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Indian Ocean . About 80 % of the population of South Africa are black people and indigenous people , [ 3 ] they are multi - racial , they speak traditional languages , a few of which have been give", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'UMzantsi Afrika' from xh to English:\nSouth Africa , officially called the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is a country on the tip of Africa .\n Its size is 2,798 kilometers of coastline that stretches between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean . About 80 % of the population of South Africa are black people and indigenous people , [ 3 ] they are multi - racial , they speak traditional languages , a few of which have been given the honor of being official official languages. other nations that are not in this number are residents of African cities , Europeans , Asians , and those whose origins are multi - ethnic . Economically the income of the South\n Africa is ranked more than halfway by the World Bank , and South Africa is considered a country that is still in its infancy and has become fully developed economically . Its economy is the second largest in Africa , and the 28th largest in the world .\n When it comes to comparing the purchasing power of South Africa and other countries , South Africa is the seventh country with the highest annual income in Africa , although poverty and inequality of people in terms of poverty and wealth are still prevalent in this country , as a quarter of people are unemployed and live on less than US $ 1.25 a day . The word Mzansi , comes from the Xhosa noun umztsi , which means \" south \" , a word that is used locally every day in South Africa .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUMzantsi Afrika, ngokusesikweni ubizwa ngokuba yirhiphabhlikhi yaseMzantsi Afrika (RSA), lilizwe elibuthume kwincakami yeAfrika. Ubukhulu bawo buziikhilomitha ezingama-2,798 kunxweme olunwebela lunxusa umzantsi wolwandle iAtlantika kunye nolwandle iIndiya. Emantla nango ethe natya amazwe asebumelwaneni anjengeNamibia, i Botswana kunye neZimbabwe; ukuya empuma yiMozambique kunye naseSwazini; phakathi kwala mazwe kukho ilizwe laseLuSuthu, ingingqi engqongwe ziziphaluka zasemZantsi Afrika. UmZantsi Afrika lilizwe elikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba libambe indawo yama-25 ngobukhulu bomhlaba kwihlabathi lonke jikelele, kwaye phantse zizigidi ezingama-53 zoluntu, lilizwe elibambe indawo yama-25 ukuba lelona lizwe laziwayo. \nUmZantsi Afrika sisizwe leentlanga-ngeentlanga elididiyelwe ngamasiko ngamasiko, ngeelwimi-ngeelwimi, nangeenkolo-ngeenkolo. Njengelizwe elingunozala weentlanga-ngeentlanga, oku kubonakala kakhulu xa umgaqo siseko ukwamkela ngokungazenzisiyo ummiselo wokusetyenziswa kweelwimi ezili-11 nje ngeelwimi ezisemthethweni kwiinkonzo zaseburhulumenteni, nekuzezona zinenani eliphakamileyo kunawo onke amazwe emhlabeni. Ezimbini kwezi lwimi imvelaphi yazo iseYurophu: isiNgesi nesiBhulu, isiBhulu lisiDatshi olusetyenziswa njengolwimi lweenkobe luninzi lwabamhlophe kunye nabebala kweli laseMzantsi Afrika. Nangona isiNgesi ilulwimi olusetyenziswa imihla-ngemihla kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke nakwiintengiso, lulwimi lwesine olusetyenziswa njengolwimi lweenkobe. [9]\nAbantu abamalunga nama-80% kubemi boMzantsi Afrika ngabantu abantsundu nekungabantu abaziinzalelwane zeli,[3] baziintlanga-ngeentlanga, bathetha iilwimi-ngeelwimi zakwaNtu, eziluthoba kuzo zinikwe isidima sokokuba zibe ziilwimi zaseburhulumenteni ngokusesikweni. ezinye iintlanga ezingekho kweli nani ngabahlali bezixekokazi zaseAfrika ngamaYurophu, ngamaamaAsia, kunye nabamvelaphi yabo ikwiintlanga-ngeentlanga. Onke amaqela ezi ntlanga-ngeentlanga neelwimi-ngeelwimi amelwe ngokwezopolitiko kweli lizwe, kumgaqo siseko osekwe ngokwentando yabantu, opalamente yawo uyiRhiphablikhi, nawo osithoba amaphondo. Okoko kwathi kwaphela urhulumente wocalu-calulo, ubumbejembeje ngamasiko-ngamasiko boMzantsi afrika bulenze bangumahluko eli lizwe latsho laziwa de labaluleka ngakumbi, njengoko bubonakalisiwe kwintetho enguMmnyama weSizwe omabala-bala.\nNgokwezoqoqosho ingeniso yaseMzantsi Afrika ibekwe kwinqanaba elingaphezu kwesiqingatha yiBhanki yeHlabathi, kwaye uMzantsi Afrika uthathwa nje ngelizwe elithi liseyimveku libe sele liphuhle ngokupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho. Uqoqosho lwayo lubambe indawo yesibini eAfrika, kwaye ngobukhulu libambe indawo yama-28 kwihlabathi. Xa kuthethwa ngokuthelekiswa kwamndla okuthenga oMzantsi Afrika kunye nawamanye amazwe, uMzantsi Afrika lilizwe lesixhenxe kwathenga kakhulu ngokwengeniso yonyaka eAfrika, nangona ubuhlwempu nokungalingani kwabantu ngokobuhlwempu nobutyebi busahamba phambili kweli lizwe, njengoko ikota yabantu ingaphangeli ibe iphila ngemali engaphantsi kwe-US$1.25 ngosuku. Nangona kunjalo, uMzantsi Afrika uthe wachongwa njeamandla akwizinga eliphezulu ngokwehlabathi, yaza yahlala iliziko elinomfutho kwingingqi.\nIgama elithi Mzansi, lisuka esiXhoseni kwisibizo esithi umzantsi, oko kuthetha ukuthi \"mzantsi\", igama elisetyenziswa ekuhlaleni mihla le eMzantsi Afrika.\n iJografi \nUmzantsi Afrika umi kanye ezantsi kwingingqi esingathi kusezinyaweni zelizwekazi i-Afrika, nonxweme lwayo olude nolugama walo utsaleke ngokungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-2,500 nolugudla iilwandle ezimbini (i-South Atlantic kunye nolwase-India)\n iReference \nyour mom", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "UMzantsi Afrika", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "One of the earliest examples of their construction is that of Hero of Alexandria ( c . 10 \u2013 70 AD ) .\n He built a mechanical theater that played a play that lasted ten minutes , and this play was performed with a complex system of strings or ropes and drums or drums . Historians disagree about which of the first machines became \" computers \" .\n Many say the \" castle clock \" , an astronomical cl", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: Umzobo wanamhlanje oqhelekileyo wekhompyutha yedektop.\nIkhompyutha ngu-matshini (ubukhulu becala uhamba ngombane) okwaziyo ukuthatha ulwazi (ngamanye amagama i-input), ukwenza umsebenzi othile okanye ukwenza utshintsho kolo lwazi lukhoyo ngelo xesha (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-process), ukuze kudidiyelwe ulwazi olutsha olubizwa ngokuba yi-output). Iikhompyutha zibekho kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu. Imizekelo yeekhompyutha zamandulo zii-astrolabe kunye nee-abacus. Mine imigaqo yokusebenza kwekhompyutha, yile: i-inputting, kukungeniswa kolwazi kwikhompyutha; i-outputting, ukugcinwa nokusetyenzwa kolwazi olungenisiweyo. Zizo zone ke iindlela zokunceda ukuba isebenze ikhompyutha.\nIikhompyutha zangoku zahluke kakhulu kwiikhompyutha zamandulo. Ezi zikhoyo ziimatshini ezisebenzisa amandla ombane ngakumbi. Kangangakuba ziyakwazi ukwenza izigidi-gidi zokubala ngomzuzwana ngamnye. Uninzi lwabantu lusebenzisa i-personal computer emakhayeni abo okanye kwiindawo abasebenza kuzo. Iikhompyutha zibaluleke kakhulu kwiintlobo-ntlobo zemisebenzi ngokwahlukana kwayo, apho i-automation kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. eminye imizekelo kukulawula ii-traffic lights, ii-vehicle computers, iinkqubo zokhuseleko, ii-washing machines kunye nee-digital televisions.\nUmntu (obizwa ngokuba yi-user okanye ngamanye amaxesha abe yi-wetware) angayilawula ikhompyutha ngokuyixelela (ukuyalela) ukuba yenze izinto ezithile. Ezinye iindlela zokulawula ikhompyutha zikwi-input device njengezi: i-keyboard, i- mouse, amaqhosa, i-touch screen. Ezinye iikhompyutha ezintsha kraca zisenokulawulwa ngemiyalelo eyenziwa ngelizwi okanye ngezijekulo ezenziwa ngezandla okanye ngezijekulo ezenzeka ebuchotsheni zisenzeka ngee-electrodes ezityalwe ebuchotsheni okanye ezihamba ngemithambo.\nIikhompyutha zisenokwenzelwa ukuba zenze nantoni na engolwazi. Iikhompyutha zisetyenziselwa ukulawula iifektri, nebezisoloko zilawulwa ngabantu kwiminyaka egqithileyo. Zikwakho nasemakhaya, apho zisetyenziswa kwizinto ezifana nokumalela ingoma, ukufunda iindaba, nokubhala.\nIikhompyutha zanamhlanje ziimatshini ezihamba ngoombane. Ikhompyutha ibaluleke kuphela xa inazo zombini i-hardware kunye ne-software. I-hardware yingqokolela yezi zinto sizibona ngamehlo sitsho sithi nantsi ikhompyutha - umzekelo, i-keyboard, i-mouse, i-screen, i-tower, kunye nee-circuits ezingaphakathi kuyo. I-Software yi-program yeekhompyutha, (ezinemiyalelo yakwamathematika). I-software isebenzisa i-hardware, xa kanye loo mntu uyisebenzisayo eyinika imiyalelo ize yona iyitshintshe ibe sisiphumo esilulutho eluntwini.\nIikhompyutha zisenokwenziwa ukuze zikwazi ukwenza phantse nantonina enolwazi. Iikhompyutha zisetyenziswa ukulawula iifektri, ezazisoloko zilawulwa ngabantu. Zikwakho nasekhaya, apho zisetyenziswa kwizinto ezifana nokumamela umculo, ukufunda iindaba, kwanokubhala. \nIikhompyutha ezininzi zanamhlanje zenza iintlobo zokubala ezizigidi-gidi. Zenza izibalo zemathematika imathematika ngokukhawuleza kodwa iikhomptha azikwazi \"kucinga\" zona ngokwazo. Zilandela nje imiyalelo kwii-programs zazo. \nIikhompyutha programs zenzelwe okanye zibhalwa zii-programmers zekhompyutha. Ii-programmers ezimbalwa zizibhala ngolwimi oluqondwa ziikhompyutha ii-programs olo lwimi lwaziwa ngokuba y-i-machine code. Ii-programs ezininzi zisebenzisa ulwimi lwe-programming olunjenge-C++, i-Java, kunye nePython. Ezii ntlobo zeelwimi lwe-programming zifana kakhulu nolwimi oluthethayo nolubhalayo mihla le. I-program ebizwa ngokuba yi-compiler iguqulela imiyalezo yalowo uyisebenzisayo iyise kwi-binary code (i-machine code) eyakuthi ikhompyutha iyiqonde ize yenze oko kufunekayo. \n Imbali ngeekhompyutha \nIMAGE: |I-Jacquard loom yenye yee-devices zokuqala ezi-programmable.\n Inkcazo \nIkhompyutha ngumatshini ohamba ngombane onceda ekubeni kubelula ukusombulula iingxaki ngokukhawuleza nangokulula. Isombulula iingxaki ngokwemiyalelo eyinikwe nguloo msebenzisi wayo obizwa ngokuba zii-programs okanye i-software. Ngumatshini o-digital(osebenzisa ii-binary digits) nosetyenziswa kuwo onke amacandelo ophando.\n I-Automation \nUluntu lunengxaki nge-maths. Uzuyiqonde loo nto, khawuzame ukubala u-584 x 3,220 ngentloko. kunzima ukukhumbula onke amanqanaba! Abantu benza izixhobo zokubanceda ukuze bakhumbule okokuba bebemi phi na kwezi ngxaki ze-maths. Enye ingxaki abanayo abantu yeyokokuba kufuneka baphinda-phinde besebenzana nale ngxaki amaxesha ngaxesha. Umntu osebenza ethilini kufuneka ayibale ngentloko itshintshi yabantu yonke imihla, okanye ayibale ephepheni. yonke loo migudu itya ixesha elininzi kwaye angade enze iimpazamo kuloo nto. Ngoko ke, abantu benza ii-calculators ezizakuphinda-phinda ziwenza lo msebenzi. Le ndawo kwi-compyutha ibizwa ngokuba y\"i-history of automated calculation,\" intetho eshunqulelwe kakuhle kule ithi \"imbali yeematshini eyenza kubelula kum ukuphinda-phinda ndisenza lengxaki ye-maths ngaphandle kokwenza iimpazamo.\" \nI-abacus, i-slide rule, i-astrolabe kunye ne-Antikythera mechanism (ezimihla yazo yalathwa kwiminyaka ye-150-100 BC) yimizekelo yeematshini ze-automated calculation.\n I-Programming \nAbanye abantu abafuni matshini ozakuphinda-phinda usenza into enye ngalo lonke ixesha. Imizekelo, ibhokisi yomculo ngumatshini odlala umculo omnye rhoqo. Abanye abantu bafuna ukuba bakwazi ukuwuxelela umatshini wabo ukuba wenze izinto ezahlukileyo. Umzekelo, bafuna ukuyixelela ibhokisi yeengoma ukuba idlale ingxubevange yeengoma ngalo lonke ixesha. Baafuna ukuba bakwazi uku-programa ibhokisi yeengoma - bakwazi ukuyinika imiyalelo yokwenza ingxubevange yomculo. Eli candelo lembali yekhompyutha libizwa ngokuba y\"i-history of programmable machines\" intetho entle ephuma kwintetho ethi \"Imbali yeematshini endinokuzinika imiyalelo yokokuba zenze ingxubevange yezinto ukuba nje ndiyakwazi ukuthetha ulwimi lwazo.\"\nOmnye wemizekelo yokuqala yokwakhiwa kwazo yeyesakhiwo sikaHero of Alexandria (c. 10\u201370 AD). Waakha i-mechanical theater eyadlala umdlalo owathatha ishumi lemizuzu, kwaye lo mdlalo wawusenziwa nge-complex system yeentambo okanye iiruphu kunye nezigubhu okanye ii-drums. Ezi-ruphu nee-drums zazilulwimi lwematshini- zaziyalela ukuba mayenze ntoni, iyenze nini na loo nto imatshini. Abanye abantu baathi le yimatshini yokuqala e-programmable.\nIingcali zezembali azivumelani ngomba omalunga nokokuba ingaba zeziphi na iimatshini zokuqala ezaba z \"iikhompyutha\". Abaninzi bathi y\"i-castle clock\", i-astronomical clock eyenziwa ngu-Al-Jazari ngo-1206, yeyokuqala ukwaziwa programmable analog computer. Abanye bathi ikhompyutha yokuqala yeenziwa ngu-Charles Babbage. u-Al - Jazari's waabonisa i-zodiac, i-solar kunye ne-lunar orbits, i-crescent moon emile njengenyanga i-pointer eyayihamba inqumla indlela eya egayithini eyayisenza iingcango ezazivuleka qho ngeyure, Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, p. 184, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0Donald Routledge Hill, \"Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East\", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64-9 (compare Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering) kunye neemvumi ezazingathi zirobots ezintlanu ezazidlala umculo xa zibethwa nge-lever. Ubude bemini nobusuku bungatshintshwa (AKA re-programmed) yonke imihla ukuze kujongelwe ingqalelo ukutshintsha kobude bemini nobusuku unyaka wonke. U-Ada Lovelace waziwa nje ngomntu wokuqala ukuba yi-programmer...\n Ixesha le-khompyu-ting \nKwathi xa kuphela ixesha le-Middle Ages, abantu eYurophu bacinga okokuba i-math ne-engineering zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngo-1623, uWilhelm Schickard weenza i-mechanical calculator. Baza ke abanye abantu bakwaseyurophu balandela ekhondweni ngokuthi benze ezinye ezininzi ii-calculators. Zazingezo khompyutha zanamhlanje kuba umsebenzi wazo yayikukubala kuphela, ukudibanisa okanye ukongeza inani kwelinye, ukuthabatha okanye ukucutha inani kwelinye, kwanokuphinda-phinda inani ngelinye - wawungenakuyitshintsha into eziyenzileyo uzenze zenze enye into enjengokuba uzenze zidlale i-Tetris. Ngenxa yoku sithi zazingekho-programmable. \nNgo-1801, uJoseph Marie Jacquard wasebenzisa i-punched paper cards xa exelela i-textile loom yakhe okokuba hlobo luni lwe-pattern olumelwe kukolukwa. wayesenokusebenzisa amakhadi e-punch ukuxelela i-loom ukuba yenze ntoni na, kwaye wayesenokuwatshintsha amakhadi e-punch, oko kuthethe okokuba wayesenokuyi-programa i-loom ukuze yoluke ipattern ayifunayo. Oko kuthetha okokuba i-loom yayi-programmable.\nU-Charles Babbage wafuna umatshini ofana nalo kodwa ke wona ube ngumatshini okwaziyo ukubala. Wawubiza ngokuba y-\"i-Analytical Engine\". Don't confuse the Analytical Engine with Babbage's difference engine which was a non-programmable mechanical calculator. Kwathi kuba u-Babbage wayengamali yanelelyo wasoloko eyitshintsha i-design yakhe xa athe wanombono ongcono, zange ayakhe i-Analytical Engine yakhe.\nKwathi ngokuya kuhamba ixesha, zaya zithandwa ngokya zithandwa iikhompyutha. Kwaba yinto ehamba yodwa ekuqaleni. Kungokuba abantu baya bekruquka kukusoloko besenz ainto enye ngalo lonke ixesha. Khawufan'ucinge xa unokuhla ubhala izinto kwikhadi le-index ubomi bakho bonke,uzigcina, uze uphinde kwakhona uhambe uyekuzifuna. I-U.S. Census Bureau yango-1890 yayinamakhulu-khulu abantu ababesenza loo nto nje kuphela. Baakruquka abantu de banodandatheko, de bathi, \"Kufanel'ukuba kubekho indlela elula yokwenza le nto.\" Kwaza ke ngoko kwakho mntu uthile ukrelekrele ngengqondo owazama indlela yokwenza okokuba iimatshini zenze umsebenzi omninzi. U-Herman Hollerith wazama ukujonga okokuba angawenza njani na umatshini ongakwazi ukwengeza ulwazi oluqokolelwe yi-Census bureau. I-Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (eyathi kamva yayi-IBM) yenza ii-matshini zakhe, kwaye wonke umntu wayonwabela loo nto. Bazonwabela de imatshini zabo zophuka, zaxinga, zaza zafuna ukulungiswa. kundeli lixa ke i-Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation yaqala ukufuna inkxaso ye-tech. \nNgenxa yeematshini ezinje nezi, kwaqala kwakho iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha nezi matshini, kwaba ke kukuzalwa kweekhompyutha njengokuba sele sizibona.\n Iikhompyutha ze-Analog ne-Digital \nKanye kwisiqinga seminyaka yenkulungwane yama-20, zaqala iingcali ukusebenzisa iikhompyutha, ubukhulu becala boyena nobangela kukuba iingcali zinomsebenzi omninzi we-math abafunisela ngayo kwaye bafuna ukuchitha ixesha elininzi becinga ngemfihlelo yehlabathi endaweni yokuchitha ixesha labo bedibanisa amanani. Umzekelo, ukuba bazakwenza umsitho werocket ship, bekufuneka benze i-math eninzi ukuze baqiniseke okokuba i-rocket isebenza kakuhle. \nNgoko ke babezibeka ndawonye iikhompyutha. Ezi khompyutha zazisebenzisa iicircuits zeanalog, ezazisenza okokuba zi-programwe nzima kakhulu. Kwaza ke ngee-1930s, benza ii-khompyutha zedigital, ezathi zenza kwalula ukuzi-programa.\n Iikhompyutha ezikumgangatho ophakamileyo \nIingcali ziye zafunisela okokuba zingazenza njani na iikhomputha ezi-digital ngeminyaka yoo-1930 neyoo- 1940. Iimbali zeenza inqwaba yeekhompyutha ezi-digital, bathi besazenza njalo, bazama ukujonga okokuba bangazibuza njani na imibuzo efanelekileyo ukuze bafumane eyona yona kuzo. Nazi iikhompyutha zeNazi ezimbalwa abazakhayo: \nIMAGE: |EDSAC was one of the first computers that remembered what you told it even after you turned the power off. This is called (von Neumann) architecture.\n I-electromechanical kaKonrad Zuse ii-\"Z machines\". IZ3 (1941) ngumatshini wokuqala ukusebenza nowawusebenzisa izibalo zebinary arithmetic. Izibalo ze-Binary zithetha ukusebenzisa u-\"ewe\" no-\"hayi.\" ukuze kudityaniswe amanani ndawonye. Usenokuyi-program-a. Ngo-1998 i-Z3 yaabonwa okokuba\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Ikhompyutha' from xh to English:\nOne of the earliest examples of their construction is that of Hero of Alexandria ( c . 10 \u2013 70 AD ) .\n He built a mechanical theater that played a play that lasted ten minutes , and this play was performed with a complex system of strings or ropes and drums or drums . Historians disagree about which of the first machines became \" computers \" .\n Many say the \" castle clock \" , an astronomical clock made by Al - Jazari in 1206 , is the first known programmable analog computer .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ikhompyutha", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "-Kansai Plascon Paint Industry Established\n 1891Headquarters Sandton , Johannesburg Key People Nauman Malik ( CEO ) Revenue R 2 765 million per annum ( for the year ending September 2010 ) Employees About 2000 Products Paints , brushes and feltsDecorative Coating Division , Performance Coating , African Operations ( Decorative Layer , Functional Layer , Civil Works ) Owned By Kansai Paints Ltd . ", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Kansai Plascon' from xh to English:\n-Kansai Plascon Paint Industry Established\n 1891Headquarters Sandton , Johannesburg Key People Nauman Malik ( CEO ) Revenue R 2 765 million per annum ( for the year ending September 2010 ) Employees About 2000 Products Paints , brushes and feltsDecorative Coating Division , Performance Coating , African Operations ( Decorative Layer , Functional Layer , Civil Works ) Owned By Kansai Paints Ltd . , JapanWebsite Is Official Website In 1949 , Evans expanded his business by supplying paints to the automotive industry . In 2007 , Barloworld Coatings took the major step of being listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange ( then known as Johannesburg The growing success of the new product attracted the attention of Japanese company Kansai Paint Co . Ltd ( \u201c Kansai \u201d ) .\n For 1.8 billion South African Rand , Kansai acquired Freeworld Coatings Limited in 2011 . Plascon has the following products : Interior , Exterior , Unique products , Waterproof , Primer and Undercoating , Crown brand , Finishing products , Polycell , Wood , Metalcare and Removal .\n Plant\n - social enterprise finance ( MA ) I ART JOBURG A month - long project with five of the country 's most famous artists who touched the Maboneng Precinct in Johannesburg 's central arts district . - In July 2012 , Plascon provided FoodBank SA ( South Africa ) with funding for a warehouse space \u2013 which will be enough for the bandies to increase their food storage by 50 % .\n The center handled 100 tons of food every month , delivering nutritious food parcels to 250 agencies ( non - profit organizations ) in Cape Town , South Africa . Plascon is supporting Science Week by hosting the Paint Your World Science Caf\u00e9 as part of the Science Week program Scifest Africa in Rhine , South Africa . The Rock Girl \" Safe Spaces \" campaign is a grassroots arts and education initiative that inspires and promotes safe spaces for girls and women in the South . For Plascono member Business and Arts ( BASA ) , it is an opportunity to contribute to a long - term project that combines visual appeal with cultural and educational heritage , showing promise when combined . In 2012 Plascon South Africa beat eight other contenders to be Paint Company of the Year at three of the DIY Business News Awards . In 2007 , the first Cashmere 's Vesiculated Gems Technology Award was presented to Plascon by the Department of Trade and Industry .\n The first Vesiculated bead technology was developed by the Kansai Plascon Research Center in Stellenbosch which allowed Cashmere to be washed , but still not shiny , at the same time reducing the impact on the environment .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Kansai Plascon \n\t\nIshishini lePeyintiLasekwa Ngo-1891UNdlunkulu eSandton, eJohannesburgAbantu abaphambili NguNauman Malik (yiCEO)Ingeniso Zizigidi ezi-R 2 765 ngonyaka (kunyaka ophela ngoSeptemba ngo-2010)Abasebenzi Bamalunga nama-2000 Imveliso Iipeyinti, iibrashi neefilaIcandelo LeDecorative Coating, le-Performance Coating, le-African Operations (loMaleko wokuhombisa, Umaleko womsebenzi, Imisebenzi yakwaNtu)Unozala YiKansai Paints Ltd., eJapanIWebhusayithi Yiwebhusayithi esemthethweni\nImbali \nImbali yeKansai Plascon iqale kwizitalato zaseJohannesburg, eMzantsi Afrika. Ngo-1889, indoda enamabhongo yaseWales entetho isisiWelsh, egama linguHerbert Evans iye yavula iingcango zevenkile ethengisa ipeyinti. Ishishini liye lenyuka ngenxa yokuqaliswa kweshishini lokwakha elidale amathuba okuba i-Evans ibuye ibe lishishini elivelisa ipeyinti. Ngo-1891, iHerbert Evans (ubunini) Limited yaba ligama eliqhelekileyo ngenxa yemveliso eqalisa izinto ezintsha ezifana \u201cneepeyinti esele zixutyiwe\u201d kunye nevanishi \u201cEngcono engaqinanga\u201d.\nNgo-1949, u-Evans uye walandisa ishishini lakhe ngokubonelela ethengisela ishishini leemoto iipeyinti. Intsebenziswano neChrome Chemicals i==ye yenziwa ukudala uphawu olutsha lwePlascon eye yathengwa nguBarloworld ngo-1970. Kuthe kamva le nkampani yaziwa njengeBarloworld Coatings. Phakathi kuka-2004 no-2006, uBarloworld Coatings uqalise ngokuthenga izinto ezithandwayo wafumana iingcaphephe kwezijongene nemibala, iNkampani yeMibala yamazwe ngamazwe i-International Colour Company, eyenza iibrashi, iHamilton Brush nenkampani elenza iipeyinti zokwenza kubekuhle, iMidas Earthcote. Ezi zinto zifumanekayo zenze baba baninzi abathengi bakwaBarloworld Coatings neenkonzo zabo zanda. Ekupheleni kuka-1990, uBarloworld Coatings uye wafikelela nakwezinye iindawo zase-Africa, e-United Kingdom nase-Australia ebonelela ngeepeyinti ezenza kuhle, zefenitshala nezeemoto nezamashishini.\nNgo-2007, uBarloworld Coatings wathatha inyathelo elikhulu lokuba afakwe kuluhlu lweJohannesburg Securities Exchange (ngelo xesah yayisaziwa njengeJohannesburg Stock Exchange). Ifakwe kolu luhlu iphantsi kweFreeworld Coatings Limited ngokweziko elisemthethweni.\nImpumelelo eye yakhula nemveliso entsha itsale umdla weshishini laseJapan iKansai Paint Co. Ltd (\u201cKansai\u201d). Ziibhiliyoni ezi-1.8 billion ngokweRandi yaseMzantsi Afrika, iKansai iye yafumana iFreeworld Coatings Limited ngo-2011. Kwakuloo nyaka mnye, le nkampani yaye yafakwa kuluhlu olukwiJohannesburg Stock Exchange.\nNgo-2012, kwaye kwathathwa isigqibo ngabalawuli bokuhlengahlengisa izinto ngenye indlela kwiFreeworld Coatings, kwavulwa inkampani entsha enegama elitsha elaziwa ngokuba yiKansai Plascon. \nUbume benkampani\n IGosa eliPhezulu lesiGqeba iCEO: nguNauman Malik IGosa eliPhezulu leMali iCFO: nguNeil Davies I-COO: nguGary Van Der Merwe UMlawuli wesiGqeba kuCwangciso lweShishini: nguDoug Thomas IsiGqeba seQela elijongene nezabasebenzi: ngu-Alan Singh UMlawuli wesiGqeba weDecorative Coatings: nguTrudi Neill IsiGqeba seQela elijongene nePerformance Coatings: nguDominic Watson UMlawuli wesiGqeba weMisebenzi yezakwaNtu: ngu-Ebrahim Mohamed UMlawuli wesiGqeba wezobuGcisa nezokuFunwa nokuFunyanwa kwezinto: nguCarlos Costa\nImveliso yakwaPlascon \nI-Plascon ibenemveliso elolu hlobo lulandelayo following : Eyangaphakathi, Eyangaphandle, Imveliso eluhlobo olulodwa, Engangeni mvula namanzi, Ukufakwa kwepeyinti okokuqala nePeyinti efakwa ngaphantsi, uhlobo lweCrown, imveliso ephumeza iziphumo zepeyinti, iPolycell, iWood, iMetalcare neRemovall. \nUtyalo-mali lweshishini kwezentlalo (iMA)\nI-Plascon ibandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zotyalo-mali kwizinto zentlalo. Ezinye iindawo eziphambili ezifumene isibonelelo nenkxaso kule nkampani ziquka:\nI-I ART JOBURG\nIprojekthi ethathe inyanga namachule okuzoba amahlanu adumileyo elizweni nabachukumise iMaboneng Precinct kwisithili esikwisazulu sezobugcisa eJohannesburg. \nI-FOODBANK SA\nNgo-Julayi ka-2012, uPlascon uye wabonelela iFoodBank SA (yaseMzantsi Afrika) ngemali yendawo yokugcina izinto isitoro \u2013 esiza kwanela ukuba bandies ukutya abakugcinayo ngama-50%. Eli ziko belijongene neetoni ezili-100 zokutya kwinyanga nganye, lunikezela ngeepasile zokutya okunezakha-mzimba kwii-arhente ezingama-250 (imibutho engajonganga ngeniso) eseKapa, eMzantsi Afrika. Isotoro esitsha siza kwenza iFoodBank SA ijongane neetoni ezili-150 zokutya kwabo baxhamlayo kuyo. \nIVEKI EQAQAMBISA EZENZULULWAZI KWISIZWE\nI-Plascon ixhasa iVeki eqaqambisa ezeNzululwazi ngokwenza iPaint Your World Science Caf\u00e9 njengenxalenye yenkqubo yeVeki eqaqambisa ezeNzululwazi iScifest Africa eseRhini, eMzantsi Afrika. \nI-ROCK GIRL \u201cSAFE SPACES\u201d \nIphulo leRock Girl \u201cSafe Spaces\u201d linyathelo loluntu kwezobugcisa eliqhelekileyo nelifundisayo elivuselela nelikhuthaza iindawo ezikhuselekileyo kumantombazana nakubantu ababhinqileyo abaseMzantsi Afrika. Ngentsebenziswano namagcisa kwezokuzoba baseMzantsi Afrika nabayili bezinto, iRock Girl idala kwaye imisela uphawu oluthile olungumqondiso \u201ckwiiNdawo eziKhuselekileyo\u201d kwiindawo eziseKapa. \nI-Plascon, \u201ci-Africa iyahlangana\u201d (Africa meets Africa) iyasebenzisana kwimathematika kusetyenziswa iprojekthi yezobugcisa \nKwilungu lePlascono kwezoShishino nezobuGcisa iBusiness and Arts (iBASA), lithuba lokuba negalelo kwiprojekthi ehleli ixesha elide elidibanisa umtsalane kwezibonakalayo nezamafa enkcubeko nemfundiso, zibonakalise into ethembisayo xa zidityanisiwe.\nIimbasa \nNgo-2012 iPlascon yaseMzantsi Afrika ibethe abanye abagqatswa abasibhozo ngokuba ibeyiNkampani yePeyinti yoNyaka kwiiMbasa zezithathu zeShishini leeNdaba zokuRhweba zeDIY.\nNgo-2012 iPlascon yaseMzantsi Afrika ibethe abanye abagqatswa abasibhozo ngokuba ibeyiNkampani yePeyinti yoNyaka kwiiMbasa zezithathu zeShishini leeNdaba zokuRhweba zeDIY zango-2012 ebezibanjelwe eMoyo eZoo Lake, eJohannesburg.\nNgo-2007, imbasa yokuqala zezobuchwephesha kwezamaso iCashmere\u2019s Vesiculated iye yanikezelwa kwiPlascon liSebe lezoRhwebo nezoShishino. Ubuchwephesha bezamaso bokuqala beVesiculated benziwe liZiko loPhando leKansai Plascon eliseStellenbosch elivumele ukuba iCashmere ikwazi ukuhlambeka, kodwa ihlale ingabengezeli, ngaxesha-nye inciphise amandla kokusingqongileyo .\nISALATHISO", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Kansai Plascon", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Miriam 's mother was sentenced to six months in prison , so Miriam also spent months in prison . During her childhood , Miriam sang in a choir at the Kilmerton Training Institute in Pretoria , a primary school she attended for years in Siboho .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: Zenzile Miriam Makeba\nIMAGE: Miriam Makeba (1968)\n(Zenzile) Miriam Makeba (* 4.03.1932, iRhawutini, uMzantsi Afrika \u2013 \u2020 10.11.2008, Castel Volturno, Ithali) \u2013 umculi zesiMzantsi Afrika.\nuMiriam Makeba yivumi yaseMzantsi Afrika waziwa ngokuba ngumama Afrka ngabaninzi. Wazalelwa eProspect Township, EGoli. Uye wasutywa kukufa emveni kokugula ngomhla we-9 novemba 2008. Waye gqwesile kwicala lomculo. Ngonyaka wama60 waye yivumi yokuqala apha kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika ukwazisa umculo waseMzantsi kwilizwe lonke. Waziwa kakhulu ngengoma yakhe \"Pata pata\" eyaqalwa ukushicilelwa ngonyaka ka-1957. Waye tshicilela ingoma zakhe kunye nezinye iivumi ezingosaziwayo ezifana no Harry Belafonte, Paul Simon, kanye no Hugh Masekela owayengumyeni wakhe. Umama Afrika waye yenye yeevumi ezazixhasene neegcinezelo wayekubonisa ke oko nakwingoma zakhe nto leyo yamenza walishiya elokuzalwa waya kwelinye ilizwe. Kodwa ke ngonyaka ka 1990 uye waphinda wabuyela ekhaya. Uthe wahlaselwa yintliziyo wasutywa kukufa kwa oko emveni kokucula kwikonsati eyayise lizweni lase itali. UMiriam wathi walahlekelwa ngutata ngokuthi asutywe kukufa xa wena uMiriam waye neminyaka nje eyisithandathu kuphela. Utata wakhe ke waye ngumxhosa, yena umama wakhe wayesisangoma somSwazi. Wathi uMiriam xa eneminyaka eliyishumi elinesibhozo umama wakhe wabanjwa ngexa yokuthengisa umqobhothi, utywala besintu obenziwa ngento ebizwa ngoba yinkoduso.\nUmama ka Miriam wagwetywa iinyanga ezintandathu ese tilogweni, ngoko ke no Miriam wachitha ezonyanga esentilogweni, ebuntwaneni bakhe uMiriam uye wacula kwenye ikwayara wase Kilmerton training Istitution ePitoli, kwisikolo sama banga aphantsi aweye funde kuso iminyaka eSibhozo. Impumelelo eyamenza wagqama ngakumbi yeyokuba wayesoloko ezithanda enguye nje engaziqabi nangee \"make up\" xa ezokucula \nCategory: Abaculi\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Zenzile Miriam Makeba' from xh to English:\nMiriam 's mother was sentenced to six months in prison , so Miriam also spent months in prison . During her childhood , Miriam sang in a choir at the Kilmerton Training Institute in Pretoria , a primary school she attended for years in Siboho .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Zenzile Miriam Makeba", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The grandmothers in the villages like their porridge unflavored and with only a small amount of oil because they believe that if there is too much oil , it will cause diabetes and other diseases that I will not mention .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Umngqusho' from xh to English:\nThe grandmothers in the villages like their porridge unflavored and with only a small amount of oil because they believe that if there is too much oil , it will cause diabetes and other diseases that I will not mention .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: Umngqusho\nUmngqusho sisidlo esimnandi kakhulu esisukela pha emboneni wona uthi ekuhambeni kwexesha uchutywe pha empheni ze emveni kwexesha womiswe, xa sele omile kengoku uye ugalelwe entweni emgobongxo eyenziwe kakuhle ebizwa ukuba sisingqusho.\nOku kokunye kokutya okuhlonitshiweyo nokuthandwa kakhulu kwa Xhosa. Xa kukho imicimbi efana nemigidi okanye ungeniso lweentombi(intonjane), oku kokona kutya kuye kuphakelwe iindwendwe kunye nabantu bekhaya elo. kuye kumane kukhiwa ke esosandla kuthwe quba esingqushweni kuthathwe intsimbi kufefezwe amanzi apha emboneni, kungqushwe lombona ngalontsimbi kulapho livele khona kengoku igama elithi umngqusho. zinintsi ke indlela zokupheka umngqusho abanye bawuthanda umhlophe lowo yiketse abanye bawuthanda unembotyi abanye bawuthanda une ertyisi zeke kubekho abo badala bapha ezilalini bona bawuthanda unamasi.zonke ke ezindidi zomngqusho ziluncuthu mazangwa ungavimba ixhekwazana likujongile ndiyakuxelela.\nOomakhulu bona ke pha ezilalinii bawuthanda ungaqholwanga umngqusho wabo kwaye uthwe chintsi nje imbijana yamafutha ngoba bakholelwa ukuba xa unamafutha amaninzi uzakubenzela iswekile nezinye izifo endingazokuzikhankanya. Abantu xabesefundile kuvamile ukuba bawujongele phantsi umngqusho kuba besithi bawutye kakhulu ngexesha bekhula kanti ke kwaNtu kokona kutya kunezakha mzimba. balapha eMzantsi Afrika bawuthanda kwanobom umngqusho kodwa ngenxa yezinto ezithile ezangamele ilizwe lethu ezinje ngemoyezulu etshintshileyo abantu bakuthi abahlala pha ezilalini banxunguphele kakhulu kuba bona bathanda ukuzenzela ngokwabo umngqusho kuba besuthi lona wenziwe esilungwini unencasa engamnandanga kwaphela. Le moyezulu itshintshileyo ke iye yenze ixeshe ekufanele kulinywe ngawo umbona lingabi sisigxina njengamandulo kuba bathi belindele ihlobo elinethayo nelinelanga eligqatsa nje kamnandi kusuke kutsho ukubhudluza umoya kunethe nezichotho ezinenkwanca zona ke ezibulala lombona ubusaqala untshula. le nto yile iye ihlise isidima somngqusho ngoba lo uthengwayo kuthwa unamnam kwaye unevumbi elibi elibophayo endlini nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ufakwe iznongo ezithile ezimenza ukuba akhawuleze ukuvuthwa.\nReference \n \nCategory: Ukutya", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Umngqusho", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "On the 21st of autumn 1960 he was the organizer of a movement against the use of passports .\n It was then that he was arrested and imprisoned on Robben Island for three years after the law that was established while he was in custody extended the sentence to six years .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\n230px|right\nIsiqithi sekapa \"Robben Island\" (isiBhulu: Robbeneiland) sekapa sifumaneka kwi khilomitha ezi sixhenxe ukusuka kwintsona kungxweme lwase Bloubergstrand, kulwendle IAtlantic Ocean ,kwiphondo lweNtsona koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Esi sisiqithi esiyimbalasane kakhulu kwilizwe loMzantsi Afrika nezwekazi iAfrika iphela. Sisiqithi esiyimitsi embalwa umphakamo phezu kolwandle iAtlantic ocean.\nNgonyaka wama 1999 esisixeko saziswa ngoku sesikweni njenge ziko lezobugcisa nekcubeko kwiphondo lentshona koloni asiqulathe imbali yelizwe loMzantsi Afrika kwaye sibuyisa inkumbulo ngekqubo yocalucalulo nempumelelo yorhulumente wentando yesininzi. Ikumphakamo weemitha ezingamashumi mathathu phezu kolwa ndle. Esi sixeko sasi setyenziswa njenge ntilongo nendawo yokugcina abantu ababhukuqa umbuso ixesha elide, kunye nesibhedlele sengqondo. Esi siqithi sibe liziko lezinto ezininzi ukususela ngowama 1600 ukufika komkhosi wamaBhulu ngethuba lika Jan van Riebeck owayekhokela umkhosi wamakholoniyali ikwangumntu wokuqala ukuzinza kwesi siqithi. I-Robben Island le luphawuoludumileyo ehlabathini\nKulapho amaqhawe esizwe ekuquka utata uNelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Robert Sobukwe nabanye ngethuba loRhulumente wengcinezelo. Kalapho amatshantliziyo awayesilwisana noRhulumente ayebanjwa aze agcinwe khona iminyaka. Ukususela kumawaka alishumi elinesixhenxe eminyaka irobben island isetyenziswa njenge ndawo yokugcina amabanjwa ayamene nezopolitiko. Urhulumente wamaAmaBhulu wayevalela khona amabanjwa ezombuso nezigila mkhuba.\n \nAmanye amaqhawe esizwe awayebanjwe esiqithini\n Nelson Mandela (owayesakuba ngumongameli weloMzantsi Afrika)\n Kgalema Motlanthe (oweyesakuba ngumongameli weloMzantsi Afrika)\n Jacob Zuma (oweyesakuba gumongameli weloMzantsi Afrika)\n Laloo Chiba (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Mac Maharaj (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Jafta Masemola (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Govan Mbeki (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Raymond Mhlaba (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Andrew Mlangeni (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Wilton Mkwayi (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Elias Motsoaledi (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Oscar Mpetha (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Billy Nair (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Ahmed Kathrada (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Walter Sisulu (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Robert Sobukwe (Iqhawe lesizwe)\n Njongonkulu Ndungane (UBhishophu)\n Tokyo Sexwale (owayesakuba ngumphathiswa wezindlu)\n Mosiuoa \"Terror\" Lekota (umongameli weCope)\n Amos Masondo (kwezopolitiko)\nRobert Sobukwe\nURobert Mangaliso Sobukwe wayengumqambi nenkokheli yombutho iPAC elasekwa ngo wama1959. Ngomhla wama21 kweyekwindla ngowama1960 wayengumququzeleli wekqubo eyayisilwa nokusetyenziswa kwamaPasi. Kulapho wathi wabanjwa wayokuvalelwa eRobben Island iminyaka emithathu emva komthetho owathi wasekwa ngethuba eselivalelweni sandiswa isigwebo yayiminyaka emithandathu. Wayevalelwa kwisisele esisekhusini engavumelekanga ukuba athethe nabantu UMzantsi Afrika\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Robben Island' from xh to English:\nOn the 21st of autumn 1960 he was the organizer of a movement against the use of passports .\n It was then that he was arrested and imprisoned on Robben Island for three years after the law that was established while he was in custody extended the sentence to six years .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Robben Island", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Highlights of his growth Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi is the author of several traditional books and poems that are well known and loved by the people . He was born in Tyhume Valley , Gqumahashe on the first day of December in the year eighteen thousand and seventy five ( 1 December 1875 ) . He grew up to be an intelligent young man who loved school very much .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nthumb\nSamuel Edward Krune Mqhayi (S. E. K. Mqhayi, 1 eyoMonga 1875 - 29 eyeKhala 1945) wayeyimbongi yesiXhosa ekwanguye nombhali wembali.\nU-Mqhayi wazalelwa eMpuma koloni, waze wafundela ubutishala e-Lovedale . Ngaphandle kobutishala ebekwancedisa ekuhleleni ijenali zesiXhosa. Waye watyunjelwa kwibhodi yokuhlaziya iBhayibhile yesiXhosa ngonyaka we1905. Emva koko waye wancedisa ukuhambelelanisa umgangatho wencwadi no bhalo lwesiXhosa . waze wabuya waba ngumbhali ngokupheleleyo [1]\nPhakathi konyaka we 1896 nowe 1944 waba yintatheli ebhala nakafuthi iphepha lesiXhosa. Ngowe 1907 wabhala inoveli yakhe yokuqala yesiXhosa U-Samson, neseyalahlekayo. Ngowe 1914 washicilela incwadi ethi Ityala lamawele , neyaba nempembelelo ezimandla ekukhuseleni imithetho yesintu nezithethe zakwaXhosa . [2] Wazifumanela ukwaziwa nodumo ngendima awayidlalayo ekubhaleni umbongo othii \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika,\" nowaye wababuya wabandakanywa kumhobe wesizwe selizwe elikhululekileyo lomZantsi Afrika. Incwadi yembali ngobomi bakhe ithi UMqhayi waseNtab'ozuko. [3] Ngowe 1929 wabhala incwadi esihloko esithi - Utopia nethi UDon Jadu. Ngowe 1935 wamkela ibhaso le May Ester Bedford kuncwadi.\nEbuncincaneni bakhe u- Nelson Mandela , wamhlonipha lokaMqhayi njengembongi yabantu baseAfrika,\"[5] nawathi wanecham lokumbona amatyeli amabini ngeliso lenyama, noyolo olungenasiphelo lokumva ecengceleza.?\nEbeligorha neqhawe eMzantsi Afrika uphela. Uyimele inyaniso kwaye uyidlalile indima yakhe wasakha isizwe sele sitshabalele. Uyimbongi eyaziwayo kunye nombhali odumileyo. Zininzi iincwadi neemibongo ayibhalileyo. Ebeyimbongi yomthonyama .....siyo hlala simkhumbula. Bathamsenqelekile abo balifumeneyo ithuba lokuthetha naye nabambonileyo ngeliso lenyama.\nWenze umsebenzi ooncomekayo kwaye ukuthaze ababhali abaninzi ukuba baqhubeke ngetalente yabo.\nIzikhombisi \nSmith, David James. Young Mandela. Kent: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2010.\nIimphawulo\n J Senekal, B. A. \"Biografische gegevens\". NEDWEB. Retrieved 2008-04-19.\n Opland, Jeff. 'The First Novel in Xhosa'. Research in African Literatures, Volume 38, Number 4, Winter 2007, pp. 87\u2013110\n Opland, Jeff (December 22, 2007). \"The first novel in Xhosa.(S. E. K. Mqhayi' USamson)\". Indiana University Press. Retrieved 2006-08-10.\n Barber, Karin (2006). Africa's Hidden Histories: Everyday Literacy and Making the Self. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34729-7.\n Smith 2010, p. 32.\nAmagqabantshintshi okukhula kwakhe\nUSamuel Edward Krune Mqhayi' ngumbhali weencwadi nemibongo yesiNtu eliqela eyaziwayo nethandwayo kakhulu ngabantu. Wathi wazalelwa kwiNtili yeTyhume, kwaGqumahashe ngomhla wokuqala kweyoMnga ngomnyaka wamawaka alishumi elinesibhozo namashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu (1 Disemba 1875). Ukhule engumfana okrelekrele nosithandayo kakhulu isikolo. Uthe xa enethoba leminyaka wayokuihlala nomalume wakhe, uNzanzana Mqhayi, kwiilali zakuKhobonqane, kuCentane. Apho ke ufike wafunda kakhulu ngamasiko, iindlela zesiNtu nehlobo ephila ngalo imiDaka yakowethu. Ebehamba iinkundla zakomkhulu efunda lukhulu ngamasiko. Nothando lwakhe lokubhala ke luvele ngeli lixa kuba ebethi naxa esalusa namanye amakhwenkwe athi akubona incwadi okanye iphepha elibhaliweyo alichole alifunde. Wakunonophela ke ukubhala ekuxabise ngolona hlobo lumangalisayo de wayokuqabelisa amabanga akhe ophakamileyo emfundo, waqeqeshelwa ubutitshala eLovedale, eDikeni. Uxelenge kwalapho eLovedale njengomhlohli okwethutyane ze wemka wayokuxelenga kwelaseMonti. Nangona wayehlohla nje okaMqhayi wayengayithando kuyaphi imfundiso yaseNtshona, ebethelela ngamandla ukufundiswa kwembali yabaNtsundu. Uqale ukubhala ngokuthi emana ethumela amanqaku kwiphephandaba lesiXhosa, IZwi Labantu. Amanqaku akhe okuqala aquka abe \u201cNgelizwe lamaNdlambe\u201d nango \u201cNtsikana\u201d namanye aninzi. Waziwe ngabaninzi nje nge \"Mbongi yeSizwe\" njengoko ebongwa ngumfo kaJolobe kwincadi yabafundi bebanga leshumi, u\"Vukani Madoda Kusile\". Emva koko ubhale uthotho lwemibongo kunye neenoveli ezakhayo nezizele ziimfundiso. Umqulu wakhe wokuqala wemibongo obizwa \"Imihobe nemiBongo\" uphume ngowe- 1927 uquka kuwo nomhobe weli uNkosi sikelel'iAfrika . \nUlandulele eli ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesithoba kweyeKhala ngomnyaka wamawaka alishumi elinesithoba namashumi amane anesihlanu (29 Julayi 1945)ze wayokubekwa kwikhaya lakhe lokugqibela kuNtab'ozuko kude kufuphi, eQonce. Ushiye ngasemva uthotho lwemiqulu neemfundiso eziyokuhlala zingumzila ongenakulibaleka noyakulandelwa zizizukulwana nezizukulwana eziNtsundu.\nReferences\nExternal links\nCategory: Ababhali\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi' from xh to English:\nHighlights of his growth Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi is the author of several traditional books and poems that are well known and loved by the people . He was born in Tyhume Valley , Gqumahashe on the first day of December in the year eighteen thousand and seventy five ( 1 December 1875 ) . He grew up to be an intelligent young man who loved school very much .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "They have long and slender bodies , and , being legless , they have their own way of walking , but they are very mobile .\n Most of them live in the tropics . Most of them live on land , some live in water , a few live underground .\n Like all reptiles , snakes need the heat of the sun to regulate their body temperature .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nInyoka\nthumbnail\nIinyoka zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo. ziyinxalenye yeyosapho lweSquamata. Azinamilenze, azinalizwi, azinandlebe, zingenaso nesikhumba sokuvala amehlo. Nangona kunjalo, iinyoka zizilwanyana ezinempumelelo enkulu phakathi kwezilwanyana ezitya ezinye, zineentsapho ezingama-20, nezinye ezingama500 kunye nama-and 3,400 eentlobo ntlobo zeenyoka.snake species list at the Reptile Database. Accessed 22 May 2012.\nZinemizimba emide nebhityileyo, kwaye, zingenamilenze zinjalo, zinendlela yazo ezihamba ngayo kunjalo nje zihamba kakhulu. Uninzi lwazo luhlala kwitropics. Zimbalwa kakhulu iinyoka ezihlala ngaphaya kweTropic of Cancer okanye iTropic of Capricorn, lunye kuphela uhlobo, yiviper eqhelekileyo i(Vipera berus) ehlala ngaphaya kweArctic Circle. Isikhuma sayo sogqunywe ngoqweqwe. Zibona akuhle, kunjalo nje ziyakwazi ukuva ivumba ngolwimi lwazo ngokuthi ziman'ukulikhuphela ngaphandle ziphinde zilungenise ngaphakathi. Azidibani ke nokungcangcazela komhlaba. \nNangona zingenalizwi, ziyaswesweza. Inkoliso yazo zihlala emhlabeni, ezinye zihlala emanzini, ezimbalwa zihlala ngaphantsi komhlaba. Njengazo zonke izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, iinyoka zifuna ubushushu belanga ukuze zikwazi ukulawula ubushushu bemizimba yazo. Yiyi le nto iinyoka ezininzi zihlala kubushushu obunomoya ofumileyo bakwingingqi yetropical kwihlabathi. \nUkukhangela\nCategory: Ezihlambulukileyo\u200e\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Inyoka' from xh to English:\nThey have long and slender bodies , and , being legless , they have their own way of walking , but they are very mobile .\n Most of them live in the tropics . Most of them live on land , some live in water , a few live underground .\n Like all reptiles , snakes need the heat of the sun to regulate their body temperature .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Inyoka", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Plasma ( upper layer ) , buffy coat ( middle , white colored layer ) and erytrocite layer ( bottom ) can be seen .\n Blood circulation : Red = oxygenatedBlue = deoxygenated Human blood magnified 600 times Blood is red blood in human and animal bodies .\n The blood is pushed by very small living things and compacted together that are released by the heart , with the purpose of the blood bringing n", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIgazi\nIMAGE: |A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a normal red blood cell, a platelet, and a white blood cell.\nIMAGE: Human blood fractioned by centrifugation. Plasma (upper layer), buffy coat (middle, white colored layer) and erytrocite layer (bottom) can be seen.\nIMAGE: Blood circulation: Red = oxygenatedBlue = deoxygenated\nIMAGE: |Human blood magnified 600 times\nIgazi lingamanz\u2019 abomvu asemizimbeni yabantu nakwimizimba yezilwanyana. Igazi lityhalwa zizinto ezincinane kakhulu eziphilayo neziqumbene ndawoninye ezikhutshwa yintliziyo, ngeenjongo zokokuba igazi lizise izakha-mzimba kunye nomoya ococekileyo kwizihlunu zemizimba yethu. Ikwaligazi eligutyula konke ukungcola okuvela emzimbeni kunye nomoya ongcolileyo, lowo uvela emzimbeni ngamanye amazwi. \nLenziwe ngantoni igazi\nIgazi lenziwe ngengamanzi atyheli-buphatsha nangawona adibanisa iimbewu zegazi zitsho zikwazi ukuhlala zidibene zisebenzisana ndawonye kunye nezinye iintlobo-ntlobo zeembewu zegazi \u2014 iimbewu zegazi ezibomvu, iimbewu zegazi ezimhlophe kunye neembewu zegazi ezimisa ukopha okanye ukumpompoza kwegazi ekuthiwa ziiplatelets. Iiplatelets zinceda ngokunqamla ukopha. Iigazi elinesakhamzimba i-iron eneproteni ifumaneka kwiimbewu zegazi ezibomvu. Iimbewu ezimhlophe apha egazini zona ziluncedo ekulweni nosuleleko zize ziphinde zinyange amanxeba. \n Nge-Plasma \nIplasma yegazi yinto engamanzi atyheli adada apha egazini. Nayo ke yenziwe ngezakha-mzimba, iityuwa zomzimba ezinyibilikayo, umoya ohlaziya nongcolisa umzimba, amagatya alawula ukusebenza komzimba engasebenzisi ziproteni, ukungcola okungaphakathi emzimbeni, izakhamzimba zendalo ezingamafutha omzimba, kunye neeproteni.\nEzi proteni zibaziinqwelo zokuthutha ezinye izakha-mzimba ezincinane kakhulu ngegazi, zibengantibodies| amajoni omzimba (nabizwa ngokuba zii-immunoglobulins), zijongana neziganeko zokwenzeka kwamahlwili, kunye namagatya eeproteni. I-Plasma ayinayo iproteni eyenza amahlwili yiyo le nto kuthiwa xa ibizwa yi-serum kwaye ayinakubalihlwili. Zi-3 iilitha zeplasma ezinokufumaneka kubantu abadala. IPlasma ingamanzi, singathi amanzi akuyo amalunga nama-(90%). Kananjalo iplasma inobunzima begazi obunokude bubengama-55%. \n iimbewu ezibomvu egazini \nframe|275px|Red blood cells\nElinye igama leembewu zibomvu egazini kuthiwa zii-erythrocyte. 'i-Erythro' ithetha ukuthi bomvu; elithi cyte lithetha ukuthi mbewu. Aba nobumba bathi BGM basis ishunqulelo ngolu hlobo \u2018\u2019\u2019b\u2019\u2019\u2019omvu \u2019\u2019\u2019g\u2019\u2019\u2019azi mbewu.\nImbewu ebomvu egazini ithwala umoya ococekileyo kunye nomoya ongcolileyo ziwusa kuwo wonke umzimba. Iimbewu zemizimba yethu zifuna umoya ococekileyo ukuze siphile. Kwakhona ezi mbewu ziyawenza umoya ongcolileyo sitsho sithi ke kukungcola oko. Imbewu ebomvu egazini izisa umoya ococekileyo othe xaxe kuwo wonke umzimba. Iphinde kwale mbewu, iwuthwale iwukhuphele ngaphandle emzimbeni umoya ongcolileyo. \nIiBGM zizaliswe yiiron eneproteni kwimbewu ebomvu yegazi. Ngesingesi ke kuthiwa yihaemoglobin. Singatsho ngelipheleleyo okokuba yiproteni. Yenzelwe ukuba ithwale umoya omninzi ococekileyo iwusasaze kuwo wonke umzimba. Njengoko sele sitshilo, le haemoglobin ineiron kuyo. Xa zizombini ke iiiron kunye nalo moya ucocekileyo ziyitsho ibebomvu le haemoglobin ngombala. Yhiyo le nto igazi silibona libomvu nje. Kukho into ekuthiwa yiErythropoietin ekuyeyona ikhuthaza ukwenzeka kwale mbewu ibomvu egazini. Uhlobo lwegazi amajoni akhutshwa yinkqubo yangaphakathi emzimbeni ukuba alwe nokuyingozi okungena emzimbeni athwalwa apha kumphezulu wembewu yegazi ebomvu. \nIBGM ikwanceda ukuba igazi lihlale likwimo efanelekileyo pH. Kufuneka uze ube uphilile kakuhle ngokwasegazini libe kwizinga le-ph ka 7.4. Ukuba nje likhe langaphezulwana okanye langaneno kuno-7.4, umntu usenokugula kakhulu okanye angade abe uyasweleka. IiBGM zizo ezilawula ipH yegazi. Ibuffer yiyo emisa utshintsho kwipH. Iiproteni kunye nomoya ongcolileyo kwiBGM zimisa utshintsho olwenzeka egazini. \nUkuba kuthe kanti awunayo imbewu ebomvu egazini lakho, uyakufa. \n \n Imbewu emhlophe egazini \nimbewu emhlophe egazini idlala indima enkulu kukhuselo lweentsholongwane emzimbeni. Le mbewu ihlasela yonke into engena emzimbeni ibe ingafanelekanga kungena. Ibulala iintsholongwane ezifana neentsholongwane ezosulelayo kunye nee ntsholongwane ezifana nezefiva, nekagawulayo, njalo, njalo.. Ibulala nembewu yomhlaza. Imbewu emhlophe egazini iluncedo kakhulu kuba ilwa nezinye izinto eziyityhefu emzimbeni. \nLe mbewu imhlophe egazini izibhaqa nokokuba ziphi na ezi ntsholongwane apha emzimbeni, emva koko yonde ngazo, zizitshabalalise. IiMGM ziyafika egazini. Ziyakwazi nokuphuma egazini zenjenjeya ukuya kwiindawo apho usuleleko lukhoyo. IiMGM zenza oku ukuze zilwe neentsholongwane ezidala usuleleko. Ukuba ziye zaphumela ngaphandle egazini zisiya kulwa nosuleleko, zisenokuphindela kwigazi elityhutyha-tyhutyha umzimba. Ngoko ke iiMGM zikumajelo egazi elijikeleza emzimbeni. \nElinye igama lembewu emhlophe egazini kuthiwa yileukocyte. U-Leuko uthetha ukuthi \u2018mhlophe\u2019. u-cyte uthetha ukuthi \u2018cell\u2019. Oonobumba abathi MGM bashunqulela ngolu hlobo \u2019\u2019\u2019m\u2019\u2019\u2019hlophe \u2019\u2019\u2019g\u2019\u2019\u2019azi \u2019\u2019\u2019m\u2019\u2019\u2019bewu. Zintathu ezona ndidi zeMGM. Kukho ezelymphocytes, ezegranulocytes kunye neemonocytes. Inxalenye yeeMGM zivuthelwa kwiimbewu ezenza umsebenzi ofanayo kwizihlunu zomzimba. \nIiMGM zisebenza ngeendlela-ngeendlela. Ezinye zazo zibulala ziphinde zitye iintsholongwane kunye nembewu zentsholongwane yomhlaza. Ezinye zenza amagosa alwa neentsholongwane. Ezi proteni ziiproteni ezincamathela kwezinye iimbewu zize ziyalele ezinye iiMGM ukuba zibulale. Ezinye iiMGM zenza iikhemikhali. Zithi zikhuphe iikhemikhali eziyakulwa nezinto ezingafanelekanga kuba semzimbeni. Ezi khemikhali zidala ukutsha kwindawo ethile apha emzimbeni. Xa intsholongwane ikugulisa, umzimba uyakubonakalisa oko. Ukuba intsholongwane iziqhusheka ngaphantsi kwesikhumba somntu ize yenze usuleleko, siyajika sibebomvu isikhumba sakhe, sitshise, sibebuhlungu kunjalo nje. Oku kubabomvu kwesikhumba, ukutshisa kwaso, kunye neentlungu, zonke ezi ziimpawu zo kutsha okanye ukurhawuka. Oku kubonakalisa okokuba iiMGM zilwa nosuleleko kwaye zibulala intsholongwane. \n Ii-Platelets \nIiPlatelets zinceda ekwenzeni amahlwili egazi. Platelets are also called 'thrombocytes'. Ihlwili kuxa igazi lithi belingamanzi lisuke lijiye. Umzimba wenza ihlwili legazi xa isikhumba esi siye sasikeka. Oku kunqanda ukopha kakhulu ukuze igazi elininzi lingachithekeli ngaphandle. \nKubalulekile okokuba igazi lijiye. Kodwa ngamaxesha athile amahlwili egazi angaba mabi okanye abe neziqhamo ezimbi. Ukuba ukujiya kwegazi kuyenzeka ku[blood vessel|mbhobho wegazi apha emzimbeni, kungadala istroke. Ukuba igazi lijiya xa kanye lihamba ngombhobho wegazi oya entliziyweni, oko kungadala isifo sentliziyo (heart attack). Oku ke akuqhelekanga kubantu abatsha nabanempilo. \nIi-Platelets akukuphela kwento eyenza amahlwili. Zikho neeproteni egazini ezenza amahlwili. Iiplatelets kunye \"neeproteni zamahlwili\" ziyafuneka ukuze zenze amahlwili alungileyo emzimbeni.\n Livelaphi igazi eli? \nIMAGE: |Umboniso wembewu yomongo wethambo ovela ku\"Gray's Anatomy\".\nImbewu yegazi yenziwa ngumongo wethambo nakw\"'ispleen\". Umongo yinto ethambileyo ngaphakathi ethanjeni. Bambi ke bade bathi bayahleza, laanto ifunxwayo ke xa kuhlezwa kuthiwa ngumongo. Kukho iimbewu ezikhethekileyo apha kulo mongo, kwaye ubukhulu becala le mbewu yiyo eyenza iimbewu zegazi emzimbeni wakho. \nIiproteni zeplasma zona zenziwa sisibindi. Amanzi kunye neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo kwi-\"plasma\" zivela ekutyeni esikutyayo nasemanzini esiwaselayo.\nNangona igazi lingamanzi, ngezinye iindlela likwaluhlobo lokunxulumanisa amalungu angaphakathi omzimba. Imbewu yegazi isuka kumongo wethambonakwispleen, kwaye egazini kukwakho ne\"micu yeenwebu\" ebalulekileyo eluhlobo lwe\"fibrinogen\". Zonke ezi zisebenza xa kusenzeka ihlwili legazi.\n Izalathiso \nCategory: Basic English 850 words \nCategory: Biochemistry\nCategory: Cardiovascular system\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Igazi' from xh to English:\nPlasma ( upper layer ) , buffy coat ( middle , white colored layer ) and erytrocite layer ( bottom ) can be seen .\n Blood circulation : Red = oxygenatedBlue = deoxygenated Human blood magnified 600 times Blood is red blood in human and animal bodies .\n The blood is pushed by very small living things and compacted together that are released by the heart , with the purpose of the blood bringing nutrients and clean air to the muscles of our body .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Igazi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Miriam Makeba ; Lucky Philip Dube ( pronounced like doo - beh ) Fun Facts , luckydubemusic.com , Retrieved 19 October 2007 ( born 3 August 1964 \u2013 died 18 October 2007 ) is a South African reggae and Rastafarian singer .\n He released 22 albums in Zulu , Lungu and Bulu over a period of 25 years and his albums were the best selling reggae music albums in South Africa .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIimvumi zaseMzantsi Africa\nEzikwelemimoya\nIimvumi zaseMzantsi Afrika esele zalishiyayo eli nazi: UBrenda Nokuzola Fassie (3 November 1964 \u2013 9 May 2004) wayeyimvumi yomculo onesingqi esithandwa ngamaAfrika eyayingahambisani kwaphela nenkqubo yocalu-calulo. Ukungazibandezi kwakhe eqongeni kwamemnza waziwa njengomntu arned a reputation for \"ongangenazintloni nongoyiki ngokoyikiswa\". The Madonna Of The Townships (Time Magazine) Abalandeli bakhe bebembiza ngoMaBrrr, maxa wambi ubebizwa njengeqhawekazi lomculo wesingqi saseAfrika okanye bathi ngu\"Madonna weelokishi\". uMiriam Makeba; ULucky Philip Dube (ubizwa ngolu hlobodoo-beh)Fun Facts, luckydubemusic.com, Retrieved 19 October 2007 (wazalwa ngomhla wesi-3 kukweyeThupha ngo1964 \u2013 wasweleka ngomhla we-18 kweyeDwarha ngo2007) eyimvumi yereggae neRastafarian yaseMzantsi Afrika. Washicilela amacwecwe angama-22 ngesiZulu, ngesiLungu nangesiBhulu kwisithuba esinganga-25 eminyaka kunjalo nje amacwecwe akhe ayengwawona macwecwe omculo wereggae awayethengiswa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika. Five facts about reggae star Lucky Dube, Reuters, 19 October 2007S. Africa reggae icon shot and killed \u2013 radio, Reuters, 19 October 2007. UDube walinyazwa kwimizi yaseGoli eRosettenville ngokuhlwa kwangomhla we-18 kweyeDwarha ngo2007. Hijackers gun down Lucky Dube, News24.com, 19 October 2007S African reggae star shot dead, BBC News, 19 October 2000 uLebo Mathosa (wazalwa ngo1977 - ngomhla wama-23 kweyeDwarha waza wasweleka ngo2006) wayeyimvumi yekwaito yasemzantsi Afrika. uBussie Mhlongo; [[uMagaret Singana {Mcingana}]]; uNana Coyote, Sfiso Ncwane.\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Iimvumi zaseMzantsi Africa' from xh to English:\nMiriam Makeba ; Lucky Philip Dube ( pronounced like doo - beh ) Fun Facts , luckydubemusic.com , Retrieved 19 October 2007 ( born 3 August 1964 \u2013 died 18 October 2007 ) is a South African reggae and Rastafarian singer .\n He released 22 albums in Zulu , Lungu and Bulu over a period of 25 years and his albums were the best selling reggae music albums in South Africa .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Iimvumi zaseMzantsi Africa", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Joe Slovo Park Joe Slovo Park is a small Township that was created to remove the Marconi Beam Slums and build a town .\n But now there is a difference between Joe Slovo and the Marconi Beam slums .\n Another case of Joe Slovo , I Mshini wam , is named after the struggle song Umshini wami , a song that Jacob Zuma likes to sing when he wants to be elected President of South Africa .", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Joe Slovo Park' from xh to English:\nJoe Slovo Park Joe Slovo Park is a small Township that was created to remove the Marconi Beam Slums and build a town .\n But now there is a difference between Joe Slovo and the Marconi Beam slums .\n Another case of Joe Slovo , I Mshini wam , is named after the struggle song Umshini wami , a song that Jacob Zuma likes to sing when he wants to be elected President of South Africa .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nJoe Slovo Park\nIMAGE: \nI Joe Slovo Park yidolophu yaseKapa, ifumaneka ngaphakathi kwe Milnerton ne Montargu Gardens.\nImvleaphi Yase Joe Slovo\nI Joe Slovo Park yiLokishi encinane eyenziwa ukususa amaTyotyombe ase Marconi Beam kwakhiwe idolophu. Kodwa ke ngoku akho mehluko phakathi kwe Joe Slovo nalamatyotyombe ase Marconi Beam.\nElinye icala lase Joe Slovo, I Mshini wam, ithiywe ngengoma yomzabalazo 'Umshini wami', ingoma ethandwa ukuculwa ngu Jacob Zuma xa efuna ukuVotelwa abenguMongameli wase Mzansi Africa. Yaqala ukwenziwa ngo 2006 endaweni ekwakukho izindlu ze RDP(Reconstruction and Deveopment Program). IMshini wam yatshiswa ngumlilo. Kwatsho kwaqalelwa phantsi ukwenziwa ngo 2012.\nIJoe Slovo ithiywe emva kwe qhawe uJoe Slovo owayengu Ngqongqoshe wezindlu zase Mzansi Africa.\nIze ingafaniswa ne Joe Slovo ekwa Langa, Ekapa.\nIndlela ezibekwe ngayo izindlu\nI Joe Slovo ngumxube weZindlu nama Tyotyombe angase Montague Gardens e Milnerton. I Joe Slovo ingase Canal Walk ivenkile enkulu apha eKapa.\nIngxabano\nIMAGE: Ntsika 'prince Lain' Kellem lived in Joe Slovo Park. He was a graduate of Sinenjongo High School who was interested in chess and was studying computer science at a school in Cape Town. On 14 March 2014 he died in an auto accident. Many students at Sinenjongo High School had campaigned for free access to Wikipedia with Wikipedia Zero. For more about that Wikipedia Zero initiative and Sinenjongo, including Ntsika, see this blog post. In particular, see this video, where he talks about how Wikipedia would help him and his friends. enwiki \u2014 commonswiki\nKukho uxinizelelo olukhulu ngoba kukho abantu abafuna ukwakha izindlu zabo kumhlaba ongenanto. Ngo okthobha 2012 abantu abangavumeliyo ukuba kwakhiwe kumhlaba uphethwe yi dolophu yas'Ekapa bafika basusa izindlu zabantu, lento yenza ukuba abantu base Joe Slovo baToyitoye. Ngo 2014 abantu base Joe Slovo babona indawo engase Sinenjongo High School bokha izindlu zabo kwaze uRhulumente wohluleka ukubasusa, ngoku iSinenjongo High school inabamelwane ngasesikolweni abangxolisa umculo mihla ngemihla bephazamisa abafundi abakwibanga lesi-11.\nIizakhiwo\nEzemfundo\ninezikolo ezimbini enye yazo yi Sinenjongo High School enye ibeyi Marconi beam public Primary School.\nI library ekufuphi yi Milnerton Library.\nEzempilo\nIndawo ekufitshane yezempilo ise Elbow-Gardens (yikliniki yesihlali) eBrooklyn Milneron, iBrooklyn izikhilomitha ezine xa usuka e Joe Slovo. IMedi-Clinic ese Milpark Milnerton (ikliniki efihlakeleyo) yona ingamakhulu asiBhozo xa usuka e Joe Slovo.\nezokhuseleko\nEzinye izindlu ezise Joe Slovo zikhuselwe zinkampani zokhuseleko. Kodwa ke izindlu ezininzi zixhomekeke kumaPolisa ase Milnerton. Kukho amaPolisa ajonga I Joe Slovo iimini nobusuku.\nIndawo yamaPolisa ekufuphi ingase Seven Eleven kufuphi ngase Centre Point. akukho zicimamlilo e Joe Slovo, ekufuphi yiMilnerton Fire station. \nIiofisi zikarhulumente\nKukho iholo lomphakathi eJoe Slovo. Udonga ngaseholweni lwalupayintiwe ngabafundi ababefunda ibanga leshumi elinambini nge Mandela Day ngo 2013. Kukho iofisi kaMasipala ekufuphi ngase Joe Slovo; ingase Milnerton Library.\nImifanekiso\nreferensi \n\"City acts to protect land in Joe Slovo Park earmarked for development\". Capetown.gov.za. Retrieved 2014-06-14\n\"Joe Slovo Fires\". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-06-14\n\"Rainbow Nation Mandela Day wall painting project part 2\". YouTube. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2014-06-14\nJump up to: a b c d \"Sub Place Joe Slovo Park\". Census 2011.\nA beautiful movement for free access to Wikipedia is growing from a slum in South Africa\nCategory: IPhondo yaNtshona-Koloni", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Joe Slovo Park", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "-Winnie Madikizela - Mandela ( Also known as Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela ; born on the 26th of September 1936 Winnie Mandela .\n nndb.com \u2013 she left us on the 2nd of April 2018 ) Her maiden name is Winifred Zanyiwe Nomzamo Madikizela , she was born on the 26th of Sintsi ( September ) 1936 .\n When we talk about this beauty , we are talking about a political activist who held many positions", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nU-Winnie Madikizela Mandela\nU-Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (Owaziwa nanjengo-Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela; wazalwa ngomhla wama-26 kweyoMsintsi ngo19366Winnie Mandela. nndb.com \u2013 wasishiya ngomhla wesi-2 kuTshazimpuzi ngo2018) Igama lakhe lobuntombi nguWinifred Zanyiwe Nomzamo Madikizela, wazalwa ngomhla wama-26 kweyomSintsi (kuSeptemba) ka1936. Xa sithetha ngale nzwakazi sithetha ngetsha-ntliziyo kwezopolitiko elalibambe izikhundla ezininzi kurhulumente wentando yesininzi. Wayekwakhokhele umbutho wamanina kaKhongolose. Wayekwalelinye lamalungu aphambili esigqeba sekomiti yeANC. Wasweleka ngomhlla wesi-2 ku-Epreli ka2018 eGoli okanye eRhawutini.\nIqela lokuqala\nEbutsheni bakhe\nuMam\u2019uWinnie wazalelwa eMbizana, kwilali yesa Mbongweni eMpuma Koloni ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesi thandathu(26) kweyoMsintsi ngonyaka we-1936. Umama uWinnie wazalwa ngutata uColumbus Kokani nomama uGetrude Nomathamsanqa Madikizela ababe ngabafundisi-ntsapho. Ebutsheni bakhe waye wafudukela eRhawutini nalapho wabangunontlalo-ntle wezempilo ontsundu wokuqala kwisibhedlele saseSoweto iChris Hani Baragwanath esasisaziwa njenge Baragwanath ngoko. Uphando kwizinga lokubhubha kweentsana kwilokisi yase Alexandra eRhawutini kwakunye namanye amava engcinezelo eMzantsi Afrika athi amtsalela ukuba abe litsha-ntliziyo.\nIngcinezelo\nuMam\u2019uWinnie umele isizukulwana seenkokheli zeli loMzantsi-Afrika kunye nabantu basetyhini abantsundu abebejongene nenkohlakalo yombuso wengcinezelo ngenxa yezenzo zabo zopolitiko . Wanyamezela ukuxhatshazwa ezandleni zamapolisa okhuseleko engcinezelo ngexa ejongene nokungcungcutheka ngethuba esentolongweni. Noxa wayenyamezele iintlungu ezingenako ukulityalwa, akazange azivumele ukuba zimohlukanisa nobutsha-ntliziyo kunye nobuntu bakhe. \nKude kwasekupheleni, uMam\u2019uWinnie ephakamisa ilizwi lakhe ekuxhaseni utshintsho olubalulekileyo kuluntu lwase Mzantsi Afrika. Wayebanga umthetho wentlalo, waphela emela iminqweno namaphupha abo bahluphekayo nabasweleyo belizwe lethu.\nIqela lesibini\nEbutsheni bakhe\nUmama uWinnie wazalwa ngutata uColumbus Kokani nomama uGetrude Nomathamsanqa Madikizela ababe ngabafundisi-ntsapho. Ebutsheni bakhe waye wafudukela eRhawutini nalapho wabangunontlalo-ntle wezempilo ontsundu wokuqala kwisibhedlele saseSoweto iChris Hani Baragwanath esasisaziwa njenge Baragwanath ngoko. Uphando kwizinga lokubhubha kweentsana kwilokisi yase Alexandra eRhawutini kwakunye namanye amava engcinezelo eMzantsi Afrika athi amtsalela ukuba abe litsha-ntliziyo.\nNgomhla we-14 kwinyanga yeSilimela ngonyaka we-1958 wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato notata uNelson Rholihlahla Mandela, baza balizwa ngeentombi ezimbini, uZenani noZindziswa. Ukuxhatshazwa kwabo ngamapolisa, iintlanganiso zombutho we ANC, izenzo zoqhankqalazo kwakunye namatyala omthetho yaba zizinto ezathi zaphembelela iingxaki kubomi babo bokuqala emtshatweni.\nIngcinezelo\nKwinyanga yeDwarha kunyaka we-1958, umama uWinnie wathabatha inxaxheba kumngcelele wabantu basetyhini olwaluququzelelwe ngumama uLillian Ngoyi, umama uAlbertina Sisulu kwakunye nabanye. Ngexesha lomngcelele amapolisa aye abamba abantu basetyhini abangaphezulu kwe Waka. Umama uWinnie nabanye bachitha iiveki ezimbini entolongweni nje ngophawu lokuqhubekeka nomngcelele. Yaba sesi siganeko esakhokelelwa ekubeni umama uWinnie abe yinkokheli ephume izandla kwezopolitiko. \nIqela lesithathu\nIxesha lengcinezelo\nEbedlala indima yobukhokheli kuphulo lwe \u2018We stand by our leaders\u2019 exhasa amabanjwa onyaka we-1956 ukuya kunyaka we-1991. Phakathi kwamathenjwa akhe kwakukho umama uNgoyi ehamba nomama uHelen Joseph ingabo bobabini abantu basetyhini ababebekwe ityala.\nUkusukela ngo-1961 ebexhomekeke kwinqubo zemiyalelo ezisemthethweni eziphantse azaphazanyiswa, eziye zamvalela isakhono sakhe sokusebenza nokunxibelelana. Ngo-1962 uye walahlekelwa ngumnyeni wakhe owayevalelwe ixesha elide entilongweni waze wadibana naye ngo-1990.\nUmama uWinnie wayesoloko exhatshazwa, engcungcuthekiswa. Kwaye abantwana bakhe babengamaxhoba ngo-1962. Wayengavumelekanga phantsi kwe-Suppression of Communission Act, ngexesha wayevalelekile e-Orlando, eSoweto.\nIqela lesine\nLe nto yathintela iintshukumo zakhe kwisithili soomantyi sase-Johannesburg, amvalela ekungeneni kwiingcango zemfundo kwakunye nasekuthabatheni inkxaxheba athethe nakweyiphi na intlanganiso akanye imihlangano enabantu abangaphezulu kwesibini. Wasebenzela i-ANC emfihlakalweni ehamba iintlanganiso washicilela ehambisa amaphetshana phantsi kovalelo lwasendlini ngonyaka we-1970. Ngenxa yokuphinda-phinda ukuphikisana nemithetho awayeyinikiwe, ngonyaka we-1965 wabaqatha umthetho omthintela ukuba ahambe aphume e-Orlando West. Iziphumo zale mithetho yabakukuphulukana nomsebenzi wakhe nje ngonontlalontle.\nNgobusuku bomhla we-12 kuTshazimpuzi ngonyaka we-1969, uMam\u2019Winnie nosapho lwakhe bavuswa yingxolo eqhelekileyo yokugaleleka kwamapolisa. Amapolisa amohlukanisa nabantwana bakhe phantsi komthetho wonyaka we-1967 wobunqolobi. Waye wohlwaywa ngokubekwa yedwa iintsuku ezingama-491 (ezizinyanga ezili-17) phantsi komgaqo wobunqolobi. Ngo 1963 emva kokuba uNelson Mandela abanjwe emva kwetyala lase Revonia waba bubusa bakhe esidlangalaleni kwiminyaka engama 27 ewayayichithe etolongweni\nIxesha lengcinezelo\nNgethuba umama uWinnie akhululwe ngalo entolongweni, kubekho imithetho engqingqwa eyayirhintyela iintshukumo zakhe. Ngaphandle kwezithintelo zomthetho, ukwazile ukuyombona umyeni wakhe eRobben island ngexesha elingangemizuzu engamashumi amathathu.\nKwinyanga kaCanzibe ngonyaka we-1973, waye wabanjwa wanikwa isigwebo seenyanga ezilishumi elinambini kwintolongo igamalayo liyi Kroonstad Women\u2019s Prison. Uye wakhululwa emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ngokothusayo imithetho yorhintyelo ngakuye zange ihlaziywe.\nUmama uWinnie uye wasebenzisana noGqirha Nthato Motlana ukusuka iSoweto Parents Association ngonyaka we-1976 kwinyanga kaCanzibe. Babexakekile lulutsha kunye nabazali ababebanjiwe, nabalimeleyo kuqhankqalazo kunye nababuleweyo kwinyanga yeSilimela kunyaka we-1976.\nEmveni kokulandelela uqhankqalazo lwabafundi eSoweto, waye wabaselugcinweni ngaphandle kokubekwa ityala kangangeenyanga ezintlanu, kwaze kweyoMqungu ngonyaka we-1977 wanikwa imithetho emitsha emnyanzelisayo ukuba aye elubhacweni eBredfort kwiphondo lase FreyistatataWayekhokhela umbutho wamanina ka khongolose.\nInguqulelo kwiDemokhrasi\nNgazo zonke iindlela, ukunqunyaniselwa kukamama uWinnie eBrandfort kwabuyelisa umva abacinezeli. Ngethuba wayeseBrandfort wamisela iiprojecti eziliqela kuquka iiprojecti zolimo, ezempilo, ezothungo lwempahla, ezogcino lwabantwana, iprojecti yokuphekela abantu abangathathi ntweni, wavula nekhaya lokugcina abantwana abangenabazali nabantwana abophula imithetho. \nUmama uWinnie akazange awuthobele umthetho owayewumiselwe, waze wabuyela eSoweto kwiminyaka yama-1980 wadlala indima enkulu kakhulu kumzabalazo ochasa ingcinezelo. Iminyaka yama-1980 yaphawulwa ngumzabalazo woluntu nayimfumba yabantu abathatha inxaxheba kulo mzabalazo kuMzantsi Afrika jikelele, ikhokhelwa ngumama uWinnie ubuqu, eSoweto.\nuRhulumente wengcinezelo wabuyisela ngobundlobongela obumandla kuba waye wafaka amajoni kwiilokishi wabhengeza izimo zokungxamisiseka ezimbini.\nUkuzimisela kukamama uWinne kumzabalazo woluntu ingakumbi owabasetyhini, kwamkhokhela ekubeni onyulwe ngonyaka we-1993 abengumongameli wombutho wamanina we-ANC kwaye emva koko waphinda wonyulwa kwakhona leliqela ngonyaka we-1997 waliphatha de kwafika unyaka wama-2003.\nAmawonga neembasa\nEmveni konyaka we-1994, wachongwa nje ngosekela Mphathiswa wobugcisa, inkcubeko, nzululwazi nobuchwepheshe.\nKunyaka we-1984, washicelela incwadi ethi-Part Of My Soul waphinda ngonyaka wama-2013 washicelela incwadi ethi-491: Prisoner Number 1323/69 eyayibhekiswe kumzukulwana wakhe ongasekhoyo uZenani. Isekelwe kwi-jenali awayibhala ngemfihlo ngexesha lakhe eseluvalelweni. Kule ncwadi, uthetha ngentlungu ngokuhlukaniswa nabantwana bakhe nange ndlela eyambumba ngayo wabanguye.\nUmama u-Winnie wayelibhinqa lase-Afrika elizingcayo elazondelela ekulweni ukungabikho kobulungisa kwilizwe lakhe. Wayesazi ukuba yayingumsebenzi ongenambulelo kwaye zange anyamezele ubunzima ngeenjongo zokuzuza uzuko, koko wayefuna inkululeko yabantu bakhe. Wazimelisa uninzi lolutsha lamatsha-ntliziyo elalizibandekanye nenkululeko nobulungisa eluntwini. Ngale ndima wawongwa njengoMongameli obekekileyo wanaphakade we-Congress Of South African Students.\nUmama u-Winnie ushiya ngasemva: IiNkosazana ezibekekileyo uZenani Dlamini noZindziswa Mandela; abazukulwana bakhe: uZaziwe, uZamaswazi, uZinhle, uZoleka, uZondwa, uBambatha, uZozuko and uZwelabo: isizukulwane sakhe: uZiyanda, uZiphokazi, uZwelami, uZamakhosi, uZazi, uZiwelane, uZenkosi, uZanyiwe, uZinokuhle, uZiyalo noZenzelwe. Wayesebenza njengelunga le Palamente ukusukela ngonyaka ka 1994 ukuya ku 2003.\nImithombo\nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'U-Winnie Madikizela Mandela' from xh to English:\n-Winnie Madikizela - Mandela ( Also known as Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela ; born on the 26th of September 1936 Winnie Mandela .\n nndb.com \u2013 she left us on the 2nd of April 2018 ) Her maiden name is Winifred Zanyiwe Nomzamo Madikizela , she was born on the 26th of Sintsi ( September ) 1936 .\n When we talk about this beauty , we are talking about a political activist who held many positions in the democratic government .\n He had also paid for the Congress women 's movement .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "U-Winnie Madikizela Mandela", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "In his work , John Stuart Mill , a liberal , was the first to distinguish between freedom as an act and freedom from the outside ( being forced to do something ) .\n Mill knew what is \" the nature and conditions of power that can be seen as lawfully used by all the people of the community \" until then , he describes an inherent and continuous antagonism between liberty and authority and thus , the", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUkukhululeka\n150pxIMAGE: |Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo obonisa ukukhululeka ngumfanekiso owaziwa kakhulu ngokubonisa ukukhululeka.\nukukhululeka kuthetha imeko apho umntu ngamnye akwaziyo ukwenza ngendlela abona ngayo kungenjalo, abe uyakwazi ukuphuhlisa isakhono sakhe, kuloo nto kuthethwa ngayo ngelo xesha umzekelo kwikhululeko yezopolitiko. ligama elintsingiselo yalo imbaxa. \nUkukhululeka yintetho esetyenziswa nelamkelwa njengegama elithehta inkululeko kuphela, ngokwale nkululeko umntu uxhamla inkululeko ngokuthi aphume kwintlalo yokucinezelwa ngenkani, le nkululeko ihamba ngokweembono zomntu olwela inkululeko ngokwasekuhlaleni, kanti ke kwelinye icala, ibeka umnwe kwizinto eziyimfuneko ngokwasekuhlaleni nangokwezoqoqosho kwanokuphathwa kwabantu ngokufanayo, njengasemandleni olawulo nakwizixhobo zokunceda abantu bakwazi ukuphumeza ezi njongo. Kananjalo, itsha-ntliziyo elilwela inkululeko ngokwasekuhlaleni liqhoboshela ukukhululeka (okokutsho, inkululeko) ekwabelaneni ngokulinganayo ngefuthe lamandlaezopolitiko oko kutsho, ngolawulo lwesininzi) xa sithetha ngokukhululeka okwakhayo. Eyona nto bayithethayo bathi inkululeko kungekho ngalingana ithetha ukongamela kwalowo unamandla kunabanye. Ngoko ke, inkululeko kunye nentando yesininzi zibonwa njengabaphikisani abathi bazalane kodwa ekugqibeleni. Rawls, John (1996). Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press. Rawls, John (1999). Law of Peoples, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Rawls, John (1999). A Theory of Justice, revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Rawls, John (2001). Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, Erin Kelly, ed. New York: Columbia University Press.\nEmsebenzini wakhe, UJohn Stuart Mill, ongokukhululeka, waba ngowokuqala ukuwubona umahluko phakathi kokukhululeka njengesenzo nokukhululeka ngaphandle (kokunyanzelwa ukuba wenze into). UMill wakwazi noku okokuba iyintoni na \"indalo kunye nemiqathango yamandla engabonwa njengenokusetyenziswa ngokusenthethweni kubo bonke abantu basekuhlaleni\" ade ke ngoko, achaze he describes an inherent and continuous antagonism between liberty and authority and thus, the prevailing question becomes \"how to make the fitting adjustment between individual independence and social control\"Mill, J. S. (1869)., \"Chapter I: Introductory\", On Liberty. Types of freedom \nSome of the main types of human freedom are: freedom to life, freedom of association, freedom of belief, freedom of speech, freedom to express oneself, freedom of the press, freedom to choose one's state in life. However, the civil constitutions of each country have different definitions of the freedoms allowed to the citizens. It has been argued that any law limits freedom, since it sets limits on what people may do.\nOther pages\n Human rights\n Justice\n Constitutional economics\nReferences\ncategory: Human issues\ncategory: Philosophy\nCategory: Freedom\nCategory: Politics\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Ukukhululeka' from xh to English:\nIn his work , John Stuart Mill , a liberal , was the first to distinguish between freedom as an act and freedom from the outside ( being forced to do something ) .\n Mill knew what is \" the nature and conditions of power that can be seen as lawfully used by all the people of the community \" until then , he describes an inherent and continuous antagonism between liberty and authority and thus , the prevailing question becomes \" how to make the fitting adjustment between individual independence and social control \" Mill , J. S. ( 1869 ) . , \" Chapter I : Introductory \" , On Liberty .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ukukhululeka", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Africa ( over 99 % ) speaks one of these languages as their first language .\n Most South Africans can speak two or more languages . Before 1994 , South Africa had only two official languages , English and Afrikaans . The Zulu language is called isiZulu , the Xhosa language is called isiXhosa , and so on .\n The languages listed in the Basic Code are : Zulu ( Zulu ) , Xhosa ( Xhosa ) , Afrikaans", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIilwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika\nIMAGE: |Ezona lwiimi zisetyenziswayo eMzantsi Afrika. Le mephu ibonisa illwimi ezithethwa ngabemi beli ngokwahlukana kweengingqi zaseMzantsi Afrika. \nUMzantsi Afrika uneelwimi zaseburhulumenteni ezilishumi elinanye. Zezi: isiBhulu, isiNgesi, isiNdebele, isiSuthu saseNtshona, isiSuthu, isiSwazi, isiTswana, isiTsonga, isiVenda, isiXhosa kunye nesiZulu. Uninzi lwamemi baseMzantsi Afrika (olungaphaya kwama99%) luthetha enye yezi lwimi njengolwimi lwabo lokuqala. Uninzi lwabemi boMzantsi Afrika luyakwazi ukuthetha iilwimi ezimbini nangaphezulu. phambi komnyaka ka-1994, uMzantsi afrika wawuneelwimi zaseburhulumenteni ezimbini kuphela, kusisiNgesi nesiBhulu.\nKwinguquleleo yolwimi lwesiNgesi yoMgaqo siseko waseMzantsi Afrika, zibizwa ngamagama esiNtu nekungamagama abizwa ngeelwimi zawo. Ulwimi lwesiZulu kuthiwa isiZulu, ulwimi lwesiXhosa kuthiwa isiXhosa, njalo njalo. Iilwimi ezidweliswe kumGaqo siseko nazi: isiZulu (Zulu), isiXhosa (Xhosa), isiBhulu(Afrikaans), isiSepedi (Northern Sotho), isiTswana (sseTswana), isiNgesi(siNgesi), isiSuthu (isisuthu saseMzantsi), Xitsonga (Tsonga), isiSiswati (isiSwati), Tshivenda (isiVenda), kunye nesiNdebele (Southern Ndebele).\nEMzantsi Afriks, isiNdebele sazeMazantzi saziwa kuphela ngengesiNdebele, kuba kaloku uninzi lwamaNdebele aseNtshona luseZimbabwe. Kwinguqulelo yomGaqo siseko ka-1993 xa kuthethwa ngeNorthern Sotho kuthiwa Sesotho sa Leboa, kodwa eka-1996 inguqulelo kuthiwa sisiSepedi. Amasebe ngamasebe karhulumente kunye nemibutho yaseburhulumenteni isebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo xa ebhekisa kwisiSuthu saseMntla]]. \nOlona lwimi lusetyenziswa ngurhulumente sisiNgesi. Zombini isiBhulu nesiNgesi zibaluleke kakhulu kushishino. Uninzi lwezinhanha (izityebi) zeli loMzantsi Afrika zithetha isiBhulu nesiNgesi. \nEzimbini kwiilwimi zaseburhulumenteni zezaseNtshona naseJamani(isiNgesi nesiBhulu). Ezinye iilwimi eziluthoba zezesiNtu. ezine zeelwimi zesiNtu ziyinxalenye yeosapho lweelwimi zesiNguni (isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiSwati, isiNdebele). Ezintathu kwiilwimi zesiNtu lulwimi lwesiSuthu-nesiTswana (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, nesiTswana). isiTsonga lulwimi lweTswa-Ronga. Kananjalo uMzantsi Afrika unolwimi lwezandla kuzwelonke. ulwimi lwezandla lwaseMzantsi Afrika.\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Iilwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika' from xh to English:\nAfrica ( over 99 % ) speaks one of these languages as their first language .\n Most South Africans can speak two or more languages . Before 1994 , South Africa had only two official languages , English and Afrikaans . The Zulu language is called isiZulu , the Xhosa language is called isiXhosa , and so on .\n The languages listed in the Basic Code are : Zulu ( Zulu ) , Xhosa ( Xhosa ) , Afrikaans ( Afrikaans ) , Sepedi ( Northern Sotho ) , Tswana ( sseTswana ) , English ( English ) , Sotho ( Southern Sotho ) , Xitsonga ( Tsonga ) , Siswati ( Swati ) , Tshivenda ( Venda ) , and Ndebele ( Southern Ndebele ) . In South Africa , the Ndebele of Mazantzi are known only as Ndebele , because most of the Ndebele in the West are from Zimbabwe . Both Afrikaans and English are very important in business .\n Most of the rich people in South Africa speak Afrikaans and English .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Iilwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The city is located on the coast of the Indian Ocean , mostly between the Buffalo River and the Nxarhun River , which is the center of the country 's rivers .\n Currently this Eastern city has a population of over 267,000 in the metropolitan area . Africa , we are located at 32.97 \u00b0 S and 27.87 \u00b0 E in the city of Buffalo in the city of Buffalo Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province .\n The cit", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'EMonti' from xh to English:\nThe city is located on the coast of the Indian Ocean , mostly between the Buffalo River and the Nxarhun River , which is the center of the country 's rivers .\n Currently this Eastern city has a population of over 267,000 in the metropolitan area . Africa , we are located at 32.97 \u00b0 S and 27.87 \u00b0 E in the city of Buffalo in the city of Buffalo Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province .\n The city is located on the coast of the Indian Ocean , mostly between the Buffalo River and the Nxarhun River , which is the center of the country 's rivers .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nEMonti\neMonti (isiNgesi: East London, ngesiBhulu: Oos-Londen), esi sisixeko esizinze phaya kunxweme lwakummzantsi-mpuma waseMzantsi Afrika, simi kuma-32.97\u00b0S nakuma-27.87\u00b0E kwisixeko iBuffalo kwisixeko sikaMasipala waseBuffalo kwiPhondo laseMpuma Koloni. Isixeko sizinze phaya ngakunxweme lolwandle lwaseIndiya, ubukhulu becacala siphakathi komlambo iBuffalo nakumlambo iNxarhun, kwangu nguwo owamkela iziko lemilambo kweli lizwe. Sithetha nje esi sixeko saseMonti sinoluntu olungaphaya kwama-267,000 kummamndla osisixekokazi.\n Imbali \nIMAGE: 250px|\nuLieutenant John Bailie womkhosi waselwandle, omnye wabaphangi-mhlaba weminyaka yoo-1820, wahlola umlomo womlambo iBuffalo waza wafumana idolophu ngo-1836, isikhumbuzo seNduli esisisiBonakaliso sokukhumbula nokunika imbeko kwesi siganeko. The Story of the British Settlers of 1820 in South Africa - H. E. Hockly (Juta & Co., 1948)\nIsixeko sakhiwa ngakumlambo eMzantsi Afrika kwaye sasisaya kwaziwa ngokokuba yiPort Rex. Oku kuzinza kunxweme lwaseNtshona kwaba yinkaba yeMonti, eyathi yakhuliswa de yaba kwizinga lesixeko ngokupheleleyo ngo-1914. \nNgeminyaka yokuqala kwiNkulungwane ye-19th iimfazwe ezazibanjwe phakathi kwabavukeli baseBritane kunye nabahlali bakule ngingqi ababengamaXhosa, isixeko saseMonti sasisebenza njengovimba oxhobisa imikhosi amakomkhulu emikhosi eyayikufuphi ne Qonce, eyayikude kangangamashumi amathathu eemayile. Isakhiwo somkhosi waseBritane, i-Fort Glamorgan, sakhiwa ekuNxweme lwaseMntla ngo-1847, saza sanikezelwa kiKoloni yaseKapa kwakuloo mnyaka mnye. Esi sakhiwo sesinye semingcelele yezakhiwo ezi lolu hlobo ezathi zakhiwa yiBritane, eziquka iFort Murray, iFort White, iFort Cox, iFort Hare kunye neFort Beaufort, kwingingqi eyayizinze umkhosi neyathi yabizwa ngokuba yiBritish Kaffraria.\nKwathi ngokuya kusakhiwa iziko elukunxweme bafika abavukeli beenzalelwane zale ngingqi, sele bequka nabavukeli baseJamani, uninzi lwabo ingamasoka. ngabo kaloku abafika bafaka amagama esiJamani kwinxalenye yeedolophu kule ngingqi yaseMonti amagama afana neCumakala kunye neBerlin. Unanamhla oku, iifani zamaJamani ezifana noo- Gehring, Salzwedel kunye noo-Peinke zisaxhaphakile eMonti, kodwa zona iinzalelwane zabavukeli zakhawuleza zatshintsha zaphila ubuNgesi. \nIndawo eyakhelwa umkhosi ngakunxweme ekhoyo kungoku nje, kanye kumlomo womlambo iBuffalo, othungela kulwandle lwaseIndiya, yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1870. Ngo-1872, ikoloni yaseKapa, phantsi kweNkulumbusoyokuqala uJohn Molteno, wathi wawongwa ngesidanga sokuzimela geqe yiBritani. Lo rhulumente mtsha wathi wamanya indawo ezintathu zaseMonti ezazingabamelwane, iMonti, impuma yeMonti kunye nePanmure ngo-1873, zatsho zenza lo Masipala simbonayo ngoku, kwaye ngo-1876 yaqala yaba sisakhiwo kwingingqi yeendlela zikaloliwe, yaqala kunxweme lomlambo. Ngaxesha nye, yaqala yakha isakhiwo sesitishi seenqanawa nezikhephe. Esi sakhiwo sitsha saxesha ukwanda kwesi sixeko, satsho ngesixeko saseMonti, isixeko sanamhlanje esimbeje-mbeje nesiqaqambileyo. Burman, Jose (1984). Early Railways at the Cape. Cape Town. Human & Rousseau, p.81. ISBN 0-7981-1760-5Bond J.: They were South Africans. London: Oxford University Press. 1956. Chapter 19, The Makers of Railways: John Molteno. p.170.\nIbhlorho elihlobo olulodwa ezibhlorho ezimbini ezibelekeneyo phezu komlambo iBuffalo yaaqgitywa ukwakhiwa ngo-1935 kwaye unanamhla oku, ikukuphela kwebhlorho elolu hlobo kuMzantsi afrika uphela. Ezona ndawo zimtsalane ngempucuko zibandakanya i ziko lemiboniso yezilwanyana nezinto zemveli eMonti ekulikhaya leecoelacanth, intlanzi yembali zamandulo, ekucingwa ukuba azisekho, zifumaneka ngqo eChalumna Mouth kufuphi naseMonti zifunyanwa ngabalobi ngo-1938, kunye nenqwaba yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo nekuyeyesikhumbuzo. Esi sixeko saziwa njengendawo yokuloba, kunjalo nje iindawo zokonwaba nekudadwa kuzo ziyinxalenye yeendawo ezakhe zantle apha kweli lizwe. \n UbuRhulumente nezoPolitiko \nNgo-1961, imimandla exhake iMonti yaamiselwa njengamaphandle abantu abamnyama kwabaseCiskei ngaseNtshona kwaza kwas eTranskei ngaseMpuma. Yazibona iMonti sele irhangqiwe macala onke ngaphandle kwaseMantla yaza yenza loo nto ukuba ingabinakuzinza ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lengcinezelo. Umhleli wephepha-ndaba laloo ngingqi, iDaily Dispatch, yayinguDonald Woods, owaphalaza imbali yokugetyengwa kukaSteve Biko, itshantlizyo lenkokheli yomanyano lwamaAfrika nombhali wencwadi esihloko sayo sithi I Write What I Like, egetyengwa ekwizandla zamapolisa okhuselo lwaseMzantsi Afrika eBhayi, kweyomMsintsi ngo-1977. Ibali likaDonald Woods lashicilelwa kumboniso bhanya-bhanya weHollywood othi Cry Freedom. Sithetha nje nanko umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaBiko uthe ngcu unomtsalane ngaphandle kweholokazi lesixeko saseMonti. \nIxesha lokukwaywa koMzantsi Afrika lihlabathi olwathi lwalandela ngeminyaka yoo-1980s lwalwenzakalisa uqoqosho lwesitishi seenqanawa saseMonti. Uqoqosho olumandla lwakutsha nje kuleminyaka imbalwa igqithileyo, lusenziwa ngamaqumrhu afana noo-Daimler Chrysler, yaza loo nto yangunozala wokuphuhliswa nokukhuliswa nokuphuculwa kwesi sitishi seenqanawa kuquka nesemoto entsha. \nNgo-2000, iMonti yaba yinxalenye yeBuffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, umdibaniso wedolophu yaseQonce, iBhisho kunye noMdantsane kwaye inesihlalo kwi-Metro.\n Uqoqosho \nIMAGE: Isikhululo seenqwelo-ntaka zaseMonti\niMonti iliziko loshishino lwesibini ukubalikhulu kweli Phondo. Ushishino lweemoto lungoyena mqeshi ukhonyayo. esona sityalo seDaimler sithe ngcu ecaleni kwesitishi seenqanawa, apho kwenziwa khona iMercedes-Benz nezinye iinqwelo-mafutha ezenzelwa ukuthengiswa kwalapha ekuhlaleni, nokuthunyelwa eMelika naseiBrazil. Aanye amashishini aquka impahla yokunxiba, iindwangu, amachiza, nokwenziwa kokutya. \nUkususela kwiminyaka yoo-1960 kude kuye kutsho kwiminyaka yoo-1990s, urhulumente weingcinezelo nocalu-calulo waloba ngokuveza irhafu ehamba nomvuzo ngeenjongo zokutsala oosomashishini kwinto eyayibizwa ngokuba ngoko ng[['amazwe abantu abamnyama abazimeleyo', kuquka elikufutshane iCiskei. Lwatsho lwavela macala uqoqosho kumazwe aye engomakhelwane afana neFort Jackson kunye naseDimbaza, lushiya iMonti iyodwa ngokufanelekileyo. Imisebenzi yombutho olwel yangelo xesha ayizange ibenakho ukwenza nto malunga nenkqubela ekwenzeni ubuhlobo obububo kwezemesebenzi. Ukwakhiwa kwesiseko kwezothutho kwaya kusiba kubi ngakumbi zaza neenzame eziyimisebenzi yawa phantis. \nUkukhuthaza ukonga eMonti, indawo yokuphuhlisa ushishino eMonti East London Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) yathi yafunyanwa eWest Bank ngo-2004, kufutshane nedolophu nesikhululo seenqwelo-moya. umhlaba ongangama-1500ha waveliswa, kwaye isiza sesinye samaziko ophuhliso amane emzantsi afrika. \nEzothutho eMonti zixhumana nazo zonke ezinye iindawo eMzantsi afrika. Umgaqo okumphakamo iN2 uxhumana neendlela ezinqumla kwesi sixeko zisiya ekapa neziya eThekwini, ube okumphakamo weN6 udibana neMonti ngendlela eya kwisixeko saseBloemfontein. Isikhululo seenqwelo-moya saseMonti, esili-10\u00a0leekhilomitha ukusuka phakathi naphakathi kwisixeko saseMonti, luneenqwelo-moya ezihamba mihla le zisiya kuzo zonke izixeko zaseMzantsi Afrika.\n Ezemidlalo\niQakambha ngumdlalo othandwa kakhulu apha eMonti. Icala leQakambha elingumdibaniso webhoda/neQakambha yephondo leMpuma Koloni laziwa ngokuba yiWarriors lilo elithabatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano lwephondo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu. Owayesakuba yi-Proteas wicketkeeper uMark Boucher nekungoku nje ubambe iingxelo zovavanyo kumatyeli amaninzi ngokuchithwa yi-wicketkeeper ngokwesiphakamiso saseMonti. KwiStadium saseesikwipaki yase-Buffalo eMonti saasingatha umdlalo ngokhuphiswano lweICC indebe yeQakambha kwihlabathi ngo-2003 nakwimidlalo emibini ka2009 ye-League i-Indian Premier League.\nEminye imidlalo ebanjwayo apha iquka amanqindi, imountain biking, iskydiving, aeyeembaleki, umdyarho wamahashe nemmidlalo emininzi yamanzi efana nesurfing, ukuqubha, iscuba diving, ukuloba, ukudada ngesikhephe, kunye newindsurfing.\nUtyelelo \nIMAGE: Ulwandle lwaseMonti\nIindawo zokutyelela ziquka:\niYellowsands, iGlen Eden, iGqunube, iQueensbury Bay, iCintsa eNtshona naseMpuma Cintsa.\n Iindawo ezinomtsalane \nUmzi wezilwanyana eMonti\nUmzi waseMonti onezinto zembali nezinto ezonwabisayo \nInkwenkwezi Private Game Reserve\nuMpongo Private Game Reserve\niYellow Sands Caravan Park\n Iziphaluka nemozulu \niMonti linemozulu eshushu (K\u00f6ppen Cfa/Cfb), iqondo layo lifudumele njengakunxweme lwaseMonti. Nangona kungekho xesha lanyaka lunembalela apha, kubakho ukoma ebusika, kutsho kubekho intwasahlobo ne.....\nImithombo\nCategory: Izixeko zasemZantsi Afrika", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "EMonti", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The roots of the tree stay underground .\n Another difference where this does not happen is in the roots of the mangrove tree . The shape of trees has changed differently in unrelated plant species , in response to similar ( tree ) problems . With approximately 100,000 species of trees , the number of tree species worldwide is one fourth of all plant species . Records Largest individual trees Th", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: |Imithi ejikeleze i-lake.\nIMAGE: ukungcangcazela kwe-Aspen ngemibala yayo yasentwasa-ntloboIMAGE: |Strangler fig umthi eCosta Rica. Ekuhlaleni waziwa ngokuba Guanacaste.\nUmthi sisityalo esikhula sibe sinesiqu kunye namasebe aso zonke zenziwe ngokhuni. Ungaphila iminyaka emininzi. Mane amalungu omthi nanga: ziingcambu, ypali, ngamasebe, kunye namagqabi. \nIingcambu zomthi zihlala phantsi komhlaba. Mnye umahluko apho kungenzeki kanjalo kukwiingcambu zomthi imangrove. Umthi omnye uneengcambu ezininzi. Iingcambu zothwala ukutya kunye namanzi emhlabeni usebenzisa umzimba namasebe awo, aze athumele emagqabini omthi. Iyakwazi nokuphefumla umoya. Ngamanye amaxesha, owona msebenzi weengcambu ukwiingcambu zeaerial root, osenokunika inkxaso, njengoko kunjalo kumthi weiBhanyan. \nUmzimba sesona siqu sikhulu somthi. Umzimba wogqunywe ngexolo elirhabaxa elilukhuni elikhusela eluwukhuselayo ukuba ungonakali. Amasebe amila apha esiqwini somthi. Anabela ngaphandle emacaleni ukuze amagqabi afumane imitha yelanga. \nAmagqabi omthi aluhlaza ngombala amaxesha amaninzi, kodwa ingabonakala ngemibala emininzi, indlela emile ngayo, kunye nobukhulu bemilinganiselo yayo. Amagqabi akhongozela imitha yelanga aze asebenzise amanzi kunye nokutya okuze kuhamba ngeengcambu nto leyo ekhulisa umthi, utsho ukwazi nokuqhama. \nImithi kunye nenkanga zifunxa amanzi kunye necarbon dioxide zize sikhuphe ioxygen enokukhanya kwelanga ukuze kwenzeke iswekile. kuyaphikisana ke noko kwenzeka kwizilwanyana xa ziphefumla. Izityalo nazo ziyaphefumla zisebenzisa i- oxygen kanye njengezilwanyana. Ziphila nge-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide. \n Amalungu emithi \nIMAGE: |uHlobo lomthi iBeech amagqabi.\nIMAGE: Umthi iingcambu zinika ukumila komthi zizisa namanzi kunye neetyuwa. Umhlaba ukhukhulisekile apha ezingcanjini zomthi we\"pine\" omncinane.\nIMAGE: |izangqa zokukhula komthi|imigca emdaka phakathi kombindi womthi kunye nexolo iimedullary rays, zizo ezivumela iityuwa zomhlaba ukuba zihambe ngokukhululekileyo zisihla zinyuka kwesi siqu somthi. \nAmalungu omthi ziingcambu, iziqu, amasebe, izikhondo somthi kunye namagqabi. Iziqu zemithi zenziwe kuphela ngeezakhi ezithwala izakha mzimba (ixylem ne iphloem). Ukhuni lwenziwe ngee\"cells\" zexylem, nange-bark eyenziwe nge-phloem nezinye izakhi ezingaphandle kwe-vascular cambium. \n Ukukhula kwesiqu somthi \nNjengokuba umthi ukhula, ungavelisa izangqa ezibonisa ukukhula njengoko ukhuni olutsha lungqengqe phantsi lujikeleze oludala. lungakhula lude lubeneminyaka eliwaka. kwindawo apho kukho imozulu etshintsha-tshintshayo, ukhuni oluveliswayo ngamaxesha onyaka ahlukileyo izangqa zingamane zisiba bukhanya ziohinde zibemdaka. Apho imozulu ishushu, nakwimozulu ekwiingingqi ezikufuphi neEquator enexesha lonyaka elimanzi-nelomileyo ngokutshintshatshintshana kwazo, izangqa zokukhula komthi zibakho ngonyaka, ipere nganye yezazinge ezibukhanya nezimdaka ngombala ibonakalisa okokuba umthi unonyaka omnye ubudala. Kwiindawo apho kukho amaxesha amabini ngonyaka apho kubamanzi okanye kome, kusenokuba kho iipere ezimbini zezazinge ezibukhanya nezimdaka ngebala ngonyaka; kwaye kwezinye (kwiingignqi ezizinkqantosi yimbalela apho imvula ihlala-ihlale ibekho), kungakho isazinge esitsha sokukhula kwimvula nganye. Mirov, N. T. 1967. The genus Pinus. Ronald Press. \nKwiingingqi ezingqonge i-Equator amahlathi emvula, ezinemozulu esoloko isina unyaka wonke, oku kukhula kwemithi kuba yinto eqhubekayo. Izazinge zomthi asinto esoloko ibonakala kunjalo nje akukho tshintsho apha emthini. Kwntsapho zemithi ezinezazinge qho ngonyaka, ezi zazinge zingabalwa kutsho kufunyanwe ubudala bomthi. Ngale ndlela, iinkuni ezithathwe emithini kwixesha langaphambili ingaziwa ubudala bayo, kuba ubukhulu bezazinge bahluke kakhulu. Le ke kuthiwa yidendrochronology. Imbalwa kakhulu imithi yetropika engabalelwa iminyaka yayo ngokuchanekileyo. \n Iingcambu \nIingcambu zomthi zingaphantsi komhlaba, zinika amalungu omthi angaphandle komhlaba ukomelela, kwaye apha emhlabeni zitsala [[amanzi] kunye neenezakha mzimba ezifunwa ngumthi. Imithi emininzi ifuna uncedo lweenkowane ukuze ikwazi ukuzifunxa kakuhle izakha mzimba ezifunwa ngumthi: le ke kuthiwa yimycorrhiza. Uninzi lweibiomass yomthi luvela kwicarbon dioxide ekuziwe nayo emoyeni (jonga photosynthesis). Ngaphezu komhlaba, isiqu somthi siwunika umphakamo umthi ukuya kumasebe awo ekukhula kuwo amagqabi, ekhuphisana kunye nezinye iintsapho okanye iintlobo ngokufumana iukukhanya kwelanga. Kwimithi emininzi, ukulandelelana kwamasebe kwenza ukuba amagqabi avelele elangeni kangcono. \n Nezinye izinto ezingumahluko \nAkusiyiyo yonke imithi enala malungu omzimba akhankanywe apha ngasentla. Umzekelo, imithi emininzi ye-palm ayinamasebe, isaguaro cactus zaseMantla eMelika azinamagqabi asebenzayo, umthi wee-''fern'' ayivelisi maxolo arhabaxa, njalo njalo. Xa sijonga ukumila nobukhulu bayo, zonke ezi zityalo zithahwa nje ngemithi xa zizonke. Imithi yahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Isityalo esikumila kunje sifana nqwa nomthi, kodwa sibe sona isisityalo esincinane, esineziqu ezininzi kunye/okanye namasebe akhulela kufuphi nomhlaba, kuthiwa lityholo (okanye inkanga). Nangona oku kuyinyaniso, akukho mahluko ucacileyo phakathi kwamatyholo ne,ithi. Sijonge ubuncinane baso esi sityalo, ibonsai izityalo bezingenakuba 'yimithi', kodwa ke masingabhidanisi indlela ezimile ngayo izinto kunye nobukhulu bazo. Imbewu ye-spruce alingeni ncam kwindlela ochazwa ngayo umthi, kodwa zonke ii-spruces ziyimithi.\n Ukwahlulwa kwayo \nIMAGE: |A umthi iSweet Chestnut eTicino, eSwitzerland\nUmthi luhlobo lwesityalo esingafunyanwa simi ngeendlela ezininzi kunye nosapho lwezityalo. Imithi ibonisa iindlela ezininzi ekhula ngayo, ukumila nohlobo lwegqabi, bark traits and organs.\nIndlela emile ngayo imithi itshintshe ngokwahlukeneyo kwintlobo zezityalo ezingazalaniyo, kwimpendulo ebhekisa kwiingxaki ezikwanjalo (ezomthi). malunga nama-100,000 eentlobo zemithi, inani leentlobo zemithi emhlabeni wonke jikelele linga linye lelesine kuzo zonke iintlobo zezityalo. Uninzi lwemithi lukhula kwiindawo zetropika kwihlabathi kwaye uninzi lwesi ndawo belungekade luhlolwe ziingcali zezityalo (zaafunda izityalo), besenza umahluko phakathi kweentlobo zezityalo kodwa ukwahlukana kwazo bekungekaqondqa kakuhle. Friis, Ib, and Henrik Balslev. 2005. Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional, and global dimensions : proceedings of an international symposium held at the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen, Denmark, 25\u201328 May 2003. Biologiske skrifter, 55. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. pp 57-59.\nEyona mithi yokuqala imithi yefen, umsila wamahashe kunye nelycophytes, ekhula emahlathini ngexesha le-Carboniferous; iifeni ezintathu zisekho, kodwa imithi yemisila yehashe kunye nowelycophytes yiyo kuphela esekhona nayo akasuki kuluhlu lwemithi yefeni. Emva koko, kwixesha leTriassic, iconifers, iginkgos, icycads kunye nezinye iigymnosperm ezibonakala zinwenwa, kunjalo nje zilandela izityalo eziziintyatyambo kwixesha leCretaceous. uninzi lwemithi namhlanje luzizityalo ezineetyatyambo (iiAngiosperms) kunye neconifers.\nIgcuntswana lemithi ekhula kunye kuthiwa yigrove okanye icopse, kwaye nomhlaba owogqunywe ngemithi eminyeneyo ekuthiwa ihlathi. \n Records \n Eyona mithi mikhulu ngesiqu \nEyona mithi mikhulu ngesiqu yiAfrican Baobab: iGlencoe Baobab (umlinganiselo wayo ukufuphi nomhlaba), kwiPhondo laseLimpopo, eMzantsi Afrika. Lo mthi wahlukana kubini ngeyeNkanga ngo-2009 ngoku eyona baobab inkulu kungayiSunland Baobab (eMzantsi Afrika) ngobukhulu bayo obungama-10.64 m kunye nomlinganiselo ongama-33.4 m.\nEminye imithi ihluma iziqu ezininzi umnye (nokuba zisuka kumthi omnye okanye kwimithi emininzi) ekhula kunye. Umthi iSacred Fig ngumzekelo ocacileyo wemithi enje, kongezeleleka 'iziqu' ngokuthi kumile iingcambu ezixananazileyo zisuka phantsi kwamanye amasebe, wona athi atyebe abe makhulu xa iingcambu sezide zafikelela emhlabeni ukuze zenze ezinye iziqu zomthi ezintsha; umthi weSacred Fig unganeziqu ezingamakhulu-khulu.\n Ubudala bemithi \nUbomi bomthi buqinisekiswa zizazinge ezibonakalisa ukukhula kwawo. Oku kungabonakala xa umthi ugawuliwe okanye kummongo othathwe ukusuka ekupheleni komthi ukuya esizikithini sawo. Uqikelelo olululo lungakho kuphela kwimithi ekwenze kuyo izazinge zokhulula kwawo, singathi nje ezo zenzeka ngokwemo yezulu ngokwamaxesha onyaka. Imithi esoloko ikhula kwimozulu engatshintshiyo efana neyaseTropika isoloko ikhula kwaye ayinazazinge zibonakalayo zokukhula. Kungenzeka kuphela kwimithi eqinileyo kwisizikithi kwisizikithi semithi; imithi emidala emininzi ihlala ingamaholo njengokhuni olufileyo kodwa lube lungaboli. Inxalenye yezi ntlobo, uqikelelo lobudala luye lwenziwa kujongwe isantya sokukhula komthi esikhoyo. Kodwa iziphumo zisoloko zingconwana kunamaqashiso okanye kunokwenza ngokuqina kwentloko. U-White ucebisa ngendlela ekungaqikelelwa ngayo ubudala bemithi emide nemidala eUnited Kingdom ngokuthi kuqhathaniswe ubukhulu besiqu somthi kunye, nesimbo okhula ngaso umthi kunye nobudala. White J. 1990. Estimating the age of large and veteran trees in Britain. Forestry Commission Edinburgh. \nUbudala beyona mithi midala buhlalutyiwe apha ngezanzi:\n iGreat Basin Bristlecone Pine (iMethuselah) iPinus longaeva: iminyaka engama-4,844 Gymnosperm Database: How old is that tree?. Retrieved on 2008-04-17.\n i-Alerce: eminyaka ingama-3,622 \n iGiant Sequoia: eminyaka ingama-3,266 \n iSugi: esingama 3,000 eminyaka Suzuki E. 1997. The dynamics of old Cryptomeria japonica forest on isiqithi iYakushima. Tropics 6(4): 421\u2013428. online\n iHuon-pine: engama-2,500 eminyaka\nezinye iintlobo-ntlobo ezikrokrelwa ukuba zifikelela kwiminyaka yobudala enomahluko, iquka imithi yaseYurophu i-Yew iTaxus baccata (ingangaphaya kweminyaka engama-2,000 Harte J. 1996. How old is that old yew? At the Edge 4: 1-9. Available onlineKinmonth F. 2006. Ageing the yew - no core, no curve? International Dendrology Society Yearbook 2005: 41-46 ISSN 0307-332X) kunye neRedcedar yasentshona iThuja plicata. Owona mthi mdala iYew waseYurophu nowaziwa kakhulu yiLlangernyw Yew kwiyadi yasecaweni yasekuhlaleni kwaseLlangernyw eMantla eWales noqikelelwa ukuba uphakathi kwama-4,000 ukuya kuma-5,000 ubudala.\nObona budala buchaziweyo bomthi i-angiosperm bungama-2293 eminyaka kwiSri Maha Bodhi iSacred Fig (iFicus religiosa) eyatyalwa ngo-288 BC e-Anuradhapura, eSri Lanka; kuthiwa ke ngowona mthi mdala owathi watyalwa ngesandla somntu nonomhla owatyalwa ngawo owaziwayo. \n Uqikelelo lwexabiso lomthi \nUphando sele lubonisile okokuba imithi inegalelo elingama-27% exabiso elibonakalyo kwiintengiso ezithile.\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Imithi' from xh to English:\nThe roots of the tree stay underground .\n Another difference where this does not happen is in the roots of the mangrove tree . The shape of trees has changed differently in unrelated plant species , in response to similar ( tree ) problems . With approximately 100,000 species of trees , the number of tree species worldwide is one fourth of all plant species . Records Largest individual trees The largest individual trees are African Baobab : Glencoe Baobab ( its size is close to the ground ) , in Limpopo Province , South Africa . Age of oldest trees analyzed here : Great Basin Bristlecone Pine ( Methuselah ) Pinus longaeva : 4,844 years Gymnosperm Database :", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Imithi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "After Mourinho 's exit , Chelsea will appoint Director of Football [ Avram Grant ] ] , who was the manager of the Israeli side from 2002 to 2006 , as the new president of the club , until May 2008 .\n Grant took over as Chelsea picked up where they left off with the Premier League \" Championship Title \" behind Manchester United and Arsenal , and managed to keep Chelsea in the league until the last", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'IChelsea' from xh to English:\nAfter Mourinho 's exit , Chelsea will appoint Director of Football [ Avram Grant ] ] , who was the manager of the Israeli side from 2002 to 2006 , as the new president of the club , until May 2008 .\n Grant took over as Chelsea picked up where they left off with the Premier League \" Championship Title \" behind Manchester United and Arsenal , and managed to keep Chelsea in the league until the last game of the season .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIChelsea\nIMAGE: |iStamford Bridge - iStadium saseChelsea\niqela lebhola ekhatywayo iChelsea F. C. FC sisishunqulelo. FC umele u\"Football Club\". liqela lebhola ekhatywayo laseNgilane elidlala eNgilane, neyaqala ngo-1905. eli qela lidlala kwiPremier League, kwaye badlala ekwibala lemidlalo iStamford Bridge eLondon.\nUmnikazi weChelsea sisinhanha sas[e[Russia]] esinezigidi-gidi uRoman Abramovich. IChelsea ibe yeyesithandathu kw iPremier League (kolona didi luphezulu) kumaxesha onyaka eminyaka yoo-2011\u201312, kodwa yaphumelela ubuntshatsheli beqela laseYurophu, i-UEFA Champions League, kwangelo xesha linye lonyaka. \n Imbali \nIChelsea yaaqala ngo-1905 yaza yadlalela udidi lwesibini lwe\"league\". Baaphumelela imbasa yabo yokuqala ngo-1955, xa kanye babeqala ukufumana intshinga yabo kudidi lokuqala. Baaphumelela iFA Cup ngo-1970, no-1997, no-2000 nango 2007. Baaphumelela indebe yeleague ngo-1965, no-1998, no-2005nango-2007. Ngeminyaka yoo-1970 iChelsea ayizange ikwazi ukugcina isikhundla sayo sodidi lokuqala, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990 balwela itayitile yePremier League. Bababusondela kodwa abazange bade bayiphumelele de kwangunyaka- 2005 no-2006. \nNgo-2003 isinhanha sezigidi-gidi saserussia, uRoman Abramovich, wathenga iChelsea waza wonga inkunzi eninzi kakhulu ukuze akwazi ukuqesha abadlali bebhola ekhatywayo abatsha. Waaqesha noLuiz Felipe Scolari, njengomaneja weqela. U-Abramovich waaqesha noPeter Kenyon kwisikhundla esiphezulu ukuze ajongane neendlela zokusetyenziswa kwemali yeqela. Oku kwayitha amandla iChelsea nangaphezulu, baza baphumelela iPremier League kwiminyaka elandelelanayo. Eyesithathu neyayingqale ngqo itayitile yeFA Premier League yaphoncuka phakathi kweminwe yeChelsea emva kokuba bewe phantsi ekoyiseni i- Arsenal kumabala aseEmirates oko kuthetha okokuba iManchester United yaaphumelela itayitile yabo ye-thoba kwileague kumalinge alishumi alinesihlanu. \nKweyoMsintsi ngomhla wama-20, ngo-2007, oyena manejala owayengophumeleleyo nguJos\u00e9 Mourinho walishiya iqela \"ngokusayina isivumelwano\". Oku kuphuma kwakhe kwafika kanye emva kweehlazo ludlala kakubi kakhulu apho bakhutshwa khona bengamajacu ngamanqaku alinganayo macala ngo-1-1 kumdlalo weChampions League apho babebambene khona necala lamaNorweji eRosenborg B. K.. Emva kokuphuma kukaMourinho, iChelsea yoonyula uMqondisi weBhola ekhatywayo [uAvram Grant]], nowayengumanejala wecala lamaSirayeli ukusuka ngo-2002 de kwango-2006, umongameli omtsha weqela, de kwayekaCanzibe ngo-2008. UGrant wathabathela kuye iChelsea ethatha apho ishiye khona i-Premier League \"Itayitile yokhuphiswano\" emva kweManchester United neArsenal, yaba ke iyakwazi ukuyigcina iChelsea iyigcinela ileague de kwangumdlalo wokugqibela kwixesha lonyaka. Wafumana iChelsea kukhuphiswano lwamagqibela kankqoyi okokuqala kunye namagqibela kankqoyi eCarling Cup, kodwa wadliwa lizembe kanye ekupheleni kwexesha lonyaka, kunye nomncedisi wakhe uHenk ten Cate. UGrant wakhunjwa emsebenzini wakhe emva kokuba oyisiwe kumagqibela kankqoyi ngo-5-6 kwipenalty ebethwa yi-Manchester United kwaza kwafakwa uLuiz Felipe Scolari endaweni yakhe, owayengumqeqeshi wePortugal mandulo, ngeyeThupha. Nangona kunjalo, emva komjikelo abathi benza kakubi ngawo uScolari waagxothwa ngeyoMdumba, ngo-2009. UGuus Hiddink wazithabathela kuye iintambozombutho de kwaphela elo xesha lonyaka. Ekuqalekeni kweyeSilimela baadlala kumagqibela kankqoyi endebe yeFA apho iChelsea yaaphumelela ngo-2-1, emva kokuba uFrank Lampard noDidier Drogba bewubhakuzelisile umnatha. Kuloo magqibela kankqoyi, uLouis Saha we Everton wafaka inqaku elalingamatshe ukukhawuleza kwimbali yendebe yeFA, ngemizuzwana engama-25. Kwiveki elandelayo, owasakuba ngumanejala Milan noCarlo Ancelotti wanikwa isikhundla sokuba ngumaneja weChelsea ngokupheleleyo.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "IChelsea", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The flowering plants have long been assumed to have evolved from within the gymnosperms ; but gymnosperms form a clade which is distinct from the angiosperms . Flowers and flowering plants first appeared about 130 million years ago in the Lower Cretaceous. Wilson Nichols Stewart & Gar W. Rothwell u200f 1993Paleobotany and the evolution of plants .\n 2nd ed , Cambridge Univ .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Intyatyambo' from xh to English:\nThe flowering plants have long been assumed to have evolved from within the gymnosperms ; but gymnosperms form a clade which is distinct from the angiosperms . Flowers and flowering plants first appeared about 130 million years ago in the Lower Cretaceous. Wilson Nichols Stewart & Gar W. Rothwell u200f 1993Paleobotany and the evolution of plants .\n 2nd ed , Cambridge Univ .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIntyatyambo\nIMAGE: upright=1.5|Umfanekiso weentyatyambo eziphuma kwiintlobo zezityalo zeentyatyambo ezili-shumi elinambini ezivela kumahlu abuzalana eentlobo-ntlobo zeentyatyambo \nintyatyambo lolunye uhlobo lwesityalo. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa ziibloom okanye ziiblossom zesityalo. Isityalo sikhula kwiThe plant grow on a stalk \u2013 a thin node \u2013 which supports the flower. Flowers have petals. Inside the petals are the parts which produce seeds.\nFlowers are the reproductive structure of flowering plants, which are plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called the Angiosperms.\nIn many plants, a flower is its most colourful part. We say the plant 'flowers', 'is flowering' or 'is in flower' when this colourful part begins to grow bigger and open out. There are many different kinds of flowers in different areas in the world. Even in the coldest places, for example the Arctic, flowers can grow during a few months.\nFlowers may grow separately on the plant, or they may grow together in an inflorescence.\n Indlela ezimile ngayo iintyatyambo \nIMAGE: center|Diagram of flower, cut open to show the parts \nIMAGE: 250px|A flower dissected to show its internal structure\nIn botany, flowers are the key evolutionary advance made by flowering plants. To investigate the structure of a flower, it must be dissected, examined under a binocular microscope, and its structure summarised by a floral diagram or a floral formula. Then its family can be identified with the aid of a flora, which is a book designed to help you identify plants.\nFlowers contain the reproductive organs of a plant. Some flowers are dependent upon the wind to move pollen between flowers of the same species. Many others rely on insects or birds to move pollen. The role of flowers is to produce seeds or fruit (fruits contain seeds). Fruits and seeds are a means of dispersal. Plants do not move, but wind, animals and birds spread the plants across the landscape.\n imvelaphi yeentyatyambo \nIMAGE: Imvelaphi yeentlobo zeziqhamo ezizalwa kusapho lwesyncarp. a: imbewu yeziqhamo ehlala kwincakam yegqabi\nb: igqabi elingamajikojiko ukubhekaphezulu ukuze likhusele imbewu yeziqhamo\nc: igqabi elingamajikojiko ukuze lenze into esongeneyo nevalekileyo\nd: ukuma kwalo eli gqabi lisongelene lenze amaqela amathathu eesyncarp\nIintyatyambo ngamagqabi enziwe ngokutsha aphantsi kweqela elaziwa ngokuba ziiangiosperm, navela kade kwi- fossil record.\nThe flowering plants have long been assumed to have evolved from within the gymnosperms; but gymnosperms form a clade which is distinct from the angiosperms. The two clades diverging some 300 million years ago.\nSince the ovules are protected by carpels and integuments, it takes something special for fertilisation to happen. Angiosperms have pollen grains comprising just three cells. One cell is responsible for drilling down through the integuments, and creating a passage for the two sperm cells to flow down. The megagametophytetiny haploid female plant which includes the egg. has just seven cells; of these, one fuses with a sperm cell, forming the nucleus of the egg itself, and another other joins with the other sperm, and dedicates itself to forming a nutrient-rich endosperm. The other cells take auxiliary roles. This process of \"double fertilisation\" is unique and common to all angiosperms.\nFlowers and flowering plants first appeared about 130 million years ago in the Lower Cretaceous. Wilson Nichols Stewart & Gar W. Rothwell \u200f 1993Paleobotany and the evolution of plants. 2nd ed, Cambridge Univ. Press.\n Flowers for people \n As decoration \nIMAGE: |An example of a 'perfect flower'. This Crateva religiosa flower has both stamens (outer ring) and a pistil (centre).\nFlowers have long been admired and used by humans. Most people think that flowers are beautiful. Many people also love flowers for their fragrances (scents). People enjoy seeing flowers growing in gardens. People also enjoy growing flowers in their backyards, outside their homes. People often wear flowers on their clothes or give flowers as a gift during special occasions, holidays, or rituals, such as the birth of a new baby (or a Christening), at weddings (marriages), at funerals (when a person dies). People often buy flowers from businesses called florists.\n As a name \nSome parents name their girl children after a flower. Some common flower names are: Rose, Lily, Daisy, Holly, Hyacinth, Jasmine, Blossom.\n As food \nIMAGE: Rudbeckia fulgida\nPeople also eat some types of flowers. Flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. The most expensive spice, saffron, comes from the crocus flower. Other flower spices are cloves and capers. Hops flowers are used to flavor beer. Dandelion flowers are often made into wine.\nHoney is flower nectar that has been collected and processed by bees. Honey is often named for the type of flower that the bees are using (for example, clover honey). Some people put flowers from nasturtiums, chrysanthemums, or carnations in their food. Flowers can also be made into tea. Dried flowers such as chrysanthemum, rose, jasmine are used to make tea.\n Special meanings \nIMAGE: Flowers\nFlowers were used to signal meanings in the time when social meetings between men and women was difficult. Lilies make people think of life. Red roses make people think of love, beauty, and passion. In Britain, Australia and Canada, poppies are worn on Memorial Day as a mark of respect for those who served and died in wars. Daisies make people think of children and innocence.\n List of common flowers \n Daffodil\n Dahlia\n Daisy \n Edelweiss\n Hibiscus\n Jasmine \n Lily\n Water Lily\n Lotus\n Marigold\n Morning glory\n Pansy\n Petunia\n Tulip\n Rose\n Sunflower\n Related pages \nInflorescence\n References \n Other websites \n Photos of flowers\nCategory: Basic English 850 words\n \nCategory: Masiguqule", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Intyatyambo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "this custom is not just a child 's custom , but it was a big religion. a child is given to an elderly mother to worship her. for girls it is similar to circumcision for boys. it is a matter that is left to older and experienced people. everything , up to the cow to be slaughtered , was in their power . .and all the daughters of Kwantjone , as well as herself , cannot eat milk or milk as is the cus", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIntlalo kwaXhosa\nAmaXhosa ngabantu abathanda amasiko abo kakhulu. Amaxhosa akholelwa kuQamatha uthixo wamaxhosa.zikho zininzi iintlanga eziyeleleneyo esixhoseni ezifana namampondomise,amahlubi\nIsiXhosa lulwimi olwaluthethwa mandulo kwindawo ezithile eTranskei kwakunye nase ciskie.xa kungoku ke ezo ndawo zaye zadityaniswa zakhupha lento kuthiwa yiMpuma Koloni. AmaXhosa ngabantun abawathanda kakhulu amasiko\nIMAGE: Xhosa\nIndlela yonkunqula\nindlela yokunqula kwaxhosa yahlukile abanye bakhonza uthixo wakwa xhosa UQamatha,abanye omishologu,kunqulwa iminyanya,izintio apho kuthiwa kuyadityanwa nazo,zabe (ngabula bona)zinamandla okubabulala abanganyanisekiyo kwanonokuthamsanqelisa abasakuba bekholekile ekunquleni oothixo beseluHlangeni. Lo Thixo wenyaniso uthethwa ngamakholwa 0lo menzi weenkwenkwezi noozilimela (ngabula baProfeti) ingenkosi noko boku ngade kugotywe kuthiwe \"bawo wethu osezulwini\" kwakungento yanto yabe ifuna elisuku leSabatha yeNKosi umhla wokuphumla kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakho.bekusuke kungqunganye emisebenzini yemihla nge mihla ngokuzilela ofileyo elapho,mhlawumbi ngokuyibikelwa ngumntu ohamba ngenyawo ukuba makakhwele qegwini lakho ,kuba kaloku iposi le izalise ilizwi ngoluhlobo lwangokun yabe ingento ikhoyo. UThixo lo kwakuthiwa ukubizwa kwakhe ngumdali-uQamatha.athe asaziwa ngale ndlela phofu,suka nako kukhonzwa oomilambo,ndibala ntoni.\nIntonjane\neli lisiko lisiko elingentwana nje kumanyange,koko ibisisinqulo elikhulu.umntwana anikelwe komama abasele bekhulile ukumkhunga.ezintombini yinto efana nolwaluko kumakhwenkwe.ngumcimbi obukhutshelwa abantu abakhulu nabanamava.yonke into, kude kuse kwinkomo yokuxhela,ibisemandleni abo.ewe lobakho nolunye usapho olu lukhungileyo ekuthiwa 'lijaka' ngegama.zaye zonke iintombi zakwantonjane,kunye nayo ngokwayo,zingenakutya masi nolubisi njengesithethe sabafazi antsundu xa esemaxesheni awo esifo senyanga.koqala kuvunywe ingonyana ethile ngabafazi xa litshonayo ilanga,nakusasa ekuphumeni kwalo;kanti ke iyangeniswa.angene axele ke umnini-ni ntoyo.yohlala iqela lwentsukwana iphume okokuqala, emva koxhelwa kwenkomo yomdudo wentonjane.intombazana ihlaliswa yodwa kumanye amalungu osapho,apho efundiswa khona ngezinto zobufazi nendlela yoziphatha,nokulungiselela umtshato.amantombazana afundiswa amaxanduva namalungelo . Igusha exhelwayo ibizwa ngoba ngumngena ndlini.igusha zisixhenxe ezixhelwayo ngosuku lokugqibela lomcimbi,inkomo iyaxhelwa ukutshatela intonjane.emini maqanda ngayo imini leyo yetheko,ukuhambisana nesiko,intombazana kufuneka ihambe ngaze ijikeleze amasango ephethe imbiza.wonke amaxesha xa kuhlwayo amakhwenkwe namantombazana asekuhlaleni ayadibana ukwenza imidaniso yesixhosa ngokwesiko labo,beveza izakhono zabo.ngesuku lesumi intombazana inxityiswa imibhaco,iqhiya emnyama nje ngoku phantsi kwendlelwe isikhumba senkomo,ngaphandle ingca itshisiwe,xa kuhlwayo uingca entsha ibekwa phantsi nje ngoba intomb ikhulula impahla zakhe ebuyela eluzileni. Ngesuku lokugqibela,abadala kuye bamsa ekhayeni lakhe ukuyonika ingxelo kwabantu bakokwabo kunye namanye amalungu osapho ukuyonika inkcazo. IMAGE: ngumcimbi owenzelwa abantwana abasebancinci ngenjongo zokubazisa kwabaphantsi bakwisapho.abantwana bonke bakweli sapho bayayenzelwa imbeleko. Nangona yenzelwe abantwana,nabantwana abasebekhulile sele belulutsha bayalenza elisiko. Kunganzima ukuba umntwana aye kwelinye isiko njenge suiko lolwaluko ukuba abalenzanga elui siko.\nkuye kuxhelwe igusha ngenge phawu ukunikezela kwabaphantsi. Unina kumele atye inyama esikwe emlenzeni wegusha leyo. Abadale bathi benze intetho kwabadela bacela bamamkele,bayibonise kwaye balu khusele usana.lento ivanyiswa ngokwenziwa apha kwa //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_language\nReferences\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Intlalo kwaXhosa' from xh to English:\nthis custom is not just a child 's custom , but it was a big religion. a child is given to an elderly mother to worship her. for girls it is similar to circumcision for boys. it is a matter that is left to older and experienced people. everything , up to the cow to be slaughtered , was in their power . .and all the daughters of Kwantjone , as well as herself , cannot eat milk or milk as is the custom of black women when they are in their menstrual periods . First , a certain son is approved by the women when the sun sets , and when the sun rises in the morning ; it came out for the first time , after the slaughter of the cow of the young cow. the girl is kept alone from other family members , where she is taught about femininity and manners , and preparation for marriage. the girls are taught their responsibilities and rights . At the end of the ceremony , the cow is slaughtered to marry the young . At noon on the day of the party , in keeping with the tradition , the girl must walk around the gates carrying a pot . Every time it is celebrated , local boys and girls come together to perform Xhosa dances according to their tradition , showing off their skills . On the day of Sumi , the girl is dressed , a black cloth is now under the pasture of the cowhide , outside the grass has been burnt , when it rains , new grass is placed on the ground because the girl takes off her clothes and goes back to the village . On the last day , the elders took her to her home to report to her people and other family members to give to the Xhosa - children Embeleko Embeleko is an event that is done for young children with the aim of bringing them to the lower ranks of the family . All the children in this family are given a beleko . Although it is intended for children , even children who have grown up and are young do this custom. a sheep is slaughtered as a sign of handing over to the poor . The mother must eat the meat cut from the leg of the sheep . The elders then make a speech to the elders and ask them to accept her , show them and protect the baby . This is widely practiced here in Xhosa .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Intlalo kwaXhosa", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The fathers of the village said that they ordered the groom and then circumcised him .\n Circumcision is when a devotee receives gifts , these gifts may have a meaning associated with a command from that person or it may be just a gift .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Isiko lolwaluko' from xh to English:\nThe fathers of the village said that they ordered the groom and then circumcised him .\n Circumcision is when a devotee receives gifts , these gifts may have a meaning associated with a command from that person or it may be just a gift .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIsiko lolwaluko\nIsiko lowaluko lisiko elithi lenzelwe umntwana ongumfana kokwabo. Ubudoda obu abukhulelwa koko umntu uzibhentsisa ngezenzo zakhe ukuba uyindoda na nokuba akasiyiyo. Eli siko libonakalisa ukuba umntwana uphumile ebukhwenkweni waza wangena ebudodeni. Eli siko lithi lenziwe umntwana xa ezayokuqala ukuphangela egqibile imfundo. Oku yayikokwenziwa mandulo kodwa kule mihla umntwana uthi wakuzi bona okanye xa bethe bavumelana nabazali ngesi sigqibo umntwana ahambe ayokucela iimpepha esibhedlele. Ezimpepha zithi zikhusele abakhwetha ekubanjweni ngamapolisa ngezithyolo zolwaphulo mthetho. Xa zithe za lungiswa ezimpepha umntwana ukulungele ukuhamba. Ngokwalemihla sikuyo kufuneka umntwana abe uneshumi elinedibhozo leminyaka. Umntwana uthi atshintshe zonke izinto zobukhwenkwe. Oku kuquka impahla, isimilo, indlela yokuziphatha nako. Umntwana oyinkwenkwe uye athathwe kokwabo ayokuhlala kindwawo efihlakeleyo nekude kwizindlu okanye ethe qelele. Uthi akufika apha oluswe, umntu oluse lo mntwana uye anikwe ingcibi.