 plus p t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00098-00024176-00024599 y prime you substitute you get u prime v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00099-00024600-00024767 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00100-00024768-00024967 u v prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00101-00024968-00025063 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00102-00025064-00025214 q t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00103-00025215-00025383 u v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00104-00025384-00025614 equal to 0 thats what
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00105-00025616-00025990 so the next step
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00106-00025991-00026199 next step
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00107-00026200-00026518 is to make the equation the make
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00108-00026519-00026743 choose u in such a way that you try to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00109-00026744-00026927 remove the v prime terms from the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00110-00026927-00027231 equation so you put in such a way that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00111-00027232-00027431 summation of this equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00112-00027432-00027687 not this one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00113-00027688-00027902 the v prime term
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00114-00027904-00028031 this one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00115-00028032-00028374 this combined term v prime is absent so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00116-00028375-00028599 step
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00117-00028600-00029023 uh choose u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00118-00029024-00029318 so that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00119-00029319-00029567 v prime term is absent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00120-00029568-00029855 is absent v prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00121-00029856-00030343 v prime term
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00122-00030344-00030743 is absent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00123-00030744-00030974 the as i said the idea is to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00124-00030975-00031287 look for get equations for u and v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00125-00031288-00031511 which are simpler
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00126-00031512-00031623 that is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00127-00031624-00031927 if you prime term is absent you want to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00128-00031927-00032062 choose this way
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00129-00032063-00032270 2 u prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00130-00032272-00032527 v prime plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00131-00032527-00032695 p t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00132-00032695-00033071 u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00133-00033072-00033199 p t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00134-00033200-00033327 u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00135-00033328-00033583 this v prime equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00136-00033584-00033911 that gives an equation for u prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00137-00033912-00034151 is equal to 2 u prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00138-00034152-00034455 plus p t u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00139-00034456-00034783 equal to 0 so this is an easy equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00140-00034784-00035135 this is an easy equation for u prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00141-00035136-00035462 so you solve for u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00142-00035463-00035743 solve for u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00143-00035744-00035830 and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00144-00035831-00036223 that's easy this is an easy part
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00145-00036224-00036502 solving u 4 is an easy part
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00146-00036503-00036695 because it's a first order equation so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00147-00036696-00036959 this there is no difficulty absolutely
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00148-00036960-00037295 but the next result is that it's
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00149-00037296-00037495 possible that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00150-00037496-00037774 because there is no v prime term
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00151-00037775-00038015 but then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00152-00038016-00038246 u is already determined so computing u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00153-00038247-00038462 double prime u etcetera is already known
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00154-00038463-00038559 to you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00155-00038560-00038830 but then there are no v prime term so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00156-00038831-00039039 you will have an equation it is possible
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00157-00039040-00039423 that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00158-00039424-00039599 the equation for
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00159-00039600-00039695 v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00160-00039696-00039974 is not always true if it is always true
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00161-00039975-00040111 equation for
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00162-00040112-00040230 v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00163-00040231-00040590 is easy to solve
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00164-00040591-00041079 easy to solve so let's see an example
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00165-00041080-00041351 if you say if you are lucky you will be
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00166-00041352-00041495 able to do that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00167-00041496-00041871 so let us see a simple example
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00168-00041872-00042083 again y double
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00169-00042084-00042495 prime plus 2 t y prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00170-00042496-00042711 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00171-00042712-00042983 1 plus t square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00172-00042984-00043158 right there will be plenty of equations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00173-00043159-00043462 to solve equal to 0.
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00174-00043463-00043655 so what is p t here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00175-00043656-00043862 p t is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00176-00043863-00044046 two t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00177-00044047-00044295 q t is equal to you should also be get
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00178-00044296-00044551 familiarize with how to solve equations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00179-00044552-00044879 thats important one plus t square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00180-00044880-00045102 so what do you get it if you solve for u
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00181-00045103-00045374 t you can write down the equation u t is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00182-00045375-00045567 equal to you can write down the earlier
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00183-00045568-00045662 equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00184-00045663-00045967 so equation for u t is this one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00185-00045968-00046215 so this is what your equation p t is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00186-00046216-00046535 easy so you can write down the equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00187-00046536-00046830 for u and you can solve it so let me not
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00188-00046831-00047071 spend time here so let me write this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00189-00047072-00047271 will imply
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00190-00047272-00047430 your ut
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00191-00047431-00047630 is nothing but
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00192-00047631-00047751 e power
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00193-00047752-00047855 minus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00194-00047856-00048079 t square by 2.
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00195-00048080-00048239 now substitute
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00196-00048240-00049023 that's the easy part substituting
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00197-00049024-00049167 in computing
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00198-00049168-00049343 let me avoid the computation here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00199-00049344-00049446 because
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00200-00049447-00049718 that you ca one can do it easily
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00201-00049719-00049951 computing you can write down equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00202-00049952-00050223 you can actually see that will imply
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00203-00050224-00050558 v prime will double prime will be zero
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00204-00050559-00050783 you see so you have a equation this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00205-00050784-00050999 happens for this particular equation so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00206-00051000-00051183 looking for a solution of the form y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00207-00051184-00051423 equal to u v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00208-00051424-00051630 and this will give you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00209-00051632-00051926 v is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00210-00051927-00052111 c 1 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00211-00052112-00052207 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00212-00052208-00052366 c 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00213-00052367-00052479 and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00214-00052479-00052759 a general and that will imply
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00215-00052760-00052991 your y t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00216-00052991-00053150 is of the form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00217-00053151-00053326 c 1 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00218-00053327-00053535 plus c two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00219-00053536-00053894 into e power minus t square by two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00220-00053895-00054263 so you see so you have your solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00221-00054264-00054391 nicely
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00222-00054391-00054623 in this case so many many examples can
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00223-00054624-00054863 be done that way so i will just show
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00224-00054864-00055015 that example
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00225-00055016-00055487 now i will go to the next method
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00226-00055488-00055775 method two is called the reduction of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00227-00055776-00055991 order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00228-00055991-00056142 method two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00229-00056144-00056463 order reduction
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00230-00056464-00056726 this method is quite good
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00231-00056727-00056935 but then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00232-00056936-00057150 you have to pay a price
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00233-00057151-00057503 the idea of this method you need to know
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00234-00057504-00057654 one solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00235-00057655-00057919 so if you know one solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00236-00057920-00058166 it gives you a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00237-00058167-00058311 ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00238-00058312-00058726 method a systematic method to find the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00239-00058727-00059038 second independent solution and also
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00240-00059039-00059454 so assume
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00241-00059455-00059871 a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00242-00059872-00060182 y 1 is known so this is the price you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00243-00060183-00060391 have to pay so still we do not have i
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00244-00060391-00060487 saw this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00245-00060488-00060775 so if you are able to find one solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00246-00060776-00061063 this method will give you a systematic
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00247-00061064-00061438 procedure by reducing the order to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00248-00061439-00061782 find the second independent solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00249-00061783-00062150 what will happen if y 1 is a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00250-00062151-00062423 a constant multiple cannot be a solu
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00251-00062424-00062606 constant multiple will also be a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00252-00062607-00062823 solution but then the constant multiple
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00253-00062824-00063103 of y 1 cannot be an independent solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00254-00063104-00063311 so that's a first observation one has to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00255-00063312-00063406 make it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00256-00063407-00063679 and no constant multiple of y1 will give
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00257-00063679-00063911 you a second solution so the possible
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00258-00063912-00064150 way to find the second solution instead
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00259-00064151-00064311 of multiplying by a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00260-00064312-00064559 constant you multiply by a function
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00261-00064560-00064799 itself so look for a solution of the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00262-00064800-00064935 form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00263-00064936-00065142 look for a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00264-00065144-00065615 solution of the form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00265-00065616-00065911 of the form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00266-00065912-00066343 y two equal to c t by t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00267-00066344-00066663 c one pi over t you see because if you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00268-00066664-00066926 take c as m ah if you take c as a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00269-00066927-00067079 constant multiple
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00270-00067080-00067255 you are not going to get an independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00271-00067256-00067447 solution any constant multiple will
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00272-00067448-00067663 always be a solution but if you want to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00273-00067664-00067967 have a solution y 2 which is independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00274-00067968-00068255 of the solution y 1. so now do the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00275-00068256-00068447 computation so you have to do a bit of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00276-00068448-00068655 computation i will do not do the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00277-00068656-00068838 computation so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00278-00068839-00069094 the exercise is just to do the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00279-00069095-00069471 computation do the computation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00280-00069472-00069871 do the computation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00281-00069872-00070047 what are the computation you have to use
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00282-00070048-00070326 it to it find the y 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00283-00070327-00070631 y 2 prime y 2 double prime and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00284-00070632-00071079 substitute indication and substitute in
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00285-00071080-00071455 l by 2. so you want to l by 2 to be a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00286-00071456-00071806 solution to your equation so u l by u 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00287-00071807-00072006 you also use
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00288-00072007-00072494 the fact that use the fact
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00289-00072495-00072823 l y 1 equal to 0 because y 1 is already
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00290-00072824-00073006 given to be a solution to your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00291-00073007-00073262 homogeneous equation so choose l y one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00292-00073263-00073526 equal to zero then you want y to be a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00293-00073527-00073799 solution so you sell y two equal to zero
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00294-00073800-00074023 if you do the computation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00295-00074024-00074199 this will imply
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00296-00074200-00074438 uh you will get an equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00297-00074439-00074647 c prime of t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00298-00074648-00074775 y one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00299-00074776-00074982 y one is known to you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00300-00074983-00075111 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00301-00075112-00075415 you get c prime of t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00302-00075416-00075543 into
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00303-00075544-00075911 two y one prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00304-00075912-00076031 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00305-00076032-00076094 p
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00306-00076095-00076319 e 7 of y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00307-00076320-00076462 is equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00308-00076463-00076719 so this is known to you because y 1 is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00309-00076720-00076855 given to you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00310-00076856-00077055 this y 1 is known to you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00311-00077056-00077238 though it looks like a second order for
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00312-00077239-00077487 c prime since ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00313-00077488-00077743 second prime for c there is not c
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00314-00077744-00077991 present here so you can write down this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00315-00077992-00078135 in principle
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00316-00078136-00078287 c double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00317-00078288-00078431 of t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00318-00078432-00078750 by c prime of t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00319-00078751-00078879 is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00320-00078880-00079055 minus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00321-00079056-00079150 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00322-00079151-00079471 y 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00323-00079472-00079799 by y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00324-00079800-00080079 minus p
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00325-00080080-00080399 you see so you have an equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00326-00080400-00080623 even though it looks like a second order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00327-00080624-00081087 equation but if you put
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00328-00081088-00081294 so let me use the color
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00329-00081295-00081455 if you put
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00330-00081456-00081823 v is equal to c prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00331-00081824-00081999 will imply
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00332-00082000-00082118 v prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00333-00082119-00082294 by v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00334-00082295-00082431 is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00335-00082432-00082703 minus two y one prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00336-00082704-00083023 minus y one minus p you see
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00337-00083024-00083271 so that will give you you can solve it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00338-00083272-00083623 if you so if you put v so solve for v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00339-00083624-00083726 first
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00340-00083727-00083935 so that is why it is called an order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00341-00083936-00084247 reduction method of reduction of order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00342-00084248-00084494 so you are actually solving a first
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00343-00084495-00084750 order equation here you see so you have
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00344-00084751-00085087 a first order equation solve for v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00345-00085088-00085399 which you can write it as explicitly
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00346-00085400-00085694 because y 1 is known to you so you can
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00347-00085695-00086015 write for solve for v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00348-00086016-00086103 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00349-00086104-00086279 and but
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00350-00086280-00086591 this implies once you get solved for v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00351-00086592-00086799 that is nothing but c prime of t is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00352-00086800-00086959 equal to v
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00353-00086960-00087231 again you are solving so you have an is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00354-00087232-00087511 a second equation to solve for c so you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00355-00087512-00087831 see first you solve for v here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00356-00087832-00088055 using the first order equation and then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00357-00088056-00088287 v is given to you and you can just write
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00358-00088288-00088638 c t and c d is nothing but
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00359-00088639-00088855 integral of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00360-00088856-00089047 v t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00361-00089048-00089215 d t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00362-00089216-00089462 u c and v can be obtained from here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00363-00089463-00089703 which is a function of t which can be
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00364-00089704-00089838 solved for that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00365-00089839-00090015 ah which will give you so that is a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00366-00090016-00090303 method of ah production
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00367-00090304-00090526 so let me give you an example again to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00368-00090527-00090711 begin with
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00369-00090712-00090871 an example
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00370-00090872-00090991 for you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00371-00090992-00091206 so you have an example a simple example
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00372-00091207-00091438 i am trying to give you t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00373-00091439-00091631 y double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00374-00091632-00091935 plus t square y double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00375-00091936-00092047 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00376-00092048-00092175 y prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00377-00092176-00092391 minus y equal to zero
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00378-00092392-00092606 as i told you again there is still it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00379-00092607-00092855 doesn't give how to determine the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00380-00092856-00092950 one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00381-00092951-00093087 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00382-00093088-00093374 that you have to do by trial and error
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00383-00093375-00093655 or looking at the equation you may have
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00384-00093656-00093943 a some way of finding that for example
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00385-00093944-00094062 here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00386-00094063-00094311 so immediately looking at this equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00387-00094312-00094447 properly
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00388-00094448-00094671 if i choose y equal to t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00389-00094672-00094894 y prime will be 1 and this will get
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00390-00094895-00095150 vanished and since y equal to t this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00391-00095151-00095374 will get vanished so this immediately
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00392-00095375-00095535 gives you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00393-00095536-00095847 this may not be easy if that c c we have
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00394-00095848-00096094 nothing more to do it here so y t equal
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00395-00096095-00096279 to t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00396-00096280-00096591 is a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00397-00096592-00096799 you see immediately you can see that y t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00398-00096800-00096911 equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00399-00096912-00097303 t is a solution and then ah how do the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00400-00097304-00097543 order reduction you look for another
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00401-00097544-00097815 look for so let me call it y 1 equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00402-00097816-00098087 look for
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00403-00098088-00098462 y 2 t is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00404-00098463-00098599 c t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00405-00098600-00098750 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00406-00098751-00099038 look for y t c t t so how do you do that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00407-00099039-00099199 one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00408-00099200-00099726 so yeah one more point i want to ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00409-00099727-00099982 do here so we have determine a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00410-00099983-00100238 y 1 and y 2 you can actually show that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00411-00100239-00100631 this y 1 and y 2 are actually
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00412-00100632-00100943 y 1 and y 2 are independent solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00413-00100944-00101223 you have can compute the wronskian from
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00414-00101224-00101471 here all that you can see that you can
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00415-00101472-00101815 compute the wronskian of y 1 and y 2 and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00416-00101816-00102038 see that the wrong scan is nonzero and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00417-00102039-00102326 so can actually prove that the solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00418-00102327-00102663 y 1 and y 2 are independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00419-00102664-00102854 so ah which you can do which you can do
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00420-00102855-00103102 it as an exercise okay so if you compute
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00421-00103103-00103382 this y 2 prime and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00422-00103383-00103478 if you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00423-00103479-00103766 do the computation a bit here do the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00424-00103767-00104006 computation here you can actually see
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00425-00104007-00104223 that c double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00426-00104224-00104382 by c prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00427-00104383-00104582 is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00428-00104583-00104718 ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00429-00104719-00105054 probably minus three by t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00430-00105055-00105247 we can do the computation so that's
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00431-00105248-00105366 implies
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00432-00105367-00105623 finally do the computation first compute
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00433-00105624-00105863 c prime com com
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00434-00105864-00105999 not compute
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00435-00106000-00106190 solve for c prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00436-00106191-00106454 by writing solve for
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00437-00106455-00106847 c prime then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00438-00106848-00107199 solve for
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00439-00107200-00107319 c one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00440-00107320-00107590 and we do if you do this a small
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00441-00107591-00107910 exercise you can actually get that your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00442-00107911-00108190 c t is you can take c t or any constant
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00443-00108191-00108423 multiple you can see that c t is equal
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00444-00108424-00108599 to one over t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00445-00108600-00108783 you see so you will have another
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00446-00108783-00109095 solution so the general solution can be
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00447-00109096-00109351 written as a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00448-00109352-00109439 ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00449-00109440-00109558 c
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00450-00109559-00109871 naught c t c t you will get it as
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00451-00109872-00110110 1 over t square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00452-00110111-00110271 that will imply
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00453-00110272-00110607 your y 2 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00454-00110608-00110966 is of the form one over t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00455-00110967-00111119 you can take constant that does not
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00456-00111120-00111295 matter for independent so you get
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00457-00111296-00111558 solution so the other general solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00458-00111559-00111631 is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00459-00111632-00111863 your c one t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00460-00111864-00112071 plus c two by t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00461-00112072-00112454 so you see a general solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00462-00112455-00112734 you expect this singularity because if
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00463-00112735-00112943 you look at this equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00464-00112944-00113199 this is actually a singular equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00465-00113200-00113399 so the solution singular have the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00466-00113400-00113639 problem so if t not equal to 0 and if
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00467-00113640-00113799 you are solving only on the positive
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00468-00113800-00113919 side of t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00469-00113920-00114102 you have no problem with the thing as
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00470-00114103-00114343 long as you have a singularity you will
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00471-00114344-00114590 expect such kind of tringular problem to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00472-00114591-00114799 show some singular behavior which we
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00473-00114800-00115015 have seen already in the previous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00474-00115016-00115215 examples
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00475-00115216-00115510 okay
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00476-00115511-00115751 so we will go to the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00477-00115752-00115951 yeah here you can see that t and one by
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00478-00115952-00116158 three are independent solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00479-00116159-00116351 it is the same situation in the earlier
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00480-00116352-00116566 case also for general this is a very
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00481-00116567-00116854 general method to solve that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00482-00116855-00116934 now
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00483-00116935-00117175 we will go to a special class of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00484-00117176-00117471 equations where a general method is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00485-00117472-00117678 available to the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00486-00117679-00117983 find the independent solution this has a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00487-00117983-00118271 second order equations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00488-00118272-00118558 second order equations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00489-00118559-00118766 second order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00490-00118767-00119278 linear
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00491-00119279-00119590 second order line here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00492-00119591-00119766 with
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00493-00119767-00120039 constant coefficients
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00494-00120040-00120271 constant
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00495-00120272-00120966 coefficients
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00496-00120967-00121214 we will do that second order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00497-00121215-00121478 constant equations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00498-00121479-00121814 so how does a l y look like now your l y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00499-00121815-00122023 will be of the form i can put a constant
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00500-00122024-00122254 here a naught equal to zero so there is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00501-00122255-00122639 no singularity a y double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00502-00122640-00122823 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00503-00122824-00122966 b y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00504-00122967-00123063 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00505-00123064-00123183 c
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00506-00123183-00123527 equal to zero you want to see that one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00507-00123528-00124071 ok so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00508-00124072-00124358 solutions that way so here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00509-00124359-00124599 how do you proceed with that one again
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00510-00124600-00124943 observe the equation c y p y prime plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00511-00124944-00125247 c y equal to 0. so look here is a factor
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00512-00125248-00125454 this again we are trying to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00513-00125455-00125639 get some
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00514-00125640-00125919 ah idea from using this equation a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00515-00125920-00126207 naught equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00516-00126208-00126366 a b c
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00517-00126367-00126871 are constants now
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00518-00126872-00127063 constants
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00519-00127064-00127383 since a not equal to 0 1 can divide by a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00520-00127383-00127558 and you can write in the p pq form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00521-00127559-00127719 itself that's a thing so there is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00522-00127720-00127951 absolutely no singularity but let me put
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00523-00127952-00128207 it a here because
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00524-00128208-00128478 this is the form you have already seen
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00525-00128479-00128710 when you study the spring mass system
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00526-00128711-00128927 where a equal to m b equal to c the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00527-00128928-00129647 damping coefficients and c equal to k
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00528-00129648-00130031 your spring constant now you have also
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00529-00130032-00130223 recall what we have done in the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00530-00130224-00130454 beginning in the module one when we have
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00531-00130455-00130663 studied the spring mass system time
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00532-00130664-00130863 permits maybe i will do a very little
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00533-00130864-00131111 about it recall what we have done there
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00534-00131112-00131431 in the module one so let us do it this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00535-00131432-00131535 equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00536-00131536-00131887 the one observation is that if
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00537-00131888-00132263 y prime is proportional to y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00538-00132264-00132671 that is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00539-00132672-00132831 y prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00540-00132832-00133047 is equal to some k y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00541-00133048-00133151 with
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00542-00133152-00133390 for some constant k
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00543-00133391-00134007 for some constant k
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00544-00134008-00134223 that will immediately tell you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00545-00134224-00134390 y double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00546-00134391-00134671 is equal to k y prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00547-00134672-00134895 but y prime is k y so you can
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00548-00134896-00135151 immediately write instead of k
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00549-00135152-00135447 ok we already used it for some
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00550-00135448-00135702 spring constant in that example so i
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00551-00135703-00136071 want to preserve that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00552-00136072-00136335 so i will use here r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00553-00136336-00136647 y prime this is equal to r square y but
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00554-00136648-00136951 it shows that if y is proportional to y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00555-00136952-00137223 y prime is proportional to y y double
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00556-00137224-00137511 prime is also proportional to y with the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00557-00137512-00137743 proportionality constant r square so we
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00558-00137744-00137951 immediately show that the y prime is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00559-00137952-00138214 proportional to y y double prime is also
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00560-00138215-00138535 proportional to y so if the y comes out
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00561-00138536-00138790 so if you substitute that immediately
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00562-00138791-00139166 tells you that you get a r square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00563-00139167-00139327 plus b r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00564-00139328-00139599 plus c
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00565-00139600-00139702 of y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00566-00139703-00139863 equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00567-00139864-00140143 definitely this is a constant a r square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00568-00140144-00140399 plus b r plus c is a constant
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00569-00140400-00140614 and you want why of course if y is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00570-00140615-00140935 identically zero this will satisfy and y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00571-00140936-00141119 had indicated sugar is a solution to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00572-00141120-00141366 your homogeneous system but what we are
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00573-00141367-00141623 interested is a non-trivial solution so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00574-00141624-00141878 if we want to get a non trivial solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00575-00141879-00142271 for a nontrivial solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00576-00142272-00142631 non trivial solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00577-00142632-00143087 we need
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00578-00143088-00143247 we need
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00579-00143248-00143487 a r square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00580-00143488-00143735 plus b r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00581-00143736-00143975 plus c equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00582-00143976-00144239 and this is called the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00583-00144240-00144631 characteristic equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00584-00144632-00144935 characteristic
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00585-00144936-00145166 equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00586-00145167-00145399 so immediately if you are starting with
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00587-00145400-00145639 the solution of the form so what we have
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00588-00145640-00145895 star thing is that you started with the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00589-00145896-00146159 solution of the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00590-00146160-00146383 you not started with the solution of the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00591-00146384-00146735 form if you are looking for a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00592-00146736-00147007 assuming that y prime equal to alpha y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00593-00147008-00147319 that is nothing but y prime is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00594-00147320-00147654 ry so if y is a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00595-00147655-00147999 to this equation y prime equal to ry
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00596-00148000-00148511 then r will satisfy this one that is if
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00597-00148512-00149031 y satisfies
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00598-00149032-00149375 y prime equal to r y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00599-00149376-00149607 that will imply
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00600-00149608-00150278 r should satisfy
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00601-00150279-00150551 satisfy a r square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00602-00150552-00150711 plus b r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00603-00150712-00151071 plus c equal to 0 the character that's
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00604-00151072-00151287 why we study always the characteristic
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00605-00151288-00151583 equation with constant coefficients so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00606-00151584-00151711 the moment
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00607-00151712-00151951 this has a solution a r square plus b r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00608-00151952-00152247 plus c equal to 0 is a solution and then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00609-00152248-00152511 if you look for a solution to this form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00610-00152512-00152751 that will be a solution to your second
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00611-00152752-00152990 order equation so what are the solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00612-00152991-00153295 to this equation y prime equal to r so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00613-00153296-00153575 that is a reason so look for a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00614-00153576-00153711 of the form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00615-00153712-00153878 look for a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00616-00153879-00154151 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00617-00154152-00154663 what you study of the form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00618-00154664-00154814 y equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00619-00154815-00155071 e power r p
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00620-00155072-00155166 you see
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00621-00155167-00155366 so this is just to motivate most of the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00622-00155367-00155526 time it is introduced that look for a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00623-00155527-00155775 solution of the form y equal to r t this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00624-00155776-00156102 gives you ah a some motivation why we
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00625-00156103-00156399 want looking for this solution and that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00626-00156400-00156831 immediately implies a r square plus b r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00627-00156832-00157087 plus c equal to zero
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00628-00157088-00157375 so you look for a solution of this form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00629-00157376-00157614 and of course this has two roots this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00630-00157615-00157759 gives you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00631-00157760-00158295 two roots
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00632-00158296-00158566 r one r two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00633-00158567-00158831 solve it what are the roots you get it r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00634-00158832-00159087 is equal to minus b
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00635-00159088-00159302 plus or minus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00636-00159303-00159447 square root of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00637-00159448-00159575 b square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00638-00159576-00159902 minus four ac
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00639-00159903-00160159 by
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00640-00160160-00160271 2a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00641-00160272-00160375 you see
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00642-00160376-00160575 so this gives you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00643-00160576-00160790 different situations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00644-00160791-00161023 so the cases so we will start with a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00645-00161024-00161463 different case case one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00646-00161464-00161775 is the case which you are easier okay
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00647-00161776-00161943 for ac
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00648-00161944-00162199 positive
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00649-00162200-00162366 this is the first case
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00650-00162367-00162559 in this case
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00651-00162560-00162871 two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00652-00162872-00163078 real
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00653-00163079-00163263 distinct roots
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00654-00163264-00163511 that is very important
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00655-00163512-00163743 if it is not distinct you do not get a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00656-00163744-00164014 two solution distinct roots
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00657-00164015-00164143 therefore
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00658-00164144-00164326 y 1 equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00659-00164327-00164623 e power r 1 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00660-00164624-00164895 what is r 1 with a plus sign here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00661-00164896-00165166 with a plus sign here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00662-00165167-00165343 and y 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00663-00165344-00165726 equal to e power r 2 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00664-00165727-00165838 with a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00665-00165839-00166166 minus sign here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00666-00166167-00166431 you get that e power r 2 t so r 1 is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00667-00166432-00166638 with plus r 2 d equal to t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00668-00166639-00166854 so you have our solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00669-00166855-00166999 ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00670-00167000-00167159 solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00671-00167160-00167359 are they independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00672-00167360-00167599 are they independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00673-00167600-00167951 simple exercise for you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00674-00167952-00168390 are they independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00675-00168391-00168751 a simple exercise so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00676-00168752-00168966 how do you show we have a good method to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00677-00168967-00169175 show independent so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00678-00169176-00169295 w
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00679-00169296-00169719 of y1y2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00680-00169720-00169807 is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00681-00169808-00170023 at t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00682-00170024-00170278 simple computation because you know y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00683-00170279-00170559 you know y 2 you compute y 1 y 2 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00684-00170560-00170823 minus y y 1 prime y 2 you can see that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00685-00170824-00171207 it is 0 if r one and r two are distinct
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00686-00171208-00171463 two distinct roots r one and r two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00687-00171464-00171631 that's so important
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00688-00171632-00172071 r one r two and r one not equal to r two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00689-00172072-00172319 it's a just a computation for any strip
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00690-00172320-00172543 it can do it so there is absolutely no
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00691-00172544-00172759 problem so you have so what would be the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00692-00172760-00172990 general solution in this case general
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00693-00172991-00173335 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00694-00173336-00173614 general solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00695-00173615-00173935 y is equal to ah a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00696-00173936-00174199 e power r one t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00697-00174200-00174326 plus b
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00698-00174327-00174671 e power r two t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00699-00174672-00174943 see so you have that one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00700-00174944-00175335 now case two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00701-00175336-00175614 case 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00702-00175615-00175783 b square minus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00703-00175784-00176007 4 ac
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00704-00176008-00176263 equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00705-00176264-00176487 these are double root so therefore r is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00706-00176488-00176711 equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00707-00176712-00176799 ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00708-00176800-00177071 minus b by a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00709-00177072-00177263 minus b by two a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00710-00177264-00177647 is a double root
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00711-00177648-00177935 double root
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00712-00177936-00178135 therefore
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00713-00178136-00178383 y one we get only one solution double
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00714-00178384-00178566 root does not give you two independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00715-00178567-00178814 solution e power
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00716-00178815-00178926 r t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00717-00178927-00179054 is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00718-00179055-00179214 one solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00719-00179215-00179502 you see the moment you get one solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00720-00179503-00179702 now you know the method of reduction of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00721-00179703-00179807 order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00722-00179808-00180087 to find the second solution so use here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00723-00180088-00180447 is a symbol again exercise for you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00724-00180448-00180599 i don't have to worry about that that's
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00725-00180600-00180847 an easy thing and is also nice to do it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00726-00180848-00181071 so that method of reduction can be
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00727-00181072-00181214 learned properly
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00728-00181215-00181487 find a second route
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00729-00181488-00181823 find the second solution y2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00730-00181824-00182119 second solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00731-00182120-00182343 two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00732-00182344-00182654 using y two of the form c
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00733-00182655-00182959 c one c t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00734-00182960-00183166 say solution c t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00735-00183167-00183559 into e power r t so you have a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00736-00183560-00183678 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00737-00183679-00184183 to ct into e power rt using the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00738-00184184-00184383 method of reduction
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00739-00184384-00184566 or meth using the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00740-00184567-00184711 method
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00741-00184712-00184935 of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00742-00184936-00185102 order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00743-00185103-00185390 reduction
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00744-00185391-00185647 very simple computation absolute no
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00745-00185648-00185871 difficulty use the fact it is a double
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00746-00185872-00186302 root the only thing that use
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00747-00186303-00186583 r is a double root
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00748-00186584-00186726 you have to use this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00749-00186727-00187071 what is the meaning of double root
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00750-00187072-00187375 that is a means a r square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00751-00187376-00187543 plus b r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00752-00187544-00187750 plus c equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00753-00187751-00188007 since it is a double root its derivative
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00754-00188008-00188423 is also 0 so you have this condition 2 a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00755-00188424-00188511 r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00756-00188512-00188831 plus b is also equal to 0 so to use this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00757-00188832-00189111 both the facts so use this fact and you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00758-00189112-00189711 get the guy we can get
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00759-00189712-00189911 y2 of the form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00760-00189912-00190319 p e power rt so you can solve ct to see
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00761-00190320-00190559 that it is nothing but t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00762-00190560-00190790 so what is the general solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00763-00190791-00191359 general solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00764-00191360-00191566 so again so this t is not coming in a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00765-00191567-00191838 very arbitrary one it comes as a second
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00766-00191839-00192126 root so it will be general solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00767-00192127-00192478 by y t is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00768-00192479-00192623 c 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00769-00192624-00192711 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00770-00192712-00192983 so you have c 1 into e power r t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00771-00192984-00193414 and c 2 into this one so that c 1 c 2 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00772-00193415-00193638 or let me use
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00773-00193639-00193902 a b so that you do not get confused with
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00774-00193903-00194023 that c
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00775-00194024-00194159 a plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00776-00194160-00194311 b t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00777-00194312-00194487 e power
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00778-00194488-00194838 rt
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00779-00194839-00195007 ok so you have a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00780-00195008-00195143 nice
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00781-00195144-00195511 thing so now we will go to the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00782-00195512-00195678 case 3
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00783-00195679-00195902 with complex route
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00784-00195903-00196238 case 3
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00785-00196239-00196647 roots
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00786-00196648-00196854 what are the complex roots
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00787-00196855-00197063 here b square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00788-00197064-00197278 minus 4ac
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00789-00197279-00197519 is negative
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00790-00197520-00197863 so you have two complex roots r one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00791-00197864-00198054 so what are the let me get the thing
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00792-00198055-00198175 minus b
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00793-00198176-00198447 r is equal to minus b
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00794-00198448-00198743 plus or minus square root of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00795-00198744-00199166 b square minus four ac by 2a so it is a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00796-00199167-00199454 negative so you will have r1 is of the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00797-00199455-00199559 form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00798-00199560-00200063 ah something like alpha plus i beta
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00799-00200064-00200231 2 complex root
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00800-00200232-00200550 r 2 is equal to alpha minus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00801-00200551-00200687 i beta
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00802-00200688-00201007 so what is alpha alpha is nothing but
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00803-00201008-00201335 minus b by 2 a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00804-00201336-00201638 and beta is of the form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00805-00201639-00201854 square root of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00806-00201855-00202166 4 ac minus b square
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00807-00202167-00202295 so this is a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00808-00202296-00202743 that minus we take it out by 2 here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00809-00202744-00202814 so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00810-00202815-00203038 that will give you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00811-00203039-00203166 e power
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00812-00203167-00203543 r 1 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00813-00203544-00203807 e power r 2 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00814-00203808-00204254 are complex solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00815-00204255-00204599 complex solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00816-00204600-00204838 but it's an easy factor to see that when
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00817-00204839-00205038 you have complex solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00818-00205039-00205271 it will immediately give you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00819-00205271-00205575 real and imaginary parts are all real
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00820-00205576-00205742 solution real
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00821-00205744-00205966 and imaginary
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00822-00205967-00206127 parts
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00823-00206128-00206327 imaginary
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00824-00206328-00206575 parts
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00825-00206576-00206686 are
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00826-00206687-00207175 real solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00827-00207176-00207271 so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00828-00207271-00207503 and that will immediately give you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00829-00207504-00207919 e power alpha t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00830-00207919-00208446 into cos beta t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00831-00208448-00208719 e power alpha t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00832-00208719-00209055 sine beta t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00833-00209056-00209142 are
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00834-00209144-00209351 two solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00835-00209352-00209671 just write down e power r 1 t you get it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00836-00209671-00209863 these two things e power
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00837-00209864-00210463 40 and d partner are two solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00838-00210464-00210646 what about their independence are they
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00839-00210648-00210894 independent yes they are independent the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00840-00210896-00211415 two solutions which are independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00841-00211416-00211655 how do you compute the same trick there
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00842-00211656-00211815 is no problem
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00843-00211816-00212055 independent a symbol
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00844-00212056-00212391 computation is not our real exercises
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00845-00212392-00212591 but it is a simple computation which one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00846-00212592-00212855 have to vary so if you compute so this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00847-00212856-00213094 is your y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00848-00213096-00213375 and this is your y 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00849-00213376-00213471 here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00850-00213471-00213734 so you will have you compute e power w
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00851-00213735-00214215 of y 1 w of y 2 if you compute
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00852-00214216-00214446 you will get
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00853-00214448-00214639 you will get nothing but
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00854-00214640-00214879 you compute this you get
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00855-00214880-00215094 beta into
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00856-00215096-00215319 e power
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00857-00215319-00215582 2 r 40 maybe so you will have a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00858-00215583-00215975 computation is a not a problem because
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00859-00215976-00216167 you can just compute y one by two prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00860-00216167-00216487 and y two y one prime y two you get it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00861-00216488-00217103 this is not equal to zero y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00862-00217104-00217455 why that's easy because this is non-zero
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00863-00217456-00217703 which is exponential and beta is not
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00864-00217704-00218039 zero because beta is a yeah we are in
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00865-00218040-00218351 the situation of complex roots since and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00866-00218352-00218606 b square minus four is is negative so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00867-00218607-00218815 this is non-zero
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00868-00218816-00219087 you see this is a nonzero commodity so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00869-00219088-00219398 if it's a complex roots it's a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00870-00219400-00219606 complex roots your beta should be
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00871-00219607-00219815 non-zero because beta equal to 0 is the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00872-00219816-00220215 case where you have real roots you see
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00873-00220216-00220431 so that proves immediately they are
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00874-00220432-00220663 independent so this completely gives you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00875-00220664-00220742 an
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00876-00220744-00221055 the complete analysis of your equations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00877-00221056-00221287 with the constant coefficient you can
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00878-00221288-00221519 always determine if the equation with
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00879-00221519-00221846 constant coefficients the two roots
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00880-00221848-00221958 with this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00881-00221959-00222046 thing
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00882-00222048-00222231 now we will go to the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00883-00222232-00222682 general case of non-homogeneous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00884-00222683-00222951 equation and today first in the first
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00885-00222952-00223198 lecture in this lecture homogeneous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00886-00223200-00223382 equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00887-00223383-00223623 in this particular lecture we will give
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00888-00223623-00223703 you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00889-00223704-00223998 the thing so what is a non homogeneous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00890-00224000-00224310 equation you have l of y general case it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00891-00224311-00224446 is not
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00892-00224448-00224631 the what we are going to give you is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00893-00224632-00224831 about the general case not necessarily
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00894-00224832-00225094 with the constant coefficients i want to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00895-00225096-00225391 understand the solution structure of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00896-00225392-00225742 this case l y is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00897-00225744-00226094 y double prime this is l y by definition
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00898-00226096-00226510 plus p t y prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00899-00226511-00226934 plus q t y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00900-00226935-00227158 is equal to some rt
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00901-00227159-00227334 you already seen that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00902-00227335-00227646 using the existence uniqueness theory
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00903-00227648-00227871 an initial value problem has a unique
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00904-00227871-00228039 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00905-00228040-00228239 under the that's a proof which we
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00906-00228240-00228494 already stated in the beginning when p q
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00907-00228496-00228823 and r are continuous the initial value
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00908-00228823-00228998 problem has a unique solution to the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00909-00229000-00229231 homogeneous equation but the idea is to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00910-00229232-00229494 understand the solution structure
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00911-00229496-00229679 naturally you cannot expect the linear
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00912-00229680-00229894 space now because if you have two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00913-00229896-00230182 solutions to this space y one and y two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00914-00230183-00230406 ah y one plus y two cannot be a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00915-00230407-00230591 to that one you have the linear
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00916-00230592-00230806 structure here so if you have y one and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00917-00230807-00231087 y two are solution if you add you get l
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00918-00231088-00231503 of y 1 plus l y 2 is 2 rt not rt
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00919-00231504-00231742 okay so it does not have the linear
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00920-00231744-00231967 structure here but you will see a some
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00921-00231967-00232119 affine structure
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00922-00232119-00232342 so let's let
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00923-00232344-00232510 s tilde
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00924-00232511-00232679 be the set of also i do not call it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00925-00232680-00232815 space
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00926-00232816-00233406 be the set of all solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00927-00233407-00233623 when i say that still is the set of all
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00928-00233623-00233927 solutions we are not looking into the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00929-00233928-00234110 initial value problem initial value
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00930-00234111-00234463 problem has a unique solution ok so here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00931-00234464-00234687 general solution we are looking at it be
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00932-00234688-00234919 the setter for
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00933-00234919-00235255 solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00934-00235256-00235534 to the non homogeneous system so let me
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00935-00235535-00235710 call it tuna
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00936-00235711-00236310 so settle for solutions to two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00937-00236311-00236439 so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00938-00236440-00236631 this let's see that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00939-00236632-00236775 suppose
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00940-00236776-00236951 a particular solution first you want to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00941-00236952-00237158 understand any solution is called a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00942-00237159-00237863 particular solution particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00943-00237864-00238103 any solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00944-00238104-00238319 that's why any particular solution any
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00945-00238319-00238710 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00946-00238711-00238919 let me ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00947-00238919-00239494 particular any solution particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00948-00239496-00239742 any function
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00949-00239744-00240110 or any function
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00950-00240111-00241463 function
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00951-00241464-00241751 y particular equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00952-00241752-00241958 y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00953-00241959-00242191 of t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00954-00242192-00242282 which
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00955-00242283-00242463 satisfies
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00956-00242464-00243063 three
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00957-00243064-00243406 namely
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00958-00243407-00243798 l of y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00959-00243800-00244094 is equal to rt
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00960-00244096-00244446 is called a particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00961-00244448-00244694 no constants there called a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00962-00244696-00245558 particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00963-00245559-00245703 ok so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00964-00245704-00245927 particular solution satisfies this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00965-00245928-00246039 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00966-00246040-00246367 and this is tilde is a set of four
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00967-00246367-00246758 ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00968-00246759-00246919 is called the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00969-00246919-00247510 a particular cell
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00970-00247511-00247703 there is no 3 here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00971-00247704-00248151 so it is not 3 it is two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00972-00248152-00248494 any solution to two is called the there
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00973-00248496-00248687 is no three here we are not in this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00974-00248688-00248991 three yet its call a particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00975-00248992-00249182 so now look at this is an interesting
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00976-00249183-00249679 fact suppose
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00977-00249680-00249782 y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00978-00249783-00250023 let me to distribute a homogeneous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00979-00250023-00250215 equation suppose y equal to y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00980-00250216-00250406 homogeneous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00981-00250407-00250606 is a solution to the homogeneous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00982-00250607-00251015 equation solution to the homogeneous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00983-00251016-00251327 equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00984-00251328-00251487 which we already know
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00985-00251488-00251855 homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00986-00251856-00251998 what does that mean
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00987-00252000-00252279 l of y home
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00988-00252280-00252815 is equal to 0 or equally y home
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00989-00252816-00253087 belongs to yes let's recall this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00990-00253088-00253334 notation where s is the set of all
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00991-00253335-00253630 solutions to the homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00992-00253631-00253839 and we know that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00993-00253840-00254191 s has two independent solutions only
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00994-00254192-00254558 and the dimension of s is equal to two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00995-00254559-00254703 ok then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00996-00254704-00254958 immediately this will give you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00997-00254959-00255151 immediately
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00998-00255152-00255639 what about y is equal to y whole
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-00999-00255640-00255727 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01000-00255728-00255934 y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01001-00255935-00256134 in other words what i am trying to do i
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01002-00256135-00256303 am taking one solution from your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01003-00256304-00256487 homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01004-00256488-00256767 and one any particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01005-00256767-00256998 then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01006-00257000-00257191 what would be l of y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01007-00257192-00257406 l of y is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01008-00257407-00257798 l of y whom
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01009-00257800-00257903 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01010-00257904-00258134 y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01011-00258135-00258358 here is where you use the fact that l is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01012-00258359-00258623 a linear operator since l is a linear
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01013-00258623-00259023 operator this is l of y home
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01014-00259023-00259167 plus l of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01015-00259167-00259534 y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01016-00259535-00259663 but what is l
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01017-00259664-00260055 by home l of y home is equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01018-00260056-00260334 l of y particular is equal to r of t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01019-00260335-00260575 that immediately tells you this is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01020-00260576-00260734 nothing but 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01021-00260735-00260823 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01022-00260823-00260975 rt
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01023-00260976-00261279 that is equal to r therefore y is a that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01024-00261280-00261398 implies
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01025-00261400-00261671 y belongs to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01026-00261671-00261758 s
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01027-00261759-00261863 tilde
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01028-00261864-00262046 so if you start with the solution any
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01029-00262048-00262303 particular solution of your choice
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01030-00262304-00262623 you take any s the solution from s and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01031-00262624-00262879 you get a new solution to your s so this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01032-00262880-00263167 immediately tells you that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01033-00263168-00263367 s tilde
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01034-00263368-00263519 if you take yes
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01035-00263520-00263934 and if you take any particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01036-00263935-00264167 this is always contained in
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01037-00264168-00264358 still
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01038-00264359-00264599 so what the interesting proposition is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01039-00264600-00264758 that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01040-00264759-00265079 you can immediately prove a proposition
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01041-00265080-00265295 in with a one line proof
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01042-00265296-00265575 actually is tilde so that is what i said
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01043-00265576-00265687 is in a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01044-00265688-00265927 affine form
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01045-00265928-00266255 by particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01046-00266256-00266599 you see
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01047-00266600-00266839 proof is one line but let me give you a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01048-00266840-00267182 proof
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01049-00267183-00267455 so you take any s in s tilde so you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01050-00267456-00267734 already proved one inclusion you have to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01051-00267735-00268071 prove the other inclusion take any
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01052-00268072-00268399 y belongs to s tilde
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01053-00268400-00268615 and why particular is given to you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01054-00268616-00268791 that's what i am saying so if you can
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01055-00268792-00269127 find one particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01056-00269128-00269247 and then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01057-00269248-00269439 take any solution so that gives you the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01058-00269440-00269687 complete solution structure so any
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01059-00269688-00269934 solution to your nonhomogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01060-00269935-00270110 can be written as the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01061-00270111-00270199 ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01062-00270200-00270391 as general solution can be written in
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01063-00270392-00270599 this form and that's what essentially
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01064-00270600-00270823 this proposition tells you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01065-00270824-00271230 that implies now consider
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01066-00271231-00271415 l of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01067-00271416-00271751 y minus y particular okay
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01068-00271752-00271982 you consider this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01069-00271983-00272143 that implies
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01070-00272144-00272327 l of y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01071-00272328-00272727 minus l of y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01072-00272728-00273039 but what is l of y y is in s tilde so l
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01073-00273040-00273351 of y is nothing but r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01074-00273352-00273591 but l of by particular is a particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01075-00273592-00273863 solution and that is also equal to r and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01076-00273864-00274063 hence is equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01077-00274064-00274287 that implies
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01078-00274288-00274382 y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01079-00274383-00274734 minus y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01080-00274735-00275015 belongs to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01081-00275016-00275406 still s it's a solution so y minus y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01082-00275407-00275630 particular is a solution to your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01083-00275631-00276023 homogeneous equation hence that implies
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01084-00276024-00276223 there x is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01085-00276224-00276519 y home
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01086-00276520-00276655 in s
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01087-00276656-00276823 such that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01088-00276824-00277006 y is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01089-00277007-00277175 y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01090-00277176-00277282 uh
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01091-00277283-00277455 whom
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01092-00277456-00277782 plus y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01093-00277783-00277991 so what this tells you is your corollary
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01094-00277992-00278215 which so let me state it another
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01095-00278216-00278423 corollary there is nothing new i am
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01096-00278424-00278687 rewriting the same pro
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01097-00278688-00278999 proposition but because this is the way
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01098-00279000-00279223 probably introduced in the universities
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01099-00279224-00279295 and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01100-00279296-00279455 other books
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01101-00279456-00279655 the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01102-00279656-00279934 ah so this is theorem the proposition
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01103-00279935-00280119 which i have stated is basically
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01104-00280120-00280247 rewriting
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01105-00280248-00280423 let
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01106-00280424-00280558 y one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01107-00280559-00280710 y two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01108-00280711-00281006 be two independent solutions to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01109-00281007-00281134 b two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01110-00281135-00281487 independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01111-00281488-00281815 solutions to your homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01112-00281816-00282047 solutions of the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01113-00282048-00282830 homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01114-00282831-00283199 equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01115-00283200-00283415 l y equal to 0
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01116-00283416-00283534 and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01117-00283535-00283815 y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01118-00283816-00284799 is a particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01119-00284800-00284934 to the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01120-00284935-00285223 non homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01121-00285224-00285495 non
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01122-00285496-00286127 homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01123-00286128-00286382 then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01124-00286383-00286695 non homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01125-00286696-00287079 l y equal to r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01126-00287080-00287334 then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01127-00287335-00287615 the general solution in the general
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01128-00287616-00288239 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01129-00288240-00288343 of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01130-00288344-00288606 l y equal to r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01131-00288607-00289215 is given by
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01132-00289216-00290071 given by y is equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01133-00290072-00290319 y equal to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01134-00290320-00290599 alpha y one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01135-00290600-00290679 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01136-00290680-00290823 beta
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01137-00290824-00290991 y two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01138-00290992-00291319 plus y particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01139-00291320-00291575 where
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01140-00291576-00291679 alpha
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01141-00291680-00291967 beta are constants
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01142-00291968-00292263 you see so that gives you the complete
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01143-00292264-00292487 structure of the solutions to your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01144-00292488-00292791 homogeneous non homogeneous equation so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01145-00292792-00293015 the problem here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01146-00293016-00293175 is that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01147-00293176-00293327 if you can find
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01148-00293328-00293503 two independent solutions to your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01149-00293504-00293679 homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01150-00293680-00293895 and one particular solution whatever
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01151-00293896-00294134 form it is you can find we can write
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01152-00294135-00294375 down your general solution and if you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01153-00294376-00294591 want to solve your initial value problem
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01154-00294592-00294823 find the general solution use the two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01155-00294824-00295023 conditions at the initial values
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01156-00295024-00295254 substitute and determine the thing and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01157-00295255-00295510 that's why the method is thing again as
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01158-00295511-00295863 you see ah finding two particular two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01159-00295864-00296127 independent solutions is the difficult
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01160-00296128-00296254 task
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01161-00296255-00296351 and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01162-00296352-00296551 what is the reduction order tells you
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01163-00296552-00296854 that if you can find
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01164-00296855-00296943 one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01165-00296944-00297215 solutions to your homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01166-00297216-00297439 then using the method of reduction order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01167-00297440-00297679 you can find the second solution and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01168-00297680-00297919 what we are going to quickly probably
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01169-00297920-00298047 describe
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01170-00298048-00298327 and a method
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01171-00298328-00298575 to find ah
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01172-00298576-00298758 solution find
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01173-00298759-00298871 a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01174-00298872-00299379 particular solution even the two in the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01175-00299380-00299575 independent solutions to your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01176-00299576-00299758 homogeneous system
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01177-00299759-00299934 that can be used
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01178-00299935-00300127 using the method of variation of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01179-00300128-00300391 parameters to determine a particular
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01180-00300392-00300639 solution so at the end of it if you look
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01181-00300640-00300734 at it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01182-00300735-00300967 in theoretically you may have difficulty
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01183-00300968-00301271 in integrating out the functions but end
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01184-00301272-00301487 of it the fundamental difficulty is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01185-00301488-00301663 finding one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01186-00301664-00301910 solution to a homogeneous equation if
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01187-00301911-00302206 that is there you are more or less near
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01188-00302207-00302391 the general solution to your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01189-00302392-00302847 non-homogeneous equation as well
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01190-00302848-00302943 so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01191-00302944-00303239 let me i have few more minutes in this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01192-00303240-00303606 class so let me just introduce the the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01193-00303607-00303934 method of variation of parameters method
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01194-00303935-00304334 of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01195-00304335-00305006 variation of parameters
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01196-00305007-00305247 variation of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01197-00305248-00306151 parameters
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01198-00306152-00306367 so we will do that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01199-00306368-00306639 ah in this class so again look how do
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01200-00306640-00306839 you the idea of method of variation of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01201-00306840-00306975 parameters
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01202-00306976-00307327 is to determine a particular solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01203-00307328-00307454 using the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01204-00307455-00307615 two known
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01205-00307616-00307871 effector solutions to your homogeneous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01206-00307872-00308119 equation that is what we want to do it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01207-00308120-00308375 so assume so we have basically assume
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01208-00308376-00308615 assume
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01209-00308616-00308775 y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01210-00308776-00308910 y 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01211-00308911-00309030 are
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01212-00309031-00309447 two independent solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01213-00309448-00309719 independent
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01214-00309720-00309958 solutions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01215-00309959-00310182 the idea we are going to use is the same
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01216-00310183-00310406 as we have used in the reduction order
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01217-00310407-00310575 in the reduction order if you know one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01218-00310576-00310799 solution y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01219-00310800-00311006 a second solution cannot be a constant
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01220-00311007-00311271 multiple of that equation so you varied
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01221-00311272-00311551 that constant as a function of t and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01222-00311552-00311847 fortunately the reduced to the first
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01223-00311848-00311991 order equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01224-00311992-00312343 now we have two solutions y1 and y2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01225-00312344-00312623 we use these two solutions if you take a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01226-00312624-00312919 linear combination of y1 and y2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01227-00312920-00313295 in the form c1y1 plus c2y2 that is going
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01228-00313296-00313454 to be only a solution to your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01229-00313455-00313647 homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01230-00313648-00313743 so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01231-00313744-00313919 if you want the solution to if you are
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01232-00313920-00314110 looking for a solution to your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01233-00314111-00314423 homogeneous equation using the a linear
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01234-00314424-00314663 combination of y 1 and y 2 with
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01235-00314664-00314934 constants on the coefficients is not
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01236-00314935-00315247 possible so the idea is to vary both c 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01237-00315248-00315439 and c 2 in the coefficient what i am
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01238-00315440-00315599 trying to say is that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01239-00315600-00315830 then
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01240-00315831-00316230 for any c 1 c 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01241-00316231-00316799 constants
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01242-00316800-00317054 c 1 y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01243-00317055-00317430 plus c 2 y 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01244-00317431-00317767 then for a then for any question
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01245-00317768-00317967 is also
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01246-00317968-00318182 is only a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01247-00318183-00318543 can only be a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01248-00318544-00318743 can only
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01249-00318744-00318847 be a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01250-00318848-00319110 solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01251-00319111-00319191 to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01252-00319192-00319543 l y equal to 0. you are not by putting
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01253-00319544-00319830 any linear combination of y 1 and y 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01254-00319831-00320023 you are not going to get any solution to
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01255-00320024-00320230 the non homogeneous equation you will
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01256-00320231-00320447 get solutions to any homogeneous
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01257-00320448-00320863 equation so the idea
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01258-00320864-00321095 vary
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01259-00321096-00321310 c 1 c 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01260-00321311-00321775 as functions of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01261-00321776-00322103 functions of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01262-00322104-00322599 function of t so so look for a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01263-00322600-00322895 look for a
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01264-00322896-00323351 but ah solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01265-00323352-00323510 y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01266-00323511-00323775 equal to c 1 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01267-00323776-00324087 into y 1 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01268-00324088-00324439 plus c 2 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01269-00324440-00324654 y 2 t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01270-00324655-00324751 of the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01271-00324752-00325134 non homogeneous equation of the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01272-00325135-00325639 homogeneous equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01273-00325640-00325854 genius
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01274-00325855-00325975 equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01275-00325976-00326167 so what are the things we have so we
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01276-00326168-00326471 have so let us consider consolidate the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01277-00326472-00326671 facts so we have
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01278-00326672-00326951 l y one equal to zero
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01279-00326952-00327223 l y two equal to zero that's a solution
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01280-00327224-00327510 to them and we need
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01281-00327511-00327639 use this thing
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01282-00327640-00328030 we need to find
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01283-00328031-00328254 c 1 c 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01284-00328255-00328654 so that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01285-00328655-00328791 l y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01286-00328792-00328991 is equal to r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01287-00328992-00329134 so you need that is important thing
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01288-00329135-00329327 that's what we are trying to say is it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01289-00329328-00329582 possible to find so we need to find c
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01290-00329583-00329758 one and c two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01291-00329759-00330006 two unknown functions uh
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01292-00330007-00330327 satisfying this equation l y equal to r
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01293-00330328-00330558 so indeed we need two conditions and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01294-00330559-00330791 that is what you have to do so i
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01295-00330792-00331110 again what i want you to do is that the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01296-00331111-00331439 exercise is to do the computations
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01297-00331440-00331551 exercise
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01298-00331552-00331782 do the computation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01299-00331783-00332391 do the computation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01300-00332392-00332551 what are the computation you have to do
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01301-00332552-00332887 it with this you find y prime y double
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01302-00332888-00333006 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01303-00333007-00333095 and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01304-00333096-00333334 compute l of y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01305-00333335-00333582 substitute it in the operator l of y so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01306-00333583-00333799 i will write down the expression here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01307-00333800-00334191 you will get
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01308-00334192-00334567 2 times
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01309-00334568-00334751 2 you have to see where the computation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01310-00334752-00335151 comes here let's see 2 into c 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01311-00335152-00335351 y 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01312-00335352-00335519 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01313-00335520-00335663 c 2 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01314-00335664-00335919 y 2 prime do the computation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01315-00335920-00336030 plus
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01316-00336031-00336423 you get c 1 double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01317-00336424-00336575 y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01318-00336576-00336799 plus c 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01319-00336800-00336927 double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01320-00336928-00337230 y 2 you have a factor here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01321-00337231-00337375 and you will have
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01322-00337376-00337567 p t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01323-00337568-00337782 into
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01324-00337783-00338127 c 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01325-00338128-00338375 y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01326-00338376-00338678 plus c 2 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01327-00338679-00338878 right
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01328-00338879-00339103 and the q term will get absent because
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01329-00339104-00339423 you have y one and y two use the fact
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01330-00339424-00339639 that l of y one you have to use the fact
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01331-00339640-00339919 that l of y one is equal to zero l of y
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01332-00339920-00340151 two equal to zero now our idea is to get
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01333-00340152-00340447 two equations for c one and c 2 solvable
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01334-00340448-00340582 so the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01335-00340583-00340710 first step
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01336-00340711-00340863 is to take
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01337-00340864-00341063 so we are trying to make
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01338-00341064-00341439 and uh yeah sorry this is
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01339-00341440-00341719 you want l of y equal to 0 and we want
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01340-00341720-00342039 this to be rt that's more important
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01341-00342040-00342206 so you want
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01342-00342207-00342503 that equation to be rt because you want
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01343-00342504-00342687 l o y to be the solution to your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01344-00342688-00342927 nonhomogeneous equation so we are trying
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01345-00342928-00343263 to make a simpler thing first you make
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01346-00343264-00343503 this quantity 0. so these are all
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01347-00343504-00343703 imposed whether you can so you will have
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01348-00343704-00343895 c 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01349-00343896-00344015 y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01350-00344016-00344447 plus c 2 prime y 2 y 1 and y 2 are given
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01351-00344448-00344703 to you so you have one equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01352-00344704-00344934 so you have equation 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01353-00344935-00345158 let me call this equation
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01354-00345159-00345263 now
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01355-00345264-00345487 look at these expressions
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01356-00345488-00345734 i take there are two terms here one term
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01357-00345735-00345815 here
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01358-00345816-00346215 if you do a computation there
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01359-00346216-00346678 if i calculate my d by d t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01360-00346679-00346815 of the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01361-00346816-00347030 here c 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01362-00347031-00347175 y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01363-00347176-00347543 plus c 2 prime y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01364-00347544-00347806 you see this will give you if i compute
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01365-00347807-00348047 here c 1 double prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01366-00348048-00348247 y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01367-00348248-00348415 one more time is there i will write that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01368-00348416-00348751 one from here i will get c 2 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01369-00348752-00348951 y 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01370-00348952-00349334 and then from here i get c 1 prime y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01371-00349335-00349527 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01372-00349528-00349767 plus c 2 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01373-00349768-00350015 y 2 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01374-00350016-00350215 so if i use this thing so these are
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01375-00350216-00350415 similar terms so if i take among the two
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01376-00350416-00350678 term if i combine this term with one
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01377-00350679-00350951 term here that's nothing but d by dt of
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01378-00350952-00351191 this one but this is already chosen by
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01379-00351192-00351534 zero here so this is nothing but zero so
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01380-00351535-00351719 only term if i choose this is the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01381-00351720-00352015 advantage if i choose here i get all
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01382-00352016-00352230 this term plus one more term will get
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01383-00352231-00352534 cancelled so only remaining term will be
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01384-00352535-00352767 one more term so what i will get is that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01385-00352768-00353063 in that case i will get the
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01386-00353064-00353239 c 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01387-00353240-00353382 y 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01388-00353383-00353599 plus c 2 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01389-00353600-00353751 y 2 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01390-00353752-00354063 is equal to r t
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01391-00354064-00354319 and the first equation already i get a c
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01392-00354320-00354439 one prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01393-00354440-00354734 y one plus c two prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01394-00354735-00354999 five two is equal to zero so you have
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01395-00355000-00355278 two equation in two unknowns
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01396-00355279-00355551 and this is soluble when
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01397-00355552-00355943 this is soluble
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01398-00355944-00356127 bubble
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01399-00356128-00356223 if
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01400-00356224-00356495 this determinant
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01401-00356496-00356678 of y 1
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01402-00356679-00356791 y 2
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01403-00356792-00356943 y 1 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01404-00356944-00357110 y 2 prime
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01405-00357111-00357358 is not equal to 0 but what is this
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01406-00357359-00357671 determinant this is nothing but your
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01407-00357672-00357967 wranskian if you recall it
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01408-00357968-00358647 is the wronskian you see
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01409-00358648-00358871 maybe i will
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01410-00358872-00359151 what i will do is that i will
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01411-00359152-00359423 start from here in the next class
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01412-00359424-00359558 and
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01413-00359559-00359823 i will do the as a more rolex is done
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01414-00359824-00360047 but i do not want to hurry up but
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01415-00360048-00360263 essentially it tells you that
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01416-00360264-00360463 you have a wrong skin which will be
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01417-00360464-00360647 non-zero because phi 1 and 2 are
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01418-00360648-00360943 independent solution and hence
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01419-00360944-00361263 you can solve it for c1 and z2 c1 for
+YwDTuhFUw5Q-01420-00361264-00361564 means
+YxdjgXbULnc-00000-00001869-00002085 hello everybody and welcome to our
+YxdjgXbULnc-00001-00002086-00002349 fourth video for the plant chairs report
+YxdjgXbULnc-00002-00002350-00002586 I hope you're doing well and I really
+YxdjgXbULnc-00003-00002587-00002706 hope your families are doing well right
+YxdjgXbULnc-00004-00002707-00002979 now as well we have posted the hours of
+YxdjgXbULnc-00005-00002980-00003210 work for production and trades yesterday
+YxdjgXbULnc-00006-00003211-00003426 on our website I'm getting quite a few
+YxdjgXbULnc-00007-00003427-00003642 phone calls about the hours of work some
+YxdjgXbULnc-00008-00003643-00003843 people are saying there's no gap if you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00009-00003844-00004026 read the update very closely you'll see
+YxdjgXbULnc-00010-00004027-00004242 the top half of it was production the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00011-00004243-00004521 bottom half was trades for the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00012-00004522-00004754 production there is a gap between every
+YxdjgXbULnc-00013-00004755-00004983 shift so days will are sorry for
+YxdjgXbULnc-00014-00004984-00005244 Midnight's it would be 10 till 6 for
+YxdjgXbULnc-00015-00005245-00005538 days it'll be 7 till 3 for afternoons
+YxdjgXbULnc-00016-00005539-00005766 would be 4 till 12 so there is an hour
+YxdjgXbULnc-00017-00005767-00005949 gap between every shift I just want to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00018-00005950-00006009 make that clear
+YxdjgXbULnc-00019-00006010-00006243 Alex Bielecki will be on the video in a
+YxdjgXbULnc-00020-00006244-00006402 few minutes and heels talk specifically
+YxdjgXbULnc-00021-00006403-00006755 on the trades and their hours of work
+YxdjgXbULnc-00022-00006756-00007056 I'll start with rotation we have worked
+YxdjgXbULnc-00023-00007056-00007251 out a rotation for the floor for people
+YxdjgXbULnc-00024-00007252-00007445 working on the floor the company will
+YxdjgXbULnc-00025-00007447-00007646 pay you six minutes at the start of the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00026-00007647-00007938 shift and at the third quarter to clean
+YxdjgXbULnc-00027-00007939-00008169 your stations so we will rotate every
+YxdjgXbULnc-00028-00008170-00008451 four hours and see how that works
+YxdjgXbULnc-00029-00008452-00008630 therefore if you have six jobs on your
+YxdjgXbULnc-00030-00008631-00008838 team it would take you three days to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00031-00008839-00009005 rotate through all the jobs so we're not
+YxdjgXbULnc-00032-00009006-00009132 going to keep putting people on the same
+YxdjgXbULnc-00033-00009133-00009321 job every day or saying two jobs
+YxdjgXbULnc-00034-00009322-00009474 you'll still rotate through your entire
+YxdjgXbULnc-00035-00009475-00009669 team but you'll rotate every four hours
+YxdjgXbULnc-00036-00009670-00009857 and we'll see how that works out
+YxdjgXbULnc-00037-00009858-00010098 for people who elect to stay home during
+YxdjgXbULnc-00038-00010099-00010302 the recall we have been working trying
+YxdjgXbULnc-00039-00010303-00010463 to get these buckets or whatever you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00040-00010464-00010674 want to call it different issues posted
+YxdjgXbULnc-00041-00010675-00010830 on the website they are going to be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00042-00010831-00010998 posted today at the same time that this
+YxdjgXbULnc-00043-00010999-00011238 video is being done so we've had many
+YxdjgXbULnc-00044-00011239-00011427 members many calls from members in
+YxdjgXbULnc-00045-00011428-00011601 regards to the various conditions that
+YxdjgXbULnc-00046-00011602-00011774 may prevent them from attending work
+YxdjgXbULnc-00047-00011775-00012215 anything from pregnancies stress anxiety
+YxdjgXbULnc-00048-00012216-00012498 medical issues related to kovat medical
+YxdjgXbULnc-00049-00012499-00012785 issues not related to kovat basically
+YxdjgXbULnc-00050-00012786-00013016 anything you can think of nobody will be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00051-00013017-00013233 denied the federal government is being
+YxdjgXbULnc-00052-00013234-00013485 very clear on two things and if someone
+YxdjgXbULnc-00053-00013486-00013583 a lot of you guys are going to be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00054-00013584-00013704 disappointed but the federal government
+YxdjgXbULnc-00055-00013705-00013932 is will protect your job you cannot be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00056-00013933-00014115 fired from your job or discipline if you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00057-00014116-00014337 decide not to come to work and the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00058-00014338-00014529 company cannot deny it so if you want to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00059-00014530-00014724 take the time off you can take the time
+YxdjgXbULnc-00060-00014725-00014844 off the second thing the federal
+YxdjgXbULnc-00061-00014844-00015015 government is saying if there's work
+YxdjgXbULnc-00062-00015016-00015249 available and you elect to stay home
+YxdjgXbULnc-00063-00015250-00015390 they're not gonna pay you much to stay
+YxdjgXbULnc-00064-00015391-00015657 home so the federal government has put
+YxdjgXbULnc-00065-00015658-00015816 some very strict rules in place for all
+YxdjgXbULnc-00066-00015816-00016116 workplaces in regards to staying home in
+YxdjgXbULnc-00067-00016116-00016344 almost every situation the money will
+YxdjgXbULnc-00068-00016344-00016629 either flow from Serb or from AI
+YxdjgXbULnc-00069-00016630-00016974 sickness ai sickness or simply an unpaid
+YxdjgXbULnc-00070-00016975-00017253 but approved Loa in almost every
+YxdjgXbULnc-00071-00017254-00017454 situation there is no credited service
+YxdjgXbULnc-00072-00017455-00017823 time allowed to stay home we highly
+YxdjgXbULnc-00073-00017824-00018048 recommend that anyone is just interested
+YxdjgXbULnc-00074-00018049-00018264 in any of these leaves please contact
+YxdjgXbULnc-00075-00018265-00018441 our benefits office first for
+YxdjgXbULnc-00076-00018442-00018738 information on the form in almost every
+YxdjgXbULnc-00077-00018739-00018987 case you do not want to apply until your
+YxdjgXbULnc-00078-00018988-00019155 shift is being recall to the plant
+YxdjgXbULnc-00079-00019156-00019377 because in almost every single case your
+YxdjgXbULnc-00080-00019378-00019622 AI and your sub will be cut off and
+YxdjgXbULnc-00081-00019623-00019758 you're going to be you're going to be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00082-00019759-00019983 flipped to the Serb or remain on the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00083-00019984-00020283 Serb at best or you will become e I go
+YxdjgXbULnc-00084-00020284-00020559 to E I sickness or an unpaid Loa but
+YxdjgXbULnc-00085-00020560-00020709 remember there are no pension credits
+YxdjgXbULnc-00086-00020710-00020949 for most of these programs also on this
+YxdjgXbULnc-00087-00020950-00021144 sheet you will see what we were able to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00088-00021145-00021396 negotiate if you do get the virus if
+YxdjgXbULnc-00089-00021397-00021566 your teammates get the virus
+YxdjgXbULnc-00090-00021567-00021783 stuff like that so I'm not gonna go
+YxdjgXbULnc-00091-00021784-00021882 through them all today there's about
+YxdjgXbULnc-00092-00021883-00022038 seven buckets I think but they're gonna
+YxdjgXbULnc-00093-00022039-00022272 be listed on the website so when you're
+YxdjgXbULnc-00094-00022273-00022563 done watching the video go to it read it
+YxdjgXbULnc-00095-00022564-00022722 let it soak in think about it for a few
+YxdjgXbULnc-00096-00022723-00022899 days because there's no big hurry
+YxdjgXbULnc-00097-00022900-00023124 as your shift comes back to work that's
+YxdjgXbULnc-00098-00023125-00023265 when you should be applying the week
+YxdjgXbULnc-00099-00023266-00023310 before
+YxdjgXbULnc-00100-00023311-00023541 fill out the form send it to the benefit
+YxdjgXbULnc-00101-00023542-00023727 guys they'll send you the form and then
+YxdjgXbULnc-00102-00023728-00023940 the company will automatically approve
+YxdjgXbULnc-00103-00023941-00024135 it so you're just going to realize how
+YxdjgXbULnc-00104-00024136-00024368 much money you are or not going to make
+YxdjgXbULnc-00105-00024369-00024891 mass GM USA have mailed out five mass to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00106-00024892-00025134 every family judging by my phone many of
+YxdjgXbULnc-00107-00025135-00025253 you people are already starting to get
+YxdjgXbULnc-00108-00025254-00025422 this these masks are going to everybody
+YxdjgXbULnc-00109-00025423-00025706 in Canada in the u.s. there are five in
+YxdjgXbULnc-00110-00025707-00025956 every box these are intended for you and
+YxdjgXbULnc-00111-00025957-00026153 your family to wear if you want wear
+YxdjgXbULnc-00112-00026154-00026274 them around your house where and when
+YxdjgXbULnc-00113-00026275-00026439 you go your groceries totally up to you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00114-00026439-00026727 do not bring these masks to work you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00115-00026727-00026844 will be supplied masks
+YxdjgXbULnc-00116-00026845-00027075 Canadian made masks they're blue when
+YxdjgXbULnc-00117-00027076-00027294 you show up for work you'll get a fresh
+YxdjgXbULnc-00118-00027295-00027429 one every day and you can get more
+YxdjgXbULnc-00119-00027430-00027576 during the day if you need them but
+YxdjgXbULnc-00120-00027577-00027746 those masks are strictly just from the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00121-00027747-00027970 US just to try out
+YxdjgXbULnc-00122-00027972-00028281 okay now retirements our retirements are
+YxdjgXbULnc-00123-00028282-00028539 continuing to grow currently we have 35
+YxdjgXbULnc-00124-00028539-00028629 people signed up
+YxdjgXbULnc-00125-00028630-00028877 for June first 29 signed up for July
+YxdjgXbULnc-00126-00028878-00029108 first these numbers are growing actually
+YxdjgXbULnc-00127-00029109-00029382 quite quite a lot over the last week we
+YxdjgXbULnc-00128-00029383-00029555 will have a lot of postings coming up
+YxdjgXbULnc-00129-00029556-00029718 when you get back to work
+YxdjgXbULnc-00130-00029719-00029921 reminder we are looking at going to a
+YxdjgXbULnc-00131-00029922-00030207 posting system after shutdown that will
+YxdjgXbULnc-00132-00030208-00030371 be a lot more electronically we will
+YxdjgXbULnc-00133-00030372-00030545 still post everything in the plant but
+YxdjgXbULnc-00134-00030547-00030686 for the shifts that are at home we are
+YxdjgXbULnc-00135-00030687-00030774 still going to try and post
+YxdjgXbULnc-00136-00030775-00030971 electronically that is not a done deal
+YxdjgXbULnc-00137-00030972-00031068 yet
+YxdjgXbULnc-00138-00031069-00031182 we want to make sure one gets
+YxdjgXbULnc-00139-00031183-00031358 communicated but that will greatly speed
+YxdjgXbULnc-00140-00031359-00031539 up our process and get people to better
+YxdjgXbULnc-00141-00031539-00031776 jobs much quicker and get some of the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00142-00031777-00031986 SGS and every other other people into
+YxdjgXbULnc-00143-00031987-00032301 homes if you have retired or you're
+YxdjgXbULnc-00144-00032302-00032471 retiring soon and you want to come to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00145-00032472-00032664 the plant and clean out your locker just
+YxdjgXbULnc-00146-00032664-00032855 give us a call we had a few come in this
+YxdjgXbULnc-00147-00032856-00032979 week and clean out their locker
+YxdjgXbULnc-00148-00032980-00033117 they have no issues with that at all you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00149-00033118-00033327 can come next week we'll set up a time
+YxdjgXbULnc-00150-00033328-00033501 you'll have to come in and do the masks
+YxdjgXbULnc-00151-00033502-00033708 and everything but take 10 15 minutes
+YxdjgXbULnc-00152-00033709-00033804 and you'll be able to clean your lock
+YxdjgXbULnc-00153-00033805-00034115 code if you'd like recall rights we have
+YxdjgXbULnc-00154-00034116-00034332 had a couple of questions this week
+YxdjgXbULnc-00155-00034333-00034539 phone calls from people regarding the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00156-00034540-00034736 recall rights these are from the 65
+YxdjgXbULnc-00157-00034737-00034968 people that are currently laid off the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00158-00034969-00035180 contract States you have recall rights
+YxdjgXbULnc-00159-00035181-00035393 for three years which would actually end
+YxdjgXbULnc-00160-00035394-00035726 this September um if you remember we did
+YxdjgXbULnc-00161-00035727-00035889 sign a letter outside the contract that
+YxdjgXbULnc-00162-00035890-00036126 extends those recall rights for 60
+YxdjgXbULnc-00163-00036127-00036387 months so any of those 65 people don't
+YxdjgXbULnc-00164-00036388-00036590 have to worry you do have recall rights
+YxdjgXbULnc-00165-00036591-00036948 actually until September of 2022 and the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00166-00036949-00037101 way that people are retiring hopefully
+YxdjgXbULnc-00167-00037102-00037268 everybody will be back to work sooner
+YxdjgXbULnc-00168-00037269-00037724 than later entry for next week if you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00169-00037725-00037920 are required to work next week you will
+YxdjgXbULnc-00170-00037921-00038085 be getting a phone call so right now
+YxdjgXbULnc-00171-00038086-00038289 today is Thursday just want to let you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00172-00038290-00038483 know it's been extremely frustrating
+YxdjgXbULnc-00173-00038484-00038610 since we've been back to work
+YxdjgXbULnc-00174-00038611-00038783 especially waiting for the green light
+YxdjgXbULnc-00175-00038784-00039014 to go so we've got about 40 to 45 trades
+YxdjgXbULnc-00176-00039015-00039243 in this week working that's actually
+YxdjgXbULnc-00177-00039244-00039464 gone very smooth we were supposed to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00178-00039465-00039573 bring a whole bunch of people in next
+YxdjgXbULnc-00179-00039574-00039729 week for a skeleton crew I'm be shift
+YxdjgXbULnc-00180-00039730-00039986 that got put on hold on Monday and that
+YxdjgXbULnc-00181-00039987-00040205 held that hold continued until yesterday
+YxdjgXbULnc-00182-00040206-00040418 around 1:30 we are having problems with
+YxdjgXbULnc-00183-00040419-00040695 suppliers already they have now got the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00184-00040696-00040854 green light so the people are just being
+YxdjgXbULnc-00185-00040855-00041033 called I know some people are called
+YxdjgXbULnc-00186-00041034-00041168 last night even up to nine o'clock last
+YxdjgXbULnc-00187-00041169-00041330 night but they are really calling a lot
+YxdjgXbULnc-00188-00041331-00041540 of people today so if you're required to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00189-00041541-00041690 work next week you will get a phone call
+YxdjgXbULnc-00190-00041691-00041852 if you don't get a phone call you don't
+YxdjgXbULnc-00191-00041853-00041967 have to report for work but they
+YxdjgXbULnc-00192-00041968-00042189 are calling a quite a few people mainly
+YxdjgXbULnc-00193-00042190-00042468 the north end paint etc welding stamping
+YxdjgXbULnc-00194-00042469-00042783 to come to work for the entry next week
+YxdjgXbULnc-00195-00042784-00042971 this is important for stamping and
+YxdjgXbULnc-00196-00042972-00043098 welding people if you've got a phone
+YxdjgXbULnc-00197-00043099-00043374 call me and I've been retold report to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00198-00043375-00043596 work most production people are gonna be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00199-00043597-00043793 told to come in at different times you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00200-00043794-00043935 are still going to get paid eight hours
+YxdjgXbULnc-00201-00043936-00044049 you're still going to be done at three
+YxdjgXbULnc-00202-00044050-00044211 o'clock but some people are going to be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00203-00044212-00044367 coming at 7:00 some are going to come in
+YxdjgXbULnc-00204-00044368-00044523 at 9:00 some we're gonna come at 11:00
+YxdjgXbULnc-00205-00044524-00044696 we're doing orientations we're not
+YxdjgXbULnc-00206-00044697-00044910 having them in large groups so there are
+YxdjgXbULnc-00207-00044911-00045054 different times you'll be told to report
+YxdjgXbULnc-00208-00045055-00045365 when your report please if you are
+YxdjgXbULnc-00209-00045366-00045645 stamping and welding you will report
+YxdjgXbULnc-00210-00045646-00045870 through the north turnstile and enter
+YxdjgXbULnc-00211-00045871-00046110 the old East Body Shop there you'll
+YxdjgXbULnc-00212-00046111-00046308 follow our new protocol of washing your
+YxdjgXbULnc-00213-00046309-00046482 hands getting the mask and having your
+YxdjgXbULnc-00214-00046483-00046664 temperature taken then you'll proceed
+YxdjgXbULnc-00215-00046665-00046862 into the orientation you'll be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00216-00046863-00047087 instructed where to go for paint and
+YxdjgXbULnc-00217-00047088-00047355 anybody else you must enter through the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00218-00047356-00047562 East Side administration building so
+YxdjgXbULnc-00219-00047563-00047745 from now on and - for the next while
+YxdjgXbULnc-00220-00047746-00047979 anybody in paint and likely the North
+YxdjgXbULnc-00221-00047980-00048183 End of Assembly your entry points going
+YxdjgXbULnc-00222-00048184-00048321 to be the east side of the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00223-00048322-00048489 administration building if you don't
+YxdjgXbULnc-00224-00048490-00048630 know you're north south east west the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00225-00048631-00048879 east side is the side facing the road so
+YxdjgXbULnc-00226-00048880-00049008 the smaller building in front of the big
+YxdjgXbULnc-00227-00049009-00049139 building the administration building
+YxdjgXbULnc-00228-00049140-00049439 walk into the east side the maze will
+YxdjgXbULnc-00229-00049440-00049593 start right away as soon as you get in
+YxdjgXbULnc-00230-00049594-00049727 there you'll wash your hands put your
+YxdjgXbULnc-00231-00049728-00049932 mask on there will be people there you
+YxdjgXbULnc-00232-00049933-00050193 go upstairs into the old the very first
+YxdjgXbULnc-00233-00050194-00050339 cafeteria can we get your temperature
+YxdjgXbULnc-00234-00050340-00050499 taken and from there you'll go to your
+YxdjgXbULnc-00235-00050500-00050687 department so this week it was taken
+YxdjgXbULnc-00236-00050688-00050898 around three or four minutes your first
+YxdjgXbULnc-00237-00050899-00051081 day back will take longer don't worry
+YxdjgXbULnc-00238-00051082-00051300 you've already swiped in so you are
+YxdjgXbULnc-00239-00051301-00051470 getting paid we just ask people to have
+YxdjgXbULnc-00240-00051471-00051636 a little bit of patience the first
+YxdjgXbULnc-00241-00051637-00051767 couple days takes a little bit longer
+YxdjgXbULnc-00242-00051769-00051983 and then it's pretty smooth sailing we
+YxdjgXbULnc-00243-00051984-00052173 did have a lot of comments about the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00244-00052174-00052461 mask hanging on pegs a lot of people
+YxdjgXbULnc-00245-00052462-00052631 didn't like that we've got that we've
+YxdjgXbULnc-00246-00052632-00052826 relooked at it our Health and Safety
+YxdjgXbULnc-00247-00052827-00052971 Committee has talked with the company
+YxdjgXbULnc-00248-00052972-00053121 they have come up with a new procedure
+YxdjgXbULnc-00249-00053122-00053369 so the mass on the pegs are now done
+YxdjgXbULnc-00250-00053370-00053591 they've got a much better procedure it's
+YxdjgXbULnc-00251-00053592-00053796 faster and it's definitely cleaner so it
+YxdjgXbULnc-00252-00053797-00054015 is different I do have one special
+YxdjgXbULnc-00253-00054016-00054294 request in closing for my part this is
+YxdjgXbULnc-00254-00054295-00054530 for everybody this is to our deaf
+YxdjgXbULnc-00255-00054532-00054699 members but it is for everybody in the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00256-00054700-00054915 plant we are still trying to find the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00257-00054916-00055071 clear mask for the deaf members they
+YxdjgXbULnc-00258-00055072-00055213 have to be approved by health care
+YxdjgXbULnc-00259-00055214-00055404 we are getting different models from
+YxdjgXbULnc-00260-00055405-00055546 different companies that are using them
+YxdjgXbULnc-00261-00055547-00055759 but if Health Canada does not approve
+YxdjgXbULnc-00262-00055760-00055929 them then we're not going to accept them
+YxdjgXbULnc-00263-00055930-00056065 because we want to make sure that not
+YxdjgXbULnc-00264-00056066-00056266 only are you safe but the person beside
+YxdjgXbULnc-00265-00056266-00056575 you safe there is a unit so I but I do
+YxdjgXbULnc-00266-00056576-00056848 talk to the I do email the DEF members
+YxdjgXbULnc-00267-00056849-00057054 every week to give them an update to the
+YxdjgXbULnc-00268-00057055-00057187 group there's a nine of them in our
+YxdjgXbULnc-00269-00057188-00057415 plant there is a universal symbol for
+YxdjgXbULnc-00270-00057416-00057562 the deaf members they are going to point
+YxdjgXbULnc-00271-00057563-00057796 to their ear and they do a flat slash
+YxdjgXbULnc-00272-00057797-00057957 mark in front of their face or beside
+YxdjgXbULnc-00273-00057958-00058155 their head that means they cannot hear
+YxdjgXbULnc-00274-00058157-00058336 if you're working with someone we're
+YxdjgXbULnc-00275-00058337-00058534 gonna have masks on they're going to be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00276-00058535-00058744 at a disadvantage but one might be a PSG
+YxdjgXbULnc-00277-00058745-00058917 if they come to your team or if you see
+YxdjgXbULnc-00278-00058919-00059041 them coming into the plant and they're
+YxdjgXbULnc-00279-00059041-00059226 standing in line the company is very
+YxdjgXbULnc-00280-00059227-00059341 aware of this now there's going to be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00281-00059341-00059616 like Walmart greeters sort so to speak
+YxdjgXbULnc-00282-00059617-00059734 they're going to show you where to go
+YxdjgXbULnc-00283-00059735-00059872 how to wash your hands and all that if
+YxdjgXbULnc-00284-00059873-00060051 you see someone in line pointing to
+YxdjgXbULnc-00285-00060052-00060231 their ear just realize they are deaf
+YxdjgXbULnc-00286-00060232-00060373 members they might need an extra minute
+YxdjgXbULnc-00287-00060374-00060531 or if you're working with them just
+YxdjgXbULnc-00288-00060532-00060715 realize who they are but it'd be
+YxdjgXbULnc-00289-00060716-00060951 universal try and help them out we're
+YxdjgXbULnc-00290-00060952-00061129 all in this together but that's it and
+YxdjgXbULnc-00291-00061129-00061309 we'll keep the questions coming and
+YxdjgXbULnc-00292-00061310-00061585 we'll see you next week
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00000-00000000-00002488 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00001-00002489-00002621 [Applause]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00002-00002622-00002883 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00003-00002884-00003122 is
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00004-00003123-00003519 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00005-00003520-00003895 machine racing queen
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00006-00003896-00005164 i'll take you wherever you wanna go
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00007-00005165-00005683 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00008-00005684-00006075 tonight
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00009-00006076-00008483 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00010-00008484-00008638 uh
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00011-00008639-00009883 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00012-00009884-00010463 65.
