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ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืœืื’
ืคืœืื’ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืคืœื”ื ืžืื ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช. ืžื’ื™ืœ 14 ื”ืคืš ืœืืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฃ, ื•ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื’'ืื“ื’'. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1894 ืขื“ 1898 ืœืžื“ ืคืœืื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืœื™ื’ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง", ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1898 ืขื“ 1900 ืœืžื“ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืคืืจื™ืก. ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉื‘ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื” ืคืจืกื ืื™ืŸ-ืกืคื•ืจ ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช, ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1903 ืขื“ 1907 ืคืจืกื ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื’'ืื“ื’' ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืฉื "ื ืื˜ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื ื™". ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืœืื’ ืœืžืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืคืœืื’ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 83 ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช "ื•ื•ื“ืœืื•ืŸ" ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ืงืก.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœ ื ืคื˜ืจ ืคืœืื’?
83
ืงื•ืœืจื’ื•ืœ
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ืช ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช "ืคืจื•ืกื™ื“ื™ืก", ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื™ื”, ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœืจื’ื•ืœ" (Les Aventures de Colargol), ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืกื˜ื•ืค-ืžื•ืฉืŸ. ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืกื“ืจื”, ื’ื™ื™ืก ื‘ืืจื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืื ื™ืžื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื˜ื“ืื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืœืงื•ืฉ (Tadeusz Wilkosz) ื•ืืช ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ "Se-ma-for" ื‘ืœื•ื“ื–'. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื•ืคืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1967-1974, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื• 53 ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 13 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฆืจืคืช, ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”-BBC, ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœ-"Barnaby" (ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™). ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื "Jeremy".
ืžื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืงืช ื”ืกื“ืจื”?
ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
ืœื•ืื™ืก ืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ
ืื•ืœื ืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจืฉ ืงืคื™ืฆื”. ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ 77 ืื ื’ืœื™ื, ืžืžืœื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื–. ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื– ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื‘ืžืกืขื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื•ืจื” ืงืจื•ื–. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืคื ื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ ืชืคืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžืฆื™ื•. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืชืคื™ืฉืชื ื™ืฆืจื” ืœืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ ืฉื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื ืจื™ืงืก ืืœืžื ืกื”, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžืœืš ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืžื•ื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• (ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1568).
ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืชืคืก ืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™?
ืžืžืœื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื–.
ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืื•ืืŸ
ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื• 2004 ื›ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืขืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืฉ ืฉืขืจ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ื’ืžืจ, ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืขื”. ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืืœ 2006 ื›ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืขืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืืœ, ืžื•ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื ืคืฆืข ืื•ืืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื ืขื“ืจ ืžื”ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื• 2008, ื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื ื’ื“ ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื”, ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืฉ ืฉืขืจ ื•ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ื’ืืจื™ ืœื™ื ื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื‘-12 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2007 ื›ื‘ืฉ ืฆืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ 0-3 ืขืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืฉืขืจื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช.
ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืงื• ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืืŸ ื ืคืฆืข?
ืžื•ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”
ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ (ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื)
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืกืงื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ ืืš ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื™ื™ื‘ื ืžืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช) ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื›ืš ืขื’ื ื” ื‘-1923 ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืกื•ื›ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกืคื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ื‘-1929 ืœืกื’ืŸ-ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื•ื‘-1934 ืœืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื‘-1932 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ืืช ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ . ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ "ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืข"ืž" ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1931. ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื ืžืœ ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคืื™ืช (ืž"ืž ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60) ื•ืื–ืจื— ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื”.
ืžื”ื• ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืœืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”?
ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™
ื ื•ืฉื™ื (ืžื—ื–ื”)
ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1893 ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืจื–ื™ื ื– ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ื™ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ืœืื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’. ืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ืจื˜ื ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื˜ืงืœื”, ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืจื™ื˜ื ืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื’'ืจื ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘. ื”ื™ื ืจืฆื” 71 ืคืขืžื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืžืจืฅ 1893, ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื’ืืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื‘-1895, ื”ืคืจื™ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืขืœื” ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ. ื‘-1898, ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืฉืื•ืกืคื™ืœื”ืื•ื– ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ. ื‘-1899, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1896, ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื‘ืืœื˜ื•ื ื”. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื’ื ื‘ืืกืŸ ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1910. ื”ืคืงื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘-1910 ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ื ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื’ ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืืช ืคืกื—ื, ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืืฉ ื•ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”. ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื’'ืืจื ื•, ืฉื’ื™ืœื ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืžืื™.
ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืงืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”?
71
ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœืืงื ืื•
ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1857, ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื•ืžื–ืœื–ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ืชืจืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ืชืจืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืคืจื” (ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืืกืœืื ื•ื”ืคืจื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื). ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ืจืื˜ ื‘-10 ื‘ืžืื™ 1857, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื’ื™ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืžืจื“ื• ื•ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืžืกืข ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ื”ืจืก ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืœื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
ืื™ืคื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉื™ื?
ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ืจืื˜
ื“ื™ืื˜ืช ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืœืจื™ื˜ื”
ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ื‘ืืชืจ "Rotten Tomatoes", ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ 78% ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก 64 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืขื ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 7.18/10, ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ ืืžืจ: "ื“ื™ืื˜ืช ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืœืจื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืงืืกื˜ ืžืขื•ืœื”, ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืจืชืงืช โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ืขืžื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื". ื‘ืืชืจ "Metacritic", ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” "ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘" ืขื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 67 ืžืชื•ืš 100, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ 30 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช.ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื’ื ืขื•ื ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘. ื‘ืืชืจ "Rotten Tomatoes", ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ 83% ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ 12 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืขื ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 7.08/10, ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ ืืžืจ: "ื“ื™ืื˜ืช โ€‹โ€‹ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืœืจื™ื˜ื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ื’ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื™ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื” ื•ืœื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืžื“ืžื โ€“ ื‘ืฉืคืข โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•".
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื” ื‘ืืชืจ Rotten Tomatoes?
ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ 78% ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก 64 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช
ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจืช ืžืงืœื“ืช, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœืขื•ื’ื‘, ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘"ืงื•ื“ืงืก ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'", ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 1360. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื”ืœืœื• ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘"ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืงืกื”ื™ื™ื" (Buxheim Organ Book), ืฉืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60' ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืจื“ ืคืื•ืžืŸ, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื•ืœืื•ื˜ื”. ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื—ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืืŸ ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ (1537 - 1548) ืื—ืช ืžื›-20 ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 1520 ืœ-1700.
ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
ื™ืืŸ ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ
ืœื•ืื™ืก ืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ
ืื•ืœื ืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจืฉ ืงืคื™ืฆื”. ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ 77 ืื ื’ืœื™ื, ืžืžืœื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื–. ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื– ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื‘ืžืกืขื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื•ืจื” ืงืจื•ื–. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืคื ื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ ืชืคืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžืฆื™ื•. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืชืคื™ืฉืชื ื™ืฆืจื” ืœืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ ืฉื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื ืจื™ืงืก ืืœืžื ืกื”, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžืœืš ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืžื•ื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• (ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1568).
ืžื™ ื–ื” ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื ืจื™ืงืก ืืœืžื ืกื”?
ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžืœืš ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ืจื•ืžืŸ ืคื™ืงืจืกืงื™
ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื“ืžื• ืœืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืงืจืกืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืžืžื™. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืœ ืคืœื ื“ืจืก ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื“ืคื• (1722) ืื• ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื’'ื•ื ืก ืžืืช ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ (1749) ื—ืกืจื• ืืช ืžืžื“ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืงืจืกืงื™ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื: ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืœืขื’ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืœื ื—ืชืจื• ื’ื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื— ืžื•ืกืจื™. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคืœื ื“ืจืก ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื”ื“ืชื™.
ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื“?
ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืžืžื™
ื™ื•ืื‘ ื“ื’ื•ืŸ
ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืœ, ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ื—ืชื• ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื. ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืืจื“ (ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืจื“ืจ, ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืžืŸ), ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” (ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืก), ื ื™ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื•ืง (ื–ื™ื•ื” ืงืจื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ), ื—ื•ืœ (ื™ื’ืืœ ืชื•ืžืจืงื™ืŸ), ืขืฅ (ื“ื‘ ื—ื•ืฃ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื ืก), ืื‘ืŸ (ืžืชื ื™ื” ืื‘ืจืžืกื•ืŸ, ื˜ื ื™ื” ืคืจืžื™ื ื’ืจ), ื‘ืจื–ืœ (ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืฉืžื™, ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืžืœืจ), ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื. ื’ื‘ืื™) ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืœื• ืืฆืจ ืขืฉืจ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช (ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžื•ืจื™ืก). ืืฆืจ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ (ืฆื‘ื™ ืืœื“ื•ื‘ื™, ื‘ืชื™ื” ืœื™ืฉื ืกืงื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜) ื•ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื (ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืคื–'ืก, ื–'ื•ืจื–' ื–'ื ืงืœื• ื•ืฆ'ื™ืงื• ื‘ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื”), ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื• ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืคื”. ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื-ืจืฉืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืžื•ืก ืืจื™ื›ื, ืื•ื–ื™ืืฉ ื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ื˜ืจ, ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืก ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืจืฉ.
ื›ืžื” ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืฆืจ ืœืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ?