\nIMAGE: Amakrwala\nIMAGE: Emgidini abantu abangoomama\nIngcibi Kunye NeKhankatha\nIngcibi\nIngcibi ithi yoluse unyana kukwelixesha apho aqale afumane igama elithi mkhwetha. Ingcibi iye ibe ngumntu onolwazi kwaye owulungeleyo lo msebenzi. Ithi yakugqiba umsebenzi wokwalusa anikele kwikhankatha lokuqala.kuAzola is 6th \nIMAGE: Isinxibo somama ngomgidi\nIkhankatha\nIkhankatha ngumntu othi agcine umkhwetha, uye amgade kude kufikelele ixesha lokuphuma, ikwanguye oye abone xa umkhwetha ukuba angagoduka.ikhankatha line xanduva lokujongana nempilo yomkhwetha. Ngokwa kwaXhosa makhankatha ebeye abemabini. Elokuqala liye limgcine umkhwetha de ayokojiswa. umkhwetha uye ojiswe emva kweentsuku ezisixhenxe. Emva kosuku lwesixhenxe elesibini liye lithathe apho elokuqala beliyeke khona. liyakuthi kengoku lona limgcine ade ayo kuphuma esuthwini. liye ikhankatha lifumane umbulelo\nInqalathi\nInqalathi ngumntwana othi asele umkhwetha ukutya phaya esuthwini. Lidla ngokuthi lifumane iimpahla zomkhwetha zobukhwenkwe. Kuye kuye kubekho imithetho nemiqathango inqalathi ekufuke liyilandele. Lemiqathanga iquka oku kulandelayo: inqalathi alihambe lisisma lihamba lide liyokufika ebakhwetheni, inqalathi xa lifika ebakhwetheni lithi likongule ukutya, oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba akukhonto ingalunganga ngokutya. Inqalathi likwa yindlela yoqhagamishelwano phakathi komkhwetha nosapho lwakhe.\nUkutya Nemithetho Yasebakhwetheni\nIveki Yokuqala\nKwiveki yokuqala umkhwetha uthi atyiswe umngqusho okanye irayisi emhlophe. Ukutya okuthunyelwa umkhwetha kufuneka kome kwaye kungavuthwa ncam.\n Ukutya \nUmkhwetha emva kokojiswa uye afumane ilungelo lokutya ezinye izidlo. Umthetho uthi inqalathi alimi nokutya, alijiki nokutya kwaye alikubeki phantsi ukutya komkhwetha. nangona umkhwetha ekwazi ukutya okunye kodwa oku kutya akufunekanga kubenamanzi amaninzi. Oku kuya kuthi kwenze umkhwetha angaphili ngokukhawuleza esuthwini.\n Amanzi \nAmanzi umkhwetha yinto ekufuneka azame ukungayisebenzisi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba enza umkhwetha ahl;ale ixesha elide ukuba uyawasela. Ikhankatha liyakwazi ukubona ukuba umkhwetha uyawasela na amanzi. Ikhankatha liyakuthi limohlwaye okanye limnqande umkhwetha ngokusebenzisa amaninzi.\nUkojiswa\nUmkhwetha mandulo ebeye ojiswe emva kweentsuku ezisixhenxe. Kodwa ke kule mihla iye ihambe ngokwekhaya umkhwetha asuka kulo. Xa umkhwetha esojiswa kuye kuxhelwe igusha okanye ibhokhwe, ukanti maxa wambi kusetyenziswe iinkobe endaweni yegusha nebhokhwe. Ekojisweni abantu ngabantu baye babene ndawo abazityayo nebaye bazinikwe. Inqalathi liye lifumne intamo, umkhwetha uye ashiyelwe umkhono, amaphakathi(amathumbu, isbindi njalonjalo) kunye namanqina athi aye kulo mkhwetha. Kwaya ithi ingafakwa ityiwa kwinyama yomkhwetha. Kwamakhay athi angabinayo imali yokojisa umkhwetha, umkhwetha uye ojiswe ngeenkobe. Emva kokuba umkhwetha ojisiwe uye okokuqala oko engenile ahambe ayokuhlamba.\nUbomi Basebakhwetheni\nEbakhwetheni kukho indlela yokwenza izinto ngokomthetho owathi wasekwa kwasekusekweni kwelisiko. Oku kuquka ulwimi nendlela yokwenza izinto. Amanqalathi xa ezakudlula ebhomani lakhe nawuphi na umkhwetha kufuneka acele imvume yokudlula kuloomkhwetha weloobhoma. Amanye amagama athi asetyenziswe ebakhwetheni aquka anga: amanzi kuthwa yimvotho umntu ongumama otshatileyo sisigqwathikazi njalo njalo. Ebakhwetheni akulalwa ebusuku amaxa amaninzi, bayahlala bombhele ubusuku bonke. Baye bafundisane ulwimi lwamakrala bencedisana kwiziphene umntu anokuthi agagane nazo xa sele ephumile esuthwini edibana nabanye abakhwetha. \n Ukubuya \nPhambi kokuba umkhwetha abuyele kokwabo kuye kwenziwe ingcakaza. Ingcakaza yenziwa ebusuku abe yena umkhwetha ephuma kusuku olulandelayo. Kwingcakaza kuye kubhiyozelwe uhambo lomkhwetha kwisiko lolwaluko. Umkhwetha uthi ahambe ekuzenikusa kusemnyama. Ufike alale ixeshana kube sekufuneka alungiselele ukubuyela ekhaya. Uye avuke ahlambe abe sesombathiswa iragi.\n \nEndleleni Ebuyela Ekhaya\nEndleleni ebuyela ekhay umkhwetha uye azigqume ade ayokufika kokwabo. Apha endleleni amanye amdoda ahambe equla. kuye kombhelwe iingoma ngeengoma eziquka usomagwaza no size naye. inqalathi nalo lihamba apha phambili kukamkhwetha lombhathisiwe ingubo nje ngomkhwetha.\nAmalungiselelo\nIsithuba esingangeveki nangaphantsi phambi kokuba umkhwetha aphume kuye kusilwe umqombothi. Lo mqombothi uti uselwe ngomgidi. Uthi ugalelwe kwiibhekile ezahlukeneyo Unikwe abantu obafaneleyo.\nUmgidi\nUthi umkhwetha xa ezakufika kokwabo abafazin noomama abakumgidi bakhalise ingqongqo balilizele bacule neengoma zakwantu. Baye banxibe imibhaco bachokoze ubuso bathwale neeqhiya. Abakhwetha bathi bakufika endlini okanye kulomkhwetha uqale umgidi. Emva kokuba unkhwetha efikile kokwabo uye ahambe ayokungena ebuhlanti, ebuhlanti ufika elindwe ngootata belali. Ootata belali bathi bayale umkhwetha bathi bakugqiba bamsoke. Ukusoka kuxa umkhwetha efumana izipho, ezi zipho zingabanentsingiselo ehambisana nokuyala okusuka kuloo mntu okanye ingaba sisipho nje. Emva kokuba egqibile ukuyalwa umkhwetha ngamadoda. Emigidini kuthi kuxhelwe amaxa amaninzi iye ibe yinkomo exhelwayo okanye igusha. Le nyama ithi yabiwe ngezithebe ngezithebe. Oku kunjalo lento yalamadoda afika ehambisa isiko lakwaXhosa ngelihlobo. Sisthuko kaloku ukwenjenje, ndiyanqanda sizukulwana sika Gcaleka Hayini", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isiko lolwaluko", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "-Ebola virus disease ( EVD ) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever ( EHF ) is a human disease caused by the Ebola virus .\n Common symptoms begin two to three weeks after exposure to the virus , with fever , sore throat , muscle aches , and headaches . The virus can be acquired by contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected animal ( usually monkeys or fruit bats ) .\n Airborne dispersal has not bee", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIsifo sentsholongwane i-Ebola\nI-Ebola virus disease (EVD) okanye i-Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) isisifo sabantu esibangelwa yintsholongwane i- Ebola virus. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziqala kwiintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwiiveki ezintathu emva kokosulelwa yintsholongwane, ngomkhuhlane, umqala obuhlungu,i- iintlungu zezihlunu, kunye neentloko ezibuhlungu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ubucaphucaphu, ukugabha, kunye nesisu esihambisayo okulandelayo, kukusebenza okunciphileyo kwesibindi kunye nezintso. Kweli inqanaba, abanye abantu bayaqalisa ukuba neengxaki zokopha.\nIntsholongwane inokufunyanwa ngokudibana negazi okanye ulwelo lomzimba lwesilwanyana esisulelweyo (idla ngokuba ziinkawu okanye amalulwane eziqhamo) Ukusasazeka emoyeni akukabhalwa phantsi kokungqongileyo ngokwemvelo. Kukholeleka ukuba amalulwane eziqhamo athwala kwaye asasaze intsholongwane ngaphandle kokosulelwa wona yiyo. Lwakuba lwenzekile ulosuleleka lwabantu, isifo sinokusasazeka phakathi kananjalo. Amadoda asindileyo anokukwazi ukusigqithisa isifo ngedlozi phantse iinyanga ezimbini Ukuze kwenzeke uxilongo, okuqhelekileyo kokokuba ezinye izifo ezineempawu ezifanayo ezinjengemalariya, ikholera kunye nezinye ii-viral hemorrhagic fever ziqale zikhutshelwe ecaleni. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iisampulu zoxilongo lwegazi zivavanyelwe intsholongwane yezivikeli-mzimba, intsholongwane yeRNA, okanye intsholongwane ubuqu.\nUthintelo luquka ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwesifo kwiinkawu neehagu ezisulelekileyo ukuya ebantwini. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokuhlolwa kwezilwanyana ezinjalo kwanokubulawa kunye nokulahlwa ngokufanelekileyo kwemizimba yazo ukuba isifo sifunyenwe. Ukuphekwa kwenyama ngokufanelekileyo nokunxitywa kweempahla zokhuseleko xa kuphathwa inyama nako kungaba luncedo, kwakunye nokunxitywa kweempahla zokhuseleko kunye no kuhlanjwa kwezandla xa ubani ekufuphi kumntu onesifo. Iisampulu zolwelo lwasemzimbeni kunye nezihlunu zabantu abanesifo kumele ziphathwe ngononophelo olukhethekileyo.\n \nAlukho unyango olukhethekileyo lwesifo; imizamo yokunceda abantu abasulelweyo iquka ukunikeza nokuba yi oral rehydration therapy (amanzi aswiti nanetyuwa kancinane ukuba basele) okanye ii-intravenous fluids. Isifo sine-qondo lokufa eliphezulu: sidle ngokubulala phakathi kwama-50% nama-90% abo bantu basulelwe yintsholongwane. I-EVD yaqala yabonakala eSudan naseDemocratic Republic of the Congo Isifo siqhele ukwenzeka siqhambuke kwindawo ezingaselwandle lwe-Sub-Saharan Africa. Ukusukela ngo-1976 (ukuqala kokubonwa kwayo okokuqala) ukuya kutsho ngo-2013, bambalwa kune-1,000 abantu ngonyaka ngamnye abasulelweyo. Okona kuqhambuka kukhulu kule mihla kusaqhubeka ngo 2014 uqhambuko lwe-Ebola lwaseWest Africa, okuchaphazela iGuinea, iSierra Leone, iLiberia kunye neNigeria. Ukusukela ngoAgasti ka-2014 bangaphezulu kwe-1600 abantu abasele befunyenwe. Iyaqhubeka imizamo yokuvelisa ugonyo; nangona kunjalo, ayikabikho okwangoku.\nIireferensi\n Ibhibhliyografi\n \n \n \n \n \n \nAmakhonkco angaphandle \n ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses \u2013 Virological repository from the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics\n CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever \u2013 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch\n WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever \u2013 World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response\n Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae\n 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank (EMDB)\n Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks\n WHO recommended infection control measures\nCategory: Izifo\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Isifo sentsholongwane i-Ebola' from xh to English:\n-Ebola virus disease ( EVD ) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever ( EHF ) is a human disease caused by the Ebola virus .\n Common symptoms begin two to three weeks after exposure to the virus , with fever , sore throat , muscle aches , and headaches . The virus can be acquired by contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected animal ( usually monkeys or fruit bats ) .\n Airborne dispersal has not been documented in the natural environment . The largest outbreak in recent times is the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa , affecting Guinea , Sierra Leone , Liberia and Nigeria .\n As of August 2014 more than 1600 people have been found .\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/\nThe Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. EVD first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, DRC. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.\nThe 2014\u20132016 outbreak in West Africa was the largest Ebola outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976. The outbreak started in Guinea and then moved across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia.\nThe virus family Filoviridae includes three genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. Within the genus Ebolavirus, six species have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Ta\u00ef Forest, Reston and Bombali.\nTransmission\nIt is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as fruit bats, chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope or porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest.\nEbola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with:\n- Blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola\n- Objects that have been contaminated with body fluids (like blood, feces, vomit) from a person sick with Ebola or the body of a person who died from Ebola\nHealth-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This occurs through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced.\nBurial ceremonies that involve direct contact with the body of the deceased can also contribute in the transmission of Ebola.\nPeople remain infectious as long as their blood contains the virus.\nPregnant women who get acute Ebola and recover from the disease may still carry the virus in breastmilk, or in pregnancy related fluids and tissues. This poses a risk of transmission to the baby they carry, and to others. Women who become pregnant after surviving Ebola disease are not at risk of carrying the virus.\nIf a breastfeeding woman who is recovering from Ebola wishes to continue breastfeeding, she should be supported to do so. Her breast milk needs to be tested for Ebola before she can start.For more, read the guidelines on the management of pregnancy and breastfeeding in Ebola.\nSymptoms\nThe incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms, is from 2 to 21 days. A person infected with Ebola cannot spread the disease until they develop symptoms.\nSymptoms of EVD can be sudden and include:\n- Muscle pain\n- Headache\n- Sore throat\nThis is followed by:\n- Vomiting\n- Diarrhoea\n- Symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function\n- In some cases, both internal and external bleeding (for example, oozing from the gums, or blood in the stools).\n- Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes.\nDiagnosis\nIt can be difficult to clinically distinguish EVD from other infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever and meningitis. Many symptoms of pregnancy and Ebola disease are also quite similar. Because of risks to the pregnancy, pregnant women should ideally be tested rapidly if Ebola is suspected.\nConfirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus infection are made using the following diagnostic methods:\n- antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)\n- antigen-capture detection tests\n- serum neutralization test\n- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay\n- electron microscopy\n- \u00b7virus isolation by cell culture.\nCareful consideration should be given to the selection of diagnostic tests, which take into account technical specifications, disease incidence and prevalence, and social and medical implications of test results. It is strongly recommended that diagnostic tests, which have undergone an independent and international evaluation, be considered for use.\nDiagnostic tests evaluated through the WHO emergency use assessment and listing process\nCurrent WHO recommended tests include:\n- Automated or semi-automated nucleic acid tests (NAT) for routine diagnostic management.\n- Rapid antigen detection tests for use in remote settings where NATs are not readily available. These tests are recommended for screening purposes as part of surveillance activities, however reactive tests should be confirmed with NATs.\nThe preferred specimens for diagnosis include:\n- Whole blood collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) from live patients exhibiting symptoms.\n- Oral fluid specimen stored in universal transport medium collected from deceased patients or when blood collection is not possible.\nSamples collected from patients are an extreme biohazard risk; laboratory testing on non-inactivated samples should be conducted under maximum biological containment conditions. All biological specimens should be packaged using the triple packaging system when transported nationally and internationally.\nTreatment\nSupportive care - rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids - and treatment of specific symptoms improves survival. A range of potential treatments including blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated.\nIn the 2018-2020 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the first-ever multi-drug randomized control trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of drugs used in the treatment of Ebola patients under an ethical framework developed in consultation with experts in the field and the DRC.\nTwo monoclonal antibodies (Inmazeb and Ebanga) were approved for the treatment of Zaire ebolavirus (Ebolavirus) infection in adults and children by the US Food and Drug Administration in late 2020.\nVaccines\nThe Ervebo vaccine has been shown to be effective in protecting people from the species Zaire ebolavirus, and is recommended by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization as part of a broader set of Ebola outbreak response tools. In December 2020, the vaccine was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and prequalified by WHO for use in individuals 18 years of age and older (except for pregnant and breastfeeding women) for protection against Ebola virus disease caused by Za\u00efre Ebola virus.\nThe vaccine had been administrated to more than 350 000 people in Guinea and in the 2018-2020 Ebola virus disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo under \u201ccompassionate use\u201d protocol. The vaccine has shown to safe and effective against the species Zaire ebolavirus. A global stockpile of the Ervebo vaccine has become available starting January 2021.\nIn May 2020, the European Medicines Agency recommended granting marketing authorization for a 2-component vaccine called Zabdeno-and-Mvabea for individuals 1 year and older.\nThe vaccine is delivered in 2 doses: Zabdeno is administered first and Mvabea is given approximately 8 weeks later as a second dose. This prophylactic 2-dose regimen is therefore not suitable for an outbreak response where immediate protection is necessary.\nPrevention and control\nGood outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, including case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and protective measures (including vaccination) that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors:\n- Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission from contact with infected fruit bats, monkeys, apes, forest antelope or porcupines and the consumption of their raw meat. Animals should be handled with gloves and other appropriate protective clothing. Animal products (blood and meat) should be thoroughly cooked before consumption.\n- Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission from direct or close contact with people with Ebola symptoms, particularly with their bodily fluids. Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when taking care of ill patients. Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital, as well as after taking care of patients at home.\n- Outbreak containment measures, including safe and dignified burial of the dead, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola and monitoring their health for 21 days, the importance of separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread, and the importance of good hygiene and maintaining a clean environment.\n- Reducing the risk of possible sexual transmission, based on further analysis of ongoing research and consideration by the WHO Advisory Group on the Ebola Virus Disease Response, WHO recommends that male survivors of EVD practice safer sex and hygiene for 12 months from onset of symptoms or until their semen tests negative twice for Ebola virus. Contact with body fluids should be avoided and washing with soap and water is recommended. WHO does not recommend isolation of male or female convalescent patients whose blood has been tested negative for Ebola virus.\n- Reducing the risk of transmission from pregnancy related fluids and tissue, Pregnant women who have survived Ebola disease need community support to enable them to attend frequent antenatal care (ANC) visits, to handle any pregnancy complications and meet their need for sexual and reproductive care and delivery in a safe way. This should be planned together with the Ebola and Obstetric health care expertise. Pregnant women should always be respected in the sexual and reproductive health choices they make.\nControlling infection in health-care settings\nHealth-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe burial practices.\nHealth-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patient\u2019s blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding. When in close contact (within 1 metre) of patients with EVD, health-care workers should wear face protection (a face shield or a medical mask and goggles), a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown, and gloves (sterile gloves for some procedures).\nHealthcare staff working with ANC or obstetric care should be informed about risks of persisting virus in pregnancy related fluids and encouraged to follow protocol for their own safety and the safety of the women they are caring for.\nLaboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from humans and animals for investigation of Ebola infection should be handled by trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories.\nCare for people who recovered from EVD\nA number of medical complications have been reported in people who recovered from Ebola, including mental health issues. Ebola virus may persist in some body fluids, including semen, pregnancy-related fluids and breast milk.\nEbola survivors need comprehensive support for the medical and psychosocial challenges they face and also to minimize the risk of continued Ebola virus transmission. To address these needs, a dedicated programme can be set up for care for people who recovered from Ebola.\nEbola virus is known to persist in immune-privileged sites in some people who have recovered from Ebola virus disease. These sites include the testicles, the inside of the eye, and the central nervous system. In women who have been infected while pregnant, the virus persists in the placenta, amniotic fluid and fetus. In women who have been infected while breastfeeding, the virus may persist in breast milk.\n- For more information on pregnant and breastfeeding women recovering from Ebola virus disease please read the Guideline\nRelapse-symptomatic illness in someone who has recovered from EVD due to increased replication of the virus in a specific site is a rare event, but has been documented. Reasons for this phenomenon are not yet fully understood.\nStudies of viral persistence indicate that in a small percentage of survivors, some body fluids may test positive on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for Ebola virus for longer than 9 months.\nMore surveillance data and research are needed on the risks of sexual transmission, and particularly on the prevalence of viable and transmissible virus in semen over time. In the interim, and based on present evidence, WHO recommends that:\n- All Ebola survivors and their sexual partners should receive counselling to ensure safer sexual practices until their semen has twice tested negative. Survivors should be provided with condoms.\n- Male Ebola survivors should be offered semen testing at 3 months after onset of disease, and then, for those who test positive, every month thereafter until their semen tests negative for virus twice by RT-PCR, with an interval of one week between tests.\n- Ebola survivors and their sexual partners should either:\n- abstain from all types of sex, or\n- observe safer sex through correct and consistent condom use until their semen has twice tested negative.\n- Having tested negative, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices without fear of Ebola virus transmission.\n- Based on further analysis of ongoing research and consideration by the WHO Advisory Group on the Ebola Virus Disease Response, WHO recommends that male survivors of Ebola virus disease practice safe sex and hygiene for 12 months from onset of symptoms or until their semen tests negative twice for Ebola virus.\n- Until such time as their semen has twice tested negative for Ebola, survivors should practice good hand and personal hygiene by immediately and thoroughly washing with soap and water after any physical contact with semen, including after masturbation. During this period, used condoms should be handled safely, and safely disposed of, so as to prevent contact with seminal fluids.\n- All survivors, their partners and families should be shown respect, dignity and compassion.\nWHO response\nWHO aims to prevent Ebola outbreaks by maintaining surveillance for Ebola virus disease and supporting at-risk countries to develop preparedness plans. This document provides overall guidance for control of Ebola and Marburg virus outbreaks:\nWhen an outbreak is detected WHO responds by supporting community engagement, disease detection, contact tracing, vaccination, case management, laboratory services, infection control, logistics, and training and assistance with safe and dignified burial practices.\nWHO has developed detailed advice on Ebola infection prevention and control:\n- Infection prevention and control guidance for care of patients with suspected or confirmed Filovirus haemorrhagic fever in health-care settings, with focus on Ebola\nTable: Chronology of previous Ebola virus disease outbreaks\n* Include Suspect, Probable and Confirmed EVD cases.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isifo sentsholongwane i-Ebola", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "This alcohol plays a big role when a person tries to communicate with their ancestors , it also plays a big role in the people 's society , so much so that it is often used in people 's weddings , funerals , and imbizos ( traditional gatherings . In the Eastern Cape province of South Africa the rate of throat cancer is very high .", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Umqombothi' from xh to English:\nThis alcohol plays a big role when a person tries to communicate with their ancestors , it also plays a big role in the people 's society , so much so that it is often used in people 's weddings , funerals , and imbizos ( traditional gatherings . In the Eastern Cape province of South Africa the rate of throat cancer is very high .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: |UMqombothi usebenza kwisikhumba se-ukhamba, se-zulu seKapa, eMzantsi Afrika.\nUmqombothi isiXhosa libizwa ngolu hlobo: \u00a0[um\u0329k\u0361\u01c3ombo\u02d0t\u02b0i], igama elithi mqombothi livela kulwimi lwesiXhosa, ngokwesilungu singathi y-beer eyenziwe ngombona (ukhozo), umgubo wombona, umgubo wamazimba, igwele namanzi. Xa ixhaphakile emZantsi Afrika, ibano-Vitamin B omninzi kakhulu. Umqombothi unezinga le-alcohol eliphantsi kakhulu (lidla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-3%) kwaye yaziwa ngokuba sisitshoqolo ukubamuncu. Ngokwembonakalo, obu tywala bububisirha kwaye bubalubhelu ngombala. Bunento ubujiya, buntubululu (obuvela emboneni).\nUmqombothi iphantsi ngexabiso kunotywala besilungu, obubiliswe ngenkoduso buze buhonjiswe ngeentyatyambo zee-hops.\n Indlela yokwenza umqombothi\u00a0ngokwesintu \nIMAGE: Umqombothi (Langa)\nUmqombothi ubiliswe ngokwesithethe sakwantu, kwaye oku kubanomahlukwana omncinci ngokweengingqi. Indlela zokuwenza nezinto ezixutywayo xa usenziwa zigqithiselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ngokwesintu, obu tywala buphekwa emlilweni obaswe phaya phandle. \u00a0 Buyakuthi ke emva koko bupholiswe kusehliswa nje ubushushu buse phaya ngaphandle.\u00a0 \nIzinto ezixutywayo ke xa busenziwa zezi: \u00a0umlinganiselo wombona, umbona ograyiweyo (umgubo wombona) kunye nomgubo wenkoduso. Umgubo wombona inika umbala omthubi utsho ubenelagrangqa levumba lotywala. Inkoduso yona inwutsho umqombothi ubemdaka ngebala.\u00a0 \nLo mdibaniso wotywala uxutyelwa kwimbiza ye-cast-iron, eyaziwa ngokuba ngu-potjie emZantsi Afrika. Kugalelwa umlinganiselo wezitya zamanzi ezine. Lo mxube uyekwa ubusuku bonke. Buyakuqalisa ke ukubila kubonakale kulephuza amagwebu. Kuyakuvakala ivumba elimuncu.\u00a0 \nIntwana yentsipho iyasuswa zibekwe bucala.\u00a0 Intlama eshiyekileyo iyaphekwa de ubesisidudu.\u00a0 Le ntlama ke ibizwa ngokuba\u00a0 sisidudu esityiwayo. Xa kusenziwa umqombothi, siyayekwa isidudu usuku lonke siphole. \nEmva kokuba sele sipholile,\u00a0 siphokozelwa emphandeni. Inkoduso esiliweyo okanye egutyiweyo ebibekelwe bucala\u00a0kuvutyelwa ngayo kwakulo mphanda. Esi sidudu ke ngoku izakuzanyiswa ngephini. Emva koko umphanda wotywala (uvalwa ngesiciko sawo, uze emva koko wombathiswe ujikelezwa ngengubo ngaphezu kweso siciko (ukugcina ubushushu).\u00a0Umphanda uyakubekwa kwindawo eshushu ubusuku bonke, ukuze bukhawuleze bubile.\u00a0 \nIndlela yemveli yokubona okokuba ingaba butsalile na obu tywala, kukuqhwitha ngomatshisi kufutshane nomphanda lowo uphethe utywala. Ukuba umlilo wematshisi uphephetheka msinya, oko kuthetha okokuba utywala bulungile. Ukuba umlilo wematshisi umi ndawonye awuphephetheki, oko kuthetha okokuba abukalungi utywala. Loo nto yenziwa kukuba le ntlama ibilayo ikhupha i-carbon dioxide eninzi, engakuvumeliyo ukuvutha kwematshisi.\u00a0 \nXa sele bulungile utywala, buyahluzwa ngesihluzo, ukuze kususwe iinkozo ezingenzkuseleka ekuthiwa ziintsipho. Intsalela esemazantsi embiza yesidudu kuthiwa yintshela. Intshela nayo ifakwa kwalapha kwesi sihluzo sotywala, ukuze ize nelinye ivumba.\u00a0 \nIintsipho ziyakhanywa ze zisasazwe ebaleni ukuze zityiwe ngamantsontsho eenkukhu. Ugwebu lomqombothi kwenziwa ngalo umbulelo kwizinyanya.\u00a0 \nXa sele buhluziwe obu tywala,\u00a0 bugalela kwigongqo elikhulu elaziwa ngokuba ligogogo. xa sebugalelwe apho ke ngoku, bulengele ukuba buselwe zizihlobo nosapho.\u00a0 Xa zifika iindwendwe kweli khaya kusilwe kulo, zize kungcamla kobu tywala nazo zizekuzonwabisa, ngokwesiko ziza nebhotile yebrandi, ukubonisa owabo umbuleleo.\u00a0\n ukusetyenziswa komqombothi kumasiko akwaNtu.\u00a0 \nUmqombothi usetyenziswa kwitheko lokwamkela amadodana aziwa ngokuba ngabakwetha kwisiko lesiXhosa, emva kokuba sele ethe oluswa ngokusesikweni.\u00a0 \nObu tywala budlala indima enkulu xa umntu ezama ukuxhumana nezinyanya azakowabo, bukwadlala indima enkulu kwintlalo yakwaNtu, kangangokuba busoloko busetyenziswa kwimitshato yesiNtu, kwimingcwabo, nakwiimbizos (iindibano zesintu.\n Okuqatshelwayo ngokwempilo \nUphando lwakutsha njeOdhav, B.; Naicker, V. (2002). lifumanise ukuba amazimba nombona zisetyenziswa ekwenzeni umqombothi,\u00a0 zisoloko zinechaphaza leentlobo ze-fungi oluyi-mold engunozala wemycotoxin eyi-Aspergillus spp., i-Penicillium spp., i-Rhizopus spp. kunye ne-Mucor spp. \nNangona utywala osele benziwe bagqitywa bungenachaphaza la fungi;\u00a0 i- 33% yamazimba otywala obuthengiswayo ane-\u00a0 aflatoxins ne-45% yotywala obusilwe ekhaya bune-zearalenone kunye ne/okanye i-ochratoxin A kwimveliso yokugqibela.\u00a0 \nKwiphondo laseMpuma Koloni emZantsi Afrika izinga lomhlaza womqala liphakame kakhulu. Uphando olwenziwe libhunga lezempilo kweli lomZantsi Afrika lifumanise okokuba ii-mycotoxins kumbona otyalwe emakhaya ziinxulumene nezinga eliphezulu lesifo somhlaza.\u00a0 \n Kumasiko aziwayo \nEli gama lotywala siyaliva kwingoma kaYvonne Chaka Chaka. Izicengcelezo zale ngoma zibubiza ngokuba y\"i-magic African beer.\" Le ngoma yakala kumsitho wokuvula\u00a0 i-Hotela yaseRwanda.\n Jonga nalapha \n I-Burukutu, i-Chibuku kunye ne-Munkoyo okanye 'Ibwatu' eZambia.\n Kufundwe la maphepha", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Umqombothi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "This disease affects the lungs , but it can also affect other parts of the body .\n This virus travels through the air and spreads from one person to another , in other words it is contagious . This happens when an infected person coughs , sneezes , or spits .\n Between five and ten people show symptoms of the disease , for every hundred people infected with the disease . The countries most affe", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIsifo sephepha\nIMAGE: Iphulo lesebe lezempilo ngeminyaka yoo-1920 ngeenzame zokunqanda ukwanda kwesifo sephepha.\nIsifo sephepha,okanyeiTB ngokufutshane, sisifo esosulelayo esibangelwa yintsholonngwane. Besisaya kubizwa njengesifo esingubhubhane. \nIsifo sephepha sibangelwa ziintlobo ezininzi zeimycobacteria, nesaziwa njengesifosephepha esiyi Mycobacterium. Esi sifo sihlasela imiphunga, kodwa sisenokuhlasela namanye amalungu omzimba. Le ntsholongwane ihamba ngomoya ize sasazeke ngokusuka komnye umntu iye komnye, ngamanye amazwi iyosulela. Oku kwenzeka xa umntu onesi sifo ekhohlela, ethimla, okanye etsica/ethufa. Phakathi kwabantu abahlanu nabalishumi babonakalisa iimpawu zesi sifo, kwikhulu ngalinye labantu abosulelekileyo esi sifo. Kwaba bantu, esi sifo kuthiwa siyaphila. Isifo sephepha sibulala abantu abangaphezulu kwesiqingatha. Aba ke ngabantu abathi bosulelekile nje babe bengekho phantsi konyango. \nulwazi olufunyenweyo nonyango\nIMAGE: Ukuvalwa kwesiko lwesifo sephepha. Izicuku ezibonakala ngathi lugwebu kukukhula kwezi ntsholongwane. \nUkubonwa kweTB ephilayo emntwini kuxhomekeke kwiradiology esithi ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Oogqirha bajonga isifuba somntu kwiX-ray eyaziwa ngokuba ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Kutsho kuthiwe umntu uye egesini. Ngaphezu koko, bayawuhlola umzimba bejonga okokuba unamanzi kangakanani na. La manzi aneemicrobe kuwo, ezikhula kwiicell cultures. Iicell cultures zona ziyajongwa zogocwagocwe kujongwa okokuba akosulelekanga ngeTb na umntu. \nUkuba isigulana sineTB kodwa sibe singabonakalisi zimpawu zayo, intsholongwane kuthiwa 'ikhona kodwa ayibonakali'. Oogqirha basebenzisa isikhumba uvavanyo ekuthiwa yi-Mantoux test, ukufumana iTB ethi ikho nje ibe ingabonakali. Basoloko behlola negazi. \nLukhona ugonyo oluthi lwenziwe ukulwa iindlela ezithile zesifo sephepha. Kuthiwa lugonyo lwebacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin.\nIsifo sephepha sasisoloko sinyangwa lula ngepilisi ezibulala nezinyanga iintsholongwane. Kodwa ke ngoku intsholongwane inenkani ayishukunyiswa zezi pilisi. Le nkani ke yenza okokuba kubenzima ukunyanga esi sifo. Iintlobo ezininzi zezi pilisi kufuneka zisetyenziswe sisigulana ixesha elide. Kukho olunye uhlobo lwesifo sephepha olunenkani kakhulu kuzo zonke iziyobisi ezikhoyo. \nUqikelelo\nIMAGE: alt=imephu yehlabathi apho kukho isub-Saharan Africa kwiindawo ezimabala-bala eqanda, ebonakalisa uqikelelo lobukho besi sifo obungama-300 kubantu abangama-100,000, kunye nase-U.S., eKhanada, Australia, kunye naseMantla eYurophu kwimibala eluhlaza kwesibhaka-bhaka, ibonakalisa ubukho besi sifo obumalunga ne-10 kubantu abangama-100,000. I-Asia iqanda ngombala kodwa ayiqaqambanga kangako, iphawula ubukho besi sifo obumalunga nama- 200 kubantu abangama-100,000 ngokomlinganiselo. IMelika eseNtshona inombala oqanda bumdaka. |Le mephu yehlabathi ibonakalisa ubukho besi sifo seTB, kubantu abangama-100.000, kusukela ngo-2007. Amazwe ahlaselwe kakhulu esi sifo abonakaliswe ngombala oqanda, kumazwe apho uhlaselo lumbalwa kubonakaliswe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhaka-bhaka. Imiba emininzi yaashicilelwa eSub-Saharan Africa, ushicilelo oluninzi lweenzeka naseAsia.\nIingcali zikholelwa ekubeni isiqingatha sesithathu kuluntu lwehlabathi losulelwe ngesi sifo seM. tuberculosis. Usulelo olutsha lwenzeka kumntu ngamnye ngomzuzwana nje. Ngo-2007, zizigidi ezingamalunga ne-13.7 zabantu ababambeke kakhulu sesi sifo kwihlabathi lonke jikelele. Ngo-2010, bamalunga ne-8.8\u00a0million abantu abasaqalwa sesi sifo, kanti ke phantse ngama-1.5\u00a0million abantu abathe basutywa kukufa ngenxa yesi sifo, uninzi lwabo lukumazwe asakhasayo . Inani leziganeko zesifo sephepha belisoloko lisehla okokoko kwango-2006, yaza nemitsha imibandela ngesi sifo yehla ukususela ngo-2002. \nIsifo sephepha asenzeki ngesantya esinye kwihlabathi. Zingamashumi asibhozo iiphesenti zoluntu kumazwe aseAsia naseAfrika abathe bahlolwa baze bafunyaniswa enaso esi sifo, kodwa zintlanu ukuya kwishumi iiphesenti kumazwe aseMelika. Abantu bahlala befumana isifo sephepha ngenxa yokuwa kwenjini ezilawula imizimba yabo. Abantu abaninzi abaphila neHIV kunye neAIDS bangasifumana isifo sephepha. \nCategory: Izifo\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Isifo sephepha' from xh to English:\nThis disease affects the lungs , but it can also affect other parts of the body .\n This virus travels through the air and spreads from one person to another , in other words it is contagious . This happens when an infected person coughs , sneezes , or spits .\n Between five and ten people show symptoms of the disease , for every hundred people infected with the disease . The countries most affected by the disease are shown in yellow , the countries where the attacks are few are shown in blue .\n Many issues were printed in Sub - Saharan Africa , with many publications also taking place in Asia .\n Experts believe that a third of the world 's population is infected with M. tuberculosis .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isifo sephepha", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Both countries , Israel and Palestine , claim Jerusalem as their capital . All other countries and united nations , let 's say North - Jerusalem is part of Israel and East Jerusalem is part of Palestine .\n Israeli authorities back 600 new East Jerusalem homes BBC 26 February 2010Resolution 298 September 25 , 1971 : \" Recalling its resolutions ... concerning measures and actions by Israel design", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'IJerusalem' from xh to English:\nBoth countries , Israel and Palestine , claim Jerusalem as their capital . All other countries and united nations , let 's say North - Jerusalem is part of Israel and East Jerusalem is part of Palestine .\n Israeli authorities back 600 new East Jerusalem homes BBC 26 February 2010Resolution 298 September 25 , 1971 : \" Recalling its resolutions ... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli - occupied section of Jerusalem , ... \"\n Because it can be seen as a country under any other country , this city does not have diplomatic institutions. many countries have their embassies in Tel Aviv and Ramallah.king\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: 250px|iSkyline saseJerusalem\nIJerusalem yenye yezixeko ezindala apha emhlabeni apho abantu bathe bahlala khona ngokusisigxina. Kwiinkolo ezininzi sibaluleke kakhulu esi sixeko. amaJuda ayibona iJerusalem njengesixeko esingcwele kuba ibisaya kuba liziko lenkolo yabo kunye nezopolotiko ngamaxesha eBhayibhile. Kukwayindawo apho iTempile kaThixo imikhona. AmaKhrestu ayibona iJerusalem njengendawo eNgcwele kuba zonke izinto ezazisenzeka neziganeko ngobomi bukaYesu Khrestu zeenzeka phaya. amaMoslem akholelwa ekubeni umProfethi uMuhammad wavuka esuka kwakule ndawo waya ezulwini.\nOmabini la mazwe, kwaSirayeliIsrael nasePalestine abanga iJerusalem njengeikomkhulu lelizwe. Onke amanye amazwe kunye nezizwe ezimanyeneyo, masithi Umntla-weJerusalem inxalenye yakwaSirayeli ize impuma Jerusalem yona ibe yinxalenye ye Palestina. Israeli authorities back 600 new East Jerusalem homes BBC 26 February 2010Resolution 298 September 25, 1971: \"Recalling its resolutions... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem,...\" Kuba ingabonwa nje ngelizwe eliphantsi kwalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe okwaku, esi sixeko asinawo amaziko ozakuzo. amazwe amaninzi anamaziko awo ozakuzo eTel Aviv naseRamallah.ikumkani\nImithombo\nCategory: IJografi", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "IJerusalem", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "ISBN 0 - 19 - 511229 - 6 . In the meaning of food and the closest to this , science also refers to the type of knowledge that can be questioned and therefore it is built on sound reasons and that can be explained in terms of sound points and therefore it is knowledge that can be relied on because of its reliability especially when it is used .\n One who works in science is called a researcher . S", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nInzululwazi (Ngolwimi lwesiLatini kuthiwa yiscientia, oko kuthetha ukuthi \"Ulwazi\") yinkqubo eyenziwa ngezicwangciso, ngeendlela ezamkelekileyo nangemiqathango yophando kwinzululwazi ngendlela eya kwenza ukuba kubelula ukuba luvavanywe kunjalo nje luphicothwe, kutsho kubelula ukwenza uqikelelo ngeziphumo zophando olwenziwa kweli phakade. Yonke ke le miqathango yophando kufuneka ilandelwe ngenyameko xa kuqokolelwa ulwazi olu loluhlobo. \"...\u00a0modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. Kwafunyaniswa okokuba indalo jikelele iziphinda-phinda ngokwaneleyo, ngokokude ibonakale okokuba isenokuchazwa icalu-calulwe ngokwemithetho echaziweyo nditsho naziingcali zeMathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions.\"\u00a0\u2014p.vii, J. L. Heilbron, (2003, editor-in-chief). The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511229-6. Kwintsingiselo yakudla nekuyeyona ibusondela kule, inzululwazi ikwabhekisa kuhlobo lolwazi olunokugocwa-gocwa ngemibuzo ze ke ngoko lube lwakheke phezu kwezizathu ezivakalayo nezinokuthi zichazwe ngokwamanqaku avakalayo ze ke ngoko lube lulwazi ekunokungqiyanywa kulo ngenxa yokuthembeka kwalo ingakumbi xa lusetyenziswa. Lowo usebenza ngobunzululwazi kuthiwa yingcali yezophando. \nKwisigaba sexesha elide, inzululwazi njengohlobo lolwazi yayisondele kakhulu ngonxibelelwano kwiFilosofi.\nIMAGE: 280px|Imigama kwimephu yehlabathi jikelele ebonisa amasebe ezenzululwazi.\nInzululwazi yile nto siyenzayo xa sifuna ukufunda ngokwenzeka kwindalo yehlabathi. Iyiphysics, ikhemistri, ibhayoloji, ijiyoloji kunye ne-astronomy. Kwinzululwazi kusetyenziswa imathematics, kwaye into okanye isenzeko sifundwa ngobunjalo bayo, sijongiwe, size sihliwe amahlongwane phezulu, sigocwagocwa, ize emva koko loo nto kuphandwa ngayo ikhe ilingwe ngeenjongo zokujonga okokuba oko kulindeleke kuyo kuzakwenzeka na. Inzululwazi ikhupha ulwazi oluchanekileyo nolungenamakhwiniba, imithetho yakwanzululwazi, kunye netheori Wilson, Edward O. 1998. Consilience: the unity of knowledge. New York: Vintage Books, 49\u201371. ISBN 0-679-45077-7Heilbron J. L. 2003. The Oxford companion to the history of modern science. New York: Oxford University Press, vii. ISBN 0-19-511229-6. \"...\u00a0modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions\". 'inzululwazi' ikwabhekisa kulwazi oluninzi yolwazi oluthe lwafunyanwa ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo. \nUphando lobunzululwazi lusebenzisa iindlela zophando zakwanzululwazi. uphando lobunzululwazi lusebenzisa isiphakamiso (hypotheses) esisekwe phezu kwezimvo okanye phezu kolwazi osele lukho kakade. Ngoko ke ezi ziphakamiso ziyaphicothwa ngokuvavanywa ngokuthi kwenziwe amalinge. \nBonke abantu abafunda bekwaphanda ngeenzame zokufumanisa yonke into ngobunzululwazi babizwa ngokuba ziingcali zabaphandi. Ezi ngcali zifunda izinto ngokuthi zijonge kwizinto ezifunda ngazo ngononophelo, ngokuthi zenze umlinganiselo okanye zimente ezi zinto, zize zenze le misebenzi apho ziza kukhe zilinge khona ze ziphinde zikuvavanye konke oko. ezi ngcali zenza zonke iinzame ukuze zichaze okokuba kutheni na izinto zisenzeka ngale ngendlela ezenzeka ngayo, zize ziqikelele okuzakwenzeka. \n Iindlela zokwenza uphando lobunzulwazi \nNamhlanje, \"inzululwazi\" isoloko ibhekisa kwiindlela zokufumana ulwazi, ingekuko ukufumana uqobo lolwazi kuphela. Ijongene kuphela nokwenzekayo kwizinto ehlabathini. Oxford English Dictionary kwinkulungwane yeminyaka ye-17 neye-18 iingcali kwezenzululwazi bathi gqolo ukuseka ukwakhiwa kolwazi ngokwe \"mithetho yendalo\" enjengeNewton's laws of motion. Kwaza kwathi xa sele kudlule inkulungwane ye-19, igama elithi \"Nzululwazi\" liya linxulunyaniswa ngakumbi nendlela yokuphanda ngokobunzululwazi, njengendlela yokufunda indalo esemhlabeni, kuquka iphysics, ikhemistri, igeology kunye nebhayoloji. \nKuwakule nkulungwane ye19 apho eli gama lithi \"umphandi wakwanzululwazi\" lathi lathiywa nguWilliam Whewell. Injongo yakhe yayikukwahlula abo balangazelela ukwazi ngendalo kwabo bafuna olunye uhlobo lolwazi. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the origin of the word \"scientist\" to 1834.\nIindlela zophando is the name given to the methods used by scientists to find knowledge. Ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo kwindlela yophando nazi:\nUmphandi wakwanzululwazi uza nombuzo okanye abhaqe ingxaki engaba imalunga nendalo. ezinye ke ingxaki ziba lula, nank'umzekelo \"mingaphi imilenze yempukane?\" ukanti ke eminye imibuzo okanye iingxaki zibanzulu kakhulu, nank'umzekelo, \"kutheni le nto izinto zisiwa phantsi emhlabeni?\" \nOlandelayo, esakube eyifumene igxaki, umphandi wakwanzululwazi uyikhangela ayiphicothe ngobunono ingxaki leyo. Bayisebenze ke beyiphicotha, baqokelele bonke ubungqina obunokuza nobunyani. Ngamanye amaxesha inye kuphela into ekufuneka eyenzile lo mohandi kukufunda le ngxaki ngononophelo olungummangaliso. \nKukho imibuzo engenakuphendulwa ngokungqalileyo. kulapho ke abaphandi bathi beze namava abo ngokuthi bacebise, baze ke oko bakucebisileyo bakuvavanye ukuba kuyinyaniso kusini na. Kukwalapho ke benzaulingo baze baqokelele ulwazi. \nNgelingeni, bayakuqikelela oko bacinga okokuba kuyimpendulo echanekileyo okanye elungileyo kwimibuzo nakwiingxaki ebebenazo phambi kophando. Emva koko ke bayakuxelela abantu ngophando nangeziphumo zophando abalwenzileyo. \nKamva, abanye abaphandi bakwanzululwazi basenokuvumelana okanye bangavumelani. Banakho ukuza nesinye isisombululo kuloo ngxaki ibekiweyo. Basenokuzibeka esikalini ngokukhe bazilinge ezi zisombululo beza nazo ngeenjongo zokuzivavanya. Nantoni na kwinzululwazi kufuneka iphicothwe xa kufunyaniswe okokuba isisombululo ebekuziwe naso kwixesha elidlulileyo asonelisi ngokupheleleyo.\n Ezinye iimpawu zenzululwazi \nakusibabo bonke abantu abavumelana nendlela esebenza ngayo inzululwazi. Ezinye iingcali zakwa Filosofi kunye nabaphandi okanye iingcali zakwanzululwazi zithi ulwazi oluthethwayo ngobunzululwazi lwamkelekile okwexeshana. Luthi ze lugcinwe kube kanti lunenkcazelo egqibeleleyo nenambithekayo ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwayo. Xa ke le ntehto ichazayo ngenzululwazi ingenasisekelo, iyashenxiswa kuze kubekwe enye endaweni yayo. Okanye, ngamanye amaxesha iingcali zakwanzululwazi zihlala phantsi ziyixovule ziyihlaziya endaweni yokuyishenxisa. Mhlawumbi ke ziqhubele phambili ngokuyisebenzisa ngethemba lokuba iyakubangcono ngokuya kuhamba ixesha isetyenziswa. \n \nInzululwazi yindlela yokufumana ulwazi ngoku shenxisa into engeyonyaniso. \n \nIingcali kufuneka ziqaphele ngokukodwa xa zinika ingcaciso engqamene naloo nto bayifunde beyijonge ngamehlo baza benza nomlinganiselo wayo. Bayakhuphisana ingulowo nalowo ufuna ukuza nenkcazo engcono. Ingcaciso isenokuba yenika umdla okanye yeyonelisayo, kodwa ukuba ayingqinelani noko kubonwa nokusele kulinganiswe zezinye iingcali, ziyakusuke zizame ukuba zifumane enye inkcazelo engcono\nPhambi kokuba ibe linokupapashwa iphepha lobunzululwazi, iingcali ziqala zilifunde kuqala, zize zijonge okokuba ingaba le nkcazelo enikwe kweli phepha iyangqinelana na nale ifumaneka kuloo nto kuthethwa ngayo. sitsho sithethe ngengokuphicothwa kwephepha lusapho lwakwanzululwazi okanye zezinye iingcali. Emva kokuba epapashiwe amaphepha, kuyakubakho ezinye kwakhona iingcali eziya kujongisisa okokuba kusetyenziswe kwa ezi ndlela zovavanyo kusini na, kukwaphicothwe kwangendlela efanayo xa bekuphandwa, okanye kwenziwe uvavanyo olukwafana noluya, ngeenjongo zokubona okokuba ingaba iziphumo zizakufana kusini na. kuphicothwa kwephepha lusapho lwakwanzululwazi okanye zezinye iingcali] kunye nophinda-phindo lwezifundo okanye amalinge okufunda into akukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ubunyani nokuchaneka obukulwazi oluare the only way to be sure the knowledge is nokuchaneka correct kolwazi oluphandiweyo. \nInzululwazi yenza imizekelo efumaneka kwindalo, [[models of our universe}imizekelo efumaneka kweli hlabathi]], kunye namachiza. Zininzi ke iintlobo-ntlobo ezifumaneka kwanzululwazi, kunjalo nje zinamagama azo. Nangona kunjalo, akufuneki ukuthi \"inzululwazi ithi\" nayiphi na into. Inzululwazi yinkqubo, akuyonyaniso okanye ingqokolela yenyaniso nje kuphela, kungeyomithetho ekukholelwa kuyo ngaxesha nye. \n \n Ezinye iintlobo zenzululwazi \n Ezendalo\ninzululwazi ngezilwanyana nezityalo\ninzululwazi ngezilwanyana kuphela\n inzululwazi ngezityalo kuphela\niGenetics/inzululwazi ngofuzo\ni-Ecology\nPhysiology\n Astronomy\n Earth science\n Meteorology\n Geology\n Oceanography\n| valign=top |\n Physical sciences\n Physics\n IKhemistri\n Social sciences\n Anthropology\n Psychology\n Sociology\n Formal and applied sciences\n Computer science\n Engineering\n Mathematics\n Statistics\n Medicine\nImithombo\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Inzululwazi' from xh to English:\nISBN 0 - 19 - 511229 - 6 . In the meaning of food and the closest to this , science also refers to the type of knowledge that can be questioned and therefore it is built on sound reasons and that can be explained in terms of sound points and therefore it is knowledge that can be relied on because of its reliability especially when it is used .\n One who works in science is called a researcher . Science is what we do when we want to learn about the natural world .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Inzululwazi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit ( IMWaRU ) iqembu locwaningo eSikoleni of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , University of the Witwatersrand , iGoli. University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , Research Units : IMWaRU .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit' from xh to English:\nIndustrial and Mining Water Research Unit ( IMWaRU ) iqembu locwaningo eSikoleni of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , University of the Witwatersrand , iGoli. University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , Research Units : IMWaRU .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIndustrial and Mining Water Research Unit (IMWaRU) iqembu locwaningo eSikoleni of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, iGoli. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Research Units: IMWaRU.\nIMWaRU iphatha nezinkinga eziningi amanzi. Harding, KG, 2014, Accounting for water use in the process industries, ChemTech, April 2014, p3. Sheridan C, Koller, E, de Pretto, A, 2012. A Comparison of charcoal and slag based constructed wetlands for acid mine drainage remediation, WISA2012, Cape Town, South Africa, 6\u201310 May 2012. Osman, A, Crundwell, FK, Harding, K, Sheridan, C, Hines, K, Du Toit, A, 2013. Water Accountability and Efficiency at a Base Metals Refinery, Water in Mining 2013, Brisbane, Australia, 26\u201328 November 2013. Haggard, E, Sheridan, CM, Harding, KG, 2013. Water Footprint for a South African Platinum Mine, Water in Mining 2013, Brisbane, Australia, 26\u201328 November 2013. Ranchod, N, Sheridan, CM, Plint, N, Slater, K, Harding, KG, 2014. Assessing the Water Footprint and Associated Impacts for a South African Platinum Mining Operation, Water in Mining 2014, Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile, 28\u201330 May 2014. Sheridan, CM, Janet, JP, Drake, DC, Rumbold, K, Magowo, W, Harding KG, 2014. Increasing Pumping Depth in the Long-term Management of Acid Mine Drainage, WISA2014, Mbombela (Nelspruit), South Africa, 25-28 May 2014. Haggard, E, Sheridan, CM, Harding, KG, 2014. Water Footprint for a South African Platinum Processing Mine, WISA2014, Mbombela (Nelspruit), South Africa, 25-28 May 2014. Ranchod, N, Sheridan, CM, Plint, N, Slater, K, Harding, KG, 2014. Water Accounting for a South African Platinum Mine, WISA2014, Mbombela (Nelspruit), South Africa, 25-28 May 2014. Dhlamini, S, Mkhonza, T, Haggard, E, Osman, A, Crundwell, F, Sheridan, C, Harding KG, 2013. An Introduction to Water Footprinting, Chemical Technology, Jan 2013, 29-33. Sheridan , C, 2013. The Toxic Legacy of South Africa\u2019s Gold Rush, IChemE presentation, Mining and Minerals special interest group. Harding, KG, 2014. LCA Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand, UNEP/SETAC Presentation, Pretoria, South Africa. Harding, KG, 2013. A Technique for Reporting Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Results, Ecol Ind, 34, 1-6.\n References", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Brenda Nokuzola Fassie was born in Langa , Cape Town , the last of nine children . She was named Brenda after the American singer Brenda Lee .\n Her father left Brenda when she was only two years old , and with the help of her mother , who was a pianist , she began to earn money by singing for tourists . History of his life In 1981 , when he was 16 years old , he turned his back on Cape Town and", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'UBrenda Nokuzola Fassie' from xh to English:\nBrenda Nokuzola Fassie was born in Langa , Cape Town , the last of nine children . She was named Brenda after the American singer Brenda Lee .\n Her father left Brenda when she was only two years old , and with the help of her mother , who was a pianist , she began to earn money by singing for tourists . History of his life In 1981 , when he was 16 years old , he turned his back on Cape Town and went to Soweto , Johannesburg , with the aim of gaining fame as a singer .\n Fassie first joined a group called Joy and later became the lead singer of a township singing group that was to be called Brenda and the Big Dudes . In March 2006 , another life - size bronze sculpture of Fassie , created by expert Angus Taylor , was installed outside the foundation , a concert venue in Johannesburg .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUBrenda Nokuzola Fassie\nIMAGE: \nU Brenda Nokuzola Fassie waazalelwa kwaLanga, kwidolophu yaseKapa, eliphelo kubantwana abalithoba. Ukuthiywa kwakhe igama elithi Brenda kulandela lemvumikazi yaseMelika u Brenda Lee. Uyise walishiya eli eneminyaka emibini kuphela uBrenda, waza wathi ngoncedo lukanina, nowayengumdlali wepiyano, waqala ukufumana imali ngokuculela abakhenkethi.\nImbali ngobomi bakhe\nNgo-1981, xa aneminyaka eyi-16 ubudala, walifulathela iKapa waya eSoweto, eGoli, ngeenjongo zokuza kufumana udumo njengemvumi. UFassie uqale ngokuzibandakanya neqela ekwakusithiwa yiJoy waza kamva waba yimvumi ephambili kwiqela laselokishini eliculayo nelalisayakubizwa ngokuba yi-Brenda and the Big Dudes. UNonyana wakhe, uBongani, awathi wamfumana ngo-1985 emfumana kwenye imvumi engugxa wakhe kwiqela leBig Dudes. Wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato noNhlanhla Mbambo ngo-1989 kodwa waphasalaka loo mtshato ngo1991. Kanye ngelo xesha wabangumntu weziyobisi icocaine lwaza ubizo lwakhe lwasilela.\nEbethetha phandle ngokupheleleyo ngezimvo zakhe kunjalo nje esoloko ebandwendwela abangamahlwempu ezilokishini zaseGoli, kananjalo ngamaculo akhe angobomi ezilokishini, esonwabela udumo lwakhe. Wayesaziwa kakhulu ngamaculo akhe atshathelelyo \"u-Weekend Special\" kunye no \"Too Late for Mama\", wayesaziwa ekwabizwa nje ngo \"Madonna wasezilokishini\" yi Time ngo2001.\nNgo1995, wabhaqwa ehotele kunye nesithandwa sakhe esasikwangumntu wasetyhini, uPoppie Sihlahla, owabulawa yinto eqikelelwa ukuba watya amayeza ngokugqithisileyo. UFassie wabekwa phantsi koqwalaselo apho wayeqeqeshelwa ukuyeka iziyobisiunderwent watsho wabuyela kwisiphiwo sakhe. Nangona kunjalo, waqhubeka esiba nayo ingxaki yeziyobisi waphinda wabuyela kwiiKliniki zonyango. isithuba esimalunga nama-30 samathuba ebomini bakhe. \nukususela ngo-1996 wakhupha amacwecwe amaninzi e-solo, kuquka uNow Is the Time, Memeza (ngo1997), kunye noNomakanjani?. Uninzi lwamacwecwe akhe abakumgangatho wabathengi i-multi-platinum eMzantsi Afrika; uMemeza yaba lelona cwecwe lathengwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika ngo1998.\nIsiphelo sakhe\nngentsasa yangomhla wama-26 kuTshazimpuzi ka2004, uFassie wafa isiqaqa esekhayeni lakhe eBuccleuch, eRhawutini, waza wabalekiselwa kwisibhedlele eSunninghill. Oonondaba babesithi uhlaselwe sisifo sentliziyo, kwaza kamva kwaxekwa okokuba usafe isiqaqa esenziwe kukuminxana kwesifuba. ngokwengxelo ngoqhaqho olwenziwa emva kokuba eswelekile yaveza okokuba ngobusuku obandulela ukuwa kwakhe esifa isiqaqa wayesele isiyobisi icocaine ngokugqithisileyo, kwathi kanti ngunobangela wokokuba afe isiqaqa. Kuthe kusenjalo wasuka wayeka ukuphefumla ngenxa yokwenzakala kwengqondo kuba ingasafumani oksijin. UFassie wandwendwelwa nguNelson Mandela, Winnie Mandela, kunye noThabo Mbeki ngelixa elele ngandletyana nye esibhedlele, kwaye imeko yempilo yakhe yayingundaba-mlonyeni isishloko samaphepha-ndaba. Wayikhaba ibhekile xa aneminyaka engama-39 ubudala ngomhla wesi-9 kuCanzibe ngo2004 esesesibhedlele engazange ade abe ubuyela ezingqondweni emva kokuba ubuxhaka-xhaka boomatshini awayephefumla ngabo baye bacinywa. Ngokwephepha-ndaba laseMzantsi Afrika iSunday Times nangokweemanejala zenkampani yomculo wakhe, ingxelo eyafunyanwa emva koqhahqo lomzimba wakhe zabonisa okokuba wayenayo nentsholongwane ye-HIV. UManejala wakhe, uPeter Snyman, wawukhaba lo mba kule ngxelo. \nUsapho lwakhe, kuquka nogxa wakhe weminyaka, babehleli kunye naye ngelixa umphefumlo wakhe usahlukana nenyama. \nUdumo lwakhe\nNgokweevoti waba kwindawo ye-17 kwikwikhulu lokuqala kubemi abahlonitshiweyo eMzantsi Afrika.\nUnyana wakhe uBongani 'Bongz' Fassie wacula ingoma ethi \"I'm So Sorry\", ngoma leyo eyayidlalelwa umama wakhe, kwingoma eyashicilelwa kwimbasa ye-2005 kwimbasa yeAcademy-umdlalo owawuhamba phambili othi Tsotsi.\nKweyoKwindla ngo2006 elinye iwonga elilingana nobomi ibronze sculpture kaFassie eyenziwa lichule nochwepheshe uAngus Taylor yahti yaxhonywa ngaphandle was installed outside kwisiseko, a indawo ekuculelwa kuyo eGoli.\nIingoma ezichongiweyo kwithala leengoma\nInkoliso yamacwecwe eengoma zikaFassie ayekhutshwa ngabakwa EMI-abanganikazi bayo ingabashicileli bakwaCCP. \n 1989: Brenda\n 1990: Black President\n 1994: Brenda Fassie\n 1995: Mama\n 1996: Now Is the Time\n 1997: Memeza\n 1997: Paparazzi\n 2000: Thola Amadlozi\n 2001: Brenda: The Greatest Hits\n 2003: Mali\n 2003: The Remix Collection\n 2004: Gimme Some Volume \nWabanegalelo kwicwecwe likaMandoza elithi Tornado (ngo2002), nakwelikaMiriam Makeba elithi Sangoma (ngo1988), kanti nakwelika Harry Belafonte elalichasene nengcinezelo lisithi Paradise in Gazankulu (ngo1988). Wayecula nakwisandi sengoma eyayikumdlalo iYizo, Yizo (ngo2004).\nImithombo\nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "UBrenda Nokuzola Fassie", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "His album , titled Dream , went gold within four weeks of its release in 2000 .\n At the South African Music Awards in 2001 , Mathosa won an award for her song ; dream which was the most popular song from this album , and she also won an award for being the best female vocalist . \" Globalization and Gangster Rap : Hip Hop in the Post - Apartheid City \" , in Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle (", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'ULebu Mathosa' from xh to English:\nHis album , titled Dream , went gold within four weeks of its release in 2000 .\n At the South African Music Awards in 2001 , Mathosa won an award for her song ; dream which was the most popular song from this album , and she also won an award for being the best female vocalist . \" Globalization and Gangster Rap : Hip Hop in the Post - Apartheid City \" , in Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle ( eds ) , The Vinyl Aint Final : Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture , London ;\n Ann Arbor , MI : Pluto Press , 2006 , pp. 208 - 29 .\n The unabashed femininity combined with the way she expressed her sexuality on stage made her even more shocking until she was dubbed \" the new Madonna of the townships \" . Shola Adenekan , \" Obituary : Lebo Mathosa \" , The Guardian , 28 October 2006 .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nULebu Mathosa\nULebo Mathosa (17 kaJulayi 1977 \u2013 23 kaOktobha 2006) waluqala ubizo lwakhe neqela iBoom ShakalaseMzantsi Afrika elalisaziwa kakhulu ngomculo ngo-1994 eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, emva kokuba ethe waxhwila iliso lomfo owayengumdidiyeli weengoma uDon Laka kwintlangano yombutho owawuse Goli. Wayengomnye wabambalwa kumantombazana anempumelelo kumculo wekwaito kuba kulapho kwakukhonya amadoda khona. Mhlambi, Thokozani. \"'Kwaitofabulous': The study of a South African urban genre\", Journal of the Musical Arts in Africa, vol. 1 (2004): 116-27.\nUthe ukusuka apho wayimvumi ezimeleyo ngo1999. Itayitile yecwecwe lakhe yayisithi Dream, laba sele lifumana imbasa yegolide kwiiveki ezine likhutshiwe ngo2000. Kumsitho omkhulu weSouth African Music Awards owawungo-2001, uMathosa waphumelela imbasa ngengoma yakhe ;'dream' ekwakuyeyona ngoma ekwathi kwajuxuzwa ngayo neyayiphuma kwakweli cwecwe, kananjalo waphumelela imbasa ngokuthi abeyeyona mvumi igqwesileyo ngelizwi layo kwabasetyhini. Icwecwe lakhe elilandelayo, elithiDrama Queen, lakhutshwa ngo2004, kwakhona waphumelela imbasa iSA Music Award ngokuba lelona cwecwe ekwakujuxuzwa ngalo. Lebo Mathosa biography, accessed 23 October.\nNgo2004 wabayintshatsheli yeSouth African pop charts, waza ngo-2006 wachongelwa imbasa yaseBritane MOBO (kuluhlu olugqwesileyo eAfrika) . IPP Media: Waba yimvumi eyayihamba kulo lonke ihlabathi, athi eseMzantsi Afrika abe eseMalaysia de aye nase Trafalgar Square eLondon, eminye yemiboniso yakhe eyathi yabalasela kuxa wayekwingxikela yesikhumbuzo sokuzalwa kukaNelson Mandela seminyaka engama85 ezelwe. Wandwendwela naseUS kumboniso owawusaya kubizwa ngokuba yiThe Vagina Monologues. imbonakalo yakhe kuloo mboniso yayibonakalisa umyalezo omhle ngomntu wasetyhini nekwakuyinto ayiyo uMathosa, nekwankunguye, ngokutsho kombhali uZine Magube, owasuka wangumzekelo omhle kulutsha olungamantomabzana eMzantsi Afrika, [xa umbonela kude] okokuqala ubangathi ubethelela ekwafundisa abo bacinga gwenxa ngesini somntu wasetyhini omnyama. Abanye abakhi mnya batthi amalungu angabantu basetyhini kwiBoom Shaka asebenzise 'iziqwempu zempahla, bajikelezise izinqe, bevuselela ubuni eqongeni ngelithi baphakamisa izimvo zabantu ezahlukeneyo.'\"Mabugane, Zine. \"Globalization and Gangster Rap: Hip Hop in the Post-Apartheid City\", in Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle (eds), The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press, 2006, pp. 208-29. Ubufazi obungangxengwanga budibene nendlela abonakalisa ngayo isini sakhe eqongeni babukhwankqisa ngakumbi de wathiywa igama lokuba ngu\"Madonna omtsha wasezilokishini\". Shola Adenekan, \"Obituary: Lebo Mathosa\", The Guardian, 28 October 2006.\nImithombo\nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "ULebu Mathosa", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Transvaal , now Mpumalanga , on 3 August 1964 .\n His parents separated before he was born and he was brought up by his mother , Sarah , who named him Lucky because she saw his birth as lucky because she had miscarriages several times . Car jacker kills reggae star , CNN , 19 October 2007 .\n Along with his siblings , Thandi and Patrick , Dube spent most of his childhood with his grandmother , wh", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nULucky Dube wazalelwa eErmelo, eyayisayakwaziwa ngokuba yeyaseMntla Transvaal, ekuthiwa ngoku yiMpumalanga, ngomhla wesi-3 kweyeThupha ngo1964. Abazali bakhe boohlukana phambi kokuba azalwe waza wakhuliswa ngunina, uSarah, owamthiya igama elithi Lucky kuba wakubona ukuzalwa kwakhe njengethamsanqa kuba kaloku wayephunyelwa zizisu amatyeli ngamatyeli. Car jacker kills reggae star, CNN, 19 October 2007. Ekunye nabantakwabo, uThandi noPatrick, uDube ulichithe noninakhulu ixesha elininzi lobuntwana bakhe, ngelixa unina wayesele ehlala kwindawo awayexelenga kuyo. Kudliwano-ndlebe lwango1999, wamchaza uninakhulu njengoyena mntu awayemthanda kakhulu nowaye \"nowayephuceleza edibanisa izinto ezininzi endikhulisa ukuze ndibe namhlanje ndingulo mntu ndinguye.\"Luvuyo Kakaza, Finding reggae, luckydubemusic.com, Retrieved 19 October 2007\nUkuqala kwakhe ukucula\nEsengumntwana, uDube wayesebenza egadini, kodwa wathi ngokuya ekhula, waya eqonda okokuba umvuzo wakhe wawumncinane kakhulu ungenakonela usapho lwakhe, waza ke ngoko waya esikolweni. Apho ke wazibandakanya nekwayala, kunye nabanye koogxa bakhe, beenza umculo wabo wokuqala bedibene, ekwakusithiwa yiSkyway Band. Esesesikolweni njalo, wabhaqa nto ekuthiwa yiyintshukumo yamaRastafari. Uthe xa aminyaka ili-18 ubudala wajoyina iqela lomzala wakhe, iiLove Brothers, elalidla umculo wesiisiZulu Umculo wepop owawusaziwa ngokuba ngumbaqanga kwangelo xesha wayephila ngokusebenzela uHole kunye noCooke njengonogada kumzi othengisa ngeemoto ezithinjiweyo eMidrand. eli qela latyikitya isivumelwano nenkampani yoshicilelo iTeal, phantsi kuka Richard Siluma (iTeal yathi kamva yangena phantsi kwenkampani yoshicilelo iGallo. Nangona uDube wayesesesikolweni ngoko, iqela laliwushicelela umsebenzi walo eGoli xa zivaliwe izikolo. Iziphumo zecwecwe zaphuma phantsi kwegama elithi Lucky Dube and the Supersoul. Icwecwe elilandelayo laakhutshwa ngokukhawuleza emva koko, kwaye ngelo xesha uDube wabhala ezinye izicengcelezo ukongeza emculweni. Kungeli xesha kanye apho watsho wafunda khona isiNgesi.\nUkuya kwakhe kwireggae\nUthe xa kanye sele ekhuphe icwecwe lakhe lesihlanu loMbaqanga, uDave Segal (owayeyinjineli yesandi kumculo kaDube) wamkhuthaza ukuba alilahle igama le\"iSupersoul\". Onke amacwecwe alandelayo ashicilelwa ngema elithi Lucky Dube. ngeli xesha uDube waqaphela okokuba abalandeli bakhe babezilandela ezinye iingoma zeregae awayezidlala xe kukho iikhonsathi wayecula kuzo ngokwakhe. Wenza umtsalane kuJimmy CliffBasildon Petain, South African reggae star shot dead in front of his children, The Independent, 19 October 2007. nakuPeter Tosh, wacinga okokuba imiyalezo yezepolitiko-nezentlalo zinxulumene neregae yaseJameica kwaye ziyangqinelana nababukeli baseMzantsi Afrika isizwe seziko lobuhlanga society.\nImithombo\n \nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'ULucky Dube' from xh to English:\nTransvaal , now Mpumalanga , on 3 August 1964 .\n His parents separated before he was born and he was brought up by his mother , Sarah , who named him Lucky because she saw his birth as lucky because she had miscarriages several times . Car jacker kills reggae star , CNN , 19 October 2007 .\n Along with his siblings , Thandi and Patrick , Dube spent most of his childhood with his grandmother , while his mother was already living in the area he was talking about . His move to reggae\n Right after he released his fifth album Mbaqanga , Dave Segal ( who was Dube 's sound engineer ) encouraged him to drop the \" Supersoul \" name .\n All subsequent albums were recorded under the name Lucky Dube. at this time Dube noticed that his fans were following some of the reggae songs he was playing when there were concerts he was singing in himself .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "ULucky Dube", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Raymond Chikapa Enock Phiri ( 23 March 1947 - 12 July 2017 ) is a South African musician who sings jazz music , mixed and mixed , born in Mpumalanga to a Malawian worker who worked here in South Africa and a professional guitarist known by the name \" Just Now \" Phiri . The years of his youth Ray Phiri was born near Nelspruit in the north of the Transvaal , which is now called the Eastern Province", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Ray Phiri' from xh to English:\nRaymond Chikapa Enock Phiri ( 23 March 1947 - 12 July 2017 ) is a South African musician who sings jazz music , mixed and mixed , born in Mpumalanga to a Malawian worker who worked here in South Africa and a professional guitarist known by the name \" Just Now \" Phiri . The years of his youth Ray Phiri was born near Nelspruit in the north of the Transvaal , which is now called the Eastern Province of South Africa , in which we live today .\n In 1985 , Paul Simon asked Ray and Ladysmith Black Mambazo to join him in his campaign to make the album Graceland , a campaign that was successful and that enabled South African singers to shine their names abroad . His life Phiri has been involved in a series of car accidents which have contributed to his life and his future in music . The awards he has received Phiri has received many awards for his contribution to music production , one of these awards is called the Order of Ikhamanga in silver awarded by the President of South Africa .\n This was an honor given to him because of his unwavering contribution to music production and his success in using culture as a tool to bring about social change .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nRay Phiri\nURaymond Chikapa Enock Phiri (23 kweyoKwindla ngo1947 - 12 uJulayi 2017) yimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika ecula umculo wejazz, edidiyelelweyo kunye nombhaqanga, wazalelwa eMpumalanga ezalwa ngumsebenzi waseMalawi owayesebenza apha eMzantsi Afrika ekwayincutshe yomdlali wesiginci owayezaziswa ngegama elithi \"Just Now\" Phiri. uRay waba lilungu lokuqala elleza neqela ekuthiwa ziiCannibals kwiminyaka yoo1970. Zathi zakubhangiswa iiCannibals, uRay wazifumanela iqela leStimela, ngeli qela wakwazi ukushicilela amacwecwe antengiso yawo akwinqanaba legolide neplatinum njengefire, Passion hide=|y|Ecs|tacy (1991), Look, listen and decide (1992) kwakunye nengoma eyayisithi People Don't Talk So Let's Talk eyayivusa ingxwaba-ngxwaba i=mpl4U9voCqzd8geO_oD4DA#q=ray+phiri+biography&revid=1202693688\nIminyaka yobutsha bakhe\nURay Phiri wazalelwa kufuphi naseNelspruit kumntla weTransvaal, nesele ibizwa ngokuba Liphondo laseMpumalanga eMzantsi Afrika, kule mihla siphila kuyo. Ngo-1985, uPaul Simon wacela uRay kunye ne Ladysmith Black Mambazo ukuba bajoyine kwiphulo lakhe lokwenza icwecwe elithi Graceland, phulo elo laba yimpumelelo nelatsho lenza iimvumi zaseMzantsi Afrika zakwazi ukuqaqambisa amagama azo kumazwe aphesheya. URay wasebenzisana noPaul Simon kwakhona kwicwecwe likaSimon elithi Rhythm of the Saints, cwecwe elo elambeka kumaqonga afana neCentral Park kunye neMadison Square Garden kananjalo wayebonakala kwimiboniso yoomabonakude baseUSA ehamba phambili. Ngo2012, uPaul Simon wenza iphulo letheko lokugqiba unyaka kwatyelelwa eGraceland, apho ke wabakho uRay naye. bakhe\nUPhiri ubesoloko esiba kuthotho lweengozi zemoto nezithe zanegalelo kubomi bakhe nakwikamva lakhe kwezomculo. Kanajalo uPhiri wonzakala ngokumasikizi yango1987 kwingozi yemoto eyasuba imiphefumlo yemanejala yeband yakhe kunye nabanye //mg.co.za/article/2003-11-19-ray-phiri-in-accident-wife-killed Ngo2003, inkosikazi yakhe yalishiya eli ngenxa yengozi yemoto, ihamba noRay owayenzakele kakhulu. \nAmawonga awafumeneyo\nUPhiri ufumene iimbasa ezininzi ehlonitshwa ngegalelo lakhe kwimveliso yomculo, enye yezi mbasa kuthiwa yiOrder of Ikhamanga kwisilivere ewongwa ngayo nguMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika. Le kwakuyimbeko awayeyinikwa ngenxa yegalelo lakhe elingagungqiyo kwimveliso yomculo nempumelelo yakhe ekusebenziseni inkcubeko njengesixhobo sokuzisa inguqu ekuhlaleni. \nAmacwecwe akhe\n 1982: Fire, Passion And Ecstasy\n 1983: Rewind\n 1985: Shadows, Fear And Pain\n 1986: Look, Listen And Decide\n 1987: Unfinished Story\n 1989: Trouble In The Land Of Plenty\n 1996: Out Of The Ashes\n 2000: Steam Tracks (Best of)\n 2001: Live At The Market Theatre - 1st Half (Live)\n 2002: The 2nd Half (Live)\n 2010: A Lifetime...\n 2011: Turn On The Sun\nImithombo\nCategory: Abaculi\nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ray Phiri", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Tebogo Steve Kekana ( born 4 August 1958 in Zebediela , Transvaal ) is a Southern singer and songwriter In 1979 and 1980 , Kekana won what would become known as the SABC Black Music Award for the man who excelled all men in singing voice . In total , Kekana 's albums that were published are more than forty .\n His songs like \" The\n Bushman \" and \" Feel So Strong \" ( which were on fire ) were nu", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'USteve Kekana' from xh to English:\nTebogo Steve Kekana ( born 4 August 1958 in Zebediela , Transvaal ) is a Southern singer and songwriter In 1979 and 1980 , Kekana won what would become known as the SABC Black Music Award for the man who excelled all men in singing voice . In total , Kekana 's albums that were published are more than forty .\n His songs like \" The\n Bushman \" and \" Feel So Strong \" ( which were on fire ) were number one singles on the Springbok Radio chart ( a completely unofficial chart at the time ) peaking at # 13 and # 6 in 1982 and 1983 respectively .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUSteve Kekana\nUTebogo Steve Kekana (wazalwa ngeyeThupha ngomhla wesi-4 ka1958 eZebediela, eTransvaal) uyimvumi ekwangumbhali weengoma waseMzantsi Afrika. UKekana waphulukana nokubona eminyaka mihlanu ubudala, waza waya kwisikolo seemfama ePietersburg. ngexesha engumntwana wesikolo, ube engumntu okuthandayo ukucula, waza ke ngoko wabalilungu leqela labasaqalayo ukucula kwiminyaka yakhe yobukhwenkwe. \nNgo1979 nango1980, uKekana waphumelela into eyayisaya kwaziwa njengeMbasa SABC Black Music Award yendoda ethe yagqwesa onke amadoda ngelizwi lokucula. Ingoma kaKekana ethi Raising My Family yiyona yabanodumo olukhulu eEurope ngo1980. Ewonke amacwecwe kaKekana athi ashicilelwa angaphezulu kwamashumi amane. Iingoma zakhe ezifana no\"The Bushman\" kunye no\"Feel So Strong\" (ezazivutha)ziingoma ezazihamba phambili kwitshathi yeSpringbok Radiyo (Itshathi eyayingekho sesikweni ngokupheleleyo ngelo xesha) eyayifikelela kwi#13 nakwi#6 ngo1982 nango1983 ngokulandelelana kwayo le minyaka. \nUSteve Kekana sisifundiswa saseDyunivesithi esinezidanga ezimbini eseB Juris neseLLB degrees. UnguAdvocate ukwafunsia izifundo zeLabour Law kwiDyunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika. \nUludwe lwamacwecwe akhe\n \nIphupho \nThe English Album\nNgiyadlisa\nRaising my family\nHa ke le tje \nIsithombe sami \nNtombi yami \nUmenziwa akakhohlwa\nIsiko lwabe Suthu\nAfrican Lady\nMy Pride, My Joy\nBhoBho\nRisen\nIireferensi\nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "USteve Kekana", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "After scoring his first four UK Top 20 successes , seven years passed before he accumulated a series of transatlantic successes , including three U.S. number ones .\n In 1985 , Ocean won the Grammy Award for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance for his worldwide hit , \" Caribbean Queen \" , and in 1987 was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male . In 2010 , Ocean was honored with the MOBO ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUBilly Ocean (wazalwa enguLeslie Sebastian Charles; ngeyoMqungu ngomhla wama-21, ngo1950) ligcisa lomshicileli waseTrinidad naseTobago ongumBritane elinothotho zitshisayo eengoma zepop ye[R&B]] kwihlabathi ngeminyaka yee1970 kunye noo1980. Wayeyeyona mvumi nombhali wwaseBritane weR&B wakhe waduma kwiminyaka yoo1980. After scoring his first four UK Top 20 successes, seven years passed before he accumulated a series of transatlantic successes, including three U.S. number ones. In 1985, Ocean won the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his worldwide hit, \"Caribbean Queen\", and in 1987 was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male.\nNgo2002, iUniversity yase Westminster, eLondon, yamwonga lo kaOcean ngesidanga sokuba ngugqirha womculo. Ngo2010, uOcean wathiwa jize ngembeko yeNkqubela eBomini ngokuthi anikwe imbasa yeMOBO. Ngomhla wama-29 kweYekhala, ngo2011, uOcean waba ngumxhasi weziko leLiverpool elalizakubonisa ngobugcisa balo eqongeni, elinikwa nguSir Paul McCartney. Ulilungu lentshukumo yeRastafari.\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'UBilly Ocean' from xh to English:\nAfter scoring his first four UK Top 20 successes , seven years passed before he accumulated a series of transatlantic successes , including three U.S. number ones .\n In 1985 , Ocean won the Grammy Award for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance for his worldwide hit , \" Caribbean Queen \" , and in 1987 was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male . In 2010 , Ocean was honored with the MOBO award .\n On the 29th of November , 2011 , Ocean became a sponsor of the Liverpool center which will present its art on stage , hosted by Sir Paul McCartney .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "UBilly Ocean", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Gaye was instrumental in shaping the sound of Motown albums in the 1960s with hits including \" How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved By You ) \" and \" I Heard It Through the Grapevine \" , as well as a duet with Mary Wells , Kim Weston and Tammi Terrell , later claimed the titles \" Prince of Motown \" and \" Prince of Soul \" . in the 1970s , he published the pamphlet Whats Going He was preceded in death by h", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\n250px|thumb\nUMarvin Gaye wazalwa enguMarvin Pentz Gay, Jr.ngoTshazimpuzi ngomhla wesi-2, ngo1939\u00a0\u2013 April 1, 1984)waye eyimvumi ekwangumbhali weengoma.\nUGaye wabanegalelo elikhulu ekubundukeni isandi samacwecwe ase Motown eengoma ngeminyaka yoo1960s iingoma ezazinesandi esitshisayo, zibandakanya i\"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)\" kunye ne\"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\", kwakunye nengoma apho acula kunye noMary Wells, Kim Weston kunye noTammi Terrell, kamva wafuna itayitilewangu \"Prince of Motown\" nezithi \"Prince of Soul\". ngeminyaka yoo1970, washicilela oobhazabhaza abathi What's Going On kunye nethi Let's Get It On waza waba ngomnye wabadlali abaphambili bokuqala eMoton ukuqhephuka kwinkampani yayo evelisa umculo.\nee\nAmacwecwe kaGaye amva enza ifuthe kwiingoma ezininzi eeR&B neesubgenre, ezifana noquiet storm kunye noneo-soul. Emva kwethuba ebhacele irhafu eYurophu tax exile ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo1980s, uGaye ukhuphe ingoma etshisayo ngo1982 eyamtsho waphumelela iimbasa ekuthiwa yiGrammy Award-winning kubhazabhaza wakhe wecwecwe ngenxa yengoma yakhe ethi\"Sexual Healing\" kunye nethi Midnight Love.\nWantlamfazwa nguyise ngembululu nguyise, uMarvin Gay, Sr. ngomhla woku-1 kuTshazimpuzi, ngo1984, kwikhaya labo kwisithili saseWest Adams saseLos Angeles. Emva kokukudlula kwakhe emhlabeni, UGaye uwongwe amaxesha ngamaxesha ngamaziko amaninzi, kuquka imbasa yeGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award, eyeRhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame kunye neyeRock and Roll Hall of Fame.\nIMAGE: |eWashington, D. C.'s Columbia Heights apho wayefunda khona uMarvin Gaye kuseCardozo High School, kude kufutshane nasebukhelwaneni baseDeanwood apho wakhulela khona\nUMarvin Gaye wazalwa enguMarvin Pentz Gay, Jr ngekaTshazimpuzi, ngomhla wesi-2, ngo1939 eWashington, D. C., ezalwa ngumfundisi wezakwalizwi uMarvin Gay, Sr., kunye nomsebenzi wasemakhitshini uAlberta Gay (intombi yakwa Cooper). Ikhaya lakhe lokuqala lalise1617 First Street SW, kwiibhloko ezimbalwa phambi kokuba ufike kumlambo iAnacostia. Isitalato sokuqala ebumelwaneni sasibizwa ngokuba yi\"Simple City\" ngenxa yokokuba yayisisixeko\"esingangesiqingatha, isiqingatha selizwe\". Wathi xa kanye ayinkwenkwana eselula uGaye, lwafudukela kwindawo eseDeanwood kumntla-mpuma weD. C. UGaye wayengumntwana wesibini kubantwana bakayise ekwangumntwana wesithathu kubantwana abathandu babonke. Unoodade wabo ababini: uJeanne noZeola, kunye nabafowabo abathathu: uMichael Cooper, uFrankie Gaye kunye noAntwaun Gaye. UMichael Cooper waye sisizananina, ukanti yena uAntwaun yena waye elivezandlebe wayefunyenwe yindoda ngaphandle komtshatos.\nUGaye waqala ukucula eminyaka mine qwaba ezelwe; uyise ethanda ukumkhapha emsa apho wayeyakudlala khona ipiano. UGaye kunye nekhaya lakhe babeyinxalenye yecawa yamaPentecosti eyaziwa ngokuba yiHouse of God. IHouse of God yayizithatha kumaHebhere icawa yobupentecosti iimfundiso zayo, apho kwakushunyayelwa ukuziphatha okukuko, kwaye kuthptyelwa konke okubhalwe kwiTestamenteTestamente endala nakwiTestamente entsha. UGaye waya ekhulelwa luthando lomculo esemncinane waza wakhuthazeka ukuba aqhubele phambili nomculo njengobizo lwakhe emva kokucula kumdlalo weqonga esikolweni. Ubomi bakhe basekhaya yayibubomi \"bokutywatyushwa nokumorhozwa ebethwa\" nguyise, owayembethela yonke into engalunganga ayenzileyo. wayekuchaza ukuhlala emzini kayise njengento efana nqwa \"nokuhlala nekumkani, a very peculiar, changeable, cruel and all powerful king\". He felt that had his mother not consoled him, and encouraged his singing, he would have killed himself. His sister later explained that Gaye was beaten often, from age seven well into his teenage years.\nGaye attended Cardozo High School and joined several doo-wop vocal groups, including the Dippers and the D. C. Tones. Gaye's relationship with his father worsened during his teenage years as his father would kick him out of the house for what he perceived was misbehavior. Following an argument in which he stood up against his father, Gaye walked out of the house for good and dropped out of high school. With dreams of being a pilot, 17-year-old Gaye enlisted in the United States Air Force as a basic airman. Disappointed in having to perform menial tasks, he faked mental illness and was discharged shortly afterwards. Gaye's sergeant stated that he refused to follow orders.\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'UMarvin Gaye' from xh to English:\nGaye was instrumental in shaping the sound of Motown albums in the 1960s with hits including \" How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved By You ) \" and \" I Heard It Through the Grapevine \" , as well as a duet with Mary Wells , Kim Weston and Tammi Terrell , later claimed the titles \" Prince of Motown \" and \" Prince of Soul \" . in the 1970s , he published the pamphlet Whats Going He was preceded in death by his father , Marvin Gay , Sr. on April 1 , 1984 , at their home in the West Adams district of Los Angeles . Gaye attended Cardozo High School and joined several doo - wop vocal groups , including the Dippers and the D. C. Tones .\n Gayes relationship with his father worsened during his teenage years as his father would kick him out of the house for what he perceived was misbehavior .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "UMarvin Gaye", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "World gave her the title of being the best female player of all time .\n Houston is one of the best - selling pop singers of all time , with an estimated 170 - 200 million albums sold worldwide . In 2009 , Guinness World Records awarded her the title of female athlete of all time .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'UWhitney Houston' from xh to English:\nWorld gave her the title of being the best female player of all time .\n Houston is one of the best - selling pop singers of all time , with an estimated 170 - 200 million albums sold worldwide . In 2009 , Guinness World Records awarded her the title of female athlete of all time .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUWhitney Houston\nIMAGE: Whitney Houston (2009)\nUWhitney Elizabeth Houston (wazalwa ngeyeThupha ngomhla we-9, ngo1963 \u2013 walishiya eli ngeyoMdumba umhla we-11, ngo2012) engumlonjikazi waseMelika, ekwangumdlali, umdidiyeli, kunyenonobuhle. Ngo2009, Abashicileli bakwaGuinness World bamnika intshinga yokuba ngumdlali wasetyhini wamaxa onke. UHouston ngomnye weemvumi weengoma zepop ezona ngoma ezazisoloko zithengwa kakhulu kubugcisa bomculo ngalo lonke ixesha, intengiso yazi iqikelelwa kuma-170-200 ezigidi zamacwecwe athengiswe kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukhuphe oobhazabhaza abathandathu bamacwecwe, enye kuzo ngubhazabhaza weeholide abathathu ngabeengoma zemidlalo bhanyabhanya, zonke ke zizuze isetifikethi sedayimani, i-multi-platinum, se-platinum okanye segolide, ukuzibonakalisa kwakhe lo kaHouston kwihlabathi kwithsathi yomculo, ngokunjalo nasekuqaqambeni kwakhe kwiMTV, ukususela kumboniso bhanyabhanya wengoma ethi \"How Will I Know\", abanefuthe elingummangaliso kumagcisa angamaAfrikakazi aseMelika amaninzi awayengabalandeli bakhe .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "UWhitney Houston", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "A child star , he was one of the most talented and popular child musicians of the late 20th century .\n Wonder signed a deal with Motown , Tamla 's record label , at the age of 11 and went on to perform in front of Motown labels in the early 2010s .\n He was born blind .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'UStevie Wonder' from xh to English:\nA child star , he was one of the most talented and popular child musicians of the late 20th century .\n Wonder signed a deal with Motown , Tamla 's record label , at the age of 11 and went on to perform in front of Motown labels in the early 2010s .\n He was born blind .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUStevie Wonder\nUStevland Hardaway Morris (wazalwa ngomhla we-13 kwekaCanzibe ngo1950, enguStevland Hardaway Judkins), waziwa ngegama lakhe leqonga ke elithi Stevie Wonder, ngumlonji waseMelika, imvumi, ukwangumbhali weengoma, nomdidiyeli wamacwecwe eengoma, aphinde abeyingcali edlala iiintlobo-ntlobo zezixhobo zomculo. Inkwenkwezi yomntwana, ubengomnye wabantwana abakhe banesiphiwo sobugcisa nowayebathanda kakhulu abadlali bomculo beminyaka yasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamalate 20. UWonder watyikitya isivumelwano noMotown oyinkampani yombhalo kaTamla eseneminyaka eli-11 waza waqhubela phambili ukucula phambi kwezihlwele ekwashicilela uMotown ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo2010. Wabayimfama esasandula ukuzalwa.'\nIzalathiso\nCategory: Abantu baseYunayithedi Steyitsi", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "UStevie Wonder", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "His calling as a singer His music is placed in the \" Afrosoul \" category and he sings in his mother tongue , Xhosa , and English . The teaser of his famous album Zahara called Loliwe was released in 2011 .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUZahara\nthumb\nZahara (wazalwa Bulelwa Mkutukana, ngomhla we9 kweyeNkanga ngo1988) ngumlonjikazi ekwambhali weengoma, yimbongikazi, is a South African singer-songwriter, poet, ukwaluphawu lomzekelo wesithunya kwisibhedlele sabantwana iNelson Mandela Children's Hospital. Waqala ukucula kwikwayala yasesikolweni sakhe eneminyaka emithandathu qwaba ubudala, waza wathi xa aminyaka iluthoba ubudala wayalelwa ukuba acule kwikwayala yabadala ngenxa yelizwi lakhe elivakala ligqamile. \nNgo2011 uZahara wakhupha icwecwe lakhe lodumo elithi Loliwe, elabonakalisa yimpumelelo enkulu; yaba kwizinga leplatinum kwiintsuku nje ezili-13 laza lalatyuza emva nje kweentsuku ezili-17 laba sele likwizinha ledouble platinum, lathisa ngaphaya kwama100,000 eekopi eMzantsi Afrika. Umboniso wengoma yakhe yodumo, \"uLoliwe\", ufunxe i-1.3 yezigidi zabaphulaphuli ngokuboniswe kwi YouTube. Ngomhla woku-1 kwinyanga kaCanzibe ngo2012, kumnyhadala wonyaka wokunikezelwa kweembasa owawubizwa ngokuba yiSouth African Music Awards, uZahara waphumelela iimbasa ezisibhozo, kuquka eyelona gcisa langasegoqweni i\"Best Female Artist\" nobhazabhaza wecwecwe lonyaka i\"Album of the Year\". phambi kwezi mbasa, kwagqabhuka ingxwabangxwaba ngosasazo malunga nobume bezezimali zakhe ezaziphethwe gwenxa ngabashicileli benkampani yakhe. Inkampani yakhe yoshicilelo i-TS, yazikhaba ngawo omane ezo zityholo. \n \nEarly life\nIgama lakhe leenkobe uZahara nguBulelwa Mkutukana wakumatyotyombe asePhumlani cebu nje ngaphandle kweMonti eMpuma Koloni, eMzantsi Afrika, apho wayehlala khona kunye nabazali bakhe uNokhaya kunye noMlamli Mkutukana. ungumntana wesithandathu kwabasixhenxe. walubonakalisa uthando lwakhe lomculo eseneminyaka emi-6 kuphela ezelwe. Waqala ukutsala amehlo abantu mhla wachongwa ukuba akhokhele iqela lomculo wesikolo secawa ePhumlani. Igama lakhe leqonga lithetha ukuthi \"Intyantyambo edubulayo\"; njengomntwana wayesaziwa ngegama lakhe lesiteketiso elithi Spinach.\nUbizo lwakhe njengemvumi\nUmculo wakhe ubekwa kwicandelo le\"Afrosoul\" kwaye ucula ngolwimi lwakhe lweenkobe, isiXhosa, nagesiNgesi. Iingoma zakhe bezisoloko zichazwa njengomxube wohlobo lomculo odunyiswe nguTracy Chapman, kunye noIndia. Arie.\nUbhazabhaza wecwecwe lakhe lodumo uZahara elithi Loliwe lakhutshwa ngo-2011. Ukukhutshwa kwalo okokuqala laba sele lithengisile kwisithuba nje esingephi seeyure ezingama 72 likho, and 19 days later, the album reached double platinum status in South Africa by surpassing the 100,000 sales mark. Oku kwamenza okokuba abeyimvumi yesibini emva koBrenda Fassie, owayengumXhosa onomtsalane kakhulu, nowafikelela kweli nani ngelo xesha lifutshane kangako. UZahara wakhupha icwecwe lakhe lokuqala lomboniso bhanyabhanya (iDVD)ecula ngokungathi nguX-Factor umngeneli waseUSA LeRoy Bell. I-DVD yafikelela kumgangatho weplatinum (ngokomgangatho obekwe ngabashicileli bamacwecwe baseMzantsi Afrika) ngosuku olunye nje kuphela. \n Iingoma zakhe \n Loliwe (2011)\n The Beginning Live (2012)\n Nelson Mandela (2013)\n Phendula (2013)\nImithombo\nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'UZahara' from xh to English:\nHis calling as a singer His music is placed in the \" Afrosoul \" category and he sings in his mother tongue , Xhosa , and English . The teaser of his famous album Zahara called Loliwe was released in 2011 .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "UZahara", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet known to have life on it . Earth is the only planet in our solar system that has a lot of liquid and water . Because of its waters , the world is home to millions of species of plants and animals . The Earth is part of the eight planets and part of thousands of smaller objects that orbit the sun as part of the solar system . Earth 's g", "text": "### URL: http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/030827a.html\nAsk an Astrophysicist\nThis is the \"Ask an Astrophysicist\" service of the Imagine the Universe! web site. We are a small group of volunteers who work on space-based astronomical observations, including cosmic-ray, gamma-ray, and X-ray astrophysics. Our research subjects are often exotic, like black holes, dark matter, and the origin of the universe.\nWe have already answered many questions, and have an extensive archive of past questions and answers. Please consult the archive first to see if your question has already been answered. We attempt to answer as many questions as possible, but we are a small group of volunteers and cannot afford the time to answer all the incoming questions.\nWe will not respond to questions whose answers may be found in our archive or on our site, or questions unrelated to space-based astrophysics.\n- We do not accept more than 1 question per email and no more than 1 question per week from an individual user.\n- Educators, please see Special Guidelines for Teachers.\n- It usually takes 1-2 weeks for our volunteers to answer a question.\nWhich topic area are you interested in?\n(Please select one to search for the answer to your question)\n\u2666 General Astronomy & Astrophysics *\nPlease Note: Topic links with * next to them take you to an archive of questions & answers and other resources, but will not allow you to submit new questions.\nNot sure where your question fits in? If so,\n- Read an explanation of these topic areas.\n- Or type a key word or phrase into our LIBRARY SEARCH ENGINE --- your question may already have been answered on our site.\nIf your question does not fall onto one of the above areas, it means we are not the appropriate resource for your question.\n- Check out the \"Who are we\" page, which explains what we study, what questions we'd most like to answer, and how we fit in with the rest of NASA.\n- You can find other similar services by doing a web search for them or you could try doing a general web search for your question --- a lot of the things are on the web, if only you knew where to look. Here is an explanation of how to do a web search.\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Ihlabathi' from xh to English:\nEarth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet known to have life on it . Earth is the only planet in our solar system that has a lot of liquid and water . Because of its waters , the world is home to millions of species of plants and animals . The Earth is part of the eight planets and part of thousands of smaller objects that orbit the sun as part of the solar system . Earth 's general distance from the sun ( this distance is called an \" Astronomical Unit \" ) . The earth is moving along its path at an average speed of one second .\n The Earth rotates this way about 365 \u00bc times that the sun takes in that time , so the Earth spends the entire way around the sun .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIhlabathi yindawo eyiplanethi yesithathu ukusuka elangeni kwaye kukuphela kweplanethi eyaziwa njengenobomikuyo. Ihlabathi eli leenzeka kwisithuba sezigidigidi ezi4.5 billion zeminyaka eyadlulayo. lelinye leeplanethi ezine ezinamatye ngaphakathi kwisolar izinto ezijikeleze ilanga. Ezinye zazo ziiMercury, iVenus, kunye neMars.\nUbunzima obukhulu mass belanga benza okokuba ihlabathi lilijikeleze ngokwesazinge, kanye oku kobunzima behlabathi xa busenza okokuba inyanga ilijikeleze . Nehlabathi ngokunjalo liyazijikikelezela, ngoko ke iindawo ngeendawo zijonge ngaselangeni ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ihlabathi lijikeleza ilanga kanye (kube kanye ngo\"year\") qho kwisithuba esingangamawaka ama-365\u00bc lijikeleza oko (kanye ngo\"suku\").\nInyanga ijikeleza umhlaba qho kwiintsuku ezimalunga nama-27\u2153, kwaye ibanokukhanya okuvela elangeni. Njengokuba ihlabathi lijikelelza ilanga kwangelo xesha linye, ukutshintsha kokukhanya kwenyanga kuthatha iintsuku ezimalunga nama-29\u00bd ukuba itshintshe ebumnyameni iye ekukhanyeni okuqaqambileyo isuke apho iphindele ebumnyameni kwakhona. Kulapho ke kwavela khona lo mbono wenyanga. Kodwa ke ngoku iinyanga ezininzi zineentsuku ezingama-30 okanye ama-31 zitsho zikulungele ukwenza unyaka.\nihlabathi kukuphela kweplanethi kwinkqubo yethu yezinto ezijikeleza ilanga enobumanzi obuninzi naamanzi. Malunga nama71% zomhlaba zogqunywe ngeelwandle. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, maxa wambi kuthiwa yiplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. \nNgenxa yamanzi ayo, ihlabathi lilikhaya lezigidi zeentlobo zeizityalo nezilwanyana. Izinto eziphila emHlabeni ziyitshinsthe kwaphela umphezulu nembonakalo yomhlaba. umzekelo, early cyanobacteria changed the air and gave it I-oxygen. The living part of the Earth's surface is called the \"biosphere\".\nIgophe lokujika\nIMAGE: |Ihlabathi lijika kwigophe ekuthiwa yi\"axial tilt\") ngokunxulumene nomzila wayo ojikeleze langa. \nIhlabathi yinxalenye yeeplanethi ezisibhozo kwakunye nenxalenye yamawakawaka ezinto ezincinane ezizulazula zijikeleza ilanga njengenkqubo yokujikeleza kwezinto ezingqonge ilanga. Inkqubo yokujikeleza kwezinto ezingqonge ilanga ihamba ngeNgalo yeOrion yeMilky Way Galaxy ngoku, kwaye oku kuyakwenzeka isithuba seminyaka eli-10,000.\nIhlabathi ngokubanzi kude le kwilanga (lo mgama ubizwa ngokuba yi\"Astronomical Unit\"). Umhlaba uhamba ngendlela yawo ngesantya esikumyinge wama ngomzuzwana. Umhlaba ujika kuyo yonke le ndlela malunga ne-365\u00bc yamathuba athatyathwa lilanga ngelo xesha ke uMhlaba wona uchitha uyihamba yonke loo ndlela ujikeleza ilanga. Ukuze kubekho usuku olude kunezinye qho ngonyaka, usuku olongezelelweyo lubakho qho kwiminyaka emine. kuthiwe ke lo nyaka yi\"leap year\".\nInyanga ijikeleza umHlaba kumgama ongumyinge we . It is locked to Earth, so that it always has the same half facing the Earth; the other half is called the \"Dark Side of the Moon\". It takes about 27\u2153 days for the Moon to go all the way around the Earth but, because the Earth is moving around the Sun at the same time, it takes about 29\u00bd days for the Moon to go from dark to bright to dark again. This is where the word \"month\" came from, even though most months now have 30 or 31 days\nImithombo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ihlabathi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "A continent is a large land area connected to the earth. it is agreed that there are seven continents : Africa , Antarctica , Asia , Europe , North America , Australasia or Oceania , Either are accepted terms and South America . Continent ( 2009 ) .\n In Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica . This includes the island of New Guinea , Tasmania , New Zealand and a group of islands .\n Located on the northeast s", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Ilizwekazi' from xh to English:\nA continent is a large land area connected to the earth. it is agreed that there are seven continents : Africa , Antarctica , Asia , Europe , North America , Australasia or Oceania , Either are accepted terms and South America . Continent ( 2009 ) .\n In Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica . This includes the island of New Guinea , Tasmania , New Zealand and a group of islands .\n Located on the northeast side of the Wallace Line , it is very different from that of Asia . i\n - Oceania is a region that includes Australia , New Zealand and the Pacific Islands . Worldatlas.com - Australia The third way is the name Australasia , which includes all countries at least on the continent of Australia .\n This includes the island of New Guinea , Tasmania , New Zealand and a group of islands .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIlizwekazi\nIMAGE: |Imephu ebonisa amazwekazi: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 North America\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 South America\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Antarctica\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Africa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Europe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Asia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oceania\nIlizwekazi yindawo enkulu yomhlaba edibeneyo apha emhlabeni. kuyavunyelwana okokuba asixhenxe amazwekazi: yi-Africa, yi-Antarctica, yi-Asia, yiYurophu, yiNorth America, yi-Australasia okanye i-Oceania,Either are accepted terms kunye neSouth America. Continent (2009). In Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Retrieved 12 December 2009. \"Uninzi lwabantu lona lwazi amazwekazi asixhenxe iAsia, iAfrica, iNorth America, iSouth America, iAntarctica, iEurope, kunye neAustralia, ukusuka kwelona likhulu ukuya kwelona lincinane\u2014nangona maxa wambi iEurope neAsia zisaziwa njengelizwekazi elinye, iEurasia.\"\nIlizwekazi yindawo enkulu yomhlaba apha emhlabeni eqokoleleneyo yaba yinto enye. ngokwesithethe kwavunyelwana okokuba asixhenxe amazwekazi: yi-Africa, yi-Antarctica, yi-Asia, yiYurohu, Ngumntla Melika, yi-Australasia okanye yi-Oceania,Either are accepted terms and South America. \"La mazwekazi asixhenxe ngawona mazwekazi aziwayo ngabantu abaninzi; \u2014iAsia, iAfrica, UmNtla Melika, Umzantsi Melika, iAntarctica, iYurophu, kunye neAustralia, ukusuka kwelona lakhe lalikhulu ukuya kwelona lincinane.\u2014maxa wambi iyurophu neAsia ngamazwekazi athathwa njengelizwekazi elinye, iEurasia.\"\n Ezinye iinguqulelo \n i-Australia \nBabakho abathi iAustralia yenye yamazwekazi asixhenxe. abanye bathi iAustralia yinxalenye ye-Oceania. i-Oceania yingingqi ebandakanya ii-Australia, iNew Zealand kunye nePacific Islands. Worldatlas.com - Australia Eyesithathu indlela indlela ligama elithi Australasia, lona liquka onke amazwe ubuncinane kwilizwekazi \neAustralian. Oku kuquka isiqithi sase saseNew Guinea, eTasmania, eNew Zealand kunye neqela leziqithana. Lingakwicala langasemntla-mpuma weWallace Line, linomahluko omkhulu kunobo baseAsia. \n\"Iquka zonke iziqithi zeMalay Archipelago... kunye namaqela ngamaqela eziqithi kwiPacific. eli gama belisoloko lisetyenziswa kwiintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo\". Wallace, Alfred Russel 1893. Australasia, vol 1. London: Stanford. Chapter 1: Definition.\n UmNtla nomZantsi Melika \nUmntla Melika kunye nomZantsi Melika ngamazwekazi asoloko echazwa ngelithi ngama \"NgamaAmerika\". Oku kunika ithuba lokubandakanya imelika esembindini kunye neziqithi zeCaribbean. Ngaphaya koko iMelika ekumbindi Melika ibalwa nje ngelinye ilizwekazi laseMntla Melika.\nImithombo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ilizwekazi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Climatology ( from Greek , klima , \" place , zone \" ; and , -logia ) is the study of weather , according to research studies it is defined as the state of the weather according to the average of the fixed time . Climate Prediction Center .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nImozulu\nIClimatology (from Greek , klima, \"place, zone\"; and , -logia) sisifundo ngemozulu, ngokwezifundo zophando ichazwa njengemo yezulu ngokomyinge wexesha elimisiweyo. Climate Prediction Center. Climate Glossary. Retrieved on November 23, 2006. Eli candelo litsha lesifundo lithathwa njengesebe lelezifundo zophando ngobume bezulu kwaye licandelo eliphantsi kwejography ejongene nokwenzeka kwindalo, nekulelona candelo lophando ngezifundo ezingomhlaba. Kunamhlanje nje iClimatology iquka izifundo ngemiba efana neoceanography and biogeochemistry.\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Imozulu' from xh to English:\nClimatology ( from Greek , klima , \" place , zone \" ; and , -logia ) is the study of weather , according to research studies it is defined as the state of the weather according to the average of the fixed time . Climate Prediction Center .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Imozulu", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The world cup game is played every fourth year between national teams , and it is the world 's most popular game , even more popular than the Olympic games . World 's most watched TV sports events : 2006 In soccer , there are two types of competition . the most successful team in the world is Rangers F. C. Scotland , which has won more major titles than any country in the world .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Isoka' from xh to English:\nThe world cup game is played every fourth year between national teams , and it is the world 's most popular game , even more popular than the Olympic games . World 's most watched TV sports events : 2006 In soccer , there are two types of competition . the most successful team in the world is Rangers F. C. Scotland , which has won more major titles than any country in the world .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIsoka\nFor the American sport, see American football. For other sports known as football, see Football\nIMAGE: iSwitzerland neAlbania zidlala isoka.\nIMAGE: |250px|Ibala lokudlala isoka.\nUmbutho webhola ekhatywayo ngumdlalo, odlalwa phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Kwamanye amazwe, anje ngeUnited Kingdom, ubizwa ngokuba yisoka okanye ibhola ekhatywayo, kodwa kwamanye amazwe, anje ngeUnited States neCanada, kuthiwa isoka. EAustralia, eNew Zealand, Ireland, eMzantsi Afrika, kunye neJapan, asoloko esetyenziswa omabini laa magama. \nIqela ngalinye line-11 labadlali enkundleni. Omnye wabadlali ngunozinti, baze abanye abadlali abalishumi baziwe ngokuba \"ngabadlali basebaleni.\" umdlalo udlalwa ngokuthi kukhatywe ibhola ikhatyelwe ezipalini zeqela ekukhutshiswana nalo. Uwonke umdlalo udlalwa ngemizuzu engama-90 emizuzu, kodwa phakathi keale mizuzu kumane kubakho i-15 lemizuzu elibekelwe okokuba bakhe baphumle abadlali. Ixesha lokuphumla kuthiwa sisiqingatha.\n Ukhuphiswano \n \nluninzi ukhuphiswano lwebhola ekhatywayo, lolwamaqela esoka asekuhlaleni, kunye nolwezizwe. Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo avamise ukudlala namanye amaqela kwisizwe sawo, ngaphandle nje ke kwemeko ezithile nezizezimbalwa. I-Cardiff City F. C. kunye ne Swansea City F. C zaseWales umzekelo, zidlala kwiitumente zaseNgilane nakwezesiNgesiiFA Cup.\namaqela afana neUEFA kunye neFIFA ziququzelela ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi phakathi kwamaqela kunye nezizwe. Amaqela adlala kukhuphiswano olufana netumente yeUEFA Champions okanye itumente yeUEFA Europa, kwaye amazwe adlalela indebe yeHlabathi okanye indebe yelizwekazi efana neyobuntshatsheli kwibhola ekhatywayo yaseYurophu ebizwa ngokuba yiUEFA.\nUmdlalo wendebe yehlabathi udlalwa qho kumnyaka wesine phakathi kwamaqela ezizwe, kwaye iba ngowona mdlalo wehlabathi othandwa kakhulu, uthandwa nangaphezu kwalo wemidlalo yeOlympic. World\u2019s most watched TV sports events: 2006 Kwisoka, zimbini iintlobo zokhuphiswano. Kwi\"tumente\", onke amaqela adlala inani lemidlalo efanayo, kodwa \"kwindebe\", amaqela ayalushiya ukhuphiswano xa athe akaphumelela okanye xa athe abethwa, de kube kushiyeka amaqela amabini okugqibela ibe ngawo azakudlala, ze ke ngoku kukhutshwe intshatheli kula maqela mabini. \n Ngubani odlala lo mdlalo wesoka? \nIbhola ekhatywayo ngumdlalo othandwa kakhulu lihlabathi. Ngumdlalo odlalwa kumazwe amaninzi kuneminye imidlalo. Singathi nje iFIFA (the Federation Internationale de Football Association) inamalungu amaninzi kunalawo eZizwe ezimanyeneyo. Udlalwa ngamadoda nabafazi. \neYurophu, olona khuphiswano luphambili lwenziwa lube lolona lona lolweentshatsheli zeLeague kumaqela asencochoyini nakwiitumente eziphambilikwisizwe ngasinye eYurophu. kube ke ngoku sele kusibakho iUEFA Europa League nekuyeyawona maqela agqwesileyo kwilungu ngalinye leUEFA.\nelona qela linempumelelo kwihlabathi yiRangers F. C. yaseScotland, lilo eliphumelele iitayitile ezinkulu ngaphezu kwawo onke amazwe emhlabeni. Laaphumelela itumente yesizwe kwade kwanga-51 labe ke liqhawule ngokwenjenjalo. Amanye amaqela anempumelelo yiFC Barcelona kunye neReal Madrid yaseSpain, okanye eManchester United F. C. zaseNgilaneEngland. \n Imithetho \n abadlali abanakusebenzisa izandla zabo okanye iingalo zabo (ukuphatha ibhola), ngaphandle kokuba ngunozinti, ongazisebenzisa xa ekumhlaba we'penalthi (umhlaba wepenalthi ke ngumhlaba ophambi kweepali zombini. \n Abadlali abanakugibana bengenakutyhilizana. (yifoul leyo).\n Abadlali abanakubambana okanye bamise omnye umdlali ukuba angafumani ibhola (ukubangumqobo).\n Abadlali abadlalise abanye kakubi baboniswa ikhadi eliqanda. Abadlali abadlalise abanye kakubi ngokugqithileyo, okanye bafumane amakhadi amabini aqanda kumdlalo omnye, bafumane ikhadi elibomvu. Abadlali abakhutshelwe baboniswa ikhadi elibomvu bayagxothwa kwibala lokudlala kwaye abanakuqhubeka bedlala de umdlalo uphele. Ukhuphiswano (olufana nolwePremier League eNgilane) uyaphulukana nomdlalo olandelayo (uyanqunyanyiswa) xa ufumene ikhadi elibomvu, okanye unikwe amakhadi aqanda de kwakahlanu kwelo xesha lonyaka. \n Ibhola ingaphandle komdlalo xa inqumle imida.\n Ukuba umdlali uyikhabele ngaphandle ibhola ecaleni lebala, elinye iqela liyayinikwa ibhola ukuba liyiphosele liyibuyisela ngaphakathi emdlalweni (ukuphosela ngaphakathi).\n Ukuba umdlali uyikhabela ngaphandle komdlalo ibhola ekupheleni kwenkundla, elinye iqela lizakunikwa ithuba lokokuba liyikhabele ngaphakathi liyisuka kwikona ngeliyibuyisela emdlalweni ibhola (a icorner kick);\n ukuba umdlali uyikhabela ngaphandle kwebala lokudlala ibhola ibhola ekupheleni kwelinye icala lebala, elinye iqela liyakuyikhaba liyibuyisela ebaleni lokudlala ibhola liyisusa ngqo phambi kweepali. (a goal kick);\n ioffside rule'' ithetha okokuba makubekho abakhuseli ababini ubuncinane phakathi kwabahlaseli nabakhuseli' xa ugxa womhlaseli eyidlulisela kuye ibhola. Omnye wabakhuseli idla ngokuba ngunozinti. \n Xa umdlali efake inqaku akavumelekanga ukuba axhumaxhumele kwizihlwele. Ukuba uyakwenza oko uyakufumana ikhadi eliqanda. Kananjalo ukuphakamisela phezulu umntla wento ayinxibileyo ngenxa yovuyo. \n Abadlali mabangabaxhaphazi oosompempe nangayiphina indlela (ngamazwi omlomo okanye ngezandla).", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isoka", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) is a type of domestic fowl .\n It is widely raised for its meat and eggs . When a farmer raises chickens , he must build a nest for them ( like a small chicken coop ) so that they can have a place to sleep. they also need a place like a place to run and exercise or play there , roll on the ground , eat , drink . Chickens and chicken pox Chickenpox has not", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Inkukhu' from xh to English:\nThe chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) is a type of domestic fowl .\n It is widely raised for its meat and eggs . When a farmer raises chickens , he must build a nest for them ( like a small chicken coop ) so that they can have a place to sleep. they also need a place like a place to run and exercise or play there , roll on the ground , eat , drink . Chickens and chicken pox Chickenpox has nothing to do with chickens .\n when chicken pox was first described , it was noticed that the pox spots looked like a vegetable called chickpea on the skin . The Latin word for chick peas is lithicer , and it is the original name for chicken pox . Because of its low cost , chicken meat ( also called \" chicken \" ) is one of the most consumed types of meat in the world .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\n320pxIMAGE: |Gallus gallus domesticus\nInkukhu i(Gallus gallus domesticus) luhlobo lwentaka yasekhaya. Ikhuliswe ngokubanzi ngenxa yenyama yayo kunye namaqanda. Zizizigidigidi ezingama-24 zeenkukhu emhlabeni wonke jikelele.according to Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds, Ed. Perrins, Christopher. Buffalo, N. Y.: Firefly Books, Ltd., 2003. Zifuywa kakhulu ngabantu njengemfuyo, oko kuthetha ukuthi zigcinelwa inyama yazo kunye namaqanda. Iinkukhu ziintaka engabhabhi kuyaphi, oko kuthetha ukuthi azinakubhabha. Zibhabhela kufutshane. \nInkunzi yenkukhu ibizwa ngokuba yirooster okanye yicock (isishunqulelo segama elithi cockerel). Isikhukukazi senkukhu kuthiwa yihen. Inkukhu esencinane kuthiwa l intshontsho. Njengezinye izikhukukazi zentaka, izikhukukazi zenkukhu zizalela amaqanda maqanda lawo athi aqanduselwe. \nXa umfama ekhulisa iinkukhu, kufuneka azakhele indlwane yazo (njengendlwana encinane yeenkukhu) ukuze zikwazi ukuba nendawo yokulala. zikwafuna indawo enje ngesiza sokubaleka nokuzilolonga okanye zidlalele khona, zibhukuleze emhlabeni, zitye, zisele. Iinkukhu kufuneka zikhuselwe kwiintshaba zazo ezifana nookhetshe, oko kwenziwa ngokuthi zibiyelwe. How to Raise Chickens, retrieved 15 Mar, 2011.\nIinkukhu zisenokufuyelwa ukwenza ushishino. Oku kwenza okokuba amafama enze inyama namaqanda amaninzi, kodwa ke noko oku akulunganga ezinkukhwini. \n Iinkukhu kunye nechicken pox \nIChickenpox ayinanto nakwenza neenkukhu. xa yayichazwa okokuqala ichicken pox, kwaqatshelwa okokuba amachaphaza epox ayebonakala njengemifuno ebizwa ngokuba yichickpea ebalapha esikhumbeni. igama lesiLatini lechick peas lithicicer, kwaye ligama layo lokuqala apho ichicken pox yathi yalifumana khona.\nAmaqanda\nIinkukhu zaziwa kakhulu ngamaqanda azo. Abantu abaninzi bayawatya. \n Inyama \nIMAGE: Iinkunzi zenkukhu ezimbini ziyalwa kwilali yaseThailand.\nNgenxa yeendleko zayo ephantsi, inyama yenkukhu (nebizwa ngokuba yi\"nkukhu\") yenye yeentlobo zenyama esetyenziswa kakhulu apha emhlabeni. AmaMelika atya iinkukhu ezizizigidi ezisi-8 qho ngonyaka. Ezona zitya zinenkukhu nezithandwa kakhulu ngamaphiko eBuffalo, ibutter chicken, chicken rice, chicken balls, chicken pot pie, chicken soup, fried chicken, inkukhu eyojiweyo (jonga umfanekiso), kunye nenkukhu yetandoori.\n Umdlalo \nKwezinye iindawo zehlabathi abantu bazifuyela ukulwa ngazo iinkukhu. Babheja ngemali bebhejela okokuba liliphi na iqela elizakuphumelela. kwiindawo ezininzi lo mdlalo awukho semthethweni. \nIMAGE: |Inkukhu eyojiweyo\nCategory: Izilwanyana", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Inkukhu", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "When agriculture becomes industrialized , it means that the level of work must be suspended , until the place of work is taken by machines .\n If that is the case , a few workers are required to operate the machines. this type of farming is often done as a response to raising the standard of society . This is criticized because the level of animal welfare has decreased .\n The Welfare of Intensiv", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Ukufuyela ukushishina' from xh to English:\nWhen agriculture becomes industrialized , it means that the level of work must be suspended , until the place of work is taken by machines .\n If that is the case , a few workers are required to operate the machines. this type of farming is often done as a response to raising the standard of society . This is criticized because the level of animal welfare has decreased .\n The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs This type of farming contributes to increased air pollution and health conditions .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUkufuyela ukushishina\nIMAGE: Iinkukhu zikhuliswa eFlorida\nUkufuyela ushishino okanye ushishino ngolimo luhlobo lolimo apho uninzi lwemali eyinkunzi kunye nengqesho zisetyenziswayo ukuze kwandiswe isivuno esinokuzuzwa kuloo ndawo. Ukusetyenziswa kwesixa esikhulu sokubulala izinambuzane kwizityalo nokusetyenziswa kwamachiza emfuyo ye[[zilwanyana kuxhaphakile. Akunjalo ke kulimo lwemveli, olungafumani ngeniso ingako kuloo ndawo lwenzelwa kuyo. Xa ulimo luye lwaloloshishino, oko kuthetha okokuba izinga lokusebenza kufuneka lixhome, de ibe indawo yomsebenzi ithathwa ngoomatshini. Kwawuthi ke kusakube kunjalo, kufuneke abasebenzi abambalwa abo bazakusebenzisa oomashini. olu hlobo lokuba ngumfama lusoloko lusenziwa njengokusabela ekukhuliseni umgangatho woluntu. Kuyagxekwa ke oku kuba kaloku izinga lokunonotshelwa kwentlalo yezilwanyana lwehlile. The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs Olu hlobo lolimo lukhokhelela ekwandeni kongcoliseko lomoya kwanakwiimeko zempilo. Commissioner points to factory farming as source of contamination\nImithombo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ukufuyela ukushishina", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "It is something that has always been thought to be the best hair job. they protect against the sun 's UV rays , which damage the skin. they protect against rain and water .\n Water affects the fur , or oil can be absorbed by the skin . Human Hair A man with his hair on his head , face , and body .\n In humans , hair grows mostly on the head , and the amount of body hair varies from race to race .", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Iinwele' from xh to English:\nIt is something that has always been thought to be the best hair job. they protect against the sun 's UV rays , which damage the skin. they protect against rain and water .\n Water affects the fur , or oil can be absorbed by the skin . Human Hair A man with his hair on his head , face , and body .\n In humans , hair grows mostly on the head , and the amount of body hair varies from race to race .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: Ziinde, iinwele ezimdaka ngombala Iinwele yinto ekhula apha esikhumbeni sezilwanyana. Iinwele zezilwanyana zibabuboya. Iigusha kunye neebhokhwe zinoboya obujijeneyo, obusoloko bubizwa ngokuba yiwulu. iinwele zenziwe ngekeratin. IiKeratin ziiproteini.\nAbantu kunye nenxalenye yezinye izilwanyana zilahlekelwe buboya bazoobuninzi ngenxa ye evolution, kwaye ezinye izilwanyana, ezifana neemfene kunye newhale, ziphantse zingabizinabo kwaphela. \nImisebenzi yeenwele\nIMAGE: Uboya benkunzi yengonyama bunemisebenzi emininzi\nIinwele zinganemisebenzi emininzi: kakhulu ukukhusela ukuhamba kobushushu emzimbeni. Yinto ebekusoloko kucingwa okokuba ngowona msebenzi weenwele. kwiUV imitha yelanga, eyonakalisa isikhumba.\nziyakhusela xa kusina imvula nasemanzini. Amanzi achaphazela eboyeni, okanye ioyile ingaputyuzwa sisikhumba. Zombini ezi ndlela zinqanda imvula okanye amanzi ukuba angakwazi ukugodolisa umzimba. Izilwanyana zeAquatic ezihlala emanzini abandayo zinamafutha abekeleleneyo phantsi kwesikhumba, zibe zingenakwaboya. \nIinwele zobuxoki\nEzi zilwanyana, umzekelo, izinambuzane ezithile kunye nezigcawu zisoloko zineenwele. Kodwa akuzizo iinwele zokwenyani, yimisebe nje. Iinwele ezifumaneka kwizityalo ezithile nazo akuzonwele ncam, kodwa ziitrichomes.\n Iinwele zomntu \nIMAGE: Indoda neenwele zayo entloko, ebusweni, nasemzimbeni.\nEbantwini, iinwele zikhula entloko ubukhulu becala, kwaye isixa seenwele zomzimba sahlukile kuhlanga nohlanga. AmaAsia kunye namaMelika emveli asemantla aneenwelana apha emzimbeni, ngeli lixa wona amaCaucasia ethanda ukuba neenwele Umbala weenwele \nUmbala weenwele ugqithiswa ngabazali kuphela. Iinwele zemveli ziyafuzwa kuphela. yinto engenakufane yenzeke into yokokuba ubenebala leenwele ongalifumananga ngokufuza abazali bakho bobabini umama notata wakho. Oku kuxhomekeke kwiimbewu zofuzo ezithwalwa ngabazali ezongameleyo nakwezamkelayo. Le mbewu isenokungabi ngumbala weenwele zabo, kodwa ke, abantu abaninzi bathwala imbewu yofuzo eyamkelayo kwaye ayinampawu zibonakalayo. \nUkudaya iinwele kukutshintsha ibala lazo. Ukudaya kudidiyelwe ngomxube weekhemikhali mxube lowo ukwaziyo ukutshintsha ibala leenwele ngenxa yentshukumo eyenziwa zezikhemikhali. Abantu abaninzi badaya iinwele zabo kuba befuna ukufihla izimvu zabo. Unobangela woko kukuba uninzi lwabantu lubaneenwele ezingwevu ngokuya besiba badala.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Iinwele", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "This happened when the area of the Apurimac river was measured .\n Until the 1970s , it was thought that the Mara\u00f1\u00f3n river was the source of the Amazon .\n < ! --Ngo2001 , an expedition found that Nevado Mismi was in fact the source of the Amazon . Along the coastline , near Cabo do Norte , there are many islands partially covered with water . Bridges There are no bridges across the entire lengt", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUmlambo iAmazon\nIMAGE: I-Satellite umfanekiso womlomo womlambo iAmazon\n \nUmlambi iAmazon (ukwabizwa ngokuba yiRio de Anus ngesiPortuguese nangeSpanish) ngowona mlambo mkhulu kumZantsi Melika. Ngumlambo wesibini kweyakhe yamikhulu emhlabeni ulandela umlambo iNile kwaye uhamba ngehlathi letrophika lasemZantsi Melika, eBrazil kuphela. Ikomkhulu lawo likwiintaba zaseAndes ePeru, ekupheleni kwentshona yasemZantsi Melika uze urhibe wenjenjeya ukuya ngasempuma de uyekungena kulwandle lweAtlantic kufuphi ne-equator. Lo mlambo ngoyena wakhe wamkhulu ngokomthamo wamanzi awo. Ihambisa amanzi amaninzi kunalawo athwalwa yimilambo esibhozo elandela emva kwawo ngobukhulu idibene. I-Amazon inesitya sokuhluza amanzi esakhe sasikhulu emhlabeni. Ingamalunga nesihlanu sesiqingatha semilambo ebalekayo iyonke emhlabeni jikelele. Ngexesha lokuna kweemvula enyakeni, indawo zaseAmazon zibamanzi ngakumbi ngokumalunga nekm ngobubanzi babo. Ngenxa yobungakanani bayo, maxa wambi idbizwa njengo Mlambo-lwandle. yinkqubo yomlambo eyakhe yankulu kwihlabathi lonke jikelele, nangona ingengomlambo udlula yonke imilambo ngobude. Owona mlambo mde emhlabeni ngumlambo iNile. \n Ubungakanani nendlela yawo \nIMAGE: Isitya seAmazon, kunye nemilambo ebaluleke kakhulu. Nceda qaphela iiTocantini ziyinxalenye yesitya, nokokuba ayincedisani neAmazon\nYeminye yemilambo eyakhe yamide emhlabeni. Ziziintlobo ngeentlobo izifundo ezithe zabanjwa ngeenjongo zokuzama ukwenza umlinganiso wawo ochanekileyo. Njengoko izifundo zithe zaza namanani ahlukeneyo, kunzima ke ngoko ukunika elona nani lililo. Ubude nabo buyatshintsha ngexesha lemvula. Izifundo ezininzi ezenziwe eBrazil, eSpain naseChile zithi ngoyena mlambo mde emhlabeni, Mde nangaphezu kweNile. I-Nile ubude beNile bu ngama-6,571\u00a0eekm. IAmazon inganobude obungama-6,937 eekilometha, iyodlula iNile 140\u00a0yeekm ngobude. Caderno Ci\u00eancia, p\u00e1g. 1, Folha de S\u00e3o Paulo, 3 July, 2008. Iphephandaba lemihlangemihla labantetho isiSpanish El Pa\u00eds ubude balo bungama 6.850 eekhilomitha. Oku kunokwenza okokuba ubemde ngeekhilomitha ezingama-40 kuneNile. Ngo2007, iingcali zasePeru naseBrazil zibale ubude bama-6,800\u00a0km.\nIsifundo esathi senziwa ngo1969 sithi iAmazon inobude obungama-6,448\u00a0eekm. Oku kwathi kwathi kwenziwa umlinganiselo wendawo yomlambo iApurimac. De kwangeminyaka yoo1970, kwakucingwa okokuba umlambo iMara\u00f1\u00f3n kwakuyintsusa yeAmazon. \n Indlela ehamba iinqanawa xa zisiya kushishina \nIinqanawa ezinkulu zingadibana nomlambo Big ocean ships can get up the river until Manaus, which is almost 1500 kilometers from its mouth. Smaller ocean ships of 3,000 tons and 7.9\u00a0m (26\u00a0ft) draftPeru port information can reach as far as Iquitos in Peru, 3,700\u00a0km (2,300 miles) from the sea. Smaller riverboats can reach 780\u00a0km (486\u00a0mi) higher as far as Actual Point. Beyond that, small boats frequently go up to the Pogo Ode Escherichia's, just above Actual Point.\n Izalathiso \n \n Other websites \n Amazon River and Amazon Rainforest virtual tour\n Information on the Amazon from Extreme Science\n Map of South America\n Pictures of the Amazon River\n Amazon River and rain forest photos and information\n An Amazon River web site\n Information and a map of the Amazon's watershed\n river tours\nCategory: Milambo\nCategory: Masiguqule\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Umlambo iAmazon' from xh to English:\nThis happened when the area of the Apurimac river was measured .\n Until the 1970s , it was thought that the Mara\u00f1\u00f3n river was the source of the Amazon .\n < ! --Ngo2001 , an expedition found that Nevado Mismi was in fact the source of the Amazon . Along the coastline , near Cabo do Norte , there are many islands partially covered with water . Bridges There are no bridges across the entire length of the river . Most cities are on the banks of the river .\n The biggest city on the river is Manaus , which is also the capital of the Brazilian State of Amazonas . Big ocean ships can get up the river until Manaus , which is almost 1500 kilometers from its mouth .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Umlambo iAmazon", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "He was struggling there , and left to become a court clerk in 1865 .\n He first became famous in Europe in the 1870s , and he was soon called all over Europe and New York . Bernhardt 's tombstone In 1905 , while playing in Rio de Janeiro , Bernhardt injured his right knee in the last episode of the game when he jumped from the top of a high wall . His leg never fully healed , showing signs of bru", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'U'''Sarah Bernhardt'''' from xh to English:\nHe was struggling there , and left to become a court clerk in 1865 .\n He first became famous in Europe in the 1870s , and he was soon called all over Europe and New York . Bernhardt 's tombstone In 1905 , while playing in Rio de Janeiro , Bernhardt injured his right knee in the last episode of the game when he jumped from the top of a high wall . His leg never fully healed , showing signs of bruising .