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00013-00010464-00012156 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00014-00012157-00012683 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00015-00012684-00013084 tonight
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00016-00013085-00015483 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00017-00015484-00016344 see
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00018-00016346-00017661 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00019-00017662-00018283 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00020-00018284-00018519 uh
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00021-00018520-00019944 a racing queen
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00022-00019945-00021083 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00023-00021084-00021326 me
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00024-00021327-00022483 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00025-00022484-00023430 disease
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00026-00023431-00023542 [Applause]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00027-00023543-00025175 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00028-00025176-00025547 [Applause]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00029-00025548-00026558 [Music]
+Yx_o3wKkSjy-00030-00026560-00026768 you
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00000-00000041-00000359 Simon of Cyrene II Hebrew smoke arcanine
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00001-00000360-00000692 listening standard Hebrew saman Tiberian
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00002-00000693-00000932 Hebrew saman Greek Simon Kurenai Oh
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00003-00000933-00001166 Simon Kieran eos was the man compelled
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00004-00001167-00001340 by the Romans to carry the cross of
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00005-00001341-00001570 Jesus of Nazareth as Jesus was taken to
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00006-00001571-00001768 his crucifixion according to all three
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00007-00001769-00001988 synoptic Gospels and as they came out
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00008-00001989-00002258 they found a man of Cyrene II Simon by
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00009-00002259-00002438 name him they compelled to bear his
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00010-00002439-00002880 cross
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00011-00002881-00003388 topic background
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00012-00003389-00003747 topic cerini was located in northern
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00013-00003749-00004015 africa in eastern libya a greek city in
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00014-00004015-00004189 the province of Cyrenaica it had a
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00015-00004190-00004450 jewish community where 100,000 Judean
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00016-00004451-00004636 Jews had been forced to settle during
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00017-00004637-00005077 the reign of Ptolemy Soter 323 to 285 BC
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00018-00005078-00005310 and was an early center of Christianity
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00019-00005311-00005590 the Cyrenian Jews had a synagogue in
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00020-00005591-00005788 Jerusalem where many went for annual
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00021-00005789-00006091 feasts Simon s act of carrying the cross
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00022-00006092-00006346 pattée Beulah for Jesus as the fifth or
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00023-00006347-00006558 seventh of the Stations of the Cross
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00024-00006559-00006868 some interpret the passage as indicating
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00025-00006869-00007066 that Simon was chosen because he may
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00026-00007067-00007371 have shown sympathy with Jesus others
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00027-00007372-00007584 point out that the text itself says
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00028-00007586-00007809 noting that he had no choice and that
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00029-00007811-00007998 there is no basis to consider the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00030-00008000-00008170 carrying of the cross an act of
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00031-00008170-00008482 sympathetic generosity mark chapter 15
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00032-00008483-00008791 verse 21 identifies Simon as the father
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00033-00008792-00009148 of alexander and rufus tradition states
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00034-00009149-00009337 that they became missionaries the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00035-00009338-00009546 inclusion of their names may suggest
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00036-00009547-00009721 that they were of some standing in the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00037-00009722-00010027 early Christian community at Rome it has
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00038-00010028-00010258 also been suggested that the rufus in
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00039-00010259-00010507 greek Rauf on a row fun mentioned by
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00040-00010508-00010843 Paul in Romans chapter 16 verse 13 as
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00041-00010844-00011182 the son of Simon of Cyrene II some also
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00042-00011183-00011380 linked Simon himself with the men of
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00043-00011381-00011596 Cyrene II who preached the gospel to the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00044-00011597-00011871 Greeks in Acts chapter 11 verse 20 on
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00045-00011872-00012259 the other hand Simon s name alone does
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00046-00012260-00012475 not prove he was Jewish and alexander
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00047-00012476-00012685 and rufus were both common names and may
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00048-00012686-00012900 have referred to others a burial cave in
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00049-00012901-00013180 the Kidron Valley discovered in 1941 by
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00050-00013181-00013428 Al sukenik belonging to Cyrenian Jews
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00051-00013429-00013669 and dating before ad 70 was found to
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00052-00013669-00013911 have an ossuary inscribed twice in Greek
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00053-00013912-00014203 Alexander's son of Simon it cannot
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00054-00014204-00014388 however be certain that this refers to
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00055-00014390-00014488 the same person
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00056-00014488-00014707 Cyrene II was supposedly the destination
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00057-00014708-00015043 of many Sakaki lit dagger men who fled
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00058-00015044-00015205 the Roman legions at the time of the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00059-00015206-00015366 Jewish revolt this was later to
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00060-00015368-00015535 precipitate further Jewish insurrection
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00061-00015536-00015744 in the area in the reign of Hadrian and
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00062-00015745-00016047 Trajan according to the supposed visions
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00063-00016048-00016240 of an Catherine Emmerich Simon was a
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00064-00016241-00016540 pagan the Romans recognized he wasn't a
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00065-00016541-00016722 Jew by his clothes and then chose him to
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00066-00016723-00016774 oblige
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00067-00016775-00017249 to help Jesus carry the cross
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00068-00017250-00017790 topic figurative meaning
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00069-00017791-00018207 topic mark chapter 8 verse 34 refers to
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00070-00018208-00018402 Jesus saying to the multitude and his
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00071-00018403-00018648 disciples whoever wants to come after me
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00072-00018649-00018867 let him deny himself and take up his
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00073-00018868-00019242 cross and follow me significantly this
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00074-00019243-00019452 is in the context of a conversation with
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00075-00019453-00019656 Simon Peter who later goes on to deny
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00076-00019657-00019725 Jesus
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00077-00019726-00019992 so since Simon Peter fails to take up
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00078-00019993-00020196 his cross Simon the Cyrene heed is so
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00079-00020197-00020469 instead the sorry Me's were famous at
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00080-00020470-00020682 the time as a sect of hedonistic atheist
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00081-00020683-00020871 philosophers and as part of a failed
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00082-00020872-00021087 military uprising that it a military
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00083-00021088-00021302 Messiah rather than a spiritual one
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00084-00021303-00021603 hence figuratively the military Messiah
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00085-00021604-00021798 and the human philosopher are put on the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00086-00021799-00022011 cross at this time when Simon the Cyrene
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00087-00022012-00022296 eat aches up the cross lending further
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00088-00022297-00022467 credence to this is the naming of the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00089-00022468-00022806 two sons alexander and rufus there is no
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00090-00022807-00022989 literal reason to mention them nor are
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00091-00022990-00023148 they mentioned elsewhere despite the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00092-00023149-00023312 traditions alluded to in this article
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00093-00023313-00023586 but the most famous alexander of the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00094-00023587-00023817 time was Alexander the Great a symbol of
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00095-00023818-00024135 military power the most famous Rufus was
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00096-00024136-00024336 moose Aeneas Rufus who was a pacifist
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00097-00024337-00024642 philosopher according to Origen Rufus
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00098-00024643-00025044 was second only to Socrates in Fame so
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00099-00025045-00025245 figuratively the worldly offspring of
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00100-00025246-00025476 Simon the Cyrene er military power and
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00101-00025477-00025755 human philosophy mark is saying that
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00102-00025756-00025922 neither way is correct and both should
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00103-00025923-00026244 be sacrificed on the cross on a purely
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00104-00026245-00026418 literal reading it is strange that
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00105-00026419-00026558 someone should be pressed into service
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00106-00026560-00026805 by the Roman guards that the person s
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00107-00026806-00027036 name be recorded here and nowhere else
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00108-00027037-00027276 and that the sons names are recorded
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00109-00027277-00027444 again here and nowhere else
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00110-00027445-00027633 and with no narrative reason for doing
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00111-00027633-00027987 so on a figurative reading mark reveals
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00112-00027988-00028275 great brilliance it mirrors Simon Peter
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00113-00028276-00028727 s failure to deny himself and take up
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00114-00028729-00029045 his cross it demonstrates the Gospels
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00115-00029047-00029247 inclusiveness anyone who takes up the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00116-00029248-00029427 cross regardless of who they are will be
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00117-00029427-00029637 saved and it shows this with respect to
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00118-00029638-00030197 military power and human wisdom
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00119-00030198-00030677 pick Cyrenian movement
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00120-00030679-00031056 topic the Cyrenian der Simon movement in
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00121-00031057-00031260 the United Kingdom and Ireland takes its
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00122-00031261-00031536 name from simon of cyrene ii it has as
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00123-00031537-00031776 its guiding principle sharing the burden
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00124-00031777-00032013 which it uses to explain its approach to
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00125-00032014-00032235 providing services to homeless and other
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00126-00032236-00032460 disadvantaged groups in society often
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00127-00032461-00032890 using volunteers
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00128-00032891-00033435 topic gnostic views
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00129-00033436-00033746 topic according to some Gnostic
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00130-00033747-00033948 traditions simon of cyrene ii by
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00131-00033949-00034155 mistaken identity suffered the events
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00132-00034156-00034340 leading up to the crucifixion and died
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00133-00034341-00034611 on the cross instead of Jesus this is
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00134-00034612-00034779 the story presented in the second
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00135-00034780-00034937 treatise of the great Seth although it
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00136-00034938-00035124 is unclear whether Simon or another
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00137-00035125-00035417 actually died on the cross this is part
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00138-00035418-00035615 of a belief held by some Gnostics that
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00139-00035616-00035832 Jesus was not a flesh but only took on
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00140-00035833-00035952 the appearance of flesh
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00141-00035953-00036204 see also bass elides Irenaeus and swoon
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00142-00036205-00036549 hypothesis vassal Ides in his gospel of
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00143-00036550-00036774 Bassel Ides as reported by Irenaeus as
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00144-00036775-00036945 having taught a docetic doctrine of
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00145-00036946-00037208 Christ's passion he states the teaching
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00146-00037209-00037421 that Christ in Jesus as a holy divine
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00147-00037422-00037646 being could not suffer bodily pain and
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00148-00037647-00037818 did not die on the cross but that the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00149-00037819-00038045 person crucified was in fact simon of
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00150-00038046-00038333 cyrene ii he appeared on earth as a man
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00151-00038334-00038574 and performed miracles thus he himself
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00152-00038575-00038883 did not suffer rather a certain simon of
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00153-00038884-00039057 cyrene ii was compelled to carry his
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00154-00039058-00039314 cross for him it was he who was ignorant
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00155-00039315-00039501 leanne erroneously crucified being
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00156-00039502-00039692 transfigured by him so that he might be
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00157-00039693-00039896 thought to be Jesus moreover Jesus
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00158-00039897-00040092 assumed the form of Simon and stood by
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00159-00040093-00040355 laughing at them Irenaeus against
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00160-00040356-00040709 heresies
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00161-00040710-00041286 topic in popular culture
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00162-00041287-00041643 topic poet Ridgely Torrance wrote a play
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00163-00041644-00041912 about him titled Simon the Cyrenian a
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00164-00041913-00042261 1920 YWCA production of this play was
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00165-00042262-00042510 directed by Dora Cole sister of composer
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00166-00042511-00042762 Bob Cole and starred Paul Robeson Sidney
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00167-00042763-00042971 Poitier was cast as simon of cyrene ii
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00168-00042972-00043176 in the greatest story ever told that was
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00169-00043177-00043374 directed by George Stevens and released
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00170-00043375-00043683 in 1965 this can be considered
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00171-00043684-00043845 believable due to the fact that the
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00172-00043846-00044037 synoptic Gospels write of an outsider
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00173-00044038-00044262 from North Africa who assists Jesus on
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00174-00044263-00044526 the Via Dolorosa on the other end
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00175-00044527-00044718 the contemporary King of Kings has had
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00176-00044719-00044921 an african-american soldier in the scene
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00177-00044922-00045210 of Jesus flagellation the film The
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00178-00045211-00045402 Passion of the Christ portrays him as a
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00179-00045403-00045615 Jew being forced by the Romans to carry
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00180-00045616-00045831 the cross who at first is unwilling but
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00181-00045832-00045951 as the journey to Mount Calvary
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00182-00045952-00046221 continues shows compassion to Jesus and
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00183-00046222-00046721 helps him make it to the top
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00184-00046722-00047241 topic see also
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00185-00047242-00047894 topic Chappell of simon of cyrene ii
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00186-00047895-00048423 topic references
+YxFZv9kzAQY-00187-00048424-00048713 topic
+YA-U9WwhvPy-00000-00000019-00000351 [Music]
+YA-U9WwhvPy-00001-00000352-00000458 is
+YA-U9WwhvPy-00002-00000459-00001081 [Music]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00000-00000174-00001967 foreign
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00001-00001968-00002480 [Applause]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00002-00002481-00002734 [Music]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00003-00002735-00003191 yo
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00004-00003192-00003419 [__] all the glamas and Bliss I plan to
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00005-00003420-00003581 get rich I'm from I'm from New York it
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00006-00003582-00003786 never was a fan of the Knicks
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00007-00003788-00004031 expanding my chips you mad because I was
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00008-00004032-00004193 in the van with your [__] put both
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00009-00004194-00004409 hands on attention hold me on hold your
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00010-00004410-00004577 phone that you know in your heart and
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00011-00004578-00004738 that's now we must believe that I'll be
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00012-00004739-00004925 blowing the shop around back now you
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00013-00004926-00005722 stuck us
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00014-00005723-00005838 [Music]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00015-00005839-00006259 I [__] around
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00016-00006260-00006619 and this is being my best
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00017-00006620-00006863 [__] like you you're praying on my
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00018-00006864-00007673 downfalls
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00019-00007675-00008106 [Music]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00020-00008108-00008387 you ain't a leader what nobody [__]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00021-00008388-00008648 you
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00022-00008649-00009670 [Music]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00023-00009671-00010271 [Music]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00024-00010272-00012097 again
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00025-00012098-00013159 [Applause]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00027-00016544-00016793 on this [__] [__] straight here
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00028-00016794-00016991 man I'm taking your half a million fans
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00029-00016992-00017189 [__] I'm gonna kill you on this song
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00030-00017190-00017405 like yo this [__] Alice [__] crazy
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00031-00017406-00017675 man he was a big gambler
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00032-00017676-00017903 you know figure out with gamble all the
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00033-00017904-00018143 time and you know he would fight [__]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00034-00018144-00018341 like big [__] I'd be like yo Al could
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00035-00018342-00018539 we just go shoot the block up you're
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00036-00018540-00018694 like nah I grew up with these [__]
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00037-00018695-00018947 just come Stand By Me I'ma fight every
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00038-00018948-00019139 time I'm with the harlemen see Big L
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00039-00019140-00019330 that he was gonna fight he thought he
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00040-00019331-00019511 would fight a [__] your size like the
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00041-00019512-00019667 biggest [__] in the world he's like
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00042-00019668-00020021 this [__] that I'm like oh my God like
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00043-00020022-00020267 yo could we jump this [__] man but we
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00044-00020268-00020549 [__] hit him with a bat nah nah I
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00045-00020550-00020794 know you know he was a fan Square dude
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00046-00020795-00021058 they always a fan Square dude he'll
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00047-00021059-00021214 fight the biggest [__] in the world man
+YAZTl4lnXs8-00048-00021215-00021458 it's crazy
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00000-00000000-00000269 [Music]
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00001-00000270-00000530 foreign
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00002-00000531-00003490 [Music]
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00003-00003492-00003779 ah the first lecture of a new module
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00004-00003779-00003922 which is elastic behavior of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00005-00003923-00004090 multi-directional laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00006-00004092-00004433 and already we have covered macro and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00007-00004434-00004715 micro mechanics of Lamina so today we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00008-00004716-00004972 are going to start a new module that is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00009-00004973-00005254 the macro mechanical analysis of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00010-00005255-00005506 laminate so to start with let us first
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00011-00005507-00005704 understand what is a laminate if you
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00012-00005705-00005927 remember ah in our earlier discussions
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00013-00005928-00006227 while describing fiber reinforced
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00014-00006228-00006491 polymer Matrix Composites we have simply
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00015-00006492-00006598 defined some of the important
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00016-00006600-00006851 terminologies like lamina laminates
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00017-00006852-00007031 there we have defined what is a laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00018-00007031-00007342 so let us again ah reiterate a laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00019-00007343-00007787 is ah formed by stacking ah several ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00020-00007788-00008039 unidirectional laminar OK bonded
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00021-00008040-00008333 together to act as a structural
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00022-00008334-00008574 element okay you can see in this figure
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00023-00008575-00008939 that maybe there are four lamina which
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00024-00008940-00009101 are actually stacked together so this is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00025-00009102-00009323 this is laminar one
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00026-00009324-00009521 this is laminar two
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00027-00009522-00009677 this is three
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00028-00009678-00009899 this is four
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00029-00009900-00010174 so they are stacked together and to form
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00030-00010175-00010378 a laminate okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00031-00010379-00010619 and they are perfectly bonded so that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00032-00010620-00011003 actually they can act as one unit ok now
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00033-00011004-00011387 ah if you remember we we discussed that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00034-00011388-00011656 a lamina is thin and therefore to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00035-00011657-00011842 provide a moderate thickness we've
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00036-00011843-00012023 stacked them together to form a laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00037-00012024-00012388 ok but we will discuss in details ah why
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00038-00012389-00012641 a laminate is actually required OK let
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00039-00012642-00012833 us try to understand that in our micro
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00040-00012834-00013043 and macro mechanics we have actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00041-00013044-00013366 studied ah in details in macro mechanics
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00042-00013368-00013613 of Lamina what we have studied is we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00043-00013613-00013865 studied the stress strain behavior of a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00044-00013866-00014063 lamina considering the lamina to be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00045-00014063-00014201 homogeneous that means we have
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00046-00014202-00014399 represented a lamina by means of its
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00047-00014400-00014729 average properties and then we also
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00048-00014730-00014993 discussed in micro mechanics that how
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00049-00014994-00015161 this average properties are actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00050-00015162-00015497 obtained ah as a function of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00051-00015497-00015683 properties of the constituents fiber and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00052-00015684-00015863 the Matrix and the relative proportions
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00053-00015863-00016349 namely the volume fraction ok so ah let
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00054-00016350-00016733 us ah try to see that we have seen that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00055-00016734-00016955 unlike isotropic material actually in
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00056-00016956-00017339 orthotropic material ah we can control
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00057-00017340-00017597 the direction dependent Properties by
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00058-00017598-00017893 controlling some of the ah important
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00059-00017894-00018107 variables like
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00060-00018108-00018358 fibers that means the type of fiber type
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00061-00018359-00018665 of Matrix and for a given fiber Matrix
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00062-00018666-00018767 combination
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00063-00018768-00019127 this could be controlled by changing the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00064-00019128-00019283 fiber orientation
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00065-00019284-00019549 and fiber volume fraction ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00066-00019550-00019871 ah what does it actually mean ah it
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00067-00019872-00020129 means ah suppose you have a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00068-00020130-00020297 lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00069-00020298-00020579 we have seen that ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00070-00020580-00020872 if we have a lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00071-00020873-00021119 suppose having 0 degree fiber
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00072-00021120-00021353 orientation unidirectional laminar
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00073-00021354-00021899 then if we subject it to load
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00074-00021900-00022247 in suppose Direction one this is one and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00075-00022248-00022571 this is two principal material Direction
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00076-00022572-00022900 then we have seen that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00077-00022901-00023200 e one which is the longitudinal lungs
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00078-00023201-00023399 modulus is actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00079-00023400-00023699 e f
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00080-00023700-00023980 v f plus
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00081-00023981-00024149 em
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00082-00024150-00024322 PM okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00083-00024323-00024622 now changing the fiber and the Matrix we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00084-00024623-00024839 could actually change we could control e
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00085-00024840-00025294 one okay similarly 1 by E2 that means a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00086-00025295-00025606 transverse eons modulus is equal to v f
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00087-00025607-00025787 by e f
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00088-00025788-00026218 plus v m by e m
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00089-00026219-00026518 so and we also understood that while
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00090-00026519-00026705 this longitudinal properties are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00091-00026706-00026920 actually fiber dominated the transverse
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00092-00026922-00027095 properties are actually Matrix dominated
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00093-00027095-00027395 so for a given ah fiber Matrix
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00094-00027395-00027599 combination
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00095-00027600-00027887 changing the volume fraction will
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00096-00027888-00028174 we can decide what should be the value
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00097-00028175-00028402 of u 1 relative to E2
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00098-00028404-00028720 similarly we can also decide what will
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00099-00028722-00028870 be the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00100-00028872-00029158 ratio of the longitudinal modulus sorry
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00101-00029160-00029417 longitudinal tensile strength to the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00102-00029418-00029608 transverse tensile strings these are all
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00103-00029610-00029885 dependent on ah fiber properties Matrix
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00104-00029886-00030077 properties and the relative volume
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00105-00030077-00030245 fraction therefore
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00106-00030245-00030461 ah as we have discussed in one of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00107-00030462-00030652 previous classes that one of the major
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00108-00030654-00030851 advantage of this kind of Composites is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00109-00030852-00031120 that we can tailor make the strength and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00110-00031122-00031301 stiffness requirements I mean design
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00111-00031302-00031414 requirements of the strength and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00112-00031416-00031645 stiffness okay according to our
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00113-00031645-00031996 requirement so therefore this is an
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00114-00031997-00032135 important Point what we have learned
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00115-00032136-00032362 from micro macro mechanics and micro
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00116-00032363-00032687 mechanics of a lamina ok then we have
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00117-00032688-00033017 also seen that the transverse properties
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00118-00033018-00033377 of Lamina of India direction laminar are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00119-00033378-00033593 far inferior compared to the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00120-00033594-00033809 longitudinal properties say for example
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00121-00033810-00034121 if you consider ah maybe a typical
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00122-00034122-00034295 graphite epoxy suppose
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00123-00034296-00034474 for a typical
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00124-00034475-00034711 graphite epoxy laminate lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00125-00034712-00034985 unidirectional graphite epoxy lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00126-00034986-00035201 say for a typical unidirectional
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00127-00035202-00035440 graphite epoxy lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00128-00035441-00036083 we know that U one
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00129-00036084-00036593 U one is around 180
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00130-00036594-00036761 Giga Pascal
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00131-00036762-00036905 and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00132-00036906-00037229 E2
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00133-00037230-00037361 is around
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00134-00037362-00037565 then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00135-00037566-00037817 10 Giga Pascal similarly the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00136-00037818-00038165 longitudinal tensile strength
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00137-00038166-00038374 is typically
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00138-00038375-00038699 rough I mean 1500 Mega Pascal
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00139-00038700-00038812 and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00140-00038813-00039190 the transverse tensile strength
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00141-00039191-00039605 is only
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00142-00039606-00039989 40 Mega Pascal therefore the transverse
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00143-00039990-00040324 properties of a of a unidirection
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00144-00040325-00040643 laminar are far inferior compared to the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00145-00040644-00040835 longitudinal properties both strength
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00146-00040836-00041045 and stiffness the reason is while the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00147-00041046-00041237 longitudinal Young's modulus and the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00148-00041238-00041387 longitudinal tensile strengths are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00149-00041388-00041471 actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00150-00041472-00041818 decided by the fiber the transverse
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00151-00041819-00042112 properties are actually ah decided by
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00152-00042113-00042359 The Matrix and the fibers are very
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00153-00042360-00042502 strong and stiff in the longitudinal
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00154-00042503-00042755 Direction thereby providing a very high
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00155-00042756-00043007 values of ah strength and stiffness in
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00156-00043008-00043193 the longitudinal Direction whereas The
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00157-00043194-00043421 Matrix provides are infinite compared to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00158-00043422-00043601 that of the fiber and the transverse
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00159-00043602-00043780 properties are decided Guided by The
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00160-00043781-00043955 Matrix they are influenced by The Matrix
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00161-00043956-00044140 therefore the transverse properties are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00162-00044141-00044429 much less and many times in in Practical
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00163-00044430-00044621 engineering problems they are not
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00164-00044622-00044855 satisfactory that means this poor values
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00165-00044856-00045089 of this transverse properties actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00166-00045090-00045443 does not ah suffice many engineering ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00167-00045444-00045562 problems
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00168-00045563-00045785 then another factor which you have
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00169-00045786-00046001 discussed earlier also lamina is very
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00170-00046002-00046133 thin okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00171-00046134-00046565 and by itself it cannot be used to take
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00172-00046566-00046811 a realistic load for example if you
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00173-00046812-00047062 consider say again
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00174-00047063-00047255 say
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00175-00047256-00047471 the ultimate tensile longitudinal
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00176-00047472-00047680 tensile string of a graphite epoxy
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00177-00047681-00047830 lamina is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00178-00047831-00048077 500 Mega Pascal
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00179-00048078-00048580 OK that means if you have a lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00180-00048581-00049030 which is say one meter width
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00181-00049031-00049139 okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00182-00049140-00049343 and this sense and then say the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00183-00049344-00049811 thickness is small and the thickness is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00184-00049812-00050039 say
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00185-00050040-00050321 thicknesses say ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00186-00050322-00050590 say 0.1 mm
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00187-00050591-00050777 then the maximum Force
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00188-00050778-00050927 it can take in the longitudinal
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00189-00050928-00051101 direction is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00190-00051102-00051437 1500 Newton per millimeter square into
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00191-00051438-00051707 ah 0.1 mm
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00192-00051708-00052013 into 10 to the power 3 that means 1500
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00193-00052014-00052516 into 10 to the power 2 that means ah 150
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00194-00052517-00052835 kilo Newton load per meter which is not
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00195-00052836-00053219 sufficient OK or many practical problems
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00196-00053220-00053554 OK this is another disadvantages OK ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00197-00053555-00053891 these two limitations mainly ah that the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00198-00053891-00054125 poor transverse properties and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00199-00054126-00054413 the thickness of the lamina being very
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00200-00054414-00054737 thin are actually overcome in a laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00201-00054738-00055073 by how by stacking several ah lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00202-00055074-00055337 bonded together and then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00203-00055338-00055607 orienting the principal material ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00204-00055608-00056044 directions of the ah constituent lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00205-00056045-00056225 to import the desert directional
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00206-00056226-00056482 properties against the complex strength
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00207-00056483-00056747 and stiffness requirements OK and the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00208-00056748-00057035 stacking unit ah unidirectional laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00209-00057036-00057299 laminar with different orientations ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00210-00057300-00057616 also increase the cost and weight so
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00211-00057617-00057892 coming to this ah how this limitations
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00212-00057894-00058121 are actually overcome say because the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00213-00058122-00058288 lamina is poor in the transverse
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00214-00058289-00058492 Direction so what we do is say for
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00215-00058494-00058871 example suppose we want a laminate we we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00216-00058872-00059188 want a component which is ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00217-00059189-00059465 strong equally strong suppose in both ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00218-00059466-00059621 the longitudinal and transverse
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00219-00059622-00059975 Direction so if we take a lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00220-00059976-00060304 if we take a lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00221-00060305-00060461 suppose we want this to be equally
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00222-00060462-00060587 strong and stiff both in the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00223-00060588-00060766 longitudinal and transverse direction if
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00224-00060767-00060994 we take a single lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00225-00060995-00061271 and apply load
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00226-00061272-00061600 so it's stiffness in this direction is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00227-00061601-00061835 of course suppose it is a graphite epoxy
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00228-00061836-00062249 180 Giga Pascal however its stiffness in
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00229-00062250-00062591 the direction 2 is only
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00230-00062591-00062794 10 Giga Pascal
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00231-00062795-00062909 ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00232-00062910-00063041 now suppose
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00233-00063041-00063329 and similarly the strength OK the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00234-00063329-00063491 strength in this direction is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00235-00063491-00063694 very high
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00236-00063695-00063916 1500 Mega Pascal but in the other
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00237-00063917-00064097 direction it is small as small as 40
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00238-00064098-00064319 Mega Pascal now suppose what we do is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00239-00064320-00064492 because our strength and stiffness
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00240-00064494-00064756 requirement is that it should be strong
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00241-00064757-00064966 in both the directions suppose we just
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00242-00064967-00065159 for an example if we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00243-00065160-00065411 take a 0 degree
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00244-00065412-00065759 lamina and then we take a 90 degree
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00245-00065760-00065963 lamina okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00246-00065964-00066167 this is zero
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00247-00066168-00066421 this is 90. they are actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00248-00066422-00066725 bonded together perfectly bonded at the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00249-00066726-00067121 interface and they form a two layer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00250-00067122-00067306 laminate okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00251-00067307-00067511 generally laminates will be having much
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00252-00067512-00067715 more I mean large number of layers just
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00253-00067716-00067906 for just for the sake of example suppose
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00254-00067907-00068159 you have a two layer laminate where one
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00255-00068160-00068338 layer is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00256-00068339-00068525 0 degree
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00257-00068526-00068735 and the other layer is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00258-00068736-00069185 90 degree fiber orientation then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00259-00069186-00069473 as a they act as a single component then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00260-00069474-00069635 the stiffness
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00261-00069636-00069838 in this direction and the stiffness in
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00262-00069839-00070006 this direction will be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00263-00070007-00070276 same OK provided they are having the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00264-00070277-00070450 same they are of the the both the layers
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00265-00070451-00070588 are of same material and same thickness
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00266-00070589-00070900 ok so by just combining one zero and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00267-00070901-00071176 ninety degree ah fiber orientation we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00268-00071177-00071356 could get a component which is equally
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00269-00071357-00071519 stiff in both the directions OK
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00270-00071520-00071806 similarly we could have com combinations
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00271-00071807-00072017 of ah different fiber ventilation
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00272-00072018-00072281 stacked together which will suffice the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00273-00072282-00072538 the complex strength and stiffness
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00274-00072539-00072863 requirements so and then the ah while
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00275-00072864-00073111 stacking number of ah laminar together
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00276-00073112-00073355 also provides a reasonable thickness
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00277-00073356-00073643 which could be actually used as a ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00278-00073644-00073763 component in actual engineering
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00279-00073764-00073997 applications unlike a lamina which is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00280-00073998-00074213 very very thin
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00281-00074214-00074332 okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00282-00074333-00074561 however ah the stacking of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00283-00074562-00074693 unidirectional let me know with
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00284-00074694-00074867 different orientations is of course it
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00285-00074868-00075053 increases the cost
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00286-00075054-00075388 and of also the width ah and then so
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00287-00075389-00075587 optimizing the stacking sequence is also
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00288-00075588-00075791 a problem okay well we would always like
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00289-00075792-00076000 to minimize the weight and minimize the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00290-00076001-00076199 cost so stacking signals optimization is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00291-00076200-00076444 actually another area where large number
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00292-00076445-00076685 of work are being done ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00293-00076686-00076985 so this is in brief why a laminate is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00294-00076986-00077099 required we understood what is a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00295-00077100-00077356 laminate and why a laminate is required
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00296-00077357-00077723 ok but please try to understand the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00297-00077724-00078011 basic elements in a laminate is nothing
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00298-00078012-00078209 but large number of laminars stacked
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00299-00078210-00078443 together therefore understanding those
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00300-00078444-00078611 lamina which we have already done in our
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00301-00078612-00078826 micro and macro mechanics is very very
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00302-00078827-00079012 important to understand the overall
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00303-00079013-00079355 behavior of the laminate okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00304-00079356-00079576 so the basic objectives of the macro
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00305-00079577-00079799 mechanical analysis of laminate is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00306-00079800-00079979 that subjected to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00307-00079980-00080279 load this load could be axial load it
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00308-00080280-00080669 could be ah bending load it could be ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00309-00080670-00080999 Shear load it could be torsional load or
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00310-00081000-00081287 I mean it may be in a purely mechanical
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00311-00081288-00081538 or maybe combined hydrothermo mechanical
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00312-00081539-00081832 loading so under the load how a laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00313-00081833-00082175 actually responds ok so this is the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00314-00082176-00082511 basic objective and then ah to find out
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00315-00082512-00082793 the stress strains both in the global
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00316-00082794-00083026 and local axis because until unless we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00317-00083027-00083303 so when we try to find when we ah only
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00318-00083304-00083447 when we determine the stresses and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00319-00083448-00083656 strains we can apply the appropriate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00320-00083657-00083891 failure Criterion to each lamina forming
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00321-00083892-00084082 the laminate and take a decision whether
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00322-00084083-00084311 the laminate is safe or not okay and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00323-00084312-00084437 then of course finally we would also
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00324-00084438-00084785 like to see that how a laminate fails OK
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00325-00084786-00085006 we should be in a position to assess the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00326-00085007-00085193 failure or safety of a laminate so this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00327-00085194-00085397 forms the basic objective of micro
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00328-00085398-00085606 mechanical analysis of the laminate that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00329-00085607-00085835 means ah the laminates are stacked
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00330-00085836-00086147 together
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00331-00086148-00086788 so you would like to know what is the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00332-00086789-00087041 stiffness of the laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00333-00087042-00087232 what is the strength
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00334-00087233-00087700 of the laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00335-00087701-00087869 of course these are functions of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00336-00087870-00087988 stiffness and strength of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00337-00087989-00088235 constituted laminae okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00338-00088236-00088373 then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00339-00088374-00088673 when this laminate is formed
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00340-00088674-00088841 subjected to loading as already
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00341-00088842-00089050 discussed that the loading could be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00342-00089051-00089303 transverse loading it could be axial
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00343-00089304-00089476 loading okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00344-00089477-00089741 it could be actually loading it could be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00345-00089742-00090023 torsional or Shear loading and subjected
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00346-00090024-00090125 to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00347-00090126-00090526 load or the N it could be under thermal
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00348-00090527-00090749 environment it could be a hydro Thermo
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00349-00090750-00090947 mechanical OK environment I mean
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00350-00090948-00091156 hydrothermal environment and we would
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00351-00091157-00091306 like to know
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00352-00091307-00091631 what are the what is the response
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00353-00091632-00091975 of the laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00354-00091976-00092321 response under load that is the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00355-00092322-00092644 objective OK subjected to load how it
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00356-00092645-00092788 responds
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00357-00092789-00093041 then for a given load for a given
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00358-00093042-00093209 configuration of the laminate whether
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00359-00093210-00093353 the laminate is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00360-00093354-00093617 ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00361-00093618-00093761 save
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00362-00093762-00094000 or unsafe so these are the basic
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00363-00094001-00094205 questions we need to answer while
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00364-00094206-00094421 discussing the macro mechanical analysis
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00365-00094422-00094756 of a laminate okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00366-00094757-00095129 now ah you will ah appreciate that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00367-00095130-00095356 because a laminate is actually made up
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00368-00095357-00095543 of large number of laminars stacked
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00369-00095544-00095717 together therefore
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00370-00095718-00095944 uh when you try to find out the overall
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00371-00095945-00096106 stiffness of the laminate or the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00372-00096107-00096262 strength of the laminate or the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00373-00096263-00096412 hydrothermal properties of the laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00374-00096413-00096617 they are actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00375-00096618-00096856 the strength stiffness and other
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00376-00096857-00097061 properties are actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00377-00097062-00097325 is dependent on the corresponding
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00378-00097326-00097582 strength stiffness and properties of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00379-00097583-00097812 constituent lamina ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00380-00097813-00098009 so the strength stiffness and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00381-00098010-00098206 hydrothermal properties of the of a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00382-00098207-00098482 laminate is actually dependent on the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00383-00098483-00098693 elastic moduly and strength of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00384-00098694-00098825 constituent lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00385-00098826-00099100 then stacking sequence that means when
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00386-00099101-00099238 you say striking sequence it is the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00387-00099239-00099503 material of each lamina thickness of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00388-00099504-00099688 each lamina and the fiber orientation of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00389-00099689-00099982 each lamina ok so the strength and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00390-00099983-00100205 stiffness of the laminate is decided by
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00391-00100206-00100468 the strength and stiffness of the each
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00392-00100469-00100817 lamina and how they are stacked ok then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00393-00100818-00100991 of course the coefficients of thermal
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00394-00100992-00101147 and moisture expansion of each
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00395-00101148-00101374 individual laminar
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00396-00101375-00101500 therefore
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00397-00101501-00101747 since the lamina since the laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00398-00101748-00101956 Behavior or the laminate properties
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00399-00101957-00102137 which decides the behavior of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00400-00102138-00102432 laminate is actually dependent on the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00401-00102433-00102701 lamina properties therefore it is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00402-00102702-00103121 important that we understand the macro
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00403-00103122-00103342 mechanical and micro mechanical behavior
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00404-00103343-00103715 of the lamina unit Direction lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00405-00103716-00103927 because only then we'll be able to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00406-00103928-00104290 establish the behavior of a laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00407-00104291-00104578 under the under given loading conditions
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00408-00104579-00104758 ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00409-00104759-00105090 so ah before we actually I mean start
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00410-00105091-00105377 establishing the relation let us first
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00411-00105378-00105551 understand some of the important
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00412-00105552-00105760 designations ah how a laminate is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00413-00105761-00105983 actually designated how a laminate is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00414-00105983-00106265 actually specified okay so there are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00415-00106266-00106481 standard way of designating a laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00416-00106482-00106583 so
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00417-00106583-00107008 layup and stacking sequence so number of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00418-00107009-00107189 lamina are stacked together say for
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00419-00107190-00107345 example in this case
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00420-00107346-00107627 four lamina one is zero degree
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00421-00107628-00107981 then 90 degree 45 degree minus 40 please
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00422-00107982-00108190 note that what are these These are fiber
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00423-00108191-00108401 orientation fiber orientation means with
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00424-00108402-00108695 respect to the global Axis or the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00425-00108696-00108904 analysis Axis or the loading axis how
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00426-00108905-00109115 the principal material rejections are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00427-00109116-00109451 actually oriented ok so for example if
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00428-00109452-00109840 this is our X
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00429-00109841-00110410 and this is our y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00430-00110411-00110627 so with respect to x y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00431-00110628-00110878 the first layer is zero degree because
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00432-00110879-00111269 it's one actually coincides with X and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00433-00111270-00111731 two coincides with
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00434-00111732-00112013 y therefore it is zero degree similarly
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00435-00112014-00112384 for the layer laminar two its Direction
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00436-00112385-00112727 one actually coincides with Y and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00437-00112728-00112990 direction to actually coincides with X
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00438-00112991-00113147 therefore it is rotated 90 degree
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00439-00113148-00113423 similarly 45 degree minus 45 degree okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00440-00113424-00113819 so a laminate is designated by
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00441-00113820-00114113 writing this say in this case this is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00442-00114114-00114233 written as
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00443-00114233-00114478 first zero
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00444-00114479-00114647 then 90
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00445-00114648-00114904 then plus 45
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00446-00114905-00115277 then minus 45. and enclosed in a third
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00447-00115278-00115565 bracket and when you write so
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00448-00115566-00115865 without only the fiber orientation it
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00449-00115866-00116116 means that they are of the same material
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00450-00116117-00116416 and each layer is of same thickness say
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00451-00116417-00116602 for example in this case we will write
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00452-00116603-00116849 that this is a graphite epoxy laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00453-00116850-00117052 having a stacking sequence zero ninety
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00454-00117053-00117340 plus 45 minus 45 sometimes this is also
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00455-00117341-00117436 written as
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00456-00117438-00117575 0
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00457-00117576-00117713 90
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00458-00117714-00118084 the plus 45 minus 45 are combined right
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00459-00118085-00118373 as plus minus 45 degree okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00460-00118374-00118631 so in this case the it is all the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00461-00118632-00118840 laminar made of same material and they
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00462-00118841-00119057 are of same thickness okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00463-00119058-00119513 each
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00464-00119514-00119645 lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00465-00119646-00120143 or
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00466-00120144-00120304 layer sometimes
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00467-00120305-00120527 also called ply
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00468-00120528-00120701 each ply
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00469-00120702-00120989 of same thickness
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00470-00120990-00121415 identical thickness ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00471-00121416-00121589 and the material is already specified
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00472-00121590-00121799 here ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00473-00121800-00122075 ah many times ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00474-00122076-00122525 that we may have a lamina a laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00475-00122526-00122951 which is say 0 plus 45 minus 45 90. and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00476-00122952-00123149 after that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00477-00123150-00123484 after that it's a mirror image okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00478-00123485-00123713 then the same thing follows 90 minus 45
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00479-00123714-00123995 plus 45 0 okay these are actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00480-00123996-00124157 written as
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00481-00124158-00124366 we write half of this and then put a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00482-00124367-00124697 suffix s s actually stands for
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00483-00124698-00124883 symmetric
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00484-00124883-00125027 these are called
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00485-00125028-00125201 symmetric
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00486-00125202-00125363 laminate we will discuss the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00487-00125364-00125560 significance in details when we study
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00488-00125561-00125789 the behavior of laminate symmetric
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00489-00125790-00125981 laminate ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00490-00125982-00126184 now ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00491-00126185-00126490 this ah symmetric laminate means there
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00492-00126491-00126713 is a with respect to the mid plane this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00493-00126714-00126916 is the mid plane of the laminate here ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00494-00126917-00127210 so for example in this case this is the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00495-00127211-00127402 mid plane above this there are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00496-00127403-00127660 two layers below the mid plane there are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00497-00127661-00127852 two layers mid plane is the plane ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00498-00127853-00128008 which is equidistant from the top and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00499-00128009-00128243 bottom surface ok so Above This there
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00500-00128244-00128381 are two layers below this there are two
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00501-00128382-00128560 layers but this is not symmetric this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00502-00128561-00128813 particular example it is not symmetric
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00503-00128814-00129281 now we may have a laminate suppose
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00504-00129282-00129599 zero
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00505-00129600-00129845 ninety
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00506-00129846-00129989 ninety
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00507-00129990-00130349 zero so with respect to mid plane
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00508-00130350-00130547 thickness is same OK my diagram is not
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00509-00130548-00130847 to scale but so with respect to this mid
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00510-00130848-00131033 plane
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00511-00131033-00131183 mid plane
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00512-00131184-00131687 this is zero 90 symmetric okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00513-00131688-00132035 so this means if we can expand this zero
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00514-00132036-00132437 90 then 90 0. so this is the symmetric
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00515-00132438-00132701 laminate okay there are examples of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00516-00132702-00132887 these are all single material laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00517-00132888-00133037 all the layers here are say made of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00518-00133038-00133259 either glass epoxy or graphite boxes say
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00519-00133260-00133528 this is made of glass epoxy ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00520-00133529-00133864 there are examples where the layers are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00521-00133865-00134116 from more than one material say for
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00522-00134117-00134369 example in this case it is zero degree
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00523-00134370-00134645 glass glass epoxy 90 degree graphite box
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00524-00134646-00134945 is symmetric so this is called hybrid
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00525-00134946-00135239 laminate OK or more than one material is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00526-00135240-00135449 there I think we have defined in our
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00527-00135450-00135664 while just defining the terminologies
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00528-00135665-00135971 hybrid laminate is ah more than one
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00529-00135972-00136175 material on the other end these are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00530-00136176-00136397 called single material laminate so this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00531-00136398-00136595 hybrid laminate say for example this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00532-00136596-00136990 could be zero 90 graphite plus minus 45
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00533-00136991-00137249 glass so there are three defined
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00534-00137250-00137513 materials OK this is also and ah and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00535-00137514-00137699 this could be symmetric so if you just
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00536-00137700-00138040 expand this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00537-00138041-00138293 zero cableer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00538-00138294-00138725 92 graphite
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00539-00138726-00138916 plus 45 glass
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00540-00138917-00139325 minus 45 glass and then image mirror
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00541-00139326-00139697 image of this minus 45 glass plus 45
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00542-00139698-00139919 glass
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00543-00139920-00140083 then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00544-00140084-00140651 92 graphite then 0 Kepler so this is a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00545-00140652-00140866 full laminate which is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00546-00140867-00141202 a hybrid laminate many times this ah say
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00547-00141203-00141377 this has a requirement based on the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00548-00141378-00141497 requirement whether a laminated will be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00549-00141498-00141754 hybrid or not say many times suppose the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00550-00141755-00141952 outer layer is made with Kevlar if we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00551-00141953-00142223 are Distributing that ah it Kevlar is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00552-00142224-00142499 good against ah impact load therefore if
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00553-00142500-00142678 we are anticipating that there may be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00554-00142679-00142901 impact it might encounter impact the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00555-00142902-00143123 component therefore we provide the outer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00556-00143124-00143404 layer as the Kevlar layer so this is a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00557-00143405-00143752 standard designation of laminate make a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00558-00143753-00143945 note that layup and stacking sequence
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00559-00143946-00144166 are different zero
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00560-00144167-00144623 90 45 and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00561-00144624-00144814 0
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00562-00144815-00144959 45
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00563-00144960-00145163 90 that layup is same that means they
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00564-00145164-00145402 are made of same three layers but their
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00565-00145403-00145649 stacking sequence are different
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00566-00145650-00145757 okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00567-00145758-00145919 different
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00568-00145920-00146423 stacking sequence
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00569-00146424-00146761 ok so this is how the standard
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00570-00146762-00147113 designation of laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00571-00147114-00147328 many times even the thickness may be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00572-00147329-00147599 different so sometimes in some books you
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00573-00147600-00147821 will find that laminates are actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00574-00147822-00148102 designated like this say 0
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00575-00148103-00148289 maybe um
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00576-00148290-00148481 we write the thickness here
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00577-00148482-00148769 OK ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00578-00148770-00149123 0 say
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00579-00149124-00149375 then 90
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00580-00149376-00149681 and then say 45
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00581-00149682-00149921 symmetry we give a pipe and write the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00582-00149922-00150173 thickness OK like
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00583-00150174-00150364 0
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00584-00150365-00150599 say 0.1
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00585-00150600-00150857 then 90
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00586-00150858-00150964 say
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00587-00150965-00151169 0.2 like this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00588-00151170-00151433 OK and in the suffix also we give the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00589-00151434-00151595 material suppose this is thickness are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00590-00151596-00151852 different as well as the ah the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00591-00151853-00152021 materials are also different so give
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00592-00152022-00152327 this as suffix OK symmetric so this is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00593-00152328-00152590 in brief the ah how the laminates are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00594-00152591-00152831 actually designated and specified and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00595-00152832-00153143 again ah note that the stacking sequence
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00596-00153144-00153413 is actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00597-00153414-00154037 decided by
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00598-00154038-00154493 decided by the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00599-00154494-00154866 ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00600-00154867-00155051 strength
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00601-00155052-00155590 and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00602-00155591-00156178 stiffness
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00603-00156179-00156328 requirement whether it will be zero
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00604-00156329-00156557 ninety zero zero plus minus 45 9 0 it is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00605-00156558-00156839 decided by just we we had an example in
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00606-00156840-00157223 between I have shown you that uh if we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00607-00157224-00157559 want uh I mean equal stiffness in both
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00608-00157560-00157751 the directions we we could do that using
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00609-00157752-00157954 zero 90 similarly for many complex
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00610-00157955-00158135 strength and stiffness requirements we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00611-00158136-00158326 could actually decide the stacking
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00612-00158327-00158573 sequence
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00613-00158574-00158759 ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00614-00158760-00159161 now uh this knowledge of macromechanic
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00615-00159162-00159316 analysis of Lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00616-00159317-00159509 and micro mechanical analysis of Lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00617-00159510-00159749 where we understood the stress strain
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00618-00159750-00160025 behavior of unidirectional as well as
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00619-00160026-00160349 the you know the indirection lamina when
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00620-00160350-00160439 they are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00621-00160440-00160757 better access coincide with the loading
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00622-00160758-00160852 axis which are called special
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00623-00160853-00161069 orthotropic or for angle lamina where
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00624-00161070-00161266 the material axis are oriented
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00625-00161267-00161483 differently with respect to analysis
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00626-00161484-00161747 Axis or Global axis we understood that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00627-00161748-00161921 both for special orthotopic lamina as
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00628-00161922-00162166 well as for General orthotropic lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00629-00162167-00162526 the stress strain relationship okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00630-00162527-00162671 and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00631-00162672-00162964 all these we also understood the failure
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00632-00162965-00163145 Theory string failure theories for such
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00633-00163146-00163301 lamina ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00634-00163302-00163547 so all these are actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00635-00163548-00163781 combined all this information all these