ืขืฉืจ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช
ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก
ื‘ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ืจื™ื•ืก ืฉืœื— ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•, ื•ื•ืืœืจื™ื•ืก ื’ืจืื˜ื•ืก ื•ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก. ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื’ืจืื˜ื•ืก ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 11 ืฉื ื” ื•ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก 10 ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 26โ€“36 ืื• 27โ€“37 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื–ืœืจ, ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืื˜ื•ืก ื•ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื• ื–ื™ื•ืฃ, ื•ื›ื™ ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 19โ€“37 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืื™ื™ื–ืœืจ, ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืจืื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืŸ ื”ืกืชืžืš ืื™ื™ื–ืœืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืกื‘ื™ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื ืช 21 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก.
ืœืคื™ ืื™ื™ื–ืœืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื’ืจืื˜ื•ืก ื›ื ืฆื™ื‘?
4 ืฉื ื™ื
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช
ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื’ืœ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื™ืงื•ื, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืžื ื” ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื ืข ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ; ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืกืชืจ ืืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืจ, ืขื ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื•. ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ืง ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ืืš - ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื• - ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื™ ื ืงืจื ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™.
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืžื”ื• ืฉืžื•?
ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข
ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืงืืจืœ ืžืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืคื™ื” ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ืืš ืœื ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื‘ื›ืš ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืคืชื— ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื ืจืง ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืœื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ("ื“ื•ืจ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™"). ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื ื™ ืดืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืชืด ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-18 ื•ื”-19: ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื•ืฉืคื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ-ื–ืžื ื™. ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื™ื, ืžืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ืดืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืชืด ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•?
ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-18 ื•ื”-19
ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื•ืžื ื”
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื•ืžื ื”, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืื™ 2001, ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ืื•ืžื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื (ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช), ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื›ืจื– ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืชื ืœืงืจืืช ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื™ืœื“, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืื•ืžื ืช, ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ืื•ืžื ื”?
ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืื•ืžื ืช
ืœืืจืก ื‘ื ื“ืจ
ืœืืจืก ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 19 ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืœื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011, ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืจืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืžื™ืชื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืจื•ืœืคืก, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื• 2-2. ื‘ื ื“ืจ ื–ื•ืžืŸ ืœืกื’ืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื”ื’ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจื• 2012 ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื, ื ื›ื ืก ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช 0โ€“1 ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื•-1โ€“2 ื ื’ื“ ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘, ืคืชื— ื‘ื ื“ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืจื•ื ื‘ื•ืื˜ื ื’ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ืง, ื•ืืฃ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ 1โ€“2 ื ื’ื“ ื“ื ืžืจืง.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ?
ืชื™ืงื• 2-2
ืœื™ื™ืง ืžืœืื•ื•ื™
ืœื™ื™ืง ืžืœืื•ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2013 ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื“ืŸ, ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืฆ'ืจื ื™, ื”ืชืคืจืงื”. ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจ "Calgary" ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื "Bon Iver, Bon Iver". ืœื™ื™ืง ืžืœืื•ื•ื™ ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” - "Always June" ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจื›ื” ืขื BBC ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœื™ื™ืง ืžืœืื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆ'ื›ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 ืฉื—ืจืจื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืืช ื”-EP ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” "We Are Making Love Again". ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ืขื–ื‘ ื”ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืคืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฅ' ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ืœ.
ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ื™ืง ืžืœืื•ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกื“ื”?
ืœื”ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื“ืŸ, ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืฆ'ืจื ื™, ื”ืชืคืจืงื”.
ื˜ื—ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื ื™ื
ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื—ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™. ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื˜ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืžืจื•ืงื•, ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืขื•ืขื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1986 ื”ื•ืฆืชื” ื›ืจื›ืจืช ื”ืขืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืžื•ื ื™, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื” ื–ื›ืจ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื›ืจื›ืจื” ื•ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืžื ื” ืฉืœื ื ืฉืจืฃ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืื‘ืŸ - ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื•ื— ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
ืžื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื—ื ื”?
ืžืจื›ื‘ื”
ืคืœื™ืื“ื•ืช (ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื)
ืื˜ืœืก (27 ื‘ืฉื•ืจ) ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืขื ืงื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ B8III ืขื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช 4.1 ื•-5.6. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื ืžื•ืกืง ืžืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื” 3.6 ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ 550 ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืจืื” ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ 1,000 ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœื”. ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ื›-12,000 ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืกืชื ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื›-5 ืžืกื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ. ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื” 6.8 ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 52 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›-150 ืฉื ื™ื.
ืžื” ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื˜ืœืก ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืจืื”?
ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ 550 ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืจืื”
ื–ืœืžื” ืงื•ืจืฅ
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1907 ืฉืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืงื•ื‘ื ื˜ ื’ืืจื“ืŸ, ื”ืคืขื ืืช "ืœื•ืฆ'ื™ื” ื“ื” ืœืžืจืžื•ืจ", ืขื ืืœืกื ื“ืจื• ื‘ื•ื ืฆ'ื™ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื“ื’ืจื“ื•. ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ "ืจื™ื’ื•ืœื˜ื•" (ืขื ื‘ื•ื ืฆ'ื™ ื•ืกืืžืืจืงื•) ื•"ื ืฉืฃ ื”ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืช" ืขื ืืžื“ืื• ื‘ืืกื™ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืžื”, ืืช "ืœื•ืจืœื™ื™" ืฉืœ ืงืื˜ืืœืื ื™, ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืกื™. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื“ 1924, ื›ืฉืฉืจื” ืืช "ืœื” ื‘ื•ื”ื" ื•ืืช "ืœื” ื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ืื˜ื”" ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื–ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื ืฆืœ ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื–ื•ื”ืจ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื”ื. ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืื™ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื ืœื™ ืžืœื‘ื” ืจื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื•ืจืื” ืขืœ ืงื•ื‘ื ื˜ ื’ืืจื“ืŸ ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ืงื•ืจืฅ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”.
ืžื” ืฉืจื”?
"ืœื•ืฆ'ื™ื” ื“ื” ืœืžืจืžื•ืจ"
ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื”
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš, ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืคืจ ื˜ื ื’ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ื•. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื‘-1901 ื•ื‘-1905 ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928, ืกืžื•ืืœ ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืœื“ ืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืœื“ ืฉื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื‘ืขืช ืฉื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืœื“ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื.ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ื™ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ืœื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1889, ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืœืื—ื™ื•, ืชื™ืื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืœ-"ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ืžืงื˜ืจืช" ื•ืœื ืœ-"ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขื ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื”". ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. "ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ืžืงื˜ืจืช" ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”.
ืœืžื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืœื“?
ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื
ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช
ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช (ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช: Polskie Paล„stwo Podziemne) ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื ื•ืกื“ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช-ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื ืชืคืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ื›ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืฉืจ ื ืื‘ืงื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื›ืœืœื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
ืžืชื™ ื ื•ืกื“ื• ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช?
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939
ืชืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ
ืชึตึผืœ ืžึดื™ื›ึทืœ ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืจื›ืก ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™, ืžื•ืœ ืžืจื™ื ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”. ื‘ืืชืจ ื—ืžืฉ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช, ืืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืŸ ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ืฉื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 30 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ืชื• ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืฉืžื• ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžื›ืžื™ืฉ", ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ ืจืฉืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉื "ืžืงืืœ". ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 ื ืชื’ืœื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, (ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก), ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช (ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”-2-5 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืจืกื™ื, ืคืกืœื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื.. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1980-1977 ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืชืœ ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.
ืžื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื‘ื™?
30 ืžื˜ืจื™ื
ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™
ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืจ (ื“ื™ืจื•ืช), ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื ืกืชื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ ื ืื‘ืง ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืž-1961 ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ืงืคื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2014 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ 2014. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘-50%, ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื”ืฆืคืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืชื“ืžื™ืชื•, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ื•ืŸ.
ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™?
ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ,
ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืœืื’
ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ืคืœืื’, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืžืฉื ืช 1917 ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ื” ื’ื™ื•ืก ืœืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืกื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ื•ืื•ืžืจ - "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช". ืคืœืื’ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืจื–ื” ื–ื• ืžื›ืจื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” 4 ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืœื•ืจื“ ืงื™ืฆ'ื ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื”. ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืคืœืื’ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืคื• ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืกื" (ื‘ืžืจืื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื–ืงืŸ ืชื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ), ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืŸ.
ื›ืžื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืœืื’ ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื•?
ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื ืก ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ืช (ื›ืขื™ืŸ "ืžืžืฉืœื”"), ื‘ืช 20 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ (ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 1994 ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœ"ื‘ื™ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช" ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืœ"ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช"). ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ; ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืขื“ 1994 ื™ื•"ืจ ืกื™ืขืช ืžืคื"ื™ ื‘ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื” (ื”ืžืขืจืš ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”). ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ืช ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ.
ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ืช?
ื‘ืช 20 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœ ื’ื ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1808 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ื•ืฉื”ื” ืฉื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืš ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื•. ื‘ื' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืง"ืข ืคืงื“ ืื•ืชื• ืืกื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ: ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื‘ืจืกืœื‘ ื ืฉืจืฃ ื›ืœื™ืœ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื›ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืกืข ืœืื•ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืฉื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืขืจื›ื• ืฉื ื”ื”ื™ื™ื“ืžืงื™ื ื‘-1768 ื•ื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ืฉื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ ืื•ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉื™ื—ืง ืขืžื ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื•ื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื• ืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ืฉื ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 38. ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
ืžืžื” ืกื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช?
ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช
ืื•ืคื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'
ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2018 ื”ืชืจืื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื ืกืจื™ืŸ ืงื“ืจื™, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืชื•ื ืชื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”: "ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืชืฆื ืขื ืขืจื‘ื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื”. ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื". ืงื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื•: "ื–ื• ืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื—ื›ื. ืœืžื”?" ื•ืื– ืืžืจ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ': "ืื ื™ ืœื ืืืฉืจ ืœื‘ืชื™ ืœืฆืืช ืขื ืขืจื‘ื™. ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™, ืฉืชืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ. ื”ื™ื ืชืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš (ื ืกืจื™ืŸ) ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื”". ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘"ื”, ื‘ื ืฆื™ ื’ื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื— ืœื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืžืกืจ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืชื•".
ืžื” ืฉืœื— ื‘ื ืฆื™ ื’ื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืŸ?
ืžืกืจ ืชืžื™ื›ื”
ืื•ืœื’ ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘
ืื•ืœื’ ื•ืœืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะžะปะตฬะณ ะ’ะฐะปะตฬั€ัŒะตะฒะธั‡ ะกะพะบะพะปะพฬะฒ;โ€ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-9 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1956 ื‘ืœื ื™ื ื’ืจื“, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช) ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™. ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืชื“ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 (ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ). ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื™ื•ื–ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช (ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”) ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื—ื”. ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“.ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืœืฅ ืžื ืคื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ืจ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื• ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื”. ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื ืžืฆืื” ื’ื•ืคื” ืžื‘ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืขืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื•ืžืŸ. ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื—ืชื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคืชื”.
ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืื•ืœื’ ื™ื–ื?
ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช
ืขื‘ื™ืจื”
ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืงื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื "ืคื™ืกืงื” ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืช" ื”ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืชื ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ื ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืžืฉื ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืชืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื–-1977 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื•", ืืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœื ืœืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ืœืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช?
ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื
ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืื ืก ืชื•ืžื ื™ืืŸ
ื”ื•ึนื‘ึฐื”ึทืื ึถืก ื˜ื•ึผืžึทื ึฐื™ืืŸ (ื‘ืืจืžื ื™ืช: ี€ีธีพีฐีกีถีถีฅีฝ ินีธึ‚ีดีกีถีตีกีถ, ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืงืœืืกื™: ี…ีธีพีฐีกีถีถีงีฝ ินีธึ‚ีดีกีถีฅีกีถ; โ€19 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1869 - 23 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1923) ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืืจืžื ื™, ืกื•ืคืจ, ืžืชืจื’ื, ืคืขื™ืœ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืžื ื™ื”.ื˜ื•ืžื ื™ืืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืจื” (ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ื‘ืœืื“ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื™ื), ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ืžืื ื™ื, ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื•ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื“ึฐืกึถืš ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืœื•ึนืจึดื™ ื‘ืืจืžื ื™ื”, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขืงืจื” ืœื˜ื™ืคืœื™ืก, ื›ื™ื•ื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจืžื ื™ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ืฉื ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืืš ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
ืœืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืื ืก ื˜ื•ืžื ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืžื ื™ื”?
ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืžื ื™ื”.
ืžืžืœื›ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ื ืฆื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™, ืงื•ื ืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื ื“ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืชืงืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ" (Strafexpedition), ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื”. ื”ืฆื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืชืงืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื•, ืžืฉื ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืžืง ื”ืคื• ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืขืžืง (ื›ื™ื•ื ืกื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื”). ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืื—ืช. ื”ืฆื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืขืžื™ืชื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื’ื ืจืœ ืืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืงื ื”ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืช ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ืจื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืคืœืงื ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืื™ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืฆื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื›ื– ื›ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 300 ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•-2,000 ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื ืฆื• ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืกื‘ื˜ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ'.
ืœืžื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื ื“ื•ืจืฃ?
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”
ื•ื•ื“ืก ืจื•ื’'ืจืก
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจื•. ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื‘, ืืš ืชืคืกื• ืกืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื. ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื ื™ื’ื•ืœื“ ื ืฉืœื— ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื•ื•ืื ื”. ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ ืขื ืขืฉืจื” ืืกื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืื•ื’ืจ, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.ื‘ึพ9 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1718 ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื ื™ื’ื•ืœื“. ืชืฉืขื” ื”ื•ืจืฉืขื•, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ื ื ืชืœื•. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“, ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ืžืžื• ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ ืœืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื›ื”.ื‘ึพ16 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1719 ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื›ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™, ืงื ื” ืืกืคืงื” โ€‹โ€‹ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช. ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืฆื™ ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื ื’ื“ ื ืกืื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื™, ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืคื ืกืงื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉื. ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืงื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืงื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื“ื ืก. ืจืง ื‘-24 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1720 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืœืื™. ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื—ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืคืจื“ื™ื™ืก, ืืš ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก.ืฉื ืช 1720 ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก. ื›ืฉืกืคืจื“ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืจืชื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ืฉื•ื ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืืžื”. ืฆืณืืจืœืก ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื–ืจ - ืœืื—ืจ ืžืจื“ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื ืœื›ื“ ื•ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืชืœื” ื‘ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”.
ืื™ืคื” ื ืชืœื”?
ื‘ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”.
ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืžืœืš ืคื•ื ื˜ื•ืก
ื‘ืฉื ืช 74 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืกื™ืคื—ื” ืจื•ืžื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื ื™ื” ืœืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืช ืืกื™ื”. ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ืจืื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ื— ื–ื” ืื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ืชื•, ื•ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ืžื, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืชื™ื ื™ื”, ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื™, ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ืกื™ืงื•ืก. ืืš ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืœื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก ืœืืกื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื’ืจื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืคื•ื ื˜ื•ืก. ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืืจืžื ื™ื”, ืžืžืœื›ืช ื—ืชื ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 69 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืคืœืฉ ืœื•ืงืœื•ืก ื’ื ืœืืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืžืœื›ื”, ืื•ืœื ืžืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืื• ืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื• ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžืจื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ื ื˜ื•ืก.
ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื™ืชื™ื ื™ื” ืœืจื•ืžื?
ืื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ืชื•,
ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื
ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ื›ืก ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื• ืžืกืชื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœ ืœ-9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคื•ืช (ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ "ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ื•ื ื“" ื’ืจืฃ ืžืขืœ ืœ-18 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืกืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”). ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช, "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื" ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื ืก ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ" ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืกืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2012. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื’ืจืคื• ืœื‘ื“ื ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื", ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ "ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื", ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ "ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ื•ืจื”", ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ "ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื ืžื•", ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ "ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ", ื•ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ "ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”" ื’ืจืคื• ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืกืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช?
ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2012.
ืืœื’'ื”ื•ื™ื•ืง
ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1836 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ . ื‘ืฉื ืช 1861 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืคืจื• ื•ื–ื™ื”ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉืขืจ ื•ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืืชืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืชืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืงื• ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ. ื‘-1906 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืชืจ ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื•ื’ื• ื•ื™ื ืงืœืจ, ืฉื—ืคืจ ื‘ื—ืชื•ืฉืฉ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ. ื‘-1907 ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ืืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืžืงืจื™ื“ื™ , ืฉื—ืคืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื—ืคืจื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœืชื” ืืช ืงื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืืจื›ื• ืœืืœืฃ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ืขื™ืจ ื—ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืชืจ ืžื•ืงืคืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืกืœื™ ืกืคื™ื ืงืกื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžื•ืงืคืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื›ืฉื›ืฉ, ืฉื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจืžื–ื™ ืืจื™ืง (Remzi OฤŸuz Arฤฑk) (ื’ืจ') ื•ื”ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืฉืื™ (Hamit KoลŸay) . ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื›ืžืืœ ืื˜ืื˜ื•ืจืง, ืฉืžื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื”. ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ 1983. ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขืฉื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืชื™ืช. ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ื›ืœื™ ืžืชื›ืช, ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจืฉื• ื›ืกืžืœื™ ืฉืžืฉ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื ืงืจื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ Aykut ร‡ฤฑnaroฤŸlu. ืžืื– 2009 ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ (German Mining Museum). ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืืชืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940 ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื•ืจื•ื.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™?
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940
ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืฅ
ืฉืจื‘ืจื•ืง ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ - ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•, ื™ืื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื™ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืงืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”"ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื”ื™ืคืจ" ื ืกื•ื’ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช. ื”"ื”ื™ืคืจ" ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืชืงืคื” ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืฉื” ื‘"ืื•ื ืกืœื•". ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืžื›ืœืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ืขื“ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืงื•ืœื”. ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ืคืฆืข ืงืฉื” ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืจื‘ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืชืช "ืื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื˜". ืขืชื” ืคื ืชื” ื”"ื”ื™ืคืจ" ืืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื•ืชืงืคื” ืืช ืฉื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื "ื‘ืจืืžื‘ืœ" (Bramble) ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืฉืŸ. ื”"ื‘ืจืืžื‘ืœ" ื ืคื’ืขื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช "ืืงื”ื•ืœื“ื˜" ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”"ื‘ืจืืžื‘ืœ". ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืœื—ื™ื” ื ืžืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืฉื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ื”"ื ื•ืจืช'ืจืŸ ื’'ื" (Northern Gem). ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื ืชื” ื”"ื”ื™ืคืจ" ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื•ืชืงืคื” ืืช ื”"ืื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื˜" ื•ืืช ื”"ืืงื˜ื™ืก". ื”"ืืงื˜ื™ืก" ื ืคื’ืขื” ืงืฉื•ืช ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืกื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืฉืŸ. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืฉื•ืœืช ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื›ื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื• ืžืฉื—ืชืช.