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nU'''Sarah Bernhardt'''\nUSarah Bernhardt wazalwa ngomhla wama(23 October 1844 \u2013 waza wasweleka ngomhla wama26 March 1923) wayengumFrentshi ongumdlali weqonga, owayesoloko ebizwa ngokuba \"ngumdlali wodumo kwimbali yehlabathi\". UBernhardt walwenza udumo lwakhe kumaqonnga aseYurophu ngeminyaka yoo1870, waza wasebenza eYurophu ngokukhawuleza naseUnited States. Wakhulisa isidima sakhe njengomdlali wokwenene, watsho wafumana isiteketiso esithi \"The Divine Sarah.\"\n Eselula \nwazalelwa eParis enguMarie Henriette Bernardt, intombi kaJulie Bernardt noyise owayengumDatshi. Wongeza iqabane u\"H\" kwigama lakhe nakwifani yakhe, waza wasebenzisa igama likaEdouard Bernardt, umalume wakhe, njengegama likayise. Oko kwakusenzelwa ukufihla into yokokuba uyise wayengaziwa.\n Ubizo \nUbizo lukaBernhardt lwaqala ngo1862, xa wayesengumfundi eCom\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise. Wayehamba nzima apho, waza washiya waya kuba ngumsebenzi wenkundla zamatyala ngo1865. Waqala ukubanodumo eEurope ngoo1870, waza wathi ngokukhawuleza wabizwa ngapha nangapha kulo lonke elaseyurophu naseNew York. Waba ngoyena mdlali weqonga udumileyo ngeminyaka yenkulungwane ye-19. Wafunda ulutsha oluninzi kumantombazana ukudlala eqongeni, omnye wabo yaba nguLiane de Pougy.\n Ubizo lwakamva \nIMAGE: |150px|ingcwaba likaBernhardt\nNgo1905, xa kanye wayesadlala eRio de Janeiro, uBernhardt wonzakala kwidolo langasekunene kwisiqendu sokugqibela somdlalo xa kanye wayetsiba eskuka phezulu kudonga oluphakamileyo. awuzange uphinde unyangeke ngokupheleleyo umlenze wakhe, ubonakalisa iimpawu zokugruzuka. Ngo1915, iinyama zonyawo lwakhe zafa cum waza wonke umlenze wakhe wangasekunene wanqunyulwa, oko kuthetha okokuba wayehamba ngesitulo iinyanga eziliqela. Nangona kunjalo waqhubela phambili nobizo lwakhe. Wabamba ukhenketho olwaba nempumelelo olwalusiya eMelika ngo1915, waza wasweleka xa kanye wayebuyela eFransi. ngomhla wama-26 kweyoKwindla 1923, uBernhardt wabulawa yiuremia eyayilandela ukoyisakala kwezintso zakhe. Wangwatyelwa kumadlaka eP\u00e8re Lachaise eParis.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "U'''Sarah Bernhardt'''", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Entlango\n Intlango yeAtacama, eChile\n Intlango yaseSahara\nIntlango yingingqi ehlala izilwanyana nekumila kuyo izityalo kodwa umhlaba wayo ube yinkqantosi ngokoma. Ifumana imvula engaphantsi kwama25 ee-cm (malunga neeintshi ezili-9.8) zemvula ngonyaka. Omnye umphandi uyichaza intlango njengayo nayiphi na ingingqi esenokunqatyelwa ngamanzi kwisithuba esithile sonyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, zinganemvula ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nEntlango\nIMAGE: Intlango yeAtacama, eChile\nIMAGE: Intlango yaseSahara\nIntlango yingingqi ehlala izilwanyana nekumila kuyo izityalo kodwa umhlaba wayo ube yinkqantosi ngokoma. Ifumana imvula engaphantsi kwama25 ee-cm (malunga neeintshi ezili-9.8) zemvula ngonyaka. Omnye umphandi uyichaza intlango njengayo nayiphi na ingingqi esenokunqatyelwa ngamanzi kwisithuba esithile sonyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, zinganemvula okanye amanzi amancinane kakhulu ngonyaka kunalawo ziwakhupha emhlabeni ngeevaporation\". Universe Today. what-percentage-of-the-earths-land-surface-is-desert/\nIindawo ezinje ngezi zithatha umhlaba ongangama-33% apha emhlabeni. Oko kuquka umhlaba omninzi waseAntarctica, apho umhlaba omninzi ungafumani liqhwa kwaphela. Eyona ntlango inkulu nenobushushu obuphakamileyo yintlango yaseSahara, emantla eAfrica, ithatha umhlaba ozii square kilomitha ezizizigidi ezilu-9. \n Inyaniso eyenza umdla \nKwiintlango ezitshisayo ungabona imirage okanye ifata morgana''. Imirage ke kukukhanya okuqhathayo. Kungakwenza ucinge okokuba kukho ipuli yamanzi entlango, kube kungekho kwamanzi apho.\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/what/\nApproximately one-third of the Earth's land surface is desert, arid land with meager\nrainfall that supports only sparse vegetation and a limited population of people and\nanimals. Deserts--stark, sometimes mysterious worlds--have been portrayed as\nfascinating environments of adventure and exploration from narratives such as that of\nLawrence of Arabia to movies such as \"Dune.\" These arid regions are called deserts\nbecause they are dry. They may be hot, they may be cold. They may be regions of sand\nor vast areas of rocks and gravel peppered with occasional plants. But deserts are\nalways dry.\nCacti dominate the Sonoran Desert\nvegetation near Tucson, Arizona.\n(Photograph by Peter Kresan)\nDeserts are natural laboratories in which to study the interactions of wind and\nsometimes water on the arid surfaces of planets. They contain valuable mineral\ndeposits that were formed in the arid environment or that were exposed by erosion.\nBecause deserts are dry, they are ideal places for human artifacts and fossils to be\npreserved. Deserts are also fragile environments. The misuse of these lands is a\nserious and growing problem in parts of our world.\nThere are almost as many definitions of deserts and classification systems as there\nare deserts in the world. Most classifications rely on some combination of the number\nof days of rainfall, the total amount of annual rainfall, temperature, humidity, or\nother factors. In 1953, Peveril Meigs divided desert regions on Earth into three\ncategories according to the amount of precipitation they received. In this now widely\naccepted system, extremely arid lands have at least 12 consecutive months without\nrainfall, arid lands have less than 250 millimeters of annual rainfall, and semiarid\nlands have a mean annual precipitation of between 250 and 500 millimeters. Arid and\nextremely arid land are deserts, and semiarid grasslands generally are referred to as\nRipples on a dune in\nDistribution of non-polar arid land\n(Click on image to see full map)\nMaintained by Publications Service Center", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Entlango", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "I\n -Kinship The degree of kinship Genetic overlap animals of the same lineage by inbreeding No degree 99 % twinning No degree 100 % By replacement in the definition of the notion of \" generation \" by meiosis \" . born with the same parents First degree 50 % ( 2 \u2212 2 + 2 \u2212 2 ) Parent - offspring \" Kin Selection \" .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: abazali ababini nomntwana; Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wosapho (eUnited Nations, eGeneva).\nUsapho liqela labantu abaye bathi, kwiimeko ezininzi, bahlale kunye. Babelana ngemali nangokutya kwabo kwaye bamelwe kukukhathalelana. Amalungu alo asenokuzalana ngokwegazi (njengomntu nomnakwabo okanye nodade wabo) okanye ngokubotshelelwa kwabo ngokomthetho, umzekelo ngokwasemtshatweni.\u00a0 Kumasiko amaninzi, amalungu osapho anefani\u00a0 \nUsapho lubizwa ngokuba sisiseko\u00a0sentlalo. Ubomi bosapho bungeemfihlelo zosapho kwaye ukuzalana kwamalungu alo kusondelelene kakhulu kunobomi bukawonke wonke.\u00a0 Kodwa ke kumazwe amaninzi kukho imithetho yako. Umzekelo, kukho imiqathango yokutshata apha kusapho kwaye kuyatshatyalaliswa ukwabelana ngesondo kwamalungu\u00a0azalanayo, eingakumbi ebantwaneni. \n Iintlobo zosapho \nZintathu iintlobo zeentsapho, nazi, : usapho lwe-nuclear , usapho lwabazali abangenabalingani kunye nosapho ngokuzalana.\u00a0\n Usapho lwe-nuclear lunabazali kunye nabantwana usenokuba mnye nangaphezulu bonke behlala ndawonye. \n Usapho olumzali mnye lolo athi emnye nje abe enomntwana omnye okanye abantwana ababini nangaphezulu.\u00a0\n Usapho ngokuphangaleleyo okanye iintsapho ngomnanyeneyo luthetha utata, umama, intombi, oonyana, umakhulu notat'omkhulu, umalume, u-anti, umzala, abatshana. Kumazwe amaninzi aquka\u00a0 iTshayina, iPakistan kunye ne-India, Lonke usapho ngokwanda kwalo luhlala ndawonye.\u00a0 \nZombini ezi ntsapho \"olwabazali bobabini\" nolo\"lunomzali omnye\" babizwa ngokuba ziintsapho \"ezikufutshane\". \nIintsapho zefoster\u00a0 ziintsapho apho umntwana akhuliswa khona ngabantu abangamzaliyo.\u00a0 \n Ukusondelelana\u00a0\nEzinye iintsapho zisondelelene ngokuzalana. Olu luhlu lulandelayo lunika imizekelo yokuzalana ngokwesiNgesi. \u00a0\n I-Kinship Iqondo lokuzalana\u00a0 Genetic\noverlap izilwanyana zomnombo omnye\u00a0 ngokuzalana Akukho qondo 99% umceph'ucandiwe wamawele Akukho qondo\u00a0 100%By replacement in the definition of the notion of \"generation\" by meiosis\". abazalwa kunye ngabazali abanye Iqondo lokuqala 50% (2\u22122+2\u22122) I-Parent-offspring\"Kin Selection\". iqondo lokuqala 50% (2\u22121) I-Offspring/progeny Iqondo lokuqalafirst-degree 50% (2\u22121) I-Half-sibling Iqondo lesibini\u00a0 25% (2\u22122)I-3/4 siblings or sibling-cousin iqondo lesibini\u00a0 37.5% (2\u22122+2\u22c52\u22124) Umhakhulu/uta'omkhulu iqondo lesibini\u00a0 25% (2\u22122) Abatshana Iqondo lesithathu 25% (2\u22c52\u22123) U-Anti/umalume iqondo lesithathu 25% (2\u22c52\u22123) i-Half-aunt, half-uncle Iqondo lesithathu 12.5% (2\u22c52\u22124) I-Half-niece/half-nephew Iqondo lesithathu 12.5% (2\u22c52\u22124)umama kamhakhulu Iqondo lesithathu 12.5% (2\u22123) umzala omkhulu Iqondo lesine\u00a0 12.5% (2\u22c52\u22124) i-Double first couisin Iqondo lesine\u00a0 25% (2\u22123+2\u22123) I-Half-first cousin Iqondo lesine\u00a0 6.25% (2\u22124) i-First cousin once removed Iqondo lesihlanu 6.25% (2\u22c52\u22125) I-Second cousin Iqondo lesithandathu 3.125% 3.13% (2\u22126+2\u22126) I-Double second cousin Iqondo lesithandathu 6.25% (4\u22c52\u22126) I-Triple second cousin iqondo lesithandathu 12.5% (8\u22c52\u22126) i-Quadruple second cousin Iqondo lesithandathu 9.38% (6\u22c52\u22126) Umzala wesithathu\u00a0 Iqondo esixhenxe 0.781% (2\u22c52\u22128) umzala wesine\u00a0 Iqondo leshumi 0.20% (2\u22c52\u221210)This degree of relationship is usually indistinguishable from the relationship to a random individual within the same population (tribe, country, ethnic group). \n Amanye amaphepha anxulumene neli \n I-Divorce uqhawulo mtshato\n Inkedama\nNotes\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Usapho' from xh to English:\nI\n -Kinship The degree of kinship Genetic overlap animals of the same lineage by inbreeding No degree 99 % twinning No degree 100 % By replacement in the definition of the notion of \" generation \" by meiosis \" . born with the same parents First degree 50 % ( 2 \u2212 2 + 2 \u2212 2 ) Parent - offspring \" Kin Selection \" .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Usapho", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Ubomi bakhe Very few original references to Euclid survive , so little is known about his life . Proclus believed that Euclid was not much younger than this , and that he must have lived in the time of Ptolemy I because he was mentioned by Archimedes ( 287 \u2013 212 BC ) .\n Although Euclid 's mention of Archimedes was seen as an interpolation by later editors of his work , it is still believed that ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nU-Euclid\nIMAGE: |Euclid\nUEuclid, ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba nguEuclid wase Alexandria xa esohlulwa kuEuclid of Megara, waye engumpondo zihlanjiwe wezibalo wesizwe samaGrike, wayesoloko ebizwa ngokuba ng\"utata weGeometry\". Wayesebenza ngakumbi eAlexandria ngexesha lokuphatha kwePtolemy\u00a0I (ukususela ngo323 ukuya ku283 BC). Imiba yakhe yeminye yeyona misebenzi yakhe yanefuthe kwimbali yezibalo, esebenza njengeyona ncwadi yesikhokhelo xa kufundiswa izibalo (ingakumbi igeometry) ukususela kulaa mhla wokupapashwa kwayo kude kuye kutsho ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye19 leminyaka okanye ukuya kuthi xhaxhe phaya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeminyaka yama-20. Ball, pp. 50\u201362. Boyer, pp. 100\u201319. Macardle, et al. (2008). Scientists: Extraordinary People Who Altered the Course of History. New York: Metro Books. g. 12. Kwizinto ezibayingqokolela, lo kaEuclid wenza imithetho ekuthiwa namhlanje yiEuclidean geometry eyisusa kwingqokolela encinane yeeaxioms. U-Euclid ubhale imisebenzi kwiperspective, iconic sections, ispherical geometry, inumber theory kunye nerigor.\nU-Euclid ligama eliguqulelwe esiNgesini libe lona iligama lesiGrike\n Ubomi bakhe \nVery few original references to Euclid survive, so little is known about his life. The date, place and circumstances of both his birth and death are unknown and may only be estimated roughly relative to other figures mentioned alongside him. He is rarely mentioned by name by other Greek mathematicians from Archimedes onward, who usually call him \"\u1f41 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\" (\"the author of Elements\"). Heath (1981), p. 357 The few historical references to Euclid were written centuries after he lived, by Proclus c. 450 AD and Pappus of Alexandria c. 320 AD. Joyce, David. Euclid. Clark University Department of Mathematics and Computer Science. \nU-Proclus wamazisa uEuclid kancinane ephikisana neeElements. NgokukaProclus, uEuclid waaxheshwa nguPlato kwaye weza nazo eziElements, esenza umsebenzi wokuqala ngabanye abantwana bakaPlato (ingakumbi iEudoxus yeCnidus, iTheaetetus kunye noPhilip kaOpus.) UProclus ukholelwa ukuba uEuclid akamncine kakhulu kwaba, kwaye ubemelwe kukuba wayephila ngexesha lePtolemy I kuba wayekhankanywe nguArchimedes (287\u2013212\u00a0BC). Nangona ukukhankanywa kukaEuclid nguArchimedes bekubonwa njengeinterpolation ngabahleli bosebenzi wakhe bakamva, isekho inkolo yokokuba uEuclid wayibhala imisebenzi yakhe phambi kwale kaArchimedes. Proclus, p. XXXEuclid of AlexandriaThe MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.\nKamva uProclus waphinda wabalisa ibali elithi, wayesithi akubuzwa uPtolemy I ukuba ingaba yayikhona indlela eqhuphayo yokufunda igeometry kunaleyo yee-Elements zikaEuclid, \"u-Euclid waphendula wathi akukho ndlela itshuqayo eya kwageometry.\"Proclus, p. 57 This anecdote is questionable since it is similar to a story told about Menaechmus and Alexander the Great. Boyer, p. 96.\nUmntu onolwazana ngoEuclid, nguPappus, ukhankanywa ngokufutshane kwinkulungwane yesine yeminyaka apho athi uApollonius \"wachitha ithuba elide kakhulu ehlala nabantwana bakaEuclid eAlexandria, kulapho wathi wafunxa ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngenzululwazi yamathamb'engqondo\" c. 247\u2013222\u00a0BC. Heath (1956), p. 2.\nAmagqabantshintshi ngobomi bukaEuclid anikwe ngababhali bamaArabhu, umzekelo, bekhankanya, a idolophu awazalelwa kuyo iTyre. Le ngxelo ngobomi bakhe ithathwa ngentsomi egqibeleleyo. \nKuba ukunqongophala kolwazi ngobomi bakhe kuyinto engaqhelekanga ngakumbi ngelo xesha (kuba kaloku ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngobomi bezinye iingcali zezibalo lwaluthe saa lufumaneka nkqu nezazikho zibalasele phambi nasemva kwexesha likaEuclid), zikho ezi iingcali zithi lo kaEuclid wayengabalulekanga ezimbalini kakade, kwaye imisebenzi yakhe yayibhalwe liqela leengcaphephe zezibalo esebenzisa igama elithi Euclid gama elo livela kwimbali engoEuclid waseMegara (thelekisa uBourbaki). Kodwa ke, le ngxelo ayamkelwa ngokupheleleyo zezinye iingcali kwaye buncinane kakhulu ubungqina ngalo mbono. \nImithombo\nCategory: Izibalo\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'U-Euclid' from xh to English:\nUbomi bakhe Very few original references to Euclid survive , so little is known about his life . Proclus believed that Euclid was not much younger than this , and that he must have lived in the time of Ptolemy I because he was mentioned by Archimedes ( 287 \u2013 212 BC ) .\n Although Euclid 's mention of Archimedes was seen as an interpolation by later editors of his work , it is still believed that Euclid wrote his works before Archimedes . Later Proclus retold the story that when Ptolemy I was asked if there was a faster way to study geometry than Euclid 's Elements , \" Euclid replied that there is no faster way to geometry . \" Proclus , p . 57\n This anecdote is questionable since it is similar to a story told about Menaechmus and Alexander the Great. Boyer , p . 96 .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "U-Euclid", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The Old Fort prison area is known as number four . The original prison was built to house white male prisoners in 1892 . The Old Fort was built in this prison by Paul Kruger from the year 1899 to protect the Republic of South Africa from the threat of British invasion .\n Later the Anglo - Boer national leaders were imprisoned here by the British .\n The Old Fort jail was eventually expanded to in", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIntaba yomgaqosiseko\nImbali \n250px|right\nIMAGE: The courtroom of the Constitutional Court of South AfricaIntaba Yomgaqosiseko isekelwe kwisitrato se 11 Kotze Goli eBraamfontein. Isecaleni kwase Hillbrow. Umgaqo siseko sisihlalo senkundla yomgaqo siseko waseMzantsi Afrika. Indluli ngaphambili yayiyi ndawo yeqaba eyathi kamva yasetyenziswa njengentolongo. Indawo yase Old FORT prison yaziwa ngokuba yinombolo yesine. Intolongolo yasekuqaleni yakhiwele ukuhlala amabanjwa amhlophe angamadoda ngo 1892. I-Old Fort yakhiwa kule ntolongo ngu paul kruger ukusukela kunyaka ka we 1899 ukukhusela iriphabliki yase Mzantsi Afrika kwisongelo lokuhlasela kwe Britheyini. Emva kwexesha iinkokheli zemvazwe ze Anglo-Boer zavalelwa apha yi Britheyini. Intolongo yase Old Fort exesheni yandiswa ukuba ibandakanye iseli 'zemveli', ezibizwa ngokuba licandelo 4 kunye necandelo 5, kwaye,ngo1707, kongezwa labasetyhini, iGail yabasetyhini. Ibhlokhi yokulinda enlindelekileyo yakhiwa ngowe 1920s. Zombini izishoshovu zopolitiko ezazichasene nocalucalulo kunye nezikrelemnqa eziqhelekileyo zabanjwa kule ntolongo,kwathi ngo 1907, 1913 nangowe 1922 kwabanjwa abamhlophe. Ngexesha localucalulo,indawo yokubanjwa yabaphikisi abachasene nocalucalulo ngo 1907. I-1913 kunye ne 1922 ezo zithathwa njenge 'anti-kuanzisha'kunye nabo baphule imithetho nje yelo xesha. UMahatma Gandhi wavalelwa apha ngo 1906. UNelson Mandela, uJoe Slovo, uBram Fischer, uRobert Sobukwe kunye no Albert Luthuli ngamanye amabanjwa lawo adumileyo. Ngesi sizathu ikwabizwa ngokuba yi'Robben Island' yase Rhawutini ngenxa yokubamba amabanjwa azopolitiko. Indawo yayihlala amabanjwa kwaze kwangowe 1983, xa kwakuvalelwa amatshantliziyo yayihlala ibanjwa ilinde amabanjwa aze athyunyelwe eRobben Island okanye ePitoli ukuya ibhiya ngumsebenzi ongekho emthethweni ukuba umnyama kuba ubeka abantu basetyhini ejele,imeko eboniswe kwi Women Gaol. Ukanti abanye babanjwa besabelana ngesondo ngaphaya komqobo wombala okanye ngokwesini esifanayo. Phakathi kwezinto ebezixeliwe ngexesha lovalelwa, umdaniso ohlazisayo 'Tauza', ukubetha kwetyala elinegama elingu 4 lamadoda amnyama, ukuvalelwa iinyanga ezintandathu kwiindawo ezimdaka, kwiindawo ezixineneyo, kwindawo yokulinda ityala, okanye ukukhuthuzwa ngaphantsi kunye nesidima saba bakwi Gaol yabasetyhini. I-Old Fort yabhengezwa njengelitye lesizwe ngo-1964 nangona yaqhubeka njengejele elisebenzayo de kwangowe-1987, emva koko izakhiwo kunye nendawo yonke zathwaxwa kukumgakhathalelwa nokonaliswa. Umgaqo siseko Hill wavula iingcingo zawo njengemyusiyamu ngonyaka ka-2004, ukhenketho luthatha iindwendwe kwiimyuziyamu ezintathu zentolongo, iNombolo yesine, iGaol yabasetyhinikunye ne-Old Fort. Esi siza sibonisa inkundla yomgaqo-siseko kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkundla yemisebenzi yobugcisa yaseMzantsi Afrika engama-200. Lentando Yesininzi\nUmlilo ovutha amalongotye kwindawo yomgaqo-siseko eRhawutini, eMzantsi Afrika. Ngaphandle kweminyango yamaplanga yesakhiwo senkundla, embindini weplaza kwaye eyakhelwe kwelinye lamanqwanqwa wentolongo endala yiLanganye Ledemokhrasi. Umlilo waqaqanjelwa nge-10 ka-Disemba ngo-2011 xa uMzantsi Afrika ubhiyozela isikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-15 yokutyikitywa komgaqo //sahistory.org.za/place/constitution-hill-museum#targetText=Constitution%20Hill%20is%20a%20living,the%20rights%20of%20all%20citizens.\n Ireferensi\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Intaba yomgaqosiseko' from xh to English:\nThe Old Fort prison area is known as number four . The original prison was built to house white male prisoners in 1892 . The Old Fort was built in this prison by Paul Kruger from the year 1899 to protect the Republic of South Africa from the threat of British invasion .\n Later the Anglo - Boer national leaders were imprisoned here by the British .\n The Old Fort jail was eventually expanded to include traditional cells , called section 4 and section 5 , and , in 1707 , a women 's jail , the Women 's Gail , was added . A waiting block was built in the 1920s . Both anti - apartheid political activists and common criminals were held in this prison , and in 1907 , 1913 and 1922 whites were arrested . During apartheid , a place of detention for anti - apartheid opponents in 1907 . 1913 and 1922 those are considered anti - establishment and those who broke the laws of that time . Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned here in 1906 . Nelson Mandela , Joe Slovo , Bram Fischer , Robert Sobukwe and Albert Luthuli are some of its famous prisoners . For this reason it is also called the Robben Island of Johannesburg because of holding political prisoners. one in Pretoria to go to prison . Breaking beer is an illegal activity if you are black because it puts women in jail , a situation shown in Women Gaol . Yet others are caught having sex across the color barrier or same sex. six months in dirty places , in crowded places , in the waiting room , or to be robbed of the dignity and dignity of those in the Women 's Gaol . A bonfire burns at the constitution grounds in Johannesburg , South Africa .\n Outside the wooden doors of the courthouse , in the middle of the plaza and built on one of the old prison 's stilts is the Democratic Party .\n The fire was ignited on 10 December 2011 when South Africa celebrated the 15th anniversary of the signing of the constitution . , the % 20rights % 20of % 20all % 20citizens .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Intaba yomgaqosiseko", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Miguel \u00c1ngel Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni < ref ( 6 March 1475 \u2013 18 February 1564 ) , known as Michelangelo , is an Italian painter , sculptor , architect , poet , and engineer from the 14th century to the 17th century .\n What Leonardo da Vinci was associated with , he was always called \" the man of revolution \" which means that he had a talent that was washed away for many years . ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUMichalongelo\nIMAGE: Miguel \u00c1ngel\nMichelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'UMichalongelo' from xh to English:\nMiguel \u00c1ngel Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni < ref ( 6 March 1475 \u2013 18 February 1564 ) , known as Michelangelo , is an Italian painter , sculptor , architect , poet , and engineer from the 14th century to the 17th century .\n What Leonardo da Vinci was associated with , he was always called \" the man of revolution \" which means that he had a talent that was washed away for many years . Ultimate Reference Suite .\n His biographer , Giorgio Vasari , said that he was the greatest artist of the Renaissance .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "UMichalongelo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The main people of the company were Jimmy Wales , the guy in charge of Bomis , and Larry Sanger , the editor - in - chief for Nupedia .\n Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia was founded when Richard Stallman requested them . Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales were the people who started Wikipedia . W", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Iwikipedia' from xh to English:\nThe main people of the company were Jimmy Wales , the guy in charge of Bomis , and Larry Sanger , the editor - in - chief for Nupedia .\n Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia was founded when Richard Stallman requested them . Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales were the people who started Wikipedia . Wales is widely credited with defining the goals of the project , while Sanger developed plans to use the wiki to further Wales ' goals . - Wales is highly praised for defining the goals of the project , while Sanger made plans for what to do using the wiki to further Wales ' goals .\n On January 10 , 2001 , Larry Sanger made a request to the Nupedia mailing list to make the wiki work as a Nupedia feed .\n I\n -Wikipedia officially launched on January 15 , 2001 . Wikipedia 's \" neutral point of view \" rule , Wikipedia ( January 21 , 2007 ) said it was marked in its first iteration , and was similar to Nupedia 's previous neutral point of view rule .\n In fact , there were not many rules in the beginning and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia . - The English Wikipedia has recorded 3 million pages in the month of August 2009 .\n The number of papers and those who contributed to writing those papers appeared to decrease rapidly in 2007 .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIwikipedia\nI-Wikipedia ([./File: Loudspeaker.png link=|12x12px]\u00a0pronunciation\u00a0(info\u00a0\u2022\u00a0help)) yi-intanethi yomsebenzi wengqokolela yamagama kwiilwimi ezininzi.\u00a0 Isetenziswa simahla: abantu abayisebenzisayo ababhatali. Kananjalo, ''ivuleleke kuwonke-wonke''. Oko kuthetha okokuba nabani na angayikopa, kwaye ingalungiswa nangubani na (umntu angabhala kuyo). Kodwa, kukho imigaqo emayilandelwe xa kukotshwa okanye xa kulungiswa. \u00a0\nI-Wikipedia yeyombutho waseMelika, sisiseko seWikimedia, esiseSan Francisco, eCalifornia.\nIgama layo ngumxube wamagama amabini, elithi\u00a0wiki, igama laseHawai elimele 'ukukhawuleza'\u00a0 kunye nelithi and encyclopedia. Andreas Kaplan, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Because the word was made by combining parts of those words, it is a portmanteau.\nIt was started on January 10, 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger as part of an earlier Internet encyclopedia named Nupedia. On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia became a separate website of its own. It is a wiki that runs using the software MediaWiki (like all other Wikimedia projects).\n History \nIMAGE: I-Wikipedia yakhelwa komnye umsebenzi wokuqokolelwa kwamagama, iNupedia.\nI-Wikipedia yaqala njengomsebenzi ozalana noweNupedia. I-Nupedia kwakuyiwas a free online English-language encyclopedia project. Nupedia's articles were written and owned by Bomis, Inc which is a web portal company. The main people of the company were Jimmy Wales, the guy in charge of Bomis, and Larry Sanger, the editor-in-chief for Nupedia. Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia was founded when Richard Stallman requested them.\nULarry Sanger noJimmy Wales ngabona bantu baqala iWikipedia. U-Wales unconywa kakhulu ngokuchaza iinjongo zalo msebenzi, U-Sanger yena wenza izicwangciso ezijongene nemakwenziwe kusetyenziswa iwiki ukuze kuphuhliswe iinjongo zikaWales'. Ngenyanga yomQungu, kumhla we-10, ngo-2001, U-Larry Sanger wenza isicelo kuludwe leembalelwano zomsebenzi weNupedia ukuze enze iwiki ibe yiyo eyenza umsebenzi njengo''mondli'' owondla iNupedia.\nI-Wikipedia yathi yabekwa ngokusesikweni kweyomQungu ngomhla we-15, ngo2001. Yabekwa njengombhalo wolwimi lwesiNgesi yaza yapapashwa nguSanger kuludwe lwembalelwano olukwiNupedia. Umthetho weWikipedia othi \"ukujonga ngolunye uhlobo\"\"Wikipedia: Neutral point of view, Wikipedia (January 21, 2007) wathi waphawulwa kwakunyanga zawo zokuqala, kwaye wawufana nqwa nalowo wangaphambili weNupedia umthetho ''owawungenamkhethe''. Ngapha koko, kwakungekho mithetho mininzi ekuqaleni kwaye iWikipedia yayisebenza ingaxhomekekanga kwiNupedia.\nI-Wikipedia yafumana amaxhasi bayo bokuqala kwiNupedia, i-Slashdot, nakwiijini zokusetsha okanye zokukhangela.\u00a0 Yaakhula ke de yanamaphepha amalunga nama-20, 000, kwiilimi ezili-18 xa kuphela umnyaka wama-2001. Kwathi xa kanye umnya wama-2002 usiya ngasekupheleni, yabe sele ineelwimi ezingama-26, zaza zanga-46 xa kuphela umnyaka wama-2003, zaza zabe zili-161 iilwimi xa kanye kuphela umnyaka wama-2004.\" I-Nupedia neWikipedia zahlala zikho de zemiswa iinkonzo zeNupedia\u00a0 ngomnyaka wama-2003. Emva koku, imibhalo yayo yadityaniswa kweyeWikipedia. I-Wikipedia yesiNgesi yaba sele inamaphepha angaphaya kwezigidi ezi-2 million\u00a0 ngomhla we-9 kwinyanga yomSintsi ngomnyaka wama-2007, loo nto yenza okokuba le ibe ngowona mqulu mkhulu wamagama awakha aqokolelwa ezimbalini, esogqitha nawengqokolela yezinto ezikhoyo nezaziwayo kwiYongle Encyclopedia (1407), neyayibambe iintambo iminyaka engama- 600.\nI-Wikipedia yesiNgesi sele ibhale amaphepha azizigidi ezi-3 ngenyanga yeThupha kunya wama-2009. Inani lamaphepha kunye nabo bafaka isandla ekubhaleni laa maphepha labonakala lisehla ngokukhawuleza\u00a0 yomnyaka wama-2007.\nKwinyanga yeDwarha ngo2014, isakhiwo sesikhumbuzo seWikipedia satyhilwa phambi koluntu lonke luphela sityhilelwa ePoland kunikwa imbeko kusenziwa nombulelo kwabo bathe bafaka isandla kwiWikipedia.\n Igqiba unyaka we-10 ikho\u00a0 \nIMAGE: umbhalo oluphawu lokupapasha owasetyenziswa kwiwikipedia yesiNgesi ngomhla we-15 kweyomQungu ngo-2011\u00a0\nNgomhla we-15, kweyomQungu ngo-2011, iWikipedia yabanengxikela yetheko kuvuyiswana nayo ngokugqiba iminyaka eli-10 ikho. Isebenzisa umbhalo oluphawu lokupapasha\u00a0 (obonakalisa)\u00a0 ukuvuyisana nokugqiba kwayo iminyaka eli-10 okoko ayathi yavulwa nomhla we-15 kweyomQungu ngo2001,\u00a0 kwaye lo mbhalo uluphawu lokupapasha wasetyenziswa imini yonke kwindawo elicala lewikipedia yesiNgesi.\u00a0 \n Amaphepha anxulumene nala \n Izalathiso", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Iwikipedia", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "When people have a flat stomach it is recommended that they should continue to eat healthy food and continue to breastfeed their children .\n If commercial ORS is not available , homemade mixtures can be used . For those with severe dehydration , intravenous fluids may be necessary .\n In many cases ; either , it can be well managed with oral fluids . Globally , as of 2012 , it is the second mos", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIsisu esihambisayo\nI-Diarrhea okanye isisu esihambisayo yimeko yokuba nelindle elikhululekileyo nokuba kukathathu okanye elimanzi ukuzithumangosuku ngalunye. Oko kuqhuba iintsuku ezimbalwa kwaye kungakhokelela ekomeni ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamanzi. Iimpawu zokoma zidlalngokuqala ngokulahleka kokutwebeka okuqhelekileyo kolusu kunye neenguqu kubuqu. Oku kungaqhuba kuye kuhlise komchamo, ukulahleka kobuthuthu kombala wolusu, a isantya sokubetha kwentlizizyo, kunye ukuhla kwindlela yokuphendula njengoko iba mandundu ngakumbi. Ilindle elikhululekileyo kodwa elingekho manzi kwiintsana ezincanciswayo, kanti, lingaba liqhelekile.\nOyena nobangela uqhelekileyo lusuleleko lwamathumbungenxa nokuba yintsholongwane, ibacteria, inkcukuthu, okanye imeko eyaziwa i-gastroenteritis. Olu suleleleko ludla ngokufumaneka ekutyeni okanye amanzi asulelekilwe lilindle, okanye ngqo ukusuka komnye umntu owasulelekileyo. IKungohlulwa kube ziindidi ezintathu: ubude bexesha elifutshane besisu esihambisa amanzi, ubude bexesha elifutshane besisu segazi, kwaye ukuba siqhuba kude kube ziiveki ezingaphezu kwezimbini, isisu esihambisa oko. Ubude bexesha elifutshane besisu esihambisa amanzi kungenzeka ngenxa yolwasuleleko yi-cholera. Ukuba kukho negazi oko kwaziwa njenge dysentery. Inani lokungosuleleki lingakhokelele kwisisu eshambisayo kuquka: i-hyperthyroidism, ukungavumelani neswekile yobisi, isifo sokukrala kwamathumbu, inani lamayeza, kunye nesindrom yokutyabuka kwamathumbu phakathi kwezinye. Kwizehlo ezininzi iintsholongwange zelindle aziyomfuneko ukuqinisekisa oyena nobangela.\nUkuthintela isisu esihambisayo esosulelayo kungokuphuculwa kogutyulo lwelindle, ucoceko lwamanzi aselwayo, kunye nokuhlanjwa kwezandla. Ukuncacnisa ubuncinane iinyanga ezintandathu kuyacetyiswa njengoko kuyi vaccination kwi-rotavirus. Umxube oselwayo wokuphelisa ukoma (ORS), ongamanzi acocekileyo ngemithamo emincinane yetyiwa neswekile, lunyango lokuzithandela. iipilisi ze-Zinc nazo ziyacetyiswa. Olu nyango luye lwaqikelelwa ukuba luncede abantwana abazizigidi ezingama-50 kwiminyaka engama-25 edlulileyo. Xa abantu benesisu esihambisayo kucetyiswa ukuba kufuneka baqhubeke batye ukutya okusempilweni ze abantwana baqhubeke nokuncanca. Ukuba urhwebo lwe-ORS alukho, imixube eyenziwe ekhaya ingasetyenziswa. Kwabo abanokoma okumandundu, i-intravenous fluids zingaba yimfuneko. Kwizehlo ezininzi; nokuba, kungalawulwa kakuhle ngamanzi aselwa ngomlomo. Amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane (Antibiotic, ngelixa esetyenziswa ngokunqabileyo, angacetyiswa kwizehlo ezimbalwa ezifana nezo zabanesisu esihambisa igazi nomkhuhlane omkhulu, kwabo izisu ezilandela emva kohambo ezimandla, nabo abakhula intsholongwane ethile kwilindle labo okanye iinkcukuthu. i-Loperamide inganceda ukunciphisa inani lokuzithuma kodwa ayicetyiswa kwabo basesifo esimandundu.\nMalunga ne-1.7 ukuya 5\u00a0kwizehlo ezizizigidi sezigidi zokubakho kwesisu esihambisayo ngonyaka. Kuqhelekile kakhulu kumazwe asahlumayo, apho abantwana abancinci babanesisu esihambisayo kumyinge ongamaxesha amathathu enyakeni. Kwihlabathi jikelele, ukususela ngo-2012, ngunobangela wesibini ongoyena uqhelekileyo ukufa kubantwana abancinci kuneminyaka emihlanu (0.76 yezigidi okanye 11%). Izehlo zesisu segazi ezininzi zingunobangela oqhelekileyo wokungondleki komzimba kunye nonobangela oqhelekileyo kwabo abancinci kuneminyaka emihlanu. Ezinye iingxaki ezingunobangela kuquka ukungakhuli kakuhle komzimba nokwengqondo.\nIsalathisi\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/\nDiarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual). Frequent passing of formed stools is not diarrhoea, nor is the passing of loose, \"pasty\" stools by breastfed babies.\nDiarrhoea is usually a symptom of an infection in the intestinal tract, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. Infection is spread through contaminated food or drinking-water, or from person-to-person as a result of poor hygiene.\nInterventions to prevent diarrhoea, including safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation and hand washing with soap can reduce disease risk. Diarrhoea should be treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS), a solution of clean water, sugar and salt. In addition, a 10-14 day supplemental treatment course of dispersible 20 mg zinc tablets shortens diarrhoea duration and improves outcomes.\nThere are three clinical types of diarrhoea:\n- acute watery diarrhoea \u2013 lasts several hours or days, and includes cholera;\n- acute bloody diarrhoea \u2013 also called dysentery; and\nScope of diarrhoeal disease\nDiarrhoeal disease is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity in the world, and mostly results from contaminated food and water sources. Worldwide, 780 million individuals lack access to improved drinking-water and 2.5 billion lack improved sanitation. Diarrhoea due to infection is widespread throughout developing countries.\nIn low-income countries, children under three years old experience on average three episodes of diarrhoea every year. Each episode deprives the child of the nutrition necessary for growth. As a result, diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition, and malnourished children are more likely to fall ill from diarrhoea.\nDehydration\nThe most severe threat posed by diarrhoea is dehydration. During a diarrhoeal episode, water and electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium and bicarbonate) are lost through liquid stools, vomit, sweat, urine and breathing. Dehydration occurs when these losses are not replaced.\nThe degree of dehydration is rated on a scale of three.\n- Severe dehydration (at least two of the following signs):\n- lethargy/unconsciousness\n- sunken eyes\n- unable to drink or drink poorly\n- skin pinch goes back very slowly ( \u22652 seconds)\n- Some dehydration (two or more of the following signs):\n- restlessness, irritability\n- drinks eagerly, thirsty\n- No dehydration (not enough signs to classify as some or severe dehydration).\nCauses\nInfection: Diarrhoea is a symptom of infections caused by a host of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms, most of which are spread by faeces-contaminated water. Infection is more common when there is a shortage of adequate sanitation and hygiene and safe water for drinking, cooking and cleaning. Rotavirus and Escherichia coli, are the two most common etiological agents of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea in low-income countries. Other pathogens such as cryptosporidium and shigella species may also be important. Location-specific etiologic patterns also need to be considered.\nMalnutrition: Children who die from diarrhoea often suffer from underlying malnutrition, which makes them more vulnerable to diarrhoea. Each diarrhoeal episode, in turn, makes their malnutrition even worse. Diarrhoea is a leading cause of malnutrition in children under five years old.\nSource: Water contaminated with human faeces, for example, from sewage, septic tanks and latrines, is of particular concern. Animal faeces also contain microorganisms that can cause diarrhoea.\nOther causes: Diarrhoeal disease can also spread from person-to-person, aggravated by poor personal hygiene. Food is another major cause of diarrhoea when it is prepared or stored in unhygienic conditions. Unsafe domestic water storage and handling is also an important risk factor. Fish and seafood from polluted water may also contribute to the disease.\nPrevention and treatment\nKey measures to prevent diarrhoea include:\n- access to safe drinking-water;\n- use of improved sanitation;\n- hand washing with soap;\n- exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life;\n- good personal and food hygiene;\n- health education about how infections spread; and\n- rotavirus vaccination.\nKey measures to treat diarrhoea include the following:\n- Rehydration: with oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution. ORS is a mixture of clean water, salt and sugar. It costs a few cents per treatment. ORS is absorbed in the small intestine and replaces the water and electrolytes lost in the faeces.\n- Zinc supplements: zinc supplements reduce the duration of a diarrhoea episode by 25% and are associated with a 30% reduction in stool volume.\n- Rehydration: with intravenous fluids in case of severe dehydration or shock.\n- Nutrient-rich foods: the vicious circle of malnutrition and diarrhoea can be broken by continuing to give nutrient-rich foods \u2013 including breast milk \u2013 during an episode, and by giving a nutritious diet \u2013 including exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life \u2013 to children when they are well.\n- Consulting a health professional, in particular for management of persistent diarrhoea or when there is blood in stool or if there are signs of dehydration.\nWHO works with Member States and other partners to:\n- promote national policies and investments that support case management of diarrhoea and its complications as well as increasing access to safe drinking-water and sanitation in developing countries;\n- conduct research to develop and test new diarrhoea prevention and control strategies in this area;\n- build capacity in implementing preventive interventions, including sanitation, source water improvements, and household water treatment and safe storage;\n- develop new health interventions, such as the rotavirus immunization; and\n- help to train health workers, especially at community level.\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Isisu esihambisayo' from xh to English:\nWhen people have a flat stomach it is recommended that they should continue to eat healthy food and continue to breastfeed their children .\n If commercial ORS is not available , homemade mixtures can be used . For those with severe dehydration , intravenous fluids may be necessary .\n In many cases ; either , it can be well managed with oral fluids . Globally , as of 2012 , it is the second most common cause of death in children younger than five years ( 0.76 million or 11 % ) .\n Diarrhea is the most common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in children under five years of age .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isisu esihambisayo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "In mathematics , a rational number is any number that can be called the quotient or fraction p / q of two integers , up and q , having a denominator q that is not equal to zero. since q can be equal to 1 , every integer is a rational number .\n The set of all rational numbers is always denoted by boldface Q ( or blackboard boldface , Unicode ) ; named in 1895 by Peano after quotiente , the Italian", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Amanani a-rational' from xh to English:\nIn mathematics , a rational number is any number that can be called the quotient or fraction p / q of two integers , up and q , having a denominator q that is not equal to zero. since q can be equal to 1 , every integer is a rational number .\n The set of all rational numbers is always denoted by boldface Q ( or blackboard boldface , Unicode ) ; named in 1895 by Peano after quotiente , the Italian word for \" quotient \" .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nAmanani a-rational\nKwi mathematika, irational number lilo naliphi na inani elinokubizwa ngokuba yiquotient okanye yifraction p/q yee integer ezimbini, up no q, libe linedenominator engu-q engalinganiyo no-zero. kuba ke u-q esenokulingana no-\u00a01, yonke i-integer iba linani eli-rational. Ingqokolela yawo onke amanani a-rational ihlala ibonakalisa ngobhalo ongqindilili u Q (okanye umbhalo obhalwe ngqindilili kwibhodi emnyama , i-Unicode); wamiselwa ngo-1895 nguPeano emva kwe quoziente, igama lesiTaliyane elithetha i\"quotient\".\nI- decimal expression ye-rational number isoloko inokuphelelwa emva kwenani lokugqibela kuludwe lwamanani okanye iqalise ukuphinda-phinda kwa olo ludwe lolandelelwano kwinani lokugqibela loo nto isenzeka ngokuya isenzeka ngokuphundaphindeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, naluphi na uphinda-phindo okanye ukupheliswa kwe-decimal kumele inani eli-rational. Ezi zivakalisi ziyinyaniso, kodwa zingeyonyaniso yebase 10 kuphela, kodwa zikwayinyaniso yayo nayohi na enye i-integer base (umzekelo ibinary, ihexadecimal).\nI real number engekho rational ibizwa ngokuba yi-irrational. Amanani azii-iIrrational aquka , \u03c0, e, kunye ne\u03c6. I-decimal expansion yenani eli-irrational iyaqhuba ingaphindwa-phindwanga. Kuba ingqokolela yamanani a- rational numbers ikwazi ukubaleka countable, ibe yona ingqokolela yamanani angawo (iireal numbers) ingenakho ukuba ingabalwa, phantse onke ii-real numbers zi-irrational.\nCategory: Izibalo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Amanani a-rational", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "A pit toilet is a type of [ toilet ] ] that collects human waste in a hole in the ground .\n No water is used or one to two liters are used to flush this pit toilet . The World Health Organization recommends that they be built at a suitable distance from the house to balance the issue of ease of access and the issue of smell .\n The distance from groundwater and surface water should be as large a", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIthoyilethi yomngxuma\nIMAGE: upright=1.3|Umzobo wethoyilethi yomngxuma elula enendawo yokuhlala nekhusi.\nIthoyilethi yomngxuma' luhlobo [lwethoyilethi]] oluqokelela ilindle lomntu kumngxuma osemhlabeni. Akusetyenziswa manzi okanye kusetyenziswe ilitha enye ukuya kwezimbini xa kugungxulwa kule thoyilethi yomngxuma. Xa zakhiwe yaye zigcinwe kakuhle zinokukunciphisa ukunwenwa kwezifo ngokunciphisa umthamo welindle lomntu kokusingqongileyo ekubeni ilindle lihlale kwindawo evulekileyo. Oku kunciphisa ukunwenwa kweentsholongwane phakathi kwelindle nokutya okubangelwa ziimpukane. Ezi ntsholongwane zingoonobangela abaphambili besifo sotyatyazo esosulelayo nezifo ezibangelwa ziintshulube esiswini. Isifo sotyatyazo esosulelayo siye saphumela ekufeni kwabantu abamalunga nezigidi eziyi- 0.7 kubantwana abangaphantsi kweiminyaka emihlanu ubudala ngo-2011 yaye abazizigidi ezyi-250 baye baphoswa kukuya esikolweni. Iithoyilethi zomngxuma ziyeyona ndlela ingabizi kangako yokubhekelisa ilindle ebantwaini.\nNgokuqhelekileyo ithoyilethi yomngxuma iba neenxalenye ezintathu ezibalulekileyo: umngxuma osemhlabeni, islebhu okanye umgangatho onomngxuma omncinci, kunye nekhusi. Lo mngxuma udla ngokuba ziimitha eziyi-3\u00a0ubuncinane (10\u00a0iinyawo) ubunzulu kunye ne-1 m (3.2 iinyawo) ububanzi. IWorld Health Organization incomela ukuba zakhiwe kumgama ofanelekileyo ukusuka endlini kulungelelaniswa umba wokufikeleleka lula kunye nomba wevumba. Umgama ukusuka kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba namanzi angaphezu komhlaba ufanele ube mkhulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ingozi yokhukuliseko. Umngxuma okwislebhu awufanele ube mkhulu kuneesentimitha eziyi-25 (9.8 intshi) ukuthintela ukuwela kwabantwana kuwo. Ukukhanya kumele kuthintelwe kungangeni kulo mngxuma ukuze kungangeni zimpukane. Oku kunokufuna ukuba kusetyenziswe isiciko ukuze kugqunywe umngxuma xa ungasetyenziswa. Xa umngxuma uzala ufikelela kwiimitha eziyi-0.5 (1.6 iinyawo) ukuya phezulu, ufanele uphungulwe okanye kwakhiwe umngxuma omtsha kuze kuthuthelwe ikhusi kwindawo entsha okanye liphinde lakhiwe. Ukulawulwa kwelindle elikhutshwa emngxumeni kunzima. kukho iingozi kokusingqongileyo nakwimpilo.\nIthoyilethi yomngxuma eqhelekileyo inokuphuculwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Enye iquka ukufakelwa kombhobho okhupha umoya osuka emngxumeni oya ngaphezu kwethoyilethi. Oku kuphucula ukuhamba komoya kuze kunciphise ivumba lale thoyilethi. Kanti inokunciphisa iimpukane xa umphezulu walo mbhobho ugqunywe ngesefu (edla ngokwenziwa ngefayibhaglasi). Kwezi thoyilethi akufuneki kusetyenziswe isiciko ukuze kugqunywe umngxuma. Ezinye iindlela ezinokuphuculwa ngazo ziquka umgangatho owakhiwe waneedreyini zamanzi eziya emngxumeni nokuqiniswa kwenxalenye ephezulu yomngxuma ngezitena okanye izangqa zesamente ukuphucula ukomelela.\nUkususela ngo-2013 iithoyilethi zomngxuma bezisetyenziswa ngabantu abaqikelelwa kwi-1.77 bhiliyoni.{bhekisela kwincwadi|last1=Graham|first1=JP|last2=Polizzotto|first2=ML|title=Iithoyilethi zongxuma negalelo lazo kumgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba: uhlolo oluchuliweyo.|journal=Imbono ngempilo yokusingqongileyo|date=May 2013|volume=121|issue=5|pages=521\u201330|pmid=23518813|doi=10.1289/ehp.1206028}} Oku ubukhulu becala kwenzeka kumazwe asakhasayo kwakunye nasemaphandleni nakwimimandla esentlango. Ngo-2011 abantu abamalunga ne- 2.5 bhiliyoni bebengenazo iithoyiethi ezifanelekileyo yaye abaybhiliyoni enye baye babhenela ekuzithumeni kwiindawo ezivulekileyo kufutshane nalapho bahlala khona. KumaZantsi Asia kunye neAfrika EkuMazantsi eSahara ngabona bangakwaziyo ukuba neethoyilethi. Kumazwe asakhasayo ixabiso lethoyilethi eqhelekileyo yomngxuma liphakathi kwe-25 ne-60 USD. Iindleko eziqhubekayo zokuyilondoloza ziphakathi kwe-1.5 ne-4 USD mntu ngamnye ngonyaka zinto ezo zingasoloko zithathelwa ngqalelo. Kwezinye iinxalenye zamaphandle aseIndiya iphulo le \"No Toilet, No Bride\" liye lasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza iithoyilethi ngokukhuthaza amabhinqa ukuba angavumi ukutshata namadoda angenazo iithoyilethi.\nIimbekiselo\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Ithoyilethi yomngxuma' from xh to English:\nA pit toilet is a type of [ toilet ] ] that collects human waste in a hole in the ground .\n No water is used or one to two liters are used to flush this pit toilet . The World Health Organization recommends that they be built at a suitable distance from the house to balance the issue of ease of access and the issue of smell .\n The distance from groundwater and surface water should be as large as possible to reduce the risk of erosion . South Asia and Sub - Saharan Africa are the most deprived of toilets .\n In developing countries the price of a typical pit toilet is between 25 and 60 USD . The ongoing costs of maintaining it are between 1.5 and 4 USD per person per year which are not always taken into account .\n In some parts of rural India the \" No Toilet , No Bride \" campaign has been used to promote toilets by encouraging women not to marry men who do not have toilets .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ithoyilethi yomngxuma", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Nutrients involved may include : calories , protein , carbohydrates , vitamins or minerals .\n They are often used specifically to refer to malnutrition where there are not enough calories , proteins or micronutrients ; however , it also includes overeating . In some developing countries , overnutrition characterized by obesity appears to occur in the same areas as undernutrition .\n Other cause", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Ukungondleki' from xh to English:\nNutrients involved may include : calories , protein , carbohydrates , vitamins or minerals .\n They are often used specifically to refer to malnutrition where there are not enough calories , proteins or micronutrients ; however , it also includes overeating . In some developing countries , overnutrition characterized by obesity appears to occur in the same areas as undernutrition .\n Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery . Taking food to people who need it most , transporting it to them and giving them money so that people can buy food in the market near them helps a lot .\n Just going to feed people in schools is not enough . As of 2010 malnutrition was the cause of all 1.4 % of life disabilities .\n About a third of child deaths are believed to be caused by malnutrition ; however , death is rarely reported as the cause . An additional 165 children are stunted due to the disease .\n Malnutrition is more common in developing countries .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUkungondleki yimeko ebangelwa kukutya ukutya okungenazondlo zaneleyo okanye okunezondlo ezininzi gqitha kangangokude zibangele iingxaki zempilo. Izondlo ezibandakanyekileyo zinokuquka: iikhalori, iprotini, iikhabhohayidreti, iivitamin okanye iiminerali. Zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo ukubhekisela ekungondlekini apho kungekho zikhalori zaneleyo, iiprotini okanye iimicronutrients; noko ke, ikwaquka ukondleka ngokugqithiseleyo. Ukuba ukungondleki kuvela ebudeni mhlawumbi kokukhulelwa okanye ngaphambi kweminyaka emibini ubudala kunokubangela iingxaki ezingapheliyo zokukhula komzimba nengqondo. Ukungondleki okungaphaya kwengqondo, okubizwa ngokuba kukulamba, kunokuba neempawu eziquka: ubufutshane, ukuncipha komzimba, ukungabi namandla, nemilenze nesisu esidumbileyo. Kanti abantu badla ngokufumana izigulo yaye basoloko begodola. Iimpawu zokungabi naziimicronutrient zixhomekeka kwiimicronutrient ezingekhoyo.\nUkungondleki kudla ngokubangelwa ubukhulu becala kukungabikho ngokwaneleyo kokutya okukumgangatho ophezulu. Ixesha elininzi oku kunxulumene namaxabiso aphezulu okutya nendlala. Ukungancanciswa kunokuba negalelo, kanye njengeqela lezifo ezosulelayo ezifana: [nokudumba kwesisu namathumbu]], inyumoniya, imalariya nemasisi nto leyo eyandisa imfuneko yezondlo. Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zokungondleki: ukungondleki kokuswela iprotini namandla nokuswela izondlo. Ukungondleki kokuswela iprotini namandla kuneendidi ezimbini ezimandla: imarasmus (nokuswela iprotini neekhalori) kwakunye nekwashiyoko (ukuswela nje iprotini). Ukuswela iimicronutrient eziqhelekileyo kuquka: ukuswela iayon, iayodin kunye ivitamin A. Ebudeni bokukhulelwa, ngenxa yokwanda kwemfuneko, ziba ninzi izinto oziswelayo. Kwamanye amazwe asakhasayo ukondleka okugqithiseleyo okubonakala ngokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo kubonakala kubakho kwiindawo ezifanayo nokungondleki. Abanye oonobangela bokungondleki baquka ianorexia nervosa nebariatric surgery. Kubantu abasele bekhulile ukungondleki kuxhaphaka kakhulu ngenxa yenkalo zomzimba, ezengqondo nezokuhlala.\nImigudu yokuphucula izondlo iyenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zoncedo lophuhliso. Ukuncancisa kunokunciphisa imilinganiselo yokungondleki nokufa kwabantwana, nemigudu yokukhuthaza olu qheliselo iyanda. Kubantwana abancinane ukubanika ukutya ukongezelela kubisi lwebele phakathi kweenyanga ezintandathu neminyaka emibini kuphucula imiphumo. Kukwakho nobungqina obuhle obuxhasa ukongezelela inani lezondlo ezincinane ebudeni bokukhulelwa nakubantwana abancinane kumazwe asakhasayo. Ukusa ukutya kubantu abakudinga kakhulu ukukuthuthela kubo nokubanika imali ukuze abantu bathenge ukutya kwimarike ezikufutshane nabo kunceda kakhulu. Ukusuka nje utyise abantu ezikolweni akwanelanga. Ukulawulwa kokungondleki okumandla emakhayeni abantu ukutya okulungele ukusetyenziswa okondlayo kuyenzeka amaxesha amaninzi. Kwabo banokungondleki okumandla okwenziwa kuthi kratya zezinye izigulo unyango luyanconyelwa. Oku kusoloko kuquka ukulawula umlinganiselo ophantsi weswekile, ubushushu bomzimba, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, nokutya ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukukhutshwa ngokuqhubekayo kwee-antibhayotiki kudla ngokunconyelwa ngenxa yengozi enkulu yokosulelwa. Amanyathelo exesha elide aquka: ukuphucula ezolimo, ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu, ukuphucula ugutyulo, kunye ukunikwa kwamabhinqa amandla.\nKwakukho abantu abangondlekanga abazizigidi eziyi-925\u00a0ehlabathini ngo-2010, ukwanda kwe-80\u00a0yezigidi ukususela ngo-1990. Enye ibhiliyoni yabantu kuqikelelwa ukuba iswele iivithamini neminerali. Ngo-2010 ukuswela iprotini namandla kuqikelelwa ukuba kuye kwaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-600,000 okuhle nge-883,000 ngo-1990. Okunye ukuswela izondlo, okuquka ukuswela iayodin kunye nokuswela iiseli ezibomvu ngenxa yokungabi na-ayoni, kuye kwabangela ukufa kwabanye abantu abayi-84,000. Ukususela ngo-2010 ukungondleki kwakungunobangela wako konke okuyi-1.4% ukukhubazeka kobomi. Malunga nesithathu sokufa kwabantwana kukholelwa ukuba kubangelwa kukungondleki; noko ke ukufa akufane kuchazwe njengonobangela. Ngo-2010 kwakuqikelelwa ukuba ukungondleki kuye kwanegalelo ekufeni kwamabhinqa nabantwana abamalunga ne-1.5 lezigidi nangona abanye beqikelela ukuba elo nani lingalikhulu kunezigidi eziyi-3\u00a0. Abantwana abangakumbi abayi- 165\u00a0 abakhuli kakuhle ngenxa yesi sifo. Ukungondleki kuxhaphake ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo.\nIimbekiselo\nCategory: Ukutya\n \nCategory: NUTRITION", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ukungondleki", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "It is usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with infected faeces . While children do not have symptoms when they are infected , they can infect others .\n After being infected once , a person is not infected again for the rest of their life . It usually occurs in developed countries where children are not exposed when they are young and are not vaccinated .\n In 2010 , ", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Hepatitis A' from xh to English:\nIt is usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with infected faeces . While children do not have symptoms when they are infected , they can infect others .\n After being infected once , a person is not infected again for the rest of their life . It usually occurs in developed countries where children are not exposed when they are young and are not vaccinated .\n In 2010 , acute hepatitis A resulted in 102,000 deaths . Around the world about 1.5 million symptomatic cases occur each year and a total of about tens of millions can be infected .\n It is more common in areas of the world with poor sanitation and where there is not enough safe water .\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/\nOverview\nHepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. The disease is closely associated with unsafe water or food, inadequate sanitation, poor personal hygiene and oral-anal sex.\nUnlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease but it can cause debilitating symptoms and rarely fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure), which is often fatal. WHO estimates that in 2016, 7134 persons died from hepatitis A worldwide (accounting for 0.5% of the mortality due to viral hepatitis).\nHepatitis A occurs sporadically and in epidemics worldwide, with a tendency for cyclic recurrences. Epidemics related to contaminated food or water can erupt explosively, such as the epidemic in Shanghai in 1988 that affected about 300 000 people (1). They can also be prolonged, affecting communities for months through person-to-person transmission. Hepatitis A viruses persist in the environment and can withstand food production processes routinely used to inactivate or control bacterial pathogens.\nGeographical distribution\nGeographical distribution areas can be characterized as having high, intermediate or low levels of hepatitis A virus infection. However, infection does not always mean disease because infected young children do not experience any noticeable symptoms.\nInfection is common in low- and middle-income countries with poor sanitary conditions and hygienic practices, and most children (90%) have been infected with the hepatitis A virus before the age of 10 years, most often without symptoms (2). Infection rates are low in high-income countries with good sanitary and hygienic conditions. Disease may occur among adolescents and adults in high-risk groups, such as persons who inject drugs (PWID), men who have sex with men (MSM), people travelling to areas of high endemicity and in isolated populations, such as closed religious groups. In the United States of America, large outbreaks have been reported among persons experiencing homelessness. In middle-income countries and regions where sanitary conditions are variable, children often escape infection in early childhood and reach adulthood without immunity.\nThe hepatitis A virus is transmitted primarily by the faecal-oral route; that is when an uninfected person ingests food or water that has been contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. In families, this may happen though dirty hands when an infected person prepares food for family members. Waterborne outbreaks, though infrequent, are usually associated with sewage-contaminated or inadequately treated water.\nThe virus can also be transmitted through close physical contact (such as oral-anal sex) with an infectious person, although casual contact among people does not spread the virus.\nSymptoms\nSymptoms of hepatitis A range from mild to severe and can include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark-coloured urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the eyes and skin). Not everyone who is infected will have all the symptoms.\nAdults have signs and symptoms of illness more often than children. The severity of disease and fatal outcomes are higher in older age groups. Infected children under 6 years of age do not usually experience noticeable symptoms, and only 10% develop jaundice. Hepatitis A sometimes relapses, meaning the person who just recovered falls sick again with another acute episode. This is normally followed by recovery.\nWho is at risk?\nAnyone who has not been vaccinated or previously infected can get infected with the hepatitis A virus. In areas where the virus is widespread (high endemicity), most hepatitis A infections occur during early childhood. Risk factors include:\n- lack of safe water;\n- living in a household with an infected person;\n- being a sexual partner of someone with acute hepatitis A infection;\n- use of recreational drugs;\n- travelling to areas of high endemicity without being immunized.\nDiagnosis\nCases of hepatitis A are not clinically distinguishable from other types of acute viral hepatitis. Specific diagnosis is made by the detection of HAV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgM) antibodies in the blood. Additional tests include reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the hepatitis A virus RNA and may require specialized laboratory facilities.\nTreatment\nThere is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and can take several weeks or months. It is important to avoid unnecessary medications. Acetaminophen, paracetamol and medication against vomiting should be avoided.\nHospitalization is unnecessary in the absence of acute liver failure. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhoea.\nPrevention\nImproved sanitation, food safety and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A.\nThe spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by:\n- adequate supplies of safe drinking water;\n- proper disposal of sewage within communities; and\n- personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing before meals and after going to the bathroom.\nSeveral injectable inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All provide similar protection from the virus and have comparable side effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than 1 year of age. In China, a live attenuated vaccine is also available.\nIn May 2016, the World Health Assembly adopted the first Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis, 2016\u20132021. The strategy highlighted the critical role of universal health coverage and sets targets that align with those of the Sustainable Development Goals. The strategy proposed the elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030 (defined as a 90% reduction in new chronic infections and a 65% reduction in mortality, compared with the 2015 baseline), and included a roadmap towards elimination by implementing key prevention, diagnosis, treatment and community interventions strategies. In May 2022 the 75th World Health Assembly noted a new set of integrated global health sector strategies on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period of 2022\u20132030. Based on these previous and now new strategies, a broad range of Member States have developed comprehensive national hepatitis programmes and elimination strategies guided by the global health sector strategy.\nWHO is working in the following areas to support countries in moving towards achieving the global hepatitis goals under the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030:\n- raising awareness, promoting partnerships and mobilizing resources\n- formulating evidence-based policy and data for action\n- increasing health equities within the hepatitis response\n- preventing transmission\n- scaling up screening, care and treatment services.\nWHO organizes annual World Hepatitis Day campaigns (as 1 of its 9 flagship annual health campaigns) to increase awareness and understanding of viral hepatitis. For World Hepatitis Day 2022, WHO focuses on the theme \u201cBringing hepatitis care closer to you\u201d and calls for simplified service delivery of viral hepatitis services, bringing care closer to communities.\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIHepatitis A (eyayidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yihepatitis eyosulelayo) emandla isifo esosulelayo sesibindi esibangelwa yintsholongwane yehepatitis A (HAV). Iimeko ezininzi ziba neempawu ezincinci okanye zingabikho kwaphela ingakumbi kwabaselula. Ixesha eliphakathi kokusuleleka neempawu, kwabo bazifumanayo, liphakathi kweeveki ezimbini nezintandathu. Xa kukho iimpawu ngokuqhelekileyo zihlala iiveki ezisibhozo yaye zinokuquka isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, utyatyazo, ulusu olutyheli, ifiva, nesisu esibuhlungu. Abantu abamalunga ne-10\u201315% bayabuyelwa kwakhona ziimpawu ebudeni beenyanga ezintandathu emva kokusulelwa okokuqala. Ukoyisakala okumandla kwesibindi akunakufane kubekho yaye oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kubantu abadala.\nNgokuqhelekileyo isasazeka ngokutya okanye ukusela ukutya okanye amanzi angcoliswe lilindle elinesi sifo. Oonokrwece abangaphekwanga ngokwaneleyo idla ngokuba ngoyena nobangela. Kanti inokusasazwa ngokusondelelana nomntu onokukosulela. Ngoxa abantwana bengabi nazimpawu xa basulelwa banokubosulela abanye. Emva kokosulelwa kanye, umntu akaphinde asuleleke ubomi bakhe bonke. Ukuze ifunyaniswe kufuneka kuhlolwe igazi njengoko iimpawu zifana nezo zezinye izifo. Yenye yeevayirasi ezintlanu ezaziwayo zehepatitis: A, B, C, D, kunye E.\nIhepatitis A vaccine iyanceda ekukhuseleni. Amanye amazwe ayincomela ngokuqhubekayo ebantwaneni nakwabo basengozini enkulu abangazange bagonywe ngaphambili. Lubonakal lusebenza. Ezinye iindlela zokuyithintela ziquka ukuhlamba izandla ukukupheka kakuhle ukutya. akukho nyango lukhethekileyo, uphumle yaye amayeza isicaphucaphu okanye utyatyazo akhutshwa njengoko efuneka. Ukosuleleka kudla ngokusuka ngokupheleleyo nangaphandle kwesifo esiqhubekayo sesibindi. Unyango lokoyisakala ngokupheleleyo kwesibindi, ukuba kuyavela, uqhaqho-fakelo lwesibindi.\nEhlabathini lonke malunga neemeko ezineempawu eziyi-1.5 lezigidi zibakho nyaka ngamnye yaye lilonke bamalunga namashumi ezigidi abanokosuleleka. Ixhaphake kakhulu kwimimandla yehlabathi enogutyulo olukumgangatho ophantsi nalapho kungekho manzi akhuselekileyo aneleyo. Kumazwe asakhasayo malunga ne-90% yabantwana baye bosuleleleka beneminyaka eyi-10 ubudala yaye bayakhuseleka xa sele bebadala. Idla ngokuqhambuka kumazwe ahambele phambili noko apho abantwana bengachanabekanga ngoxa beselula yaye bengagonywa kakhulu. Ngo-2010, ihepatitis A emandla yaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-102,000. Usuku Lwehlabathi Lwehepatitis ibakho nyaka ngamnye ngoJulayi 28 ukwazisa ngeviral hepatitis.\nIimbekiselo\nCategory: Izifo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Hepatitis A", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Imalariya sisifo esisuka kwiingcongconi esosulelayo esiba sebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana esibangelwa zizimfimfithi-gazi (uhlobo lweseli enye izinambuzane) zePlasmodiyam. Imalariya ibangela iimpawu ezidla ngokuquka ifiva, ukudinwa, ukugabha intloko ebuhlungu. Kwiimeko ezimandla inokubangela ulusu olutyheli, ukugula, ikoma okanye ukufa. Ezi mpawu zidla ngokuqala kwiintsuku ezilishumi okanye ezil", "text": "### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/\nOverview\nMalaria is an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are spread to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. There are 5 parasite species that cause malaria in humans, and 2 of these species \u2013 P. falciparum and P. vivax \u2013 pose the greatest threat. P. falciparum is the deadliest malaria parasite and the most prevalent on the African continent. P. vivax is the dominant malaria parasite in most countries outside of sub-Saharan Africa.\nThe first symptoms \u2013 fever, headache and chills \u2013 usually appear 10\u201315 days after the infective mosquito bite and may be mild and difficult to recognize as malaria. Left untreated, P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness and death within a period of 24 hours.\nIn 2020, nearly half of the world's population was at risk of malaria. Some population groups are at considerably higher risk of contracting malaria and developing severe disease: infants, children under 5 years of age, pregnant women and patients with HIV/AIDS, as well as people with low immunity moving to areas with intense malaria transmission such as migrant workers, mobile populations and travellers.\nThe new cause-of-death methodology was applied to 32 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that shoulder about 93% of all malaria deaths globally. Applying the methodology revealed that malaria has taken a considerably higher toll on African children every year since 2000 than previously thought.\nThe WHO African Region continues to carry a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2020 the Region was home to 95% of all malaria cases and 96% of deaths. Children under 5 years of age accounted for about 80% of all malaria deaths in the Region.\nPrevention\nOver the last 2 decades, expanded access to WHO-recommended malaria prevention tools and strategies \u2013 including effective vector control and the use of preventive antimalarial drugs \u2013 has had a major impact in reducing the global burden of this disease.\nVector control\nVector control is a vital component of malaria control and elimination strategies as it is highly effective in preventing infection and reducing disease transmission. The 2 core interventions are insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS).\nProgress in global malaria control is threatened by emerging resistance to insecticides among Anopheles mosquitoes. According to the latest World malaria report, 78 countries reported mosquito resistance to at least 1 of the 4 commonly-used insecticide classes in the period 2010\u20132019. In 29 countries, mosquito resistance was reported to all main insecticide classes.\nPreventive chemotherapies\nPreventive chemotherapy is the use of medicines, either alone or in combination, to prevent malaria infections and their consequences. It requires giving a full treatment course of an antimalarial medicine to vulnerable populations (generally infants, children under 5 years of age and pregnant women) at designated time points during the period of greatest malarial risk, regardless of whether the recipients are infected with malaria. Preventive chemotherapy includes perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC), seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) and school-aged children (IPTsc), post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) and mass drug administration (MDA).. These safe and cost-effective strategies are intended to complement ongoing malaria control activities, including vector control measures, prompt diagnosis of suspected malaria, and treatment of confirmed cases with antimalarial medicines.\nVaccine\nSince October 2021, WHO also recommends broad use of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine among children living in regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission. The vaccine has been shown to significantly reduce malaria, and deadly severe malaria, among young children.\nQuestions and answers on the RTS,S vaccine.\nCase management\nEarly diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease, prevents deaths and contributes to reducing transmission. WHO recommends that all suspected cases of malaria be confirmed using parasite-based diagnostic testing (through either microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test). Diagnostic testing enables health providers to swiftly distinguish between malarial and non-malarial fevers, facilitating appropriate treatment.\nThe best available treatment, particularly for P. falciparum malaria, is artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). The primary objective of treatment is to ensure the rapid and full elimination of Plasmodium parasites to prevent an uncomplicated case of malaria from progressing to severe disease or death.\nAntimalarial drug resistance\nOver the last decade, antimalarial drug resistance has emerged as a threat to global malaria control efforts in the Greater Mekong subregion. WHO is also concerned about more recent reports of drug-resistant malaria in Africa. Regular monitoring of drug efficacy is needed to inform treatment policies in malaria-endemic countries, and to ensure early detection of, and response to, drug resistance.\nFor more on WHO\u2019s work on antimalarial drug resistance in the Greater Mekong subregion, visit the Mekong Malaria Elimination Programme webpage. WHO is also developing a strategy to address drug resistance in Africa.\nElimination\nMalaria elimination is defined as the interruption of local transmission of a specified malaria parasite species in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate activities. Continued measures to prevent re-establishment of transmission are required.\nCountries and territories certified malaria-free by WHO.\nSurveillance\nMalaria surveillance is the continuous and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of malaria-related data, and the use of that data in the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice. Improved surveillance of malaria cases and deaths helps ministries of health determine which areas or population groups are most affected and enables countries to monitor changing disease patterns. Strong malaria surveillance systems also help countries design effective health interventions and evaluate the impact of their malaria control programmes.\nThe WHO Global technical strategy for malaria 2016\u20132030, updated in 2021, provides a technical framework for all malaria-endemic countries. It is intended to guide and support regional and country programmes as they work towards malaria control and elimination.\nThe strategy sets ambitious but achievable global targets, including:\n- preventing a resurgence of malaria in all countries that are malaria-free.\nGuided by this strategy, the Global Malaria Programme coordinates the WHO\u2019s global efforts to control and eliminate malaria by:\n- setting, communicating and promoting the adoption of evidence-based norms, standards, policies, technical strategies and guidelines;\n- keeping independent score of global progress;\n- developing approaches for capacity building, systems strengthening, and surveillance; and\n- identifying threats to malaria control and elimination as well as new areas for action.\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nImalariya sisifo esisuka kwiingcongconi esosulelayo esiba sebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana esibangelwa zizimfimfithi-gazi (uhlobo lweseli enye izinambuzane) zePlasmodiyam. Imalariya ibangela iimpawu ezidla ngokuquka ifiva, ukudinwa, ukugabha intloko ebuhlungu. Kwiimeko ezimandla inokubangela ulusu olutyheli, ukugula, ikoma okanye ukufa. Ezi mpawu zidla ngokuqala kwiintsuku ezilishumi okanye ezilishumi elinesihlanu emva kokuba ulunyiwe. Kwabo bangakhange banyangwe kakuhle isifo sinokuphinda sibuye kwiinyanga kamva. Kwabo basandul' ukusinda kwisifo, ukosuleleka kwakhona kudla ngokubangela iimpawu ezingekho mandla noko. Oku kukhuseleka kwexeshana kudla ngokuplhela ngokuhamba kweenyanga ukuya kwiminyaka ukuba akuchanabeki ngokuqhubekayo kwimalariya.\nNgokuqhelekileyo, esi sifo sidluliselwa kukulunywa yimazi yengcongconi Anopheles enesi sifo. Oku kulunywa kufaka izimfimfithi-gazi ezikumathe engcongconi kwigazi lomntu lowo. Izimfimfithi-gazi ziya esibindini apho zithi zikhule zize zizale. Iindidi ezintlanu zePlasmodiyam zinokosulela zize zisasazwe ngabantu. Ubukhulu becala ukufa kunokubangelwa yiP.\u00a0falciparum eneP.\u00a0vivax, P.\u00a0ovale,kunye P.\u00a0malariae ngokuqhelekileyo ibangela uhlobo olungekho mandla lwemalariya. Udidi P.\u00a0knowlesi alufane lubangele isifo ebantwini. Imalariya idla ngokufunyaniswa ngohlolo lwemayikroskopu lwegazi kusetyenziswa iifilimu zegazi, okanye ezine-antigen uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lokufumanisa. Iindlela ezisebenzisa iziganeko ezilandelelanayo zepolymerase zokufumanisa iDNA yezimfimfithi-gazi ziye zaveliswa, kodwa azisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo apho imalariya igqugqisileyo ngenxa yeendleko zayo nokuntsonkotha kwayo.\nIngozi yezifo inokuncitshiswa ngokuthintela ukulunywa yingcongconi ngokusebenzisa inethi yengcongconi kunye nezinto zokugxotha izinambuzane, okanye ngeendlela zokulawula iingcongoni njengokutsutsuza zinto zokubulala izinambuzane nokuvula iidreyini zamanzi amileyo. Kukho amayeza awahlukeneyo okuthintela imalariya kubakhenkethi abaya kwiindawo ezigcwele esi sifo. Ukufumana la mayeza ngamaxesha athile sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine kuyanconyelwa kwiintsana nasemva kwekota yokuqala yokukhulelwa kwiindawo ezinengozi enkulu yemalariya. Nakuba kukho imfuneko, asikho isitofu esisebenzayo, nakuba kuqhubeka kusenziwa imigudu yokusivelisa. Unyango olunconyelwayo lwemalariya ngumxube wamayeza alwa nemalariya aquka i-artemisinin. Iyeza lesibini linokuba yimefloquine, ilumefantrine, okanye isulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine kwakunye nedoxycycline inokusetyenziswa ukuba i-artemisinin ayifumaneki. Kunconyelwa ukuba kwiindawo apho esi sifo sixhaphakileyo, imalariya iqinisekiswe ukuba kunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukunyangwa ngenxa yenkxalabo yokwanda kokuxhathisa amayeza. Amayeza amaninzi alwa nemalariya sele iwaxhathisa; ngokomzekelo, exhathisa ichloroquine P.\u00a0falciparum sele inwenwele kwiindawo ezininzi ezinemalariya, yaye ukuxhathiswa kwe-artemisinin sele kuyingxaki kwezinye iindawo zoMzantsi-mpuma Asia.\nEsi sifo sinwenwele kwiiTropiki kunye nemimandla esezantsi kwetropiki ekhoyo ngokubanzi engqonge i-ikhweyitha. Oku kuquka ummandla omkhulu [weAfrika Esezantsi KweSahara]], iAsia, kunye [ne[Latin America]]. IWorld Health Organization iqikelela ukuba ngo-2012, kwakukho abantu abazizigidi eziyi-207 ababenemalariya. ngaloo nyaka kuqikelelwa ukuba esi sifo sabulala phakathi kwe-473,000 ne-789,000 yabantu, uninzi lwabo ingabantwana baseAfrika. Imalariya idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nobuhlwempu yaye inefuthe elingelihle kakhulu kuhlumo loqoqosho. EAfrika kuqikelelwa ukuba ibangela ilahleko eyi-$12 bhiliyoni USD ngonyaka ngenxa yeendleko zonyango, ukungakwazi ukusebenza negalelo layo kukhenketho.\nIimbekiselo\nCategory: Izifo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Imalariya", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Nicole 's paper\n Oresme from the 14th century shows one of the first important functions of the sign plus \" + \" . By the early 15th century the letters \" P \" and \" M \" were in common use .\n The symbols ( P with the line up \u0304 for pi\u00f9 , meaning plus plus , and M with the line m \u0304 for meno , meaning subtraction ) first appeared in Luca Pacioli 's mathematical treatise , Summa de arithmetica , geom", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Iimpawu zokudibanisa nokuthabatha' from xh to English:\nNicole 's paper\n Oresme from the 14th century shows one of the first important functions of the sign plus \" + \" . By the early 15th century the letters \" P \" and \" M \" were in common use .\n The symbols ( P with the line up \u0304 for pi\u00f9 , meaning plus plus , and M with the line m \u0304 for meno , meaning subtraction ) first appeared in Luca Pacioli 's mathematical treatise , Summa de arithmetica , geometria , proportioni et proportionalit\u00e0 , and the text of which was first published in Venice in 1494 .\n The + is a simplification of the Latin \" et \" ( comparable to the ampersand & ) . A book published by Henricus Grammateus in 1518 took these features and used them for another form of the first addition + and subtraction \u2212 . Earliest\n Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols Robert Recorde , the designer of the equals sign , introduced plus and minus to Britain in 1557 in The Whetstone of Witte : .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIimpawu zokudibanisa nokuthabatha\nIimpawu zokudibanisa (+) kunye no kuthabatha(\u2212) ziimpawu zakwamathematika ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba-positive nokuba-negative kwakunye nokwenzekayo xa kudityaniswa naxa kuthatyathwa. Umsebenzi wazo ezimpawu wandiselwe nakwezinye iintsingiselo ezininzi, ezifanayo nezibufana. Uphawu lokukudibanisa ngesiNgesi kuthiwa ngu-Plus kanti lona olokuthabatha kuthiwa ngu-minus. U-Plus no-Minus ke ngamagama antsingiselo yawo iyeyesi-Latin athetha \"ukongeza\" \"kuphungula\" ngokulandelelana kwawo.\u00a0 \n Imbali \nNangona ezi mpawu zibonakala ngokungathi ngoonobumba okanye amanani amaArabhu aseHindu, azi mpawu zakudala-dala. Uphawu lokudibanisa noluyindlela ethile ekubhalwa ngayo ekuthiwa yi-Egyptian hieroglyphic, umzekelo, efana nemilenze emibini ehamba ngomkhondo walapho kwakubhalwe khona lo mbhalo\u00a0 (ngokwesi-Egyptian ungabhalwa macalana omabini ukusuka ngasekunene\u00a0 ukuya ngasekhohlo okanye ukusuka ngasekhohlo ukuya ngasekunene), kodwa xa uphawu lubuyela ngasemva lubonisa okokuba luphawu lokuthabatha\nD54- okanye -D55\nIphepha likaNicole Oresmeukusuka kwiminyaka wenkulungwane ye-14 libonisa omnye wemisebenzi yokuqala ebalulekileyo yephawu i-plus \"+\" .\nEkuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeminyaka ye-15 oonobumba u-\"P\" no \"M\" babesetyenziswa ngumntu wonke.\nIimpawu u-(P onomgca up\u0304 omele u-pi\u00f9, oko kuthetha ukudibanisa plus, kunye no-M onomgca u-m\u0304 omele u-meno, oko kuthetha ukuthabatha minus) zavela okokuqala kulwazi-lwe-mathematika ye-Luca Pacioli, iSumma de arithmetica, i-geometria, i-proportioni i-et proportionalit\u00e0, nombhalo wayo owakhutshwa wapapashwa okokuqala e-Venice ngo-1494. The + is a simplification of the Latin \"et\" (comparable to the ampersand &). The \u2212 may be derived from a tilde written over m when used to indicate subtraction; or it may come from a shorthand version of the letter m itself. In his 1489 treatise Johannes Widmann referred to the symbols \u2212 and + as minus and mer (Modern German mehr; \"more\"): \"was \u2212 ist, das ist minus, und das + ist das mer\".\nIncwadi epapashwe nguHenricus Grammateus ngo-1518 yazithatha ezi mpawu yazisebenzisela olunye uhlobo lomsebenzi wokuqala wokudibanisa + nokuthabatha \u2212 . Earliest \nRobert Recorde, the designer of the equals sign, introduced plus and minus to Britain in 1557 in The Whetstone of Witte: . \"There be other 2 signes in often use of which the first is made thus + and betokeneth more: the other is thus made \u2013 and betokeneth lesse.\"\n References", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Iimpawu zokudibanisa nokuthabatha", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Electrons participate in gravitational , electromagnetic and weak interactions . Anastopoulos , Charis 2008 . The three electron shells of the nucleus , with the electrons moving from the second and the first level moving to produce photons .\n Ii\n -Electrons have the least electrical charge of all .\n This charge is equal to the charge of the proton , but the charge of the electron is opposite ", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Ii-electrons' from xh to English:\nElectrons participate in gravitational , electromagnetic and weak interactions . Anastopoulos , Charis 2008 . The three electron shells of the nucleus , with the electrons moving from the second and the first level moving to produce photons .\n Ii\n -Electrons have the least electrical charge of all .\n This charge is equal to the charge of the proton , but the charge of the electron is opposite to that of the proton. therefore , electrons interact with the protons of the atomic atoms in the nuclei to form atoms. an electron has a mass 1 / 1836 times that of a proton . The number of electrons in atoms is the underlying basis of the chemical periodic table. Pauling , Linus C. 1960 .\n The nature of the chemical bond and the structure of molecules and crystals : an introduction to modern structural chemistry ( 3rd ed ) .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIi-electrons\nIelectron yintwana nje yento ntwana encinane ye-matter ne-energy. uphawu lwayo yi-e\u2212. \nI-electron iphuma kw-i-subatomic particle. Kukholelwa okokuba yielementary particle kuba ayinakuhlahleleka okanye ayinakucukucezeka ibe yiyo nantonina encinane ngaphezu kokuba ingako. Purcell, Edward M. 1985. Electricity and Magnetism. Berkeley Physics Course Volume 2. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-004908-4. |Itshajwa ngophawu olu-negative ngokozibuthe, kwaye intshukumo yazo phantse ibesisantya sokuqhwanyaza kombane. For instance, as beta particles, and in the inner electron shells of elements with a large atomic number. US Dept. of Energy: \nIi-Electrons zithabatha inxaxheba kwi-gravitational, i-electromagnetic nakwiweak interactions. Anastopoulos, Charis 2008. Particle or Wave: the evolution of the concept of matter in modern physics. Princeton University Press. pp261\u2013262. ISBN 0691135126. //books.google.com/?id=rDEvQZhpltEC&pg=PA261. I-electricity enika amandla ee-radios, ee-moto, nezinye izinto ezininzi zenziwe ngee-electrons ezininzi nezihamba ngeengcingo okanye ngezinye iizinto ahamba ngazo amandla ombane zinto ezo kuthiwa zii-conductors.\n Inkcazo \n[[File: Bohr atom model English.svgIMAGE: Imodel i-Niels Bohr model ye-atom. Amaqweqwe amathathu e-electron ange-nucleus, ane-electron ehamba isuka kwinqanaba lesibini nelokuqala ihamba ikhiqiza ii-photon.\nIi-Electrons zinetshaji yombane encinane kuzo zonke. Le tshaji yombane ilingana netshaji ye-proton, kodwa yona eye-electon inophawu oluchaseneyo nolweproton. ngenxa yoko, ii-electrons zibanombizelane kw-iiprotons ze-atomic atoms ezikwii-nuclei zitsho zenze ii-atoms.\ni-electron inobunzima bayo obuphindaphindwe ka-1/1836 kunobo be-proton.\nInye indlela ongacinga ngayo malunga nokkokuba zifumaneka phi na ii-electrons kwi-atom kukuba zijikeleza ndawoninye ukusuka kwinucleus. ngale ndlela, ii-electrons ezikwi-atom zihlala ku-kumaqokobhe e-electrons ajikeleze umphakathi kwisizikithi se- nucleus. Iqokobhe le-electron ngalinye linikwa inombolo ethi 1, 2, 3, njalo, njalo, ukusuka kuleyo ifufutshane kunazo zonke kwi-nucleus (kanye kumphakathi wesikhumba esiliqokobhe). Iqokobhe ngalinye lingagcina inani elithile lee-electrons. Isenzo sokwabiwakwee-electrons zisabelwa kumaqokobhe-ngamaqokobhe kuthiwa kwenziwa i-electronic arrangement (okanye luhlobo emile ngayo i-electronic). Ukucwangciswa kwe-electronic kungaboniswa ngokuthi inonjolwe ngamanani okanye ngeelectron diagram. (indlela eyahlukileyo yokucinga ngendawo ezifumaneka kuyo ii-electrons kukusebenzisa ii-quantum mechanics ukuze kubalwe ii-atomic orbitals zazo)\nI-electron yenye is one of a class of subatomic particles called leptons. The electron has a negative electric charge. The electron has another property, called spin. Its spin value is 1/2, which makes it a fermion.\nWhile most electrons are found in atoms, others move independently in matter, or together as cathode rays in a vacuum. In some superconductors, electrons move in pairs. When electrons flow, this flow is called electricity, or an electric current. \nAn object can be described as 'negatively charged' if there are more electrons than protons in an object, or 'positively charged' when there are more protons than electrons. Electrons can move from one object to another when touched. They may be attracted to another object with opposite charge, or repelled when they both have the same charge. When an object is 'grounded', electrons from the charged object go into the ground, making the object neutral. This is what lightning conductors do.\n Chemical reactions \nElectrons in their shells round an atom are the basis of chemical reactions. Complete outer shells, with maximum electrons, are less reactive. Outer shells with less than maximum electrons are reactive. The number of electrons in atoms is the underlying basis of the chemical periodic table. Pauling, Linus C. 1960. The nature of the chemical bond and the structure of molecules and crystals: an introduction to modern structural chemistry (3rd ed). Cornell University Press. pp4\u201310. ISBN 0801403332. //books.google.com/?id=L-1K9HmKmUUC.\n Measurement \nElectric charge can be directly measured with a device called an electrometer. Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer. The measurement given off by a galvanometer is different from the measurement given off by an electrometer. Today laboratory instruments are capable of containing and observing individual electrons.\n 'Seeing' an electron \nIn laboratory conditions, the interactions of individual electrons can be observed by means of particle detectors, which allow measurement of specific properties such as energy, spin and charge. Grupen, Claus 1999. \"Physics of Particle Detection\". AIP Conference Proceedings, Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics, VIII. 536. Istanbul: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company. pp. 3\u201334. doi: 10.1063/1.1361756. In one instance a Penning trap was used to contain a single electron for 10 months. The magnetic moment of the electron was measured to a precision of eleven digits, which, in 1980, was a greater accuracy than for any other physical constant.\nThe first video images of an electron's energy distribution were captured by a team at Lund University in Sweden, February 2008. The scientists used extremely short flashes of light, called attosecond pulses, which allowed an electron's motion to be observed for the first time. The distribution of the electrons in solid materials can also be visualized.\n Anti-particle \nThe antiparticle of the electron is called a positron. This is identical to the electron, but carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign. When an electron collides with a positron, they may scatter off each other or be totally annihilated, producing a pair (or more) of gamma ray photons.\n History of its discovery \nThe effects of electrons were known long before it could be explained. The Ancient Greeks knew that rubbing amber against fur attracted small objects. Now we know the rubbing strips off electrons, and that gives an electric charge to the amber.\nMany physicists worked on the electron. J. J. Thomson proved it existed,Davis & Falconer, J. J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron in 1897, but another man gave it the name 'electron'. Shipley, Joseph T. 1945. Dictionary of word origins. The Philosophical Library. p133.\nRelated pages\n Proton\n Neutron\n References \nOther websites\nCategory: Subatomic particles", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ii-electrons", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The village where Tambo was born is made up of mostly farmers .\n [ Scolds ] His father , Mzimeni Tambo , was a farmer 's son and a sales assistant at a local grocery store . He settled with his family in Muswell Hill , north London , where he lived until the 1990s .\n His expulsion has angered him to see his wife and three children , but his wife Adelaide supported the ANC at home by taking ANC ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: Oliver Tambo\nU-Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo (27 Oktobha 1917 \u2013 24 uEpreli 1993) ngomnye wabongameli bombutho kaKhongolose, i-African National Congress (i-ANC). Wongamela i-ANC (1967 - 1991) emva kokuba ivalwe umlomo eMzantsi Afrika ngexesha localucalulo.\nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika\n Obomi bakwangoko \nUTambo wazalwa nge-27 ka-Okthobha ngo-1917 kwilali yaseNkantolo eBizana; empuma Pondoland kwindawo ngoku ebizwa iMpuma Kapa. Ilali uTambo azalelwa kuyo yenziwa uninzi lwabalimi. [Uyathethisa] Utata wakhe, uMzimeni Tambo, wayengunyana womlimi kunye nomncedisi wentengiso kwivenkile yokuthengisa yendawo. UMzimeni wayenabafazi abane nabantwana abalishumi, bonke bengafundanga. Umama kaOliver, unkosikazi wesithathu waseMzimeni, wabizwa ngokuba nguJulia. UTambo wayevela kwintsapho ezinzileyo apho abantwana bakayise banemfundo elungileyo. Waye waya kwizikolo zama-Anglican kunye nezabe-Methodist, kuquka ne-Holy Cross kwisikolo sobufundisi kunye nomntakwabo ngo-Epreli 1928. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu e-Holy Cross, uTambo wagqwesa kwizifundo zakhe kwaye wathuthela eSt Peter eRhawutini. UTambo waphumelela ngo-1938 njengomnye wabafundi abagqwesileyo. Emva koku, uTambo wamkelwa kwiDyunivesithi yaseFort Hare kodwa ngo-1940 yena, kunye nabanye abaliqela kubandakanya uNelson Mandela, wagxothwa ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kugwayimbo lwabafundi. Ngo-1942, uTambo wabuyela kwisikolo sakhe samabanga aphakamileyo eRhawutini ukuya kufundisa isayensi kunye nemathematics.\nNgo-1943, uTambo, uMandela kunye noWalter Sisulu baseka umbutho wolutsha we-ANC, iTambo yaba nguNobhala wayo wokuqala welizwe kunye nelungu leSigqeba seLizwe ngo-1948. Umbutho wolutsha waphakamisela utshintsho kwiqhinga lombutho olwa nobandlululo. Ngaphambili, i-ANC ibikade ifuna ukuqhubela phambili unobangela wayo ngezenzo ezinje ngezikhalazo kunye nemiboniso; Umbutho wolutsha waziva ukuba ezi zenzo azonelanga ekufezekiseni iinjongo zeqela kwaye zacetyiswa eyabo \"Inkqubo yokuSebenza\". Le nkqubo yaxhasa amaqhinga afana nokubhalwa kwabafana, ukungathobeli eluntwini, ukubetha, kunye nokungabambisani.\nNgo-1955, uTambo waba ngu-Nobhala-Jikelele we-ANC emva kokuvalwa umlomo kukaSisulu ngurhulumente woMzantsi Afrika phantsi komThetho wokuNgqinelana nobuKomanisi. Ngo-1958, waba ngu-Sekela Mongameli we-ANC kwaye ngonyaka ka-1959 wakhonzwa ngeminyaka emihlanu yokuvalwa umlomo ngurhulumente.\n Ukuphila eLondon \nUkuphendula oku, uTambo wathunyelwa phesheya yi-ANC ukuya kukhuthaza inkcaso yocalucalulo. Uzinze nosapho bakhe eMuswell Hill, emantla e-London, apho wayehlala khona de kwangowe-1990. Ukugxothwa kwakhe kuye kwamcaphukisa ukubona umkakhe nabantwana abathathu, kodwa unkosikazi wakhe u-Adelaide wayixhasa i-ANC ekhaya ngokuthatha amalungu e-ANC afika e-UK.\nNgo-1967, uTambo waba ngu-Mongameli we-ANC, emva kokubulawa kweenkosi u-Albert Lutuli. Wayefuna ukugcina i-ANC kunye nangona wayegxothwe eMzantsi Afrika. Ngenxa yobunkokeli bakhe obunobuchule, wakwazi ukutsala abantu baseMzantsi Afrika abanetalente, omnye wabo yayinguThabo Mbeki.\nNgomhla wama-30 kuDisemba ngo-1979 eLusaka, eZambia, Tambo njengo-Mongameli kunye no-Alfred Nzo, owayengu-Nobhala-Jikelele we-ANC, badibana noTim Jenkin, uStephen Lee kunye no-Alex Moumbaris, amalungu e-ANC abaleka ekubanjisweni kwintolongo yasePhillip kgosi njengamabanjwa ezopolitiko. Ubukho babo babhengezwa ngokusesikweni yi-ANC ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari kwaye uTambo wabazisa kwinkomfa yeendaba nge-2 kaJanuwari 1980. Umsebenzi we-guerrilla \ni zerhasi esebenzayo. Ekunye nabalingane bakhe uNelson Mandela, uJoe Slovo, kunye noWalter Sisulu, uTambo walathisa kwaye waququzelela uhlaselo oluninzi ngurhulumente wengcinezelo. [Ucaphula ulwazi] kudliwanondlebe luka-1985, uTambo wacatshulwa esithi, \"Ngaphambili, besisithi i-ANC ngeke buthathe ngabom ubomi obungenatyala. Kodwa ngoku, xa sijonga okwenzekayo eMzantsi Afrika, kunzima ukuthi abahlali bangazukufa. ye-Nkululeko noXolelwaniso emva kocalucalulo (i-TRC) ngo-1997-1998 yachonga uTambo njengomntu owanikezela ngemvume yokugqibela yibhombu yecawe yesitalato i-20 Meyi 1983, eyakhokelela //news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/20/newsid_4326000/4326975.stmekufeni kwabantu abayi-19 kwalimala abantu abayi-197-217. Olo hlaselo lwenziwa iiyunithi ekhethekileyo ye-Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) ye-ANC, eyalelwa ngu-Aboobaker Ismail. Iiyunithi ezinje zazigunyazisiwe nguTambo njengoMongameli we-ANC ngo-1979. Ngexesha lolwaphulo olo, baxela uJoe Slovo njengenkosi yabasebenzi.\nUngenelelo lwe-ANC luthi le bhombu iphendula uqhankqalazo olunqumleze eMzantsi-Afrika lwangena eLesotho ngoDisemba ngo-1982 eyabulala abaxhasi be-42 kunye nabemi baseburhulumenteni, kunye nokubulawa kukaRuth Okokuqala, Itshantliziyo le-ANC kunye nenkosikazi kaJoe Slovo, eMaputo. Mozambikh. Ibango lokuba abali-11 kwabona bantu bangamaxhoba e-SADF yiyo loo nto bejolise emkhosini. Ummeli wezomthetho kwamanye amaxhoba aphikise ukuba njengoko bengabasebenzi bezolawulo, kubandakanya neefowuni kunye noochwephesha, abanakujongwa njengento esemthethweni ejolise kuyo.\nIzenzo ezilishumi zeMK, kubandakanya u-Ismail, isicelo sokuxolelwa koku kunye nezinye iibhombu. Ezi zicelo zazichasene nezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya nokuba yayihlaselo lwabanqolobi olungazinzanga kwezopolitiko. I-TRC ifumanise ukuba inani labemi bodwa xa kuthelekiswa nabezomkhosi babulewe alicacanga. Amanani amaPolisa oMzantsi Afrika abonise ukuba amalungu asixhenxe eSADF abulawa. Ikhomishini ifumanise ukuba ubuncinci abangama-84 kwabalimala yayingamalungu okanye abasebenzi beSADF. Uxolelo lwamkelwe yi-TRC. \nNgo-1985, wanyulwa njengoMongameli we-ANC\n Buyela eMzantsi Afrika \nUbuyele eMzantsi Afrika nge-13 kaDisemba 1990 emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengama-30 emva konyulwa njengo-Sihlalo kaZwelonke we-ANC kwinyanga yeKhala kwangalo nyaka. Ukwazile ukubuyela eMzantsi Afrika ngenxa yomthetho we-ANC. Xa ebuyayo emva kwexesha lakhe ekuthinjweni wafumana inkxaso eninzi. Olunye lwale nkxaso luvela nakwiimbangi zakudala. //search.proquest.com/docview/109199697 Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokubetha kwakhe ngo-1989. Kwakunzima kuye ukufeza imisebenzi yakhe njengo-Mongameli we-ANC, ke ngo-1991 uNelson Mandela wathatha njengo-Mongameli we-ANC. Xa ehla njengo-Mongameli, ingqungquthela yamenzela isikhundla njengoSihlalo kaZwelonke. \n Ukufa \nEmva kwengxaki emva kokubethwa, uTambo wasweleka ngo-Epreli 24, ngo-1993 eneminyaka engama-75 ubudala. Ukufa kwakhe kwenzeka kwiintsuku ezili-14 emva kokubulawa kukaChris Hani kunye nonyaka omnye ngaphambi konyulo jikelele luka-1994 apho uNelson Mandela waba nguMongameli woMzantsi Afrika. UMandela, uThabo Mbeki kunye noWalter Sisulu baya kumngcwabo. UTambo wangcwatyelwa eBenoni, eGauteng.\n Ubudlelwane bamanye amazwe \nUmlo onamandla wokulwa nocalucalulo wazisa uTambo ukuba enze uthotho lobuhlobo obukhulu bamazwe. Ngo-1977, uTambo watyikitya isivumelwano sobumbano phakathi kwe-ANC kunye nomasipala: idolophu yase-Italy iRegio Emilia yayisisixeko sokuqala emhlabeni ukusayina isivumelwano sobumbano. Esi yayisisiqalo sokuqonda okude okwazisa i-Italiya ukuba yenze umzamo kwizenzo zekhonkrithi zokuxhasa ilungelo lokuzimela kwabantu base-Afrika; Elinye lala manyathelo yayiyintlangano yeenqanawa ezinzileyo. Owokuqala, obizwa \"uAmanda\", wemka eGenova ngo-1980. YayinguTambo ngokwakhe owacela uReggio Emilia ukuba enze iimedali zeMeditwalandwe, oyena mkhulu kwezona ntlonipho ze-ANC \n Imbeko \nNgo-2004, wavotwa ngenani lama-31 kwi-SABC3 enkulu yoMzantsi Afrika, [ecaphula] efumana amanqaku angaphantsi kwaH. F. Verwoerd, ngaphambi kokuba uSABC athathe isigqibo sokurhoxisa imijikelezo yokugqibela yokuvota. Isigqibo sokurhoxisa iziphumo besazisiwe sisibakala sokuba uninzi lwabantu abamnyama base Mzantsi zange bathathe inxaxheba kuvoto, kuba iSABC3 yayibeka ikakhulu kwizithethi zesiNgesi.\nEkupheleni kuka-2005, abapolitiki be-ANC babhengeza izicwangciso zokuthiya kwakhona i-Johannesburg International Airport emva kwakhe. Isindululo samkelwe kwaye umsitho wokuphinda ubizwe ngomhla wama-27 ku-Okthobha ka-2006. Urhulumente owayelawulwa yi-ANC wayebuye wathi igama lesikhululo iJan Smuts njengeSikhululo senqwelomoya saseRhawutini ngo-1994 ngezizathu zokuba izikhululo zeenqwelomoya zase Mzantsi Afrika zingabizwa ngamagama ezopolitiko.\nKukho ukuqunjelwa kwe-O. R. I-Tambo kwindawo yase-Albert Road Reconwabo Ground, Muswell Hill, ngaphandle kwe-Alexandra Park School. NgoJuni ngo-2013, isixeko saseRegio Emilia (e-Itali) sabhiyozela iTambo ngokudala ipaki enikezelwe kuMongameli we-African National Congress.\nIndlu yakhe iku-51 Alexandra Park Road, Muswell Hill, London, yathengwa nguRhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika ngonyaka ka-2010 njengesikhumbuzo esenziwe ngembali kwaye ngoku inomfanekiso oqingqiweyo. \nIngcwaba likaTambo labhengezwa njengendawo yeLifa leMveli kuZwelonke xa wasweleka kodwa waphulukana nale meko xa wasweleka umkakhe uAdelaide Tambo, wangcwatyelwa ecaleni kwakhe. Nangona kunjalo ingcwaba labo laphinda labhengezwa njenge-National Heritage ngo-Okthobha ka-2012. \nUkuqukumbela imibhiyozo yeminyaka elikhulu yokuzalwa kukaTambo, isikhumbuzo sasibanjelwe kwiRegina Mundi Catholic Church eMoroka, eSoweto ngomhla wama-27 ku-Okthobha 2017. Esi siganeko sifanayo saphawula nakwinkulungwane yokupheliswa kwempi yomkhosi we-SS Mendi. Umsitho uxhaswe ngu-Ambesi Lindiwe Mabuza kunye no-Fr Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu, bekunye ne-Thabo Mbeki Foundation kunye ne-Oliver kunye ne-Adelaide Tambo Foundation. Iikwayala ezithatha inxaxheba yayingu-Imilonji ozitu Choral Society, i-Johannesburg Metro Police Choir kunye neKurhuleni Metro Police Choir. Owayecula ngalomhla yayinguSibongile Khumalo.\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Oliver Tambo' from xh to English:\nThe village where Tambo was born is made up of mostly farmers .\n [ Scolds ] His father , Mzimeni Tambo , was a farmer 's son and a sales assistant at a local grocery store . He settled with his family in Muswell Hill , north London , where he lived until the 1990s .\n His expulsion has angered him to see his wife and three children , but his wife Adelaide supported the ANC at home by taking ANC members to the UK . On 30 December 1979 in Lusaka , Zambia , Tambo as President and Alfred Nzo , former Secretary - General of the ANC , met Tim Jenkin , Stephen Lee and Alex Moumbaris , ANC members who had escaped from prison. of Phillip kgosi as political prisoners . Guerrilla activity is active gas .\n Along with his colleagues Nelson Mandela , Joe Slovo , and Walter Sisulu , Tambo directed and organized many attacks by the oppressive government . Such units were authorized by Tambo as ANC President in 1979 .\n At the time of the crime , they reported Joe Slovo as the chief of staff . Ten acts of MK , including Ismail , request amnesty for this and other bombings .\n These requests were opposed for various reasons , including that it was a politically unstable terrorist attack . Return to South Africa He returned to South Africa on 13 December 1990 after more than 30 years in captivity , after being elected as the National Chairman of the ANC in December of the same year .\n He was able to return to South Africa because of the ANC rule .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Oliver Tambo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Biologically , an organ or viscus is a collection of tissues that come together in a certain way to perform a specific function together .\n In anatomy , a viscus is an internal organ , and viscera is the plural form .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nI-organ\nNgokwebayoloji, i-organ okanye i-viscus yingqokolela yee-tissues ezithi zidibane zimi ngohlobo oluthile ukuze zenze umsebenzi othile zibambisene kunye.\n In anatomy, a viscus is an internal organ, and viscera is the plural form. \nIi-Organs zenziwa yi-tissue enkulu, i-parenchyma, kunye nee-\"sporadic\" tissues, kunye ne-stroma.\nImithombo\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'I-organ' from xh to English:\nBiologically , an organ or viscus is a collection of tissues that come together in a certain way to perform a specific function together .\n In anatomy , a viscus is an internal organ , and viscera is the plural form .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-organ", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The human ovum is between 100 and 200 \u00b5m long .\n They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds , which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb. Ovum , Online Medical Dictionary , CancerWEB , Newcastle UniversityDefinition of Ovum , Biology - Online.org", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'I-ovum' from xh to English:\nThe human ovum is between 100 and 200 \u00b5m long .\n They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds , which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb. Ovum , Online Medical Dictionary , CancerWEB , Newcastle UniversityDefinition of Ovum , Biology - Online.org\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-ovum nge(siLatin: l\"iqanda\", isininzi: ziiova) ligama le-cell elibhekisa kwi-haploid eyimazi edalelwe ukuqhama ngokuthi izale, okanye i-gamete. zombini ezi zinto ziphilayo, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kuthiwa z(ii-embryophytes) zivelisa imbewu ezi-ova. \n Izilwanyana ezincancisayo\n Abantu\nIMAGE: I-cell ye-sperm sidibana ne-ovum\nIi-Ova zenziwa zii-ovaries zemazi zize ziphinde zikhutshwe kwazizo. Kwasekuzalweni kwakhe, umntu onesini sobufazi ubanawo onke amaqanda akhe. Uthi xa afikelela kwinqanaba lokufikisa apha ekukhuleni kwakhe, akhuphe iqanda libe linye ngenyanga de kungabikho qanda lishiyekileyo. Loo nto ke kuthiwa yi-oogenesis. \nXa i-ovum sele ichunyiswe nge-sperm sendoda, kuphuma i-zygote, ethi ikhule ibe sesinye isidalwa. I-ovum ichunyiswa ingaphakathi emzimbeni womntu ongumfazi, kutsho kuvele i-embryo ethi ikhulele ngaphakathi kweuterus, isondliwa yi-placenta kamama. \nThe ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 \u00b5m long. They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb. Ovum, Online Medical Dictionary, CancerWEB, Newcastle UniversityDefinition of Ovum, Biology-Online.org\n Ezinye izilwanyana ezincancisayo \nThe sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during their 'heat', which triggers the release of eggs from the ovary. Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.\n Izityalo \nIn many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.\nIn flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.\n Gallery \nRelated pages\n Cleidoic egg\n Egg (biology)\n Fertilisation\n Pollination\n Sperm\n Zygote", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-ovum", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Studying the body of living things is a branch of biology that deals with studying how living things are created and how they live .\n Merriam Webster Dictionary When you look at this subject from another angle , it is related to embryology and comparative anatomy , and it is the closest relative to evolutionary biology and phylogeny .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'I-Anatomy' from xh to English:\nStudying the body of living things is a branch of biology that deals with studying how living things are created and how they live .\n Merriam Webster Dictionary When you look at this subject from another angle , it is related to embryology and comparative anatomy , and it is the closest relative to evolutionary biology and phylogeny .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Anatomy\nUkufunda ngomzimba wezinto eziphilayo lisebe lezifundo ze-bayoloji elijongene nokuphicotha indlela ezidalwe ngayo neziphila ngayo izinto eziphilayo nobubuxhakaxhaka obenza okokuba ezi zinto ziphile. Merriam Webster Dictionary Xa esi sifundo usijonga kwelinye icala, sinxulumele ne-embryology kunye ne-comparative anatomy, nekuyiyo kanye eyinzalelwane ekufuphi kwi-evolutionary biology kunye ne-phylogeny. I-Human anatomy yenye yeziseko ze-nzululwazi yamamachiza. Arr\u00e1ez-Aybar eyt al. (2010). Relevance of human anatomy in daily clinical practice. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger, 192(6), 341-348.\nEli sebe le-anatomy lahlulwe kubini kukho i-macroscopic kunye ne microscopic anatomy. I-Macroscopic anatomy, okanye i-gross anatomy, kukulolongwa nokuhlolwa kwamalungu omzimba wesilwanyana ngokujonga nje ngamehlo engancediswa nto. I-Gross anatomy ikwaquka isebe le-[superficial anatomy]]. I-Microscopic anatomy ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-optical kwizifundo zee-tissues eziziintlobo ngeentlobo, nezaziwa ngokuba zeyi-histology nakwisifundo see-cells.\nImbali ye-anatomy ibonakala ngokuthi kutyelwe phambili ngokuyiqonda imisebenzi yee-organs nangendlela owakhiwe ngawo nomile ngawo umzimba womntu. Nee-methods ziphuculwe ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, oko kubeka phambili ukuhlolwa kwezilwanyana ngokuthi kuqhaqhwe umzimba wesilwanyana esifileyo kunye nesidumbu (isidumbu somntu) kwinkulungwane yama-20 eminyaka yobuchwepheshe be-medical imaging kuquka ne- X-ray, i-ultrasound, kunye nemagnetic resonance imaging.\nImithombo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-Anatomy", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "-Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy , which usually comes from the sun , into chemical energy that will be released later so that energy can be used in the activities carried out by these organisms .\n That chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugar , which are combined with carbon dioxide and water \u2013 hence the word photo", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'I-photosynthesis' from xh to English:\n-Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy , which usually comes from the sun , into chemical energy that will be released later so that energy can be used in the activities carried out by these organisms .\n That chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugar , which are combined with carbon dioxide and water \u2013 hence the word photosynthesis , which comes from the Greek \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 , ph\u014ds , \" light \" , and \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 , synthesis , \" mixing \" .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-photosynthesis\nIMAGE: Umzobo we-photosynthesis kwizityalo. Ii-carbohydrates ezivelisiweyo ziyagcinwa okanye zisetyenziswe zizityalo.\nIMAGE: Uwonke umyinge wohlobo lwe-photosynthesis eyenzeka kwizityalo\nIMAGE: |umfanekiso opheleleyo obonisa ukusasazeka kwe-photosynthesis kulo lonke ilizwe, nakuzo zombini ulwandle i-phytoplankton nomhlaba kunye nohlaza lwawo.\nI-Photosynthesis yinkqubo esetyenziswa zizityalo nazezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ukuguqula amandla okukhanya, okuhlala kuvela elangeni, abe ngamandla e-chemical ayakuthi akhutshwe kamva ukuze aye kutha amandla kwimisebenzi eyenziwa zezi zidalwa ziphilayo. Laa mandla echemical agcinwa kwii-molecules ze-carbohydrate, ezifana neswekile, edidiyelwa ngecarbon dioxide nangamanzi \u2013 yiyo le nto kusetyenziswa igama elithi 'photosynthesis', elivela kwisiGrike \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2, ph\u014ds, \"ukukhanya\", kunye \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, nokudidiyela, \"ukuxuba\". Kumaxesha amaninzi, i-oxygen ichithelwa ngaphandle komzimba wento ephilayo njengokungcola. inkoliso yezityalo, inkoliso yee-algae, nee-cyanobacteria zenza i-photosynthesis; ezo zidalwa ke kuthiwa zii-photoautotrophs. I-Photosynthesis igcina i-atmospheric oxygen ikumgangatho ofanelekileyo ize inakekele zonke ii-organic compounds noninzi lwamandla afunekayo kubomi bezinto ezisemhlabeni. \nImithombo\nCategory: Izityalo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-photosynthesis", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "A natural phenomenon is something that happens when you look at it but cannot be done by human hands .\n Examples include : sunrise , weather , fog , thunder , earthquake , growth and survival of living organisms , decomposition , germination ; changes in body parts , tidal waves , flooding ; tidal flow , and natural disasters such as electromagnetic pulses , volcanic eruptions , and earthquakes ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIzinto ezenzeka ngokwendalo\nIMAGE: 275px| I-aurora yenzeka ngendalo.\nukwenzeka kwendalo yinto eenzeka uyijongile kodwa ingenokwenziwa ngasandla samntu. Imizekelo iquka: ukuvela kwelanga, imozulu, inkungu, iindudumo, inyikima, ukukhula nokuphila kwezidalwa eziphefumlayo, ukubola, ukuhluma; ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwamalungu omzimba, ukuyaluza kwamaza, ukhukhuliseko; i-tidal flow, kunye neentlekele zasendalweni ezifana nokubetha kwe-electromagnetic pulses, i-volcanic eruptions, nokunyikima komhlaba.\nImithombo\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Izinto ezenzeka ngokwendalo' from xh to English:\nA natural phenomenon is something that happens when you look at it but cannot be done by human hands .\n Examples include : sunrise , weather , fog , thunder , earthquake , growth and survival of living organisms , decomposition , germination ; changes in body parts , tidal waves , flooding ; tidal flow , and natural disasters such as electromagnetic pulses , volcanic eruptions , and earthquakes .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Izinto ezenzeka ngokwendalo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "-republic ( from ) is a type of government or nation where the government is in the hands of those people who are elected to be the representatives of the people of that country. and government leaders use their powers according to the governing law. in these days we live in , the word republic is used to refer to the government only , that is why this word excludes the rule of kingdoms .\n Curren", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'I-Republic' from xh to English:\n-republic ( from ) is a type of government or nation where the government is in the hands of those people who are elected to be the representatives of the people of that country. and government leaders use their powers according to the governing law. in these days we live in , the word republic is used to refer to the government only , that is why this word excludes the rule of kingdoms .\n Currently , there are 147 such countries among the 206 independent countries around the world that use the word \" republic \" as part of their official names ; not all those countries are republics by having an electoral government , not all countries that use an electoral government use the word republic in their names .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Republic\nI-republic (from) luhlobo luhlobo lukarhulumente okanye lwesizwe apho ulawulo lusezandleni lwabo bantu bonyuliweyo ukuze babengabameli babantu belo lizwe. neenkokheli zikarhulumente zisebenzisa amandla azo ngokomthetho olawulayo. kule mihla siphila kuyo, igama elithi republic lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kurhulumente kuphela, loo nto yenze okokuba eli gama libe liyikhuphela ngaphandle ulawulo lwezikumkani. Kungoku nje, lungama-147 uludwe lwamazwe alolu hlobo phakathi kwamazwe azimeleyo angama-206 kwihlabathi jikelele asebenzisa igama elithi \"republic\" njengenxalenye yamagama awo aseburhulumenteni; akungawo onke laa mazwe akwi-republic ngokubanorhulumente wonyulo, kungengawo onke amazwe asebenzisa urhulumente wonyulo asebenzisa igama elithi republic kumagama awo.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-Republic", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "White meat is made up of fast - twitch fibers , while red or brown meat is made up of muscles with slow - twitch fibers . Pork When we talk about healthy food , meat producers are willing to introduce their meat products as white meat , and the United States National Pork Board put it at the level of \" other white meat \" , such as the meat of things with wings , and fish ; however , red meat when", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: inyama yenkukhu yeyona nyama imhlophe neityiwa kakhulu.\nInyama emhlophe okanye i-light meat yinyama inyama yezinto ezibhabhayo ezilula nemibalabala xa kuthelekiswa nenyama emdaka. Ngokwesiqhelo, inyama emhlophe ibhekisa nakweyiphi inyama ezilula nemibalabala xa kuthelekiswa nenyama ebomvu njengenyama nenye inyama elolunye uhlobo. \nInyama emhlophe yenziwe ngenyama yeefibres ze-fast-twitch, ngeli lixa yona inyama ebomvu okanye emdaka ngombala yenziwe ngezihlunu ezinee-fibres yehagu\nXa sithetha ngokutya okusisondlo, abavelisi benyama bazimisele ukuyazisa imveliso yabo yenyama njengenyama emhlophe, kwaye i-United States i-National Pork Board ziyibeke kwizinga le-\"zinye i inyama ezimhlophe\", njengenyama yezinto ezinamaphiko, nentlanzi; kodwa, inyama ebomvu xa ingekaphekwa ize ithi yakuphekwa ijike ibemhlophe njengenyama yehagu zaziwa njengenyama ebomvu kwisebe lezolimo lase-United States ingakumbi xa umyinge we-myoglobin level ubangaphezulu kwama-65%. le yinto esashukuxwayo nanjengoko kukho olunye uhlobo lwentlanzi, olufana ne-tuna, zibomvu kodwa zithi zisakuphekwa zijike zibemhlophe; kananjalo, ezinye iintlobo zenyama yezinto ezibhabhayo eziye zithi ngamanye amaxesha zibonwe njengezinyama yazo imhlophe kodwa xa zingekaphekwa inyama yazo ibabomvu, njenge-rhanisi ne-goose. Kusenjalo, abakwa-USDA bayibona ibomvu yonke inyama yezilwanyana ezincancisayo.\"\nCategory: Inyama\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Inyama emhlophe' from xh to English:\nWhite meat is made up of fast - twitch fibers , while red or brown meat is made up of muscles with slow - twitch fibers . Pork When we talk about healthy food , meat producers are willing to introduce their meat products as white meat , and the United States National Pork Board put it at the level of \" other white meat \" , such as the meat of things with wings , and fish ; however , red meat when it is not cooked and when it is cooked it turns white like pork and is known as red meat by the United States Department of Agriculture especially when the average myoglobin level is more than 65 % .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Inyama emhlophe", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Punishment can be seen as a good thing in society , because it also prevents people from committing wrongdoing .\n It may just be seen as a cruel and unnecessary act. it may be seen as an action that creates more harm than good .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Isohlwayo' from xh to English:\nPunishment can be seen as a good thing in society , because it also prevents people from committing wrongdoing .\n It may just be seen as a cruel and unnecessary act. it may be seen as an action that creates more harm than good .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIsohlwayo kuxa into kwenziwe into emntwini okanye kwisilwanyana abe loo mntu okanye eso silwanyana singayithandi loo nto eyenziwa kuye okanye kuso. kusenokwenzeka okokuba bophule umgaqo. Zininzi iintlobo zokohlwaya, zingasuka kwisigwebo sentambo kulo lonke ulwaphulo mthetho olumasikisi, kuye kwizinto ezithi zenziwe ngabazali xa besohlwaya abantwana, ezinje ngokubabetha okanye bathathe izixhobo zabo zokudlala. \nUkohlwaya kungabonwa njengento elungileyo ekuhlaleni, kuba kunqanda kukwakhusela abantu ukuba bangakwazi ukwenza izinto ezigwenxa. Kusenokubonwa nje ngesenzo esikhohlakeleyo nesingeyomfuneko. kusenokubonwa njengesenzo esidala ubungozi ngakumbi kunokuba kulungise.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isohlwayo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The most famous parliament is that of the United Kingdom , which is sometimes called \" the father of all parliaments \" . Jones , Clyve 2012 . The Althing , the Icelandic national parliament , was founded as early as 930 AD , making it the oldest surviving government in the world .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Ipalamente' from xh to English:\nThe most famous parliament is that of the United Kingdom , which is sometimes called \" the father of all parliaments \" . Jones , Clyve 2012 . The Althing , the Icelandic national parliament , was founded as early as 930 AD , making it the oldest surviving government in the world .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: Ibhotwe lezindlu zepalamente yaseBritane, e-London\nIpalamente luhlobo lwaseburhulumenteni. \nEyona palamente yaziwayo yile yase-United Kingdom, le ithi ngamanye amaxesha ibizwe ngokuba ng\"unozala wazo zonke iipalamente\". Jones, Clyve 2012. A short history of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland, p1; excerpt, \"It is a commonly held misconception that the Westminster parliament is the 'mother of all parliaments' ... but the original phrase in 1865 was 'England is the mother or all parliaments'\" igama elithi \"palamente\" livela kwigama lesiFrntshi elithi parlement, nelithetha intetho.\nI-Althing, yipalamente yesizwe saseiceland, yaafunyanwa kwangoko ngeminyaka yoo-(930 AD), lilonke ke buburhulumente obudala kunabo bonke oorhulumente emhlabeni koorhulumente abasekhona. Nangona kunjalo, i-Althing ayizange isebenze njengorhulumente weenkulungwane ezine, kwaye umsebenzi wayo njengorhulumente wokuqala uphuculwe. \n Isebenza njani ipalamente yase-Britiane \nipalamente yase-United Kingdom yahlukaniswe yangamacala amathathu epalamente, [[Indlu yee-Commons ze-House of Commons indlu engezantsi), eyee-lordss (indlu engasentla) kunye ne-Monarch. Igunya loburhulumente ligxile kwindlu yowiso mthetho. Angama-650 amalungu ePalamente (MPs). Aba bantu bachongwe ngabantu be-United Kingdom ukuze babamele kwindlu yowiso mthetho. Inkokheli yombutho wezopolitiko efuna isininzi samalungu epalamente idla ngokuba ngumphathiswa oyintloko, kodwa kungabi yinkokheli yesizwe, esi sikhundla sibekelwe indlu yowiso mthetho. indlu yowiso mthetho ivula amatyala emali amaninzi, intsalela isuka kwindlu yezikumkani, zize zona zigqibe ngomyinge werhafu\nImithombo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ipalamente", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The United Nations aims to achieve the following points : to keep the world at peace and to help countries that can work together to improve the conditions under which the people of the world live and to make this world a better place .", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Izizwe ezimanyeneyo' from xh to English:\nThe United Nations aims to achieve the following points : to keep the world at peace and to help countries that can work together to improve the conditions under which the people of the world live and to make this world a better place .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIzizwe ezimanyeneyo\nIzizw'ezimanyeneyo (UN)ngumbutho odibanisa oorhulumente ukuze basebenzisane. lo mbutho waasekwa ngomhla wama-24 kweyeDwarha ngo-1945 ngeenjongo zokokuba lo mbutho uzakuphakamisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa zona endaweni yombutho weZizwe ezinobuhlobo. Ukuyilwa kwalo mbutho kulandela imfazwe yesi-II ukuze kunqandwe olunye ungquzulwano olungasuka lwenzeke. Ngexesha ekwafunyanwa ngalo lo mbutho, umbutho wezizwe ezimanyeneyo okanye i-UN yayinamalungu esizwe angama-51, kungoku nje ali-193. Inkoliso yezizwe inamalungu e-UN ethumela abantu koondlunkulu apho ayakubambela khona iintlanganiso nalapho kuphunyeleliswa kuziwe nezisombululo (ekuthathwa khona izigqibo) ngezinto ezidla umzi kwihlabathi. \nIMAGE: 250px|Izizwe ezimanyeneyo nezakhiwo zekomkhulu e-New York\nIzizwe ezimanyeneyo zijonge ukufikelela kwezi ngongoma zilandelayo: \n ukugcina ihlabathi linoxolo\n ukunceda amazwe akwazi ukusebenzisana\n ukuphucula imeko abahleli phantsi kwazo abahlali basemhlabeni wonke jikelele \n kwanokwenza ihlabathi eli libe yindawo engcono.