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00636-00163782-00163997 understanding are actually combined to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00637-00163998-00164237 develop a establish a relationship
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00638-00164238-00164537 establish the average stiffness or the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00639-00164538-00164771 response of response of a laminate under
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00640-00164772-00165011 loading in classical lamination Theory
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00641-00165012-00165209 okay now
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00642-00165210-00165461 in the laminate ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00643-00165462-00165737 we always assume that it's perfectly
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00644-00165738-00165923 bonded ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00645-00165924-00166090 and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00646-00166091-00166349 that means if we consider two
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00647-00166350-00167039 successive layers or lamina or ply
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00648-00167040-00167266 they are perfectly bonded and the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00649-00167267-00167590 interface is infinitely thin
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00650-00167591-00167866 the interface is infinitely thin and not
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00651-00167867-00168221 sheer deformable meaning that these two
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00652-00168222-00168376 layers
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00653-00168377-00168502 cannot
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00654-00168503-00168851 sleep over each other okay suppose
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00655-00168852-00169097 this is one layer this is another layer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00656-00169098-00169289 I am just exerting it will not be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00657-00169290-00169571 interface cannot be that and then this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00658-00169572-00169793 is this deforms then in that case what
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00659-00169794-00170104 will happen this layer will slide over
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00660-00170105-00170345 the bottom layer ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00661-00170346-00170747 so this is very thin and this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00662-00170748-00170909 Shear deformation is not allowed
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00663-00170910-00171239 therefore the the layers cannot slip
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00664-00171240-00171437 over each other okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00665-00171438-00171611 if the layers slip over each other means
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00666-00171612-00171923 the the the interface has failed okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00667-00171924-00172211 and the laminate cannot be ah does not
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00668-00172212-00172463 solve its purpose for which it will it
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00669-00172464-00172828 is actually designed OK and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00670-00172829-00173113 also ah you will know that we understand
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00671-00173114-00173423 the behavior of Lamina considering the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00672-00173424-00173663 plane state of stress okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00673-00173664-00173909 that the lamina are subjected to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00674-00173910-00174281 in-plane load only but a laminate when
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00675-00174282-00174485 you talk about a laminate the laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00676-00174486-00174743 may be subjected to both in plane as
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00677-00174744-00174976 well as transverse load
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00678-00174977-00175283 meaning that there will be in plane
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00679-00175284-00175523 stresses as well as
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00680-00175524-00175714 bending stress because of the transverse
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00681-00175715-00176014 load and they must be accounted for and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00682-00176015-00176249 what is done in a simple analysis is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00683-00176250-00176590 that that the strains because of the in
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00684-00176591-00176854 plane strains suppose ah the imprint
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00685-00176855-00177083 stress strain is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00686-00177084-00177214 say
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00687-00177215-00177413 the in plane strain
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00688-00177414-00177688 is say epsilon naught which is constant
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00689-00177689-00178007 over the thickness and suppose the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00690-00178008-00178187 bending strain
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00691-00178188-00178349 okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00692-00178350-00178751 is say epsilon B so they are superposed
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00693-00178752-00178961 you know that the bending strain varies
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00694-00178962-00179093 like this depending upon the location of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00695-00179094-00179338 the neutral axis so they are superposed
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00696-00179339-00179488 to get the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00697-00179489-00179716 total strain therefore that is taken
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00698-00179717-00180004 into account in laminate because a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00699-00180005-00180209 laminate may be subjected to both in
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00700-00180210-00180509 plane as well as bending load okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00701-00180510-00180778 so uh
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00702-00180779-00181378 now in classical lamination Theory ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00703-00181379-00181547 in In classical
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00704-00181548-00181769 lamination Theory before we actually go
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00705-00181770-00181919 to classical emanation Theory let us
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00706-00181920-00182278 understand that how actually the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00707-00182279-00182435 laminate stress analysis could be done
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00708-00182436-00182716 see for example suppose we take ah we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00709-00182717-00182807 take
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00710-00182808-00182945 a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00711-00182946-00183143 say a zero degree layer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00712-00183144-00183371 I am just exerting a lamina will not be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00713-00183372-00183719 that thick OK and a 90 degree layer a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00714-00183720-00184043 two layer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00715-00184044-00184552 two laminar laminate OK this is say X
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00716-00184553-00185123 and this is say y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00717-00185124-00185404 and this is z okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00718-00185405-00185657 now this is the top layer is zero degree
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00719-00185658-00185878 and the bottom layer is 90 degree
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00720-00185879-00186226 suppose they are subjected to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00721-00186227-00186413 a load along X
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00722-00186414-00186604 ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00723-00186605-00186719 then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00724-00186720-00186863 ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00725-00186864-00187054 the total load will be shared by the 0
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00726-00187055-00187181 and 90 degree and that will be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00727-00187182-00187402 proportional to their you know the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00728-00187403-00187637 stiffnesses OK because they are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00729-00187638-00188026 perfectly bonded therefore the strain
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00730-00188027-00188363 along X of the top layer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00731-00188364-00188578 and the strain
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00732-00188579-00188854 along X of the bottom layer must be same
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00733-00188855-00189095 this comes from the perfect bonding
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00734-00189096-00189376 now from hooke's law okay if you talk
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00735-00189377-00189719 about the top layer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00736-00189720-00189904 Sigma x t
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00737-00189905-00190187 for the top layer e x is nothing but e
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00738-00190188-00190307 one
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00739-00190308-00190564 and for the bottom layer e x is nothing
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00740-00190565-00190804 but
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00741-00190805-00191093 X is nothing but e two
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00742-00191094-00191393 therefore
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00743-00191394-00191566 Sigma X
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00744-00191567-00191669 t
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00745-00191670-00192023 is equal to e one
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00746-00192024-00192245 by E2
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00747-00192246-00192431 Sigma x b
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00748-00192432-00192707 this is the relationship between the ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00749-00192708-00193007 stress along X Direction at that of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00750-00193008-00193397 top and the bottom layer okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00751-00193398-00193583 now ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00752-00193584-00194033 because of this there will be transverse
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00753-00194034-00194543 deformation okay that means along y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00754-00194544-00194681 there will be transverse deformation
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00755-00194682-00195028 along y okay so what is that ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00756-00195029-00195419 deformation so now you can see that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00757-00195420-00195581 Sigma y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00758-00195582-00195719 of the top
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00759-00195720-00196078 is equal to Sigma y the bottom
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00760-00196079-00196469 okay ah sorry
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00761-00196470-00196607 ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00762-00196608-00196816 the transverse deformation
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00763-00196817-00196954 will be because of the portions effect
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00764-00196955-00197075 ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00765-00197076-00197183 so
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00766-00197184-00197428 the so the transverse deformation along
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00767-00197429-00197723 the Y okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00768-00197724-00197878 ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00769-00197879-00198214 of the top okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00770-00198215-00198628 is equal to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00771-00198629-00199228 Tau one Nu one two into ah Sigma X top
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00772-00199229-00199499 I mean Epsilon X top OK that is nothing
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00773-00199500-00199919 but ah OK and that of the bottom is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00774-00199920-00200104 nothing but
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00775-00200105-00200369 Nu two one
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00776-00200370-00200645 Epsilon X bottom okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00777-00200646-00201221 therefore we can write that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00778-00201222-00201533 the white strain strain along Y for the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00779-00201534-00201773 top layer and the strain along Y for the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00780-00201774-00201952 bottom layer is nothing but
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00781-00201953-00202378 new one two by Nu 2 1 because ah Sigma x
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00782-00202379-00202726 t and sigma x b are same OK because ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00783-00202727-00203087 as Sigma x t and sigma x b ah sorry
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00784-00203088-00203375 Epsilon x t and Epsilon x b are same
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00785-00203376-00203573 so we can write this we know that that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00786-00203574-00203885 the relationship between ah Nu 1 to and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00787-00203886-00204052 Nu to one therefore
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00788-00204053-00204443 Epsilon y t by Epsilon y b
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00789-00204444-00204785 is equal to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00790-00204786-00205073 Nu one two by e one is equal to Nu two
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00791-00205073-00205679 one ah so this is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00792-00205680-00206129 we know that Nu 1 2 by e one
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00793-00206130-00206464 is equal to Nu two one by e two
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00794-00206465-00207029 therefore ah Nu 1 2 is equal to e One by
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00795-00207030-00207421 sorry therefore Nu 1 2 is equal to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00796-00207421-00207773 therefore Nu one two is equal to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00797-00207773-00208084 ah e One by e two
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00798-00208085-00208432 into Nu two one okay so
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00799-00208433-00208744 therefore this is equal to e One by e
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00800-00208746-00208877 two
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00801-00208878-00209086 ok so
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00802-00209087-00209381 ah there is ah difference in strains OK
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00803-00209382-00209710 therefore Epsilon y t is nothing but e
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00804-00209711-00210173 One by e two Epsilon y b
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00805-00210173-00210569 therefore the strains are not same
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00806-00210569-00210898 strains in the direction y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00807-00210900-00211169 are not same in the top and the bottom
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00808-00211169-00211469 layer what does it mean
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00809-00211469-00211691 they are perfectly bonded
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00810-00211692-00211906 but if the strains are not same
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00811-00211907-00212242 therefore there will be stresses okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00812-00212244-00212458 this leads to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00813-00212459-00212596 the stress
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00814-00212598-00212908 in the y direction of the top layer and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00815-00212909-00213119 the stress in the y direction
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00816-00213119-00213305 of the bottom layer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00817-00213306-00213484 but the net
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00818-00213485-00213755 force in the y direction is zero okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00819-00213756-00213982 therefore
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00820-00213983-00214415 since F two is equal to zero it implies
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00821-00214416-00214553 Sigma y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00822-00214554-00214660 t
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00823-00214661-00215081 into ah the area suppose this is say
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00824-00215082-00215273 suppose this is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00825-00215273-00215603 L say and the thickness is T
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00826-00215604-00215848 L into t plus
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00827-00215850-00216329 Sigma y b into L into T is equal to zero
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00828-00216330-00216641 so which implies Sigma y t
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00829-00216642-00217006 is equal to minus Sigma y b
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00830-00217007-00217277 therefore the stresses are induced in
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00831-00217278-00217601 the top and the bottom layer okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00832-00217602-00217817 so because of this stress
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00833-00217817-00218225 there will be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00834-00218226-00218494 strains
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00835-00218496-00218746 along X
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00836-00218748-00218944 ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00837-00218946-00219208 and those strains again will not be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00838-00219209-00219563 equal that will lead to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00839-00219564-00220084 stresses
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00840-00220085-00220342 and these stresses need to be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00841-00220344-00220660 added to the applied stresses
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00842-00220661-00220894 so this keeps on continuing till we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00843-00220896-00221071 converge so you can we can understand
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00844-00221071-00221441 that for a zero ninety two layer
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00845-00221442-00221729 laminate I mean it is important that
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00846-00221730-00221908 equilibrium condition is maintained and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00847-00221909-00222041 the compatibility in the in the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00848-00222042-00222281 deformation is also maintained ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00849-00222282-00222701 and its ah just then if if we consider a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00850-00222702-00222851 multi-layer laminate having different
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00851-00222852-00222971 orientations
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00852-00222971-00223229 ah it will lead to a complete I mean ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00853-00223230-00223469 almost like an endless you know you keep
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00854-00223469-00223792 on doing that so In classical lamination
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00855-00223794-00224087 Theory therefore we try to find out a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00856-00224088-00224344 simpler way of actually combining these
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00857-00224346-00224489 equilibrium equations
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00858-00224490-00224753 then the compatibility of the laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00859-00224754-00225058 as a whole so we will discuss how the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00860-00225059-00225196 classical Dimension theories are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00861-00225198-00225532 actually developed based on our macro
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00862-00225533-00225737 mechanical analysis of the lamina and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00863-00225738-00225917 the micro mechanical analysis of Lamina
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00864-00225917-00226181 lamina where we have actually
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00865-00226182-00226469 ah derived the property micro mechanical
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00866-00226469-00226642 properties of the lamina in terms of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00867-00226644-00226810 Constitution properties of the fiber and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00868-00226811-00227051 The Matrix
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00869-00227052-00227291 So In classical limitation Theory
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00870-00227292-00227453 certain important assumptions have been
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00871-00227454-00227692 made number one each layer is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00872-00227694-00227848 homogeneous and orthotropic that's
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00873-00227850-00228053 understood okay we have discussed a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00874-00228054-00228184 number of times in macromechanical
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00875-00228185-00228358 analysis of Lamina the lamina is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00876-00228359-00228460 considered to be homogeneous and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00877-00228461-00228725 orthoterobic okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00878-00228726-00229060 the laminate is thin and its much larger
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00879-00229061-00229198 compared to its lateral Dimension
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00880-00229200-00230051 suppose this is the laminate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00881-00230052-00230453 and say this is H
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00882-00230454-00230741 therefore h
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00883-00230742-00231256 is less compared to A and B and is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00884-00231257-00231508 loaded in the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00885-00231509-00231779 in plane that means the outer plane
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00886-00231780-00232084 stresses are not there Sigma Z Tau x z
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00887-00232085-00232451 and Tau y z are zero okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00888-00232452-00232684 ah all displacements are small suppose
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00889-00232685-00232769 this is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00890-00232769-00233056 X component of displacement is say u y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00891-00233057-00233332 component displacement is V and the Z
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00892-00233333-00233656 component of displacement is W then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00893-00233657-00233879 U
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00894-00233880-00234017 V
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00895-00234017-00234334 W are small compared to the thickness
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00896-00234335-00234539 okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00897-00234540-00234815 ah displacements are continuous
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00898-00234816-00235042 throughout the laminate OK this is a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00899-00235044-00235355 Continuum assumption ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00900-00235356-00235660 in plane displacements vary along the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00901-00235661-00235823 thickness of the laminate that is a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00902-00235823-00236356 linear functions of Z okay that means U
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00903-00236357-00236506 and V
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00904-00236507-00236758 are
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00905-00236759-00236908 linear
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00906-00236909-00237137 function of
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00907-00237138-00237406 Z okay we will come back to this again
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00908-00237407-00237575 in details discussion
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00909-00237576-00237856 transverse Shear strains gamma x z and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00910-00237857-00238048 Gamma y z are negligible
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00911-00238050-00238163 okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00912-00238164-00238415 so this along with assumption 5 leads to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00913-00238416-00238691 that the straight line perpendicular to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00914-00238692-00238877 the middle surface
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00915-00238878-00239044 remains straight and perpendicular after
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00916-00239046-00239327 deformation what does it mean
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00917-00239328-00239656 ah suppose I take only this is the this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00918-00239657-00239777 is the plate
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00919-00239778-00239975 I take a section which is in the X Z
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00920-00239976-00240365 plane
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00921-00240366-00240725 suppose this is X
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00922-00240726-00240934 so I take a section of this in the X Z
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00923-00240935-00241091 plane
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00924-00241092-00241505 and after deformation
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00925-00241506-00241684 is like this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00926-00241685-00241805 okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00927-00241806-00242051 suppose we take a
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00928-00242052-00242351 section which is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00929-00242352-00242639 suppose is the middle surface
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00930-00242640-00242789 which is equidistant from the top and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00931-00242790-00243053 bottom surface suppose we take a line
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00932-00243054-00243203 say a d
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00933-00243204-00243401 which is perpendicular
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00934-00243402-00243605 to the mid surface and straight
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00935-00243606-00243821 initially it is straight
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00936-00243821-00243971 now
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00937-00243971-00244384 even after deformation
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00938-00244385-00244606 the ad line
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00939-00244607-00244858 a Dash D Dash will be
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00940-00244859-00245092 straight and perpendicular to the middle
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00941-00245094-00245332 surface what does it mean
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00942-00245333-00245560 it means there is no Shear strain
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00943-00245561-00245837 Suppose there is shear strain if we
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00944-00245838-00246113 focus on attention here if there is had
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00945-00246114-00246292 there been Shear strain
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00946-00246294-00246569 these would not have been a rectangle
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00947-00246569-00246767 after deformation rather it would have
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00948-00246767-00246863 been
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00949-00246864-00247042 a parallelogram like this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00950-00247044-00247229 because the shear deformation and
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00951-00247230-00247571 naturally then this would have been a OK
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00952-00247571-00247756 and then
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00953-00247757-00248194 it would no more be perpendicular
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00954-00248196-00248327 ok
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00955-00248328-00248519 that means what is this this is nothing
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00956-00248519-00248873 but x z Shear strain gamma x z now
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00957-00248873-00249046 because gamma x z is equal to zero
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00958-00249048-00249275 therefore
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00959-00249276-00249629 this line remains straight ok so these
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00960-00249630-00249827 two assumptions ah
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00961-00249828-00250121 tells us that similarly you can do for y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00962-00250121-00250384 z plane also similarly we can do for y z
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00963-00250385-00250558 plane also
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00964-00250559-00250846 gamma Y is it zero means
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00965-00250848-00251087 a straight line perpendicular to the mid
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00966-00251088-00251291 surface before deformation remains
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00967-00251292-00251458 straight and perpendicular to the mid
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00968-00251459-00251698 surface after deformation
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00969-00251700-00251873 then the strain displacement and stress
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00970-00251873-00252173 10 relationships are linear okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00971-00252173-00252515 and Epsilon Z is negligible compared to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00972-00252516-00252821 Epsilon X and Epsilon y
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00973-00252821-00253055 that means it is thin the laminate is
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00974-00253056-00253187 thin
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00975-00253188-00253517 okay
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00976-00253517-00253751 now I am exerting this
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00977-00253752-00254044 laminate is thin
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00978-00254046-00254434 therefore the stretch of this line a d
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00979-00254435-00254573 after deformation
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00980-00254573-00254825 is negligibly small compared to the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00981-00254826-00255082 thickness okay and therefore Epsilon Z
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00982-00255083-00255467 is equal to zero OK based on these
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00983-00255467-00255755 assumptions we would like to
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00984-00255756-00255965 proceed to establish a relationship
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00985-00255966-00256217 between the applied load and the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00986-00256217-00256387 corresponding displacement of the
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00987-00256388-00256703 laminate so we will continue in the next
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00988-00256704-00257448 class thank you
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00989-00257450-00257734 thank you
+YBf6eiyZnyM-00990-00257735-00259414 [Music]
+YDll7ogmAOg-00000-00000000-00000229 hi I'm David Martinez and welcome to
+YDll7ogmAOg-00001-00000231-00000526 cure for conflict on this show will be
+YDll7ogmAOg-00002-00000527-00000788 looking at foreign issues and breaking
+YDll7ogmAOg-00003-00000789-00000977 them down to make them easier to
+YDll7ogmAOg-00004-00000977-00001211 understand today we will be explained a
+YDll7ogmAOg-00005-00001212-00001460 situation that has been in the news for
+YDll7ogmAOg-00006-00001461-00001862 a long time Syria the ongoing violence
+YDll7ogmAOg-00007-00001863-00002120 for almost six years with no clear
+YDll7ogmAOg-00008-00002121-00002471 solution in sight let's start with some
+YDll7ogmAOg-00009-00002472-00002725 history Syrian citizens started
+YDll7ogmAOg-00010-00002726-00003041 protesting in 2011 along with all the
+YDll7ogmAOg-00011-00003042-00003208 protests that were going on in the
+YDll7ogmAOg-00012-00003209-00003467 Middle East under the title of Arab
+YDll7ogmAOg-00013-00003468-00003809 Spring at every protest there are people
+YDll7ogmAOg-00014-00003810-00004181 who get arrested women children and the
+YDll7ogmAOg-00015-00004182-00004472 elderly in order to force wanted
+YDll7ogmAOg-00016-00004473-00004838 criminals to surrender situations where
+YDll7ogmAOg-00017-00004839-00005084 pregnant women end up giving birth to
+YDll7ogmAOg-00018-00005085-00005324 their children in prison are becoming
+YDll7ogmAOg-00019-00005325-00005617 more frequent the level of violence used
+YDll7ogmAOg-00020-00005618-00005929 against prisoners differs depending on
+YDll7ogmAOg-00021-00005930-00006158 the prison but all prisoners are
+YDll7ogmAOg-00022-00006159-00006428 subjected to a huge amount of physical
+YDll7ogmAOg-00023-00006429-00006742 and mental harm and anisty occurred in
+YDll7ogmAOg-00024-00006743-00007042 2014 but there are still a lot of
+YDll7ogmAOg-00025-00007043-00007283 prisoners whose families know nothing
+YDll7ogmAOg-00026-00007284-00007903 about them now let's get into politics
+YDll7ogmAOg-00027-00007904-00008234 besides the army a lot of fighters are
+YDll7ogmAOg-00028-00008235-00008552 involved on the government side one
+YDll7ogmAOg-00029-00008553-00008810 example is Hezbollah the Lebanese
+YDll7ogmAOg-00030-00008811-00009119 militia that's funded and controlled by
+YDll7ogmAOg-00031-00009120-00009539 Iran since 2011 it ran started sending
+YDll7ogmAOg-00032-00009540-00009862 people from the army with heavy weapons
+YDll7ogmAOg-00033-00009863-00010060 besides some money they've been
+YDll7ogmAOg-00034-00010061-00010427 supplying out Assad Iran also wants to
+YDll7ogmAOg-00035-00010428-00010727 create the Schism crescent the expense
+YDll7ogmAOg-00036-00010728-00011195 into Iraq Syria and Lebanon representing
+YDll7ogmAOg-00037-00011196-00011537 the Sunni part of Islam Saudia Arabia is
+YDll7ogmAOg-00038-00011538-00011948 against the Schism Crescent the air Gulf
+YDll7ogmAOg-00039-00011949-00012238 started funding the rebels to stop the
+YDll7ogmAOg-00040-00012239-00012514 Iranian project and to stop the Russian
+YDll7ogmAOg-00041-00012515-00012896 expansion in Syria Qatar wanted to
+YDll7ogmAOg-00042-00012897-00013190 supply gas to europe russia wants to
+YDll7ogmAOg-00043-00013191-00013402 keep their last military base
+YDll7ogmAOg-00044-00013403-00013755 in the area leading to their involvement
+YDll7ogmAOg-00045-00013756-00014137 when al-nusrah formed their main
+YDll7ogmAOg-00046-00014138-00014500 supporters were the Arab Gulf especially
+YDll7ogmAOg-00047-00014501-00014913 Qatar and Saudi Arabia later they were
+YDll7ogmAOg-00048-00014915-00015222 labeled terrorists due to fighting under
+YDll7ogmAOg-00049-00015223-00015472 the banner of al-qaeda which is
+YDll7ogmAOg-00050-00015472-00015759 considered a terrorist organization
+YDll7ogmAOg-00051-00015760-00016078 al-nusrah recently announced that they
+YDll7ogmAOg-00052-00016079-00016313 are no longer a part of al-qaeda
+YDll7ogmAOg-00053-00016315-00016654 changing their name to javits fatigue
+YDll7ogmAOg-00054-00016655-00016936 awesome in order to avoid the
+YDll7ogmAOg-00055-00016937-00017233 association well that's all the time we
+YDll7ogmAOg-00056-00017234-00017500 have for today be sure to LIKE follow
+YDll7ogmAOg-00057-00017501-00017704 and subscribe to the youth channel on
+YDll7ogmAOg-00058-00017705-00017959 youtube facebook twitter and instagram
+YDll7ogmAOg-00059-00017960-00018247 there will be a new episode of cure for
+YDll7ogmAOg-00060-00018248-00018565 conflict every week so stay tuned see
+YDll7ogmAOg-00061-00018566-00018817 you next time
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00000-00000055-00000334 Texas has a wide variety of energy
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00001-00000335-00000624 sources once dominated by natural gas
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00002-00000625-00000858 and coal the power mix has been changing
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00003-00000859-00001198 rapidly wind generation replaced coal in
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00004-00001199-00001452 the number-two position in 2017
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00005-00001453-00001776 er Co T has also approved the plant
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00006-00001777-00001966 connection of much new generation
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00007-00001967-00002212 capacity to the Texas electric grid none
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00008-00002213-00002442 of it coal they're permitted new
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00009-00002443-00002674 connections to the grid include 2000
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00010-00002675-00002985 megawatts from solar sources 8700
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00011-00002986-00003199 megawatts from wind generation and more
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00012-00003200-00003977 than 10,000 megawatts from natural gas
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00013-00003978-00004431 topic biomass
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00014-00004432-00004909 you
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00015-00004910-00005424 topic coal
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00016-00005425-00005706 a useful map of coal generation plants
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00017-00005707-00006386 is provided by the Sierra Club
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00018-00006387-00006762 Topic defunct
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00019-00006763-00007275 you
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00020-00007276-00008352 topic oil-fired peeking stations
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00021-00008353-00009277 topic natural-gas
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00022-00009278-00009664 topic defunct
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00023-00009665-00010173 you
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00024-00010174-00011187 topic hydroelectric dams
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00025-00011188-00012147 topic windfarms
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00026-00012148-00012639 topic solar farms
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00027-00012640-00013116 you
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00028-00013116-00014072 topic solar-thermal
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00029-00014072-00015056 topic nuclear plants
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00030-00015057-00015697 topic utility companies
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00031-00015699-00015971 energy future Holdings includes encore
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00032-00015972-00016366 and txu NRG Energy includes Center Point
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00033-00016368-00016741 and Reliant Austin Energy asterisk
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00034-00016742-00017303 Calpine CPS Energy asterisk El Paso
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00035-00017304-00017675 Electric Entergy Texas formerly Gulf
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00036-00017676-00017870 states utilities is a separate
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00037-00017871-00018091 subsidiary of Entergy corporation
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00038-00018092-00018470 Lubbock Power and Light asterisk Lower
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00039-00018471-00018836 Colorado River Authority asterisk lumen
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00040-00018837-00019259 and Pandor energy international Qantas
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00041-00019260-00019910 services asterisk public utility
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00042-00019911-00020255 topic other energy related companies in
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00043-00020256-00020683 Texas
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00044-00020684-00021126 Texas energy engineers Enbridge
+YDbRp_nmLUu-00045-00021127-00021637 southwestern energy Foster Wheeler
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00000-00000016-00000303 uh here so this is the equation we we
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00001-00000304-00000423 need to solve
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00002-00000424-00000703 in the medium that determination for
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00003-00000704-00000823 medium evolution
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00004-00000824-00001135 and here we have j that should be
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00005-00001136-00001519 uh constructed from the just side and
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00006-00001520-00001734 how it's done in the escape i'm going to
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00007-00001735-00001863 explain so
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00008-00001864-00002263 here so uh we have energy momentum
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00009-00002264-00002431 deposition from the jet
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00010-00002432-00002734 so that can be called that can be
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00011-00002735-00002983 caused by the absorption of the soft
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00012-00002984-00003055 pattern
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00013-00003056-00003422 whose energy is approaching to the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00014-00003423-00003663 the scale of the meat that the scale
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00015-00003664-00003879 that the scale of the energy of energy
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00016-00003879-00003935 among
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00017-00003936-00004247 the medium constituents and also the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00018-00004248-00004486 extra picked up energy momentum from the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00019-00004487-00004815 medium should be diffused uh
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00020-00004816-00005302 around around its original position so
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00021-00005303-00005622 we assign uh
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00022-00005623-00005959 we assign uh sultan
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00023-00005960-00006295 for each and for the whole we have
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00024-00006296-00006631 negative uh we need to so the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00025-00006631-00006983 the so this so we need we assign
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00026-00006984-00007342 distribution around those particles and
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00027-00007343-00007542 and and the integrated value of the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00028-00007543-00007742 distribution must be the same
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00029-00007743-00008078 as the the the the energy momentum of
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00030-00008079-00008191 the pattern
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00031-00008192-00008478 and for the for the for the for the the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00032-00008479-00008646 picked up energy and momentum
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00033-00008647-00008942 the integrated value must be negative
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00034-00008943-00008999 because
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00035-00009000-00009183 we have we need to subtract the energy
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00036-00009184-00009423 and momentum from the median
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00037-00009424-00009774 so then so we assign
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00038-00009775-00010087 a delta function like distribution for
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00039-00010088-00010174 them
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00040-00010175-00010574 first and then we let them evolve
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00041-00010575-00010887 by solving causal uh the relativistic
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00042-00010888-00011127 diffusion equation to obtain source
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00043-00011128-00011206 profile
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00044-00011207-00011567 which which uh which uh automatically
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00045-00011568-00011742 preserve causality so this
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00046-00011743-00011974 is the the elasticity version of
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00047-00011975-00012167 diffusion equation
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00048-00012168-00012535 so so this is this is uh uh this is
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00049-00012536-00012894 uh this is the distribution uh
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00050-00012895-00013207 right after the uh right after
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00051-00013208-00013422 uh starting the energy momentum division
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00052-00013423-00013519 the position and
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00053-00013519-00013871 after uh several uh time
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00054-00013872-00014135 and then it evolved like this and we can
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00055-00014136-00014311 have finite side
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00056-00014312-00014607 finite size of the the finite side of
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00057-00014608-00014719 the source profile
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00058-00014719-00015038 and then we put we then we
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00059-00015040-00015430 we we put this source into the high blow
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00060-00015431-00015815 so here uh we we need to introduce
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00061-00015816-00016150 many parameters one is the cut
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00062-00016151-00016455 for the particles so so
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00063-00016456-00016883 we so uh
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00064-00016884-00017207 so uh
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00065-00017208-00017519 so uh the particle below this particles
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00066-00017520-00017575 energy
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00067-00017576-00017886 is below this cut we we we create a
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00068-00017887-00017999 source term
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00069-00018000-00018286 and then we we detached them from the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00070-00018287-00018550 gesture so that that is how we
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00071-00018551-00018735 conserve energy momentum so this and
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00072-00018736-00018863 this is the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00073-00018864-00019167 the the free parameter for
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00074-00019168-00019558 for it and and and this can correspond
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00075-00019559-00019767 to the upper limit of the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00076-00019768-00019991 typical energy scale of the medium
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00077-00019992-00020086 constituents
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00078-00020087-00020407 and also uh in in in the in the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00079-00020408-00020583 in the diffusion equation of course we
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00080-00020584-00020735 have diffusion coefficient
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00081-00020736-00021063 it control how energy and momentum
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00082-00021064-00021383 diffuse before the before the the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00083-00021384-00021703 the the uh the complete
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00084-00021704-00021935 the the complete energy momentum the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00085-00021936-00022047 position into the medium
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00086-00022048-00022358 and also the time scale uh for it
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00087-00022359-00022686 and so time duration for
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00088-00022687-00022943 the the evolution for uh causal
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00089-00022944-00023103 diffusion equation
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00090-00023104-00023422 and also we have uh we have a
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00091-00023423-00023742 time scale in this uh time scale of the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00092-00023743-00023967 evolution of the code at the closest
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00093-00023968-00024047 profile
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00094-00024048-00024350 and so that is also included and
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00095-00024351-00024622 so unfortunately we need to have many
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00096-00024623-00024711 many uh
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00097-00024712-00025030 such many parameters but
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00098-00025031-00025271 but on the other hand we can say that we
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00099-00025272-00025486 have a lot of parameters which can
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00100-00025487-00025718 characterize dynamics during immediate
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00101-00025719-00025878 summation process so
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00102-00025879-00026270 uh if we have d very uh we if we have a
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00103-00026272-00026343 very uh
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00104-00026344-00026783 precise study we can we can access
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00105-00026783-00027055 their value and then they characterize
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00106-00027056-00027143 the medium
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00107-00027144-00027599 property and they are very interesting
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00108-00027600-00027902 so here i would like to show
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00109-00027904-00028239 some some some snapshot
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00110-00028239-00028543 of the uh some snapshot of the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00111-00028544-00028823 the uh the medium profile affected by
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00112-00028824-00028983 jet propagation
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00113-00028983-00029302 so uh so here
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00114-00029304-00029639 what i'm showing here is
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00115-00029639-00029918 the energy momentum uh the the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00116-00029919-00030127 temperature increasement
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00117-00030127-00030470 uh caused by jet propagation
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00118-00030472-00030999 so now jet is
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00119-00031000-00031287 uh generated here and prop in and yet is
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00120-00031288-00031358 property
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00121-00031360-00031711 in this direction and here we can see
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00122-00031712-00031983 shock front hi a high high temperature
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00123-00031983-00032118 shock front here
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00124-00032119-00032462 so we can see we can see
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00125-00032463-00032799 uh we have we have flow
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00126-00032800-00033055 following jet due to the jet energy
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00127-00033056-00033262 energy momentum deposition
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00128-00033263-00033567 and the right hand side is the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00129-00033568-00033887 the temperature increasement as shown in
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00130-00033888-00034199 uh how tau
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00131-00034200-00034574 x tau x plane
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00132-00034575-00034895 so the dash of the line shows the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00133-00034896-00035231 the the path of the jet particle in
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00134-00035232-00035407 dissimilation
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00135-00035408-00035935 like this and here we can see that uh
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00136-00035936-00036230 the the behind the jet we can see the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00137-00036231-00036383 modification of the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00138-00036384-00036574 temperature temperature profile in the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00139-00036575-00036711 medium due to the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00140-00036712-00037167 jet propagation
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00141-00037168-00037518 so here so
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00142-00037519-00037871 this is the complete picture
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00143-00037872-00038087 of the description of medium response in
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00144-00038088-00038183 gasket
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00145-00038184-00038623 so we we we use uh energy loss module
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00146-00038624-00038951 including vehicle to describe medium
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00147-00038952-00039095 responsive effect
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00148-00039096-00039399 uh which is which
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00149-00039400-00039807 which is mediated by particles
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00150-00039808-00040087 which has energy greater than the much
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00151-00040088-00040215 greater than the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00152-00040216-00040430 typical uh energy of the medium
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00153-00040431-00040583 constituents
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00154-00040584-00040935 and and and and we
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00155-00040936-00041311 set the the uh the energy the transition
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00156-00041312-00041367 energy
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00157-00041368-00041727 between uh between the the particle
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00158-00041728-00041958 particle uh distribution with energy
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00159-00041959-00042055 loss module
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00160-00042056-00042367 and hydrodynamic distribution so is
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00161-00042368-00042430 summer
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00162-00042431-00042783 and and and around this cut
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00163-00042784-00043079 we use causal diffusion uh called the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00164-00043080-00043302 liquefier module in the escape
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00165-00043303-00043623 to to generate soulstone and then
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00166-00043624-00043967 soulstone is put to hydrodynamic
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00167-00043968-00044030 equation
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00168-00044031-00044351 and then hydrodynamics uh treat
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00169-00044352-00044702 the treats some part of jet energy and
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00170-00044703-00044823 momentum
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00171-00044824-00045127 because because the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00172-00045128-00045479 the the because their energy because the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00173-00045480-00045774 the the energy of momentum are mediated
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00174-00045775-00045911 by particles
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00175-00045912-00046279 whose energy is is comparable with the
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00176-00046280-00046639 me the other medium constituents
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00177-00046640-00046958 so uh so now i can answer some questions
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00178-00046959-00046999 if
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00179-00047000-00047358 uh on slack if we have but do you have
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00180-00047359-00047727 do you think you have some question here
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00181-00047728-00048055 there were not really any new questions
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00182-00048056-00048374 okay
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00183-00048375-00048567 sorry i'm stuck here no i think
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00184-00048568-00048695 everything has been
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00185-00048696-00049215 addressed so far okay great thanks so
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00186-00049216-00049311 here
+YEvjFAE1fQ8-00187-00049312-00049624 i'd like to show
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00000-00000000-00001383 [Music]
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+YFJFIq-u9_U-00013-00021359-00021870 is
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00014-00021871-00023927 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00015-00023928-00023998 he
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00016-00023999-00026311 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00017-00026312-00026437 is
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00018-00026438-00027311 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00019-00027312-00027460 oh
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00020-00027461-00027863 [Applause]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00021-00027864-00028456 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00022-00028457-00028935 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00023-00028936-00029206 somebody
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00024-00029207-00029629 [Applause]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00025-00029630-00030183 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00026-00030183-00030874 uh
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00027-00030875-00031111 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00028-00031112-00031361 somebody
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00029-00031362-00031447 [Applause]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00030-00031448-00031773 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00031-00031774-00032098 [Applause]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00032-00032099-00033282 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00033-00033283-00033343 [Applause]
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+YFJFIq-u9_U-00035-00034052-00034729 [Music]
+YFJFIq-u9_U-00036-00034730-00035380 [Applause]
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+YJrnaWafEnE-00000-00000053-00000315 the United States presidential election
+YJrnaWafEnE-00001-00000316-00000547 of 1800 was the fourth United States
+YJrnaWafEnE-00002-00000548-00000817 presidential election it was held from
+YJrnaWafEnE-00003-00000818-00001048 Friday October 31st to Wednesday
+YJrnaWafEnE-00004-00001049-00001345 December 3rd 1800 in what is sometimes
+YJrnaWafEnE-00005-00001346-00001675 referred to as the revolution of 1800
+YJrnaWafEnE-00006-00001676-00001926 Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00007-00001927-00002140 Democratic Republican Party defeated
+YJrnaWafEnE-00008-00002141-00002325 incumbent President John Adams of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00009-00002326-00002575 Federalist Party the election was a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00010-00002576-00002755 realigning election that ushered in a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00011-00002756-00003033 generation of democratic republican rule
+YJrnaWafEnE-00012-00003034-00003319 adams had narrowly defeated Jefferson in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00013-00003320-00003615 the 1796 election under the rules of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00014-00003617-00003793 electoral system that were in place
+YJrnaWafEnE-00015-00003794-00004054 prior to the 1804 ratification of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00016-00004054-00004225 twelfth amendment each member of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00017-00004226-00004461 electoral college cast two votes with no
+YJrnaWafEnE-00018-00004462-00004656 distinction made between electoral votes
+YJrnaWafEnE-00019-00004657-00004849 for president and electoral votes for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00020-00004850-00005136 Vice President as Jefferson received the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00021-00005137-00005454 second most votes in 1796 he was elected
+YJrnaWafEnE-00022-00005455-00005881 vice president in 1800 on like in 1796
+YJrnaWafEnE-00023-00005882-00006111 both parties formally nominated tickets
+YJrnaWafEnE-00024-00006112-00006423 the Democratic Republicans nominated a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00025-00006425-00006619 ticket consisting of Jefferson and Aaron
+YJrnaWafEnE-00026-00006620-00006834 Burr while the Federalists nominated a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00027-00006836-00007039 ticket consisting of Adams and Charles
+YJrnaWafEnE-00028-00007040-00007309 Pinckney each party formed a plan in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00029-00007309-00007485 which one of their respective electors
+YJrnaWafEnE-00030-00007486-00007656 would vote for a third candidate or
+YJrnaWafEnE-00031-00007658-00007798 abstain so that their preferred
+YJrnaWafEnE-00032-00007798-00007995 presidential candidate Adams for the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00033-00007997-00008167 Federalists and Jefferson for the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00034-00008168-00008356 Democratic Republicans would win one
+YJrnaWafEnE-00035-00008357-00008551 more vote than the party's other nominee
+YJrnaWafEnE-00036-00008552-00008752 the chief political issues revolved
+YJrnaWafEnE-00037-00008753-00008884 around the fallout from the French
+YJrnaWafEnE-00038-00008885-00009133 Revolution in the quasi-war the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00039-00009134-00009342 Federalists favored a strong central
+YJrnaWafEnE-00040-00009343-00009508 government and close relations with
+YJrnaWafEnE-00041-00009509-00009802 Great Britain the Democratic Republicans
+YJrnaWafEnE-00042-00009803-00009999 favored decentralization to the state
+YJrnaWafEnE-00043-00010000-00010171 governments and the party attacked the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00044-00010172-00010446 taxes imposed by the Federalists the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00045-00010447-00010671 Democratic Republicans also denounced
+YJrnaWafEnE-00046-00010672-00010870 the Alien and Sedition Acts which the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00047-00010871-00011056 Federalists had passed to make it harder
+YJrnaWafEnE-00048-00011057-00011251 for immigrants to become citizens and to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00049-00011252-00011416 restrict statements critical of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00050-00011417-00011656 federal government while the Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00051-00011657-00011853 Republicans were well organized at the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00052-00011854-00012070 state and local levels the Federalists
+YJrnaWafEnE-00053-00012071-00012259 were disorganized and suffered a bitter
+YJrnaWafEnE-00054-00012260-00012445 split between their two major leaders
+YJrnaWafEnE-00055-00012446-00012692 President Adams and Alexander Hamilton
+YJrnaWafEnE-00056-00012693-00012960 according to historian John Ferling the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00057-00012961-00013183 jockeying for electoral votes regional
+YJrnaWafEnE-00058-00013184-00013369 divisions and the propaganda smear
+YJrnaWafEnE-00059-00013369-00013437 campaign
+YJrnaWafEnE-00060-00013438-00013608 created by both parties made the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00061-00013609-00013827 election recognizably modern at the end
+YJrnaWafEnE-00062-00013828-00014049 of a long and bitter campaign Jefferson
+YJrnaWafEnE-00063-00014050-00014328 and burr each 173 electoral votes
+YJrnaWafEnE-00064-00014329-00014637 Adams 165 electoral votes and Pinckney
+YJrnaWafEnE-00065-00014638-00014976 164 electoral votes the Federalists
+YJrnaWafEnE-00066-00014977-00015168 swept New England the Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00067-00015169-00015384 Republicans dominated the south and the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00068-00015385-00015579 parties split the mid-atlantic states of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00069-00015580-00015879 New York New Jersey and Pennsylvania the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00070-00015880-00016077 Democratic Republicans failure to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00071-00016078-00016272 execute their plan to award Jefferson
+YJrnaWafEnE-00072-00016272-00016482 one more vote than burr resulted in a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00073-00016483-00016695 tie which necessitated a contingent
+YJrnaWafEnE-00074-00016696-00016881 election in the House of Representatives
+YJrnaWafEnE-00075-00016882-00017100 under the terms laid out in the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00076-00017101-00017301 Constitution the outgoing House of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00077-00017302-00017517 Representatives chose between Jefferson
+YJrnaWafEnE-00078-00017518-00017814 and burr each state delegation cast one
+YJrnaWafEnE-00079-00017815-00018003 vote and a victory in the contingent
+YJrnaWafEnE-00080-00018004-00018213 election required one candidate to win a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00081-00018214-00018395 majority of the state delegations
+YJrnaWafEnE-00082-00018396-00018675 neither burn or Jefferson were able to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00083-00018676-00018885 win on the first 35 ballots of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00084-00018886-00019089 contingent election as most Federalist
+YJrnaWafEnE-00085-00019090-00019233 congressmen backed burr and all
+YJrnaWafEnE-00086-00019234-00019443 Democratic Republican congressman back
+YJrnaWafEnE-00087-00019444-00019728 to Jefferson Hamilton personally favored
+YJrnaWafEnE-00088-00019729-00019926 Jefferson over burr and he convinced
+YJrnaWafEnE-00089-00019927-00020100 several Federalists to switch their
+YJrnaWafEnE-00090-00020101-00020307 support to Jefferson giving Jefferson a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00091-00020308-00020499 victory on the 36th ballot of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00092-00020500-00020757 contingent election the result of this
+YJrnaWafEnE-00093-00020758-00020889 election was affected by the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00094-00020890-00021069 three-fifths clause of the United States
+YJrnaWafEnE-00095-00021070-00021336 Constitution historians such as Garry
+YJrnaWafEnE-00096-00021337-00021525 wills have noted that had slaves not
+YJrnaWafEnE-00097-00021526-00021675 been counted for the purposes of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00098-00021676-00021873 congressional apportionment Adams would
+YJrnaWafEnE-00099-00021874-00022510 have won the electoral vote
+YJrnaWafEnE-00100-00022511-00023051 topic general election
+YJrnaWafEnE-00101-00023052-00023392 you
+YJrnaWafEnE-00102-00023393-00023897 topic candidates
+YJrnaWafEnE-00103-00023898-00024113 both parties used congressional
+YJrnaWafEnE-00104-00024114-00024293 nominating caucuses to formally nominate
+YJrnaWafEnE-00105-00024294-00024542 tickets for the first time the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00106-00024543-00024725 Federalists nominated a ticket
+YJrnaWafEnE-00107-00024726-00024922 consisting of incumbent president John
+YJrnaWafEnE-00108-00024923-00025124 Adams of Massachusetts and charles
+YJrnaWafEnE-00109-00025125-00025333 cotesworth pinckney of South Carolina
+YJrnaWafEnE-00110-00025334-00025521 Pinckney had fought in the American
+YJrnaWafEnE-00111-00025522-00025753 Revolutionary War and later served as
+YJrnaWafEnE-00112-00025754-00026020 the minister to France the Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00113-00026022-00026203 Republicans nominated a ticket
+YJrnaWafEnE-00114-00026204-00026395 consisting of vice president Thomas
+YJrnaWafEnE-00115-00026397-00026620 Jefferson of Virginia and former Senator
+YJrnaWafEnE-00116-00026622-00026894 Aaron Burr of New York Jefferson had
+YJrnaWafEnE-00117-00026895-00027040 been the runner-up in the previous
+YJrnaWafEnE-00118-00027041-00027233 election and had co-founded the party
+YJrnaWafEnE-00119-00027233-00027431 with James Madison and others while Burr
+YJrnaWafEnE-00120-00027432-00027632 was popular in the electoral important
+YJrnaWafEnE-00121-00027633-00028202 state of New York
+YJrnaWafEnE-00122-00028202-00028687 topic campaign
+YJrnaWafEnE-00123-00028688-00028957 while the 1800 election was a rematch of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00124-00028958-00029230 the 1796 election it ushered in a new
+YJrnaWafEnE-00125-00029231-00029479 type of American politics a two-party
+YJrnaWafEnE-00126-00029480-00029662 Republic an acrimonious campaigning
+YJrnaWafEnE-00127-00029663-00029830 behind the scenes and through the press
+YJrnaWafEnE-00128-00029831-00030114 on top of this the election pitted the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00129-00030116-00030448 larger-than-life Adams and Jefferson who
+YJrnaWafEnE-00130-00030449-00030622 were former close allies turned
+YJrnaWafEnE-00131-00030623-00030805 political enemies the campaign was
+YJrnaWafEnE-00132-00030806-00031014 bitter and characterized by slander and
+YJrnaWafEnE-00133-00031016-00031227 personal attacks on both sides
+YJrnaWafEnE-00134-00031227-00031444 Federalists spread rumors that the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00135-00031445-00031663 Democratic Republicans were radicals who
+YJrnaWafEnE-00136-00031664-00031813 would ruin the country based on the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00137-00031814-00032008 Democratic Republican support for the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00138-00032008-00032341 French Revolution in 1798 George
+YJrnaWafEnE-00139-00032342-00032551 Washington had complained that you could
+YJrnaWafEnE-00140-00032552-00032785 as soon scrub the blackamoor white as to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00141-00032786-00032968 change the principles of a professed
+YJrnaWafEnE-00142-00032969-00033151 democrat and that he will leave nothing
+YJrnaWafEnE-00143-00033152-00033376 unattempted to overturn the government
+YJrnaWafEnE-00144-00033377-00033733 of this country meanwhile the Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00145-00033734-00033937 Republicans accused Federalists of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00146-00033938-00034135 subverting Republican principles with
+YJrnaWafEnE-00147-00034136-00034324 the Alien and Sedition Acts some of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00148-00034325-00034435 which were later declared
+YJrnaWafEnE-00149-00034436-00034645 unconstitutional after their expiration
+YJrnaWafEnE-00150-00034646-00034834 by the Supreme Court and relying for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00151-00034835-00035023 their support on foreign immigrants they
+YJrnaWafEnE-00152-00035024-00035224 also accused Federalists of favoring
+YJrnaWafEnE-00153-00035225-00035335 Britain and the other coalition
+YJrnaWafEnE-00154-00035336-00035545 countries in their war with France in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00155-00035546-00035692 order to promote aristocratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00156-00035693-00035920 anti-democratic values Adams was
+YJrnaWafEnE-00157-00035921-00036076 attacked by both the opposition
+YJrnaWafEnE-00158-00036077-00036265 Democratic Republicans and a group of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00159-00036266-00036580 so-called high Federalists aligned with
+YJrnaWafEnE-00160-00036581-00036799 Alexander Hamilton the Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00161-00036800-00037009 Republicans felt that the Adams foreign
+YJrnaWafEnE-00162-00037010-00037228 policy was too favorable toward Britain
+YJrnaWafEnE-00163-00037229-00037405 feared that the new army called up for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00164-00037406-00037573 the quasi war would oppress the people
+YJrnaWafEnE-00165-00037574-00037813 opposed new taxes to pay for war and
+YJrnaWafEnE-00166-00037814-00038014 attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as
+YJrnaWafEnE-00167-00038015-00038185 violations of states rights in the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00168-00038186-00038515 Constitution high Federalists considered
+YJrnaWafEnE-00169-00038516-00038671 Adams to moderate and would have
+YJrnaWafEnE-00170-00038672-00038851 preferred the leadership of Alexander
+YJrnaWafEnE-00171-00038852-00039148 Hamilton instead Hamilton had apparently
+YJrnaWafEnE-00172-00039149-00039370 grown impatient with Adams and wanted a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00173-00039371-00039556 new president who was more receptive to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00174-00039557-00039825 his goals during Washington's presidency
+YJrnaWafEnE-00175-00039826-00040063 Hamilton had been able to influence the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00176-00040064-00040216 federal response to the whiskey
+YJrnaWafEnE-00177-00040217-00040336 rebellion which threatened the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00178-00040337-00040615 government's power to tax citizens when
+YJrnaWafEnE-00179-00040616-00040771 Washington announced that he would not
+YJrnaWafEnE-00180-00040772-00040957 seek a third term Adams was widely
+YJrnaWafEnE-00181-00040958-00041191 recognized by the Federalists as next in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00182-00041192-00041487 line Hamilton appears to have hoped in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00183-00041488-00041758 1796 that his influence within an Adams
+YJrnaWafEnE-00184-00041759-00041944 administration would be as great as her
+YJrnaWafEnE-00185-00041945-00042066 greater than in wash
+YJrnaWafEnE-00186-00042067-00042388 by 1800 Hamilton had come to realize
+YJrnaWafEnE-00187-00042389-00042598 that Adams was too independent and
+YJrnaWafEnE-00188-00042599-00042766 thought the Federalist vice-presidential
+YJrnaWafEnE-00189-00042767-00042988 candidate charles cotesworth pinckney of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00190-00042989-00043207 south carolina more suited to serving
+YJrnaWafEnE-00191-00043208-00043447 Hamilton's interests in his third
+YJrnaWafEnE-00192-00043448-00043663 sabotage attempt toward Adams Hamilton
+YJrnaWafEnE-00193-00043664-00043882 quietly schemed to elect Pinckney to the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00194-00043883-00044149 presidency given Pinkney's lack of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00195-00044150-00044326 political experience he would have been
+YJrnaWafEnE-00196-00044327-00044491 expected to be open to Hamilton's
+YJrnaWafEnE-00197-00044492-00044758 influence however Hamilton's plan
+YJrnaWafEnE-00198-00044759-00044968 backfired and hurt the Federalist Party
+YJrnaWafEnE-00199-00044969-00045199 particularly after one of his letters a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00200-00045200-00045472 scathing criticism of Adams that was 54
+YJrnaWafEnE-00201-00045473-00045658 pages long fell into the hands of a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00202-00045659-00045856 Democratic Republican and soon after
+YJrnaWafEnE-00203-00045857-00046138 became public it embarrassed Adams and
+YJrnaWafEnE-00204-00046139-00046327 damaged Hamilton's efforts on behalf of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00205-00046328-00046498 Pinckney not to mention speeding
+YJrnaWafEnE-00206-00046499-00047128 Hamilton's own political decline
+YJrnaWafEnE-00207-00047129-00047698 topic selection method changes
+YJrnaWafEnE-00208-00047699-00047929 partisans on both sides sought any
+YJrnaWafEnE-00209-00047930-00048154 advantage they could find in several
+YJrnaWafEnE-00210-00048155-00048334 states this included changing the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00211-00048335-00048537 process of selecting electors to ensure
+YJrnaWafEnE-00212-00048538-00048843 the desired result in Georgia Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00213-00048844-00049060 Republican legislators replaced the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00214-00049061-00049252 popular vote with selection by the state
+YJrnaWafEnE-00215-00049253-00049555 legislature Federalist legislators did
+YJrnaWafEnE-00216-00049556-00049720 the same in Massachusetts in New
+YJrnaWafEnE-00217-00049721-00049902 Hampshire this may have had some
+YJrnaWafEnE-00218-00049903-00050143 unintended consequences in Massachusetts
+YJrnaWafEnE-00219-00050144-00050326 where the makeup of the delegation to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00220-00050327-00050505 the House of Representatives changed
+YJrnaWafEnE-00221-00050506-00050740 from 12 Federalists and two Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00222-00050741-00050962 Republicans to eight Federalists and six
+YJrnaWafEnE-00223-00050963-00051165 Democratic Republicans perhaps the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00224-00051166-00051339 result of backlash on the part of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00225-00051340-00051625 electorate Pennsylvania also switched to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00226-00051626-00051840 legislative choice but this resulted in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00227-00051841-00052086 an almost evenly split set of electors
+YJrnaWafEnE-00228-00052087-00052305 Virginia switched from electoral
+YJrnaWafEnE-00229-00052307-00052522 districts to winner-take-all a move that
+YJrnaWafEnE-00230-00052523-00052723 probably switched one or two votes out
+YJrnaWafEnE-00231-00052724-00053305 of the Federalists column
+YJrnaWafEnE-00232-00053307-00053760 topic voting
+YJrnaWafEnE-00233-00053761-00053961 because each state could choose its own
+YJrnaWafEnE-00234-00053962-00054377 Election Day in 1800 votes did a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00235-00054378-00055620 preliminary critique it with the two
+YJrnaWafEnE-00236-00055621-00055938 parties tied 63 to 63 in the electoral
+YJrnaWafEnE-00237-00055939-00056187 college in the autumn of 1800 the last
+YJrnaWafEnE-00238-00056188-00056370 state to vote South Carolina
+YJrnaWafEnE-00239-00056371-00056571 chose eight Democratic Republicans to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00240-00056572-00056767 award the election to Jefferson and burr
+YJrnaWafEnE-00241-00056769-00057087 under the United States Constitution as
+YJrnaWafEnE-00242-00057088-00057285 it then stood each elector cast two
+YJrnaWafEnE-00243-00057286-00057467 votes and the candidate with a majority
+YJrnaWafEnE-00244-00057469-00057669 of the votes was elected president with
+YJrnaWafEnE-00245-00057670-00057819 the vice presidency going to the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00246-00057820-00058077 runner-up the Federalists therefore
+YJrnaWafEnE-00247-00058078-00058233 arranged for one of their electors to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00248-00058234-00058419 vote for John Jay rather than for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00249-00058420-00058710 Pinckney the Democratic Republicans had
+YJrnaWafEnE-00250-00058711-00058869 a similar plan to have one of their
+YJrnaWafEnE-00251-00058870-00059030 electors cast a vote for another
+YJrnaWafEnE-00252-00059032-00059235 candidate instead of burr but failed to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00253-00059236-00059433 execute it thus all of the Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00254-00059434-00059625 Republican electors cast their votes for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00255-00059626-00059895 both Jefferson and burr 73 and all for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00256-00059896-00060144 each of them according to a provision of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00257-00060145-00060387 the United States Constitution a tie in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00258-00060388-00060576 a case of this type had to be resolved
+YJrnaWafEnE-00259-00060577-00060750 by the House of Representatives with
+YJrnaWafEnE-00260-00060751-00061014 each state casting one vote although the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00261-00061015-00061245 congressional election of 1800 turned
+YJrnaWafEnE-00262-00061246-00061442 over majority control of the House of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00263-00061444-00061623 Representatives to the Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00264-00061624-00061899 Republicans by 68 seats to 38 the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00265-00061900-00062117 presidential election had to be decided
+YJrnaWafEnE-00266-00062119-00062274 by the outgoing House that had been
+YJrnaWafEnE-00267-00062275-00062460 elected in the congressional election of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00268-00062461-00062729 1798 at that time the new presidential
+YJrnaWafEnE-00269-00062730-00062946 and congressional terms all started on
+YJrnaWafEnE-00270-00062947-00063123 March 4th of the year after a national
+YJrnaWafEnE-00271-00063124-00063392 election in the outgoing House the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00272-00063394-00063615 Federalists retained a majority of 60
+YJrnaWafEnE-00273-00063616-00064220 seats to 46
+YJrnaWafEnE-00274-00064221-00064704 topic disputes
+YJrnaWafEnE-00275-00064704-00065021 you
+YJrnaWafEnE-00276-00065022-00065536 topic defective certificates
+YJrnaWafEnE-00277-00065537-00065811 when the electoral ballots were opened
+YJrnaWafEnE-00278-00065812-00066092 and counted on February 11th 1801 it
+YJrnaWafEnE-00279-00066093-00066251 turned out that the certificate of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00280-00066252-00066423 election from Georgia was defective
+YJrnaWafEnE-00281-00066424-00066672 while it was clear that the electors had
+YJrnaWafEnE-00282-00066673-00066855 cast their votes for Jefferson and burr
+YJrnaWafEnE-00283-00066856-00067023 the certificate did not take the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00284-00067024-00067272 constitutionally mandated form of a list
+YJrnaWafEnE-00285-00067273-00067503 of all the persons voted for and of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00286-00067504-00067848 number of votes for each vice president
+YJrnaWafEnE-00287-00067849-00068036 Jefferson who was counting the votes in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00288-00068037-00068186 his role as president of the Senate
+YJrnaWafEnE-00289-00068187-00068361 immediately counted the votes from
+YJrnaWafEnE-00290-00068362-00068563 Georgia as votes for Jefferson and burr
+YJrnaWafEnE-00291-00068564-00068804 no objections were raised
+YJrnaWafEnE-00292-00068805-00068997 if the disputed Georgia ballots were
+YJrnaWafEnE-00293-00068998-00069161 rejected on these technicalities
+YJrnaWafEnE-00294-00069162-00069368 Jefferson and burr would have lost four
+YJrnaWafEnE-00295-00069369-00069597 electoral votes leaving them with 69
+YJrnaWafEnE-00296-00069598-00069867 electoral votes each the counting of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00297-00069868-00070031 votes would have failed to result in a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00298-00070032-00070260 majority of 70 votes for any of the four
+YJrnaWafEnE-00299-00070261-00070487 candidates causing a constitutionally
+YJrnaWafEnE-00300-00070488-00070686 mandated congressional runoff among the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00301-00070687-00070988 top five finishers instead the total
+YJrnaWafEnE-00302-00070989-00071172 number of votes for Jefferson and burr
+YJrnaWafEnE-00303-00071173-00071373 was seventy-three a majority of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00304-00071374-00072001 total but a tie between them
+YJrnaWafEnE-00305-00072002-00072495 topic results
+YJrnaWafEnE-00306-00072496-00072868 Jefferson and burr won all or a majority
+YJrnaWafEnE-00307-00072869-00073039 of the voters in each state that he had
+YJrnaWafEnE-00308-00073040-00073291 won in 1796 and additionally won
+YJrnaWafEnE-00309-00073292-00073482 majorities in New York and Maryland
+YJrnaWafEnE-00310-00073483-00073756 Adams picked up votes in Pennsylvania
+YJrnaWafEnE-00311-00073757-00073951 and North Carolina but these votes were
+YJrnaWafEnE-00312-00073952-00074128 not enough to offset the Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00313-00074129-00074476 Republican Games elsewhere of the 155
+YJrnaWafEnE-00314-00074477-00074680 counties and independent cities making
+YJrnaWafEnE-00315-00074681-00075007 returns Jefferson and burr one in 115
+YJrnaWafEnE-00316-00075008-00075226 seventy four point one nine percent
+YJrnaWafEnE-00317-00075227-00075427 whereas the Adams ticket carried forty
+YJrnaWafEnE-00318-00075428-00075700 twenty five point eight one percent this
+YJrnaWafEnE-00319-00075701-00075913 was the last time that Vermont voted for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00320-00075914-00076273 the Federalists source popular vote u.s.