ืžื”ื• ื ืฉืงื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™?
ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•
Love Has No Labels
ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืžืžื”, ื–ื›ื” ืœ-11 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ื™ืžืžื•ืช, ื–ื›ื” ืœ-40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื–ื›ื” ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ืœ-160 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืš ื‘ื›ืš ืœืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015. ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ, ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช CNN ืกื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”-WWE ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจืกืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื™ื“ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”, ืื™. ืืœ. ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื˜ืืงื™ื™ ื•ื“ื™ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ืคืจื” ืคืจืกืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015, ืืชืจ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ืช 2015 ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017, ื”-NFL ื”ืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ Ad Council ืืช ื’ืจืกืช ื”-Kiss cam ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ. ื‘-10 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2016, ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืืžื™ ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ื–ื”.
ืœื›ืžื” ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืžืžื”?
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืžืžื”, ื–ื›ื” ืœ-11 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช,
ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆืจืžืœื•
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ืขืฅ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื” (ืžื”ืขืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ). ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, ืืคื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฆื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ (ื ืงืจื ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืคื”). ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื”, ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื•ืžืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื•. ื›ืขืช ืชื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื ื›ืคื”, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืœื•, ื›ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ืฆืข ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืคื”. ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืคื” ืืช ืฆื‘ืขื• ืฉืœื• ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืœืขืœื” ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืžื ืฆื—.
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื ื›ืคื” ืžืฉื—ืง, ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืœืš?
ืœืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืคื”
ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”
ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžืจืงื•ืก ืคืžื‘ืจื™ [1] ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืื ื’ืœืžืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืคืจื“ืจ ื•ื™ืœื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื•ืข P ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื 15. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืคืžื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื–ื” ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื™ืคืชื— ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”: ืื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืžืืžื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืชื— ืืช ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืื ื’ืœืžืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืชื— ืืช ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืคืจื“ืจ ื•ื™ืœื™. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”"ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™". ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืคื™-ื’ื ื˜ื™.
ืื™ื–ื” ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื™ืคืชื— ื™ืœื“ ื—ื•ืœื”?
ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”: ืื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืžืืžื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืชื— ืืช ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืื ื’ืœืžืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืชื— ืืช ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืคืจื“ืจ ื•ื™ืœื™
ื”ืงืœืžืจื™ื
ืื‘ื ืจ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ (ืชื•ืžืจ ืฉืจื•ืŸ) (ืขื•ื ื•ืช 3โ€“8) โ€“ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ืงืคื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื ืงืžืŸ, ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืกืš ืขื ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืฉืฉื•ื ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ "ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื™ืจื•ืข?!". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืชืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื›ืกืคื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•. ืื•ื”ื‘ ื›ืกืฃ. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื— ืชืื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืืจื™ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืžื ื• ื•ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืจืื” 20 ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื. ื ื™ืฉื ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื• ืคืงื—ื™ืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคืงืฆ"ื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืก ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื•ื‘ ืฉื—ื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื. ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืจื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื. ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื“ื‘ ืืฆืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•, ืกืขืจ, ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ืกื” ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื "ืกืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื". ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืฉื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื›ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืกื“ืจื”.
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจ?
ืคืงื—ื™ืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”
ื”ื ืจื™ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืจื‘)
ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ืจื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1863, ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’'ื•ื–ืคื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ (Josephine& David C.Cohen), ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19. ื›ื”ืŸ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1878โ€“1881 ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืกื˜ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื“ (West Norwood) ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจื” ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ "Board of Guardian for the Relief of the Jewish poor" ืฉื ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืคืฆืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื–ืงืงื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช "Jews college" ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืฉืคื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืชื "ืš ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ.
ืžืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ืจื™ ื›ื”ืŸ?
ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ืจื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1863
This Is America
ืœืฉื™ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืจื• ืžื•ืจืื™ , ืฉืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”-31 ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื“ ื”ื•ื˜ 100, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืžืฆืขื“. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ื ืœืฆืžืจืช ื”ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืคืจืกื™ ื’ืจืืžื™ ื”-61 : ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” , ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืจืืค/ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ , ืชื•ืš ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ื’ืžื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืค ื”ื•ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจืืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืกื™ื ืืœื•.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ This Is America ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื’ืจืืžื™?
ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”
ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืœื›ืš ืขื ื” ืกืžื™ ืกืžื•ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืชื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, "ืฉื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”, ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื”, ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ื”". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืžื•ื—ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช" ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกืžืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืคืœื”.ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืœ, ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื›ืœืœื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœื“ื’ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืš ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื, ื›ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• "ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช", ืื• ืฉืžื, ื›ื“ืจื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”". ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื–ื” ื‘ืื” ื”ื•ืจืืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001, ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉื™ื–ืžื”, ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ืืœื• ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ื—ืจื“ื™ื.
ืžื™ ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš?
ืœื™ืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ืช
ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื— ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื’ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื‘ื”ื: ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื’ื‘, ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืžื•ื— (ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื•ืช), ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืœื‘. ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช. ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื‘ืงืจื”, ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื”?
ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜
ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ
ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ื™ื’ื ื” ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืชื ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื”; ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช 6โ€“5 ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘-8 ื‘ืขืจื‘, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 8 ืœ-7 ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘-5. ืœืคื™ ืื—ืช ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื, ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžืจื” ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื "ืืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—", ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืืก ืืก ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ื” ืคื ืœื•ืŸ (Fรฉnelon) ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ื™ื’ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกืœืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื ืชื” ื–ืืช ืื’ื“ื”. ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืืœืฆื• ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ื•ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืžื ื’ืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืจืงืก ื’ืžื“ื™ื; ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืืžื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืคื ื”ืืก ืืก, ืฉื”ืชืœื•ืฆืฅ ืขืžื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื ืœืชื ื”ื’ื–ื™ื.
ืœืื™ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ืื”?
ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช
ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื’ื•ืคืจ
ื’ื•ืคืจ ืžื™ืœื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื™ื”ื•ืช, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืงืฉื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื ืจื•ื•ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืœืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช (ESA) ื•ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช (ESF).ื’ื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืขื•ืจืš ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื: Acta Psychologica, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, International Journal of Human Computer Interaction, Psychology - Israel Journal of Psychology, Human Factors, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied.
ื’ื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ?
ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉื
ืžืื ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื’ืจืžื” ืœืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”"ื ื•ื‘ื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื™ืจื•ืžื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”, ืืœื ืžื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”. ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™, ืืœื ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื. ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื—, ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืข ื‘ืขืฆื‘ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื•ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื”: ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื–ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืจื“ืœื™ื ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™. ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืจืื” ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื•ื—ื” - ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื”ื. ืžืื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืžื—ืื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
ืœืืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ?
ืืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”
ืžืืจื™ ืจื•ืช'ื‘ืืจื“
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืจื•'ืชื‘ืืจื“ ืฉืงืœ ื”ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื”-ืคืจ ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื‘ืืœื“ื™ ื”ืืจืคืจ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ "ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™" (FEE), ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืจื•ืชื‘ืืจื“ ืžื”ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืกื ื“ืจ ืกืคื•ื ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงืจ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ื“ื” ืžื•ืœื™ื ืืจื™ (ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช). ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืœืกื”-ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื–ืก ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžื–ื›ืจ ืฉืœื ืคื•ืจืกื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949, ืžืกื›ื ืจื•ืชื‘ืืจื“ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืกื”-ืคืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืืžืฅ ืื ืจื›ื™ื–ื.
ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืงื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช'ื‘ืืจื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื”-ืคืจ?
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืกื”-ืคืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืืžืฅ ืื ืจื›ื™ื–ื.
ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืœื˜ื”
ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื - ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ (06/24) ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 2,377 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 45 ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ (14/32) ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 3,544 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 60 ืžื˜ืจ, ืฉืœืื•ืจื›ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืกืขื” (ืžื˜ื•ืก) ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืชืฉืข ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœ-14 ืขื“ 18 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืฉื ื™ ืื•ืœืžื•ืช - ื”ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื, ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื - ื•ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจืงืœื™ื ื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ ืื—"ืž ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื ืคืจื“. ืžื”ืฉื“ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื• ืงื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื˜ื”, ื›-8 ืง"ืž ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื•. ืกืžื•ืš ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื ื”ืจื” ื“ื•-ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ืœื•ืื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื”.
ื›ืžื” ื˜ืจืงืœื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช?
ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจืงืœื™ื ื™ื
ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ื”ืจื“ื™-ืžื™ื™ื“ ื•ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข" ืชื™ืืจ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ื™ืจื™ ื“ื”-ื“ื•ื‘ (Thierry de Duve) ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื’ื ื›ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื“ื”-ื“ื•ื‘ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ืœื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื›"ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ" ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื ื›ืžืฆื™ืฆื ื™ื ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ื›ืขื•ืจื’ื™ื ืœืจื•ื— ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ - ื“ืจืš ืžื˜ื—ื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ - ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื’ื ืกืžืœ ืœื›ืชื™ืฉืช ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ื”ืžื˜ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ื—ื•ื, ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืกืžืœ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืฉืืŸ ืฆื‘ืข ื˜ื”ื•ืจ - ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคืืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ "ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™" ืฉืœ ื“ืœื•ื ื™ื™: 'ื™ืฉื ื• ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื'. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ, ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ "ืื•ืจ ื™ืจื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื‘ื‘ืืกื•ื•ื“" ืž-1953, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜, ื”ื•ืฉืœื ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื—ื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“."ื”ืืจืœื“ ื–ื™ืžืŸ (Hareld Szeemann), ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžื™ืฉืœ ืงืืจื•ื–' (Carrouges), ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช "ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืงื™ื" ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืฉืืŸ ื›ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชื™ืืจ ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืคืงื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ". ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ ื–ื™ืžืŸ ื›ื’ื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืคืงื, ื—ืกืจื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืฉืืŸ ืืช ื”"ืื™ื“", ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื“ื—ืงื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืงื™ื™ื ื”"ืื’ื•", ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ืงื™ื, ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืื’ื•, ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืœื”. ื–ื™ืžืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื’ื ืืช ืงืืจื•ื–', ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืฉืืŸ ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืืจื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืฉืœื™ืœืชื”. "ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืื™ืฉื”, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ืœื”ื•ืœื“ื”, ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช - ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืงืคืงื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” - ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ืืจื”, ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืœืืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžืื’ื™."ื”ืืกืคืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื•ืฉืืŸ, ืจืื” ื‘"ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ื›ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื. ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ "ื ืขืจ ื•ื ืขืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘".
ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ื™ืœ ืืช "ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืงื™ื" ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ"?
ื”ืืจืœื“ ื–ื™ืžืŸ
ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื’'ื™ืŸ
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืคืš ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืžืื•ืจืื ื–', ืกื˜ืื“ื”ืื•ื“ืจ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™, ืœืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื•ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืชืฉืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฆืจืคืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื–ืงืง ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืืš ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืžืจืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืก. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืืš ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื” ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื ื–ืจืขื” ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆืข. ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17, ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืžื—ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื›ื ื”, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื“ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžืกื™ื.ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘-1689 ื•ืืกืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืงืงื” ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™ืช . ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™, ืชืžื›ื• ื›ืขืช ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1692 ื”ืกื™ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืก ืขืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1697. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืžืกื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ื›-10% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื™, ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง, ื”ืขื“ืจ ื›ืœ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1715โ€“1750 ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ืš. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืฉื™ื, ืคืชื—ื• ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื. ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ืขื“ 1736 ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื›-1,500 ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”. ื’ื ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1725 ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-8,500 ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืžืžื›ืจ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื (dramshops), ื—ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ 11 ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืžื ื’ื“, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื ื˜ืชื” ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื‘1689?
1692
ืงื• ืืจื‘ื˜ืกืงื• ืคื•ืงืจื•ื‘ืกืงืื™ื”
ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืกื˜ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื• ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื•, ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื™ื ืกืื™ื” ื•ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื• ื˜ื’ืื ืกืงื•-ืคื•ืงืจื•ื‘ืกืงืื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื” ืœืขืžื•ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื• ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื•. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ื•ืฆืขื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืงื• ืžืกืคืจ 2, ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ืžืคื•ืœื™ื–'ื™ื™ืกืงืื™ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื•ืกื•ื‘ื•, ืกืจื‘ืจื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืกื˜ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื• ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืจืกื ื•ื’ื•ืจืกืง. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื–'ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงืื™ื” ื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972 ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจืฆืคื™ื, ืžืขื•ืœื ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
ื‘ืื–ื™ื• ืฉื ื” ื ืคืชื—ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื–'ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงืื™ื”?
ืฉื ืช 1972
ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืกื™ื™ื“ืœืจ
ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืื” ืขื ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื“ืจืžื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช "ื ืื•ื ื”ืžืœืš", ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืžื’ื•ื ืžืžื ื• ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ื ืœ ืœื•ื’ (ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืคืจื™ ืจืืฉ, ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ื“ืœืจ ืขืฆืžื•). ืกื™ื™ื“ืœืจ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ื ืœ, ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื’ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฉืื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ืชื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื”. ืกื™ื™ื“ืœืจ ืคื ื” ืœืืœืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื• ืœื ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”. ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2005, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 101. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื“ืœืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ, ืžืžื ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ. ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ื“ืœืจ ืฉืกื‘ืœ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืžื’ื•ื, ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• (ืกื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ื“ืœืจ) ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืงืœื™ื ืื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื™ื•ื ืœ ืœื•ื’.
ืขื ืžื™ ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื?
ืขื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ื ืœ
ืื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ืจื™
ืื‘ื ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื“ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ืช ื›ืขื“ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช, ืฉื’ื™ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื™ื•ืก ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื“ื ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื (ืฉืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ) ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื•ืช, ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืžืœื™ืื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 35 ืžื•ืœ 15. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืชื‘ืขื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืชื•ืš ื“ืื’ื” ืœื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช, ืœืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืงื•ืจื™ ืื™ืงืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืจืขื ืœื›ืคืจื™ื”ื.ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืชืขืจืขืจื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื ืจื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื ื›ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื โ€“ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืื‘ื ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื‘ืกื™ืขื” ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื•ืฉืืœื”, ื•ืื‘ื ืจื™ ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืจื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื–ืจื• ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”", ืขื•"ื“ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื™. ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื‘ื• ื–ื›ื” ืื‘ื ืจื™ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ, ืกื•ืœื—ื” ืงืฆืจืช ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1972 ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกื™ืขืช ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืกืคืจ ื ื’ื“ ืื‘ื ืจื™, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื” "ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืคืจืฆื•ืคื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™".
ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”?
ืื‘ื ืจื™
ื™ืจื“ื ื” ืืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฆื“ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืžื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ".(1952) ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ื'ืงืืคืœื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจื. ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ", ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื”ืœืช ืจื™ื ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžืงื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื”ืคืืกืืงืœื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื›ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ื‘ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1956 ื•ื‘ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ืž-1960 ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ืชื ื›"ื™ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ื—ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืจืžื”, ื•ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืขืœ ื’ื•ืœื” ื“ื•ื•ื™ื”", ื”ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ืœืฆื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจืงืžื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืคื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื™ื™ืฉืžื” ืืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื’" ืž-1984, ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืงืจืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ 75 ืœืขื™ืจ.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจื?
ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ"
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื™ืจื‘ื•ืช
ืžืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื“ ืืœื™ืืก, ื›ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืฉืœ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืื•ืžืฆื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉืืคื• ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ. ืืœื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืœื™ืืก ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื ื—ืœืชื, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื• ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื, ื•ื‘ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช - ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ื™ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ืืฉืžื”, ื’ื•ืขืœ ื•ื—ืจื˜ื” - ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžืคืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื.
ื‘ืžื” ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืœื™ืืก?
ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืก
ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงืช ืกืŸ-ื“ื ื™
ื”ืžื ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืœื ืคืขื "ื”ื ืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช". ืœืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ื•ืขื“ 1789 ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื. ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื–ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ืคืกืœื™ ื”ืžืชื™ื. ืคืกืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ืืš ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื ืคืชื—ื• ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”. ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืชืงื• ืžืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืจื• ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืœื ื•ืืจ (Lenoir) ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฆื• ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื" ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืงื™ื.
ืื™ืš ื ืงืจื ืžื ื–ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงืช ืกืŸ-ื“ื ื™?
"ื”ื ืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช"
ืจื—ื ื“ื™ื“ืœืคื™
ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจื—ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืŸ (Heinonen), ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืจื—ื ื›ืคื•ืœ. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืืฉืจ ื›ืœืœ 26 ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจื—ื ื›ืคื•ืœ, ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ื“ื™ืกืžื ื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ื“ื™ืกืคืจืื•ื ื™ื” (Dyspareunia) - ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื” ื•ื’ื™ื ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”. ื‘ืงืจื‘ 18 ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื•, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” 67.5%. 21% ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ืœื™ื“ืช ืขื›ื•ื– ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” 43% ืžืกืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืงื™ืกืจื™ื™ื ื‘-82% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื.
ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื™ื“ืช ืขื›ื•ื–?
43%
ื‘ื•ื ืจืงื•
ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื•ื ืจืงื• ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ, ืื•ึนืžื•ึน ื–ื•ึผืงึธืึดื™, ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืง, ืึดื™ื“ึธืืจึดื™ ื–ื•ึผืงืึธื™ึด, ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืึธืฉึดื™ ื–ื•ืงืื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื”. ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืจืžืช ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ - ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
ื›ืžื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื•ื ืจืงื•?
ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื
ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืคืจื™ืœ 1961 ืคืขืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”. ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื™, ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืชืžื ืข ืืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1961 ื”ื•ื ืฃ ื“ื’ืœ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”, ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1950 ื•ืขื“ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1962, ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืžื’ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื•ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1962 ื‘ืฉืขื” 12:01 ืฆืœื—ื•, ืขืช ื ื—ืชื "ื”ืกื›ื ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง" ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืืœ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”.
ืื™ื–ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘1961?
ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื™
ืžืฉื” ืœื ื“ื•ื™
ื‘-1962 ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ("ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”") ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืจื ื” ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉื›ืœืœ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื’ื ื”. ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืงื˜ืข "ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื•". ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” (ื‘ื’"ืฅ 243/62) ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-1969 ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช - ื—ื•ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกืชืจ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ 1973 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืกืง ื ื’ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ืคืชื—ืช ืจืคื™ื— (ืฉื ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืžื™ืช). ื‘-1979 ืคืกืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืงืขืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื”.
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ?
ื—ื•ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช
ืœื™ ืกื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’
ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืชื•ื“ื™ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœื™ ืกื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช "The Method" ืื• "Sensory Method", ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื• (ื•ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื” ืื“ืœืจ) ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ื™ืกืœื‘ืกืงื™. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืœืชื•. ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืืช ืžื ื™ืขื™ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื (ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ) ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื (ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช). ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืžื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืงืจื” ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง. ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืขื“ ืื– ื•ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืžืฉื—ืง ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืืžืŸ.
ืžื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื“ืžื•ืช?
ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ืงื ื“ื”)
ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1915 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื’'ื•ืจ ื’ื ืจืœ ืžืœืงื•ืœื ืžืจืกืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืคืœื ื“ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื›ืก ื•ื™ืžื™, ืงืจื‘ ืืจืืก, ืงืจื‘ ืคืฉื ื“ืœ, ืงืจื‘ ืืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืจื‘ ืงืื ืืœ ื“ื• ื ื•ืจ ื•ืงืจื‘ ืงืžื‘ืจื” (1918), ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื ืฉืง. ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1916 ื ื”ืจื’ ื’ื ืจืœ ืžืจืกืจ ื‘ืื™ืคืจ, ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื’ื ื ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก, ืฉืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื•ืจืœ. ืžืจืกืจ ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ืื™ ืœื™ืคืกื˜ ืฉืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืขื“ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1918, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1918, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืคืงื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืœื•ืžื™ืก ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช?
ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1915
ื“ื™ืง ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™
ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969, ืขืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ. ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ, ืชื—ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ืจืžืกืคืœื“. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘-1974 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื•ื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื˜, ืขื‘ื“ ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’'ืจืœื“ ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1975 ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืจืืžืกืคืœื“ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื–ืืช ืขื“ ืœืชื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืจื“, ื•ืืฃ ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื“.
ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ?
ื’'ืจืœื“ ืคื•ืจื“
ื›ืคืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื•
ื›ืคืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘-20 ื‘ืžืื™ 1937 ื›ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืจืกืงื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื ืงืจื "ื›ืคืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• - ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ืœื•ื™ืŸ". ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 600 ื“ื•ื ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจื›ืฉื” ื•ื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืงืžืช 40 ืžืฉืงื™ื ืžืœืื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืงื™ ืขื–ืจ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืงืžื” ื”ื›ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืงื“ื—ื” ื‘ืืจ ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืงืฆืจ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืกืœื™ืœืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” 17 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1938 ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›-60 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื—ื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื™ ื ืงืจื ื›ืคืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื•?
ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ืœื•ื™ืŸ
ืืœื‘ืจื˜, ืžืจืงื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืกืŸ
ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืจืง ืžืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขื ืคื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื“ 1918 (ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืงืกื”-ืงื•ื‘ื•ืจื’-ื’ื•ืชื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื›ืžื” ื›ืชืจื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื). ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื”-23 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015, ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืืจื ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื›ืืœ, ื ืกื™ืš ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”-ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ-ืื™ื™ื–ื ืš, ืื ื“ืจืืก, ื ืกื™ืš ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”-ืงื•ื‘ื•ืจื’-ื’ื•ืชื” ื•ืงื•ื ืจื“, ื ืกื™ืš ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”-ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืŸ, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืืคื™ืฃ, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื ืกื™ืš ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”, ืœื ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืžืจื™ื” ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ (ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”), ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ืžืจืงื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืกืŸ.
ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืกื™ืš ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”-ืงื•ื‘ื•ืจื’-ื’ื•ืชื”?
ืื ื“ืจืืก
ืื’ืจื” (ื”ื•ื“ื•)
ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื’ืจื”. ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืจื™ืงืฉื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืจื™ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื•ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื˜ืžืคื•", ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื™ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื˜ืžืคื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ืžืคื• ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื“ื—ื•ืก. ื ืกื™ืขืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืื’' ืžืื”ืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื›ื– ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืื’' ืžืื”ืœ.
ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื˜ืžืคื•?
ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื
ืขืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜
ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืก ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ื ืฉื›ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืคื ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ื•ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื (ื”ื ืจื’ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•', ืจืื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื–ืงืŸ). ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, "ืื ืชืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ืืช ืื›ื™ืœืก ื”ื ืขืจืฅ, ืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื ืžืจืฅ, ื–ื•ืขื, ื—ืกืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืคืจืื™..." (ื”ื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืก, ืขืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช 120-1 (ืชืจื’ื•ื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื™ืœื•ืœื”, ืขืž' 32)). ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ืืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, "ืื ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื•ืกื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืชืขื– ืœืขืฆื‘ ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืชื”ื ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”, ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ืืžื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื”" (ื”ื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืก, ืขืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช 125-126 (ืชืจื’ื•ื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื™ืœื•ืœื”, ืขืž' 32)
ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืข"ืค ื”ื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืก ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืคืขืœื• ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ืชื•?
ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ื ืฉื›ืจื™ื
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืœ
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ " I Don't Like You", ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืžืื– ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ื›ืœื. ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืชืืจื— ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "Set Me Free" ืฉืœ ื–ืžืจ ื”ืจื™ืช'ื ืื ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื– Lloyd. ื”ืงืœื™ืค ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "Set Me Free" ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘-18ื‘ืžืื™ 2010, ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘calliope Projects. ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ืคืจื•ืžื• ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœื•, " Papercuts", ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืืจื— ืืช Fiend ื•ืืช ืœื™ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2011 ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื‘ืืกื˜ื” ืจื™ื™ืžืก ื—ืชืžื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื“ืžืŸ. ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœื•, Original, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืืจื— ืœืœื™ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื“ืžืŸ. ื‘-2011 ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืชืืจื— ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "All That I Know " ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืคืจ Trae Tha Truth, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจืืคืจื™ื Tech N9ne ื•- Brian Angel; ื‘-2012 ื™ืฆื ื”ืงืœื™ืค ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ.
ืื™ืœื• ื–ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžื™ืกืงื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื?
Fiend ื•ืืช ืœื™ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ ื”ืœืžืŸ
ืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืคืœื•ืจื ืก ื”ึถืœึฐืžึทืŸ (20 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1905, ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก, ืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ืื ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช - 30 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1984, ื˜ื™ื–ื‘ืจื™, ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื–ืื™ืช ื•ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืื ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1947 ื•-1952. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ื”ื—ืจื ืžืฆื“ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืคื’ืข ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“. ื”ืœืžืŸ ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืคืงืคืงื• ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืจืชื” ื’ืœื”ื•ืจืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืงืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืจื™ ืžืงืืจืชื™.
ืžืชื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืคืœื•ืจื ืก ื”ืœืžืŸ?
20 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1905
ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ืกื˜ื ื•
ื‘-1660 ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 22 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื•ื‘-1662 ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช" ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื™ื“ ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” (ductus parotideus) ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืกื˜ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ ืกื˜ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืช ื ืคื—ื•. ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืคืจืกื ืกื˜ื ื• ื‘-1664 ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ "ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช", ื•ื‘-1667 ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื" ืฉื‘ื• ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืžืชืขื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช "ืžื™ืฆื™ื".
ืžืชื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”?
ื‘-1660
ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”
ืžืœื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืจื‘. ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”, ื•ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ื›ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1021, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืช ืฆื‘ืื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ืช. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ืช-ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืœืฅ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื˜ืื•, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”, ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื‘ื’ืจื˜, ื›ื‘ืŸ-ืขืจื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจืš ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช, ืžืœื›ื™ืฆื“ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (1001โ€“1030), ื‘ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืกืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืกื•ื•ื˜ื™ืฆื—ื•ื‘ืœื™, ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื—ืชื”, ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื?
ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื
ืžื™ืฉืœ ืขืื•ืŸ
ืžื™ืฉืœ ื ืขื™ื ืขืื•ืŸ (ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ู…ูŠุดุงู„ ู†ุนูŠู… ุนูˆู†, ืชืขืชื™ืง ืžื“ื•ื™ืง: ืžึดื™ืฉืืœ ื ืขื™ื ืขึทื•ึผืŸ; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-18 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1935) ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ 22 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1988 ืขื“ 13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1990 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืžืื™ื™ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื‘-7 ื‘ืžืื™ 2005, ืื—ื“-ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขืื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื”ื’ื ืจืœ", ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™" ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื™ืขืช "ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”" ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™.
ื‘ืจืืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขืžื“?
ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™"
ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืกื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช
ื‘-1805 ืžืฆื ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืžื™ืžืŸ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืกื” ืื—ืช. ื‘ื›ืš ืกืชืจ ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื” ืื—ื™ื“ื”. ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื”, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืกื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื›-1โ„16 ืžื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ื—ืžืฆืŸ-16. ืขื“ 1961, ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืกื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”-16 ืžืžืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ื—ืžืฆืŸ-16, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืกื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”-16 ืžืžืกืชื• ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ (ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืกื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช).
ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืกื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1961 ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”?
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”-16 ืžืžืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ื—ืžืฆืŸ-16
ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ (ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื)
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืกืงื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ ืืš ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื™ื™ื‘ื ืžืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช) ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื›ืš ืขื’ื ื” ื‘-1923 ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืกื•ื›ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกืคื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ื‘-1929 ืœืกื’ืŸ-ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื•ื‘-1934 ืœืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื‘-1932 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ืืช ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ . ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ "ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืข"ืž" ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1931. ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื ืžืœ ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคืื™ืช (ืž"ืž ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60) ื•ืื–ืจื— ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื”.
ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืข"ืž?
ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1931
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื™ืจื‘ื•ืช
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื—ืฉ ืฉื—ืฆืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืชืืžืฅ ื“ื’ื ื”ืคื•ืš - ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ืื›ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืงืจื• ืคื” ื•ืฉื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ืช. ืืš ื›ืืŸ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืืจื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื• ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•, ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืžืžืชื ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช - ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืจื’ืฉ ืื—ื•ื•ื”, ืžืฉืžืขืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ืขื•ืช ืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ืืš ืขืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉืจืง ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ืจืฆื—ื ื™ืช - ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
ืžื”ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืžืžืชื ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช?
ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืจื’ืฉ ืื—ื•ื•ื”, ืžืฉืžืขืช
ืกืจื•ื’'ื™ื ื™ ื ืื™ื“ื•
ื ืื™ื“ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ืงื™ื™ื–ืจ ืื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื–ืจื” ื›ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืขืงื‘ ื˜ื‘ื— ื’'ืœื™ืื ื•ื•ืืœื” ื‘ืื’ (ื˜ื‘ื— ืืžืจื™ื˜ืกืจ) ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1919. ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื ืื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ื”ื–ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•". ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014, ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื ืฆื™ื—ื” ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ื” -135 ืฉืœ ื ืื™ื“ื• ืขื " ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื’ื•ื’ืœ" . ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื”ื•ื›ืœืœื” ื ืื™ื“ื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช "150 ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœืืช 150 ืฉื ื” ืžืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ 5647 ืกืจื•ื’'ื™ื ื™ ื ืื™ื“ื•, ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืคืืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990, ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื”, ืœื–ื›ืจื”. ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ึพ27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019 ( M.P.C. 115893).
ืžืžื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื ืื™ื“ื• ืืช ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ืงื™ื™ื–ืจ ืื™ ื”ื™ื ื“?
ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
ื‘ืœื•ื– ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื ืฉืจ, ืื– ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจ "ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก". ื ืฉืจ ื•ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1978โ€“1985 ืฉื‘ืข ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉื ื“ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉื•ื ื•ืชื• ืžืกืจื˜ื™ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกื— "ืืกืงื™ืžื• ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ" ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ืขื“ ืื– ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืคืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœ"ืจืขืœ ืงื•ืคืชื™". ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืกืจื˜ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืžืฉืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ". ื”ืกืจื˜ ืื•ืฉืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืคืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘-1985.
ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ืกืจื˜ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉืจ ื•ืฉื•ืจ?
ืงืจืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™
All Elite Wrestling
ื‘-8 ื‘ืžืื™ 2019, AEW ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ITV plc ืขืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืฉืœื ื•ืฆืคื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ITV, ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” Double or Nothing ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืื™ 2019. ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™ 2019, AEW ื•ื•ื•ืจื ืจ ืžื“ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืฉืช TNT ื”ื—ืœ ืž-2 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ - ืื•ืชื” ืจืฉืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช Monday Nitro ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ WCW ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ (1995โ€“2001). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืฉืœื ื•ืฆืคื” AEW ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘-B/R Live ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจืฉืช FITE TV ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. CBS Sports ืชื™ืืจื• ืืช AEW ื›"ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”-WWE ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช".
ืžืชื™ ืกื™ื›ืžื• AEW ื•ื•ืจื ืจ ืžื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ AEW?
ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™ 2019
ื’ื ื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ืื’ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœื, ื’'ืื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื”. ืืš ืคืจื’'ื™ ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ื™ืจ ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื“ืื’ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉื•ื“. ื“ืื’ ื•ื’'ืื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืคื ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืจืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก. ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ื”-FBI ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืืจืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืื, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื” (ื‘ืœื™ื™ืง ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื™). ื’'ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ืืœื‘ืจื˜, ื“ืื’ ื•ื’'ืื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจื•ืœื™ ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืืชืจ ืืช ื’'ืื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืชื— ื’'ืื ื ื”ืจื’.
ืžื™ ืœื ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงืจื‘ ื™ืจื™ื•ืช?
ื“ืื’
ื•ืœื˜ื”
ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ื˜ืœืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1573 ืœ-1578 ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืื ื“ ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื–'ืืŸ ื“ื” ืœื” ืงืกื™ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื“ืจ. ื”ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’'ืจื•ืœืืžื• ืงืกืืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื—ื–ื™ืชื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืฆื‘ืื™, ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง. ื”ืื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงืœื‘ืจื™, ืžืชื™ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ (Mattia Preti) ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืจื” ื•ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื˜ื” ื ืขืฉื• ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืžื“ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื• ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“. ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงืคืœื•ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื“ืจ (Langues), ื•ื›ืŸ ืงืคืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื™ื›ืช ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ:
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื˜ืจืช ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ?
ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง
ืื˜ืจื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก
ืื˜ืจื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก ืขื•ื ื“ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืœื ื˜ืจืŸ, ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืขื ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ืชืคื•ืงืชื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืš ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื›ืœื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื—ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ื“ืžื ืžืœื ื”ื–ืขื ื“ืจืš ืคื™ื”ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืื˜ืจื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก ืœืžื“ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืงื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื” ื•ืฉื•ืจืคืช ืื•ืชืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืคืงื—ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืคืงื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื˜ืจื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื“ ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื›ืš. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ืžื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื— ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืงื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืื˜ืจื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืกื. ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.ืœืื˜ืจื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ-ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“. ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืชื• ืขื "ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช" ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืกื ืฉืžืื ื™ื–ื, ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืืชืจ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ืื ื“. ืื˜ืจื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉื•ืื‘ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื“, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื ืฉืง ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ 666, ืื˜ืจื•ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•.
ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืขื•ื ื“?
ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื•ืžื”
ื”ืื”ื‘ื•ืช
ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืคืจืงื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืชืชื™ ืคืจืงื™ื, ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืืœื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื ืžื ืข ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ืืคื™. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื. ื”ืคืขื ืœื ืืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืชืขืจื‘, ืืœื ื”ื ืขืจื”. ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื ืขืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื•ืฉื”ื ืขืจื” ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉื ืื”ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืฉื•ืจื•ืช 23- 38 ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืฉื ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”. ื‘ืืœื’ื™ื” 9 (ืื• 9ื), ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ืืช ื”ืืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ืืœื’ื™ื” 10 (ืื• 9ื‘). ื‘ืืœื’ื™ื” 11 ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื’ืจืื™ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ื‘ืืœื’ื™ื” 12, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืข ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืกืข ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขืจื•ืš, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืข ื“ืื’ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ, ืืš ืื•ืžืจ ืœื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชืฆื ืœืžืกืข, ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื•. ื‘ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช 14- 15 ืงื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ื•ืงื•ืจื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคืœื”. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื”. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ืืœื’ื™ื” 19 ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืณื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ืชืณ (ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•).
ืื™ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืฆืžื•.?
ื”ืณื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ืชืณ
ืขื“ ืžื•ื•ืช
ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืคื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืžืจืฆื” ื ื•ื“ื“ ืงืฉื™ืฉ ื•ืขืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืฉืจื’ื ืื•ื ื’ืจ. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืœืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ืขืงื‘ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ื•ืงื‘ืขื•ื ื• ืœื ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืจื’ื ื‘ืขืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ื”ืงืœื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืฉื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืชื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• -ื•ืขืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ื ื• ื”ืงืจื‘. ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื’ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ืื“ื ืขื™ื™ืฃ, ืžื•ื‘ืก, ืื—ื•ื– ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืชืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืช ื•ืื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื“ื”, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช - ื ืคืฉื• ืฉื•ืงืงืช ื•ืฆืžืื” ืœืžื’ืข ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ืฉื’ื‘ืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืชืช ืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•.
ืžื”ื• ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืฆื”?
ืžืจืฆื” ื ื•ื“ื“ ืงืฉื™ืฉ ื•ืขืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืฉืจื’ื ืื•ื ื’ืจ
ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฅ
ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1948 ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื•ื“ื–' ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืžืฉื ืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ืจืฉื” ื•ื‘-1957 ืขืœื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืงื•ืฅ, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•, ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื˜ื‘ืข". ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ืืžื• ืžืจื™ื, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ื’ื˜ื• ื˜ื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืจื“ ื‘ื’ื˜ื• ื–ื”, ื’ืฆืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืžืŸ. ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฅ ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืฉืžื•. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ "ืืœื™ืื ืก" ื‘ืจืžืช ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•"ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื‘ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื.
ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฅ?
ื’ืฆืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฆืžืŸ
ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
ื’ื™ื•ืก ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ืจื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื ื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืกื•ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ (ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ืกืงืจื•) ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื™ื•ืงืจื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช. ืงื”ืœ ื”ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืžื›ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ื–ืงืง ืื• ื™ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืกื™ื•ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืขื•ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืกื•ืงืจ. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ืกื•ืงืจ ื”ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœืžืขื ืง ืžื—ืงืจ ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.