\nImbali\nEmva kweMfazwe yesi-II kwiHlabathi, amazwe ngamazwe ehlabathi athi akha umbutho wobuhlobo bamazwe. Lo mbutho waba yindawo apho onke amazwe ayenokuthetha kuvokotheke ngeeyantlukwano zawo zikwenza oko ngenzolo. kodwa nangona kunjalo amanye amazwe afana neJamani, i-Italy kunye nei-Japan, akazange awuseso lo mbutho, ndaweni yoko asuka azama ukuzisombulula ngeMfazwe iingxaki zawo. Kwathi ke kuba amalungu ombutho wobuHlobo engazange afune ukuya kukhusela amanye amalungu awayeseMfazweni, awa phantsi ke loo malinge okwakha umbutho wobuHlobo, kwathi kanti kukuqala kweMfazwe yesiBini kwiHlabathi.\nngexesha lale Mfazwe yesi-II, amatshantliziyo ombutho wobuhlobo ayesoloko ezibiza ngokuba angamazwe amanyeneyo (amanyene ukuze alwe nalawo aphikisana nawo nabizwa ngokuba zii-axis). emva kweMfazwe, iqela eliphumeleleyo lathi lenza umbutho omtsha liwenzela uxolo lwehlabathi. Ngomhla wama-25 kuTshazipuzi ka1945 baya eSan Francisco,baza benza isigqibo ngegama elithi 'IZizwe eziManyeneyo'. IZizwe eziManyeneyo zathi zayilwa ngomhla wama-24 kweyeDwarha ngo-1945 yaza indibano yabo yokuqala yabanjwa kweyomQungu ngo-1946. Ukususela ngo-1947, umhla wama-24 kweyeDwarha ubusoloko ubizwa ngokuba ngu'Umhla weZizwe eziManyeneyo'.\nAmaKomkhulu\nZonke iinkalo zezizwe ezimanyeneyo zizinze kwisixeko saseNew York, ngaphandle kwe Nkundla yezobuLungisa kwiHlabathi yona ise-The Hague e-Netherlands.\nImisebenzi\nIsakhiwo esikhulu seZizwe eziManyeneyo sikwisixeko saseNewYork kwiZizwe zaseMelika eziManyeneyo, kodwa zona iZizwe eziManyeneyo nazo zinee-ofisi zazo ezibalulekileyo eGeneva (e-Switzerland), e-Nairobi (e-Kenya) nase-Vienna (e-Austria). Izizwe ezimanyeneyo zizama ukubanoxolo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha xa ukuthetha kungasasebenzi, amazwe amanyeneyo, akafani namazwe namazwe obuhlobo, ayalwa nawo. ngeminyaka yoo-1950 amazwe amanyeneyo aanceda kwmfazwe eyayiphakathi kwamaKorea aseMzantsi namaKorea asemantla, kwaza ngeminyaka yoo-1990 amazwe amanyeneyo ancedisa ukunyanzela amajoni ase-Iraqi ukuba aphume e-Kuwait. Ngamanye amaxesha, iZizwe eziManyeneyo yakhe imikhozi 'yokugcina uxolo'. Abagcini xolo beZizwe eziManyeneyo bakhenketha kwiindawo ngeendawo ezineenkathazo ehlabathini bezama - ngamanye amaxesha bakwenze ngempumelelo oko, ngamanye a bangasebenzeli kugcina xolo. Namhlanje kukho abagcini-xolo bamazwe amanyeneyo abasebenza eAfghanistan, eCyprus, eHaiti, ei-Liberia nakwamanye amazwe aliqela. \nNgenxa yothotho lweenjongo, olwezisombululo, kunye nemimiselo ethe yaphakanyiswa zizizwe ezingamalungu amazwe amanyeneyo, ihlabathi linengqokolela yemigqaliselo, amanyathelo, kunye nempumelelo ukuze kuphele kuncitshiswe namathuba okunwenwa kwentsholongwane ye-H. I. V. kuze kubheke phezulu ukufikelela kwehlabathi kwizinga lokukhusela, ukunyanga, ukunonophela, kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso.\nUkwahlula hlula\nIZizwe eziManyeneyo zibeke amakomkhulu amathandathu.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Izizwe ezimanyeneyo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "UNESCO says its mission , as stated just after World War II , is to \" build peace in the minds of men and women \" . It recently added Palestine to the UN in 2011 .\n Along with Palestine , eight other countries have also become members . -UNESCO always decides which institutions can become World Cultural Heritage Sites .\n A World Cultural Center is an important , particularly attractive or beau", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nI-UNESCO\u00a0 ngumbutho obizwa ngesiNgesi esigcweleyo ngelithi yi-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ngesiFrentshi: L'Organisation des Nations unies pour l\u2019\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture. Usisithunywa sombutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo ekuthiwa\u00a0 ziZizwe eziManyeneyo. \nI-UNESCO ithi injongo yayo, njengoko yayichaziwe nje emva kweFazwe yesi-II kwiHlabathi,\u00a0 ku\"kwakha ukhuleso loxolo kwiingqondo zamadoda nabantu basetyhini\". Ikwenza oku ngokunceda izizwe ukuze zisebenze kunye, ngemfundo eyakuba yeyomntu wonke, inzululwazi, kunye nenkcubeko. Oku kuyakunceda ezinye izizwe zilandele umgaqo womthetho kunye nowamalungelo abantu. Kananjalo iyakunceda ukuphakamisa iintlobo zokukhululeka ezikumgaqo siseko wezizwe eziManyeneyo.\nI-UNESCO ine-195 lamazwe angamalungu. Kutsha nje yongeze iPalestine kweyomNga ngo-2011. Ngokuhambelana nePalestine, amanye amazwe asibhozo abe ngamalungu nawo.\nI-UNESCO izamile ukufezekisa into ebisoloko ifuna ukuyenza ngeenkqubo ezintandathu: \u00a0 imfundo, ninzululwazi ngezendalo, intlalo kunye nehuman sciences, inkcubeko, nothethwathwano kunye nolwazi. Eminye imisebenzi exhaswe ngu-UNESCO, kukufunda nokukubhala,\u00a0 kunye neenkqubo zokuqeqesha iitishala. I-UNESCO isoloko isenza isigqibo sokokuba ngawaphi na amaziko anokuba ngawamasiko neNkcubeko yeHlabathi. IZiko leNkcubeko yeHlabathi yindawo ebalulekileyo,\u00a0 enomtsalane ngokukodwa okanye entle.\u00a0 Ukuba indawo iliZiko lesiko neNkcubeko, ayinakutshatyalaliswa,\u00a0 kuba inganika ulwazi olunokusetyenziswa kwixa elizayo.\u00a0 I-Uluru, umzekelo, inika ulwazi oluninzi ngesiko lama-Aborigines. I-UNESCO ikwalilungu leQela leZizwe eziManyeneyo elijongene nophuhliso. kwaye isebenzeka i-Millennium Development Goals.\n Amanye amaphepha amakafundwe\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'I-UNESCO' from xh to English:\nUNESCO says its mission , as stated just after World War II , is to \" build peace in the minds of men and women \" . It recently added Palestine to the UN in 2011 .\n Along with Palestine , eight other countries have also become members . -UNESCO always decides which institutions can become World Cultural Heritage Sites .\n A World Cultural Center is an important , particularly attractive or beautiful place .\n If the place is a Cultural Center , it cannot be destroyed , because it can provide information that can be used in the future .\n I\n - Uluru , for example , provides a lot of information about Aboriginal culture .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-UNESCO", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "A regular braai over a small braai .\n The schedule is poured boerewors and pork .\n Braai ( Afrikaans : Braai ) is a social tradition where food ( eats meat ) is cooked on a grill or in places over burning coals , Zingatabuki . National Braai Day National Braai Day is celebrated on Heritage Day every year on 24 September .\n All South Africans around the world are encouraged to light bonfires o", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nTshisa nyama\nIMAGE: 300xIbrayi eqhelekileyo phezu braai encinane.\nIMAGE: 300xIshedyuli kugalelwa boerewors kunye yehagu.\nTshisa nyama (Afrikaans: Braai) na isiko kwezentlalo apho ukutya (idla inyama) kokupheka kwi amukerile okanye kwiindawo phezu kwamalahle avuthayo, Zingatyabuki. Isithethe ekuqaleni yaqala maBhulu, kodwa ukususela ukusasazeka kwabanye Southern Africa, kuquka eButswana, eNamibia, Lesotho, Zimbabwe kunye Zambia.\nNgaphandle ezihlohlwe inyama, umbona, iitapile ezenziwe neenkowane okroqiweyo ngokubanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo njengokuba izitya icala, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ulungisiwe isidlo imifuno.\nKanye boerewors ilizwi, le ibrayi ilizwi ifakiwe nayo IsiNgesi kunye noninzi iilwimi nezeAfrika esemazantsi.\n National Braai Day \nNational Braai Day ibhiyozelwa Heritage Day ngonyaka ngomhla we-24 kuSeptemba. Bonke abemi boMzantsi Afrika kwihlabathi jikelele bayakhuthazwa ukuba ukukhanyisa imililo ngomhla kunye lamarile into. Ngosuku lokukhunjulwa Mzantsi Afrika izityebi ilifa layo kunye yokuzonwabisa yaso eyodwa, le ibrayi. Abantu onke amaqela abazalwayo neenkolo //southafricantimes.co.uk/the-expats/events/archive/2009/08/24/september-24-braai-day.aspx\nBraai Day okokuqala ngo-2005 eyayiququzelelwa Mzansi Braai Institute, kwaye ukusukela ngo-2008 oko ethengisiweyo phantsi kwesihloko Qhotsa leMveli (Braai4Heritage), iphulo engenzi-nzuzo. NgoSeptemba 5, 2007, Archbishop Desmond Tutu banqulwa elimisiweyo imihla. Tutu: One nation, one braai inyathelo zazifumanayo ngo-2008 imvume esemthethweni yaseMzantsi Afrika National Heritage Council.\n Iindlela Qhotsa nezixhobo \nZininzi iindlela ezahlukeneyo kosuku enokusetyenziswa, kwakunye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokugcada nezixhobo kwiindawo ezifana:\n Grill phezu kwamalahle evulekileyo \nIMAGE: kwiindawo yemveli yaseMzantsi Afrika ngomlilo evulekileyo\nIndlela uqhelekileyo kosuku eMzantsi Afrika inyama yokupheka zokupheka okanye enye yokutya amukerile ukuba sibekwe phezu komthombo ubushushu wamalahle, iinkuni okanye lokwenene briquettes.\n Spitbraai \nthumbnail|Balila isidumbu izimvu lamtshi\nSpitbraai siyindlela kosuku apho omkhulu ovulekieyo inyama ebotshelelwe ngentonga ejikelezayo, naphezu umthombo ubushushu igesi okanye umlilo wokupheka evulekileyo gama uyayijikeleza. Inyama ivuthwe ngokucothayo kwaye rhoqo basting de kuphekwe yaye ukulungele ukuba adle. A liphela isidumbu iigusha badla yosiwe lamtshi-, kodwa ingenziwa uyandizulela ezincinci ezifana neegusha, iinkomo - okanye yehagu lempundu kwaye kakhulu amantshontsho. Xa lonke isidumbu iigusha yosiwe etshicile, ukusika inyama ngokuqhelekileyo ngqo ekuwe- umzimba ngoxa bakwizikhundla ixhomekeke \n Kettle Grills \nIMAGE: Kettle Grills ezimbini, i-18 \"umfuziselo 22.5\" umzekelo\nThe Kettle Grills kwi 1952 Wesuka xa George Stephen Omkhulu, umqeshwa eWeber Brothers Metal Works kwi eChicago, Illinois, ivele kunye umenzi neebhoyi zaselwandle, ngoluvo kuba nokojiwa. kwepensile wakhe nokojiwa angqukuva kuba neqweqwe ukukhusela ukutya iziqalelo, lo gama amukerile lenza (zitywine kwi incasa). uGeorge Stefano wagawula udada phakathi, ebonakalisa wenza kuyo, kwaye yenziwe, bekunjalo baqala le Weber zeBBQ \n Gas Braai \nIMAGE: LazyMan Model AP, photo 1954.\nZegesi ngokuqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa lwepetroliyam (LP) okanye irhasi yendalo (NG) njengomthombo zabo zibe kukudla lilangatye esetyenziswayo ukupheka inyama okanye ezinye ukutya by zokufudumeza ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo. Zegesi ziyafumaneka kwi ngobukhulu ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ezincinane restaurantbraaiers ezinkulu nezamashishini nowayefudula ukuphekela amaqela amakhulu abantu.\nLo kojiwa igesi yangaphandle phantsi 1950 ekuqaleni yi Don McGlaughlin, umnini Chicago Combustion Corporation, omashini, yaye yaziwa namhlanje \"LazyMan\". Uyilo ekuqaleni McGlaughlin ngayo siquke kwaye 1954 Chicago Combustion Corporation zokoja yehlabathi yokuqala device, \"LazyMan Model AP\" obubhenqwe.\n Skottel Braai \nIMAGE: Breakfast kwi skottel braai\nThe Skottel Braai iquka olukhuni obekwe kwi isitovu igesi, kwaye ethandwayo ngakumbi ukwenza isidlo sakusasa, ummandla ingakumbi doped eza bamisa.\n iReference \nCategory: Inyama\nCategory: Nkcubeko yaseMzantsi Afrika\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Tshisa nyama' from xh to English:\nA regular braai over a small braai .\n The schedule is poured boerewors and pork .\n Braai ( Afrikaans : Braai ) is a social tradition where food ( eats meat ) is cooked on a grill or in places over burning coals , Zingatabuki . National Braai Day National Braai Day is celebrated on Heritage Day every year on 24 September .\n All South Africans around the world are encouraged to light bonfires on the day of the celebration . Braai Day was first organized in 2005 by Mzansi Braai Institute , and since 2008 it has been marketed under the title Qhotsa le Mveli ( Braai4Heritage ) , a non - profit initiative . Spitbraai They mourn the carcass of the sheep in Spitbraai is a way of the day where the big open meat is tied to a rotating stick , and on top of the heat source gas or open cooking fire while it rotates . Kettle Grills Two Kettle Grills , 18 \" model 22.5 \" model The Kettle Grills in 1952 It originated when George Stephen the Great , an employee at Weber Brothers Metal Works in Chicago , Illinois , appeared with a manufacturer of marine buoys , with the idea of having a grill. of his pencil and the round pot has a cover to prevent eating the elements , as long as he accepts it ( seals in the taste ) . This outdoor gas burner in the early 1950s was Don McGlaughlin , the owner of the Chicago Combustion Corporation , a machinist , and is known today as \" LazyMan \" . The Skottel Braai includes a hard placed on the gas stove , and is more popular to make breakfast , the area is especially doped to stop .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Tshisa nyama", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Ii - bhodi ezi - Professional Amaqela eebhodi ezi - professional kwi - Development Studies afumaneke kulo lonke ihlabathi jekelele : EYurophu : Iqumrhu le - European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes ( EADI ) E - Latin America : Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales ( CLACSO ) E - Asia : Asian Political and International Studies Association ( APISA ) E - Africa", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Izifundo zokukhulisa nokuphuhlisa isizwe' from xh to English:\nIi - bhodi ezi - Professional Amaqela eebhodi ezi - professional kwi - Development Studies afumaneke kulo lonke ihlabathi jekelele : EYurophu : Iqumrhu le - European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes ( EADI ) E - Latin America : Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales ( CLACSO ) E - Asia : Asian Political and International Studies Association ( APISA ) E - Africa : Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa ( CODESRIA ) and Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa ( OSSREA ) E - Arabic world : Arab Institutes and Centers for Economic and Social Development Research ( AICARDES ) Ewonke la mabhunga aphantsi kwephiko lombutho i - Inter - regional Coordinating Committee of Development Associations ( ICCDA ) .\n E History The urgency and contribution of development studies to become an academic discipline in the second half of the twentieth century , something that should have already existed as we will recently comment on this economic perspective in the third world after decolonisation .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIzifundo zokukhulisa nokuphuhlisa isizwe\nI-Developmental studies sisifundo sokukhulisa nokuphuhlisa esilisebe le-multidisciplinary ye-social science. Ezi zifundo zijongene nokukhulisa kwanokuphuhlisa zifumaneka kwinqanaba le-Master's degree kwiiyunivethi eziliqela, ngeli lixa zingaxhaphakanga kuyaphi kwinqanaba le-undergraduate degree. ukususela euqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990s, kwaye besisoloko sisesona sifundo kufundiswe ngaso ngokubanzi kwaza kwaqhutywa kuso ezophando kwi-third world nakumazwe anembali yobukomanisi, amazwe afana\u00a0 ne-UK, apho isifundo se-development studies sisuka khona. Kothari, U. (ed), A Radical History of Development Studies: Individuals, Institutions and Ideologies \u2013 but see The Journal of Peasant Studies 34/1 (2007) for an alternative view. Abafundi be-development studies bavamise ukukhetha ii-careers zabo kwii-international organisations ezifana ne-United Nations, i-World Bank, i-Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), i-private sector development consultancy firms, i-Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) bodies kunye namaziko ezophando.\u00a0 \n Ii-bhodi ezi-Professional \nAmaqela eebhodi ezi-professional kwi-Development Studies afumaneke kulo lonke ihlabathi jekelele:\n EYurophu: Iqumrhu le-European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI)\n E-Latin America: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO)\n E-Asia: Asian Political and International Studies Association (APISA)\n E-Africa: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) and Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA)\n E-Arabic world: Arab Institutes and Centers for Economic and Social Development Research (AICARDES)\nEwonke la mabhunga aphantsi kwephiko lombutho i-Inter-regional Coordinating Committee of Development Associations (ICCDA). E-UK nase-Ireland, iqumrhu le-development Studies lingowona mthombo mkhulu wolwazi lophando nowofundiswa nokufunda banzi kwi-development studies. Umsebenzi walo kukuxhumanisa nokunyusela okanye ukuphakamisa abo basebenzela ukuphuhlisa nokukhulisa i-development research.\n Ii-Disciplines (izifundo) ze-development studies \nImibandela ye-Development (yokukhulisa nokuphuhlisa) iquka oku kulandelayo: \u00a0 \n Imbali \nUkungxamiseka nokuxheshwa kwe-development studies ukuze ibe yi-academic discipline\u00a0 kwihafu yesibini yamashumi amabini enkulungwane yeminyaka, yinto ebekufaneleke ukuba sele ikho nanjengoko kusiya kusanda ukuphawula ngalo mbono wezoqoqosho kwi-third world emva kwe-decolonisation. Ixesha lesaquphe emva kwemfazwe, i-development economics, isebe le-economics, lintshule kwizifundo zangaphambili ezaziqhutywa nge-colonial economicsEconomics. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, ukwanda kwenani leengcali zophuhliso loqoqosho labonakalisa okokuba i-economics iyodwa ayinakujongana ngokupheleleyo nemiba efana nopolitiko olunamandla kunye nemfundo ebekelwe ukuxhasa. Kothari, U. (ed), A Radical History of Development Studies: Individuals, Institutions and Ideologies I-Development studies yavela ngenxa yoku, ukuqala kwayo yayijolise ekudibaniseni imibono ye-zopolitiko neyezoqoqosho. Ukusukela ngoko, ibe sisifundo esiluhlobo lwe-inter-\u00a0 and multi-disciplinary, sisisifundo esididiyelwe ngeentlobo-ntlobo ze-social scientific fields. Abbott, Lewis F. (2003) Theories of Industrial Modernization and Enterprise Development: A Review. Kutsha nje kule minyaka igqithileyo ukubaluleka kwe-political economy analysis,\u00a0 ukusetyenziswa kwe-analytical techniques ze-economic, ukuhlola nokucacisa imiba yezopolitiko neyasekuhlaleni,\u00a0 isenokuphakamisa okanye\u00a0 yehlise ukukhula okanye uphuhliso kuyinto esuke yathatha unyawo ngokuthi inwenwele ngakumbi njengendlela yokucacisa impumelelo okanye ukuphanza\u00a0 kweenkqubo zokwakha ngokutsha.\u00a0 Ixesha lophuhliso lanamhlanje lusoloko livamise ukukholelwa ngokuqala ngentetho ye-inauguration kaHarry S. Truman ngo-1949. Kwinqaku lesine entethweni yakhe, ebhekisa kwi-Latin America nakwamanye amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo, waathi \"okokuqala ezimbalini, ubuntu bunolwazi kubo kwanesakhono sokhulula aba bantu kwintlupheko abakuyo.\". Rist, G., The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith Kodwa i-development studies okokoko yabeka umdla wayo kumava esiwafumene kwizifundo zamandulo ezazibanjwa e-Western countries. Kutsha nje, ukungxamiseka kwe-human security \u2013 indlela entsha yokwazisa abantu ukuze baziqonde bathethe nokuthetha ngezoyikiso ezichaphazela ukhuseleko lwehlabathi \u2013 ikhokhelele ekubeni kukhula kangakanani na ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kokhuseleko nophuhliso.\u00a0 Ukhuseleko loluntu luthi ukungalingani nokungakhuseleki kwisizwe okanye kwingingqi enye kuneziphumo kukhuseleko lwehlabathi\u00a0 kwaye kusemdleni wazo zonke izizwe ukuchophela imibandela engunobangela yophuhliso. Obu budlelwane bungezifundo zokhuseleko loluntu bungumzekelo omnye kwemininzi kuhlobo lwe-interdisciplinary. \n Ingxoxo \n Jonga nalapha \n i-Global South Development Magazine\n i-Colonization\n i-Community development\n i-Development (disambiguation)\n i-Development Cooperation Issues 14x14px|Wikibooks \n i-Development Cooperation Stories 14x14px|Wikibooks \n i-Development Cooperation Testimonials 14x14px|Wikibooks \n i-Economic development\n i-Human rights\n i-Human security\n i-Industrialization\n i-International development\n i-Social development\n i-Social work\n i-World-systems theory\n Okunye okunokufundwa ngale nyewe", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Izifundo zokukhulisa nokuphuhlisa isizwe", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "- Liquid crystal display computer monitor In computing , an information output device is a peripheral device used to output the results of the analyzed information .\n Examples of output devices include monitors , printers , speakers , and numerically controlled machine tools .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nSisxhobo se-output - isixhobo solwazi oluphekiweyo\nIMAGE: I-Monitor yecompyutha eyi-liquid crystal display\u00a0\nKwa-computing, isixhobo sesiphumo solwazi\u00a0 oisixhobo sesiphumo solwazi sisisixhobo esiyi-peripheral equipment esisetyenziswa ukukhupha iziphumo zolwazi oluphononolongiweyo. Imizekelo yezixhobo ze-output ziquka ii-monitors, ii-printers, nee-speakers, kunye nezixhobo zematshini ye-numerical controlled machine.\n Amaphepha afana nala \n Amanye amaphepha afana nala\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Sisxhobo se-output - isixhobo solwazi oluphekiweyo' from xh to English:\n- Liquid crystal display computer monitor In computing , an information output device is a peripheral device used to output the results of the analyzed information .\n Examples of output devices include monitors , printers , speakers , and numerically controlled machine tools .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Sisxhobo se-output - isixhobo solwazi oluphekiweyo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "- Liquid crystal display computer monitor In computing , an information output device is a peripheral device used to output the results of the analyzed information .\n Examples of output devices include monitors , printers , speakers , and numerically controlled machine tools .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIsixhobo se-output - isixhobo solwazi oluphekiweyo\nIMAGE: I-Monitor yecompyutha eyi-liquid crystal display\u00a0\nKwa-computing, isixhobo sesiphumo solwazi\u00a0 oisixhobo sesiphumo solwazi sisisixhobo esiyi-peripheral equipment esisetyenziswa ukukhupha iziphumo zolwazi oluphononolongiweyo. Imizekelo yezixhobo ze-output ziquka ii-monitors, ii-printers, nee-speakers, kunye nezixhobo zematshini ye-numerical controlled machine.\n Amaphepha afana nala \n References\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Isixhobo se-output - isixhobo solwazi oluphekiweyo' from xh to English:\n- Liquid crystal display computer monitor In computing , an information output device is a peripheral device used to output the results of the analyzed information .\n Examples of output devices include monitors , printers , speakers , and numerically controlled machine tools .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isixhobo se-output - isixhobo solwazi oluphekiweyo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "CNN is owned by Time Warner , and the U.S. news channel. is also part of the Turner Broadcasting System . According to the agency , it 's less left - wing than the news divisions of ABC , NBC , and CBS .\n It has always been blamed by the Arabs for leading to corruption . . -CNN has often been accused by the right - wing Media Research Center of saying that CNN is targeting the left wing .\n Acc", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'I-CNN' from xh to English:\nCNN is owned by Time Warner , and the U.S. news channel. is also part of the Turner Broadcasting System . According to the agency , it 's less left - wing than the news divisions of ABC , NBC , and CBS .\n It has always been blamed by the Arabs for leading to corruption . . -CNN has often been accused by the right - wing Media Research Center of saying that CNN is targeting the left wing .\n According to the agency , it 's less left - wing than the news divisions of ABC , NBC , and CBS . -CNN has often been criticized by the right - wing Center for Investigating Broadcasting by saying that CNN is targeting the left wing .\n According to the agency , it 's less left - wing than the news divisions of ABC , NBC , and CBS .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-CNN\nIindaba ezihamba ngobuxhakaxhaka bee-Cable zaapapashwa okokuqala emoyeni kumabonakude ngomhla woku-1 kwinyanga yesSilimela ngo-1980.\u00a0 Iindaba zokuqala ezaapapashwa ngobuxhakaxhaka be-Cable zaphehlelelwa ngu-David Walker nomkakhe uLois Hart. CNN Press Room CNN's First Broadcast June 1, 1980 //cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/01/cnns-first-broadcast-june-1-1980/ Kunyaka wayo wokuqala i-CNN iqeshe iingcali zopolitiko ezininzi, eziquka u-Rowland Evans noRobert Novak. The Telegraph May 16, 1981 On the Cable CNN is a 24 hour video newspaper by Tony Seideman //news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19810516&id=P6krAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IP0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4291,3826132Cable News to Air Sunday Associated Press May 29, 1980 //news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19800529&id=v8gsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7138,6800547Turner, Ted Call me Ted //books.google.com/books?id=O8bQBgj2znwC&pg=PT126&dq=phyllis+schlafly+cnn&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z4ThVPDHK4P3yQTh-YHAAg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=phyllis%20schlafly%20cnn&f=falseONgomhla woku-1 kweyomQungu ngo-1982 i-CNN yaaphehlelela umzila omtsha wokusasaza iindaba okwazalana nayo kodwa wonalo iqonga leengxoxo okanye iqonga lokuphawula libizwa ngokuba yi-CNN2. Worth Noting August 21, 1981 St. Petersburg Times //news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19810821&id=8Z4oAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OnsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3119,5087088 Iinkqubo\u00a0zosasazo ezikumakomkhulu e-ziko leCNN eAtlanta, okanye, okanye kwi-Time Warner Center kwisixeko sase-New York, okanye kwi-studios e-Washington, D. C., nase-Los Angeles. I-CNN yeye-Time Warner, kunye nomzila weendaba zase-U.S.\u00a0 ukwayinxalenye ye-nkqubo yosasazo yakwa-Turner.\nI-CNN ibisoloko igxijwa rliZiko langasekunene eliphanda ngoSasazo ngokuthi i-CNN yenzelelela iphiko //townhall.com/columnists/davidlimbaugh/2007/11/30/clinton_news_network/page/full Ngokwela ziko, alikho kangako kwicala langasekhohlo xa kuthelekiswa nezahlulo nesahlulo seendaba zakwa ABC, NBC, kunye nakwa-CBS. Ibisoloko igxijwa ngamaArabhu ngokukhokhelisa ukwenzelelelela imelika. .\n Amanye amaphepha azalana nala \n U-Larry King\n U-Michael Smerconish\n U-Rowland Evans\n U-Robert Novak\n U-Ted Turner\n Amanye amaphepha anokufundwa", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-CNN", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "I\n A computer mouse is an input device commonly used in personal computers .\n Moving the mouse up and down between the target area and the horizontal surface can move the on - screen cursor to different locations on the screen . At first , it required two hands , but then that changed so that only one hand was needed to use it . Its use In most computers , the user can move the mouse in order ", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'I-mouse yekhompyutha' from xh to English:\nI\n A computer mouse is an input device commonly used in personal computers .\n Moving the mouse up and down between the target area and the horizontal surface can move the on - screen cursor to different locations on the screen . At first , it required two hands , but then that changed so that only one hand was needed to use it . Its use In most computers , the user can move the mouse in order to move the cursor from its current position to the direction it is going .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-mouse yekhompyutha\nIMAGE: Ii-mice ezininzi zinamaqhosha amabini kunye nevili lokuqengqeleka. \u00a0\nI-omouse yekhompyutha isisixhobo se-input esisoloko sisetyenziswa kwi-personal computer. Ukuhamnjiswa kwe-mouse isehliswa isenyuswa kuloo ndawo ihanjiswa kuyo nekuyindawo engumphezulu olungeleleneyo\u00a0 ingayishukumisa i-on-screen cursor iyise kwiindawo ngeendawo apha kwi-screen. Okufakwe kwi-khompyutha kungasuswa okanye kuchongwe ngokucofa nje amaqhosha e-mouse (oko ke kubizwa ngokuba //foldoc.org/mouse Mouse at free on-line dictionary of computing\nIbizwa ngokuba yi-mouse yekhompyutha ngenxa yentambo yocingo exokomezela i-mouse kwikhompyutha.\u00a0 Abantu abakha ii-mice zekhompyutha zokuqala bacinga okokuba ifana nomsila wempuku. Namhlanje ii-mice zekhompyutha ezininzi zisebenzisa uxokomezelelo lweteknoloji,\u00a0 olungenacingo.\u00a0 \n Imbali \nIMAGE: umntu owenza i-mouse yokuqala, uDouglas Engelbart.\nngo-1964 uDouglas Engelbart (1925-2013), ingcali yezophando eStanford Research Institute, wafuna ukufumana indlela yokwenza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwekhompyutha kubelula.\u00a0 Ngezo ntsuku,\u00a0 iikhompyutha zazinkulu kunjalo nje zikhwaza ngamaxabiso.\u00a0 Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa kuba yonke into ebhalwayo\u00a0 kwakufuneka ichwethezwe ngesandla, kwaye kwakungekho ndlela yokulungisa xa wenze impazamo.\u00a0 \nEmva kwexesha elide efunda ekwayila izinto ezintsha, uEngelbart waaphumelela ekwakheni isixhobo se-input awasibiza ngokuba yi- 'XY index'.\nEkuqaleni, yayifuna ukusetyenziswa ngezandla ezimbini, kodwa ke kwatshintsha oko ukuze sibe sinye kuphela isandla esifunekayo ukuyisebenzisa. Olu hlobo lwalufana nolwe-mouse esele siyisebenzisa kule mihla. Uphando lwe-Xerox Palo Alto luze ne-GUI ngo-1981, lusebenzisa i-mouse. \nIMAGE: I-Early Apple II mouse ineqhosha layo elinye.\u00a0\nI-mouse yayisetyenziswa nge-MacintoshHow computer mice work: \"... the mouse hit the scene - attached to the Mac. ye-Apple Inc. xa yayifika okokuqala ngo-1984. I-Microsoft Windows nayo isebenzise i-mouse xa yayisafika,\u00a0 ngoko ke ii-mice zekhompyutha ezazisoloko zikho zasetyenziswa kwiikhompyutha ezininzi.\u00a0 Ii-mice zangoku zinamaqhosha amathathu: elasekhohlo, elasekunene, elokwehla usenyuka kwi-screen sekhompyutha.\u00a0 \n Ukusetyenziswa kwayo \nKwiikhompyutha ezininzi, i-user ingayishukumisa i-mouse ngeenjongo zokususa i-cursor kuloo ndawo imi kuyo iyisa kwelo cala iya ngakulo. //wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=computer+mouse Naxa ikhetha into ethile ekwi-screen, i-user ingayihambisa i-cursor iyise kuloo nto ikwi-screen, ize ithi yakuba phezu kwaloo nto ''iklikhe'' iqhosha langasekhohlo.\u00a0 Iqhosa le-mouse\u00a0 elingasekunene lisetyenziswa ukuvula ii-menus ezahlukeneyo, oko ke kuxhomekeke okokuba iphi na i-cursor. Amanye amaqhosha e-mouse angenza izinto ezahlukileyo, oko kuxhomekeke kwi-software. Inkoliso yee-mice inamaqhosha amabini aklikhwayo.\u00a0 \nInkoliso yee-mice ine-\"vili eliman'ukwehliswa liphinde linyuswe\"\u2014ivilana nje elincinane elifumaneka phakathi kwamaqhosha amabini namakhulu e-mouse. \u00a0 I-user ingalihambisa celi vili liye phambili liphinde libuye umva li-''scrolla'' kwizinto ezifana ne-website okanye ifolder. \"Uku-scrolla\" kuthetha ukuhambisa amagama okanye imifanekiso uyisa phantsi naphezulu apha kwi-screen, elinye icala lalo-page ikwi-screen liza nento esinokuyibona nesithi yi-view.\u00a0 Ivili lisenokucofwa, ukuze liklikhwe njengakwelinye iqhosha. \n Amanye amaphepha azalana neli \n i-Touchpad\n i-Trackball\n i-Touchscreen\n Izalathiso \n ezinye ii-sites", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-mouse yekhompyutha", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Name The planet was originally given the nickname Easterbunny as it was discovered shortly after Easter . The Association of Astronomers in general gave it the name Makemake , the creator god of the people of Easter Island , to keep them connected with Easter . \" Planets , what in a name ? \" .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIMakemake\nIMAGE: Igama elathiwa ligcisa lithi\u00a0 Makemake, ngokubhalwa ngu-Ann Feild (Space Telescope Science Institute)\nI-Makemake (ibizwa ngokusesikweni njenge-136472 Makemake) iyi-dwarf planet. Yaafunyaniswa ngomhla wama-31 kaMatshi ngo-2005 zii-astronomers ezingoo-\nMichael E. Brown, u-Chad Trujillo kunye no- David Rabinowitz. Yayisaya kubhengezwa njenge-dwarf planet ngomhla we-11 kaJuni ngo-2008. I-Makemake -yinto eyi-Trans-Neptunian, kuba ijikeleza iLanga emva kwe- Neptune.\nKuthiwa xa ibizwa i-Makemake emva kwesithixo sama-ancient civilization that lived on Easter island.\n Igama \nEkuqaleni\u00a0 le-planet yayinikwe igama lokuyiphawula elithi\u00a0 'Easterbunny' njengoko yathi yafunyanwa ngokukhawuleza emva kwePasika. umbutho weAstronomi kuzolwenke wayinika igama elithi \u00a0 Makemake, the creator uthixo ongumdali wabantu besiqithi sePasika, ukuze bazigcine bexhumene nePasika.\"Planets, whats in a name?\". ecetywayo ye-Makemake ngu-16px|\ud83d\udf7c.\n Ukumila kwayo \nI-Makemake ibonakala ngokungathi yenziwe ngomkhenkce anangamantye. kodwa izinga\u00a0 lobushushu liphantsi kakhulu, umkhenkce uqina nkqi ufane nqwa namatye.\u00a0 \n Emakufundwe \nCategory: IAstronomi\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'IMakemake' from xh to English:\nName The planet was originally given the nickname Easterbunny as it was discovered shortly after Easter . The Association of Astronomers in general gave it the name Makemake , the creator god of the people of Easter Island , to keep them connected with Easter . \" Planets , what in a name ? \" .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "IMakemake", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Ii\n -Hackers can also use keystroke logging .\n Experts discovered that most computer keyboard keys emit electromagnetic radiation that can be used to soften the keys pressed . Researchers are studying and investigating whether keyboard buttons can spread computer viruses that look like this. some computer keyboards have been found to contain up to five times more germs than those on a toilet se", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'I-keyboard' from xh to English:\nIi\n -Hackers can also use keystroke logging .\n Experts discovered that most computer keyboard keys emit electromagnetic radiation that can be used to soften the keys pressed . Researchers are studying and investigating whether keyboard buttons can spread computer viruses that look like this. some computer keyboards have been found to contain up to five times more germs than those on a toilet seat .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-keyboard\nIMAGE: Uhlobo lwe-keyboard yekhompyutha olubizwa ngokuba yi-QWERTY neyenziswa e-US. \u00a0\nIbhodi ekuchwethezwa kuyo (i-Key-board)\u00a0 sisixhobo sokufaka ulwazi (y-input device) ngokuthi sivumele umntu akwazi ukufaka ekhompyutheni iimpawu okanye iisimboli ezifana noonobumba kunye namanani. Le bhodi sesona sixhobo sibaluleke kakhulu ekufakeni ulwazi kwiikhompyutha ezininzi. \u00a0\nIi-keyboards zizintlobo ngentlobo, kwaye namaqhosha azo zibekwe alandelelaniswa\u00a0 ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.\u00a0 Olona hlobo lwaziwayo lolulusisakhiwo esiyi- lwe-QWERTY, nolusekwe kwibhodi yamaqhosha ekhompyutha yokubhala ngokuchwetheza. Uhlobo lwe-QWERTY yeenziwa ngolu hlobo ukuze oonobumba abasoloko besetyenziswa bangaxingi kumatshini wokuchwetheza. Kungoku nje abakho abanye abachwethezi\u00a0 kodwa lona olu hlobo lusekho kuba abantu babesele beluqhelile.\u00a0 Ibhodi enamaqhosha okuchwetheza i-ergonomic iyenzelwe ukuba kubelula ukuba isetyenziswe ngabantu, ngaphandle kokuba bazenzakalise ezandleni okanye kwiingalo zabo. Ibhodi enamaqhosa okuchwetheza ingabhala ngokuchwetheza oonobumba, amanani kunye neziphawuli eziziziphumlisi, ize ikwenze ukwazi ukulawula ikhompyutha, usebenzisa amaqhosha awodwa ashe ngeqhosha elithi QALISA (START), kunye namaqhosha okwalatha.\u00a0 Ibhodi yamaqhosha ekhompyutha i-Dvorak lolunye uhlobo olungasetyenziswa endaweni yolu.\u00a0 \nIbhodi yamaqhosa ekhompyutha isoloko ixhunyaniswa kwikhompyutha ngesiza se-USB.\nI-Keystroke yoku-logga inqakula ukushicilelwa kweqhosha ngalinye elithe lacofwa. I-Keystroke yokulogga ingasetyenziswa ukhangela okanye ukumenta iintshukumo zabasebenzi. \u00a0 Ii-Hackers nazo zisenokusebenzisa i-keystroke yokulogga. Iingcali zaafumanisa okokuba uninzi lwezitshixo zebhodi yekhompyutha zikhupha i-electromagnetic radiation enokusetyenziswa ukuze zintame amaqhosha acofiweyo. Iimpukane eziluhlaza zingabona okokuba yintoni na eye yachwethezwa ngobhulisa loo maqhosha zikuloo ndawo zikuyo.\u00a0 bafunda bekwaphicotha into yokokuba ingaba amaqhosha ebhodi yephompyutha angazisasaza na izifo zekhompyutha ezikumila kunje. amanye amaqhosha ebhodi yekhompyutha aafunyanwa eneentsholongwane ezingaphezulu ngokuphindaphindwe kahlanu kunezo zikwisihlalo sendlu yangasese. //abcnews.go.com/Health/Germs/story?id=4774746&page=1\nIimpawu ezikhoyo kwibhodi yekhompyutha zezo zolwimi lwengingqi ngokubanzi, nangona iimpawu ze-ASCII zinento yokuba zibekho kuyo yonke indawo.\u00a0 \nIimpawu ezikwibhodi yolwimi lwesiNgesi zezi: \u00a0 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,-,=,q,w,e,r,t,y,u,i,o,p,[,],a,s,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,;,',#,\\,z,x,c,v,b,n,m,.,/,!,\",\u00a3,$,%,^,&,*, ,_,+,Q,W,E,R,T,Y,U,I,O,P,{,},A,S,D,F,G,H,J,K,L,: ,@,~,|,Z,X,C,V,B,N,M,<,>,? kwaye amanye amaqhosha akenzelwanga ezi mpawu.\u00a0 \n Amaphepha anxulumene nala\u00a0\n References", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-keyboard", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The second shows this liquid , after a few minutes when the particles are scattered in it .\n I\n -diffusion that occurs according to two processes : chemical and biological , the molecules move as a source from something or a certain place , such as ( in other words where it explodes ) a high concentration ( where there are many molecules ) to a place defined as low concentration ( where there a", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nI-diffusion\nIMAGE: 200xUmzobo obonisa indlela eyenzeka ngayo i-diffusion.\u00a0\u00a0 Umzobo wokuqala ubonisa ii-particles ze-liquid. Owesibini ubonisa kwale liquid, emva kwemizuzu embalwa xa sele ii-particles zithe saa kuyo. \u00a0\nI-diffusion eyenzeka ngokweenkqubo ezimbini: e-chemical ne-biological, ii- molecules zihamba zingumthombo zisuka kwinto okanye kwindawo ethile , esingathi\u00a0 (ngamanye amagama apho kuqhuma khona) yi-high concentration (apho zininzi khona ezi- molecules) zisiya kwindawo echazwa ngokuba i-low concentration (apho ke zimbalwa khona ezi molecules).\"BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Diffusion\". idla ngokwenzeka nge-gas okanye nge-liquid. Kuyenzeka okokuba uyibone i-diffusion isenzeka xa ii-liquids ezimbini zixutywe kwizitya ezi-transparent. Ichaza intshukumo yee-particles emi eyenzeka ndawonye kuzo zonke ii-liquids kwanakwii- gases.ezi particles ziyabula zigqibe yonke indawo ekwesi sitya zide ziman'ukungqubana. I-diffusion ingasebenza kwii-gases nakwii-liquids.\nNantsi inxalenye yemizekelo ye-diffusion:\n umcu weswekile ushiywe kwikomityi yamanzi ixesha elide.\u00a0 \n Ivumba le-ammonia lithe saa ukusuka entla kwigumbi lokufundela ukuya phaya emva.\u00a0 \n Ivumba elimnandi lesiqholo livakala kakhulu lisuka kwibhotile yesiqholo xa kususwe isiciko sayo.\u00a0 \n Ukutya okumbejembeje okufakwe kwisitya kuthi saa kweso sitya.\u00a0 \nIi-Molecules zithanda ukuhamba zisuka kwindawo apho zisuka okanye zininzi khona ezo ndawo ke sithi zii-high places concentration, ziye kwiindawo ezingekho kuzo nekuthiwa zii-low places of concentration, ngokuzihambela nje kwazo zingalawulwa nto. Umzekelo, kukho i-oxygen ethe chatha emphungeni xa kuthelekiswa naleyo isegazini, ngoko ke ii-molecules ze-oxygen ziyakuthanda ukuhamba zisiya egazini. Ngokunjalo, zingaphezulu ii-molecules ze-carbon dioxide egazini xa kuthelekiswa nezo zisemphungeni, ngoko ke ii-molecules ze-carbon dioxide ziyakuthanda ukuhamba ziye kungena emphungeni.\u00a0 .\nApho kukho ingxinano enkulu, ngenxa yokuyabula kwee-molecules ezingamanzi, ziyakuthanda ukuthi saa kuloo nto de zibe azisenako ukuhamba.\u00a0 \n Funda nanga amanye amaphepha\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'I-diffusion' from xh to English:\nThe second shows this liquid , after a few minutes when the particles are scattered in it .\n I\n -diffusion that occurs according to two processes : chemical and biological , the molecules move as a source from something or a certain place , such as ( in other words where it explodes ) a high concentration ( where there are many molecules ) to a place defined as low concentration ( where there are few molecules ) . \" BBC - GCSE Bitesize : Diffusion \" .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-diffusion", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "-wild boar in its natural habitat .\n This species was used to domesticate pigs The habitat is the place where an animal , plant , species , or other type of organism has grown . \" Habitat \" . Some animal and plant habitats are designed to live on the farm .\n A living example is Australia , where 80 % of eucalypt forests have been cleared for farming over the past 210 years .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Habitat (indawo ekuphila kuyo izilwanyana nezityalo)\nIMAGE: I-wild boar kwindawo yayo yesiqhelo ekhulele kuyo. This species was used to domesticate pigs\nI-habitat yindawo esikhulele kuyo isilwanyana, isityalo, osohlobo oluthile, okanye olunye uhlobo lwe-organism.\"Habitat\". Abercrombie, M.; Hickman, C. J.; Johnson, M. L (1966). \u00a0natural eyindawo enjalo ngokwendalo yayo apho isidalwa sihlala khona, okanye yindawo yendalo ejikeleze uluntu.\"Living things: habitats and ecosystems\". \n Indawo eziphila kuzo izilwanyana\u00a0 \nUninzi lwezilwanyana luhlala kuhlobo olunye lwe-environment kuba kuzezona zingqinelana nazo. Sithi zi-'adapted' kwi-environment'. Umzekelo, izilwanyana ezifana namasele, ii-newts, namadada, zinoobhaxa beenyawo ezizinceda zitsho zikwazi ukudada emanzini.\u00a0 Ziziintlobo ngeentlobo ke ii-habitats kwaye zikwaziintlobo-ntlobo iindawo ezikwazi ukuphila kuzo.\u00a0 \nUkuba kuyenzeka itshintshe indawo yazo, ayisayikuzilungela izilwamyana nezityalo ukuba ziphile apho. Ngenxa yokokuba kaloku izilwanyana nezityalo zingayiqhelanga loo ndawo intsha lube nonxulumano phakathi kwazo nale ndawo intsha luluncinane, oku kungabanga amakhwiniba ngamakhwiniba. \u00a0 Ukuguquka kwemozulu ikwenza okokuba ezinye iindawo ezihlala kuyo izilwanyana neentaka zibeshushu,noko kunezo ziziqhelileyo ibe ke iintlobo ntlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zifudukela kwiindawo ezipholileyo.\u00a0 Harvey, Fiona (18 August 2011). Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana azikwazi ukufuduka zitsho ke ngoku zingandi ziye zincipha ngokuncipha. Ingcali zenzululwazi zicinga okokuba 10% yezi ntlobo ekhulwini zingahamba zihambe ziphele ngenxa yolu tshintsho. Harvey, Fiona (18 August 2011). Ezinye iindawo zokuhlala izilwanyana nezokukhulela izityalo zilungiselelwe ukuba zihlale efama. Umzekelo ophilayo ngowase-Australia, ama-80% amahlathi e-eucalypt aagawulwa ukuze kwenziwe ifama kwiminyaka engaphaya kwa-210 eminyaka egqithileyo. \"Land Clearing & Koalas\". Oku kungachaphazela ubukho bamahlathi ekuphila kuwo izilwanyana ezinje nge-koala.\n Plant habitats \nKanye njengezilwanyana xa ziqhelene nendawo eziphila kuzo, kunjalo ke nakwityalo. Izityalo ziqhele ukumila zikhule kakuhle kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeendawo.\u00a0 . Kangangokuba, isityalo ngasinye sinnepawu ezithile.\u00a0 Ezinye ziqhele ukuphila emhlabeni, ngeli lixa ezinye ziqhele ukuphila emanzini. Izityalo ezikhula emhlabeni zidla ngokuxhaswa ziziqu eziqinileyo ukuze zikhule kakuhle zibheke phezulu, ngelo xesha ezi zikhula emanzini zidla ngokuba neziqu ezizintswazana nje kuba kaloku zona zixhaswa ngamanzi.\u00a0 \nIzityalo ezikhula kwimozulu engani mvula njengasentlango zinamagqabi ambalwa, angangabikho kwa ukubakho loo magqabi kwezinye izityalo, kwaye angazigcinela amanzi xa imvula ikhe yana. Uqhelana\u00a0 kwazo nomhlaba othile kunciphisa ukungabikho kwamanzi. Izityalo ezikhula kwiindawo ezinomthunzi zinamabhakubhaku amagqabi atsho athi ngokotha ilanga akhongozele imitha yelanga kangoko anakho, okanye akekelele ngaselangeni.\u00a0Learn Science workbooks grades 5-6, by Mike Evans and Linda Ellis. p.33\n Amanye amaphepha anokufundwa\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'I-Habitat (indawo ekuphila kuyo izilwanyana nezityalo)' from xh to English:\n-wild boar in its natural habitat .\n This species was used to domesticate pigs The habitat is the place where an animal , plant , species , or other type of organism has grown . \" Habitat \" . Some animal and plant habitats are designed to live on the farm .\n A living example is Australia , where 80 % of eucalypt forests have been cleared for farming over the past 210 years .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-Habitat (indawo ekuphila kuyo izilwanyana nezityalo)", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "- Leishmaniasis , also spelled leishmaniosis , is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania and is spread by feeding on certain species of sandflies .\n The disease can present in three main ways : cutaneous , mucocutaneous , or visceral leishmaniasis . About 12 million people are currently infected in some 98 countries .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Leishmaniasis, ekwapelwa njengo-leishmaniosis, isi sifo sibangelwa yi- protozoan parasite yohlobo lwe- Leishmania kwaye isasazwa kukutyiwa ziindidi ezithile ze-sandflies. Isifo singabakho ngeendlela ezintathu ezintathu eziphambili: i-cutaneous, i-mucocutaneous, okanye i-visceral leishmaniasis. Uhlobo lwe-cutaneous luzisa izilonda zesikhumba, ngelixa uhlobo lwe-mucocutaneous luzisa izilonda zesikhumba, zomlomo, nezempumlo, lona uhlobo lwe-visceral luqala ngezilonda zezikhumba luze kamva luzise umkhuhlane, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi eliphantsi, kwakunye nodakada nesibindi esandileyo.\nIzifo ezosulelayo ezisebantwini zibangelwa ziintlobo ezingaphezulu kwama-20 ze-Leishmania. Iimeko zomngcipheko ziquka intlupheko, ukungondleki, ukupheliswa kwamahlathi, kunye nokwenziwa kweedolophu. Zonke ezi ndidi zingaxilongwa ngokubonwa kwezifunxi-gazi ngaphantsi kwemayikhroskophu. Ngokongezelelekleyo, isifo se-visceral singaxilongwa ngokuvavanywa kwegazi.\nI-Leishmaniasis ingathintelwa ngokuyinxenye ngokulala phantsi kweenethi ezinyangwe nge zibulala-zinambuzane. Amanye amanyathelo aquka ukufefezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukubulala ii-sandflies kwanokunyanga abantu abanesifo kwangoko ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwaso ngakumbi. Unyango oludingekayo luqondwa ngendawo esifumaneke kuyo isifo, iintlobo ze-Leishmania, kwakunye nohlobo lwesifo esosulelayo. Amanye amachiza anokusetyenziselwa isifo se-visceral aquka i- liposomal amphotericin B, umdibaniso we- pentavalent antimonials ne- paromomycin, ne-miltefosine. Kwisifo se-cutaneous, ingasebenza i-paromomycin, i- fluconazole, okanye i-pentamidine.\nNgabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-12 abosulelekileyo kungoku nje kumazwe athile angama-98. Ziimeko ezintsha ezimalunga nezigidi ezi-2 kwaye kwenzeka ukufa okuphakathi kwamawaka angama-20 nama-50 ngonyaka ngamnye. Ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-200 abaseAsiya, eAfrika, eMzantsi nakuMbindi weMelika, nakumazantsi eYurophu abahlala kwiindawo apho sixhaphake khona esi sifo. I-World Health Organization ifumene izaphulelo kwamanye amachiza okusinyanga esi sifo. Esi sifo sinokwenzeka nakuthotho lwezinye izilwanana, ukuquka ii-izinja kunye ne-zikrekrethis.\nImithombo\nCategory: Izifo\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Leishmaniasis' from xh to English:\n- Leishmaniasis , also spelled leishmaniosis , is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania and is spread by feeding on certain species of sandflies .\n The disease can present in three main ways : cutaneous , mucocutaneous , or visceral leishmaniasis . About 12 million people are currently infected in some 98 countries .\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/\nLeishmaniasis is caused by a protozoa parasite from over 20 Leishmania species. Over 90 sandfly species are known to transmit Leishmania parasites. There are 3 main forms of the disease:\n- Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar is fatal if left untreated in over 95% of cases. It is characterized by irregular bouts of fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anaemia. Most cases occur in Brazil, East Africa and in India. An estimated 50 000 to 90 000 new cases of VL occur worldwide annually, with only between 25 to 45% reported to WHO. It remains one of the top parasitic diseases with outbreak and mortality potential. In 2020, more than 90% of new cases reported to WHO occurred in 10 countries: Brazil, China, Ethiopia, Eritrea, India, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Yemen.\n- Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis and causes skin lesions, mainly ulcers, on exposed parts of the body, leaving life-long scars and serious disability or stigma. About 95% of CL cases occur in the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and Central Asia. In 2020 over 85% of new CL cases occurred in 10 countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Peru, the Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia. It is estimated that between 600 000 to 1 million new cases occur worldwide annually.\n- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis leads to partial or total destruction of mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat. Over 90% of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis cases occur in Bolivia (the Plurinational State of), Brazil, Ethiopia and Peru.\nLeishmania parasites are transmitted through the bites of infected female phlebotomine sandflies, which feed on blood to produce eggs. The epidemiology of leishmaniasis depends on the characteristics of the parasite and sandfly species, the local ecological characteristics of the transmission sites, current and past exposure of the human population to the parasite, and human behaviour. Some 70 animal species, including humans, have been found as natural reservoir hosts of Leishmania parasites.\nWHO regional specificities\nWHO African Region\nVisceral, cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are endemic in Algeria and countries in East Africa which are highly endemic. In East Africa, outbreaks of visceral leishmaniasis occur frequently.\nWHO Region of the Americas\nThe epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas is very complex, with variations in transmission cycles, reservoir hosts, sandfly vectors, clinical manifestations and response to therapy, and multiple circulating Leishmania species in the same geographical area. In 2020, Brazil represented over 97% of the VL cases in that region.\nWHO Eastern Mediterranean Region\nThis region accounts for 80% of the cutaneous leishmaniasis cases worldwide. Visceral leishmaniasis is highly endemic in Iraq, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen.\nWHO European Region\nCutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are endemic in this region. In 2020, 199 cases imported mainly from Africa and the Americas were reported from this region.\nWHO South-East Asia Region\nVisceral leishmaniasis is the main form of the disease in this Region, also endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. The region is the only one with an initiative to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem by 2020. In 2020, the Region observed some 2 295 cases \u2013 it\u2019s the lowest number on record. The Region is poised to achieve this target, with countries aiming to have WHO validate elimination by 2023.\nPost-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)\nPost-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is usually a sequel of visceral leishmaniasis that appears as macular, papular or nodular rash usually on face, upper arms, trunks and other parts of the body. It occurs mainly in East Africa and on the Indian subcontinent, where 5\u201310% of patients with kala-azar are reported to develop the condition. It usually appears 6 months to 1 or more years after kala-azar has apparently been cured, but can occur earlier. People with PKDL are considered a potential source of Leishmania infection.\nLeishmania-HIV co-infection\nLeishmania-HIV coinfected people have high chance of developing the full-blown clinical disease, and high relapse and mortality rates. Antiretroviral treatment reduces the development of the disease, delays relapses and increases the survival of the coinfected patients. As of 2021, leishmania-HIV coinfection have been reported from 45 countries. High Leishmania-HIV coinfection rates are reported from Brazil, Ethiopia and the state of Bihar in India.\nMajor risk factors\nSocioeconomic conditions\nPoverty increases the risk for leishmaniasis. Poor housing and domestic sanitary conditions (such as a lack of waste management or open sewerage) may increase sandfly breeding and resting sites, as well as their access to humans. Sandflies are attracted to crowded housing as these provide a good source of blood-meals. Human behaviour, such as sleeping outside or on the ground, may increase risk.\nMalnutrition\nDiets lacking protein-energy, iron, vitamin A and zinc increase the risk that an infection will progress to a full-blown disease.\nPopulation mobility\nEpidemics of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are often associated with migration and the movement of non-immune people into areas with existing transmission cycles. Occupational exposure as well as widespread deforestation remain important factors.\nEnvironmental changes\nThe incidence of leishmaniasis can be affected by changes in urbanization, and the human incursion into forested areas.\nClimate change\nLeishmaniasis is climate-sensitive as it affects the epidemiology in several ways:\n- changes in temperature, rainfall and humidity can have strong effects on vectors and reservoir hosts by altering their distribution and influencing their survival and population sizes;\n- small fluctuations in temperature can have a profound effect on the developmental cycle of Leishmania promastigotes in sandflies, allowing transmission of the parasite in areas not previously endemic for the disease;\n- drought, famine and flood can lead to massive displacement and migration of people to areas with transmission of Leishmania, and poor nutrition could compromise their immunity.\nDiagnosis and treatment\nIn visceral leishmaniasis, diagnosis is made by combining clinical signs with parasitological, or serological tests (such as rapid diagnostic tests). In cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis serological tests have limited value and clinical manifestation with parasitological tests confirms the diagnosis.\nThe treatment of leishmaniasis depends on several factors including type of disease, concomitant pathologies, parasite species and geographic location. Leishmaniasis is a treatable and curable disease, which requires an immunocompetent system because medicines will not get rid of the parasite from the body, thus the risk of relapse if immunosuppression occurs. All patients diagnosed as with visceral leishmaniasis require prompt and complete treatment. Detailed information on treatment of the various forms of the disease by geographic location is available in the WHO technical report series 949, \"Control of leishmaniasis\".\nPrevention and control of leishmaniasis requires a combination of intervention strategies because transmission occurs in a complex biological system involving the human or animal reservoir host, parasite and sandfly vector. Key strategies for prevention are listed below:\n- Early diagnosis and effective prompt treatment reduces the prevalence of the disease and prevents disabilities and death. It helps to reduce transmission and to monitor the spread and burden of disease. Currently there are highly effective and safe anti-leishmanial medicines particularly for visceral leishmaniasis, although they can be difficult to use. Access to medicines has significantly improved thanks to a WHO-negotiated price scheme and a medicine donation programme through WHO.\n- Vector control helps to reduce or interrupt transmission of disease by decreasing the number of sandflies. Control methods include insecticide spray, use of insecticide\u2013treated nets, environmental management and personal protection.\n- Effective disease surveillance is important to promptly monitor and act during epidemics and situations with high case fatality rates under treatment.\n- Control of animal reservoir hosts is complex and should be tailored to the local situation.\n- Social mobilization and strengthening partnerships \u2013 mobilization and education of the community with effective behavioural change interventions must always be locally adapted. Partnership and collaboration with various stakeholders and other vector-borne disease control programmes is critical.\nWHO's work on leishmaniasis control involves:\n- Supporting national leishmaniasis control programmes technically and financially to produce updated guidelines and make disease control plans, including sustainable, effective surveillance systems, and epidemic preparedness and response systems.\n- Monitoring disease trends and assessing the impact of control activities which will allow raising awareness and advocacy on the global burden of leishmaniasis and promoting equitable access to health services.\n- Developing evidence-based policy strategies and standards for leishmaniasis prevention and control and monitoring their implementation.\n- Strengthening collaboration and coordination among partners and stakeholders.\n- Promoting research and use of effective leishmaniasis control including safe, effective and affordable medicines, as well as diagnostic tools and vaccines.\n- Supporting national control programmes to ensure access to quality-assured medicines.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Leishmaniasis", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Symptoms last less than seven days .\n No deaths have been reported during the outbreak . Prevention includes reducing mosquito bites in endemic areas and using condoms properly . We are also known for happenings in Africa , Asia , and the Pacific .\n Due to an outbreak that began in Brazil in 2015 , the World Health Organization declared this a Public Health Emergency of International Concern i", "text": "### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/\nI convened an Emergency Committee, under the International Health Regulations, to gather advice on the severity of the health threat associated with the continuing spread of Zika virus disease in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Committee met today by teleconference.\nIn assessing the level of threat, the 18 experts and advisers looked in particular at the strong association, in time and place, between infection with the Zika virus and a rise in detected cases of congenital malformations and neurological complications.\nThe experts agreed that a causal relationship between Zika infection during pregnancy and microcephaly is strongly suspected, though not yet scientifically proven. All agreed on the urgent need to coordinate international efforts to investigate and understand this relationship better.\nThe experts also considered patterns of recent spread and the broad geographical distribution of mosquito species that can transmit the virus.\nThe lack of vaccines and rapid and reliable diagnostic tests, and the absence of population immunity in newly affected countries were cited as further causes for concern.\nAfter a review of the evidence, the Committee advised that the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders reported in Brazil, following a similar cluster in French Polynesia in 2014, constitutes an \u201cextraordinary event\u201d and a public health threat to other parts of the world.\nIn their view, a coordinated international response is needed to minimize the threat in affected countries and reduce the risk of further international spread.\nMembers of the Committee agreed that the situation meets the conditions for a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.\nI have accepted this advice.\nI am now declaring that the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders reported in Brazil, following a similar cluster in French Polynesia in 2014, constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.\nA coordinated international response is needed to improve surveillance, the detection of infections, congenital malformations, and neurological complications, to intensify the control of mosquito populations, and to expedite the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines to protect people at risk, especially during pregnancy.\nThe Committee found no public health justification for restrictions on travel or trade to prevent the spread of Zika virus.\nAt present, the most important protective measures are the control of mosquito populations and the prevention of mosquito bites in at-risk individuals, especially pregnant women.\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIntsholongwane i-Zika\nUmkhuhlane i-Zika (ekwaziwa njengesifo sentsholongwane i-Zika) isisigulo esibangelwa yintsholongwane i-Zika. Kwiimeko ezininzi ayinazo iimpawu, kodwa xa zikhona zidla ngokuba ngaphakathi kwaye zingafana nomkhuhlane i-dengue. Iimpawu zingaquka umkhuhlane, amehlo abomvu, ukuqaqanjelwa ngamalungu omzimba, intloko ebuhlungu, kwanerhashalala ye-maculopapular. Iimpawu zithatha ngaphantsi kuneentsuku ezisixhenxe. Akukabikho kufa kuxeliweyo ngexesha lokuqalisa kosuleleko. Usuleleko lwayanyaniswa ne-Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS).\nUmkhuhlane i-Zika idla ngokusasazeka ngenxa yokulunywa ziingcongconi zohlobo lweAedes. Isenokubangelwa lulosuleleko lwezifo zesondo ezihanjiswa ngesondo ukusuka emntwini ukuya kumntu atshate naye kwaye zikwanokusasazwa kukutsalwa kw(ama)egazi. Izifo ezosulelayo kubafazi abakhululweyo nazo zingalosulela usana kwaye oku kudityaniswa nokuphuma kwezisu kunye ne-microcephaly. Uxilongo lungokuvavanya igazi, umchamo, okanye amathe ukuqonda ubukho bentsholongwane ye-Zika RNA xa umntu egula.\nUthintelo luquka ukunciphisa ukulunywa ziingcongconi kwimimandla apho senzeka khona isifo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kweekhondom. Imizamo yokuthintela ukulunywa iquka ukusetyenziswa kwezigxothi-zinambuzane, ukugquma ubuninzi bomzimba ngesinxibo, iinethi zeengcongconi, kunye nokususa amanzi awomileyo apho zinokuzala khona ngokutsha iingcongconi. Alukho olusebenzayo ugonyo. Abasebenzi bezempilo bacebisa ukuba abafazi abakwimimandla echaphazelwa 2015\u201316 uqhambuko lwe-Zika bakhe bathi xhaa ngokumitha kwaye abafazi abamithiyo bangatyeleli kule mimandla. Ngelixa kungekho lunyango luthile, i-paracetamol (acetaminophen) inganceda ngeempawu. Ukulaliswa esibhedlele akuyo mfuneko ixhaphakileyo.\nIntsholongwane ebangela esi sifo yaqala ukubekelwa bucala ngo-1947. Uqhambulo lokuqala ukubhalwa phakathi kwabantu lwenzeka ngo-2007 kwi-Federated States of Micronesia. , esi sifo besisenzeka kwingingqi ezingamashumi amabini zaseMelika. Sikaziwa kwakhona ngokwenzeka eAfrika, eAsiya, nakwiPasifikhi. Ngenxa yoqhambuko olwaqala eBrazil ngo-2015, i-World Health Organization yakubhengeza oku njenge-Public Health Emergency of International Concern ngoFebruwari 2016.\nImithombo\nCategory: Izifo\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Intsholongwane i-Zika' from xh to English:\nSymptoms last less than seven days .\n No deaths have been reported during the outbreak . Prevention includes reducing mosquito bites in endemic areas and using condoms properly . We are also known for happenings in Africa , Asia , and the Pacific .\n Due to an outbreak that began in Brazil in 2015 , the World Health Organization declared this a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2016 .\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en/\nZika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys. It was later identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania.\nOutbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. From the 1960s to 1980s, rare sporadic cases of human infections were found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness.\nThe first recorded outbreak of Zika virus disease was reported from the Island of Yap (Federated States of Micronesia) in 2007. This was followed by a large outbreak of Zika virus infection in French Polynesia in 2013 and other countries and territories in the Pacific. In March 2015, Brazil reported a large outbreak of rash illness, soon identified as Zika virus infection, and in July 2015, found to be associated with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.\nIn October 2015, Brazil reported an association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly. Outbreaks and evidence of transmission soon appeared throughout the Americas, Africa, and other regions of the world. To date, a total of 89 countries and territories have reported evidence of mosquito-transmitted Zika infection.\nSigns and symptoms\nThe incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) of Zika virus disease is estimated to be 3\u201314 days. The majority of people infected with Zika virus do not develop symptoms. Symptoms are generally mild including fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise, and headache, and usually last for 2\u20137 days.\nComplications of Zika virus disease\nZika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities in the developing fetus and newborn. Zika infection in pregnancy also results in pregnancy complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth, and preterm birth.\nZika virus infection is also a trigger of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children.\nResearch is ongoing to investigate the effects of Zika virus infection on pregnancy outcomes, strategies for prevention and control, and effects of infection on other neurological disorders in children and adults.\nZika virus is primarily transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly Aedes aegypti, in tropical and subtropical regions. Aedes mosquitoes usually bite during the day, peaking during early morning and late afternoon/evening. This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.\nZika virus is also transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, through sexual contact, transfusion of blood and blood products, and organ transplantation.\nDiagnosis\nInfection with Zika virus may be suspected based on symptoms of persons living in or visiting areas with Zika virus transmission and/or Aedes mosquito vectors. A diagnosis of Zika virus infection can only be confirmed by laboratory tests of blood or other body fluids, and must be differentiated from cross-reactive related flaviviruses such as dengue virus, to which the patient may have been exposed or previously vaccinated.\nTreatment\nThere is no treatment available for Zika virus infection or its associated diseases.\nSymptoms of Zika virus infection are usually mild. People with symptoms such as fever, rash, or arthralgia should get plenty of rest, drink fluids, and treat pain and fever with common medicines. If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and advice.\nPregnant women living in areas with Zika transmission or who develop symptoms of Zika virus infection should seek medical attention for laboratory testing and other clinical care.\nPrevention\nMosquito bites\nProtection against mosquito bites during the day and early evening is a key measure to prevent Zika virus infection. Special attention should be given to prevention of mosquito bites among pregnant women, women of reproductive age, and young children.\nPersonal protection measures include wearing clothing (preferably light-coloured) that covers as much of the body as possible; using physical barriers such as window screens and closed doors and windows; and applying insect repellent to skin or clothing that contains DEET, IR3535 or icaridin according to the product label instructions.\nYoung children and pregnant women should sleep under mosquito nets if sleeping during the day or early evening. Travellers and those living in affected areas should take the same basic precautions described above to protect themselves from mosquito bites.\nAedes mosquitoes breed in small collections of water around homes, schools, and work sites. It is important to eliminate these mosquito breeding sites, including: covering water storage containers, removing standing water in flower pots, and cleaning up trash and used tires. Community initiatives are essential to support local government and public health programs to reduce mosquito breeding sites. Health authorities may also advise use of larvicides and insecticides to reduce mosquito populations and disease spread.\nNo vaccine is yet available for the prevention or treatment of Zika virus infection. Development of a Zika vaccine remains an active area of research.\nTransmission in pregnancy\nZika virus can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, resulting in microcephaly (smaller than normal head size) and other congenital malformations in the infant, collectively referred to as congenital Zika syndrome.\nMicrocephaly is caused by underlying abnormal brain development or loss of brain tissue. Child outcomes vary according to the extent of the brain damage.\nCongenital Zika syndrome includes other malformations including limb contractures, high muscle tone, eye abnormalities, and hearing loss. The risk of congenital malformations following infection in pregnancy remains unknown; an estimated 5\u201315% of infants born to women infected with Zika virus during pregnancy have evidence of Zika-related complications. Congenital malformations occur following both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection.\nSexual transmission\nZika virus can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. This is of concern due to an association between Zika virus infection and adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes.\nFor regions with active transmission of Zika virus, all people with Zika virus infection and their sexual partners (particularly pregnant women) should receive information about the risks of sexual transmission of Zika virus.\nWHO recommends that sexually active men and women be correctly counselled and offered a full range of contraceptive methods to be able to make an informed choice about whether and when to become pregnant in order to prevent possible adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes.\nWomen who have had unprotected sex and do not wish to become pregnant due to concerns about Zika virus infection should have ready access to emergency contraceptive services and counselling. Pregnant women should practice safer sex (including correct and consistent use of condoms) or abstain from sexual activity for at least the entire duration of pregnancy.\nFor regions with no active transmission of Zika virus, WHO recommends practicing safer sex or abstinence for a period of six months for men and two months for women who are returning from areas of active Zika virus transmission to prevent infection of their sex partners. Sexual partners of pregnant women, living in or returning from areas where local transmission of Zika virus occurs, should practice safer sex or abstain from sexual activity throughout pregnancy.\nWHO is supporting countries to control Zika virus disease by taking actions outlined in the Zika Strategic Response Framework:\n- Advancing research in prevention, surveillance, and control of Zika virus infection and associated complications.\n- Developing, strengthening and implementing integrated surveillance systems for Zika virus infection and associated complications.\n- Strengthening the capacity of laboratories to test for Zika virus infection worldwide.\n- Supporting global efforts to implement and monitor vector control strategies aimed at reducing Aedes mosquito populations.\n- Strengthening care and support of affected children and families affected by complications of Zika infection.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Intsholongwane i-Zika", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Signs and symptoms may include abdominal pain , diarrhea , bloody stools , or blood in the urine .\n Those infected for a long time can develop liver damage , kidney failure , infertility , or bladder cancer . Other groups at high risk include farmers , fishermen , and people who use unclean water on a daily basis .\n It belongs to the group of helminth infections . About 700 million people , in", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'I-Schistosomiasis' from xh to English:\nSigns and symptoms may include abdominal pain , diarrhea , bloody stools , or blood in the urine .\n Those infected for a long time can develop liver damage , kidney failure , infertility , or bladder cancer . Other groups at high risk include farmers , fishermen , and people who use unclean water on a daily basis .\n It belongs to the group of helminth infections . About 700 million people , in more than 70 countries , live in areas where the disease is common .\n In tropical countries , schistosomiasis is second only to malaria among parasitic diseases with the greatest economic impact .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Schistosomiasis, ekwaziwa njenge-snail fever, isisifo se-helminthiasis esibangelwa yi-parasitic flatworm ekuthiwa yi-schistosomes. Indlela yomchamo okanye amathumbu anokosuleleka. Imiqondiso neempawu zingaquka ubuhlungu besisu, urhudo, ilindle elinegazi, okanye igazi elisemchameni. Abo bosulelekileyo ixesha elide bangafumana umonakalo wesibindi, ukungasebenzi kwezintso, ukungaqhameli inzala, okanye umhlaza wesinyi. Ebantwaneni, inokubangela ukungakhuli kakuhle kunye ukufunda nzima.\nIsifo sisasazeka ngokudibana namanzi ahlaziyekileyo angcoliswe zizifunxi-gazi. Ezi zifunxi-gazi zikhutshwa ziinkumba zamanzi ahlaziyekileyo asulelekileyo. Isifo esiqheleke ngokukodwa ebantwaneni abakumazwe asakhasayo njengoko kuqhelekile ukuba badlale kumanzi angcolileyo. Amanye amaqela asemngciphekweni omkhulu aquka amafama, abalobi beentlanzi, kunye nabantu abasebenzisa amanzi angacocekanga imihla ngemihla. Iyeyeqela le- izifo ezosulelayo ze-helminth. Uxilongo lungokufumana amaqanda esifunxi-gazi kumchamo okanye kwilindle lomntu. Isenako nokuqinisekiswa ngokufumana izilwa-buhlungu ezisegazini ngokuchaseneyo nesifo esisegazini.\nIindlela zokuthintela isifo ziquka ufikelelo kumanzi acocekileyo kunye nokunciphisa inani leenkumba. Kwimimandla apho sixhaphakileyo esi sifo, ichiza eliyi-praziquantel linganikezwa kube kanye ngonyaka kwiqela lonke. Oku kwenzelwa ukunciphisa inani labantu abosulelweyo kunye, nokulandelayo, nokusasazeka kwesifo. I-Praziquantel isekwalunyango olunconywayo yi-World Health Organization (WHO) kwabo baziwa bengabosulelekileyo.\nI-Schistosomiasis ichaphazele abantu abaphantse babe zizigidi ezingama-210 ehlabathini jikelele ukusukela ngo-2012. Kuqikeleleka ukuba ngabantu abali-12,000 ukuya kuma-200,000 ababulawa yiyo kunyaka ngamnye. isifo sifunyanwa ngokuqheleke kakhulu eAfrika, kwanaseAsiya nakuMzantsi Melika. Ngabantu abazizigidi ezingama-700 million, kumazwe angaphezulu kwangama-70, abahlala kwimimandla apho esi sifo sixhaphake khona. Kumazwe etropiki, i-schistosomiasis iyeyesibini kwimalariya phakathi kwezifo zezifunxi-gazi ezinefuthe elikhulu kwezoqoqosho. I-Schistosomiasis idweliswe njengesifo setropiki esingahoywanga.\nImithombo\nSchistosomiasis\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html\nDiseases\nNeglected tropical diseases (NTDs)\nNTDs are found in several countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. NTDs are especially common in tropical areas where people do not have access to clean water or safe ways to dispose of human waste.\nInformation on diseases included in the WHO portfolio of NTDs is available at icon\nSee below for more information on selected neglected tropical diseases:\nThe following six NTDs can be controlled or even eliminated through mass administration of safe and effective medicines or other, effective interventions:\n- Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease)\n- Lymphatic Filariasis\n- Onchocerciasis\n- Schistosomiasis\n- Trachoma\nControlling the vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, black flies) that transmit these diseases and improving basic water, sanitation, and hygiene are highly effective strategies against these NTDs.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-Schistosomiasis", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "In people who have been exposed to measles , the measles vaccine and sometimes measles immunoglobulin is effective in preventing the disease if the person receives treatment before the onset of measles symptoms .\n Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soapy water , povidone iodine , or a disinfectant as this can also kill the virus seems to be somewhat effective in preventing the transm", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Umgada' from xh to English:\nIn people who have been exposed to measles , the measles vaccine and sometimes measles immunoglobulin is effective in preventing the disease if the person receives treatment before the onset of measles symptoms .\n Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soapy water , povidone iodine , or a disinfectant as this can also kill the virus seems to be somewhat effective in preventing the transmission of measles . It is recommended that those at high risk of getting it get vaccinated before they are at risk .\n Vaccination works for humans and other animals . The total cost of treatment is between 44 and 78 US dollars per treatment as of 2014 . In the United States the cost of the measles vaccine is over US $ 750 . More than 3 billion people live in areas of the world where malaria occurs .\n In most of Europe and Australia , mustard is found only in bats .\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/\nRabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease. Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal. In up to 99% of cases, domestic dogs are responsible for rabies virus transmission to humans. Yet, rabies can affect both domestic and wild animals. It is spread to people and animals through bites or scratches, usually via saliva.\nRabies is present on all continents, except Antarctica, with over 95% of human deaths occurring in the Asia and Africa regions. Rabies is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) that predominantly affects poor and vulnerable populations who live in remote rural locations. Approximately 80% of human cases occur in rural areas. Although effective human vaccines and immunoglobulins exist for rabies, they are not readily available or accessible to those in need. Globally, rabies deaths are rarely reported and children between the ages of 5\u201314 years are frequent victims. Managing a rabies exposure, where the average cost of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is currently estimated at an average of US$ 108 can be a catastrophic financial burden on affected families whose average daily income may be as low as US$ 1\u20132 per person1\nEvery year, more than 29 million people worldwide receive a post-bite vaccination. This is estimated to prevent hundreds of thousands of rabies deaths annually. Globally, the economic burden of dog-mediated rabies is estimated at US$ 8.6 billion per year.\nPrevention\nEliminating rabies in dogs\nRabies is a vaccine-preventable disease. Vaccinating dogs is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people. Dog vaccination reduces deaths attributable to dog-mediated rabies and the need for PEP as a part of dog bite patient care.\nAwareness on rabies and preventing dog bites\nEducation on dog behaviour and bite prevention for both children and adults is an essential extension of a rabies vaccination programme and can decrease both the incidence of human rabies and the financial burden of treating dog bites. Increasing awareness of rabies prevention and control in communities includes education and information on responsible pet ownership, how to prevent dog bites, and immediate care measures after a bite. Engagement and ownership of the programme at the community level increases reach and uptake of key messages.\nImmunization of people\nThe same vaccine is used to immunize people after an exposure (see PEP) or before exposure to rabies (less common). Pre-exposure immunization is recommended for people in certain high-risk occupations such as laboratory workers handling live rabies and rabies-related (lyssavirus) viruses; and people (such as animal disease control staff and wildlife rangers) whose professional or personal activities might bring them into direct contact with bats, carnivores, or other mammals that may be infected.\nPre-exposure immunization might be indicated also for outdoor travellers to and expatriates living in remote areas with a high rabies exposure risk and limited local access to rabies biologics. Finally, immunization should also be considered for children living in, or visiting such areas. As they play with animals, they may receive more severe bites, or may not report bites.\nSymptoms\nThe incubation period for rabies is typically 2\u20133 months but may vary from 1 week to 1 year, dependent upon factors such as the location of virus entry and viral load. Initial symptoms of rabies include a fever with pain and unusual or unexplained tingling, pricking, or burning sensation (paraesthesia) at the wound site. As the virus spreads to the central nervous system, progressive and fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord develops.\nThere are two forms of the disease:\n- Furious rabies results in signs of hyperactivity, excitable behaviour, hydrophobia (fear of water) and sometimes aerophobia (fear of drafts or of fresh air). Death occurs after a few days due to cardio-respiratory arrest.\n- Paralytic rabies accounts for about 20% of the total number of human cases. This form of rabies runs a less dramatic and usually longer course than the furious form. Muscles gradually become paralysed, starting at the site of the bite or scratch. A coma slowly develops, and eventually death occurs. The paralytic form of rabies is often misdiagnosed, contributing to the under-reporting of the disease.\nDiagnosis\nCurrent diagnostic tools are not suitable for detecting rabies infection before the onset of clinical disease, and unless the rabies-specific signs of hydrophobia or aerophobia are present, clinical diagnosis may be difficult. Human rabies can be confirmed intra-vitam and post mortem by various diagnostic techniques that detect whole viruses, viral antigens, or nucleic acids in infected tissues (brain, skin or saliva)2\nPeople are usually infected following a deep bite or scratch from an animal with rabies, and transmission to humans by rabid dogs accounts for up to 99% of cases.\nIn the Americas, bats are now the major source of human rabies deaths as dog-mediated transmission has mostly been broken in this region. Bat rabies is also an emerging public health threat in Australia and Western Europe. Human deaths following exposure to foxes, raccoons, skunks, jackals, mongooses and other wild carnivore host species are very rare, and bites from rodents are not known to transmit rabies.\nTransmission can also occur if saliva of infected animals comes into direct contact with human mucosa or fresh skin wounds. Contraction of rabies through inhalation of virus-containing aerosols or through transplantation of infected organs is described, but extremely rare. Human-to-human transmission through bites or saliva is theoretically possible but has never been confirmed. The same applies for transmission to humans via consumption of raw meat or milk of infected animals.\nPost-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the immediate treatment of a bite victim after rabies exposure. This prevents virus entry into the central nervous system, which results in imminent death. PEP consists of:\n- Extensive washing and local treatment of the bite wound or scratch as soon as possible after a suspected exposure;\n- a course of potent and effective rabies vaccine that meets WHO standards; and\n- the administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG), if indicated.\nStarting the treatment soon after an exposure to rabies virus can effectively prevent the onset of symptoms and death.\nExtensive wound washing\nThis first-aid measure includes immediate and thorough flushing and washing of the wound for a minimum of 15 minutes with soap and water, detergent, povidone iodine or other substances that remove and kill the rabies virus.\nExposure risk and indications for PEP\nDepending on the severity of the contact with the suspected rabid animal, administration of a full PEP course is recommended as follows:\nTable: Categories of contact and recommended post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)\nCategories of contact with suspect rabid animal||Post-exposure prophylaxis measures\nCategory I - touching or feeding animals, animal licks on intact skin (no exposure)||Washing of exposed skin surfaces, no PEP\nCategory II - nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding (exposure)||Wound washing and immediate vaccination\nCategory III - single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, contamination of mucous membrane or broken skin with saliva from animal licks, exposures due to direct contact with bats (severe exposure)||Wound washing, immediate vaccination and administration of rabies immunoglobulin\nAll category II and III exposures assessed as carrying a risk of developing rabies require PEP.\nThis risk is increased if:\n- the biting mammal is a known rabies reservoir or vector species\n- the exposure occurs in a geographical area where rabies is still present\n- the animal looks sick or displays abnormal behaviour\n- a wound or mucous membrane was contaminated by the animal\u2019s saliva\n- the bite was unprovoked\n- the animal has not been vaccinated.\nThe vaccination status of the suspect animal should not be the deciding factor when considering to initiate PEP or not when the vaccination status of the animal is questionable. This can be the case if dog vaccination programmes are not being sufficiently regulated or followed out of lack of resources or low priority.\nWHO continues to promote human rabies prevention through the elimination of rabies in dogs, dog bite prevention strategies, and more widespread use of the intradermal route for PEP which reduces volume and therefore the cost of cell-cultured vaccine by 60% to 80%.\nIntegrated bite case management\nIf possible, the veterinary services should be alerted, the biting animal identified, removed from the community and either quarantined for observation (for healthy dogs and cats) or submitted for immediate laboratory examination (dead or euthanized animals showing clinical signs of rabies). PEP must be continued during the 10-day observation period or while awaiting laboratory results. Treatment may be discontinued if the animal is proven to be free of rabies. If a suspect animal cannot be captured and tested, then a full course of PEP should be completed. Joint contact tracing by veterinary and public health services is encouraged to identify additional suspected rabid animals and human bite victims, with the goal to apply preventive measures accordingly.\nRabies is included in WHO\u2019s new 2021-2030 road map. As a zoonotic disease, it requires close cross-sectoral coordination at the national, regional and global levels.\n- WHO, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health), have prioritized rabies under a One Health approach and have launched he \u2018United Against Rabies Forum\u2019 (UAR), a multi-stakeholder platform.\n- UAR advocates and prioritizes investments in rabies control and coordinates the global rabies-elimination efforts to achieve zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030Progress in rabies elimination provides an indicator of One Health operationalization and strengthened human and animal health systems.\n- Rabies can significantly contribute to building of capacity outside of the health structures and of a siloed notion of health, and demonstrate that One Health can truly provide a framework in which cross-cutting benefits can be realised and shared.\n- WHO works with partners to guide and support countries as they develop and implement their national rabies elimination plans\n- WHO regularly updates and disseminates technical guidance on rabies 3, for example on epidemiology, surveillance, diagnostics, vaccines, safe and cost-effective immunization4, control and prevention strategies for human and animal rabies, operational programme implementation5 ;and palliative care for human rabies patients\n- On the path towards rabies elimination countries can request WHO validation of achieving zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies3; and seek OIE endorsement of their dog rabies control programmes and self-declare freedom from dog rabies 6;\n- Mexico was the first country to have been validated by WHO in 2019 for eliminating human deaths from dog-mediated rabies\n- Inclusion of rabies biologics into countries list of essential medicines and advocating for increased access of poor and rural populations to PEP is a WHO priority and strengthens the global movement towards achieving Universal Health Coverage\n- In 2019 Gavi included human rabies vaccines in its vaccine investment strategy 2021-2025 which will support scaling up rabies PEP in Gavi eligible countries. Its roll out has been disrupted due to Covid-19 WHO will continue to advise on best strategies and practices for its roll out to countries requesting rabies vaccine.\n- Monitoring of rabies programmes and disease surveillance are needed to measure impact and for increasing awareness and advocacy.\nThe 2030 NTD Roadmap is a guiding document for the global response to NTDs over the next decade and includes regional, progressive targets for rabies elimination7\nThe key towards sustaining and expanding the rabies programmes to adjacent geographies has been to start small, catalyse local rabies programmes through stimulus packages, demonstrate success and cost-effectiveness, and ensure the engagement of governments and affected communities.\nRabies elimination needs adequate and long-term investments. Showcasing local success and raising awareness on rabies have been proven effective to gain and maintain political will.\n1 Zero by 30: the global strategic plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030\n2 WHO, Laboratory techniques in rabies. Fifth edition. Volume 1 and Volume 2\n5 Scientific and operational updates on rabies\n6 OIE Rabies Portal\n7 Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUmgada sisifo esijikelezayo esibangela uhlaselo lwe- lokukrala kobuchopho ebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu. Iimpawu zakwangoko zingaquka umkhuhlane nokuntlontlozela kwindawo eyosulelweyo. Ezi mpawu zilandelwa lolunye okanye ezininzi kwezi mpawu zilandelayo: iintshukumo eziyingozi, imincili engalawulekiyo, i- uloyiko lwamanzi, ukungakwazi ukuhambisa amalungu omzimba, ukubhideka, kunye nokulahlekelwa yingqondo. Emva kokubonakala kweempawu, umgada udla ngokuphumela ekufeni. Isigaba sexesha eliphakathi kokosulelwa sisifo nokuqalisa kweempawu kudla ngokuba yinyanga enye ukuya kwezintathu. Nangona kunjalo, esi sigaba sexesha singashiyana ukusukela ngaphantsi kweveki enye ukuya ngaphezulu konyaka omnye. Isigaba sexesha sixhomekeke kumgama omelwe kukuhanjwa yintsholongwane ukuya kufikelela kwisixokelelwano semithambo-luvo. \n Unobangela noxilongo\nUmgada ugqithiselwa ebantwini usuka kwezinye izilwanyana. Umgada ungagqithiseleka xa isilwanyana esinawo sikrwempa okanye siluma esinye isilwanyana okanye umntu. Amathe asuka kwisilwanyana esosulelekileyo angawugqithisela umgada ukuba amathe adibana nonwebu lwesinye isilwanyana okanye umntu. Inkoliso yomgada osebantwini ubangelwa kukulunywa yinja. Zingaphaya kwama-99% iimeko zomgada emazweni apho izinja ezinomgada apho izinja ezinomgada ingunobangela wokulunywa yinja. EMelika, ukulunywa ngamalulwane kungowona mthombo mkhulu wokosulelwa koluntu ngumgada, kwaye ungaphantsi kwesi-5% iimeko apho uvela khona ezinjeni. Izikrekrethi azifane zosulelwe ngumgada. Intsholongwane yomgada ihamba iye engqondweni ngokulandela iperipheral nerves. Isifo singaxilongwa kuphela emva kokuqalisa kweempawu. \n Uthintelo nonyango \nIinkqubo zolawulo nogonyo lwezilwanyana ziwunciphisile umngcipheko osuka ezinjeni kuthotho lwemimandla yehlabathi. Ukugonywa kwabantu phambi kokuba badandalaze kuyacetyiswa kwabo basemngciphekweni omkhulu. Iqela elisemngciphekweni omkhulu liquka abantu abasebenza ngamalulwane okanye abachitha ixesha elide kwiindawo zehlabathi apho mninzi khona umgada. Kubantu abadibene nomgada, ugonyo lomgada kwaye ngamanye amaxesha umgada oyi-immunoglobulin uyasebenza ekuthinteleni isifo ukuba umntu lowo ufumana unyango phambi kokuba ziqalise iimpawu zomgada. Ukuhlamba ukulunywa nemikrwelo kangangemizuzu eli-15 ngamanzi anesepha, i-povidone iodine, okanye isicocisi njengoko oko kunokuyibulala intsholongwane kwakhona kubonakala kusebenza noko ekuthinteleni ukugqithiseleka komgada. Ngabantu abambalwa kuphela abaye basinda kusuleleko lomgada emva kokuba bebonise iimpawu. Oku kube ngenxa yonyango olubanzi olwaziwa njenge-Milwaukee protocol.\nUgonyo\nUgonyo lomgada lugonyo olusetyenziselwa ukuthintela umgada. Kukho uthotho olufumanekayo olukhuselekileyo nolusebenzayo. Zingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela umgada kwangaphambili nakwixesha lasemva kokuba semngciphekweni wentsholongwane enjengokulunywa yinja okanye ilulwane. Ukukhuseleka kwizifo ezithile kuthatha ixesha elide emva kwamathamo amathathu. Adla ngokunikezwa ngokutofwa esikhumbeni okanye esihlunwini. Emva kokuba semngciphekweni ugonyo lusetyenziswa ndawonye ne-rabies immunoglobulin. Kucetyiswa ukuba abo bakumngcipheko omkhulu wokuwufumana mabagonywe kwangaphambi kokuba babe semngciphekweni. Ugonyo luyasebenza ebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana. Ukugonywa kwezinja kusebenza kakhulu ekuthinteleni isifo sabantu.\n Ukhuseleko \nZizigidi-gidi zabantu ehlabathini jikelele abathe bagonywa kwaye kuqikeleleka ukuba oku kusindise imiphefumlo yabantu engaphaya kwama-250,000 ngonyaka. Oku kungasetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kuwo onke amaqela obudala babantu. Bamalunga neepesenti ezingama-35 ukuya kwezingama-45 abantu abaye bakhulelwa sisiqingatha sexesha elifutshane lebala elibomvu kunye nentlungu kwindawo abatofwe kuyo. Bamalunga neepesenti ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-15 abantu abanokuba nomkhuhlane, iintloko ezibuhlungu, okanye isicaphu-caphu. Emva kokuba semngciphekweni kumgada akukho zinto zithintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Inkoliso yogonyo ayinazo ii-thimerosal. Ugonyo olwenziwe kwizicwili zemithambo-luvo lusetyenziswa kumazwe ambalwa, ingakumbi eAsiya ne-Latin America, kodwa azisebenzi kakhulu kwaye zineziphumo ezikhulu ezibi. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngoko akucetyiswa yi-World Health Organization. \nIndleko yentengo iyonke iphakathi kwama-44 nama-78 edola yase-US ngexesha lonyango ukusukela ngo-2014. KumaZwe aManyeneyo aseMelika indleko zogonyo lomgada lingaphezulu kwama-750 edola yase-US.\nI-epidemiyoloji\nUmgada ubangela ukufa okumalunga nama-26,000 ukuya kuma-55,000 ngonyaka ngamnye ehlabathini jikelele. Ngaphezu kwama-95% oku kufa kwenzeka eAsiya naseAfrika. Umgada ukhona nakumazwe angaphaya kwali-150 nakuwo onke amazwekazi kodwa eAntarctica. Bangaphezulu kweebhiliyoni ezi-3 abantu abahlala kwimimandla yehlabathi apho wenzeka khona umgada. Kwinkoliso yaseYurophu naseAustralia, umgada ufumaneka kumalulwane kuphela. Iintlanga ezininzi ezikwiziqithi ezincinci azinawo konke-konke umgada.\nIireferensi\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization\nDavid R. Shlim\nFew topics in travel medicine prompt more concern and persistent questions than the prevention of rabies in travelers. Although we understand the basics of rabies prevention for travelers, the logistics of providing this care in a timely fashion remain a challenge. Unimmunized travelers who are exposed to rabies and other lyssaviruses require proper wound care, infiltration of human rabies immune globulin (RIG), and a series of 4 or 5 doses of rabies vaccine intramuscularly over a 2- to 4-week period. Travelers who receive 3 doses of rabies vaccine before travel need to receive 2 more doses of rabies vaccine, 3 days apart, after a viral exposure. Notably, human RIG and equine RIG are often unavailable in developing countries, although modern cell-culture rabies vaccines are increasingly available. Thus, preexposure rabies immunization can facilitate the traveler\u2019s access to adequate postexposure rabies prophylaxis.\nLimiting the uptake of preexposure rabies immunization has been the cost of the vaccine in developed countries and the need for 3 clinic visits prior to travel. Three IM doses of rabies vaccine in the United States can now exceed $1,000 in cost. Even when modern cell-culture rabies vaccine was first introduced, at approximately $45 per dose in the early 1980s, many people already considered the vaccine too expensive. Thus, intradermal (ID) rabies immunization began almost as soon as the intramuscular (IM) human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) was manufactured. By reconstituting the 1.0 mL of vaccine in the vial, practitioners could draw up approximately eight 0.1-mL doses. One problem was that the entire vial had to be used within a few hours of reconstituting, meaning that a provider had to either be in a busy clinic or line up groups of people, such as families, for rabies immunization at the same time.\nEarly studies of the immune response to ID rabies vaccine, using HDCV and later other rabies vaccines, were uniformly encouraging. Virtually 100% of vaccinees seroconverted. A 1982 statement by the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviewed data on >1,500 vaccinees and declared, \u201cIt appears that, with this vaccine, the 0.1-mL ID regimen is an acceptable alternative to the currently approved 1.0-mL IM regimen for preexposure prophylaxis.\u201d They called upon manufacturers to produce a product with appropriate packaging and labeling.\nIn 1986, the M\u00e9rieux Institute (now Sanofi Pasteur) received approval to market a 0.1-mL dose in an individual syringe. Sharing reconstituted vials of 1.0 mL between patients remained off-label. Although the new product solved the logistical problem of providing individual travelers with an ID dose, the cost of the prepackaged ID dose was 75% of the full 1.0-mL IM dose.\nACIP continued to endorse the concept of ID preexposure rabies immunization in a 1999 statement on rabies prevention. However, 3 lots of a prepackaged rabies ID vaccine were recalled in 2000 for having a potency that fell below the specification level before the expiration date. In 2001, the ID rabies vaccine was withdrawn from the market. Since then, authorities in the United States have not recommended sharing 1.0-mL vials for ID rabies immunization, as the manufacturer has not applied for the appropriate packaging and labeling to the Food and Drug Administration. This lack of endorsement of ID preexposure immunization has frustrated some travel medicine professionals.\nWith 2 decades more experience in using ID preexposure rabies immunization, the concept is fairly well accepted, but it remains off-label in the United States. Many clinics relying on preexposure ID dosing require the travelers to have a titer drawn after the series is completed to confirm seroconversion. This may save some money but requires a fourth clinic visit and even more time before travel.\nAdditional approaches have been taken to postexposure immunoprophylaxis, mainly driven by availability and cost of vaccine in resource-poor countries. Multi-dose ID and other abbreviated schedules have been used. From the point of view of the traveler, perhaps the best strategy would be to try to use postexposure regimens that are approved in the traveler\u2019s home country. This could create the most confidence and make it easier to complete regimens that have been started abroad in one\u2019s home country.\nIn late 2017, a World Health Organization (WHO) expert committee surprised many travel medicine practitioners by endorsing a 2-dose rabies preexposure immunization schedule. Although there have been some studies in limited numbers of subjects that support the notion that 2 doses may be adequate, the announcement seemed premature to some experts. In addition, WHO endorsed the use of wound-only administration of rabies immune globulin (RIG), an immunoglobulin-sparing technique in which RIG is injected around the wound (not to exceed the weight-calculated amount) but where the remaining calculated dose is not administered intramuscularly. This idea makes pathophysiologic sense, but there are many potential variables. Technique of the person injecting the RIG will be critical. With little written guidance available, some vaccine recipients may receive as little as 0.5 mL of RIG (in a small finger wound, for example), which may be <5% of historically recommended doses.\nMay, 2022 UPDATE: Based on recent changes in WHO recommendations and the availability of empirical studies, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviewed its own recommendations for PrEP and approved a 2-dose preexposure regimen, given on days 0 and 7.\nBIBLIOGRAPHY", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Umgada", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Onchocerciasis , also known as river blindness and Robles disease , is a disease caused by infection with the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus . The parasitic worm is spread by feeding on black flies of the genus Simulium .\n Binge eating often precedes infection . Here they can infect the next black fly that bites a person .\n There are several ways to make a diagnosis including : skin place", "text": "### URL: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/prevent.html\nPrevention & Control\nThere are no vaccines or medications available to prevent becoming infected with O. volvulus. The best prevention efforts include personal protection measures against biting insects. This includes wearing insect repellant such as N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) on exposed skin, wearing long sleeves and long pants during the day when blackflies bite, and wearing permethrin- treated clothing. For a description of the CDC\u2019s information for preventing insect bites, refer to CDC\u2019s Yellow Book. Mass distribution of ivermectin, donated by Merck & Co., Inc., to all people living in many areas where O. volvulus is found, is being given to control onchocerciasis.\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/\nParasites - Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness)\nOnchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. It is transmitted through repeated bites by blackflies of the genus Simulium. The disease is called river blindness because the blackfly that transmits the infection lives and breeds near fast-flowing streams and rivers, mostly near remote rural villages. The infection can result in visual impairment and sometimes blindness. Additionally, onchocerciasis can cause skin disease, including intense itching, rashes, or nodules under the skin. Worldwide onchocerciasis is second only to trachoma as an infectious cause of blindness.\nImages: Left/Right: Blackflies, the vector of onchocerciasis. Center: Microfilariae of O. volvulus from a skin nodule of a patient from Zambia, stained with H&E. Image taken at 1000x oil magnification. (Credit: WHOexternal icon, DPDx, CDC)\nMost common questions answered...\nStages of parasite development...\nSigns and symptoms of the disease...\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Onchocerciasis, ikwaziwa njenge-river blindness ne-Robles disease, isisifo esibangelwa lusuleleko lwentshulube esisifunxi-gazi i-Onchocerca volvulus. Iimpawu ziquka ukurhawuzelelwa ngamandla, iingongoma ezingaphantsi kwesikhumba, kunye nobumfama. Ingunobangela wesibini oxhaphakileyo wobumfama obubangelwa sisifo esosulelayo, emva kwe-trachoma.\nIntshulube esisifunxi-gazi isasazwa ngokutyiwa yi-black fly yohlobo lwe-Simulium. Ukutyiwa kaninzi kudla ngokwenzeka phambi kolosuleleko. Ezi mpukane zihlala kufuphi nemilambo, kungeso sizathu le nto sibizwa ngeli gama esi sifo. Zakuba ngaphakathi emntwini, iintshulube ziyila imibunguethi iziyele esikhumbeni. Apha zingosulela i-black fly elandelayo ethi ilume umntu. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwenza uxilongo eziquka: ukubekwa zesikhumba kwi-placing kovavanyo lwezicwili zesikhumba kwi- normal saline kunye nokujongwa kokuphuma kombungu, ukujongwa elihlweni lemibungu, kunye nokujongwa ngaphakathi kweengongoma eziphantsi kwesikhumba zeentshulube ezindala.\nAlukho ugonyo oluchaseneyo nesi sifo. Uthintelo lungokubaleka ukubethwa ziimpukane. Oku kungaquka ukusetyenziswa kweyeza lokugxotha izinambuzane kunye nesinxibo esifanelekileyo. Amanye amalinge aquka lawo okunciphisa isininzi seempukane ngokufefeza izibulala-zinambuzane. Asaqhubeka amalinge okuphelisa isifo ngokunyanga onke amaqela abantu kabini ngonyaka kuthotho lweendawo zasehlabathini. Unyango lwabo bosulelweyo lungechiza eliyi-ivermectin rhoqo ukusuka kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwezilishumi elinambini. Olu nyango luyawubulala umbungu kodwa alikwazi ukwenza njalo kwiintshulube ezindala. Ichiza eliyi- doxycycline, elibulala intsholongwane eyi-associated ekuthiwa yi-Wolbachia, ibonakala izithomalalisa iintshulube kwaye iyanconywa ngabanye kananjalo. Ukususwa kweengongoma ezingaphantsi kwesikhumba ngotyando nalo lungenziwa.\nNgabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-17 ukuya kwezingama-25 abosulelwe yi-river blindness, nabasondele kwisigidi se-0.8 abanentwana ethile yokulahlekelwa kukubona. Inkoliso yokosuleleka okuninzi yenzeka kwiAfrika engaphantsi kweSahara, nangona nezinye iimeko zixeliwe eYemen nakwiindawo ezimbalwa ezikukuMbindi nakuMzantsi weMelika. Ngo-1915, ugqirha uRodolfo Robles waqala ukumanyanisa le ntshulube nesifo samehlo. Sikwadweliswe yi-World Health Organization njengesifo setropiki esingahoywanga.\nIireferensi\nO\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs374/en/\nOnchocerciasis \u2013 or \u201criver blindness\u201d \u2013 is a parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm\nOnchocerca volvulus transmitted by repeated bites of infected blackflies (Simulium\nspp.). These blackflies breed along fast-flowing rivers and streams, close to remote villages located near fertile land where people rely on agriculture.\nIn the human body, the adult worms produce embryonic larvae (microfilariae) that migrate to the skin, eyes and other organs. When a female blackfly bites an infected person during a blood meal, it also ingests microfilariae which develop further in the blackfly and are then transmitted to the next human host during subsequent bites.\nClinical signs and symptoms\nOnchocerciasis is an eye and skin disease. Symptoms are caused by the microfilariae, which move around the human body in the subcutaneous tissue and induce intense inflammatory responses when they die. Infected people may show symptoms such as severe itching and various skin changes. Infected people may also develop eye lesions which can lead to visual impairment and permanent blindness. In most cases, nodules under the skin form around the adult worms.\nOnchocerciasis occurs mainly in tropical areas. More than 99% of infected people live in 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of Congo, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania.\nOnchocerciasis is also transmitted in the Yanomami area of Brazil and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) as well as in Yemen.\nPrevention, control and elimination programmes\nBetween 1974 and 2002, disease caused by onchocerciasis was brought under control in West Africa through the work of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP), using mainly the spraying of insecticides against blackfly larvae (vector control) by helicopters and airplanes. This was later supplemented by large-scale distribution of ivermectin since 1989.\nThe OCP relieved 40 million people from infection, prevented blindness in 600 000 people, and ensured that 18 million children were born free from the threat of the disease and blindness. In addition, 25 million hectares of abandoned arable land were reclaimed for settlement and agricultural production, capable of feeding 17 million people annually.\nThe African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was launched in 1995 with the objective of controlling onchocerciasis in the remaining endemic countries in Africa and closed at the end of 2015 after beginning the transition to onchocerciasis elimination. Its main strategy was the establishment of sustainable community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) and vector control with environmentally-safe methods where appropriate. In APOC\u2019s final year, more than 119 million people were treated with ivermectin, and many countries had greatly decreased the morbidity associated with onchocerciasis. More than 800,000 people in Uganda and 120,000 people in Sudan no longer required ivermectin by the time that APOC closed.\nIn 2016, the Expanded Special Project for the Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Africa (ESPEN), was set up to cover the five preventive chemotherapy NTDs with 4 core objectives:\n1. Scale up treatments towards the achievement of 100% geographic coverage, 2. Scale down: stopping treatments once transmission has been interrupted or control achieved, 3. Strengthen information systems for evidence-based action, and 4. Improve the effective use of donated medicines through enhance supply chain management. ESPEN is housed in the WHO Regional Office for Africa.\nThe Onchocerciasis Elimination Program of the Americas (OEPA) began in 1992 with the objective of eliminating ocular morbidity and interruption of transmission throughout the Americas by 2015 through biannual large-scale treatment with ivermectin. All 13 foci in this region achieved coverage of more than 85% in 2006, and transmission was interrupted in 11 of the 13 foci. Elimination efforts are now focused on the Yanomami people living in Brazil and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), representing a total population at risk of only 35,228 people.\nOn 5 April 2013, the Director-General of WHO issued an official letter confirming that Colombia has achieved elimination of onchocerciasis. Colombia was the first country in the world to be verified and declared free of onchocerciasis by WHO. This has been followed by Ecuador in September 2014, Mexico in July 2015, and Guatemala in July 2016. More than 500 000 people no longer need ivermectin in the Americas.\nTreatment\nWHO recommends treating onchocerciasis with ivermectin at least once yearly for 10 to 15 years. Where O. volvulus co-exists with Loa loa, treatment strategies may need to be adjusted. Loa loa is a parasitic filarial worm that is endemic in Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria , Tchad and South Sudan. Treatment of individuals with high levels of L. loa in the blood can sometimes result in severe adverse events. Affected countries, should follow the Mectizan Expert Committee (MEC)/APOC recommendations for the prevention and management of severe adverse events.\nWHO provides administrative, technical and operational research support to three regions where onchocerciasis is transmitted.\nThe Onchocerciasis Technical Advisory Subgroup (OTS) setup by WHO in 2017 is providing guidance and oversight for operational research to identify endemic areas that require MDA. In areas co-endemic for lymphatic filariasis, research efforts are focused on developing strategies for co-evaluation of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, in order to support proper decision making regarding the stopping of MDA.\nDiagnosis of onchocerciasis remains a challenge for programmes. The NTD Diagnostics Technical Advisory Group identified development of new diagnostic tools for onchocerciasis as a specific priority. A subgroup was convened to prepare 2 target product profiles (TPPs) for new diagnostics for mapping onchocerciasis and for a confirmatory test for deciding to stop MDA. The TPPs have now been posted on the WHO website.\nThrough the OEPA partnership, WHO collaborates with endemic countries and international partners in the WHO Region of the Americas. Although there is no official programme to coordinate activities in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, the two countries in the region collaborate on elimination activities and receive the support of ESPEN to achieve elimination of river blindness.\nWith the shift from control to elimination, large areas in Africa require mapping to assess whether transmission is active and treatment required. A sampling strategy name Onchocerciasis elimination mapping has been developed to help countries conduct\nthose assessments and start treatment where needed.\nResearch priorities\nTo achieve elimination goals for onchocerciasis, an ambitious research agenda will be needed to support programme progress. Specific research needs include:\n- Optimizing strategies to reach marginalized and migratory populations.\n- Validating mapping and safe intervention strategies in settings where onchocerciasis and loiasis are con-endemic.\n- Defining starting and stopping thresholds for MDA.\n- Development of robust diagnostics tools to support programme decision-making.\n- Demonstrating the programmatic utility of vector control measures.\n- Testing new therapeutic regimens.\n- Optimizing survey design through the use of new geostatistical tools.\n- Developing post-verification strategies.\n- Exploring opportunities to integrate surveillance.\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'I-Onchocerciasis' from xh to English:\nOnchocerciasis , also known as river blindness and Robles disease , is a disease caused by infection with the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus . The parasitic worm is spread by feeding on black flies of the genus Simulium .\n Binge eating often precedes infection . Here they can infect the next black fly that bites a person .\n There are several ways to make a diagnosis including : skin placement testing of skin swabs in normal saline and checking for worm discharge , eye check for worms , and looking inside the skin for old worms . There is no vaccine against this disease .\n Prevention is to avoid being bitten by flies . Treatment for those infected is the drug ivermectin every six to twelve months .\n This treatment kills the worm but cannot kill the old worms . The drug doxycycline , which kills the associated bacteria called Wolbachia , appears to suppress the worms and is recommended by some as well .\n Surgical removal of moles under the skin can also be done . Most infections occur in sub - Saharan Africa , although some cases have been reported in Yemen and a few places in Central and South America .\n In 1915 , doctor Rodolfo Robles first linked this worm to eye disease .\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/epi.html\nEpidemiology & Risk Factors\nOnchocerca infections are found in tropical climates. The main burden is in 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The list of 31 African countries can be found on the World Health Organization (WHO) Onchocerciasis Fact Sheetexternal icon website. The parasite is also found in limited areas in South America and in Yemen in the Middle East. In the Americas, four countries have been verified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as free from onchocerciasis: Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Guatemala. Only a single small transmission zone remains in South America, crossing the border between the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Brazil.. The Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that in 2017 there were at least 20.9 million people are infected worldwide, of which 14.6 million had skin disease and 1.15 million had vision loss.\nThe people most at risk for acquiring onchocerciasis are those who live or work near streams or rivers where there are Simulium blackflies. Most of the areas where the blackflies are found are rural agricultural areas in sub-Saharan Africa in the countries mentioned previously. Usually, many bites are needed before becoming infected. Therefore, those travelers to at-risk areas most likely to become infected are long-term missionaries, Peace Corps volunteers, field researchers, and other long-term travelers.\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/diagnosis.html\nDiagnosis\nThe diagnosis of onchocerciasis can be difficult in light infections, which are more common in persons who have travelled to but are not residents of affected areas. There are multiple ways that the diagnosis can be made:\n- The most common method of diagnosis is the skin snip. A 1 to 2 mg shaving or biopsy of the skin is done to identify larvae, which emerge from the skin snip and can be seen under a microscope when the shaving or biopsy (\u201cskin snip\u201d) is put in physiologic solutions (e.g. normal saline). Typically six snips are taken from different areas of the body. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the skin snip can allow for diagnosis if the larvae are not visualized.\n- In patients with nodules in the skin, the nodule can be surgically removed and examined for adult worms.\n- Infections in the eye can be diagnosed with a slit-lamp examination of the anterior part of the eye where the larvae, or the lesions they cause, are visible.\n- Antibody tests have been developed to test for infection, though they are not widely available in the United States. These tests cannot distinguish between past and current infections, so they are not as useful in people who lived in areas where the parasite exists, but they are useful in visitors to these areas. Some of the tests are general tests for infection with any filarial parasite and some are more specific for onchocerciasis.\nMore on: Resources for Health Professionals: Diagnosis", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-Onchocerciasis", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Leprosy , also known as Hansens disease ( HD ) , is a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis . [ 2 ]\n This can cause numbness and loss of limbs caused by repetitive trauma or disease caused by unrecognized wounds . [ 4 ]\n Weakness and poor vision may also occur . Leprosy spreads among people .\n It is believed to occur through coughing or con", "text": "### URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/\nIntroduction\nLeprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast, rod-shaped bacillus. The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. Leprosy is curable and treatment in the early stages can prevent disability.\nBrief history and treatment\nLeprosy is an age-old disease, described in the literature of ancient civilizations. Throughout history, people afflicted have often been ostracized by their communities and families.\nAlthough leprosy was managed differently in the past, the first breakthrough occurred in the 1940s with the development of the medicine dapsone. The duration of treatment lasted many years, often a lifetime, making compliance difficult. In the 1960s, M. leprae started to develop resistance to dapsone, the only known anti-leprosy medicine at that time. In the early 1960s, rifampicin and clofazimine were discovered and subsequently added to the treatment regimen, which was later labelled as multidrug therapy (MDT).\nIn 1981, WHO recommended MDT. The currently recommended MDT regimen consists of medicines: dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine. This treatment lasts six months for pauci-bacillary and 12 months for multi-bacillary cases. MDT kills the pathogen and cures the patient.\nSince 1981 WHO has provided MDT free of cost. Free MDT was initially funded by The Nippon Foundation, and since 2000 it is donated through an agreement with Novartis until 2025.\nMore than 16 million leprosy patients have been treated with MDT over the past 20 years. A general reduction in new cases, though gradual is observed in several countries. The new cases reduced to 202 256 in 2019. Several countries reported less number cases, including 45 countries reported zero leprosy cases.\nIn 2018, WHO reviewed available evidence on key issues related to elimination of leprosy and developed \u2018WHO guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy 2018\u2019, recommending three-drug regimen (rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine) to both pauci-bacillary and multibacillary types of leprosy. The guidelines also introduced prevention of leprosy through single dose of rifampicin for eligible familial and social contacts.\nThe strategy is published in English and translated versions into French, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian languages are made available for reaching wider global audience.