+YJrnaWafEnE-00321-00076274-00076522 president national vote our campaigns
+YJrnaWafEnE-00322-00076523-00076909 February 10th 2006 source popular vote
+YJrnaWafEnE-00323-00076910-00077113 a new nation votes American election
+YJrnaWafEnE-00324-00077114-00077608 returns 1787 to 1825 source electoral
+YJrnaWafEnE-00325-00077609-00078001 vote electoral college box scores 1789
+YJrnaWafEnE-00326-00078002-00078436 to 1996 National Archives and Records
+YJrnaWafEnE-00327-00078437-00078523 Administration
+YJrnaWafEnE-00328-00078524-00078856 retrieved July 30th 2005 a votes for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00329-00078857-00079018 Federalist electors have been assigned
+YJrnaWafEnE-00330-00079019-00079243 to John Adams and votes for Democratic
+YJrnaWafEnE-00331-00079244-00079414 Republican electors have been assigned
+YJrnaWafEnE-00332-00079415-00079657 to Thomas Jefferson be only six of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00333-00079658-00079870 sixteen states chose electors by any
+YJrnaWafEnE-00334-00079871-00080101 form of popular vote see those states
+YJrnaWafEnE-00335-00080102-00080284 that did choose electors by popular vote
+YJrnaWafEnE-00336-00080285-00080482 had widely varying restrictions on
+YJrnaWafEnE-00337-00080483-00081130 suffrage via property requirements
+YJrnaWafEnE-00338-00081131-00081966 topic breakdown by ticket
+YJrnaWafEnE-00339-00081967-00082354 topic breakdown by state
+YJrnaWafEnE-00340-00082355-00082492 you
+YJrnaWafEnE-00341-00082493-00082816 source tally of electoral votes for the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00342-00082817-00083053 1800 presidential election
+YJrnaWafEnE-00343-00083054-00083451 February 11th 1801 the Center for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00344-00083452-00083736 legislative archives National Archives
+YJrnaWafEnE-00345-00083737-00084141 August 15 2016 retrieved February 15
+YJrnaWafEnE-00346-00084142-00084718 2018
+YJrnaWafEnE-00347-00084719-00085418 topic 1801 contingent election
+YJrnaWafEnE-00348-00085419-00085715 in February 1801 the members of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00349-00085716-00085910 House of Representatives balloted as
+YJrnaWafEnE-00350-00085911-00086105 states to determine whether Jefferson or
+YJrnaWafEnE-00351-00086106-00086330 burr would become president there were
+YJrnaWafEnE-00352-00086331-00086551 sixteen states each with one vote an
+YJrnaWafEnE-00353-00086552-00086765 absolute majority of nine was required
+YJrnaWafEnE-00354-00086766-00086849 for victory
+YJrnaWafEnE-00355-00086850-00087043 it was the outgoing House of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00356-00087044-00087211 Representatives controlled by the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00357-00087212-00087404 Federalist Party that was charged with
+YJrnaWafEnE-00358-00087405-00087674 electing the new president Jefferson was
+YJrnaWafEnE-00359-00087675-00087884 the great enemy of the Federalists and a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00360-00087885-00088075 faction of Federalists representatives
+YJrnaWafEnE-00361-00088076-00088280 tried to block him and elect burr most
+YJrnaWafEnE-00362-00088281-00088492 Federalists voted for burr giving birth
+YJrnaWafEnE-00363-00088493-00088673 six of the eight states controlled by
+YJrnaWafEnE-00364-00088674-00088942 Federalists the seven delegations
+YJrnaWafEnE-00365-00088943-00089161 controlled by Republicans all voted for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00366-00089162-00089368 Jefferson and Georgia's sole Federalist
+YJrnaWafEnE-00367-00089369-00089599 representative also voted for him giving
+YJrnaWafEnE-00368-00089600-00089828 him eight states the Vermont delegation
+YJrnaWafEnE-00369-00089829-00090082 was evenly split and cast a blank ballot
+YJrnaWafEnE-00370-00090083-00090341 the remaining state Maryland had five
+YJrnaWafEnE-00371-00090342-00090536 Federalist Representatives two three
+YJrnaWafEnE-00372-00090537-00090710 Republicans one of its Federalist
+YJrnaWafEnE-00373-00090711-00090892 Representatives voted for Jefferson
+YJrnaWafEnE-00374-00090893-00091117 forcing that state delegation also to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00375-00091118-00091318 cast a blank ballot publicly burr
+YJrnaWafEnE-00376-00091319-00091600 remained quiet between mid-december 1800
+YJrnaWafEnE-00377-00091601-00091880 and mid-february 1801 when the electoral
+YJrnaWafEnE-00378-00091881-00092155 votes were counted behind the scenes he
+YJrnaWafEnE-00379-00092156-00092321 faced mounting pressure from within the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00380-00092322-00092537 party to step aside if he and Jefferson
+YJrnaWafEnE-00381-00092538-00092822 should tie in electoral votes he refused
+YJrnaWafEnE-00382-00092823-00093019 to disavow the presidency writing in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00383-00093020-00093280 December 1802 representative Samuel
+YJrnaWafEnE-00384-00093281-00093530 Smith that he would not engage to resign
+YJrnaWafEnE-00385-00093531-00093773 if chosen president adding that the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00386-00093774-00094087 question was unnecessary unreasonable
+YJrnaWafEnE-00387-00094088-00094351 and impertinent rumors circulated that
+YJrnaWafEnE-00388-00094352-00094565 representative James a Bayard a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00389-00094566-00094846 federalist had purportedly in burrs name
+YJrnaWafEnE-00390-00094847-00095072 approached Smith an Edward Livingston
+YJrnaWafEnE-00391-00095073-00095297 with offers of political appointments if
+YJrnaWafEnE-00392-00095298-00095500 they voted for burr true or not House
+YJrnaWafEnE-00393-00095501-00095684 Republicans who from the start of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00394-00095685-00095938 1800 campaign viewed Jefferson as their
+YJrnaWafEnE-00395-00095939-00096124 candidate for president and burr for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00396-00096125-00096307 vice-president faced two of horan
+YJrnaWafEnE-00397-00096308-00096509 possible outcomes when they met to vote
+YJrnaWafEnE-00398-00096510-00096704 the Federalists managed to engineer a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00399-00096705-00096931 victory for burr or B the Federalists
+YJrnaWafEnE-00400-00096932-00097111 refused to break the deadlock leaving a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00401-00097112-00097354 Federalist Secretary of State John
+YJrnaWafEnE-00402-00097355-00097679 Marshall as Acting President neither
+YJrnaWafEnE-00403-00097680-00097892 came to pass however chiefly due to the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00404-00097893-00098113 energetic opposition to burr by Hamilton
+YJrnaWafEnE-00405-00098114-00098356 over the course of seven days from
+YJrnaWafEnE-00406-00098357-00098636 February 11th to 17 the house cast a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00407-00098637-00098816 total of 35 ballots
+YJrnaWafEnE-00408-00098817-00098978 Jefferson receiving the votes of eight
+YJrnaWafEnE-00409-00098979-00099215 state delegations each time falling just
+YJrnaWafEnE-00410-00099216-00099412 one short of the necessary majority of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00411-00099413-00099519 nine each time
+YJrnaWafEnE-00412-00099520-00099781 Hamilton recommended to Federalists that
+YJrnaWafEnE-00413-00099782-00100010 they support Jefferson because he was by
+YJrnaWafEnE-00414-00100011-00100337 far not so dangerous a man as burr in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00415-00100338-00100537 short he would much rather have someone
+YJrnaWafEnE-00416-00100538-00100703 with wrong principles than someone
+YJrnaWafEnE-00417-00100704-00100961 devoid of any Hamilton embarked on a
+YJrnaWafEnE-00418-00100962-00101174 frenzied letter-writing campaign to get
+YJrnaWafEnE-00419-00101175-00101356 delegates to switch votes On February
+YJrnaWafEnE-00420-00101357-00101672 17th on the 36th ballot Jefferson was
+YJrnaWafEnE-00421-00101673-00101954 elected Federalist James a Bayard of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00422-00101955-00102161 Delaware and his allies in Maryland and
+YJrnaWafEnE-00423-00102162-00102446 Vermont all cast blank ballots this
+YJrnaWafEnE-00424-00102447-00102607 resulted in the Maryland and Vermont
+YJrnaWafEnE-00425-00102608-00102815 votes changing from no selection to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00426-00102816-00102994 Jefferson giving him the votes of ten
+YJrnaWafEnE-00427-00102995-00103289 states in the presidency Bayard as the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00428-00103290-00103453 sole representative from Delaware
+YJrnaWafEnE-00429-00103454-00103622 changed his vote from burr to no
+YJrnaWafEnE-00430-00103623-00103855 selection the four representatives
+YJrnaWafEnE-00431-00103856-00104051 present from South Carolina all
+YJrnaWafEnE-00432-00104052-00104230 Federalists also changed their
+YJrnaWafEnE-00433-00104231-00104431 three-to-one selection of burr to four
+YJrnaWafEnE-00434-00104432-00104985 abstentions
+YJrnaWafEnE-00435-00104986-00105473 topic results
+YJrnaWafEnE-00436-00105474-00105703 of the votes of the representatives is
+YJrnaWafEnE-00437-00105704-00105872 typical and may have fluctuated from
+YJrnaWafEnE-00438-00105873-00106070 ballot to ballot but the result for each
+YJrnaWafEnE-00439-00106071-00106285 state did not change B even though
+YJrnaWafEnE-00440-00106286-00106469 Georgia had two representatives
+YJrnaWafEnE-00441-00106470-00106676 apportioned one seat was vacant due to
+YJrnaWafEnE-00442-00106677-00106907 the death of James Jones C even though
+YJrnaWafEnE-00443-00106908-00107115 South Carolina had six representatives
+YJrnaWafEnE-00444-00107116-00107377 apportioned Thomas Sumter was absent due
+YJrnaWafEnE-00445-00107378-00107590 to illness and Abraham not departed for
+YJrnaWafEnE-00446-00107591-00107774 South Carolina between the first and
+YJrnaWafEnE-00447-00107775-00108371 final ballots
+YJrnaWafEnE-00448-00108372-00108992 topic Electoral College selection
+YJrnaWafEnE-00449-00108993-00109295 the Constitution in article 2 section 1
+YJrnaWafEnE-00450-00109296-00109508 provided that the state legislators
+YJrnaWafEnE-00451-00109508-00109670 should decide the manner in which their
+YJrnaWafEnE-00452-00109671-00109922 electors were chosen different state
+YJrnaWafEnE-00453-00109923-00110536 legislators chose different methods
+YJrnaWafEnE-00454-00110538-00111113 topic in popular culture
+YJrnaWafEnE-00455-00111114-00111340 the election story and the eventual
+YJrnaWafEnE-00456-00111341-00111553 reconciliation between Jefferson and
+YJrnaWafEnE-00457-00111554-00111800 Adams was also retold in a second season
+YJrnaWafEnE-00458-00111801-00111989 episode of Comedy Central's drunk
+YJrnaWafEnE-00459-00111990-00112199 history with Jerry O'Connell portraying
+YJrnaWafEnE-00460-00112200-00112450 Jefferson and Joe lo Truglio as Adams
+YJrnaWafEnE-00461-00112451-00112763 the election story is also told briefly
+YJrnaWafEnE-00462-00112764-00113000 in Hamilton in the song the election of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00463-00113001-00113266 1800 the song focuses on Alexander
+YJrnaWafEnE-00464-00113267-00113450 Hamilton's effect on the outcome of the
+YJrnaWafEnE-00465-00113451-00113699 election for the most part Hamilton
+YJrnaWafEnE-00466-00113700-00113945 endorsed longtime rival Thomas Jefferson
+YJrnaWafEnE-00467-00113946-00114095 which led to the election of President
+YJrnaWafEnE-00468-00114096-00114796 Jefferson according to the song
+YJrnaWafEnE-00469-00114797-00115495 topic see also first inauguration of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00470-00115496-00115815 Thomas Jefferson United States House of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00471-00115816-00116197 Representatives elections 1800 United
+YJrnaWafEnE-00472-00116198-00116583 States Senate elections 1800 and 1801
+YJrnaWafEnE-00473-00116583-00116934 history of the United States 1789 -
+YJrnaWafEnE-00474-00116935-00117354 18-49 Stephen Simpson writer editor of
+YJrnaWafEnE-00475-00117355-00117544 the Aurora a Philadelphia newspaper
+YJrnaWafEnE-00476-00117545-00117745 Jefferson credited for his victory in
+YJrnaWafEnE-00477-00117746-00118033 1800
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00000-00000053-00000308 molasses sugar is a dark brown almost
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00001-00000309-00000614 black moist granular sugar it can be
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00002-00000615-00000800 used interchangeably with Muscovado
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00003-00000801-00001043 sugar but molasses sugar has a stronger
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00004-00001044-00001307 taste as compared to Muscovado its
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00005-00001308-00001525 distinctive molasses taste is due to its
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00006-00001526-00001798 high content of molasses nutritive Lee
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00007-00001800-00002054 it has high iron content molasses sugar
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00008-00002055-00002300 is often used in chutneys pickles and
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00009-00002301-00003034 marinades as well as in christmas cakes
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00010-00003035-00003563 topic see also
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00011-00003564-00004079 brown sugar sucrose topic sources Quelch
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00012-00004080-00004431 John Joseph 1893 catalogue of the
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00013-00004432-00004700 exhibits of British Guiana Rand McNally
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00014-00004701-00005138 pp seven to nine Draycott a Philip 2008
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00015-00005139-00005445 sugar beet John Wiley & Sons
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00016-00005446-00006229 pp 410 to 417 ISBN one 405 1 7 3 3 6 X
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00017-00006230-00006528 Locke Charles George warnford at all
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00018-00006529-00006912 1888 sugar a handbook for planters and
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00019-00006913-00007445 refiners E&F n spawn p320 CS 1 mayn't
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00020-00007447-00007730 multiple names authors list link
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00021-00007731-00008346 Waitrose sugar glossary
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00022-00008347-00008889 topic external links
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00023-00008890-00009138 media related to molasses sugar at
+YLlbk1NNtCy-00024-00009139-00009399 Wikimedia Commons
+Yp26nODMRnk-00000-00000027-00000294 [Music]
+Yp26nODMRnk-00001-00000295-00000641 hi this is Sam from the sea rack before
+Yp26nODMRnk-00002-00000642-00000872 purchasing snowshoes it's good to get an
+Yp26nODMRnk-00003-00000873-00001091 idea of the major parts of the snowshoe
+Yp26nODMRnk-00004-00001092-00001373 in the functions they perform the first
+Yp26nODMRnk-00005-00001374-00001684 major part of snow shoe is the deck the
+Yp26nODMRnk-00006-00001685-00001946 deck is the mid big flat part that
+Yp26nODMRnk-00007-00001947-00002195 actually provides flotation and softer
+Yp26nODMRnk-00008-00002196-00002522 snow and stability some decks are
+Yp26nODMRnk-00009-00002523-00002789 aluminum such as this one with plastic
+Yp26nODMRnk-00010-00002790-00003127 in the middle while some like this one
+Yp26nODMRnk-00011-00003128-00003509 are solid plastic with flexible tail and
+Yp26nODMRnk-00012-00003510-00003754 these will allow for a more normal heel
+Yp26nODMRnk-00013-00003755-00004115 to toe gate crampons are the part of the
+Yp26nODMRnk-00014-00004116-00004310 shoes that are going to drip into the
+Yp26nODMRnk-00015-00004311-00004526 ice and snow and provide you with
+Yp26nODMRnk-00016-00004527-00004760 traction climbing and also keep the shoe
+Yp26nODMRnk-00017-00004761-00004925 from sliding around when you're on the
+Yp26nODMRnk-00018-00004926-00005315 ideas some snowshoes have a climbing bar
+Yp26nODMRnk-00019-00005316-00005718 such as this one which flips up and
+Yp26nODMRnk-00020-00005719-00006197 allows the gives the heel lift for long
+Yp26nODMRnk-00021-00006198-00006418 ascent and keeps your calves from
+Yp26nODMRnk-00022-00006419-00006656 getting tired and that's pretty much it
+Yp26nODMRnk-00023-00006656-00006863 for your basic snowshoe anatomy and
+Yp26nODMRnk-00024-00006864-00007088 don't forget your poles if you want to
+Yp26nODMRnk-00025-00007089-00007289 have a little bit extra upper body
+Yp26nODMRnk-00026-00007290-00007601 workout in an extra stability
+YptL7g4ufic-00000-00000639-00000943 this demo is to show how the new nopel
+YptL7g4ufic-00001-00000944-00001415 feature called say my name works
+YptL7g4ufic-00002-00001416-00001798 in nopal you can go to your settings
+YptL7g4ufic-00003-00001800-00001991 by clicking on your picture icon at the
+YptL7g4ufic-00004-00001992-00002318 top and choosing settings
+YptL7g4ufic-00005-00002319-00002479 you'll see an option in here called say
+YptL7g4ufic-00006-00002480-00002750 my name if you click on change say my
+YptL7g4ufic-00007-00002751-00002926 name
+YptL7g4ufic-00008-00002927-00003175 a recording box will come up
+YptL7g4ufic-00009-00003176-00003415 you can click the record audio to record
+YptL7g4ufic-00010-00003415-00003703 your name
+YptL7g4ufic-00011-00003704-00004047 educational technology services
+YptL7g4ufic-00012-00004047-00004254 after record you hit stop and you can
+YptL7g4ufic-00013-00004255-00004479 check the recording educational
+YptL7g4ufic-00014-00004480-00004870 technology services
+YptL7g4ufic-00015-00004871-00005038 if you'd like to record again because
+YptL7g4ufic-00016-00005039-00005199 you didn't like how that one sounded you
+YptL7g4ufic-00017-00005200-00005415 can do so you can also download the file
+YptL7g4ufic-00018-00005416-00005543 if you'd like
+YptL7g4ufic-00019-00005544-00005967 when you're done choose use recording
+YptL7g4ufic-00020-00005968-00006143 now you'll notice if you go to one of
+YptL7g4ufic-00021-00006144-00006334 your courses
+YptL7g4ufic-00022-00006335-00006542 and choose the roster tab
+YptL7g4ufic-00023-00006543-00006783 that a little blue icon shows in that
+YptL7g4ufic-00024-00006784-00006975 roster tab you can play your
+YptL7g4ufic-00025-00006976-00007231 pronunciation there
+YptL7g4ufic-00026-00007231-00007519 you can also play anyone else's name as
+YptL7g4ufic-00027-00007520-00007670 long as they've already done their
+YptL7g4ufic-00028-00007672-00008031 recording of say my name
+YptL7g4ufic-00029-00008031-00008191 thank you for watching the demo on how
+YptL7g4ufic-00030-00008192-00008407 to use the save my name feature have a
+YptL7g4ufic-00031-00008408-00008732 great day
+YOFrTySCH8o-00000-00000056-00001295 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00001-00001296-00001478 my heart
+YOFrTySCH8o-00002-00001479-00001951 rages
+YOFrTySCH8o-00003-00001952-00002126 there are
+YOFrTySCH8o-00004-00002127-00002708 so many things
+YOFrTySCH8o-00005-00002709-00003367 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00006-00003368-00003967 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00007-00003968-00004436 i can almost
+YOFrTySCH8o-00008-00004437-00005205 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00009-00005206-00006353 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00010-00006354-00007783 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00011-00007784-00008259 foreign
+YOFrTySCH8o-00012-00008260-00010551 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00013-00010552-00010735 my height
+YOFrTySCH8o-00014-00010736-00011291 rages around like an ocean in my head
+YOFrTySCH8o-00015-00011292-00011607 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00016-00011608-00012385 [Applause]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00017-00012386-00012719 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00018-00012720-00013012 is
+YOFrTySCH8o-00019-00013013-00014158 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00020-00014159-00015118 my dreams
+YOFrTySCH8o-00021-00015119-00016212 [Applause]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00022-00016213-00016874 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00023-00016875-00017533 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00024-00017534-00018030 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00025-00018031-00018347 so
+YOFrTySCH8o-00026-00018348-00018987 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00027-00018988-00019294 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00028-00019295-00019557 that is
+YOFrTySCH8o-00029-00019558-00021503 [Music]
+YOFrTySCH8o-00030-00021504-00021712 you
+YTE-6UMniW8-00000-00000149-00000478 [Music]
+YTE-6UMniW8-00001-00000479-00000907 um
+YTE-6UMniW8-00002-00000908-00002063 [Music]
+YTE-6UMniW8-00003-00002064-00002198 is
+YTE-6UMniW8-00005-00010211-00011223 i'm in here
+YTE-6UMniW8-00007-00014480-00014687 you
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00000-00000041-00000401 but it shows us later the real problem
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00001-00000401-00000709 is so when I talk about climate change I
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00002-00000710-00001031 don't stir anymore by talking about the
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00003-00001032-00001534 science science science nine-time now I
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00004-00001535-00001942 start by figuring I didn't with somebody
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00005-00001943-00002110 I've al you that they have that I
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00006-00002111-00002401 actually share too and then how can I
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00007-00002402-00002681 draw the dots between that value that we
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00008-00002682-00002879 share and this issue of changing content
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00009-00002880-00003107 only at that point we need to do a nice
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00010-00003108-00003476 plate in the top solutions how can we
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00011-00003477-00003677 fix this thing together in a way that's
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00012-00003678-00004063 compatible with our views so let me take
+YUjBcpA7Drc-00013-00004064-00004394 you through like three minutes
+YVpbMaF51DY-00000-00000003-00000272 so let's take this to the current day to
+YVpbMaF51DY-00001-00000273-00000521 the president of Guatemala today because
+YVpbMaF51DY-00002-00000522-00000661 at the same time you were interviewing
+YVpbMaF51DY-00003-00000662-00000985 these soldiers you interviewed the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00004-00000986-00001225 Guatemalan president at least the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00005-00001226-00001702 Guatemalan president today in 2013 yes
+YVpbMaF51DY-00006-00001703-00002077 the the senior officer the commander in
+YVpbMaF51DY-00007-00002078-00002531 neva was a man who used the code name my
+YVpbMaF51DY-00008-00002532-00002941 or Tito major Tito it turns out that
+YVpbMaF51DY-00009-00002942-00003127 that man's real name was Otto Perez
+YVpbMaF51DY-00010-00003128-00003470 Molina Otto Perez Molina later ascended
+YVpbMaF51DY-00011-00003471-00003754 to general and today he is the president
+YVpbMaF51DY-00012-00003755-00004036 of Guatemala so he is the one who was
+YVpbMaF51DY-00013-00004037-00004322 the local implementer of the program of
+YVpbMaF51DY-00014-00004323-00004640 genocide which Rios Montt is accused of
+YVpbMaF51DY-00015-00004641-00005000 carrying out this is a huge charge I
+YVpbMaF51DY-00016-00005001-00005193 mean right now it's an historic trial
+YVpbMaF51DY-00017-00005194-00005615 when it's 25 years after a past
+YVpbMaF51DY-00018-00005616-00005900 president is now being charged let's go
+YVpbMaF51DY-00019-00005901-00006268 to a clip of Otto Perez Molina the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00020-00006269-00006527 current president of Guatemala but this
+YVpbMaF51DY-00021-00006528-00006910 is 1982 in the Heartland area of key J
+YVpbMaF51DY-00022-00006911-00007142 in Northwest Guatemala northwest of
+YVpbMaF51DY-00023-00007143-00007364 Guatemala City in this video clip Otto
+YVpbMaF51DY-00024-00007365-00007592 Perez Molina is seen reading from
+YVpbMaF51DY-00025-00007593-00007810 political literature found on one of the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00026-00007811-00008395 bodies this is your interview with him
+YVpbMaF51DY-00027-00008396-00008921 [Music]
+YVpbMaF51DY-00028-00008922-00009677 that we care about in News Des Moines of
+YVpbMaF51DY-00029-00009678-00010079 ascendency scholar familias tonight
+YVpbMaF51DY-00030-00010080-00010886 [Music]
+YVpbMaF51DY-00031-00010887-00012033 [Music]
+YVpbMaF51DY-00032-00012034-00012382 don't is aqui estoy diciendo que el
+YVpbMaF51DY-00033-00012383-00012614 éxito
+YVpbMaF51DY-00034-00012615-00012982 Montoya anything okay I mean this is
+YVpbMaF51DY-00035-00012983-00013282 astounding this is the current president
+YVpbMaF51DY-00036-00013283-00013699 of Guatemala standing over these bodies
+YVpbMaF51DY-00037-00013700-00014247 tell us more well as one of the soldiers
+YVpbMaF51DY-00038-00014248-00014553 says and the the sound in the background
+YVpbMaF51DY-00039-00014554-00014966 the pet is Molina interrogated these men
+YVpbMaF51DY-00040-00014968-00015400 and soon after they were they were dead
+YVpbMaF51DY-00041-00015401-00015727 and one soldier told me off-camera that
+YVpbMaF51DY-00042-00015728-00016128 in fact after Pettis Molina interrogated
+YVpbMaF51DY-00043-00016129-00016627 them they finished them off this man
+YVpbMaF51DY-00044-00016628-00016963 pedos Molina the president actually was
+YVpbMaF51DY-00045-00016964-00017200 going by a codename at the time when was
+YVpbMaF51DY-00046-00017201-00017488 it clear that this is Pettus Molina that
+YVpbMaF51DY-00047-00017489-00017709 we have a very clear shot of him for a
+YVpbMaF51DY-00048-00017710-00017866 long time
+YVpbMaF51DY-00049-00017867-00018144 pedis Molina was trying to obscure his
+YVpbMaF51DY-00050-00018145-00018450 past and apparently hide the fact that
+YVpbMaF51DY-00051-00018451-00018916 he played this role in a supervisory
+YVpbMaF51DY-00052-00018917-00019215 position during the Highland massacres
+YVpbMaF51DY-00053-00019216-00019459 during the Guatemalan presidential
+YVpbMaF51DY-00054-00019460-00019678 campaign which pet is Molina eventually
+YVpbMaF51DY-00055-00019679-00020158 one about two years ago I got calls
+YVpbMaF51DY-00056-00020159-00020428 while I was in Asia from the Guatemalan
+YVpbMaF51DY-00057-00020429-00020596 press and from the Wall Street Journal
+YVpbMaF51DY-00058-00020597-00020839 asking whether I could vouch for the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00059-00020840-00021169 fact that my or Tito the man in the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00060-00021170-00021493 video who I encountered in the northwest
+YVpbMaF51DY-00061-00021494-00021652 highlands in the midst of the massacres
+YVpbMaF51DY-00062-00021653-00021825 whether I could vouch for the fact that
+YVpbMaF51DY-00063-00021826-00022159 my Oh Tito was in fact general Otto
+YVpbMaF51DY-00064-00022160-00022366 Perez Molina the presidential candidate
+YVpbMaF51DY-00065-00022367-00022591 and I said that I couldn't just from
+YVpbMaF51DY-00066-00022592-00022744 looking at the current videos you know
+YVpbMaF51DY-00067-00022745-00023041 people can change a lot visually over
+YVpbMaF51DY-00068-00023042-00023284 thirty thirty years so I said I couldn't
+YVpbMaF51DY-00069-00023285-00023643 be sure it turns out
+YVpbMaF51DY-00070-00023644-00023880 that and during the campaign when
+YVpbMaF51DY-00071-00023881-00024087 reporters would ask the Pettus Molina
+YVpbMaF51DY-00072-00024088-00024339 campaign is Pettus Molina my or Tito
+YVpbMaF51DY-00073-00024340-00024525 they would dodge the question they would
+YVpbMaF51DY-00074-00024526-00024855 evade they were running from it it turns
+YVpbMaF51DY-00075-00024856-00025077 out though we just learned this week
+YVpbMaF51DY-00076-00025078-00025353 that Perez Molina had admitted back in
+YVpbMaF51DY-00077-00025354-00025703 2000 that he was my Oh Tito but then
+YVpbMaF51DY-00078-00025704-00025863 apparently afterward he thought better
+YVpbMaF51DY-00079-00025864-00026168 of it and was trying to burry it and now
+YVpbMaF51DY-00080-00026169-00026616 this is potentially trouble for him he's
+YVpbMaF51DY-00081-00026617-00026795 currently president and so under
+YVpbMaF51DY-00082-00026797-00027126 Guatemalan law he enjoys immunity but
+YVpbMaF51DY-00083-00027127-00027360 once he leaves the presidency he could
+YVpbMaF51DY-00084-00027361-00027699 in theory be subject to prosecution
+YVpbMaF51DY-00085-00027700-00027885 just as Rios Montt is now being
+YVpbMaF51DY-00086-00027886-00028074 prosecuted that could be a serious
+YVpbMaF51DY-00087-00028075-00028266 motivation for him declaring himself
+YVpbMaF51DY-00088-00028267-00028449 president for life
+YVpbMaF51DY-00089-00028450-00028743 well Rios Montt seized power by a coup
+YVpbMaF51DY-00090-00028744-00029106 but one of the important facts about the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00091-00029107-00029406 situation now is that the military men
+YVpbMaF51DY-00092-00029407-00029600 don't have the power that they used to
+YVpbMaF51DY-00093-00029601-00029907 the fact that this trial is happening is
+YVpbMaF51DY-00094-00029908-00030183 an indication of that this trial is
+YVpbMaF51DY-00095-00030183-00030561 happening because the survivors refused
+YVpbMaF51DY-00096-00030562-00031011 to give up they persisted the survivors
+YVpbMaF51DY-00097-00031012-00031183 have been working on this for decades
+YVpbMaF51DY-00098-00031185-00031439 pushing to bring Rios Montt and the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00099-00031441-00031749 other generals to justice they refuse to
+YVpbMaF51DY-00100-00031750-00031790 give up
+YVpbMaF51DY-00101-00031791-00032205 they got support from international some
+YVpbMaF51DY-00102-00032206-00032588 international human rights lawyers and
+YVpbMaF51DY-00103-00032589-00032919 within the Guatemalan justice system
+YVpbMaF51DY-00104-00032920-00033179 there were a few people of integrity who
+YVpbMaF51DY-00105-00033180-00033498 ascended to positions of some authority
+YVpbMaF51DY-00106-00033499-00033807 within the prosecutorial system within
+YVpbMaF51DY-00107-00033808-00034187 the judiciary and so we now have this
+YVpbMaF51DY-00108-00034188-00034688 near political miracle of a country
+YVpbMaF51DY-00109-00034689-00035019 bringing to trial its former dictator
+YVpbMaF51DY-00110-00035020-00035325 for genocide well the president of the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00111-00035326-00035580 country who was implicated in those
+YVpbMaF51DY-00112-00035581-00035931 killings sits by Allen this video that
+YVpbMaF51DY-00113-00035932-00036207 we have a view interviewing Pettus
+YVpbMaF51DY-00114-00036208-00036464 Molina again as you said he
+YVpbMaF51DY-00115-00036465-00036686 to the Guatemalan newspaper print
+YVpbMaF51DY-00116-00036687-00036943 celebrity in 2000 that he used the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00117-00036944-00037259 nickname Tito is quite astounding so
+YVpbMaF51DY-00118-00037260-00037475 let's go to another clip where you're
+YVpbMaF51DY-00119-00037476-00038137 talking to him about the kind of support
+YVpbMaF51DY-00120-00038138-00038805 [Music]
+YVpbMaF51DY-00121-00038806-00040311 [Music]
+YVpbMaF51DY-00122-00040312-00042706 [Music]
+YVpbMaF51DY-00123-00042707-00043067 aerospace various classes d'amour
+YVpbMaF51DY-00124-00043068-00043217 Tarot's pero las que estamos aa spot
+YVpbMaF51DY-00125-00043218-00043512 areas pequeñas del Muerto Compellent a
+YVpbMaF51DY-00126-00043513-00044036 mortar OS n Tamila metros y tiene muchos
+YVpbMaF51DY-00127-00044037-00044698 destrosa c muy muy bueno resultado
+YVpbMaF51DY-00128-00044699-00044815 patria
+YVpbMaF51DY-00129-00044816-00045727 ante personal personal party ah no es
+YVpbMaF51DY-00130-00045728-00046814 fácil de transport are y hace operation
+YVpbMaF51DY-00131-00046815-00046868 [Applause]
+YVpbMaF51DY-00132-00046869-00047857 [Music]
+YVpbMaF51DY-00133-00047858-00048551 domination so this is again the current
+YVpbMaF51DY-00134-00048552-00048830 president pedis Molina of Guatemala the
+YVpbMaF51DY-00135-00048831-00049181 general you met in highlands in 1982
+YVpbMaF51DY-00136-00049182-00049508 asking for more aid
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00000-00000031-00000383 Green Island also known by other names
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00001-00000384-00000736 is a small volcanic island in the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00002-00000737-00001169 Pacific Ocean about 33 kilometers 21
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00003-00001170-00001622 miles off the eastern coast of Taiwan it
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00004-00001623-00001991 has 15 point zero nine to square
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00005-00001992-00002452 kilometers 5.83 square miles at high
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00006-00002453-00002780 tide and seventeen point three to nine
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00007-00002781-00003106 square kilometers six point six nine
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00008-00003107-00003511 square miles at low tide making it the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00009-00003513-00003749 Republic of China's seventh largest
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00010-00003750-00004204 island the island as administered as Luo
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00011-00004205-00004529 Dao township a rural township of Taitung
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00012-00004530-00004772 County in one of the counties two
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00013-00004773-00005084 offshore areas the other being Orchid
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00014-00005085-00005513 Island the island once served as a penal
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00015-00005514-00005783 colony for political prisoners during
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00016-00005784-00006106 taiwan's period of martial law although
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00017-00006107-00006472 today it is primarily known as a tourist
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00018-00006473-00007117 hotspot
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00019-00007118-00007688 topic names
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00020-00007689-00008042 the island was known as sama sana Sam
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00021-00008043-00008336 asana and as Sam asana island in the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00022-00008337-00008671 19th and early 20th century a
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00023-00008672-00008825 transcription of its
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00024-00008826-00009128 amos nems an acai
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00025-00009129-00009624 the name Green Island is a calque of the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00026-00009625-00009960 islands Chinese name written Luo Dao in
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00027-00009961-00010238 traditional characters and Luo Dao in
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00028-00010239-00010674 simplified characters it is also known
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00029-00010675-00010988 as Ludo or Ludo from the pinyin
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00030-00010989-00011262 romanization of the names Mandarin
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00031-00011263-00011585 pronunciation as Luo Dao from its way
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00032-00011586-00011945 Giles romanization and as lek - from its
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00033-00011946-00012351 Hokkien pronunciation the name was
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00034-00012352-00012627 adopted by the Republic of China on
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00035-00012628-00013083 August 1st 1949 at the behest of Huang
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00036-00013084-00013440 Shi Hung Vuong she hung the magistrate
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00037-00013441-00013668 of Tai dong
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00038-00013669-00013982 before that it was usually known as
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00039-00013983-00014400 bonfire Island or Hugh shall a calque of
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00040-00014401-00014786 its original Chinese name Hugh Xiao Tao
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00041-00014787-00015533 who Oh Xiao Tao whoo Oh shout
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00042-00015534-00016101 topic history
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00043-00016102-00016440 the island was originally inhabited by
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00044-00016441-00016814 the aboriginal armas people
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00045-00016815-00017228 in March 1864 the British Brig
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00046-00017229-00017533 Susan Douglas was swept off course and
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00047-00017534-00017908 wrecked on the island her captain then
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00048-00017909-00018194 sailed buy junk from the island to Gao
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00049-00018195-00018575 Xiang and the Royal Navy gunboat HMS
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00050-00018576-00018893 bustard found and rescued the remainder
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00051-00018894-00019246 of the survivors in the early 1870s
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00052-00019247-00019553 William Campbell saw the island from
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00053-00019554-00019883 aboard the Daphne and wrote
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00054-00019884-00020272 we cited also the island of Samana which
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00055-00020273-00020669 as 34 miles north of Boat L Tobago and
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00056-00020670-00021044 fully 15 miles east from the Formosan
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00057-00021045-00021469 village of PO song consoles swing ho
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00058-00021470-00021724 supposes that it is inhabited by
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00059-00021725-00022088 fishermen of liuchuan origin but captain
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00060-00022089-00022603 Belcher of HMS Sam Ranck auld there in
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00061-00022604-00023012 1845 and found the population to consist
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00062-00023013-00023282 of about a hundred and fifty Chinese
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00063-00023283-00023666 from the region of Amoy they were then
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00064-00023667-00023936 gathered into one village and have
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00065-00023937-00024338 greatly increased since that time
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00066-00024339-00024800 on the 11th of December 1937 the dollar
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00067-00024801-00025196 steamship company luxury ocean liner SS
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00068-00025197-00025472 President Hoover ran aground in a
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00069-00025473-00025989 typhoon on a reef at Jong Leal Bay all
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00070-00025991-00026516 503 passengers and 330 crew survived and
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00071-00026517-00026924 were safely brought ashore over the next
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00072-00026925-00027305 few days the cargo liners SS President
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00073-00027306-00027611 McKinley and SS president Pierce took
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00074-00027612-00027908 the survivors of the island helped by
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00075-00027908-00028205 boats provided by the Japanese Cruiser
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00076-00028206-00028586 Asha Gaara and an Imperial Japanese Navy
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00077-00028587-00028735 destroyer
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00078-00028736-00029087 dollar line sold president Hoover's
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00079-00029088-00029375 wreck to a Japanese salvage company
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00080-00029376-00029606 which spent the next three years
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00081-00029607-00030044 breaking her up in situ in response to
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00082-00030045-00030352 the wreck members of the US public gave
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00083-00030354-00030658 money through the American Red Cross for
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00084-00030660-00030962 a lighthouse to be built near John Leal
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00085-00030963-00031083 village
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00086-00031085-00031471 ludo or lewd a lighthouse was designed
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00087-00031472-00031811 by Japanese engineers built by local
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00088-00031812-00032213 Islanders in 1938 and as thirty three
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00089-00032214-00032608 point three meters 109 feet high a
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00090-00032610-00032924 shipwreck of Dutch origin dating to the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00091-00032925-00033894 19th century was found in June 2013
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00092-00033895-00034430 topic prisons
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00093-00034431-00034808 Green Island first served as an isolated
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00094-00034809-00035117 spot and place of Exile for political
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00095-00035118-00035339 prisoners during the martial law period
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00096-00035340-00035636 of Taiwanese history under the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00097-00035637-00035936 Kuomintang and especially in the white
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00098-00035937-00036350 terror after their release many of the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00099-00036351-00036712 prisoners jailed between the late 1940s
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00100-00036713-00037025 and the late 1980s went on to establish
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00101-00037026-00037385 the Democratic Progressive Party most
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00102-00037386-00037955 notably XI main teh cartoonist Bo Young
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00103-00037956-00038370 served his prison terms there
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00104-00038371-00038661 the place where most of the political
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00105-00038662-00039018 prisoners such as she mayn't eeh were
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00106-00039019-00039567 held was Green Island Lodge loo - and
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00107-00039568-00040068 you own Oasis village was the main penal
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00108-00040069-00040458 colony the prison was later closed and
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00109-00040459-00040782 its interior is now open to the public
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00110-00040783-00041277 Green Island prison Luo Dao Jian Yu is
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00111-00041278-00041540 also on the island and has housed
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00112-00041541-00041811 prisoners considered to be among
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00113-00041812-00042137 Taiwan's most dangerous criminals and
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00114-00042138-00042585 gangsters however this has changed in
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00115-00042586-00043218 recent years
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00116-00043219-00043823 topic geography
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00117-00043824-00044152 the island has formed a volcanic thule
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00118-00044153-00044489 ight andesite and volcanic explosive
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00119-00044490-00044818 fragments with an area of 15 square
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00120-00044819-00045262 kilometers the volcano erupted from the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00121-00045263-00045671 Pliocene to Pleistocene eras it is part
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00122-00045672-00045986 of the Luzon volcanic arc magma was
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00123-00045987-00046262 formed from under thrusting oceanic
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00124-00046263-00046529 crust under compression at a depth of
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00125-00046530-00047065 about 25 kilometers 16 miles the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00126-00047066-00047377 andesite rock contains some visible
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00127-00047378-00047768 crystals of pyroxene or AMPA Bowl the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00128-00047769-00048062 geochemistry of the rock shows it is
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00129-00048063-00048374 enriched in potassium strontium and
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00130-00048375-00048706 rubidium and light rare earth elements
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00131-00048707-00049502 chromium and nickel are depleted
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00132-00049503-00050008 topic vana
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00133-00050009-00050401 the island as a habitat for deer goats
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00134-00050402-00050790 chameleons giant bats coconut crabs and
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00135-00050791-00051601 resident and migratory birds
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00136-00051602-00052266 topic local population
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00137-00052266-00052677 in 1995 fewer than half of the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00138-00052678-00053189 registered 2634 residents of the island
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00139-00053190-00053571 actually lived on the island the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00140-00053572-00053847 population as dwindling due to the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00141-00053848-00054215 difficulty of finding jobs on the island
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00142-00054216-00054620 the island has two preschools one
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00143-00054621-00054957 kindergarden two elementary schools and
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00144-00054958-00055319 one middle school to pursue any
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00145-00055320-00055592 education at the senior high school
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00146-00055594-00055944 level or above islanders must move to
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00147-00055945-00056376 the main island of taiwan public service
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00148-00056377-00056724 centers include one seniors home one
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00149-00056725-00057216 library and one community center
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00150-00057217-00057529 the villages and the settlement julu oh
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00151-00057529-00057804 they administer our
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00152-00057804-00058126 John Leal village
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00153-00058127-00058467 Zhang Li Alcon Zhang Li AO
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00154-00058469-00058752 nan Lau village
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00155-00058753-00059086 nan Leal con nan Lao
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00156-00059087-00059394 nan liao you gong
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00157-00059395-00059750 you gang dongwon village
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00158-00059751-00060111 dong-gwon con Gangwon
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00159-00060112-00060441 dong-gwon Chico
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00160-00060442-00061074 chai Cola Magoo Lou Margot da who
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00161-00061075-00061371 da who Xue er ping Zuo ping the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00162-00061372-00061643 following abandoned Aboriginal tribal
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00163-00061644-00061949 settlements also belong to GaN Guan
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00164-00061950-00062125 village
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00165-00062126-00062379 Yuja who
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00166-00062379-00062723 you see who Nancy who
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00167-00062724-00063074 Nancy who Haitian ping
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00168-00063075-00063382 hi can ping device'
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00169-00063383-00063807 da bye
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00170-00063808-00064470 topic power generation
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00171-00064471-00064817 the island is powered by its only diesel
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00172-00064819-00065195 fired power plant with a capacity of
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00173-00065196-00065663 29.1 megawatts consisting of 28 units of
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00174-00065664-00066320 generation
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00175-00066321-00066992 topic tourist attractions
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00176-00066993-00067441 Green Island human rights culture park
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00177-00067442-00067996 Luda lighthouse Green Island dive sites
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00178-00067997-00068264 recreational diving is popular for
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00179-00068265-00068464 visitors
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00180-00068465-00068722 there are many dive sites that are
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00181-00068723-00069034 established with walkways down to ocean
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00182-00069035-00069457 about 150 meter off she'll own lies the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00183-00069458-00069757 biggest reef attraction big mushroom
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00184-00069758-00070120 coral its height about 12 meters width
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00185-00070121-00070448 around 31 meters
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00186-00070449-00070862 Joey hot spring seawater heated from the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00187-00070863-00071153 volcanic action and raised to surface
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00188-00071154-00072251 next to coral reefs at 53 and pH 7.5
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00189-00072252-00072887 topic transportation
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00190-00072888-00073237 Green Island as accessible by airplane
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00191-00073238-00073574 landing in the luda Airport in 15
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00192-00073575-00073819 minutes from Taichung Airport in
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00193-00073820-00074230 Taichung City there are also ferries
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00194-00074231-00074625 capable of carrying over 250 passengers
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00195-00074626-00074944 reaching nan Lau Harbour nan Leo you
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00196-00074945-00075287 gang in around 50 minutes from phu gong
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00197-00075288-00076129 fishery harbor in taichung city
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00198-00076130-00076670 topic books
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00199-00076671-00076955 Green Island as a subject in the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00200-00076956-00077183 following book
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00201-00077184-00077681 Green Island a novel not 2016 by Shauna
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00202-00077682-00078362 young Ryan
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00203-00078363-00078970 topic see also
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00204-00078971-00079450 list of islands of Taiwan list of
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00205-00079451-00079900 islands in the East China Sea list of
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00206-00079901-00080313 islands of China free area of the
+YWMUbJP1FAk-00207-00080314-00080644 Republic of China
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00000-00000112-00000615 [Music]
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00001-00000616-00000862 so how can you increase your flexibility
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00002-00000863-00001054 using nlp
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00003-00001055-00001327 and i thought it would be a great topic
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00004-00001328-00001574 for this week's week's video because
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00005-00001575-00001734 it's something that you need to have if
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00006-00001735-00001902 you're a coach yourself in the coaching
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00007-00001903-00002110 business or you're into self-coaching
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00008-00002111-00002310 and personal development flexibility
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00009-00002311-00002455 well first of all you need to understand
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00010-00002456-00002639 what what it what it is and how it
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00011-00002640-00002942 relates so first of all flexibility is a
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00012-00002943-00003150 marker of emotional intelligence so the
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00013-00003151-00003383 higher that it is the more emotionally
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00014-00003384-00003543 intelligent you are
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00015-00003544-00003806 and emotional intelligence ties to
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00016-00003807-00003999 things like our happiness and our
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00017-00004000-00004191 well-being
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00018-00004192-00004438 and flexibility is your ability and your
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00019-00004439-00004591 tendency
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00020-00004592-00004886 to adapt to changing situations and and
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00021-00004887-00005047 this is especially
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00022-00005048-00005183 challenging
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00023-00005184-00005535 when the changing situations are have a
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00024-00005536-00005743 potential for a pain impulse
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00025-00005744-00006047 are unfamiliar to you
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00026-00006048-00006279 things like that and so you could look
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00027-00006280-00006470 at inflexibility
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00028-00006472-00006967 as a tendency to want to hold on
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00029-00006968-00007159 to what you know
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00030-00007159-00007351 and that's not a in essence when you
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00031-00007352-00007606 think about it it's not a negative thing
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00032-00007608-00007783 because what you know
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00033-00007784-00008055 you have mastery yet you have been doing
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00034-00008056-00008134 it
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00035-00008136-00008439 it has often been working for you many
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00036-00008440-00008639 times it was maybe part of your
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00037-00008640-00008814 upbringing
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00038-00008815-00008991 but what happens is is that your
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00039-00008992-00009142 inflexibility
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00040-00009143-00009414 has it has an unconscious
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00041-00009415-00009727 competence meaning you're really good at
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00042-00009728-00010014 adding flexibility but you're not aware
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00043-00010015-00010119 of it
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00044-00010120-00010223 right
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00045-00010224-00010446 that means that sometimes when there's
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00046-00010447-00010774 changing situations like a pandemic like
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00047-00010775-00010991 a knock in your business like a knock in
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00048-00010992-00011246 your life like a divorce your children
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00049-00011247-00011542 going off to college whatever it is we
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00050-00011543-00011767 go on this mastery
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00051-00011768-00012095 and mastery unconscious competence in
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00052-00012096-00012263 what we're used to
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00053-00012264-00012559 may not work in this new situation
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00054-00012560-00012855 that's the problem okay so the first
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00055-00012856-00013055 thing that you need to do in terms of a
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00056-00013056-00013279 technique if you will
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00057-00013280-00013399 is to kind of
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00058-00013400-00013815 switch on to become conscious in nlp we
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00059-00013816-00014103 use the meta model for that or you can
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00060-00014104-00014279 even go into a what's the positive
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00061-00014280-00014591 intent that motivates this behavior and
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00062-00014591-00014855 and and having an inflexibility the
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00063-00014856-00015158 unwillingness to adapt is a behavior so
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00064-00015159-00015350 what underlies it
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00065-00015351-00015638 what's the positive intent that
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00066-00015640-00015927 motivates the unwillingness to change
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00067-00015928-00016063 yeah what is it
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00068-00016063-00016247 what emotion
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00069-00016247-00016663 do you get as a result of wanting that
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00070-00016664-00016879 old thing what is it that you get and
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00071-00016880-00017207 often people go well i've learned that
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00072-00017208-00017479 this other situation gives me positive
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00073-00017480-00017727 emotions gives me security
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00074-00017728-00017967 safety and we want to hold on to that
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00075-00017968-00018158 because we want to have that security
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00076-00018159-00018422 safety protection comfort it's what we
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00077-00018423-00018503 know
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00078-00018504-00018743 it's what we're learned to do maybe even
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00079-00018744-00018943 from our parents and our teachers and
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00080-00018944-00019183 our society
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00081-00019184-00019479 that new thing is the big unknown we
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00082-00019480-00019767 often haven't never done it before it
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00083-00019768-00020055 feels uncomfortable it feels like i
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00084-00020056-00020279 don't know about this i have no mastery
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00085-00020280-00020430 here
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00086-00020431-00020614 so you go what's the positive intent
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00087-00020615-00020807 that motivates this behavior in the
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00088-00020808-00021086 inflexibility gives you an answer as to
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00089-00021087-00021239 what you need to create
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00090-00021240-00021407 in this new choice
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00091-00021408-00021599 the problem with this new choice it's
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00092-00021600-00021903 not alive in your brain
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00093-00021904-00022191 and your brain cannot attach to this
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00094-00022192-00022543 unless it it can future pace itself
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00095-00022544-00022639 to see
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00096-00022640-00022943 hear and feel not a negative outcome
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00097-00022944-00023175 where everything goes bad but when it
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00098-00023176-00023591 can see hear and feel a positive outcome
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00099-00023592-00023847 so you need to train it you need to feed
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00100-00023848-00024094 it the right data so
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00101-00024095-00024271 let's just say
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00102-00024272-00024583 i i run a small
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00103-00024584-00024799 training business that operates all over
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00104-00024800-00025150 the world has three four staff members
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00105-00025151-00025471 but my training locations in bali shut
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00106-00025472-00025734 down because of the pandemic
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00107-00025735-00025918 la was a challenge
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00108-00025919-00026150 miami training venue would be in
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00109-00026151-00026455 guaranteed covet spread
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00110-00026456-00026767 i cannot get into the u.s
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00111-00026768-00026990 what happens okay
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00112-00026991-00027183 let's train in mexico
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00113-00027183-00027543 what if my students are uh
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00114-00027544-00027790 get covered well let's make sure
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00115-00027791-00028039 that we put a lot of safety measures in
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00116-00028039-00028287 place like right now for instance in
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00117-00028288-00028487 the next la training the next mexico
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00118-00028488-00028743 training i'm i'm traveling with a whole
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00119-00028744-00028879 batch of
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00120-00028880-00028958 uh
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00121-00028960-00029190 covet tests that can easily be done 15
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00122-00029191-00029462 minutes before the first day of training
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00123-00029463-00029670 copying the numbers and so you kind of
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00124-00029672-00029807 go well okay
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00125-00029808-00030007 what's my unknown yeah so i had to
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00126-00030008-00030231 research a lot i had to go
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00127-00030232-00030390 okay i don't know where to train in
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00128-00030391-00030639 mexico well okay let's get that
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00129-00030639-00030870 information a lack of information equals
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00130-00030872-00031135 stress i need to negotiate training
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00131-00031136-00031302 venues i need to look at pictures on
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00132-00031303-00031607 airbnbs i need to talk to realtors
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00133-00031608-00031783 what if i cannot afford it well i don't
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00134-00031783-00031974 even know how much it costs let's figure
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00135-00031975-00032190 it out let's strike a great deal where i
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00136-00032191-00032343 can pay for the majority of the training
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00137-00032344-00032623 venue a day before the clusters
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00138-00032624-00032767 um
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00139-00032768-00032927 what if people don't come well then i
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00140-00032928-00033135 need to market differently
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00141-00033136-00033302 so if this
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00142-00033303-00033615 disaster thing or this unknown comes
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00143-00033616-00033846 into my brain i go well if this then
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00144-00033847-00034046 that i need to fix that i need to get
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00145-00034047-00034374 the information i need to see hear and
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00146-00034375-00034631 feel whatever the outcome of the
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00147-00034632-00034974 solution is so i need to create a
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00148-00034975-00035335 sensory based experience in my head of
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00149-00035336-00035527 something that's good
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00150-00035528-00035790 the unknown i need to get information so
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00151-00035791-00036151 i create that situation of okay so now i
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00152-00036152-00036367 don't know what i'm supposed to see here
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00153-00036368-00036639 and feel let's do an action let's get
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00154-00036640-00036830 information now i know what i will see
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00155-00036831-00037062 your hand and feel what about that okay
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00156-00037063-00037255 let's do an action what will i see here
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00157-00037256-00037359 and feel
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00158-00037360-00037599 so i'm creating this vivid experience in
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00159-00037600-00037871 my mind where i create that safety
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00160-00037872-00038111 protection and security that i was after
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00161-00038112-00038335 in the first place
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00162-00038336-00038527 so i built that and built that and built
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00163-00038528-00038790 that but how why didn't i not talk
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00164-00038791-00039087 myself out of that well that's thanks to
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00165-00039088-00039318 mel robbins to be honest
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00166-00039319-00039559 she says brilliant coach mel robbins go
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00167-00039560-00039767 look up look her up okay
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00168-00039768-00040062 five second rule anytime that you need
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00169-00040063-00040279 to when something comes in your head or
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00170-00040280-00040471 you need to make a decision decide in
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00171-00040472-00040662 five seconds because you talked yourself
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00172-00040663-00041039 out of it so i go action get information
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00173-00041040-00041279 sort make a decision call people
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00174-00041280-00041695 get expertise whatever it is
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00175-00041696-00041927 so slowly and surely i start to paint a
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00176-00041928-00042239 picture in my head that works i keep
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00177-00042240-00042430 adapting i keep changing
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00178-00042431-00042630 also i'm willing to use a model of
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00179-00042631-00042911 excellence in this case in mexico i
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00180-00042912-00043183 didn't know anyone who had done what i
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00181-00043184-00043415 wanted to do before but if i did i would
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00182-00043416-00043615 have called them and say hey can you
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00183-00043616-00043823 paint me a picture
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00184-00043824-00044007 does that ring true to you can you give
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00185-00044008-00044255 me what does it sound look like feel
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00186-00044256-00044343 like
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00187-00044344-00044630 to organize this training how can i pull
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00188-00044631-00044758 that off
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00189-00044759-00045062 how can i create a vivid
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00190-00045063-00045255 movie in my mind with sounds with
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00191-00045256-00045487 feelings with even smells and taste
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00192-00045488-00045639 and just get it done
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00193-00045640-00045783 and so
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00194-00045784-00046062 this is me from mexico the bali training
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00195-00046063-00046311 is canceled and i had to be flexible so
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00196-00046312-00046543 we're going to be back in mexico here in
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00197-00046544-00046751 puerto morelos
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00198-00046752-00047115 tropical paradise see you around
+YaAE4o5tlXy-00199-00047116-00047524 [Music]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00000-00000000-00001926 [Music]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00001-00001927-00002282 so
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00003-00010368-00011107 do
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00005-00019623-00019964 foreign
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00006-00019965-00020878 [Music]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00007-00020879-00020995 [Applause]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00008-00020996-00022174 [Music]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00009-00022175-00022185 [Applause]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00010-00022186-00022416 [Music]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00011-00022417-00022799 [Applause]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00012-00022800-00023885 [Music]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00013-00023886-00023957 [Applause]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00014-00023958-00025666 [Music]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00015-00025667-00026183 [Music]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00016-00026185-00026886 [Applause]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00017-00026887-00027438 [Music]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00018-00027439-00027531 [Applause]
+YaB7v8KsRO8-00020-00039696-00039903 you
+YezJMNUPlNy-00000-00000107-00000509 foreign
+YezJMNUPlNy-00001-00000509-00000815 okay so this is a variation of a an
+YezJMNUPlNy-00002-00000816-00001204 incline uh dumbbell fly
+YezJMNUPlNy-00003-00001205-00001385 the hand position is going to be the
+YezJMNUPlNy-00004-00001386-00001558 most important thing on this
+YezJMNUPlNy-00005-00001559-00001852 but again I'm not placing my my bum on
+YezJMNUPlNy-00006-00001853-00002026 at the seat I'm gonna let my shoulders
+YezJMNUPlNy-00007-00002027-00002279 hang over the back of the bench as you
+YezJMNUPlNy-00008-00002280-00002518 can see there bring them back
+YezJMNUPlNy-00009-00002519-00002849 so in this position the dumbbells are
+YezJMNUPlNy-00010-00002850-00002999 going to be in front of my eyes
+YezJMNUPlNy-00011-00003000-00003245 I'm going to put a slight Bend into my
+YezJMNUPlNy-00012-00003246-00003431 elbows and I'm going to bring them back
+YezJMNUPlNy-00013-00003432-00003538 over
+YezJMNUPlNy-00014-00003539-00003754 in line with my ears
+YezJMNUPlNy-00015-00003755-00003929 and as I get down I want to bring them
+YezJMNUPlNy-00016-00003929-00004079 back up again and I'm going to be
+YezJMNUPlNy-00017-00004079-00004331 pushing and driving through my chest
+YezJMNUPlNy-00018-00004332-00004781 and down again
+YezJMNUPlNy-00019-00004782-00005152 and notice I'm taking them back over
+YezJMNUPlNy-00020-00005153-00005363 and as I'm coming up I'm taking them
+YezJMNUPlNy-00021-00005364-00005536 back in front of my eyes again
+YezJMNUPlNy-00022-00005537-00005788 so stay really focused on this
+YezJMNUPlNy-00023-00005789-00005993 it's not about going too heavy it's
+YezJMNUPlNy-00024-00005994-00006209 about control this weight and keep it in
+YezJMNUPlNy-00025-00006210-00006496 your form absolutely perfect
+YezJMNUPlNy-00026-00006497-00006677 if you just notice where I'm holding the
+YezJMNUPlNy-00027-00006678-00006881 dumbbell I'm holding bang in the center
+YezJMNUPlNy-00028-00006881-00007091 so I'm not holding them to the end I'm
+YezJMNUPlNy-00029-00007092-00007259 not holding that side I'm holding them
+YezJMNUPlNy-00030-00007259-00007564 bang on into the center so one last time
+YezJMNUPlNy-00031-00007565-00007834 in front of our eyes shoulders are hung
+YezJMNUPlNy-00032-00007836-00007973 over the bench
+YezJMNUPlNy-00033-00007973-00008485 we're fixing position back over
+YezJMNUPlNy-00034-00008486-00008705 and every time
+YezJMNUPlNy-00035-00008706-00008945 we're squeezing this
+YezJMNUPlNy-00036-00008946-00009064 through
+YezJMNUPlNy-00037-00009065-00009287 our chest
+YezJMNUPlNy-00038-00009288-00009419 and again
+YezJMNUPlNy-00039-00009420-00009683 this is great for the top proportion if
+YezJMNUPlNy-00040-00009684-00009992 you pick the upper pick
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00000-00000000-00000340 thank you everyone for being here one of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00001-00000341-00000545 the things I love about global trainings
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00002-00000546-00000911 is that sense of being part of a globe
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00003-00000911-00001283 so if you as Lee said want to introduce
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00004-00001284-00001511 yourself in the chat and maybe also say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00005-00001512-00001726 what time of day is it where on your
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00006-00001727-00001973 part of the planet that's kind of a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00007-00001973-00002183 visceral way for us to experience
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00008-00002184-00002597 ourselves as being part of a globe
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00009-00002598-00002902 um I'm gonna today talk about some
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00010-00002903-00003065 theory behind
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00011-00003066-00003347 um campaigning and my own experience of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00012-00003347-00003665 it as well as stories that I've
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00013-00003665-00003995 um learn from from around the world and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00014-00003996-00004217 I would love for your participation I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00015-00004218-00004385 recognize a lot of people are choosing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00016-00004386-00004654 cameras off for a variety of reasons but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00017-00004655-00005002 I hope you'll use the chat or um you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00018-00005003-00005147 know even come on and share your
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00019-00005148-00005411 thoughts at different points uh because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00020-00005412-00005615 I think this really is a session where
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00021-00005616-00005938 we can learn from each other
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00022-00005939-00006233 um I'm gonna start with some stories and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00023-00006234-00006413 and the first story I'll tell is my own
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00024-00006414-00006725 experience of becoming an activist
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00025-00006726-00007078 I was in the Peace Corps in Botswana in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00026-00007079-00007481 southern Africa in the 1980s right after
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00027-00007481-00007696 college and that was a really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00028-00007697-00007948 transformative experience for me living
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00029-00007950-00008209 in Botswana for two and a half years
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00030-00008210-00008542 Botswana is right next to South Africa
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00031-00008543-00008819 which was in the midst of major major
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00032-00008820-00009160 political struggle and so my teaching
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00033-00009161-00009496 Mentor was a South African Refugee
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00034-00009497-00009719 um and through the 1980s I got to know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00035-00009720-00009923 other South Africans and hear about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00036-00009924-00010163 their struggle and it was very
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00037-00010164-00010409 politicizing so I came back to the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00038-00010410-00010606 United States really wanted to be an
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00039-00010607-00010763 activist
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00040-00010764-00010960 and then had a lot of frustrating
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00041-00010961-00011224 experiences to be honest
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00042-00011225-00011506 um I would show up to like a big March
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00043-00011507-00011795 or a big protest on an issue and then
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00044-00011796-00012106 feel like nothing really changed
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00045-00012107-00012346 um and for many years it seemed like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00046-00012347-00012551 every protest I went to was about a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00047-00012552-00012793 different issue than the last thing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00048-00012794-00013043 every time the United States invaded
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00049-00013044-00013211 another country there would be a big
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00050-00013212-00013403 protest but then it wouldn't really make
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00051-00013404-00013786 a difference so I started feeling kind
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00052-00013787-00014075 of cynical and disempowered to be honest
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00053-00014076-00014435 and it was meeting a group that really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00054-00014436-00014813 used campaigning the idea of having a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00055-00014813-00015257 focused sustained effort of change
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00056-00015258-00015569 specific change over time that really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00057-00015569-00015779 changed my understanding of how people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00058-00015780-00015994 can make a difference and that was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00059-00015995-00016163 especially important as I started
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00060-00016163-00016480 working on climate change because you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00061-00016481-00016636 know we need to be as effective as
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00062-00016637-00017003 possible we don't have that much time to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00063-00017004-00017213 make the changes we want to make if we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00064-00017214-00017507 want to really avoid you know the worst
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00065-00017508-00017663 scenarios
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00066-00017664-00017999 and so I'm really excited today to share
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00067-00018000-00018239 some of those lessons about how to be
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00068-00018240-00018611 more effective how to use our time well
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00069-00018612-00018785 um and I'm going to start with telling
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00070-00018786-00019019 some stories but before I do that I just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00071-00019020-00019186 really want to glance at the chat
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00072-00019187-00019372 because it's so fun to see
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00073-00019373-00019697 um people coming in from Madrid where
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00074-00019698-00019936 it's the afternoon
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00075-00019937-00020339 um someone in Paris
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00076-00020340-00020525 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00077-00020526-00020741 Slovenia
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00078-00020742-00021208 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 8 P.M
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00079-00021209-00021485 um Mumbai India
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00080-00021486-00021575 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00081-00021576-00021827 that's terrific um thank you all for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00082-00021828-00022030 introducing yourself and I I hope
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00083-00022031-00022343 they'll uh keep coming in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00084-00022344-00022817 um I'm gonna let's see share my screen
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00085-00022818-00023117 just to give you some pictures of uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00086-00023118-00023549 some of the stories that I'll be telling
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00087-00023550-00023747 um and I mentioned living in southern
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00088-00023748-00024017 Africa and so I want to start with a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00089-00024018-00024269 South African story
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00090-00024270-00024622 um when when I was there in the 1980s
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00091-00024623-00024821 there were these massive massive marches
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00092-00024822-00025091 but as I started reading the history I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00093-00025092-00025313 began to understand that it wasn't just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00094-00025314-00025684 the massive marches that resulted in a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00095-00025685-00025877 dramatic change in the political
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00096-00025877-00026243 structure it was really campaigning so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00097-00026244-00026452 one of the formative campaigns was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00098-00026454-00026770 called the Defiance campaign and for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00099-00026772-00027035 those who don't know so South Africa was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00100-00027036-00027383 colonized by the British and the Dutch
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00101-00027383-00027502 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00102-00027504-00027767 and there was a large European settler
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00103-00027768-00028096 population so that once kind of the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00104-00028097-00028402 direct colonization was over there was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00105-00028404-00028511 still
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00106-00028512-00028811 um this racial hierarchy where whites
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00107-00028812-00029045 basically ruled everything had most of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00108-00029045-00029152 the wealth
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00109-00029154-00029524 and in the 1940s there was this moment
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00110-00029525-00029740 where things might either liberalize or
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00111-00029741-00029957 they might get worse and instead they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00112-00029958-00030246 got worse and a very fascist
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00113-00030247-00030539 political party was elected but by the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00114-00030539-00030857 white population in 1948 that started
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00115-00030858-00031324 really doubling down on racist laws
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00116-00031325-00031517 um and there had been a political
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00117-00031518-00031714 movement the African National Congress
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00118-00031716-00032008 had already existed for decades by this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00119-00032010-00032368 point but they were not campaigners
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00120-00032369-00032668 um they were mostly African Elites who
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00121-00032669-00032873 would occasionally write letters to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00122-00032874-00033161 London complaining about the situation
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00123-00033162-00033527 in South Africa asking for uh British
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00124-00033528-00033851 leaders to do something but they they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00125-00033852-00034067 weren't using the kind of strategies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00126-00034068-00034193 we're going to talk about in this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00127-00034194-00034307 Workshop
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00128-00034308-00034529 what started to change was that in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00129-00034530-00034793 1940s there was a new generation
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00130-00034794-00035165 that brought a different energy and a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00131-00035166-00035374 belief that we have to take things into
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00132-00035375-00035651 our own hands uh and so one of those
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00133-00035652-00035885 young leaders was Nelson Mandela who's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00134-00035886-00036071 in the middle of the picture on the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00135-00036072-00036318 right smoking a cigarette
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00136-00036319-00036743 he was part of the ANC youth league and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00137-00036744-00036965 the youth as in the climate movement
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00138-00036966-00037199 sometimes bring new energy right and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00139-00037200-00037565 ambition and so they had this idea of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00140-00037566-00037829 really directly resisting the racist
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00141-00037830-00038189 laws that had been passed
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00142-00038190-00038512 um so this campaign in 1952 was really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00143-00038513-00038740 groundbreaking for a couple of reasons
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00144-00038741-00039046 they decided on the strategy of having
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00145-00039047-00039502 people non-violently break racist laws
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00146-00039503-00039767 um they decided to do it as a coalition
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00147-00039768-00040205 between blacks Indians and whites
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00148-00040206-00040612 and to openly defy laws so the picture
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00149-00040613-00040829 on the left
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00150-00040830-00041099 um is at one of their planning meetings
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00151-00041100-00041339 and these three are up singing kind of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00152-00041340-00041608 the ANC theme song well just that by
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00153-00041609-00041830 itself was illegal under the segregation
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00154-00041831-00042118 laws for blacks and white to be on stage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00155-00042119-00042430 together let alone singing uh a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00156-00042431-00042677 subversive song
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00157-00042678-00043007 um and so during this campaign in 1952 8
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00158-00043008-00043427 000 people were arrested in South Africa
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00159-00043428-00043721 um they were not successful in changing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00160-00043722-00043943 those laws immediately
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00161-00043944-00044183 but what was important about this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00162-00044184-00044524 campaign was that it galvanized people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00163-00044525-00044929 in a new way the anc's membership meant
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00164-00044930-00045262 went from a few Elite Africans to tens
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00165-00045263-00045508 of thousands of people joining
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00166-00045509-00045851 um it really became a mass movement it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00167-00045852-00046061 showed people a way that they could
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00168-00046062-00046271 fight back
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00169-00046272-00046385 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00170-00046386-00046690 and make an impact it showed them a way
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00171-00046691-00046936 that they could work together it showed
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00172-00046937-00047243 them that there could be cross-racial
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00173-00047244-00047536 Coalition and it really brought to the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00174-00047537-00047771 fore this younger generation of leaders
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00175-00047772-00048107 so I pointed out Mandela on the right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00176-00048108-00048358 um I'll also point out the the white guy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00177-00048359-00048545 in The Middle on the picture of the left
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00178-00048546-00048821 is Alby sacks
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00179-00048822-00049246 um it it was over 40 years before Nelson
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00180-00049247-00049451 Mandela actually became president of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00181-00049452-00049636 South Africa where they really had a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00182-00049637-00049901 total transformation of the legal system
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00183-00049902-00050165 and Alby Sachs was one of the people who
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00184-00050166-00050399 wrote the new Constitution and ended up
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00185-00050400-00050561 on the Supreme Court
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00186-00050562-00050807 so this might be sobering for climate
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00187-00050808-00051071 activists because the Arc of change was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00188-00051072-00051196 so long
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00189-00051197-00051454 but I wanted to start with it as an
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00190-00051455-00051664 example of a campaign that really made a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00191-00051665-00051863 difference without necessarily winning
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00192-00051864-00052390 what they wanted in the short term
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00193-00052391-00052637 the Second Story I want to start with is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00194-00052638-00052776 more recent
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00195-00052777-00053116 and they did win what they wanted
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00196-00053117-00053303 um relatively quickly it was the right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00197-00053304-00053700 to drive campaign in Saudi Arabia in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00198-00053701-00054100 2011. uh manal Sharif was one of the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00199-00054101-00054491 most prominent leaders like the Defiance
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00200-00054491-00054773 campaign this campaign was based on the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00201-00054774-00055042 idea that there's this big system with
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00202-00055044-00055259 lots of things that are wrong and we're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00203-00055260-00055535 gonna highlight that in this case by
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00204-00055536-00055792 just choosing one thing so in this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00205-00055794-00056009 campaign they just picked the issue of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00206-00056010-00056104 driving
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00207-00056105-00056404 and said the law says that women can't
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00208-00056405-00056585 drive
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00209-00056586-00056903 we think that's ridiculous so we're just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00210-00056904-00057016 gonna drive
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00211-00057017-00057197 and of course many of these women have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00212-00057198-00057413 been educated in the west had experience
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00213-00057414-00057629 driving and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00214-00057629-00057953 um so manal al-sharif drove and had a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00215-00057954-00058138 friend videotape it and put it on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00216-00058139-00058379 YouTube so then it got on Twitter and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00217-00058379-00058529 Facebook
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00218-00058529-00058811 um of course the Saudi government took
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00219-00058812-00059219 the videos down but that actually helped
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00220-00059220-00059476 get International attention and then the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00221-00059477-00059723 New York Times wrote a story about it Al
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00222-00059724-00059950 Sharif was arrested and released a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00223-00059951-00060154 couple of times
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00224-00060155-00060365 um but the whole situation and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00225-00060366-00060575 especially as International awareness of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00226-00060576-00060754 it grew
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00227-00060755-00060887 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00228-00060888-00061211 put the Saudi regime in a dilemma
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00229-00061212-00061511 either oh and so of course then what
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00230-00061512-00061756 happens is other women start driving too
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00231-00061757-00061985 right so some of them were brave enough
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00232-00061986-00062303 to videotape it and post it but many
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00233-00062304-00062500 didn't want to take that risk but they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00234-00062501-00062741 were willing to take the risk of driving
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00235-00062741-00062926 and so there's this feeling that the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00236-00062927-00063137 government is not in charge anymore so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00237-00063138-00063292 they have a choice they can either start
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00238-00063294-00063575 arresting lots of women and get worse
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00239-00063576-00063911 International press
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00240-00063912-00064199 um or they can ignore the situation and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00241-00064200-00064379 more and more women will drive and they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00242-00064379-00064619 will look stupid for not enforcing their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00243-00064620-00064954 own laws or they can change the law and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00244-00064955-00065219 pretend that they're like more liberal
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00245-00065220-00065411 than they actually are and so that was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00246-00065412-00065585 the choice they made so this was a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00247-00065586-00065867 campaign that won in overturning the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00248-00065868-00066388 rule that women couldn't drive
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00249-00066389-00066629 so I want to pause there and just think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00250-00066630-00066905 of those two stories or other stories
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00251-00066906-00067241 that you know and please put in the chat
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00252-00067242-00067456 any thoughts you have about what are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00253-00067457-00067787 some advantages of an ongoing targeted
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00254-00067788-00068105 campaign and by that I mean a campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00255-00068106-00068465 that picks a piece of an issue
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00256-00068466-00068735 you know with a specific demand a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00257-00068736-00068938 specific you know decision maker that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00258-00068939-00069167 you're challenging and that works at it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00259-00069168-00069455 over time not just one big protest but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00260-00069456-00069706 something that really works over time
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00261-00069707-00069965 and I'm gonna um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00262-00069966-00070211 go out of screen share so I can read
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00263-00070212-00070925 your comments more easily
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00264-00070926-00071323 welcome from Tanzania and joburg Kenya
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00265-00071324-00071699 Nigeria great welcome
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00266-00071700-00071897 um so for anyone who missed it I would
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00267-00071898-00072131 okay great thanks Frank
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00268-00072132-00072412 um if others want to put advantages of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00269-00072413-00072641 this type of campaigning one advantage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00270-00072642-00072899 is it's easier to follow all
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00271-00072900-00073397 developments for the media
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00272-00073398-00073588 Frank would you be interested in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00273-00073589-00073756 unmuting and explaining a little bit
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00274-00073757-00073997 more what you mean about that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00275-00073998-00074194 I won't put people on the spot if they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00276-00074195-00074465 don't want to be but um but I'd like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00277-00074466-00074729 yeah
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00278-00074730-00074969 yeah I think in in this sense maybe in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00279-00074970-00075191 the Saudi in the Saudi sense it was in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00280-00075192-00075353 the end almost helpful for them because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00281-00075354-00075532 it made them look much more liberal than
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00282-00075533-00075749 they were and that also led to some
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00283-00075750-00075917 glowing profiles of the new leader of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00284-00075918-00076073 Saudi Arabia that were maybe not so well
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00285-00076074-00076229 deserved and he put all the activists in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00286-00076230-00076397 jail which probably you know after he
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00287-00076398-00076661 Juiced a little but I think like the the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00288-00076662-00076853 the the specificity of the issue makes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00289-00076854-00077069 it super easy for media to follow the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00290-00077070-00077225 New York Times tries to assess whether
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00291-00077226-00077494 Saudi Arabia is more liberal or not
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00292-00077495-00077711 uh but they can always and that's a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00293-00077712-00077879 difficult assessment to make but they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00294-00077880-00078005 can always assess whether the driving
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00295-00078006-00078226 laws are still in place I think it makes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00296-00078227-00078371 it easier to follow I think that's also
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00297-00078372-00078544 the reason why amnesty would focus on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00298-00078545-00078761 one activist as a symbol for a group of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00299-00078762-00078994 actors it's better than
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00300-00078995-00079181 an entire system of speech and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00301-00079182-00079456 Association Etc
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00302-00079457-00079775 yeah that's great thank you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00303-00079776-00080123 um let's see some other comments here
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00304-00080124-00080238 um from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00305-00080239-00080591 uh Anastasia I'm from Ukraine advantages
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00306-00080592-00080788 you have a higher chance of winning the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00307-00080789-00081029 specific issue right if you tried to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00308-00081030-00081232 change all the laws in Saudi Arabia at
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00309-00081233-00081467 once that's going to be a tougher fight
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00310-00081468-00081617 and that may have been one of the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00311-00081618-00081821 challenges of the Defiance campaign is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00312-00081822-00082006 that they took on a whole group of laws
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00313-00082007-00082318 at once
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00314-00082319-00082553 um you one day please correct me if I'm
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00315-00082554-00082829 saying people's names wrong uh it's a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00316-00082830-00082997 realistic approach not getting
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00317-00082998-00083309 overwhelmed by all that is wrong Focus
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00318-00083310-00083500 small wins or something to celebrate
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00319-00083501-00083753 that is a really important Point
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00320-00083754-00084047 um campaigning can be daunting and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00321-00084048-00084359 depressing sometimes and so having those
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00322-00084360-00084665 small wins things that you can show that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00323-00084666-00084862 you're building power is really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00324-00084863-00085055 important for inspiring people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00325-00085056-00085343 recruiting new people gaining confidence
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00326-00085344-00085571 that change is possible yeah that's all
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00327-00085572-00085709 really true
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00328-00085710-00085912 and Pika I'm reading these out loud just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00329-00085913-00086111 in case it's hard for anyone to read the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00330-00086112-00086291 chat that sometimes happens depending on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00331-00086292-00086531 what technology people are on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00332-00086532-00086741 um there's such information overflow
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00333-00086742-00086944 these days and so many important issues
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00334-00086945-00087143 that it's easier to get and keep the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00335-00087144-00087365 audience's attention if you repeat the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00336-00087366-00087647 message often in different ways great
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00337-00087648-00087862 thanks
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00338-00087863-00088025 um anybody else want to come on and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00339-00088026-00088253 share some some thoughts about the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00340-00088254-00088925 advantages of campaigning
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00341-00088926-00089243 if not I will just go back to screen
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00342-00089244-00089579 share I think all the things that oh go
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00343-00089580-00089656 ahead
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00344-00089657-00089849 oh yeah I was just gonna say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00345-00089850-00090097 um like when you do campaigns sometimes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00346-00090098-00090431 you grow your
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00347-00090432-00090712 um engagement from like stakeholders
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00348-00090713-00090971 that you might not have thought would
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00349-00090972-00091150 join your efforts and then you can you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00350-00091151-00091438 know build out your team further and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00351-00091439-00091673 have more people to strategize with gain
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00352-00091674-00091973 partners and allies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00353-00091974-00092188 yeah thank you for that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00354-00092189-00092362 um and in both of the stories I told I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00355-00092363-00092537 actually forgot to say this about South
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00356-00092538-00092818 Africa but in both of them gaining
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00357-00092819-00093065 International allies was a benefit to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00358-00093066-00093329 the activists because the things that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00359-00093330-00093497 they did were dramatic enough to get
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00360-00093498-00093685 International press
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00361-00093686-00093965 and I want to acknowledge on on this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00362-00093966-00094205 call especially that we have people from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00363-00094206-00094517 different places who are operating in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00364-00094518-00094756 really different circumstances and some
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00365-00094757-00095044 are more dangerous than others and so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00366-00095045-00095267 how people think about campaigning is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00367-00095268-00095711 gonna vary depending on your situation
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00368-00095712-00095909 um but especially if you're in a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00369-00095910-00096226 situation where you know violence or
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00370-00096227-00096535 imprisonment you know are real concerns
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00371-00096536-00096862 that factor of having International
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00372-00096863-00097211 allies can be really helpful in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00373-00097212-00097529 providing at least some degree of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00374-00097530-00097811 um protection it it's not a guarantee
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00375-00097812-00098074 but there are lots of stories
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00376-00098075-00098291 um where having having International
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00377-00098292-00098656 attention helped to um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00378-00098657-00099197 avoid potential violence
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00379-00099198-00099382 so I think there's lots of things to say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00380-00099383-00099688 about this this is um one of uh you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00381-00099689-00099803 some of the things that I would
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00382-00099804-00099971 highlight and I think it relates to some
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00383-00099972-00100181 of the things you all have said
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00384-00100182-00100331 um we can be more effective when we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00385-00100332-00100600 focus activist energy even though there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00386-00100601-00100894 may be many many many problems
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00387-00100895-00101074 um if we do a little bit on all of them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00388-00101075-00101412 we'll be less effective than if we focus
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00389-00101413-00101699 campaigning also takes initiative away
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00390-00101700-00101909 from Power holders
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00391-00101910-00102143 there's a kind of activism that is just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00392-00102144-00102454 about reacting to or protesting what
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00393-00102455-00102736 power holders have done and campaigning
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00394-00102738-00102971 is a way of saying we are going to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00395-00102972-00103228 choose our own timeline we are going to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00396-00103229-00103571 decide when we act and it's not based on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00397-00103572-00103852 responding to what someone else has done
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00398-00103853-00104260 it can really build pressure over time
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00399-00104261-00104471 um can make a concrete difference in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00400-00104472-00104644 people's lives I mean being able to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00401-00104645-00104999 drive as an example but sometimes those
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00402-00105000-00105310 little wins are not only a chance to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00403-00105311-00105557 celebrate but they actually matter to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00404-00105558-00105869 people it can build momentum for The
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00405-00105870-00106084 Wider movement and develop leaders for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00406-00106085-00106277 The Wider movement which is one of the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00407-00106278-00106457 reasons I started with the Defiance
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00408-00106458-00106727 campaign in South Africa
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00409-00106728-00106936 um on the face of it it wasn't that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00410-00106938-00107152 successful in terms of winning demands
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00411-00107153-00107393 but it was really successful at
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00412-00107394-00107652 developing leaders and building momentum
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00413-00107653-00108113 for the movement
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00414-00108114-00108328 so let's just pause
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00415-00108329-00108508 um and acknowledge what are some of the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00416-00108509-00108784 reasons people don't do ongoing targeted
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00417-00108785-00109216 campaigns
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00418-00109217-00109408 I just mentioned one of them but I wanna
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00419-00109409-00109619 I would love to hear from you all again
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00420-00109620-00109793 you can put things in the chat and I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00421-00109794-00110021 think we're a small enough group
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00422-00110022-00110104 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00423-00110105-00110273 that if you really want to speak just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00424-00110274-00110428 come off mute
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00425-00110429-00110651 um and I'm I'm open to that as long as
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00426-00110652-00111065 it doesn't get too crazy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00427-00111066-00111358 uh let's see Anastasia go ahead
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00428-00111359-00111599 see your hand up and up
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00429-00111600-00111886 um hey so I think that um very often
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00430-00111888-00112283 people don't do the campaigns because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00431-00112283-00112469 um I believe one of the reasons could be
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00432-00112470-00112816 that uh the thing the matter is urgent
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00433-00112817-00113177 and then also sometimes people might not
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00434-00113178-00113483 be aware uh that uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00435-00113483-00113884 um how to do the campaign or the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00436-00113885-00114263 I haven't come up like they don't yeah
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00437-00114264-00114436 or they don't know that you can actually
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00438-00114438-00114725 do a campaign and sometimes they can be
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00439-00114726-00115036 just impatient probably they want this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00440-00115038-00115421 change now and yeah so I think these are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00441-00115422-00115690 like the major reasons for why people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00442-00115691-00115997 don't campaign sometimes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00443-00115998-00116345 yeah I want to um like highlight a few
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00444-00116346-00116525 of the things that you said like people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00445-00116526-00116740 don't know I think that was really true
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00446-00116741-00117089 for me like no one in school said like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00447-00117090-00117286 oh here's how you could be a social
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00448-00117288-00117478 activist right the version of History
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00449-00117479-00117731 was all about what the leaders did it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00450-00117732-00117952 wasn't about what Grassroots people did
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00451-00117953-00118331 and so that's why trainings like this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00452-00118332-00118607 um are really important so people can
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00453-00118608-00118852 learn stories and then once you know a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00454-00118853-00119075 few stories you know to look for others
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00455-00119076-00119386 because I I guarantee like every country
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00456-00119388-00119686 here has some history of people doing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00457-00119688-00119933 Grassroots organizing that we can tap
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00458-00119933-00120208 into but most of us are not taught that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00459-00120209-00120460 history in school
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00460-00120461-00120634 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00461-00120635-00120784 so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00462-00120785-00120910 um Pika mentioned there's such
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00463-00120911-00121169 information overflow these days and so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00464-00121170-00121349 many important issues that it's easier
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00465-00121350-00121534 to get and keep the audience's attention
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00466-00121535-00121702 if you oh wait no sorry that was from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00467-00121703-00121925 before I I thought that was in response
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00468-00121926-00122171 to why not campaign I I think that's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00469-00122172-00122440 also true though for why people don't
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00470-00122441-00122716 um as someone in the United States I'll
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00471-00122717-00122999 say that after uh Donald Trump was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00472-00123000-00123208 elected president he said something
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00473-00123209-00123413 outrageous and offensive like every