ืžื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืกื•ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื?
ืžื›ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
ื›ืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™
ื›ืœื™-ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื ื•ืข-ืขืœ (meta-search engine) ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ (federated search) ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื˜ืžื™ืข ืœืชื•ื›ื• ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืื—ืช, ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ืžืื•ื—ื“, ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืื—ื“. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™-ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื ื•ืข-ืขืœ ื˜ืคื™ืœื™, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™-ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืื• ืžืื’ืจ ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ื•ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ื˜ื™, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ (search within results) ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื•ืข-ืขืœ ื˜ืคื™ืœื™?
ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™-ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืื• ืžืื’ืจ ื‘ื ืคืจื“
ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืจื“ื™ื ื’
ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ึพ1923 ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ืกืคืงื” ื”ื™ื” 0.3 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื ื‘ื ื• ืชื—ื ืช ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ืชื—ื ืช ื—ื™ืคื” (ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื›ึพ47 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜), ื•ื ืคืจืก ืงื• ืžืชื— ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืงืžืช ืชื—ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืคืกื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ืจื ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช. ืœื›ืš ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื•ืžื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจืงื•ืŸ.
ืื™ืคื” ื ื‘ื ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช?
ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ืชื—ื ืช ื—ื™ืคื”
ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช
ื”ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืงื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื”ื ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืžืš. ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืกื•ืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ื•ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืกื•ืง. ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืจื‘ื• ืืœ ื™ื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื˜ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืจื‘ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืกืžื™ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉื• ืื– ืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืกืžื•ืš ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืœื™ืฆื”.
ืžื”ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืกื™ืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืกืžื•ืš?
ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืœื™ืฆื”
ืžื™ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ (ื‘ืžืื™ืช)
ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ื’'ื• ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืจ, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืกื“ื” ืืช Rada Film Group, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื–ื ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืคืกื™ืคืก ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืฉื—ื™ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืžื‘ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื™ืžื• ืืช Slaying Goliath, ืกืจื˜ ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ 10 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื‘ื”ืืจืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื, ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”'. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืจ ื•ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืคื™ืงื• ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ Faces of Change, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999, ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืจ ื•ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื’ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘-2012, ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ American Promise. ืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืจ ื•ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกืื ื“ื ืก, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืงื”, ื•ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืงื” ื’ื•ืฆ'ื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืกืจื˜ American Promise ื‘ืŸ 13 ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข.
ืžืชื™ ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•?
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999
ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1942โ€“1944 ื ืขืจื›ื• ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ-ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1944 ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืžื›ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืœื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืกืชื™ืžื” ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1944, ืื– ื ื•ืกื— "ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”", ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชืžื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืขื™ืจืืง, ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ (ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ื ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื”ื). ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ื›ืœืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื ืกืคื— ืขืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื“ื’ืฉื” ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืžืื‘ืงื. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘-1945, ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืฃ.
ืžื” ืฉื ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชืžื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื?
ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”
ื’'ื• ื•ื™ื™ื“
ื‘ืจื ืก ืกืคื’ ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ื’ืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”-FA ืฉืœ 1952, ื•ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ืช 1952/1953 ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘-44 ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืืจืกื ืœ ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืขืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจืช' ืื ื“; ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืขื“ 1970. ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, 1953/1954, ืกืคื’ ื•ื™ื™ื“ ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฆืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืก ืคืืจืง ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจืก. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ืœืŸ ื•ื™ืœื™ืก ื•ื‘ืจื ืก ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืง ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ืืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ืช 1955/1956 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ื•ืœืคืจืงื™ื ืืฃ ืžืืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืกื ืœ.
ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื’ืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืข FA?
ื‘ืจื ืก
ื“ื™ืง ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™
ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-2005 ื”ืกืชืžื ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื ืื•-ืฉืžืจืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืœื™ื–ื” ืจื™ื™ืก. ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืฉ. ื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืžืกืคืœื“ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื”ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ืคืจื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืฉืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ืืœื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžืฉืจื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ. ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื’ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื’ืฃ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืข ืขืžื“ื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืื’ืคื• ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืœืื™ืจืืŸ "ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื" ืฉืื ืชื—ืฆื” ืื•ืชื, ืชืขืฉื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขืžื“ ื’ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
ืื™ื–ื• ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ?
ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืข ืขืžื“ื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช
ืื•ืœื’ ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘
ืื•ืœื’ ื•ืœืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะžะปะตฬะณ ะ’ะฐะปะตฬั€ัŒะตะฒะธั‡ ะกะพะบะพะปะพฬะฒ;โ€ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-9 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1956 ื‘ืœื ื™ื ื’ืจื“, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช) ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™. ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืชื“ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 (ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ). ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื™ื•ื–ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช (ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”) ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื—ื”. ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“.ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืœืฅ ืžื ืคื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ืจ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื• ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื”. ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื ืžืฆืื” ื’ื•ืคื” ืžื‘ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืขืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื•ืžืŸ. ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื—ืชื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคืชื”.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื•ืœื’ ื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ?
ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ
My Heart Will Go On
ื”ืช'ืจ ืคืืจืก ืž-Allmusic ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืกื•ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ Yahoo! ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื›"ื‘ืœื“ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืืžืช ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจืช ื”ืกืจื˜". ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง" ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืจ ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกืจื˜ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืจืง ื”ืฉื™ืจ "I Will Always Love You" ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืืคื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”. ื‘"ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜" ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜, ืืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” "ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื... ืžืื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื", ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื•ืจื’ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-14.ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื•ืจืื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืฆืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื ืกืœื˜, ืฉื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง". ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ืžื™ืงืžื• ืงื•ืจืื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-7 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื• ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืขื”... ื›ืขืช [ื”ืฉื™ืจ] ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื™ืจืชืข". ื•ื™ื ืกืœื˜ ืืžืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื” ืœื”ืงื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. The Atlantic ื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "My Heart Will Go On" ("ืœื‘ื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ื"), "ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš". Vulture ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ืœืฉื ื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžืชืžืฆืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื-ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘'ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง': ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ, ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™". ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ื“ื™ืจื’ ืžืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืœืงื™ื ื’ ืžืจื“ื™ื• AOL ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-11 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ืœืžื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ืœืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ Vulture?
ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ, ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™
ืœื—ื (ืกืจื˜ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”)
ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžื” ืืœืžืœื™ื— (ืจืžื™ ื“ื ื•ืŸ), ืื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”, ืžืขื•ืœื™ ืžืจื•ืงื•, ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืžืขืœ ืœ-20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืจืฉื” ืœืืฉืชื• (ืจื‘ืงื” ื‘ื›ืจ) ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื•ืงืข ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืจืขื‘, ืžืกืชื’ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื ื•ืขืœ ืืช ื“ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืืš ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื‘ืช ื ืื•ื” (ืืชื™ ืื ืงืจื™), ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš (ืžืฉื” ืื™ื‘ื’ื™) ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื•ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืžืืžืฅ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืืš ืœื ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื’ืชืŸ. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืฉืจื” ืขื ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชืงื™ื ื”. ืืš ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืืœืžืœื™ื—, ืฉืžืช ืžืฆืขืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•.
ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืœืžื” ืืœืžืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื”?
ืžืขืœ ืœ-20 ืฉื ื”
ื—ืจื (ืืกืœืื)
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืกืœืืžื™, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ืจื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ", ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช. ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื–ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคืง ืžื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื (ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืจื) ื•ื ืฉืื• ืžืฉื ืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ (ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ืจื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื). ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ืื”, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื ืžืžื•ืงื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคืืจืงื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื‘ืข (ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉื ืื—ืจ, ื—ื™ืžื”) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ื, ืื’ื ื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื•ื ืื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื.
ืžื” ื”ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•?
ืžื ื–ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื.
ืกืงื ื“ืจื‘ื’
ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช, ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ืžื’ืขื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”: ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ืจื’ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืœืกืœื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ื•ืืœืคื•ื ืกื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืžืœืš ืืจืื’ื•ืŸ. ื‘-28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1443, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื (ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื™ืื“ื™), ืคืชื— ืกืงื ื“ืจื‘ื’ ื‘ืžืจื“. ื”ื•ื ืขืจืง ืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 300 ืืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ืœืืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืงืจื•ื™ื” (ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื™ื™ืฃ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ืจ). ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื˜ื™ืจืช ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื”ืชื ืขืจ ืžื ืืžื ื•ืชื• ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื•ืœืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™, ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ืขืžื•. ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ ืชืœื” ื“ื’ืœ, ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืœื“ื’ืœ ืืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงืจื: "ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืคื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื". ืกืงื ื“ืจื‘ื’ ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืœืื•ืžืŸ ืืœื‘ื ื™ ืื—ืจ, ื’ื™ื™ืจื’ื™ ืืจื™ืื ื™ื˜ื” (Gjergj Arianit Komneni), ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืœื‘ืชื•, ืืจื“ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” (Marina Donika Arianiti). ืžืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš ืœื—ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื›-20,000 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื) ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืœื”.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกืงื ื“ืจื‘ื’ ื ืงื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”?
ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ ืชืœื” ื“ื’ืœ, ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืœื“ื’ืœ ืืœื‘ื ื™ื”
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