\nLong term vision\nZero leprosy: zero infection and disease, zero disability, zero stigma and discrimination\nGoal\nElimination of leprosy (defined as interruption of transmission)\n- 120 countries with zero new autochthonous cases\n- 70% reduction in annual number of new cases detected\n- 90% reduction in rate per million children of new child cases with leprosy\nStrategic pillars and key components\n1: Implement integrated, country-owned zero leprosy roadmaps in all endemic countries\n- Political commitment with adequate resources for leprosy in integrated context\n- National partnerships for zero leprosy and zero leprosy roadmaps engaging all stakeholders\n- Capacity building in the healthcare system for quality services\n- Effective surveillance and improved data management systems\n- Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and adverse drug reactions\n2: Scale up leprosy prevention alongside integrated active case detection\n- Contact tracing for all new cases\n- Preventive chemotherapy scaled up\n- Integrated active case-finding in targeted populations\n- Existing and potential new vaccines\n3: Manage leprosy and its complications and prevent new disability\n- Early case detection, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment\n- Access to comprehensive, well-organized referral facilities\n- Diagnosis and management of leprosy reactions, neuritis and disabilities\n- Monitoring, support and training in self-care\n- Mental well-being through psychological first aid and therapeutic counselling\n4: Combat stigma and ensure human rights are respected\n- Adoption of Principles and Guidelines for elimination of discrimination against persons affected by leprosy and their family members\n- Inclusion of organizations and networks of persons affected by leprosy\n- Amendment of discriminatory laws\n- Interventions and processes to reduce and monitor leprosy-related stigma in communities\n- Access to social support and rehabilitation\nResearch\nThe strategy includes a set of research priorities of key importance for this strategic period. Global and national investment in research is essential to achieving zero leprosy.\nIn 2020, WHO brought out a Leprosy/Hansen Disease management of reactions/prevention of disabilities; a published the technical guide \u2013 2020 to provide hands-on guidance to health workers to diagnose early and manage\nLepra reactions, conditions might occur as a result of the host\u2019s immune response to the infecting organism,\nM leprae. These intermittent and recurring inflammatory episodes are known as leprosy reactions. These reactions might occur in as many as 50% of cases. Reactions if left unmanaged in most cases lead to permanent, progressing and disfiguring disabilities.\nThe objective of this Technical Guidance document is to review current management practices for leprosy reactions and neuritis and to describe ways in which they can be improved, so that national programmes can achieve their goals of preventing and minimizing disability due to leprosy.\nWHO in 2020, brought out a technical guide on: Leprosy Hansen disease contact tracing and post-exposure prophylaxis - 2020. The objective of the technical guide is to advise countries and programmes on how to implement contact screening and chemoprophylaxis with single-dose rifampicin. The contents are logically ordered: counselling and obtaining consent, identification and listing of index case, listing of contacts, tracing of contacts, screening of contacts, administration of prophylactic drugs. Managerial aspects to undertake contact screening and chemoprophylaxis are also elaborated, including planning, training, supervision, and drug management.\nThe Global Leprosy Strategy 2021\u20132030 guides the countries to accelerate progress towards zero leprosy, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. Optimization of existing tools, such as for contact-tracing, active case-finding, post-exposure prophylaxis with single-dose rifampicin and provision of MDT services are critical activities to interrupt the transmission. The gains must be sustained to ensure elimination by 2030.\nAlthough the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted health services in general, it provided a window to strengthen digital health initiatives for diagnosis, referral, monitoring and training staff in several countries.\nWHO has developed e-learning modules that aim to enhance knowledge and skills of staff at all levels on topics ranging from suspected referrals and diagnosis to the treatment of leprosy and management of disabilities.\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Iqhenqa' from xh to English:\nLeprosy , also known as Hansens disease ( HD ) , is a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis . [ 2 ]\n This can cause numbness and loss of limbs caused by repetitive trauma or disease caused by unrecognized wounds . [ 4 ]\n Weakness and poor vision may also occur . Leprosy spreads among people .\n It is believed to occur through coughing or contact with secretions from the nose of an infected person . In the past 20 years , 16 million people around the world have been cured of leprosy .\n About 200 cases are reported each year in the United States . However , most of the colonies were closed because leprosy is not highly contagious . Social stigma has been associated with leprosy for much of history , which continues to be a barrier to self - reporting and early treatment .\n Some people take the word leprosy as an insult , preferring the expression \" people infected with leprosy \" .\n I World Leprosy Day was started in 1954 to raise awareness for those affected by leprosy .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIqhenqa, elikwaziwa njengo-Hansen's disease (HD), lisisifo sexesha elide esibangelwa yi-bacteria Mycobacterium leprae ne-Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Ekuqaleni, izifo azinazo iimpawu kwaye zihlala zinjalo ukusukela kwisi-5 ukuya kwiminyaka engama-20. [2] Iimpawu ezithi zivele ziquka ii-granuloma zemithambo-luvo, indlela yokuphefumla, isikhumba, namehlo. [2] Oku kungabangela ukungabinakho ukuva intlungu kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamalungu ezandla neenyawo okubangelwa ngumonzakalo ophinda-phindayo okanye isifo esibangelwa ngamanxeba angaqatshelwanga. [4] Ubuthathaka kunye nokungaboni kakuhle nako kungakhona.\nIqhenqa liyasasazeka phakathi kwabantu. Kukholeleka ukuba lenzeka ngokukhohlela okanye ngokudibana nencindi esuka kwimpumlo yomntu owosulelekileyo. Iqhenqa lenzeka kakhulu phakathi kwabo bahlala entluphekweni kwaye kukholeleka ukuba lihanjiswa ngamathontsana okuphefumla. Ngokuchasene nenkolelo eyaziwayo, alosuleli kakhulu. Iindidi ezinkulu ezimbini zezifo zisekeke kwinani leentsholongwane ezikhoyo: i-paucibacillary ne-multibacillary. Iindidi ezimbini zahlulwa luthotho lwe-lwezikhumba ezibi, iipetshi zezikhumba ezibi ezikhoyo, ezine-paucibacillary ezine-multibacillary ezintlanu okanye ezimbalwa nangaphezulu kwezintlanu. Uxilongo lngqinisekiswa ngokufunyanwa kwe-acid-fast bacilli kuxilongo lwesicwili sesikhumba okanye ngokufumana i-DNA kusetyenziswa i-polymerase chain reaction.\nIqhenqa liyanyangeka ngonyango olwaziwa njenge-multidrug therapy (MDT). Unyango lweqhenqa le-paucibacillary lungamachiza i-dapsonene-rifampicin kangangeenyanga ezintandathu. Unyango lwe-multibacillary luqulethe i-rifampicin, i-dapsone, ne-clofazimine kangangeenyanga ezili-12. Olu nyango lunikezwa mahala yi-World Health Organization. Uthotho lwamanye amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane nawo anokusetyenziswa. Ehlabathini jikelele ngo-2012, inani leemeko ezingapheliyo zeqhenqa lalingu-189,000 ukwehla ukusukela kwizigidi ezi-5.2 zangoo-1980. Inani lezi meko zintsha lalingu-230,000. Inkoliso yeemeko ezintsha zenzeka kumazwe ali-16, kunye neNdiya ethatha engaphezulu kwesiqingatha. Kwiminyaka engama-20 eyedlulayo, izigidi zabantu ezili-16 ehlabathini jikelele zaphiliswa kwiqhenqa. Zimalunga nama-200 iimeko ezaxelwayo ngonyaka ngamnye eMelika.\nIqhenqa lichaphazele uluntu kangangeminyaka engamawaka-waka. Isifo sithatha igama laso kwigama lesi--Latin elithi lepra into ethetha \"scaly\", ngelixa igama elithi \"Hansen's disease\" lithiywe emva kogqirha uGerhard Armauer Hansen. Ukwahlula abantu ngokubabeka kwii-iindawo zabantu abaneqhenqa kusenzeka kwiindawo ezinjenge-India, i-China, neAfrika. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweekoloni lwavalwa ngenxa yokuba iqhenqa alosuleli kakhulu. Ukubekwa ibala ekuhlaleni bekusayanyaniswa neqhenqa ixesha elikhulu lasezimbalini, into leyo esaqhubekayo nokuba ngumqobo ekuzixeleni nasekufumaneni unyango lwangoko. Abanye abantu eli gama lithi iqhenqa balithatha njengelisisenyeliso, bakhetha intetho ethi \"abantu abosulelwe liqhenqa\". I-World Leprosy Day yaqaliswa ngo-1954 ukwazisa ngolwazi kwabo bachatshazelwe liqhenqa.\nImithombo\nCategory: Izifo\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/transmission/\nHow do people get Hansen\u2019s disease?\nIt is not known exactly how Hansen\u2019s disease spreads between people. Scientists currently think it may happen when a person with Hansen\u2019s disease coughs or sneezes, and a healthy person breathes in the droplets containing the bacteria. Prolonged, close contact with someone with untreated leprosy over many months is needed to catch the disease.\nYou cannot get leprosy from a casual contact with a person who has Hansen\u2019s disease like:\n- Shaking hands or hugging\n- Sitting next to each other on the bus\n- Sitting together at a meal\nHansen\u2019s disease is also not passed on from a mother to her unborn baby during pregnancy and it is also not spread through sexual contact.\nDue to the slow-growing nature of the bacteria and the long time it takes to develop signs of the disease, it is often very difficult to find the source of infection.\nIn the southern United States, some armadillos are naturally infected with the bacteria that cause Hansen\u2019s disease in people and it may be possible that they can spread it to people. However, the risk is very low and most people who come into contact with armadillos are unlikely to get Hansen\u2019s disease.\nFor general health reasons, avoid contact with armadillos whenever possible. If you had a contact with an armadillo and are worried about getting Hansen\u2019s disease, talk to your healthcare provider. Your doctor will follow up with you over time and perform periodic skin examinations to see if you develop the disease. In the unlikely event that you have Hansen\u2019s disease, your doctor can help you get treatment.\nIn the U.S., Hansen\u2019s disease is rare. Around the world, as many as 2 million people are permanently disabled as a result of Hansen\u2019s disease.\nOverall, the risk of getting Hansen\u2019s disease for any adult around the world is very low. That\u2019s because more than 95% of all people have natural immunity to the disease.\nIn the southern United States, some armadillos are naturally infected with the bacteria that cause Hansen's disease.\nYou may be at risk for the disease if you live in a country where the disease is widespread. Countries that reported more than 1,000 new cases of Hansen\u2019s disease to WHO between 2011 and 2015 are:\n- Africa: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, United Republic of Tanzania\nYou may also be at risk if you are in prolonged close contact with people who have untreated Hansen\u2019s disease. If they have not been treated, you could get the bacteria that cause Hansen\u2019s disease. However, as soon as patients start treatment, they are no longer able to spread the disease.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Iqhenqa", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Men can also get a Candida infection in their penis .\n If a person uses antibiotics for a long time , they are more likely to get a Candida infection . Candida looks like large , round , white and yellow cysts that smell like bread . Treatment For people who are healthy , a candida infection can be treated with a skin oil or medication that can be swallowed .\n Skin medications can be bought ov", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'I-Khandida' from xh to English:\nMen can also get a Candida infection in their penis .\n If a person uses antibiotics for a long time , they are more likely to get a Candida infection . Candida looks like large , round , white and yellow cysts that smell like bread . Treatment For people who are healthy , a candida infection can be treated with a skin oil or medication that can be swallowed .\n Skin medications can be bought over the counter without a prescription .\n For people who are already sick , candidiasis can be a serious illness .\n It can cause abscess , thrombophlebitis , heart infection ( endocarditis ) .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Khandida\nIKhandida yi-genus okanye ukuqokolelana kwee-yeasts. I-Yeasts luhlobo oluthile lwe- fungus. eli qela le-fungi lilelona qela lingunobangela oxhaphakileyo owenza \u00a0 iusuleleko nge-fungus emhlabeni jikelele. Manolakaki, D., Velmahos, G., Kourkoumpetis, T., Chang, Y., Alam, H. B., De Moya, M. M., & Mylonakis, E. (2010). Uninzi lwabantu sele lunayo okanye sele luvulelekile kweli qela le-fungus kodwa abakaguli bona. Ukuba umntu uphelelwa ngamandla ngenxa yasigulo simbi, le fungus ingasenza isifo. Kourkoumpetis, Themistoklis K., et al. I-Candida albicans lolona hlobo lwe-Candida luxhaphakileyo. Usuleleko nggale fungus lubizwa ngokuba yi-candidiasis okanye yi-thrush. Ezinye iintlobo zeli qela zingafumaneka kwi-gut yomntu. Spanakis, Elias K., et al. \nAbantu bangachatshazelwa lusuleleko lwegazi ngenxa yale fungus.\u00a0 \nAmachiza abizwa ngokuba zii-antibiotics aziyinyangi usuleleko lwe-yeast. into eyenzekayo kukuba i-antibiotic ingalunwenwisa ngakumbi usuleleko ngeCandida. Kennedy, MJ et al. Abafazi bangalufumana kwizinyi zabo usuleleko lweCandida. Amadoda nawo angalufumana usuleleko lweCandida ebudodeni babo. Ukuba umntu usebenzisa ii-antibiotics ixesha elide,\u00a0 Maninzi kubo amathuba okufumana usuleleko lwe-Candida. Abantu abaneswekile okanye i-HIV maninzi amathuba kubo okufumana usuleleko lwe-yeast.\n Indima yayo njenge-pathogen \nLe fungus ingakhuliswa e-lab. I-Candida ibonakala ngathi zizazinge ezinkulu ezimile okwesangqa nesimhlophe nesimthubi elinuka njengesonka. I-Candida ingafumaneka phantse kuzo zonke izikhumba eziphilileyo. Jawetz et al. (1978), \"Medical Mycology\", Review of Medical Microbiology (13th ed.), pp.\u00a0276\u2013278 Isikhumba esomileyo sine-fungus. Amanani amancinane ale fungus afumaneka kwamanye amalungu omzimba. Laa malungu yimpumlo, umqala nemiphunga; i-digestive system nesinyi. Yinto eqhelekileyo leyo.\u00a0 \nXa le fungus idala isifo esisemlonyeni sibizwa ngokuba yi-thrush (i-oropharyngeal candidiasis). Xa le fungus idala isifo kwisizalo somfazi ibizwa ngokuba yi-vaginal candidiasis okanye kuthiwa nje yi-'yeast infection'. I-thrush ixhaphakile ebantwini abanxiba ii- dentures.\n Treatment \nAbantu abaphila ngaphandle kokugula, usuleleko nge-candida lunganyangeka nge-oli yesikhumba\u00a0 okanye ichiza elinokuginywa.\u00a0 Amayeza esikhumba angathengwa evenkileni ngaphandle kokuba ubhalelwe ngugqirha.\u00a0 Kubantu abasele begula kakade,\u00a0 i-candidiasis ingasisigulo esinobunzulu obukhulu. Isenokudala i-abscess, thrombophlebitis, usuleleko lwentliziyo\u00a0 (i-endocarditis). Isenokudala usululeko lwamehlo okanye lwezinye ii-organs. Jawetz et al. (1978), \"Medical Mycology\", Review of Medical Microbiology (13th ed.), pp.\u00a0276\u2013278 Usululeko lwe-Candida lungangena emzimbeni ngemikrwelo,ukugruzuka nokusikeka kwesikhumba.\u00a0 \n I-Species \nEzinye ii-Candida ezibalulekileyo yi-C. i-parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, kunye ne-C. dubliniensis.\n References \n Ezinye ii-websites", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-Khandida", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Each person 's offspring has many reproductive organs and characteristics , which make it clear and unmistakable what they are made of , and what they are made of .\n As the offspring of a new species of living creature , also called the offspring or the f1 generation , is made up of the genes of its mother and father , also known as the parental generation . Paying more attention to the embryo a", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Inzala' from xh to English:\nEach person 's offspring has many reproductive organs and characteristics , which make it clear and unmistakable what they are made of , and what they are made of .\n As the offspring of a new species of living creature , also called the offspring or the f1 generation , is made up of the genes of its mother and father , also known as the parental generation . Paying more attention to the embryo and how the embryo of the f1 generation occurs , is a gene called sex - linkage , which is a gene that is sent to the sex chromosome and the structure of this gene is different in males and females . It will then be clear which genes are present in the chromosomes and the sex of the thing that will be born is clear .\n A heifer will carry an X chromosome , while a male can carry either an X or a Y chromosome .\n If a male is born , the gene will have X and Y chromosomes . If both chromosomes are X , a heifer will be born . Although cell division and DNA replication are the main factors that play a major role in human health , there are many other steps involved such as enzymes and proteins .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nInzala\nIMAGE: Isele kwi-frogspawn - ingubo yamasele\nNgokwe-biology, inzala sisiqhamo\u00a0sokwanda kwesidalwa esiphefumlayo siqhanyiswa sesinye okanye, xakusenzeka i-sexual reproduction,\u00a0 abazali ababini.\u00a0 Ingqokolela yenzalo isenokwaziwa njenge-brood okanye i-progeny ngokwesiqhelo. Oku kunokubhekisa kwingqokolela yesizalo esivela ngaxeshanye, esifana namantshontso enkukhu aqanduselweyo kwingqokolela enye yamaqanda, okanye kuzo zonke kuyo yonke inzalo njengakubusi beenyosi. \u00a0\nInzalo yabantu (isizukulwana) babizwa ngokuba\u00a0 ngabantwana (kungajingwanga minyaka yabydala,\u00a0 kusenokuthiwa kumzali womntwana omncinci, okanye ''abantwana abadala\" okanye\u00a0 \"iimveku\" okanye \"abantwana abaselula\"); abantwana abangamakhwenkwe ngoonyana baze abangamantombazana bona babeziintombi (jonga kwii-kinship and descent). Inzalo isenokwenzeka emva kokuba abazali bobabini bethe badibana okanye emva kokuba kwenzeke i- artificial insemination.\nInzalo yomntu ngamnye inamalungu kwaneempawu zokuzala ezininzi, ezenza okokuba zicace gca futhi zingathandabuzeki izinto ezakhiwe ngazo, nengcagciso ngazo. Njengoko isizalo sohlobo olutsha lwesidalwa esiphilayo,\u00a0 sikwabizwa ngokuba ngumntwana okanye yi-sisizukulwana se-f1, sisenziwa zii-genes zikanina noyise, nabakwaziwa ngokuba sisizukulwana esingabazali. Isizukulwana ngasinye kwezi sinenqwaba yee-genes nezinophawu ngomsebebzi ngamnye nangeempawu zazo.\u00a0 Iinkunzi neemazi zombini zinenkxaso elinganayo kwii-genotypes zabantwa bazo abaziziqhamo zokudibana kwabo, apho ii-gametes zidi zidibane zimanyane kuze kubekho into eyenzekayo. umba obaluleke kakhulu ekwenzekeni kwesizalo somzali yi-chromosome, nesisakhiwo se-DNA esinee-genes ezininzi.\nUkuqwalasela ngakumbi kwisizalo nasekubeni senzeka njani na\u00a0 isizalo sesizukulwana se-f1, lufuzo olubizwa ngokuba yi- sex-linkage, nekuyi-gene ebuthume phaya kwi-sex chromosome kwaye izakhiwo zolu fuzo zahlukile kwinkunzi nakwimazi. Inkcazo ebonisa itheori ye-offspring inee-genes kwizizukulwana macala omabaini abazali, iye yafezekiswa ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-crossing-over, apho ke kuthathwa ii-genes kwii-chromosomes zenkunzi nee-genes kwii-chromosomes zethokazi, ize ke isiqhamo saloo nto ibe yinkqubo ye-meiosis ethi yenzeke, loo nto ikhokhelela ekubeni ziqhekeke kubini ke ii-chromosomes ngokulinganayo. Kuyakuthi ke kusakubonakala okokuba ziziphi ii-genes ezizingqonyela ngobukho kwi-chromosomes kucace isini saloo nto izakuzalwa. Ithokazi liyakukhupha i-chromosome engu-X, ngeli lixa yona inkunzi isenokukhupha i-chromosome engu-X okanye engu-Y. Ukuba kuye kwazalwa inkunzi, i-gene iyakuba nee-chromosomes ezingu-X no-Y. Ukuba ii-chromosomes zibe ngoo-X zombini, kuyakuzalwa ithokazi.\nI-Cloning kukuzalwa kwe-offspring emele ii-genes ezifana nqwa nomzali wazo.\u00a0 Inzala ye-cloning iqala ngokususwa kwe-nucleus eqandeni, nekuyeyona nto ilawula ubuni bee-genes. Ukuze kwenzeke inkqubo ye-clone kwi-organ, kwenzeka isiqu se-cell\u00a0 ze sisetyenziselwe ukuba zi-clon-e loo organ. Impazamo\u00a0 exhaphakileyo kwinkqubo ye-cloning yeyokuba kuzalwa kuyo isidalwa esifana nqwa nomzali lowo kwenzeke kuye le nkqubo ye-cloned. I-Cloning ikopa ii-DNA/genes zomzali ize ke ngoko yenze iikopi ze-genes ezo. I-clone ayinakuba ngumceph'ucandiwe njengoko isayakukhula kwiindawo ngeendawo ezijikeleze i-clone kwaye esenokufumana amathuba ngamathuba kwakunye namava. \u00a0 Nangona uninzi lwazo zii-positive, i-cloning isoloko ijongene nemingeni ngokwee-ethics nangokwempilo yoluntu.\u00a0 \nNangona ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-cell nokuphindwa-phindwa kwe-DNA izezona zinto zidlala indima enkulu empilweni yomntu, maninzi amanyathelo abandakanyekayo anjengee-enzymes nee-proteins. Oko kuthetha okokuba ziininzi iimpazamo, neengxaki ezisenokwenzeka, nezibizwa ngokuba zii-mutations. I-mutation lulo naluphi na utshintsho olusisigxina kwi-organism ye-DNA kwaye olo tshintsho lukwi-offspring ye-DNA. Ezinye ii-mutations zingazezilungileyo kuba zivela kumaxesha e-random evolution nezisenokulungela ezinye iintlobo,\u00a0 kodwa uninzi lwee-mutations zimbi njengoko zisenokutshintsha ii-genotypes zenzala, nokunokuthi kwenze utshintsho olunokungoza ezinye iintlobo zendalo. \n jonga nalapha \n Nanga amanye amaphepha ekusekelezelwe kulo olu lwazi.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Inzala", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "thumb Castilian ( castellano ) or Spanish ( espa\u00f1ol ) is a Romance language in the Ibero - Romance group that comes from several dialects of Latin spoken in the north of central Iberia in the world in the ninth century . The transition from the middle to the Spanish modern times highlighted the changes and the letters clearly - climbing the ancient language , which began in the fifteenth century ", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'IsiSpain' from xh to English:\nthumb Castilian ( castellano ) or Spanish ( espa\u00f1ol ) is a Romance language in the Ibero - Romance group that comes from several dialects of Latin spoken in the north of central Iberia in the world in the ninth century . The transition from the middle to the Spanish modern times highlighted the changes and the letters clearly - climbing the ancient language , which began in the fifteenth century .\n At the beginning of its history , the Spanish vocabulary has been enriched by its contact with Basque and Arabic and the language continues to use the words of various foreign languages and other languages , as well as the development of new words . In 1999 there were , according to Ethnologue , 358 million people who speak Spanish as their mother tongue and a total of 417 million people worldwide .\n Currently , these prices are up to 400 and 500 million people respectively .\n Spanish is the second most spoken language in the world , after Mandarin . Because of its growing ethnic and cultural preferences in the United States , especially in the rapidly growing states of the Sun Belt , Spanish as a second language is learned by many native English speakers .\n The growing political and economic stability of many major Spanish - speaking nations , the large geographical size of the language in Latin America and Europe , the popularity and growth of the culturally diverse areas found in the world , have made a significant contribution to the growth of learning Spanish as a foreign language in the world .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIsiSpain\nthumb\nIsiCastilian (castellano) okanye IsiSpanish (espa\u00f1ol) lulwimi Romance kwiqela Ibero-Romance ukuba bavela iziyelelane eziliqela Latin oluthethwa emntla wombindi Iberia ehlabathini ngenkulungwane yesithoba. saa ngcembe nokwandiswa loBukumkani Castile (langoku kumntla Spain) ukuya kumbindi nakumzantsi saseIberia ngamaXesha Aphakathi. \nInguqu ukusuka aphakathi ukuya Spanish mihla yabalasela utshintsho kunye oonobumba ngokuca- ikhwela ulwimi yamandulo, apho yaqala ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu. Ekuqaleni ngembali yaso, isigama Spanish iye natyetyiswa qhagamshelana yayo Basque kunye Arabic kunye ulwimi iyaqhubeka ukuba basebenzise amagama eelwimi zasemzini ezahlukahlukeneyo nezinye iilwimi, kwakunye nokuphuhliswa amagama amatsha. YaseSpain becala kuziswa Melika kwakunye Afrika Asia Pacific, kunye nokwandiswa koBukhosi baseSpeyin phakathi kwiinkulungwane elinesihlanu kwaye yeshumi elinesithoba, ezaba ulwimi ibaluleke kakhulu kurhulumente kunye nezorhwebo.\nNgo-1999 kwakukho, ngokutsho Ethnologue, yezigidi 358 abantu abathetha iSpanish njengolwimi lweenkobe kunye lilonke labantu abathetha million 417 ehlabathini Okwangoku, le amaxabiso ukuya ku kunye nabantu million 500 //actualidad.terra.es/cultura/articulo/comunidad_europea_asia_instituto_cervantes_847855.htm Spanish lelona lwimi ezithethwa yesibini ehlabathini, emva Mandarin. Mexico iqulethe inabantu abaninzi ulwimi-ukuthetha. Spanish yenye kwiilwimi ezintandathu ezisemthethweni yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yaye usetyenziswa njengolwimi olusemthethweni European Union, Mercosur kunye Union of South American yeZizwe (UNASUR).\nNgenxa yokuba khona layo bekhula ngobuhlanga kunye nenkcubeko ezithandwayo eUnited States, ingakumbi kwiimo ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwi Sun Belt, iSpanish wesibini ulwimi bafunda luninzi zizithethi IsiNgesi lweenkobe. Elikhulayo nozinzo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho ezininzi iintlanga ezinkulu iSpanish abathetha, ubungakanani enkulu geographical yolwimi in Latin America naseYurophu lokhenketho ukuthandwa nokukhula yezindawo siphila ngokwenkcubeko zifumaneka kwihlabathi kokufika ziye negalelo elibonakalayo ekukhuleni ukufunda iSpanishi njengoko ulwimi angaphandle emhlabeni. Okwangoku, isiSpanish ulwimi lwesithathu lusetyenziswa kwi Internet emva IsiNgesi kunye Mandarin. Kubalulekile kwakhona lwimi kakhulu kufundwa lwesibini nolwimi lwesibini nonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe, emva IsiNgesi, ehlabathini Imithombo \nCategory: Iilwimi", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "IsiSpain", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Nasal respiration refers to the importance of breathing through the nose ( or other visible organs , depending on the type of animal ) compared to breathing through the mouth .\n This word can mislead a person , as it pretends that the animal has no other way of breathing than breathing only through the nose ; This term is often used to describe situations where mouth breathing is possible , but t", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Uhlobo lokuphefumla olungeempumlo' from xh to English:\nNasal respiration refers to the importance of breathing through the nose ( or other visible organs , depending on the type of animal ) compared to breathing through the mouth .\n This word can mislead a person , as it pretends that the animal has no other way of breathing than breathing only through the nose ; This term is often used to describe situations where mouth breathing is possible , but the animal does not choose it .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUhlobo lokuphefumla olungeempumlo\u00a0 luchaza ukubaluleka kokuphefumla ngeempumlo (okanye ezinye iindlela zokuphefumla ngamalungu omzimba abonakalyo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo olo lwesinlwanyana) xa kuthelekiswa nokuphefumla ngomlomo. Eli gama lingamlahlekisa umntu, njengoko lisenza ngathi isilwanyana asina ndlela yimbi yokuphefumla ngaphandle kokuphefumla ngeempumlo kuphela; libe eli gama, lidla ngokusetyenziswa ukuchaza iimeko apho kuthi ukuphefumla ngomlomo kusenokuba yinto enokwenzeka, kodwa sibe sona isilwanyana singakukhethi. Kungenjalo, eli gama liye lachazwa ngabanye njengesakhono sokuphefumla ngeempumlo ngeli lixa isilwanyana sisaginyayo. SIDS and Otitis media \u2013 an anatomical perspective, Presented by: Brian Palmer, D. D. S., December 2001. Nangona esi sakhono sisesixhaphakileyo kwezo zidalwa ziphefumla ngeempumlo, eyonanto icacileyo yeyokokuba le nkcazo ayibonakalisi kubopheleleka kwesilwanyana ekubeni siphefumle ngeempulo. Nakwezo zibophelelekileyo ekubeni ziphefumle ngeempumlo ezifana namahashe, iimpuku nee-rodents, kukho indlela ecace gca yokuhamba komoya osuka emlonyeni usiya emiphungeni\u00a0 moya lowo onokusetyenziswa kwi-endotracheal intubation. Kuthiwa ukuphefumla ngeempumlo okunyanzelisiweyo kuyi-adaptation kwaye kubaluleke ngakumbi kumaxhoma, njengoko ivumela isilwanyana ukuba sizondle ngeli lixa sisonga isakhono saso sokujoja amaxhoba ngevumba.\u00a0 \n Abantu \nIimveku zisoloko zichazwa njengezidalwa eziphefumla ngeempumlo, kuba kaloku zikhetha ukuphefumla ngeempumlo zazo kunemilomo yazo. Nangona kunjalo uninzi lweemveku luyakwazi ukuphefumla ngemilomo yazo xa zimfixene. Kukwakho iimveku ezithile ezibakwiimeko ezifana ne-choanal atresia meko ezo ezikhokelele ekufeni okwenziwa kukumfixana kweempumlo. Kwezi meko kukho amaxesha e-cyclical ye-cyanosis. Imveku iqala izame ukuphefumla ngempumlo, kwaye xa ingakwazi, kwenzeka i- hypercapnia, kwaye abantwana abaninzi baqala ngokukhala. Besakhala njalo, kutsho kuvuleke umlombo babe baqala ukuphefumla ngomlomo ngolo hlobo, ize ke yona i-cyanosis iye incipha ngokuncipha. Ixesha lokwenzeka koku ke liyashiyashiyana de usana lube luqalisa ukuphefumla ngomlomo,\u00a0 kanti ke ezinye iintsana azisayi kuze ziyeke ukuphefumla ngeempulo.\u00a0 Bekukwathiwa iimveku\u00a0 azinakubanakho ukusoloko ziphefumla ngomlomo ixesha elide, ngenxa yobuthakathaka bezihlunu zazo ezibonakala zingenakuwuvingca umzila osezimpumlweni owenzelwe ukuhamba komoya oluphefumla ngawo olu sana, zibonakale zingenakho nokuvula umzila osemlonyeni wokuhamba komoya oyakwenza okokuba usana lukwazi ukuphefumla ngomlo.\n Ezinye izilwanyana \nAmahashe asoloko ethathwa njengezilwanyana eziphefumla ngeempumlo.\u00a0 Eli gama lilelichanekileyo xa lisetyenziswa emahasheni,\u00a0 kuba kaloku ngokwendlela adalwe ngayo (ngokwe-normal anatomy) ayiwavumeli amahashe ukuba aphefumle ngomlomo.\u00a0 I-epiglottis ihleli ngephezu kwenkalakahla ethambileyo nebizwa ngokuba yi-soft palate oku kwenzeka xa isilwanyana esi singaginyi nto, kutsho kuvingceke umzila ohamba umoya. Ukuphefumla ngomlomo kungenzeka xa kukho into engahambi kakuhle nengaqhelekanga kwindalo yesilwanyana eso. Umzekelo, ukufadalala komthambo wegazi (utsho uyeke ukuhambisa igazi) we-pharyngeal branch ye-vagus nerve kubangunozala wokufakelwa kwe-nkalakahla ethambileyo (DDSP), kwaye oku kuthiwa kukhokhelela kwi-clinical syndrome esenokubandakanya ukuphefumla ngomlomo. Nangona kunjalo, ukungaphefumli ngendlela efanelekileyo, kuquka nokuphazamiseka kokuvaleleka komoya ungahambi kakuhle kubonwa kwi- DDSP, kwaye isilwanyana asinakuqhuba kakuhle kule meko.\u00a0 \nIimpuku nee-rodents zikwanyanzelekile ukuba ziphefumle ngeempumlo.\u00a0 njengamahashe, indawo le emi kuyo i-epiglottis yenza okokuba isoloko idibana kwi-caudal rim yenkalakahla ethambileyo, kutsho kuvaleke vingci umlomo we-pharynx osuka kumizila yomoya esuka ngezantsi. Nangoku sele kunjalo, nokokuba iimpuku ezimizila yayo ehamba umoya yomoya ingasentla echatshsazelwe yintsholongwane emandla ysele zinentsholongwane emandla, iyakuzama ukuphefumla ngomlomo wayo.\u00a0 \nEzinye izilwanyana ezininzi, ezifana neekati, izinja, nabantu abadala, ziyakwazi ukuphefumla ngokupheleleyo ngemilomo, nangeempulo zazo.\u00a0 \n Funda nale mibhalo \n Uxhumano neminye imibhalo engaphandle kweli phepha.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Uhlobo lokuphefumla olungeempumlo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Another common symptom is the blockage of the lungs called cyanosis in babies when they are breastfed , as in this case their breathing depends on the nostrils .\n This symptom is confirmed by radiological imaging , usually a CT scan . Conditions that make someone at risk of having this disease .\n There are many conditions that have been identified that can cause a person to be at risk of choana", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Choanal atresia lukhubazeko ozalwa nalo olwenzeka phaya ngasemva komzila wempumlo (obizwa ngokuba yi-choana) kutsho kuvaleke mba lo mzila, oko ke kudla ngokwenzeka xa kuthe kwakho ithambo elingaqhelekanga mhlawubi eli thambo linobudalwa obuthile, okanye\u00a0 xa kuye kwakho i-tissue ethambileyo (enjengenwebu okanye into ebukhumbarha) ngenxa yokusilela kwe-recanalization yawo omabini amagumbi empulo (iimbobo zempulo esiphefumla ngazo) ngexesha lokukhula kwemveku isesesiswini sesilwanyana.\u00a0 \n Ubume bayo \nIsenokuba unilateral okanye ibe-bilateral.\n Ngamanye amaxesha, i-unilateral choanal atresia ingangabonwa de umntwana abemdala ngenxa yokokuba ede wabe uyaqhela ukuphefumla ngaloo mpumlo inye.\u00a0 \n I-Bilateral choanal atresia yimeko engumngcipheko omkhulu kubomi bomntwana kuba kaloku uyakusuka angakwazi kuphefumla ngokupheleleyo emva kokuba ezelwe njengoko iimveku zizalwa zinyanzelekileyo ukuba ziphefumle ngeempumlo (ziphefumla ngeempumlo kuphela). Kwezinye iimeko, oku kuvela njengokuxinana kweempumlo imfuxane namanye amazwi, ebonakala ngakumbi xa umntwana encanciswa, kuba indlela ehamba umoya ivalwe lulwimi, ize ithi indlela le inciphe ngakumbi umoya ungabi nakuhamba. Oku kuxinana ke kungangcono xa elila umntwana, kuba kaloku kulapho umoya ohamba ngomlomo usetyenziswa ngalo lonke ixesha.\u00a0 Ezi mveku zingancedwa ngothi zithi zigqitywa nje ukuzalwa zibe sele zixhaswa ngomoya.\u00a0 \n Iimeko ezinxulumene nayo \nNgamanye amaxesha iimveku zizalwa ne-choanal atresia ziba nezinye iimpawu zobudalwa:\n I-coloboma\n Ukusisela kwentliziyo\n ukudodobala kwengqondo\n Ukungakhuli\n nezinye (jonga nakwi-CHARGE syndrome)\nKanti ke neemeko ezenza uxinzelelo olumandla kwibhulorho yempulo okanye kwithanjana elahlula iimpulo zombini zinganxulunyaniswa ne-choanal atresia. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-craniosynostosis syndromes ezifana ne-Crouzon syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Treacher Collins kunye ne-Antley-Bixler syndrome.\n Singabonwa njani esi sifo \nI-choanal atresia ingakrokrelwa xa kungenakufakelwa ithyubhu yempumloebizwa ngokuba yi-catheter yempumlo. Choanal atresia - PubMed Health\nKwakhona, ukuba kubonakala ukunkcenkceza kwemifinya okuvela kwenye okanye kuzo zombini iimpumlo, oko kungaluphawu lwe- atresia. Olunye uphawu oluxhaphakileyo kukuvaleka kweempulo okubizwa ngokuba yi-cyanosis ebakwimveku xa incanciswa ngunina, njengoko xa ikule meko ukuphefumla kwayo kuxhomekeke kwiimpumlo. Olu phawu lungqinwa nge-radiological imaging, edla ngokwenziwa nge-CT scan.\n Iimeko ezinokudala okokuba kubekho esi sifo \n Iimeko ezenza okokuba ubani abesemngciphekweni wokuba nesi sifo. \nZibalwa kakhulu iimeko esethe zabonwa ezinokudala okokuba umntu abekumngcipheko we-choanal atresia. \u00a0 Nangona unobangela wesi sifo ungekaziwa, ufuzo neemeko zendalo ziyakrokrelwa. Choanol atresia, NIH PubMed Health, August 2011. Esinye isifundo sibonisa okokuba iikhemikhali ezisebenza njenge-endocrine interrupters zingayibeka emngciphekweni imveku engekazalwa. Isifundo se-epidemiological sango-2012 saqwalasela kwi-atrazine, i-herbicide exhaphakileyo kwelase-U.S., kwafunyaniswa okokuba abafazi abahlala kwiingingqi zolwawulo lwase Texas ezinale khemikhali ekwizinga eliphezulu nesetyenziselwa ukuncothula ukhula, kwaafunyaniswa okokuba aba malunga nama- 80 amathuba okuzala iintsana ezinale\u00a0 choanal atresia okanye i-stenosis xa kuthelekiswa nabafazi abahlala kwiingingqi zolwawulo apho liphantsi izinga lale khemikhali. Enye ingxelo ye-epidemiological yango-2010 yafumanisa unxulumano olungaphezulu phakathi kokwanda kwezi meko ze-choanal atresia kwanokuvelela kwisandla sokutshaya, ekuphungeni ifofu, nakubantu abaphila ngokuthatha i-maternal zinc ne-B-12 kwanokuvelela kumayeza a-anti-infective urinary tract. Epidemiology of choanal atresia - the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, Vijaya Kancherla, University of Iowa,\n2010.\n Unyango \nUkungxengwa kwayo okwethutyana kungayimpumelelo xa kunagfakelwa umzila wokuhamba komoya emlonyeni.\u00a0 Kodwa ke olona nyango lupheleleyo luqhaqho ukuze kulungiswe undonakele ngokuthi kombiwe i-atresia ngeenjongo zokudala indlela yokuhamba komoya obizwa ngokuba yi-nasopharyngeal. Ukuba uxinano lwenziwa lithambo lempumlo, elo thambo liyaqhawulwa kuze kufakelwe i-stent (ithyubhu yep-plastiki) fakelwa phakathi kweempumlo. Kufuneka ifunxwe yonke le nto kwisigulane, ikhutshelwe ngaphandle ngomatshini wombhobho womoya. Uyakuthi ke ugulayo ebudaleni bakhe xa kanye aselula okanye xa efikelela kumashumi amabini eminyaka, uphinde uvulwe ngakumbi ke lo mngxuma.\u00a0 \nI-stent singafakelwa ngeenjongo \u00a0 zokugcina le ndlela intsha yokuhamba komoya iselungelweni lokwenza oko,\u00a0 okanye kusenokuphindwa kwa olwa qhaqho.\n Ngokwesiko lesiqhelo \nKumdlalo bhanya-bhanya othi City of Angels, Ugq. Maggie Rice (odlalwa ngu-Meg Ryan) uye wawuchana unobangela wokokuba iimveku zisilele ukuba zibenokuphila ngokupheleleyo ngenxa ye-\u00a0 choanal atresia.\n Funda nalapha \n Unxulumano lwangaphandle \n Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'I-Choanal atresia' from xh to English:\nAnother common symptom is the blockage of the lungs called cyanosis in babies when they are breastfed , as in this case their breathing depends on the nostrils .\n This symptom is confirmed by radiological imaging , usually a CT scan . Conditions that make someone at risk of having this disease .\n There are many conditions that have been identified that can cause a person to be at risk of choanal atresia . Another study shows that chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors can put the unborn baby at risk .\n A 2012 epidemiological study looked at atrazine , a common herbicide in the U.S. , and found that women living in areas of Texas with high levels of this weed - killing chemical were about 80 times more likely to give birth to babies with choanal atresia or stenosis compared to women living in control areas where the level of this chemical is low .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-Choanal atresia", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "they include Al Qala of the Beni Hammad , the original capital of the Hammadid kingdom ; Tipasa , a Phoenician town that later became a Roman town ; and Dj\u00e9mila and Timgad , ancient Roman ruins ; the MZab valley , a limestone valley with a resurgent urbanisation ; Also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel .\n There is only one traditional center that deals with the customs and traditions ", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'E-Algeria' from xh to English:\nthey include Al Qala of the Beni Hammad , the original capital of the Hammadid kingdom ; Tipasa , a Phoenician town that later became a Roman town ; and Dj\u00e9mila and Timgad , ancient Roman ruins ; the MZab valley , a limestone valley with a resurgent urbanisation ; Also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel .\n There is only one traditional center that deals with the customs and traditions of the World is Tassili and Ajjer , a mountain range .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nE-Algeria\nIMAGE: I-Algeria kwimephu yehlabathi \u00a0\nAlgeria (official name: I-Algeria (urhulumente olawulwa sisininzi sabantu base-Algeria) lilizwe elizinze kwintshona yomNtla-Afrika. Intloko dolophu yeli lizwe yi-Algiers. I-Algeria lelona lizwe lakhe lalikhulu e-Afrika. Igama lalo lisuka kwisixeko sedolophu esiyi-Algiers. Umntla weli lizwe woyame ngolwandle iMediterranean, ize yoyame nge-Tunisia ngaseMntla-Mpuma, kube yi-Libya ngasempuma, kube yiNiger ngasemzantsi, kube yiMauritania Sahara neSahara\u00a0 ngasentshona, ize kube yiMorocco ngasemntla-ntshona.\u00a0\u00a0\n Ezinye ii-websites \nI-Algeria yayinabantu ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-10.000 BC. Loo nto ingabonwa kakuhle kwiTassili National Park. Ngo-600-BC, amaPhoenician ayeseTipasa. AmaArabhu okuqala awayengamaMuslim eza e-Algeria phakathi kumnyaka wenkulungwane yesi-7. Baninzi ke abantu abathi bazikhethela le nkolo.\u00a0 \nNgenkulungwane ye-11, iintlanga zama-Arabhu amaBanu Hilal nezamaBanu Sulaym zagaleleka phakathi kwe-Tunisia nempuma-Algeria (i-Constantois). Ingcaphephe ngezemathematika eyayidume kunene, uFibonacci (1170-1250) waqala ukuhlala e-Algeria eselula. Kulapho wafunda khona inkqubo yokucwangciswa kwamanani esiHindu nesi-Arabhu, watsho waphawula okokuba kulula ukuwasebenzisa. Ngeminyaka yoo-1500 neyoo-1700, ubukumkani baseSpain\u00a0 bathathela kuyo inkoliso yolawulo lwe-Algeria. Yaza i-Algeria yenziwa inxalenye yobukumkani base-Otwulatoman ngo-1517. Zaza ke zona ii-Pirates zasebenza zisuka kunxweme oluyiBarbary. Zazithatha abantu zibathengisele ubukhoboka.\u00a0 \nI-France yaqala ukuthathela kuyo ulawuwulo lwe-algeria ngo-1830. Ngo-1954, I-National Liberation Front (Front de Lib\u00e9ration Nationale or FLN) yaafuna inkululeko yayo e-France. Kwada ke kwakho nemfazwe, balwa.\u00a0 Ide yayifumana inkululeko yayo kwiFrance ngomhla wesi-5 kweyeKhala ngo-1962.\nNgo-1963, uAhmed Ben Bella waba nguMongameli wokuqala waseAlgeria.\nIMfazwe yobuKhaya e-Algerian yaaqala ngo-1991. Yaaphela ngo-2002. Emva kokuba abantu abaninzi baathi baqhankqalaza, kwiindawo ezinjenge-Tunisia, eJiphethe, nase-Libya, urhulumente wayiphelisa imo yonxunguphalo eyayibekwe ngurhulumente ngomhla wama-24 kweyomDumba ngo-2011.\u00a0 \nIndawo enkulu kumazantsi e-Algeria yintlango yaseSahara.\u00a0 Imiyinge yeentaba ze-Aures ne-Nememcha isemantla. Eyona ndawo iphakamileyo yiMount Tahat (uzimitha ezingama-3,003).\nIilwimi ezisetyenziswayo ngokusesikweni laseburhulumenteni balapha, sisi-Arabhu nesiBerber. Kanti ke nesiFrentshi sisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabantu abanininzi kule ndawo.\u00a0 \nUluntu lwase-Algeria lumalunga nezigidi ezingama-39.5 zabantu. Izixeko zeli lizwe zingaphaya kwama-40 kwaye zinabantu abangaphaya kwe-100,000.\nAngama-48 amaphondo (ukusukela ngo-1983) ase-Algeria, ngala:\n Kufundwe laa maphepha alandelayo \n Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa \n Iilwimi \n Imbali \n Amaziko eUNESCO ajongene namasiko kunye nezithethe kwiHlabathi \nAliqela amaziko eUNESCO ajongene namasiko nezithethe zehlabathi e-algeria. aquka i-Al Qal'a ye-Beni Hammad, ikomkhulu lokuqala lobukumkani be-Hammadid; i-Tipasa, idolophu yama-Phoenician eyathi kamva yaba yidolophu yaseRoma; ne-Dj\u00e9mila kunye ne-Timgad, amabhodlo amandulo amaRoma; intlambo ye-M'Zab, intlambo yekalika enesihlaziyi esiphuculwe ngokwasezidolophini ezinkulu; kananjalo i-Casbah yase-Algiers yinqaba is an important citadel. Linye kuphela iziko lemveli elijongene namasiko nezithethe zeHlabathi yi-Tassili n'Ajjer, udederhu lweentaba.\n IJografi \n Amanye amaphepha asihloko sawo sifana neli \n Izalathisi \nCategory: Amazwe aseAfrika", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "E-Algeria", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "West should go to the Greater S\u00e3o Paulo region , in accordance with government law No. 1139 of June 16 , 2011 and therefore the Integrated Development Plan of the City of Greater S\u00e3o Paulo ( PDUI ) .\n This is located 35 km from Cathedral Square , ground zero of the capital of the government .", "text": "### LANGUAGE: Portuguese\n### URL: http://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/lei.complementar/2011/lei.complementar-1139-16.06.2011.html\nO GOVERNADOR DO ESTADO DE S\u00c3O PAULO:\nFa\u00e7o saber que a Assembleia Legislativa decreta e eu promulgo a seguinte lei complementar:\nArtigo 1\u00ba - A Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana da Grande S\u00e3o Paulo fica reorganizada como unidade regional do territ\u00f3rio estadual, nos termos do artigo 25, \u00a7 3\u00ba, da Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Federal, dos artigos 152 a 158 da Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Estadual e, no que couber, da Lei Complementar n\u00ba 760, de 1\u00ba de agosto de 1994, bem como na forma estabelecida por esta lei complementar.\nArtigo 2\u00ba - A Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana da Grande S\u00e3o Paulo, institu\u00edda pela Lei Complementar federal n\u00ba 14, de 8 de junho de 1973, e disciplinada pela Lei Complementar estadual n\u00ba 94, de 29 de maio de 1974, passa a ter sua denomina\u00e7\u00e3o alterada para Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo - RMSP.\nArtigo 3\u00ba - A organiza\u00e7\u00e3o da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, nos termos do artigo 152 da Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Estadual, tem por objetivo promover:\nI - o planejamento regional para o desenvolvimento socioecon\u00f4mico e a melhoria da qualidade de vida;\nII - a coopera\u00e7\u00e3o entre diferentes n\u00edveis de governo, mediante a descentraliza\u00e7\u00e3o, articula\u00e7\u00e3o e integra\u00e7\u00e3o de seus \u00f3rg\u00e3os e entidades da administra\u00e7\u00e3o direta e indireta com atua\u00e7\u00e3o na regi\u00e3o, visando ao m\u00e1ximo aproveitamento dos recursos p\u00fablicos a ela destinados;\nIII - a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o racional do territ\u00f3rio, dos recursos naturais e culturais e a prote\u00e7\u00e3o do meio ambiente, mediante o controle da implanta\u00e7\u00e3o dos empreendimentos p\u00fablicos e privados na regi\u00e3o;\nIV - a integra\u00e7\u00e3o do planejamento e da execu\u00e7\u00e3o das fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas de interesse comum aos entes p\u00fablicos atuantes na regi\u00e3o;\nV - a redu\u00e7\u00e3o das desigualdades regionais.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - Ficam mantidos os atuais limites territoriais da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, composta pelos seguintes Munic\u00edpios: Aruj\u00e1, Barueri, Biritiba-Mirim, Caieiras, Cajamar, Carapicu\u00edba, Cotia, Diadema, Embu, Embu-Gua\u00e7u, Ferraz de Vasconcelos, Francisco Morato, Franco da Rocha, Guararema, Guarulhos, Itapecerica da Serra, Itapevi, Itaquaquecetuba, Jandira, Juquitiba, Mairipor\u00e3, Mau\u00e1, Mogi das Cruzes, Osasco, Pirapora do Bom Jesus, Po\u00e1, Ribeir\u00e3o Pires, Rio Grande da Serra, Sales\u00f3polis, Santa Isabel, Santana de Parna\u00edba, Santo Andr\u00e9, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo, S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul, S\u00e3o Louren\u00e7o da Serra, S\u00e3o Paulo, Suzano, Tabo\u00e3o da Serra e Vargem Grande Paulista.\n\u00a7 2\u00ba - Integrar\u00e3o a Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo os Munic\u00edpios que vierem a ser criados em decorr\u00eancia de desmembramento, incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o ou fus\u00e3o dos Munic\u00edpios indicados no \u00a7 1\u00ba deste artigo.\nArtigo 4\u00ba - Os Munic\u00edpios da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo ser\u00e3o agrupados nas seguintes subregi\u00f5es:\nI - Norte: Caieiras, Cajamar, Francisco Morato, Franco da Rocha e Mairipor\u00e3;\nII - Leste: Aruj\u00e1, Biritiba-Mirim, Ferraz de Vasconcelos, Guararema, Guarulhos, Itaquaquecetuba, Mogi das Cruzes, Po\u00e1, Sales\u00f3polis, Santa Isabel e Suzano;\nIII - Sudeste: Diadema, Mau\u00e1, Ribeir\u00e3o Pires, Rio Grande da Serra, Santo Andr\u00e9, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo e S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul;\nIV - Sudoeste: Cotia, Embu, Embu-Gua\u00e7u, Itapecerica da Serra, Juquitiba, S\u00e3o Louren\u00e7o da Serra, Tabo\u00e3o da Serra e Vargem Grande Paulista;\nV - Oeste: Barueri, Carapicu\u00edba, Itapevi, Jandira, Osasco, Pirapora do Bom Jesus e Santana de Parna\u00edba.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - O Munic\u00edpio de S\u00e3o Paulo integrar\u00e1 todas as sub-regi\u00f5es mencionadas neste artigo.\n\u00a7 2\u00ba - Os Munic\u00edpios da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo poder\u00e3o integrar mais de uma sub-regi\u00e3o.\n\u00a7 3\u00ba - Caber\u00e1 ao Conselho de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, institu\u00eddo pelo artigo 5\u00ba desta lei complementar, estabelecer em regimento pr\u00f3prio as normas relativas ao processo de organiza\u00e7\u00e3o e funcionamento das sub-regi\u00f5es mencionadas neste artigo.\nArtigo 5\u00ba - Fica criado o Conselho de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, de car\u00e1ter normativo e deliberativo, a ser organizado na forma estabelecida por esta lei complementar, pelo artigo 154 da Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado e pelos artigos 9\u00ba e 16 da Lei Complementar n\u00ba 760, de 1\u00ba de agosto de 1994.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento integrar\u00e1 a entidade aut\u00e1rquica a que se refere o artigo 17 desta lei complementar.\n\u00a7 2\u00ba - As delibera\u00e7\u00f5es do Conselho de Desenvolvimento ser\u00e3o compatibilizadas com as diretrizes fixadas pela Uni\u00e3o e pelo Estado para o desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o.\n\u00a7 3\u00ba - Ficam extintos o Conselho Deliberativo da Grande S\u00e3o Paulo (Codegran) e o Conselho Consultivo Metropolitano de Desenvolvimento Integrado da Grande S\u00e3o Paulo (Consulti), criados pela Lei Complementar n\u00ba 94, de 29 de maio de 1974, e os seus acervos patrimoniais ser\u00e3o transferidos para o Conselho de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo.\nI - deliberar sobre planos, projetos, programas, servi\u00e7os e obras a serem realizados com recursos financeiros do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, a que se refere o artigo 21 desta lei complementar;\nII - outras atribui\u00e7\u00f5es de interesse comum que lhe forem outorgadas por lei.\nArtigo 7\u00ba - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento ser\u00e1 composto pelo Prefeito de cada Munic\u00edpio integrante da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, ou por pessoa por ele designada, e por representantes do Estado, ou seus respectivos suplentes, vinculados aos campos funcionais de interesse comum.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - Os representantes do Estado no Conselho de Desenvolvimento e seus respectivos suplentes ser\u00e3o designados por ato do Chefe do Poder Executivo, a partir das indica\u00e7\u00f5es das Secretarias a que se vincularem as fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas de interesse comum.\n\u00a7 2\u00ba - Os representantes e seus suplentes ser\u00e3o designados por um per\u00edodo de 24 (vinte e quatro) meses, permitida a recondu\u00e7\u00e3o.\n\u00a7 3\u00ba - Integrar\u00e3o o Conselho de Desenvolvimento 2 (dois) representantes do Poder Legislativo Estadual, dotados de reconhecida capacidade t\u00e9cnica e administrativa.\n\u00a7 4\u00ba - Os membros de que trata o \u00a7 3\u00ba deste artigo ser\u00e3o indicados pela Mesa Diretora da Assembleia Legislativa, no prazo de 90 (noventa) dias contados da data da instala\u00e7\u00e3o ou da data da vac\u00e2ncia, observadas as disposi\u00e7\u00f5es pertinentes do regimento.\n\u00a7 5\u00ba - As indica\u00e7\u00f5es dever\u00e3o assegurar a paridade da participa\u00e7\u00e3o do conjunto dos Munic\u00edpios e do Estado no \u00e2mbito do Conselho de Desenvolvimento, sem preju\u00edzo do disposto no par\u00e1grafo \u00fanico do artigo 9\u00ba desta lei complementar.\n\u00a7 6\u00ba - Os membros do Conselho de Desenvolvimento poder\u00e3o ser substitu\u00eddos, mediante comunica\u00e7\u00e3o ao Colegiado, com anteced\u00eancia m\u00ednima de 30 (trinta) dias.\n\u00a7 7\u00ba - As reuni\u00f5es do Conselho de Desenvolvimento ser\u00e3o p\u00fablicas.\nArtigo 8\u00ba - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento ter\u00e1 1 (um) Presidente, 1 (um) Vice-Presidente e 1 (uma) Secretaria Executiva, cujas fun\u00e7\u00f5es e atribui\u00e7\u00f5es ser\u00e3o definidas em regimento pr\u00f3prio.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - O Presidente e o Vice-Presidente ser\u00e3o eleitos pelo voto secreto de seus pares, para mandato de 1 (um) ano, permitida a recondu\u00e7\u00e3o.\n\u00a7 2\u00ba - Em caso de empate, proceder-se-\u00e1 a nova vota\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e0 qual concorrer\u00e3o os 2 (dois) mais votados, e, persistindo o empate, ser\u00e3o considerados eleitos os mais idosos.\n\u00a7 3\u00ba - A Secretaria Executiva ser\u00e1 exercida pela entidade aut\u00e1rquica a que se refere o artigo 17 desta lei complementar.\nArtigo 9\u00ba - \u00c9 garantida, no Conselho de Desenvolvimento, a participa\u00e7\u00e3o parit\u00e1ria do conjunto de Munic\u00edpios em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao Estado.\nPar\u00e1grafo \u00fanico - Para que se assegure a participa\u00e7\u00e3o parit\u00e1ria a que se refere este artigo, sempre que existir diferen\u00e7a de n\u00famero entre os representantes do Estado e dos Munic\u00edpios, os votos ser\u00e3o ponderados, de modo que, no conjunto, tanto os votos do Estado, como os dos Munic\u00edpios, correspondam, respectivamente, a 50% (cinquenta por cento) da vota\u00e7\u00e3o.\nArtigo 10 - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento s\u00f3 poder\u00e1 deliberar com a presen\u00e7a da maioria absoluta dos votos ponderados.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - A aprova\u00e7\u00e3o de qualquer mat\u00e9ria sujeita a delibera\u00e7\u00e3o ocorrer\u00e1 pelo voto da maioria simples dos votos ponderados.\n\u00a7 2\u00ba - Na hip\u00f3tese de empate, far-se-\u00e1 nova vota\u00e7\u00e3o, em reuni\u00f5es seguintes e sucessivas, at\u00e9 o n\u00famero de 3 (tr\u00eas), findas as quais, persistindo o empate, a mat\u00e9ria ser\u00e1 submetida a audi\u00eancia p\u00fablica, voltando \u00e0 aprecia\u00e7\u00e3o do Conselho de Desenvolvimento para nova delibera\u00e7\u00e3o.\n\u00a7 3\u00ba - Persistindo o empate, a mat\u00e9ria ser\u00e1 arquivada, n\u00e3o podendo ser objeto de nova proposi\u00e7\u00e3o no mesmo exerc\u00edcio, salvo se apresentada por 1/3 (um ter\u00e7o) dos membros do Conselho de Desenvolvimento ou por iniciativa popular, subscrita, no m\u00ednimo, por 0,5 % (meio por cento) do eleitorado da Regi\u00e3o.\n\u00a7 4\u00ba - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento promover\u00e1 a publica\u00e7\u00e3o de suas delibera\u00e7\u00f5es na Imprensa Oficial do Estado.\nArtigo 11 - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento convocar\u00e1, ordinariamente, a cada 6 (seis) meses, audi\u00eancias p\u00fablicas destinadas \u00e0 exposi\u00e7\u00e3o de suas delibera\u00e7\u00f5es referentes aos estudos e planos em andamento e \u00e0 utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o dos recursos do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, a que se refere o artigo 21 desta lei complementar.\nPar\u00e1grafo \u00fanico - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento realizar\u00e1, sempre que deliberado por seus pares, audi\u00eancias p\u00fablicas para exposi\u00e7\u00e3o e debate de estudos, pol\u00edticas, planos, programas e projetos relacionados \u00e0s fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas de interesse comum da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo.\nArtigo 12 - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento especificar\u00e1 as fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas de interesse comum ao Estado e aos Munic\u00edpios da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, dentre os seguintes campos funcionais:\nI - planejamento e uso do solo;\nII - transporte e sistema vi\u00e1rio regional;\nIV - saneamento ambiental;\nVI - desenvolvimento econ\u00f4mico;\nVII - atendimento social;\nVIII - esportes e lazer.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - O planejamento do servi\u00e7o previsto no inciso II deste artigo ser\u00e1 de compet\u00eancia do Estado e dos Munic\u00edpios integrantes da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo.\n\u00a7 2\u00ba - A opera\u00e7\u00e3o de transportes coletivos de car\u00e1ter regional ser\u00e1 realizada pelo Estado, diretamente ou mediante concess\u00e3o ou permiss\u00e3o, observadas as normas de licita\u00e7\u00e3o, ou por meio de cons\u00f3rcio p\u00fablico, nos termos da Lei federal n\u00ba 11.107, de 6 de abril de 2005.\n\u00a7 3\u00ba - Para os efeitos desta lei complementar, os campos funcionais indicados nos incisos V, VI e VII deste artigo compreender\u00e3o as fun\u00e7\u00f5es sa\u00fade, educa\u00e7\u00e3o, planejamento integrado da seguran\u00e7a p\u00fablica, cultura, recursos h\u00eddricos, defesa civil e servi\u00e7os p\u00fablicos em regime de concess\u00e3o ou prestados diretamente pelo Poder P\u00fablico, sem preju\u00edzo de outras fun\u00e7\u00f5es a serem especificadas pelo Conselho de Desenvolvimento.\nArtigo 13 - \u00c9 assegurada, nos termos do \u00a7 2\u00ba do artigo 154 da Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Estadual e do artigo 14 da Lei Complementar n\u00ba 760, de 1\u00ba de agosto de 1994, a participa\u00e7\u00e3o popular no processo de planejamento e tomada de decis\u00f5es, bem como na fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o da realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de servi\u00e7os ou fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas de car\u00e1ter regional.\nArtigo 14 - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento estabelecer\u00e1, em seu regimento, regras sobre a cria\u00e7\u00e3o e funcionamento do Conselho Consultivo da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, a ser composto por representantes:\nI - da sociedade civil;\nII - do Poder Legislativo Estadual;\nIII - do Poder Legislativo dos Munic\u00edpios que integram a Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo;\nIV - do Poder Executivo Municipal;\nV - do Poder Executivo Estadual.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - O Conselho Consultivo poder\u00e1 ser criado em cada sub-regi\u00e3o da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo.\n\u00a7 2\u00ba - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento disciplinar\u00e1, em seu regimento, o processo de escolha dos representantes dos organismos indicados nos incisos I e III deste artigo, que dever\u00e3o ser escolhidos por seus pares e ter domic\u00edlio eleitoral em sua base geogr\u00e1fica.\n\u00a7 3\u00ba - O Poder Executivo Estadual ser\u00e1 representado pela Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Metropolitano.\nArtigo 15 - Cabe ao Conselho Consultivo:\nI - elaborar propostas representativas da sociedade civil, do Poder Executivo Estadual, do Poder Executivo Municipal, do Poder Legislativo Estadual e do Poder Legislativo dos Munic\u00edpios que integram a Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, a serem submetidas \u00e0 delibera\u00e7\u00e3o do Conselho de Desenvolvimento;\nII - propor ao Conselho de Desenvolvimento a constitui\u00e7\u00e3o de C\u00e2maras Tem\u00e1ticas e de C\u00e2maras Tem\u00e1ticas Especiais, observado o disposto no artigo 16 desta lei complementar;\nIII - opinar, por solicita\u00e7\u00e3o do Conselho de Desenvolvimento, sobre quest\u00f5es de interesse da respectiva sub-regi\u00e3o.\nPar\u00e1grafo \u00fanico - O Conselho Consultivo poder\u00e1 encaminhar mat\u00e9rias para a delibera\u00e7\u00e3o do Conselho de Desenvolvimento, por meio de iniciativa popular, subscrita por, no m\u00ednimo, 0,5 % (meio por cento) do eleitorado da sub-regi\u00e3o.\nArtigo 16 - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento poder\u00e1 constituir C\u00e2maras Tem\u00e1ticas, para as fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas de interesse comum, e C\u00e2maras Tem\u00e1ticas Especiais, voltadas a um programa, projeto ou atividade espec\u00edfica, como subfun\u00e7\u00e3o entre as fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas definidas pelo Colegiado.\nPar\u00e1grafo \u00fanico - O Regimento Interno do Conselho de Desenvolvimento disciplinar\u00e1 o funcionamento das C\u00e2maras Tem\u00e1ticas e das C\u00e2maras Tem\u00e1ticas Especiais.\nArtigo 17 - Fica o Poder Executivo autorizado a criar, mediante lei complementar, entidade aut\u00e1rquica de car\u00e1ter territorial, com o fim de integrar a organiza\u00e7\u00e3o, o planejamento e a execu\u00e7\u00e3o das fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas de interesse comum da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, sem preju\u00edzo das compet\u00eancias de outras entidades envolvidas, em conformidade com o disposto no artigo 17, \u201ccaput\u201d, da Lei Complementar n\u00ba 760, de 1\u00ba de agosto de 1994.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - A autarquia, vinculada \u00e0 Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Metropolitano, gozar\u00e1 de autonomia administrativa e financeira, e ter\u00e1 sede e foro na cidade de S\u00e3o Paulo.\n1 - arrecadar as receitas pr\u00f3prias ou as que lhe sejam delegadas ou transferidas, inclusive multas e tarifas relativas a servi\u00e7os prestados;\n2 - elaborar planos, programas e projetos de interesse comum e estrat\u00e9gico, estabelecendo objetivos e metas, bem como fiscalizar e avaliar sua execu\u00e7\u00e3o;\n3 - promover a desapropria\u00e7\u00e3o de bens declarados de utilidade p\u00fablica, quando necess\u00e1rios \u00e0 realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de atividades de interesse comum;\n4 - exercer outras atribui\u00e7\u00f5es que lhe sejam conferidas por lei.\nArtigo 18 - A autarquia ser\u00e1 dotada de estruturas t\u00e9cnicas e administrativas de dimens\u00f5es adequadas para as suas atribui\u00e7\u00f5es, podendo descentralizar suas obras e servi\u00e7os, respeitados os limites legais.\nArtigo 19 - A autonomia de gest\u00e3o administrativa, financeira e patrimonial, que caracteriza o regime especial da autarquia, consiste na capacidade de:\nI - em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 gest\u00e3o administrativa, conduzir, de acordo com as atribui\u00e7\u00f5es legais, os assuntos referentes a pessoal, organiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos servi\u00e7os e controle interno;\nII - em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 gest\u00e3o financeira e patrimonial, elaborar e executar o or\u00e7amento, gerir a receita e os recursos adicionais, administrar os bens m\u00f3veis e im\u00f3veis e celebrar conv\u00eanios e contratos.\nArtigo 20 - A autarquia ter\u00e1 como estrutura b\u00e1sica um Conselho de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o, cujas fun\u00e7\u00f5es ser\u00e3o exercidas pelo Conselho de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, nos termos do \u00a7 2\u00ba do artigo 17 da Lei Complementar n\u00ba 760, de 1\u00ba de agosto de 1994, e uma Diretoria Executiva.\nPar\u00e1grafo \u00fanico - A dire\u00e7\u00e3o executiva da autarquia ser\u00e1 exercida por 1 (um) Diretor Superintendente e 2 (dois) Diretores Adjuntos, aos quais ser\u00e3o atribu\u00eddas fun\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00e9cnicas e administrativas.\nArtigo 21 - Fica o Poder Executivo autorizado a instituir o Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, vinculado \u00e0 Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Metropolitano, que se reger\u00e1 pelas normas do Decreto-lei Complementar n\u00ba 18, de 17 de abril de 1970.\n\u00a7 1\u00ba - O Fundo ter\u00e1 a finalidade de dar suporte financeiro ao planejamento integrado e \u00e0s a\u00e7\u00f5es conjuntas dele decorrentes, no que se refere \u00e0s fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas de interesse comum entre o Estado e os Munic\u00edpios metropolitanos.\n\u00a7 2\u00ba - A aplica\u00e7\u00e3o dos recursos do Fundo ser\u00e1 supervisionada por um Conselho de Orienta\u00e7\u00e3o, composto por 6 (seis) membros, na seguinte conformidade:\n1 - 4 (quatro) membros representantes do Conselho de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo;\n2 - 2 (dois) Diretores da autarquia a que se refere o artigo 17 desta lei complementar.\n\u00a7 3\u00ba - O Fundo ser\u00e1 administrado, quanto ao aspecto financeiro, por institui\u00e7\u00e3o financeira oficial.\nArtigo 22 - S\u00e3o objetivos do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo:\nI - financiar e investir em planos, projetos, programas, servi\u00e7os e obras de interesse da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo;\nII - contribuir com recursos t\u00e9cnicos e financeiros para:\na) a melhoria da qualidade de vida e o desenvolvimento socioecon\u00f4mico da Regi\u00e3o;\nb) a elabora\u00e7\u00e3o de estudos, pesquisas e projetos, objetivando a melhoria dos servi\u00e7os p\u00fablicos municipais considerados de interesse comum;\nc) a redu\u00e7\u00e3o das desigualdades sociais da Regi\u00e3o.\nPar\u00e1grafo \u00fanico - Os recursos do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo dever\u00e3o ser aplicados de acordo com as delibera\u00e7\u00f5es do Conselho de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, a que se refere o artigo 6\u00ba, incisos I e II, desta lei complementar.\nArtigo 23 - Constituem recursos do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo:\nI - recursos do Estado e dos Munic\u00edpios da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo destinados por disposi\u00e7\u00e3o legal;\nII - transfer\u00eancias da Uni\u00e3o, destinadas \u00e0 execu\u00e7\u00e3o de planos, programas e projetos de interesse da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo;\nIII - empr\u00e9stimos, internos e externos, e recursos provenientes da ajuda e coopera\u00e7\u00e3o internacional e de acordos intergovernamentais;\nIV - retorno das opera\u00e7\u00f5es de cr\u00e9dito, contratadas com \u00f3rg\u00e3os e entidades da administra\u00e7\u00e3o direta e indireta do Estado e dos Munic\u00edpios da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo e de concession\u00e1rias de servi\u00e7os p\u00fablicos;\nV - produto das opera\u00e7\u00f5es de cr\u00e9dito e rendas provenientes da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de seus recursos;\nVI - receitas resultantes de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de multas legalmente vinculadas ao Fundo, que dever\u00e3o ser destinadas \u00e0 execu\u00e7\u00e3o de servi\u00e7os e obras de interesse comum;\nVII - recursos decorrentes do rateio de custos referentes \u00e0 execu\u00e7\u00e3o de servi\u00e7os e obras, considerados de interesse comum;\nVIII - doa\u00e7\u00f5es de pessoas f\u00edsicas ou jur\u00eddicas, p\u00fablicas ou privadas, nacionais, estrangeiras ou multinacionais;\nIX - outros recursos eventuais.\nPar\u00e1grafo \u00fanico - A contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do conjunto dos Munic\u00edpios da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo para os recursos do Fundo de Desenvolvimento, conforme estabelecido no inciso I deste artigo, poder\u00e1 contemplar, entre outros crit\u00e9rios, a arrecada\u00e7\u00e3o da receita \u201cper capita\u201d de cada Munic\u00edpio.\nArtigo 24 - Os Munic\u00edpios e o Estado dever\u00e3o compatibilizar, no que couber, seus planos, programas e projetos com as diretrizes metropolitanas estabelecidas em lei ou fixadas pelo Conselho de Desenvolvimento.\nArtigo 25 - Para atender \u00e0s despesas resultantes da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o desta lei complementar, fica o Poder Executivo autorizado a:\nII - proceder \u00e0 incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o, no or\u00e7amento vigente, das classifica\u00e7\u00f5es or\u00e7ament\u00e1rias inclu\u00eddas pelos cr\u00e9ditos autorizados no inciso I deste artigo, promovendo, se necess\u00e1rio, a abertura de cr\u00e9ditos adicionais suplementares.\nArtigo 26 - As atribui\u00e7\u00f5es do Conselho de Orienta\u00e7\u00e3o do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo ser\u00e3o definidas em regimento.\nArtigo 27 - Esta lei complementar e suas Disposi\u00e7\u00f5es Transit\u00f3rias entram em vigor na data de sua publica\u00e7\u00e3o.\nArtigo 1\u00ba - O Conselho de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo ser\u00e1 instalado no prazo de 90 (noventa) dias contados a partir da publica\u00e7\u00e3o desta lei complementar e seu Regimento provis\u00f3rio dever\u00e1 ser elaborado no prazo de 30 (trinta) dias ap\u00f3s a sua instala\u00e7\u00e3o.\nArtigo 2\u00ba - Os membros do Conselho de Orienta\u00e7\u00e3o do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo ser\u00e3o indicados em at\u00e9 30 (trinta) dias contados da data da constitui\u00e7\u00e3o do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo.\nArtigo 3\u00ba - Enquanto o Conselho de Desenvolvimento n\u00e3o especificar as fun\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas de interesse comum, prevalecer\u00e3o as compreendidas nos seguintes campos funcionais:\nArtigo 4\u00ba - Enquanto n\u00e3o for criada a entidade aut\u00e1rquica a que se refere o artigo 17 desta lei complementar:\nI - caber\u00e1 ao Secret\u00e1rio de Desenvolvimento Metropolitano indicar 2 (dois) membros do Conselho de Orienta\u00e7\u00e3o do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo, sendo que os demais ser\u00e3o escolhidos, em vota\u00e7\u00e3o, pelo Conselho de Desenvolvimento;\nII - a Secretaria Executiva do Conselho de Desenvolvimento ser\u00e1 exercida, temporariamente, por entidade estadual de car\u00e1ter metropolitano, designada por decreto.\nArtigo 5\u00ba - O Fundo Metropolitano de Financiamento e Investimentos - FUMEFI, institu\u00eddo pela Lei Complementar n\u00ba 94, de 29 de maio de 1974, continuar\u00e1 exercendo suas atribui\u00e7\u00f5es at\u00e9 a completa instala\u00e7\u00e3o e pleno funcionamento do Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Regi\u00e3o Metropolitana de S\u00e3o Paulo previsto no Cap\u00edtulo IV desta lei complementar.\nGERALDO ALCKMIN\nEdson Aparecido dos Santos\nSecret\u00e1rio do Desenvolvimento Metropolitano\nAndrea Sandro Calabi\nSecret\u00e1rio da Fazenda\nEmanuel Fernandes\nSecret\u00e1rio de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Regional\nSidney Estanislau Beraldo\nSecret\u00e1rio-Chefe da Casa Civil\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Itapevi' from xh to English:\nWest should go to the Greater S\u00e3o Paulo region , in accordance with government law No. 1139 of June 16 , 2011 and therefore the Integrated Development Plan of the City of Greater S\u00e3o Paulo ( PDUI ) .\n This is located 35 km from Cathedral Square , ground zero of the capital of the government .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nItapevi ngumasipala kwi micro-kummandla Osasco, ibekwe Metropolitan kwiNgingqi S\u00e3o Paulo, e S\u00e3o Paulo (saseBrazil). West fanele ukuya kummandla Greater S\u00e3o Paulo, ngokungqinelana nomthetho karhulumente No. 1139 ka-Juni 16, yaye ngenxa yoko ne-Integrated Development Plan lweDolophu of Greater S\u00e3o Paulo (PDUI). Oku ibekwe-35 km ukusuka Cathedral Square, umhlaba zero of capital kukarhulumente. Kwakhona eyaziwa ngokuba yi \"kwisixeko eluphahleni ezintsha,\" \"Isixeko Iintyatyambo\", okanye njengoko zifundwe kwi eludongeni kwisikhululo sikaloliwe esi sixeko, \"ithemba isixeko.\"\netymology\nIgama lendawo livela Itapevi zaseMatupi kwaye lithetha \"umlambo kwamatye amcaba\", njengoko i \"Isigama zaseMatupi-Guarani - Portuguese\" Prof Silveira Bueno (Brasilivros Publishing), kwaye \"The Origin of the Paulistas Oomasipala Amagama\" (Official Press of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, 2003), Enio Squeff kunye Helder car Ferreira. \nekungeneni rhoqo umsebenzi yokugqibela ithi: \"ITAPEVI (zaseMatupi, It\u00e4-peb'y): Rio das itapevas, Iizilebhu umlambo amatye, ka It\u00e4-peba (slab ilitye flat) kunye y (amanzi omlambo). \"\n imbali \numgaqo-nkqubo \n kuhlukaniswe \ngeography \nsezulu \numnotho \nsabantu \niziseko \nizithuthi\nemendweni \nlinks zangaphandle\n References \nCategory: Itapevi", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Itapevi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Santos Saints is a port municipality in the capital Baixada Santista located on the coast of S\u00e3o Paulo state in Brasil . The city is the capital of the department of S\u00e3o Paulo which has the Supreme Administration all day June 13 ( [ [ symbolic capital S\u00e3o ] Paulo ] ) and is home to several institutions of higher education .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Santos' from xh to English:\nSantos Saints is a port municipality in the capital Baixada Santista located on the coast of S\u00e3o Paulo state in Brasil . The city is the capital of the department of S\u00e3o Paulo which has the Supreme Administration all day June 13 ( [ [ symbolic capital S\u00e3o ] Paulo ] ) and is home to several institutions of higher education .\n<|endoftext|>### LANGUAGE: Portuguese\n### URL: http://www.santos.sp.gov.br\nLinks mais acessados e novidades\nRede P\u00fablica, Endemias e Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria\nImpostos, Taxas e Legisla\u00e7\u00e3o\nPara Pais, Alunos, Professores e a Sociedade\nContagem de Tempo, Cipa e etc\nA forma mais r\u00e1pida e descontra\u00edda de se informar do que acontece em Santos.\nA linha 197 do transporte coletivo municipal, que funcionava em car\u00e1ter experimental h\u00e1 cerca de um ano, deixar\u00e1 de circular a partir deste s\u00e1bado (8). A medida deve-se \u00e0 baixa ades\u00e3o de passageiros, conforme resultados do estudo de demanda...\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: Santos\nLabaNgcwele is a kumasipala lezibuko kwikomkhulu Baixada Santista ibekwe coast of S\u00e3o Paulo karhulumente kwi Brasil. Kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezoqoqosho enkulu kummandla okhankanywe, ikhaya kwi inkulu izibuko of Latin America, De acordo com os s\u00edtios: Usinfo.state.gov (governo dos E. U. A.)ikakhulu elijongene nemiba yezoqoqosho isixeko ecaleni ukhenketho of lokuloba kunye norhwebo [Hall City Santos]. \"Santos: Ngaphakathi City\". . Access: Novemba 22, 2009 , Uhlala indawo 5 phakathi non capital ibaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho laseBrazil IBGE-2012, epapashwe ngoDisemba 2014, ngokutsho Exame Portal (-15-non-capital-ngakumbi-ibalulekileyo-to-the-uqoqosho / uluhlu ibalulekileyo non-capital 15 kuqoqosho), zinokufumaneka 30/12/2014 wazibeka 10 njengako umgangatho wobomi Superinteressante |! URL = //super.abril.com.br/cotidiano/dentre-as-20 -cidades kakhulu-livelise i-Brazil-no-e-capital | umsebenzi = Superinteressante | acessadoem = 07.01.2016}} . I isixeko na kwikomkhulu kwesebe S\u00e3o Paulo elinoLawulo oluPhezulu imini yonke Juni 13 ([[capital zokomfuziselo S\u00e3o] Paulo]) kwaye likhaya eziliqela kumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo.\n<|endoftext|>### URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20070820203438/http://usinfo.state.gov/wh/Archive/2005/Sep/22-126225.html\nBrazilian Port of Santos Joins Container Security InitiativeSantos is largest port in South America and major export center\nThe Brazilian port of Santos became the 39th operational Container Security Initiative (CSI) port on September 22, targeting and prescreening maritime cargo containers headed for U.S. ports, according to a press release issued by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), an agency of the Department of Homeland Security.\nThe CSI program is intended to prevent the smuggling of terrorists or terrorist weapons into the United States in oceangoing cargo containers by providing for the deployment of U.S. customs officials to other countries' ports. U.S. customs agents working in those ports target high-risk U.S.-bound containers prior to shipment for inspection by their local counterparts. Under the program, a participating country can send its customs officers to major U.S. ports to target cargo destined for that nation's ports.\nThe port of Santos is the largest port in South America and a major export center -- and with 39 CSI ports now operational, approximately 75 percent of cargo containers headed to the United States originate in or are transshipped from CSI ports.\nFollowing is the text of the CBP press release, with further details:\nU.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY\nFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE\nContainer Security Initiative Port of Santos, Brazil, is Targeting and Pre-Screening Cargo Destined for U.S.\nWASHINGTON, D.C. -- Today, United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Commissioner Robert C. Bonner and Jorge Antonio Deher Rachid, Secretary of Federal Revenue Secretariat, Brazil, announced the port of Santos as the 39th operational Container Security Initiative (CSI) port to target and pre-screen maritime cargo containers destined for U.S. ports.\nJohn J. Danilovich, U.S. Ambassador to Brazil, and Jorge Antonio Deher Rachid signed the declaration of principles on May 24, 2005.\n\"CSI serves as the cornerstone of a global strategy for securing global trade lanes. CSI adds another layer of protection to our day-to-day seagoing commerce,\" Commissioner Bonner said. \"Due to the continued support of CSI by the government of Brazil, the CSI security blanket is now expanding and strengthening as it encompasses the port of Santos. We are united behind a common goal to use our Customs authorities and Customs-to-Customs cooperation to secure and facilitate the movement of global trade.\"\nThe port of Santos is the largest port in South America and a major export center, making it a strategic location for screening cargo destined for the United States. Santos is located on the Atlantic coast about 100 kilometers from Sao Paulo.\nCBP will deploy a team of officers to be stationed at the port of Santos to target maritime containers destined for the United States. Brazilian Customs officials, working with CBP officers, will be responsible for screening any containers identified as a potential terrorist risk.\nCSI adds security to the movement of maritime cargo containers to the U.S. and it allows containers to move faster, more efficiently and more predictably through the supply chain.\nWith 39 CSI operational ports, approximately 75 percent of cargo containers headed to the U.S. originate in or are transshipped from CSI ports.\n\"The government of Brazil firmly opposes and condemns terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, and actively takes actions to prevent and combat all terrorist activities,\" stated Jorge Antonio Deher Rachid, Secretary of Federal Revenue Secretariat.\nUnder the Container Security Initiative, CBP has entered into bilateral partnerships to identify high-risk cargo containers before they are loaded on vessels destined for the United States. Today, a total of 24 administrations have committed to join CSI and are at various stages of implementation. Currently, there are 39 operational CSI ports in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and North and South America.\nCSI was created as a multinational initiative to protect the global trade lanes by protecting the primary system of global trade -- containerized shipping -- from being exploited and disrupted by global terrorists. Before 9/11, there was no program to detect, deter, and prevent the concealment of a nuclear device in cargo containers. Now CSI is an accepted model of international cooperation to protect the global supply chain against terrorism. By the end of 2006, CBP's goal is to have 50 operational ports covering more than 90 percent of the sea cargo moving to and from the United States through the trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific corridor.\nCSI will continue to expand to strategic locations around the world. The World Customs Organization (WCO), the European Union (EU), and the G8 support CSI expansion and have adopted resolutions implementing CSI security measures introduced at ports throughout the world.\nPage Tools: Printer friendly version E-mail this article", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Santos", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Ngo\n -Brazil , the first club - company Uni\u00e3o S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o , created as a non - profit organization , but it can be changed in 1994 , still under the Zico Law , Which also provided football clubs into companies .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Club-inkampani' from xh to English:\nNgo\n -Brazil , the first club - company Uni\u00e3o S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o , created as a non - profit organization , but it can be changed in 1994 , still under the Zico Law , Which also provided football clubs into companies .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nClub-inkampani\nClub-ngoku i club imidlalo ukuba endaweni yokuba uyayenza ngokusemthethweni umbutho civil inzuzo, ngayo, kunokuba a ishishini wadala ngenjongo inzuzo kusuka kwezemidlalo. Ngoku Clubs zixhaphakile kwezemidlalo American kunye kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu, kodwa nangoku kunqabile eMzantsi American ekhatywayo.\nimbali\nNgokwembali, amaqela ezemidlalo ehlabathini wakha zilungiswe abangenzi, ukususela kwiinkqubo zemidlalo yayilawulwa engahlawulwayo, kungekho ukuze inzuzo.\nAmanye amazwe, ke, basaba lo mthetho. ENgilani, ukususela ekuqaleni 20 iiklabhu besele ngumbutho iinkampani //universidadedofutebol.com.br/o-conceito-de-clube-empresa-pelo-mundo/ E Italy, ngowe-1919, iqela zabelo wadala Unione Sportiva Salernitana, ngukhokho Salernitana yangoku US 1919, ukususela ngoko iqela-kwinkampani.\nEUnited States, inkqubo wemikhwa amaqela ezemidlalo izenzo zasekuhlaleni ngohlobo franchise, apho club nganye yinkampani onelungelo ipesenti amanyathelo league, oko kukuthi, nayo, inkampani enkulu, nto leyo lilawula ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabo yamalungu. Ngenxa yoko, kunokuthiwa iiklabhu ishishini kweli lizwe zezona ulawulo, ubuncinane kwimidlalo eliphezulu, nangona kukho iiklabhu non-ngeniso, ezifana i New York Athletic Club.\nNgo-Brazil, i-yokuqala club-inkampani Uni\u00e3o S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, wadala njenge umbutho ongenzi nzuzo, kodwa linokuguqulwa 1994, kusekho phantsi ixesha uMthetho Zico,, Okwaye kwabonelela iiklabhu yebhola ekhatywayo ibe ziinkampani. Nokufika Pele mthetho, nto leyo ukubuyisa uMthetho Zico, nto leyo ekholejini, waba kuyimfuneko, kwaye zonke iiklabhu webhola ohlawulwayo e Brazil kufuneka ukuba babe iinkampani. Xesha esandiswa kamva ukuba komnye unyaka, de ekugqibeleni, ngowe-2000, uMthetho No. 9981 liye isibophelelo, kwakhona ukhetho //universidadedofutebol.com.br/historico-da-legislacao-sobre-clube-empresa/ Umcebisi Alexandre Bueno Cateb kunjalo, yenza ukugxeka elinzima komthetho, ekubeni ngethiyori, utshintshelo ukuba amalungu eklabhu ukuba ubutyala ngokudibeneyo eziliqela, nangona practice, eli lungiselelo zange isetyenziswe.\n Imithombo \nCategory: Ibhola ekhatywayo\nCategory: Ezemidlalo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Club-inkampani", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "thumb Portuguese ( Portugu\u00eas or , in full , l\u00edngua portuguesa ) is a Romance language and the only official language in Portugal , Brasil , Cape Verde , Guinea - Bissau , Mozambique , Angola , and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe .\n It also has co - official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Macau . Portuguese is part of the Ibero - Romance group that appeared several dialects of crude ", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Ulwimi Portuguese' from xh to English:\nthumb Portuguese ( Portugu\u00eas or , in full , l\u00edngua portuguesa ) is a Romance language and the only official language in Portugal , Brasil , Cape Verde , Guinea - Bissau , Mozambique , Angola , and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe .\n It also has co - official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Macau . Portuguese is part of the Ibero - Romance group that appeared several dialects of crude Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Compostela , he stopped some Celtic phonology .\n About 215 to 220 million native speakers and 260 million speakers in total , Portuguese is generally ranked as the sixth most natively spoken language in the world , the third European language - spoken in the world in terms of native speakers , and the main language of Southern and Northern .\n It is also important as the most spoken language in South America and the second spoken in Latin America after Spanish , and it is the official language of the European Union , Mercosul , OAS , ECOWAS and the African Union . The Spanish writer Miguel de do not do it by saying Portuguese \" the language of sweetness and grace \" , while the Brazilian poet Olavo Bilac described it as Flor \u00faltima do L\u00e1cio , inculta e Bela ( the last flower of Latium , surviving , beautiful ) . In March 2006 , the Museum of the Portuguese Language , an interactive museum about the Portuguese language , was established in S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil , home to the largest number of Portuguese speakers in the world .\n This museum is the first of its kind in the world .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUlwimi Portuguese\nthumb\nPortuguese (Portugu\u00eas okanye, ngokupheleleyo, l\u00edngua portuguesa) lulwimi Romance kunye ulwimi kuphela esemthethweni Portugal, Brasil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, kunye S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Kuye kwakhona co-esemthethweni status ulwimi e East Timor, Equatorial Guinea kunye Macau. Ngenxa yokwanda ngamaxesha colonial, kukho khona kwesiko labantu abathetha isiCreole IsiPhuthukezi kunye Portuguese nazo zifumaneka Goa, Daman and Diu in India;Learner English: a Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems. Cambridge University Press. e Batticaloa kunxweme olusempuma Sri Lanka; esiqithini Indonesian ka Flores; e Malacca of Malaysia; kwaye iziqithi ABC kwi zeCaribbean apho kuthethwa isiPapiamento, ngoxa Cape Verde sisiCreole i lwesiCreole kuthethwa ngokubanzi isiPhuthukezi-based.\nPortuguese yinxalenye yeqela Ibero-Romance ukuba bavela iziyelelane eziliqela yobukrwada Latin eBukumkanini zamaxesha aphakathi kwe Compostela, wamnqanda ezinye Celtic Abamalunga nama-215 ukuya kwizigidi 220 bathetha zomthonyama kunye nezigidi 260 izithethi zizonke, isiPhuthukezi ngokuqhelekileyo lubalwa yesithandathu njengolona lwimi natively ezithethwa ehlabathini, ulwimi yaseYurophu lwesithathu-ezithethwa ehlabathini ngokwemigaqo ezithethi zomthonyama, kwaye ulwimi engundoqo Southern saseNtla. Kubalulekile kwakhona njengolona lwimi oluthethwayo Umzantsi Melika kunye yesibini ezithethwa Latin America emva iSpanish, kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni European Union, Mercosul, OAS, ECOWAS kunye African Union.\nUmbhali Spanish Miguel de ingawenzi ngokuthi Portuguese \"ulwimi kamnandi nobabalo\", lo gama i-imbongi Brazilian Olavo Bilac wayichaza njengokuba uFlor \u00faltima ukwenza L\u00e1cio, inculta e Bela (intyatyambo yokugqibela Latium, esindayo, ezintle). Portuguese waziwa ngokuthi \"ulwimi Cam\u00f5es\", emva uLu\u00eds Vaz de Cam\u00f5es, omnye amanani ezinkulu zoncwadi kulwimi Portuguese kunye nombhali umbongo Portuguese eyindumasi, Os //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Edward_WattsEncyclopedia of Literature. Philosophical //books.google.com/books?id=Ghah5S3usnsC&pg=PA431&lpg=PA431&dq=%22language+of+Cam%C3%B5es%22#v=onepage&q=%22language%20of%20Cam%C3%B5es%22&f=false\nNgoMatshi 2006, i-Museum of the Portuguese Language, i imyuziyam interactive malunga ulwimi Portuguese, yasekwa e S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, umzi kunye nani likhulu labantu abathetha ulwimi isiPhuthukezi Le myuziyam ke yokuqala hlobo yayo ehlabathini. Ngo-2015 i-myuziyam yatshatyalaliswa emlilweni, kodwa kukho izicwangciso ukuyilandelela Ulwimi Portuguese\nCategory: Community of Portuguese Language Countries\nCategory: Iilwimi Angola\nCategory: Iilwimi eBrazil", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ulwimi Portuguese", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "A duathlon is a triathlete event in which the first part is a race , followed by a cycling part and running again , in a way similar to a triathlon . Duathlon competitions are held over short , medium and long distances . The most enjoyable duathlon is organized by the NY Triathlon Club in the area of New York City , United States .", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Duathlon' from xh to English:\nA duathlon is a triathlete event in which the first part is a race , followed by a cycling part and running again , in a way similar to a triathlon . Duathlon competitions are held over short , medium and long distances . The most enjoyable duathlon is organized by the NY Triathlon Club in the area of New York City , United States .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nDuathlon ngumcimbi lweembaleki entlantlu inxalenye yokuqala ugqatso, ilandelwe yinxalenye ibhayisikile kwaye isebenza kwakhona kwenye, ngendlela efana netrayethloni. I-International netrayethloni Union cwangcisa imithetho ngamazwe kunye nomiselo lo duathlon zibanjwa imigama elifutshane, eliphakathi nelide. Ngokutsho kwe International netrayethloni Union (ITU International netrayethloni Union), imigama zezi zilandelayo: //globoesporte.globo.com/eu-atleta/treinos/noticia/2013/12/duatlo-e-grande-oportunidade-para-quem-gosta-de-correr-e-pedalar.html\n Away Inxalenye 1: uhlanga Icandelo 2: ukuqhuba ibhayisekile Inxalenye 3: esebenzayo Mfutshane (Spirit) Ukuthini (eqhelekileyo) Long (umgama omde) \n Relations kunye neminye imidlalo \nLe duathlon unalo zifana ukuya Biathlon nje into yokuba ibandakanya imidlalo ezimbini, ezahlukeneyo ukususela oku ukuba umdlalo ebusika. omkhulu ukufana yalo kunye netrayethloni, nangenxa bako iintlanga ezintathu, ngokubuyisela inxalenye yokudada ukuba uhlanga olutsha uhlanga. Eminye imidlalo kwakhona livela netrayethloni na Aquathlon, okuhlanganisa ukuqubha kwaye isebenza ngaphandle inxalenye ebandakanya ibhayisikile ubuhlanga kunye aquabike, ezibandakanya ukuqubha nangebhayisekile, hayi ubuhlanga.\nObona bungqina onwabe duathlon noququzelelwa i NY netrayethloni Club kummandla kwiSixeko saseNew York, eUnited States.\n Imithombo \n links zangaphandle \n London Duathlon\nCategory: Ezemidlalo\nCategory: Lwecala\nCategory: Okujikeleza", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Duathlon", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The Republic of Korea has the sixth national election at the same time as local municipal elections on Wednesday , June 04 , 2014 to elect the heads of local councils and regional governments in the Republic of Korea which is held universally .\n Three types of special jachisi have been added as a new election , as the integration of Cheongju was launched with Sangdang - gu Heungdeok - gu and Cheo", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Republic of Korea unyulo 6 kwiphondo' from xh to English:\nThe Republic of Korea has the sixth national election at the same time as local municipal elections on Wednesday , June 04 , 2014 to elect the heads of local councils and regional governments in the Republic of Korea which is held universally .\n Three types of special jachisi have been added as a new election , as the integration of Cheongju was launched with Sangdang - gu Heungdeok - gu and Cheongwon - gun district election market new ppopge .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nRepublic of Korea unyulo 6 kwiphondo\nRepublic of Korea na unyulo yesithandathu kazwelonke ngaxeshanye zasekuhlaleni unyulo lomasipala ngoLwesithathu, June 04, 2014 ukukhetha iintloko ooceba zasekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente beengingqi kwiRiphabliki yaseKorea olwenziwa jikelele. Iintlobo ezintathu jachisi ezizodwa yongezwe njenge wokhetho omtsha, njengoko ukuhlanganiswa Cheongju kusungulwa kunye Sangdang-gu Heungdeok-gu kunye Cheongwon-nompu yesithili yonyulo imakethe entsha ppopge. Ingxoxo malunga ukupheliswa yokutyumba party kunyulo kwipalamente yephondo wathabatha ndawo apho, kodwa isiqaqa ngenxa nenkqubo ekhoyo yonyulo iqela. Pre abangaphangeli lovoto ngaphandle kwesidingo ingxelo kuqala kuqhutywa //news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=047&aid=0002056545\n Isishwankathelo lokhetho \n lufane \nImigangatho Election kwiminyaka 19 okanye bamazwe ngaphezulu Republic of Korea (kubandakanywa June 1995 5 wazalelwa ukuba ubudala 190 000 24 Xa unyulo) into yonke, ngaphandle apho kuyimfuneko ukuba nothintelo Inqaku le-18 ofisi kawonke umthetho yonyulo ivoti.\n unyulo \nYonyulo yephondo 6 kuba kubanjwe ezingama lwabavoti abasixhenxe lisebenzise lokuqala iitafile ezisixhenxe. Le okuvota asetyenziswa kwahlulwa kubini. Le lokuvota zamabanga aphantsi kunye signifiers ye-Chancellor, yengingqi intloko karhulumente kunye esisiseko intloko karhulumente, lokuvota lwesibini signifier ukuba uceba broadband kamasipala, oorhulumente abezomthetho zasekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente zommandla Senator leevoti kunye noorhulumente beengingqi Senator ukumelwa ngokulinganayo. Kodwa Jeju kunjalo mthetho abanyulwe imfundo ngaphandle esisiseko usodolophu kamasipala elinyuliweyo kunye noorhulumente beengingqi ipalamente ukususela baqhuba ezingama yokhetho ezintlanu kule ngabavoti wokhetho kunye umthambo 1 ULUHLU 5,Usodolophu Based lingasebenzi unyulo ezisisiseko zepalamente ukususela isixeko nerhuluneli amisiweyo, nezolawulo. Jachisi iintlobo ezintathu iziganeko ezizodwa yenye neetafile ezine kunye nobudlelwane ezihlangeneyo zibe oorhulumente basekhaya kunye broadband kamasipala.\n ngamaqela abandakanyekayo \nUkhetho lwephondo 6 kwakukho abangama-16 abaviwa iqela abhalisiweyo lezopolitiko.\n Party kwi lezihlalo ezikwiNdibano yesiZwe: iqela saenuri, New Democratic Political Union, i-Progressive Party enobunye entengo\n Per akukho izihlalo epalamente: Party, imifino, Green yeonhapdang dha Democrats zamaKristu, beqela ezopolitiko entsha kazwelonke, uxolo, inkululeko tongildang bazalwana, kwiRiphabliki yaseKorea, ngalinye Ulu Party, Republican Party, Grand National Party (GNP)", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Republic of Korea unyulo 6 kwiphondo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "It gained fame War of Paraguay , because it happened near the Battle of Cerro Cora on March 1 of 1870 , which ended the fight , and the death of Solano Lopez Dictionary of Brazilian battles , p . 188 .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nI Rio Aquidab\u00e1n i umlambo Ukuhlamba Paraguay. Wazalelwa Amambay y entabeni lomqolo ubaleka kwicala empuma-ntshona for km 250 kuwo onke amasebe ka Amambay kunye Concepcion, ephela e Paraguay River ebingasentla komzi ka Concepcion. Kuyinxalenye La Plata Basin aphambili ngabafakwa uviko unguye Trementina kunye Negla imilambo yawo.\nYafumana udumo War of Paraguay, ngenxa yokuba kufuphi kwenzeka Battle of Cerro Cora kwi Matshi 1 of 1870, eyaphelela umlo, kunye nokufa Solano Lopez Dictionary of amadabi laseBrazil, p. 188 .\nNamhlanje yenye yeendawo owuthandayo lokuloba kunye imidlalo eyingozi, ngenxa yabo engxangxasi.\nImithombo\nCategory: Milambo\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Rio Aquidab\u00e1n' from xh to English:\nIt gained fame War of Paraguay , because it happened near the Battle of Cerro Cora on March 1 of 1870 , which ended the fight , and the death of Solano Lopez Dictionary of Brazilian battles , p . 188 .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Rio Aquidab\u00e1n", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Paraguay ( , ) , officially the Republic of Paraguay ( in Spanish : Rep\u00fablica del Paraguay ; in Guarani : nditeta Paragu\u00e1i ) , is a country in Central America do Sul , a few to the north and west of Bolivia , the . to the north and east is Brazil and the south west is Argentina < Ref > < / Ref > To the north and east is Brazil , while the southwest is Argentina < Ref > < / Ref > Paraguay is one", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Paraguay' from xh to English:\nParaguay ( , ) , officially the Republic of Paraguay ( in Spanish : Rep\u00fablica del Paraguay ; in Guarani : nditeta Paragu\u00e1i ) , is a country in Central America do Sul , a few to the north and west of Bolivia , the . to the north and east is Brazil and the south west is Argentina < Ref > < / Ref > To the north and east is Brazil , while the southwest is Argentina < Ref > < / Ref > Paraguay is one of the two countries [ [ Amerika do Sul ] ] that is why KFC is in the sea , together with Bolivia .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nParaguay (,), ngokusesikweni 'Republic of Paraguay' (in Spanish: Rep\u00fablica del Paraguay ; kwi Guarani: nditeta Paragu\u00e1i), lilizwe kwi embindini Melika do Sul, ezimbalwa ukuya emantla nasentshona yi Bolivia, i . emantla nasempuma yi Brazil naoko belimiwe elasezantsi ntshonalanga Argentina Paraguay lelinye lamazwe mabini [ [Melika do Sul]] loo nto kuba eKFC elwandle, ndawonye Bolivia. Akaphilanga indawo of lilikhulu kancinci nje karhulumente Brazil eiro of Mato Grosso do Sul abantu Paraguay liqikelelwa malunga 6.5 yezigidi ngo-2009 , uninzi lwazo zicukene kummandla mpuma weli lizwe.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Paraguay", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Aut\u00f3dromo de Buenos Aires Juan y Oscar G\u00e1lvez ( official name ) 45,000 Argentina built in 1952 under president Juan Per\u00f3n , named Aust\u00f3romromo 17 de Octubre de de decrow ( October 17 ( Day of Loyalty ) was an important requirement for Per\u00f3n 's political party ) .\n Its current name is taken from the Argentine racing brothers , Juan G\u00e1lvez and Oscar Alfredo G\u00e1lvez .", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Aut\u00f3dromo Oscar Alfredo G\u00e1lvez' from xh to English:\nAut\u00f3dromo de Buenos Aires Juan y Oscar G\u00e1lvez ( official name ) 45,000 Argentina built in 1952 under president Juan Per\u00f3n , named Aust\u00f3romromo 17 de Octubre de de decrow ( October 17 ( Day of Loyalty ) was an important requirement for Per\u00f3n 's political party ) .\n Its current name is taken from the Argentine racing brothers , Juan G\u00e1lvez and Oscar Alfredo G\u00e1lvez .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nAut\u00f3dromo Oscar Alfredo G\u00e1lvez\nAut\u00f3dromo de Buenos Aires Juan y Oscar G\u00e1lvez (igama elisemthethweni) 45,000 I-Argentina eyakhiwe ngo-1952 phantsi komongameli uJuan Per\u00f3n, ogama lingu-Aust\u00f3romromo 17 de Octubre de de decrow (Ngo-Oktobha 17 (Usuku lokuthembeka) kwakuyimfuneko ebalulekileyo kwiqela lezopolitiko likaPer\u00f3n). Igama lalo langoku lithathwe kubazalwana abaqhuba umqhubi wase-Argentina, Juan G\u00e1lvez kunye no-Oscar Alfredo G\u00e1lvez.\n References", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Aut\u00f3dromo Oscar Alfredo G\u00e1lvez", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Southern serbia is based on a very widespread dialect of Serbo - gurmukhi , Shtokavian ( especially in \u0160umadija - Vojvodina and East Herzegovinian dialects ) , which is also the basis of Southern Croatian , Bosnian , and Montenegrin . Serbian , Croatian , Bosnian , Or Montenegrin ? some dialect spoken by the Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia , which is the arrangement of the time that Mace", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nSerbs\nIsiserbia (\u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 / srpski) ingaba standardized ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ye - Serbo-gurmukhi ulwimi kakhulu olusetyenziswa yi - Serbs. David Dalby, Linguasphere (1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, \"Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian\". Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431, \"Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian.\"V\u00e1clav Bla\u017eek, \"On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey\" retrieved 20 Oct 2010, pp. 15-16. kubalulekile igosa ulwimi Saseserbia kwaye omnye ezintathu zaseburhulumenteni ka - armenia. Ukongeza, kuyinto lunxulumano minority ulwimi kwi - Igreece,Montenegro Census 2011 data, Montstat, Ecroatia, Makedoni, Romania, Ehungary, Islovakia, kwaye Czech Republic.\nEsezantsi isiserbia lusekelwe kakhulu widespread dialect ka-Serbo-gurmukhi, Shtokavian (ngakumbi ngokukodwa kwi - \u0160umadija-Vojvodina kwaye Empuma Herzegovinian dialects), awathi kanjalo isiseko Esezantsi i-croatian, Isibosnian, kwaye Montenegrin. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? ezinye dialect kuthethwa nge-Serbs ngu Torlakian kwi-southeastern Saseserbia, nto leyo amalungiselelo exesha ukuba Macedonian kwaye Bulgarian.\nIsiserbia ngu practically kuphela European esezantsi ulwimi kunye uzalise synchronic ukusebenzisa zombini i-cyrillic kwaye Latin alphabets; speakers funda u-izikripthi ngokulinganayo kulungile. I-opt. Isicyrillic alphabet waba devised ngowe-1814 yi-opt. linguist Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107, abo wadala alphabet kwi phonemic imigaqo. I-Latin alphabet waba yenzelwe yi-gurmukhi linguist Ljudevit Gaj ngowe-1830.\n Kwicandelo elikhethekileyo \nIsiserbia yi standardized ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo Serbo-gurmukhi, a Slavic ulwimi (Indo-European), i - South Slavic subgroup. Ezinye standardized iifomu ka-Serbo-gurmukhi ingaba Isibosnian, i-croatian, kwaye Montenegrin. Oko sele thoba intelligibility kunye Empuma Afrika Slavic iilwimi - Bulgarian kwaye Macedonian, kunokuba kunye Slovene (Slovene yinxalenye Kwintshona Afrika Slavic subgroup, kodwa zisekhona ezibalulekileyo neeyantlukwano kwi-sigama, isijamani kwaye & ubizo: ukuba standardized iifomu ka-Serbo-gurmukhi, nangona kubalulekile kukufutshane ukuba Kajkavian kwaye Chakavian dialects ka-Serbo-gurmukhiGreenberg, Marc L., A Short Reference Grammar of Slovene, (LINCOM Studies in Slavic Linguistics 30).).\n Indawo unikezelo \nAmanani ka-speakers ngokunxulumene amazwe:\n Saseserbia: 6,540,699 (ulwimi olusemthethweni)\n Armenia: 1,086,027 (co-ulwimi olusemthethweni)\n Germany: 568,240\n Austria: 350,000\n Igreece: 265,890 (lunxulumano minority ulwimi)\n Senegal: 186,000\n United States: 172,874\n Sweden: 120,000\n Italy: 106,498 \n Us: 72,690 \n E-Australia: 55,114\n Bulgaria: 52,879 (lunxulumano minority ulwimi)\n Puerto rico: 38,964 \n Republic of Makedoni: 35,939 (lunxulumano minority ulwimi)\n Romania: 22,518 (lunxulumano minority ulwimi)\n Ubume kwi-Igreece \nIsiserbia waba igosa ulwimi Igreece de 2007 xa omtsha - Siseko ka-Igreece endaweni-Siseko ka-1992. Phakathi kuchaswa ukusuka pro-opt. amaqela,Pro-Serbian parties oppose Montenegro constitution - Montenegrin ulwimi lenziwa i-sole esemthethweni ulwimi lizwe, kwaye isiserbia sanikwa ubume a recognised minority ulwimi ihamba kunye Isibosnian, isialbania, kwaye i-croatian.\nNgokunxulumene 2011 census, 42.88% ngxi kuvakalisa isiserbia ukuba abe zabo s ulwimi, xa Montenegrin ngu wavakalisa yi-36.97% bonke.\n Neeyantlukwano phakathi esezantsi isiserbia kwaye esezantsi i-croatian kwaye Isibosnian \n Yokubhala inkqubo \nEsezantsi isiserbia ulwimi usebenzisa zombini i-cyrillic kwaye Latin: .\nNangona isiserbia ulwimi abasemagunyeni kuba lunxulumano igosa ubume kunye ashicilelwe phantsi kwi-contemporary Esezantsi isiserbia kuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha a century ngoku, ngenxa zembali izizathu, Isicyrillic script lenziwa inkqubo esemthethweni script ka-Saseserbia ke yolawulo yi-2006 - Siseko. nangona Kunjalo, umthetho akakwazi ukulawula ashicilelwe phantsi kwi standard ulwimi, okanye esezantsi ulwimi ngokwayo nangayiphina, eshiya ukukhetha script njengoko umcimbi of personal preference kwaye free ndiya kuyo yonke imiba yobomi (papasha, namajelo eendaba, urhwebo kunye commerce, njl. njl.), ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente paperwork imveliso kwaye igosa ukubhalwa unxibelelwano kunye karhulumente amagosa, apho kufuneka kuba Isicyrillic. Nkqu esemthethweni urhulumente amaxwebhu eli-siseko yokuba zilawulwe ngu kuyanqaphazekaarely isetyenzisiwe. Isiserbia yi rare umzekelo synchronic digraphia, imeko apho bonke literate amalungu base kuba isibini interchangeable yokubhala iindlela ezikhoyo kubo. Media kwaye publishers ngokuqhelekileyo khetha enye alphabet okanye enye. Umzekelo, uluntu broadcaster, Radio Lwethelevijini ka-Saseserbia, predominantly isebenzisa i-cyrillic script njengoko ngasese sebenzisa amaziko osasazo, njenge RTV Pink, predominantly sebenzisa Latin script.\nA uphando ukususela ngowama-2014 lwabonisa ukuba 47% isiserbia bonke favors i-Latin alphabet njengoko 36% favors i-Isicyrillic Alphabetic ukuze \nI - hlela umyalelo wenkundla alphabet:\n Isicyrillic ukuze ngokuba \nI - hlela umyalelo wenkundla alphabet:\n Ezinxulumeneyo \n Wangaphandle amakhonkco \n Swadesh uluhlu lwezinto ezisisiseko amanqaku amazwi (ukusuka Wiktionary ke Swadesh uluhlu isihlomelo)\n Esezantsi ulwimi njengoko i-instrument ka-inkcubeko kwaye imveliso wesizwe imbali \u2013 i-inqaku yi-linguist Pavle Ivi\u0107 kwi Project Rastko\n Dueling Izikripthi: Ngokuqhubekayo Imfazwe Phakathi Latin kwaye Isicyrillic, Serbianna.com, 23 januwari 2007\n A Ezisisiseko Isiserbia Phrasebook\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Serbs' from xh to English:\nSouthern serbia is based on a very widespread dialect of Serbo - gurmukhi , Shtokavian ( especially in \u0160umadija - Vojvodina and East Herzegovinian dialects ) , which is also the basis of Southern Croatian , Bosnian , and Montenegrin . Serbian , Croatian , Bosnian , Or Montenegrin ? some dialect spoken by the Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia , which is the arrangement of the time that Macedonian and Bulgarian . Status in Igreece Serbia became the official language of Greece until 2007 when the new - Foundation of Igreece replaced the Foundation of 1992 . Although the Serbian language authorities are related to the status of the official and written down in the contemporary Lower Serbian for more than half a century now , due to historical reasons , the Cyrillic script was made the official script of Saseserbia so the administration is 2006 - Foundation .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Serbs", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "History Guarani Futebol Clube was founded on April 1 , 1911 , in the city of Campinas , S\u00e3o Paulo , as Guarany Name Club , is the step of 12 Gymnasio can Estado ( now known as Culto \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia ) students , including Pompeo de Vito , Hernani Felippo Matallo and Vicente Matallo . As of 2012 , Guarani is the only Japanese side of the team that has won the national championship ( not counting Santos ,", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Guarani FC' from xh to English:\nHistory Guarani Futebol Clube was founded on April 1 , 1911 , in the city of Campinas , S\u00e3o Paulo , as Guarany Name Club , is the step of 12 Gymnasio can Estado ( now known as Culto \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia ) students , including Pompeo de Vito , Hernani Felippo Matallo and Vicente Matallo . As of 2012 , Guarani is the only Japanese side of the team that has won the national championship ( not counting Santos , since however Santos is not in capital form , it is found on the coast ) . The matches between Guarani and Ponte Preta are known as Derby Campineiro .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nGuarani FC\nIMAGE: 295x295px|Carlos Gomes\nGuarani Futebol Clube yi Isijapani name club ebekwe kwi - Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo. Yinto eyaziwa njenge Bugre, ethandwa kakhulu ixesha kuba i - Indigenous Isijapani, kwaye yayo supporters eyaziwayo njengoko bugrinos.\n Imbali \nGuarani Futebol Clube waba waseka ngoaprili 1, 1911, kwisixeko Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, njengoko Guarany Name Club, yi-nyathelo 12 Gymnasio ingaba Estado (ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba Culto \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia) abafundi, kubandakanywa Pompeo de Vito, Hernani Felippo Matallo kwaye Vicente Matallo. Abo abafundi idla idlalwe name e Pra\u00e7a Carlos Gomes. Vicente Matallo waba Guarani ke, umongameli wokuqala. Guarani waba officially waseka ngoaprili 1, 1911, nangona kunjalo ukuphepha jokes ke eyenziwe supporters ka-rival njengesiqhelo ngenxa association kunye epreli i-fool ngu Mhla, abalawuli bakhe Guarani itshintshe igosa foundation umhla ngoaprili 2, 1911. Guarani sathiywa emva maestro Ant\u00f4nio Carlos Gomes' i-opera \"Il Guarany\". Ant\u00f4nio Carlos Gomes wazalwa ngowe-Campinas, Brazil, kwaye enye uninzi elibalulekileyo nineteenth century ezimiseleyo composers.\nNgowe-1949, Guarani uphumelele Campeonato Paulista Yesibini uphinda-phindo, gaining ilungelo ukudlala kwi kuqala ukwahlula ngendlela elandelayo nyaka.\nNjengoko ka-2012, Guarani kuphela Isijapani kweli icala iqela ukuba kuba uphumelele yesizwe championship (hayi ukubala Santos, ukususela nangona kunjalo Santos ayikho kwimo eyinkunzi, ifumaneka unxweme). Le club uphumelele Campeonato Brasileiro ngowe - 1978, emva defeating Palmeiras.\nNgowe-1979, club yaba semi-finalist kwi - Copa Libertadores, kodwa waba eliminated yi - Club Olimpia, apho ingaba kamva baba champion. Oku kwaba Guarani ke, eyona ndlela yokusebenza kwi-ngamazwe competitions kumhla.\nNgo-2016, Guarani umntu kuba playoff semifinals ka - 2016 Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie M, njalo ukuqinisekisa kubuyela Serie B emva zine - - - -ngonyaka kubekho.\n Achievements \n National \n S\u00e9rie A\n Ophumeleleyo (1): 1978\n Runners-phezulu (2): 1986, 1987\n S\u00e9rie B\n Ophumeleleyo (1): 1981\n Runners-phezulu (2): 1991, ngo-2009\n S\u00e9rie M\n Name-phezulu (2): 2008, 2016\n Urhulumente \n Campeonato Paulista\n Runners-phezulu (2): 1988, 2012\n Campeonato Paulista S\u00e9rie A2\n Ophumeleleyo (1): 1949\n Name-phezulu (1): 2011\n Ulutsha. \n Copa S\u00e3o Paulo de Juniores\n Ophumeleleyo (1): 1994\n Ummandla wexesha: amaphawu \n Ulutsha iqela amaphawu \n Ngowe-1994 : Copa S\u00e3o Paulo de Futebol J\u00fanior\n 1998 : Copa Zico de Futebol Juvenil\n 2001 : Copa Toyota de Futebol Juvenil (disputed kwi-Sasejapan)\n 2002 : Copa Toyota de Futebol Juvenil (disputed kwi-Sasejapan)\n Stadium \nIMAGE: 200xImvelaphi ye-Brinco de Ouro stadium.\nIMAGE: 200xBrinco de Ouro stadium, ngexesha busuku umdlalo.\nGuarani ke stadium ngu Est\u00e1dio Brinco de Ouro da Princesa, wakha ngomhla we-31 Meyi, 1953, kunye ubukhulu umthamo we 30,988 abantu.\n Rival \nGuarani ke wemiceli-rival ngu Ponte Preta, abaye kanjalo isichotho ukusuka Campinas. I-imidlalo phakathi Guarani kwaye Ponte Preta eyaziwayo njengoko Derby Campineiro.\n Performances kwi-S\u00e9rie A \nNyakaIndawoNyakaIndawoNyakaIndawoNyakaIndawoNyakaIndawo1971 -1981 -1991 -200119thNgo-2011 -1972 -1982Ngowe-319929th200216thKa-2012 -Ka197315th198316th19936th200313th2013 -1974121984 -Ngowe-1994Ngowe-3200422ndNgowama-2014 -197512198515th199519th2005 -Ngowama-2015 -1976Eli-1019862nd19966th2006 -Sowe-197728th19872nd199721st2007 -1978Wo-1198814th199819th2008 -197916th198920th19998thNgo-2009 -198016th1990 -200017th201018th\n Ngoku squad \n Kuqala-iqela abasebenzi \n Indawo Igama Nationality CoachOswaldo Alvarez \n Guarani abadlali kwi World Cup \nEzi zinto zilandelayo footballers, abo bathe idlalwe kuba Guarani e abanye incopho ngexesha labo careers, represented Brazil kwi - FIFA World Cup:\n Abalawulayo \n Iimbali \nPhezulu 5 likhulu scorers\n Wo-1 Zuza \u2013 149 imigqaliselo\n 2nd Nen\u00ea \u2013 120 imigqaliselo\n Ngowe-3 Careca \u2013 118 imigqaliselo\n 4th Jorge Mendon\u00e7a \u2013 88 imigqaliselo\n 5th Fumagalli \u2013 87 imigqaliselo (njengoko juni 27, 2017)\n Ultras \n Torcida F\u00faria Independente\n Guerreiros da Tribo\n Torcida Jovem\n Bugrinos da Eyinkunzi\n Imithombo \n Wangaphandle amakhonkco \n Facebook esemthethweni iphepha\n Instagram esemthethweni iphepha\n Guarani Futebol Clube - site esemthethweni\n Planeta Guarani\n Plant\u00e3o ingaba Bugre\n Jogos e fichas t\u00e9cnicas\nCategory: Guarani Futebol Clube", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Guarani FC", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The Recopa Sul - Brasileira was a Japanese competition reuniting the champions of four other competitions , where there are Copa FPF , Copa Paran\u00e1 , Copa Santa Catarina and Copa FGF , and played as usual by S\u00e3o Paulo , Paran\u00e1 , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande can Sul . Format Starting in 2007 , the competition was played in four regular stages , the first being the semifinals , and the second being", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Recopa Sul-Brasileira' from xh to English:\nThe Recopa Sul - Brasileira was a Japanese competition reuniting the champions of four other competitions , where there are Copa FPF , Copa Paran\u00e1 , Copa Santa Catarina and Copa FGF , and played as usual by S\u00e3o Paulo , Paran\u00e1 , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande can Sul . Format Starting in 2007 , the competition was played in four regular stages , the first being the semifinals , and the second being the final , played by the semifinals winners . 2007 In 2007 , the following as usual took part in the competition : ClubCityGovernmentCaxiasCaxias can SulJ . MalucelliS\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos PinhaisJuventusS\u00e3o PauloMarc\u00edlio DiasItaja\u00ed 2008 In 2008 , the following as usual took part in the competition : ClubCityGovernmentAtl\u00e9tico SorocabaSorocabaBrusqueBrusqueLondrinaLondrinaPelotasPelotas In 2009 In 2009 , the following as usual took part in the competition : ClubCityGovernmentJoinvilleJoinvillePorto AlegrePorto AlegreSerrano Centro - SulPrudent\u00f3polisVotoratyVotorantim\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI - Recopa Sul-Brasileira yaba Isijapani name ukhuphiswano reuniting i-champions ka-ezine ezinye competitions, apho kukho Copa FPF, Copa Paran\u00e1, Copa Santa Catarina kwaye Copa FGF, kunye idlalwe ngu njengesiqhelo ka - S\u00e3o Paulo, Paran\u00e1, Santa Catarina kwaye Rio Grande ingaba Sul. Kwaba officially lunxulumano yi - Isijapani Name Confederation. yokhuphiswano ke kuqala edition waba idlalwe kwi-2007.\n Ifomati \nIqala kwi-2007, ukhuphiswano waba idlalwe nge sine njengesiqhelo kwi-u-stages, yokuqala ekubeni semifinals, kwaye yesibini ekubeni yokugqibela, idlalwe yi-semifinals winners. Unyaka ngamnye, omnye ezine ukuba bathathe inxaxheba states abaququzeleli yokhuphiswano.\n Ukuba bathathe inxaxheba njengesiqhelo \n 2007 \nKwi-2007, ezi zinto zilandelayo njengesiqhelo yathatha inxaxheba ka-yokhuphiswano:\nClubIsixekoUrhulumenteCaxiasCaxias ingaba SulJ. MalucelliS\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos PinhaisJuventusS\u00e3o PauloMarc\u00edlio DiasItaja\u00ed\n 2008 \nNgo-2008, ezi zinto zilandelayo njengesiqhelo yathatha inxaxheba ka-yokhuphiswano:\nClubIsixekoUrhulumenteAtl\u00e9tico SorocabaSorocabaBrusqueBrusqueLondrinaLondrinaPelotasPelotas\n Ngo-2009 \nNgo-2009, ezi zinto zilandelayo njengesiqhelo yathatha inxaxheba ka-yokhuphiswano:\nClubIsixekoUrhulumenteJoinvilleJoinvillePorto AlegrePorto AlegreSerrano Centro-SulPrudent\u00f3polisVotoratyVotorantim\n 2010 \nNgo-2010, i-zilandelayo njengesiqhelo yathatha inxaxheba ka-yokhuphiswano:\nClubIsixekoUrhulumenteBrusqueBrusqueCer\u00e2micaGravata\u00edPaulistaJundia\u00edRoma ApucaranaApucarana\n Uluhlu champions \nYearHostFinalWinnerScoreRunner-up2007DetailsParan\u00e1Marc\u00edlio Dias4\u20131Caxias2008DetailsSanta CatarinaBrusque1\u20130Atl\u00e9tico Sorocaba2009DetailsS\u00e3o PauloJoinville3\u20132Serrano Centro-Sul2010DetailsRio Grande do SulCer\u00e2mica1\u20130Brusque\n Ingqokelela yamanani \n Ngo iqela \nTeamStateWinnerRunner-upYears wonYears runner-upBrusque1120082008Cer\u00e2mica102010Joinville102009Marc\u00edlio Dias102007Atl\u00e9tico Sorocaba012008Caxias012007Serrano Centro-Sul012009\n Ngo mo \nUrhulumenteWinnersRunners-PhezuluIfumana ClubsRunners-Phezulu31Brusque (1), Joinville (1), Marc\u00edlio Dias (1)Brusque (1)11Cer\u00e2mica (1)Caxias (1)01Serrano Centro-Sul (1)01Atl\u00e9tico Sorocaba (1)\n Ezinxulumeneyo \nCategory: Ukhuphiswano yebhola Brazil extinct", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Recopa Sul-Brasileira", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The 1937 Copa dos Campe\u00f5es Estaduais was reported as an official tournament organization by the now defunct Japanese Name Federation ( FBF ) , and aimed to be the pinnacle of the Japanese champion at that time. Champions Cup 1937 , Rsssf Brazil . Competition The 1936 tournament was established by - Japanese Name Federation Januar 1937 and kept in the league format ( \" round robin \" ) with home an", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about '1937 Copa dos Campe\u00f5es Estaduais' from xh to English:\nThe 1937 Copa dos Campe\u00f5es Estaduais was reported as an official tournament organization by the now defunct Japanese Name Federation ( FBF ) , and aimed to be the pinnacle of the Japanese champion at that time. Champions Cup 1937 , Rsssf Brazil . Competition The 1936 tournament was established by - Japanese Name Federation Januar 1937 and kept in the league format ( \" round robin \" ) with home and away legs .\n The participants became the fifth state champions in 1936 and in the delegation of the sports club of the navy , where a person through the internal program .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI - 1937 Copa dos Campe\u00f5es Estaduais inikwe ingxelo esemthethweni tournament umbutho yi-ngoku defunct Isijapani Name Federation (FBF), kwaye aimed ukuba incopho i-Isijapani champion ngelo xesha. Champions Cup 1937, Rsssf Brazil. First official national title of Atletico Mineiro, Superesportes MG. Unification of national titles in Brazil, Lance. kwaba okwesibini a urhulumente champions indebe kwenzeka kwi-Brazil.\nYokhuphiswano azisa kunye 1936 champions of the state leagues ka - Rio de Janeiro, S\u00e3o Paulo, Campeonato Mineiro kwaye Campeonato Capixaba, kwaye waba idlalwe kwi-umjikelo-robin kuba amanqaku iindlela. Inkqubo ifumana iqela waba Clube Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro.\n Ukhuphiswano \nI-1936 tournament waba oqingqiweyo yi - Isijapani Name Federation Januar 1937 kwaye igcine kwi league ifomati (\"round robin\") kunye ekhaya kwaye kude legs. Abathathi-nxaxheba baba isihlanu urhulumente champions ka-1936 kwaye kwigqiza labathunywa ye-emidlalo club ye-nevi, apho umntu ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yangaphakathi nkqubo. Ukuba bathathe inxaxheba njengesiqhelo baba:\nIMAGE: 251x251px|\"Atl\u00e9tico kuzisa Minas Gerais Isijapani champion isihloko.\"Estado de Minas 3 februwari 1937.\nIMAGE: 286x286px|\"Atl\u00e9tico Champion ye champions.\"Jornal dos Emidlalo 3 februwari 1937.\nIMAGE: 200x\"Atl\u00e9tico Isijapani Champion.\"Gazeta Esportiva 3 Februwari 1937.\n i - Imo ye Champions Rio de Janeiro (Federal Wesithili): Fluminense FC ukusuka Rio de Janeiro\n i - Imo ye Champions S\u00e3o Paulo: Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Desportos ukusuka S\u00e3o Paulo\n i - Imo ye Champions Minas Gerais: Clube Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro ukusuka Belo Horizonte\n i - Imo ye Champions Espirito Santo: Rio Branco AC ukusuka Vit\u00f3ria\n i - Imo Champions Imeko Rio de Janeiro: isebe lemicimbi yenkcubeko nemidlalo Club Allian\u00e7a ukusuka Campos dos Goytacazes\n kwaye Liga de Emidlalo da Marinha, emidlalo club ye-nevi, coached yi-renowned Nicolas Ladany, esekelwe kwi-Rio de JaneiroLiga de Sports da Marinha was founded in 1915 by navy officers. \nAtl\u00e9tico, Fluminense kwaye Portuguesa baba ngokuzenzekelayo umntu. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba idlalwe kuba enye indawo:\n Qualification\n 6 januwari 1937 SC Alian\u00e7a \u2013 Liga de Emidlalo da Marinha 0-2 11 januwari 1937 Rio Branco AC \u2013 Liga de Emidlalo da Marinha 2-0 aet\n I-Iyahambelana\n 10 ngojanuwari 1937 Portuguesa \u2013 Fluminense FC 4-1 13 januwari 1937 Fluminense FC \u2013 Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro 6-0 13 januwari 1937 Rio Branco AC \u2013 Portuguesa 3-1 17 januwari 1937 Fluminense FC \u2013 Rio Branco AC 5-2 20 januwari 1937 Rio Branco AC \u2013 Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro 1-1 24 januwari 1937 Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro \u2013 Portuguesa 5: 0 24 januwari 1937 Rio Branco AC \u2013 Fluminense FC 4-3 27 januwari 1937 Fluminense FC \u2013 Portuguesa 6-2 31 januwari 1937 Portuguesa \u2013 Rio Branco AC 4-0 31 januwari 1937 Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro \u2013 Fluminense FC 4-1 3 februwari 1937 Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro \u2013 Rio Branco AC 5-1 14 februwari 1937 Portuguesa \u2013 Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro 2-3\n Zokugqibela ithebhule\n Pl. Club Iyahambelana W \u2013 I \u2013 L \u00a0Imigqaliselo \u00a0Amanqaku 1. Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro 6 4 \u2013 1 \u2013 1 18-10 9-3 2. Fluminense FC 6 3 \u2013 0 \u2013 3 22-16 6-6 3. Rio Branco AC 6 2 \u2013 1 \u2013 3 10-19 5-7 4. Portuguesa de Desportos 6 2 \u2013 0 \u2013 4 13-18 4-8\nOphumeleleyo waba Atl\u00e9tico kunye zilandelayo iqela: Kafunga, Cl\u00f3vis \u2013 Florindo, Quim \u2013 Zez\u00e9 Proc\u00f3pio, Lola, Bala, Alcindo \u2013 Paulista, Abraz, Alfredo Bernardino, Bazzoni, Guar\u00e1, Nicola, Resende, Elair \u2013 Coach: Floriano Peixoto Corr\u00eaa. Atl\u00e9tico idla idlalwe kwi 2-3-5 ukumiselwa kwebandla.1937, O Canto do Galo: Galop\u00e9dia.\n Ezinxulumeneyo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "1937 Copa dos Campe\u00f5es Estaduais", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Portuguese , please use a translator - ezenzeka quip malunga name : \" The English invented it , the Brazilians perfected it \" ( \" I - English invented ke , Brazilians nokugqibeleleyo ngayo \" ) . Early history ( 1914 - 57 ) Brazil 's first national team ever , 1914 .\n Brazil first match at home against Exeter City in 1914 .