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00474-00123414-00123652 single day so every day people went and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00475-00123653-00123934 protested on some different thing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00476-00123935-00124247 um and it was especially new people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00477-00124248-00124481 coming into activism it was hard to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00478-00124482-00124643 convince them that they would be more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00479-00124644-00124877 effective by picking one thing than
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00480-00124878-00125147 responding to everything because there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00481-00125148-00125489 was so much on Twitter and and whatnot
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00482-00125490-00125686 um and Frank points out the situation is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00483-00125688-00125908 too overwhelming the issue feels too big
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00484-00125909-00126154 yeah I think it's sometimes a sense of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00485-00126155-00126371 fear and franticness that makes us not
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00486-00126372-00126575 campaign that makes us feel like we have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00487-00126576-00126934 to respond to everything at once
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00488-00126935-00127319 hi I'm Tracy from Jamaica
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00489-00127320-00127547 um for me I feel like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00490-00127548-00127751 there's just so much information going
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00491-00127752-00127966 around and it's been shared by just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00492-00127967-00128110 about everyone you know by the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00493-00128111-00128339 government by just random persons who
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00494-00128340-00128501 think that this is the real information
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00495-00128502-00128843 and so it's almost like okay why bother
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00496-00128844-00129010 and then there are so many people who do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00497-00129011-00129160 not know because when you engage them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00498-00129161-00129281 you realize that they don't actually
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00499-00129282-00129586 know the the truth but then it's like oh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00500-00129588-00129828 my gosh like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00501-00129829-00130108 it just feels like it's just a lonely
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00502-00130109-00130402 road you know to come up with this to do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00503-00130403-00130631 the right thing because other somebody's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00504-00130632-00130793 gonna trump it the government is gonna
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00505-00130794-00130973 do it because there's money in it and it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00506-00130974-00131171 does feel so overwhelming too
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00507-00131172-00131435 to make that move
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00508-00131436-00131675 yeah thank you Tracy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00509-00131676-00131831 um I think that's another reason for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00510-00131832-00132052 international Gathering so we don't we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00511-00132053-00132281 we have to remember we're not alone even
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00512-00132282-00132437 though I can feel that way sometimes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00513-00132438-00133054 thank you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00514-00133055-00133240 um and mercy says sometimes the moment
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00515-00133241-00133481 to act or Galvanize for change may be
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00516-00133482-00133702 too brief
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00517-00133703-00133840 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00518-00133841-00134111 yeah that's interesting I think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00519-00134112-00134459 I I would argue that one advantage of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00520-00134460-00134693 campaigning is that we create our own
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00521-00134694-00135064 moments to act but it is true that some
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00522-00135065-00135395 moments are more ripe than others right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00523-00135396-00135581 um that there are moments when the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00524-00135582-00135761 public becomes really galvanized and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00525-00135762-00135989 there are moments when repression really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00526-00135990-00136259 increases and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00527-00136260-00136463 um so sometimes acting in that in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00528-00136464-00136823 between space can be especially fruitful
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00529-00136824-00137111 if people are ready to grab the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00530-00137112-00137363 opportunity
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00531-00137364-00137614 all right I'm gonna go on some with uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00532-00137615-00137819 with some more stories and with some
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00533-00137820-00138040 more kind of principles of campaigning
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00534-00138041-00138340 and invite you to kind of translate this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00535-00138341-00138701 to whatever your own circumstance is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00536-00138702-00138966 um but I want to talk a little bit about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00537-00138967-00139307 how we choose a Target how we choose
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00538-00139308-00139709 what we're going to uh focus on when
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00539-00139710-00140069 there are so many issues
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00540-00140070-00140254 um and this story is from the United
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00541-00140255-00140723 States uh from the Civil Rights era
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00542-00140724-00140939 um these four young men got known as the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00543-00140940-00141125 Greensboro for because they were from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00544-00141126-00141359 Greensboro North Carolina
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00545-00141360-00141563 and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00546-00141564-00141635 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00547-00141636-00141863 I know you all probably know U.S history
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00548-00141864-00142181 better than uh than uh we're taught
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00549-00142182-00142397 history of other countries but in case
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00550-00142398-00142511 you don't know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00551-00142512-00142769 um in that era
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00552-00142770-00143207 um the American South had very similar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00553-00143208-00143483 segregation laws to South Africa where
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00554-00143484-00143783 it was illegal for these young black men
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00555-00143784-00144095 to sit at the counter and order a cup of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00556-00144096-00144413 coffee in the U.S South so in the north
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00557-00144414-00144814 there was segregation that wasn't by law
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00558-00144815-00145193 but by kind of practice but someone
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00559-00145194-00145414 could order a cup of coffee you know if
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00560-00145415-00145601 they were black in a restaurant in say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00561-00145602-00145847 my City Philadelphia but not in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00562-00145848-00146140 Greensboro North Carolina
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00563-00146141-00146339 um and that applied to many many things
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00564-00146340-00146531 about where people lived where people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00565-00146532-00146723 went to school Etc
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00566-00146724-00146981 so Joseph McNeil
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00567-00146982-00147245 um actually at Christmas time went to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00568-00147246-00147539 visit family in the north where things
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00569-00147540-00147887 weren't segregated legally and then when
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00570-00147888-00148175 he came back to the South he was just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00571-00148176-00148385 really struck with how ridiculous it was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00572-00148386-00148601 he couldn't buy a hot dog at the bus
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00573-00148602-00148883 station because he was black and so he
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00574-00148884-00149152 went back to his college friends who had
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00575-00149153-00149459 been studying Gandhi and non-violence in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00576-00149460-00149609 class
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00577-00149610-00149854 and he said what could we do what could
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00578-00149855-00150076 we do that would be in that Spirit of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00579-00150077-00150419 Gandhi to challenge the way things are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00580-00150420-00150695 and so they decided to pick this one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00581-00150696-00151025 restaurant well uh Woolworths isn't just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00582-00151026-00151235 a restaurant it was a store that also
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00583-00151236-00151457 sold like clothing and things like that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00584-00151458-00151859 but it had this restaurant bar part
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00585-00151860-00152051 they said we'll dress up we'll wear our
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00586-00152052-00152243 nicest clothes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00587-00152244-00152483 well I think they uh purchased something
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00588-00152484-00152669 the first day so that they could say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00589-00152670-00152909 they were customers and then they went
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00590-00152910-00153083 and they sat down at the lunch counter
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00591-00153084-00153275 and asked for a cup of coffee
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00592-00153276-00153551 and they were refused service
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00593-00153552-00153923 so they just sat there until Woolworths
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00594-00153924-00154175 closed
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00595-00154176-00154390 people were so impressed with The
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00596-00154391-00154714 Bravery of this act and the symbolism of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00597-00154715-00154913 this act because a cup of coffee is kind
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00598-00154914-00155135 of like driving it's something that many
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00599-00155136-00155333 people can relate to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00600-00155334-00155452 and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00601-00155453-00155669 um so then other students started doing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00602-00155670-00155975 the same thing and it spread across the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00603-00155976-00156178 U.S South
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00604-00156179-00156401 um where you know in all kinds of cities
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00605-00156402-00156731 students especially were showing up
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00606-00156732-00156911 um you know taking over the lunch
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00607-00156912-00157259 counters it was a strategy that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00608-00157260-00157687 Northerners could support by boycotting
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00609-00157688-00157954 Woolworth's liberal white people could
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00610-00157955-00158152 support by going to protests against
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00611-00158153-00158333 Woolworths in other parts of the country
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00612-00158334-00158507 and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00613-00158508-00158699 um at the very beginning Woolworth said
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00614-00158700-00159028 well this isn't our problem this is has
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00615-00159029-00159226 to do with the law we just follow the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00616-00159227-00159497 law wherever we are but after several
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00617-00159498-00159887 months of these um uh sit-ins guess what
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00618-00159888-00160085 Woolworths decided that they didn't need
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00619-00160086-00160297 to follow the law they chose to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00620-00160298-00160697 desegregate their lunch counters
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00621-00160698-00160937 so I want you to take a moment and again
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00622-00160938-00161237 use the chat or come off mute
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00623-00161238-00161351 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00624-00161352-00161639 and think about what made Woolworths a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00625-00161640-00161987 great Target it was not just Woolworths
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00626-00161988-00162166 that was segregated like I said it was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00627-00162167-00162419 church it was school it was the buses it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00628-00162420-00162569 was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00629-00162570-00162743 um you know the Greyhound it was the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00630-00162744-00163073 privately owned restaurant why pick this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00631-00163074-00164214 one company
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00632-00164215-00164501 because they were a popular public space
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00633-00164502-00164849 that's one that's one answer yep what
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00634-00164850-00165509 other thoughts do people have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00635-00165510-00165821 everybody knows them exactly
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00636-00165822-00166037 and they don't have an interest in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00637-00166038-00166261 racist laws they want to sell coffee
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00638-00166262-00166564 that's a really good point and I think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00639-00166565-00166733 that's worth remembering when we start
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00640-00166734-00167026 talking about climate activism
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00641-00167027-00167440 some companies or some institutions
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00642-00167441-00167704 are just really in the business of doing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00643-00167705-00167843 the bad thing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00644-00167844-00168052 but there are other companies that are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00645-00168053-00168371 supporting them where you can maybe come
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00646-00168372-00168557 between them like their primary interest
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00647-00168558-00168875 in is in making money
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00648-00168876-00169151 um and so if the activists are costing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00649-00169152-00169285 them that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00650-00169286-00169775 then they can make a different choice
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00651-00169776-00171138 any other thoughts
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00652-00171139-00171443 I yeah I think those are all good ones
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00653-00171444-00171671 and I would just okay let's see Mercy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00654-00171672-00172061 says people could relate exactly
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00655-00172062-00172385 so sometimes the most effective
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00656-00172386-00172625 campaigns choose something like that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00657-00172626-00173009 that many people can relate to so as an
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00658-00173010-00173195 American woman I hear like what they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00659-00173196-00173387 can't even drive a car in Saudi Arabia
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00660-00173388-00173651 like that's something I can relate to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00661-00173652-00173945 um Gandhi chose salt in his Great Salt
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00662-00173946-00174143 March as the symbol because everyone
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00663-00174144-00174413 needs salt the British salt taxes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00664-00174414-00174683 disproportionately hurt poor people but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00665-00174684-00174904 rich people use salt too so it was a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00666-00174905-00175163 symbol that people was kind of uniting
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00667-00175164-00175445 and the same with coffee
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00668-00175446-00175885 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00669-00175886-00176123 and I even bought something from the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00670-00176124-00176411 store come on right right they were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00671-00176412-00176764 acting in a way that highlighted what
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00672-00176765-00177064 was wrong and stupid about the system
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00673-00177065-00177251 so that's great
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00674-00177252-00177376 um and the last thing I was going to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00675-00177377-00177569 point out was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00676-00177570-00177845 um the fact that it was a Target that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00677-00177846-00178114 made it easy for other people to be
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00678-00178115-00178409 allies to them so if they picked a store
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00679-00178410-00178702 that was only in the south then the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00680-00178703-00178852 struggle would have only been in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00681-00178853-00179111 South but by picking a national chain
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00682-00179112-00179351 people in the north could kind of show
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00683-00179352-00179645 up and and so show support
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00684-00179646-00179873 which puts more pressure on the company
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00685-00179874-00180119 but it also helps you in getting press
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00686-00180120-00180299 and and things like that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00687-00180300-00180599 that's great
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00688-00180600-00180701 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00689-00180702-00180863 I want to say one other thing about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00690-00180864-00181151 choosing targets
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00691-00181152-00181321 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00692-00181322-00181690 sometimes it's helpful to choose a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00693-00181691-00181876 Target that's not who you would think of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00694-00181877-00182266 immediately so this I forgot to put the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00695-00182267-00182537 group's name but um this is the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00696-00182538-00182826 Coalition of Immokalee workers
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00697-00182827-00183275 Immokalee is a place in Florida in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00698-00183276-00183671 U.S where it's mostly immigrants mostly
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00699-00183672-00183904 Spanish-speaking you know from Latin
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00700-00183905-00184187 America immigrants who are coming and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00701-00184188-00184445 picking tomatoes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00702-00184446-00184552 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00703-00184553-00184907 for big companies and the Tomato workers
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00704-00184908-00185140 were treated really horribly they were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00705-00185141-00185447 paid really low they were not allowed to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00706-00185448-00185663 take breaks like just to get a glass of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00707-00185664-00186023 water you know out in the hot sun and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00708-00186024-00186233 there were many people who said like the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00709-00186234-00186466 way they were treated was very close to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00710-00186467-00186611 slavery
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00711-00186612-00186881 um really abominable conditions
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00712-00186882-00187121 and the Immokalee workers were organized
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00713-00187122-00187402 they were you know organized labor
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00714-00187403-00187661 trying to fight with the people who paid
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00715-00187662-00187997 them the Tomato Growers for many years
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00716-00187998-00188213 that was their target was trying to get
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00717-00188214-00188537 the Tomato Growers to pay them more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00718-00188538-00188723 money and treat them better
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00719-00188724-00189040 but the Tomato Growers said what can we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00720-00189041-00189388 do we're selling tomatoes to big fast
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00721-00189389-00189814 food chains Wendy's McDonald's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00722-00189815-00190054 supermarkets
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00723-00190055-00190390 um and those bigger companies will only
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00724-00190391-00190763 buy from us if our tomatoes are cheap so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00725-00190764-00191014 it's not our fault we're treating you so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00726-00191015-00191243 bad
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00727-00191244-00191314 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00728-00191315-00191675 well what the Immokalee workers realized
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00729-00191676-00192064 was that they didn't have a lot of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00730-00192065-00192400 Leverage with the Tomato Growers because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00731-00192401-00192623 those people had more power than them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00732-00192624-00192923 but it was true that those people were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00733-00192924-00193175 afraid of the even bigger companies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00734-00193176-00193361 so the Immokalee workers became
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00735-00193362-00193654 successful when they actually aimed
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00736-00193655-00193757 higher
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00737-00193758-00194014 and they started with Wendy's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00738-00194015-00194152 um I know McDonald's is probably
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00739-00194153-00194309 everywhere in the world I don't know if
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00740-00194310-00194525 Wendy's is but but all these big
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00741-00194526-00194728 companies like Taco Bell you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00742-00194729-00194854 someone shaking their head you don't
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00743-00194855-00195119 have Wendy's but it's like McDonald's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00744-00195120-00195509 like all these big big chains
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00745-00195510-00195863 that like Woolworths everyone knows so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00746-00195864-00196043 everyone in the U.S knows Wendy's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00747-00196044-00196288 everyone knows McDonald's everyone knows
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00748-00196289-00196576 Taco Bell and so the Immokalee workers
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00749-00196577-00196907 started getting allies to protest those
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00750-00196908-00197249 companies saying we won't buy from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00751-00197250-00197681 Wendy's if you are buying these tomatoes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00752-00197682-00197909 that are picked by people treated so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00753-00197910-00198040 terribly
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00754-00198041-00198335 it was a really bold move to go to the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00755-00198336-00198575 bigger Target but it was actually very
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00756-00198576-00198923 very successful they created like a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00757-00198924-00199235 whole almost like fair trade kind of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00758-00199236-00199564 system where tomato Growers have to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00759-00199565-00199726 prove they're treating their workers
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00760-00199727-00200063 well in order for big companies to buy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00761-00200064-00200309 their Tomatoes now so there's last time
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00762-00200310-00200614 I checked like 11 major major firms have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00763-00200615-00200807 signed this agreement including Whole
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00764-00200808-00201143 Foods and and other Walmart which is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00765-00201144-00201364 like a really really big
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00766-00201365-00201569 uh Superstore
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00767-00201570-00201809 and that has totally changed the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00768-00201810-00202031 conditions of the workers
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00769-00202032-00202409 by going to the Target that has
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00770-00202410-00202804 um a Public Image to defend and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00771-00202805-00203333 um more influence and power really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00772-00203334-00203669 so I want to share a theory that I um I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00773-00203670-00203813 think has really helped me understand
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00774-00203814-00204197 this and then encourage you to do some
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00775-00204198-00204419 reflection about it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00776-00204420-00204604 um and I'm I'm not sure how many people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00777-00204605-00204766 have heard of this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00778-00204767-00205084 um but it is called the pillars of power
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00779-00205085-00205373 Theory or the pillars of support and it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00780-00205373-00205744 came out of research by Gene sharp on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00781-00205746-00206021 what helps dictators stay in power
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00782-00206021-00206332 and he realized that we sort of think of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00783-00206333-00206590 power more like a regular pyramid where
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00784-00206591-00206782 the powerful are on top and everybody
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00785-00206783-00207131 else is kind of smushed on the bottom
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00786-00207132-00207388 um but what his research showed was that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00787-00207389-00207712 even even a dictator or a major
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00788-00207713-00208019 corporation part of their power comes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00789-00208019-00208282 from other institutions supporting them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00790-00208283-00208498 so the Press
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00791-00208500-00208848 the military the universities
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00792-00208850-00209182 groups like that that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00793-00209183-00209262 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00794-00209263-00209548 you know maybe going along with a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00795-00209550-00209981 certain system but if we start to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00796-00209982-00210305 convince those power holders
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00797-00210306-00210455 um look kind of like with Woolworths
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00798-00210456-00210641 like Woolworth's ultimately wants to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00799-00210642-00210815 sell the coffee
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00800-00210816-00211121 um you can remove them as a pillar of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00801-00211121-00211379 support for the system
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00802-00211380-00211510 um so I'll just go back to the South
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00803-00211511-00211823 African example there were a lot of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00804-00211823-00212092 pillars holding up this really racist
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00805-00212094-00212344 system there were the segregation laws
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00806-00212346-00212525 that the Defiance campaign was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00807-00212526-00212831 protesting but the Press they that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00808-00212832-00213155 regime really controlled the Press so it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00809-00213156-00213487 was very hard to get stories
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00810-00213488-00213821 saying what was really going on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00811-00213821-00213898 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00812-00213900-00214175 you know people needed jobs so the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00813-00214176-00214391 regime kind of really tried to control
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00814-00214392-00214517 labor
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00815-00214517-00214756 there were religious institutions that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00816-00214757-00214984 went along with the status quo but then
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00817-00214985-00215134 there were all these institutions
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00818-00215135-00215398 outside of South Africa
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00819-00215400-00215632 um the United States was one of the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00820-00215633-00215891 first ones to give a big Aid package to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00821-00215892-00216077 this new really terrible right-wing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00822-00216078-00216377 government there were big companies like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00823-00216378-00216808 shell and Polaroid that and Ford that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00824-00216809-00217037 invested a lot of money in South Africa
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00825-00217038-00217337 or had factories there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00826-00217338-00217542 um and then you know International
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00827-00217544-00217882 legitimacy can come from Sports and all
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00828-00217883-00218051 kinds of things
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00829-00218052-00218344 so after that campaign I mentioned one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00830-00218346-00218542 of the things that shifted was there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00831-00218544-00218748 started to be more of an international
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00832-00218750-00219010 solidarity movement
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00833-00219011-00219244 um South Africa got banned from playing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00834-00219246-00219587 ping pong internationally and you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00835-00219588-00219742 you might think well that's silly who
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00836-00219744-00220031 cares about ping pong but it was part of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00837-00220032-00220223 a long campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00838-00220223-00220523 um the sports boycotts to make South
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00839-00220523-00220744 Africa look bad and to lose their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00840-00220746-00220960 illegitimate their legitimacy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00841-00220961-00221219 internationally
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00842-00221219-00221513 um I after I came back from Botswana I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00843-00221514-00221723 went to graduate school and this was a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00844-00221723-00222029 photo from the late 80s there was a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00845-00222030-00222317 campaign at my school to get our
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00846-00222317-00222592 University to stop investing in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00847-00222594-00222905 companies that were working in South
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00848-00222906-00223073 Africa
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00849-00223073-00223379 and on our campus this campaign failed
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00850-00223380-00223708 like this University never took their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00851-00223709-00223979 money out of South Africa so as a young
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00852-00223980-00224146 activist it was another one of those
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00853-00224148-00224369 experiences where I felt like well this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00854-00224369-00224573 didn't really make a difference
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00855-00224573-00224801 but then when I kind of went back and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00856-00224802-00224969 really understood South African history
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00857-00224969-00225346 I realized it did actually it was part
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00858-00225348-00225637 of removing that International
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00859-00225638-00225917 legitimacy and removing foreign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00860-00225917-00226198 investment so even though the divestment
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00861-00226200-00226481 campaign at my college failed it was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00862-00226482-00226769 part of a bigger movement where some of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00863-00226769-00227113 those campaigns won and it did really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00864-00227114-00227381 weaken the legitimacy of the apartheid
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00865-00227382-00227615 regime so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00866-00227616-00227903 um when things changed in the early
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00867-00227904-00228142 1990s
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00868-00228144-00228358 um it looked like change happened really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00869-00228359-00228598 really fast it looked like all of a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00870-00228600-00228784 sudden Nelson Mandela is going to be
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00871-00228785-00229051 president after he was in jail for years
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00872-00229052-00229294 and people who weren't paying attention
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00873-00229296-00229456 thought like oh my gosh this is a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00874-00229457-00229763 miracle but it wasn't it was decades of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00875-00229764-00230032 people working to remove these pillars
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00876-00230033-00230213 of power
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00877-00230214-00230381 so when I think of this in terms of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00878-00230382-00230584 climate change
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00879-00230585-00230803 um I have to remember that we're not at
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00880-00230804-00231155 1952. we we have had people working at
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00881-00231156-00231515 the pillars of power for decades
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00882-00231516-00231832 um and my hope is that like if
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00883-00231833-00232096 if you were in the mid-1980s it felt
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00884-00232098-00232282 like this system was never going to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00885-00232283-00232642 change but then change did come
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00886-00232644-00232865 um so I want us to switch to thinking
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00887-00232866-00233242 about what pillars of power prop up the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00888-00233244-00233567 fossil fuel industry
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00889-00233567-00233879 and I'm gonna stop sharing so I can read
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00890-00233880-00233963 your
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00891-00233964-00234263 comments
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00892-00234264-00235667 more easily
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00893-00235667-00235823 oh yeah
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00894-00235823-00235984 um what we're doing in Ukraine to fight
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00895-00235985-00236273 Russia we targeted EU UK us to stop
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00896-00236273-00236465 buying Russian Goods in particular
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00897-00236466-00236831 fossil fuels that's a great example and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00898-00236832-00237089 the campaign I work on is against
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00899-00237090-00237365 Vanguard which is one of the biggest
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00900-00237366-00237719 investment companies in the world and we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00901-00237719-00238013 went and we brought sunflower seeds to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00902-00238014-00238277 represent Ukraine and the climate
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00903-00238278-00238492 movement and handed them out to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00904-00238494-00238715 employees and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00905-00238716-00238984 um Vanguard did like pause buying
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00906-00238985-00239248 Russian oil right so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00907-00239250-00239537 um that's a great example of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00908-00239538-00239651 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00909-00239652-00239860 a focus that can invite international
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00910-00239861-00240456 support easily
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00911-00240457-00240821 pranks fossil free football okay that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00912-00240821-00241108 sounds great
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00913-00241109-00241360 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00914-00241361-00241523 so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00915-00241523-00241739 um what about this question about fossil
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00916-00241740-00241973 fuel pillars of support so if we think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00917-00241973-00242273 of fossil fuel companies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00918-00242273-00242369 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00919-00242369-00242651 you know whether it's Jazz prom or Exxon
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00920-00242652-00242939 or Chevron or you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00921-00242940-00243306 what have you what are the other
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00922-00243307-00243634 institutions that make it possible for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00923-00243635-00243803 them to do the terrible things they're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00924-00243804-00243953 doing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00925-00243954-00244210 so and just rattle off it could there's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00926-00244211-00244980 it's a really long list
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00927-00244981-00245303 factories okay so factories are a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00928-00245304-00245530 particular part of that system that are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00929-00245531-00246346 using fossil fuels is that what you mean
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00930-00246348-00246701 uh go ahead and unmute yourself
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00931-00246702-00246923 um yeah I just wanted to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00932-00246923-00247079 um be more of a little more specific for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00933-00247080-00247313 example in Germany
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00934-00247314-00247708 um the lobbyists uh say like oh like the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00935-00247709-00247901 fossil fuel law to say oh we cannot get
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00936-00247902-00248015 rid of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00937-00248016-00248242 um Russian fossil fuel fossil fuel in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00938-00248244-00248441 general because we're gonna freeze the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00939-00248442-00248579 winter so this shift the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00940-00248580-00248842 responsibilities to the households when
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00941-00248844-00249010 in fact
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00942-00249011-00249419 um the biggest consumer of uh gas is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00943-00249419-00249606 industry
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00944-00249607-00250001 and in this and 50 of the industry the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00945-00250002-00250271 biggest consumer of um the biggest
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00946-00250271-00250494 consumers of the fossil fuel the gas
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00947-00250496-00250960 they have the lowest employment rates
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00948-00250961-00251248 which is kind of crazy nobody talks
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00949-00251250-00251615 about it but yeah I mean so um yeah
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00950-00251616-00251956 factories uh we can Target those
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00951-00251957-00252227 factories I believe those that are the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00952-00252228-00252556 biggest consumers of the fossil fuel to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00953-00252557-00252875 yeah to fight this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00954-00252876-00253210 and then uh yeah you should just have to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00955-00253211-00253403 focus and the truth is the right and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00956-00253404-00253642 what you wanted to hear but yeah no no
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00957-00253644-00253919 that's that's a great example and um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00958-00253919-00254213 just to spin it out a little more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00959-00254214-00254519 um it's very like they they want to put
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00960-00254519-00254753 the blame on individuals right you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00961-00254754-00255094 I I know here you know you have a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00962-00255096-00255317 protest and sometimes people will say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00963-00255317-00255592 like oh did you drive or you know did
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00964-00255594-00255737 you use fossil fuels to get to that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00965-00255738-00255887 protest as if
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00966-00255888-00256242 you know it's not easy for individuals
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00967-00256244-00256553 to live apart from the economy that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00968-00256554-00256913 we're in and and it's also just not fair
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00969-00256914-00257117 to blame us for climate change when
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00970-00257117-00257303 companies are the ones making money off
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00971-00257304-00257525 of it but a factory is something that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00972-00257526-00257698 might be in between maybe they're making
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00973-00257700-00257932 clothing or something people need
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00974-00257933-00258196 clothing but you don't need to buy maybe
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00975-00258198-00258382 clothing every day the way you need to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00976-00258383-00258575 buy food
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00977-00258576-00258844 um and so they might be an institution
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00978-00258846-00259127 that you can pressure to go green or to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00979-00259128-00259415 build solar panels or you know that they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00980-00259416-00259673 could be like a campaign against one of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00981-00259673-00259858 the pillars is part of what I'm I'm
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00982-00259859-00260051 going for here
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00983-00260052-00260363 um are like other institutions we can
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00984-00260364-00260717 Target that can make a difference so uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00985-00260717-00260813 Frank mentioned government
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00986-00260814-00261046 administrations
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00987-00261048-00261346 um yeah total or shell is still it's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00988-00261348-00261569 still the norm supporting them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00989-00261569-00261653 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00990-00261654-00261946 you know so many places around the world
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00991-00261948-00262108 shell
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00992-00262109-00262415 um has done crappy things and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00993-00262416-00262780 um deadly things but they have so much
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00994-00262781-00262930 money that they've they've probably
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00995-00262931-00263153 bought politicians on every continent
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00996-00263154-00263321 you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00997-00263322-00263729 um and so highlighting that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00998-00263730-00263951 to be honest I think I think in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-00999-00263952-00264149 Dutch system you're not even able to buy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01000-00264150-00264317 politicians so it's even more stupid
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01001-00264318-00264515 than that in in the US you know at least
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01002-00264516-00264655 they're bought
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01003-00264656-00264899 our politics I'm from the Netherlands
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01004-00264900-00265043 there are politicians do they do this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01005-00265044-00265205 voluntarily so they're super good in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01006-00265206-00265427 creating the image that shells interest
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01007-00265428-00265697 or KLM or National Airlines interest is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01008-00265698-00265841 the Dutch national interest and there's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01009-00265842-00265997 many politicians especially from the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01010-00265998-00266177 center and the right and also some from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01011-00266178-00266369 the left that do just buy that argument
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01012-00266370-00266525 so you need to undermine that argument
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01013-00266526-00266741 and you can do that from the outside but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01014-00266742-00266897 but I think people can also be very
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01015-00266898-00267143 effective from the inside
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01016-00267144-00267460 those Norms that's great that's that's a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01017-00267461-00267755 really interesting example when you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01018-00267756-00267971 can't even blame it on the um the amount
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01019-00267972-00268313 of money in uh in politics that's that's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01020-00268314-00268525 very interesting and that point about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01021-00268526-00268949 governments portraying their their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01022-00268950-00269201 country's interest as being the same as
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01023-00269202-00269423 a corporation's interest is a really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01024-00269424-00269632 Insidious idea
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01025-00269633-00269777 um you're reminding me of an Indian
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01026-00269778-00270065 activist Priya pelay
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01027-00270066-00270347 um who worked for Greenpeace India
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01028-00270348-00270601 um this was I forget several years ago
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01029-00270602-00270880 and she was supposed to go to London to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01030-00270881-00271139 give a talk and the Indian government
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01031-00271140-00271427 like grounded her plane and took her off
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01032-00271428-00271619 the plane because they said she was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01033-00271620-00271943 gonna go speak uh not in the National
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01034-00271944-00272165 interest and she gave this fantastic
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01035-00272166-00272447 speech which like probably got more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01036-00272448-00272621 pressed than if she had actually just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01037-00272622-00273010 gone to London and given the talk uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01038-00273011-00273256 um where she said like her work was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01039-00273257-00273508 helping communities in India who were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01040-00273509-00273815 being displaced by coal so who decided
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01041-00273816-00274043 that the national interest is making
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01042-00274044-00274469 money from foreign corporations often as
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01043-00274470-00274643 opposed to the interest of those people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01044-00274644-00274847 who are suffering from cold you know so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01045-00274848-00275177 I do think there's a narrative about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01046-00275178-00275453 um about whose interests are being
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01047-00275454-00275687 served by what that is um really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01048-00275688-00275932 important
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01049-00275933-00276125 um Deborah from Brazil thank you our
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01050-00276126-00276310 tech support shout out
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01051-00276311-00276521 um mentioned State subsidies to fossil
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01052-00276522-00276779 fuels are still crazily high right so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01053-00276780-00276941 that's the kind of thing a campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01054-00276942-00277282 maybe goes specifically against those
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01055-00277283-00277493 subsidies um that's the kind of thing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01056-00277494-00277721 that that could be highlighted
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01057-00277722-00277913 um let's just see if there's another one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01058-00277914-00278141 or two
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01059-00278142-00278356 um and Anastasia I'm not sure if your
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01060-00278357-00278530 hand is still up from before if you've
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01061-00278531-00279089 raised it again
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01062-00279090-00279299 anybody else have one you want to point
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01063-00279300-00279767 out
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01064-00279768-00280091 uh I'm thinking of this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01065-00280092-00280505 um the teams of lawyers experts and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01066-00280506-00280756 scientists that the companies usually
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01067-00280757-00281039 have but those ones are bought off so I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01068-00281040-00281219 don't know if that counts as a separate
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01069-00281220-00281465 institution but it's crazy how you have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01070-00281466-00281579 your scientists they have their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01071-00281580-00281777 scientists you have your lawyers we have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01072-00281778-00282077 other lawyers it's crazy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01073-00282078-00282329 I I really appreciate that mercy and I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01074-00282330-00282569 think it's an example yeah there are so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01075-00282570-00282856 many groups of people who get co-opted
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01076-00282857-00283234 into working for industry and there have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01077-00283235-00283445 been successful campaigns like going
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01078-00283446-00283763 after some specific group
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01079-00283764-00283955 um like in the US right now I think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01080-00283956-00284189 there's a campaign just for the people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01081-00284190-00284632 who do PR for oil companies and like if
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01082-00284633-00284932 you represent shell and Exxon no one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01083-00284933-00285077 else is going to take your business you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01084-00285078-00285184 know we're not you're not going to get
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01085-00285185-00285382 any other business because that is so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01086-00285383-00285497 bad
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01087-00285498-00285760 um and so I think scientists are another
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01088-00285761-00286258 um group that could be highlighted
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01089-00286259-00286463 um I'm just going to list a few here a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01090-00286464-00286684 few other ones um but I think all the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01091-00286685-00286853 ones that you all said are really good
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01092-00286854-00287171 uh in some countries it's the Press
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01093-00287172-00287447 um that was very true in the US for a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01094-00287448-00287734 long time liberal media now are talking
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01095-00287735-00287921 about climate change but conservative
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01096-00287922-00288160 media still are not
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01097-00288161-00288430 um unions can be a force for change but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01098-00288431-00288617 sometimes the unions that work for the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01099-00288618-00288839 fossil fuel industry can be pillars
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01100-00288840-00289097 supporting the industry
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01101-00289098-00289337 um universities I was thinking of as
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01102-00289338-00289613 Mercy said sometimes it's the um did I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01103-00289614-00289745 say your name right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01104-00289746-00290129 um uh sometimes it's like they're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01105-00290130-00290303 getting funding for their science
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01106-00290304-00290447 programs
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01107-00290448-00290656 from the company and so they're not
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01108-00290657-00290873 going to criticize them sometimes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01109-00290874-00291197 universities have big savings or
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01110-00291198-00291419 endowments that they invest in fossil
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01111-00291420-00291665 fuels so they can be a pillar a couple
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01112-00291666-00291910 of different ways
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01113-00291911-00292321 um I especially want to highlight money
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01114-00292322-00292817 as a an area where the climate movement
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01115-00292818-00293069 has really started to focus more and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01116-00293070-00293375 more in recent years Banks
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01117-00293376-00293645 asset managers like Vanguard even
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01118-00293646-00293903 insurance companies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01119-00293904-00294239 um so whether it's like the East Africa
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01120-00294240-00294508 crude oil pipeline
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01121-00294509-00294827 um you know a way and again thinking
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01122-00294828-00295025 about how can you bring in more people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01123-00295026-00295313 to support by highlighting the companies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01124-00295314-00295432 that are gonna the international
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01125-00295433-00295630 companies that are going to make money
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01126-00295631-00295925 off of this project in Uganda and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01127-00295926-00296345 Tanzania is one way or the Ukraine
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01128-00296346-00296495 example
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01129-00296496-00296704 and I have another example from Peru
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01130-00296705-00296969 later where indigenous people actually
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01131-00296970-00297154 are coming to the United States in a few
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01132-00297155-00297653 weeks to highlight the money that is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01133-00297654-00297869 um invested in the company destroying
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01134-00297870-00298019 their region
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01135-00298020-00298360 um so all of these are ways that we can
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01136-00298361-00298630 campaign more effectively if we start to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01137-00298631-00298804 think about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01138-00298805-00299075 who can we move
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01139-00299076-00299243 um so I just want to highlight some of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01140-00299244-00299399 the ways this is playing out in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01141-00299400-00299584 climate movement there are many many
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01142-00299585-00299837 campaigns against pipelines so a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01143-00299838-00299980 pipeline is like a piece of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01144-00299981-00300221 infrastructure that's necessary for the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01145-00300222-00300515 system and it's a good way to mobilize
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01146-00300516-00300904 people who live where that pipeline
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01147-00300905-00301139 um is slated to be because that can
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01148-00301140-00301321 bring more people into the movement
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01149-00301322-00301541 sometimes people aren't thinking about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01150-00301542-00301769 this stuff until the government wants to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01151-00301770-00301954 take their land and chop down their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01152-00301955-00302129 trees right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01153-00302130-00302423 um but it's a very concrete way of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01154-00302424-00302704 interrupting and in the U.S pipeline
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01155-00302705-00302908 fights like at Standing Rock have been
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01156-00302909-00303130 really important in highlighting
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01157-00303131-00303539 indigenous rights issues
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01158-00303540-00303784 um sometimes campaigns focus on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01159-00303785-00304006 interrupting the transportation of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01160-00304007-00304151 fossil fuels
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01161-00304152-00304360 um so I love this photo and this story
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01162-00304361-00304649 from the Pacific climate Warriors in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01163-00304650-00304858 Australia
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01164-00304859-00304930 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01165-00304931-00305158 and a shout out to Daniel Hunter who's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01166-00305159-00305404 one of the people who helped to organize
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01167-00305405-00305591 this week of trainings
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01168-00305592-00305819 um he was doing a training with Pacific
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01169-00305820-00306053 climate Warriors and they were thinking
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01170-00306054-00306460 about what symbols in your country could
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01171-00306461-00306754 be really powerful in doing a campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01172-00306755-00307060 and their traditional Wooden Boats were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01173-00307061-00307325 one of those things like this is like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01174-00307326-00307523 you know deeply important to our
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01175-00307524-00307858 identity as Islanders as our traditional
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01176-00307859-00308075 boats and so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01177-00308076-00308345 um along with Australian activists in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01178-00308346-00308608 plastic kayaks they went out and were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01179-00308609-00308837 able to blockade
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01180-00308838-00309017 um and close for a day like one of the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01181-00309018-00309382 biggest coal ports in the world
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01182-00309383-00309437 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01183-00309438-00309827 by by interrupting the transportation
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01184-00309828-00310043 and so part of what's important about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01185-00310044-00310343 this kind of really bold tactic is most
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01186-00310344-00310565 groups can't sustain doing this every
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01187-00310566-00310858 day but if you have a sustained campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01188-00310859-00311267 that has drama sometimes then that can
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01189-00311268-00311573 kind of help getting attention to your
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01190-00311574-00311753 cause
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01191-00311754-00312004 as I mentioned a lot of people now are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01192-00312005-00312389 going after Banks Banks are a much safer
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01193-00312390-00312653 Target Banks really really care about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01194-00312654-00312949 their Public Image and so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01195-00312950-00313360 their um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01196-00313361-00313667 yeah they they uh like sometimes the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01197-00313668-00313853 bank will just shut down rather than
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01198-00313854-00314080 arrest people at least in the United
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01199-00314081-00314279 States that's my experience because they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01200-00314280-00314506 don't want bad press
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01201-00314507-00314603 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01202-00314604-00314932 they are harder to interrupt in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01203-00314933-00315173 dramatic way because so much money flows
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01204-00315174-00315377 around the world electronically you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01205-00315378-00315575 can't like stop the money from moving
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01206-00315576-00315904 the way those Brave folks stopped the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01207-00315905-00316229 cold ship but they are very very
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01208-00316230-00316510 susceptible to public pressure and like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01209-00316511-00316697 the Woolworths example that they really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01210-00316698-00316925 care about is making money and the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01211-00316926-00317129 fossil fuel industry is not their only
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01212-00317130-00317345 business they're invested in and so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01213-00317346-00317651 there's this potential for moving them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01214-00317652-00317765 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01215-00317766-00318017 and then this is the example I mentioned
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01216-00318018-00318137 before
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01217-00318138-00318527 um the achar people in Northern Peruvian
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01218-00318528-00318767 Amazon have been fighting to protect
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01219-00318768-00319001 their land from the oil industry for a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01220-00319002-00319367 long time you know multiple companies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01221-00319368-00319739 um have uh been you know going after
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01222-00319740-00320117 their land and Petro Peru is the one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01223-00320118-00320249 that they're fighting now this picture
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01224-00320250-00320591 is several years old from the guardian
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01225-00320592-00320849 um but this is an ongoing site so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01226-00320850-00321143 sometimes those pillars of power
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01227-00321144-00321413 can be a piece of a fight rather than a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01228-00321414-00321665 whole campaign so their main target is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01229-00321666-00321910 Petro Peru but as I mentioned they're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01230-00321911-00322180 coming to the US in a few weeks and the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01231-00322181-00322397 group I work with
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01232-00322398-00322739 um campaigning against Vanguard is going
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01233-00322740-00322949 to host an action where they're going to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01234-00322950-00323195 demand to speak to Vanguard about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01235-00323196-00323554 vanguard's role in channeling money
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01236-00323555-00324058 to this company as an investment firm
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01237-00324059-00324323 um so I I'm gonna um glance at the chat
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01238-00324324-00324508 one more time and then we're gonna get
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01239-00324509-00324773 in small groups and I would love to give
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01240-00324774-00324929 you a chance to talk to each other
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01241-00324930-00325103 there's so much wisdom in this group
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01242-00325104-00325265 including the people who have been
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01243-00325266-00325475 staying on mute I really hope that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01244-00325476-00325703 you'll um come off mute for the small
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01245-00325704-00326087 group discussion and meet folks um and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01246-00326088-00326267 learn from each other
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01247-00326268-00326632 um we're gonna uh let's see
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01248-00326633-00326945 take I think about 10 minutes to talk
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01249-00326946-00327251 about what are you struggling with in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01250-00327252-00327467 your own country uh what are the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01251-00327468-00327730 injustices or the climate villains that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01252-00327731-00327989 you'd like to topple and then to think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01253-00327990-00328254 about this tool of the pillars of power
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01254-00328255-00328637 what are the institutions holding the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01255-00328638-00328865 status quo in place that you could maybe
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01256-00328866-00329201 chip away at that might be vulnerable to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01257-00329202-00329345 change kind of in the way that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01258-00329346-00329554 Woolworths
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01259-00329555-00329825 um was vulnerable to change more so than
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01260-00329826-00330101 the laws themselves
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01261-00330102-00330347 um so let me just see if there's any
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01262-00330348-00330587 clarifying questions before we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01263-00330588-00331727 take a little time to do that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01264-00331728-00331984 great so I'm not seeing any clarifying
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01265-00331985-00332147 questions
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01266-00332148-00332206 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01267-00332207-00332501 are we about ready to go into small
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01268-00332502-00332645 groups
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01269-00332646-00332975 we are ready yeah all right well have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01270-00332976-00333419 fun and we will see you in 10 minutes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01271-00333420-00333647 I'll send a little warning like five
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01272-00333648-00333875 minutes out uh and I assume you're gonna
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01273-00333876-00334282 help each other share the time
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01274-00334283-00334493 yes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01275-00334494-00334769 so sending you out to the groups thank
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01277-00338646-00338897 if there's anyone having trouble getting
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01278-00338898-00339106 into a small group
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01279-00339107-00339497 um you're about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01280-00339498-00339737 I would love to hear about some of the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01281-00339738-00339832 things
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01282-00339833-00340067 um that you all talked about and if we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01283-00340068-00340234 can start with an invitation to people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01284-00340235-00340517 who haven't spoken um much yet that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01285-00340518-00340721 would be great
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01286-00340722-00340997 um if anyone is willing to come on and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01287-00340998-00341189 just tell us a little bit either about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01288-00341190-00341447 your own situation or
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01289-00341448-00342808 um any themes that came up in your group
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01290-00342809-00343073 uh Musa
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01291-00343074-00343649 okay yeah good afternoon everybody
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01292-00343650-00343775 I'm sorry
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01293-00343776-00344171 I said good afternoon oh good afternoon
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01294-00344172-00344363 good evening
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01295-00344364-00344639 yeah I'm yeah my name is Musa tonko I'm
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01296-00344640-00345034 from Nigeria
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01297-00345035-00345256 yeah so in the in the small room we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01298-00345257-00345491 discuss uh you know you know varying
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01299-00345492-00345787 issues for example uh you know I've
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01300-00345788-00346030 informed them of the situations we have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01301-00346031-00346271 right now in Nigeria you know we are now
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01302-00346272-00346613 in a transition you know periods we are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01303-00346614-00346871 you know we are planning for election
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01304-00346872-00347213 next year by February so the country is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01305-00347214-00347453 right now you know in a tense situation
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01306-00347454-00347687 you know campaigns you know are going on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01307-00347688-00348028 you know presidential candidates are you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01308-00348029-00348275 know making their promises ahead of the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01309-00348276-00348671 next year uh election by February you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01310-00348672-00348923 know God willing so but uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01311-00348924-00349228 but I have a very uh serious question
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01312-00349229-00349565 that I raised in the group you know um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01313-00349566-00349937 the solar energy you know that you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01314-00349938-00350189 we have been uh exploring for example in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01315-00350190-00350441 Nigeria we have uh we have a solar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01316-00350442-00350603 energy potential a big you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01317-00350604-00350932 potential in Nigeria so now my worried
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01318-00350933-00351071 is about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01319-00351072-00351430 you know the uh the solar panels you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01320-00351431-00351604 know they say they have a lot a live
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01321-00351605-00351977 span like like after some years they are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01322-00351978-00352175 expected to expire for example like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01323-00352176-00352487 after 25 or 30 years so now is there any
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01324-00352488-00352732 plan that we have on ground on how to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01325-00352733-00353087 dispose you know this uh solar panel
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01326-00353088-00353332 because I see like maybe after like 30
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01327-00353333-00353615 years they're going to be I mean maybe a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01328-00353616-00353878 kind of uh a junk or a nuisance to the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01329-00353879-00354047 to the environment like the way we have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01330-00354048-00354239 with the plastic so I don't know if
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01331-00354240-00354527 there is a plan or any kind of a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01332-00354528-00354778 sustainable plan that we're going to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01333-00354779-00355060 expose you know uh this uh what they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01334-00355061-00355241 call this solar panel or maybe there's a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01335-00355242-00355758 plan to recycle them I don't know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01336-00355759-00356080 thank you that's a great question
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01337-00356081-00356399 um that I don't have a great answer for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01338-00356400-00356819 um it could easily be the the focus of a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01339-00356820-00357065 campaign right to get into place a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01340-00357066-00357275 mechanism for that it could be something
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01341-00357276-00357610 that creates jobs in the future
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01342-00357611-00358030 um to set up a way to recycle solar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01343-00358031-00358258 panels if there's someone here who has a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01344-00358259-00358463 good answer to that who wants to put it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01345-00358464-00358739 in the chat that would be great I'm
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01346-00358740-00358913 sorry that I don't have an answer for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01347-00358914-00359110 that and I want to especially
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01348-00359111-00359430 acknowledge that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01349-00359431-00359813 there are serious justice issues
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01350-00359814-00360145 in the way our economy works now
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01351-00360146-00360334 that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01352-00360335-00360575 um we really need to address as we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01353-00360576-00360832 change off fossil fuels and not just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01354-00360833-00361132 change the kind of energy we use right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01355-00361133-00361480 so if we're extracting minerals
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01356-00361481-00361810 in ways that still take people's land
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01357-00361811-00362015 and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01358-00362016-00362267 um pollutes their waterways and then if
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01359-00362268-00362465 we're taking the leftovers and dumping
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01360-00362466-00362734 them also usually on poorer people's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01361-00362735-00362975 lands or countries
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01362-00362976-00363317 um that don't say no you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01363-00363318-00363503 um that that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01364-00363504-00363749 will not be the kind of change we really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01365-00363750-00364091 really want to see uh I think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01366-00364092-00364313 um I'm speaking for myself but I think a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01367-00364314-00364715 lot of the climate movement has realized
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01368-00364716-00365008 um that we we want to get off fossil
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01369-00365009-00365321 fuels but we also need a bigger change
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01370-00365322-00365556 um we don't want just new injustices
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01371-00365557-00365854 with new technology we want a different
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01372-00365855-00366058 way of doing things
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01373-00366059-00366232 um so yeah cutting down on consumption
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01374-00366233-00366382 is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01375-00366383-00366634 um is one part of that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01376-00366635-00366719 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01377-00366720-00366965 more efficiency you know whether it's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01378-00366966-00367210 factories or homes or whatever
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01379-00367211-00367343 um is part of that there are a lot of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01380-00367344-00367619 pieces to that but making sure
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01381-00367620-00367732 um that things are disposed of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01382-00367733-00367913 responsibly is a great question it's not
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01383-00367914-00368189 really the focus of this um Workshop I'm
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01384-00368190-00368519 sorry to say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01385-00368520-00368627 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01386-00368628-00368819 I'm curious if there were other
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01387-00368820-00369058 campaigning things that came up in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01388-00369059-00369232 small groups
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01389-00369233-00369360 um especially
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01390-00369361-00369697 new ways of thinking about who to Target
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01391-00369698-00370043 when you're trying to uh take down a big
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01392-00370044-00370258 industry
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01393-00370259-00370528 uh Anastasia is that what you wanted to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01394-00370529-00370697 speak to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01395-00370698-00371128 well it's not that I got new ways it uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01396-00371129-00371434 like it's just like deeper insights I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01397-00371435-00371704 could say after everything has been said
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01398-00371705-00371956 so far and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01399-00371957-00372143 um yeah
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01400-00372144-00372682 um it's uh I just realized that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01401-00372683-00372760 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01402-00372761-00372965 yeah I should really think more about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01403-00372966-00373180 the government targeting the government
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01404-00373181-00373656 and uh indeed targeting the factories
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01405-00373657-00374104 and also the banks
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01406-00374105-00374434 um were in particular Swiss banks I mean
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01407-00374435-00374689 I'm in touch with Swiss activists
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01408-00374690-00375010 who yeah and Switzerland is famous for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01409-00375011-00375245 its neutrality and Ford's Banks and it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01410-00375246-00375395 was great to hear what you said about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01411-00375396-00375628 the banks that they are like a safer
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01412-00375629-00375965 Target and I am just like I'm looking
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01413-00375966-00376163 forward to sharing this Insight with
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01414-00376164-00376428 Swiss activists
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01415-00376429-00376828 to yeah to get them on board again
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01416-00376829-00376901 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01417-00376902-00377321 yeah so um yeah and then I got also a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01418-00377322-00377627 mercy shared with me uh like fossil fuel
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01419-00377628-00378023 treaty uh as I understand it's uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01420-00378024-00378413 um it's like campaign that pushes cities
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01421-00378414-00378665 to cut down to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01422-00378666-00378832 um I'm not sure I guess Marcy can say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01423-00378833-00379043 more what it is about but something that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01424-00379044-00379234 can help me in the companions like then
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01425-00379235-00379499 the suit is like the set is uh cut down
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01426-00379500-00379823 on or diffuse from fossil fuel the whole
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01427-00379824-00380117 city is or something or universities uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01428-00380118-00380321 yeah institutions
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01429-00380322-00380584 so it's a great Insight I'm gonna look
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01430-00380585-00381077 into that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01431-00381078-00381425 yeah thank you and what I meant about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01432-00381426-00381808 beefer like is explicitly in contrast to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01433-00381809-00381989 some of the governments
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01434-00381990-00382210 um that you all work in right like there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01435-00382211-00382391 are governments that are killing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01436-00382392-00382619 environmental activists
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01437-00382620-00382943 um and so like we need to Grapple with
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01438-00382944-00383332 that really harsh harsh reality
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01439-00383333-00383393 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01440-00383394-00383621 and chill has that track record in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01441-00383622-00383891 Nigeria too right you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01442-00383892-00384160 um and uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01443-00384161-00384430 those industries that care about their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01444-00384431-00384623 Public Image
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01445-00384624-00384880 tend to be safer in that way like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01446-00384881-00385115 they're they're more susceptible to to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01447-00385116-00385402 pressure
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01448-00385403-00385637 um any other small group insights that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01449-00385638-00385828 people want to share with the whole
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01450-00385829-00386677 group
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01451-00386678-00386867 all right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01452-00386868-00387095 um so I have some more points to cover
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01453-00387096-00387365 but I'd also really like to know what's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01454-00387366-00387569 on your minds like if there are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01455-00387570-00387808 questions that you're thinking about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01456-00387809-00388169 that you are hoping that will touch on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01457-00388170-00388463 um so maybe I'll just share like four of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01458-00388464-00388678 the topics I'm thinking about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01459-00388679-00389128 um and uh have some stories but I would
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01460-00389129-00389573 love to um have people like at in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01461-00389574-00389777 chat do you are you part of a campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01462-00389778-00390058 now that is you know struggling with
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01463-00390059-00390251 getting stagnant or you know are there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01464-00390252-00390527 particular things that it would be
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01465-00390528-00390767 helpful for me to address
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01466-00390768-00390952 um please please drop them in the chat
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01467-00390953-00391223 and we can pause kind of periodically to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01468-00391224-00391582 see if there are questions or comments
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01469-00391583-00391858 um so I think these are four kind of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01470-00391859-00392219 key questions to ask whether you are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01471-00392220-00392497 thinking about starting a new campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01472-00392498-00392758 or maybe you're in one and you're just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01473-00392759-00393058 kind of assessing where you're at
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01474-00393059-00393280 um so the first question I really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01475-00393281-00393502 highlighted who are you trying to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01476-00393503-00393832 pressure who is your target
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01477-00393833-00394091 um if if you just go after changing the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01478-00394092-00394247 whole system or changing multiple
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01479-00394248-00394499 decision makers it can be really hard
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01480-00394500-00394756 for them to feel the pressure but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01481-00394757-00395110 picking someone who has the power to do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01482-00395111-00395341 what you want them to do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01483-00395342-00395825 is a really key part of campaigning is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01484-00395826-00396028 to keep that pressure on certain
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01485-00396029-00396352 decision makers
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01486-00396353-00396437 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01487-00396438-00396713 it's also really good to be clear about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01488-00396714-00397156 what you want them to do right and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01489-00397157-00397241 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01490-00397242-00397451 there's this tension I think in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01491-00397452-00397684 campaigning between wanting them to do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01492-00397685-00397877 everything
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01493-00397878-00398021 and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01494-00398022-00398297 um maybe not being able to reach that in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01495-00398298-00398578 your campaign or picking something
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01496-00398579-00398939 really small and specific so I started
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01497-00398940-00399263 with two stories the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01498-00399264-00399413 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01499-00399414-00399839 the uh Saudi Arabia story
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01500-00399840-00400097 was about just driving so that's an
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01501-00400098-00400391 example of like how having one specific
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01502-00400392-00400601 thing can help you win that campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01503-00400602-00400847 have something to celebrate even though
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01504-00400848-00401051 as it was noted people went to jail for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01505-00401052-00401152 it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01506-00401153-00401351 um it was something visceral also like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01507-00401352-00401728 the coffee you know at Woolworths but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01508-00401729-00402052 there are other campaigns that might set
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01509-00402053-00402334 more complicated demands so the campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01510-00402335-00402682 that I'm part of now against Vanguard
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01511-00402683-00402815 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01512-00402816-00403043 I I I'm guessing that a lot of people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01513-00403044-00403252 maybe haven't heard of Vanguard because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01514-00403253-00403571 they're the money behind the scenes
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01515-00403572-00403763 um they manage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01516-00403764-00404080 the money of 30 million people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01517-00404081-00404321 who want to save their money like for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01518-00404322-00404608 later in life
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01519-00404609-00405058 um and they invested in stocks in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01520-00405059-00405413 Exxon Gas Brom Chevron you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01521-00405414-00405721 companies around the world Tata Cole
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01522-00405722-00405958 they're one of the biggest coal
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01523-00405959-00406265 investors in the world
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01524-00406266-00406589 um and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01525-00406590-00406823 the demands for this campaign are kind
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01526-00406824-00407152 of complicated because in the long run
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01527-00407153-00407387 what we want them to do is stop
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01528-00407388-00407627 investing in all of those bad companies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01529-00407628-00407897 but we know that's not something they're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01530-00407898-00408154 going to do overnight
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01531-00408155-00408347 um that is a really big ask they have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01532-00408348-00408563 hundreds of billions of dollars invested
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01533-00408564-00408893 in fossil fuel companies and so we don't
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01534-00408894-00409145 want to set our demands so high that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01535-00409146-00409319 we'll never win
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01536-00409320-00409552 uh but we do want to say that that is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01537-00409553-00409841 the ultimate goal so instead then there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01538-00409842-00410110 are also sometimes like interim demands
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01539-00410112-00410374 like specific things that they could do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01540-00410375-00410764 right now and um one of those is for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01541-00410765-00411155 them to because Vanguard owns so many
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01542-00411156-00411463 shares of companies they get to vote
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01543-00411464-00411880 when a company has an annual meeting
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01544-00411881-00412066 um there's often issues that are voted
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01545-00412067-00412372 on and Vanguard has so many votes that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01546-00412373-00412697 they can control what happens right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01547-00412697-00412943 um they could even uh I've heard they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01548-00412943-00413110 have so much power because they have so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01549-00413112-00413260 much money they could get the head of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01550-00413262-00413584 Exon fired so we want them to start
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01551-00413585-00413837 using that power they say they're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01552-00413838-00414005 worried about climate change we want
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01553-00414006-00414209 them to use their power to push those
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01554-00414210-00414389 companies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01555-00414389-00414670 um so that's just an example of a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01556-00414671-00414976 campaign that has like things you can do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01557-00414977-00415168 now and things we want you to do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01558-00415169-00415372 eventually
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01559-00415373-00415547 um and there's an advantage to that but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01560-00415547-00415841 it also is more complicated like we just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01561-00415842-00416026 want to order a cup of coffee is a way
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01562-00416027-00416224 more simple demand that people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01563-00416225-00416464 understand easily
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01564-00416465-00416843 um so just to say that that uh campaigns
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01565-00416843-00416957 differ
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01566-00416958-00417268 in in uh in this area depending on what
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01567-00417269-00417610 you're trying to do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01568-00417612-00417863 um another thing to think about is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01569-00417864-00418049 Leverage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01570-00418050-00418228 um other than the fact that you're right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01571-00418229-00418547 why should they listen to you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01572-00418547-00418709 um so I'm gonna
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01573-00418710-00419087 um come off screen share and tell a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01574-00419088-00419291 couple stories about that and also check
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01575-00419292-00419825 what's happening in the chat
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01576-00419826-00420053 yeah Yash is saying that choosing one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01577-00420054-00420305 demand is difficult and it feels biased
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01578-00420306-00420485 as a lot of things are actually needed
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01579-00420485-00420737 to be done by decision makers that's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01580-00420738-00421060 really true it's what's hard about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01581-00421062-00421320 narrowing down demands
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01582-00421321-00421787 and it's easier sometimes to make
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01583-00421788-00422075 progress if you pick something that you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01584-00422076-00422327 can actually win so there's a real
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01585-00422328-00422525 tension there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01586-00422526-00422818 um many groups find if they win one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01587-00422819-00423035 little thing then it they build
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01588-00423035-00423299 excitement they build membership they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01589-00423300-00423497 get press attention so then they can win
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01590-00423497-00423635 the next thing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01591-00423635-00423833 that's what the civil rights movement in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01592-00423834-00423964 the U.S did
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01593-00423965-00424259 so the lunch counters at Woolworths were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01594-00424260-00424666 one campaign Rosa Parks fought to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01595-00424667-00424925 desegregate buses in her community in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01596-00424926-00425255 another campaign there were campaigns
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01597-00425256-00425560 desegregating the schools there were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01598-00425562-00425951 campaigns about voting but they were all
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01599-00425952-00426149 connected and trying to build this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01600-00426150-00426413 bigger movement but they really focused
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01601-00426414-00426725 on one issue at a time and that was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01602-00426726-00426977 actually a very effective way at
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01603-00426978-00427222 Shifting the whole big system but it can
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01604-00427223-00427433 be very difficult when there's so many
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01605-00427434-00427727 problems and like you said people may
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01606-00427728-00427931 feel biased like why are you focused on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01607-00427932-00428285 Woolworths why not this other thing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01608-00428285-00428557 foreign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01609-00428558-00428753 are there any other questions or
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01610-00428754-00429070 comments before I go on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01611-00429071-00429268 um the German government the factories
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01612-00429269-00429563 demand stop buying Russian fossil fuels
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01613-00429564-00429820 and switch to clean energy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01614-00429821-00430168 leverage its unhealthy addiction Russia
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01615-00430169-00430535 has been manipulate them more coming
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01616-00430535-00430913 um yeah so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01617-00430914-00431195 let me say a little bit more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01618-00431196-00431518 about what I mean by leverage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01619-00431519-00431813 um so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01620-00431814-00432047 there's the people power that we're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01621-00432047-00432166 building
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01622-00432167-00432527 so that's leverage there's the fact that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01623-00432528-00432707 we're right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01624-00432708-00432970 you know gives us some leverage but then
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01625-00432971-00433241 it's also
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01626-00433242-00433529 um they're a world threat the threat of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01627-00433530-00433799 nuclear catastrophe right the fact that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01628-00433800-00434081 so I'm gonna spin out a little bit from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01629-00434082-00434309 what Anastasia is saying the fact that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01630-00434310-00434675 many people are worried about Russia
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01631-00434676-00434951 helps highlight this issue right so that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01632-00434952-00435281 is leverage if Russia cares what the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01633-00435282-00435472 rest of the world thinks about them or a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01634-00435473-00435653 Putin I should say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01635-00435654-00435766 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01636-00435767-00436055 so that's one of the things
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01637-00436056-00436349 um that is worth thinking about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01638-00436350-00436516 is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01639-00436517-00436781 um choosing targets
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01640-00436782-00437053 that actually care what people think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01641-00437054-00437543 gives you boosts your power okay so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01642-00437543-00437699 that's one of the things I was saying
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01643-00437700-00437993 about the banks Banks care what people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01644-00437993-00438329 think about them so here's a story from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01645-00438330-00438725 the U.S Governor Cuomo was the governor
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01646-00438726-00438941 of New York
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01647-00438942-00439168 um before he was accused of sexual
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01648-00439169-00439487 harassment I should acknowledge
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01649-00439488-00439853 um but several years ago he really was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01650-00439854-00440122 thinking about running for president
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01651-00440123-00440599 and so as a governor he really really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01652-00440600-00440957 was interested in having the most
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01653-00440958-00441172 positive image possible
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01654-00441173-00441581 he was a politician who went out to like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01655-00441582-00441868 public Gatherings all the time because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01656-00441869-00442066 he was thinking about running for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01657-00442067-00442247 president
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01658-00442247-00442445 um in the U.S we call it kissing babies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01659-00442446-00442660 like there are some politicians who go
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01660-00442662-00442835 out and go around and kiss all the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01661-00442835-00442997 babies in the crowd
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01662-00442997-00443291 and there are others who maybe they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01663-00443292-00443543 don't have any further ambition there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01664-00443543-00443729 were other governors
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01665-00443730-00444029 who like maybe they served as governor
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01666-00444030-00444268 and then they were going to retire and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01667-00444269-00444509 so they don't care as much
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01668-00444510-00444653 about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01669-00444654-00444814 having
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01670-00444815-00444881 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01671-00444882-00445295 you know their future aspirations but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01672-00445296-00445679 Governor Cuomo did and that gave people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01673-00445680-00446033 leverage in Banning fracking
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01674-00446034-00446266 um so I'm sure you all know fracking is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01675-00446267-00446507 this terrible way of getting gas out of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01676-00446508-00446770 the ground
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01677-00446771-00447107 um New York had not made a decision yet
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01678-00447108-00447245 on whether they were going to do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01679-00447246-00447641 fracking or not and Governor Cuomo again
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01680-00447642-00447857 he wanted everyone to like him so he was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01681-00447858-00448151 avoiding taking a stand he didn't want
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01682-00448152-00448535 to you know anger the gas companies but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01683-00448535-00448714 he didn't want to anger the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01684-00448715-00448918 environmentalists either because he
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01685-00448919-00449099 wants both of their support if he runs
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01686-00449100-00449351 for president so he was basically trying
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01687-00449352-00449566 to avoid the issue
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01688-00449567-00449993 so New York activists use that as
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01689-00449993-00450418 leverage his desire to look good and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01690-00450419-00450707 they started showing up everywhere he
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01691-00450708-00451049 went he couldn't go to any gathering
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01692-00451050-00451379 with activists showing up and having
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01693-00451380-00451589 signs about fracking
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01694-00451589-00451739 and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01695-00451739-00451997 um I know that this is the thing that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01696-00451997-00452327 actually won the campaign because I have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01697-00452328-00452681 a friend who used to work for him
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01698-00452682-00452927 and she told me the story that there was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01699-00452928-00453139 this state fair
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01700-00453139-00453485 where he called his staff to go to State
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01701-00453485-00453707 Fair at seven o'clock in the morning so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01702-00453708-00453887 that he could take a picture at the same
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01703-00453888-00454120 state fair before any protesters got
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01704-00454121-00454409 there but they still somehow found out
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01705-00454410-00454577 his schedule and they were still there
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01706-00454578-00454793 at seven in the morning he couldn't go
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01707-00454793-00455159 anywhere without the TV cameras and the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01708-00455160-00455381 Press seeing the protesters
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01709-00455382-00455783 and so uh he finally announced to ban
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01710-00455784-00456047 fracking in New York state which was a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01711-00456047-00456407 big big win for the movement
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01712-00456408-00456653 I think sometimes what happens is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01713-00456654-00456941 activists then go to imitate what worked
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01714-00456942-00457109 in a different place we'll just try and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01715-00457110-00457372 do that here but in some other states
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01716-00457373-00457655 they didn't have that leverage because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01717-00457656-00457937 you know the governor wasn't thinking
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01718-00457938-00458170 about running for further office
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01719-00458171-00458381 um so that's one example of what what I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01720-00458382-00458609 mean by Leverage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01721-00458610-00458957 um one other example would be the first
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01722-00458958-00459197 non-violent direct action campaign that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01723-00459197-00459599 I was part of was against PNC Bank
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01724-00459600-00459893 um PNC is a U.S Bank
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01725-00459893-00460241 a us-based it was I think the seventh in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01726-00460242-00460559 the country at the time but it was one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01727-00460560-00460805 of the top investors in mountaintop
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01728-00460806-00461116 removal coal mining which is this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01729-00461117-00461327 horrible practice where they literally
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01730-00461328-00461585 blow up mountains to get the coal
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01731-00461585-00461747 underneath
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01732-00461747-00461837 and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01733-00461838-00462049 at the same time
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01734-00462050-00462509 PNC bragged their reputation was that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01735-00462510-00462827 they were a green bank because they like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01736-00462828-00463013 recycled in their offices or bought
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01737-00463014-00463187 green energy or something
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01738-00463188-00463589 so hypocrisy can often be a really good
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01739-00463589-00463991 form of Leverage if someone is saying a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01740-00463992-00464266 and they're doing B that is the kind of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01741-00464267-00464477 thing you can get like maybe depressed
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01742-00464478-00464735 to cover or that you can use to pressure
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01743-00464735-00464885 them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01744-00464885-00465155 um and so in this campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01745-00465156-00465497 um PNC also bragged about being founded
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01746-00465497-00465760 by Quakers which is a small
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01747-00465762-00466043 uh religious group that I'm part of and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01748-00466043-00466375 my group is EarthQuaker action team so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01749-00466376-00466618 they bragged about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01750-00466619-00466847 um being founded by Quakers and so then
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01751-00466847-00467003 it made them look really bad when
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01752-00467004-00467291 Quakers said no you are not
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01753-00467292-00467405 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01754-00467406-00467675 you are not following the values that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01755-00467676-00467807 you say you are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01756-00467808-00467999 um so they actually ended up taking down
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01757-00468000-00468179 the part of their website that bragged
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01758-00468180-00468377 about being Quakers and they got very
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01759-00468378-00468647 nervous about the bragging about being a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01760-00468647-00468833 green bank because every time they did
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01761-00468834-00469049 that they would criticize them and show
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01762-00469050-00469505 what they were doing that was not green
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01763-00469506-00469660 um so let me just see if there's more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01764-00469662-00469859 comments
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01765-00469860-00469991 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01766-00469992-00470303 uh or questions about this that's really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01767-00470304-00470489 inspiring yeah I'll tell you more in a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01768-00470489-00470645 few minutes about that campaign and some
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01769-00470646-00470885 of the targets we used
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01770-00470885-00471172 um any other thoughts about leverage or
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01771-00471173-00471491 um observations about what people are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01772-00471492-00472714 using as leverage in your own campaigns
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01773-00472715-00473009 no questions about that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01774-00473010-00473237 go ahead Musa
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01775-00473238-00473509 um yeah um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01776-00473510-00473831 you know right now in Nigeria we have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01777-00473832-00474155 we're in the middle of uh strike by the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01778-00474156-00474455 you know our University's lecturers so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01779-00474456-00474575 now we're talking about the leverage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01780-00474576-00474905 issue so I think right for the past six
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01781-00474906-00475168 months they've been on on strike and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01782-00475169-00475468 there is no any side of ending the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01783-00475469-00475822 strike and um The Leverage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01784-00475823-00475997 they are using you know what they're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01785-00475997-00476183 having right now because you know that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01786-00476184-00476357 by next year we're going to have an
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01787-00476358-00476639 election so now they are trying to hold
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01788-00476639-00476891 the government you know to run some you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01789-00476892-00477053 know they know that the government now
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01790-00477054-00477316 want to look good to the electorate so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01791-00477317-00477527 now their demand is there out you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01792-00477528-00477701 on on the table of the government are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01793-00477702-00477845 now pressing you know that the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01794-00477846-00477995 government must meet all those money
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01795-00477996-00478270 before they can go back uh to the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01796-00478271-00478499 classes so now they are leveraging on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01797-00478500-00478781 the fact that election is coming up and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01798-00478782-00478979 now the government you know need to look
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01799-00478980-00479225 good you know for it to be elected you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01800-00479226-00479495 know back again so that is um you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01801-00479496-00479722 become a very serious issue now for the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01802-00479723-00479885 government and the government now cannot
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01803-00479885-00480107 you know respond to all those demands
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01804-00480108-00480335 but now they have to because if they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01805-00480335-00480539 didn't you know many electorate now we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01806-00480539-00480743 see them as very bad and they might end
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01807-00480743-00480989 up you know losing a election in in in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01808-00480989-00481187 February so now listening to your talk
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01809-00481188-00481420 about leverages so now you know I just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01810-00481421-00481709 have uh you know just uh you know appear
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01811-00481710-00481816 to me that yes exactly that's why
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01812-00481817-00482345 foreign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01813-00482346-00482572 that's a great example thank you so much
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01814-00482573-00482866 Musa and I think sometimes people think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01815-00482867-00483016 that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01816-00483017-00483353 students will solve everything you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01817-00483354-00483485 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01818-00483485-00483664 and you know I've gotten very cynical
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01819-00483665-00483862 about election solving everything but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01820-00483863-00484085 what you're pointing to is that time
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01821-00484085-00484339 period during an election
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01822-00484339-00484564 politicians are more sensitive to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01823-00484565-00484666 pressure
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01824-00484667-00484931 and to take advantage that that Leverage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01825-00484932-00485122 is going to work during that specific
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01826-00485123-00485303 time period
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01827-00485304-00485453 um so that's I think a really really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01828-00485454-00485645 good point
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01829-00485646-00485777 um you made me think of one other
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01830-00485778-00486137 example and then I'll call on Michelle
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01831-00486138-00486653 um my son was going to a college and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01832-00486654-00486947 when we went to visit it was the moment
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01833-00486947-00487205 when students were accepted but they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01834-00487206-00487312 hadn't
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01835-00487313-00487697 um committed and in the U.S college and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01836-00487697-00487931 university is very very expected
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01837-00487932-00488170 expensive
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01838-00488171-00488453 um and so it's a moment when the college
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01839-00488454-00488741 is vulnerable they really wants students
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01840-00488742-00488993 to come who can pay
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01841-00488993-00489245 um and so we went and then the students
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01842-00489246-00489551 who were there already interrupted this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01843-00489552-00489862 Gathering greeting the new students to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01844-00489863-00490007 complain
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01845-00490008-00490360 um about the the financial aid system
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01846-00490362-00490666 and the the charges the food charges
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01847-00490667-00490835 were getting more expensive and it was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01848-00490835-00491093 hard for the poor students and they did
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01849-00491093-00491407 this amazing job of using this moment
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01850-00491408-00491753 when families had come they had not paid
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01851-00491754-00492118 the university their checks yet
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01852-00492119-00492305 um to highlight what was wrong at the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01853-00492306-00492514 University to push them to change that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01854-00492515-00492683 policy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01855-00492684-00492970 um and using the new students coming in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01856-00492971-00493277 as leverage as like that is the one time
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01857-00493278-00493549 per year that that University was most
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01858-00493550-00493907 uh vulnerable because if they scared
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01859-00493908-00494231 away even 10 students and they didn't
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01860-00494232-00494393 get that money that would be a lot of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01861-00494393-00494651 money over the four years so I don't
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01862-00494652-00494807 know if that example made sense to other
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01863-00494808-00495095 people but um but Musa what I appreciate
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01864-00495096-00495527 in your story is is highlighting how a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01865-00495528-00495737 certain time period can give you extra
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01866-00495738-00496025 Leverage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01867-00496026-00496235 um Michelle am I saying your name right
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01868-00496235-00496822 if you want to jump in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01869-00496823-00497629 go ahead
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01870-00497630-00498143 [Music]
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01871-00498143-00498485 I'm sorry Michelle thank you I just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01872-00498485-00498610 wanted to add
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01873-00498612-00498809 um something from the focus on foreign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01874-00498810-00498995 relations and you hear me sorry my
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01875-00498996-00499120 connections a bit back I hope you can
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01876-00499121-00499360 hear me yeah it's just maybe better like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01877-00499362-00499662 this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01878-00499663-00499931 I'll try one more time
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01879-00499932-00500164 I'll try one more time and keep it brief
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01880-00500165-00500333 um so I just wanted to add
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01881-00500334-00500585 um we also Lobby policy makers mostly
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01882-00500585-00500962 policy makers European policy makers
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01883-00500963-00501160 um and one tool that we've seen is very
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01884-00501162-00501437 effective is using uh public opinion
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01885-00501438-00501641 polling it's a bit less disruptive than
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01886-00501642-00501905 we've discussed before but so basically
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01887-00501906-00502025 we do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01888-00502026-00502307 um different rounds of polling all
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01889-00502308-00502547 across Europe and uh usually 10 to 12
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01890-00502547-00502799 countries and then with that we either
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01891-00502800-00503101 do we usually do policy briefs and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01892-00503102-00503453 private nodes two policy makers briefing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01893-00503454-00503627 them about basically this how Europe
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01894-00503628-00503872 feels about a certain issue and I feel
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01895-00503873-00504095 like any demand you know influential if
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01896-00504096-00504281 we have that polling data
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01897-00504282-00504647 um as a backflow for probably what we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01898-00504647-00504916 what we demand basically so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01899-00504917-00505091 um I think it's always good as you said
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01900-00505092-00505193 especially when there's a little window
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01901-00505193-00505355 an opening in the sense that there's a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01902-00505356-00505499 campaign or an election upcoming but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01903-00505500-00505583 then
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01904-00505584-00505697 um yeah there's really more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01905-00505697-00505877 vulnerability that the politicians want
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01906-00505878-00506105 to hear okay how does my constituency
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01907-00506106-00506316 feel and maybe how are other
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01908-00506317-00506597 constituencies in Europe feeling um so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01909-00506597-00506759 it's something that has worked really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01910-00506760-00506885 well with us
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01911-00506885-00507160 um and has kind of also helped gain
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01912-00507162-00507427 credibility these are the um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01913-00507428-00507659 mostly politicians we don't really focus
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01914-00507660-00507851 companies because we not really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01915-00507852-00508199 cooperating with them yeah thank you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01916-00508200-00508499 that's great thank you I really think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01917-00508500-00508655 it's great when we hear about like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01918-00508656-00508853 what's working in different places you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01919-00508854-00509183 know we can all learn from that thanks
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01920-00509184-00509362 um and Pica says it's easier when the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01921-00509363-00509653 issue has Universal appeal or utility
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01922-00509654-00509945 here in Slovenia a water protection
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01923-00509946-00510125 campaign was very successful in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01924-00510126-00510449 collecting signatures for a referendum
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01925-00510450-00510635 when the previous government was very
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01926-00510635-00510875 hostile to all forms of Environmental
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01927-00510876-00511007 Protection
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01928-00511008-00511210 so yeah that's just a reminder that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01929-00511212-00511399 there are very different kinds of tools
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01930-00511400-00511643 that people can use in campaigning
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01931-00511643-00511870 depending on what kind of targets you're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01932-00511871-00512266 taking on and also depending on what um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01933-00512267-00512933 what your group is up for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01934-00512934-00513268 um can you explain on Utilities in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01935-00513269-00513509 pillars sure
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01936-00513510-00513827 um so I don't know I I'm gonna guess
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01937-00513828-00514187 that this really varies by country that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01938-00514188-00514505 in some countries it's basically the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01939-00514506-00514709 government that does this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01940-00514710-00514991 um but I'm not you know what you could
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01941-00514992-00515357 tell me it probably varies in the U.S
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01942-00515358-00515495 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01943-00515496-00515866 even even between states it varies how
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01944-00515867-00516083 do you get your electricity how do you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01945-00516084-00516233 get your water
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01946-00516234-00516520 uh how do you get gas if gas is heating
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01947-00516521-00516760 your home and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01948-00516762-00517109 um so the group I'm part of equate or
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01949-00517110-00517331 earthquake or action team had a campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01950-00517332-00517572 against our local electric utility
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01951-00517573-00517841 because they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01952-00517842-00518129 um they were actually owned by a bigger
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01953-00518130-00518345 company
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01954-00518346-00518687 um and most of the electricity came from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01955-00518688-00518897 nuclear or gas
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01956-00518897-00519035 and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01957-00519035-00519209 um they used to have a lot of coal and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01958-00519210-00519562 oil they they had cut out coal but they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01959-00519563-00519791 were still almost all fossil fuels
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01960-00519792-00520243 almost no solar or wind
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01961-00520243-00520691 0.144 of our electricity came from solar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01962-00520692-00521033 like ridiculously small
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01963-00521034-00521381 and so our campaign was pushing you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01964-00521382-00521645 I can try and get the money to put solar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01965-00521646-00521801 panels on my house but that's going to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01966-00521802-00522214 be so tiny the the utility was deciding
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01967-00522215-00522437 where everybody else's electricity came
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01968-00522438-00522616 from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01969-00522617-00522875 um so we should pressure them to start
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01970-00522876-00523181 buying more and to try
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01971-00523182-00523499 um to buy solar that was local because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01972-00523500-00523901 our state is very behind on solar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01973-00523902-00524266 and so that UT that campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01974-00524267-00524549 um won some things but didn't want
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01975-00524550-00524729 others
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01976-00524730-00525059 um we got them to give like a couple
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01977-00525060-00525293 hundred thousand dollars to local solar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01978-00525294-00525622 jobs training locally
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01979-00525623-00525983 um they committed to start buying
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01980-00525984-00526357 uh more from local solar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01981-00526358-00526649 they set up they didn't even have a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01982-00526650-00526961 solar part of the company
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01983-00526962-00527195 even like if an individual wanted to put
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01984-00527196-00527393 solar on their house it was very very
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01985-00527394-00527633 difficult so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01986-00527634-00527855 um my favorite line about this campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01987-00527856-00527999 because it was a campaign where we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01988-00528000-00528257 didn't win the big big changes that we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01989-00528258-00528449 wanted we wanted them to buy a lot of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01990-00528450-00528545 solar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01991-00528546-00528916 and they did a little more but um one of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01992-00528917-00529157 the solar contractors in our area told
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01993-00529158-00529475 me before your campaign they were 10 20
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01994-00529476-00529739 years behind and now they're only 10
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01995-00529740-00529966 years behind
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01996-00529967-00530153 so I was kind of depressing on the one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01997-00530154-00530489 hand but the things they did were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01998-00530490-00530783 putting the systems in place so now that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-01999-00530784-00531047 Joe Biden is President and there's new
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02000-00531048-00531227 money for solar
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02001-00531228-00531437 the solar change could happen more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02002-00531438-00531635 quickly so I think it's part of what's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02003-00531636-00531887 important to remember about campaigns is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02004-00531888-00532235 that even when we feel like we lost
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02005-00532236-00532612 often there's something that actually is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02006-00532613-00532787 really helpful in the change we're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02007-00532788-00532997 trying to seek and we have to like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02008-00532998-00533459 acknowledge the loss and you know not
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02009-00533460-00533770 pretend that we're happy that they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02010-00533771-00533927 didn't do more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02011-00533928-00534125 um but I also think to keep people's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02012-00534126-00534395 morale like those stories
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02013-00534396-00534755 of change that took a long time are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02014-00534756-00534947 important to remember so that we can
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02015-00534948-00535481 celebrate the impact that we did have
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02016-00535482-00535655 um all right Michelle I'm assuming that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02017-00535656-00535883 your hand is still up from before so I'm
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02018-00535884-00536243 gonna go on with a few more examples if
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02019-00536244-00536525 I'm wrong go ahead and unmute
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02020-00536526-00536783 um and um Anastasia I think I'm just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02021-00536784-00537101 gonna go on for now and then um uh call
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02022-00537102-00537262 for a participation again in a little
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02023-00537263-00537689 bit so I want to uh tell a few stories
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02024-00537690-00537964 of different kinds of tactics
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02025-00537965-00538175 um and I would love to hear what kind of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02026-00538176-00538427 tactics people are using
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02027-00538428-00538487 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02028-00538488-00538793 Wherever You Are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02029-00538794-00539020 um I mentioned before that my group
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02030-00539021-00539327 equate uh our first campaign ever was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02031-00539328-00539705 targeting PNC Bank and we chose it like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02032-00539706-00539999 I said because they claimed to be a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02033-00540000-00540251 green Bank while financing mountaintop
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02034-00540252-00540562 removal they were also based in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02035-00540563-00540814 state that we were in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02036-00540815-00541043 um and so there were lots of these banks
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02037-00541044-00541157 around
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02038-00541158-00541453 so we did a wide range of tactics we did
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02039-00541454-00541943 125 tactics over five years before we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02040-00541944-00542422 won or 125 actions but the thing to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02041-00542423-00542627 remember is we were a very small group
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02042-00542628-00543049 we had no full-time staff and this Bank
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02043-00543050-00543377 netted over four billion dollars the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02044-00543378-00543653 year that we won against them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02045-00543654-00543941 um and really it was persistence but it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02046-00543942-00544235 was also doing different things so that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02047-00544236-00544481 they I think one principle that's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02048-00544482-00544787 important in campaigning is don't always
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02049-00544788-00544949 just do the same thing over and over
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02050-00544950-00545255 again because they might be really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02051-00545256-00545477 scared the first time you show up and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02052-00545478-00545753 build windmills out of cardboard in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02053-00545754-00545999 their lobby but then if you do that all
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02054-00546000-00546179 the time they'll get used to it and it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02055-00546180-00546359 will be less effective
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02056-00546360-00546605 so this is a photo from an action kind
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02057-00546606-00547012 of early on where people built these
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02058-00547013-00547205 kind of you know fake windmills to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02059-00547206-00547505 symbolize what we want to see more of is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02060-00547506-00547835 investment in renewable energy
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02061-00547836-00548153 um and signs explaining what was wrong
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02062-00548154-00548333 with mountaintop removal coal mining
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02063-00548334-00548647 this was a civil disobedience action
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02064-00548648-00549029 where some people were prepared to risk
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02065-00549030-00549443 arrest and other people were not and so
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02066-00549444-00549695 the whole group went in together they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02067-00549696-00550091 sang songs they had speeches and then
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02068-00550092-00550270 the police were called
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02069-00550271-00550511 and the police said you can't stay here
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02070-00550512-00550781 you're trespassing on private property
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02071-00550782-00550997 so at that point
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02072-00550998-00551077 um now
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02073-00551078-00551303 in many parts of the world the police
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02074-00551304-00551609 might not warn you but in our city the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02075-00551610-00551837 police do warn you and give you a chance
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02076-00551838-00552166 to leave before they arrest people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02077-00552167-00552503 um and so all the people who
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02078-00552504-00552749 were not ready to risk arrest went
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02079-00552750-00553043 outside and kind of continued singing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02080-00553044-00553397 and supporting from outside and five
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02081-00553398-00553507 people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02082-00553508-00553883 stayed and stayed until the police gave
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02083-00553884-00554045 him a couple of warnings and then
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02084-00554046-00554261 arrested the five of them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02085-00554262-00554609 and they were held in jail overnight
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02086-00554610-00554866 um afterward three of them decided to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02087-00554867-00555329 pay a fine to kind of end the case
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02088-00555330-00555575 um but two of them didn't want to do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02089-00555576-00555761 that and so they actually went through
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02090-00555762-00556114 like a whole court process uh and a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02091-00556115-00556595 trial to kind of speak about the issue
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02092-00556596-00556864 um so in the this campaign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02093-00556865-00557320 um we did 125 actions only several of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02094-00557321-00557609 them included arrests but most of them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02095-00557610-00557825 didn't most of them were things that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02096-00557826-00558107 people did not get arrested for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02097-00558108-00558316 one of the things that really helps in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02098-00558317-00558611 campaigning is to look for new ways to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02099-00558612-00558929 exert leverage so we realized that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02100-00558930-00559157 getting customers to move their money
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02101-00559158-00559529 was a form of Leverage for us and so we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02102-00559530-00559966 asked people to start boycotting PNC
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02103-00559967-00560231 um and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02104-00560232-00560561 not only did we ask people to move their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02105-00560562-00560722 money but we asked them to do it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02106-00560723-00560999 publicly so this was an action where
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02107-00561000-00561311 there was a Quaker organization
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02108-00561312-00561562 um that had a bank account with PNC they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02109-00561563-00561766 went to close their bank account and we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02110-00561767-00562027 had like 30 people outside with signs
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02111-00562028-00562301 bringing attention to the fact that they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02112-00562302-00562618 were closing their bank account
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02113-00562619-00562859 um in the end we moved about three
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02114-00562860-00563068 million dollars
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02115-00563069-00563435 um which for a bank as big as PNC is a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02116-00563436-00563627 small amount of money
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02117-00563628-00563927 but what was important about it was you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02118-00563928-00564095 know getting this publicity because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02119-00564096-00564370 their other customers are walking by and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02120-00564371-00564472 seeing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02121-00564473-00564718 you know that people are are boycotting
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02122-00564719-00565061 PNC what's happening what is this issue
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02123-00565062-00565349 um and so they spend millions of dollars
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02124-00565350-00565768 on publicity and that actually was a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02125-00565769-00565949 bigger risk to them than our little
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02126-00565950-00566129 three million dollars
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02127-00566130-00566339 um which is a lot of money but not to a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02128-00566340-00566459 bank
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02129-00566460-00566705 um but but because they spend so much on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02130-00566706-00566920 publicity that that didn't matter to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02131-00566921-00567181 them I think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02132-00567182-00567629 another kind of tactic we used uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02133-00567630-00567820 um one of the principles we follow is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02134-00567821-00568109 escalation like if you're doing the same
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02135-00568110-00568283 thing all the time they get used to that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02136-00568284-00568537 so what's a new way of bringing pressure
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02137-00568538-00568793 and increasing the pressure that they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02138-00568794-00569068 feel so we started identifying board
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02139-00569069-00569477 members of the bank who we could
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02140-00569478-00569555 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02141-00569556-00569825 you know Target in a special way
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02142-00569826-00570053 and so one of those board members was a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02143-00570054-00570310 woman named Jane pepper
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02144-00570311-00570575 Jane pepper was sort of like their green
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02145-00570576-00570760 board member
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02146-00570761-00571109 um she was the head of this big Garden
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02147-00571110-00571193 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02148-00571194-00571487 this big really big annual Garden thing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02149-00571488-00571870 in our region and was like an expert on
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02150-00571871-00572225 green gardening and stuff and so we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02151-00572226-00572459 wanted her to start speaking up in the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02152-00572460-00572609 board meetings
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02153-00572610-00572860 so there are a number of times where she
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02154-00572861-00573047 was giving a talk somewhere where we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02155-00573048-00573293 would show up with signs
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02156-00573294-00573641 um I love this story because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02157-00573642-00573851 um we found out that Jane pepper was
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02158-00573852-00574120 going to England and was doing this tour
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02159-00574121-00574409 of English Gardens that people paid a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02160-00574410-00574583 lot of money to go on this tour with her
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02161-00574584-00574949 so we went to the Philadelphia Airport
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02162-00574950-00575225 to send her off
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02163-00575226-00575410 um and because our group really tries to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02164-00575411-00575614 take a positive tone even though we're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02165-00575615-00575807 challenging her and like embarrassing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02166-00575808-00576053 her on her trip you can read our signs
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02167-00576054-00576335 or like be brave speak the truth
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02168-00576336-00576605 you know because she was a person who we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02169-00576606-00576922 hoped would agree with us you know
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02170-00576923-00577079 um we had this kind of positive
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02171-00577080-00577337 messaging but still interrupting her
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02172-00577338-00577583 travel she somehow sneaked into the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02173-00577584-00577835 airport without seeing us
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02174-00577836-00577991 um and so there was this little letdown
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02175-00577992-00578195 like oh we missed her
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02176-00578196-00578405 um but because we're Quakers and Quakers
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02177-00578406-00578735 are a very small religious group but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02178-00578736-00578920 there are Quakers in England so we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02179-00578921-00579089 called some of our English Quaker
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02180-00579090-00579407 friends and they went and found her at
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02181-00579408-00579701 her hotel in England so even though we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02182-00579702-00579959 missed her in Philadelphia
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02183-00579960-00580162 um these Quakers showed up with like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02184-00580163-00580427 chocolate to welcome her to England and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02185-00580428-00580607 then all this information about how
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02186-00580608-00580816 terrible mountaintop removal coal mining
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02187-00580817-00581147 is so they actually like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02188-00581148-00581422 um found her at her hotel and had a long
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02189-00581423-00581735 conversation with her
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02190-00581736-00582005 and what's important about that is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02191-00582006-00582262 building this feeling on the board of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02192-00582263-00582599 PNC oh my God we cannot get away from
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02193-00582600-00582827 these people like they followed her all
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02194-00582828-00582977 the way to England
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02195-00582978-00583253 um even though it was just four people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02196-00583254-00583468 um we know that then she's gonna go home
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02197-00583469-00583714 and she's going to call the CEO and say
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02198-00583715-00583943 what is your plan to deal with this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02199-00583944-00584057 issue
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02200-00584058-00584170 um and then there were there were other
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02201-00584171-00584357 board members as well that we would
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02202-00584358-00584597 either stop at their home or if they
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02203-00584598-00584849 were giving a speech in public show up
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02204-00584850-00585077 so that was a way of escalating the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02205-00585078-00585268 pressure by highlighting individual
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02206-00585269-00585449 decision makers
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02207-00585450-00585779 foreign and then one of our
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02208-00585780-00586181 um final ways of escalating was actually
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02209-00586182-00586409 just bringing more people involved and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02210-00586410-00586835 expanding to other states so we used our
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02211-00586836-00587057 Quaker Network to find other people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02212-00587058-00587435 interested in this and because
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02213-00587436-00587716 um we're a religious group we had silent
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02214-00587717-00587968 prayer in Bank lobbies
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02215-00587969-00588107 um which
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02216-00588108-00588347 the bank managers don't know what to do
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02217-00588348-00588677 with you especially it would look really
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02218-00588678-00588875 bad if they try and arrest people just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02219-00588876-00589145 for praying for the planet
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02220-00589146-00589397 um they they would kick people out but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02221-00589398-00589637 it kind of creates a moral dilemma for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02222-00589638-00589762 them
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02223-00589763-00590116 um so our biggest action was we had 31
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02224-00590117-00590375 different locations in different uh 13
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02225-00590376-00590681 different states where small groups of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02226-00590682-00590975 Quakers went into bank lobbies and most
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02227-00590976-00591166 of them they sat down they had silent
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02228-00591167-00591407 prayer and some of them they did singing
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02229-00591408-00591737 or things like that and a few months
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02230-00591738-00591929 later PNC announced that they were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02231-00591930-00592103 changing their policy and they were
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02232-00592104-00592301 pulling out a financing mountaintop
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02233-00592302-00592577 removal coal mining
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02234-00592578-00592775 um so that was one campaign Against One
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02235-00592776-00593093 Bank it didn't stop mountaintop removal
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02236-00593094-00593401 coal mining but it was one of a few
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02237-00593402-00593770 campaigns that kind of helped Galvanize
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02238-00593771-00594010 this strategy of going after the money
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02239-00594011-00594455 and there are now 30 major banks that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02240-00594456-00594664 are pressure in Coal companies to get
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02241-00594665-00594941 out of coal but they are now their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02242-00594942-00595145 pillars of power who are using their own
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02243-00595146-00595445 leverage to say to Coal companies this
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02244-00595446-00595697 is bad for our business to be associated
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02245-00595698-00596009 with you you need to do better
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02246-00596010-00596362 foreign
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02247-00596363-00596729 yeah I just threw Greta in there uh as a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02248-00596730-00596939 an example of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02249-00596940-00597203 uh a campaign that went after something
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02250-00597204-00597389 completely different
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02251-00597390-00597539 um you know saying like this is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02252-00597540-00597695 affecting you so we're not going to go
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02253-00597696-00597833 to school
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02254-00597834-00598031 um parents tend to want their kids to go
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02255-00598032-00598289 to school so that was a really creative
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02256-00598290-00598607 way of thinking of a Target and just to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02257-00598608-00598864 name that the Fridays for future like
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02258-00598865-00599207 there's again it wasn't just one time it
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02259-00599208-00599429 was doing this campaigning over a long
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02260-00599430-00599735 period of time and and building the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02261-00599736-00599962 number of people participating
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02262-00599963-00600377 um that has been powerful about that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02263-00600378-00600868 um and I think I'll stop again and uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02264-00600869-00601168 I'm uh I would love to make um we just
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02265-00601169-00601372 have a few more minutes a little space
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02266-00601373-00601679 to hear if there's any questions burning
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02267-00601680-00602009 for people or if there are tactics
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02268-00602010-00602237 you've used in your own situation that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02269-00602238-00602981 you want to share with other people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02270-00602982-00603209 uh but now it's kind of not that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02271-00603210-00603341 powerful
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02272-00603342-00603653 um uh Friday's for future that's true I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02273-00603654-00603881 I think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02274-00603882-00604241 the challenge of escalating is that you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02275-00604242-00604433 need to keep escalating so like if you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02276-00604434-00604631 build and build and then the bottom
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02277-00604632-00604918 drops out then then the movement does
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02278-00604919-00605129 move power and I don't think covid
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02279-00605130-00605345 helped at all
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02280-00605346-00605560 um you know that that's had an effect
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02281-00605561-00605795 with a lot of groups
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02282-00605796-00605951 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02283-00605952-00606305 uh Frank why don't you jump in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02284-00606306-00606503 yeah I think that I really like the the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02285-00606504-00606659 sort of questions that you that you need
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02286-00606660-00606839 to ask is there is there a model you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02287-00606840-00607043 know or something we could read or look
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02288-00607044-00607216 into to sort of analyze this for our own
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02289-00607217-00607433 situation so I'm focusing on the on the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02290-00607434-00607631 football industry and I really still
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02291-00607632-00607768 need to figure out where the leverage
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02292-00607769-00607955 Point who's actually going to decide who
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02293-00607956-00608170 do we need to pressure are there models
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02294-00608171-00608362 that you can that you can recommend
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02295-00608363-00608681 to analyze data oh that's interesting I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02296-00608682-00608927 know Daniel Hunter's written a book for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02297-00608928-00609137 young climate activists which I think
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02298-00609138-00609497 talks about some of these theories
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02299-00609498-00609641 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02300-00609642-00609964 I'm uh maybe this is a question for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02301-00609965-00610247 Lee's about follow-up to this like if I
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02302-00610248-00610541 think of resources to share is there a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02303-00610542-00610768 way that a follow-up is happening or or
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02304-00610769-00611207 resources are being shared with folks
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02305-00611208-00611393 Lisa is going to speak at the very end
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02306-00611394-00611770 so maybe I'll let her answer that then
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02307-00611771-00611909 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02308-00611910-00612160 yeah I mean the pillars of power is one
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02309-00612161-00612329 of the tools that I've really found
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02310-00612330-00612616 helpful with groups to just ask people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02311-00612617-00612839 to brainstorm like who are all the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02312-00612840-00613103 groups helping things stay the way that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02313-00613104-00613283 they are
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02314-00613284-00613481 um and Anastasia I know you've been uh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02315-00613482-00613870 patient go ahead jump in real quick
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02316-00613871-00614129 uh thank you I just wanted to show you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02317-00614130-00614339 this book it's kind of what you've been
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02318-00614340-00614501 talking about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02319-00614502-00614831 um it's about hoping the activism about
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02320-00614832-00615107 this Victory is that like campaigns that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02321-00615108-00615347 probably you didn't win this particular
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02322-00615348-00615718 campaign but it created like a platform
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02323-00615719-00616066 for change for system change and
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02324-00616067-00616235 basically this is what this book is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02325-00616236-00616522 about and I find it amazing because it's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02326-00616523-00616768 yeah it gives you hope and inspiration
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02327-00616769-00617051 to keep on fighting so I strongly
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02328-00617052-00617225 recommend this book to everyone I'm
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02329-00617226-00617477 gonna type it in the chat it's basically
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02330-00617478-00617764 like a bunch of small articles uh in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02331-00617765-00617933 chronological order
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02332-00617934-00618310 that's great thank you and um thank you
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02333-00618311-00618485 um for Deborah for putting the link to
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02334-00618486-00618743 the book I mentioned by Daniel Hunter
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02335-00618744-00618875 um there are paper copies but they're
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02336-00618876-00619307 also I believe a free download on online
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02337-00619308-00619499 um so if anyone has further thoughts
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02338-00619500-00619714 feel free to jump them uh drop them in
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02339-00619715-00619877 the chat during our last minute I'm
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02340-00619878-00620075 gonna close
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02341-00620076-00620399 um with one um quote that I really love
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02342-00620400-00620777 and again the example of a campaign that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02343-00620778-00620987 didn't win immediately
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02344-00620988-00621347 um Gandhi Salt March in 1930
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02345-00621348-00621527 um I mentioned earlier he picked salt
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02346-00621528-00621839 because it was a symbol uh it was also a
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02347-00621840-00622055 symbol of British imperialism the fact
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02348-00622056-00622301 that they outlawed Indians making their
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02349-00622302-00622487 own salt so they could charge them a big
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02350-00622488-00622793 salt tax it was this long walk that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02351-00622794-00623116 really gained momentum along the way but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02352-00623117-00623291 people made fun of it you know at the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02353-00623292-00623537 beginning in 1930 it was like 17 more
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02354-00623538-00623879 years before India got independence but
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02355-00623880-00624137 that that March that campaign around
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02356-00624138-00624395 Salt galvanized a lot of ordinary people
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02357-00624396-00624659 and played a really key role that's
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02358-00624660-00624875 easier to see in hindsight than
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02359-00624876-00625055 sometimes if a campaign doesn't win
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02360-00625056-00625216 everything you want it's hard to feel
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02361-00625217-00625403 that
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02362-00625404-00625570 um and this quote from Gandhi I think is
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02363-00625571-00625841 just really important to remember
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02364-00625842-00626075 um first they ignore you then they laugh
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02365-00626076-00626507 at you then they fight you then you win
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02366-00626508-00626716 uh and when we're in the early stages of
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02367-00626717-00626903 that it's important to remember that we
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02368-00626904-00627155 may be on a path to winning
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02369-00627156-00627364 um but but good to have the long
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02370-00627365-00627497 historical
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02371-00627498-00627743 um perspective so really grateful for
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02372-00627744-00627970 everybody's participation and for the
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02373-00627971-00628337 chance to connect with you all
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02374-00628338-00628427 um
+YhxA2DFEBtI-02375-00628428-00628819 so thanks and um
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00000-00000698-00001133 units 5 to 6 Quiz part a
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00001-00001134-00001439 listen to the conversations check the
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00002-00001440-00001655 correct information
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00003-00001655-00001859 one
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00004-00001860-00002176 you know Wendy Summer's almost here
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00005-00002177-00002476 what are you doing for vacation well I'm
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00006-00002477-00002692 going to visit my grandparents for a few
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00007-00002693-00002945 weeks they're getting older and I want
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00008-00002946-00003191 to spend more time with them that's nice
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00009-00003192-00003454 my grandparents live too far away to
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00010-00003455-00003736 visit so are you going anywhere else
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00011-00003738-00004120 this summer oh I'm not sure I think I'll
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00012-00004121-00004354 spend a few days at the beach how about
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00013-00004355-00004769 you Eric any plans me I'm going to go
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00014-00004770-00004985 fishing with friends I'm really looking
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00015-00004986-00005286 forward to it oh that sounds like fun
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00016-00005287-00005651 maybe I'll go camping in August I'd love
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00017-00005652-00005986 to visit a national park
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00018-00005987-00006202 two
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00019-00006203-00006491 which national park do you recommend for
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00020-00006492-00006755 camping well I think Acadia National
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00021-00006756-00007031 Park is the most beautiful by the way
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00022-00007031-00007295 who are you going with my best friend
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00023-00007295-00007487 has been wanting me to go with her for a
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00024-00007488-00007709 while do you think we'll need to make a
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00025-00007709-00008020 reservation absolutely August is the
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00026-00008022-00008273 busiest month for Park visitors you
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00027-00008274-00008435 ought to find out if campsites are still
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00028-00008436-00008759 available good idea what else should we
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00029-00008760-00009046 do before going camping well you'd
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00030-00009047-00009191 better check all your equipment before
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00031-00009192-00009424 you leave home and be sure to bring
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00032-00009425-00009737 along a first aid kit
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00033-00009738-00009971 three
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00034-00009972-00010210 I'm so glad we're going to be roommates
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00035-00010211-00010523 this year Leah me too I've been looking
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00036-00010524-00010817 forward to sharing an apartment yeah and
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00037-00010818-00011099 I really needed to find a new roommate I
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00038-00011100-00011399 had a lot of trouble with my last one oh
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00039-00011400-00011717 Martha what happened well it was a bit
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00040-00011718-00011951 like living with my mother she was
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00041-00011952-00012149 always telling me things like hang up
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00042-00012150-00012503 your jacket and pick up the magazines
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00043-00012504-00012653 um I don't think there's anything wrong
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00044-00012654-00012893 with being clean I like to keep my room
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00045-00012894-00013277 neat oh no Leah you like to clean up all
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00046-00013278-00013588 the time too well maybe you can keep
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00047-00013590-00013786 everything picked up and put away for
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00048-00013787-00013951 both of us
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00049-00013952-00014236 no I think we should pick up our own
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00050-00014237-00014530 things and wash our own dishes maybe we
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00051-00014531-00014855 just need to have a few rules
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00052-00014856-00015091 four
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00053-00015091-00015407 rules you think we need to have rules
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00054-00015408-00015755 sure why not then we'll both know whose
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00055-00015756-00016163 job it is to do things okay all right as
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00056-00016163-00016372 long as you don't ask me to change too
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00057-00016373-00016744 much what do you mean well my mom was
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00058-00016745-00017015 always yelling at me Martha can you turn
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00059-00017016-00017333 the radio down and Martha would you mind
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00060-00017334-00017657 not leaving the TV on all the time
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00061-00017658-00017986 uh oh I needed to be really quiet when
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00062-00017987-00018443 I'm studying no music no TV and I can't
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00063-00018444-00018767 study without listening to my CDs turned
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00064-00018768-00018971 up all the way
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00065-00018972-00019264 okay Martha we have a little problem
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00066-00019265-00019553 here maybe you could wear headphones
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00067-00019554-00019829 when you listen to music I guess I could
+YiV3dVVo7MY-00068-00019830-00020078 do that
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00000-00000011-00000342 the old Spanish Trail Spanish Viejo
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00001-00000343-00000601 Sendero espanol is a historical trade
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00002-00000602-00000763 route that connected the northern New
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00003-00000764-00000973 Mexico settlements of or near Santa Fe
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00004-00000974-00001144 New Mexico with those of Los Angeles
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00005-00001145-00001431 California and Southern California
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00006-00001432-00001837 approximately 700 miles 1,100 kilometers
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00007-00001838-00002052 long the trail ran through areas of high
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00008-00002053-00002250 mountains arid deserts and deep canyons
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00009-00002251-00002545 it is considered one of the most arduous
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00010-00002546-00002760 of all trade routes ever established in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00011-00002761-00003075 the United States explored in part by
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00012-00003076-00003265 Spanish explorers as early as the late
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00013-00003265-00003553 16th century the trail saw extensive use
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00014-00003554-00003817 by pack trains from about 1830 until the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00015-00003818-00004150 mid 1850s the name of the trail comes
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00016-00004151-00004393 from the publication of Jhansi Fremont's
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00017-00004394-00004669 report of his 1844 journey for the u.s.
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00018-00004670-00004894 topographical core guided by Kit Carson
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00019-00004895-00005107 from California to New Mexico
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00020-00005108-00005326 the name acknowledges the fact that
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00021-00005327-00005500 parts of the trail had been known to the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00022-00005501-00005818 Spanish since the 16th century Fremont's
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00023-00005819-00005980 report named a trail that had already
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00024-00005981-00006316 been in use for about 15 years the trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00025-00006317-00006481 is important to New Mexico history
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00026-00006481-00006697 because it established an arduous but
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00027-00006698-00007392 usable trade route with California
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00028-00007393-00007895 topic history
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00029-00007895-00008111 the trail is a combination of known
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00030-00008112-00008309 trails that were established by Spanish
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00031-00008310-00008534 explorers trappers and traders with the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00032-00008535-00008804 ute and other Indian tribes the eastern
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00033-00008805-00008960 parts of what became called the old
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00034-00008961-00009167 Spanish Trail including Southwest
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00035-00009168-00009374 Colorado and southeast Utah were
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00036-00009375-00009760 explored by Juan Maria de Rivera in 1765
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00037-00009761-00009992 Franciscan missionaries Francisco
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00038-00009993-00010223 Attanasio Dominguez and Silvestre
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00039-00010224-00010439 Vella's de Escalon d unsuccessfully
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00040-00010440-00010637 attempted the trip to California which
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00041-00010638-00010856 was just being settled leaving Santa Fe
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00042-00010857-00011138 in 1776 and making it all the way into
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00043-00011139-00011351 the Great Basin near Utah Lake before
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00044-00011352-00011603 returning via the Arizona Strip other
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00045-00011604-00011828 expeditions under another Franciscan
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00046-00011829-00012085 missionary Francisco Garces and Captain
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00047-00012086-00012344 Juan Bautista De Anza then explored and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00048-00012345-00012491 traded in the southern part of the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00049-00012492-00012680 region finding shorter and less arduous
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00050-00012681-00012851 routes through the mountains and deserts
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00051-00012852-00013088 that connected Sonora to New Mexico in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00052-00013088-00013288 California but did not become part of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00053-00013290-00013490 the old Spanish Trail with the exception
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00054-00013491-00013649 of some of the paths through the Mojave
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00055-00013650-00013958 Desert the Mojave trail first traveled
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00056-00013959-00014174 by Garcias from the Mojave villages on
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00057-00014175-00014381 the Colorado River westward across the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00058-00014382-00014483 Mojave Desert
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00059-00014484-00014678 between desert springs until he turned
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00060-00014679-00014872 north westward to the old Tejon pass
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00061-00014873-00015091 into the San Joaquin Valley looking for
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00062-00015093-00015305 a route to Monterey Garces then returned
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00063-00015306-00015463 to the Colorado following the whole
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00064-00015465-00015650 length of the Mojave trail from the San
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00065-00015651-00015812 Bernardino Valley over the San
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00066-00015813-00016000 Bernardino Mountains at Monument peaked
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00067-00016001-00016205 on the Mojave River and eastward to the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00068-00016206-00016490 Colorado River the same trail was used
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00069-00016491-00016649 by the first Americans to reach
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00070-00016650-00016892 California by land the expedition led by
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00071-00016893-00017215 Jedediah Smith in November 1826 the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00072-00017216-00017468 Mojave Desert section of the Mojave
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00073-00017469-00017669 trail is now a jeep trail called the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00074-00017670-00017996 Mojave Road a route linking New Mexico
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00075-00017997-00018227 to California combining information from
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00076-00018228-00018536 many explorers was opened in 1829 to 30
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00077-00018537-00018769 when Santa Fe merchant Antonio Armijo
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00078-00018770-00019028 led a trade party of 60 men and 100
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00079-00019029-00019300 mules to California using a shortcut
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00080-00019301-00019556 discovered by Rafael Rivera the previous
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00081-00019557-00019742 year the army'll party was able to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00082-00019743-00019925 stitch together a route that connected
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00083-00019926-00020099 the roots of the Rivera and Dominguez
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00084-00020100-00020324 Escalante expeditions and the Jedediah
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00085-00020325-00020534 Smith explorations with the approaches
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00086-00020535-00020693 to San Gabriel mission through the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00087-00020694-00020921 Mojave along the Mojave River upon the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00088-00020922-00021149 return of Antonio Armijo the Governor of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00089-00021150-00021227 New Mexico
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00090-00021228-00021416 immediately announced the success to his
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00091-00021417-00021752 superiors in Mexico City as a reward the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00092-00021753-00021919 governor officially named our Mia
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00093-00021920-00022154 commander for the discovery of the route
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00094-00022155-00022448 to California our Mia's route was
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00095-00022449-00022634 documented by him in a report to the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00096-00022635-00022835 governor and published by the Mexican
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00097-00022836-00023080 government in June 1830 after this date
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00098-00023081-00023267 the route began to be used by traders
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00099-00023268-00023492 for usually a single annual round trip
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00100-00023493-00023755 word spread about the successful trade
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00101-00023756-00023951 expedition and some commerce began
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00102-00023952-00024169 between Santa Fe and Los Angeles
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00103-00024170-00024397 however in 1830 due to resumed
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00104-00024398-00024611 hostilities with the Navajo the Armijo
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00105-00024612-00024782 route west to the colorado river
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00106-00024783-00024950 crossing of the fathers was not
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00107-00024951-00025142 practical and a new route north of the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00108-00025143-00025319 river had to be found which used the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00109-00025320-00025490 trails of the fur traders and trappers
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00110-00025491-00025678 of New Mexico through the lands of the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00111-00025679-00025949 Utes this route ran Northwest to the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00112-00025950-00026152 Colorado and green rivers then crossed
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00113-00026154-00026324 over to the severe river which it
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00114-00026325-00026495 followed until crossing westward over
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00115-00026495-00026687 mountains to the vicinity of Parowan
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00116-00026688-00026963 Utah it then passed southward to the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00117-00026964-00027167 Santa Clara River linking up with our
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00118-00027168-00027473 miios route to California this commerce
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00119-00027474-00027719 usually consisted of one mule pack train
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00120-00027720-00027980 from Santa Fe with 20 to 200 members
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00121-00027981-00028157 with roughly twice as many mules
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00122-00028158-00028390 bringing New Mexican goods hand-woven by
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00123-00028391-00028613 Indians such as saira peas and blankets
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00124-00028614-00028943 to California California had many horses
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00125-00028944-00029158 and mules many growing wild with no
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00126-00029160-00029369 local market which were readily traded
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00127-00029370-00029633 for hand-woven Indian products usually
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00128-00029633-00029867 two blankets were traded for one horse
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00129-00029868-00030098 more blankets were usually required for
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00130-00030099-00030389 a mule California had almost no wool
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00131-00030389-00030617 processing industry and few Weaver's so
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00132-00030618-00030820 woven products were a welcomed commodity
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00133-00030822-00031094 the trading party usually left New
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00134-00031095-00031277 Mexico in early November to take
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00135-00031277-00031471 advantage of winter rains to cross the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00136-00031472-00031627 deserts on the trail and would arrive in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00137-00031628-00031939 California in early February the return
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00138-00031941-00032162 party would usually leave California for
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00139-00032163-00032363 New Mexico in early April to get over
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00140-00032364-00032564 the trail before the waterholes dried up
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00141-00032564-00032744 and the melting snow raised the rivers
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00142-00032745-00033056 too high the return party often included
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00143-00033057-00033263 several hundred to a few thousand horses
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00144-00033264-00033596 and mules low scale emigration from New
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00145-00033597-00033821 Mexico to California used parts of the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00146-00033822-00034019 trail in the late 1830s when the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00147-00034020-00034321 trapping trade began to die New Mexicans
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00148-00034322-00034526 came to settle in Alta California by
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00149-00034527-00034612 this route some
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00150-00034613-00034777 first settled in Paulette Anna then
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00151-00034778-00034985 established the twin settlements of agua
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00152-00034986-00035183 Monza and la Placita on the Santa Ana
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00153-00035184-00035408 River the first towns in what became San
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00154-00035409-00035680 Bernardino and Riverside counties the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00155-00035681-00035926 family of Antonio Armijo moved to Alta
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00156-00035927-00036133 California and his father acquired the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00157-00036134-00036352 Rancho to leanness a number of Americans
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00158-00036353-00036608 most naturalized Mexican citizens in New
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00159-00036609-00036851 Mexico formerly in the California trade
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00160-00036852-00037064 over the old Spanish Trail or in the fur
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00161-00037065-00037286 trade settled in Alta California and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00162-00037287-00037495 became important citizens in later years
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00163-00037496-00037765 like Luis Roberto John de Roland William
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00164-00037766-00037973 workman Benjamin Davis Wilson and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00165-00037974-00038279 William wolf scale the trail was also
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00166-00038280-00038504 used for illicit purposes namely to raid
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00167-00038505-00038720 the California Ranchos for horses and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00168-00038721-00038896 for an extensive Indian slave trade
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00169-00038897-00039179 these horse raids were made by Mexicans
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00170-00039180-00039421 ex trappers and Indian tribes primarily
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00171-00039422-00039482 the Utes
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00172-00039483-00039664 most famously wall khara who together
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00173-00039665-00039886 stole hundreds to thousands of horses in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00174-00039887-00040205 one raid Native Americans especially the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00175-00040206-00040370 Paiutes along the route of the trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00176-00040371-00040612 usually women and children were captured
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00177-00040613-00040873 and sold to Mexican ranchers etc in both
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00178-00040874-00041095 California and New Mexico for domestic
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00179-00041096-00041365 servants Mexican traders and Indian
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00180-00041366-00041579 raiding parties both participated in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00181-00041580-00041845 this slave trade the consequences of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00182-00041846-00041977 this human trafficking had a
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00183-00041978-00042163 long-standing effect for those who lived
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00184-00042164-00042367 along the trail even after the trail was
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00185-00042368-00042640 no longer in use intermittent Indian
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00186-00042641-00042857 warfare along the trail often resulted
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00187-00042858-00043027 from these slave raids by unscrupulous
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00188-00043028-00043361 traders and raiding Indians John C
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00189-00043362-00043663 Fremont the great Pathfinder took the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00190-00043664-00043939 route guided by Kit Carson in 1844 and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00191-00043940-00044135 named it in his reports written up in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00192-00044136-00044512 about 1848 New Mexico California trade
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00193-00044513-00044755 continued until the mid 1850s when a
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00194-00044756-00044945 shift to the use of freight wagons and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00195-00044946-00045139 the development of wagon trails made the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00196-00045140-00045505 old pack trail route obsolete by 1846
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00197-00045506-00045727 both New Mexico and California had
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00198-00045728-00045961 become US territories as a result of the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00199-00045962-00046748 mexican-american war of 1846 to 1847 in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00200-00046749-00047011 Utah Nevada and California all along the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00201-00047012-00047230 trail affecting both trade interests and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00202-00047231-00047417 tolerance for the slavery of American
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00203-00047418-00047596 natives place names used in this article
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00204-00047597-00047800 refer to present-day States and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00205-00047801-00047894 communities
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00206-00047895-00048176 few if any settlements existed along the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00207-00048177-00048377 trail except in the coastal plains of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00208-00048378-00048644 Alta California before 1850 although
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00209-00048645-00048836 many of the geologic features along the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00210-00048837-00048953 trail retained their Spanish
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00211-00048954-00049548 designations
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00212-00049549-00050166 topic description of the trail route
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00213-00050167-00050514 you
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00214-00050515-00051030 topic Armijo root
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00215-00051031-00051254 the Armijo root of the old Spanish Trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00216-00051255-00051491 was established by an expedition led by
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00217-00051492-00052176 Antonio Armijo in 1829 to 1837 1829 our
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00218-00052177-00052386 mios expedition traveled a route north
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00219-00052387-00052626 west and west of Santa Fe from Abiquiu
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00220-00052627-00052829 following the Chama River and the Puerco
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00221-00052830-00053030 River and he crossed to the amazing San
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00222-00053032-00053316 Juan River Basin from the San Juan they
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00223-00053316-00053502 entered the Four Corners area passed
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00224-00053503-00053700 north of the Carrizo Mountains to church
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00225-00053701-00053970 rock east of present-day Kayenta the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00226-00053971-00054177 trail then ran to Marsh Pass and north
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00227-00054178-00054375 through T segi Canyon into canyon
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00228-00054376-00054573 country into the Colorado River then
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00229-00054574-00054738 called the Rio Grande where the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00230-00054739-00054912 travelers forted at the crossing of the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00231-00054913-00055119 fathers above present-day Glen Canyon
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00232-00055120-00055442 Dam continuing west to pipe spring a non
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00233-00055444-00055650 diverging river above present-day st.
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00234-00055651-00055899 George Utah the expedition then followed
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00235-00055900-00056057 the Virgin to the mouth of the Santa
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00236-00056058-00056235 Clara River which they followed up to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00237-00056236-00056412 the vicinity of the Shiva Reservation
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00238-00056413-00056649 they then crossed southward over the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00239-00056650-00056882 beaver dam Mountains at Utah Hill summit
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00240-00056883-00057057 to the Virgin River again which they
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00241-00057058-00057219 followed for three days down to the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00242-00057220-00057407 Colorado River before turning west
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00243-00057408-00057582 parallel to the river over difficult
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00244-00057583-00057804 terrain in the Black Mountains to avoid
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00245-00057804-00057992 the deep narrow Gorge of Boulder Canyon
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00246-00057994-00058248 to the Riverside Oasis of cobble wash in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00247-00058249-00058548 Las Vegas wash Armia waited there for
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00248-00058549-00058764 his scouts to return especially Rivera
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00249-00058765-00058947 who had visited the Mojave villages
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00250-00058948-00059250 downriver before Rivera returned having
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00251-00059251-00059454 recognized the Mojave trail that led
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00252-00059454-00059637 westward to Southern California
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00253-00059638-00059871 perhaps because of the belligerents of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00254-00059872-00060057 the mojave two parties of mountain men
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00255-00060058-00060276 in recent years or merely to save time
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00256-00060277-00060341 Armijo
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00257-00060342-00060557 attempted a shortcut route southwest to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00258-00060558-00060842 the mouth of the mojave river from las
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00259-00060844-00061062 vegas wash on the Colorado River our
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00260-00061063-00061316 miios expedition passed southwestward to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00261-00061317-00061503 dry lake in El Dorado Valley in the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00262-00061504-00061677 spring at Goodsprings Valley then
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00263-00061678-00061872 through Wilson pass across mesquite
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00264-00061873-00062052 Valley in California Valley through
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00265-00062053-00062265 emigrant pass to resting springs then
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00266-00062266-00062439 along the Amargosa River from near
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00267-00062440-00062642 Tacoma to Salt Spring from Salt Spring
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00268-00062644-00062853 they crossed a two day long waterless
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00269-00062854-00063041 stretch up Salt Creek to Laguna del
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00270-00063042-00063357 Milagro Lake of the miracle probably
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00271-00063358-00063530 Silver Lake then to oh he towed El
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00272-00063532-00063827 Malpais little spring of the badlands on
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00273-00063828-00064098 soda Lake then another waterless day
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00274-00064099-00064284 beyond soda Lake where they reached the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00275-00064285-00064409 only intermittently dead
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00276-00064410-00064628 mojave river and the mojave trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00277-00064629-00064831 leading upriver by now short of food
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00278-00064832-00065056 Armijo sent some of his scouts ahead to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00279-00065057-00065240 get more food in the settlement at san
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00280-00065241-00065498 bernardino descent estancia they
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00281-00065499-00065747 followed the river for six days 110
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00282-00065748-00065942 miles to its head from the mouth having
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00283-00065943-00066144 to kill a mule or horse each day to eat
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00284-00066145-00066424 probably at Summit Valley at the top of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00285-00066425-00066625 the river east of Cajon Pass they met
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00286-00066626-00066824 Vaqueros of the San Bernardino de Sena
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00287-00066825-00066962 estancia with food
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00288-00066963-00067223 our mio did not cross over the mountains
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00289-00067224-00067432 by the Mojave trail root over Monument
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00290-00067433-00067592 Peak but followed a route he called
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00291-00067593-00067916 canyon de san bernardino from the upper
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00292-00067917-00068162 mojave river west through Cajon Pass and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00293-00068163-00068378 down Crowder Canyon and Cajon Canyon to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00294-00068379-00068569 the mouth of Cajon Pass where the trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00295-00068570-00068731 reached the coastal plain of San
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00296-00068732-00068944 Bernardino Valley a route no doubt known
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00297-00068945-00069085 to the Vaqueros of San Bernardino
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00298-00069086-00069424 estancia once through the pass they
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00299-00069425-00069590 turned west along the foot of the San
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00300-00069591-00069803 Gabriel Mountains for two days to San
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00301-00069804-00069992 Jose Creek then following it to cross
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00302-00069993-00070193 the San Gabriel River at the Rancho La
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00303-00070194-00070415 Puente reaching Mission San Gabriel
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00304-00070416-00070784 Archangel on January 30th 1830 Armijo
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00305-00070785-00070991 returned by the same route between March
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00306-00070992-00071387 1st in April 25th 1830 he submitted a
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00307-00071388-00071599 brief journal of his journey itemizing
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00308-00071600-00071780 the day's with names of places where
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00309-00071781-00072013 camps were made but with no distances to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00310-00072014-00072199 the government of New Mexico and it was
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00311-00072200-00072380 published by the Mexican government in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00312-00072381-00072963 June 1830
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00313-00072964-00073456 topic main route
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00314-00073457-00073690 the main route also referred to as the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00315-00073691-00073885 central route or the northern route of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00316-00073886-00074110 the old Spanish Trail avoided territory
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00317-00074111-00074290 of the Navajo who had returned to a
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00318-00074291-00074524 state of hostilities after Armijo strip
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00319-00074525-00074683 and the more difficult canyon country
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00320-00074684-00074890 traversed by the Armijo route around the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00321-00074891-00075238 Colorado River first traveled in 1830 by
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00322-00075239-00075448 a party led by William Wolf's skill and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00323-00075449-00075670 Georgie on this route ran Northwest from
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00324-00075671-00075880 Santa Fe through southwestern Colorado
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00325-00075881-00076138 passed the San Juan Mountains Mancos and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00326-00076139-00076315 dove Creek entering Utah near
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00327-00076316-00076576 present-day Monticello the trail then
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00328-00076577-00076738 proceeded north through difficult
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00329-00076739-00076909 terrain to Spanish Valley near today's
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00330-00076910-00077170 Moab Utah where a ferry crossed the deep
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00331-00077171-00077371 and wide Colorado River and then turned
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00332-00077372-00077563 Northwest to a ferry crossing on the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00333-00077564-00077749 similarly sized and dangerous Green
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00334-00077750-00077980 River near present-day Green River Utah
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00335-00077981-00078238 the route then passed through or around
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00336-00078239-00078433 the San Rafael swell the northernmost
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00337-00078434-00078691 reach of the trail entering the Great
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00338-00078692-00078958 Basin in Utah via Celina Creek Canyon
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00339-00078959-00079162 the trail turned Southwest following the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00340-00079163-00079405 savior Santa Clara virgin rivers to the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00341-00079406-00079663 north bank of the Colorado River there
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00342-00079664-00079837 they could follow the Colorado River to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00343-00079838-00080074 las vegas wash then south through the el
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00344-00080075-00080287 dorado valley and pirate valley to join
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00345-00080288-00080482 the mojave trail west of the mojave
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00346-00080483-00080674 villages below modern Laughlin and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00347-00080675-00080830 followed the route between the springs
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00348-00080831-00081049 along the Mojave trail to soda lake in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00349-00081050-00081337 the Mojave River later caravans could
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00350-00081338-00081532 alternatively follow the Armijo route
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00351-00081533-00081694 diverting southwestward from the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00352-00081695-00081934 Colorado at Las Vegas wash to resting
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00353-00081935-00082138 springs into the Mojave River where it
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00354-00082139-00082291 joined the wolf skill Yount route
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00355-00082292-00082486 following that River upward to and over
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00356-00082487-00082651 the San Bernardino Mountains through
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00357-00082652-00082858 Cajon Pass Crowder Canyon and lower
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00358-00082859-00083053 Cajon Canyon and across the coastal
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00359-00083054-00083263 valleys to Mission San Gabriel and Los
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00360-00083264-00083802 Angeles
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00361-00083803-00084301 topic north route
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00362-00084302-00084513 the North branch of the old Spanish
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00363-00084514-00084712 Trail was established by traders and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00364-00084713-00084901 trappers using Indian and Spanish
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00365-00084902-00085186 colonial roots it ran from santa fe
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00366-00085187-00085393 north to Taos and on north into the San
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00367-00085394-00085707 Luis Valley of Colorado caravans then
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00368-00085708-00085924 headed west to today's siwash crossing
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00369-00085925-00086107 over the Continental Divide at Concha
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00370-00086108-00086287 toca pass and then through present-day
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00371-00086288-00086476 Gunnison and Montrose to the Uncompahgre
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00372-00086477-00086743 Valley the trail then followed the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00373-00086744-00086932 Gunnison River to today's Grand Junction
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00374-00086933-00087163 where the Colorado River was forded and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00375-00087164-00087369 then on West to join the main route just
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00376-00087370-00087622 east of the Green River the north branch
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00377-00087623-00087835 later became an interest of explorers
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00378-00087836-00087976 seeking viable routes for a
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00379-00087977-00088204 transcontinental railroad along the 38th
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00380-00088205-00088573 parallel in 1853 alone three separate
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00381-00088574-00088759 expeditions explored the North Branch
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00382-00088760-00089062 over Concha Topa Pass these groups were
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00383-00089063-00089266 led in order by lieutenant Edward
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00384-00089267-00089491 Fitzgerald Beale captain John Williams
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00385-00089492-00090147 Gunderson and John C Fremont
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00386-00090148-00090485 topic modifications to the trail before
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00387-00090486-00090914 1844
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00388-00090915-00091151 use of the old Spanish Trail between
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00389-00091152-00091460 1829 and 1848 resulted in numerous
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00390-00091461-00091703 variations as travelers adopted or
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00391-00091704-00091994 blazed easier paths but regardless of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00392-00091995-00092162 the route taken the old Spanish Trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00393-00092163-00092393 crossed several mountain ranges passed
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00394-00092394-00092591 through dry sections with limited grass
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00395-00092592-00092831 and sometimes limited water crossed to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00396-00092832-00093007 deserts and was often littered with the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00397-00093008-00093190 bones of horses that had died of thirst
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00398-00093191-00093476 the western portions of the old Spanish
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00399-00093477-00093692 Trail could only be used semi reliably
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00400-00093693-00093929 in winter when rains or snows deposited
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00401-00093930-00094201 water in the desert in summer there was
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00402-00094202-00094385 often no water and the oppressive heat
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00403-00094386-00094673 could kill a single round trip per year
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00404-00094674-00094934 was about all that was feasible after
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00405-00094935-00095204 1848 the western parts of the trail were
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00406-00095205-00095417 used for winter access between Utah and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00407-00095418-00095639 California when other trails were closed
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00408-00095640-00096152 by snow
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00409-00096153-00096506 topic lower Narrows crossing Cajon Pass
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00410-00096507-00096865 cutoff
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00411-00096866-00097223 sometime before 1844 perhaps as early as
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00412-00097224-00097457 1830 a cut-off developed on the old
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00413-00097458-00097619 Spanish Trail that cut the distance
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00414-00097620-00097862 traveled along the upper mojave river by
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00415-00097863-00098042 cutting across what is now Victor Valley
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00416-00098043-00098264 from the cajon pass to a crossing just
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00417-00098265-00098461 below the lower narrows of the river on
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00418-00098462-00098822 April 20th 1844 following the advice of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00419-00098823-00099074 his guide John C Fremont intercepted
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00420-00099075-00099242 this route to the river riding east
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00421-00099243-00099455 southeast from Lake Elizabeth north of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00422-00099456-00100037 the San Gabriel Mountains
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00423-00100038-00100367 topic salt spring fork of the road cut
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00424-00100368-00100697 off
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00425-00100698-00100934 another cut off to the Armijo route of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00426-00100935-00101126 the old Spanish Trail had developed
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00427-00101127-00101375 before 1844 where the trail fork
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00428-00101376-00101588 northeastward from the Mojave River and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00429-00101589-00101819 Mojave trail east of what is now Yermo
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00430-00101820-00102047 California running up Spanish canyon
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00431-00102048-00102230 over Alvord Mountain to bitter spring
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00432-00102231-00102418 then through red pass to join the army
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00433-00102419-00102586 au route near salt spring in the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00434-00102588-00102896 Silurian Valley Fremont also used this
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00435-00102897-00103186 route in 1844 the fork of the trails
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00436-00103188-00103393 there on the Mojave River later became
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00437-00103394-00103999 known as fork of the road
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00438-00104000-00104540 topic Fremont's cutoff
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00439-00104541-00104806 one last modification to this route was
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00440-00104807-00105034 that followed by John C Freeman eastward
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00441-00105035-00105395 in 1844 his expedition left the Armijo
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00442-00105396-00105569 route at resting spring and turned
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00443-00105570-00105752 northeastward after crossing the nope
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00444-00105753-00105941 arranged through emigrant pass through
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00445-00105942-00106133 California Valley and across Pahrump
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00446-00106133-00106313 Valley to stump spring and into the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00447-00106314-00106472 mountains to mountain in Springs to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00448-00106473-00106678 cottonwood spring to las vegas springs
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00449-00106679-00106970 he then crossed the dry 50 miles to the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00450-00106971-00107153 muddy river before rejoining the main
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00451-00107154-00107315 route on the Virgin River at halfway
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00452-00107316-00107533 wash after crossing what later became
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00453-00107534-00107809 known as Mormon Mesa this route saved
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00454-00107810-00107983 the large distances caused by the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00455-00107984-00108182 diversion of the Armijo and main routes
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00456-00108183-00108380 to follow the Colorado River and would
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00457-00108381-00108535 later become the route of the Mormon
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00458-00108536-00108713 Road the wagon road through Southern
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00459-00108714-00108917 Nevada between Salt Lake City and Los
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00460-00108918-00109261 Angeles see also national trail map of
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00461-00109263-00109779 old Spanish Trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00462-00109780-00110056 topic historic preservation and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00463-00110057-00110470 commemoration
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00464-00110471-00110802 in 1988 a section of the trail in arches
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00465-00110803-00110973 national park was placed on the National
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00466-00110974-00111324 Register of Historic Places in 2001 the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00467-00111325-00111489 section of the trail that runs across
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00468-00111490-00111684 Nevada from the Arizona border to
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00469-00111685-00111844 California was placed on the National
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00470-00111845-00112101 Register of Historic Places as the old
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00471-00112102-00112318 Spanish Trail Mormon Road historic
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00472-00112319-00112533 district the old Spanish Trail became
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00473-00112534-00112716 the fifteenth National Historic Trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00474-00112717-00113064 after Congress adopted Senate bill 1946
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00475-00113065-00113286 and President George W Bush signed the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00476-00113287-00113572 legislation in December 2002 although
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00477-00113573-00113778 few traces of the early traders trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00478-00113779-00113988 remain the trail is now commemorated in
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00479-00113989-00114183 many local street and road names and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00480-00114184-00114363 numerous historical markers in the
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00481-00114364-00114646 states that it crossed portions of u.s.