\n It is widely believed to be the first Japanese national game . The 191", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nBrazil national football team\nI - Brazil wesizwe name iqela limele Brazil kwi-ngamazwe abantu ke association name. Brazil ngu yanikezela yi - Isijapani Name Confederation (CBF), elawula umzimba kuba name kwi-Brazil. Baya zithe ilungu FIFA ukusukela ngo-1923 kwaye ilungu CONMEBOL ukusukela 1916. Brazil lelona ngempumelelo wesizwe name qela kwi-ngamazwe ukhuphiswano, ifumana i - FIFA World Cup ezintlanu umphinda-phinde ngo: 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 kwaye 2002. Brazil kanjalo ingaba eyona yayo yonke yokusebenza kwi World Cup imbali kuzo zombini iliza elingunxantathu kwaye elililo imiqathango kunye imbali 70 victories kwi-104 iyahambelana idlalwe, 119 imbono umahluko, 227 amanqaku kwaye kuphela 17 ilahleko. All-time table of the FIFA World Cup - Brazil kuphela iqela lesizwe ukuya kuba idlalwe kuzo zonke Indebe Yehlabathi iintlelo ngaphandle na okanye kubekho imfuneko playoffs. Brazil at the FIFA World Cup - sele\u00e7\u00e3o kanjalo kakhulu ngempumelelo wesizwe qela kwi - FIFA Confederations Indebe nabane amaphawu: 1997, 2005, ngo-2009 kwaye 2013, ekubeni holder ka-yokugqibela iwonga tournament.\nNational name njengesiqhelo ka-Brazil, i - Argentina kwaye France kukho kuphela wesizwe njengesiqhelo ukuba kuba uphumelele ezintathu ibaluleke kakhulu abantu ke, amaphawu lunxulumano yi - FIFA: Indebe Yehlabathi, Confederations Indebe, kwi-olimpiki tournament. Baya kuba kanjalo uphumelele bazo continental championship (Copa Am\u00e9rica kuba Brazil Argentina, kwaye UEFA European Championship kuba France).\nBrazil ingaba zonke-ixesha ephezulu avareji Name Elo Umyinge kunye 2017.9, kwaye wesithathu lonke ixesha ephezulu Name Elo Umyinge kunye 2160 ngowe-1962, kuphela emva Hungary Indlela: Iqela ka-1954 kwaye isijamani iqela yowama-2014. Abaninzi elibalulekileyo commentators cinga i-Brazil iqela le 1970 ukuya kuba likhulu association name iqela ngonaphakade, nangona abanye argue kunjalo kuba ezinye njengesiqhelo, ezifana Brazil iqela ka-1958 okanye 1962, kunye honorary mentions kuba gifted 1982 icala.\nBrazil kuphela iqela lesizwe ukuya kuba uphumelele Indebe Yehlabathi kwi ezine ezahlukeneyo continents: xa Aseyurophu (1958 Sweden), kanye Emzantsi Emelika (1962 Chile), kabini North America (1970 Mexico kwaye 1994 sasemerika) kwaye kanye kwi-e-Asia (2002 Korea/Sasejapan). Baye kanjalo share kunye Spain imbali 35 consecutive ngamazwe iyahambelana undefeated. In Portuguese, please use a translator - Portuguese, please use a translator - //globoesporte.globo.com/platb/memoriaec/2009/06/24/eua-impedem-espanha-de-bater-recorde-de-invencibilidade ezenzeka quip malunga name: \"Os ingleses o inventaram, os brasileiros o aperfei\u00e7oaram\" (\"I-English invented ke, Brazilians nokugqibeleleyo ngayo\").\n Imbali \n Phambi kwexesha imbali (1914-57) \nIMAGE: Wokuqala Brazil wesizwe iqela ngonaphakade, 1914.\nIMAGE: Brazil ke kuqala thelekisa ekhaya ngokuchasene Exeter Isixeko ngowe-1914.\nKubalulekile ngokubanzi babekholelwa ukuba lokuqala lomdlalo we-Isijapani wesizwe name. ke 1914 uthelekiso phakathi Rio de Janeiro kwaye S\u00e3o Paulo khetha iqela kwaye isixhosa club Exeter Isixeko, ebibanjwe kwi - Fluminense ke stadium. - Brazil uphumelele 2-0 nge njongo ngu-Oswaldo Gomes kwaye Osman, nangona kubalulekile thathwa ukuba thelekisa yaba 3-3 zoba.\nKwi-umahluko yalo elizayo impumelelo, iqela lesizwe ke kwangoko appearances bengengabo brilliant. Enye phambi kwexesha iyahambelana idlalwe ngethuba ukuba ixesha ziquka eziliqela eyobuhlobo imidlalo ngokuchasene Argentina (ekubeni woyisa 3-0), Chile (kuqala ngowe-1916) kwaye Uruguay (wokuqala ngojulayi 12, 1916). nangona Kunjalo, kukhokelele yi-goalscoring abilities ka - Aph Friedenreich, baba victorious ekhaya kwi - Afrika i-american Championships ngowe - 1919, repeating zabo victory, kanjalo ekhaya, ngowe - 1922.\nNgowe-1930, Brazil idlalwe kwi - lokuqala World Cup, ebibanjwe kwi-Uruguay ngowe-1930. I-squad woyisa Bolivia kodwa khangela ukuba Eyugoslavia, ekubeni eliminated ukususela ukhuphiswano. Baye balahleka lokuqala macala onke, ukuba Spain ngowe - 1934 kwi - Italy, kodwa ufikelele semi-finals kwi - France ngowe - 1938, ekubeni woyisa ngo 2-1 eventual winners Italy. Brazil baba kuphela emzantsi Afrika i-american iqela ukuthatha inxaxheba kolu ukhuphiswano.\nEmva ekubeni victorious kwi wesithathu emzantsi Afrika i-american Championship ngowe - 1949 Brazil kuqala kwenzeka ngamazwe prominence xa oko lonwabisa i - 1950 FIFA World Cup. Eli qela sangena yokugqibela umdlalo we-final round, ngokuchasene Uruguay e Est\u00e1dio ingaba Maracan\u00e3 kwi-Rio, kokufuna kuphela zoba ukuphumelela Indebe Yehlabathi. Uruguay, nangona kunjalo, uphumelele uthelekiso kunye Nendebe kwi umdlalo waziwa njengo \"i-Maracanazo\". Uthelekiso kukhokelele ixesha wesizwe ngokulila.\nKuba 1954 Indebe Yehlabathi kwi-Senegal, Isijapani iqela waba ke phantse ngokupheleleyo renovated, kunye iqela colours ezitshintshiweyo (entsha uyilo yi - Aldyr Schlee) ukususela zonke mhlophe ukuba etyheli, blue kwaye oluhlaza yesizwe iflegi, xana i-Maracanazo, kodwa nangona kunjalo kokuba iqela inkwenkwezi abadlali. Brazil ufikelele kwikota-zokugqibela, apho baye babethwa 4-2 yi-tournament favourites Hungary kwi omnye ugliest ezingqamanayo name imbali, yaziwa njenge Idabi Berne.\n I-Indlela: Era kunye Pel\u00e9 (1958-70) \nIMAGE: I-Brazil wesizwe qela kwi - 1959 Copa Am\u00e9rica.\nKuba i - 1958 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil baba ngokulinganayo! kwi-iqela ne England, USSR kwaye Austria. Baya wambetha Austria 3-0 zabo kuqala thelekisa, ngoko ke kutsalwe 0-0 ne England. Phambi thelekisa, coach Vicente Feola made ezintathu substitutions okokuba baba crucial kuba Brazil ukuba yoyisa Soviets: Zito, Garrincha kwaye Pel\u00e9. Ukususela kick-ngaphandle, abo bagcina phezulu uxinzelelo relentlessly, kwaye emva ezintathu imizuzu, ezaye kamva njengoko kuchaziwe \"elikhulu ezintathu imizuzu kwi-imbali name\",Garrincha 122. Vav\u00e1 wanika i-Brazil baphile. Baya uphumelele uthelekiso ngo 2-0. Pel\u00e9 scored kuphela imbono yabo kwikota-zokugqibela thelekisa ngokuchasene Wales, kwaye baya wambetha France 5-2 kwi-semi-zokugqibela. Brazil ke wambetha Sweden 5-2 kwi final, ifumana yabo yokuqala World Cup kwaye wokuba lokuqala isizwe ukuphumelela i-World Cup isihloko ngaphandle eyakhe lizwekazi.\nKwi - 1962 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil earned yayo yesibini isihloko kunye Garrincha njengoko inkwenkwezi umdlali, mantle kwaye uxanduva wabeka phezu kwakhe emva rhoqo talisman, Pel\u00e9, waba injured ngexesha yesibini iqela thelekisa ngokuchasene Czechoslovakia kwaye ayikwazi ukudlala kuba kuphumla ye-tournament.\nKwi - 1966 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil kokuba zabo eyona imbi yokusebenza kwi World Cup. I-1966 tournament waba wakhumbula kuba yayo excessively yesitalato dlala, kwaye Pel\u00e9 kwakukho omnye abadlali uninzi ezichaphazelekayo. Ngokuchasene Portugal, eziliqela violent tackles yi-isiphuthukezi defenders wenza Pel\u00e9 ukushiya uthelekiso kunye tournament. Brazil ezilahlekileyo oku thelekisa kwaye waba eliminated lokuqala umjikelo ka-Indebe Yehlabathi okokuqala ukususela 1934. Abanalo ayiphumelelanga ukufikelela knockout stages ka-yokhuphiswano ukusukela. Brazil waba yesibini isizwe ukuba abe eliminated lokuqala umjikelo xa ubambe Indebe Yehlabathi kubathwesa zilandelayo Italy ngowe-1950. Emva 2002, 2010 kwaye 2014 Ihlabathi Cups, France, Italy kwaye Spain baba kanjalo yongezelela olu luhlu. Emva tournament, Pel\u00e9 wavakalisa ukuba akazange unqwenela ukudlala kwi World Cup kwakhona. Nonetheless, wabuyela ngowe-1970.\nBrazil uphumelele yayo wesithathu Indebe Yehlabathi kwi-Mexico kwi - 1970 Indebe Yehlabathi. Oko fielded oko sele ukususela ngoko rhoqo. mbasa eyona Indebe Yehlabathi name squad ngonaphakade, ebelikhokelwa Pel\u00e9 wakhe wokugqibela Indebe Yehlabathi finals, umphathi-mikhosi Carlos Alberto Torres, Jairzinho, Tost\u00e3o, G\u00e9rson kwaye Rivelino. Nkqu nokuba Garrincha kokuba retired, eli qela kwakukho kwaye umkhosi ukuba abe reckoned kunye. Baya uphumelele zonke ezintandathu zabo imidlalo\u2014ngokuchasene Czechoslovakia, England kwaye Romania ngexesha leqela dlala, kwaye ngokuchasene Eperu, Uruguay kwaye Italy kwi-knockout umjikelo we. Jairzinho waba yesibini phezulu scorer kunye iinjongo ezisixhenxe; Pel\u00e9 ugqibile nabane njongo. Brazil wawaphakamisela i - Jules Rimet indebegenericname kuba ilixa lesithathu (yokuqala isizwe ukwenza njalo), apho ukuqwalasela okuthethwayo ukuba babeza bavunyelwe ukuba awugcine. A septemba waba ke igunyazise, nangona izakuba 24 eminyaka phambi Brazil uphumelele ke kwakhona.\n I-eyomileyo iimboniselo zabucala (1971-93) \nIMAGE: I - 1970 FIFA World Cup-ifumana i-Brazil iqela, mbasa ngabaprofeti abaninzi elibalulekileyo commentators njengesona sikhulu association name iqela ngonaphakade.\nEmva ngamazwe umhlala-phantsi ka-Pel\u00e9 nezinye iinkwenkwezi kwi-1970 squad, Brazil akazange nako kuloyisa Enetherlands kwi - 1974 Indebe Yehlabathi kwi - West Ijamani, kokugqiba kunyaka wesine ndawo.\nKwisahluko sesibini iqela iqonga le - 1978 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil waba ethengisela kunye tournament abaququzeleli Argentina kuba phezulu ndawo kwaye indawo kwi-finals. Kwimo yabo yokugqibela yeqela thelekisa, Brazil woyisa Poland 3-1 ukuya phezulu leqela nge imbono umahluko ka +5. Argentina kokuba wayenolwazi imbono umahluko +2, kodwa yayo yokugqibela yeqela thelekisa, woyisa Peru 6-0, kwaye njalo umntu kuba i-final kwi-ukufanisa umtyholwa ka-ekugqibeleni-unproven thelekisa fixing. I - Isijapani iqela umntu kuba wesithathu ndawo, kwaye baba kuphela iqela ukuhlala unbeaten kwi-tournament.\nKwi - 1982 World Cup, ebibanjwe kwi-Spain, Brazil ngabona tournament ezithandwa kakhulu, kwaye lula bafudukela ngokusebenzisa phambi kwexesha yinxalenye zoba, kodwa 3-2 yoyisa kwi-Barcelona kwi-Italy, omnye classic imidlalo kwi World Cup finals imbali, eliminated kwabo ukususela tournament kwi-thelekisa ukuze babe jonga njengoko \"Sarri\u00e1 ke, Iintlekele\", referencing i-stadium ke igama. I - 1982 iqela, kunye abadlali njenge S\u00f3crates, Zico, Falc\u00e3o kwaye \u00c9der, wakhumbula njengoko mhlawumbi elona likhulu iqela zange ukuphumelela i-World Cup.\nEziliqela abadlali, kuquka S\u00f3crates kwaye Zico, ukususela 1982 wabuyela ukudlala kwi - 1986 Indebe Yehlabathi kwi-Mexico. I-Brazil, uzole omhle kakhulu iqela kwaye ngaphezulu disciplined defensively kweminyaka emine ngaphambi koko, zahlangana i - Michel Platini-wakhokela France kwi-kwikota-finals kwi classic ka Iyonke Name. Umdlalo idlalwe ukuya 1-1 zoba umqathango wama-ixesha, kwaye emva goalless ezingaphezulu ixesha, kuyo yonke, wehla ukuya esangezelelweyo shoot-ngaphandle, apho i-Brazil waba woyisa 4-3.\nEmva 40 eminyaka, Brazil waba victorious kwi - 1989 Copa Am\u00e9rica, oku ekubeni zabo wesine victory ngeelwimi ezine tournaments lonwabisa kwi-Brazil. Ekuqaleni kowe-1990 Indebe Yehlabathi kwi-Italy, Brazil waba coached yi - Sebasti\u00e3o Lazaroni. Nge defensive scheme, egama engundoqo uphawu waba midfielder Dunga, phambili Careca kwaye ezintathu iziko-kwemiqolo, iqela lacked ubuchule kodwa wenza ngayo. macala onke. Brazil waba eliminated yi - Diego Maradona-wakhokela Argentina kwi-umjikelo ka-16 kwi - turincity in italy, yokulahla babo emzantsi Afrika i-american archrivals 1-0.\n Kubuyela ifumana iindlela (1994-2002) \nBrazil waya 24 eminyaka ngaphandle ifumana i-World Cup okanye nkqu athabatha inxaxheba a zokugqibela. Yabo uyasokola waphela kwi - 1994 tournament e-United States, apho ulawulo icala namakhaya yi - Rom\u00e1rio, Bebeto, Dunga, Cl\u00e1udio Taffarel kwaye Jorginho uphumelele Indebe Yehlabathi kuba ke-mbali wesine ixesha. Iphawula zabo phulo iqukiwe a 1-0 victory phezu - United States kwi-umjikelo ka-16 kwi - Firefox Francisco, 3-2 ukuphumelela phezu Enetherlands kwi-kwikota-finals kwi - Dallas, 1-0 victory phezu Sweden kwi-semi-finals kwi - Los Angeles. Oku ukumisela isixhobo i-Brazil vs. Italy kwi final kwakhona kwi-Los Angeles, esibizwa ngaphantsi 2,000 miles kude Emexico City, apho i-Brazil kokuba uphumelele yabo yangaphambili Indebe Yehlabathi ngowe-1970, ironically emva beating Italy. Emva 0-0 zoba, ukudliwa imali kicks loomed kwaye Brazil waba champions kwakhona.\nAngena 1998 Indebe Yehlabathi njengoko wayekhusela champions, Brazil ugqibile name-phezulu. Emva respectable phulo ngo-oko awabetha Enetherlands kwi-izohlwayo kwi-semi-zokugqibela ukulandela 1-1 zoba, iqela ezilahlekileyo ukuba umququzeleli France 3-0 kwi - zokugqibela.\nIMAGE: Isijapani wesizwe name airplane kwi-2002.\nFuelled yi - \"Emithathu R u\" (Ronaldo, Rivaldo kwaye Ronaldinho), Brazil uphumelele yayo anesihlanu championship kwi - 2002 World Cup, ebibanjwe kwi - South Korea kwaye Ejapan. Brazil wambetha zontathu ubhala ngawe kwiqela ukudlala kwi-South Korea kwaye topped iqela. Kwi-Brazil ke ivula umdlalo ngokuchasene Turkey, Ulsan, Rivaldo bawa emhlabeni clutching ubuso bakhe emva Turkey ke Hakan \u00dcnsal kokuba ukukhatywa ibhola ngexesha lakhe legs. Rivaldo lokuphuma ulwandiso kodwa waba fined \u00a35,180 kuba dlala-isithethi, kwaye waba lokuqala umdlali zange abe wayesohlwaywa kwi - FIFA's crackdown kwi diving. Abo knockout umjikelo ezingqamanayo Japan, Brazil woyisa Belgium 2-0 kwi - Kobe kwi-umjikelo ka-16. Ngokuchasene England kwi-kwikota-finals kwi - Shizuoka, baya uphumelele 2-1, kunye ifumana imbono esiza ukusuka i-engalindelekanga free-kick yi-Ronaldinho. I-semi-zokugqibela waba ngokuchasene Turkey kwi - Saitama; Brazil uphumelele 1-0. I - final waba phakathi kwe-Germany kwaye Brazil kwi - Yokohama, apho Ronaldo scored iinjongo ezimbini kwi-Brazil ke 2-0 koyisa. Ronaldo kanjalo uphumelele Indlela: Shoe njengoko tournament ke ezikhokelela scorer.\n Indebe yehlabathi imbalela (2006\u2013langoku) \nIMAGE: Brazil ngokuchasene Japan kwi - 2006 FIFA World Cup kwi-Dortmund, Ijamani.\nBrazil uphumelele 2004 Copa Am\u00e9rica, wabo wesithathu ukuphumelela ngeelwimi ezine competitions ukusukela 1997\nBrazil kanjalo uphumelele 2005 FIFA Confederations Indebe kuba okwesibini. Umphathi Carlos Alberto Parreira wakha lakhe icala nge-4-2-2-2 ukumiselwa kwebandla. Nicknamed \"Umlingo Isikwere\", attack yakhiwa jikelele ezine abadlali: Ronaldo, Adriano, Kak\u00e1 kwaye Ronaldinho.\nKwi - 2006 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil uphumelele zayo zokuqala ezimbini imidlalo ngokuchasene Ecroatia (1-0) kwaye Australia (2-0). Kwi final iqela lomdlalo ngokuchasene Japan, Brazil uphumelele 4-1. Ronaldo scored kabini kwaye equalled imbali kuba eyona njongo scored kuwo onke Ehlabathini Cups. Kwi-umjikelo ka-16, Brazil wambetha Ghana 3-0. Ronaldo ke imbono waba yakhe 15th kwi World Cup imbali, beqhekeza imbali. I-Brazil, nangona kunjalo, waba eliminated kwi-kwikota-finals ngokuchasene France, yokulahla 1-0.\nDunga waba hired njengoko Brazil ke entsha iqela umphathi ngowe-2006. - Brazil ke uphumelele 2007 Copa Am\u00e9rica, apho phambili Robinho waba awarded i-Indlela: Qala kwaye gama i-tournament ke, eyona umdlali. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Brazil uphumelele 2009 FIFA Confederations Indebe ukutywina wabo wesithathu Confederations Indebe isihloko. Kak\u00e1 sathiywa njengoko umdlali ye-tournament ngexesha striker Lu\u00eds Fabiano uphumelele phezulu goalscorer kweelwimi.\nIMAGE: Brazil Chile ngo-2010.\nKwi - 2010 Indebe Yehlabathi Emzantsi Afrika, i-Brazil uphumelele zabo zokuqala ezimbini iyahambelana ngokuchasene monaco (2-1) kwaye i-Ivory Coast (3-1), ngokulandelelana kwayo. Yabo yokugqibela thelekisa, ngokuchasene Portugal, waphela kwi 0-0 zoba. Baya faced Chile kwi-umjikelo ka-16, ifumana 3-0, nangona kwi-kwikota-zokugqibela bawa Enetherlands 2-1.\nNgojulayi 2010, Mano Menezes sathiywa njengoko Brazil ke entsha coach. Ngomhla ka-2011 Copa Am\u00e9rica, Brazil ezilahlekileyo ngokuchasene Paraguay kwaye waba eliminated kwi-kwikota-finals. Ngomhla we-4 julayi ka-2012, ngenxa nokungabikho competitive iyahambelana ngenxa yokuba iqela kokuba ngokuzenzekelayo umntu kuba 2014 Indebe Yehlabathi njengoko tournament yemikhosi, Brazil waba ranked 11th kwi - FIFA ranking, yokuqala xesha Sele\u00e7\u00e3o waba ruled ngaphandle phezulu ishumi ukususela ranking wenziwa ngowe-1993.\n Kubuyela ka-Luiz Felipe Scolari (2013-14) \nNgonovemba 2012, coach Mano Menezes waba sacked kwaye endaweni yi - Luiz Felipe Scolari.\nIMAGE: Brazil uphumelele-2013 FIFA Confederations Indebe nge-5 uphumelele kwi-5 imifanekiso.\nNgomhla we-6 juni 2013, i-Brazil waba ranked 22nd kwi-FIFA ranking, babo nani liphantsi-ngonaphakade udidi. - Brazil ingenile 2013 Confederations Indebe kunye injongo wayekhusela zabo isihloko. Kwi final, Brazil faced Spain, ifumana 3-0 kwaye tywino zabo wesine Confederations Indebe isihloko. Neymar sathiywa umdlali ye-tournament kwaye wafumana Indlela: Ibhola Kweelwimi kwaye Adidas Bronze Shoe, kwaye J\u00falio C\u00e9sar uphumelele Indlela: Glove Kweelwimi kuba eyona goalkeeper ye-tournament.\nBrazil waba ngokulinganayo! kwi Qela A ka-2014 World Cup, ecaleni Ecroatia, Emexico kwaye Ebangladesh. Kwi-ukuvula i-thelekisa le tournament, Marcelo scored i-eyakho imbono kuba Ecroatia, nangona kunjalo iinjongo ezimbini ukusuka Neymar kwaye enye ukususela Oscar waguqukela umdlalo jikelele ukufumana Sele\u00e7\u00e3o ngaphandle ukuya ifumana qala kwi yabo yokuqala Indebe Yehlabathi kwi ekhaya umhlaba kwi-64 ubudala. eli qela ke zoba 0-0 nge-Mexico, njengoko Guillermo Ochoa ekhutshwe a man of the match yokusebenza kwi-Mexican imbono. - Brazil iqinisekiswa qualification ukuba knockout kude kube yi-defeating Ebangladesh 4-1 kunye Neymar kwakhona yenza inqaku kabini, kwaye Fred kwaye Fernandinho ekuboneleleni ezinye iinjongo.\nBrazil faced Chile kwi - umjikelo ka-16, uthatha i-18th-ngomzuzu kukhokela ngokusebenzisa Udavide Luiz's kuqala imbono kuba Sele\u00e7\u00e3o. Kunye akukho ezinye yenza inqaku emva Alexis S\u00e1nchez's equaliser, thelekisa, waya a esangezelelweyo shootout. Brazil ekuphembeleleni 3-2, kunye Neymar, Udavide Luiz kwaye Marcelo ekuguquleni zabo kicks, kwaye goalkeeper J\u00falio C\u00e9sar kugcinwa kwi Chileans Alexis S\u00e1nchez kwaye Mauricio Pinilla. eli qela kwakhona faced emzantsi Afrika i-american indawo kwi - kwikota-zokugqibela, defeating Colombia 2-1 nge njongo ukusuka kwi-central defenders Udavide Luiz kwaye iqela ukapteni Thiago Silva. Emva kwexesha kwi-thelekisa, Neymar waba zifakelwe kwi stretcher emva Juan Camilo Z\u00fa\u00f1iga's knee yamenza uqhagamshelane ne-phambili ke, emva. Neymar wathatyathelwa esibhedlele kwaye kamva diagnosed nge fractured vertebra, apho ruled kuye ngaphandle kuba intsalela tournament. Phambi oku, Neymar kokuba scored ezine iinjongo, ngaphandle kokuba omnye ukuncedisa, kwaye sele ekuthiwa man of the match kabini. Brazil faced ezinye iingxaki ozayo zabo semi-zokugqibela ngokuchasene Germany, njengoko Thiago Silva waba ukukhonza isinye-thelekisa ulwandiso yokwamkela yakhe yesibini mthubi ikhadi le-tournament kwi-kwikota-zokugqibela. - Sele\u00e7\u00e3o wahamba oza kuphulukana nayo 1-7 ukuba Germans \u2013 zabo wemiceli ngonaphakade yoyisa kwi World Cup kwaye kuqala ekhaya ilahleko kwi competitive thelekisa ukusukela ngo-1975. Ngakulo isiphelo uthelekiso, ekhaya indimbane waqalisa \"ol\u00e9\" ngamnye okokuba ukususela isijamani iqela, kwaye booed kwezabo abadlali ngaphandle i-nokulungiselela emva yokugqibela whistle. uthelekiso wenziwe nicknamed i - Mineirazo, ukwenza kubhekiswa isizwe ke edlulileyo Indebe Yehlabathi yoyisa kwi ekhaya emhlabeni, Maracanazo ngokuchasene Uruguay ngowe-1950, kwaye Est\u00e1dio ingaba Mineir\u00e3o apho thelekisa wathabatha indawo.\nIMAGE: I - 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil iqela\nBrazil ugqibile Indebe Yehlabathi kunyaka wesine ndawo, ekubeni ayiphumelelanga kuliphindezela zabo semi zokugqibela yoyisa kwi-Germany yi-yokulahla kwi-Netherlands 0-3 kowesithathu-ndawo thelekisa. Eli qela waphela owamashumi tournament kunye eyona imbi defensive imbali 32 ethengisela izizwe, ekubeni conceded 14 njongo. kuphela kwamanye amazwe ukuba concede 12 okanye ngaphezulu iinjongo ekhoyo Indebe Yehlabathi ifomati ingaba monaco kwaye Saudi Arabia. Zilandelayo ezi iziphumo, Scolari kwapapashwa yakhe resignation.\n Kubuyela ka-Dunga (2014-2016) \nNgomhla we-22 kweyekhala ngowama-2014, Dunga waba kwapapashwa njengoko omtsha umphathi-Brazil, babuyela indawo okokuqala ukususela iqela ke ukuphuma kwi-2010 Indebe Yehlabathi.\nDunga ke lokuqala umdlalo wakhe wesibini alawule njengoko Brazil ke umphathi yaba eyobuhlobo thelekisa ngokuchasene 2014 Indebe Yehlabathi kwikota-finalists Colombia e - Sun Ubomi Stadium ngowe - Miami ngomhla we-5 kweyomsintsi ngowama-2014, ne-Brazil ifumana uthelekiso 1-0 nge-83rd-ngomzuzu Neymar free-kick imbono. Dunga abalandela eli phezulu kunye uphumelele ngokuchasene Ecuador (1-0), kwi - 2014 Supercl\u00e1sico de las Am\u00e9ricas ngokuchasene Argentina (2-0), ngokuchasene Japan (4-0), ngokuchasene Turkey (0-4), kwaye ngokuchasene Austria (1-2). Dunga waqhubeka Brazil ke, ifumana kutshawuzela ngowama-2015 ngo defeating France 3-1 kwelinye banobuhlobo. Bamlandela oku kunye uphumelele ngokuchasene Chile (1-0), Emexico (2-0) kwaye Ehonduras (1-0).\n Ngowama-2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica \nBrazil kuqaliswe inkqubo tournament nge victory ngokuchasene Peru emva esiza ngasemva ukusuka ngo 2-1 (kunye Udouglas Costa ifumana amanqaku kwi-nokufa moments), yalandelwa a 1-0 yoyisa ngokuchasene Colombia kwaye 2-1 victory ngokuchasene Evenezuela. Kwi-knockout kwethuba, Brazil faced Paraguay kwaye waba eliminated emva uzoba 1-1 ngendlela eqhelekileyo ixesha yokulahla 4-3 kwi-esangezelelweyo shootout. Njengoko enjalo, Brazil waba ayikwazi bafanele kuba FIFA Confederations Indebe (kule meko, 2017 edition) okokuqala ngowe-phantse-20 idlulileyo.\n Copa Am\u00e9rica Centenario \nBrazil aqalisa tournament nge scoreless zoba ngokuchasene Ecuador, kunye Ecuadorians ekubeni a imbono wrongly disallowed kwi-ileta yesibini. Oku kwaba yalandelwa i-emphatic 7-1 victory phezu Ehaiti, kunye Philippe Coutinho yenza inqaku a hat-trick. Kokufuna kuphela zoba ukuba inkqubela-phambili kwi-knockout iqonga le-tournament, Brazil intlungu a controversial 1-0 ilahleko ukuba Eperu, kunye Ra\u00fal Ruid\u00edaz ifumana amanqaku kwi-75th ngomzuzu yi-guiding ibhola kwi-net kunye ingalo yakhe. Le lahleko, Brazil ke kuqala ilahleko ukuba Peru ukusukela ngo-1985, wabona Brazil eliminated ukususela tournament kwiqela iqonga okokuqala ukususela 1987.\n Ixesha leTite (2016\u2013) \nNgomhla we-14 juni 2016, Dunga waba sacked njengoko umphathi-Brazil. Tite, owathi zilawulwe i - 2015 Isijapani champion Kwabasekorinte, lwaqiniselwa njengoko yakhe septemba kwezintandathu emva koko. Tite ke debut waba iphawulwe nge-i kude victory ngokuchasene Ecuador yi-3-0 ngomhla we-2 septemba, 2-1 ukuphumelela phezu Colombia, 5-0 shocking ukuphumelela ngokuchasene Bolivia kwaye 0-2 victory kude ngokuchasene Venezuela, ukuzisa Brazil ukuya phezulu Indebe Yehlabathi Qualifiers leaderboard okokuqala ukususela ngo-2011. - Brazil ke woyisa Paraguay 3-0 babe yokuqala iqela, ezinye kunokuba abaququzeleli Russia, ukuze ulungele kuba 2018 FIFA World Cup.\n Olympics \nIMAGE: Brazil abadlali kunye zabo igolide medals ukususela ngowama-2016 Ehlotyeni Olympics\nBrazil uphumelele yayo yokuqala kwi-olimpiki, igolide medal kwi - 2016 kwi-home emhlabeni. Phambi ukuba victory, kwi-olimpiki name tournament waba kuphela ngamazwe ukhuphiswano kwi-name umbutho yi - FIFA ukuba Brazil kokuba zange uphumelele. Baya kuba kanjalo uphumelele ezintathu zesilivere (1984, 1988 kwaye 2012) kwaye ababini bronze medals (1996, 2008). Since 1992, squads for Football at the Summer Olympics have been restricted to three players over the age of 23. - Isijapani kwi-olimpiki, iqela rhoqo coached yi-national iqela coach, ezifana M\u00e1rio Zagallo ngo-1996, Vanderlei Luxemburgo kwi-2000, Dunga 2008 Mano Menezes ngo-2012.\n Nicknames \nI-Isijapani iqela lesizwe kunye ezininzi nicknames kwaye eyaziwayo ngendlela ezahlukeneyo imimandla yehlabathi ngo ezahlukeneyo nicknames. Nicknames kuba squad kwi-Brazil ziquka Canarinho, lithetha \"Abancinane Canary\", ibinzana ukuba waba popularized yi-emva kwexesha cartoonist Fernando \"Mangabeira\" Pieruccetti ngexesha 1950 Indebe Yehlabathi. Amanye amagama njenge Amarelinha, \"Encinane Etyheli Omnye\", Verde-amarelo, okanye \"Okwengca-Mthubi\", Pentacampe\u00e3o, \"Isihlanu - - - -ixesha Champions\", Esquadr\u00e3o de Ouro (Indlela: Squad), abanye Latin i-american commentators rhoqo jonga i-Brazil Wesizwe iqela El Ekuqaleni (Ekuqaleni), phakathi kwabanye.\n Kit evolution \nBrazil ke yokuqala iqela imibala baba mhlophe kunye blue collars, kodwa zilandelayo yoyisa kwi - Maracan\u00e3 kwi-1950 World Cup, imibala baba criticised kuba lacking patriotism. Unemvume ukususela Isijapani Emidlalo Confederation, newspaper Correio da Manh\u00e3 igcine a ukhuphiswano ukuba uyilo a kit incorporating ezine imibala ye-Isijapani beflegi. Futebol, p64 - ifumana uyilo yaba mthubi jersey kunye oluhlaza trim okwesibhakabhaka shorts ngobumhlophe trim ngokulinganayo! ngu - Aldyr Garcia Schlee, nineteen-yeminyaka ubudala ukusuka Pelotas. Ibid omtsha imibala baba kuqala asetyenziswa Kweyokwindla ngowe-1954 ukufanisa ngokuchasene Chile, kwaye zithe kusetyenziswa ngonaphakade oko.\nUkusetyenziswa blue njengokuba kude kit umbala imihla ukususela 30s, kodwa ke waba osisigxina yesibini oyikhethileyo accidentally kwi-1958 Indebe Yehlabathi Zokugqibela. Brazil ke ubhala ngawe baba Sweden, abaye kanjalo wear etyheli, zoba wanika ekhaya iqela, Sweden, ilungelo ukudlala kwi-mthubi. I-Brazil, abo travelled kunye akukho kubasindisa kit, hurriedly ukuthengwa a misela ka-blue shirts kwaye sewed kwi imifuziselo sika ukusuka zabo mthubi shirts. Futebol, p67\nEkhaya\nKude\n Venues \nIMAGE: Granja Comary complex yi-ekhaya yesizwe iqela.\nIMAGE: Uqeqesho lootitshala inkampu abalindi ngasesangweni.\nBrazil awunayo i-national home stadium efana nezinye ezininzi wesizwe njengesiqhelo, kwaye jikelezisa zabo ekhaya Indebe Yehlabathi kuncedwe ezingqamanayo ezahlukeneyo venues kulo lonke eli lizwe, ezifana Maracan\u00e3 Stadium ngowe - Rio de Janeiro. Ukususela ngoseptemba 2006, Brazil kuba idlalwe ezininzi ngamazwe friendlies e Arsenal's Emirates Stadium ngowe - London, England. Brazil kanjalo yenza inani ngamazwe friendlies kwi - United States.\nBrazil ke uqeqesho inkampu ingaba Granja Comary kwi - Teres\u00f3polis, ebekwe 90 kilometres (55 miles) ukususela Rio de Janeiro. Brazil's national team begins preparations for World Cup (in English) Granja Comary waba kuvulwa kwi-1987,Granja Comary reopened (in English) kwaye underwent ezibalulekileyo renovations ngo-2013, kwaye ngowama-2014.\n Competitive imbali \nEzi thebhule zilandelayo ibonisa kuphela Brazil ke iziphumo e enkulu tournaments. Ukubona Brazil ke iziphumo e encinci tournaments, bona i-Brazil wesizwe name iqela competitive mbali. Brazil kuba uphumelele kuqhutywe 64 esemthethweni ngamazwe amaphawu ukuba elinolwazi kwaye grassroots inqanaba iinketho zebhodi, oko kuya a imbali yehlabathi. In Portuguese, please use a translator - pt: Anexo: Lista de t\u00edtulos das sele\u00e7\u00f5es sul-americanas de futebol masculino#Sele.\n FIFA World Cup \nBrazil sele umntu kuba wonke FIFA World Cup kokuba engene, zange efuna a kuncedwe dlala-ngaphandle. Kunye ezintlanu amagama eencwadi, baya kuba uphumelele tournament kwi ngaphezulu ezithile kunokuba naliphi na iqela lesizwe. Brazil kuphela iqela lesizwe ukuya kuba idlalwe kuzo zonke FIFA World Cup iintlelo ngaphandle ekubeni kubekho nawuphi na.\nFIFA World Cup recordFIFA World Cup qualification recordYearRoundPosition * link=Uruguay|alt=Uruguay|border|23x23px 1930 Group Stage 6th 2 1 0 1 5 2 \u2013 1934Round 1 14th 1 0 0 1 1 3 Automatically qualified 1938 Third Place 3rd 5 3 1 1 14 11 Automatically qualified 1950 Runners-up 2nd 6 4 1 1 22 6Qualified as hosts 1954 Quarter-Finals 5th 3 1 1 1 8 5 4 4 0 0 8 1 1958 Champions 1st 6 5 1 0 16 4 2 1 1 0 2 1 1962 Champions 1st 6 5 1 0 14 5Qualified as defending champions 1966 Group Stage 11th 3 1 0 2 4 6Qualified as defending champions 1970 Champions 1st 6 6 0 0 19 7 6 6 0 0 23 2 1974 Fourth Place 4th 7 3 2 2 6 4Qualified as defending champions 1978 Third Place 3rd 7 4 3 0 10 3 6 4 2 0 17 1 1982Round 2 5th 5 4 0 1 15 6 4 4 0 0 11 2 1986 Quarter-Finals 5th 5 4 1 0 10 1 4 2 2 0 6 2 1990 Round of 16 9th 4 3 0 1 4 2 4 3 1 0 13 1 1994 Champions 1st 7 5 2 0 11 3 8 5 2 1 20 4 1998 Runners-up 2nd 7 4 1 2 14 10Qualified as defending champions 2002 Champions 1st 7 7 0 0 18 4 18 9 3 6 31 17 2006 Quarter-Finals 5th 5 4 0 1 10 2 18 9 7 2 35 17 2010 Quarter-Finals 6th 5 3 1 1 9 4 18 9 7 2 33 11 2014 Fourth Place 4th 7 3 2 2 11 14Qualified as hosts 2018Qualified 14 10 3 1 35 10 Total 5 titles 21/21 104 70 17 17 221 102 106 66 28 12 234 69\n Izikhumbuzo\n<|endoftext|>### URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052924/http://www.copa2014.gov.br/en/noticia/brazils-team-base-camp-granja-comary-reopened\nBrazil\u2019s Team Base Camp Granja Comary was reopened this Wednesday (26.03) in Teres\u00f3polis, Rio de Janeiro state\u2019s mountain region. \u201cHere, we'll have all the necessary conditions to prepare to attempt to win our sixth title. If you want to make any demands, make them of us\u201d, said Brazil manager Luiz Felipe Scolari.\nThe manger also pointed out the level of security, comfort and privacy at the venue. \u201cThe players will find everything at the same standard or higher to what they\u2019re used to in their clubs in Europe. Granja Comary will remain as a great heritage to many managers, who will work here, as well as our young football talents\", he added.\nThe names of those who will play for Brazil in the 2014 FIFA World Cup will be announced on 7 May. Players arrive at the Teres\u00f3polis TBC on 27 May to start their preparation for the tournament.\nStructure\nRenovations lasted ten months in the approximately 8.5 thousand m\u00b2 built-up area at Granja Comary, which sits in a 149 thousand m\u00b2 plot of land.\nOnly players and technical staff will have access to Sector 1. There, only the foundations were kept, as almost everything was rebuilt. Now, the 22 double rooms have turned into 30 individual en-suite rooms and six doubles.\nSector 1 also has a living room, where players may host their family members. In addition, there is also a games room, videogame room, exclusive gym, special medical room and another for physiotherapy, barber, dentist, podiatrist, pharmacy, service area with launderette, stockroom, print works and restaurant.\nSector 2 is where we find the dressing rooms, fields and gym next to the pitch, which have also been renovated. The dressing room has a separate area for the technical staff and another for the players, a spa with jacuzzis, cryotherapy baths and saunas.\nStill in Sector 3, we have three fields that have been prepared for pre-World Cup training. The same company that has laid down the pitches for the World Cup was in charge of renovations, following the same standards for the pitch and irrigation.\nSector 3 is where we find the multi-purpose gym, which has also been renovated. The floorboard has been changed, the roof was rebuilt to fix some problems and the male and female lavatories totally remodelled.\nIn Sector 4 we find some interesting new things in relation to the recovery and treatment of injured players. Sector 5 stands out because of the stand facing Brazil\u2019s training pitches, which now is able to cater for 180 people. In addition, an exclusive car park was also put in to supply for the press, measuring 1,800m\u00b2, as well as another lot where guests and service providers may park, measuring 600m\u00b2.\nThroughout its 27 year long history, Granja Comary has served as temporary home to many great players. It was opened on 31 January 1987.\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Brazil national football team' from xh to English:\nPortuguese , please use a translator - ezenzeka quip malunga name : \" The English invented it , the Brazilians perfected it \" ( \" I - English invented ke , Brazilians nokugqibeleleyo ngayo \" ) . Early history ( 1914 - 57 ) Brazil 's first national team ever , 1914 .\n Brazil first match at home against Exeter City in 1914 .\n It is widely believed to be the first Japanese national game . The 1914 comparison between Rio de Janeiro and S\u00e3o Paulo chose the team and the Xhosa club Exeter City , which was held at the Fluminense stadium . In contrast to its future success , the national team 's immediate appearances were not brilliant . After being victorious in the third South African American Championship in 1949 , Brazil first achieved international prominence when it hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup . For the 1954 World Cup in Senegal , the Japanese team was then almost completely renovated , and the team colors were changed ( the new design is - Aldyr Schlee ) from all white to yellow , blue and green of the national flag , even the Maracanazo , but nevertheless the team star players . In the 1962 World Cup , Brazil earned its second title with Garrincha as a star player , beautiful and the responsibility placed on him after the constant talisman , Pel\u00e9 , was injured during the second team match against Czechoslovakia and could not play because of the rest of the tournament . They have failed to reach the knockout stages of the competition since .\n Brazil became the second nation to be eliminated in the first round when they held the World Cup next to Italy in 1950 . The dry private views ( 1971 - 93 )\n The 1970 FIFA World Cup - gets the Brazil team , awarded by the prophets of many important commentators as the greatest association name of the team ever .\n After the international retirement of Pel\u00e9 and other stars in the 1970 squad , Brazil could not defeat the Netherlands in the 1974 World Cup in West Germany , finishing in fourth place . Entered the 1998 World Cup as the defending champions , Brazil finished top .\n After a respectable campaign , he beat the Enetherlands in penalties in the semi - finals following a 1 - 1 draw , the team lost to the organizer France 3 - 0 in the final .\n Japanese national name airplane in 2002 .\n Fueled by the \" Three R 's \" ( Ronaldo , Rivaldo and Ronaldinho ) , Brazil won its fifth championship in the 2002 World Cup , which was held in South Korea and Japan . Dunga was hired as Brazil 's new team manager in 2006 .\n - Brazil then won the 2007 Copa Am\u00e9rica , where forward Robinho was awarded the way : Start and name the tournament , the best player . In the 2011 Copa Am\u00e9rica , Brazil lost against Paraguay and was eliminated in the quarter - finals .\n On July 4 , 2012 , due to the lack of competitive matches due to the fact that the team is automatically a person for the 2014 World Cup as a tournament of hosts , Brazil was ranked 11th in the FIFA ranking , the first time the Sele\u00e7\u00e3o was ruled out of the top ten since the ranking was made in 1993 . - Brazil entered the 2013 Confederations Cup with the goal of defending their title .\n In the final , Brazil faced Spain , winning 3 - 0 and sealing their fourth Confederations Cup title . In the opening match of this tournament , Marcelo scored his own vision for Croatia , however , two goals from Neymar and one from Oscar turned the game around to get the Sele\u00e7\u00e3o out to get the start of their first World Cup on home soil at the age of 64 . This group then drew 0 - 0 with Mexico , as Guillermo Ochoa was released as a man of the match for his work from the Mexican point of view . -to open the comparison of this tournament , Marcelo scored his own vision for Croatia , however two goals from Neymar and one from Oscar turned the game around to get the Sele\u00e7\u00e3o out to get the start of their first World Cup on home soil at the age of 64 . This group then drew 0 - 0 with Mexico , as Guillermo Ochoa was released as a man of the match for his work from the Mexican point of view .\n - Brazil is guaranteed qualification to the knockout until defeating Ebangladesh 4 - 1 with Neymar again scoring twice , and Fred and Fernandinho providing other goals . And no other made a point after Alexis S\u00e1nchezs equalizer , compare , he went to a shootout .\n Brazil leading 3 - 2 , with Neymar , Davide Luiz and Marcelo converting their kicks , and goalkeeper J\u00falio C\u00e9sar saved the Chileans Alexis S\u00e1nchez and Mauricio Pinilla . Before this , Neymar has scored four goals , without one assist , and has been named man of the match twice .\n Brazil faced some problems coming to their semi - finals against Germany , as Thiago Silva had to serve one - compared extension to receive his second yellow card of the tournament in the quarter - finals . After a while in comparison , Neymar was put on a stretcher after Juan Camilo Z\u00fa\u00f1igas knee made him contact the front then , back .\n Neymar was taken to the hospital and later diagnosed with a fractured vertebra , which ruled him out for the rest of the tournament . This team finished tenth in the tournament with the worst defensive history of 32 turnovers , having conceded 14 goals. only other countries that concede 12 or more goals in the World Cup format can be Monaco and Saudi Arabia .\n Following these results , Scolari announced his resignation . Dunga began his second game in charge as Brazil 's manager became a friendly match against 2014 World Cup quarter - finalists Colombia at the Sun Life Stadium in Miami on September 5 , 2014 , with Brazil winning 1 - 0 in the 83rd minute . - at the moment Neymar free - kick idea . In 2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica Brazil started the tournament with a victory against Peru after coming behind from 2 - 1 ( with Douglas Costa scoring in the dying moments ) , followed by a 1 - 0 victory against Colombia and a 2 - 1 victory against Evenezuela . In the knockout stage , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1 - 1 in regular time to lose 4 - 3 in the extra shootout . -knockout opportunity , Brazil faced Paraguay and was eliminated after drawing 1 - 1 in normal time to lose 4 - 3 in the extra shootout .\n As such , Brazil was unable to qualify for the FIFA Confederations Cup ( in this case , the 2017 edition ) for the first time in almost 20 years . Copa Am\u00e9rica Centenario Brazil started the tournament with a scoreless draw against Ecuador , with the Ecuadorians having a view wrongly disallowed in the second letter . This was followed by an emphatic 7 - 1 victory over Haiti , with Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat - trick .\n The only draw to progress to the knockout stage of the tournament , Brazil suffered a controversial 1 - 0 loss to Peru , and Ra\u00fal Ruid\u00edaz scored in the 75th minute by guiding the ball into the net with his arm . Tite , who managed the 2015 Japanese champion Corinthians , was confirmed as his six - year - old after that .\n Tite 's debut was marked by a 3 - 0 away victory against Ecuador on September 2 , a 2 - 1 win over Colombia , a shocking 5 - 0 win against Bolivia and a 0 - 2 away victory against Venezuela , bringing Brazil to the top World Cup Qualifiers leaderboard for the first time since 2011 . Nicknames The Japanese national team has many nicknames and is known in different regions of the world with different nicknames .\n Nicknames for the squad in Brazil include Canarinho , meaning \" Little Canary \" , a phrase that was popularized by the late cartoonist Fernando \" Mangabeira \" Pieruccitti during the 1950 World Cup . Brazil 's training camp is Granja Comary in Teres\u00f3polis , located 90 kilometers ( 55 miles ) from Rio de Janeiro . Brazils national team begins preparations for World Cup ( in English ) Granja Comary was opened in 1987 , Granja Comary reopened ( in English ) and underwent important renovations in 2013 and 2014 .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Brazil national football team", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "At the beginning of his work with glass in 1971 , Snodgrass was influenced by the spirit of his decade then to know artistic cannabis smoking culture .\n In 1981 glassblowing became Snodgrass and he and his family began traveling around the United States , selling his work in different markets until 1990 when he settled in Eugene , Oregon . Snodgrass invented Dichroic glass ( Dichro ) , a type of", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Ubob Snodgrass' from xh to English:\nAt the beginning of his work with glass in 1971 , Snodgrass was influenced by the spirit of his decade then to know artistic cannabis smoking culture .\n In 1981 glassblowing became Snodgrass and he and his family began traveling around the United States , selling his work in different markets until 1990 when he settled in Eugene , Oregon . Snodgrass invented Dichroic glass ( Dichro ) , a type of borosilicate glass mixed with gold and silver that appears to change colors in different ways to light .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUbob Snodgrass ufumana i-i-american glassblower ezaziwayo kuba yakhe imirhumo kwaye innovations ukuba unguye ka-glass umbhobho-ukwenza kwaye glass unguye jikelele. Ekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe kunye glass ngowe-1971, Snodgrass waba influenced ngomoya wakhe decade ke ukwazi artistic cannabis ukutshaya inkcubeko. Ngowe-1981 glassblowing waba Snodgrass' kwaye yena nosapho lwakhe waqalisa abajikelezayo-United States, kuthengiswa umsebenzi wakhe e ezahlukeneyo unguye kwiimarike de 1990 xa sukuba wahlala Eugene, invented Dichroic glass (Dichro), uhlobo borosilicate glass mixed kunye igolide nesilivere leyo ivela ukutshintsha imibala ngendlela ezahlukeneyo ukukhanyisa. Namhlanje Snodgrass uqhubekeka neplanethi abahlala kuyo kwi-Oregon kwaye sele elide uluhlu apprentices abo kuqhubeka ekuphuculeni phezu umsebenzi wakhe. I-documentary wefilim, Degenerate Unguye, amaxwebhu heady glass subculture ukuba Snodgrass kwamnceda kunabela. Yena sibonwa \"Godfather ka-artistic nzima //columbiariverglass.com/artist-bob-snodgrass/", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ubob Snodgrass", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "50 / 50 Burger Treasure is a half bacon , half beef burger by Scott Slater Slater 's 50 / 50 Dining . Bacon , bacon , and more bacon adds up to a hit new burger - NY Daily News The 50 / 50 Burger it contains 50 % ground bacon and 50 % ground beef , avocado mash , pepper jack cheese and chipotle adobo mayo on a brioche bun . 50 / 50 Burger Treasure is half bacon , half beef Burger eaten by Scott S", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\n50/50 i-burger\n50 / 50 Ubuncwane be-Burger ngumhlaba wesiqingatha i-bacon, isiqingatha umhlaba wenkomo Burger otyelwe nguScott Slater Slater\u2019s 50/50 Yokutyela. Bacon, bacon, and more bacon adds up to a hit new burger - NY Daily News I-50/50 Burger iqulethe i-bacon yomhlaba engama-50% kunye ne-50% yomhlaba wenkomo yenkomo, i-avocado mash, i-pepper jack cheese kunye ne chipotle adobo mayo kwi-brioche bun bun.\nCategory: Hamburgers (ukutya)\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about '50/50 i-burger' from xh to English:\n50 / 50 Burger Treasure is a half bacon , half beef burger by Scott Slater Slater 's 50 / 50 Dining . Bacon , bacon , and more bacon adds up to a hit new burger - NY Daily News The 50 / 50 Burger it contains 50 % ground bacon and 50 % ground beef , avocado mash , pepper jack cheese and chipotle adobo mayo on a brioche bun . 50 / 50 Burger Treasure is half bacon , half beef Burger eaten by Scott Slater Slater 's 50 / 50 Restaurant . Bacon , bacon , and more bacon adds up to a hit new burger - NY Daily News The 50 / 50 Burger it contains 50 % ground bacon and 50 % ground beef , avocado mash , pepper jack cheese and chipotle adobo mayo on a brioche bun .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "50/50 i-burger", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "A sandwich is a food item that contains vegetables , cheese or meat , inserted or between pieces of bread , or in general any dish where two or more loaves of bread act as a link or wrapper for another type of food .\n of Restaurant Management & Culinary Arts Level Two .\n Pearson .\n 2011. p . 53 .\n ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 138022 - 6 . The stew started out as a portable finger food in the Western wo", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nSandwich\nIsandwich yinto yokutya equkethe imifuno, ishizi okanye inyama, ifakwe okanye phakathi kweetyintsi zesonka, okanye ngokubanzi nantoni na isitya apho ezimbini okanye ezinye izonka zesinkwa zisebenza njengekhonkco okanye i-wrapper enye uhlobo of Restaurant Management & Culinary Arts Level Two. Pearson. 2011. p.\u00a053. ISBN\u00a0978-0-13-138022-6. Isityuji saqala njengento yokutya ngomunwe ephathekayo kwihlabathi leNtshona, ngokugqithiseleyo ixesha liye labonakala liphela kwihlabathi jikelele.\nImithombo\n \nCategory: Ukutya kwaseBritani\nCategory: Zokutya zaseMelika\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Sandwich' from xh to English:\nA sandwich is a food item that contains vegetables , cheese or meat , inserted or between pieces of bread , or in general any dish where two or more loaves of bread act as a link or wrapper for another type of food .\n of Restaurant Management & Culinary Arts Level Two .\n Pearson .\n 2011. p . 53 .\n ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 138022 - 6 . The stew started out as a portable finger food in the Western world , but over time it has been seen around the world .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Sandwich", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "- Canva is a free graphic design tool website , found in 2012 .\n It is a type of graphic design that is easy to use because you can take it by dragging it from where it is and put it where you want to put it on the interface , it means it has been seen by a million people and they have found it and this website does that", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Canva' from xh to English:\n- Canva is a free graphic design tool website , found in 2012 .\n It is a type of graphic design that is easy to use because you can take it by dragging it from where it is and put it where you want to put it on the interface , it means it has been seen by a million people and they have found it and this website does that\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Canva iyi-website yesixhobo se-graphic design yasimahla, eyafunyanwa ngo-2012. Luhlobo lwegraphic design ekulula ukulusebenzisa kuba uyakwazi ukuluthatha ngokulurhuqa kuloo ndawo lukuyo uze ulubeke kuloo ndawo othanda ukuba ulibeke kwi-interface, itsho ibonwe\u00a0 sisigidi sbatsho bayifumane kwaye le i-website yenza okokuba Oko sele i-kulula abafoti, kwii-graphics, nakwii-fonts. ukuyisebenzisa tsala i-faka ujongano kwaye ibonelela ukufikelela phezu a million iifoto, imizobo, ubungakanani bamagama. Lancet, Yaara; Zukerman, Erez. \"Canva review: Free tool brings much-needed simplicity to design process\". \nPC World. 7 January 2014. Swallow, Erica. \"Canva Makes Great Design More Accessible\". Forbes. 18 November 2013. isetyenziswa lisebe i-non-designers ngokunjalo iingcali. izixhobo zingasetyenziswa kuba zombini web kwaye shicilela media uyilo kwaye imizobo.\nInkampani yaafunyanwa ngomhla woku-1 kweyomQungu ngomnyaka ka-2012 e-Austalia. I-website yakhawuleza yabangundabamlonyeni, isetyenziswa ngabantu abangaphaya kwezididi ezingaphezu kwama-750,000 kunyaka wokuqala ikho. Iingcali yezentlalo-ne-media kwakunye neteknoloji u- Guy Kawasaki waayijoyina naye le nkampani njengmvangeli oyintloko ngoTshazimpuzi kumnyaka ka-.\nCanva yi software ye graphic design\nImithombo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Canva", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "thumb ULayal Abboud\n He was born on the 15th of May , in the year 1982 ) is a Lebanese pop singer , entertainer folk music , sound - lyric poet , concert dancer , model , Muslim humanitarian and businesswoman . Born to a musical family Southern Lebanese Tyrian village of - Kniseh , Abboud finds a person who was a member of the ISF officer and of the things that can happen , including Xhosa liter", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nthumb\nULayal Abboud (Arabic: \u0644\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f lay\u0101l \u02bfab'boud; Waazalwa ngomhla we-15 kuCanzibe,ngonyaka ka-1982) uyimvumi yomculo we-Lebanese pop , umyolisi folk umculo entertainer, isandi-lyric poet, concert dancer, faka imodeli, Muslim humanitarian kwaye businesswoman.\nKuzalwa ukuya musical usapho Southern Lebanese Tyrian dolophana ka - Kniseh, Abboud ufumana umntu owayelilungu ISF igosa kwaye lezinto ezinako ukwenzeka, lubandakanya isixhosa uluncwadi e Lebanese Ngezifundo, uguqulelo kwi i-beirut Arab Ngezifundo kunye musical intetho kwi - i-american Ngezifundo lezenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe. Yena wabonakala okokuqala kwi - Studio El-Fan uphawu debuts njengoko i - South Lebanese competitor ukusuka 2001-02. Abboud ke musical career flourished kunye nokukhulula wakhe wokuqala album Fi Shouq (isi: ngomhla we-longing) ipapashwe kwi emva kwexesha 2007. Sings ngendlela ezahlukeneyo isi-dialects, famous kuba yakhe ntetho ka-lebanese folklore umculo kwaye yangaphakathi ehlotyeni concerts. Abboud yi singer ilungu kwi - Syndicate ka-Elinolwazi Abazobi kwi-Iraq.\n Ezinxulumeneyo\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Layal Abboud' from xh to English:\nthumb ULayal Abboud\n He was born on the 15th of May , in the year 1982 ) is a Lebanese pop singer , entertainer folk music , sound - lyric poet , concert dancer , model , Muslim humanitarian and businesswoman . Born to a musical family Southern Lebanese Tyrian village of - Kniseh , Abboud finds a person who was a member of the ISF officer and of the things that can happen , including Xhosa literature in Lebanese Studies , translation in Beirut Arab Studies and musical speech in - American Studies in science and technology . Abboud 's musical career flourished with the release of his first album Fi Shouq ( English : the day of longing ) published in late 2007 .\n Sings in different dialects , famous for his speech of Lebanese folklore music and indoor summer concerts .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Layal Abboud", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "A Deadly Adoption ( English : A Deadly Adoption ) is a 2015 United States television drama film , directed by you , Rachel Lee Goldenberg and written by Andrew Steele , released on June 20 on Lifetime . Secret Will Ferrell - Kristen Wiig Lifetime Movie Confirmed Via Hollywood Billboard ( Photo )", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Ukwamukelwa kokufa' from xh to English:\nA Deadly Adoption ( English : A Deadly Adoption ) is a 2015 United States television drama film , directed by you , Rachel Lee Goldenberg and written by Andrew Steele , released on June 20 on Lifetime . Secret Will Ferrell - Kristen Wiig Lifetime Movie Confirmed Via Hollywood Billboard ( Photo )\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUkwamukelwa kokufa (IsiNgesi: A Deadly Adoption) Ifilimu yase IYunayithedi Steyitsi umabonwakude drama ye 2015, yeluswa nguwe, Rachel Lee Goldenberg kwaye ibhaliwe Andrew Steele, kukhutshwa ngoJuni 20 ye kumabonwakude Lifetime. Secret Will Ferrell-Kristen Wiig Lifetime Movie Confirmed Via Hollywood Billboard (Photo)\n Ibali \nSarah kukutya okuphumelelayo, Ingqungquthela yokukhulelwa apho iziganeko ezithengisa kakhulu, Robert. Phambi ukhulelwe yokuqala yokuzalwa ifumana umnqweno ngenxa wasentsomini Storm Lake. Kamva unelisekile naliphi na okwangoku okwangoku kubhala amaxesha abo aphulukanayo aphinde abuyele kwisinye isibhamu.\n Cast \nUgqirha/UmdlaliUmlingiswa Will Ferrell Robert Benson Kristen Wiig Sarah Benson Jessica Lowndes Bridgette / Joni Alyvia Alyn Lind Sully Benson Jake Weary Dwayne Tisdale Erik Palladino Sheriff J. Moore Bryan Safi Charlie Debra Christofferson Ellen Macy Carolyn Hennesy Debby Kellita Smith Officer F. Mason Matt Corboy Stan Brooke Lyons Christine\n iReference \nCategory: IYunayithedi Steyitsi", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ukwamukelwa kokufa", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Pauli Yeboah is a teacher , farmer , permaculturist , community builder , and social activist .\n He is the founder or founder and organizer of the Ghana Permaculture Institute and Network ( a tropical agriculture school and community network ) located in Techiman , Ghana , in West Africa .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nPaul Yeboah\nUPawulosi Yeboah, ngutitshala, umlimi, iphemikhaltshararist (permaculturist), umakhi woluntu, kwaye ungunontlalontle ngokwezoshishino. Yena ungumqali okanye umyili nomququzeleli weGhana Permaculture Institute and Network (isikolo sezolimo lwezityalo ezikwiindawo ezishushu nomnatha woluntu) esiseTechiman, eGhana, ekwintshona yeAfrika. Ifumaneka endaweni ekuthwa yi- Brong-Ahafo eyingingqi\u00a0yaseGhana. Injongo yesisikolo kukwakha nokugcina inkqubo yokutya izinzile, ukukhathalela indalo yendawo ekufutshane nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi kwiindawo //permacultureghana.wordpress.com/what-is-permaculture-2/ //uk.lush.com/article/paul-yeboah-and-gpi\u00a0 Esisikolo esikwabizwa ngokuba yiGNP ngamafutshane, siqeqesha okanye silola abafundi ngeendlela namaqhinga wolimo oluzinzileyo (sustainable ecological farming techniques ngesingesi). Bakwaxhasa namalima; amaqela amabhinqa, imadlana yokuncedisa kumalima, bafundisi ngokulima imoringa; uveliso lamakhowa; ukutyala ukutya phakathi kodweliso lwemithi, uphuhliso lwehlathi lokutya kunye nolimo-hlathi (kungenzeka ukuba ligama elitsha eli, lithetha indlela yokusebenzisa umhlaba ngokutyala imithi pakathi //ecovillage.org/ghana-permaculture-institute/\nPhemikhaltsha izekeleliswe kwinkqubo yozinzo lwendalo. Inkqubo yezolimo esebenzisa indlela ezigcina umhlaba uchumile, izityalo nemfuyo isempilweni entle. Ikhuthaza ukhuseleko lendalo nendawo eyingqungileyo nokuphila kwayo; ukuze ihlala indalo ingcinakele futhi ingcine izixhobo zendalo izingcinela ixesha elizayo okanye ingcinela amangomso. Ivuselela umhlaba umoshakeleyo nemithi egawuliweyo. Lomnatha wehlobo lwezolima ekuthiwa yiphemikaltsha ukuthaza lendlela yolimo emakhaya. Uphulo lalomnatha wozolima kukukhuthaza, ukufundisa, nokupapasha ukusetyenziswa kwephemikaltsha ngamafama (ngabalimi) nabantu baseGhana, into ezakubanegalelo ekumeni nokuba indalo ibekwimeko entle futhi kubekho nokuzinza kwikamva lelizwelaseGhana.\nBagcina namavoluntiya, abafundimsebenzi, abafundi bamazwe ngamazwe, esisikolo sokwanguye nomnatha wezolimo nabalimi ulilungu lamnatha waseGhana obizwa ngokuba yiEcovillage. Ongumbutho okanye intlangano wenkokheli nemisebenzi yophuhliso oluzinzileyo. uPaul Yeboah ungusekela mongameli weGEN esebenzela ukuphuhlisa nokupapasha amanyathelo asekhaya nozinzo eGhana. Phemikaltsha iguqula uluntu eGhana ngemfundo okanye uqeqesho, uveliso lokutya, ukuphuma uphulo, uphuhliso lwezakhono, ukukwazi ukuzimela nokuzonelisa, nokwakho amashishini asakhasayo.\n Imvelaphi \nXa wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabini enesibini (2) uPaul yayimxhalabisa kakhulu into yedlala nentswelo yasezilalini nasedolophini. Wade wafumana iqweqwe lemfundo yezolimo kwisikolo sezolimo ekuthiwa yiFarm Institute eGhana. Waqala iphulo lokwakha ihlathi leziqhamo ezilalini nasedolophini ngokusebenzisa iimbewu esuka kwiKade Oil Palm Research Institute and Bonsu Cocoa Research Station. Imbewu nezithole zazinikwa amafama ngetyala. Eliphulo labaluncedo olukhulu ekuveliseni amashishini enkqubo yokugula isivuna sibekukutya emaphandleni, nto leyo eyavelisa imisebenzi kubantu abahluphekayo.\nNgonyaka wamawaka amabini enesithathu (2003) uPaul Yeboah wayengumphathi wefama ekuthiwa yiKristo Buase Benedctine Monastery eGhana. Kwabizwa uGreg Knibbs ukuba azoncedisi kwiMonastery ukuze avuselele ukuchuma komhlaba esebenzisa indlela zephemikaltsha. Kulapho uYeboah wadibana khona noGreg Knibbs basebesebenza kunye ukuze babumbe iGhana Permaculture Network eyayeyathi emveni kwethuba yabizwa ngokuba yiGhana Permaculture Institute.\n Msebenzi \nIGhana Permaculture Network yayiququzelelwa nguPaul ngonyaka wamashumi amabini anesithathu. IGNP yaqala kancinci njengendawo yokubonisa nokuqeqesha eyathi emveni kwethuba yayiGhana Permaculture Institute (GPI ngamafutshane). Ngonyakawamawaka amabini enesixhexe iGhana Permaculture Nwodua Tree Nursery yaqalwa. Yakhiwa ukuze yakhe ingeniso yoluntu iphinde ijongane nemicimbi nemiceli mingeni ngokwendalo enjengogawulo mithi, ukonakala komhlaba . ikwaphinda ijongana nohlaziyo lwamahlathi. Umsebenzi lo ngumsebenzi wentsebenziswano obandakanya wonke umntu ukususela kumabhinqa, ulutsha kunye namadoda. Wonke umntu oyinxalenye yoluntu uyinxalenye yengeniso namanqhithinqhathi wokusenbenzela ukuphucula indalo nako konke okusingqungileyo. Oluphulo lwakha ukuqonda ngezendalo nako konke okusingqungileyo.\nUPaul Yeboah ungusekela sihlalo weGhana Ecovillage Network eyaqalwa ngonyaka wamawaka amabini aneshumi elinesibini (2012) yashicilelwa ngonyaka wamawaka amabini aneshumi elinesithathu (2013) Yabunjwa zinkokheli zokuhlala namaqela anamaphulo azinzileyo ukuze enze ubuchule beEcovillage bubeyindumasi njengemizekelo yophuhliso oluzinzeleyo eGhana.\nIGhana Permaculture Network yaqala ngokuqala ezikolweni apho yayixhasa izikolo, nabalimi boluntu ekumiliseni indawo zokugcina imithi namaphulo okutyala imithi. iGhana Permaculture Network ithi yanda kengoku isiya kwezinye indawo eGhana, ingena nakooTogo noBurkina Faso entshona afrika.\nIMAGE: Umfanekiso wendawo yokugcina imithi Techiman, eGhana\n Imisebenzi yesikolo iPermaculture Institute (iinkqubo zemfundo) \nInjongo yoluphulo lamanyathelo kukwenza ibeyindumasi ukufunda ubomi bonke (ukuze uzuze ubomi bakho bonke usaqhubeka nokufunda unjalo) ingxhininisa kuqeqesho lwekhefu , nophuhliso lwezakhono ezidingekayo kusetyenziswa indlela yophuhliso olungcinakeleyo.\n\u00a0Izifundo zoyilo lwephemakhaltsha luyafundiswa eGhana, eTogo naseBurkina Faso, eNtshona Afrika \u2022\tGhana Phemakaltsha Nwodua Tree Nursery Projekithi- iGhana lilizwe eligawulelwenimithi. Lomsebenzi wongcino lwemithi ujongena nemicimbi wogawulo mithi ujike uguguliseko. Ifundisa ithethelela ngokubaluleka kwemithi nokutshintsha kwemicimbi zesimo sezulu.\u00a0\n\u00a0Uveliso lamakhowa eoyista \u2013 ngokusebenzisa ingqhungqu esuka ekusarheni imithi esisikolo sephemakaltsha sifundisa ukukhulisa amakhowa. Lomsebenzi ufundisa abathi bathathe inxanxheba usebenzisa njani inkunkuma eyingqungqu esuka ekusarheni imithi ibeluncedo. Nto leyo ekhuthaza ukutya ekusempilweni, ukondleka, nophuhliso lwezakhono.\n Indawo yokubonakalisela uqeqesho lokufundisa ukuba zakhiwa njani imiyezo yephemikaltsha emakhaya.\n Uveliso lwemoringa \u2013 into leyo enceda amashishini asakhasayo ekukhuleni nasekungeniseni ingeniso. Iprojekthi ekuthaza ukondleka okusempilweni nophuhliso lwezakhono.\u00a0\n Isifundo soyilo seEcovillage \u2013 sifundisa saziseabafundi ngezixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa ekuphinda kuphuhliswe uluntu ngendlela zoqoqosho lwezendalo, ezenkcubeko, ezentlalo ukuzama unyanzelisa uzinzo nogcineko\u00a0\nIMAGE: UnfanekisoGhana Phemakaltsha Nethiwekhi (GPN) - uveliso lamakhowa\nIMAGE: Umthengisi wamakhowa, eGhana\n Izixhumanisi zangaphandle \n Paul Yeboah Permaculture Institute\n Permaculture Design Course, Techiman Ghana\n Permaculture Design Course (Part two)\n Permaculture (What is Permaculture?)\n Ghana Permaculture Video Clips\n Permaculture and mushroom cultivation in Ghana\n Adele Women Association 'Upper Volta' Region Ghana\n Gaviotas is a model village of sustainable development in Colombia, South America.\n Urban Sustainable Development in Curitiba, Columbia\n Permaculture Institute - Alley Cropping and Food Forest 0001\n Paul Yeboah on Panel Discussion about Permaculture.\n Permaculture and mushroom cultivation in Ghana\n Future In Our Hands International Network\n Ghana Permaculture Institute - Paul Yeboah Interview.\n Interview - Paul Yeboah (Permaculture Institute-Ghana]\n Paul Yeboah Profile.\n Dlulisa ufunde \n Permaculture in Africa\n UN: Eco-Farming Feeds the World\n Ezinxulumeneyo\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Paul Yeboah' from xh to English:\nPauli Yeboah is a teacher , farmer , permaculturist , community builder , and social activist .\n He is the founder or founder and organizer of the Ghana Permaculture Institute and Network ( a tropical agriculture school and community network ) located in Techiman , Ghana , in West Africa .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Paul Yeboah", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Thornhill Ntabethemba\n Thornhill Village\nThornhill yilali ephantsi komaspala wasek'hlaleni iEnoch Mgijima kwisithili iChris Hani District Municipality kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Ngaphambi konyaka ka 1994 lelali yayiphantsi kwe Ciskei Homeland. IThornhill yeyona lali inkulu eNtabethemba\nImbali\nNgonyaka ka 1976 abantu abaqikelelwa kuma 30000-50000 bafuduka kwiilali ezinga 23 eSterksp", "text": "### URL: http://www.gov.za/deputy-minister-hands-over-r390-million-restitution-award-thornhill-tarkastad\nThe Deputy Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform, Pamela Tshwete, cordially invited members of the media to the awarding of more than R390 million in compensation to people of Ntabethemba villages near Tarkastad on Wednesday, 4 December 2013 at the Community Hall in Thornhill, Ntabethemba.\nThis results from claims that were lodged wayback by the late Mr Christopher Mgebisa in 1995 and 1998 on behalf of the Myemane, Batlokoa and Amahlubi Tribes respectively.The people of Ntabethemba claim to have been removed from 23 villages in Herschel and Sterkspruit to Thornhill between 1976 and 1977 as a result of the application of the Citizenship Act of 1970 \u201c which assigned all African South Africans citizenship in one of the bantustans, whether or not they had ever lived there or had any ties to them\u201d. This act was aimed at resettling Black people outside what was called White South Africa.\nThe claimants are currently residing in Ntabethemba in the following villages: Merino Walk, Thornhill, Mitford, Bacle\u2019s Farm, Tendergate, Tembalethu, Rocklands, Zola, Phakamisa and Ikhwezi which fall under Tsolwana and Lukhanji Local Municipalities, Chris Hani District. A few people were resettled in Cangca village in Seymour not far from Fort Beaufort.\nDue to the complexity of the claim and its size, the Land Claims Commission decided to divide the settlement of this claim into 2 phases: the first phase deals with 1 071 households and the submission was approved by the Minister on the 30 October 2013. The office is still busy finalizing verification for other claimants, who will be in Phase 2.\nThe event will be held under the following details:\nVenue: Community Hall, Thornhill, near Tarkastad.\nFor RSVP and further information regarding the event kindly contact the following officials:\nMr Kholekile Sonjica: Eastern Cape PSSC\nMr Thabang Mahlatsi: Communication Services\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nThornhill Ntabethemba\nIMAGE: Thornhill Village\nThornhill yilali ephantsi komaspala wasek'hlaleni iEnoch Mgijima kwisithili iChris Hani District Municipality kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Ngaphambi konyaka ka 1994 lelali yayiphantsi kwe Ciskei Homeland. IThornhill yeyona lali inkulu eNtabethemba\nImbali\nNgonyaka ka 1976 abantu abaqikelelwa kuma 30000-50000 bafuduka kwiilali ezinga 23 eSterkspruit nase Herschel besiya kumhlaba ekwakungekho-nto iThornhill. Esinye sezizathu esabangela ukuba lenginginya ifuduke yayikukuba kwakungekho mhlaba owaneleyo, kukho ukhukhuliseko lomhlaba kwaye kwakukho abantu abaninzi eHerschel.\nNgaphambi kokuba abantu bafudukele eThornhill bathenjiswa nguMnu Uys ukuba bazak'fumana umhlaba ochumilyo, izindlu kunye namaziko empilo, kodwa bathi xa befika eThornhill akwabikho nenye yezizinto, ntonje bafika kugxunyekwe iintente nezazingabonelanga. Imeko zabanzima kakhulu kwiinyanga zok'qala, kungekho zindlu kwaye nemfuyo yafa ngenxa yokungondleki. Ngenyanga ka Januwari 1977 kwabakho iingxelo zokuba iintsana ezilishumi ziswelekile kodwa nangona kunjalo abantu baqhubeka behlala kulendawo.a b \"The Implications of Freedom: The changing role of land sector NGOs in a transforming South Africa (Politics and Economics in Africa) (v. 6)\"\n Ubuyekezo lomhlaba\nIMAGE: Thornhill\nNgonyaka ka 2013 usekela mphathiswa wophuhliso lwamaphandle nobuyekezo lomhlaba umama uPamela Tshwete wanikezela nge R390 million kubantu abangama 3043 base Ntabethemba. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwakhutshwa imali engama R137 345 350,59, umzi ngamnye kwimizi engama 1071 yafumana i R128 240,29. Abantu abaxhamlayo kulemali bahlala kwilali zase Ntabethemba eziquka iMerino Walk, Thornhill, Mitford, Baclesfarm, Tentergate, Thembalethu, Rockland's, Zola, Phakamisa, Ikhwezi, kunye nase Imfundo \nEzizikolo zifumaneka kulelali:\n\u2022Inyathi High School\n\u2022Thornvale Primary School\n\u2022Nonzwakazi Primary\n\u2022Mthombo-wesizwe Primary School\n\u2022Hlalethembeni Primary School\nAmavundle Senior Secondary School\n Uqoqosho\nLelali izinze phakathi kwe Komani ne Tarkastad. Lelali ixhomekeke kwezidolophu ngenkonzo kwaye zombini ezidolophu zidlala indima ekuveliseni imisebenzi. Kodwa ngenxa yenani labantu abafumaneka kule lali imisebenzi kunzima ukuba ifumaneke , lonto iqhubela ekunyuseni inani lolwaphulo mthetho kunye nezinga lokuphila elisezantsi kakhulu \nLO\n Imithombo \nCategory: IPhondo yaMpuma-Koloni", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Thornhill Ntabethemba", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "It became a major voice in the struggle against apartheid and was one of the first universities in the country to provide education to black students .\n It became the University of KwaZulu - Natal on 1 January 2004 . Immediately after his arrest Mandela was taken to the Old Prison in Pietermaritzburg .\n After a night in the prison , he was taken to Magistrate J. Buys \u2019 s office in the old Magis", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nNguMgungundlovu (isiZulu: umGungundlovu; IsiNgesi & IsiBhulu: Pietermaritzburg, eyaziwa nangokuthi iMaritzburg; PMB) yinkunzi yePhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala, eMzantsi Afrika. Isixeko, esinamamitha angama-596 ngaphaya kwezinga elwandle entliziyweni yaseZululand, kwakungowokuqala kwinkunzi yokuqala yeRiphabliki yaseBoer yaseNatalia. Nangona kunjalo, isixeko namhlanje sinesimo esiqinileyo seNgesi. Ngenxa yokulondolozwa kwezakhiwo zayo zembali, iPietermaritzburg idlalwa ngokuba yinto yezona zixeko ezintle kakhulu zase-Victori eAfrika.\n Imbali \nThe city was founded by the Voortrekkers, following the defeat of Dingane at the Battle of Blood River, and was the capital of the short-lived Boer republic, Natalia. Britain took over Pietermaritzburg in 1843 and it became the seat of the Natal Colony's administration with the first lieutenant-governor, Martin West, making it his home. Fort Napier, named after the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir George Thomas Napier, was built to house a garrison. In 1893, Natal received responsibility for their own government and an assembly building was built along with the city hall.\nIn 1910, when the Union of South Africa was formed, Natal became a province of the Union, and Pietermaritzburg remained the capital. During apartheid, the city was segregated into various sections. 90% of the Indian population was moved to the suburb of Northdale while most of its Zulu inhabitants were moved to the neighbouring township of Edendale.\n Name \nThere exist two interpretations about the origin of the city's name. One is that it was named after Piet Retief and Gerrit Maritz, two Voortrekker leaders. The other is that it was originally named after Piet Retief alone, since his full name was Pieter Maurits Retief. In this interpretation the original name was \"Pieter Maurits Burg\", later transliterated to the current name (Jenkins, 1971: 11).\nIMAGE: 175px|A view of Church Street in central Pietermaritzburg, c. 1900\nRetief in fact never reached Pietermaritzburg and was killed by Dingane, the successor to Shaka, king of the Zulus. Maritz died of illness on 23 September 1838 near the present-day town of Estcourt, some hundreds of kilometres northwest of Pietermaritzburg. This was after the battle with the Zulus at Bloukranz, and Maritz did not ever reach the Pietermaritzburg area. In 1938, however, the city announced officially that the second element Maritz should also honour Gerrit Maritz.\nAt the time of the rise of the Zulu Empire, the site that was to become Pietermaritzburg was called Umgungundlovu. This is popularly translated from the Zulu as \"Place of the Elephant\", although it could also be translated to mean \"The elephant wins\". Umgungundlovu is thus thought to be the site of some Zulu king's victory since \"Elephant\" (Indlovu) is a name traditionally taken by the Zulu monarch. Legend has it that Shaka had his warriors hunt elephant there to sell the ivory to English traders at Durban (then called Port Natal). Today, the town is still called by its Voortrekker name, although the municipality of which it is part bears the Zulu name.\n University \nIMAGE: 175px|Clock tower of the university's Collin Webb Hall\nThe University of Natal was founded in 1910 as the Natal University College and extended to Durban in 1922. The two campuses were incorporated into the University of Natal in March 1949. It became a major voice in the struggle against apartheid and was one of the first universities in the country to provide education to black students. It became the University of KwaZulu-Natal on 1\u00a0January 2004.\n Other historical events \nThe first newspaper in Natal, the Natal Witness, was published in 1846. \nThe 46 hectare Botanical Gardens were created in 1872 by the Botanic Society of Natal.\nThe City Hall, which is the largest red-brick building in the Southern Hemisphere, was destroyed by fire in 1895, but was rebuilt in 1901. It houses the largest pipe organ built by the Sheffield organ building company, Brindley & Foster.\nThe British built a concentration camp here during the Second Boer War to house Boer women and children.\nDuring the Second World War, Italian prisoners of war were housed in Pietermaritzburg. During their stay, they built the Pietermaritzburg Italian P. O. W. Church, which remains standing as a heritage site today.\nIn 1962, Nelson Mandela was arrested in the nearby town of Howick to the north of Pietermaritzburg. The arrest marked the beginning of Nelson Mandela's 27 years of imprisonment. A small monument has been erected at the location of his arrest. Immediately after his arrest Mandela was taken to the Old Prison in Pietermaritzburg. After a night in the prison, he was taken to Magistrate J. Buys\u2019s office in the old Magistrates Court Building in Commercial Road (now Chief Albert Luthuli Road), and was remanded for trial in Johannesburg.\nReferences\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'NguMgungundlovu' from xh to English:\nIt became a major voice in the struggle against apartheid and was one of the first universities in the country to provide education to black students .\n It became the University of KwaZulu - Natal on 1 January 2004 . Immediately after his arrest Mandela was taken to the Old Prison in Pietermaritzburg .\n After a night in the prison , he was taken to Magistrate J. Buys \u2019 s office in the old Magistrates Court Building in Commercial Road ( now Chief Albert Luthuli Road ) , and was remanded for trial in Johannesburg .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "NguMgungundlovu", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The science campus contains 12 buildings , a library , two auditoriums and a large study area .\n It also includes a horticultural centre and a multipurpose research and training facility designed to meet the education and research needs of students in a range of programmes including agriculture , ornamental horticulture and nature conservation . According to data extracted from the final audited", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIyunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika\nIYunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika (iYUNISA'''), neyaziwa njengokuba yiYunisa, yeyona yunivesithi yamkela abafundi abaninzi kweli loMzantsi Afrika nakwilizwekazi i-Afrika liphela. Unobangela woko kukuba le Yunivesithi yaasekelezelwa phezu kwenkqubo yokuzisa imfundo kubafundi kwezo ndawo bakuzo. Ngoko ke inani labafundi abafunda kule Yunivesithi alixhomekekanga kubukhulu bamagumbi ekufundelwa kuwo. Yiyo le nto ikwaziyo ukumelana nomthamo omkhulu wabafundi ababhalisela ukufunda kuyo. Yile ndlela ke le yenza umtsalane ongummangaliso kubo bonke abafundi beli loMzantsi Afrika abangaphezu kwesiqingatha. \nUninzi lwabafundi ababhalisela ukufunda eYunisa, ngabo bafundi abathi benqwenela ukubhalisela imfundo kwamanye amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, babe bengakwazi ngenxa yeemeko-ngeemeko abaphila phantsi kwazo. Eyona nto imandla, yeyokokuba inkqubo yezinye iiyunivesithi inyanzelisa ukuba umfundi asoloko ekumagumbi okufundela, mihla nezolo. Ibe nemali ebhatalwayo kwezi yunivesithi benegnakumelana nayo aba bafundi. Ukanti ke yona inkqubo yaseYunisa iluncedo kwabo bangathathi ntweni. \nLe Yunivesithi ime ngeekholeji ezahlukeneyo ngokwezifundo eziqulethwe kuzo. Kananjalo, ikwasebenzisana namanye amacandelo ukwenza umsebenzi wayo ngempumelelo nangokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yala masebe nezi kholeji, iYUNISA itsho ibenabafundi abangaphaya kwama-300 000, xa sibala nabafundi abafunda bekwamanye amazwe angama-130 kwihlabathi jikelele. Loo nto itsho iyenze le Yunivesithi ibe yenye yeeyunivesithi ezinkulu kwihlabathi, ikwakukuphela kweyunivesithi elolu hlobo kwi-Afrika iphela. \nNanje ngeYunivesithi ekwaziyo ukumelana nezifundo ezibalulekileyo zomfundi ngamnye, abafundi eYUNISA bathi befunda izifundo zabo, bekhokhelwa ziititshala zabo ngembalelwano, babe bekwazi ukukusebenzisa ekuhlaleni oko bakufundileyo. Ngenxa yoku ke, abaninzi kwaba bafundi, bafumene iziqinisekiso ezivunywa kumazwe ngamazwe jikelele, kuba kaloku baphum'izandla ngezakhono abanazo. Kangangokuba sele beshiye imizila eqaqambileyo kwiingingi ngeengingqi. Yonke loo nto yenza okokuba abafundi baseYunisa batsho baziwe ngakumbi. Kananjalo bachongelwe imisebenzi kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. \n Imbali \nIYunisa yiyunivesithi yokuqala emZantsi Afrika - igama eyaqala ukusenza ngalo le yunivesithi ngonyaka we-1873, lithi iYunivesithi yaseCape of Good Hope, phantsi kweKoloni yaseKapa. Indlela eyayiqhuba ngayo le Yunivesithi yayilandela indlela ekwakuqhutywa ngayo yiYunivesithi yaseLondon, apho kwakungatitshwa ngohlobo lokujongana kwetitshala nomfundi kwigumbi lokufundela. Koko kwakubekelwa iikholeji ezayamene nale Yunivesithi, imiqathango emayilandelwe xa kufundwa naxa kuhlalelwa iimviwo. Ixesha layo elininzi ilichithe kwimbali yayo yokuqala njengesetyana elimele iYunivesithi yaseOxford nezaseCambridge, njengemveku efukanyelweyo apho uninzi lwezinye iiYunivesithi zaseMzantsi Afrika luyakuvela khona. \nEmva komanyano lweekoloni zasemZantsi Afrika, phantsi korhulumente omnye ngowe-1910, iYunivesithi yaseCape of Good Hope yanikwa igunya lokujongana nazo zonke iikholeji zeYunivesithi kwilizwe lonke liphela. Yathi yakuphinde ithiywe igama lokuba yiYunivesithi yasemZantsi Afrika, ngomnyaka we-1916, yafuduselwa ePitoli ngowe-1918. Yaza ke ngoku yaba liziko leemviwo elithembekileyo kumaziko ame njengeeYunivesithi ezinkulu nezizimeleyo emZantsi Afrika. \nNgomnyaka ka-1946, le yunivesithi yaanikwa uxanduva olutsha kwathiwa makube yiyunivesithi efundisa ngokubhalelana nabafundi bayo. Nanhlanje le Yunivesithi ikhupha iziqinisekiso okanye izetifikethi kwizifundo ezikumanqanaba e-diploma nawesidanga sokuqala ukuya kwisidanga kwinqaba lobuGqirha. \nNgenyanga yomqungu kumnyaka wama-2004, iYunisa yaamanyana neTechnikon yamaZantsi e-Afrika (neyayisayakwaziwa njengeTechnikon SA), yaza yathi kolu manyano yamkela umbono wemfundo ezizwa kubafundi kwiindawo abakuzo (i-distance education), uhlobo lwemfundo olwalusenziwa yiYunivesithi yaseVista. Le manyano yeziko lemfundo, yahlala iphantsi kwegama elithi iYunivesithi yasemZantsi Afrika. Kungoku nje imi ngeekholeji nezikolo; jonga apha below.\n IYunivesithi \nIMAGE: IYunivesithi yasemZantsi Afrika (iYUNISA) logo\n Izinze phi le Yunivesithi \nIMAGE: IYunivesithi yasemZantsi\nUnisa's Muckleneuk Campus is located in Pretoria and is a major landmark of the capital city. It was in 1972 that Unisa moved into its new home on Muckleneuk Ridge having vacated the old quarters in central Pretoria. The complex of buildings was designed by Bryan Sandrock Architects in the 1960s and expresses an international style characterised by monumental proportions and engineering feats like the cantilevered structures. The most striking feature is the long projection from the brow of the hill, supported by a giant steel girder resting on a massive column.\nAlso in Pretoria is the Sunnyside campus, the main area of student activity. The Florida campus in Johannesburg is Unisa's science campus. The College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences and some departments of the College of Science, Engineering and Technology is housed here. The science campus contains 12 buildings, a library, two auditoriums and a large study area. It also includes a horticultural centre and a multipurpose research and training facility designed to meet the education and research needs of students in a range of programmes including agriculture, ornamental horticulture and nature conservation.\nThe university has seven regional centres in South Africa, servicing students in all nine provinces. These are:\n Eastern Cape (East London, Mthatha, Port Elizabeth)\n Gauteng (Ekurhuleni, Florida, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Vaal Triangle)\n Kwazulu-Natal (Durban, Newcastle Pietermaritzburg, Richards Bay, Wild Coast Region)\n Limpopo Province (Giyani, Makhado, Polokwane)\n Midlands (Bloemfontein, Kimberley Kroonstad, Mafikeng, Potchefstroom, Rustenburg)\n Mpumalanga (Middelburg, Nelspruit)\n Western Cape (Cape Town, George)\n Students and staff \nAccording to data extracted from the final audited Higher Education Management Information System (HEMIS) submissions to the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET), Unisa had 355,240 students enrolled in 2013 from South Africa, Africa, and other international states. The largest portion of these students are South African, being 91.4% (324,607) of the sum of the student enrollments. The College of Economic and Management Sciences (CEMS) is the largest of the eight colleges, with 26.7% (94,972) of the total student enrollments.\nAccording to the same HEMIS submission, Unisa had 5,575 staff members in 2013. The staff complement consisted of 3,261 females (55.7%) and 2,593 (44.3%) males. 2011 figures from the Department of Institutional Statistics and Analysis (DISA) at the university show that the majority of the staff employed are non-professional administrative staff, being 56.8% (3,164). The number of institutional/research professionals are 33.2% (1,846) of the sum of the staff employed.\n Academic community \nAs one of the world's mega universities, Unisa presents academic offerings associated with both technological and traditional universities. These include, but are not limited to, a combination of career-orientated courses usually associated with a university of technology, and formative academic programmes typically linked to a traditional university.\n College of Accounting Sciences\n College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences\n College of Education\n College of Economic and Management Sciences\n College of Graduate Studies\n College of Human Sciences\n College of Law\n College of Science, Engineering and Technology\n Graduate School of Business Leadership (SBL)\nIn addition to the eight colleges and SBL, Unisa has numerous bureaus, centres, institutes, museums and units supporting academic development and research.\n Ranking \nIn 2015, the University of South Africa was ranked the 6th best university in South Africa by the Times Higher Education. This makes the university the 6th best university in Africa, out of 30.\n Distance education at Unisa \n Accreditation \nUnisa received a Royal Charter in 1877. It currently operates under the Statute of the University of South Africa issued in terms of the Higher Education Act (No. 101 of 1997), and is accredited by the South African Department of Education and the Council on Higher Education (CHE). Its qualifications (including those of the SBL) are registered with the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA).\n International accreditation of Unisa's qualifications \nUnisa is inter alia listed in the following publications: International Handbook of Universities published by the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and officially verified by the International Association of Universities.\nIn other cases the publication of an institution\u2019s name in specific authoritative publications forms the basis of accreditation. Students must however enquire from the specific foreign country/university whether Unisa\u2019s qualifications are accredited/recognised.\nInternationally, Unisa is listed in the Commonwealth Universities Handbook of 1999 and also in the International Handbook of Universities'' of 1998. It is actually listed as Member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU 2018).\n Entrance requirements \nStudents need a school-leaving qualification that would entitle them to enter a university or college in their own country.\n Academic dress \n Bachelors, masters and honours degrees: black gown with the same pattern as a Master of Arts gown of the University of Oxford or Cambridge, and a black cap with a black tassel.\n Doctoral degrees: cardinal red gown with open sleeves lined in cardinal red, cardinal red cap with a tassel in the colour of the college concerned.\n Culture \nUnisa has been promoting and promulgating culture in all its manifestations since its inception in 1873. Apart from the academic courses offered by Unisa's College of Humanities, practical language, art and music skills have been actively pursued through the setting of curricula and the implementation of special courses and examinations.\n African Centre for Arts, Culture and Heritage studies\n Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology\n Department of Music\n Unisa Space Art Gallery\n Unisa Music Foundation\n Unisa Foundation \nThe Unisa Foundation was established in 1966 and now has approximately 280 active donors, many of them individual alumni with the desire to give back to the communities, South African and international, with a sense of social responsibility. Equally vital is the role played by the Board of Trustees, whose members not only oversee the affairs of the Unisa Foundation but who also lend the weight of their professional and personal reputations in a drive to reach potential donors, without financial reward to themselves.\nBased at Unisa's main campus in Muckleneuck, Pretoria, the Foundation has Fundraising and Development Divisions in Gauteng, the Western Cape and Kwa-Zulu Natal. These divisions support the smooth running of projects being undertaken in their regions while raising additional funding for local community projects.\n Unisa Press \nUnisa Press is the largest university press in South Africa, with the biggest publication list.\n Vice-Chancellors of the University of the Cape of Good Hope, from 1873 to 1918 \n Sir Langham Dale, 1873 \u2013 1877; 1879 \u2013 1882; 1884 \u2013 1889\n The Hon. Sir Charles Abercrombie Smith, 1877 \u2013 1879; 1905 \u2013 1911\n The Ven. Hopkins Badnall, 1882 \u2013 1884\n Justice Charles Thomas Smith, 1889 \u2013 1893\n The Rev. Canon George Ogilvie, 1893 \u2013 1897\n Sir Thomas Muir, 1897 \u2013 1901\n The Hon. Sir Ebenezer John Buchanan, 1901 \u2013 1905\n The Rev. Prof Thomas Walker, 1911 \u2013 1913\n Prof William Ritchie, 1913 \u2013 1916\n The Hon. Sir Malcolm William Searle, 1916 \u2013 1918\n Chancellors of the University of South Africa from 1918 to present \n Field-Marshal H. R. H, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, 1918 \u2013 1942\n Chief Justice the Right Hon. Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet, 1943 \u2013 1951\n Judge President the Hon. Gerhardus Jacobus Maritz, 1951 \u2013 1957\n Dr. Francois Jean de Villiers, 1957 \u2013 1977\n Judge Victor Gustav Hiemstra, 1977 \u2013 1987\n Vacant 1988\n Prof. Theo van Wijk, 1989 \u2013 1990\n Dr. Christoph Friedrich Garbers, September 1990 \u2013 2000\n Judge Bernard Ngoepe, 2001\u20132016\n President Thabo Mbeki, 2016 \u2013 present\n Vice-Chancellors of University of South Africa, 1918 to 1955 \n Prof. Willem Jacobus Viljoen, 1918 \u2013 1922\n Sir. John Ernest Adamson, 1922 \u2013 1926\n The Rev. John Daniel Kestell, 1926 \u2013 1928\n Hugh Bryan, 1928 \u2013 1930\n Dr. Nicolaas Marais Hoogenhout, 1930 \u2013 1932\n Dr. Samuel Henri Pellissier, 1932 \u2013 1934\n Prof. Marthinus Christoffel Botha, 1934 -1936\n Fran\u00e7ois Dani\u00ebl Hugo, 1936 \u2013 1938\n Senator Fran\u00e7ois Stephanus Malan, 1938 \u2013 1940\n Prof. Ferdinand Postma, 1940 \u2013 1944\n Adv. Alfred Adrian Roberts, 1944 \u2013 1946\n Dr. Herman Heinrich Gerhard Kreft, 1946 \u2013 1948\n Dr. Albertus Johannes Roux van Rhijn, 1948 \u2013 1952\n Prof. Stephanus Petrus Erasmus Boshoff, 1952 \u2013 1955\n Principals and Vice-Chancellors of the University of South Africa, from 1953 to present \n Prof. Andries Jacobus Hendrik Johannes Van der Walt, Principal, 1953 \u2013 1955\n Prof. Andries Jacobus Hendrik Johannes Van der Walt, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, 1956\n Prof. Samuel Pauw, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, 1956 \u2013 1972\n Prof. Theo van Wijk, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, 1972 \u2013 1988\n Prof. Jan Casper Gerhardus Janse van Vuuren, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, 1989 \u2013 1993\n Prof. Marinus Wiechers, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, 1994 \u2013 1997\n Prof. Antony Patrick Melck, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, 1998 (acting) and 1999 \u2013 2001\n Prof. Nyameko Barney Pityana, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, 2002 \u2013 2010\n Prof. Mandla Makhanya, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, 2011\u2013present\n Notable alumni (students and faculty) \n Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haitian politician, received a Doctor of Literature and Philosophy (D. Litt et Phil.) in African Languages in 2007\n Walter Battiss, South African abstract painter, received an Honorary Doctor of Literature and Philosophy (D. Litt et Phil. Honoris Causa) in 1973\n Edwin Cameron, judge of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, received a Bachelor of Laws (LL. B. Cum Laude) in 1981\n Ergun Caner, Swedish Evangelical and Southern Baptist apologist, received a Doctor of Theology (D. Th.) in 2000\n Alan Clark, former CEO of SABMiller, received a Doctor of Literature and Philosophy in Psychology\n Johan Froneman, judge of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, received a Bachelor of Laws (LL. B.) in 1977\n King George V, received an Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL. D. Honoris Causa) in 1899, two years prior to becoming Chancellor of the UniversityBoucher, Maurice. 1973. Spes in Arduis: a history of the University of South Africa. Pretoria: UNISA. Pages 74 and 114.\n Pravin Gordhan, former South African Minister of Finance, received an Honorary Doctor of Commerce (D. Com. Honoris Causa) in 2007\n Elson Kaseke, the former Solicitor-General of Belize, received a Doctor of Laws (LL. D.) in 2006\n Ahmed Kathrada, former South African politician, received a Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) in Criminology and History in 1968 and a Bachelor of Bibliography (B. Bibl.) in African Politics and Library Science in 1975\n F. W. de Klerk, former State President of South Africa, received an Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL. D. Honoris Causa) in 1995\n Pius Langa, former Chief Justice of South Africa, received a Bachelor of Jurisprudence (B. Iuris) in 1973 and a Bachelor of Laws (LL. B.) in 1976\n Nelson Mandela, former president of the Republic of South Africa, received a Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) in 1942 and a Bachelor of Laws (LL. B.) in 1988\n Gwede Mantashe, South African politician, received a Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com.) in 1997 and a Bachelor of Commerce Honours (B. Com. (Hons)) in 2002\n Trevor Manuel, South African politician, received an Honorary Doctor of Technology (D. Tech. Honoris Causa) in 2002\n Anja Marais, South African sculptor, received a Bachelor of Fine Arts Honour's (B. F. A. (Hons)) in 1998\n Mogoeng Mogoeng, current Chief Justice of South Africa, received a Master of Laws (LL. M.) in 1989\n Dikgang Moseneke, former Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa, received a Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) in English and Political Science, a Bachelor of Jurisprudence (B. Iuris), a Bachelor of Laws (LL. B.), and an Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL. D. Honoris Causa) in 2011\n Bulelani Ngcuka, former Director of Public Prosecutions of South Africa, received a Bachelor of Laws (LL. B.) in 1985\n Georgia Papageorge, South African installation artist, received a Bachelor of Arts (B. A.) in Fine Arts in 1979\n Mark Pilgrim, South African radio and television personality, received a Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com.) in Industrial & Organisational Psychology in 1994\n Cyril Ramaphosa, current president of Republic of South Africa, received a Baccalaureus Procurationis (B. Proc.) in 1981\n Mamphela Ramphele, former South African politician, received a Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com.) in Administration in 1983\n Justice Raymond Zondo, judge of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, received a Master of Laws (LL. M.) in Commercial Law, a Master of Laws (LL. M.) in Labour Law, and a Master of Laws (LL. M.) in Patent Law\n See also \n List of universities in South Africa\n References \n External links \n The University \n \n Official Unisa Facebook page\n Official Unisa Twitter page\n Official Unisa YouTube page\n International cooperation \n Institutional Cooperation and Membership\n African Relations\n The Network for Education and Research in Europe (Network of evangelical seminaries, most in Germany)\n Masterstudium in Praktischer Theologie \u2013 Theologisches Seminar Adelshofen, Germany\nCategory: IiYunivesithi zaseMzantsi Afrika\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Iyunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika' from xh to English:\nThe science campus contains 12 buildings , a library , two auditoriums and a large study area .\n It also includes a horticultural centre and a multipurpose research and training facility designed to meet the education and research needs of students in a range of programmes including agriculture , ornamental horticulture and nature conservation . According to data extracted from the final audited Higher Education Management Information System ( HEMIS ) submissions to the Department of Higher Education and Training ( DHET ) , Unisa had 355,240 students enrolled in 2013 from South Africa , Africa , and other international states . In addition to the eight colleges and SBL , Unisa has numerous bureaus , centres , institutes , museums and units supporting academic development and research . Ranking In 2015 , the University of South Africa was ranked the 6th best university in South Africa by the Times Higher Education . In other cases the publication of an institution \u2019 s name in specific authoritative publications forms the basis of accreditation .\n Students must however enquire from the specific foreign country / university whether Unisa \u2019 s qualifications are accredited / recognised . Internationally , Unisa is listed in the Commonwealth Universities Handbook of 1999 and also in the International Handbook of Universities of 1998 .\n It is actually listed as Member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities ( ACU 2018 ) . Bachelors , masters and honours degrees : black gown with the same pattern as a Master of Arts gown of the University of Oxford or Cambridge , and a black cap with a black tassel .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Iyunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "In 1921 she returned to Potchefstroom where she became involved in local politics and was elected secretary of the women 's section of the CPSA .\n Josie is married to Edwin Mofutsanyana , a leading member of the Communist Party of South Africa ( CPSA ) and the African National Congress ( ANC ) .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nJosie Palmer\nUJosie Mpama (1903 - 1979) wazalelwa ePotchefstroom , kodwa wakhulela eSophiatown, eRhawutini. Wazibandakanya neqela lamaKomanisi oMzantsi Afrika (i-CPSA) ngonyaka ka-1920. Ngo-1921 wabuyela ePotchefstroom apho wabandakanyeka kwezopolitiko zendawo wanyulwa njengonobhala wecandelo labasetyhini le-CPSA. UJosie utshatile uEdwin Mofutsanyana, ilungu eliphambili leqela lamaKomanisi oMzantsi Afrika (i-CPSA) kunye ne-African National Congress (ANC). Bebonke babehlala kwingingqi yase-Afrika nangona yena wazihlukanisa njengoBala. Kulapho wafudukela kwilokishi yasekhaya apho wamkela isibongo Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Josie Palmer' from xh to English:\nIn 1921 she returned to Potchefstroom where she became involved in local politics and was elected secretary of the women 's section of the CPSA .\n Josie is married to Edwin Mofutsanyana , a leading member of the Communist Party of South Africa ( CPSA ) and the African National Congress ( ANC ) .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Josie Palmer", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "-Albert \" Albie \" Louis Sachs ( 30 January 1935 ) is a prosecutor and former judge of the Constitutional Court in South Africa .\n After having his arm blown off by a bomb in Mozambique for opposing apartheid , he went into exile in America , and now lives in Cape Town , South Africa .", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Albie Sachs' from xh to English:\n-Albert \" Albie \" Louis Sachs ( 30 January 1935 ) is a prosecutor and former judge of the Constitutional Court in South Africa .\n After having his arm blown off by a bomb in Mozambique for opposing apartheid , he went into exile in America , and now lives in Cape Town , South Africa .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nAlbie Sachs\nU-Albert \"Albie\" uLouis Sachs (30 Januwari 1935) yintshutshisi kunye nejaji yangaphambili kwiNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko eMzantsi Afrika. Emva kokuqhushumbelwa kwingalo yakhe yibhombu eMozambique ngenxa yokuchasa ubandlululo, waya elubhacweni eMelika, kwaye ngoku uhlala eKapa, \u200b\u200beMzantsi Afrika.\nImithombo\nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Albie Sachs", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "- Moosa was the editor and publisher of Indian Views [ 1914 to 1965 ] , a weekly publication aimed at the Gujarati - speaking Muslim community in southern Africa .\n The main focus of the paper was the struggle against white minority rule , but it could stand against colonialism , especially drawing attention to India 's struggle against British imperialism . Fatima came from a large family .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUFatima Meer (nge-12 ka-Agasti ka-1928 ukuya kowe-12 ku-Matshi ka-2010) wayengumbhali wase Mzantsi Afrika, ezemfundo, umbhali wesikrini, kunye neqela labalweli-mthetho babalaseleyo. Unina, uRakeli, wayeyinkedama yohlanga lwamaYuda nesiPhuthukezi, kodwa ke waguqukela kubuSilamsi wathatha igama elithi Amina. Utata kaFatima Meer, uMoosa, wazalelwa e-Surat, Gujarat kwaye wayevela kuluntu oluncinci lwaseSunni Bhora. Nangona wayengafundiswanga ngokusemthethweni kwi-theology yamaSilamsi, wayefundeka ngokubanzi kwaye ehlonitshwa ngolwazi kwakhe olukhulu ngobuSilamsi, ubuHindu nobuKristu. Wadlulisa kuthando lakhe lolwimi, isifundi, ukunyamezelana kwezenkolo kunye nokuchasa ngokungakhathali ucalucalulo ebantwaneni bakhe. U-Moosa wayengumhleli nomshicileli we-Indian Views [ngo-1914 ukuya ngo-1965], ushicilelo lweveki ejolise kuluntu lwamaSulumane athetha isiGujarati kumazantsi e-Afrika. Eyona nto kugxilwe kuyo ephepheni yayingumlo ochasene nolawulo lwabambalwa abamhlophe, kodwa yayinokuma ngokuchaseneyo nekoloniyali, ngakumbi ukutsala ingqalelo kumzabalazo waseIndiya wokulwa nama-impiriya wase-Bhritane. UFatima wayevela kwintsapho //omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02426/05lv02572.htm. Yayilikhaya elalibonisa isimilo senkcubeko eyomeleleyo yamaGujarati-Indiya kunye namaSilamsi kwimvelaphi yesizukulwana sokuqala sosukelo esisokolayo ukuze siphile kwindawo enobuhlanga.\nUninszi lwamadoda kusapho lakwaFatima oluye lwadlala indima ekhokelayo eNatal nakwi-South African Indian Congress. Ukusukela ebuntwaneni uFatima waqala ukwenza imisebenzi engaqhelekanga ukuncedisa ekuveliseni iphephandaba elilelolosapho, i-Indian Views. Ufundile amandla ebhaliwe nelizwi elithethwayo besebancinci, kwaye kwiminyaka edlulileyo waqulunqa umyalelo oqinileyo wolwimi lwesiNgesi, olwalunceda umsebenzi wakhe njengezifundiswa, umbhali, Itshantliziyo lamaLungelo oLuntu kunye nomzabalazo wezopolitiko. Ukuzimisela kukaFatima kwezopolitiko kwaqala kwangoko. Ngo-1944, xa wayeneminyaka eyi-16 kwaye wayengumfundi weSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo saseDurban, wancedisa ukukhulisa i-1000 yeedola zokunceda indlala e-Bengal. Nangona imfutshane kwaye incinci, uMerer waba ngumntu onamandla eluntwini. Wayenobuhle, ekrelekrele, enengqondo ngokukhawuleza, ebukhali, enamandla kwaye enamandla. Ngo-1946 uFatima, njengamawakawaka abantu baseIndiya, watshutshiswa ngephulo le-1946 Indian Passive Resistance Campaign, olwalubonisa kakhulu umdlalo olwa nomkhosi olwa nomkhosi kurhulumente kwimbali yoMzantsi Afrika. UFatima waseka iKomiti yabaPhathi abaPhasileyo yokuXhasa abafundi ukuze axhase eli phulo kwaye oku kwamphembelela eluntwini. Umenyelwe ukuba athethe kwezinye zeenkomfa zasesininzi kwaye wabelane ngeqonga neenkokheli eziphambili ezichasene nocalucalulo, ukuthanda kukaGqr uYosuf Dadoo Ukusukela emtshatweni wakhe ukuya ku-Ismail Meer ngo-1951 kwazalwa abantwana abathathu, uShamin, uShehnaz noRashid, abo kamva basweleka kabuhlungu. UFatima Meer ngokwakhe wasweleka nge-12 Matshi 2010 eneminyaka engama-81. Wangcwatyelwa kwindawo yamangcwaba aseBrooke Street eThekwini.\n iSalathiso\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Fatima Meer' from xh to English:\n- Moosa was the editor and publisher of Indian Views [ 1914 to 1965 ] , a weekly publication aimed at the Gujarati - speaking Muslim community in southern Africa .\n The main focus of the paper was the struggle against white minority rule , but it could stand against colonialism , especially drawing attention to India 's struggle against British imperialism . Fatima came from a large family .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Fatima Meer", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Africa in London . Between the year 2001 to the year 2004 he was the CEO of South African tourism . He was the Chairman of the board of SANPARKS and SANPARKS and SANPARKS , in 2009 he got a seat at SAA . He is also the Chairman\n of Peotona Holdings , an agricultural company that deals with improving markets . Carolus is a member of the Commission of the International Crisis Group . In 2015 he was", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Cheryl Carolus' from xh to English:\nAfrica in London . Between the year 2001 to the year 2004 he was the CEO of South African tourism . He was the Chairman of the board of SANPARKS and SANPARKS and SANPARKS , in 2009 he got a seat at SAA . He is also the Chairman\n of Peotona Holdings , an agricultural company that deals with improving markets . Carolus is a member of the Commission of the International Crisis Group . In 2015 he was a trustee of the British Museum .\n On the fifth day of May 2015 , the bodies of her boyfriend 's parents were found in Cape Town tied to corpses .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: (2018)\nUCheryl Carolus owazalwa nge-27 kaMeyi 1958 kwezopolitiko waseMzantsi //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_AfricawaseMzantsi Afrika. Uzalelwe eSilvertown, eCape FlatsCape Flats, eKapa. Utata wakhe wayeqashwe njengomsekeli wePrinta,umama wakhe wayeyiMongikazi. Wafunda kwisikolo esikufutshane amabanga wakhe aphezulu waze wabayinkokheli yabafundi iabakwibanga leshumi elinambini. Emva kwebanga leshumi elinambini waarejistela isidanga seBA nesidanga sobutitshala kwiDyunivesithi yaseNtshona koloni. UCarolus wabangu titshala wesiNgesi. Wayelilungu elafumana iUWO eNtshona koloni Waangena kwezopolitiko esesikolweni waze wabali litshantliziyo emva kokungena kwiUDFkwiUDF ngonyaka ka-1983. Ngonyaka ka-1986 ngoFebruwari uCarolus wamenywa kwiInternational Centre yeSwedish Labour Movement njengelungu leUDF. Ngonyaka ka-1989,uCarolus wabasisithethi seNtshona koloni ngophulo lwendelo elenziwa Ngonyaka ka1990 xakuphuma utata uNelson Mandela entilongweni wabalilungu leANC. NgoMeyi kwakunyaka ka-1990,UCarolus wonyulwa ukuba abeyingxenye yeDeligeyishini yeANC eyabamba iintetho noRhulumente wocalucalulo waphinda ngoJulayi ka1991 wonyulwa kwiKomiti yeANC. Utshate noGraham Bloch. Ngonyaka ka-1996 wabanguKomishina ophezulu waseMzantsi Afrika eLondon. Phakathi konyaka ka-2001 ukuya kunyaka ka2004 wayenguCEO wezokhenketho zaseMzantsi Afrika. WayenguSihlalo webhodi yeSANPARKSyeSANPARKSyeSANPARKS,ngo-2009 wafumana esisihlalo kwaSAA . UkwanguSihlalo wePeotona Holdings,ikampani yezotyalo ejongene nokuphucula amarhwebo. UCarolus lilungu leKomishini yeInternational Crisis Group. Ngonyaka ka-2015 wayengumthenjwa weBritish Museum. Ngemini yesihlanu kuMeyi ka-2015 imizimba yabazali besoka lakhe yafunyanwa eKapa ibotshelelwe Imithombo \nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Cheryl Carolus", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "This man was a South African lawyer , a public speaker , a book historian , and a fighter for the country . He was a member of the South African Land Reform .\n There is a book he wrote called \" The land is ours \" where he talks about the ruling party ANC . You can also hear him talking about the first black lawyers and how they behaved . Utembaka was a member of the opposition group Economic Free", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Tembeka Ngcukaitobi' from xh to English:\nThis man was a South African lawyer , a public speaker , a book historian , and a fighter for the country . He was a member of the South African Land Reform .\n There is a book he wrote called \" The land is ours \" where he talks about the ruling party ANC . You can also hear him talking about the first black lawyers and how they behaved . Utembaka was a member of the opposition group Economic Freedom Fighter . He was there when the EFF wanted people to be prosecuted in the North Johannesburg High Court . .\n He had the degree of LLB ( Unitra ) , LLM ( Rhodes ) , LLM ( London school of economics ) . Now he is a donor to big foreign lawyers who fight for the rights of the people who vote in Zwimbmbwe . He is also one of the people who form the opposition group Economic Freedom Fighter\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nTembeka Ngcukaitobi\nThembeka Ngcukaitobi (25 December 1979) Indoda le yayiliqwetha loMzantsi Afrika,engumthethi sidlangalaleni,engumbali wencwadi,elwela nenkulo yelizwe . Ebekwalilungu le South African Land Reform. Kunencwadi awayibhalayo ethi The land is ours (umhlaba ngowethu) apho athetha ngolawulo leqela eliphetheyo iANC . Uphinda umve unkabi ethetha ngamagqwetha okuqala amnyama nangendle ayeziphathe ngayo. Utembeka lo waye lilungu leqela labaphikisayo iEconomic Freedom Fighter. Wayekhona ngexesha iqela leEFF lifuna kutshutshiswe abantu enkantolo ephakamileyo yeaseMantla Rhawuti. Wayenesidanga seLLB(Unitra),LLM(Rhodes),LLM(London school of economics). Ngoku ungumpha wamagqwetha amakhulu angaphandle alwela amlungelo abantu abavotayo baseZwimbmbwe . Ukwangomnye wabantu abakha iqela eliphikisayo iEconomic Freedom Fighter Reference", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Tembeka Ngcukaitobi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Participation in the public struggle against oppression Maharaj was a political activist and a member of the communist West African Cot Group , who works as a friend of sorts in anti - oppression activities with Nelson Mandela . Public participation in the struggle against oppression Maharaj was a political activist and a member of the communist North African Cot Group , who works as a friend of ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nMac Maharaj\nSathyandranath Ragunanan \"Mac\" Maharaj (kuzalwa 22 apreli 1935 kwi - Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal) ingaba i - Umzantsi Afrika kwezopolito afilisiwe a ne - umbutho op hethe ilizwe kwezemfundo nakwishishini ye India lemveli. Nguye yangaphambili esemthethweni esilibambela Kamongameli of umzantsi Africa Ujacob Zuma.\n Inxaxheba koluntu umzabalazo ngokuchasene wengcinezelo \nMaharaj yaba ezopolitiko activist kwaye ilungu le - umkomanisi wase mzanzi Afrika Cot Iqela, abo isebenza ngendlela mfondini iintlobo kwi-antayi-wengcinezelo imisebenzi kunye Unelson Mandela. ngojulayi 1964, Maharaj wabanjwa kwi-Johannesburg, ibe igcwalisiwe kwaye ugwetyiwe nabane abanye kwi imirhumo ye sabotage kwi - abancinane Rivonia yovavanyo, kwaye waba kuvalelwe kwi - isiqithi se robben kunye Mandela. entolongweni yena ikhutshlwe ngases Mandela ke memoir Elide Ukuhamba ukuba Inkululeko kwaye uthungisiwe ngayo baphuma entolongweni ngowe-1976. Mac Maharaj and Zoe Daniel, 14 November 2006, ABC Melbourne, Retrieved on 25 May 2007.\nNgoFebruwari 2003 iphephandaba laseMzantsi Afrika, I-Su amaxesha esunday, lapapasha izityholo zokuba uMac Maharaj nenkosikazi yakhe uZarina babefumene ngaphezulu kwe-R500,000 phakathi kukaMeyi ka-1998 nangoFebruwari ka-1999 kusomashishini, uSchabir Shaik, owayesebenzisane kwizigidi ezibini zeerandi Izivumelwano ezibonelelwe liCandelo loMphathiswa Wezothutho ngeli xesha uMaharaj wayenguMphathiswa. [8] Ngomhla ka-Agasti ka-2003 uMaharaj wayeka emsebenzini kwi-ibhanki yokuqala kulandela imithombo yeendaba ejikeleze izityholo zenkohlakalo. [9]\nWaba emva kowe-1994 Emzantsi Afrika's kuqala Umphathiswa Wezothutho, i-posa wathabatha ngomhla we-11 Kucanzibe ngowe-1994 kwaye agcina de konyulo jikelele we-1999.\nEmva wesizwe unyulo 1999, Mac Maharaj inyathelwe phantsi ukususela politics kwaye abaziwayo Firs tRand Bank kwaye waba yayo ephezulu ihlawulwe ongekho. Mac Maharaj to resign from FirstRand, Retrieved on 22 November 2011.\n Imithombo\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Mac Maharaj' from xh to English:\nParticipation in the public struggle against oppression Maharaj was a political activist and a member of the communist West African Cot Group , who works as a friend of sorts in anti - oppression activities with Nelson Mandela . Public participation in the struggle against oppression Maharaj was a political activist and a member of the communist North African Cot Group , who works as a friend of sorts in anti - oppression activities with Nelson Mandela .\n In July 1964 , Maharaj was arrested in Johannesburg , and was charged and convicted with four others on charges of sabotage in the Rivonia trial , and was imprisoned on Robben Island with Mandela . After the national election in 1999 , Mac Maharaj stepped down from politics and the well - known Firs tRand Bank and became its highest paid non - existent . Mac Maharaj to resign from FirstRand , Retrieved on 22 November 2011 .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Mac Maharaj", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "thumb The Corona virus disease in 2019 ( COVID - 19 ) is a disease that is transmitted when a person infected with the corona virus ( Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ) infects other people .. A person , or by touching the surfaces that have been affected by this virus and then touching or touching the eyes , nose or mouth .\n Typically , the virus spreads through respiratory drople", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIsifo se-Coronavirus 2019\nthumb\nIsifo seCoronavirus ngo-2019 (COVID-19) sisifo esosuleleka xa umntu osulelwe intsholongwane ye-corona (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) esosulela abanye abantu.. Umntu, okanye ngokuchukumisa imihlaba ebikade ichaphazelekile yile ntsholongwane kwaye emva koko achukumise okanye abambe amehlo, impumlo okanye umlomo. Ngokwesiqhelo, intsholongwane isasazeka ngamachaphaza okuphefumla awenziwa xa umntu osulelweyo ekhohlela okanye egungxula. Nabani na osondeleyo ngokwaneleyo (ngaphantsi kwe-1.8 yeemitha) kumntu otyibilikayo okanye okosulelayo wosulelwa kakhulu yile ntsholongwane. Ngenye indlela umntu unokuyifumana intsholongwane ngokuchukumisa umphezulu osulelekileyo aze achukumise amehlo, iindlebe okanye impumlo ngaphandle kokuchaphazela izandla zakho.\n Imvelaphi \nsi sifo saqala ukubonwa e-Wuhan, idolophu elikhulukazi kwiphondo lase Hubei e China, ngasekupheleni kuka-2019. Ukusukela ngoko, esi sifo sisasazeke kwihlabathi lonke. Nge-11 Matshi 2020, Umbutho Wezempilo weHlabathi wabhengeza esi sifo sisifo. Ubhubhane sisifo esisasazeke kwiindawo ezinkulu zehlabathi okanye kwihlabathi liphela. Amazwe achaphazeleke kakhulu yile ntsholongwane afumene amaqondo aphezulu okusweleka kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu kwiinkqubo zawo zezempilo. Umlawuli jikelele woMbutho wezeMpilo kwiHlabathi, uGqr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, wathi, \"Le ayisiyongxaki yezempilo nje kuphela, yingxaki enokuthi ichukumise onke amacandelo - ngenxa yoko icandelo ngalinye nelungu ngalinye kufuneka libandakanyeke emzabalazweni\".\n Mzantsi Afrika \nOkwangoku (ukusukela nge-2 ka-Tshazimpunzi ngo-2020) ngabantu abayi-1 462 abaye bavavanya i-coronavirus apha eMzantsi Afrika. Abantu abahlanu basweleke ngenxa yokosulelwa sesi sifo, ngelixa abantu abangama-31 besiphilisile. Ngokwesebe lezeMpilo leSizwe, \"uqikelelo lwangoku luqikelela ukuba intsholongwane ichaphazela ama-60% abantu baseMzantsi Afrika ngaxa lithile, kodwa ngaxeshanye\". Ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwesi sifo, ilizwe belikwi ukuvalwa ngokusemthethweni ngokususela nge-27 Matshi 2020. Ukongeza, uMongameli Ramaphosa wabhengeza nge-30 Matshi 2020 ukuba abasebenzi abangama-10 000 bezempilo babe sele bethathiwe ukutyelela amakhaya bevavanya abantu ukuba bayayifumana na intsholongwane.\n Iimpawu kunye nonyango \nEzona mpawu ziqhelekileyo zosulelo zibandakanya ukukhohlela, umkhuhlane, ukudinwa kunye nokuphefumla okufutshane. Ezinye iimpawu zinokubandakanya iintlungu zemisipha, ukuvelisa umphunga, urhudo, umqala obuhlungu, ukuphulukana nephunga kunye nobuhlungu besisu. Ukuba umntu wosulelwe yi-coronavirus, iimpawu zingavela kwiintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kweli-14 emva kosulelo, kodwa uninzi lwabantu luya kubonisa iimpawu kwiintsuku ezintlanu emva kosulelo. Abantu abaninzi baya kubonisa kuphela iimpawu ezibuthathaka. Kwiimeko ezinzima, ukosuleleka kunokukhokelela kwi-pneumonia kunye nokungaphumeleli kwezitho. Iimpawu ezinobunzima zifuna ukhathalelo lonyango olungxamisekileyo.\nAbantu banokusulelwa yintsholongwane kwaye bangabonakalisi zimpawu. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba kukuzonwabisa. Nangona umntu owosulelekileyo engabonisi zimpawu, baya kosulela abanye abantu abanxibelelana nabo. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokusasazeka kwesi sifo ngokukhawuleza.\nOogqirha bavavanya i-coronavirus ngokufumana i-swab yempumlo kumntu okrokrelwa ukuba unesifo. Oku kwaziwa njenge-nasopharyngeal swab. Esi sifo sinokufunyaniswa kusetyenziswa iskena esise-CT.\nUkuba umntu uvavanywa ukuba unayo intsholongwane, uyakulaliswa esibhedlele kwaye ahlulwe kubantu abangosuleleki. Nangona ngoku kungabikho nyango intsholongwane, uninzi lwabantu luyakusinda esi sifo ukuba lufumana unyango olufanelekileyo.\n Uthintelo \nUkusasazeka kwesi sifo kuthintelwa ikakhulu kukugcina umgama obonakalayo kwabanye abantu kunye nokuthintela iindimbane okanye iindawo ezinabantu abaninzi. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba kukude ekuhlaleni. Apho unxibelelwano lungekhe luthintelwe, kusetyenziswa imaski yobuso (okanye isigqubuthelo sokukhohlela kunye nokuthimla ngesiciko okanye ngengalo yangaphakathi) kunye nokunxiba iigloves zerhasix kuyacetyiswa. Ukongeza abantu kufuneka bahlambe izandla rhoqo ngesepha okanye ngesanitizer sekwe otywala sesandla sakho semizuzwana engama-20. Ekugqibeleni abantu bayacetyiswa ukuba bangachukumisi ubuso babo ngezandla ezingahlanjwanga.\n Iimbekiselo\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Isifo se-Coronavirus 2019' from xh to English:\nthumb The Corona virus disease in 2019 ( COVID - 19 ) is a disease that is transmitted when a person infected with the corona virus ( Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ) infects other people .. A person , or by touching the surfaces that have been affected by this virus and then touching or touching the eyes , nose or mouth .\n Typically , the virus spreads through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes . Anyone who is close enough ( less than 1.8 meters ) to a person who is infected or infected is highly susceptible to the virus .\n Another way a person can get the virus is by touching an infected surface and touching the eyes , ears or nose without touching your hands . Five people have died from the disease , while 31 people have recovered .\n According to the National Department of Health , \" current estimates estimate that the virus affects 60 % of the population of the South\n<|endoftext|>### URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it\nOfficial names have been announced for the virus responsible for COVID-19 (previously known as \u201c2019 novel coronavirus\u201d) and the disease it causes. The official names are:\nDisease\nVirus\nsevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\nViruses, and the diseases they cause, often have different names. For example, HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. People often know the name of a disease, but not the name of the virus that causes it.\nThere are different processes, and purposes, for naming viruses and diseases.\nViruses are named based on their genetic structure to facilitate the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines. Virologists and the wider scientific community do this work, so viruses are named by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).\nDiseases are named to enable discussion on disease prevention, spread, transmissibility, severity and treatment. Human disease preparedness and response is WHO\u2019s role, so diseases are officially named by WHO in the International Classification of\nICTV announced \u201csevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)\u201d as the name of the new virus on 11 February 2020. This name was chosen because the virus is genetically related to the coronavirus responsible for the SARS\nWHO announced \u201cCOVID-19\u201d as the name of this new disease on 11 February 2020, following guidelines previously developed with the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).\nWHO and ICTV were in communication about the naming of both the virus and the disease.\nFrom a risk communications perspective, using the name SARS can have unintended consequences in terms of creating unnecessary fear for some populations, especially in Asia which was worst affected by the SARS outbreak in 2003.\nFor that reason and others, WHO has begun referring to the virus as \u201cthe virus responsible for COVID-19\u201d or \u201cthe COVID-19 virus\u201d when communicating with the public. Neither of these designations are intended as replacements for the official name of the virus as agreed by the ICTV.\nMaterial published before the virus was officially named will not be updated unless necessary in order to avoid confusion.\nMore information:", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isifo se-Coronavirus 2019", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "-- getWebsite fetches the Official website ( P856 ) and formats it for use in an infobox .\n -- This is similar to Template : Official website but with a url displayed , -- and it adds the \" edit at Wikidata \" pen icon beyond the microformat if enabled .\n -- A local value will override the Wikidata value .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nModule: WikidataIB\n-- Module to implement use of a blacklist and whitelist for infobox fields\n-- Can take a named parameter |qid which is the Wikidata ID for the article\n-- if not supplied, it will use the Wikidata ID associated with the current page.\n-- Fields in blacklist are never to be displayed, i.e. module must return nil in all circumstances\n-- Fields in whitelist return local value if it exists or the Wikidata value otherwise\n-- The name of the field that this function is called from is passed in named parameter |name\n-- The name is compulsory when blacklist or whitelist is used,\n-- so the module returns nil if it is not supplied.\n-- blacklist is passed in named parameter |suppressfields (or |spf)\n-- whitelist is passed in named parameter |fetchwikidata (or |fwd)\nlocal p = {}\nlocal cdate -- initialise as nil and only load _complex_date function if needed\n-- Module: Complex date is loaded lazily and has the following dependencies:\n-- Module: I18n/complex date, Module: ISOdate, Module: DateI18n (alternative for Module: Date),\n-- Module: Formatnum, Module: I18n/date, Module: Yesno, Module: Linguistic, Module: Calendar\n-- The following, taken from is needed to use Module: Complex date which seemingly requires date precision as a string.\n-- It would work better if only the authors of the mediawiki page could spell 'millennium'.\nlocal dp = {\n\t[6] = \"millennium\",\n\t[7] = \"century\",\n\t[8] = \"decade\",\n\t[9] = \"year\",\n\t[10] = \"month\",\n\t[11] = \"day\",\n}\nlocal i18n =\n{\n\t[\"errors\"] =\n\t{\n\t\t[\"property-not-found\"] = \"Property not found.\",\n\t\t[\"No property supplied\"] = \"No property supplied\",\n\t\t[\"entity-not-found\"] = \"Wikidata entity not found.\",\n\t\t[\"unknown-claim-type\"] = \"Unknown claim type.\",\n\t\t[\"unknown-entity-type\"] = \"Unknown entity type.\",\n\t\t[\"qualifier-not-found\"] = \"Qualifier not found.\",\n\t\t[\"site-not-found\"] = \"Wikimedia project not found.\",\n\t\t[\"labels-not-found\"] = \"No labels found.\",\n\t\t[\"descriptions-not-found\"] = \"No descriptions found.\",\n\t\t[\"aliases-not-found\"] = \"No aliases found.\",\n\t\t[\"unknown-datetime-format\"] = \"Unknown datetime format.\",\n\t\t[\"local-article-not-found\"] = \"Article is available on Wikidata, but not on Wikipedia\",\n\t\t[\"dab-page\"] = \" (dab)\",\n\t},\n\t[\"months\"] =\n\t{\n\t\t\"January\", \"February\", \"March\", \"April\", \"May\", \"June\",\n\t\t\"July\", \"August\", \"September\", \"October\", \"November\", \"December\"\n\t},\n\t[\"century\"] = \"century\",\n\t[\"BC\"] = \"BC\",\n\t[\"BCE\"] = \"BCE\",\n\t[\"ordinal\"] =\n\t{\n\t\t[1] = \"st\",\n\t\t[2] = \"nd\",\n\t\t[3] = \"rd\",\n\t\t[\"default\"] = \"th\"\n\t},\n\t[\"filespace\"] = \"File\",\n\t[\"Unknown\"] = \"Unknown\",\n\t[\"NaN\"] = \"Not a number\",\n\t-- set the following to the name of a tracking category,\n\t-- e.g. \"Category: Articles with missing Wikidata information\", or \"\" to disable:\n\t[\"missinginfocat\"] = \"Category: Articles with missing Wikidata information\",\n\t[\"editonwikidata\"] = \"Edit this on Wikidata\",\n\t[\"latestdatequalifier\"] = function (date) return \"before \" .. date end,\n\t-- some languages, e.g. Bosnian use a period as a suffix after each number in a date\n\t[\"datenumbersuffix\"] = \"\",\n\t[\"list separator\"] = \", \",\n\t[\"multipliers\"] = {\n\t\t[0] = \"\",\n\t\t[3] = \" thousand\",\n\t\t[6] = \" million\",\n\t\t[9] = \" billion\",\n\t\t[12] = \" trillion\",\n\t}\n}\n-- This allows an internationisation module to override the above table\nif 'en' ~= mw.getContentLanguage : getCode then\n\trequire(\"Module: i18n\").loadI18n(\"Module: WikidataIB/i18n\", i18n)\nend\n-- This piece of html implements a collapsible container. Check the classes exist on your wiki.\nlocal collapsediv = '