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00482-00114647-00114997 160 in Colorado and u.s. 191 in Utah are
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00483-00114998-00115625 similarly designated
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00484-00115626-00116125 topic gallery
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00485-00116126-00116496 you
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00486-00116497-00116999 topic notes
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00487-00117000-00117366 you
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00488-00117367-00117930 topic external links
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00489-00117931-00118158 old Spanish National Historic Trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00490-00118158-00118467 National Park Service map and
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00491-00118468-00118728 bibliography old Spanish Trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00492-00118729-00119084 Association map old Spanish National
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00493-00119085-00119394 Historic Trail National Park Service
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00494-00119395-00119659 Historic Trail Maps old Spanish Trail
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00495-00119660-00120059 map and history old Spanish National
+YjFiXZKuQ8g-00496-00120060-00120434 Historic Trail BLM page
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00000-00000896-00001079 hello everyone and welcome back to
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00001-00001080-00001270 yankee doppler where of course every day
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00002-00001271-00001454 is a train show my name is dj and today
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00003-00001455-00001574 we're going to be looking at some things
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00004-00001575-00001791 that hopefully will be finding their way
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00005-00001792-00002039 on your layout real soon hey are you a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00006-00002039-00002199 kit builder and you like to construct
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00007-00002200-00002375 your own cars well i got the perfect
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00008-00002376-00002599 thing from you or for you rather from
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00009-00002600-00002934 atlas check out these train man kits
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00010-00002935-00003231 here these are our 40-foot box car tray
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00011-00003232-00003438 man kicks and a whole bunch of different
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00012-00003439-00003719 road names main central new haven we
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00013-00003720-00003935 have the pittsburgh at lake erie the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00014-00003936-00004054 wabash
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00015-00004055-00004222 southern pacific
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00016-00004223-00004519 the lehigh valley the lackawanna the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00017-00004520-00004743 root of the phoebe snow and of course
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00018-00004744-00005070 the western pacific now these kits are
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00019-00005071-00005263 really nicely put together as you can
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00020-00005264-00005406 see of course we're not thinking about
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00021-00005407-00005543 the box because well it's not really
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00022-00005544-00005647 interesting to take a look at a whole
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00023-00005648-00005854 bunch of parts but essentially what you
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00024-00005855-00006015 do is you put it together if you want to
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00025-00006016-00006183 save a little bit of money and you like
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00026-00006184-00006367 to put things together this is a great
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00027-00006368-00006559 opportunity for you and the neat thing
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00028-00006559-00006806 about this is the price how much is it
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00029-00006808-00006998 well i'm going to tell you engineer hall
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00030-00007000-00007231 these things retail for 19.99 but we're
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00031-00007231-00007546 still here at yankee doubler for
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00032-00007547-00007878 13.99 wow i know you did not mishear
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00033-00007879-00008055 that 13.99
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00034-00008056-00008263 for these cars we always talk about high
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00035-00008264-00008391 quality cars and if you want to get a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00036-00008392-00008559 whole bunch to create a nice long unit
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00037-00008560-00008863 train well this is a very inexpensive
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00038-00008864-00009039 way to do that plus it passes the time
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00039-00009040-00009167 maybe it's a neat project you can do
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00040-00009168-00009374 with the kids and uh let's face it if
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00041-00009375-00009487 you have the kids at home you want to
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00042-00009488-00009727 keep them busy here do that all right so
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00043-00009728-00009927 i mean it's the best thing to do we got
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00044-00009928-00010087 a whole bunch of these kits here so come
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00045-00010088-00010255 to yankee dabbler get these on your
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00046-00010256-00010399 railroad today because i know you're
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00047-00010400-00010583 really going to like them and for our
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00048-00010584-00010735 people in the comments section here this
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00049-00010736-00010895 is one of my favorite things about these
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00050-00010896-00011127 boxes i love the artwork that they have
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00051-00011128-00011391 here and we'll give a little bit of uh
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00052-00011392-00011695 something to someone that can name me
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00053-00011696-00011870 what railroad that is
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00054-00011871-00012127 i know how about you comment below and
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00055-00012128-00012310 we'll get you up
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00056-00012311-00012527 engineer hall
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00057-00012528-00012727 coffee mug
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00058-00012728-00012894 it just might say something else that
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00059-00012895-00013063 will scribble up but you never know
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00060-00013063-00013183 comment below
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00061-00013184-00013358 so we take a look at a lot of engines
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00062-00013359-00013535 that we have on our show here but you
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00063-00013536-00013686 might be thinking you know i really need
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00064-00013687-00013951 something to run them with well if
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00065-00013952-00014119 you're looking for a starter set i have
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00066-00014119-00014366 this here for you back in stock the nce
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00067-00014368-00014630 power cabs this is the complete dcc
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00068-00014631-00014822 starter set so a lot of people love the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00069-00014823-00014999 way that these remotes feel they feel
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00070-00015000-00015191 good in your hand that has very easily
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00071-00015191-00015375 accessible uh buttons on here as a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00072-00015376-00015566 matter of fact this is what engineer
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00073-00015568-00015847 hall uses on his layout so if you want
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00074-00015847-00016063 to be just like engineer hall
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00075-00016063-00016271 this is the way to go here all right so
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00076-00016272-00016430 it comes with everything that you need
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00077-00016431-00016663 here as you can see it is an awesome
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00078-00016664-00016879 looking device here so some people like
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00079-00016880-00017094 digitrax some people like the bachmann
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00080-00017095-00017343 system but here we have the nce system
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00081-00017344-00017719 here and it retails for 299.95 we're
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00082-00017720-00017971 selling it here at yankee doubler for
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00083-00017972-00018207 249.99 so that's a great deal to get on
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00084-00018208-00018311 here of course you can always throw that
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00085-00018312-00018486 engineer hall disc gotta get a little uh
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00086-00018487-00018639 extra off of there but if you're looking
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00087-00018640-00018879 to get started with the dcc's uh hookup
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00088-00018880-00019103 look no further than nce get these on
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00089-00019104-00019279 your railroad today i know you're i like
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00090-00019280-00019430 it i know we've been taking a look at a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00091-00019431-00019711 lot of ho stuff lately and i'm sure and
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00092-00019712-00019886 scalers want to be represented well
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00093-00019887-00020014 don't worry because we've got a great
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00094-00020015-00020150 thing for broadway limited that we're
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00095-00020151-00020407 going to check out these are some sd70
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00096-00020408-00020678 ace for your consideration check out
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00097-00020679-00020950 these uh bad boys here we have here a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00098-00020951-00021230 couple of great uh realistic looking
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00099-00021231-00021422 designs here these were all prototypical
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00100-00021423-00021599 engines that came out we have the first
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00101-00021600-00021839 one here that says thank you veterans so
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00102-00021840-00022022 that's their veteran locomotive for the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00103-00022023-00022271 montana rail link we have the thank you
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00104-00022272-00022503 for essential workers that's an awesome
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00105-00022504-00022711 look then we have this kansas city
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00106-00022712-00022983 southern uh support our troops veteran
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00107-00022984-00023158 engine and then we have two union
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00108-00023159-00023407 pacific engines the powered by our
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00109-00023408-00023742 people and finally the 1943
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00110-00023743-00024014 and these are just fantastic engines i'm
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00111-00024015-00024230 sure you've seen these decorated before
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00112-00024231-00024447 for ajo i think oh scale has also done
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00113-00024448-00024607 them too but this is the first time
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00114-00024608-00024839 we're having them in n scale and by
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00115-00024840-00024975 broadway limit and of course you know
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00116-00024976-00025142 the great uh things that broadway
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00117-00025143-00025342 limited does with their locomotives they
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00118-00025343-00025535 sound great they look great and you know
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00119-00025536-00025711 what they'll take my word for it let's
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00120-00025712-00025855 fire them up and see what they sound
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00121-00025856-00026125 like all aboard
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00122-00026126-00026351 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00123-00026352-00026551 so because our essential workers are so
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00124-00026552-00026711 important to all of us and thank you to
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00125-00026712-00026870 our all of our essential workers out
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00126-00026872-00027014 there we're going to run the montana
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00127-00027016-00027214 rail lake essential workers engine all
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00128-00027216-00027535 aboard
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00129-00027536-00028167 all right here is the home
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00130-00028168-00028390 and if you notice when the horn uh blows
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00131-00028391-00028599 you see the dish lights rotate uh
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00132-00028600-00028911 oscillate in the front
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00133-00028912-00029627 all right here we go
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00134-00029627-00031720 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00135-00031720-00033516 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00136-00033517-00034345 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00137-00034346-00035246 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00138-00035247-00035851 eyeball
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00139-00035852-00037999 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00140-00038000-00038215 so that is an awesome looking engine if
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00141-00038216-00038327 you want an engine that's a little bit
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00142-00038328-00038527 different it has some great artwork to
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00143-00038528-00038702 it i think these really fit the bill
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00144-00038703-00038902 especially for an end scaler
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00145-00038903-00039071 now these engines come complete with
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00146-00039072-00039239 everything you want for broadway limited
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00147-00039240-00039446 has paragon 4 sound these are also
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00148-00039447-00039743 looking locomotives they sell for 279.99
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00149-00039744-00039902 but we're selling them here at yankee
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00150-00039903-00040018 dabbler for
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00151-00040019-00040239 239.99 now these type of specialty
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00152-00040240-00040439 engines do not last long so if this is
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00153-00040440-00040590 something you're thinking about don't
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00154-00040591-00040751 hesitate because you're going to miss
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00155-00040752-00040927 out on these so get these engines on
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00156-00040928-00041087 your railroad today i know you're going
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00157-00041088-00041230 to love them these are just great
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00158-00041231-00041423 looking engines that are going to be uh
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00159-00041424-00041567 really they're a conversation starter
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00160-00041568-00041695 you know you have someone come over take
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00161-00041696-00041927 a look at your layout you see that it
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00162-00041928-00042102 really starts up a conversation and it
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00163-00042103-00042239 just looked great so get them on your
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00164-00042240-00042407 road today so we haven't taken a look at
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00165-00042408-00042623 any diesel locomotives in uh i don't
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00166-00042624-00042790 know three seconds so we're gonna take a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00167-00042791-00042967 look at some more and we got these from
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00168-00042968-00043167 atlas check out these puppies here we
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00169-00043168-00043527 got these sd 24 diesel locomotives here
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00170-00043528-00043687 and i have a bunch of different names
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00171-00043688-00043823 here i have a couple different
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00172-00043824-00044015 variations in the union pacific i only
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00173-00044016-00044183 took the early version out but i have
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00174-00044184-00044271 another
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00175-00044272-00044574 variation i have here the santa fe and i
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00176-00044575-00044790 love the blue and yellow paint scheme it
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00177-00044791-00044958 always stands out really well
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00178-00044959-00045239 we have here the southern pacific that
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00179-00045240-00045471 was the standard i really like this one
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00180-00045472-00045646 here this is a really neat burlington
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00181-00045647-00045807 diesel locomotive i just think that
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00182-00045808-00045990 color scheme really pops
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00183-00045991-00046190 and i know a lot of people really like
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00184-00046191-00046358 the southern and of course these two
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00185-00046359-00046574 last versions are the high hood model
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00186-00046575-00046767 where the other ones are the low nose
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00187-00046768-00046958 but these are great looking engines here
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00188-00046959-00047151 especially if you take a look at this
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00189-00047152-00047374 burlington one again i just love the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00190-00047375-00047567 lighting hookup here as you can see that
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00191-00047568-00047679 all the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00192-00047680-00047839 number boards are illuminated here i
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00193-00047840-00048007 have some really neat looking headlight
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00194-00048008-00048279 features here i do have crew figures
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00195-00048280-00048462 inside the locomotive so if i take a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00196-00048463-00048718 look inside there i do have some guys
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00197-00048719-00048951 driving the engine here oh sorry it's
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00198-00048952-00049135 running down yeah i'm sorry they're
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00199-00049136-00049367 running the engine you gotta be tactical
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00200-00049368-00049671 okay so anyway we got some guys running
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00201-00049672-00049823 the engine in there so that's pretty
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00202-00049824-00049911 cool
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00203-00049912-00050079 so i mean these are just really neat
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00204-00050080-00050246 looking locomotives and atlas does a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00205-00050247-00050455 really good job of giving you a very
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00206-00050456-00050646 economical friendly diesel locomotive
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00207-00050647-00050830 but it still has a lot of detail and
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00208-00050831-00051039 they sound great too but don't just take
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00209-00051040-00051190 my word for it actually you know what
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00210-00051191-00051311 we've been doing the show for a long
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00211-00051312-00051454 time you should take my word for it
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00212-00051455-00051775 forget it we're moving on right run it
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00213-00051776-00051975 fine all right we're gonna run them and
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00214-00051976-00052111 uh i think you're really gonna like what
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00215-00052112-00052399 you see so take my word for it and also
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00216-00052400-00052703 take yours let's go let's go
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00217-00052704-00052863 now i always show you the standard
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00218-00052864-00053023 sounds that these engines have like the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00219-00053024-00053199 horn the belt of revving but there's
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00220-00053200-00053391 actually a lot of other uh sequences of
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00221-00053391-00053542 sound effects that are inside of these
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00222-00053544-00053679 locomotives that we don't really take a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00223-00053679-00053838 look at and i want to take a look at
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00224-00053839-00053982 some of those right here so let's go to
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00225-00053983-00054135 this burlington engine that i have on
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00226-00054136-00054247 the track here
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00227-00054248-00054471 and as you can see it has some various
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00228-00054472-00054694 air compressor sounds happening there
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00229-00054695-00054950 let's see if i want the couplers to make
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00230-00054951-00055319 a sound here we go
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00231-00055320-00055630 all right let's say if i want the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00232-00055632-00056926 handbrake to go
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00233-00056927-00057094 how about i want to hit the isolation
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00234-00057095-00057535 switch
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00235-00057536-00058126 what if i want that uh cab door to open
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00236-00058127-00058382 all right what about the uh engine
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00237-00058383-00059287 compartment doors opening
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00238-00059288-00059463 so there's a lot of really neat features
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00239-00059464-00059679 that go into these engines here outside
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00240-00059679-00059838 of the normal stuff now of course let's
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00241-00059839-00060007 get into the normal stuff so let's start
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00242-00060008-00061111 her up
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00243-00061112-00061735 all right let's hear that horn
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00244-00061736-00062287 let's get the bell going
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00245-00062288-00063336 all aboard
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00246-00063337-00064325 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00247-00064326-00065391 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00248-00065391-00065623 so that is a great sounding engine it's
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00249-00065624-00065823 a great looking one too and i think all
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00250-00065824-00066094 the other ones are very comparable and
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00251-00066095-00066247 no you're not going to be disappointed
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00252-00066248-00066423 getting any of those engines on your
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00253-00066424-00066606 railroad now i actually do have a couple
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00254-00066607-00066767 of different variations for example the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00255-00066768-00066975 southern i have two different versions
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00256-00066976-00067191 one has the logo on the front the other
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00257-00067192-00067375 one does not have it indicating a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00258-00067376-00067599 different time in its career service and
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00259-00067600-00067750 of course i have a couple different ones
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00260-00067751-00067919 for the union pacific and an early and
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00261-00067920-00068175 later paint scheme as well now you might
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00262-00068176-00068303 be wondering how much these are well
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00263-00068304-00068535 they retail for 299.95
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00264-00068536-00068638 but we're selling them here yankee
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00265-00068639-00068879 dollar for 209.99
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00266-00068880-00069079 so also to get on these engines here
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00267-00069080-00069238 atlas does a great job with their
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00268-00069239-00069367 products and i know you're not going to
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00269-00069368-00069494 be disappointed with these engines as
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00270-00069495-00069679 well so coming to yankee dabbler get
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00271-00069680-00069863 these engines on your layout today
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00272-00069864-00070015 pulling trains up and down your layout
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00273-00070016-00070279 so those sd24s are a little outdated for
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00274-00070280-00070479 you well don't worry because we upgraded
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00275-00070480-00070750 and we got you an sd26
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00276-00070751-00070982 slight upgrade we have these brand new
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00277-00070983-00071179 engines here from atlas these are the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00278-00071180-00071403 sd-24 uh wow
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00279-00071404-00071726 sd26s messing up already i have here the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00280-00071727-00072103 golf gilford rail system
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00281-00072104-00072247 and that one is the mean engine because
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00282-00072248-00072431 it does come with ditch lights
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00283-00072432-00072719 then i have two santa fe's i have here
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00284-00072720-00073006 the yellow warbonnet paint scheme and
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00285-00073007-00073279 then i have here the kodachrome paint
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00286-00073280-00073431 scheme and this one is actually kind of
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00287-00073432-00073623 an interesting engine because this is
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00288-00073624-00073831 for those of you who don't know a failed
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00289-00073832-00074023 merger in the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00290-00074024-00074303 mid in the late 90s the santa fe was
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00291-00074304-00074462 going to merge with the center pacific
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00292-00074463-00074647 and the deal was pretty much done but
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00293-00074648-00074903 this needed a couple of dot the uh eyes
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00294-00074904-00075103 across the t's so they came out with
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00295-00075104-00075343 this really unique paint scheme where
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00296-00075344-00075511 they kind of jumped the shark a little
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00297-00075512-00075759 bit and they put sf here and in this
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00298-00075760-00075911 blank area that was right here they were
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00299-00075912-00076062 going to put sp
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00300-00076063-00076223 and if you notice in the front here they
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00301-00076224-00076462 did the same thing sf and in the middle
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00302-00076463-00076662 it was going to say sp well what
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00303-00076663-00076838 happened was the merger never happened
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00304-00076839-00077031 you just had a bunch of these random
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00305-00077032-00077206 engines with missing paint schemes in
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00306-00077207-00077382 here so they became known as the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00307-00077383-00077575 kodachrome diesels and that's a really
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00308-00077576-00077711 neat looking engine
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00309-00077712-00077967 now these engines just like the sd24s
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00310-00077968-00078171 are selling for the same price
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00311-00078172-00078519 299.95 but we're selling here for 209.99
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00312-00078520-00078631 it's a great deal to get on these
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00313-00078632-00078806 locomotives and once again we're right
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00314-00078807-00078967 here with these bad boys sound like and
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00315-00078968-00079175 i went a little bit in detail with that
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00316-00079176-00079415 kodachrome paint scheme so let's get it
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00317-00079416-00080069 started shall we
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00318-00080070-00080203 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00319-00080204-00080479 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00320-00080480-00080615 so i like the fact that even though it's
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00321-00080616-00080782 a different diesel locomotive very
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00322-00080783-00080950 similar to the other one we have
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00323-00080951-00081143 different sound escaping right so here
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00324-00081144-00081401 is the horn
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00325-00081402-00081591 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00326-00081592-00081840 here is the bell
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00327-00081841-00082031 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00328-00082032-00082712 and away we go
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00329-00082713-00084184 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00330-00084185-00084201 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00331-00084202-00086256 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00332-00086257-00086823 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00333-00086824-00086975 you know what i really like about the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00334-00086976-00087159 sound system that they have in here too
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00335-00087160-00087423 is i can hear them real squealing that
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00336-00087424-00087718 is an awesome addition here
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00337-00087719-00089050 all aboard
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00338-00089051-00089866 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00339-00089867-00091103 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00340-00091104-00091890 [Applause]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00341-00091891-00092031 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00342-00092032-00092247 that's a cool looking engine it sounds
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00343-00092248-00092438 awesome too i love those flange
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00344-00092439-00092631 squealing in there uh i mean there's
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00345-00092632-00092847 just a lot happening in those engines
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00346-00092848-00093023 and i think you're gonna be happy with
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00347-00093024-00093223 any one of them though once again these
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00348-00093224-00093543 engines retail for 209.95 so make sure
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00349-00093544-00093774 i'm sorry 209.99 so make sure you go to
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00350-00093775-00093982 yankee doubler.com get these engines on
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00351-00093983-00094238 your railroad because well once again as
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00352-00094239-00094423 i always say if you miss out on it
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00353-00094424-00094559 you'll see it in somebody else's layout
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00354-00094560-00094703 and you'll be thinking
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00355-00094704-00094918 should have got it so come to yankee
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00356-00094919-00095055 download get it on your layout today
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00357-00095056-00095206 well that's it for everything brand new
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00358-00095207-00095391 here at yankee dabbler i hope we found
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00359-00095392-00095574 something that you are interested in
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00360-00095575-00095791 purchasing to put on your layout we had
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00361-00095792-00095911 a couple of different options here of
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00362-00095912-00096135 course we have the sd-24s
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00363-00096136-00096662 we have the sd-26s we had the sd70ace
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00364-00096663-00096943 we had these atlas trayman kits that you
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00365-00096944-00097143 could put together yourself and of
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00366-00097144-00097455 course we had the nce power caps you can
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00367-00097456-00097735 run your empire with but if none of
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00368-00097736-00097935 these things match your interest that's
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00369-00097936-00098094 okay because they have a whole bunch of
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00370-00098095-00098274 things available on our website
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00371-00098275-00098487 yankeedoppler.com we are continuously
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00372-00098488-00098750 adding things to that website daily so
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00373-00098751-00098887 if there's something brand new that you
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00374-00098888-00099111 are looking for or something old that
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00375-00099112-00099303 you kind of miss well check it out on
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00376-00099304-00099447 our website i know we're gonna find
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00377-00099448-00099703 something for your railroad in no time i
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00378-00099704-00099847 want to thank you very much for tuning
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00379-00099848-00099974 in to our show here if you're not
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00380-00099975-00100118 already subscribed to engineering hall's
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00381-00100119-00100247 channel i don't know what you're doing
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00382-00100248-00100438 please hit that subscribe button get
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00383-00100439-00100591 caught up on all the brand new things
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00384-00100592-00100726 that we have coming up here we have the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00385-00100727-00100911 spring layout spectacular we have the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00386-00100912-00101111 fallout extravaganza i'm sure we got a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00387-00101112-00101255 lot more videos coming as a matter of
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00388-00101256-00101399 fact engineer hall is doing something
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00389-00101400-00101735 interesting he took out his uh garage
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00390-00101736-00102031 and it's installing an entire hump yard
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00391-00102032-00102238 all right the missus is not too happy
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00392-00102239-00102406 about it but hey you gotta have that
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00393-00102407-00102606 hump yard right engineer hall i gotta
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00394-00102607-00102823 head to halt baby i know right yes
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00395-00102824-00102999 there's a dirty joke in there somewhere
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00396-00103000-00103263 so thank you very much for uh staying uh
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00397-00103264-00103447 tuning in we're gonna conclude with our
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00398-00103448-00103599 rail fan video we're gonna go to the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00399-00103600-00103854 cuyahoga valley in ohio to see the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00400-00103855-00104134 nickel plate road number 765 going down
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00401-00104135-00104342 the main line i hope you enjoy and if
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00402-00104343-00104606 you excuse me i have to get my memorial
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00403-00104607-00104839 day plans going i want to go to a
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00404-00104840-00105054 norfolk southern rail yard and watch
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00405-00105055-00105286 trains go by and she wants to go to the
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00406-00105288-00105590 beach so wish me luck on this uh i mean
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00407-00105591-00105686 you know
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00408-00105688-00105847 and you can go to the beach anytime but
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00409-00105848-00106031 there could be a heritage unit i mean
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00410-00106032-00106175 that that's one thing i don't understand
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00411-00106176-00106390 why she want to understand it oh i mean
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00412-00106391-00106599 you can have sunscreen or you see tank
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00413-00106600-00106839 cars i mean that's kind of connection
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00414-00106840-00107039 you know ice cream anyone could get ice
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00415-00107040-00107207 cream but box cars i mean there's gonna
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00416-00107208-00107447 be box cars gondolas maybe even caboose
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00417-00107448-00109175 that'd be fun
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00418-00109176-00109975 foreign
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00419-00109976-00112796 so
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00420-00112797-00114008 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00421-00114008-00114943 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00422-00114944-00117079 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00423-00117080-00117783 [Music]
+Yl9xnA5uDJI-00424-00117783-00117991 you
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00000-00000289-00000605 InDesign has as is to be expected a
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00001-00000606-00000811 spellcheck feature that can be activated
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00002-00000813-00000979 and you'll do that via the Edit menu
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00003-00000980-00001190 scroll down to spelling and then choose
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00004-00001191-00001385 check spelling without any fancy
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00005-00001386-00001579 modifications the default spellcheck
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00006-00001580-00001730 feature can check the spelling in an
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00007-00001730-00001934 entire document the text within the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00008-00001935-00002147 frame you are currently working in or in
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00009-00002148-00002297 the selection of highlighted text you
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00010-00002298-00002513 just made you can also correct the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00011-00002514-00002654 spelling or ignore the flagged words
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00012-00002655-00002893 from within the spell check this check
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00013-00002894-00003215 spelling dialog box however it can do so
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00014-00003215-00003440 much more than that one very specific
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00015-00003440-00003622 example I want to share is that you can
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00016-00003623-00003884 change the language setting for your
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00017-00003885-00004129 spell check if you're working in English
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00018-00004130-00004424 obviously you want to have us English as
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00019-00004425-00004793 your default language but maybe you're
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00020-00004794-00004985 editing something for an English company
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00021-00004986-00005342 and all of the words like favourite fa
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00022-00005343-00005717 v/o you are right are getting flagged
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00023-00005718-00005909 for being spelled wrong but they're not
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00024-00005910-00006170 because you're using the Great Britain
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00025-00006171-00006434 or the English version of the word you
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00026-00006434-00006598 can change the language you can change
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00027-00006600-00006859 it to Spanish French Greek Italian there
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00028-00006861-00007013 are lots of default languages that are
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00029-00007014-00007538 available you can edit the language of
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00030-00007539-00007717 your spell check via the Preferences
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00031-00007718-00007873 dialog box and we learned earlier that
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00032-00007875-00008089 you can use command or control K to
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00033-00008090-00008255 launch your preferences dialog box or
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00034-00008256-00008474 you can choose the InDesign menu then
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00035-00008475-00008630 preferences and then dictionary if
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00036-00008631-00008903 you're on a PC the preferences are found
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00037-00008904-00009085 under the edit menu so you go to the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00038-00009086-00009320 Edit menu scroll down choose preferences
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00039-00009321-00009553 and then dictionary and from there under
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00040-00009554-00009703 the dictionary settings you can change
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00041-00009704-00009863 the language right at the top and you
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00042-00009864-00010081 can see that I have english usa' set as
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00043-00010082-00010616 my default meant language it's also
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00044-00010617-00010856 possible to enable dynamic spellcheck
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00045-00010857-00011027 which is the little red squigglies that
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00046-00011028-00011258 everybody wants to see usually we've
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00047-00011259-00011446 become accustomed to that under your
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00048-00011447-00011503 words
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00049-00011504-00011767 most people will miss typing and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00050-00011768-00012026 spellcheck errors in InDesign because
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00051-00012027-00012158 they don't see the red squigglies right
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00052-00012159-00012434 you see a red squiggly or a green
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00053-00012435-00012641 squiggly or blue squiggly under your
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00054-00012642-00012805 word and you know something's not right
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00055-00012806-00013016 and you know to at least address it or
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00056-00013016-00013052 fig
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00057-00013053-00013288 what's not right and you can activate
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00058-00013290-00013478 those via the Preferences dialog box as
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00059-00013479-00013658 well so while you're in the Preferences
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00060-00013659-00013844 dialog box under spelling
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00061-00013844-00014147 you can enable dynamic spelling then you
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00062-00014147-00014276 can even modify it you can change a
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00063-00014277-00014447 color if you don't want red if you
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00064-00014447-00014663 wanted purple change it to be purple we
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00065-00014663-00014990 usually use red for spelling errors so
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00066-00014991-00015083 keep that in mind
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00067-00015084-00015302 there's also while you're there if you
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00068-00015303-00015485 go down one more tab within the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00069-00015486-00015680 Preferences dialog box there's an
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00070-00015681-00015887 autocorrect feature you can enable
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00071-00015888-00016109 autocorrect if you want to but I would
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00072-00016110-00016310 be careful we all know how well it works
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00073-00016311-00016525 on our phones at inconvenient times
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00074-00016526-00016709 right you're trying to type a word and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00075-00016710-00016931 every time you type it it auto corrects
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00076-00016932-00017027 it to something else
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00077-00017028-00017279 be careful because a lot of the times
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00078-00017280-00017530 when you're formatting text and InDesign
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00079-00017531-00017711 you're not formatting your own words
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00080-00017712-00017867 you're formatting somebody else's words
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00081-00017868-00017996 somebody else wrote something and you're
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00082-00017997-00018209 formatting their article into a
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00083-00018210-00018383 newsletter or you're formatting their
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00084-00018384-00018728 book into their chapters into a book so
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00085-00018729-00019075 be cautious if you're going to enable
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00086-00019076-00019667 autocorrect in InDesign although the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00087-00019668-00019892 spellcheck dialog box allows InDesign
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00088-00019893-00020102 users to find misspelled words and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00089-00020103-00020315 change them it is not the same as the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00090-00020316-00020489 fine change dialog box which can be
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00091-00020490-00020650 launched via the edit menu as well and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00092-00020651-00020834 instead of choosing spelling choose fine
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00093-00020835-00021116 change fine change features generally
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00094-00021117-00021319 allow users to find a word or phrase and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00095-00021320-00021563 replace it with a new one for example if
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00096-00021564-00021788 a character's name in a book is mo P
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00097-00021789-00021971 Maggie and we decide to change it to
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00098-00021972-00022217 dreary david the fine change feature in
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00099-00022218-00022430 any text editing program will find all
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00100-00022431-00022631 instances of mopey Maggie and change
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00101-00022632-00022877 them to be dreary David and this applies
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00102-00022878-00023093 to all text editing programs Microsoft
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00103-00023094-00023369 Word has the same option in designs fine
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00104-00023370-00023546 change dialog box does much more than
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00105-00023547-00023753 this it allows you to find and change
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00106-00023754-00023987 any attribute of an object or text and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00107-00023988-00024209 replace it for example if you've added a
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00108-00024210-00024392 drop shadow to all of your images and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00109-00024393-00024608 then decided you'd rather have an outer
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00110-00024609-00024853 glow the fine change dialog box can be
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00111-00024854-00025088 used to find all objects with drop
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00112-00025089-00025234 shadows and change them to have outer
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00113-00025235-00025397 clothes you can find everything that
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00114-00025398-00025562 uses Times New Roman and change all
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00115-00025563-00025730 instances of Chinese Nariman to be
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00116-00025731-00025984 century gothic you can find everything
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00117-00025985-00026094 that's red
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00118-00026095-00026299 that's a specific color red and change
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00119-00026300-00026482 it to be a different specific color of
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00120-00026483-00026911 blue it has some really cool features so
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00121-00026912-00027082 you can see here this is what the fine
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00122-00027083-00027298 change dialog box looks like we're gonna
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00123-00027299-00027564 focus on the first tab which is the type
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00124-00027566-00027880 the text tab type a word or a phrase in
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00125-00027881-00028057 the find what field and then choose a
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00126-00028058-00028285 word or phrase to replace it with the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00127-00028286-00028498 change to field this is the most basic
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00128-00028499-00028732 way to use finding change type in Moby
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00129-00028733-00028999 Maggie and change to dreary David when
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00130-00029000-00029173 you're ready you'll hit find next it
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00131-00029174-00029356 will show you it'll highlight it in the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00132-00029357-00029520 document and you could say yes I want to
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00133-00029522-00029715 change that and hit change if you're
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00134-00029716-00029992 confident you can say find next and then
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00135-00029993-00030177 change all and it will change all
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00136-00030178-00030385 instances of moppy Maggie to be dreary
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00137-00030386-00030673 David going above and beyond that if you
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00138-00030674-00030864 use the second or the bottom portion of
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00139-00030866-00031231 the dialog box you can modify attributes
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00140-00031232-00031495 so if you're looking for a text
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00141-00031495-00031660 attribute instead of a word or phrase
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00142-00031661-00031873 use the bottom half of the find change
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00143-00031874-00032080 dialog box instead of searching for a
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00144-00032081-00032260 word you can search for a typeface they
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00145-00032261-00032458 take color or a type setting and then
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00146-00032458-00032650 choose to replace it with a new typeface
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00147-00032651-00032914 type color type setting by clicking the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00148-00032915-00033039 little magnifying glass on the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00149-00033040-00033271 right-hand side of the option so you'll
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00150-00033272-00033468 click the magnifying glass on the find
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00151-00033469-00033712 what and say find all blue text to find
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00152-00033713-00034030 all Times New Roman text find all text
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00153-00034031-00034314 that's italic and then you'll change to
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00154-00034315-00034570 and you'll launch the dialog box and say
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00155-00034571-00034827 change all italic text to be regular or
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00156-00034828-00035296 all italic text to be bold so you can
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00157-00035297-00035499 see here that instead of using the find
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00158-00035500-00035692 what and change to field to change words
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00159-00035693-00035893 I'm going to use the bottom half of the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00160-00035894-00036079 panel I hit the magnifying glass to
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00161-00036080-00036361 search I went to character color and now
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00162-00036362-00036552 what I can do is I can choose a color
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00163-00036553-00036754 that's in my document and I can search
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00164-00036755-00036912 for it and change it to a new color
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00165-00036913-00037273 I could even choose span columns let's
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00166-00037274-00037474 say that as I was designing my layout I
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00167-00037475-00037833 decided that every single article should
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00168-00037834-00038161 have a title that spans two columns
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00169-00038162-00038446 whether the article was a one two or
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00170-00038447-00038632 three column layout in a one column
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00171-00038633-00038779 layout it wouldn't span two columns
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00172-00038780-00038929 because there's not two columns but
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00173-00038930-00039090 let's say that I have two column and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00174-00039091-00039191 three column article
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00175-00039192-00039410 and I decided that all headlines should
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00176-00039411-00039656 only span two columns I could search the
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00177-00039657-00039911 document under span columns to find all
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00178-00039912-00040148 instances of where I've used the span
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00179-00040149-00040394 two columns option and change it to span
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00180-00040395-00040916 all columns you can then take it one
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00181-00040917-00041111 step further instead of using the text
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00182-00041112-00041261 option you can switch to the object
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00183-00041262-00041558 option the fine change dialog box can
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00184-00041559-00041723 also be used to search for object
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00185-00041724-00041789 attributes
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00186-00041790-00042005 click on the object option at the top of
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00187-00042006-00042182 the dialog box to focus your search on
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00188-00042183-00042389 things like stroke weight color and type
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00189-00042390-00042680 frame corner options fill colors drop
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00190-00042681-00042908 shadows etc and then use a little
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00191-00042909-00043082 magnifying glass just like we did for
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00192-00043083-00043256 the text settings to find an object
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00193-00043257-00043505 format and then a change object format
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00194-00043506-00043694 and it works the same way so you're
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00195-00043695-00043829 gonna hit the little magnifying glass a
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00196-00043830-00044090 dialog box will appear find what you're
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00197-00044091-00044261 looking for it'll show you what you're
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00198-00044262-00044456 using in your document and then say
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00199-00044457-00044708 whenever you find that red color or that
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00200-00044709-00044993 drop shadow or that stroke pattern
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00201-00044994-00045257 change the wavy stroke to be a dotted
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00202-00045258-00045466 stroke and you'll do that via the change
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00203-00045467-00045830 object format dialog box you can see
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00204-00045831-00046055 here that I've selected the find object
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00205-00046056-00046241 format I went to stroke and corner
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00206-00046242-00046703 options you can find all frames that are
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00207-00046704-00046958 using a rounded corner and then go into
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00208-00046959-00047183 the change object format dialog box
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00209-00047184-00047336 which will look identical to this and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00210-00047337-00047591 say change it all to be an inverse
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00211-00047592-00047804 rounded or an inset or a bevel corner
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00212-00047805-00047936 and it will go through your entire
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00213-00047937-00048137 document and it will reformat all your
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00214-00048138-00048359 frames this works really well if you're
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00215-00048360-00048599 standardizing if you're making maybe a
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00216-00048600-00048749 catalogue and you're standardizing how
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00217-00048750-00048974 all the photographs are inserted maybe
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00218-00048975-00049142 you wanted them all to be rounded and
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00219-00049143-00049361 you wanted them to have like a half inch
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00220-00049362-00049607 round corner and then you thought that
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00221-00049608-00049814 looks really weird it's really too broad
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00222-00049815-00050135 of a radius and so you're like instead
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00223-00050136-00050285 of a half-inch radius on the corners I
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00224-00050286-00050543 just want it to be an eighth of an inch
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00225-00050544-00050828 point to 0.125 you could come in here
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00226-00050829-00050993 and find everywhere you've used a half
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00227-00050994-00051155 inch rounded corner and change it to be
+Ylv1duiWfmQ-00228-00051156-00051491 a 1/8 inch rounded corner
+YmTclsjetp4-00000-00000003-00000275 it's like you have too much dislike you
+YmTclsjetp4-00001-00000276-00001223 have too much so much ideas like hi I'm
+YmTclsjetp4-00002-00001224-00001460 now I'm 23 I'm from Leicester and I've
+YmTclsjetp4-00003-00001461-00001676 just been on a date my first love hi
+YmTclsjetp4-00004-00001677-00001913 guys I'm the mean some 25 years old I'm
+YmTclsjetp4-00005-00001914-00002039 from Leicester and I've just been on a
+YmTclsjetp4-00006-00002039-00002193 date with my first love
+YmTclsjetp4-00007-00002194-00002602 we've been on and off for about a few
+YmTclsjetp4-00008-00002603-00002884 years first time we met I believe I was
+YmTclsjetp4-00009-00002885-00003160 about 19 years old I just like a coffee
+YmTclsjetp4-00010-00003161-00003419 shop she was a student at the University
+YmTclsjetp4-00011-00003420-00003668 of I was working at we met four years
+YmTclsjetp4-00012-00003669-00004103 ago we broke up a year after got back
+YmTclsjetp4-00013-00004104-00004381 together broke up again we clash about
+YmTclsjetp4-00014-00004382-00004670 silly things and just be pointless
+YmTclsjetp4-00015-00004671-00004963 arguing and childish arguing it
+YmTclsjetp4-00016-00004964-00005081 complicated
+YmTclsjetp4-00017-00005082-00005336 they have patience with each other so it
+YmTclsjetp4-00018-00005337-00005456 ended so we've been about two years
+YmTclsjetp4-00019-00005457-00005779 since we was together we have been civil
+YmTclsjetp4-00020-00005780-00006236 with McCool just Anna taxi on the way to
+YmTclsjetp4-00021-00006237-00006798 the restaurant now
+YmTclsjetp4-00022-00006800-00008192 oh yes very very nervous I did not know
+YmTclsjetp4-00023-00008193-00008414 how to react I don't know if he was the
+YmTclsjetp4-00024-00008415-00008690 same person how to act around him he
+YmTclsjetp4-00025-00008691-00008972 seems a lot more mature this time but
+YmTclsjetp4-00026-00008973-00009245 that's what I said last time she's a lot
+YmTclsjetp4-00027-00009246-00009332 different yeah she's a lot more
+YmTclsjetp4-00028-00009333-00009506 laid-back I'd say I see that she has
+YmTclsjetp4-00029-00009507-00009659 changed and she has grown as a person
+YmTclsjetp4-00030-00009660-00009824 there so obviously she's beautiful to
+YmTclsjetp4-00031-00009825-00009899 look at though
+YmTclsjetp4-00032-00009900-00010475 smiles all round okay back ademma was a
+YmTclsjetp4-00033-00010476-00010637 lot younger so I both both had
+YmTclsjetp4-00034-00010638-00010814 insecurities in her little silly
+YmTclsjetp4-00035-00010815-00010994 problems I'd say they probably came our
+YmTclsjetp4-00036-00010995-00011183 relationship or I've changed I've grown
+YmTclsjetp4-00037-00011184-00011321 up a lot I'm definitely more than I'm in
+YmTclsjetp4-00038-00011322-00011678 a boy in our face I was hoping that
+YmTclsjetp4-00039-00011679-00011882 after the day we'll just end up with a
+YmTclsjetp4-00040-00011883-00012196 good friendship to start with and we're
+YmTclsjetp4-00041-00012197-00012392 both willing to work together or some
+YmTclsjetp4-00042-00012393-00012698 things maybe a future relationship we'll
+YmTclsjetp4-00043-00012699-00013304 see really good it was really fun we've
+YmTclsjetp4-00044-00013305-00013499 had a lot of things to talk about
+YmTclsjetp4-00045-00013500-00013738 yeah right laughs it was alcohol you
+YmTclsjetp4-00046-00013740-00014410 will do cancer fun
+YmTclsjetp4-00047-00014411-00014794 relationship
+YmTclsjetp4-00048-00014795-00015211 well we what we're wrong what went good
+YmTclsjetp4-00049-00015212-00015591 what cool maybe who knows
+YmTclsjetp4-00050-00015593-00015708 [Music]
+YmTclsjetp4-00051-00015709-00016069 yeah can do a fancy date much as well go
+YmTclsjetp4-00052-00016070-00016228 go another one under the date would be
+YmTclsjetp4-00053-00016229-00016628 good yeah we got one nowhere so yeah
+YmTclsjetp4-00054-00016629-00019561 [Music]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00000-00000000-00002661 [Music]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00002-00006392-00006504 me
+00cSrkb8kBI-00004-00011682-00011719 [Applause]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00005-00011720-00013682 [Music]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00006-00013683-00013712 [Applause]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00007-00013713-00016511 [Music]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00008-00016512-00016785 me
+00cSrkb8kBI-00009-00016786-00017572 [Music]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00010-00017573-00018081 [Applause]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00011-00018082-00018118 [Applause]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00012-00018119-00019029 [Music]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00013-00019030-00019225 [Applause]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00014-00019226-00019360 [Music]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00015-00019361-00019400 [Applause]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00016-00019401-00020310 [Music]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00017-00020311-00020363 [Applause]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00018-00020364-00020775 [Music]
+00cSrkb8kBI-00019-00020776-00020984 you
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00000-00000000-00000223 [Music]
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00001-00000224-00000252 [Applause]
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00002-00000253-00001098 [Music]
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00003-00001099-00001374 [Applause]
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00004-00001375-00001535 let's see
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00005-00001536-00001798 vaccination
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00006-00001800-00001926 finally
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00007-00001927-00002215 the last coffee shop
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00008-00002216-00002687 so everything will be back to normal
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00009-00002688-00003197 two weeks later
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00010-00003198-00003463 [Music]
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00011-00003464-00003663 don't forget to subscribe click on the
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00012-00003664-00003886 red button down below thanks for
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00013-00003887-00004743 watching
+01ZN_VwvIJY-00014-00004744-00004952 you
+03mKqdveJbo-00000-00000994-00001491 [Music]
+03mKqdveJbo-00001-00001492-00001982 okay
+03mKqdveJbo-00002-00001984-00003753 you're fine
+03mKqdveJbo-00003-00003754-00004837 [Music]
+03mKqdveJbo-00004-00004838-00005683 [Music]
+03mKqdveJbo-00005-00005684-00007083 oh
+03mKqdveJbo-00006-00007084-00008483 wow
+03mKqdveJbo-00007-00008484-00008624 oh
+03mKqdveJbo-00008-00008625-00008846 [Music]
+03mKqdveJbo-00009-00008847-00008991 summer
+03mKqdveJbo-00010-00008992-00009246 [Music]
+03mKqdveJbo-00011-00009247-00009639 summer
+03mKqdveJbo-00012-00009640-00010778 summer hi
+03mKqdveJbo-00013-00010779-00011283 [Music]
+03mKqdveJbo-00014-00011284-00011442 oh
+03mKqdveJbo-00015-00011443-00012223 [Music]
+03mKqdveJbo-00016-00012224-00012542 no no no
+03mKqdveJbo-00017-00012543-00012902 you can't get out yet
+03mKqdveJbo-00018-00012903-00013119 hello and i told him not to bring his
+03mKqdveJbo-00019-00013119-00013358 claws out too
+03mKqdveJbo-00020-00013359-00014086 boo boo no okay no no no
+03mKqdveJbo-00021-00014087-00015691 you almost died
+03mKqdveJbo-00022-00015691-00016558 [Music]
+03mKqdveJbo-00023-00016559-00016943 that's right berlin
+03mKqdveJbo-00024-00016944-00017367 if you're happy and you know it say meow
+03mKqdveJbo-00025-00017368-00017727 if you're happy and you know it say meow
+03mKqdveJbo-00026-00017728-00017919 if you're happy and you know it and you
+03mKqdveJbo-00027-00017920-00018103 really want to show it if you're happy
+03mKqdveJbo-00028-00018104-00018958 and you know it say meow
+03mKqdveJbo-00029-00018959-00019271 [Music]
+07Xb5fEOETu-00000-00000000-00000622 [Music]
+07Xb5fEOETu-00001-00000623-00000966 I turn
+07Xb5fEOETu-00002-00000967-00001251 and I want to talk to you about the best
+07Xb5fEOETu-00003-00001252-00001452 ways
+07Xb5fEOETu-00004-00001453-00001635 use art and science to make a better
+07Xb5fEOETu-00005-00001636-00002046 world and to do that I want to explain
+07Xb5fEOETu-00006-00002047-00002235 what I think
+07Xb5fEOETu-00007-00002236-00002440 a good way to think about art and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00008-00002441-00002662 science and like what they are in
+07Xb5fEOETu-00009-00002663-00002943 reality how they late to one another and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00010-00002944-00003552 how they're different in our heart is
+07Xb5fEOETu-00011-00003553-00003931 and I believe art is any way of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00012-00003932-00004360 expressing internal subjective personal
+07Xb5fEOETu-00013-00004361-00004699 experience to someone else using sensory
+07Xb5fEOETu-00014-00004700-00005038 information sensory being any kind of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00015-00005039-00005253 medium whether it's my physical body
+07Xb5fEOETu-00016-00005254-00005571 moving around doing things speaking
+07Xb5fEOETu-00017-00005572-00006243 singing song to you know media to paper
+07Xb5fEOETu-00018-00006244-00006616 to paint to photographs to movies and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00019-00006617-00006970 videos so any kind of sensory media any
+07Xb5fEOETu-00020-00006970-00007198 kind of sensory information that I'm
+07Xb5fEOETu-00021-00007198-00007509 expressing that I'm outputting it's art
+07Xb5fEOETu-00022-00007511-00007850 and as long as it's today
+07Xb5fEOETu-00023-00007851-00008357 my personal experience so if I am in an
+07Xb5fEOETu-00024-00008358-00008744 art gallery right now there's origami in
+07Xb5fEOETu-00025-00008745-00009116 here and origamis interesting
+07Xb5fEOETu-00026-00009117-00009365 intersection of art and science
+07Xb5fEOETu-00027-00009366-00009929 the art part of it is the fact that I'm
+07Xb5fEOETu-00028-00009930-00010139 in an art gallery I come in here and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00029-00010140-00010400 multiple things and I experience
+07Xb5fEOETu-00030-00010401-00010712 emotions I experience memories of my own
+07Xb5fEOETu-00031-00010713-00011227 experiences as they were triggered by
+07Xb5fEOETu-00032-00011228-00011540 the art that I'm looking at you know and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00033-00011541-00011690 look at these things I look at these
+07Xb5fEOETu-00034-00011691-00011981 objects and the shapes you know they
+07Xb5fEOETu-00035-00011982-00012197 started out as a flat piece of paper I
+07Xb5fEOETu-00036-00012198-00012455 know this from my own memories on
+07Xb5fEOETu-00037-00012456-00012692 bringing my own experience to the art
+07Xb5fEOETu-00038-00012693-00013046 and adding them together and the artist
+07Xb5fEOETu-00039-00013047-00013244 triggering my memories of my own
+07Xb5fEOETu-00040-00013244-00013600 experiences and it's relating
+07Xb5fEOETu-00041-00013601-00013972 the artists experience to my own so I'm
+07Xb5fEOETu-00042-00013972-00014425 kind of sharing and saying the same
+07Xb5fEOETu-00043-00014426-00014671 subjective experience with someone else
+07Xb5fEOETu-00044-00014672-00015069 or they're sharing with me and so this
+07Xb5fEOETu-00045-00015070-00015304 is art this is taking
+07Xb5fEOETu-00046-00015305-00015826 some media some expressive and sensory
+07Xb5fEOETu-00047-00015827-00016207 information and using that to convey and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00048-00016208-00016552 experiencing two things that the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00049-00016553-00016813 individuals can do in life where in the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00050-00016814-00017038 universe there's two processes there's
+07Xb5fEOETu-00051-00017039-00017425 taking in stuff
+07Xb5fEOETu-00052-00017426-00017689 so all of this stuff is experience that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00053-00017690-00018055 comes into me and then processing it in
+07Xb5fEOETu-00054-00018056-00018355 some unique way and then outputting
+07Xb5fEOETu-00055-00018356-00018685 something and so these the art
+07Xb5fEOETu-00056-00018686-00018880 experience is taking you all the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00057-00018881-00019078 information from the universe that I've
+07Xb5fEOETu-00058-00019079-00019305 had and then processing that in some
+07Xb5fEOETu-00059-00019306-00019644 unique way to output part of that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00060-00019645-00019980 experience in an emotionally connecting
+07Xb5fEOETu-00061-00019981-00020375 way in individual to another individual
+07Xb5fEOETu-00062-00020376-00020864 it's a heart hot
+07Xb5fEOETu-00063-00020865-00021169 so this this origami you know I come in
+07Xb5fEOETu-00064-00021170-00021416 here and I look at it and add it it can
+07Xb5fEOETu-00065-00021417-00021739 relate to me this experience that the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00066-00021740-00021958 artist had while they were making it
+07Xb5fEOETu-00067-00021959-00022294 they took a flat piece of paper or some
+07Xb5fEOETu-00068-00022295-00022421 of these cases there are many black
+07Xb5fEOETu-00069-00022422-00022613 pieces in the perfect thing we started
+07Xb5fEOETu-00070-00022614-00022844 out with a flat piece of paper and they
+07Xb5fEOETu-00071-00022845-00023089 did things to it they manipulated it
+07Xb5fEOETu-00072-00023090-00023422 folded it
+07Xb5fEOETu-00073-00023423-00023967 together in a specific way and then put
+07Xb5fEOETu-00074-00023968-00024145 that here until I have that experience
+07Xb5fEOETu-00075-00024146-00024639 of feeling a little bit like the artist
+07Xb5fEOETu-00076-00024640-00024930 stuff they took in some information that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00077-00024931-00025252 they observed about the universe
+07Xb5fEOETu-00078-00025253-00025479 they they made a little thing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00079-00025480-00025861 representing that to commend for but in
+07Xb5fEOETu-00080-00025862-00026142 this case it's a physical metaphor
+07Xb5fEOETu-00081-00026143-00026520 so that's art art is this individual
+07Xb5fEOETu-00082-00026522-00026638 person to person
+07Xb5fEOETu-00083-00026639-00027043 art to heart it's subjective experience
+07Xb5fEOETu-00084-00027044-00027242 sharing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00085-00027243-00027515 sensory it's full of sensory information
+07Xb5fEOETu-00086-00027516-00027804 and robust and selected each stream
+07Xb5fEOETu-00087-00027805-00028055 doesn't have to be like crying or you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00088-00028056-00028286 know laughing hysterically or anger it's
+07Xb5fEOETu-00089-00028287-00028479 just you know it's just the experience
+07Xb5fEOETu-00090-00028480-00028707 the experience of different a flat piece
+07Xb5fEOETu-00091-00028708-00028940 of paper when shaping you into something
+07Xb5fEOETu-00092-00028941-00029216 more interesting something you know that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00093-00029217-00029429 made me represent something and it stays
+07Xb5fEOETu-00094-00029430-00029735 there there's flowers and there's
+07Xb5fEOETu-00095-00029736-00030150 geometric shapes like molecules
+07Xb5fEOETu-00096-00030151-00030558 very tiny diatoms if something and then
+07Xb5fEOETu-00097-00030558-00030714 there's some more specific shapes like
+07Xb5fEOETu-00098-00030714-00031023 there's a rhinoceros or something in
+07Xb5fEOETu-00099-00031024-00031302 there and a butterfly you know and then
+07Xb5fEOETu-00100-00031302-00031520 so all of these whatever the shape that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00101-00031522-00031902 they've chosen model something in their
+07Xb5fEOETu-00102-00031902-00032106 experience that they want to share with
+07Xb5fEOETu-00103-00032107-00032272 someone else
+07Xb5fEOETu-00104-00032273-00032557 so that's the art part of it and on a
+07Xb5fEOETu-00105-00032558-00032923 science the other other process is to
+07Xb5fEOETu-00106-00032924-00033115 forces the art and the science courses
+07Xb5fEOETu-00107-00033116-00033388 that we have of interacting in the world
+07Xb5fEOETu-00108-00033389-00034102 the science is a stepping back from the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00109-00034103-00034386 subjective
+07Xb5fEOETu-00110-00034387-00034683 and objective which I'll describe in a
+07Xb5fEOETu-00111-00034684-00034995 minute by
+07Xb5fEOETu-00112-00034996-00035429 become objective by looking at other
+07Xb5fEOETu-00113-00035430-00035765 perspectives by comparing different
+07Xb5fEOETu-00114-00035766-00036002 perspectives so there's a perspective
+07Xb5fEOETu-00115-00036003-00036168 that's looking this way there's a
+07Xb5fEOETu-00116-00036169-00036330 perspective that's looking this way
+07Xb5fEOETu-00117-00036331-00036587 and they're contradictory they've
+07Xb5fEOETu-00118-00036588-00036795 they're three different things they're
+07Xb5fEOETu-00119-00036796-00037071 going in different directions but they
+07Xb5fEOETu-00120-00037072-00037271 intersect in some states there's an
+07Xb5fEOETu-00121-00037272-00037581 intersection point where were the two
+07Xb5fEOETu-00122-00037582-00037922 different perspectives
+07Xb5fEOETu-00123-00037923-00038084 an individual over here looking at
+07Xb5fEOETu-00124-00038085-00038246 something an individual over here
+07Xb5fEOETu-00125-00038247-00038495 looking at something and at some point
+07Xb5fEOETu-00126-00038496-00038882 their observations intersect and where
+07Xb5fEOETu-00127-00038883-00039263 there's things in our set we can get an
+07Xb5fEOETu-00128-00039264-00039758 idea of an object so there's a coin
+07Xb5fEOETu-00129-00039759-00040043 let's say this person sees heads this
+07Xb5fEOETu-00130-00040044-00040307 person says tails and they're looking at
+07Xb5fEOETu-00131-00040308-00040427 two different things and they're
+07Xb5fEOETu-00132-00040428-00040694 describing it in two opposite lights
+07Xb5fEOETu-00133-00040695-00040900 there they're contradictory information
+07Xb5fEOETu-00134-00040901-00041183 but there was true there were completely
+07Xb5fEOETu-00135-00041184-00041435 honest about what they're experiencing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00136-00041436-00041636 so this is subjective and this is
+07Xb5fEOETu-00137-00041637-00041831 subjective when you add when you step
+07Xb5fEOETu-00138-00041832-00042241 back and you look at two different other
+07Xb5fEOETu-00139-00042242-00042446 perspectives
+07Xb5fEOETu-00140-00042447-00042746 the sort of triangle understanding you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00141-00042747-00042899 looking here and European you're
+07Xb5fEOETu-00142-00042900-00043073 standing under these things
+07Xb5fEOETu-00143-00043074-00043523 okay how do these waterways overlap
+07Xb5fEOETu-00144-00043524-00043790 what are these people both experiencing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00145-00043791-00044084 how can I figure out this this thing in
+07Xb5fEOETu-00146-00044085-00044339 the middle and what's that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00147-00044340-00044729 so this is understanding by comparing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00148-00044730-00045071 different perspectives and that science
+07Xb5fEOETu-00149-00045072-00045281 and that's why the more perspectives we
+07Xb5fEOETu-00150-00045282-00045617 get more data points the more subjects
+07Xb5fEOETu-00151-00045618-00046258 we ask the more the more broad and deep
+07Xb5fEOETu-00152-00046259-00046562 the datasets are the more information we
+07Xb5fEOETu-00153-00046563-00046616 get
+07Xb5fEOETu-00154-00046617-00046826 so let's say v1 these people they can
+07Xb5fEOETu-00155-00046827-00047102 ask you to move around a little bit so
+07Xb5fEOETu-00156-00047103-00047252 maybe they see a little bit more maybe
+07Xb5fEOETu-00157-00047253-00047492 this one who sees an edge over here and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00158-00047493-00047679 this one's dead
+07Xb5fEOETu-00159-00047680-00047886 and so they get victory dimensionality
+07Xb5fEOETu-00160-00047887-00048135 of the object we get a little bit more
+07Xb5fEOETu-00161-00048136-00048461 of a perspective if we move them around
+07Xb5fEOETu-00162-00048462-00048824 in space so that can be or we could add
+07Xb5fEOETu-00163-00048825-00049026 morning the big names and get the same
+07Xb5fEOETu-00164-00049027-00049248 effect so whether you're spreading
+07Xb5fEOETu-00165-00049249-00049436 things out breath wise and you're
+07Xb5fEOETu-00166-00049437-00049646 getting deep
+07Xb5fEOETu-00167-00049647-00049937 over time it gives you a similar effect
+07Xb5fEOETu-00168-00049938-00050264 of course the more all of this the more
+07Xb5fEOETu-00169-00050265-00050453 perspective to get all of the different
+07Xb5fEOETu-00170-00050454-00050816 directions over time the better we're
+07Xb5fEOETu-00171-00050817-00050987 going to be able to bottle this thing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00172-00050988-00051280 everybody is looking at so this is
+07Xb5fEOETu-00173-00051282-00051632 science and the science the science is
+07Xb5fEOETu-00174-00051633-00051836 not on it it's not an outputting thing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00175-00051837-00052070 people seem to think that science is
+07Xb5fEOETu-00176-00052071-00052466 facts and any answer is solutions but
+07Xb5fEOETu-00177-00052466-00052772 science is actually observations input
+07Xb5fEOETu-00178-00052773-00053021 art is an output thing when you're
+07Xb5fEOETu-00179-00053022-00053159 making art but when you're making
+07Xb5fEOETu-00180-00053160-00053294 science when you're doing science
+07Xb5fEOETu-00181-00053295-00053408 they're actually inputting information
+07Xb5fEOETu-00182-00053409-00053657 you're collecting information we are
+07Xb5fEOETu-00183-00053658-00053936 observing you're asking questions you're
+07Xb5fEOETu-00184-00053937-00054179 testing things out you're doing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00185-00054179-00054446 experiments where you say okay now let's
+07Xb5fEOETu-00186-00054447-00054916 move let's take two steps to the left
+07Xb5fEOETu-00187-00054916-00055202 and now woody see and I describe this
+07Xb5fEOETu-00188-00055203-00055499 and or you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00189-00055500-00056165 control where you say let's say you look
+07Xb5fEOETu-00190-00056166-00056431 over here you both look at me this way
+07Xb5fEOETu-00191-00056432-00056723 but this one you put on something
+07Xb5fEOETu-00192-00056724-00057082 rose-colored glasses this one gave you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00193-00057083-00057335 some your regular eyesight and now what
+07Xb5fEOETu-00194-00057336-00057741 you see and so you change the factors
+07Xb5fEOETu-00195-00057742-00058024 you say you know this is accidents is
+07Xb5fEOETu-00196-00058025-00058288 why you know so to change the factors a
+07Xb5fEOETu-00197-00058289-00058417 little bit but they're still looking at
+07Xb5fEOETu-00198-00058418-00058636 Z it's the same object they're sort of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00199-00058637-00058807 the same thing and you just change the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00200-00058808-00059015 factors of tweak things and you compare
+07Xb5fEOETu-00201-00059016-00059285 everything and then you see where the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00202-00059286-00059603 overlap and consensus is and the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00203-00059604-00059798 consensus isn't the truth it's not a
+07Xb5fEOETu-00204-00059799-00060193 fact it's not the be-all end-all of this
+07Xb5fEOETu-00205-00060194-00060427 is science
+07Xb5fEOETu-00206-00060428-00060640 the story this is the only story we can
+07Xb5fEOETu-00207-00060641-00060958 tell about this coin it's not going
+07Xb5fEOETu-00208-00060959-00061279 because the consensus is just when they
+07Xb5fEOETu-00209-00061279-00061522 overlap where they intercept but there's
+07Xb5fEOETu-00210-00061523-00061678 stuff over here and there's stuff over
+07Xb5fEOETu-00211-00061679-00062022 here as well but isn't going to be
+07Xb5fEOETu-00212-00062023-00062405 they're just gonna be totally different
+07Xb5fEOETu-00213-00062407-00062740 now we have the average stuff most
+07Xb5fEOETu-00214-00062741-00062950 people see this when they look at the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00215-00062951-00063154 coin but there's some people down here
+07Xb5fEOETu-00216-00063154-00063322 at the edges because he totally
+07Xb5fEOETu-00217-00063323-00063499 different things and the most colored
+07Xb5fEOETu-00218-00063500-00063679 glasses individual is where you see
+07Xb5fEOETu-00219-00063679-00063862 something very different from what
+07Xb5fEOETu-00220-00063863-00064063 everybody else sees and if it's still
+07Xb5fEOETu-00221-00064064-00064408 true it's still an experience it's just
+07Xb5fEOETu-00222-00064409-00064594 an experience with a different filter
+07Xb5fEOETu-00223-00064595-00064766 literally
+07Xb5fEOETu-00224-00064766-00065026 or you have someone who's schizophrenic
+07Xb5fEOETu-00225-00065027-00065275 and doesn't give look-see the coin
+07Xb5fEOETu-00226-00065276-00065444 mutate you told me no that's it's still
+07Xb5fEOETu-00227-00065445-00065666 a totally honest experience at the point
+07Xb5fEOETu-00228-00065667-00065909 it's just three different children but
+07Xb5fEOETu-00229-00065910-00066248 different brain filter in that case so
+07Xb5fEOETu-00230-00066249-00066536 the truth is all of it it's the polo
+07Xb5fEOETu-00231-00066537-00066812 bell curve quarters as my buddy speaker
+07Xb5fEOETu-00232-00066813-00067213 john hash says the hyperdimensional bell
+07Xb5fEOETu-00233-00067214-00067661 curve so there there's all this fuzzy
+07Xb5fEOETu-00234-00067662-00067904 stuff on the outside the ditch you know
+07Xb5fEOETu-00235-00067905-00068117 it's a little experiences of these
+07Xb5fEOETu-00236-00068118-00068360 things but it's not a consensus the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00237-00068361-00068654 consensus part is the middle and in
+07Xb5fEOETu-00238-00068655-00069023 science try to make sure to say that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00239-00069024-00069359 it's all of it the reality is all of it
+07Xb5fEOETu-00240-00069360-00069506 that's quantum physics you know
+07Xb5fEOETu-00241-00069507-00069668 everything that he possibly happen
+07Xb5fEOETu-00242-00069669-00070201 happens all experiences are true but the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00243-00070202-00070418 consensus of its average would've
+07Xb5fEOETu-00244-00070419-00070913 literally objectifying stuff is where we
+07Xb5fEOETu-00245-00070914-00071099 say that's the most likely
+07Xb5fEOETu-00246-00071100-00071384 description of this thing just being
+07Xb5fEOETu-00247-00071385-00071536 aware that there are other descriptions
+07Xb5fEOETu-00248-00071537-00071804 of it that are usually valid
+07Xb5fEOETu-00249-00071805-00072067 I mean some things are not valid at all
+07Xb5fEOETu-00250-00072068-00072193 because they're not actually
+07Xb5fEOETu-00251-00072194-00072353 experiencing this thing you know if I
+07Xb5fEOETu-00252-00072354-00072610 would be a better person to turn right I
+07Xb5fEOETu-00253-00072611-00072738 totally different direction and not
+07Xb5fEOETu-00254-00072739-00072961 experiencing these things that's not a
+07Xb5fEOETu-00255-00072962-00073207 valid description in this thing it's a
+07Xb5fEOETu-00256-00073208-00073426 description it's not this thing which is
+07Xb5fEOETu-00257-00073427-00073821 useful but you know it doesn't
+07Xb5fEOETu-00258-00073822-00074199 and you Scotty good thing itself unless
+07Xb5fEOETu-00259-00074200-00074418 suddenly this thing is also over here
+07Xb5fEOETu-00260-00074419-00074622 maybe this thing a big string and it
+07Xb5fEOETu-00261-00074623-00074784 goes on here and it's a puppet and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00262-00074785-00074906 there's something on the end of it that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00263-00074907-00075200 we didn't even know about so that please
+07Xb5fEOETu-00264-00075201-00075482 so that's why don't ever invalidate
+07Xb5fEOETu-00265-00075483-00075684 someone's experience so nice description
+07Xb5fEOETu-00266-00075685-00075828 of something you know if they're really
+07Xb5fEOETu-00267-00075829-00075990 trying to be honest about it
+07Xb5fEOETu-00268-00075991-00076116 they're trying to tell you something
+07Xb5fEOETu-00269-00076117-00076347 about it you know it's useful
+07Xb5fEOETu-00270-00076348-00076647 information it's just a matter of of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00271-00076648-00076844 understanding where where they are
+07Xb5fEOETu-00272-00076845-00077067 looking what they're looking at how that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00273-00077068-00077421 relates to what everyone else is like so
+07Xb5fEOETu-00274-00077422-00077703 this is science this is caring different
+07Xb5fEOETu-00275-00077704-00077732 things
+07Xb5fEOETu-00276-00077733-00078125 adding perspectives and of deserving and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00277-00078126-00078425 not coming to conclusions not saying the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00278-00078426-00078749 be-all end-all not you know expressing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00279-00078750-00078932 something science doesn't express
+07Xb5fEOETu-00280-00078933-00079112 something science takes in information
+07Xb5fEOETu-00281-00079113-00079363 and tries to understand it
+07Xb5fEOETu-00282-00079364-00079672 models of things by comparing all the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00283-00079673-00079942 different subjective experiences into an
+07Xb5fEOETu-00284-00079943-00080071 object of concerns
+07Xb5fEOETu-00285-00080072-00080362 okay it's art science signs in this
+07Xb5fEOETu-00286-00080363-00080910 stuff this is art and science origami
+07Xb5fEOETu-00287-00080911-00081117 after research you have to understand
+07Xb5fEOETu-00288-00081118-00081342 that experiment how the different folds
+07Xb5fEOETu-00289-00081343-00081438 affect one another
+07Xb5fEOETu-00290-00081439-00081735 topology I'm starting with a black piece
+07Xb5fEOETu-00291-00081736-00081990 of paper in there making them into these
+07Xb5fEOETu-00292-00081991-00082293 amazing three-dimensional or almost
+07Xb5fEOETu-00293-00082294-00082698 three-dimensional shapes objects so this
+07Xb5fEOETu-00294-00082699-00082824 is the science where you're
+07Xb5fEOETu-00295-00082825-00083001 experimenting and you're taking
+07Xb5fEOETu-00296-00083002-00083337 different perspectives you're asking of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00297-00083338-00083577 the universe whether that's another
+07Xb5fEOETu-00298-00083578-00083766 human being wouldn't paper itself you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00299-00083767-00084057 know what happens when we do this how
+07Xb5fEOETu-00300-00084058-00084546 can we make a shape that does this
+07Xb5fEOETu-00301-00084547-00084786 so that's a sign is part of it which by
+07Xb5fEOETu-00302-00084787-00085077 Olympus the art and the science coming
+07Xb5fEOETu-00303-00085078-00085353 together and now how do we use our
+07Xb5fEOETu-00304-00085354-00085668 science to get a better world
+07Xb5fEOETu-00305-00085669-00086175 well there are two ways firstly we use
+07Xb5fEOETu-00306-00086176-00086517 art to hole people towards a better
+07Xb5fEOETu-00307-00086518-00086834 future and like a tour guide but easy
+07Xb5fEOETu-00308-00086835-00087434 emotional expressive
+07Xb5fEOETu-00309-00087435-00087779 so you have an idea of a future that you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00310-00087780-00088052 envision that will be better over there
+07Xb5fEOETu-00311-00088053-00088343 we could go over there it's nights over
+07Xb5fEOETu-00312-00088344-00088628 there there's a origami pufferfish over
+07Xb5fEOETu-00313-00088629-00088769 there everything cool look at that that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00314-00088770-00089119 might improve our lives if you do that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00315-00089120-00089483 so but we can use art to do that that's
+07Xb5fEOETu-00316-00089484-00089771 literally just thinking like I said I
+07Xb5fEOETu-00317-00089772-00090085 mean art it's any medium any expressive
+07Xb5fEOETu-00318-00090086-00090386 outpouring of sensory information you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00319-00090387-00090682 know any media what's up
+07Xb5fEOETu-00320-00090683-00091018 conveying to someone else experience I
+07Xb5fEOETu-00321-00091019-00091225 have the vision in my mind what it would
+07Xb5fEOETu-00322-00091226-00091429 be like to go over there and I'm gonna
+07Xb5fEOETu-00323-00091430-00091600 tell you a little bit about that vision
+07Xb5fEOETu-00324-00091601-00091813 okay we go over here we'll be able to
+07Xb5fEOETu-00325-00091814-00092044 see the little details we'll be able to
+07Xb5fEOETu-00326-00092045-00092347 see the other side and they'll spin
+07Xb5fEOETu-00327-00092348-00092737 things around and get a better idea of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00328-00092738-00092988 how you could turn a flat piece of paper
+07Xb5fEOETu-00329-00092989-00093225 or limit State spelling multiple what
+07Xb5fEOETu-00330-00093226-00093415 pieces of paper I'm not sure no but we
+07Xb5fEOETu-00331-00093416-00093845 could find out if we go over there okay
+07Xb5fEOETu-00332-00093846-00094495 but we can figure out a little bit more
+07Xb5fEOETu-00333-00094496-00094754 and turning it into a thing that works
+07Xb5fEOETu-00334-00094755-00095063 at the puffer fish not lost my hurt
+07Xb5fEOETu-00335-00095064-00095321 that was my expressive sensory
+07Xb5fEOETu-00336-00095322-00095507 information that I offered you in my
+07Xb5fEOETu-00337-00095508-00096132 hands and my eyes and word tonight to
+07Xb5fEOETu-00338-00096133-00096530 attract you to pull me towards a future
+07Xb5fEOETu-00339-00096531-00096743 that I would like to go to I'm telling
+07Xb5fEOETu-00340-00096744-00096968 you it started trying to pull you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00341-00096969-00097361 towards a sensual future that we could
+07Xb5fEOETu-00342-00097362-00097810 share and that's how the use of artists
+07Xb5fEOETu-00343-00097811-00098318 pull people towards you centralize your
+07Xb5fEOETu-00344-00098319-00098636 experience towards something but you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00345-00098637-00099094 think it's better now sunniest works the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00346-00099095-00099220 opposite direction
+07Xb5fEOETu-00347-00099221-00099567 it's observing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00348-00099568-00099923 in a way that helps everyone go towards
+07Xb5fEOETu-00349-00099924-00100260 their individual better futures so to
+07Xb5fEOETu-00350-00100261-00100712 diversify and to specialize and we can
+07Xb5fEOETu-00351-00100713-00101132 use science to research what kinds of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00352-00101133-00101420 inputs a nifty individual
+07Xb5fEOETu-00353-00101421-00101717 that will help them be healthier help
+07Xb5fEOETu-00354-00101718-00101894 them be more positive help them focus
+07Xb5fEOETu-00355-00101895-00102341 better on finding in their passions
+07Xb5fEOETu-00356-00102342-00102590 finding their creativity finding you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00357-00102591-00102742 know what they actually want to do
+07Xb5fEOETu-00358-00102743-00103022 finance them some better future for
+07Xb5fEOETu-00359-00103023-00103381 themselves there will be different maybe
+07Xb5fEOETu-00360-00103382-00103541 one of them wants to go over to the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00361-00103542-00103703 building over there any another one
+07Xb5fEOETu-00362-00103704-00103913 wants to go for a swim in the swimming
+07Xb5fEOETu-00363-00103914-00104114 pool another one wants to go to the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00364-00104115-00104300 supermarket to get food to the quench
+07Xb5fEOETu-00365-00104301-00104750 and we can use science to help these
+07Xb5fEOETu-00366-00104751-00105101 people find their paths by their unique
+07Xb5fEOETu-00367-00105102-00105440 better future which is an overall better
+07Xb5fEOETu-00368-00105441-00105581 future for everyone because once
+07Xb5fEOETu-00369-00105582-00105736 everyone out of the house it's doing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00370-00105738-00105878 what they love and following their
+07Xb5fEOETu-00371-00105879-00106052 passions and their dreams and doing good
+07Xb5fEOETu-00372-00106053-00106284 things that they feel rewarded
+07Xb5fEOETu-00373-00106285-00106576 personally internally rewarded for
+07Xb5fEOETu-00374-00106577-00106891 that's good for everyone so we can a
+07Xb5fEOETu-00375-00106892-00107032 solute in this
+07Xb5fEOETu-00376-00107033-00107371 to figure out what kinds of inputs kinds
+07Xb5fEOETu-00377-00107372-00107492 of things
+07Xb5fEOETu-00378-00107493-00107986 to be their best so we look into the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00379-00107988-00108263 kinds of foods that help them to help is
+07Xb5fEOETu-00380-00108264-00108580 the kinds of clean air or the kinds of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00381-00108581-00108953 water it kinds of information that makes
+07Xb5fEOETu-00382-00108954-00109166 them their best selves that makes them
+07Xb5fEOETu-00383-00109167-00109370 be able to work towards their better
+07Xb5fEOETu-00384-00109371-00109786 future in their own unique way so that's
+07Xb5fEOETu-00385-00109788-00110132 a pushing that's a decentralized
+07Xb5fEOETu-00386-00110133-00110614 approach of science using science to
+07Xb5fEOETu-00387-00110615-00111222 spread spread
+07Xb5fEOETu-00388-00111223-00111447 an understanding of what makes each
+07Xb5fEOETu-00389-00111448-00111776 individual healthcare
+07Xb5fEOETu-00390-00111777-00112082 now there are negative ways of using
+07Xb5fEOETu-00391-00112083-00112331 science and their negative way to tease
+07Xb5fEOETu-00392-00112332-00112598 apart maybe ways of using science are
+07Xb5fEOETu-00393-00112599-00112711 using
+07Xb5fEOETu-00394-00112713-00112883 technology and information and
+07Xb5fEOETu-00395-00112883-00113381 understanding to harm me compete against
+07Xb5fEOETu-00396-00113382-00114084 them which are across them
+07Xb5fEOETu-00397-00114085-00114268 that's not good that's not gonna make a
+07Xb5fEOETu-00398-00114269-00114571 better world in a very temporary
+07Xb5fEOETu-00399-00114572-00115045 emergency situations maybe but in the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00400-00115046-00115495 long-term and ideally not all because we
+07Xb5fEOETu-00401-00115496-00115875 can always find better solutions again
+07Xb5fEOETu-00402-00115876-00116197 accepting very emergency situations you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00403-00116198-00116506 know for split-second timing sometimes
+07Xb5fEOETu-00404-00116507-00116760 you need to use technology to stop
+07Xb5fEOETu-00405-00116761-00116916 someone from doing something is causing
+07Xb5fEOETu-00406-00116917-00117121 worse
+07Xb5fEOETu-00407-00117122-00117301 but other than that I mean let's like
+07Xb5fEOETu-00408-00117302-00117708 absolutely you know momentary things
+07Xb5fEOETu-00409-00117709-00117925 that should last more than
+07Xb5fEOETu-00410-00117926-00118399 a few minutes maybe our day max kind of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00411-00118400-00118888 thing so yes I'm using science for for-
+07Xb5fEOETu-00412-00118889-00119148 harmful please don't
+07Xb5fEOETu-00413-00119149-00119527 however using art to express negative
+07Xb5fEOETu-00414-00119528-00119835 things negative experiences that's okay
+07Xb5fEOETu-00415-00119836-00119998 we do that all the time
+07Xb5fEOETu-00416-00119999-00120238 we tell our stories with both the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00417-00120239-00120493 sadness and anger and the frustration to
+07Xb5fEOETu-00418-00120494-00120838 the positive to the better futures we
+07Xb5fEOETu-00419-00120839-00121529 start out saying oh I just
+07Xb5fEOETu-00420-00121530-00122168 or I just lost my favorite stuffed
+07Xb5fEOETu-00421-00122169-00122275 animal
+07Xb5fEOETu-00422-00122276-00122718 something I just didn't get the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00423-00122719-00122974 volunteer position that I really wanted
+07Xb5fEOETu-00424-00122975-00123352 that I so hoped for this loss anger
+07Xb5fEOETu-00425-00123353-00123715 frustration depression avoidance you
+07Xb5fEOETu-00426-00123716-00123943 know just all this negativity that's
+07Xb5fEOETu-00427-00123944-00124144 kind of our story that's important
+07Xb5fEOETu-00428-00124145-00124482 so tell me that through art it's great
+07Xb5fEOETu-00429-00124483-00124866 but also we can continue this story they
+07Xb5fEOETu-00430-00124867-00125077 can continue their story saying okay
+07Xb5fEOETu-00431-00125078-00125316 this happened bad stuff happened I'm
+07Xb5fEOETu-00432-00125317-00125602 here but now now I have an idea of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00433-00125603-00126076 something needed to do now I want to go
+07Xb5fEOETu-00434-00126077-00126303 make a video not only want to go
+07Xb5fEOETu-00435-00126304-00126834 research cancer now I go bicycle around
+07Xb5fEOETu-00436-00126835-00127300 the world I have a new idea based on as
+07Xb5fEOETu-00437-00127301-00127552 negative experience to turn something
+07Xb5fEOETu-00438-00127553-00127718 into a positive experience
+07Xb5fEOETu-00439-00127719-00128079 a better future so negative are
+07Xb5fEOETu-00440-00128080-00128560 absolutely fine go for and also some
+07Xb5fEOETu-00441-00128561-00128821 positive are from a positive story tell
+07Xb5fEOETu-00442-00128822-00129083 the world shinwoo your revision for
+07Xb5fEOETu-00443-00129083-00129289 something better when you have that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00444-00129290-00129506 don't force yourself no Porter's force
+07Xb5fEOETu-00445-00129507-00129695 yourself to take on someone else's
+07Xb5fEOETu-00446-00129696-00129928 vision necessarily I mean we try it out
+07Xb5fEOETu-00447-00129929-00130130 definitely experiment
+07Xb5fEOETu-00448-00130131-00130414 but some scientists me coming in here
+07Xb5fEOETu-00449-00130415-00130643 looking at the art is actually kind of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00450-00130644-00130874 the science because I'm observing it
+07Xb5fEOETu-00451-00130875-00131114 comparing the different things and I'm
+07Xb5fEOETu-00452-00131115-00131363 adding it to my experimental ideas of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00453-00131364-00131714 what art is so absorbing art is kind of
+07Xb5fEOETu-00454-00131715-00132270 a science making art is there
+07Xb5fEOETu-00455-00132271-00132603 and observing it's also within
+07Xb5fEOETu-00456-00132604-00132843 interpret it in your own way so you can
+07Xb5fEOETu-00457-00132844-00133224 kind of create a new idea from old idea
+07Xb5fEOETu-00458-00133225-00133602 and express it by looking at the article
+07Xb5fEOETu-00459-00133603-00133849 from Scientific American
+07Xb5fEOETu-00460-00133850-00134069 they're interpreting it
+07Xb5fEOETu-00461-00134070-00134329 to make art which is also science
+07Xb5fEOETu-00462-00134330-00134489 because it's trying to finance them with
+07Xb5fEOETu-00463-00134490-00134729 a heart and science car and how to
+07Xb5fEOETu-00464-00134730-00135071 better use them art and science tell
+07Xb5fEOETu-00465-00135072-00135401 your story yes negative and positive
+07Xb5fEOETu-00466-00135402-00135620 teachers hold people towards a better
+07Xb5fEOETu-00467-00135621-00135976 future with your art with the expressive
+07Xb5fEOETu-00468-00135977-00136250 sensory information of your experience
+07Xb5fEOETu-00469-00136251-00136719 and any science to understand
+07Xb5fEOETu-00470-00136720-00137178 how to input stuff into the individuals
+07Xb5fEOETu-00471-00137179-00137391 and kinds of food and water and all that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00472-00137392-00137604 stuff that goes into their their bodies
+07Xb5fEOETu-00473-00137605-00137742 and their minds
+07Xb5fEOETu-00474-00137743-00138177 research with the best guitar to help
+07Xb5fEOETu-00475-00138178-00138408 them either best and have their own bit
+07Xb5fEOETu-00476-00138409-00138648 futures so that we can all have a better
+07Xb5fEOETu-00477-00138649-00138734 future
+07Xb5fEOETu-00478-00138735-00139038 what do you think let me know in the
+07Xb5fEOETu-00479-00139039-00139392 comments down below also you can email
+07Xb5fEOETu-00480-00139393-00139908 me and the wise turtle at gmail.com but
+07Xb5fEOETu-00481-00139909-00140589 th e wi SE tu r @ TL e @ jacob ail mom
+07Xb5fEOETu-00482-00140590-00140958 can also find my blog and podcast that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00483-00140959-00141411 turtle org team are io that the large e
+07Xb5fEOETu-00484-00141412-00141954 and i would love to hear from you find
+07Xb5fEOETu-00485-00141955-00142251 creative and interesting ways to express
+07Xb5fEOETu-00486-00142252-00142536 your stories of a better future and also
+07Xb5fEOETu-00487-00142537-00142977 to try science and an objective thinking
+07Xb5fEOETu-00488-00142978-00143239 and Harry different ideas
+07Xb5fEOETu-00489-00143240-00143563 to understand what good things to put in
+07Xb5fEOETu-00490-00143564-00143728 your own body and other individuals
+07Xb5fEOETu-00491-00143729-00144036 bodies to make them their bath salts
+07Xb5fEOETu-00492-00144037-00144807 okay we knew that
+07Xb5fEOETu-00493-00144808-00146806 [Music]
+07Xb5fEOETu-00494-00146807-00148873 [Music]
+07Xb5fEOETu-00495-00148874-00149760 what
+07Xb5fEOETu-00496-00149761-00150071 [Music]
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00000-00000129-00000286 [Music]
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00001-00000287-00000551 deaths continue to spiral out of control
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00002-00000552-00000751 due to the oxygen crisis that the world
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00003-00000752-00000927 has termed the sickness
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00004-00000927-00001183 last year i had 20 kids in my class this
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00005-00001184-00001407 year i have 12.
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00006-00001408-00001630 ethan what do you know what your father
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00007-00001632-00001902 did here
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00008-00001903-00002175 meet the chronicle what if i told you
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00009-00002176-00002383 that you could save all of us
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00010-00002384-00002734 save your wife we received a message
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00011-00002735-00002999 from the future the future this is a
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00012-00003000-00003134 time machine the people who sent the
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00013-00003135-00003319 message must have found a cure
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00014-00003320-00003486 do you really believe i'm going to save
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00015-00003488-00003703 the world you're all me
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00016-00003704-00003959 you may be humanity's only chance to
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00017-00003960-00004070 finally cure
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00018-00004071-00004383 10 9
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00019-00004384-00004719 7 6 5
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00020-00004720-00005252 4 3 2
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00021-00005253-00005683 [Applause]
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00022-00005684-00006627 1.
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00023-00006628-00006975 [Music]
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00024-00006976-00007183 whoever sent the message we need to find
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00025-00007184-00007295 it
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00026-00007295-00007487 we are at the beginning of the journey
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00027-00007488-00007598 that can change
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00028-00007600-00007910 everything you have to trust me now
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00029-00007911-00008095 this isn't about funny accuracy there's
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00030-00008095-00008335 something bigger at play
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00031-00008336-00008599 imagine that we are all connected by the
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00032-00008600-00008791 very fabric of the universe
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00033-00008792-00008841 [Music]
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00034-00008842-00008967 [Applause]
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00035-00008968-00009174 an invisible field that bonds us
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00036-00009175-00009303 together you
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00037-00009304-00009655 me the stars we can't change anything
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00038-00009656-00009799 it's always going to play out this way
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00039-00009800-00010063 there is no other way
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00040-00010064-00010431 we are all connected through time about
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00041-00010432-00011914 saving the world
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00042-00011915-00012367 [Music]
+07cq7ZSaDTI-00043-00012368-00012575 you
+090C6uFrd5U-00000-00000016-00000271 what's up everybody this is anik the
+090C6uFrd5U-00001-00000272-00000342 beast boy
+090C6uFrd5U-00002-00000343-00000623 and today i'm going to show you 5 best
+090C6uFrd5U-00003-00000624-00000678 cardio
+090C6uFrd5U-00004-00000679-00000999 that you can do it anywhere and cardio
+090C6uFrd5U-00005-00001000-00001174 is good for losing weight
+090C6uFrd5U-00006-00001175-00001415 and it increases the strength of your
+090C6uFrd5U-00007-00001416-00001574 lungs and heart
+090C6uFrd5U-00008-00001575-00001855 and increases your endurance and
+090C6uFrd5U-00009-00001855-00002095 cardiovascular and cardiovascular helps
+090C6uFrd5U-00010-00002096-00002183 you
+090C6uFrd5U-00011-00002184-00002502 to gain muscle in the gym so
+090C6uFrd5U-00012-00002503-00002742 if you are ready i am ready let's go for
+090C6uFrd5U-00013-00002743-00002879 this first exercise
+090C6uFrd5U-00014-00002880-00004762 of yeah
+090C6uFrd5U-00015-00004763-00005015 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00016-00005016-00005989 hold on
+090C6uFrd5U-00017-00005990-00007870 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00018-00007872-00008134 so next we are going for the half
+090C6uFrd5U-00019-00008136-00008239 parties
+090C6uFrd5U-00020-00008240-00008786 and over the push up positions
+090C6uFrd5U-00021-00008787-00010315 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00022-00010316-00010874 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00023-00010875-00011031 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00024-00011032-00011283 [Applause]
+090C6uFrd5U-00025-00011284-00011428 oh
+090C6uFrd5U-00026-00011429-00011576 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00027-00011577-00011684 [Applause]
+090C6uFrd5U-00028-00011685-00011983 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00029-00011984-00012406 okay so
+090C6uFrd5U-00030-00012407-00012655 don't forget to regulate your breath
+090C6uFrd5U-00031-00012656-00012894 that is most important
+090C6uFrd5U-00032-00012895-00013455 next open close in and out
+090C6uFrd5U-00033-00013456-00013879 so let me know what looks like that
+090C6uFrd5U-00034-00013880-00014197 so push up positions
+090C6uFrd5U-00035-00014199-00014641 [Applause]
+090C6uFrd5U-00036-00014641-00015071 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00037-00015072-00015833 see what will you do with your life
+090C6uFrd5U-00038-00015834-00016471 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00039-00016472-00017191 dangerous but it's so funny
+090C6uFrd5U-00040-00017192-00018230 and take some second rest
+090C6uFrd5U-00041-00018231-00018567 next we are going for the next cardio
+090C6uFrd5U-00042-00018568-00018886 number four jumping jack
+090C6uFrd5U-00043-00018887-00019279 and this is one of my favorite cardio
+090C6uFrd5U-00044-00019280-00020799 so let's go for this 100
+090C6uFrd5U-00045-00020800-00021083 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00046-00021084-00021902 oh
+090C6uFrd5U-00047-00021903-00023481 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00048-00023482-00023883 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00049-00023884-00024042 uh
+090C6uFrd5U-00050-00024043-00024898 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00051-00024899-00025283 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00052-00025284-00025599 okay
+090C6uFrd5U-00053-00025600-00025762 take a little break
+090C6uFrd5U-00054-00025763-00026246 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00055-00026247-00026662 and now number five
+090C6uFrd5U-00056-00026663-00026983 jump is good so
+090C6uFrd5U-00057-00026983-00027577 let's go for this so fast play
+090C6uFrd5U-00058-00027577-00028083 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00059-00028083-00028377 squad
+090C6uFrd5U-00060-00028377-00030518 [Music]
+090C6uFrd5U-00061-00030519-00030958 cardio section is complete
+090C6uFrd5U-00062-00030960-00031327 so guys
+090C6uFrd5U-00063-00031327-00031670 only five cardio
+090C6uFrd5U-00064-00031672-00032167 for can help you for losing weight
+090C6uFrd5U-00065-00032168-00032479 so and make sure
+090C6uFrd5U-00066-00032480-00032823 your diet that is most
+090C6uFrd5U-00067-00032824-00033271 important and through this cardio
+090C6uFrd5U-00068-00033272-00033615 your race day and
+090C6uFrd5U-00069-00033616-00033887 i want to tell you guys if you enjoyed
+090C6uFrd5U-00070-00033888-00034031 this video
+090C6uFrd5U-00071-00034032-00034383 please smash the like button
+090C6uFrd5U-00072-00034384-00034559 and let me know the comment box which
+090C6uFrd5U-00073-00034560-00034783 video do you want in the next
+090C6uFrd5U-00074-00034784-00035062 and subscribe my channel if you haven't
+090C6uFrd5U-00075-00035063-00035118 already
+090C6uFrd5U-00076-00035119-00035552 and thank you so much for watching
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00000-00000224-00000407 good morning saint bethlehem it is a joy
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00001-00000408-00000623 to worship with you this morning i hope
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00002-00000624-00000774 you are all staying
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00003-00000775-00001023 warm on this ice day
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00004-00001024-00001247 and that we are able to gather together
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00005-00001248-00001491 again soon this morning we'll have an
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00006-00001492-00001814 abbreviated worship service
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00007-00001816-00001967 where we will i will share some
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00008-00001968-00002223 announcements and then we will
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00009-00002224-00002383 move into a time of prayer and then
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00010-00002384-00002599 we'll have scripture and our sermon and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00011-00002600-00002815 then we will enjoy the rest of our snow
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00012-00002816-00002942 day
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00013-00002943-00003102 our announcements this morning are that
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00014-00003103-00003286 our church council retreat has been
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00015-00003288-00003551 postponed to january 29th it will start
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00016-00003552-00003775 at 9am i hope that you will
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00017-00003776-00004111 join us for a day of planning and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00018-00004112-00004335 reflection and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00019-00004336-00004591 figuring out and discerning who we want
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00020-00004592-00004838 to be as a community as a church for
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00021-00004839-00005111 2022
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00022-00005112-00005351 also regardless of the weather tomorrow
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00023-00005352-00005527 the church office will be closed in
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00024-00005528-00005854 observance of mlk day if there are any
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00025-00005855-00006022 other announcements that come up we will
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00026-00006023-00006263 be sure to communicate those with you to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00027-00006264-00006846 you throughout the week
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00028-00006847-00007031 now we know that
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00029-00007031-00007367 whether this is your first time
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00030-00007368-00007663 watching us online or you have been a
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00031-00007664-00007919 member of saint b for years
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00032-00007920-00008103 whether you are strong in your faith or
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00033-00008104-00008327 you still have some questions
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00034-00008328-00008574 no matter your age your tax bracket your
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+0qLnF_ZoySI-00036-00008847-00009159 no matter who you love or who loves you
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00037-00009160-00009239 you
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00038-00009240-00009367 are welcome
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00039-00009368-00009487 here
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00040-00009488-00009710 and it is a joy to worship with you this
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00041-00009711-00009974 morning
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00042-00009975-00010183 at this time we will move into our time
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00043-00010184-00010367 of prayer i do have a few prayer
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00044-00010368-00010527 requests to name
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00045-00010528-00010727 first we want to remember barry devers
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00046-00010728-00010935 who was in the hospital last week he is
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00047-00010936-00011127 home and recovering but we continue to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00048-00011128-00011327 keep him in our prayers
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00049-00011328-00011614 we also lift up the family of linda c
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00050-00011615-00011887 who passed away last week
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00051-00011888-00012078 we also remember congregation beth
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00052-00012079-00012319 israel in colleyville texas
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00053-00012320-00012606 that experienced an act of violence in
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00054-00012607-00012815 their building in their synagogue
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00055-00012816-00013086 yesterday
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00056-00013087-00013263 at this time
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00057-00013263-00013543 i invite you now to comment your joys
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00058-00013544-00013719 and concerns below
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00059-00013719-00013927 knowing that throughout this week we are
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00060-00013928-00014263 praying for and with one another let us
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00061-00014263-00014919 pray
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00062-00014919-00015111 holy and loving god we give you thanks
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00063-00015112-00015335 for this day
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00064-00015336-00015663 for the warmth we feel for
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00065-00015663-00015999 the coziness of home
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00066-00016000-00016319 oh god we lift up to you our prayers
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00067-00016319-00016686 prayers for healing prayers for peace
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00068-00016687-00016919 prayers for comfort
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00069-00016920-00017686 prayer in the midst of violence
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00070-00017687-00017943 oh god we also lift up the prayers of
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00071-00017944-00018222 our hearts
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00072-00018223-00018430 ones that we will share with one another
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00073-00018431-00018639 and ones that
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00074-00018640-00019094 will remain within us
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00075-00019095-00019327 we lift all of these up to you knowing
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00076-00019328-00019463 that you are
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00077-00019464-00019991 working in us and through us
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00078-00019992-00020294 give us the strength and the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00079-00020295-00020527 power and the confidence to be your
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00080-00020528-00020758 children in the world
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00081-00020759-00021086 to share your unending love with all
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00082-00021087-00021311 people
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00083-00021312-00021647 and recognize christ
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00084-00021648-00022375 who is with us and in us
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00085-00022376-00022655 and it is in his name that we now pray
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00086-00022656-00022871 together the prayer he first taught
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00087-00022872-00022975 saying
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00088-00022976-00023230 our father who art in heaven
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00089-00023231-00023399 hallowed be thy name
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00090-00023400-00023703 thy kingdom come thy will be done on
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00091-00023704-00023919 earth as it is in heaven
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00092-00023920-00024183 give us this day our daily bread
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00093-00024184-00024447 and forgive us our trespasses as we
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00094-00024448-00024783 forgive those who trespass against us
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00095-00024784-00025039 lead us not into temptation and deliver
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00096-00025040-00025335 us from evil for thine is the kingdom
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00097-00025336-00025439 and the power
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00098-00025440-00025622 and the glory forever
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00099-00025623-00026335 amen
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00100-00026336-00026558 our scripture reading this morning comes
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00101-00026560-00026670 from
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00102-00026672-00027055 john chapter 2 verses 1 through 11.
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00103-00027056-00027446 hear now the word of god
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00104-00027447-00027646 on the third day there was a wedding in
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00105-00027647-00027870 cana of galilee
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00106-00027872-00028083 and the mother of jesus was
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00107-00028083-00028374 there jesus and his disciples had also
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00108-00028375-00028639 been invited to the wedding
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00109-00028639-00028831 when the wine gave out the mother of
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00110-00028832-00029007 jesus said to him
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00111-00029008-00029239 they have no wine
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00112-00029239-00029479 and jesus said to her woman what concern
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00113-00029480-00029711 is it to you and to me
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00114-00029712-00030014 my hour has not yet come
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00115-00030016-00030239 his mother said to the servants
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00116-00030239-00030511 do whatever he tells you
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00117-00030512-00030743 now standing there were six stones of
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00118-00030744-00030918 water jars
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00119-00030919-00031279 for the jewish rites of purification
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00120-00031280-00031679 each holding 20 or 30 gallons
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00121-00031680-00031911 jesus said to them fill the jars with
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00122-00031912-00032062 water
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00123-00032063-00032318 and they filled them up to the brim
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00124-00032319-00032535 he said to them now draw some out and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00125-00032536-00032807 take it to the chief steward
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00126-00032808-00032959 so they took it
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00127-00032960-00033143 when the steward tasted the water that
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00128-00033144-00033295 had become wine
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00129-00033296-00033487 and did not know where it came from
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00130-00033488-00033687 though the servants who did who had
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00131-00033688-00033895 drawn the water knew
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00132-00033896-00034079 the servant called the bridegroom and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00133-00034080-00034271 said to him
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00134-00034272-00034567 everyone serves the good wine first
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00135-00034568-00034799 and then the inferior wine after the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00136-00034800-00035118 guests have become drunk
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00137-00035119-00035295 but you have kept the good wine until
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00138-00035296-00035462 now
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00139-00035463-00035759 jesus did this the first signs
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00140-00035760-00035959 the first of his signs in cana of
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00141-00035960-00036079 galilee
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00142-00036080-00036359 and revealed his glory and the disciples
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00143-00036360-00036502 believed him
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00144-00036503-00036687 this is the word of god for us the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00145-00036688-00036846 people of god
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00146-00036847-00037862 thanks be to god
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00147-00037863-00038095 phyllis tickle in her article the great
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00148-00038096-00038374 emergence observes the uncertainty we
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00149-00038375-00038599 feel in the church
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00150-00038600-00038862 she references the right reverend mark
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00151-00038863-00039262 dyer an anglican bishop who talks about
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00152-00039263-00039446 the only way to understand what is
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00153-00039447-00039687 currently happening as 21st centuries
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00154-00039688-00039839 and north america
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00155-00039840-00040135 is to first understand that about every
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00156-00040136-00040527 500 years the church feels compelled to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00157-00040528-00040879 hold a giant rummage sale and he goes on
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00158-00040880-00041199 to say we are living in and through one
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00159-00041200-00041695 of those 500 year sales
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00160-00041696-00041855 tickle writes
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00161-00041856-00041983 in the article
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00162-00041984-00042279 about every 500 years the empowered
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00163-00042280-00042455 structures of institutionalized
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00164-00042456-00042727 christianity whatever they may be at the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00165-00042728-00042830 time
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00166-00042831-00043111 become an intolerable carapace or hard
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00167-00043112-00043374 shell that must be shattered
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00168-00043375-00043567 in order to re
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00169-00043568-00043783 in order that renewal and new growth
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00170-00043784-00044102 might occur
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00171-00044103-00044302 this morning we hear the story of the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00172-00044303-00044487 wedding at cana
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00173-00044488-00044790 where jesus turns water into wine
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00174-00044791-00045039 we watch as jesus mother recognizes the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00175-00045040-00045262 impending shame that could befall the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00176-00045263-00045462 wedding hosts
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00177-00045463-00045702 and then we witness jesus first miracle
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00178-00045703-00046135 that begins his ministry
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00179-00046136-00046358 he has the stone water jars for
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00180-00046359-00046639 purification rights filled to the brim
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00181-00046640-00046767 with water
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00182-00046768-00047111 over a hundred gallons of water
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00183-00047112-00047351 we then witness the serving of the water
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00184-00047352-00047518 to the chief steward
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00185-00047519-00047758 which has miraculously been transformed
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00186-00047759-00048079 into the finest of wines
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00187-00048080-00048271 having witnessed this miracle the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00188-00048272-00048639 disciples believe in him
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00189-00048640-00048902 in chapters two through four of john we
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00190-00048903-00049279 watch as jesus ministry unfolds and cana
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00191-00049280-00049623 serves as bookends to these chapters
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00192-00049624-00049846 we begin with the turning of water to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00193-00049847-00049983 wine
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00194-00049984-00050183 we then hear the explanation of jesus
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00195-00050184-00050462 body as the new temple
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00196-00050463-00050711 we move into the story with nicodemus
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00197-00050712-00051167 where we get the famous john 3 16.
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00198-00051168-00051438 we see jesus offer living water to the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00199-00051439-00051702 unnamed woman at the well
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00200-00051703-00051990 and then he returns to cana to give life
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00201-00051991-00052407 to the son of a royal official
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00202-00052408-00052654 as jesus moves through these chapters in
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00203-00052655-00052975 john he brings new meaning to water the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00204-00052976-00053282 temple wind birth and old
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00205-00053283-00053735 wells as jesus proclaims his life-giving
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00206-00053736-00054063 powers
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00207-00054064-00054254 as i think about the new life christ
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00208-00054255-00054487 brings to these jewish rituals i want to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00209-00054488-00054719 be clear that as we continue to think
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00210-00054720-00054919 about the ways in which jesus breathes
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00211-00054920-00055166 new life into the church we are not
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00212-00055167-00055407 condemning or judging our jewish
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00213-00055408-00055679 siblings or their traditions
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00214-00055679-00055919 they are facing extreme threats to their
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00215-00055920-00056182 safety every time they gather for
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00216-00056183-00056342 worship
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00217-00056344-00056575 just yesterday a gunman held 12 people
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00218-00056576-00056847 hostage for 12 hours
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00219-00056848-00057287 at a synagogue in colleyville texas
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00220-00057288-00057542 jesus was very much
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00221-00057544-00057759 jewish
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00222-00057760-00057919 and much like you and i can see the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00223-00057920-00058126 places where revitalization in the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00224-00058127-00058399 christian church can happen so did he in
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00225-00058400-00058654 his own tradition
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00226-00058655-00058847 and because he could see those places
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00227-00058848-00059007 and respond to this need for
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00228-00059008-00059166 revitalization
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00229-00059167-00059294 we too
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00230-00059295-00059687 are invited to do so
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00231-00059688-00059959 as we explore the symbolism contained
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00232-00059960-00060238 within this story i invite you to think
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00233-00060239-00060438 about the places within our own faith
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00234-00060439-00060566 tradition
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00235-00060567-00061030 that need to be revitalized
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00236-00061032-00061238 there is deep symbolism in jesus
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00237-00061239-00061575 changing the pots of water into pots
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00238-00061576-00061959 overflowing with the best of wines
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00239-00061960-00062142 we begin with the wedding which has run
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00240-00062144-00062575 out of wine a major mistake to be made
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00241-00062576-00062879 it represents a lack of hospitality and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00242-00062879-00063199 vigor of these traditions
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00243-00063200-00063423 the empty ritual cleansing pots are
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00244-00063424-00063687 symbols that point to the emptiness
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00245-00063688-00064071 within the traditional religion
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00246-00064072-00064359 christ comes to bring hospitality and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00247-00064360-00064482 vigor and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00248-00064483-00064782 fullness he comes to bring vitality to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00249-00064783-00065150 the places where tradition has overtaken
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00250-00065151-00065391 meaning
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00251-00065391-00065631 and so just as jesus brought new life to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00252-00065632-00065799 structures and traditions that were
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00253-00065800-00066055 rigid in his time he is continuing to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00254-00066056-00066343 invite us and challenge us to see the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00255-00066344-00066567 new life that is breaking forth within
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00256-00066568-00067071 our own rigid structures and traditions
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00257-00067072-00067294 and this in-breaking is not something
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00258-00067295-00067767 that just happens once every 500 years
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00259-00067768-00067967 we see throughout history
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00260-00067968-00068350 the rigid structures that need to change
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00261-00068351-00068606 these structures always elevate certain
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00262-00068607-00069079 people at the cost of others humanity
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00263-00069080-00069238 we think about these structures
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00264-00069239-00069471 particularly this weekend
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00265-00069472-00069647 as you remember reverend dr martin
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00266-00069648-00069815 luther king
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00267-00069816-00069982 and his work
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00268-00069983-00070159 to bring change to the structures that
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00269-00070160-00070438 kept black americans as second-class
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00270-00070439-00070687 citizens
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00271-00070688-00070894 we think about the structures still in
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00272-00070895-00071182 place today
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00273-00071183-00071750 that prioritize people who look like me
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00274-00071751-00071982 as baptized christians as people
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00275-00071983-00072182 committed to following christ as people
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00276-00072183-00072487 who bear christ within us
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00277-00072488-00072711 it is part of our responsibility to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00278-00072712-00073038 change to challenge rigidity
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00279-00073039-00073262 because christ did not draw a line of
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00280-00073263-00073550 who is in and who is out
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00281-00073551-00073791 christ continually showed that abundance
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00282-00073792-00074103 and vigor and life and acceptance are
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00283-00074104-00074406 always possible
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00284-00074407-00074638 christ continually showed that our old
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00285-00074639-00074999 structures can and should be changed
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00286-00075000-00075159 especially when the structures are
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00287-00075160-00075775 committed to ignoring someone's humanity
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00288-00075776-00076015 throughout his ministry jesus always
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00289-00076016-00076255 celebrated people
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00290-00076256-00076479 people getting married people being
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00291-00076480-00076855 healed people enjoying meals together
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00292-00076856-00077119 and he did not limit his celebration
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00293-00077120-00077326 of humanity to just those who looked
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00294-00077327-00077743 like him or followed his traditions
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00295-00077744-00077906 church it is time for our own
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00296-00077907-00078103 revitalization
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00297-00078104-00078326 we must be willing to see the rigid
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00298-00078327-00078559 places that need to be shattered so that
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00299-00078560-00078726 we might be renewed and share the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00300-00078727-00079143 radical acceptance and joy of christ
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00301-00079144-00079375 now this isn't easy
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00302-00079376-00079582 it takes a lot of work a lot of hard
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00303-00079583-00079726 work
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00304-00079727-00079950 but when the hard work is done we feel
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00305-00079951-00080359 the holy spirit pushing us onward
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00306-00080360-00080638 when the hard work is done almighty god
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00307-00080639-00080943 is celebrating with us
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00308-00080944-00081326 when the hard work is done christ is
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00309-00081327-00081599 revealed
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00310-00081600-00081950 and so may we be committed to the hard
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00311-00081951-00082311 work
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00312-00082312-00082575 in the name of the creator the redeemer
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00313-00082576-00082682 and the
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00314-00082683-00083359 sustainer amen
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00315-00083360-00083582 as we come to the close of our time
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00316-00083583-00083838 together i invite you to take some time
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00317-00083839-00084038 to listen to a hymn
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00318-00084039-00084287 any him your favorite hymn
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00319-00084288-00084743 and feel the joy of christ wash over you
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00320-00084744-00085006 and be encouraged and renewed to
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00321-00085007-00085543 continue in this hard work together
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00322-00085544-00085815 and so in the name of the father son and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00323-00085816-00086126 holy spirit creator sustainer and
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00324-00086127-00086335 redeemer
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00325-00086336-00086599 go with the peace of christ that
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00326-00086600-00086911 surpasses all understanding
+0qLnF_ZoySI-00327-00086912-00087183 amen
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00000-00000053-00000353 Nature's Path foods commonly known as
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00001-00000354-00000546 nature's path is a privately held
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00002-00000547-00000794 family-owned producer of certified
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00003-00000795-00001142 organic foods originally known for its
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00004-00001143-00001388 breakfast cereals it now has a portfolio
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00005-00001389-00001822 of more than 150 products founded in
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00006-00001823-00002132 1985 by Aaron and Ratana Stevens
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00007-00002133-00002459 nature's path employs approximately 500
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00008-00002460-00002690 people with manufacturing facilities in
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00009-00002691-00002951 Canada and the United States and sales
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00010-00002952-00003280 in more than 40 countries all of its
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00011-00003281-00003518 products are vegetarian certified
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00012-00003519-00003798 organic and non-gmo project verified
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00013-00003799-00004054 nature's path has a triple bottom line
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00014-00004055-00004279 social enterprise and has been
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00015-00004280-00004520 recognized for incorporating the notion
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00016-00004521-00004705 of sustainability into its business
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00017-00004706-00004961 practices through its support of various
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00018-00004962-00005216 charitable and eco-friendly initiatives
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00019-00005217-00005506 the company has regularly named one of
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00020-00005507-00006174 Canada's best employers
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00021-00006175-00006703 topic history
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00022-00006704-00006995 the company was started by Aaron Stevens
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00023-00006995-00007337 and Ratana Stevens in 1985 in British
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00024-00007338-00007583 Columbia Canada and the first product
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00025-00007584-00007931 was manna bread the Stephens son arjan
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00026-00007931-00008209 and daughters Jody and Gurdeep currently
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00027-00008210-00008503 work at Nature's Path prior to opening
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00028-00008504-00008764 Nature's Path Aaron Stephens opened
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00029-00008765-00009044 Canada's first large organic supermarket
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00030-00009045-00009383 in 1971 called live stream and sold a
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00031-00009384-00009719 successful line of natural products live
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00032-00009720-00010049 stream was sold to craft in 1981 but
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00033-00010050-00010399 bought back by Stephens in 1995 in
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00034-00010400-00010730 September 2018 Nature's Path announced
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00035-00010731-00010927 plans to move their head office from
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00036-00010928-00011620 Richmond to East Vancouver
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00037-00011621-00012159 topic Awards
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00038-00012160-00012389 Nature's Path has been voted among
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00039-00012390-00012713 Canada's best 50 employers in Canada in
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00040-00012714-00013212 2007 2009 2011 and 2012 and among
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00041-00013213-00013613 Canada's greenest employers in 2009 2011
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00042-00013615-00013891 and 2012 the organic Trade Association
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00043-00013893-00014166 recognized founders Erin and Ratana
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00044-00014166-00014376 Stevens with the award for growing
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00045-00014377-00014679 organic leadership in 2013 in a Nature's
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00046-00014680-00014922 Path farmer Doug Crabtree with the
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00047-00014922-00015261 farmer of the Year award food in Canada
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00048-00015262-00015561 recognized nature's path with the 2014
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00049-00015562-00016332 award for leadership in sustainability
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00050-00016333-00016623 topic environmental and social
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00051-00016624-00017107 sustainability
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00052-00017108-00017365 Nature's Path helped to establish the
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00053-00017366-00017623 sustainable food Trade Association and
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00054-00017624-00017905 in 2009 was one of the first companies
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00055-00017906-00018078 to sign on to the food trade
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00056-00018079-00018331 sustainability leadership associations
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00057-00018332-00018595 declaration of sustainability to promote
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00058-00018596-00018802 sustainable practices in the food
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00059-00018803-00019087 industry the company became zero-waste
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00060-00019088-00019336 certified in 2010 and have committed to
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00061-00019337-00019723 complete carbon neutrality by 2020 so
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00062-00019724-00019948 far Nature's Path has successfully
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00063-00019949-00020193 implemented practices that have diverted
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00064-00020194-00020437 92% of their waste from landfills
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00065-00020438-00020683 reduced packaging saving eight hundred
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00066-00020684-00020914 twenty five thousand five hundred forty
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00067-00020915-00021274 gallons of waste water 437 tons of paper
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00068-00021275-00021532 board seven thousand four hundred sixty
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00069-00021533-00021883 four million BTUs of energy and 1.4
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00070-00021884-00022141 million pounds of carbon dioxide they
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00071-00022142-00022366 have launched a supplier code of conduct
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00072-00022367-00022597 for labor empowered employees to take
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00073-00022598-00022819 ownership of sustainability and green
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00074-00022820-00022996 initiatives and through their commitment
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00075-00022997-00023257 to organic farming have kept over four
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00076-00023258-00023446 hundred eighteen thousand pounds of
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00077-00023447-00023650 chemical pesticides out of the soil
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00078-00023651-00023884 Nature's Path is committed to many
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00079-00023885-00024202 charitable and social initiatives their
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00080-00024203-00024507 gardens for good program Awards three
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00081-00024508-00024808 $15,000 grants to urban gardens to help
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00082-00024809-00025044 educate and feed their communities every
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00083-00025045-00025252 year totaling two hundred seventy
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00084-00025253-00025486 thousand dollars so far they hold and
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00085-00025487-00025708 eat well do good food raiser for food
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00086-00025708-00025924 banks every year which has raised over
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00087-00025925-00026145 seven hundred fifty thousand dollars in
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00088-00026147-00026315 food to date
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00089-00026316-00026572 additionally nature's paths bite for
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00090-00026573-00026820 bite program commits 1 million dollars
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00091-00026822-00027058 to North American food banks and through
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00092-00027058-00027330 the enviro Kids brands 1% for the planet
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00093-00027331-00027610 affiliation work to help save endangered
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00094-00027611-00028202 species
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00095-00028202-00028798 topic organic farming
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00096-00028799-00029214 the company has purchased of 2880 acres
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00097-00029216-00029490 of organic farmland in Saskatchewan that
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00098-00029491-00029752 it crops shares with family farmers Fox
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00099-00029752-00030039 Valley legend farms Tompkins landing
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00100-00030041-00030301 heritage organic farms as well as two
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00101-00030302-00030535 thousand seven hundred sixty acres in
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00102-00030536-00030814 Montana at wild horse villages farms
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00103-00030814-00031048 including partnership and apprenticeship
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00104-00031049-00031324 program for a total of five thousand six
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00105-00031325-00031617 hundred forty acres of organic farmland
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00106-00031618-00031879 nature's path serves as an outlet
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00107-00031880-00032149 processor for many independent organic
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00108-00032150-00032329 family farmers representing
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00109-00032330-00032527 approximately one hundred thousand
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00110-00032527-00033165 organic acres
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00111-00033166-00033844 topic non-gmo support
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00112-00033845-00034060 Nature's Path has been a staunch
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00113-00034061-00034441 opponent of GMO proliferation since 2001
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00114-00034442-00034696 and founder Aaron Stevens was an early
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00115-00034697-00034861 supporter and board member of the
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00116-00034862-00035254 non-gmo project nature's path products
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00117-00035255-00035500 are tested to bear the non-gmo project
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00118-00035501-00035866 verified seal the brand sponsored the
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00119-00035867-00036238 making of documentary GMO OMG by Jeremy
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00120-00036239-00036517 ciphered in 2013 and the right to note
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00121-00036518-00036949 GMO March in 2011 the company was active
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00122-00036950-00037221 in supporting the failed proposition 37
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00123-00037222-00037477 previously the California right to know
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00124-00037478-00037702 ballot initiative for mandatory GMO
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00125-00037703-00037966 labeling in California by contributing
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00126-00037967-00038236 six hundred thousand dollars plus time
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00127-00038237-00038443 and support as well as supporting the
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00128-00038444-00038656 Oregon and Colorado right to know
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00129-00038657-00039378 campaigns in 2014
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00130-00039379-00039914 topic products
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00131-00039915-00040193 the company's organic products are sold
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00132-00040194-00040403 under the nature's path love crunch
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00133-00040404-00040475 kiyah
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00134-00040476-00040832 flax plus enviro kids and que pasa brand
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00135-00040833-00041081 names in grocery and specialty food
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00136-00041082-00041357 stores in over 42 countries worldwide
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00137-00041358-00041603 all Nature's Path products are certified
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00138-00041604-00041921 organic and vegetarian many are vegan
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00139-00041922-00042670 and a large number are gluten-free
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00140-00042671-00043236 topic see also
+0sz9cl5kZXg-00141-00043237-00043567 organic food
+0uwORY_9cgu-00000-00000000-00000175 so it looks like the next legend coming
+0uwORY_9cgu-00001-00000176-00000463 to apex legends mobile is crypto what's
+0uwORY_9cgu-00002-00000463-00000615 going on guys my name is ross welcome
+0uwORY_9cgu-00003-00000616-00000782 back to another video a crypto was
+0uwORY_9cgu-00004-00000783-00000999 basically a playable legend in the betas
+0uwORY_9cgu-00005-00001000-00001158 leading up to global launch and he's
+0uwORY_9cgu-00006-00001159-00001374 basically a recon character players have
+0uwORY_9cgu-00007-00001375-00001543 already found leaks of him in the game
+0uwORY_9cgu-00008-00001544-00001775 files right here is his fist bumper mode
+0uwORY_9cgu-00009-00001776-00001975 and also his legendary finisher which
+0uwORY_9cgu-00010-00001976-00002191 looks awesome crypto's tactical ability
+0uwORY_9cgu-00011-00002192-00002383 is a flying drone which you can use to
+0uwORY_9cgu-00012-00002384-00002607 scout out enemies and mark them for your
+0uwORY_9cgu-00013-00002608-00002807 teammates and in his passive ability
+0uwORY_9cgu-00014-00002808-00003063 also marks enemies up to 30 meters when
+0uwORY_9cgu-00015-00003064-00003231 flying around in the drone when he's got
+0uwORY_9cgu-00016-00003232-00003406 his drone out he can use his ultimate
+0uwORY_9cgu-00017-00003407-00003638 ability where wherever his drone is it
+0uwORY_9cgu-00018-00003639-00003927 basically uses an emp whereas drone sets
+0uwORY_9cgu-00019-00003928-00004119 off a massive electric dome around it
+0uwORY_9cgu-00020-00004120-00004335 and any enemies within that dome gets
+0uwORY_9cgu-00021-00004336-00004559 stunned and slowed down plus some damage
+0uwORY_9cgu-00022-00004560-00004727 gets taken from them as well he can also
+0uwORY_9cgu-00023-00004728-00004902 be used to scan beacons and is one of
+0uwORY_9cgu-00024-00004903-00005086 the best recon characters in the game
+0uwORY_9cgu-00025-00005087-00005238 now i know guys i'm gonna get a lot of
+0uwORY_9cgu-00026-00005239-00005431 comments down below saying why is free
+0uwORY_9cgu-00027-00005432-00005591 spawn adding a new legend when the game
+0uwORY_9cgu-00028-00005592-00005799 needs to get fixed desperately i agree
+0uwORY_9cgu-00029-00005800-00006006 with you trust me apex legends mobile is
+0uwORY_9cgu-00030-00006007-00006247 in a very poor state right now with a
+0uwORY_9cgu-00031-00006248-00006486 huge decline in players and viewership
+0uwORY_9cgu-00032-00006487-00006695 across the board there are two main
+0uwORY_9cgu-00033-00006695-00006903 problems and that is optimization for
+0uwORY_9cgu-00034-00006904-00007167 low to mid-end devices and global
+0uwORY_9cgu-00035-00007168-00007359 marketing for the game i feel like the
+0uwORY_9cgu-00036-00007359-00007551 only way that the game can now bounce
+0uwORY_9cgu-00037-00007552-00007759 back is if they improve the optimization
+0uwORY_9cgu-00038-00007759-00007934 so more players can enjoy the game
+0uwORY_9cgu-00039-00007936-00008159 without lagging so much and then do a
+0uwORY_9cgu-00040-00008159-00008367 ton of marketing to back that up and
+0uwORY_9cgu-00041-00008368-00008535 bring in new players and i don't mean
+0uwORY_9cgu-00042-00008536-00008814 marketing like this
+0uwORY_9cgu-00043-00008815-00009046 jess and i met through apex legends
+0uwORY_9cgu-00044-00009047-00009303 mobile and we decided to see each other
+0uwORY_9cgu-00045-00009304-00009646 in real life once we started dating apex
+0uwORY_9cgu-00046-00009647-00009919 legends mobile is still our go-to game
+0uwORY_9cgu-00047-00009920-00010135 it is our date night
+0uwORY_9cgu-00048-00010136-00010406 once she joined my squad it was over
+0uwORY_9cgu-00049-00010407-00010567 from there
+0uwORY_9cgu-00050-00010568-00010710 yeah we'll move on from that it's tough
+0uwORY_9cgu-00051-00010711-00010927 guys i've dedicated over two years of my
+0uwORY_9cgu-00052-00010928-00011159 life preparing for this next big game
+0uwORY_9cgu-00053-00011160-00011391 and it's just flopping hard i know the
+0uwORY_9cgu-00054-00011392-00011527 game has only been around for two months
+0uwORY_9cgu-00055-00011528-00011703 but a big triple a game like this to
+0uwORY_9cgu-00056-00011704-00011919 have so much of a downtrend that hardly
+0uwORY_9cgu-00057-00011920-00012095 any players are playing it is incredible
+0uwORY_9cgu-00058-00012096-00012255 i feel like it still has a chance it can
+0uwORY_9cgu-00059-00012256-00012406 definitely bounce back a lot of old
+0uwORY_9cgu-00060-00012407-00012574 mobile games mounts back in their early
+0uwORY_9cgu-00061-00012575-00012759 days and i still feel apex legends is
+0uwORY_9cgu-00062-00012760-00012951 still the best battle royale on mobile
+0uwORY_9cgu-00063-00012952-00013119 now if the game has any chance reese
+0uwORY_9cgu-00064-00013119-00013335 ball needs to fix these problems super
+0uwORY_9cgu-00065-00013336-00013463 quick anyway let me know what you think
+0uwORY_9cgu-00066-00013463-00013630 in the comments guys hit a sub hit a
+0uwORY_9cgu-00067-00013631-00013863 like and let me show you this nasty
+0uwORY_9cgu-00068-00013863-00015279 scrim lobby against some pro teams enjoy
+0uwORY_9cgu-00069-00015280-00017727 no not that one
+0uwORY_9cgu-00070-00017728-00019471 weak
+0uwORY_9cgu-00071-00019472-00019647 [Music]
+0uwORY_9cgu-00072-00019648-00020838 hold
+0uwORY_9cgu-00073-00020839-00021039 [Music]
+0uwORY_9cgu-00074-00021040-00021294 no no we can't push that
+0uwORY_9cgu-00075-00021295-00021799 is it she won
+0uwORY_9cgu-00076-00021800-00022055 no no
+0uwORY_9cgu-00077-00022056-00022263 got him but i've died it's another team
+0uwORY_9cgu-00078-00022264-00022430 i don't know if it is there's one solo
+0uwORY_9cgu-00079-00022431-00022975 one solo team right here
+0uwORY_9cgu-00080-00022976-00023158 you got that
+0uwORY_9cgu-00081-00023159-00023455 nice bro he's got he's padded away
+0uwORY_9cgu-00082-00023456-00023575 on the other side
+0uwORY_9cgu-00083-00023576-00023727 in the middle in the middle beam that
+0uwORY_9cgu-00084-00023728-00023839 dude
+0uwORY_9cgu-00085-00023840-00025158 chat on
+0uwORY_9cgu-00086-00025159-00025503 be careful hold roof where are they
+0uwORY_9cgu-00087-00025504-00025774 in the building bro opposite yeah and
+0uwORY_9cgu-00088-00025775-00025902 then there's a there's a gibby on the
+0uwORY_9cgu-00089-00025904-00026078 right as well
+0uwORY_9cgu-00090-00026079-00026670 in this building
+0uwORY_9cgu-00091-00026672-00026839 they're going out they're going out
+0uwORY_9cgu-00092-00026839-00026990 here
+0uwORY_9cgu-00093-00026991-00027127 no never mind they're all burning the
+0uwORY_9cgu-00094-00027127-00029262 building they're all behind the building
+0uwORY_9cgu-00095-00029263-00029470 one left
+0uwORY_9cgu-00096-00029472-00030631 punch
+0uwORY_9cgu-00097-00030632-00032302 yeah i'm watching
+0uwORY_9cgu-00098-00032303-00032662 watch left side up the hill
+0uwORY_9cgu-00099-00032663-00032783 that's what i'm doing
+0uwORY_9cgu-00100-00032784-00032879 up the hill they're running they're
+0uwORY_9cgu-00101-00032880-00033055 running over now beamed
+0uwORY_9cgu-00102-00033056-00033190 i'm coming i'm coming back off with you
+0uwORY_9cgu-00103-00033191-00033359 josh they're gonna get pushed out right
+0uwORY_9cgu-00104-00033360-00033479 now
+0uwORY_9cgu-00105-00033480-00033974 he's padding
+0uwORY_9cgu-00106-00033975-00034102 yeah leave them leaving boys leave them
+0uwORY_9cgu-00107-00034103-00034255 leave them
+0uwORY_9cgu-00108-00034256-00034479 leave them come back
+0uwORY_9cgu-00109-00034480-00034718 yeah right here boys on
+0uwORY_9cgu-00110-00034719-00034862 yeah they know maria
+0uwORY_9cgu-00111-00034863-00035231 uh we need to think right now no we
+0uwORY_9cgu-00112-00035232-00035399 can we can take log that's what i'm
+0uwORY_9cgu-00113-00035400-00035495 saying like
+0uwORY_9cgu-00114-00035496-00035767 hey come with me he's docking my door
+0uwORY_9cgu-00115-00035768-00036239 yeah
+0uwORY_9cgu-00116-00036240-00036430 that's the big one
+0uwORY_9cgu-00117-00036431-00036623 they're getting pushed that's that team
+0uwORY_9cgu-00118-00036624-00037167 we could probably push over there now
+0uwORY_9cgu-00119-00037168-00037335 in the zone here boys they've just used
+0uwORY_9cgu-00120-00037336-00037439 the pad
+0uwORY_9cgu-00121-00037440-00037879 yeah yeah we're getting beamed
+0uwORY_9cgu-00122-00037880-00038959 i
+0uwORY_9cgu-00123-00038960-00039159 oh my god i'm in there's a team behind
+0uwORY_9cgu-00124-00039160-00040751 boys
+0uwORY_9cgu-00125-00040752-00040862 look behind boys this team's going to
+0uwORY_9cgu-00126-00040863-00041207 come out
+0uwORY_9cgu-00127-00041208-00041358 chat on one
+0uwORY_9cgu-00128-00041359-00043558 coming for the other one
+0uwORY_9cgu-00129-00043559-00043711 come on stick it
+0uwORY_9cgu-00130-00043712-00043862 nice
+0uwORY_9cgu-00131-00043863-00043999 i shot on them as well they're not gonna
+0uwORY_9cgu-00132-00044000-00045695 push
+0uwORY_9cgu-00133-00045696-00047518 get up get down
+0uwORY_9cgu-00134-00047519-00050062 as well
+0uwORY_9cgu-00135-00050063-00050223 good boys
+0uwORY_9cgu-00136-00050224-00050423 sweaty game
+0uwORY_9cgu-00137-00050424-00050718 oh my god well way to end be careful
+0uwORY_9cgu-00138-00050719-00050855 with your ego on that roof josh you
+0uwORY_9cgu-00139-00050856-00051055 didn't have to jump up there no yeah i i
+0uwORY_9cgu-00140-00051056-00051246 lasered one i think i almost knocked him
+0uwORY_9cgu-00141-00051247-00051358 so
+0uwORY_9cgu-00142-00051359-00051526 i might help this out
+0uwORY_9cgu-00143-00051527-00051687 big game boy
+0uwORY_9cgu-00144-00051688-00051887 i got four assists as well yeah we
+0uwORY_9cgu-00145-00051888-00052038 popped bro
+0uwORY_9cgu-00146-00052039-00052823 that's 12 13 that's a 25 pointer
+0uwORY_9cgu-00147-00052824-00053054 i lag and my input lag was so slow in
+0uwORY_9cgu-00148-00053055-00053247 that last zone bro it was yours i was
+0uwORY_9cgu-00149-00053248-00053487 sliding my cursor bro
+0uwORY_9cgu-00150-00053488-00053841 uh my mind was right mom is terrible
+0uwORY_9cgu-00151-00053841-00055350 [Music]
+0uwORY_9cgu-00152-00055351-00055560 you
+0uWgzp6DifA-00000-00000000-00000305 [Music]
+0uWgzp6DifA-00001-00000306-00000972 that's wrong 240 volts these horrible
+0uWgzp6DifA-00002-00000973-00001175 acts were committed in the name of
+0uWgzp6DifA-00003-00001176-00001454 science welcome to watchmojo.com and
+0uWgzp6DifA-00004-00001455-00001647 today we're counting down our picks for
+0uWgzp6DifA-00005-00001648-00001821 the top 10 terrible experiments
+0uWgzp6DifA-00006-00001822-00002150 performed in the United States known as
+0uWgzp6DifA-00007-00002151-00002435 the Moscow show trials these court cases
+0uWgzp6DifA-00008-00002436-00002682 give the world its first public glimpse
+0uWgzp6DifA-00009-00002683-00002814 of mind control
+0uWgzp6DifA-00010-00002815-00002993 for this list we're looking at examples
+0uWgzp6DifA-00011-00002994-00003224 of human experimentation executed in the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00012-00003225-00003452 u.s. that were harmful to their test
+0uWgzp6DifA-00013-00003453-00003647 subjects it was important they were
+0uWgzp6DifA-00014-00003648-00003981 supposed to be untreated and it would be
+0uWgzp6DifA-00015-00003982-00004209 undesirable to go ahead and use large
+0uWgzp6DifA-00016-00004210-00004368 amounts of penicillin to treat other
+0uWgzp6DifA-00017-00004369-00004595 disease because you'd interfere with
+0uWgzp6DifA-00018-00004596-00004833 study please note that some of these
+0uWgzp6DifA-00019-00004834-00005058 stories could not be proven as 100%
+0uWgzp6DifA-00020-00005059-00005354 factually accurate and as such may only
+0uWgzp6DifA-00021-00005355-00005600 be commonly repeated rumors however
+0uWgzp6DifA-00022-00005601-00005777 we've done our best to get the most
+0uWgzp6DifA-00023-00005778-00005963 accurate information possible an
+0uWgzp6DifA-00024-00005964-00006174 overwhelming number who say they were
+0uWgzp6DifA-00025-00006175-00006420 intentionally exposed to mustard gas in
+0uWgzp6DifA-00026-00006420-00006639 secret experiments have been denied
+0uWgzp6DifA-00027-00006640-00006806 benefits for decades
+0uWgzp6DifA-00028-00006806-00007223 number 10 project MKULTRA officially
+0uWgzp6DifA-00029-00007225-00007523 sanctioned in 1953 and backed by the CIA
+0uWgzp6DifA-00030-00007525-00007737 this series of experiments studied the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00031-00007738-00007956 effect of mind-control with methods like
+0uWgzp6DifA-00032-00007956-00008267 hypnosis drugs isolation and sensory
+0uWgzp6DifA-00033-00008268-00008492 deprivation used to modify human
+0uWgzp6DifA-00034-00008493-00008670 behavior this is what they did they did
+0uWgzp6DifA-00035-00008671-00008903 chemicals they did biologicals they did
+0uWgzp6DifA-00036-00008904-00009126 skies as they did electronic secret
+0uWgzp6DifA-00037-00009127-00009348 writing and the like the CIA enlisted
+0uWgzp6DifA-00038-00009349-00009570 the help of prisons hospitals and more
+0uWgzp6DifA-00039-00009571-00009756 than 40 universities to perform
+0uWgzp6DifA-00040-00009757-00009956 experiments on subjects without their
+0uWgzp6DifA-00041-00009957-00010185 knowledge in one of these sub projects
+0uWgzp6DifA-00042-00010186-00010458 operation midnight climax prostitutes
+0uWgzp6DifA-00043-00010459-00010644 who were secretly working for the CIA
+0uWgzp6DifA-00044-00010645-00010962 gave clients LSD and while these men
+0uWgzp6DifA-00045-00010963-00011166 were under the influence they were spied
+0uWgzp6DifA-00046-00011167-00011510 on through a one-way mirror in 1973
+0uWgzp6DifA-00047-00011511-00011751 CIA director Richard Helms ordered the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00048-00011752-00011952 destruction of all records related to
+0uWgzp6DifA-00049-00011953-00012237 MKULTRA but subsequent investigations
+0uWgzp6DifA-00050-00012238-00012467 led by Senator Frank church and vice
+0uWgzp6DifA-00051-00012468-00012695 president Nelson Rockefeller in addition
+0uWgzp6DifA-00052-00012696-00012990 to 20,000 records were covered in 1977
+0uWgzp6DifA-00053-00012991-00013238 were able to shed light on these
+0uWgzp6DifA-00054-00013240-00013485 number nine the Stanford Prison
+0uWgzp6DifA-00055-00013486-00013758 Experiment designed by psychologist
+0uWgzp6DifA-00056-00013759-00014042 Philip Zimbardo the goal of this 1971
+0uWgzp6DifA-00057-00014043-00014211 experiment was to examine the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00058-00014212-00014456 psychological impact of imprisonment for
+0uWgzp6DifA-00059-00014457-00014691 the experiment the psychology building
+0uWgzp6DifA-00060-00014691-00014939 at Stanford University was turned into a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00061-00014940-00015147 prison with twenty four undergraduate
+0uWgzp6DifA-00062-00015147-00015328 students divided into two groups
+0uWgzp6DifA-00063-00015329-00016319 prisoners and guards I don't think they
+0uWgzp6DifA-00064-00016320-00016503 took their commitment to their roles two
+0uWgzp6DifA-00065-00016504-00016758 disturbing levels with the guards doling
+0uWgzp6DifA-00066-00016759-00017039 out abuse and the prisoners accepting it
+0uWgzp6DifA-00067-00017040-00017303 things got so intense that some students
+0uWgzp6DifA-00068-00017304-00017514 had to be removed due to the trauma
+0uWgzp6DifA-00069-00017515-00017730 although the exercise was supposed to
+0uWgzp6DifA-00070-00017731-00017972 last two weeks and had the interest of
+0uWgzp6DifA-00071-00017973-00018255 the US Marine Corps and Navy it was shut
+0uWgzp6DifA-00072-00018256-00018486 down after just six days when the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00073-00018487-00018678 repercussions of the experiment became
+0uWgzp6DifA-00074-00018679-00018930 clear number eight the Milgram
+0uWgzp6DifA-00075-00018931-00019197 experiment fascinated by what motivated
+0uWgzp6DifA-00076-00019198-00019353 Nazi officers to commit atrocities
+0uWgzp6DifA-00077-00019354-00019580 during World War two Yale psychologist
+0uWgzp6DifA-00078-00019581-00019833 Stanley Milgram set up an experiment to
+0uWgzp6DifA-00079-00019834-00020046 see just how far Americans would go
+0uWgzp6DifA-00080-00020047-00020453 before their conscience stopped them
+0uWgzp6DifA-00081-00020454-00020819 he's laughing right it's hard to
+0uWgzp6DifA-00082-00020820-00021024 understand exactly why part of it is the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00083-00021025-00021215 absurdity of the situation and part of
+0uWgzp6DifA-00084-00021216-00021347 this the nervousness that they're
+0uWgzp6DifA-00085-00021348-00021590 feeling in the 1960s experiment a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00086-00021591-00021800 teacher would read questions to a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00087-00021801-00022002 learner who was actually an actor
+0uWgzp6DifA-00088-00022003-00022203 pretending to participate in the study
+0uWgzp6DifA-00089-00022204-00022467 when the learner got an answer wrong the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00090-00022468-00022661 teacher gave what he believed to be a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00091-00022662-00022893 real electric shock progressing in
+0uWgzp6DifA-00092-00022894-00023205 fifteen volt increments up to 450 volts
+0uWgzp6DifA-00093-00023206-00023564 did it sound as if he was in pain
+0uWgzp6DifA-00094-00023565-00023946 yeah if the teachers objected they were
+0uWgzp6DifA-00095-00023947-00024231 forced to administer it regardless after
+0uWgzp6DifA-00096-00024232-00024387 being assured that they would be free of
+0uWgzp6DifA-00097-00024388-00024624 all responsibility the teacher typically
+0uWgzp6DifA-00098-00024625-00024876 complied even when the learner screamed
+0uWgzp6DifA-00099-00024877-00025952 in agony that's wrong 225 volts
+0uWgzp6DifA-00100-00025952-00026217 two-thirds of the 40 test subjects went
+0uWgzp6DifA-00101-00026218-00026505 all the way to 450 volts proving how
+0uWgzp6DifA-00102-00026506-00026727 much we're ingrained to obey Authority
+0uWgzp6DifA-00103-00026727-00026943 even if we believe it to be morally or
+0uWgzp6DifA-00104-00026944-00027277 legally unjustified we'll be right yeah
+0uWgzp6DifA-00105-00027279-00027473 please continue
+0uWgzp6DifA-00106-00027474-00027801 number seven dr. Leo Stanley's San
+0uWgzp6DifA-00107-00027802-00028050 Quentin prison experiments as chief
+0uWgzp6DifA-00108-00028051-00028338 surgeon at San Quentin dr. Leo Stanley
+0uWgzp6DifA-00109-00028339-00028554 used prisoners for various experiments
+0uWgzp6DifA-00110-00028555-00028980 from 1913 to 1951 with some verging into
+0uWgzp6DifA-00111-00028981-00029183 dark territory these experiments
+0uWgzp6DifA-00112-00029185-00029400 included sterilization and possibly
+0uWgzp6DifA-00113-00029401-00029601 finding treatments for Spanish flu a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00114-00029602-00029850 strong supporter of eugenics Stan Lee
+0uWgzp6DifA-00115-00029851-00030063 performed vasectomies on inmates who
+0uWgzp6DifA-00116-00030064-00030237 were sold on the idea of better health
+0uWgzp6DifA-00117-00030238-00030501 reformed behavior and a stronger sex
+0uWgzp6DifA-00118-00030502-00030758 drive in one project that aimed to find
+0uWgzp6DifA-00119-00030760-00031002 a source of rejuvenation Stanley used
+0uWgzp6DifA-00120-00031002-00031191 live prisoners for surgery that
+0uWgzp6DifA-00121-00031192-00031413 transplanted testicles human or
+0uWgzp6DifA-00122-00031414-00031652 otherwise the experiment began with
+0uWgzp6DifA-00123-00031654-00031808 testicles sourced from executed
+0uWgzp6DifA-00124-00031810-00032027 prisoners but when the supply ran dry
+0uWgzp6DifA-00125-00032029-00032327 dr. Stanley began using boar and goat
+0uWgzp6DifA-00126-00032329-00032658 testes in his work number six the Boston
+0uWgzp6DifA-00127-00032658-00032877 project working with the Oak Ridge
+0uWgzp6DifA-00128-00032878-00033234 National Laboratory from 1953 to 57 dr.
+0uWgzp6DifA-00129-00033235-00033402 William sweet who was the chief
+0uWgzp6DifA-00130-00033403-00033600 neurosurgeon at Harvard's massachusetts
+0uWgzp6DifA-00131-00033601-00033861 general hospital gave uranium injections
+0uWgzp6DifA-00132-00033862-00034086 to eleven cancer patients who were
+0uWgzp6DifA-00133-00034087-00034299 terminally ill with all but one
+0uWgzp6DifA-00134-00034300-00034515 reportedly suffering from brain tumors
+0uWgzp6DifA-00135-00034516-00034758 dr. suite was interested in learning how
+0uWgzp6DifA-00136-00034759-00034980 the distribution of uranium affected the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00137-00034981-00035226 body and whether it could be used to
+0uWgzp6DifA-00138-00035227-00035625 treat tumors in 1995 under testimony dr.
+0uWgzp6DifA-00139-00035626-00035850 sweet claimed he had consent from all
+0uWgzp6DifA-00140-00035851-00036060 his patients for his experiments however
+0uWgzp6DifA-00141-00036061-00036324 a lack of supporting documents as well
+0uWgzp6DifA-00142-00036325-00036537 as the case of one patient who was found
+0uWgzp6DifA-00143-00036538-00036783 unconscious and later died without
+0uWgzp6DifA-00144-00036784-00036847 regaining
+0uWgzp6DifA-00145-00036848-00037084 consciousness or being identified makes
+0uWgzp6DifA-00146-00037085-00037378 those planes slightly dubious number
+0uWgzp6DifA-00147-00037379-00037615 five the Tuskegee syphilis experiment
+0uWgzp6DifA-00148-00037616-00038122 from 1932 to 1972 600 african-american
+0uWgzp6DifA-00149-00038123-00038359 farmers from Alabama were selected for a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00150-00038360-00038560 US public health services program
+0uWgzp6DifA-00151-00038561-00038755 receiving free health care and other
+0uWgzp6DifA-00152-00038756-00039004 benefits for their cooperation however
+0uWgzp6DifA-00153-00039005-00039181 they weren't told they were actually
+0uWgzp6DifA-00154-00039182-00039481 being studied 399 of the men had
+0uWgzp6DifA-00155-00039482-00039757 syphilis while the other 201 were used
+0uWgzp6DifA-00156-00039758-00039952 as a control group many of these
+0uWgzp6DifA-00157-00039953-00040147 subjects poor and often illiterate
+0uWgzp6DifA-00158-00040148-00040375 sharecroppers didn't even know they had
+0uWgzp6DifA-00159-00040376-00040603 the disease even after penicillin was
+0uWgzp6DifA-00160-00040604-00040897 developed as a cure for syphilis in 1947
+0uWgzp6DifA-00161-00040898-00041089 the treatment was withheld from the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00162-00041090-00041326 patients as was access to proper
+0uWgzp6DifA-00163-00041327-00041584 information or treatment many ultimately
+0uWgzp6DifA-00164-00041585-00041848 died of syphilis with at least 40 women
+0uWgzp6DifA-00165-00041849-00042037 contracting it from their husbands and
+0uWgzp6DifA-00166-00042038-00042307 nearly 20 children born women as a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00167-00042308-00042511 result of an information leak the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00168-00042512-00042880 project was shut down in 1972 but it
+0uWgzp6DifA-00169-00042881-00043177 wasn't until 1997 that President Bill
+0uWgzp6DifA-00170-00043178-00043417 Clinton formally apologized on behalf of
+0uWgzp6DifA-00171-00043418-00043621 the government for what happened the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00172-00043622-00043867 eight men who are survivors of the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00173-00043868-00044365 syphilis study at Tuskegee are a living
+0uWgzp6DifA-00174-00044366-00044734 link to a time not so very long ago that
+0uWgzp6DifA-00175-00044735-00044988 many Americans would prefer not to
+0uWgzp6DifA-00176-00044989-00045304 remember number four the University of
+0uWgzp6DifA-00177-00045305-00045532 California experiments on newborns
+0uWgzp6DifA-00178-00045533-00045754 leading up to a study published in the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00179-00045755-00046039 medical journal of pediatrics 113
+0uWgzp6DifA-00180-00046040-00046348 newborn babies no older than three days
+0uWgzp6DifA-00181-00046349-00046621 old were experimented on by scientists
+0uWgzp6DifA-00182-00046622-00046804 at the University of California's
+0uWgzp6DifA-00183-00046805-00047010 department of pediatrics in the early
+0uWgzp6DifA-00184-00047011-00047299 1960s studies conducted on the babies
+0uWgzp6DifA-00185-00047300-00047470 included a battery of bizarre and
+0uWgzp6DifA-00186-00047471-00047668 seemingly unnecessary experiments
+0uWgzp6DifA-00187-00047669-00047944 regarding blood flow and pressure in one
+0uWgzp6DifA-00188-00047945-00048181 test over 40 babies were placed on
+0uWgzp6DifA-00189-00048182-00048439 circumcision boards and held upside down
+0uWgzp6DifA-00190-00048440-00048682 while doctors measured how their blood
+0uWgzp6DifA-00191-00048683-00048931 flow to their head in another babies
+0uWgzp6DifA-00192-00048932-00049147 were placed ankle-deep in ice-cold water
+0uWgzp6DifA-00193-00049148-00049393 while a catheter was inserted into their
+0uWgzp6DifA-00194-00049394-00049621 a Horta in an effort to monitor their
+0uWgzp6DifA-00195-00049622-00049918 aortic pressure number 3 dr. bender
+0uWgzp6DifA-00196-00049919-00050242 forces electroconvulsive therapy on
+0uWgzp6DifA-00197-00050243-00050479 while working as a neuropsychiatry at
+0uWgzp6DifA-00198-00050480-00050718 New York's Bellevue Hospital dr. Loretta
+0uWgzp6DifA-00199-00050719-00050886 bender decided an effective treatment
+0uWgzp6DifA-00200-00050887-00050998 for children with developmental
+0uWgzp6DifA-00201-00050999-00051240 disorders or schizophrenia was
+0uWgzp6DifA-00202-00051241-00051527 electroconvulsive therapy or ECT
+0uWgzp6DifA-00203-00051528-00052023 previously called electroshock therapy
+0uWgzp6DifA-00204-00052024-00052546 in 1947 dr. bender sent small electric
+0uWgzp6DifA-00205-00052547-00052725 currents through the brains of 98
+0uWgzp6DifA-00206-00052726-00052944 children all of whom were 12 or under
+0uWgzp6DifA-00207-00052945-00053301 and one of whom was 3 another of dr.
+0uWgzp6DifA-00208-00053302-00053451 benders methods for trying to alleviate
+0uWgzp6DifA-00209-00053452-00053643 schizophrenia was to give her young
+0uWgzp6DifA-00210-00053644-00053937 patients LSD Ted Chavez Sinskey was one
+0uWgzp6DifA-00211-00053938-00054063 of the children who went through the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00212-00054064-00054250 therapy when he was 6 years old and he
+0uWgzp6DifA-00213-00054251-00054513 later became a human rights activist who
+0uWgzp6DifA-00214-00054514-00054700 successfully fought against the use of
+0uWgzp6DifA-00215-00054701-00054886 electroshock therapy in Berkeley
+0uWgzp6DifA-00216-00054887-00056260 California number two military
+0uWgzp6DifA-00217-00056261-00056446 experiments with mustard gas during
+0uWgzp6DifA-00218-00056447-00056868 World War two in 1943 the Navy recruited
+0uWgzp6DifA-00219-00056869-00057148 upwards of 60,000 young men for a study
+0uWgzp6DifA-00220-00057149-00057342 only they weren't asked to participate
+0uWgzp6DifA-00221-00057344-00057654 they were told only when they arrived at
+0uWgzp6DifA-00222-00057655-00057807 the naval research laboratory in
+0uWgzp6DifA-00223-00057808-00058038 Washington DC did they find the real
+0uWgzp6DifA-00224-00058039-00058234 purpose of the study to measure the
+0uWgzp6DifA-00225-00058235-00058431 effects of mustard gas and other
+0uWgzp6DifA-00226-00058432-00058707 chemicals on humans they rubbed a liquid
+0uWgzp6DifA-00227-00058708-00058909 chemical on my arm and hand and had me
+0uWgzp6DifA-00228-00058910-00059079 breathe the gas without a mask on
+0uWgzp6DifA-00229-00059080-00059335 I had no protective clothing in the gas
+0uWgzp6DifA-00230-00059336-00059554 chamber locked in chambers and exposed
+0uWgzp6DifA-00231-00059554-00059782 to the deadly gas the men involved in
+0uWgzp6DifA-00232-00059783-00059962 these experiments suffered horrible
+0uWgzp6DifA-00233-00059963-00060192 health effects including internal and
+0uWgzp6DifA-00234-00060194-00060511 external burns additionally as it was a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00235-00060512-00060739 wartime experiment they were bound by
+0uWgzp6DifA-00236-00060740-00061063 oaths of secrecy and faced dishonorable
+0uWgzp6DifA-00237-00061064-00061348 discharge or imprisonment if they spoke
+0uWgzp6DifA-00238-00061349-00061564 of the order the details of which were
+0uWgzp6DifA-00239-00061565-00061921 not formally Declassified until 1993
+0uWgzp6DifA-00240-00061922-00062188 before we unveil our number-one pick
+0uWgzp6DifA-00241-00062189-00063721 here are some honorable mentions
+0uWgzp6DifA-00242-00063722-00064004 number one Vanderbilt University's
+0uWgzp6DifA-00243-00064004-00064285 vitamin drinks following World War two
+0uWgzp6DifA-00244-00064286-00064479 researchers at Vanderbilt University
+0uWgzp6DifA-00245-00064480-00064780 gave over 800 pregnant women a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00246-00064781-00065032 mysterious concoction they were told was
+0uWgzp6DifA-00247-00065033-00065299 a special vitamin drink it was actually
+0uWgzp6DifA-00248-00065300-00065471 mixtures that contain doses of
+0uWgzp6DifA-00249-00065472-00065735 radioactive iron as the scientists were
+0uWgzp6DifA-00250-00065736-00065926 testing its absorption rate during
+0uWgzp6DifA-00251-00065927-00066191 pregnancy the radiation these women were
+0uWgzp6DifA-00252-00066192-00066434 exposed to was reportedly 30 times
+0uWgzp6DifA-00253-00066435-00066682 higher than normal around 3 or 4
+0uWgzp6DifA-00254-00066683-00066929 children died of cancer or leukemia as a
+0uWgzp6DifA-00255-00066930-00067132 result of the experiment and some
+0uWgzp6DifA-00256-00067133-00067375 mothers developed rashes lost hair and
+0uWgzp6DifA-00257-00067376-00067600 teeth and contracted various types of
+0uWgzp6DifA-00258-00067601-00067991 cancer themselves in 1994 almost 40
+0uWgzp6DifA-00259-00067992-00068230 years later Vanderbilt University faced
+0uWgzp6DifA-00260-00068231-00068504 a lawsuit for the 4 years study and was
+0uWgzp6DifA-00261-00068505-00068698 forced to pay out more than 10 million
+0uWgzp6DifA-00262-00068699-00069001 dollars in damages do you agree with our
+0uWgzp6DifA-00263-00069002-00069521 list a bad not too bad we ran a pretty
+0uWgzp6DifA-00264-00069522-00069704 ragged which American experiment
+0uWgzp6DifA-00265-00069705-00069976 horrified you the most I get a little
+0uWgzp6DifA-00266-00069977-00070385 skittish nervous for more historical top
+0uWgzp6DifA-00267-00070386-00070582 10s published every day be sure to
+0uWgzp6DifA-00268-00070583-00070790 subscribe to watchmojo.com
+0uWgzp6DifA-00269-00070791-00072069 [Music]
+0uWgzp6DifA-00270-00072070-00072584 [Music]