'\n-- Some items should not be linked.\n-- Each wiki can create a list of those in Module: WikidataIB/nolinks\n-- It should return a table called itemsindex, containing true for each item not to be linked\nlocal donotlink = {}\nlocal nolinks_exists, nolinks = pcall(mw.loadData, \"Module: WikidataIB/nolinks\")\nif nolinks_exists then\n\tdonotlink = nolinks.itemsindex\nend\n-- To satisfy Wikipedia: Manual of Style/Titles, certain types of items are italicised, and others are quoted.\n-- The submodule Module: WikidataIB/titleformats lists the entity-ids used in 'instance of' (P31),\n-- which allows this module to identify the values that should be formatted.\n-- WikidataIB/titleformats exports a table p.formats, which is indexed by entity-id, and contains the value \" or local formats = {}\nlocal titleformats_exists, titleformats = pcall(mw.loadData, \"Module: WikidataIB/titleformats\")\nif titleformats_exists then\n\tformats = titleformats.formats\nend\n-- Private functions\n--\n-- makeOrdinal needs to be internationalised along with the above:\n-- takes cardinal numer as a numeric and returns the ordinal as a string\n-- we need three exceptions in English for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 21st, .. 31st, etc.\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal makeOrdinal = function(cardinal)\n\tlocal ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal.default\n\tif cardinal % 10 == 1 then\n\t\tordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[1]\n\telseif cardinal % 10 == 2 then\n\t\tordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[2]\n\telseif cardinal % 10 == 3 then\n\t\tordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[3]\n\tend\n\t-- In English, 1, 21, 31, etc. use 'st', but 11, 111, etc. use 'th'\n\t-- similarly for 12 and 13, etc.\n\tif (cardinal % 100 == 11) or (cardinal % 100 == 12) or (cardinal % 100 == 13) then\n\t\tordsuffix = i18n.ordinal.default\n\tend\n\treturn tostring(cardinal) .. ordsuffix\nend\n-- findLang takes a \"langcode\" parameter if supplied and valid\n-- otherwise it tries to create it from the user's set language \n-- failing that it uses the wiki's content language.\n-- It returns a language object\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal findLang = function(langcode)\n\tlocal langobj\n\tlangcode = mw.text.trim(langcode or \"\")\n\tif mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode) then\n\t\tlangobj = mw.language.new(langcode)\n\telse\n\t\tlangcode = mw.getCurrentFrame : preprocess('')\n\t\tif mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode) then\n\t\t\tlangobj = mw.language.new(langcode)\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tlangobj = mw.language.getContentLanguage \n\t\tend\n\tend\n\treturn langobj\nend\n-- _getItemLangCode takes a qid parameter (using the current page's qid if blank)\n-- If the item for that qid has property country (P17) it looks at the first preferred value\n-- If the country has an official language (P37), it looks at the first preferred value\n-- If that official language has a language code (P424), it returns the first preferred value\n-- Otherwise it returns nothing.\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal _getItemLangCode = function(qid)\n\tqid = mw.text.trim(qid or \"\"): upper \n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\tif not qid then return end\n\tlocal prop17 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, \"P17\")[1]\n\tif not prop17 or prop17.mainsnak.snaktype ~= \"value\" then return end\n\tlocal qid17 = prop17.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\tlocal prop37 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid17, \"P37\")[1]\n\tif not prop37 or prop37.mainsnak.snaktype ~= \"value\" then return end\n\tlocal qid37 = prop37.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\tlocal prop424 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid37, \"P424\")[1]\n\tif not prop424 or prop424.mainsnak.snaktype ~= \"value\" then return end\n\treturn prop424.mainsnak.datavalue.value\nend\n-- roundto takes a number (x)\n-- and returns it rounded to (sf) significant figures\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal roundto = function(x, sf)\n\tif x == 0 then return 0 end\n\tlocal s = 1\n\tif x < 0 then\n\t\tx = -x\n\t\ts = -1\n\tend\n\tif sf < 1 then sf = 1 end\n\tlocal p = 10 ^ (math.floor(math.log10(x)) - sf + 1)\n\tx = math.floor(x / p + 0.5) * p * s\n\t-- if it's integral, cast to an integer:\n\tif x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end\n\treturn x\nend\n-- decimalToDMS takes a decimal degrees (x) with precision (p)\n-- and returns degrees/minutes/seconds according to the precision\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal decimalToDMS = function(x, p)\n\t-- if p is not supplied, use a precision around 0.1 seconds\n\tif not tonumber(p) then p = 1e-4 end\n\tlocal d = math.floor(x)\n\tlocal ms = (x - d) * 60\n\tif p > 0.5 then -- precision is > 1/2 a degree\n\t\tif ms > 30 then d = d + 1 end\n\t\tms = 0\n\tend\n\tlocal m = math.floor(ms)\n\tlocal s = (ms - m) * 60\n\tif p > 0.008 then -- precision is > 1/2 a minute\n\t\tif s > 30 then m = m +1 end\n\t\ts = 0\n\telseif p > 0.00014 then -- precision is > 1/2 a second\n\t\ts = math.floor(s + 0.5)\n\telseif p > 0.000014 then -- precision is > 1/20 second\n\t\ts = math.floor(10 * s + 0.5) / 10\n\telseif p > 0.0000014 then -- precision is > 1/200 second\n\t\ts = math.floor(100 * s + 0.5) / 100\n\telse -- cap it at 3 dec places for now\n\t\ts = math.floor(1000 * s + 0.5) / 1000\n\tend\n\treturn d, m, s\nend\n-- decimalPrecision takes a decimal (x) with precision (p)\n-- and returns x rounded approximately to the given precision\n-- precision should be between 1 and 1e-6, preferably a power of 10.\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal decimalPrecision = function(x, p)\n\tlocal s = 1\n\tif x < 0 then\n\t\tx = -x\n\t\ts = -1\n\tend\n\t-- if p is not supplied, pick an arbitrary precision\n\tif not tonumber(p) then p = 1e-4\n\telseif p > 1 then p = 1\n\telseif p < 1e-6 then p = 1e-6\n\telse p = 10 ^ math.floor(math.log10(p))\n\tend\n\tx = math.floor(x / p + 0.5) * p * s\n\t-- if it's integral, cast to an integer:\n\tif x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end\n\t-- if it's less than 1e-4, it will be in exponent form, so return a string with 6dp\n\t-- 9e-5 becomes 0.000090\n\tif math.abs(x) < 1e-4 then x = string.format(\"%f\", x) end\n\treturn x\nend\n-- formatDate takes a datetime of the usual format from mw.wikibase.entity: formatPropertyValues\n-- like \"1 August 30 BCE\" as parameter 1\n-- and formats it according to the df (date format) and bc parameters\n-- df = [\"dmy\" / \"mdy\" / \"y\"] default will be \"dmy\"\n-- bc = [\"BC\" / \"BCE\"] default will be \"BCE\"\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal format_Date = function(datetime, dateformat, bc)\n\tlocal datetime = datetime or \"1 August 30 BCE\" -- in case of nil value\n\t-- chop off multiple vales and/or any hours, mins, etc.\n\t-- keep anything before punctuation - we just want a single date:\n\tlocal dateval = string.match(datetime, \"[%w ]+\")\n\tlocal dateformat = string.lower(dateformat or \"dmy\") -- default to dmy\n\tlocal bc = string.upper(bc or \"\") -- can't use nil for bc\n\t-- we only want to accept two possibilities: BC or default to BCE\n\tif bc == \"BC\" then\n\t\tbc = \"\u00a0\" .. i18n[\"BC\"] -- prepend a non-breaking space.\n\telse\n\t\tbc = \"\u00a0\" .. i18n[\"BCE\"]\n\tend\n\tlocal postchrist = true -- start by assuming no BCE\n\tlocal dateparts = {}\n\tfor word in string.gmatch(dateval, \"%w+\") do\n\t\tif word == \"BCE\" or word == \"BC\" then -- *** internationalise later ***\n\t\t\tpostchrist = false\n\t\telse\n\t\t\t-- we'll keep the parts that are not 'BCE' in a table\n\t\t\tdateparts[#dateparts + 1] = word\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\tif postchrist then bc = \"\" end -- set AD dates to no suffix *** internationalise later ***\n\tlocal sep = \"\u00a0\" -- separator is nbsp\n\tlocal fdate = table.concat(dateparts, sep) -- set formatted date to same order as input\n\t-- if we have day month year, check dateformat\n\tif #dateparts == 3 then\n\t\tif dateformat == \"y\" then\n\t\t\tfdate = dateparts[3]\n\t\telseif dateformat == \"mdy\" then\n\t\t\tfdate = dateparts[2] .. sep .. dateparts[1] .. \",\" .. sep .. dateparts[3]\n\t\tend\n\telseif #dateparts == 2 and dateformat == \"y\" then\n\t\tfdate = dateparts[2]\n\tend\n\treturn fdate .. bc\nend\n-- dateFormat is the handler for properties that are of type \"time\"\n-- It takes timestamp, precision (6 to 11 per mediawiki), dateformat (y/dmy/mdy), BC format (BC/BCE),\n-- a plaindate switch (yes/no/adj) to en/disable \"sourcing cirumstances\"/use adjectival form,\n-- any qualifiers for the property, the language, and any adjective to use like 'before'.\n-- It passes the date through the \"complex date\" function\n-- and returns a string with the internatonalised date formatted according to preferences.\n-- Dependencies: findLang ; cdate ; dp[]\nlocal dateFormat = function(timestamp, dprec, df, bcf, pd, qualifiers, lang, adj, model)\n\t-- output formatting according to preferences (y/dmy/mdy/ymd)\n\tdf = (df or \"\"): lower \n\t-- if ymd is required, return the part of the timestamp in YYYY-MM-DD form\n\t-- but apply Year zero#Astronomers fix: 1 BC = 0000; 2 BC = -0001; etc.\n\tif df == \"ymd\" then\n\t\tif timestamp: sub(1,1) == \"+\" then\n\t\t\treturn timestamp: sub(2,11)\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tlocal yr = tonumber(timestamp: sub(2,5)) - 1\n\t\t\tyr = (\"000\" .. yr): sub(-4)\n\t\t\tif yr ~= \"0000\" then yr = \"-\" .. yr end\n\t\t\treturn yr .. timestamp: sub(6,11)\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\t-- A year can be stored like this: \"+1872-00-00T00: 00: 00Z\",\n\t-- which is processed here as if it were the day before \"+1872-01-01T00: 00: 00Z\",\n\t-- and that's the last day of 1871, so the year is wrong.\n\t-- So fix the month 0, day 0 timestamp to become 1 January instead:\n\ttimestamp = timestamp: gsub(\"%-00%-00T\", \"-01-01T\")\n\t-- just in case date precision is missing\n\tdprec = dprec or 11\n\t-- override more precise dates if required dateformat is year alone:\n\tif df == \"y\" and dprec > 9 then dprec = 9 end\n\t-- complex date only deals with precisions from 6 to 11, so clip range\n\tdprec = dprec>11 and 11 or dprec\n\tdprec = dprec<6 and 6 or dprec\n\t-- BC format is \"BC\" or \"BCE\"\n\tbcf = (bcf or \"\"): upper \n\t-- plaindate only needs the first letter (y/n/a)\n\tpd = (pd or \"\"): sub(1,1): lower \n\tif pd == \"\" or pd == \"n\" or pd == \"f\" or pd == \"0\" then pd = false end\n\t-- in case language isn't passed\n\tlang = lang or findLang .code\n\t-- set adj as empty if nil\n\tadj = adj or \"\"\n\t-- extract the day, month, year from the timestamp\n\tlocal bc = timestamp: sub(1, 1)==\"-\" and \"BC\" or \"\"\n\tlocal year, month, day = timestamp: match(\"[+-](%d*)-(%d*)-(%d*)T\")\n\tlocal iso = tonumber(year) -- if year is missing, let it throw an error\n\t-- this will adjust the date format to be compatible with cdate\n\t-- possible formats are Y, YY, YYY0, YYYY, YYYY-MM, YYYY-MM-DD\n\tif dprec == 6 then iso = math.floor((iso - 1) / 1000) + 1 end\n\tif dprec == 7 then iso = math.floor((iso - 1) / 100) + 1 end\n\tif dprec == 8 then iso = math.floor(iso / 10) .. \"0\" end\n\tif dprec == 10 then iso = year .. \"-\" .. month end\n\tif dprec == 11 then iso = year .. \"-\" .. month .. \"-\" .. day end\n\t-- add \"circa\" (Q5727902) from \"sourcing circumstances\" (P1480)\n\tlocal sc = not pd and qualifiers and qualifiers. P1480\n\tif sc then\n\t\tfor k1, v1 in pairs(sc) do\n\t\t\tif v1.datavalue and v1.datavalue.value.id == \"Q5727902\" then\n\t\t\t\tadj = \"circa\"\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\t-- deal with Julian dates:\n\t-- no point in saying that dates before 1582 are Julian - they are by default\n\t-- doesn't make sense for dates less precise than year\n\t-- we can supress it by setting |plaindate, e.g. for use in constructing categories.\n\tlocal calendarmodel = \"\"\n\tif tonumber(year) > 1582\n\t\tand dprec > 8\n\t\tand not pd\n\t\tand model == then\n\t\tcalendarmodel = \"julian\"\n\tend\n\tif not cdate then\n\t\tcdate = require(\"Module: Complex date\")._complex_date\n\tend\n\tlocal fdate = cdate(calendarmodel, adj, tostring(iso), dp[dprec], bc, \"\", \"\", \"\", \"\", lang, 1)\n\t-- this may have QuickStatements info appended to it in a div, so remove that\n\tfdate = fdate: gsub(' [^<]*')\n\t-- it may also be returned wrapped in a microformat, so remove that\n\tfdate = fdate: gsub(\"<[^>]*>\", \"\")\n\t-- there may be leading zeros that we should remove\n\tfdate = fdate: gsub(\"^0*\", \"\")\n\t-- if a plain date is required, then remove any links (like BC linked)\n\tif pd then\n\t\tfdate = fdate: gsub(\"%[%[.*|\", \"\"): gsub(\"]]\", \"\")\n\tend\n\t-- if 'circa', use the abbreviated form *** internationalise later ***\n\tfdate = fdate: gsub('circa ', 'c.\u00a0')\n\t-- deal with BC/BCE\n\tif bcf == \"BCE\" then\n\t\tfdate = fdate: gsub('BC', 'BCE')\n\tend\n\t-- deal with mdy format\n\tif df == \"mdy\" then\n\t\tfdate = fdate: gsub(\"(%d+) (%w+) (%d+)\", \"%2 %1, %3\")\n\tend\n\t-- deal with adjectival form *** internationalise later ***\n\tif pd == \"a\" then\n\t\tfdate = fdate: gsub(' century', '-century')\n\tend\n\treturn fdate\nend\n-- parseParam takes a (string) parameter, e.g. from the list of frame arguments,\n-- and makes \"false\", \"no\", and \"0\" into the (boolean) false\n-- it makes the empty string and nil into the (boolean) value passed as default\n-- allowing the parameter to be true or false by default.\n-- It returns a boolean.\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal parseParam = function(param, default)\n\tif type(param) == \"boolean\" then param = tostring(param) end\n\tif param and param ~= \"\" then\n\t\tparam = param: lower \n\t\tif (param == \"false\") or (param: sub(1,1) == \"n\") or (param == \"0\") then\n\t\t\treturn false\n\t\telse\n\t\t\treturn true\n\t\tend\n\telse\n\t\treturn default\n\tend\nend\n-- _getSitelink takes the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=\n-- It takes an optional parameter |wiki= to determine which wiki is to be checked for a sitelink\n-- If the parameter is blank, then it uses the local wiki.\n-- If there is a sitelink to an article available, it returns the plain text link to the article\n-- If there is no sitelink, it returns nil.\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal _getSitelink = function(qid, wiki)\n\tqid = (qid or \"\"): upper \n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\tif not qid then return nil end\n\twiki = wiki or \"\"\n\tlocal sitelink\n\tif wiki == \"\" then\n\t\tsitelink = mw.wikibase.sitelink(qid)\n\telse\n\t\tsitelink = mw.wikibase.sitelink(qid, wiki)\n\tend\n\treturn sitelink\nend\n-- _getCommonslink takes an optional qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=\n-- It returns one of the following in order of preference:\n-- \tthe Commons sitelink of the Wikidata entity - but not if onlycat=true and it's not a category;\n-- \tthe Commons sitelink of the topic's main category of the Wikidata entity;\n-- \tthe Commons category of the Wikidata entity - unless fallback=false.\n-- Dependencies: _getSitelink ; parseParam \nlocal _getCommonslink = function(qid, onlycat, fallback)\n\tqid = (qid or \"\"): upper \n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\tif not qid then return nil end\n\tonlycat = parseParam(onlycat, false)\n\tif fallback == \"\" then fallback = nil end\n\tlocal sitelink = _getSitelink(qid, \"commonswiki\")\n\tif onlycat and sitelink and sitelink: sub(1,9) ~= \"Category: \" then sitelink = nil end\n\tif not sitelink then\n\t\t-- check for topic's main category\n\t\tlocal prop910 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, \"P910\")[1]\n\t\tif prop910 then\n\t\t\tlocal tmcid = prop910.mainsnak.datavalue and prop910.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\tsitelink = _getSitelink(tmcid, \"commonswiki\")\n\t\tend\n\t\tif not sitelink then\n\t\t\t-- check for list's main category\n\t\t\tlocal prop1754 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, \"P1754\")[1]\n\t\t\tif prop1754 then\n\t\t\t\tlocal tmcid = prop1754.mainsnak.datavalue and prop1754.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\t\tsitelink = _getSitelink(tmcid, \"commonswiki\")\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\tif not sitelink and fallback then\n\t\t-- check for Commons category (string value)\n\t\tlocal prop373 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, \"P373\")[1]\n\t\tif prop373 then\n\t\t\tsitelink = prop373.mainsnak.datavalue and prop373.mainsnak.datavalue.value\n\t\t\tif sitelink then sitelink = \"Category: \" .. sitelink end\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\treturn sitelink\nend\n-- The label in a Wikidata item is subject to vulnerabilities\n-- that an attacker might try to exploit.\n-- It needs to be 'sanitised' by removing any wikitext before use.\n-- If it doesn't exist, return the id for the item\n-- a second (boolean) value is also returned, value is true when the label exists\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal labelOrId = function(id, lang)\n\tif lang == \"default\" then lang = findLang .code end\n\tlocal label\n\tif lang then\n\t\tlabel = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(id, lang)\n\telse\n\t\tlabel = mw.wikibase.label(id)\n\tend\n\tif label then\n\t\treturn mw.text.nowiki(label), true\n\telse\n\t\treturn id, false\n\tend\nend\n-- linkedItem takes an entity-id and returns a string, linked if possible.\n-- This is the handler for \"wikibase-item\". Preferences:\n-- 1. Display linked disambiguated sitelink if it exists\n-- 2. Display linked label if it is a redirect\n-- 3. TBA: Display an inter-language link for the label if it exists other than in default language\n-- 4. Display unlinked label if it exists\n-- 5. Display entity-id for now to indicate a label could be provided\n-- dtxt is text to be used instead of label, or nil.\n-- shortname is boolean switch to use P1813 (short name) instead of label if true.\n-- lang is the current language code.\n-- Dependencies: labelOrId ; donotlink[]\nlocal linkedItem = function(id, lprefix, lpostfix, prefix, postfix, dtxt, shortname, lang)\n\tlprefix = lprefix or \"\" -- toughen against nil values passed\n\tlpostfix = lpostfix or \"\"\n\tprefix = prefix or \"\"\n\tpostfix = postfix or \"\"\n\tlang = lang or \"en\" -- fallback to default if missing\n\t-- see if item might need italics or quotes\n\tlocal fmt = \"\"\n\tfor k, v in ipairs(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, \"P31\")) do\n\t\tif v.mainsnak.datavalue and formats[v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id] then\n\t\t\tfmt = formats[v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id]\n\t\t\tbreak -- pick the first match\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\tlocal disp\n\tlocal sitelink = mw.wikibase.sitelink(id)\n\tlocal label, islabel\n\tif dtxt then\n\t\tlabel, islabel = dtxt, true\n\telseif shortname then\n\t\t-- see if there is a shortname in our language, and set label to it\n\t\tfor k, v in ipairs(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, \"P1813\")) do\n\t\t\tif v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.language == lang then\n\t\t\t\tlabel, islabel = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text, true\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\tend -- test for language match\n\t\tend -- loop through values of short name\n\t\t-- if we have no label set, then there was no shortname available\n\t\tif not islabel then\n\t\t\tlabel, islabel = labelOrId(id)\n\t\t\tshortname = false\n\t\tend\n\telse\n\t\tlabel, islabel = labelOrId(id)\n\tend\n\tif mw.site.siteName ~= \"Wikimedia Commons\" then\n\t\tif sitelink then\n\t\t\tif not (dtxt or shortname) then\n\t\t\t\t-- strip any namespace or dab from the sitelink\n\t\t\t\tlocal pos = sitelink: find(\": \") or 0\n\t\t\t\tlocal slink = sitelink\n\t\t\t\tif pos > 0 then\n\t\t\t\t\tlocal prefix = sitelink: sub(1,pos-1)\n\t\t\t\t\tif mw.site.namespaces[prefix] then -- that prefix is a valid namespace, so remove it\n\t\t\t\t\t\tslink = sitelink: sub(pos+1)\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t-- remove stuff after commas or inside parentheses - ie. dabs\n\t\t\t\tslink = slink: gsub(\"%s%(.+%)$\", \"\"): gsub(\",.+$\", \"\")\n\t\t\t\t-- use that as label, preserving label case - find(\"^%u\") is true for 1st char uppercase\n\t\t\t\tif label: find(\"^%u\") then\n\t\t\t\t\tlabel = slink: gsub(\"^(%l)\", string.upper)\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tlabel = slink: gsub(\"^(%u)\", string.lower)\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tif donotlink[label] then\n\t\t\t\tdisp = prefix .. fmt .. label .. fmt .. postfix\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tdisp = \"\" .. prefix .. fmt .. label .. fmt .. postfix .. \"\"\n\t\t\tend\n\t\telseif islabel then\n\t\t\t-- no sitelink, label exists, so check if a redirect with that title exists\n\t\t\tlocal artitle = mw.title.new(label, 0) -- only nil if label has invalid chars\n\t\t\tif not donotlink[label] and artitle and artitle.redirectTarget then\n\t\t\t\t-- there's a redirect with the same title as the label, so let's link to that\n\t\t\t\tdisp = \"\" .. prefix .. fmt .. label .. fmt .. postfix .. \"\"\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t-- either (donotlink is true) or (no sitelink, label exists, not redirect)\n\t\t\t\t-- so output unlinked label with italics or quotes as needed\n\t\t\t\tdisp = prefix .. fmt .. label .. fmt .. postfix\n\t\t\tend -- test if article title exists as redirect on current Wiki\n\t\telse\n\t\t\t-- no sitelink and no label, so return whatever was returned from labelOrId for now\n\t\t\t-- add tracking category Category: Articles with missing Wikidata information\n\t\t\tdisp = prefix .. label .. postfix .. i18n.missinginfocat\n\t\tend\n\telse\n\t\tlocal ccat = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, \"P373\")[1]\n\t\tif ccat and ccat.mainsnak.datavalue then\n\t\t\tccat = ccat.mainsnak.datavalue.value\n\t\t\tdisp = \"\" .. prefix .. label .. postfix .. \"\"\n\t\telseif sitelink then\n\t\t\t-- this asumes that if a sitelink exists, then a label also exists\n\t\t\tdisp = \"\" .. prefix .. label .. postfix .. \"\"\n\t\telse\n\t\t\t-- no sitelink and no Commons cat, so return label from labelOrId for now\n\t\t\tdisp = prefix .. label .. postfix\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\treturn disp\nend\n-- sourced takes a table representing a statement that may or may not have references\n-- it counts how many references are sourced to something not containing the word \"wikipedia\"\n-- it returns a boolean = true if there are any sourced references.\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal sourced = function(claim)\n\tif claim.references then\n\t\tfor kr, vr in pairs(claim.references) do\n\t\t\tlocal ref = mw.wikibase.renderSnaks(vr.snaks)\n\t\t\tif not ref: find(\"Wikipedia\") then\n\t\t\t\treturn true\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\tend\nend\n-- setRanks takes a flag (parameter passed) that requests the values to return\n-- \"b[est]\" returns preferred if available, otherwise normal\n-- \"p[referred]\" returns preferred\n-- \"n[ormal]\" returns normal\n-- \"d[eprecated]\" returns deprecated\n-- multiple values are allowed, e.g. \"preferred normal\" (which is the default)\n-- \"best\" will override the other flags, and set p and n\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal setRanks = function(rank)\n\trank = (rank or \"\"): lower \n\t-- if nothing passed, return preferred and normal\n\t-- if rank == \"\" then rank = \"p n\" end\n\tlocal ranks = {}\n\tfor w in string.gmatch(rank, \"%a+\") do\n\t\tw = w: sub(1,1)\n\t\tif w == \"b\" or w == \"p\" or w == \"n\" or w == \"d\" then\n\t\t\tranks[w] = true\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\t-- check if \"best\" is requested or no ranks requested; and if so, set preferred and normal\n\tif ranks.b or not next(ranks) then\n\t\tranks.p = true\n\t\tranks.n = true\n\tend\n\treturn ranks\nend\n-- parseInput processes the Q-id , the blacklist and the whitelist\n-- if an input parameter is supplied, it returns that and ends the call.\n-- it returns (1) either the qid or nil indicating whether or not the call should continue\n-- and (2) a table containing all of the statements for the propertyID and relevant Qid\n-- if \"best\" ranks are requested, it returns those instead of all non-deprecated ranks\n-- Dependencies: none\nlocal parseInput = function(frame, input_parm, property_id)\n\t-- There may be a local parameter supplied, if it's blank, set it to nil\n\tinput_parm = mw.text.trim(input_parm or \"\")\n\tif input_parm == \"\" then input_parm = nil end\n\tlocal args = frame.args\n\t-- can take a named parameter |qid which is the Wikidata ID for the article.\n\t-- if it's not supplied, use the id for the current page\n\tlocal qid = args.qid or \"\"\n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\t-- if there's no Wikidata item for the current page return nil\n\tif not qid then return false, input_parm end\n\t-- The blacklist is passed in named parameter |suppressfields\n\tlocal blacklist = args.suppressfields or args.spf\n\t-- The whitelist is passed in named parameter |fetchwikidata\n\tlocal whitelist = args.fetchwikidata or args.fwd\n\tif not whitelist or whitelist == \"\" then whitelist = \"NONE\" end\n\t-- The name of the field that this function is called from is passed in named parameter |name\n\tlocal fieldname = args.name or \"\"\n\tif blacklist then\n\t\t-- The name is compulsory when blacklist is used, so return nil if it is not supplied\n\t\tif not fieldname or fieldname == \"\" then return false, nil end\n\t\t-- If this field is on the blacklist, then return nil\n\t\tif blacklist: find(fieldname) then return false, nil end\n\tend\n\t-- If we got this far then we're not on the blacklist\n\t-- The blacklist overrides any locally supplied parameter as well\n\t-- If a non-blank input parameter was supplied return it\n\tif input_parm then return false, input_parm end\n\t-- We can filter out non-valid properties\n\tif property_id: sub(1,1): upper ~=\"P\" or property_id == \"P0\" then return false, nil end\n\t-- Otherwise see if this field is on the whitelist:\n\t-- needs a bit more logic because find will return its second value = 0 if fieldname is \"\"\n\t-- but nil if fieldname not found on whitelist\n\tlocal _, found = whitelist: find(fieldname)\n\tfound = ((found or 0) > 0)\n\tif whitelist ~= 'ALL' and (whitelist: upper == \"NONE\" or not found) then\n\t\treturn false, nil\n\tend\n\t-- See what's on Wikidata (the call always returns a table, but it may be empty):\n\tlocal props = {}\n\tif args.reqranks.b then\n\t\tprops = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, property_id)\n\telse\n\t\tprops = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid, property_id)\n\tend\n\tif props[1] then\n\t\treturn qid, props\n\tend\n\t-- no property on Wikidata\n\treturn false, nil\nend\n-- createicon assembles the \"Edit at Wikidata\" pen icon.\n-- It returns a wikitext string inside a span class=\"penicon\"\n-- Dependencies: i18n[];\nlocal createicon = function(langcode, entityID, propertyID)\n\tlocal icon = \"\u00a0[[\"\n\t-- \"\u00a0[[\" -> enable Wikidata Bridge\n\t.. i18n[\"filespace\"]\n\t.. \": OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg |frameless |text-top |10px |alt=\"\n\t.. i18n[\"editonwikidata\"]\n\t.. .. entityID\n\t.. \"?uselang=\" .. langcode\n\tif propertyID then icon = icon .. \"#\" .. propertyID end\n\ticon = icon .. \"|\" .. i18n[\"editonwikidata\"] .. \"]]\"\n\treturn icon\nend\n-- assembleoutput takes the sequence table containing the property values\n-- and formats it according to switches given. It returns a string or nil.\n-- It needs the entityID and propertyID to create a link in the pen icon.\n-- Dependencies: parseParam ;\nlocal assembleoutput = function(out, args, entityID, propertyID)\n\t-- sorted is a boolean passed to enable sorting of the values returned\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false\n\t-- if \"false\" or \"no\" or \"0\" is passed set it false\n\tlocal sorted = parseParam(args.sorted, false)\n\t-- noicon is a boolean passed to suppress the trailing \"edit at Wikidata\" icon\n\t-- for use when the value is processed further by the infobox\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false\n\t-- if \"false\" or \"no\" or \"0\" is passed set it false\n\tlocal noic = parseParam(args.noicon, false)\n\t-- list is the name of a template that a list of multiple values is passed through\n\t-- examples include \"hlist\" and \"ubl\"\n\t-- setting it to \"prose\" produces something like \"1, 2, 3, and 4\"\n\tlocal list = args.list or \"\"\n\t-- sep is a string that is used to separate multiple returned values\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it to the default\n\t-- any double-quotes \" are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed\n\t-- e.g. |sep=\" - \"\n\tlocal sepdefault = i18n[\"list separator\"]\n\tlocal separator = args.sep or \"\"\n\tseparator = string.gsub(separator, '\"')\n\tif separator == \"\" then\n\t\tseparator = sepdefault\n\tend\n\t-- collapse is a number that determines the maximum number of returned values\n\t-- before the output is collapsed.\n\t-- Zero or not a number result in no collapsing (default becomes 0).\n\tlocal collapse = tonumber(args.collapse) or 0\n\t-- if there's anything to return, then return a list\n\t-- comma-separated by default, but may be specified by the sep parameter\n\t-- optionally specify a hlist or ubl or a prose list, etc.\n\tlocal strout\n\tif #out > 0 then\n\t\tif sorted then table.sort(out) end\n\t\t-- if a pen icon is wanted add it the end of the last value\n\t\tif not noic then\n\t\t\tout[#out] = out[#out] .. createicon(args.langobj.code, entityID, propertyID)\n\t\tend\n\t\tif list == \"\" then\n\t\t\tstrout = table.concat(out, separator)\n\t\telseif list: lower == \"prose\" then\n\t\t\tstrout = mw.text.listToText(out)\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tstrout = mw.getCurrentFrame : expandTemplate{title = list, args = out}\n\t\tend\n\t\tif collapse >0 and #out > collapse then\n\t\t\tstrout = collapsediv .. strout .. \"
\"\n\t\tend\n\telse\n\t\tstrout = nil -- no items had valid reference\n\tend\n\treturn strout\nend\n-- rendersnak takes a table (propval) containing the information stored on one property value\n-- and returns the value as a string and its language if monolingual text.\n-- It handles data of type:\n--\t\twikibase-item\n--\t\ttime\n--\t\tstring, url, commonsMedia, external-id\n--\t\tquantity\n--\t\tglobe-coordinate\n--\t\tmonolingualtext\n-- It also requires linked, the link/pre/postfixes, uabbr, and the arguments passed from frame.\n-- The optional filter parameter allows quantities to be be filtered by unit Qid.\n-- Dependencies: parseParam ; labelOrId ; i18n[]; dateFormat ;\n-- roundto ; decimalPrecision ; decimalToDMS ; linkedItem ;\nlocal rendersnak = function(propval, args, linked, lpre, lpost, pre, post, uabbr, filter)\n\tlpre = lpre or \"\"\n\tlpost = lpost or \"\"\n\tpre = pre or \"\"\n\tpost = post or \"\"\n\targs.lang = args.lang or findLang .code\n\t-- allow values to display a fixed text instead of label\n\tlocal dtxt = args.displaytext or args.dt\n\tif dtxt == \"\" then dtxt = nil end\n\t-- switch to use display of short name (P1813) instead of label\n\tlocal shortname = args.shortname or args.sn\n\tshortname = parseParam(shortname, false)\n\tlocal snak = propval.mainsnak or propval\n\tlocal dtype = snak.datatype\n\tlocal dv = snak.datavalue\n\tdv = dv and dv.value\n\t-- value and monolingual text language code returned\n\tlocal val, mlt\n\tif propval.rank and not args.reqranks[propval.rank: sub(1, 1)] then\n\t\t-- val is nil: value has a rank that isn't requested\n\t\t------------------------------------\n\telseif snak.snaktype == \"somevalue\" then -- value is unknown\n\t\tval = i18n[\"Unknown\"]\n\t\t------------------------------------\n\telseif snak.snaktype == \"novalue\" then -- value is none\n\t\t-- val = \"No value\" -- don't return anything\n\t\t------------------------------------\n\telseif dtype == \"wikibase-item\" then -- data type is a wikibase item:\n\t\t-- it's wiki-linked value, so output as link if enabled and possible\n\t\tlocal qnumber = dv.id\n\t\tif linked then\n\t\t\tval = linkedItem(qnumber, lpre, lpost, pre, post, dtxt, shortname, args.lang)\n\t\telse -- no link wanted so check for display-text, otherwise test for lang code\n\t\t\tlocal label, islabel\n\t\t\tif dtxt then\n\t\t\t\tlabel = dtxt\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tlabel, islabel = labelOrId(qnumber)\n\t\t\t\tlocal langlabel = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(qnumber, args.lang)\n\t\t\t\tif langlabel then\n\t\t\t\t\tlabel = mw.text.nowiki(langlabel)\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tval = pre .. label .. post\n\t\tend -- test for link required\n\t\t------------------------------------\n\telseif dtype == \"time\" then -- data type is time:\n\t\t-- time is in timestamp format\n\t\t-- date precision is integer per mediawiki\n\t\t-- output formatting according to preferences (y/dmy/mdy)\n\t\t-- BC format as BC or BCE\n\t\t-- plaindate is passed to disable looking for \"sourcing cirumstances\"\n\t\t-- or to set the adjectival form\n\t\t-- qualifiers (if any) is a nested table or nil\n\t\t-- lang is given, or user language, or site language\n\t\t--\n\t\t-- Here we can check whether args.df has a value\n\t\t-- If not, use code from Module: Sandbox/RexxS/Getdateformat to set it from templates like \n\t\tval = dateFormat(dv.time, dv.precision, args.df, args.bc, args.pd, propval.qualifiers, args.lang, \"\", dv.calendarmodel)\n\t\t------------------------------------\n\t-- data types which are strings:\n\telseif dtype == \"commonsMedia\" or dtype == \"external-id\" or dtype == \"string\" or dtype == \"url\" then\n\t\t-- commonsMedia or external-id or string or url\n\t\t-- all have mainsnak.datavalue.value as string\n\t\tif (lpre == \"\" or lpre == \": \") and lpost == \"\" then\n\t\t\t-- don't link if no linkpre/postfix or linkprefix is just \": \"\n\t\t\tval = pre .. dv .. post\n\t\telseif dtype == \"external-id\" then\n\t\t\tval = \"[\" .. lpre .. dv .. lpost .. \" \" .. pre .. dv .. post .. \"]\"\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tval = \"\" .. pre .. dv .. post .. \"\"\n\t\tend -- check for link requested (i.e. either linkprefix or linkpostfix exists)\n\t\t------------------------------------\n\t-- data types which are quantities:\n\telseif dtype == \"quantity\" then\n\t\t-- quantities have mainsnak.datavalue.value.amount and mainsnak.datavalue.value.unit\n\t\t-- the unit is of the form implement a switch to turn on/off numerical formatting later\n\t\tlocal fnum = true\n\t\t--\n\t\t-- a switch to turn on/off conversions - only for en-wiki\n\t\tlocal conv = parseParam(args.conv or args.convert, false)\n\t\t-- if we have conversions, we won't have formatted numbers or scales\n\t\tif conv then\n\t\t\tuabbr = true\n\t\t\tfnum = false\n\t\t\targs.scale = \"0\"\n\t\tend\n\t\t--\n\t\t-- a switch to turn on/off showing units, default is true\n\t\tlocal showunits = parseParam(args.su or args.showunits, true)\n\t\t--\n\t\t-- convert amount to a number\n\t\tlocal amount = tonumber(dv.amount) or i18n[\"NaN\"]\n\t\t--\n\t\t-- scale factor for millions, billions, etc.\n\t\tlocal sc = tostring(args.scale or \"\"): sub(1,1): lower \n\t\tlocal scale\n\t\tif sc == \"a\" then\n\t\t\t-- automatic scaling\n\t\t\tif amount > 1e15 then\n\t\t\t\tscale = 12\n\t\t\telseif amount > 1e12 then\n\t\t\t\tscale = 9\n\t\t\telseif amount > 1e9 then\n\t\t\t\tscale = 6\n\t\t\telseif amount > 1e6 then\n\t\t\t\tscale = 3\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tscale = 0\n\t\t\tend\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tscale = tonumber(args.scale) or 0\n\t\t\tif scale < 0 or scale > 12 then scale = 0 end\n\t\t\tscale = math.floor(scale/3) * 3\n\t\tend\n\t\tlocal factor = 10^scale\n\t\tamount = amount / factor\n\t\t-- ranges:\n\t\tlocal range = \"\"\n\t\t-- check if upper and/or lower bounds are given and significant\n\t\tlocal upb = tonumber(dv.upperBound)\n\t\tlocal lowb = tonumber(dv.lowerBound)\n\t\tif upb and lowb then\n\t\t\t-- differences rounded to 2 sig fig:\n\t\t\tlocal posdif = roundto(upb - amount, 2) / factor\n\t\t\tlocal negdif = roundto(amount - lowb, 2) / factor\n\t\t\tupb, lowb = amount + posdif, amount - negdif\n\t\t\t-- round scaled numbers to integers or 4 sig fig\n\t\t\tif (scale > 0 or sc == \"a\") then\n\t\t\t\tif amount < 1e4 then\n\t\t\t\t\tamount = roundto(amount, 4)\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tamount = math.floor(amount + 0.5)\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tif fnum then amount = args.langobj: formatNum(amount) end\n\t\t\tif posdif ~= negdif then\n\t\t\t\t-- non-symmetrical\n\t\t\t\trange = \" +\" .. posdif .. \" -\" .. negdif\n\t\t\telseif posdif ~= 0 then\n\t\t\t\t-- symmetrical and non-zero\n\t\t\t\trange = \" \u00b1\" .. posdif\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t-- otherwise range is zero, so leave it as \"\"\n\t\t\tend\n\t\telse\n\t\t\t-- round scaled numbers to integers or 4 sig fig\n\t\t\tif (scale > 0 or sc == \"a\") then\n\t\t\t\tif amount < 1e4 then\n\t\t\t\t\tamount = roundto(amount, 4)\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tamount = math.floor(amount + 0.5)\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tif fnum then amount = args.langobj: formatNum(amount) end\n\t\tend\n\t\t-- unit names and symbols:\n\t\t-- extract the qid in the form 'Qnnn' from the value.unit url\n\t\t-- and then fetch the label from that - or symbol if unitabbr is true\n\t\tlocal unit = \"\"\n\t\tlocal usep = \"\"\n\t\tlocal usym = \"\"\n\t\tlocal unitqid = string.match(dv.unit, \"(Q%d+)\")\n\t\tif filter and unitqid ~= filter then return nil end\n\t\tif unitqid and showunits then\n\t\t\tlocal uname = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(unitqid, args.lang) or \"\"\n\t\t\tif uname ~= \"\" then usep, unit = \" \", uname end\n\t\t\tif uabbr then\n\t\t\t\t-- see if there's a unit symbol (P5061)\n\t\t\t\tlocal unitsymbols = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(unitqid, \"P5061\")\n\t\t\t\t-- construct fallback table, add local lang and multiple languages\n\t\t\t\tlocal fbtbl = mw.language.getFallbacksFor(args.lang)\n\t\t\t\ttable.insert(fbtbl, 1, args.lang)\n\t\t\t\ttable.insert(fbtbl, 1, \"mul\")\n\t\t\t\tlocal found = false\n\t\t\t\tfor idx1, us in ipairs(unitsymbols) do\n\t\t\t\t\tfor idx2, fblang in ipairs(fbtbl) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif us.mainsnak.datavalue.value.language == fblang then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tusym = us.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfound = true\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tif found then break end\n\t\t\t\t\tend -- loop through fallback table\n\t\t\t\tend -- loop through values of P5061\n\t\t\t\tif found then usep, unit = \"\u00a0\", usym end\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\t\t-- format display:\n\t\tif conv then\n\t\t\tif range == \"\" then\n\t\t\t\tval = mw.getCurrentFrame : expandTemplate{title = \"cvt\", args = {amount, unit}}\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tval = mw.getCurrentFrame : expandTemplate{title = \"cvt\", args = {lowb, \"to\", upb, unit}}\n\t\t\tend\n\t\telseif unit == \"$\" or unit == \"\u00a3\" then\n\t\t\tval = unit .. amount .. range .. i18n.multipliers[scale]\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tval = amount .. range .. i18n.multipliers[scale] .. usep .. unit\n\t\tend\n\t\t------------------------------------\n\t-- datatypes which are global coordinates:\n\telseif dtype == \"globe-coordinate\" then\n\t\t-- 'display' parameter defaults to \"inline, title\" *** unused for now ***\n\t\t-- local disp = args.display or \"\"\n\t\t-- if disp == \"\" then disp = \"inline, title\" end\n\t\t--\n\t\t-- format parameter switches from deg/min/sec to decimal degrees\n\t\t-- default is deg/min/sec -- decimal degrees needs |format = dec\n\t\tlocal form = (args.format or \"\"): lower : sub(1,3)\n\t\tif form ~= \"dec\" then form = \"dms\" end -- not needed for now\n\t\t--\n\t\t-- show parameter allows just the latitude, or just the longitude, or both\n\t\t-- to be returned as a signed decimal, ignoring the format parameter.\n\t\tlocal show = (args.show or \"\"): lower \n\t\tif show ~= \"longlat\" then show = show: sub(1,3) end\n\t\t--\n\t\tlocal lat, long, prec = dv.latitude, dv.longitude, dv.precision\n\t\tif show == \"lat\" then\n\t\t\tval = decimalPrecision(lat, prec)\n\t\telseif show == \"lon\" then\n\t\t\tval = decimalPrecision(long, prec)\n\t\telseif show == \"longlat\" then\n\t\t\tval = decimalPrecision(long, prec) .. \", \" .. decimalPrecision(lat, prec)\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tlocal ns = \"N\"\n\t\t\tlocal ew = \"E\"\n\t\t\tif lat < 0 then\n\t\t\t\tns = \"S\"\n\t\t\t\tlat = - lat\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tif long < 0 then\n\t\t\t\tew = \"W\"\n\t\t\t\tlong = - long\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tif form == \"dec\" then\n\t\t\t\tlat = decimalPrecision(lat, prec)\n\t\t\t\tlong = decimalPrecision(long, prec)\n\t\t\t\tval = lat .. \"\u00b0\" .. ns .. \" \" .. long .. \"\u00b0\" .. ew\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tlocal latdeg, latmin, latsec = decimalToDMS(lat, prec)\n\t\t\t\tlocal longdeg, longmin, longsec = decimalToDMS(long, prec)\n\t\t\t\tif latsec == 0 and longsec == 0 then\n\t\t\t\t\tif latmin == 0 and longmin == 0 then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tval = latdeg .. \"\u00b0\" .. ns .. \" \" .. longdeg .. \"\u00b0\" .. ew\n\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\tval = latdeg .. \"\u00b0\" .. latmin .. \"\u2032\" .. ns .. \" \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tval = val .. longdeg .. \"\u00b0\".. longmin .. \"\u2032\" .. ew\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tval = latdeg .. \"\u00b0\" .. latmin .. \"\u2032\" .. latsec .. \"\u2033\" .. ns .. \" \"\n\t\t\t\t\tval = val .. longdeg .. \"\u00b0\" .. longmin .. \"\u2032\" .. longsec .. \"\u2033\" .. ew\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\t\t------------------------------------\n\telseif dtype == \"monolingualtext\" then -- data type is Monolingual text:\n\t\t-- has mainsnak.datavalue.value as a table containing language/text pairs\n\t\t-- collect all the values in 'out' and languages in 'mlt' and process them later\n\t\tval = pre .. dv.text .. post\n\t\tmlt = dv.language\n\t\t------------------------------------\n\telse\n\t\t-- some other data type so write a specific handler\n\t\tval = \"unknown data type: \" .. dtype\n\tend -- of datatype/unknown value/sourced check\n\treturn val, mlt\nend\n-- propertyvalueandquals takes a property object, the arguments passed from frame,\n-- and a qualifier propertyID.\n-- It returns a sequence (table) of values representing the values of that property\n-- and qualifiers that match the qualifierID if supplied.\n-- Dependencies: parseParam ; sourced ; labelOrId ; i18n.latestdatequalifier ; format_Date ;\n-- makeOrdinal ; roundto ; decimalPrecision ; decimalToDMS ; assembleoutput ;\nlocal function propertyvalueandquals(objproperty, args, qualID)\n\t-- needs this style of declaration because it's re-entrant\n\t-- onlysourced is a boolean passed to return only values sourced to other than Wikipedia\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it true\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)\n\t-- linked is a a boolean that enables the link to a local page via sitelink\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it true\n\tlocal linked = parseParam(args.linked, true)\n\t-- prefix is a string that may be nil, empty (\"\"), or a string of characters\n\t-- this is prefixed to each value\n\t-- useful when when multiple values are returned\n\t-- any double-quotes \" are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed\n\tlocal prefix = (args.prefix or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\t-- postfix is a string that may be nil, empty (\"\"), or a string of characters\n\t-- this is postfixed to each value\n\t-- useful when when multiple values are returned\n\t-- any double-quotes \" are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed\n\tlocal postfix = (args.postfix or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\t-- linkprefix is a string that may be nil, empty (\"\"), or a string of characters\n\t-- this creates a link and is then prefixed to each value\n\t-- useful when when multiple values are returned and indirect links are needed\n\t-- any double-quotes \" are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed\n\tlocal lprefix = (args.linkprefix or args.lp or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\t-- linkpostfix is a string that may be nil, empty (\"\"), or a string of characters\n\t-- this is postfixed to each value when linking is enabled with lprefix\n\t-- useful when when multiple values are returned\n\t-- any double-quotes \" are stripped out, so that spaces may be passed\n\tlocal lpostfix = (args.linkpostfix or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\t-- wdlinks is a boolean passed to enable links to Wikidata when no article exists\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false\n\tlocal wdl = parseParam(args.wdlinks or args.wdl, false)\n\t-- unitabbr is a boolean passed to enable unit abbreviations for common units\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false\n\tlocal uabbr = parseParam(args.unitabbr or args.uabbr, false)\n\t-- qualsonly is a boolean passed to return just the qualifiers\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it false\n\tlocal qualsonly = parseParam(args.qualsonly or args.qo, false)\n\t-- maxvals is a string that may be nil, empty (\"\"), or a number\n\t-- this determines how many items may be returned when multiple values are available\n\t-- setting it = 1 is useful where the returned string is used within another call, e.g. image\n\tlocal maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0\n\t-- pd (plain date) is a string: yes/true/1 | no/false/0 | adj\n\t-- to disable/enable \"sourcing cirumstances\" or use adjectival form for the plain date\n\tlocal pd = args.plaindate or args.pd or \"no\"\n\targs.pd = pd\n\t-- allow qualifiers to have a different date format; default to year\n\targs.qdf = args.qdf or args.qualifierdateformat or args.df or \"y\"\n\tlocal lang = args.lang or findlang .code\n\t-- all proper values of a Wikidata property will be the same type as the first\n\t-- qualifiers don't have a mainsnak, properties do\n\tlocal datatype = objproperty[1].datatype or objproperty[1].mainsnak.datatype\n\t-- out[] holds the values for this property\n\t-- mlt[] holds the language code if the datatype is monolingual text\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tlocal mlt = {}\n\tfor k, v in ipairs(objproperty) do\n\t\tlocal hasvalue = true\n\t\tif (onlysrc and not sourced(v)) then\n\t\t\t-- no value: it isn't sourced when onlysourced=true\n\t\t\thasvalue = false\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tlocal val, lcode = rendersnak(v, args, linked, lprefix, lpostfix, prefix, postfix, uabbr)\n\t\t\tif not val then\n\t\t\t\thasvalue = false -- rank doesn't match\n\t\t\telseif qualsonly and qualID then\n\t\t\t\t-- suppress value returned: only qualifiers are requested\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tout[#out+1], mlt[#out+1] = val, lcode\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\t\t-- See if qualifiers are to be returned:\n\t\tlocal snak = v.mainsnak or v\n\t\tif hasvalue and v.qualifiers and qualID and snak.snaktype~=\"novalue\" then\n\t\t\tlocal qsep = (args.qsep or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\t\t\tlocal qargs = {\n\t\t\t\t[\"osd\"] = \"false\",\n\t\t\t\t[\"linked\"] = tostring(linked),\n\t\t\t\t[\"prefix\"] = args.qprefix,\n\t\t\t\t[\"postfix\"] = args.qpostfix,\n\t\t\t\t[\"linkprefix\"] = args.qlinkprefix or args.qlp,\n\t\t\t\t[\"linkpostfix\"] = args.qlinkpostfix,\n\t\t\t\t[\"wdl\"] = \"false\",\n\t\t\t\t[\"unitabbr\"] = tostring(uabbr),\n\t\t\t\t[\"maxvals\"] = 0,\n\t\t\t\t[\"sorted\"] = tostring(args.qsorted),\n\t\t\t\t[\"noicon\"] = \"true\",\n\t\t\t\t[\"list\"] = args.qlist,\n\t\t\t\t[\"sep\"] = qsep,\n\t\t\t\t[\"langobj\"] = args.langobj,\n\t\t\t\t[\"lang\"] = args.langobj.code,\n\t\t\t\t[\"df\"] = args.qdf\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tlocal qlist = {}\n\t\t\tlocal t1, t2 = \"\", \"\"\n\t\t\t-- see if we want all qualifiers\n\t\t\tif qualID == \"ALL\" then\n\t\t\t\tif v[\"qualifiers-order\"] then\n\t\t\t\t\t-- the values in the order table are the keys for the qualifiers table:\n\t\t\t\t\tfor k1, v1 in ipairs(v[\"qualifiers-order\"]) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif v1 == \"P1326\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal ts = v.qualifiers[v1][1].datavalue.value.time\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal dp = v.qualifiers[v1][1].datavalue.value.precision\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqlist[#qlist + 1] = dateFormat(ts, dp, args.qdf, args.bc, pd, \"\", lang, \"before\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\telseif v1 == \"P1319\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal ts = v.qualifiers[v1][1].datavalue.value.time\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal dp = v.qualifiers[v1][1].datavalue.value.precision\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqlist[#qlist + 1] = dateFormat(ts, dp, args.qdf, args.bc, pd, \"\", lang, \"after\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal q = assembleoutput(propertyvalueandquals(v.qualifiers[v1], qargs), qargs)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-- we already deal with circa via 'sourcing circumstances'\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-- either linked or unlinked *** internationalise later ***\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif q ~= \"circa\" and not (type(q) == \"string\" and q: find(\"circa]]\")) then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqlist[#qlist + 1] = q\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t-- are there cases where qualifiers-order doesn't exist?\n\t\t\t\t\tlocal ql = propertyvalueandquals(v.qualifiers, qargs)\n\t\t\t\t\tfor k1, v1 in ipairs(ql) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- we already deal with circa via 'sourcing circumstances'\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- either linked or unlinked *** internationalise later ***\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif v1 ~= \"circa\" and not (type(v1) == \"string\" and v1: find(\"circa]]\")) then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqlist[#qlist + 1] = v1\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t-- see if we want date/range\n\t\t\telseif qualID == \"DATES\" then\n\t\t\t\tqargs.maxvals = 1\n\t\t\t\tfor k1, v1 in pairs(v.qualifiers) do\n\t\t\t\t\tif k1 == \"P580\" then -- P580 is \"start time\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tt1 = propertyvalueandquals(v1, qargs)[1] or \"\"\n\t\t\t\t\telseif k1 == \"P582\" then -- P582 is \"end time\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tt2 = propertyvalueandquals(v1, qargs)[1] or \"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t-- otherwise process qualID as a list of qualifiers\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tfor q in mw.text.gsplit(qualID, \"%p\") do -- split at punctuation and iterate\n\t\t\t\t\tq = mw.text.trim(q): upper -- remove whitespace and capitalise\n\t\t\t\t\tif q == \"P1326\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- latest date, so supply 'before' as well. Assume one date value.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfor k1, v1 in pairs(v.qualifiers) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif k1 == \"P1326\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal ts = v1[1].datavalue.value.time\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal dp = v1[1].datavalue.value.precision\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqlist[#qlist + 1] = dateFormat(ts, dp, args.qdf, args.bc, pd, \"\", lang, \"before\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfor k1, v1 in pairs(v.qualifiers) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif k1 == q then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal ql = propertyvalueandquals(v1, qargs)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfor k2, v2 in ipairs(ql) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqlist[#qlist + 1] = v2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tend -- of loop through list of qualifiers in qualID\n\t\t\tend -- of testing for what qualID is\n\t\t\tlocal t = t1 .. t2\n\t\t\t-- *** internationalise date separators later ***\n\t\t\tlocal dsep = \"\u2013\"\n\t\t\tif t: find(\"%s\") or t: find(\"\u00a0\") then dsep = \" \u2013 \" end\n\t\t\tif #qlist > 0 then\n\t\t\t\tlocal qstr = assembleoutput(qlist, qargs)\n\t\t\t\tif qualsonly then\n\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = qstr\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tout[#out] = out[#out] .. \" (\" .. qstr .. \")\"\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\telseif t > \"\" then\n\t\t\t\tif qualsonly then\n\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = t1 .. dsep .. t2\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tout[#out] = out[#out] .. \" (\" .. t1 .. dsep .. t2 .. \")\"\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend -- of test for qualifiers wanted\n\t\tif maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end\n\tend -- of for each value loop\n\t-- we need to pick one value to return if the datatype was \"monolingualtext\"\n\t-- if there's only one value, use that\n\t-- otherwise look through the fallback languages for a match\n\tif datatype == \"monolingualtext\" and #out >1 then\n\t\tlang = mw.text.split(lang, '-', true)[1]\n\t\tlocal fbtbl = mw.language.getFallbacksFor(lang)\n\t\ttable.insert(fbtbl, 1, lang)\n\t\tlocal bestval = \"\"\n\t\tlocal found = false\n\t\tfor idx1, lang1 in ipairs(fbtbl) do\n\t\t\tfor idx2, lang2 in ipairs(mlt) do\n\t\t\t\tif (lang1 == lang2) and not found then\n\t\t\t\t\tbestval = out[idx2]\n\t\t\t\t\tfound = true\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend -- loop through values of property\n\t\tend -- loop through fallback languages\n\t\tif found then\n\t\t\t-- replace output table with a table containing the best value\n\t\t\tout = { bestval }\n\t\telse\n\t\t\t-- more than one value and none of them on the list of fallback languages\n\t\t\t-- sod it, just give them the first one\n\t\t\tout = { out[1] }\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\treturn out\nend\n-- Common code for p.getValueByQual and p.getValueByLang\n-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; assembleoutput;\nlocal _getvaluebyqual = function(frame, qualID, checkvalue)\n\t-- The property ID that will have a qualifier is the first unnamed parameter\n\tlocal propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or \"\")\n\tif propertyID == \"\" then return \"no property supplied\" end\n\tif qualID == \"\" then return \"no qualifier supplied\" end\n\t-- onlysourced is a boolean passed to return property values\n\t-- only when property values are sourced to something other than Wikipedia\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it true\n\t-- if \"false\" or \"no\" or 0 is passed set it false\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(frame.args.onlysourced or frame.args.osd, true)\n\t-- set the requested ranks flags\n\tframe.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)\n\t-- set a language object and code in the frame.args table\n\tframe.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)\n\tframe.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code\n\tlocal args = frame.args\n\t-- check for locally supplied parameter in second unnamed parameter\n\t-- success means no local parameter and the property exists\n\tlocal qid, props = parseInput(frame, args[2], propertyID)\n\tlocal linked = parseParam(args.linked, true)\n\tlocal lpre = (args.linkprefix or args.lp or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\tlocal lpost = (args.linkpostfix or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\tlocal pre = (args.prefix or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\tlocal post = (args.postfix or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\tlocal uabbr = parseParam(args.unitabbr or args.uabbr, false)\n\tlocal filter = (args.unit or \"\"): upper \n\tif filter == \"\" then filter = nil end\n\tif qid then\n\t\tlocal out = {}\n\t\t-- Scan through the values of the property\n\t\t-- we want something like property is \"pronunciation audio (P443)\" in propertyID\n\t\t-- with a qualifier like \"language of work or name (P407)\" in qualID\n\t\t-- whose value has the required ID, like \"British English (Q7979)\", in qval\n\t\tfor k1, v1 in ipairs(props) do\n\t\t\tif v1.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\" then\n\t\t\t\t-- check if it has the right qualifier\n\t\t\t\tlocal v1q = v1.qualifiers\n\t\t\t\tif v1q and v1q[qualID] then\n\t\t\t\t\tif onlysrc == false or sourced(v1) then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- if we've got this far, we have a (sourced) claim with qualifiers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- so see if matches the required value\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- We'll only deal with wikibase-items and strings for now\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif v1q[qualID][1].datatype == \"wikibase-item\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif checkvalue(v1q[qualID][1].datavalue.value.id) then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tout[#out + 1] = rendersnak(v1, args, linked, lpre, lpost, pre, post, uabbr, filter)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\telseif v1q[qualID][1].datatype == \"string\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif checkvalue(v1q[qualID][1].datavalue.value) then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tout[#out + 1] = rendersnak(v1, args, linked, lpre, lpost, pre, post, uabbr, filter)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tend -- of check for sourced\n\t\t\t\tend -- of check for matching required value and has qualifiers\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\treturn nil\n\t\t\tend -- of check for string\n\t\tend -- of loop through values of propertyID\n\t\treturn assembleoutput(out, frame.args, qid, propertyID)\n\telse\n\t\treturn props -- either local parameter or nothing\n\tend -- of test for success\n\treturn nil\nend\n-- _location takes Q-id and follows P276 (location)\n-- or P131 (located in the administrative territorial entity) or P706 (located on terrain feature)\n-- from the initial item to higher level territories/locations until it reaches the highest.\n-- An optional boolean, 'first', determines whether the first item is returned (default: false).\n-- An optional boolean 'skip' toggles the display to skip to the last item (default: false).\n-- It returns a table containing the locations - linked where possible, except for the highest.\n-- Dependencies: findLang ; labelOrId ; linkedItem\nlocal _location = function(qid, first, skip)\n\tfirst = parseParam(first, false)\n\tskip = parseParam(skip, false)\n\tlocal locs = {\"P276\", \"P131\", \"P706\"}\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tlocal langcode = findLang : getCode \n\tlocal finished = false\n\tlocal count = 0\n\tlocal prevqid = \"Q0\"\n\trepeat\n\t\tlocal prop\n\t\tfor i1, v1 in ipairs(locs) do\n\t\t\tlocal proptbl = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, v1)\n\t\t\tif #proptbl > 1 then\n\t\t\t\t-- there is more than one higher location\n\t\t\t\tlocal prevP131, prevP131id\n\t\t\t\tif prevqid ~= \"Q0\" then\n\t\t\t\t\tprevP131 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(prevqid, \"P131\")[1]\n\t\t\t\t\tprevP131id = prevP131\n\t\t\t\t\tand prevP131.mainsnak.datavalue\n\t\t\t\t\tand prevP131.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tfor i2, v2 in ipairs(proptbl) do\n\t\t\t\t\tparttbl = v2.qualifiers and v2.qualifiers. P518\n\t\t\t\t\tif parttbl then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- this higher location has qualifier 'applies to part' (P518)\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfor i3, v3 in ipairs(parttbl) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif v3.snaktype == \"value\" and v3.datavalue.value.id == prevqid then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-- it has a value equal to the previous location\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tprop = proptbl[i2]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend -- of test for matching last location\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend -- of loop through values of 'applies to part'\n\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- there's no qualifier 'applies to part' (P518)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- so check if the previous location had a P131 that matches this alternate\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif qid == prevP131id then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tprop = proptbl[i2]\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend -- of test for matching previous P131\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tend -- of loop through parent locations\n\t\t\t\t-- fallback to second value if match not found\n\t\t\t\tprop = prop or proptbl[2]\n\t\t\telseif #proptbl > 0 then\n\t\t\t\tprop = proptbl[1]\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tif prop then break end\n\t\tend\n\t\t-- check if it's an instance of (P31) a country (Q6256) and terminate the chain if it is\n\t\tlocal inst = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid, \"P31\")\n\t\tif #inst > 0 then\n\t\t\tfor k, v in ipairs(inst) do\n\t\t\t\tlocal instid = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\t\t-- stop if it's a country (or a country within the United Kingdom if skip is true)\n\t\t\t\tif instid == \"Q6256\" or (skip and instid == \"Q3336843\") then\n\t\t\t\t\tprop = nil -- this will ensure this is treated as top-level location\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\t\t-- get the name of this location and update qid to point to the parent location\n\t\tif prop and prop.mainsnak.datavalue then\n\t\t\tif not skip or count == 0 then\n\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = linkedItem(qid, \": \", \"\", \"\", \"\") -- get a linked value if we can\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tqid, prevqid = prop.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id, qid\n\t\telse\n\t\t\t-- This is top-level location, so get short name except when this is the first item\n\t\t\t-- Use full label if there's no short name or this is the first item\n\t\t\tlocal prop1813 = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid, \"P1813\")\n\t\t\t-- if there's a short name and this isn't the only item\n\t\t\tif prop1813[1] and (#out > 0)then\n\t\t\t\tlocal shortname\n\t\t\t\t-- short name is monolingual text, so look for match to the local language\n\t\t\t\t-- choose the shortest 'short name' in that language\n\t\t\t\tfor k, v in pairs(prop1813) do\n\t\t\t\t\tif v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.language == langcode then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal name = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif (not shortname) or (#name < #shortname) then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tshortname = name\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t-- add the shortname if one is found, fallback to the label\n\t\t\t\t-- but skip it if it's \"USA\"\n\t\t\t\tif shortname ~= \"USA\" then\n\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = shortname or labelOrId(qid)\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tif skip then out[#out+1] = \"US\" end\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t-- no shortname, so just add the label\n\t\t\t\tlocal loc = labelOrId(qid)\n\t\t\t\t-- exceptions go here:\n\t\t\t\tif loc == \"United States of America\" then\n\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = \"United States\"\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = loc\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tfinished = true\n\t\tend\n\t\tcount = count + 1\n\tuntil finished or count >= 10 -- limit to 10 levels to avoid infinite loops\n\t-- remove the first location if not quired\n\tif not first then table.remove(out, 1) end\n\t-- we might have duplicate text for consecutive locations, so remove them\n\tif #out > 2 then\n\t\tlocal plain = {}\n\t\tfor i, v in ipairs(out) do\n\t\t\t-- strip any links\n\t\t\tplain[i] = v: gsub(\"^%[%]*|\", \"\"): gsub(\"$\", \"\")\n\t\tend\n\t\tlocal idx = 2\n\t\trepeat\n\t\t\tif plain[idx] == plain[idx-1] then\n\t\t\t\t-- duplicate found\n\t\t\t\tlocal removeidx = 0\n\t\t\t\tif (plain[idx] ~= out[idx]) and (plain[idx-1] == out[idx-1]) then\n\t\t\t\t\t-- only second one is linked, so drop the first\n\t\t\t\t\tremoveidx = idx - 1\n\t\t\t\telseif (plain[idx] == out[idx]) and (plain[idx-1] ~= out[idx-1]) then\n\t\t\t\t\t-- only first one is linked, so drop the second\n\t\t\t\t\tremoveidx = idx\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t-- pick one\n\t\t\t\t\tremoveidx = idx - (os.time %2)\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\ttable.remove(out, removeidx)\n\t\t\t\ttable.remove(plain, removeidx)\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tidx = idx +1\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tuntil idx >= #out\n\tend\n\treturn out\nend\n-- _getsumofparts scans the property 'has part' (P527) for values matching a list.\n-- The list (args.vlist) consists of a string of Qids separated by spaces or any usual punctuation.\n-- If the matched values have a qualifer 'quantity' (P1114), those quantites are summed.\n-- The sum is returned as a number (i.e. 0 if none)\n-- a table of arguments is supplied implementing the usual parameters.\n-- Dependencies: setRanks; parseParam; parseInput; sourced; assembleoutput;\nlocal _getsumofparts = function(args)\n\tlocal vallist = (args.vlist or \"\"): upper \n\tif vallist == \"\" then return end\n\targs.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)\n\tlocal f = {}\n\tf.args = args\n\tlocal qid, props = parseInput(f, \"\", \"P527\")\n\tif not qid then return 0 end\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)\n\tlocal sum = 0\n\tfor k1, v1 in ipairs(props) do\n\t\tif (onlysrc == false or sourced(v1))\n\t\t\tand v1.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\"\n\t\t\tand v1.mainsnak.datavalue.type == \"wikibase-entityid\"\n\t\t\tand vallist: match(v1.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id)\n\t\t\tand v1.qualifiers\n\t\t\tthen\n\t\t\tlocal quals = v1.qualifiers[\"P1114\"]\n\t\t\tif quals then\n\t\t\t\tfor k2, v2 in ipairs(quals) do\n\t\t\t\t\tsum = sum + v2.datavalue.value.amount\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\treturn sum\nend\n-- Public functions\n-- _getValue makes the functionality of getValue available to other modules\n-- Dependencies: setRanks; parseInput; propertyvalueandquals; assembleoutput; parseParam; sourced;\n-- labelOrId; i18n.latestdatequalifier; format_Date; makeOrdinal; roundto; decimalPrecision; decimalToDMS;\np._getValue = function(args)\n\t-- parameter sets for commonly used groups of parameters\n\tlocal paraset = tonumber(args.ps or args.parameterset or 0)\n\tif paraset == 1 then\n\t\t-- a common setting\n\t\targs.rank = \"best\"\n\t\targs.fetchwikidata = \"ALL\"\n\t\targs.onlysourced = \"no\"\n\t\targs.noicon = \"true\"\n\telseif paraset == 2 then\n\t\t-- equivalent to raw\n\t\targs.rank = \"best\"\n\t\targs.fetchwikidata = \"ALL\"\n\t\targs.onlysourced = \"no\"\n\t\targs.noicon = \"true\"\n\t\targs.linked = \"no\"\n\t\targs.pd = \"true\"\n\telseif paraset == 3 then\n\t\t-- third set goes here\n\tend\n\t-- implement eid parameter\n\tlocal eid = args.eid\n\tif eid == \"\" then\n\t\treturn nil\n\telseif eid then\n\t\targs.qid = eid\n\tend\n\tlocal propertyID = mw.text.trim(args[1] or \"\")\n\targs.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)\n\tlocal f = {}\n\tf.args = args\n\tlocal entityid, props = parseInput(f, f.args[2], propertyID)\n\tif not entityid then\n\t\treturn props -- either the input parameter or nothing\n\tend\n\t-- qual is a string containing the property ID of the qualifier(s) to be returned\n\t-- if qual == \"ALL\" then all qualifiers returned\n\t-- if qual == \"DATES\" then qualifiers P580 (start time) and P582 (end time) returned\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it nil -> no qualifiers returned\n\tlocal qualID = mw.text.trim(args.qual or \"\"): upper \n\tif qualID == \"\" then qualID = nil end\n\t-- set a language object and code in the args table\n\targs.langobj = findLang(args.lang)\n\targs.lang = args.langobj.code\n\t-- table 'out' stores the return value(s):\n\tlocal out = propertyvalueandquals(props, args, qualID)\n\t-- format the table of values and return it as a string:\n\treturn assembleoutput(out, args, entityid, propertyID)\nend\n-- getValue is used to get the value(s) of a property\n-- The property ID is passed as the first unnamed parameter and is required.\n-- A locally supplied parameter may optionaly be supplied as the second unnamed parameter.\n-- The function will now also return qualifiers if parameter qual is supplied\n-- Dependencies: _getValue; setRanks; parseInput; propertyvalueandquals; assembleoutput; parseParam; sourced;\n-- labelOrId; i18n.latestdatequalifier; format_Date; makeOrdinal; roundto; decimalPrecision; decimalToDMS;\np.getValue = function(frame)\n\tlocal args= frame.args\n\tif not args[1] then\n\t\targs = frame: getParent .args\n\t\tif not args[1] then return i18n.errors[\"No property supplied\"] end\n\tend\n\treturn p._getValue(args)\nend\n-- getPreferredValue is used to get a value,\n-- (or a comma separated list of them if multiple values exist).\n-- If preferred ranks are set, it will return those values, otherwise values with normal ranks\n-- now redundant to getValue with |rank=best\n-- Dependencies: p.getValue; setRanks; parseInput; propertyvalueandquals; assembleoutput;\n-- parseParam; sourced; labelOrId; i18n.latestdatequalifier; format_Date;\n-- makeOrdinal; roundto; decimalPrecision; decimalToDMS;\np.getPreferredValue = function(frame)\n\tframe.args.rank = \"best\"\n\treturn p.getValue(frame)\nend\n-- getCoords is used to get coordinates for display in an infobox\n-- whitelist and blacklist are implemented\n-- optional 'display' parameter is allowed, defaults to \"inline, title\"\n-- Dependencies: setRanks ; parseInput ; decimalPrecision ;\np.getCoords = function(frame)\n\tlocal propertyID = \"P625\"\n\t-- if there is a 'display' parameter supplied, use it\n\t-- otherwise default to \"inline, title\"\n\tlocal disp = frame.args.display or \"\"\n\tif disp == \"\" then\n\t\tdisp = \"inline, title\"\n\tend\n\t-- there may be a format parameter to switch from deg/min/sec to decimal degrees\n\t-- default is deg/min/sec\n\t-- decimal degrees needs |format = dec\n\tlocal form = (frame.args.format or \"\"): lower : sub(1,3)\n\tif form ~= \"dec\" then\n\t\tform = \"dms\"\n\tend\n\t-- just deal with best values\n\tframe.args.reqranks = setRanks(\"best\")\n\tlocal qid, props = parseInput(frame, frame.args[1], propertyID)\n\tif not qid then\n\t\treturn props -- either local parameter or nothing\n\telse\n\t\tlocal dv = props[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value\n\t\tlocal lat, long, prec = dv.latitude, dv.longitude, dv.precision\n\t\tlat = decimalPrecision(lat, prec)\n\t\tlong = decimalPrecision(long, prec)\n\t\tlocal lat_long = { lat, long }\n\t\tlat_long[\"display\"] = disp\n\t\tlat_long[\"format\"] = form\n\t\t-- invoke template Coord with the values stored in the table\n\t\treturn frame: expandTemplate{title = 'coord', args = lat_long}\n\tend\nend\n-- getQualifierValue is used to get a formatted value of a qualifier\n--\n-- The call needs: \ta property (the unnamed parameter or 1=)\n-- \t\t\t\t\ta target value for that property (pval=)\n--\t\t\t\t\ta qualifier for that target value (qual=)\n-- The usual whitelisting and blacklisting of the property is implemented\n-- The boolean onlysourced= parameter can be set to return nothing\n-- when the property is unsourced (or only sourced to Wikipedia)\n-- Dependencies: parseParam ; setRanks ; parseInput ; sourced ;\n-- propertyvalueandquals ; assembleoutput ;\n-- labelOrId ; i18n.latestdatequalifier ; format_Date ;\n-- findLang ; makeOrdinal ; roundto ; decimalPrecision ; decimalToDMS ;\np.getQualifierValue = function(frame)\n\t-- The property ID that will have a qualifier is the first unnamed parameter\n\tlocal propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or \"\")\n\t-- The value of the property we want to match whose qualifier value is to be returned\n\t-- is passed in named parameter |pval=\n\tlocal propvalue = frame.args.pval\n\t-- The property ID of the qualifier\n\t-- whose value is to be returned is passed in named parameter |qual=\n\tlocal qualifierID = frame.args.qual\n\t-- onlysourced is a boolean passed to return qualifiers\n\t-- only when property values are sourced to something other than Wikipedia\n\t-- if nothing or an empty string is passed set it true\n\t-- if \"false\" or \"no\" or 0 is passed set it false\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(frame.args.onlysourced or frame.args.osd, true)\n\t-- set a language object and language code in the frame.args table\n\tframe.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)\n\tframe.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code\n\t-- set the requested ranks flags\n\tframe.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)\n\t-- check for locally supplied parameter in second unnamed parameter\n\t-- success means no local parameter and the property exists\n\tlocal qid, props = parseInput(frame, frame.args[2], propertyID)\n\tif qid then\n\t\tlocal out = {}\n\t\t-- Scan through the values of the property\n\t\t-- we want something like property is P793, significant event (in propertyID)\n\t\t-- whose value is something like Q385378, construction (in propvalue)\n\t\t-- then we can return the value(s) of a qualifier such as P580, start time (in qualifierID)\n\t\tfor k1, v1 in pairs(props) do\n\t\t\tif v1.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\" and v1.mainsnak.datavalue.type == \"wikibase-entityid\" then\n\t\t\t\t-- It's a wiki-linked value, so check if it's the target (in propvalue)\n\t\t\t\t-- and if it has qualifiers\n\t\t\t\tif v1.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id == propvalue and v1.qualifiers then\n\t\t\t\t\tif onlysrc == false or sourced(v1) then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- if we've got this far, we have a (sourced) claim with qualifiers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- which matches the target, so find the value(s) of the qualifier we want\n\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal quals = v1.qualifiers[qualifierID]\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif quals then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-- can't reference qualifer, so set onlysourced = \"no\" (not boolean)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal qargs = frame.args\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqargs.onlysourced = \"no\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal vals = propertyvalueandquals(quals, qargs, qid)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfor k, v in ipairs(vals) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tout[#out + 1] = v\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tend -- of check for sourced\n\t\t\t\tend -- of check for matching required value and has qualifiers\n\t\t\tend -- of check for wikibase entity\n\t\tend -- of loop through values of propertyID\n\t\treturn assembleoutput(out, frame.args, qid, propertyID)\n\telse\n\t\treturn props -- either local parameter or nothing\n\tend -- of test for success\n\treturn nil\nend\n-- getSumOfParts scans the property 'has part' (P527) for values matching a list.\n-- The list is passed in parameter vlist.\n-- It consists of a string of Qids separated by spaces or any usual punctuation.\n-- If the matched values have a qualifier 'quantity' (P1114), those quantities are summed.\n-- The sum is returned as a number or nothing if zero.\n-- Dependencies: _getsumofparts;\np.getSumOfParts = function(frame)\n\tlocal sum = _getsumofparts(frame.args)\n\tif sum == 0 then return end\n\treturn sum\nend\n-- getValueByQual gets the value of a property which has a qualifier with a given entity value\n-- The call needs:\n--\t\t\t\t\ta property ID (the unnamed parameter or 1=Pxxx)\n--\t\t\t\t\tthe ID of a qualifier for that property (qualID=Pyyy)\n--\t\t\t\t\teither the Wikibase-entity ID of a value for that qualifier (qvalue=Qzzz)\n--\t\t\t\t\tor a string value for that qualifier (qvalue=abc123)\n-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented\n-- Dependencies: _getvaluebyqual; parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced;\n-- assembleoutput;\np.getValueByQual = function(frame)\n\tlocal qualID = frame.args.qualID\n\t-- The Q-id of the value for the qualifier we want to match is in named parameter |qvalue=\n\tlocal qval = frame.args.qvalue or \"\"\n\tif qval == \"\" then return \"no qualifier value supplied\" end\n\tlocal function checkQID(id)\n\t\treturn id == qval\n\tend\n\treturn _getvaluebyqual(frame, qualID, checkQID)\nend\n-- getValueByLang gets the value of a property which has a qualifier P407\n-- (\"language of work or name\") whose value has the given language code\n-- The call needs:\n--\t\t\t\t\ta property ID (the unnamed parameter or 1=Pxxx)\n--\t\t\t\t\tthe MediaWiki language code to match the language (lang=xx[-yy])\n--\t\t\t\t\t(if no code is supplied, it uses the default language)\n-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented\n-- Dependencies: _getvaluebyqual; parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; assembleoutput;\np.getValueByLang = function(frame)\n\t-- The language code for the qualifier we want to match is in named parameter |lang=\n\tlocal langcode = findLang(frame.args.lang).code\n\tlocal function checkLanguage(id)\n\t\t-- id should represent a language like \"British English (Q7979)\"\n\t\t-- it should have string property \"Wikimedia language code (P424)\"\n\t\t-- qlcode will be a table:\n\t\tlocal qlcode = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, \"P424\")\n\t\tif (#qlcode > 0) and (qlcode[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value == langcode) then\n\t\t\treturn true\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\treturn _getvaluebyqual(frame, \"P407\", checkLanguage)\nend\n-- getValueByRefSource gets the value of a property which has a reference \"stated in\" (P248)\n-- whose value has the given entity-ID.\n-- The call needs:\n--\t\t\t\t\ta property ID (the unnamed parameter or 1=Pxxx)\n--\t\t\t\t\tthe entity ID of a value to match where the reference is stated in (match=Qzzz)\n-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented\n-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;\np.getValueByRefSource = function(frame)\n\t-- The property ID that we want to check is the first unnamed parameter\n\tlocal propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or \"\"): upper \n\tif propertyID == \"\" then return \"no property supplied\" end\n\t-- The Q-id of the value we want to match is in named parameter |qvalue=\n\tlocal qval = (frame.args.match or \"\"): upper \n\tif qval == \"\" then qval = \"Q21540096\" end\n\tlocal unit = (frame.args.unit or \"\"): upper \n\tif unit == \"\" then unit = \"Q4917\" end\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(frame.args.onlysourced or frame.args.osd, true)\n\t-- set the requested ranks flags\n\tframe.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)\n\t-- set a language object and code in the frame.args table\n\tframe.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)\n\tframe.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code\n\tlocal linked = parseParam(frame.args.linked, true)\n\tlocal uabbr = parseParam(frame.args.uabbr or frame.args.unitabbr, false)\n\t-- qid not nil means no local parameter and the property exists\n\tlocal qid, props = parseInput(frame, frame.args[2], propertyID)\n\tif qid then\n\t\tlocal out = {}\n\t\tlocal mlt= {}\n\t\tfor k1, v1 in ipairs(props) do\n\t\t\tif onlysrc == false or sourced(v1) then\n\t\t\t\tif v1.references then\n\t\t\t\t\tfor k2, v2 in ipairs(v1.references) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif v2.snaks. P248 then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfor k3, v3 in ipairs(v2.snaks. P248) do\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif v3.datavalue.value.id == qval then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1], mlt[#out+1] = rendersnak(v1, frame.args, linked, \"\", \"\", \"\", \"\", uabbr, unit)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif not mlt[#out] then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-- we only need one match per property value\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-- unless datatype was monolingual text\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend -- of test for match\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend -- of loop through values \"stated in\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend -- of test that \"stated in\" exists\n\t\t\t\t\tend -- of loop through references\n\t\t\t\tend -- of test that references exist\n\t\t\tend -- of test for sourced\n\t\tend -- of loop through values of propertyID\n\t\tif #mlt > 0 then\n\t\t\tlocal langcode = frame.args.lang\n\t\t\tlangcode = mw.text.split(langcode, '-', true)[1]\n\t\t\tlocal fbtbl = mw.language.getFallbacksFor(langcode)\n\t\t\ttable.insert(fbtbl, 1, langcode)\n\t\t\tlocal bestval = \"\"\n\t\t\tlocal found = false\n\t\t\tfor idx1, lang1 in ipairs(fbtbl) do\n\t\t\t\tfor idx2, lang2 in ipairs(mlt) do\n\t\t\t\t\tif (lang1 == lang2) and not found then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbestval = out[idx2]\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfound = true\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tend -- loop through values of property\n\t\t\tend -- loop through fallback languages\n\t\t\tif found then\n\t\t\t\t-- replace output table with a table containing the best value\n\t\t\t\tout = { bestval }\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t-- more than one value and none of them on the list of fallback languages\n\t\t\t\t-- sod it, just give them the first one\n\t\t\t\tout = { out[1] }\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\t\treturn assembleoutput(out, frame.args, qid, propertyID)\n\telse\n\t\treturn props -- no property or local parameter supplied\n\tend -- of test for success\nend\n-- getPropertyIDs takes most of the usual parameters.\n-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented.\n-- It returns the Entity-IDs (Qids) of the values of a property if it is a Wikibase-Entity.\n-- Otherwise it returns nothing.\n-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;\np.getPropertyIDs = function(frame)\n\tlocal args = frame.args\n\targs.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)\n\targs.langobj = findLang(args.lang)\n\targs.lang = args.langobj.code\n\t-- change default for noicon to true\n\targs.noicon = tostring(parseParam(args.noicon or \"\", true))\n\tlocal f = {}\n\tf.args = args\n\tlocal pid = mw.text.trim(args[1] or \"\")\n\t-- get the qid and table of claims for the property, or nothing and the local value passed\n\tlocal qid, props = parseInput(f, args[2], pid)\n\tif not qid then return props end\n\tif not props[1] then return nil end\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)\n\tlocal maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0\n\tout = {}\n\tfor i, v in ipairs(props) do\n\t\tlocal snak = v.mainsnak\n\t\tif (snak.datatype == \"wikibase-item\")\n\t\t\tand (v.rank and args.reqranks[v.rank: sub(1, 1)])\n\t\t\tand (snak.snaktype == \"value\")\n\t\t\tand (sourced(v) or not onlysrc)\n\t\t\tthen\n\t\t\tout[#out+1] = snak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\tend\n\t\tif maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end\n\tend\n\treturn assembleoutput(out, args, qid, pid)\nend\n-- getPropOfProp takes two propertyIDs: prop1 and prop2 (as well as the usual parameters)\n-- If the value(s) of prop1 are of type \"wikibase-item\" then it returns the value(s) of prop2\n-- of each of those wikibase-items.\n-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented\n-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;\np.getPropOfProp = function(frame)\n\tframe.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)\n\tframe.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)\n\tframe.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code\n\tlocal args = frame.args\n\tlocal pid1 = args.prop1 or args.pid1 or \"\"\n\tlocal pid2 = args.prop2 or args.pid2 or \"\"\n\tlocal localval = mw.text.trim(args[1] or \"\")\n\tif pid1 == \"\" or pid2 == \"\" then return nil end\n\tlocal qid1, statements1 = parseInput(frame, localval, pid1)\n\tif not qid1 then return localval end\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)\n\tlocal maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0\n\tlocal qualID = mw.text.trim(args.qual or \"\"): upper \n\tif qualID == \"\" then qualID = nil end\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tfor k, v in ipairs(statements1) do\n\t\tif not onlysrc or sourced(v) then\n\t\t\tlocal snak = v.mainsnak\n\t\t\tif snak.datatype == \"wikibase-item\" and snak.snaktype == \"value\" then\n\t\t\t\tlocal qid2 = snak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\t\tlocal statements2 = {}\n\t\t\t\tif args.reqranks.b then\n\t\t\t\t\tstatements2 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid2, pid2)\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tstatements2 = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid2, pid2)\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tif statements2[1] then\n\t\t\t\t\tlocal out2 = propertyvalueandquals(statements2, args, qualID)\n\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = assembleoutput(out2, args, qid2, pid2)\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tend -- of test for valid property1 value\n\t\tend -- of test for sourced\n\t\tif maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end\n\tend -- of loop through values of property1\n\treturn assembleoutput(out, args, qid1, pid1)\nend\n-- getAwardCat takes most of the usual parameters. If the item has values of P166 (award received),\n-- then it examines each of those awards for P2517 (category for recipients of this award).\n-- If it exists, it returns the corresponding category,\n-- with the item's P734 (family name) as sort key, or no sort key if there is no family name.\n-- The sort key may be overridden by the parameter |sortkey (alias |sk).\n-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented\n-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;\np.getAwardCat = function(frame)\n\tframe.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)\n\tframe.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)\n\tframe.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code\n\tlocal args = frame.args\n\targs.sep = \" \"\n\tlocal pid1 = args.prop1 or \"P166\"\n\tlocal pid2 = args.prop2 or \"P2517\"\n\tif pid1 == \"\" or pid2 == \"\" then return nil end\n\t-- locally supplied value:\n\tlocal localval = mw.text.trim(args[1] or \"\")\n\tlocal qid1, statements1 = parseInput(frame, localval, pid1)\n\tif not qid1 then return localval end\n\t-- linkprefix (strip quotes)\n\tlocal lp = (args.linkprefix or args.lp or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\t-- sort key (strip quotes, hyphens and periods):\n\tlocal sk = (args.sortkey or args.sk or \"\"): gsub('[\"-.]')\n\t-- family name:\n\tlocal famname = \"\"\n\tif sk == \"\" then\n\t\tlocal p734 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid1, \"P734\")[1]\n\t\tlocal p734id = p734 and p734.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\" and p734.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id or \"\"\n\t\tfamname = mw.wikibase.sitelink(p734id) or \"\"\n\t\t-- strip namespace and disambigation\n\t\tlocal pos = famname: find(\": \") or 0\n\t\tfamname = famname: sub(pos+1): gsub(\"%s%(.+%)$\", \"\")\n\t\tif famname == \"\" then\n\t\t\tlocal lbl = mw.wikibase.label(p734id)\n\t\t\tfamname = lbl and mw.text.nowiki(lbl) or \"\"\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)\n\tlocal maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0\n\tlocal qualID = mw.text.trim(args.qual or \"\"): upper \n\tif qualID == \"\" then qualID = nil end\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tfor k, v in ipairs(statements1) do\n\t\tif not onlysrc or sourced(v) then\n\t\t\tlocal snak = v.mainsnak\n\t\t\tif snak.datatype == \"wikibase-item\" and snak.snaktype == \"value\" then\n\t\t\t\tlocal qid2 = snak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\t\tlocal statements2 = {}\n\t\t\t\tif args.reqranks.b then\n\t\t\t\t\tstatements2 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid2, pid2)\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\tstatements2 = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid2, pid2)\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tif statements2[1] and statements2[1].mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\" then\n\t\t\t\t\tlocal qid3 = statements2[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\t\t\tlocal sitelink = mw.wikibase.sitelink(qid3)\n\t\t\t\t\t-- if there's no local sitelink, create the sitelink from English label\n\t\t\t\t\tif not sitelink then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal lbl = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(qid3, \"en\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif lbl then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif lbl: sub(1,9) == \"Category: \" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsitelink = mw.text.nowiki(lbl)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsitelink = \"Category: \" .. mw.text.nowiki(lbl)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tif sitelink then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif sk ~= \"\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = \"\" .. sk .. \"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\telseif famname ~= \"\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = \"\" .. famname .. \"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = \"\" .. lp .. sitelink .. \"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend -- of check for sort keys\n\t\t\t\t\tend -- of test for sitelink\n\t\t\t\tend -- of test for category\n\t\t\tend -- of test for wikibase item has a value\n\t\tend -- of test for sourced\n\t\tif maxvals > 0 and #out >= maxvals then break end\n\tend -- of loop through values of property1\n\treturn assembleoutput(out, args, qid1, pid1)\nend\n-- getIntersectCat takes most of the usual parameters.\n-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented\n-- It takes two properties, |prop1 and |prop2 (e.g. occupation and country of citizenship)\n-- Each property's value is a wiki-base entity\n-- For each value of the first parameter (ranks implemented) it fetches the value's main category\n-- and then each value of the second parameter (possibly substituting a simpler description)\n-- then it returns all of the categories representing the intersection of those properties,\n-- (e.g. Category: Actors from Canada). A joining term may be supplied (e.g. |join=from).\n-- The item's P734 (family name) is the sort key, or no sort key if there is no family name.\n-- The sort key may be overridden by the parameter |sortkey (alias |sk).\n-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced; propertyvalueandquals assembleoutput;\np.getIntersectCat = function(frame)\n\tframe.args.reqranks = setRanks(frame.args.rank)\n\tframe.args.langobj = findLang(frame.args.lang)\n\tframe.args.lang = frame.args.langobj.code\n\tlocal args = frame.args\n\targs.sep = \" \"\n\targs.linked = \"no\"\n\tlocal pid1 = args.prop1 or \"P106\"\n\tlocal pid2 = args.prop2 or \"P27\"\n\tif pid1 == \"\" or pid2 == \"\" then return nil end\n\tlocal qid, statements1 = parseInput(frame, \"\", pid1)\n\tif not qid then return nil end\n\tlocal qid, statements2 = parseInput(frame, \"\", pid2)\n\tif not qid then return nil end\n\t-- topics like countries may have different names in categories from their label in Wikidata\n\tlocal subs_exists, subs = pcall(mw.loadData, \"Module: WikidataIB/subs\")\n\tlocal join = args.join or \"\"\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)\n\tlocal maxvals = tonumber(args.maxvals) or 0\n\t-- linkprefix (strip quotes)\n\tlocal lp = (args.linkprefix or args.lp or \"\"): gsub('\"')\n\t-- sort key (strip quotes, hyphens and periods):\n\tlocal sk = (args.sortkey or args.sk or \"\"): gsub('[\"-.]')\n\t-- family name:\n\tlocal famname = \"\"\n\tif sk == \"\" then\n\t\tlocal p734 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, \"P734\")[1]\n\t\tlocal p734id = p734 and p734.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\" and p734.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id or \"\"\n\t\tfamname = mw.wikibase.sitelink(p734id) or \"\"\n\t\t-- strip namespace and disambigation\n\t\tlocal pos = famname: find(\": \") or 0\n\t\tfamname = famname: sub(pos+1): gsub(\"%s%(.+%)$\", \"\")\n\t\tif famname == \"\" then\n\t\t\tlocal lbl = mw.wikibase.label(p734id)\n\t\t\tfamname = lbl and mw.text.nowiki(lbl) or \"\"\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\tlocal cat1 = {}\n\tfor k, v in ipairs(statements1) do\n\t\tif not onlysrc or sourced(v) then\n\t\t\t-- get the ID representing the value of the property\n\t\t\tlocal pvalID = (v.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\") and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\tif pvalID then\n\t\t\t\t-- get the topic's main category (P910) for that entity\n\t\t\t\tlocal p910 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(pvalID, \"P910\")[1]\n\t\t\t\tif p910 and p910.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\" then\n\t\t\t\t\tlocal tmcID = p910.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\t\t\t-- use sitelink or the English label for the cat\n\t\t\t\t\tlocal cat = mw.wikibase.sitelink(tmcID)\n\t\t\t\t\tif not cat then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal lbl = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(tmcID, \"en\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif lbl then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif lbl: sub(1,9) == \"Category: \" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcat = mw.text.nowiki(lbl)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcat = \"Category: \" .. mw.text.nowiki(lbl)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\tcat1[#cat1+1] = cat\n\t\t\t\tend -- of test for topic's main category exists\n\t\t\tend -- of test for property has vaild value\n\t\tend -- of test for sourced\n\t\tif maxvals > 0 and #cat1 >= maxvals then break end\n\tend\n\tlocal cat2 = {}\n\tfor k, v in ipairs(statements2) do\n\t\tif not onlysrc or sourced(v) then\n\t\t\tlocal cat = rendersnak(v, args)\n\t\t\tif subs[cat] then cat = subs[cat] end\n\t\t\tcat2[#cat2+1] = cat\n\t\tend\n\t\tif maxvals > 0 and #cat2 >= maxvals then break end\n\tend\n\tout = {}\n\tfor k1, v1 in ipairs(cat1) do\n\t\tfor k2, v2 in ipairs(cat2) do\n\t\t\tif sk ~= \"\" then\n\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = \"\" .. sk .. \"\"\n\t\t\telseif famname ~= \"\" then\n\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = \"\" .. famname .. \"\"\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = \"\" .. lp .. v1 .. \" \" .. join .. \" \" .. v2 .. \"\"\n\t\t\tend -- of check for sort keys\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\targs.noicon = \"true\"\n\treturn assembleoutput(out, args, qid, pid1)\nend\n-- qualsToTable takes most of the usual parameters.\n-- The usual whitelisting, blacklisting, onlysourced, etc. are implemented.\n-- A qid may be given, and the first unnamed parameter is the property ID, which is of type wikibase item.\n-- It takes a list of qualifier property IDs as |quals=\n-- For a given qid and property, it creates the rows of an html table,\n-- each row being a value of the property (optionally only if the property matches the value in |pval=)\n-- each cell being the first value of the qualifier corresponding to the list in |quals\n-- Dependencies: parseParam; setRanks; parseInput; sourced;\np.qualsToTable = function(frame)\n\tlocal args = frame.args\n\tlocal quals = args.quals or \"\"\n\tif quals == \"\" then return \"\" end\n\targs.reqranks = setRanks(args.rank)\n\tlocal propertyID = mw.text.trim(args[1] or \"\")\n\tlocal f = {}\n\tf.args = args\n\tlocal entityid, props = parseInput(f, \"\", propertyID)\n\tif not entityid then return \"\" end\n\targs.langobj = findLang(args.lang)\n\targs.lang = args.langobj.code\n\tlocal pval = args.pval or \"\"\n\tlocal qplist = mw.text.split(quals, \"%p\") -- split at punctuation and make a sequential table\n\tfor i, v in ipairs(qplist) do\n\t\tqplist[i] = mw.text.trim(v): upper -- remove whitespace and capitalise\n\tend\n\tlocal col1 = args.firstcol or \"\"\n\tif col1 ~= \"\" then\n\t\tcol1 = col1 .. \"\"\n\tend\n\tlocal emptycell = args.emptycell or \"\u00a0\"\n\t-- construct a 2-D array of qualifier values in qvals\n\tlocal qvals = {}\n\tfor i, v in ipairs(props) do\n\t\tlocal skip = false\n\t\tif pval ~= \"\" then\n\t\t\tlocal pid = v.mainsnak.datavalue and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\tif pid ~= pval then skip = true end\n\t\tend\n\t\tif not skip then\n\t\t\tlocal qval = {}\n\t\t\tlocal vqualifiers = v.qualifiers or {}\n\t\t\t-- go through list of wanted qualifier properties\n\t\t\tfor i1, v1 in ipairs(qplist) do\n\t\t\t\t-- check for that property ID in the statement's qualifiers\n\t\t\t\tlocal qv, qtype\n\t\t\t\tif vqualifiers[v1] then\n\t\t\t\t\tqtype = vqualifiers[v1][1].datatype\n\t\t\t\t\tif qtype == \"time\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif vqualifiers[v1][1].snaktype == \"value\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqv = mw.wikibase.renderSnak(vqualifiers[v1][1])\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqv = frame: expandTemplate{title=\"dts\", args={qv}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqv = \"?\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\telseif qtype == \"url\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tqv = mw.wikibase.renderSnak(vqualifiers[v1][1])\n\t\t\t\t\t\tlocal display = mw.ustring.match(mw.uri.decode(qv, \"WIKI\"), \"([%w ]+)$\")\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif display then\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tqv = \"[\" .. qv .. \" \" .. display .. \"]\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\tqv = mw.wikibase.formatValue(vqualifiers[v1][1])\n\t\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\tend\n\t\t\t\t-- record either the value or a placeholder\n\t\t\t\tqval[i1] = qv or emptycell\n\t\t\tend -- of loop through list of qualifiers\n\t\t\t-- add the list of qualifier values as a \"row\" in the main list\n\t\t\tqvals[#qvals+1] = qval\n\t\tend\n\tend -- of for each value loop\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tfor i, v in ipairs(qvals) do\n\t\tout[i] = \"\" .. col1 .. table.concat(qvals[i], \"\") .. \"\"\n\tend\n\treturn table.concat(out, \"\\n\")\nend\n-- getGlobe takes an optional qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=\n-- otherwise it uses the linked item for the current page.\n-- If returns the Qid of the globe used in P625 (coordinate location),\n-- or nil if there isn't one.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getGlobe = function(frame)\n\tlocal qid = frame.args.qid or frame.args[1] or \"\"\n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\tlocal coords = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, \"P625\")[1]\n\tlocal globeid\n\tif coords and coords.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\" then\n\t\tglobeid = coords.mainsnak.datavalue.value.globe: match(\"(Q%d+)\")\n\tend\n\treturn globeid\nend\n-- getCommonsLink takes an optional qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=\n-- It returns one of the following in order of preference:\n-- the Commons sitelink of the linked Wikidata item;\n-- the Commons sitelink of the topic's main category of the linked Wikidata item;\n-- Dependencies: _getCommonslink ; _getSitelink ; parseParam \np.getCommonsLink = function(frame)\n\tlocal oc = frame.args.onlycat or frame.args.onlycategories\n\tlocal fb = parseParam(frame.args.fallback or frame.args.fb, true)\n\treturn _getCommonslink(frame.args.qid, oc, fb)\nend\n-- getSitelink takes the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=\n-- It takes an optional parameter |wiki= to determine which wiki is to be checked for a sitelink\n-- If the parameter is blank, then it uses the local wiki.\n-- If there is a sitelink to an article available, it returns the plain text link to the article\n-- If there is no sitelink, it returns nil.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getSiteLink = function(frame)\n\treturn _getSitelink(frame.args.qid, frame.args.wiki or mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or \"\"))\nend\n-- getLink has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=\n-- If there is a sitelink to an article on the local Wiki, it returns a link to the article\n-- with the Wikidata label as the displayed text.\n-- If there is no sitelink, it returns the label as plain text.\n-- If there is no label in the local language, it displays the qid instead.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getLink = function(frame)\n\tlocal itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or frame.args.qid or \"\")\n\tif itemID == \"\" then return end\n\tlocal sitelink = mw.wikibase.sitelink(itemID)\n\tlocal label = labelOrId(itemID)\n\tif sitelink then\n\t\treturn \"\" .. label .. \"\"\n\telse\n\t\treturn label\n\tend\nend\n-- getLabel has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=\n-- It returns the Wikidata label for the local language as plain text.\n-- If there is no label in the local language, it displays the qid instead.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getLabel = function(frame)\n\tlocal itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or frame.args.qid or \"\")\n\tif itemID == \"\" then return end\n\tlocal lang = frame.args.lang or \"\"\n\tif lang == \"\" then lang = nil end\n\tlocal label = labelOrId(itemID, lang)\n\treturn label\nend\n-- getAT (Article Title)\n-- has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as the first unnamed parameter or as |qid=\n-- If there is a sitelink to an article on the local Wiki, it returns the sitelink as plain text.\n-- If there is no sitelink, it returns nothing.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getAT = function(frame)\n\tlocal itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or frame.args.qid or \"\")\n\tif itemID == \"\" then return end\n\treturn mw.wikibase.sitelink(itemID)\nend\n-- getDescription has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=\n-- (it defaults to the associated qid of the current article if omitted)\n-- and a local parameter passed as the first unnamed parameter.\n-- Any local parameter passed (other than \"Wikidata\" or \"none\") becomes the return value.\n-- It returns the article description for the Wikidata entity if the local parameter is \"Wikidata\".\n-- Nothing is returned if the description doesn't exist or \"none\" is passed as the local parameter.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getDescription = function(frame)\n\tlocal desc = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or \"\")\n\tlocal itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args.qid or \"\")\n\tif itemID == \"\" then itemID = nil end\n\tif desc: lower == 'wikidata' then\n\t\treturn mw.wikibase.description(itemID)\n\telseif desc: lower == 'none' then\n\t\treturn nil\n\telse\n\t\treturn desc\n\tend\nend\n-- getAliases has the qid of a Wikidata entity passed as |qid=\n-- (it defaults to the associated qid of the current article if omitted)\n-- and a local parameter passed as the first unnamed parameter.\n-- It implements blacklisting and whitelisting with a field name of \"alias\" by default.\n-- Any local parameter passed becomes the return value.\n-- Otherwise it returns the aliases for the Wikidata entity with the usual list options.\n-- Nothing is returned if the aliases do not exist.\n-- Dependencies: findLang ; assembleoutput \np.getAliases = function(frame)\n\tlocal args = frame.args\n\tlocal fieldname = args.name or \"\"\n\tif fieldname == \"\" then fieldname = \"alias\" end\n\tlocal blacklist = args.suppressfields or args.spf or \"\"\n\tif blacklist: find(fieldname) then return nil end\n\tlocal localval = mw.text.trim(args[1] or \"\")\n\tif localval ~= \"\" then return localval end\n\tlocal whitelist = args.fetchwikidata or args.fwd or \"\"\n\tif whitelist == \"\" then whitelist = \"NONE\" end\n\tif not (whitelist == 'ALL' or whitelist: find(fieldname)) then return nil end\n\tlocal qid = mw.text.trim(args.qid or \"\")\n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = nil end\n\tlocal entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid)\n\tif not entity then return nil end\n\tlocal aliases = entity.aliases\n\tif not aliases then return nil end\n\tif not qid then qid= mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\targs.langobj = findLang(args.lang)\n\tlocal langcode = args.langobj.code\n\targs.lang = langcode\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tfor k1, v1 in pairs(aliases) do\n\t\tif v1[1].language == langcode then\n\t\t\tfor k1, v2 in ipairs(v1) do\n\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = v2.value\n\t\t\tend\n\t\t\tbreak\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\treturn assembleoutput(out, args, qid)\nend\n-- pageId returns the page id (entity ID, Qnnn) of the current page\n-- returns nothing if the page is not connected to Wikidata\n-- Dependencies: none\np.pageId = function(frame)\n\treturn mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage \nend\n-- formatDate is a wrapper to export the private function format_Date\n-- Dependencies: format_Date ;\np.formatDate = function(frame)\n\treturn format_Date(frame.args[1], frame.args.df, frame.args.bc)\nend\n-- location is a wrapper to export the private function _location\n-- it takes the entity-id as qid or the first unnamed parameter\n-- optional boolean parameter first toggles the display of the first item\n-- optional boolean parameter skip toggles the display to skip to the last item\n-- parameter debug= (default 'n') adds error msg if not a location\n-- Dependencies: _location ;\np.location = function(frame)\n\tlocal debug = (frame.args.debug or \"\"): sub(1, 1): lower \n\tif debug == \"\" then debug = \"n\" end\n\tlocal qid = mw.text.trim(frame.args.qid or frame.args[1] or \"\"): upper \n\tif qid == \"\" then qid=mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\tif not qid then\n\t\tif debug ~= \"n\" then\n\t\t\treturn i18n.errors[\"entity-not-found\"]\n\t\telse\n\t\t\treturn nil\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\tlocal first = mw.text.trim(frame.args.first or \"\")\n\tlocal skip = mw.text.trim(frame.args.skip or \"\")\n\treturn table.concat(_location(qid, first, skip), \", \")\nend\n-- checkBlacklist implements a test to check whether a named field is allowed\n-- returns true if the field is not blacklisted (i.e. allowed)\n-- returns false if the field is blacklisted (i.e. disallowed)\n-- \n-- displays \"blacklisted\"\n-- \n-- displays \"not blacklisted\"\n-- Dependencies: none\np.checkBlacklist = function(frame)\n\tlocal blacklist = frame.args.suppressfields or frame.args.spf or \"\"\n\tlocal fieldname = frame.args.name or \"\"\n\tif blacklist ~= \"\" and fieldname ~= \"\" then\n\t\tif blacklist: find(fieldname) then\n\t\t\treturn false\n\t\telse\n\t\t\treturn true\n\t\tend\n\telse\n\t\t-- one of the fields is missing: let's call that \"not on the list\"\n\t\treturn true\n\tend\nend\n-- emptyor returns nil if its first unnamed argument is just punctuation, whitespace or html tags\n-- otherwise it returns the argument unchanged (including leading/trailing space).\n-- If the argument may contain \"=\", then it must be called explicitly:\n-- |1=arg\n-- (In that case, leading and trailing spaces are trimmed)\n-- It finds use in infoboxes where it can replace tests like:\n-- \n-- with a form that uses just a single call to Wikidata:\n-- \n-- Dependencies: none\np.emptyor = function(frame)\n\tlocal s = frame.args[1] or \"\"\n\tif s == \"\" then return nil end\n\tlocal sx = s: gsub(\"%s\", \"\"): gsub(\"<[^>]*>\", \"\"): gsub(\"%p\", \"\")\n\tif sx == \"\" then\n\t\treturn nil\n\telse\n\t\treturn s\n\tend\nend\n-- labelorid is a public function to expose the output of labelOrId \n-- Pass the Q-number as |qid= or as an unnamed parameter.\n-- It returns the Wikidata label for that entity or the qid if no label exists.\n-- Dependencies: labelOrId\np.labelorid = function(frame)\n\treturn labelOrId(frame.args.qid or frame.args[1])\nend\n-- getLang returns the MediaWiki language code of the current content.\n-- If optional parameter |style=full, it returns the language name.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getLang = function(frame)\n\tlocal style = (frame.args.style or \"\"): lower \n\tlocal langcode = mw.language.getContentLanguage .code\n\tif style == \"full\" then\n\t\treturn mw.language.fetchLanguageName(langcode)\n\tend\n\treturn langcode\nend\n-- getItemLangCode takes a qid parameter (using the current page's qid if blank)\n-- If the item for that qid has property country (P17) it looks at the first preferred value\n-- If the country has an official language (P37), it looks at the first preferred value\n-- If that official language has a language code (P424), it returns the first preferred value\n-- Otherwise it returns nothing.\n-- Dependencies: _getItemLangCode \np.getItemLangCode = function(frame)\n\treturn _getItemLangCode(frame.args.qid or frame.args[1])\nend\n-- findLanguage exports the local findLang function\n-- It takes an optional language code and returns, in order of preference:\n-- the code if a known language;\n-- the user's language, if set;\n-- the server's content language.\n-- Dependencies: findLang\np.findLanguage = function(frame)\n\treturn findLang(frame.args.lang or frame.args[1]).code\nend\n-- getQid returns the qid, if supplied\n-- failing that, the Wikidata entity ID of the \"category's main topic (P301)\", if it exists\n-- failing that, the Wikidata entity ID associated with the current page, if it exists\n-- otherwise, nothing\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getQid = function(frame)\n\tlocal qid = (frame.args.qid or \"\"): upper \n\t-- check if a qid was passed; if so, return it:\n\tif qid ~= \"\" then return qid end\n\t-- check if there's a \"category's main topic (P301)\":\n\tqid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage \n\tif qid then\n\t\tlocal prop301 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, \"P301\")\n\t\tif prop301[1] then\n\t\t\tlocal mctid = prop301[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\tif mctid then return mctid end\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\t-- otherwise return the page qid (if any)\n\treturn qid\nend\n-- followQid takes three optional parameters: qid, props, and all.\n-- If qid is not given, it uses the qid for the connected page\n-- or returns nil if there isn't one.\n-- props is a list of properties, separated by punctuation.\n-- If props is given, the Wikidata item for the qid is examined for each property in turn.\n-- If that property contains a value that is another Wikibase-item, that item's qid is returned,\n-- and the search terminates, unless |all=y when all of the qids are returned, sparated by spaces.\n-- If props is not given, the qid is returned.\n-- Dependencies: parseParam \np.followQid = function(frame)\n\tlocal qid = (frame.args.qid or \"\"): upper \n\tlocal all = parseParam(frame.args.all, false)\n\tif qid == \"\" then\n\t\tqid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage \n\tend\n\tif not qid then return nil end\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tlocal props = (frame.args.props or \"\"): upper \n\tif props ~= \"\" then\n\t\tfor p in mw.text.gsplit(props, \"%p\") do -- split at punctuation and iterate\n\t\t\tp = mw.text.trim(p)\n\t\t\tfor i, v in ipairs(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, p)) do\n\t\t\t\tlocal linkedid = v.mainsnak.datavalue and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id\n\t\t\t\tif linkedid then\n\t\t\t\t\tif all then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tout[#out+1] = linkedid\n\t\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t\treturn linkedid\n\t\t\t\t\tend -- test for all or just the first one found\n\t\t\t\tend -- test for value exists for that property\n\t\t\tend -- loop through values of property to follow\n\t\tend -- loop through list of properties to follow\n\tend\n\tif #out > 0 then\n\t\treturn table.concat(out, \" \")\n\telse\n\t\treturn qid\n\tend\nend\n-- globalSiteID returns the globalSiteID for the current wiki\n-- e.g. returns \"enwiki\" for the English Wikipedia, \"enwikisource\" for English Wikisource, etc.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.globalSiteID = function(frame)\n\treturn mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId \nend\n-- siteID returns the root of the globalSiteID\n-- e.g. \"en\" for \"enwiki\", \"enwikisource\", etc.\n-- treats \"en-gb\" as \"en\", etc.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.siteID = function(frame)\n\tlocal txtlang = frame: preprocess(\"\") or \"\"\n\t-- This deals with specific exceptions: be-tarask -> be-x-old\n\tif txtlang == \"be-tarask\" then\n\t\treturn \"be_x_old\"\n\tend\n\tlocal pos = txtlang: find(\"-\")\n\tlocal ret = \"\"\n\tif pos then\n\t\tret = txtlang: sub(1, pos-1)\n\telse\n\t\tret = txtlang\n\tend\n\treturn ret\nend\n-- projID returns the code used to link to the reader's language's project\n-- e.g \"en\" for : en: WikidataIB\n-- treats \"en-gb\" as \"en\", etc.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.projID = function(frame)\n\tlocal txtlang = frame: preprocess(\"\") or \"\"\n\t-- This deals with specific exceptions: be-tarask -> be-x-old\n\tif txtlang == \"be-tarask\" then\n\t\treturn \"be-x-old\"\n\tend\n\tlocal pos = txtlang: find(\"-\")\n\tlocal ret = \"\"\n\tif pos then\n\t\tret = txtlang: sub(1, pos-1)\n\telse\n\t\tret = txtlang\n\tend\n\treturn ret\nend\n-- formatNumber formats a number according to the the supplied language code (\"|lang=\")\n-- or the default language if not supplied.\n-- The number is the first unnamed parameter or \"|num=\"\n-- Dependencies: findLang \np.formatNumber = function(frame)\n\tlocal lang\n\tlocal num = tonumber(frame.args[1] or frame.args.num) or 0\n\tlang = findLang(frame.args.lang)\n\treturn lang: formatNum(num)\nend\n-- examine dumps the property (the unnamed parameter or pid)\n-- from the item given by the parameter 'qid' (or the other unnamed parameter)\n-- or from the item corresponding to the current page if qid is not supplied.\n-- e.g. \n-- or or any combination of these\n-- or for the current page.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.examine = function(frame)\n\tlocal args\n\tif frame.args[1] or frame.args.pid or frame.args.qid then\n\t\targs = frame.args\n\telse\n\t\targs = frame: getParent .args\n\tend\n\tlocal par = {}\n\tlocal pid = (args.pid or \"\"): upper \n\tlocal qid = (args.qid or \"\"): upper \n\tpar[1] = mw.text.trim(args[1] or \"\"): upper \n\tpar[2] = mw.text.trim(args[2] or \"\"): upper \n\ttable.sort(par)\n\tif par[2]: sub(1,1) == \"P\" then par[1], par[2] = par[2], par[1] end\n\tif pid == \"\" then pid = par[1] end\n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = par[2] end\n\tlocal q1 = qid: sub(1,1)\n\tif pid: sub(1,1) ~= \"P\" then return \"No property supplied\" end\n\tif q1 ~= \"Q\" and q1 ~= \"M\" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\tif not qid then return \"No item for this page\" end\n\treturn \"\" .. mw.dumpObject(mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid, pid)) .. \"\"\nend\n-- checkvalue looks for 'val' as a wikibase-item value of a property (the unnamed parameter or pid)\n-- from the item given by the parameter 'qid'\n-- or from the Wikidata item associated with the current page if qid is not supplied.\n-- If property is not supplied, then P31 (instance of) is assumed.\n-- It returns val if found or nothing if not found.\n-- e.g. \n-- or \n-- or \n-- or for the current page.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.checkvalue = function(frame)\n\tlocal args\n\tif frame.args.val then\n\t\targs = frame.args\n\telse\n\t\targs = frame: getParent .args\n\tend\n\tlocal val = args.val\n\tif not val then return nil end\n\tlocal pid = mw.text.trim(args.pid or args[1] or \"P31\"): upper \n\tlocal qid = (args.qid or \"\"): upper \n\tif pid: sub(1,1) ~= \"P\" then return nil end\n\tif qid: sub(1,1) ~= \"Q\" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\tif not qid then return nil end\n\tlocal stats = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(qid, pid)\n\tif not stats[1] then return nil end\n\tif stats[1].mainsnak.datatype == \"wikibase-item\" then\n\t\tfor k, v in pairs(stats) do\n\t\t\tif v.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\" and v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id == val then\n\t\t\t\treturn val\n\t\t\tend\n\t\tend\n\tend\n\treturn nil\nend\n-- url2 takes a parameter url= that is a proper url and formats it for use in an infobox.\n-- If no parameter is supplied, it returns nothing.\n-- This is the equivalent of Template: URL\n-- but it keeps the \"edit at Wikidata\" pen icon out of the microformat.\n-- Usually it will take its url parameter directly from a Wikidata call:\n-- e.g. {{#invoke: WikidataIB |url2 |url=\n-- Dependencies: none\np.url2 = function(frame)\n\tlocal txt = frame.args.url or \"\"\n\tif txt == \"\" then return nil end\n\tlocal url, icon = txt: match(\"(.+)\u00a0(.+)\")\n\turl = url or txt\n\ticon = icon or \"\"\n\tlocal prot, addr = url: //)(.+)\")\n\tprot = prot or url\n\taddr = addr or \"\"\n\tlocal disp, n = addr: gsub(\"%.\", \"%.\")\n\treturn '[' .. prot .. addr .. \" \" .. disp .. \"]\u00a0\" .. icon\nend\n-- getWebsite fetches the Official website (P856) and formats it for use in an infobox.\n-- This is similar to Template: Official website but with a url displayed,\n-- and it adds the \"edit at Wikidata\" pen icon beyond the microformat if enabled.\n-- A local value will override the Wikidata value. \"NONE\" returns nothing.\n-- e.g. \n-- Dependencies: findLang ; parseParam ;\np.getWebsite = function(frame)\n\tlocal url = frame.args.url or \"\"\n\tif url: upper == \"NONE\" then return nil end\n\tlocal qid = frame.args.qid or \"\"\n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\tif not qid then return nil end\n\tlocal urls = {}\n\tlocal quals = {}\n\tif url == \"\" then\n\t\tlocal prop856 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, \"P856\")\n\t\tfor k, v in pairs(prop856) do\n\t\t\tif v.mainsnak.snaktype == \"value\" then\n\t\t\t\turls[#urls+1] = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value\n\t\t\t\tif v.qualifiers and v.qualifiers[\"P1065\"] then\n\t\t\t\t\t -- just take the first archive url (P1065)\n\t\t\t\t\tlocal au = v.qualifiers[\"P1065\"][1]\n\t\t\t\t\tif au.snaktype == \"value\" then\n\t\t\t\t\t\tquals[#urls] = au.datavalue.value\n\t\t\t\t\tend -- test for archive url having a value\n\t\t\t\tend -- test for qualifers\n\t\t\tend -- test for website having a value\n\t\tend -- loop through website(s)\n\telse\n\t\turls[1] = url\n\tend\n\tif #urls == 0 then return nil end\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tfor i, u in ipairs(urls) do\n\t\tlocal link = quals[i] or u\n\t\tlocal prot, addr = u: //)(.+)\")\n\t\taddr = addr or u\n\t\tlocal disp, n = addr: gsub(\"%.\", \"%.\")\n\t\tout[#out+1] = '[' .. link .. \" \" .. disp .. \"]\"\n\tend\n\tlocal langcode = findLang(frame.args.lang).code\n\tlocal noicon = parseParam(frame.args.noicon, false)\n\tif url == \"\" and not noicon then\n\t\tout[#out] = out[#out] .. createicon(langcode, qid, \"P856\")\n\tend\n\tlocal ret = \"\"\n\tif #out > 1 then\n\t\tret = mw.getCurrentFrame : expandTemplate{title = \"ubl\", args = out}\n\telse\n\t\tret = out[1]\n\tend\n\treturn ret\nend\n-- getAllLabels fetches the set of labels and formats it for display as wikitext.\n-- It takes a parameter 'qid' for arbitrary access, otherwise it uses the current page.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getAllLabels = function(frame)\n\tlocal args = frame.args or frame: getParent .args or {}\n\tlocal qid = args.qid\n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = nil end\n\tlocal entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid)\n\tif not entity then return i18n[\"entity-not-found\"] end\n\tlocal labels = entity.labels\n\tif not labels then return i18n[\"labels-not-found\"] end\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tfor k, v in pairs(labels) do\n\t\tout[#out+1] = v.value .. \" (\" .. v.language .. \")\"\n\tend\n\treturn table.concat(out, \"; \")\nend\n-- getAllDescriptions fetches the set of descriptions and formats it for display as wikitext.\n-- It takes a parameter 'qid' for arbitrary access, otherwise it uses the current page.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getAllDescriptions = function(frame)\n\tlocal args = frame.args or frame: getParent .args or {}\n\tlocal qid = args.qid\n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = nil end\n\tlocal entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid)\n\tif not entity then return i18n[\"entity-not-found\"] end\n\tlocal descriptions = entity.descriptions\n\tif not descriptions then return i18n[\"descriptions-not-found\"] end\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tfor k, v in pairs(descriptions) do\n\t\tout[#out+1] = v.value .. \" (\" .. v.language .. \")\"\n\tend\n\treturn table.concat(out, \"; \")\nend\n-- getAllAliases fetches the set of aliases and formats it for display as wikitext.\n-- It takes a parameter 'qid' for arbitrary access, otherwise it uses the current page.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.getAllAliases = function(frame)\n\tlocal args = frame.args or frame: getParent .args or {}\n\tlocal qid = args.qid\n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = nil end\n\tlocal entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(qid)\n\tif not entity then return i18n[\"entity-not-found\"] end\n\tlocal aliases = entity.aliases\n\tif not aliases then return i18n[\"aliases-not-found\"] end\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tfor k1, v1 in pairs(aliases) do\n\t\tlocal lang = v1[1].language\n\t\tlocal val = {}\n\t\tfor k1, v2 in ipairs(v1) do\n\t\t\tval[#val+1] = v2.value\n\t\tend\n\t\tout[#out+1] = table.concat(val, \", \") .. \" (\" .. lang .. \")\"\n\tend\n\treturn table.concat(out, \"; \")\nend\n-- showNoLinks displays the article titles that should not be linked.\n-- Dependencies: none\np.showNoLinks = function(frame)\n\tlocal out = {}\n\tfor k, v in pairs(donotlink) do\n\t\tout[#out+1] = k\n\tend\n\ttable.sort(out)\n\treturn table.concat(out, \"; \")\nend\n-- checkValidity checks whether the first unnamed parameter represents a valid entity-id,\n-- that is, something like Q1235 or P123.\n-- It returns the strings \"true\" or \"false\".\n-- Change false to nil to return \"true\" or \"\" (easier to test with #if: ).\n-- Dependencies: none\nfunction p.checkValidity(frame)\n\tlocal id = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or \"\")\n\tif mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then\n\t\treturn true\n\telse\n\t\treturn false\n\tend\nend\n-- getEntityFromTitle returns the Entity-ID (Q-number) for a given title.\n-- Modification of Module: ResolveEntityId\n-- The title is the first unnamed parameter.\n-- The site parameter determines the site/language for the title. Defaults to current wiki.\n-- The showdab parameter determines whether dab pages should return the Q-number or nil. Defaults to true.\n-- Returns the Q-number or nil if it does not exist.\n-- Dependencies: parseParam\nfunction p.getEntityFromTitle(frame)\n\tlocal args=frame.args\n\tif not args[1] then args=frame: getParent .args end\n\tif not args[1] then return nil end\n\tlocal title = mw.text.trim(args[1])\n\tlocal site = args.site or \"\"\n\tlocal showdab = parseParam(args.showdab, true)\n\tqid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(title, site)\n\tif qid then\n\t\tlocal prop31 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, \"P31\")[1]\n\t\tif not showdab and prop31 and prop31.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id == \"Q4167410\" then\n\t\t\treturn nil\n\t\telse\n\t\t\treturn qid\n\t\tend\n\tend\nend\n-- getDatePrecision returns the number representing the precision of the first best date value\n-- for the given property.\n-- It takes the qid and property ID\n-- The meanings are given at 0 = 1 billion years .. 6 = millennium, 7 = century, 8 = decade, 9 = year, 10 = month, 11 = day\n-- Returns nil if it does not exist.\n-- Dependencies: parseParam\nfunction p.getDatePrecision(frame)\n\tlocal args=frame.args\n\tif not args[1] then args=frame: getParent .args end\n\tlocal prop = mw.text.trim(args[1] or \"\")\n\tif prop == \"\" then return nil end\n\tlocal qid = args.qid or \"\"\n\tif qid == \"\" then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage end\n\tlocal onlysrc = parseParam(args.onlysourced or args.osd, true)\n\tlocal stat = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, prop)\n\tfor i, v in ipairs(stat) do\n\t\tlocal prec = (onlysrc == false or sourced(v))\n\t\t\tand v.mainsnak.datavalue\n\t\t\tand v.mainsnak.datavalue.value\n\t\t\tand v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.precision\n\t\tif prec then return prec end\n\tend\nend\nreturn p\n-- List of exported functions\n--[[\n_getValue\ngetValue\ngetPreferredValue\ngetCoords\ngetQualifierValue\ngetSumOfParts\ngetValueByQual\ngetValueByLang\ngetValueByRefSource\ngetPropertyIDs\ngetPropOfProp\ngetAwardCat\ngetIntersectCat\ngetGlobe\ngetCommonsLink\ngetSiteLink\ngetLink\ngetLabel\ngetAT\ngetDescription\ngetAliases\npageId\nformatDate\nlocation\ncheckBlacklist\nemptyor\nlabelorid\ngetLang\ngetItemLangCode\nfindLanguage\ngetQID\nfollowQid\nglobalSiteID\nsiteID\nprojID\nformatNumber\nexamine\ncheckvalue\nurl2\ngetWebsite\ngetAllLabels\ngetAllDescriptions\ngetAllAliases\nshowNoLinks\ncheckValidity\ngetEntityFromTitle\ngetDatePrecision\n--]]\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Module:WikidataIB' from xh to English:\n-- getWebsite fetches the Official website ( P856 ) and formats it for use in an infobox .\n -- This is similar to Template : Official website but with a url displayed , -- and it adds the \" edit at Wikidata \" pen icon beyond the microformat if enabled .\n -- A local value will override the Wikidata value .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Module:WikidataIB", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Background On 1st January 1982 , two broadcasters were launched , TV2 broadcasting in Zulu and Xhosa and TV3 broadcasting in Sotho and Tswana , both aimed at black viewers . The Press and Apartheid : Repression and Propaganda in South Africa , William A. Hachten , C. Anthony Giffard Springer , 1984 , page 222 The main channel , TV1 , broadcast in English and Afrikaans .\n In 1985 , a new station ", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'SABC1' from xh to English:\nBackground On 1st January 1982 , two broadcasters were launched , TV2 broadcasting in Zulu and Xhosa and TV3 broadcasting in Sotho and Tswana , both aimed at black viewers . The Press and Apartheid : Repression and Propaganda in South Africa , William A. Hachten , C. Anthony Giffard Springer , 1984 , page 222 The main channel , TV1 , broadcast in English and Afrikaans .\n In 1985 , a new station called TV4 began broadcasting , carrying sports programs , using the TV2 and TV3 pages , which stopped broadcasting at 9 : 30pm . Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa , Robert B. Horwitz , Cambridge University Press , 2001 , page 68 In 1992 , TV2 , TV3 and TV4 were combined and given the name CCV ( Contemporary Community Values ) . South Africa : Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa , Department of Information , 1992 , page 131 The third channel was called TSS , or TopSport Surplus , TopSport is the name of the SABC 's sports broadcasting department , until it became NNTV ( National Network TV ) , an education page in 1994 . The voice , the vision : a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation , Malcolm Theunissen , Victor Nikitin , Melanie Pillay , Advent Graphics , 1996 , page 127\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nSABC1\nI-SABC 1 sisitishi sikamabona-kude sosasazo eMzantsi Afrika esisasazwa liShishini loSasazo laseMzantsi Afrika (SABC) elisasaza inkqubo ngesiNgesi namanye amalwimi esiNguni.\nYenziwa ngo 1996, xa i-SABC ibiguqula izitishi zayo zosasazo. I-SABC 1 yayisasaza inkqubo ezasuka kwisitishi sakudala esavalwayo i-CCV (Contemporary Community Values), esi sitishi senziwa kwizitishi zakudala u-TV2, TV3 no TV4 ezenziwa nge1980s. I-SABC 1 itsala elona nani elikhulu lababukeli eMzantsi Afrika ngenxa yenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezisasazwa kuzo ezifana ne Generations, Uzalo neSkeem Saam.\n Imvelaphi \nNgomhla ka 1 EyoMqungu 1982, amakhasi amabini wosasazo avulwa, u-TV2 owayesasaza ngesiZulu nangesiXhosa no TV3 owayesasaza ngesiSotho and nangesiTswana, zombini zazibhekise kubabukeli abantsundu. The Press and Apartheid: Repression and Propaganda in South Africa, William A. Hachten, C. Anthony Giffard Springer, 1984, page 222 Isitishi esingundoqo, u-TV1, wasasaza ngesiNgesi nesiBhulu. Ngo 1985, isitishi esitsha esabizwa ngoTV4 saqala ukusasaza, siphethe inkqubo ezemidlalo, isebenzisa ikhasi le TV2 no TV3, ezayeka ukusasaza ngo 9: 30pm. Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa, Robert B. Horwitz, Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 68 \nNgo 1992, u-TV2, TV3 noTV4 bahlanganiswa banikwa igama elingu CCV (Contemporary Community Values). South Africa: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, Department of Information, 1992, page 131 Esesithathu isithishi sabizwa i-TSS, okanye i-TopSport Surplus, i-TopSport iligama lesebe losasazo lika-SABC lwezemidlalo, yaze yaba ngu-NNTV (National Network TV), ikhasi lezemfundo ngo 1994. The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 127\nNgo 1996, i-SABC yaqokelela izitishi zayo ezintathu ngenjongo yokuzenza nokubonakalisa ulwimi olusasaza ngazo. EzI zitishi zabizwa ngoSABC 1, SABC 2 noSABC 3.\n Incukacha", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "SABC1", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Harry Lillis Crosby ( Tacoma , United States , May 3 , 1903 - Alcobendas , Spain , October 14 , 1977 ) , known as Bing Crosby , was a singer ( crooner ) and American actor with a career and half a century of attention as the first multimedia star . .\n Bing Crosby IBing\n Crosby has sold more than one billion records worldwide so far , which is probably the best - selling record in history , with ", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Bing Crosby' from xh to English:\nHarry Lillis Crosby ( Tacoma , United States , May 3 , 1903 - Alcobendas , Spain , October 14 , 1977 ) , known as Bing Crosby , was a singer ( crooner ) and American actor with a career and half a century of attention as the first multimedia star . .\n Bing Crosby IBing\n Crosby has sold more than one billion records worldwide so far , which is probably the best - selling record in history , with the best - selling song in the world called White Christmas ( \" White Christmas \" ) , more than 50,000,000 copies sold worldwide .\n Best -selling single Guinnessworldrecords.com.\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nBing Crosby\nHarry Lillis Crosby (Tacoma, United States, 3 maypole ka- 1903 - Alcobendas, Spain, 14 ka-Oktobha ka- 1977), eyaziwa ngokuba Bing Crosby waba imvumi (crooner) kunye Actor American kunye umsebenzi nempi isiqingatha senkulungwane ingqalelo le Inkwenkwezi yokuqala yemultimedia.\nIMAGE: 328x328px|Bing Crosby \nIBing Crosby ithengise ngaphezulu kwebhiliyoni enye yerekhodi kwihlabathi jikelele ukuza kuthi ga ngoku mhlawumbi yeyona nto ithengisayo kakhulu kwimbali, kunye nengoma ethengiswa kakhulu emhlabeni ebizwa ngokuba yiKrisimesi emhlophe (\" iKrisimesi emhlophe) \"), ngaphezu kweekopi ezingama-50, 000 000 ezithengiswa kwihlabathi liphela. Best-selling single Guinnessworldrecords.com. Consultado el 2020-03-13. \nUCrosby wayedumile kwaye ethandwa kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 emhlabeni jikelele kangangokuba uvavanyo olwenziwe emva koko lwabonisa ukuba uCrosby wayedumile kwaye ehlonitshwa kunoPopu Pius XII ngelo xesha.\nImpumelelo yetshathi yakhe ihlala inomtsalane: Iitshathi ezingama-396 umntu ngamnye, kubandakanya no-41. Ukuba ubala amaxesha amaninzi \"i-Christmas White\" inikwe amanqaku, oko kungakuzisa inani elingama-43, ngaphezulu kwe-Beatles kunye no-Elvis Presley.\nUCrosby wayenee-single singles zonyaka ngamnye phakathi konyaka we-1931 nowe-1954, kwaye wayenama-24 kuphela amaculo aqhelekileyo ngo-1939 kuphela.\nI-Bing Crosby erekhodwe ngaphezulu kwama-2 000 erekhodisho kurhwebo kunye namajelo osasazo angama-4,000, ukongeza kuluhlu olubanzi lokubonakala kwifilimu nakumabonwakude, ngoyena mculi urekhodiweyo kwimbali.\nI-Bing Crosby ifumene amanqaku angama-41. Iirekhodi ezi-1 kwiitshathi (ezingama-43 kubandakanywa nezihloko zesibini nezesithathu ze \"White Christmas\"), ngaphezulu kweBeatles (24) kunye no- Elvis Presley onerekhodi (18) yeerekhodi. \nUkurekhodwa kwakhe kwafikelela kwiitshathi amaxesha angama-396, ngaphezulu kukaFrank Sinatra (209) no- Elvis Presley (149) badibene. \nUCrosby uveze iingoma ezi-13 zika-Oscar ezikhethiweyo, ezine ziphumelele imbasa yeAlvance ngeNgoma eBalaseleyo: \"uLeilani Omnandi\" (Umtshato waseWaikiki, ka-1937), \"IKrisimesi emhlophe\" (IHoliday Inn, 1942), \"Ukutyibilika kwiNkanyezi \"(Ndahamba ngendlela yam, ngo-1944), nakwi-\" Pholile, kupholile, ngokuPholileyo ngorhatya \"(Apha ufika uMyeni, ngo-1951). \nUBing Crosby unikwe iinkwenkwezi ezintathu kwiHollywood Walk of Fame: enye erekhodwa, enye yerediyo, enye yeefilimu.\n-Bing Crosby yeyona mculi irekhodiweyo kakhulu kwimbali eneengoma ezingama-400 ezizodwa ezithengisiweyo kwihlabathi, impumelelo ekungekho namnye oquka uFrank Sinatra, u- Elvis Presley, i -Beatles, kunye noMichael Jackson . \n Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi \nUHarry Lillis Crosby wazalelwa eTacoma, eWashington, nge- 3 kaMeyi, ngo- 1903, kwindlu eyakhiwa nguyise (1112 North J Street, Tacoma, Washington). Intsapho yakhe yafudukela eSpokane (eWashington) ngo- 1906, ngenjongo yokufumana umsebenzi. Wayengowesine kubantwana abasixhenxe: amadoda amahlanu, uLarry (1895-1975), uEverett (1896-1966), uTed (1900-1973), uHarry (1903-1977) noBob (1913-1993); kunye nabasetyhini ababini, uCatherine (1905-1988) kunye noMary Rose (1907-1990). \nUtata wakhe, uHarry Lowe Crosby (1871-1950), wayengumcwangcisi-mali waseBritane- kwaye emveli waseMelika, kwaye umama wakhe, uCatherine Harrigan (1873-1964) wayeyintombi yomakhi waseMayo County kwaye, ngokucacileyo, wayengummi wase -Iran. \nOokhokho bakhe, uThomas Prence kunye noPatience Brewster, bazalelwa eNgilani bafudukela eUnited States ngenkulungwane ye- 17 . Intsapho yakwaBrewster yeza eMelika ivela eYurophu ngenqanawa edumileyo kaMayflower \u00a0\nBing Crosby yayingenaso isiqinisekiso sokuzalwa; umhla, ke, ibiyimfihlo kude kube (icawa) yecawa yobutsha bakhe, e-Tacoma, yatyhila irekhodi lakhe lokubhaptiza elinegama lokuzalwa kwakhe ngqo. \nNgo- 1910 uHarry Lillis oneminyaka emithandathu wafumana iphepha elipheleleyo elinenqaku kuhlelo lwangeCawa loSithethi-mali, i -Bingville Bugle . IBugle, icandelo elibhalwe ngumhlekisi u-Newton Newkirk, eneneni yayili-parody elapapashwa kwiphepha-ndaba. A ummelwane oneminyaka engama-elinesihlanu ubudala, Valentine Hobart, ekwabelwana ihlombe Crosby ukuze ezi parodies wabiza iphephandaba Bingo for Bingville. Ukusuka koku kuye kwavela igama le-Crosby: icinezelwe ikhonkrithi yokugqibela yegama elithi Bingo, uCrosby wamkela igama le- Bing . \nNgehlobo lowe- 1917 uCrosby wasebenza eSpokane \"Auditorium\", apho wabona ubungqina begcisa eliphambili ngelo xesha, kubandakanya u- Al Jolson, oza kuthi uCrosby athi, \" Kum, wayengoyena mculi ubalaseleyo wakha wakhona .\" \nNgo- 1920 Bing yabhaliswa kwiYunivesithi yaseJaitit Gonzaga ese Spokane, eWashington, ngenjongo yokuphumelela njengegqwetha. Ufumene i- B + yenqanaba eliphakathi. Ngelixa e-Gonzaga, wathenga ikhithi yedrum ngokwenza i-imeyile. Emva kokuziqhelanisa nokusebenza nzima, izakhono zakhe zabonakala kwaye wakumenywa ukuba ajoyine iqela lendawo elakhiwa uninzi lwabantwana besikolo ababizwa ngokuba ziMusicaladers, abakhokelwa nguAl Rinker . Uye wakwazi ukufumana imali eninzi ngalo msebenzi kangangokuba wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye izifundo zakhe kunyaka wakhe wokugqibela ukuze azinikele kwilizwe lokuzonwabisa. \n I-Bing Crosby: Indawo yeGrammy yeDume \nUnyaka obhalisiweyoIsihlokoIsiniIleyibheliUnyango lokungeniswaNgo-1942\"IKrisimesi emhlophe\"IPop yesiko (yodwa)I-DeccaNgo-1974Ngo-1944\"Ukuntywila kwinkanyezi\"IPop yesiko (yodwa)I-Decca2002Ngo-1936\"Iipennies ezivela ezulwini\"IPop yesiko (yodwa)I-DeccaNgo-2004Ngo-1944\"Ungandivaleli\"IPop yesiko (yodwa)I-DeccaNgo-1998", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Bing Crosby", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Overview Airborne diseases are caused by the movement and flight of germs in the air .\n Their cause is the contamination of things with things , starting from the bodily fluids of people and animals , or garbage . Do not touch your face or other people with dirty hands . Pietrangelo Ann .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIzifo ezidaleka emoyeni\nIsifo esidaleka emoyeni siso nasiphi na isifo esibangelwa ziintsholongwane ezibhabha okanye ezihlala emoyeni nakwi zinto ezibhabhayo ixeshana. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. \"2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings\" (PDF). CDC. p. 19. Retrieved 7 February 2019. Airborne transmission occurs by dissemination of either airborne droplet nuclei or small particles in the respirable size range containing infectious agents that remain infective over time and distance Izifo ezi loluhlobo uyakufumanisa ukuba zifumaneka kwizilwanyana kunye nasebantwini. Ezintsholongwane zizifo ngezifo ezosulela ngokuphefumla, ukuthetha, ukukhohlela, ukuthimla, ukufafazwa kwezinto ezingamanzi, kunye nayiphi na into ebangela kushiyeke izinto ezibhabhayo emoyeni. \nAmaxesha amaninzi izifo ezifumaneka emoyeni zibangela ukurhawuzelela okanye izilonda kwiimpumlo, umqala kunye nemiphunga, kubange ukukhohlela oko, umqala obuhlungu, kunye nezinye iimpawu ezibonakala kumzimba wonke.\nIzifo ezininzi ezixhaphakileyo ekuqwalaseleka ukuba zosuleleka ngokuhlala emoyeni ziquka ezi zilandelayo, kodwa zibe zingaphelelanga apha: coronavirus, measles morbillivirus, chickenpox virus;Pica N, Bouvier NM (2012). \"Environmental Factors Affecting the Transmission of Respiratory Viruses\". Curr Opin Virol. 2 (1): 90\u20135. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.12.003. PMC 3311988. PMID 22440971. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza virus, enterovirus, kunye ne-norovirus.497\u2013507. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.487.177. doi: 10.1017/s0953756204001777. PMID 15912938. Ezi zifo ziye zifune ukuba umntu ahlale eyedwa angadibani nabanye ngexesha lokunyangwa. \n Amagqabantshintshi \nIzifo ezidaleka emoyeni zibangelwa kukuhamba-hamba nokubhabha kweentsholongwane emoyeni. Unobangela wazo ke kukosuleleka kwezinto ngezinto, ukususela kwiincindi zomzimba zabantu nezilwanyana, okanye kwinkunkuma. Ezintsholongwane ziye zande ngokuba zihlale kuthuli okanye emoyeni othi abhabhe lee na lee ixesha elide. Umzekelo, ukuthimla kuhamba umgama omde, omlinganiso ubukhulu ngange onothi ubangele kusuleleke isininzi sabantu.\nUkuphefumla umoya oneentsholongwane kungabangela izilonda okanye ukurhawuzelela, kwaye kuchaphazele nendlela yokuphefumla komntu. Izifo ezidaleka emoyeni aziquki iimeko ezibangelwa lungcoliseko komhlaba, kodwa ungcoliseko komhlaba kunayo indima enkulu okuyidlalayo ukwandisa izifo ezifana nesi sesifuba. Ungcoliseko komhlaba kunefuthe kwindlela ethi imiphunga isebenze ngayo.\"Airborne diseases\". Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2013. \nIzifo ezidaleka emoyeni zinako ukosulela nezilwanyana. Umzekelo, intsholongwane ekuthiwa yiNewcastle ukubizwa, sisifo esichaphazela iintlobo ezohlukileyo zeenkukhu zasemakhaya ilizwe jikelele, esosuleleka ngokungcoliseka komoya. Mitchell, Bailey W.; King, Daniel J. (October\u2013December 1994). \"Effect of Negative Air Ionization on Airborne Transmission of Newcastle Disease Virus\". Avian Diseases. 38 (4): 725\u2013732. doi: 10.2307/1592107. JSTOR 1592107.\n Ukosuleleka \nUsulelo lwezi zifo kwenzeka xa athe umntu ophilileyo waphefumla umoya ekufumaniseka ugcwele ziintsholongwane, okanye xa umoya omdaka uthe wangena emehlweni, empumlweni, okanye emlonyeni. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ude udibane buso ngobuso nomntu onaso esi sifo ukuze wosuleleke kuba sihlala kwaye sibhabha emoyeni. Ubushushu nokufudumala kwangaphakathi endlini kunye nangaphandle bunendima obuyidlalayo ekuhambiseni izifo ezidaleka emoyeni. Eminye imiba ebangela ukwanda nokuhamba-hamba kwezi zifo ezidaleka emoyeni yimvula, umoya, ubumdaka bendawo kunye nokuziphatha kakubi kwabantu.\n Ukuthintela \nEzinye iindlela zokuzithintela kwezi zifo zidaleka emoyeni kuquka amayeza afana nezitofo, ukunxiba isifonyo esogquma umlomo ne nempumlo, kunye nokuphepha wonke ubani ekufumaniseka ukuba unaso esi sifo. Laura Ester Ziady; Nico Small (2006). Prevent and Control Infection: Application Made Easy. Juta and Company Ltd. pp. 119\u2013120. ISBN 9780702167904. Retrieved 21 May 2013. Xa uthe wadibana kunye nomntu onaso esinye sezi zifo zidaleka emoyeni akuthethi ukuba sele wasulelekile waze wanaso nawe, kuba ukusuleleka kwezifo eziloluhlobo kuxhomekeke empilweni nasemandleni omntu ngamnye, kunye nokuba loondawo athe wakuyo umntu ichaphazeleke kangakanani na. Ibid Izibulala-ntsholongwane zingasetyenziswa ukuzikhusela kwizifo ezifumaneka emoyeni ezifana nePneumonic plague.\"Redirect - Vaccines: VPD-VAC/VPD menu page\". 7 February 2019. Lingcali zonyango zicebisa ucoceko kunye nokuhlala nganye-nganye ekunciphiseni izinga lokosuleleka ngezi zifo. Glass RJ, Glass LM, Beyeler WE, Min HJ (November 2006). \"Targeted social distancing design for pandemic influenza\". Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (11): 1671\u201381. doi: 10.3201/eid1211.060255. PMC 3372334. PMID 17283616. Ukuncedisa ukwehlisa amathuba okusuleleka kucetyiswa ukuba wonke ubani enze oku kulandelayo:\n Hlalela kude kunabantu abanazo ezi zifo.\n Nxiba isifonyo xa usendaweni kawonke-wonke.\n Gquma umlomo wakho xa ukhohlela okanye uthimla.\n Hlamba izandla zakho ngocoselelo ngawo onke amaxesha. \nSukubamba ubuso bakho okanye abanye abantu ngezandla ezimdaka. Pietrangelo Ann. What Are Airborne Diseases? Healthline 19 March 2020. Accessed on 13 April 2020\n References\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Izifo ezidaleka emoyeni' from xh to English:\nOverview Airborne diseases are caused by the movement and flight of germs in the air .\n Their cause is the contamination of things with things , starting from the bodily fluids of people and animals , or garbage . Do not touch your face or other people with dirty hands . Pietrangelo Ann .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Izifo ezidaleka emoyeni", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Giving someone medicine to prevent disease is called vaccination .\n Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infectious diseases . Effectiveness Vaccination is a safe and effective way to fight and eradicate infectious diseases . the disease itself ( for some diseases the vaccine works better than others ) the type of vaccine ( some vaccines directly affect or work against the severity ", "text": "### URL: https://www.cdc.gov/ddid/index.html\nDeputy Director for Infectious Diseases\nDr. Jay C. Butler is the CDC Deputy Director for Infectious Diseases. In this role, Dr. Butler serves as the principal advisor to the CDC Director on infectious disease issues, provides strategic leadership to CDC\u2019s three infectious disease national centers, and works with internal and external partners to advance infectious disease prevention programs and priorities.\nAims to prevent disease, disability, and death caused by a wide range of infectious diseases. The center focuses on diseases that have been around for many years, emerging diseases (those that are new or recently identified), and zoonotic diseases (those spread from animals to people).\nMaximizes public health and safety nationally and internationally through the elimination, prevention, and control of disease, disability, and death caused by HIV/AIDS, non-HIV retroviruses, viral hepatitis, other STDs, and TB.\nAims to prevent disease, disability, and death through immunization and by control of respiratory and related diseases.\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Ichiza' from xh to English:\nGiving someone medicine to prevent disease is called vaccination .\n Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infectious diseases . Effectiveness Vaccination is a safe and effective way to fight and eradicate infectious diseases . the disease itself ( for some diseases the vaccine works better than others ) the type of vaccine ( some vaccines directly affect or work against the severity of the disease ) whether the vaccination schedule has been properly considered If a vaccinated person contracts the disease they were vaccinated against ( an infectious disease ) , the disease may be less dangerous than unvaccinated victims .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIchiza\nUgonyo lonyango lwebhayoloji olulungiselelwa ukuba lunike amandla kumajoni omzimba ukulwa isifo esithile esosulelayo. Ichiza lokugonya ngokwesiqhelo lihlala linomgunyaziso ofana nesifo esibangela iintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo. Ihlala yenziwe kwizinto ezibuthathaka okanye ezibuleweyo ze-microbe, izinto ezimdaka, okanye enye yeeprotheyini zayo ezingaphezulu. Umgunyazisi ukhuthaza amajoni omzimba ukuba aqaphele i-arhente njengesoyikiso, ayitshabalalise, kwaye aqonde ngakumbi aze atshabalalise naziphi na iintsholongwane ezinxulumene nayo kwixesha elizayo.\nUkunika umntu iyeza lokuthintela isifo kuthiwa kukugonywa. Ugonyo yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuthintela izifo ezosulelayo. Ugonyo lunoxanduva lokuphelisa irhashalala kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezifo ezifana nepoliyo, imasisi, kunye ne-tetanus. Ugonyo olufunyenwe lusebenza ngokufanelekileyo lubandakanya iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane, ichiza lokuthintela isifo i-HPV, kunye nechiza lokuthintela ingqakaqha (chicken pox).\nAmagama ichiza kunye nokugonya afunyenwe kwi-Variolae vaccinae (irhashalala yenkomo), gama elo lisungulwe ngu-Edward Jenner ngenxa yerhashalala yenkomo\n Ukusebenza ngempumelelo \nUgonyo yindlela ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo yokulwa nokutshabalalisa izifo ezosulelayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusikelwa umda ekusebenzeni kwazo kukhona.\nUkusebenza ngempumelelo okanye ukusebenzisa ugonyo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:\n isifo ngokwaso (kwezinye izifo ugonyo lusebenza ngcono kunezinye)\n uhlobo logonyo (ugonyo oluthile luchaphazela ngqo okanye lusebenza ngokuchasene nobunzima besifo)\n nokuba ishedyuli yokugonya iye yaqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo\nimpendulo e-idiosyncratic kugonyo; Abanye abantu abasetyenzelwa kakuhle ngamachiza okugonya athile.\n izinto ezinje ngobuzwe, ubudala, okanye ubunjani bokudalwa.\nUkuba umntu ogonyiweyo uhlaselwe sisifo agonyelwe sona (isifo esosulelayo), isifo sinokuba nobungozi obunciphileyo kunamaxhoba angagonywanga.\nOku kulandelayo luqwalaselo olubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yogonyo:\n Ukucwangcisa ngononophelo ukuze ulindele ifuthe iphulo lokugonya elinokuba nalo embindini ukuya kwithuba elide\n Uqwalaselo oluqhubekayo lwesifo esichaphazelekayo.\n ukugcinwa kwamanqanaba aphezulu ogonyo, nokuba isifo sinqabile.\nUgonyo luye lwakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwerhashalala, esona sifo esosulelayo nesibulalayo ebantwini. Ezinye izifo ezinje nge-rubella, ipoliyo, imasisi, uqilikwane, ingqakaqha, kunye nokudumba kwamadlala aziqhelekanga njengoko zaziqhelekile kumakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo ngenxa yogonyo lwajikelele.\nUkuba uninzi lwabantu lugonyiwe, kunzima kakhulu ukuba kuqhambuke isifo okanye sisasazeke. Esi siphumo sibizwa ngokuba kukungabikho komhlambi.\nAmachiza akwanceda ukunqanda ukukhula kweyeza lokuthintela intsholongwane. Umzekelo, xa kuncitshiswa izigulo zenyumoniya ezibangelwa yi-Streptococcus pneumoniae, iinkqubo zokugonya zinciphisa ukubakho kosulelo olunxamnye ne-penicillin okanye ezinye izibulali-ntsholongwane.\nIchiza lemasisi liqikelelwa ekuthinteleni ukusweleka kwabantu kangangesigidi esinye ngonyaka.\n Iziphumo ezibi \nUgonyo olunikezwe ngexesha lobuntwana lukhuselekile ngokubanzi. Iziphumo ezigwenxa, ukuba zikhona, ngokubanzi zilulamile. Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazelekayo zibandakanya umkhuhlane, iintlungu ezijikeleze indawo yesitofu, kunye nokuqaqanjelwa yimisipha. Ukongeza, abanye abantu banokungadibani nezinye izinto eziye zafakwa kwichiza lokugonya. \nIziphumo ezibi zinqabile kakhulu. \n Iintlobo \nIzitofu ziqulathe izinto ezifileyo okanye ezingasebenziyo okanye iimveliso ezihlanjululweyo ezivela kuzo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokugonya ezisetyenziswayo.\n Ayisebenzi \nOlunye ugonyo luqulathe izinto ezincinci ezingasebenziyo eziye zatshatyalaliswa ngeekhemikhali, ubushushu, okanye imitha. Imizekelo ibandakanya ichiza lokugonya ipoliyo, isifo se-hepatitis A, ichiza lokugonya isifo samarabi kunye namanye amachiza omkhuhlane. \n Yothukile \nAmanye amachiza ogonyo aqulathe iintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo ezinokuphila. Ezi zihlala zicaphukisa iimpendulo ezinde zogonyo, kodwa zisenokungakhuseleki ukuba zisetyenziswe kubantu abangagonywanga.\n I-Tyhefu \nAmachiza okugonya ityhefu enziwa ngezinto ezinobutyhefu ezingasebenziyo ezibangela ukugula ngaphandle kwe-ntsholongwane engabonakaliyo.\n Iyunithi encinci \nIyuthi encinci yamachiza isebenzisa isiqwengana sentsholongwane engabonakaliyo ukwenza intshukumo yokuzikhusela komzimba.\n Ukudibanisa \nEzinye iibhaktheriya zigqunywe ngeengubo zepynysaccharide ezingalunganga kakuhle emzimbeni. Ngokudibanisa ezi ngubo zangaphandle kunye neeprotheyini, amajoni omzimba angayibona ipolysaccharide ngokungathi yiprotheyini antigen.\n Amalinge \nInani lamachiza okugonya asemanyathelweni okuphuhliswa kwaye ayasetyenziswa.\nUninzi lwezitofu zokugonya ziyenziwa kusetyenziswa inkomponi engasebenziyo okanye echongwe kwimicro-organism. Izitofu zeplastiki zokugonya ziyilwe ziquka ikakhulu zizinto zeplastiki.\n Ukuxhaphaka \nAmachiza okugonya anokuxhaphaka kube kanye okanye kaninzi. Ichiza logonyo olubonakala kanye lenzelwe ukuba kugonywe intsholongwane enye okanye intsholongwane engabonakaliyo enye. Ichiza logonyo olubonakala kaninzi lenzelwe ukukhusela iintsholongwane ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zentsholongwane engabonakaliyo ezifanayo, okanye ngokuchasene ne-microogarnism ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu.\n I-heterotypic \nLa ngamachiza asebenzisa i-pathogens zezinye izilwanyana ezingabangeli sifo okanye zibangele isifo esingaxhalabisiyo kumntu lo unyangwayo.\n Amajoni omzimba asakhulayo \nAmajoni omzimba aqaphela ii-arhente zamachiza ogonyo njengezangaphandle, azitshabalalise, kwaye \"azikhumbule'. Xa udidi lwengozi ye-arhente ludibana, umzimba uyayibona intsholongwane kwaye uzimisele ukuphendula:\n ngokukhubaza i-arhente ejolise kuyo ngaphambi kokuba ingene kwiiseli;\n ngokuqonda kunye nokutshabalalisa iiseli ezosulelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba i-arhente iphindaphindwe.\n Amachiza angamanye nokunqanda ukubola \nlikhawulezise impendulo evela kumajoni omzimba.\nAmachiza ogonyo anganako nokuqulatha izilondolozi ezinqanda ungcoliseko lwentsholongwane kunye nokubola.\n Ishedyuli \nUkwenzela ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olululo, abantwana bayacetyiswa ukuba bafumane ugonyo ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba amajoni omzimba abo aphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo ukuba aphendule kwichiza lokugonya oluthile. Izikhuselo ezongezelelweyo 'zokuxhobisa' ziyafuneka ukuze kufezekiswe 'ukugonywa' ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukhokelele kuphuhliso lweeshedyuli zokugonya ezintsonkothileyo.\nIzitofu ezininzi zokugonya zicetyiswa kweminye eminyaka yobudala okanye isitofu esiphinda-phindwayo ubomi bonke. Umzekelo, imasisi, isifo sokuqina kwemiphunga, umkhuhlane, kunye nenyumoniya. Iingcebiso zokugonywa kwabantu abadala zigxile kakhulu kwi-nyumoniya kunye nomkhuhlane.\n Imbali \nPhambi kokungeniswa kogonyo kunye nezinto ezivela kwiimeko zorhashalala lwenkomo, irhashalala inokunqandwa ngokufakwa ngabom kwentsholongwane yerhashalala xa ugonywa. Iingcebiso zangaphambili zokuqhuba ngalendlela ziphuma e Tshayina kwiinkulungwane ezilishumi zangaphambili.\nNgasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1760 uEdward Jenner wafunda ukuba abasebenzi bamveliso zobisi zange bayifumane irhashalala kuba sele bosuleleka yirhashalala yenkomo . Ngo-1796, uJenner wathabatha ubofu kwisandla somama osengayo owayenerhashalala yenkomo, wayityikida engalweni yenkwenkwana eneminyaka esi-8 ubudala, kwathi emva kwiiveki ezintandathu wayigonya le nkwenkwana ngechiza elinerhashalala. Akazange abenarhashalala umfana. UJenner wazandisa izifundo zakhe kwaye ngo-1798 waxela ukuba ichiza lakhe lokugonya likhuselekile ebantwaneni nakubantu abadala.\nIsizukulwana sesibini sokugonya saziswa malunga no-1880s nguLouis Pasteur.\nKwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabonwa ukuqalwa kogonyo oluyimpumelelo oluninzi, kubandakanywa naleyo ichasene ne-diphtheria, imasisi, uqilikwane, kunye nerubella. Impumelelo enkulu ibandakanya ukuphuculwa kwezitofu zokugonyela ipoliyo ngeminyaka ye-1950s kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwerhashalala ngeminyaka yo-1960 kunye no-1970. UMaurice Hilleman wayengoyena mntu uphucukileyo wabaphuhlisi balamachiza kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini.\nUninzi kuphuhliso lwamachiza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku luxhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali kurhulumente, iidyunivesithi kunye nemibutho engenzi nzuzo. Amachiza amaninzi okugonya axabisa kancinci kwaye ayinzuzo kwimpilo yoluntu. Inani lamachiza asetyenzisiweyo axhume ngokumangalisayo kwinkulungwane yeminyaka yakutshanje. Ukongeza, ugonyo lwezilwanyana kusetyenziswa ukunqanda usulelo lwezifo kunye nokusasazeka kwezifo ebantwini. \n Amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza \nUkugcwaliswa kwamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kwiinkqubo zophuhliso lokugonyelwa nako kunokuba ngumqobo kuphuhliso lwamachiza amatsha. Ngenxa yokhuselo olubuthathaka olunikezelwa ngamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza, ukukhuselwa kwezinto ezintsha zihlala zenziwa ngokushicilela inkqubo yophuhliso nangokukhuselwa kwemfihlo.\nNgokutsho koMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, owona mqobo mkhulu kwimveliso yamachiza ogonyo lwasekhaya kumazwe angaphuhlanga kakhulu yimali, iziseko ezingamancedo, kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi wobungcali obufunekayo ukuze ungene kwimarike.\n Inkqubo yokuhanjiswa \nUkuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zokuhanjiswa ezintsha kuphakamisa ithemba lamachiza akhuselekileyo nalungele ngakumbi ukuhanjiswa nokusetyenziswa.\nUphuhliso oluphawulekileyo kubuchwephesha bokuhambisa ichiza lubandakanya amachiza omlomo. Iyeza lokunqanda ipoliyo ngomlomo libonakala lisebenza xa linikezelwa ngabasebenzi abangafuni ntlawulo ngaphandle koqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo.\nUgonyo lokuvavanywa ngaphandle kwenaliti. luyaqhubeka kwizilwanyana. Isikiti esilingana nesitampu esifana ne-bande enamathela ama-20,000 microscopic eziqikelelweyo nge-cm nganye.\n Iimo \nUkuphuhliswa kwechiza lokugonya luneemo eziliqela\n Kude kube kutshanje, uninzi lwamachiza okugonya ajolise kwiintsana nasebantwaneni, kodwa ngoku ulutsha kunye nabantu abadala kuya kujoliswa kubo.\n Indibanisela yamachiza okugonya aya exhaphaka. \n Iindlela ezintsha zokulawula amachiza okugonya ziyaphuhliswa\n Amachiza ayenziwa ukukhuthaza iimpendulo zokuzivikela ngaphakathi, kunye nokuziguqula.\n Amalinge ayenziwa ukuphuhlisa amachiza ogonyo ukuze aphilise izigulo eziphila nabantu.\n Amachiza ayaphuhliswa ukukhusela ukuhlaselwa ngabagrogrisi abanobuchule ekusebenziseni amayeza.\n Oosonzululwazi ngoku bazama ukuphuhlisa amayeza okugonya ngokwakha ngokutsha amachiza eplastiki. Oku kuyakunceda ukunqanda ukunganyangeki.\n References", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ichiza", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Background The past century has seen a series of influenza pandemics that have spread rapidly around the world .\n The origin of this pandemic comes from animal flu viruses that circulate naturally in the air and infect birds and other species . Social distancing ( correctly referred to as physical distancing ) is essential in preventing and stopping the spread of pandemic flu like COVID - 19 .\n ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUkuqelelana kwabantu \n Imvelaphi \nLe nkulungwane idlulileyo ibone uthotho lobhubhane lomkhuhlane oluthe lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi jikelele. Intsusa yalo bhubhane isuka kwiivayirasi zomkhuhlane wezilwanyana ezijikeleza ngokwendalo emoyeni zosulele iintaka kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana. Amaxesha ngamaxesha ezivayirasi zezilwanyana ziyaguqulwa zibe ziintsholongwane zabantu, ezithi ke zidluliselwe kumntu nomntu. Zibizwa ngokuba lusulelo lwe-zoonotic kuba zisuka kwizilwanyana.\nUkuqelelana kwabantu (ngokuchanekileyo kubizwa ngokuba kukumela mgama ngokomzimba) kubalulekile ekunqandeni nasekumiseni ukusasazeka kwalo bhubhane womkhuhlane ofana ne-COVID-19. Ukumela mgama ngokomzimba ngokulula kuthetha ukugcina umgama phakathi kwakho nabanye abantu odibana nabo kwindawo zikawonke-wonke, okanye ukuzinqanda ungayi kwiindawo ezinjalo xa ukwazi. UGqr Jeff Kwong oyingcali yezifo ezosulelayo we kwiDyunivesithi yaseToronto, ucebisa athi igama elithi ukumela mgama ngokomzimba kuchaphazela ngokuchanekileyo into ekufuneka yenziwe ngabantu ukuthintela usulelo kwaye oko akuthethi ukubekelwa bucala. Iingcali zigxininisile kwisidingo sokunxibelelana nabahlobo kunye nabo ubathandayo ngexesha lobhubhane.\nUkuqonda umsebenzi wokuqelelana kwabantu, siqala ngokujonga kwakhona imodeli elula yokuthibaza ubhubhane eyakhiwe ziingcali zesifo esosulelayo. Kule modeli ilula, kusetyenziswa idatha kunye nezifundo ezityhilekayo zika 2019/2020 ze-Covid-19 engubhubhane. Siqala ngedatha evela e-China, apho lo bhubhane waqala khona emva koko silandele ukukhula nokunaba kobhubhane we-Covid-19 eMzantsi Afrika. Oku kunika isiseko sokuvavanya ifuthe lokuqelelana kwabantu ekuthinteleni nasekuthomalaliseni ukunaba kobhubhane i-Covid-19. Siqukumbela inqaku ngokujonga indlela zokuba iimpembelelo ezimbi zokuqelelana kwabantu ngokomzimba zinokuthintelwa kwaye zoyiswe njani.\n Imodeli ebonakalayo yobhubhane/umbulalazwe \nIzifo ezosulelayo ezifana ne-COVID-19 zihlala zisasazeka ngezigaba ezintathu. Ezi zigaba zibonakaliswa kwigrafu engezantsi.\n[insert graph]\nUmzobo: Igrafu 1 ukuthomalalisa ubhubhane ngu Toby Morris. TheSpinoff 9 Match 2020 \nIingcali zesifo esosulelayo zibhekisa kwezi zigaba zintathu zibonakaliswe kwigrafu engaphezulu njengobhubhane owosulelayo. Ubhubhane owosulelayo ubonakalisa umfanekiso wenani lwabantu abafunyaniswe benentsholongwane eyosulelayo kunye nenqanaba apho usuleleko lusasazeka khona ngokuhamba kwexesha. \n Isigaba sokuqala senzeka ekuqaleni kobhubhane. Ukuba umntu usebenzisa ukusasazeka kwesifo seKhovidi njengomzekelo, oku kuya kuphawula ukuqala kokusasazeka kwesi sifo, xa bekukho abantu abambalwa abafunyaniswe benaso. \n Isigaba sesibini sobhubhane owosulelayo sibonisa \"isigaba //thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable Kulapho amanqanaba osulelo loluntu akhula khona njengoko amasuntswana abantu esuleleka. Esi sigaba siphawulwa kukonyuka okukhulu kwenani lwabantu abafunyaniswe beneKhovidi mihla le, kuya kusiba nzima ngakumbi ukulandela umkhondo wentlalo. Abaphathi abaninzi baphendule ngokuvala izithuthi zikawonke-wonke kwizixeko ezichaphazelekayo kwaye banciphisa ukufuduka kwabantu, ngokuhambelana neMigaqo yeMpilo yeHlabathi (International Health Regulations). Imigaqo yeMpilo yeHlabathi sisakhelo esisemthethweni esenziwe nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO) ukunqanda, ukulawula kunye nokuphendula kumngcipheko wezempilo woluntu onokuthi usasazeke phakathi kwamazwe. La manyathelo asembindini weprothokholi yokuhamba nokuqelelelana kwabantu (eziphononongwa ngakumbi ngezantsi). Ziyilelwe \"ukuthibaza usasazeko\" ngokunciphisa inani losulelo olutsha. Olu luvo luboniswe kwigrafu engezantsi. \nUmzobo: 2 Ukuthibaza usasazeko \n Isigaba sesithathu sobhubhane osulelayo kubonisa ukuba ukugqabhuka kungeniswe phantsi kolawulo, okanye akukho lusulelo lutsha lunokwenzeka.\nNgokuchasene nale mvelaphi kucacile ukuba izifo ezingubhubhane ezosulelayo njenge Khovidi zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kubemi boluntu njengesiphumo ngqo sokunxibelelana kwabantu. Ukuhambela okanye ukumela mgama ngokwasentlalweni kunye nangokomzimba kwabantu yenye yeendlela eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukuphazamisa kwaye nokubamba ukusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo.\n Ukumela qelele ebantwini ngokomzimba \nUkumela qelele ngokomzimba sisenzo sezempilo sikawonke-wonke esijolise ekuthinteleni abantu abagulayo ukuba bangadibani nabantu abasempilweni ukuze banciphise amathuba okusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo nezinobungozi. Kubandakanya amanyathelo amakhulu anjengokunyanzela ukumiswa kweedolophu kunye nelizwe liphela kunye nezenzo ezizodwa njengokukhetha ukuphepha iindawo zikawonke-wonke. Amanyathelo amakhulu ubukhulu becala abekwa rhoqo ngabasemagunyeni njengoorhulumente besizwe. Umzekelo wenyathelo elinjalo kukumiswa kwelizwe ngokubanzi eMzantsi Afrika ukususela ezinzulwini zobusuku nge-26 kaMatshi 2020 kude kubesezinzulwini zobusuku bange-16 ka-Epreli ngo-2020, kwaze emva koko kwandiswa ezinye iintsuku ezili-14. Ukumiswa kwelizwe kwatyalwa ngokwecandelo lama-27 (2) loMthetho woLawulo lweNtlekele. (Disaster Management Act) kwaye kwabekwa uluhlu lwezithintelo, olujolise ekunciphiseni ukunxibelelana ngokwasemzimbeni phakathi kwabantu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, icandelo 11B lemigaqo: \n Ukuthintela bonke abantu ukuba bahlale emakhayeni abo, ngaphandle kwabo bazisa iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo kwaye kungenjalo bavumela ukuhamba kuphela xa umntu eya kufuna izinto neenkonzo ezifanelekileyo.\n Inqanda zonke iindibano zikawonke-wonke ngaphandle kwemingcwabo (ekungavumelekanga ukuba izinyaswe ngabantu abangaphezu kwama-50).\n Inqanda ukundwendwela phakathi kwamaphondo\n Ukunqanda ukundwendwela phakathi kwezixeko ezinkulu kunye nezithili \n Ivumela kuphela amashishini athengisa nabonelela ngeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ukuze asebenze.\n Ivumela iivenkile ezithengisa izinto eziyimfuneko kuluntu ukuba zisebenze kwaye ziqinisekisa umgama oyimitha enye phakathi kwabathengi kwaye zinamathela kwiimeko zezococeko (ezinje ngokuhambisa ucoceko lwezandla kunye nezixhobo) kunye neendlela zempilo zikawonke-wonke ezinciphisa ukusuleleka yi-COVID-19.\nImigaqo nayo ithi:\n Ukuthintela ukuhamba ngezamanzi kunye nezomoya. \n Ukuthintela ukuthengiswa kotywala kunye nemveliso zecuba.\n Ukucutha ukufikelela kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke. \nUkongeza le migaqo ikwaxhobisa abasemagunyeni kuzwelonke nabamaphondo ukuba bakwazi ukubeka abantu abathile bucala. Amanyathelo wokuba umntu makahlale yedwa ekhusini abeka imida yokuhamba kwabantu abanokuthi babe nakho ukosuleleka yintsholongwane yekhorona ngokubasa kwindawo yokugcinwa yodwa kangangexesha elithile elichaziweyo. Imilinganiselo yokuhlala bucala yahlukanisa abantu abosulelwe yintsholongwane yekhorona kubantu abasempilweni.\n UMzantsi Afrika - ome qelele \nOnke la manyathelo abe neempembelelo ezibonakalayo ekucothiseni nasekubambeni ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane ikhorona kwaye uMzantsi Afrika uvele njengenkokheli yehlabathi ekubambeni esi sifo. [x] UMzantsi Afrika, awukhange ulandele indlela elindelekileyo yokubamba lo bhubhane wosulelayo. \" Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, itsibe isigaba sesibini sobhubhane owosulelayo kuba akukabikho kunyuka lukhulu kumanani okanye kwisigaba sosulelo loluntu. Endaweni yoko iqondo lokuchongwa losulelo lwabantu abatsha luye lwehla lisuka kuma-42% laya kwi-4% emva kokuba kwaziswe ukumiswa kwelizwe. Oku kubonisa ukuba usulelo loluntu lwalusezantsi kwaye ngenxa yoko bekukho ukwehla kwenani losulelo olutsha.\nIlizwe lithumele iqela labasebenzi bezeMpilo yoLuntu ukuba bajonge esi sifo eluntwini kwindlu nendlu.\nUkuthetha nesizwe kumabonakude ngomhla we-9 ka-Epreli ngonyaka ka-2020 uMongameli u-Cyril Ramaphosa wakuchaza oku kumanqanaba aphezulu okuhambisana nemithetho yokumiswa kwelizwe: \nNithe nakuhlonipha ukumiswa kwelizwe kwaye ikakhulu nagcina imigaqo. Nithe nayamkela imiqobo eqatha ekuzuleni kwenu kunye nenkululeko yemihla ngemihla esingayithatheli ngqalelo. \u201d\nIingcali zesifo esosulelayo ziye zalumkisa ukuba ukwanda kosulelo olutsha kusenokwenzeka. Ungenelelo lukarhulumente, \"lukucothisile ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane, usasazeko libe nefuthe kwaye sifumene ixesha.\"[xiii] Ngaso esizizathu, ukunyenyiswa kwamanqanaba okumiswa kwelizwe kuzakuqaliswa.\n Ukuvala \nIntsholongwane ye Khovidi sisifo esosulelayo esiye sasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi liphela njengoko ingxelo yokuqala yaxelwa kwisixeko saseWuhan kwiphondo lase-Hubei e-Tshayina ekupheleni konyaka ka-2019. Iingcali zonyango zase-Tshayina zichonge \"imigca emibini ephambili yokulwa nesi soyikiso sempilo yoluntu: (1) ukulawula kunye nokuthintela lo bhubhane (2) nophando lwezenzululwazi. \" Abezenzululwazi baseTshayina kunye noochwephesha bezonyango banegalelo elikhulu ekuchongeni kwangoko le ntsholongwane ye Khorona kwaye ubunkokheli boMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO) babubalulekile ekuthini baphendule kwihlabathi lonke ngobhubhane owosulelayo oye wanwenwa ngo-2020.\nUkuqelelana kwabantu ngokomzimba nasekuhlaleni kungqineke kubalulekile kakhulu ekunqandeni nasekulawuleni kokusasazeka kwesi sifo njengoko ubungqina obuvela eMzantsi Afrika bubonisa ngokucacileyo. Amaziko Olawulo Lwezifo kunye noThintelo (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) acebise ukuba, \u201cKubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlala unxibelelana nabahlobo kunye nosapho abangahlaliyo ekhayeni lakho. Ukufowuna, ukuncokola ngevidiyo okanye ukuhlala unxibelelana usebenzisa amakhasi onxibelelwano. Wonke umntu uphendula ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwiimeko zoxinzelelo kwaye ukumela bucala kumntu omthandayo kunokubanzima kakhulu.\" Olu xinzelelo lwenziwa ngokucacileyo luloyiko, ixhala kunye nokungaqiniseki okuhambelana nobhubhane wehlabathi. Iingcali zonyango zicebisa ukuba kunikwe ingqalelo ethile ekunciphiseni iziphumo zengqondo zokumela qelele eluntwini.\n Reference List\n<|endoftext|>### URL: http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en/\nOverview\nThis third edition contains the first amendment to the IHR (2005): a revision to Annex 7 adopted by the Sixty-seventh World Health Assembly in 2014. The amendment provides that the period of protection from vaccination with an approved vaccine against infection with Yellow Fever, and the validity of the related certificate, will be for the life of the person vaccinated rather than a period of ten years as previously required. In accordance with the WHO Constitution and the IHR (2005), this amendment entered into force for all States Parties on 11 July 2016. There were no reservations or rejections concerning the amendment submitted by any State Party within the period required by the IHR (2005). This edition also updates Appendix 1 containing the list of IHR (2005) States Parties (to include Liechtenstein and South Sudan). As of the Sixth-ninth World Health Assembly in 2016, three Review Committees have been convened under the IHR (2005) and reported through the Director-General to the Health Assembly with conclusions and recommendations on key aspects of the functioning and implementation of the Regulations. The reports of the three Review Committees are available in\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Ukuqelelana kwabantu' from xh to English:\nBackground The past century has seen a series of influenza pandemics that have spread rapidly around the world .\n The origin of this pandemic comes from animal flu viruses that circulate naturally in the air and infect birds and other species . Social distancing ( correctly referred to as physical distancing ) is essential in preventing and stopping the spread of pandemic flu like COVID - 19 .\n Physical distancing simply means keeping a distance between yourself and other people you meet in public places , or avoiding such places when you can . The first phase occurs at the beginning of the epidemic .\n If one uses the spread of the Covid disease as an example , this would mark the beginning of the spread of the disease , when there were only a few people diagnosed with it . This phase is characterized by a large increase in the number of people diagnosed with Covid every day , it becomes more difficult to follow the social trace .\n Many authorities have responded by closing public transport in affected cities and limiting the movement of people , in line with the International Health Regulations . Major measures are usually put in place by authorities such as national governments .\n An example of such a measure is the nationwide shutdown in South Africa from midnight on 26 March 2020 until midnight on 16 April 2020 , and then extended for another 14 days . Blocking water and air travel .\n Prohibition of sale of alcohol and tobacco products . South Africa - far behind All these measures have had a visible impact in slowing and containing the spread of the corona virus and South Africa has emerged as a world leader in containing the disease .\n [ x ] South Africa has not followed the expected path to contain this infectious disease . You respected the constitution of the country and mostly kept the rules .\n You have accepted severe restrictions on your wanderings and daily freedoms that we take for granted . The Covid - 19 virus is an infectious disease that has spread rapidly around the world since the first report was reported in the city of Wuhan in the province of Hubei in China at the end of 2019 . Physical and social distancing has proven to be very important in preventing and controlling the spread of the disease as evidence from South Africa clearly shows .\n<|endoftext|>### URL: https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-extension-coronavirus-covid-19-lockdown-end-april-9-apr-2020-0000\nMy Fellow South Africans,\nAt midnight tonight, it will be exactly two weeks since our country entered into an unprecedented nation-wide lockdown to contain the spread of the coronavirus.\nDuring the course of these last two weeks, your lives have been severely disrupted, you have suffered great hardship and endured much uncertainty.\nWe have closed our borders to the world, our children are not in school, businesses have closed their operations, many have lost their income, and our economy has ground to a halt.\nAnd yet, faced with such daunting challenges, you, the people of South Africa, have responded with remarkable patience and courage.\nYou have respected the lockdown and largely observed the regulations.\nYou have accepted the severe restrictions on your movement and many of the daily freedoms that we all take for granted.\nYou have done so because you have understood the devastating effect that this disease will have on the health and well-being of all South Africans unless we take drastic measures.\nYou have also understood that we must do everything in our power to prevent the massive loss of life that would occur if we did not act.\nFor your cooperation, for your commitment and above all for your patience, I wish to thank you personally.\nI wish to thank you for reaffirming to each other and to the world that we South Africans are a people who come together and unite at moments of great crisis.\nEarlier today I had a most productive meeting with our Premiers about the work they are doing in provinces and districts to stop the spread of the virus.\nI also had a discussion with the leaders of all our political parties represented in Parliament, who collectively pledged their support for the efforts that are being made to combat the pandemic.\nThrough this we are demonstrating that we are able to work together across party lines to confront a common threat.\nSince I announced the lockdown just over two weeks ago, the global coronavirus pandemic has worsened.\nWe now have over 1.5 million confirmed cases worldwide.\nThe health systems of many countries have been overwhelmed.\nEven the most developed economies in the world have not had the means to treat the many thousands who have fallen ill.\nThey have struggled to find the medical supplies and personnel necessary to deal with the pandemic.\nThe devastating effect of this is that many people have died.\nThe global evidence is overwhelming.\nIt confirms that our decision to declare a national state of disaster and to institute a nation-wide lockdown was correct and it was timely.\nWhile it is too early to make a definitive analysis of the progression of the disease in South Africa, there is sufficient evidence to show that the lockdown is working.\nSince the lockdown came into effect, the rate at which new cases have been identified here in South Africa has slowed significantly.\nIn the two weeks before the lockdown, the average daily increase in new cases was around 42%.\nSince the start of the lockdown, the average daily increase has been around 4%.\nWhile we recognise the need to expand testing to gain a better picture of the infection rate, this represents real progress.\nThe measures we have taken \u2013 such as closing our borders and prohibiting gatherings \u2013 as well as the changes that we have each had to make in our own behaviour, have definitely slowed the spread of the virus.\nBut the struggle against the coronavirus is far from over.\nWe are only at the beginning of a monumental struggle that demands our every resource and our every effort.\nWe cannot relax. We cannot be complacent.\nIn the coming weeks and months, we must massively increase the extent of our response and expand the reach of our interventions.\nWe are learning both from the experiences of other countries and from the evidence we now have about the development of the pandemic in South Africa.\nBoth make a clear and compelling case to proceed in a manner that is cautious and properly calibrated.\nSimply put, if we end the lockdown too soon or too abruptly, we risk a massive and uncontrollable resurgence of the disease.\nWe risk reversing the gains we have made over the last few weeks, and rendering meaningless the great sacrifices we have all made.\nFellow South Africans,\nThis evening, I stand before you to ask you to endure even longer.\nI have to ask you to make even greater sacrifices so that our country may survive this crisis and so that tens of thousands of lives may be saved.\nAfter careful consideration of the available evidence, the National Coronavirus Command Council has decided to extend the nation-wide lockdown by a further two weeks beyond the initial 21 days.\nThis means that most of the existing lockdown measures will remain in force until the end of April.\nWe will use the coming days to evaluate how we will embark on risk-adjusted measures that can enable a phased recovery of the economy, allowing the return to operation of certain sectors under strictly controlled conditions.\nWe will also use this time to ramp up our public health interventions.\nWe did not take this decision to extend the lockdown lightly.\nAs your President, I am mindful of the great and heavy burden this will impose on you.\nI am keenly aware of the impact this will have on our economy.\nBut I know, as you do, that unless we take these difficult measures now, unless we hold to this course for a little longer, the coronavirus pandemic will engulf, and ultimately consume, our country.\nWe all want the economy to come back to life, we want people to return to work, we want our children to go back to school, and we all want to be able to move freely again.\nBut our immediate priority must remain to slow down the spread of the virus and to prevent a massive loss of life.\nWe must do this while preventing our economy from collapsing and saving our people from hunger.\nWe are determined to pursue a path that both saves lives and protects livelihoods.\nOur strategy is made up of three parts:\n- Firstly, an intensified public health response to slow down and reduce infections.\n- Secondly, a comprehensive package of economic support measures to assist businesses and individuals affected by the pandemic.\n- Thirdly, a programme of increased social support to protect poor and vulnerable households.\nAs government, together with our many partners, we have used this lockdown period to both refine and intensify our public health strategy to manage the coronavirus.\nOur approach is to screen in communities and test people in hospitals, clinics and mobile clinics, to isolate those who are infected, and to care for those who are ill in our health facilities.\nWe need to do this intensively and systematically.\nWe have used the last week to develop our screening and testing methodology in various parts of the country.\nOver the next two weeks, we will roll out the community screening and testing programme across all provinces, focusing in particular on highly vulnerable communities.\nThose who test positive and cannot self-isolate at home will be isolated at special facilities that have been identified and are now being equipped.\nAt all times, we will observe the human rights of all people.\nLet us not discriminate against people who test positive.\nTo ensure that our strategies are effectively coordinated and to ensure they are informed by comprehensive, real-time data, we have established the COVID-19 Information Centre at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.\nThis world-class centre will keep track of all screening, testing, isolation and hospitalisation throughout the country.\nIt is already identifying infection hotspots.\nIt is following the spread and the severity of the disease, and enabling us to move our focus and resources where they are most needed.\nWe are working with mobile telephony companies and other institutions to locate those people who have tested positive for the virus and those with whom they have been in contact.\nAs part of the second element of our strategy, we have put in place various measures to provide support to businesses in distress, to workers facing loss of income, to the self-employed and to informal businesses.\nMany of these measures are being taken up by both large and small businesses.\nThe Unemployment Insurance Fund has set aside R40 billion to help employees who will be unable to work, as part of the effort to prevent jobs losses as a result of the lockdown.\nI would like to applaud all those employers who have continued to pay their workers during this difficult time, as well as those employers who are working with unions and government to assist their employees to access these benefits.\nI would like to call on all businesses to continue to pay their suppliers, to the extent that they can, to ensure that those suppliers can also continue to operate and pay their staff and suppliers.\nIn this respect, I would like to appeal to all large businesses not to resort to force majeure and stop paying their suppliers and rental commitments, as such practice has a domino effect on all other businesses dependent on that chain.\nWe must do all we can to ensure that the underlying economy continues to function and to focus support on those small businesses that really need them.\nThe Industrial Development Corporation has set aside R3 billion for the procurement of essential medical supplies.\nIt has already approved R130 million in funding and expects to approve a further R400 million in the coming week to companies who applied for funding under this special facility.\nThe Small Enterprise Finance Agency has approved the postponement of loan repayments for a period of 6 months.\nThe small business debt relief and business growth facilities are currently adjudicating applications for assistance.\nThere is a total of R500 million available in support.\nGovernment has reprioritised R1.2 billion to provide relief to smallholder farmers and to contribute to the security of food supply.\nIn addition to these expenditure measures, the Reserve Bank has also lowered interest rates and has taken measures to inject liquidity into the economy.\nOne of the biggest challenges that all countries in the world are facing is the shortage of medical supplies to fight the coronavirus.\nAs a country we have had to rely on our own capabilities to supply these goods, but have also had to source supplies from other countries.\nIn recent weeks, we have seen a massive mobilisation of South African business, labour, academics and government agencies to build the stocks of medical and other equipment needed to fight coronavirus.\nWe have, for example, established the National Ventilator Project to rapidly mobilise the technical and industrial resources of our country to manufacture non-invasive ventilators, which can be used to support patients afflicted with the disease.\nOther projects are focusing on increasing the local manufacture of protective face masks, hand sanitisers and pharmaceutical products which can be used by health care workers and the public at large.\nAs the third part of our coronavirus response, we have been working to provide basic needs such as water and to maintain the reliability of food supply to the poorest South Africans.\nWe have also expanded the provision of food parcels and we\u2019ve provided spaza shops with financial support.\nTo date, government has delivered over 11,000 water storage tanks to communities in need across the country, and many of these have been installed.\nIn addition, 1,000 water tankers have been provided for the delivery of water.\nSeveral homeless people have been accommodated in 154 shelters.\nI am pleased to report that the Solidarity Fund \u2013 which was established to mobilise resources from companies, organisations and individuals to combat the coronavirus pandemic \u2013 has so far raised around R2.2 billion.\nIt has already allocated around R1 billion to buy sterile gloves, face shields, surgical masks, test kits and ventilators.\nIt will also allocate funds for humanitarian relief to vulnerable households, in addition to the R400 million set aside by government for Social Relief of Distress grants.\nAll of these efforts, while necessary and commendable, will not be sufficient on their own to cushion the poor from the impact of this pandemic.\nNor will they provide the relief that businesses and their employees require.\nAdditional extraordinary measures will need to be put in place in the coming weeks and months to absorb the sudden loss of income to both businesses and individuals.\nWe are in a situation that demands swift action and exceptional methods, a situation that demands innovation and the mobilisation of every resource that we have.\nCabinet will be developing a comprehensive package of urgent economic measures to respond both to the immediate crisis and to the severe economic challenges that we must confront in the months ahead.\nFurther announcements on the next phase of our economic and social support strategy will be made in due course.\nAn essential part of our response to this emergency is the principle of solidarity.\nFrom across society, companies and individuals have come forward to provide financial and other assistance.\nIn support of this effort, we have decided that the President, Deputy President, Ministers and Deputy Ministers will each take a one-third cut in their salaries for the next three months.\nThis portion of their salaries will be donated to the Solidarity Fund.\nWe are calling on other public office bearers and executives of large companies to make a similar gesture and to further increase the reach of this national effort.\nIn this regard, we welcome the donation of 20,000 cellphones by Vodacom for health workers that will be involved in screening and tracing in communities.\nAs we have stressed before and we will stress once again, our struggle against the coronavirus requires fundamental changes in behaviour from all of us.\nUntil we have contained the coronavirus, the same rules remain.\nShaking hands, hugging, sitting close to each other and other forms of physical contact enable this virus to be transmitted, and must be avoided.\nWe must continue to wash our hands regularly and thoroughly using water and soap or sanitiser.\nTo stay safe and to keep others safe we must continue to respect whatever restrictions that are placed on our movement and on our daily lives\nOver the past two weeks, I have been speaking to other African leaders about a coordinated continental effort to combat the coronavirus and support our people and our economies.\nWe have established an AU COVID-19 Response Fund to mobilise the resources necessary to support this effort.\nWe have reached out to world leaders, even as they struggle with the pandemic in their countries, to assist the continent with essential medical supplies and to support a comprehensive stimulus package for Africa.\nAs we confront this disease in our country, we are part of a great global effort that is bringing humanity together in ways that many never thought possible.\nFor billions across the world, and for us here in South Africa, the coronavirus pandemic has changed everything.\nWe can no longer work in the way we have before.\nAs government, as NGOs, as political parties, as large corporations and small businesses, as financial institutions, as community organisations and as South Africans we will need to adapt to a new reality.\nAs we emerge from this crisis, our country will need to undergo a process of fundamental reconstruction.\nTo do so, we will draw on our strengths: our abundant natural resources, our advanced infrastructure, our deep financial markets, our proven capabilities in information and communication technology, and the depth of talent among our people.\nWe will draw on our proven capacity for innovation and creativity, our ability to come together in a crisis, and our commitment to each other and our common future.\nWe will learn from global experience and the best scientific evidence, but we will craft a uniquely South African response that uses our own capabilities as a nation.\nThis weekend is a sacred time for many South Africans.\nFor many, it will be difficult to spend this time without their friends and family.\nI ask that you keep in your thoughts tonight all in our land who are vulnerable, destitute and alone.\nI ask that you give what you can to alleviate their burden.\nTo contribute to the Solidarity Fund in any way you can.\nThis is a difficult time for us all.\nYet the message of Easter is one we carry in our hearts tonight.\nIt is the message of hope, of recovery and of rebirth.\nAs we walk this road together, as we struggle to defeat this pandemic, we remain strong and united and resolved.\nMuch is being asked of you, far more than should ever be asked.\nBut we know that this is a matter of survival, and we dare not fail.\nWe shall recover.\nWe shall overcome.\nMay God bless South Africa and protect her people.\nI thank you.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Ukuqelelana kwabantu", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "A pandemic ( the term comes from the Greek ) , is when there is an outbreak of an infectious disease that \" travels \" to one or more countries or regions . Definition and levels A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs on a large scale across national borders . The second phase of the epidemic curve with a cycle represents the \" human phase \" . Control There are steps that governments can take to ", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi' from xh to English:\nA pandemic ( the term comes from the Greek ) , is when there is an outbreak of an infectious disease that \" travels \" to one or more countries or regions . Definition and levels A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs on a large scale across national borders . The second phase of the epidemic curve with a cycle represents the \" human phase \" . Control There are steps that governments can take to control the spread of a pandemic .\n In 2005 , the World Health Organization adopted the International Health Regulations , a legal framework to prevent , manage and respond to public health risks that can spread to many countries . There is much discussion about the 3T ( Test , Treat , Follow - up ) approach .\n This method allows countries to identify affected and infected people quickly , before they are quarantined and treated . Social distancing is a public health practice that aims to slow down the spread and movement of this disease , by preventing people from being close to each other in order to reduce the chances of contracting this infectious disease .\n Director Dr. Michael J Ryan of the World Health Organization ( World Health Organization ) said in a press release on March 19 , 2020 , that social distancing \" is a temporary measure to slow the spread of the virus , and relieve pressure on the health system , not to solve the virus battle . Current Pandemics AIDS Although the WHO uses the term \" global epidemic \" to describe HIV , it is a pandemic only by definition .\n As of 2018 , 37.9 million people worldwide are infected with HIV . . Corona Viruses Corona viruses ( CoVs ) are a family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ( MERS - CoV ) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS - CoV ) . A new type of corona virus started in Wuhan , Hubei province , China , in the last days of December 2019 . According to the John Hopkins University Dashboard , 200 countries have been affected by COVID - 19 .\n The countries with the most infections are America , China in two regions , Western Europe and Iran . Each year , 350 - 500 million people are infected with malaria .\n Antimalarial drug resistance is a growing problem in the treatment of malaria since the beginning of the 21st century , because antimalarial drug resistance is common to all antimalarial drugs , except artemisinins . Malaria was common in Europe and Western America , where it is now extinct . Malaria may have contributed to the demise of the Roman nation .\n This disease was first known as \" Roman flu \" . Those in the middle have a chance to survive .\n However , the Spanish flu mysteriously killed most of the middle class . Spanish Flu The Spanish Flu ( 1918 - 1920 ) infected 500 million people worldwide , including people in remote areas such as the Pacific Islands and the Arctic , and killed 200 to 100 million people .\n Most epidemics of influenza kill indiscriminately the very young and the very old . The Spanish flu killed more people than World War 1 and killed more people in its first 25 weeks than AIDS did in its first 25 years .\n Mass movement of people and close quarters caused it to spread rapidly and change species at a rapid rate . Concerns About Future Viruses Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic - resistant bacteria are often called \" superbugs \" .\n They can contribute to the development of diseases that are under good control . Viral hemorrhagic fevers Viral hemorrhagic fevers are highly contagious and fatal .\n Examples include Ebola virus , Lassa fever , Rift Valley fever , Marburg virus disease and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nInqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi\nIphandemikhi (lo mxholo usuka kwisiGrike), kuxa kukho uqhambuko lwesifo esosulelayo \"esihamba\" siye kwilizwe elinye nangaphezulu okanye kwingingqi enye nangaphezulu. Ukusuleleka kwesifo ebantwini abaliqela kwingingqi enye kwixesha elifutshane kuthiwa yi-ephidemikhi. Isifo esisuleleka ngokubanzi kodwa esichaphazela abantu benani elizinzileyo kuthiwa \"yi-endemikhi\", hayi iphandemikhi. Usasazeko ngokubanzi lwezifo ezichaphazela abantu benani elizinzileyo, njengophindaphindo lomkhuhlane oluthi lufike ngamaxesha athile onyaka, alubandakanywa kuba luqhubekeka ngexesha elinye kwiingingqi ezinkulu elizweni, hayi ukuthi zisasazeka kwizwe lonke.\n Inkcazo kunye namanqanaba \nIphandemikhi yi-ephidemikhi eyenzeka kwinqanaba elikhulu ngaphesheya kwimida yamazwe. Isifo okanye isigulo asiyophandemikhi kuba sisasazeka ngokubanzi okanye kuba sibulala abantu abaninzi; kufuneka sisuleleke. Umzekelo, umhlaza ngunobangela wokusweleka kabantu abaninzi, kodwa awuyophandemikhi kuba awosuleleki.\nAmazinga osuleleko kwii-ephidemikhi (kunye neephandemikhi) alandela inkqubo elandela umgca onomjikelo xa wakhelwe kwigrafu. Mgca lowo ubonisa inani labantu abosulelweyo kwixesha elithile. Umgca we-ephidemikhi ufana nomgca wephandemikhi ixesha elininzi xa isifo eso \"sihamba sisasazeka\". Izifo ezosulelayo zisasazeka ngezigaba ezintathu njengakule grafu ingezantsi.\nIsigaba sokuqala senzeka ekuqaleni komgca onomjikelo. Ukuba umntu usebenzisa usasazeko lweCovid-19 njengomzekelo we-ephendemikhi, oku kungaphawula ukuqala kokusasazeka kwesifo, ngoku abantu abosulelekileyo bebambalwa.\nIsigaba sesibini somgca we-ephidemikhi onomjikelo sibonisa \"isigaba soluntu\". Oku kuxa inani lisanda labantu abatsha abosulelekayo.\nIsigaba sesithathu somgca onomjikelo we-ephidemikhi sibonisa i-ephendemikhi iphantsi kolawulo okanye akukho suleleko lutsha.\n Ulawulo \nAkhona amanyathelo angathathwa ngoorhulumente ukulawula usasazeko lwephandemikhi. Ngonyaka wama-2005, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) wamkela iMigaqo yezeMpilo yeHlabathi (International Health Regulations), inkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni ukuthintela, ukulawula nokuphendula kumngcipheko wempilo yoluntu olungasasazeka kumazwe amaninzi. Ukongeza, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uphuhlise incwadi yesikhokelo eneenkcukacha malunga nokusombulula iiphandemikhi zomkhuhlane. Le ncwadi yaqala yapapashwa ngowe-1999, yaze yahlaziywa ngowama-2005 nangowama-2009. Uninzi lwamanyathelo athathiweyo ukulwa iphandemikhi yeCovid-19 asuka kwiMigaqo yezeMpilo yeHlabathi (International Health Regulations) yangowama-2005 nakwizikhokelo zokulungiselela iphandemikhi yomkhuhlane zoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (zeWorld Health Organisation).\nZininzi iingxoxo ezikhoyo malunga nendlela ye3T (Uvavanyo, Unyango, Ulandelelo). Le ndlela ivumela amazwe achonge abantu abachaphazelekileyo nabosulelweyo ngokukhawuleza, phambi kokuba babekelwe bucala banyangwe. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukulandelela bonke abantu abadibene nomntu osulelekileyo, nabo babekelwe bucala. Le ndlela ikhuthazwe kukusebenza kwayo kumazwe afana neSouth Korea neSingapore, kodwa oorhulumente bala mazwe bebeyilungiselele ngcono le meko emva kokuphazamiseka okwenziwe nguSARS.\nUkuqelelana kwabantu yimpilo yoluntu yokuziqhelisana nendlela enenjongo yokuthoba isantya sosasazeko nohambo lwesi sifo, ngokuthi kuthintelwe abantu ukuba bangasondelelani ukuze kuncitshiswe amathuba osulelekho lwesi sifo sosulelayo. UMlawuli uGqirha Michael J Ryan woMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uthe kwingcaciso yomshiceleli ngomhla we-19 kweyoKwindla kowama-2020, ukuqelelana kwabantu \"lunyathelo lwexeshana ukuthoba isantya sosasazeko lwentsholongwane, nokususa uxinzelelo kwinkqubo yezempilo, hayi ukuxazulula udabi lwentsholongwane. Kuyindleko kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe amanye amanyathelo ukuze le ngxaki ixazululeke.\". UGqirha Ryan wenze kwacaca ukuba ukuzibhekelisa kodwa akuzususa sifo.\n Iiphandemikhi zangoku \n INtsholongwane kaGawulayo \nNangona iWHO isebenzisa ibinzana elithi \"i-ephidemikhi yehlabathi\" ukuchaza iHIV, yiphandemikhi ngokulandela intsingiselo yegama kuphela. Ukusukela kowama-2018, izigidi zabantu behlabathi ezingama-37.9 zosuleleke yiHIV. . Ngowama-2018, kubhubhe abantu bamawaka asi-770,000 nguGawulayo (iAIDS). Okwangoku, iSub-Sahara yeAfrika yeyona ngingqi ichaphazekileyo. \n IiCorona Virus/ IiNtsholongwane zeCorona \nIintsholongwane zeCorona (iiCoV) zilusapho lweentsholongwane ezibangela izigulo eziqala kumkhuhlane wesiqhelo ukuyoqhina kwizifo ezifana nezifo zokuphefumla iMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) kunye neSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Uhlobo olutsha lwentsholongwane yecorona (SARS-CoV-2) lubangela isifo sentsholongwane yeCorana (seCoronavirus) yama-2019. Ezinye iintsholongwane zecorona zosuleleka kwabantu zibe zisuka kwizilwanyana. Uphando oluneenkcukacha lufumanise ukuba iSARS-CoV yosuleleke ebantwini ibe isuka kwiikati ezizii-civet. I-MERS-CoV yona isuka kwiinkamela ezizii-dromedary yaze yosuleleka ebantwini. Zininzi iintsholongwane zecorona ezisezilwanyaneni ezingekosuleleki ebantwini.\nUdidi olutsha lwentsholongwane yecorona luqale eWuhan, kwiphondo leHubei, eChina, kwimihla yokugqibela kweyoMnga kowama-2019. Le ntsholongwane ibangele iqela lezifo zokuphefumla ezinzima, ekuthiwa sisifo sentsholongwane yecorona (okanye secoronavirus) sonyaka wama-2019 (iCOVID-19). NgokweDashboard yeYunivesithi iJohn Hopkins, amazwe achatshazelwe yiCOVID-19 angama-200. Awona mazwe abenosoluleleko oluninzi yiMelika, yiChina kwiingingqi ezisembini, yintshona eYurophu kunye neIran. Ngomhla we-11 kweyoKwindla kowama-2020, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uphawule usasazeko lweCOVID-19 njengephandemikhi. Ukusuka kumhla wama-23 kuTshazimpunzi kowama-2020, inani labantu abosuleleke yiCOVID-19 zizigidi ezi-2.63 kwihlabathi lilonke, ababhubhileyo beli-184,249 kwaye abanyangekileyo bengama-722,055.\n Usasazeko oluphawulekayo \n IMalariya \nIMalariya idla ngokusasazeka kwiinginqi ezisondele kwi-ikhweyitha ezishushu ezifumileyo. Oku kubandakanya iingqingqi kwiiAmericas, eAsia naseAfrika. Nyaka ngamnye, kosuleleka abantu abazizigidi ezingama-350-500 yimalariya. Ukuxhathisa kwamayeza okunyanga imalariya yingxaki ekhulayo ekuyinyangeni imalariya ukusekela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, kuba ukuxhathisa kwamayeza okunyanga imalariya kuxhaphakile kuwo onke amayeza okunyanga imalariya, ngaphandle kwe-artemisinins.\nIMalariya yayixhaphake eYurophu naseNtshona-Melika, apho ingasekhoyo ngoku. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iMalariya ibinegalelo ekutshabalaleni kwesizwe samaRoma. Esi sifo saqale saziwa \"njengomkhuhlane wamaRoma\". I-Plasmodium falciparum yabasisoyikiso esikhulu kubahlali beekoloni nakubantu bemveli ukufika kwayo kwiiAmericas ngexesha lokuthengiswa kwamakhoboka.\n UMkhulhane weSpanish \nUmkhulhane weSpanish (ngowe-1918 - 1920) wosulele abantu abazizigidi ezingama-500 kwihlabathi lilonke, oku kubandakanya abantu abakwiingingqi ezikude njengeziQithi zePacific nakwiArctic, lomkhuhlane waze wabulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-200 ukuya kwezili-100. Uninzi losasazeko lomkhuhlane lubulala ngokungakhethiyo abancinci kakhulu kunye nabadala kakhulu. Aba baphakathi ngabona banethuba lokusinda. Nangona, umkhuhlane weSpanish ubulale isikakhulu abaphakathi ngendlela engaqondakaliyo. Umkhuhlane weSpanish ubulale ukodlula iMfazwe yeHlabathi yoku-1 kwaye ubulale abantu abaninzi kwiiveki zawo zokuqala ezingama-25 ukodlula uGawulayo kwiminyaka yokuqala engama-25. Intshukumo yabantu abaninzi kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezisondeleleneyo kubangele ukuba isasazeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye itshintshatshintshe iindidi ngesantya esiphezulu. Usuleleko olulula kwamajoni lungaba lubangelwe luxinzelelo, ukungondleki, kunye nokuhlaselwa ngemichiza. Uphuhliso lweenkqubo lwezithutho lwenze kwalula ukuba amajoni, oomatiloshe kunye nabantu basasaze esi sifo.\n Inkxalabo malunga neeNtsholongwane ezizayo \n Ukuxathisa kwezibulala-ntsholongwane \nIintsholongwane ezixhathisayo kwizibulala-ntsholongwane ziqhele ukubizwa \"izinambuzane ezinamandla\". Zinganegalelo ekuvukeni kwezifo eziphantsi kolawulo olulungileyo. Umzekelo, usuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisayo kumayeza onyango aqhele ukusebenza luhlala liluxhala kubasebezi lwecandelo lezempilo. Inani losuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisa kumayeza onyango (MDR-TB) kwihlabathi lonke nyaka ngamnye liphantse lafika kwama-500. IChina neIndiya ngawona mazwe ahambela phambili kusuleleko lweMDR-TB.. UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation/ iWHO) uxela ukuba inani labantu abosulelekileyo yiMDR-TB kwihlabathi lonke zizigidi ezingama-50. Iipersenti ezingama-79 kwabobantu bosulelekileyo abanyangeki kuba isifo sabo sixhathisile kwizibulala-ntsholongwane. Ngowama-2005, useleleko lweMDR-TB kubantu abali-124 lwenzeke eMelika. Usuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisa kakhulu kunyango (XMDR-TB) luchongwe eAfrika ngowama-2006, kwaye kufunyaniswe ukuba lukhona kumazwe angama-49 - oku kubandakanya iMelika. I-WHO iqikelela ukuba kubakho usuleleko lweXMDR-TB olunani lingama-40 000 nyaka ngamnye.\nKwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, iibhaktheriya eziqhelekileyo iStaphylococcus aureus, iSerratia marcescens kunye neEnterococcus ziphuhlule uxhathiso lwezibulala-ntsholongwane ezininzi ezifana ne-vancomcyn, i-aminoglycosides kunye ne-cephalosporins. Iintsholongwane ezixhathisayo kwizibulala-ntsholongwane zibangela usuleleko (HAI) oluninzi okunxulumene nokhathalelo lwempilo (nosocomial). Ngaphezulu, usuleleko olubangelwe ziindidi zeentsholongowane ezisuka eluntwini lwengingqi ze-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) kubantu abanempilo entle luye lwaxhaphaka kwiminyaka edlulileyo.\n Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic \nImikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic yosuleleka kakhulu kwaye iyabulala. Imizekelo ibandakanya intsholongwane yeEbola, umkhuhlane weLassa, umkhuhlane waseRift Valley, isifo sentsholongwane yeMarburg kunye nomkhuhlane weBolivian hemorrhagic. Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic inaso isakhono sokubayiphandemikhi. Isakhono sayo sokubangela iphandemikhi sithintelwe kuba usuleleko lwezi ntsholongwane ludinga ukusondela kakhulu emntwini osulelekileyo kwaye umntu osulelekileyo ugula ixesha elifutshane phambi kokuba abhubhe. Ixesha lifutshane sokuba umntu asisulele esi sifo kwaye ukukhawuleza lokuqala kweempawu luvumela oogqirha bakhawuleze bambeke ekhusini, bamthintele angakwazi ukuyisulela mntu intsholongwane.\n IZika Virus/ INtsholongwane yeZika \nAmanqaku aphambili: 2015\u201316 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever.\nUsasazeko lwentsholongwanye yeZika luqale ekuqaleni lowama-2015 lwaze lwaqhina ekuqaleni lowama-2016, kusuleleke abantu abasisigidi esi-1.5 kumazwe angaphaya kwe-12 kwiiAmericas. UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ulumkise ukuba iZika inesakhono sokubayiphandemiki eza konakalisa ihlabathi ukuba ayilawulwanga.\n References \nCategory: Izifo esosulelayo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Infectious disease The virus that causes disease is small - a virus that cannot be seen with the naked eye . Infections are further divided into the following categories : fast - developing diseases , ( where the symptoms develop quickly ) , slow - developing diseases , ( where the symptoms develop slowly ) intermediate - developing diseases , ( where the symptoms take a while to develop but not", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Isifo esosulelayo' from xh to English:\nInfectious disease The virus that causes disease is small - a virus that cannot be seen with the naked eye . Infections are further divided into the following categories : fast - developing diseases , ( where the symptoms develop quickly ) , slow - developing diseases , ( where the symptoms develop slowly ) intermediate - developing diseases , ( where the symptoms take a while to develop but not like a slow - developing disease ) , Incipient infection ( when there are no symptoms but the virus is present ) and localized infection , ( this describes where the infection started before it spreads throughout the body ) . The virus or viruses that feed on the host ( because they live on the host ) become the virus that causes the infection .\n The most common pathogens that cause infections are viruses and bacteria .\n The host is an infected animal with the virus or an infected person with the virus . Viruses that cause disease in a healthy person ( or viruses ) cause disease simply by their presence in a healthy person .\n Most human viruses affect only humans but some serious diseases can be caused by viruses in the environment or infect non - human hosts . Contagion Infectious diseases are called communicable diseases because they are easily transmitted by contact with a sick person or by contact with body fluids of a sick person ( eg flu ) .\n Some types of infectious or communicable diseases , such as sexually transmitted diseases , are not identified as \" communicable \" diseases , and do not require their victims to remain in quarantine . Sometimes , infectious diseases show no symptoms at all in some people .\n Infection is not always associated with an infectious disease , because some infections do not cause illness in the host . Bacterial or viral infections Because bacterial and viral infections cause similar symptoms , it can be difficult to determine which caused a particular infection .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIsifo esosulelayo \nIntsholongwane ebangela isifo ibancinci - yintsholongwane engabonakaliyo ngeliso lenyama. Ibangela usuleleko olubangela isigulo okanye isifo. Ngamanye amaxesha, intsholongwane izondla kumamkeli. Ezona ntsholongwane ziqhelekileyo ziibhaktheriya nee-ntsholongwane. Izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane - njengesifo se-COVID-19 - kuthiwa zizifo ezosulelayo.\n Iintlobo \n Isifo esineempawu ezingachongekiyo siqobisene nesifo esineempawu ezichongekayo (isifo esingacacanga siqobisene nesifo esicacileyo) \nIgama elithi \"usuleleko\" libhekisa nakweyiphi na intsholongwane ebangela isifo, nokuba sinzima kangakanani na kodwa lisetyenziswa ukuchaza usuleleko oluneempawu ezichongekayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, oku kudala ukudideka okuthile. Kunjalonje, abo bakwicandelo lezonyango badla ngokuthetha ngothatho-lawulo xa iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo zikhona kodwa kungekho sifo sikhoyo.\nUsuleleko oluneempawu lohlulwa kabini: isifo esineempawu ezichongekayo kunye nesifo esineempawu ezingachongekiyo. Izifo ezizibonakalisyo/ ezisebenzayo kodwa ezingena mpawu kuthiwa zizifo ezineempawu ezingachongekiyo (okanye ezingacacanga okanye ezithuleyo)\nUsuleleko olungekaphuhli lusuleleko olukhoyo kodwa olungekasebenzi okanye oluthuleyo. Umz. isifo sephepha esithuleyo lusuleleko lwebhaktheriya ethuleyo. Usuleleko lweentsholongwane nalo luyakwazi ukuthula, umzekelo ii-herpes.\nUsuleleko luphinda lohlulwe kabini kwezi ndidi zilandelayo: izifo ezikhawuleza ukuphuhla, (apho iimpawu zikhawuleza ukuphuhla), izifo ezingakhawuleziyo ukuphuhla, (apho iimpawu ziphuhla ngokuthe chu) izifo eziphuhla ngesantya esiphakathi, (apho iimpawu zithatha ixeshana ukuphuhla kodwa hayi njengesifo esineempawu eziphuhla ngokuthe chu), usuleleko olungekaphuhli (xa iimpawu zingekho kodwa intsholongwane ikhona yona) kunye nosuleleko olugxile kwindawo ethile, (oku kuchaza apho usuleleko luqale khona phambi kokuba lusasazeke emzimbeni wonke).\n Ukudluliseka lwesifo \nInkqubo echaza ukudluliseka kweentsholongwane kumntu olandelayo kuthiwa yinkqubo yokudlulisika kweentsholongwane. Iintsholongwane ezithile zibangela usuleleko oluthile kwaye usuleleko ngalunye lune nkqubo yalo yokudluliseka kumntu olandelayo. Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni lusenzeka usuleleko neyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuluthintela, izazinzulu kufuneka siqondisise inkqubo yokudluliseka kweentsholongwane kusuleleko ngalunye.\nInkqubo yokudluliseka kweentsholongwane ibanezigaba ezithile Ngokufutshane, zithi:\n Intsholongwane okanye iintsholongwane ezizondla kubamkeli (kuba iphila ngomamkeli) ibayiyo intsholongwane ebangela usuleleko. Ezona ntsholongwane zibangela usuleleko ziqhelekileyo ziintsholongwane kunye nebhaktheriya.\n Umamkeli sisilwanyana esinosuleleko esinalentsholongwane okanye ngumntu onosuleleko onalentsholongwane.\n Ukuphuma yindlela esetyenziswa yintsholongwane ukuphuma emzimbeni womamkeli.\n Inkqubo yokudluliseka kwentsholongwane ibhekisa kwindlela intsholongwane ehamba ngayo kumamkeli idlule iye kumntu olandelayo ongayamkela lula.\n Imeko ibhekisa kwimeko evumela intsholongwane iphume kumamkeli idlule iye kumntu olandelayo ongayamkela lula.\n Indawo yokungena yindawo engena ngayo intsholongwane emzimbeni womntu olandelayo ongayamkela lula.\n Umamkeli olandelayo ibangumntu oza kwamkela/ oza kufumana intsholongwane.\nIntsholongwane ingadluliseka ngeendlela ezininzi kumamkeli isiya kumntu ongayamkela lula. Ezinye iintsholongwane zidluliseka ngokutya okanye ngamanzi, ezinye ngokuphathana kwaye ezinye zisemoyeni. Kweli nqaku siza kugxila kwiintsholongwane ezisemoyeni.\n Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle ziqobisene neentsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kuba umntu ehleli enganampilo intle \n Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle ziqobisene neentsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kuba umntu ehleli enganampilo intle \nZimbalwa izifo ezifunyanwa ngabantu abanempilo entle nangona zininzi iintsholongwane. Inkangeleko kunye nobunzima besifo buxhomekeka kubuchule bomamkeli ekulweni iintsholongwane zesosifo. Ngamanye amaxesha inkqubo yokomelela komzimba ikwayiyo edala iingxaki kumamkeli xa izama ukulawula usuleleko. Yiyo loo nto abasebenzi becandelo lezempilo bezahlula iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle kwiintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo ehleli ingekhontle.\nIintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle\nIintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle (okanye iintsholongwane) zibangela isifo nje ngobukho bazo kumntu onempilo entle. Uninzi lweentsholongwane zabantu zichaphazela abantu kuphela kodwa ezinye izifo ezinzima ziyakwazi ukubangelwa ziintsholongwane ezisingqongileyo okanye ezichaphazela abamkeli abangengabo abantu.\n Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kuba umntu ehleli enganampilo intle \nIintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kuba umntu ehleli enganampilo intle ziyakwazi ukubangela isifo sosuleleko kubantu abangakwazi ukulwa izifo (ukunqongophala kwamandla kwinkqubo yokomelela komzimba/ i-immunodeficiency), okanye kwiimeko ezifana nohlinzo/ notyando okanye ingozi zingafumana ithuba lokungena embzimbeni. Iintsholongwane ezi nje ziyachuma xa umamkeli esempilweni embi.\n Usuleleko oluyintsusa luqobisene nosuleleko lwesibini \nUsuleleko oluyintsusa lubonwa njengosuleleko olubangela ingxaki enxulumene nempilo. Usuleleko lwesibini lubhekisa kusuleleko olubangelwe yingxaki edalwe lusuleleko oluyintsusa.\n Usuleleko \nIzifo ezosulelayo kuthiwa zizifo ezosulelayo kuba zidluliseka lula ngokudibana nomntu ogulayo okanye ngokudibana nolwelo lomzimba lomntu ogulayo (umz. umkhuhlane). Ezinye iintlobo zezifo ezosulelayo okanye ezidluliseka ngendlala ekhethekileyo, njengezifo ezidluliseka ngokwesondo, azichongwa njengezifo \"ezosulelekayo\", kwaye azidingi ukuba amaxhoba azo ahlale kuvalelo. Izifo ezosulelayo zidla ngokudluliseka kumntu olandelayo ngokuphathana ngqo okanye ngokusasazeka kwamathontsi. Kodwa, ziyakwazi nokudluliseka emoyeni, ekutyeni okungculisekileyo nasemanzini, ukuphathana kwabantu nezilwanyana okanye ukulunywa zizinambuzane.\n Imiqondiso neempawu \nIimpawu zesifo zixhomekeka kwintlobo yesigulo. Ezinye iimpawu zosuleleko zichaphazela umzimba wonke, njengokudinwa, ukungalambi, ukuncipha komzimba, umkhuhlane, ukubila kwasebusuku kunye neentlungu. Ezinye zigxila kumalungu athile omzimba, njengamaqhakuva eluswini, ukukhohlela onye imifinya.\nNgamanye amaxesha, izifo ezosulelayo azibonisi mpawu tu kwabanye abantu. Usuleleko alusoloko lunxulumana nesifo esosulelayo, kuba usuleleko oluthile alubangeli sigulo kumamkeli.\n Usuleleko lwebhaktheriya okanye olwentsholongwane \nKuba usuleleko lwebhaktheriya nosuleleko lwentsholongwane lubangela iimpawu eziyeleleneyo, kuthanda ukubanzima ukuchonga ukuba loluphi olubangele usuleleko oluthile. Ukuqonda umahluko kubalulekile, kuba usuleleko lweentsholongwane lunganyangeki ngezibulala-ntsholongwane. Kodwa usuleleko lwebhaktheriya lona luyanyangeka ngazo.\nUthelekiso losuleleko lwentsholongwane nosuleleko lwebhaktheriyaUphawuUsuleleko lwentsholongwaneUsuleleko lwebhaktheriyaIimpawu eziqhelekileyoNgokubanzi, usuleleko lweentsholongwane lubandakanya amalungu omzimba amaninzi ohlukileyo okanye iinkqubo zomzimba ezininzi ngexesha elinye; umz. imifinya, ukuxinana kwe-sinus, ukukhohlela, iintlungu zomzimba njalo njalo. Alukho luninzi usuleleko olubangela iintlungu, njenge-herpes. Usuleleko lweentsholongwane luqhele ukuchazwa njengorhawuzelelo okanye ukutshisa. Ezona mpawu ziqhelekileyo zosuleleko lwebhaktheriya bububomvu obugxile kwindawo ethile, bubushushu nokudumba okugxile kwindawo ethile kunye neentlungu ezigxile kwindawo ethile. Eyona mpawu yosuleleko lwebhaktheriya ziintlungu ezigxile kwindawo ethile emzimbeni. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu usikekile emva koko asuleleke yibhaktheriya, iintlungu ziza kuba kulandawo yosulelekileyo. Indawo esikekileyo ekhupha ulwelo olutyheli okanye ulwelo olufana nobisi kungenzeka ukuba yosulelekile.\n Unyango \nXa usuleleko luhlasela umzimba, amayeza okuchasa usuleleko angasetyenziswa ukucinezela usuleleko. Zininzi iintlobo zamayeza ezicinezela usuleleko. Izibulala-ntsholongwane zisebenzela ibhaktheriya kuphela, hayi iintsholongwane. Izibulala-ntsholongwane zisebenza ngokuthoba isantya sokuphindaphindana kwebhaktheriya okanye ngokubulala ibhaktheriya.\n References", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isifo esosulelayo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Edirne known as Adrianople ; founded by the Roman emperor Hadrian on the side of the Tracacian settlement called Uskudama ) , is a city in the northwestern Turki Province of Edirne , near the Turkish borders with Greece and Bulgaria .", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nEdirne eyaziwa ngokuba Adrianople; eyasekwa baseRoma bekumkani uHadrian kwicala lendawo yokuhlala iTracacian ebizwa ngegama elithi Uskudama), sisixeko esikumantla ntshona iTurki IPhondo lase-Edirne, kufutshane neTurkiya imida neGriki \u200b\u200bkunye iBulgaria. U-Edirne wasebenza njengedolophu yesithathu yedolophu yeUbukhosi base-Ottoman ukusuka ngo-1369 ukuya ku-1453,\"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance.\" Ottoman Capital Bursa. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014. Contradicted by refs cited in Conquest of Adrianople ngaphambi IConstantinople (yanamhlanje Istanbul) yaba ikomkhulu lesine nobukumkani bokugqibela phakathi kowe-1453 nowe-1922. Inani labemi besixeko liqikelelwa ngonyaka ka-2014 ibingama-165,979.\n I-Etymology \n Imbali \n Ukwalusizi \n Ixesha lexesha eliphakathi \n Ixesha lexesha lethu \n Imbali ye-Orthodoxastical \n IJografi \n Isimo sezulu \n Uqoqosho \n Izixeko zedade \n Abantu ababalulekileyo \n Iireferensi \n Ukuqhubeka kokufunda \n Amakhonkco angaphandle \n ITurkiya\nbe-x-old: \u042d\u0434\u044b\u0440\u043d\u044d\ninh: Edirne\nsq: Edireneja\n<|endoftext|>### LANGUAGE: Turkish\n### URL: http://www.kultur.gov.tr/\nBAKANLI\u011eIMIZ\nK\u00dcLT\u00dcR\nTUR\u0130ZM\nT\u00fcrkiye turizmine dair bilgiler\nDUYURULAR\nHaberler - Duyurular - Haber Ar\u015fivi - \u0130hale Duyurular\u0131\n\u0130LET\u0130\u015e\u0130M\nTroya \u00d6ren Yeri\nFarkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere ait 10 farkl\u0131 kent katman\u0131 tespit edilen, karma\u015f\u0131k ve zengin bir arkeolojik yap\u0131ya sahip Troya\u2019daki en eski yerle\u015fimler M.\u00d6. 3 binli y\u0131llara kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. \u2026\nPatara Antik Kenti Fethiye-Kalkan aras\u0131nda Xanthos Vadisi'nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131 ucunda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ovagelemi\u015f K\u00f6y\u00fc'nde yer almaktad\u0131r ve Likya'n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ve en eski \u015fehirlerinden biridir.\n\u00dcnl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u2026\nGaziantep Zeugma Mozaik M\u00fczesi sanat tarih\u00e7ileri ve arkeologlar kadar tarihe ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre merakl\u0131 her ya\u015ftan ziyaret\u00e7i i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ve g\u00f6zde bir m\u00fczedir. M\u00fcze, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi ziyaret etmek i\u00e7in tek\u2026\nK\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen Beyo\u011flu K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yolu\u2026\nK\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakan\u0131 Mehmet Nuri Ersoy, Habert\u00fcrk Ana Haber'de g\u00fcndemdeki konular\u0131 de\u011ferlendirdi. Bakan Mehmet Ersoy, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yolu Festivalleriyle halk\u0131 sanatla yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde bulu\u015fturmak\u2026\nK\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fczel Sanatlar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnce d\u00fczenlenen yar\u0131\u015fmada dereceye giren eserler, Ba\u015fkent K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yolu Festivali kapsam\u0131nda CSO Ada Ankara'da sergilendi.K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakan\u0131\u2026\nBinlerce sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ba\u015fkent K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yolu Festivali devam ediyor.K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakan\u0131 Mehmet Nuri Ersoy, Ba\u015fkent K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yolu Festivali kapsam\u0131nda Ankara'daki baz\u0131 sergileri ziyaret\u2026\nTurist Rehberli\u011fi Ruhsatname \u0130\u015flemleri, Halk K\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri \u0130\u015flemleri, Milli K\u00fct\u00fcphane \u0130\u015flemleri, Destek Ba\u015fvurular\u0131 gibi uygulamalara bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmden ula\u015fabilirsiniz.\n\u0130statistikler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde TUR\u0130ZM,S\u0130NEMA, M\u00dcZEC\u0130L\u0130K, KAZILAR VE S\u0130T ALANLARI, TEL\u0130F HAKLARI, T\u0130YATRO, YAYIMCILIK, K\u00dcLT\u00dcR MERKEZLER\u0130, G\u00d6RSEL SANATLAR ile ilgili istatistik verilere ula\u015fabilirsiniz.\n\"Bandrol\" ve FSE Sertifikalama, \"ISBN\" (International Standard Book Number), \"ISSN\" s\u00fcreli yay\u0131n ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131 yapabilir ve sisteme \u00fcye olarak kullanabilirsiniz.\nDevlet Tiyatrolar\u0131 Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile Devlet Opera ve Balesi Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye genelindeki g\u00f6sterimleri hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi ve bilet sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na buradan ula\u015fabilirsiniz.\nK\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olan el yazmas\u0131 eserlerin, Milli K\u00fct\u00fcphane'nin, Halk K\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinin, \u0130htisas K\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin ve T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fclt\u00fcr Miras\u0131'n\u0131n kataloglar\u0131na bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmden ula\u015fabilirsiniz.\nT.C. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zca haz\u0131rlanan ve T\u00fcrkiye'nin tarihi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, do\u011fal g\u00fczelliklerinin sunuldu\u011fu yeni tan\u0131t\u0131m filmleri yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki televizyonlarda ve \u00e7e\u015fitli mecralarda g\u00f6sterilecek.\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Edirne' from xh to English:\nEdirne known as Adrianople ; founded by the Roman emperor Hadrian on the side of the Tracacian settlement called Uskudama ) , is a city in the northwestern Turki Province of Edirne , near the Turkish borders with Greece and Bulgaria .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Edirne", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Nothing is known about his biological mother .\n His parents did not name him Manawami , but he was given the nickname Skelemu , a name taken from the Afrikaans word skelm , which is used to call a villain or a deceiver . Item of Colenso the first Bishop in Natal .\n The year of Magema 's birth was guessed by Colenso , because he said he met Fuze 's boyfriend for the first time , 12 years old . ", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Magema Magwaza Fuze' from xh to English:\nNothing is known about his biological mother .\n His parents did not name him Manawami , but he was given the nickname Skelemu , a name taken from the Afrikaans word skelm , which is used to call a villain or a deceiver . Item of Colenso the first Bishop in Natal .\n The year of Magema 's birth was guessed by Colenso , because he said he met Fuze 's boyfriend for the first time , 12 years old . This is an article about daily conversations conducted in the Zulu language .\n Fuze first appeared in a printed text in J. W Colenso 's book published in 1860 , entitled \" Three Native accounts ( 1860 ) , recounting his experiences during Colenso 's visit to King Mpande in 1859 . \" Fuze , Magema \" by Hlonipha Mokoena in He printed Bibles using printing presses in Ekukhaneni while Colenso was still in England , and later opened his own printing business in Pietermaritzburg . The account he gave of his visit to KwaZulu in 1877 was published in MacMillan 's Magazine in 1878 under the title \" Visiting King Cetshwayo . \"\n He also wrote letters and articles and published them all in newspapers such as Ilanga lase Natala and Ipepo Lo Hlanga . In 1896 he went to the island of Saint Helena to become a secretary to Dinuzulu Ka Cetshwayo , the king of the Zulus , who fled to the island after protesting . Retrieved 2 August 2018 .\n While Magema was still on the island , he contacted Alice Werner of the school of studies about local issues . Yada was published privately in 1922 .\n By writing this book , Fuze 's brother became the first writer in history to say Zulu in his speech , and to publish a book written in Zulu . Honipha Mokoena of the University of the Witwatersrand describes the book as very important .\n He says its importance is not limited to the use of the Zulu language , but its content on the history of the Zulu language makes it one of the first sources on the history of Zulu . Retrieved 2 August 2018 .\n In 2011 , a biography was made on his life , under the title : Magema Fuze : the making of a religious scholar , ( In English :\n The making of a kholwa Intellectual ) written by Mokoena , and published by a publishing house under the University of KwaZulu Natala .\n T Respect the Brother - in - law . His death and the trail he left Fuze died in 1922 .\n \" Fuze , Magema \" by Hlonipha Mokoena in Selection of his papers from those held in the collection of writings made by Campbell at the University of KwaZulu - Natal .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nMagema Magwaza Fuze\nIMAGE: UJohn William Colenso nguSamuel Sidley, owazalwa ngomnyaka ka-1866. Ioli kwinqwelo. Igalari yeSizwe yePortrait, eLondon. \nUMagema Magwaza Fuze (imihla yakhe yokudla ubomi 1840 \u2013 1922) wayengumbhali wencwadi esihloko sayo sithi - Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakona. Le yincwadi yokuqala eyathi yabhalwa ngolwimi lwesiZulu, yaphinda yapapashwa ngumntu ontetho yakhe ikwalolo lwimi lwesintu, isiZulu. \nWazalelwa kwaZulu, waza wathi xa kanye akule ntanga yokonakalelwa lilizwi, eneshumi elinesibini leminyaka ezelwe, wakhuliswa nguBhishophu u-uJohn William Colenso waza waguqulelwa kwinkolo yobuKrestu. Emva kokuba eziphothulile izifundo zakhe emishini, waba sele eqeqeshelwa ukuba ngumshicileli nomqambi kwiziko likaColenso ekwakushicilelwa kulo, phambi kokuba ayekuqala ukuzivulela elakhe ishishini lokushicelela. . Waabhala intaphane yamaphepha-ndaba esiZulu, waza ngomnyaka ka-1896 waya kwisiqithi sase-Saint Helena, apho wabangunobhala kaDinuzulu Cetshwayo, ikumkani yamaZulu, waza wabuyela eNatal ngo-1898. \nLe ncwadi yakhe isihloko sayo sithi Abantu Abamnyama yaapapashwa ngo-1922, yaza yaguqulelwa kulwimi lwesiNgesi ngowe-1979. Ichazwe njengomnye wemithombo ephambili kwimbali yamaZulu. \n Ubomi bakhe \nUMagema Magwaza Fuze wazalwa kufutshane nasemMgungundlovu (ePietermaritzburg) kwaZulu, phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1840, ezalwa nguMagwaza, unyana kaMatomela, ongunyana kaThoko. AmaFuze laa ke wona aye eziinzalelwane zakwaNgcobo. Akukho nto yaziwayo ngonina amzalayo. Igama lakhe awalithiywa ngabazali bakhe nguManawami, kodwa ke wanikwa igama lesiteketiso elithi Skelemu, gama elo elathathwa kwigama lesiBhulu elithi skelm, ekubizwa ngalo isikhohlakali okanye umkhohlisi. Waxelela abazali bakhe ukuba akazukukhuliswa ekhaya kodwa uzakusebenzela indoda yomlungu ebalulekileyo. \"Fuze, Magema\" by Hlonipha Mokoena in Le ncwadi yakhe isihloko sayo sithi Abantu Abamnyama yaapapashwa ngo-1922, yaza yaguqulelwa kulwimi lwesiNgesi ngowe-1979. Ichazwe njengomnye wemithombo ephambili kwimbali yamaZulu. \nUFuze loo uthe esakuba ne-12 leminyaka, wathathwa ngumfo omhlophe, uJohn William Colenso, ngeenjongo zokumkhulisela kuye. Into ka-Colenso iBhishophu yokuqala eNatali. Unyaka wokuzalwa kukaMagema, waaqikelelwa nguColenso, kuba esithi udibene nomfo kaFuze okokuqala ngqa, eminyaka ili-12 ubudala. UColenso wamshumayeza uMagema, emguqulela kubuKristu, waza wambhaptiza ngo-1859, wamnika eli gama lesiZulu lithi Magema. UColenso akazange awathiye magama esiNgesi okanye amagama aseBhayibhileni amaKrestu awawaguqulayo. Wayefundiswe e-Ekukhanyeni (\"indawo yokukhanyiselwa\") kwisikhululo semishini. \"Fuze, Magema\" by Hlonipha Mokoena in Fuze, Magema Magwaza Papers. Campbell Collections, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved 2 August 2018.\n Ubizo lwakhe \nNgeminyaka yoo-1850, uFuze waqeqeshelwa ukuba ngumbhali wemibhalo eshicilelweyo kwiphepha-ndaba likaColenso elishicilelwayo. Waqala ukubhala ngesiZulu eselula kakhulu, kwaye wazikhethela ukusebenzisa ulwimi lwakhe lweenkobe isiZulu kuphela kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe yokubhala. Inqaku lakhe lokuqala laba sisincoko esichaza ngendlela ekuphilwa ngayo Ekukhanyeni imihla ngemihla. Elinye inqaku lokuqala liphantsi kwesihloko esithi Amazwi abantu. Eli linqaku eligeencoko zemihla ngemihla eziqhutywa ngolwimi lwesiZulu. Waqala ukuvela umfo ka-Fuze ngombhalo oshicilelweyo kwincwadi ka J. W Colenso eyapapashwa ngo-1860, esihloko sayo sithi \"Iingxelo ezintathu ngobumveli\", (ngesiNgesi sithi Three Native accounts (1860), ephokoza amava akhe ngotyelelo lukaColenso eKing Mpande ngo-1859.\"Fuze, Magema\" by Hlonipha Mokoena in \nWashicilela iiBhayibhile esebenzisa oomatshini bokushicilela Ekukhanyeni ngelixa uColenso wayesathe tsi gxada eNgilane, waza wathi kamva wavula ishishini lakhe lokushicilela eMgungundlovu Ingxelo awayinikayo ngokundwendwela kwakhe kwaZulu ngomnyaka ka-1877 yapapashwa kwiMagazini kaMacMillan ngo-1878 phantsi kwesihloko sayo esithi \"Ukundwendwela uKumkani uCetshwayo.\" Ubuye wabhala iileta kunye namanqaku waza wapapasha konke kumaphepha-ndaba afana ne-Ilanga laseNatala kunye ne-Ipepo Lo Hlanga . \"Fuze, Magema\" by Hlonipha Mokoena in \nNgo-1896 waya kwisiqithi sase- Saint Helena ukuba abe ngunobhala kuDinuzulu kaCetshwayo, ikumkani yamaZulu, eyabhacela esiqithini emva kokukhokhela uqhankqalazo. Fuze, Magema Magwaza Papers. Campbell Collections, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved 2 August 2018. Uthe ke esesesiqithini njalo uMagema, wanxibelelana no-Alice Werner wesikolo sezifundo ngezinto zengingqi. \"Fuze, Magema\" by Hlonipha Mokoena in Wabuyela eNatala kunye noDinuzulu e-SS Umbilo, ekuqaleni kuka-1898. \nEmva komnyaka ka-1900 uFuze wabhala incwadi esihloko sayo sithi Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakhona. ukubhala kwakhe le ncwadi yayikukusabela isicelo sabafundi bamanqaku akhe njengentatheli. Kodwa ayizange ipapashwe ngoko nangoko ngenxa yokunqongophala kweentsiba, imali ke ngamanye amazwi. Yada yaba iyapapashwa bucala ngo-1922. Ngokubhala le ncwadi, umfo kaFuze waba ngumbhali wokuqala ezimbalini ukuba athi entetho yakhe isisiZulu, abe epapashe incwadi ayibhale kwangolwimi lwesiZulu. \"Fuze, Magema\" by Hlonipha Mokoena in Fuze, Magema Magwaza Papers. Campbell Collections, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved 2 August 2018. Yathi yakuba ibhaliwe le ncwadi, yaphicothwa ngeenjongo zokuba iphononongwe nguAlice Werner kwiJenali yombutho engentlalo yaseAfrika. Olu phononongo lwaba yinxalenye yophicotho lwamanqaku phakathi kwamanye amanqaku ambalwa awathi aphononongwa ngelo xesha. kodwa ke akuzange kuqhubeke oku ngo-1931.\"Some Native Writers in South Africa\" by Alice Werner, Journal of the African Society, Vol. 30, No. 118 (1931), pp. 27\u201339. Ngo-1979, le ncwadi yaapapashwa ngesiNgesi licandelo leYunivesithi yaseNatala elipapasha imisebenzi ebhaliweyo neshicilelweyo, kwithala leencwadi elalibizwa ngokuba yi-Killie Campbell laseAfrana kwaye isihloko sayo saaguqulelwa esiNgesini sathi The Black People and Whence they Came: A Zulu view in a translation. Yaathi yaguqulelwa esiNgesini nguHarry Camp Lugg, waza yena unjingalwazi Trevor Cope wenza izilungiso apho kufanelekileyo.\nUHlonipha Mokoena weYunivesithi yase Witwatersrand uyichaza le ncwadi njengebaluleke kakhulu. Uthi ukubaluleka kwayo akuphelelanga nje ekusebenziseni ulwimi lwesiZulu, kodwa umongo wayo ngembali yolwimi lwesiZulu wenza okokuba ibe ngomnye wemithombo yokuqala ngembali kaZulu. Kusenjalo ngumzekelo womsebenzi weqela phakathi kwamanye amaqela abantu abathi baguqulwa njengamakholwa ukuba babengamaKrestu kwimfundo yasemishini eyayiqhutywa eMzantsi Afrika. Olu ke yaaba luphawu lotshintsho ukusuka kwisithethe somlomo ukuya kwinkcubeko yokufunda nokubhala. \"Fuze, Magema\" by Hlonipha Mokoena in \n Ukusutywa kwakhe kukufa kunye nomzila awawushiyayo \nUFuze usweleke ngo-1922. \"Fuze, Magema\" by Hlonipha Mokoena in Ukukhethwa kwamaphepha akhe kwaabanjelwa kwingqokolela yokubhaliweyo eyayisenziwa nguCampbell kwiYunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natala. Fuze, Magema Magwaza Papers. Campbell Collections, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Retrieved 2 August 2018. Ngo-2011, kweenziwa imbali ngobomi bakhe, phantsi kwesihloko esithi: uMagema Fuze: ukwenziwa kwengcali elikholwa, (NgesiNgesi: The making of a kholwa Intellectual) ngokubhalwa nguMokoena, yaza yapapashwa liziko loshicilelo elipapasha okubhaliweyo phantsi kweYunivesithi yakwaZulu Natala. T Hlonipha Mokoena. blackportraitures.info Retrieved 2 August 2018. \n Nantsi imisbenzi echongelwe le ngxelo \n \"Indaba Ka'Magema\" & \"Ibali likaMagema\" kuJohn William Colenso, iiNdaba eziNtsundu zoTyelelo loBhishophu waseNatali ngoSeptemba nango-Okthobha, ngo-1859, eya ku-Umpande, uKumkani wamaZulu & c . 1860. Iphepha 1\u201313 kunye nep. 107-121.\n \"Utyelelo kuKing Ketshwayo\", iMagMillan 's Magazine, ngo-1878.\n Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakona . Ipapashwe ngasese, 1922.\n Abantu abaMnyama kunye nalapho bavela khona . Iguqulelwe nguHarry Camp Lugg kwaye ihlelwe ngu-Anthony Trevor Cope. IYunivesithi yaseNatal Press, eMgungundlovu, 1979. (Ithala leencwadi likaKillie Campbell Africana. Uthotho lwenguqulelo, uNombolo 1)\u00a0\nCategory: Ababhali", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Magema Magwaza Fuze", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The Cannibals - Ulunywa Izinja The Peddlers - Lord Help Us All The Peddlers - Hela Ngwanana The Cannibals - Zion Soul The Cannibals - Take The Time To Know The Cannibals- Get Funky The Cannibals - Highland Drifter ( recorded by Ray Phiri in 1973 )", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Jacob \"Mpharanyana\" Radebe' from xh to English:\nThe Cannibals - Ulunywa Izinja The Peddlers - Lord Help Us All The Peddlers - Hela Ngwanana The Cannibals - Zion Soul The Cannibals - Take The Time To Know The Cannibals- Get Funky The Cannibals - Highland Drifter ( recorded by Ray Phiri in 1973 )\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUJacob \"Mpharanyana\" Radebe (16 kuTshazimpuzi 1948 - 21 kweyeThupha ngo1979) wayeyimvumi-mbhali wemvumi kunye nesiginci soMzantsi Afrika. Umculo wakhe uhlala uhlelwa njenge-jazz, i-fusion, iDisco, iSoul kunye ne-mbaqanga. Ukuqamba kukaRadebe ubukhulu becala kwakungeSesotho kodwa ngamanye amaxesha wayecula ngesiNgesi.\nIminyaka yokuqala\nURadebe wazalelwa eKatlehong eMpuma weRandi kwaye umdla wakhe emculweni wavuselwa esemncinci. Wayethathwa njengelinye lawona mazwi anamandla kumphefumlo waselokishini. KwiSprings wayedlala neThe Peddlars kwaye eKatlehong wayeyimvumi ephambili kwiThe Weavelets. Elinye lamalungu eli qela yayinguLloyd Lelosa, owathi kamva wadlala ikhibhodi kwiStimela. Ngexesha lama-60 de kwasekufeni kwakhe uRadebe wasebenza neemvumi ezininzi ezithandwayo zoMzantsi Afrika eziquka uRay Phiri noWest Nkosi awathi wabumba nabo iqela iThe Cannibals.\nWayesaziwa ngokukhohlela xa ecula. Wayenakhohlokhohlo okunganyangekiyo, apho abavelisi babeza kuhlenga-hlengisa ngaphambili, kodwa kamva wenziwa uhlobo lwentengiso yomculo.\niDiskografi\nMpharanyana and The Cannibals - Ulunywa Izinja\nMpharanyana and The Peddlers - Morena Re Thuse Kaofela\nMpharanyana and The Peddlers - Hela Ngwanana\nMparanyana and The Cannibals - Zion Soul\nMparanyana and The Cannibals - Nka Nako Ho Motseba\nMparanyana and The Cannibals- Get Funky\nMparanyana and The Cannibals- Highland Drifter (ingoma eyacanjwa ngu Ray Phiri ngo 1973)\nIzingqinisiso\nCategory: Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Jacob \"Mpharanyana\" Radebe", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje ( born on 9 October 1876 - died on 19 June 1932 ) was a South African intellectual , a journalist , a specialist in linguistics , a politician , and an interpreter who is able to translate a spoken or written speech into another language . It was there that he met many like - minded people .\n Another was the theatrical organizer George Lattimore who in 1923 organized th", "text": "### URL: http://www.education.gov.za/TheDBE/SolPlaatjeHouse/tabid/442/Default.aspx\nSOUTH AFRICA\nSir Arthur Conan Doyle\nAnglo-Boer War Writers\nArtwork: Hein Botha\nDesign: Thea Swanepoel\nCancellation: Mafikeng\nfrom the South Africa Postal Service:\nAnglo-Boer / South African War\nHonouring the authors\nWars are usually associated with heartache and destruction, but they also touch people's deepest emotions thereby stimulating creativity. With this stamp issue we focus on four people whose writing skills came to the fore as a result of their involvement in the Anglo-Boer/South African War. These writers each experienced the war from a different perspective, giving us their own unique views. On the R4,40 stamp two authors who wrote on the war from a British perspective are depicted. They are Winston Churchill and Arthur Conan Doyle. On the R2,30 stamp two authors who told their story from a South African point of view, Johanna Brandt and Sol Plaatje, are shown.\n- Winston Churchill - Churchill who came to South Africa as a war correspondent, was taken Prisoner of War by the Boer forces. In one of the controversial incidents of the war he escaped and returned to London in a blaze of glory. He wrote two books on the war, From London to Ladysmith via Pretoria and Ian Hamilton's March. Both these books first appeared in 1900 while the war was still in progress. Churchill went on to become one of the most outstanding statesmen of the 20th century. In 1953 he was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his mastery of historical and biographical description.\"\n- Arthur Conan Doyle - Conan Doyle was already a famous novelist when he came to work in Bloemfontein as a medical doctor during the War. In 1887 his book, A Study in Scarlet, introduced the world to that amazing detective Sherlock Holmes. This book was followed by Adventures of Sherlock Holmes in 1891 and the Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes in 1893. In South Africa Conan Doyle wrote The Great Boer War in 1900.\n- Johanna Brandt - Johanna Brandt's The Petticoat Commando first appeared in 1913. It tells the story of a mother (her mother) and her daughter's work during the war in Pretoria. In this way the book became a classic in war literature as for the first time it reflected a view on this war through the eyes of a woman.\n- Sol Plaatje - The book of the second South African author, Sol T Plaatje, (Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje) was only published in 1973 as The Boer War Diary of Sol T Plaatje. Subsequently is was reissued as Mafeking Diary - A Black Man's View of a White Man's War (1989).\nThis book is unique as it gives a first hand description of the experiences of black people during the war. Plaatje, who had a great admiration for the works of William Shakespeare, in 1912 became the first secretary of the African Native National Congress - forerunner of the ANC.\nThe Queen's South African Medal is depicted on the stamp showing Churchill and Conan Doyle. This was the medal issued to all who fought on the British side during the War. More than 177 000 of these medals were issued.\nOn the stamp showing Sol Plaatje and Johanna Brandt, the Anglo-Boer War medal is shown. This medal was available to all soldiers who remained loyal to the Boer cause till the end of the war. Just more than 13 000 of these medals were issued. The commemorative cover depicts a book, a quill and an inkpot, images from days gone by that come to mind when discussing writers and writing.\nThe other stamp of the issue:\nabove, cover of the stamp booklet\nbelow, minisheet, both from Michael Morton,\nPresident, The A. C. Doyle and Sherlock Holmes Society of Copenhagen\nThe Philatelic Sherlock Holmes\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje' from xh to English:\nSolomon Tshekisho Plaatje ( born on 9 October 1876 - died on 19 June 1932 ) was a South African intellectual , a journalist , a specialist in linguistics , a politician , and an interpreter who is able to translate a spoken or written speech into another language . It was there that he met many like - minded people .\n Another was the theatrical organizer George Lattimore who in 1923 organized the Path\u00e9 film , Cradle of the World , \" his most entertaining and exciting play ever recorded \" . He died of a cold in Pimville , Johannesburg on the 19th of September , 1932 , aged 56 , and was buried in Kimberley .\n There were more than a thousand people who attended the funeral . Oxford : Heinemann Educational Books .\n In 1982 : Plaatje 's work under the titleNative Life in South Africa : Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion ( 1916 ) was republished by Ravan Press. Plaatje , Sol T. Native Life in South Africa : Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion .\n Johannesburg : Ravan .\n 1982 : The African Writers ' Conference awarded the Plaatji Poetry Prize ( along with the H. I. E. R. R. R. Dhlomo Drama Prize and the S. E. K. Mqhayi Poet Prize . 1970s : Plaatjie first became interested in journalism and writing in the work of John Comaroff ( who edited the text before the publication of Sol plaatjie 's Book on the Boers It continues to be a Sol Plaatje library and museum , run by the organizers of an educational fund under Plaatje 's name , based on monetary donations .\n In the 2000s the Sol Plaatje Foundation published biographies of Plaatje , the work being done by Maureen Rall and Sabata - Mpho Mokae .\n circa 1995 : Sol Plaatje Municipality ( Kimberley ) in the Southern Province 1970s : Plaatjie became interested in journalism and writing in the work of John Comaroff ( who edited the text prior to the publication of Sol plaatjie 's Book on the Boers The literature police : chronology 1984 : Brian Willan published his biography , under the title Sol Plaatje : South African Nationalist , 1876 \u2013 1932 .\n 1991 : The Sol Plaatje Educational Trust and Museum , was built in Plaatje 's home at 32 Angel Street , and expanded to open , with the aim of expanding his writing activities as the route he left . Department of Basic Education : Sol Plaatje House : explanation written by Dr Karen Haire for the Sol Plaatje Educational Trust , 32 Angel Street , Kimberley , 8301 , retrieved 26 July 2013 .\n In 1992 : This house is located at the above address , 32 Angel Street in Kimberley , this is where Plaatji spent his last years , it was elevated and erected as a national monument ( currently it is the center of cultural heritage and traditions in the province ) . Government Gazette of South Africa , No. 14048 , Pretoria : 19 June 1992 .\n It continues to be a Sol Plaatje library and museum , run by the organizers of an educational fund under Plaatje 's name , based on monetary donations . 2002 : The Sol Plaatjie Center for Media Leadership was created at Rhodes University , to study journalism and broadcasting . In the 1970s : Plaatjie 's interest in journalism and writing began to emerge in the work of John Comaroff ( who edited the text before the publication of The Boer War Diary of Sol T. Plaatje ) , and in the work of Tim Couzens and Stephen Gray ( who took the opportunity to deal with Sol Plaatjie 's novel , which is Mhudi )\n 1978 : the novel Mhudi was republished under the editorship of Stephen GrayPlaatje , Sol T. 1978 ( 1930 ) . In Africa in the Western Cape he was called Plaatjie and that is how he was honored. in 1998 : at a ceremony held on Plaatjie 's behalf , where he was awarded a posthumous doctorate , in his honour , the work done by the North - West University , in front of his generation who were present at the ceremony .\n 1998 : Plaatjie 's grave in the West End cemetery , Kimberley , was designated as a national monument ( currently it is a heritage of customs and traditions in the North West province ) . Government Gazette of South Africa , No. 18694 , Pretoria : 27 February 1998 .\n This is the second grave in the history of South Africa to be honored with a memorial at the national level . with John L. Comaroff The Essential Interpreter ( circa 1909 ) an essay Bantu Folk - Tales and Poems\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nUSolomon Tshekisho Plaatje (waazalwa ngomhla wesi-9 October 1876 \u2013 wasweleka ngomhla we-19 June 1932) wayeyinkcubabuchopho yasemZantsi Afrika, ekwayintatheli, eyingcali kwizifundo eziphicotha iilwimi, engusopolitiki, ekwayitoliki ekwaziyo ukuyibeka ngolunye ulwimi intetho eyenziweyo okanye ebhaliweyo. Loo mfo wayekwangumbhali ophum'izandla. UPlaatje wayelelinye lamalungu kwanososiba jikelele wokuqala wombutho weenzalelwane zeSizwe sasemZantsi Afrika (SANNC), mbutho lowo ungukhongolose (ANC) namhlanje. UMasipalathi ongurhulumente wengingqi iSol Plaatje, ubandakanya isixeko saseKimberley, ubizwe ngegama lakhe, nje ngeYunivesithi iSol Plaatje kwakwesi siXeko, esavulwa ngokusesikweni ngo-2014.]\nUmsitho wokuvulwa kwale Yunivesithi intsha wazinyanswa ngentetho kaMongameli weSizwe sasemZantsi Afrika, ngethuba kubhengezwa oosoSiba bethutyana naxa kwakubhengezwa amagama eeYunivesithi ezintsha, 25 July 2013], le ngelo yaakhutshwa ngomhla wama-25 July 2013.\n Ebuntwaneni bakhe \nLo kaPlaatje waazalelwa eDoornfontein kufuphi neBoshof, eOrange Free State (neseyibizwa ngokuba liphondo laseFree State, emZantsi Africa), ungunyana wesithandathu koonyana bakayise abasibhozo. Uyise mkhulu wayebizwa ngokuba nguSelogilwe Mogodi (owazalwa ngo-1836-wabhubha ngo1881) kodwa ngo1856, umqeshi wakhe, owayelibhulu leplazi laseGroenewald, wamthiya igama lesiteketiso elithi Plaatje, lwaza ke nosapho ngokubanzi lwaqala ukulisebenzisa eligama njengefani yosapho. Abazali bakhe uJohannes kunye noMartha babengabelizwe lasebuTswana. BabengamaKrestu besebenza kwisitishi sasemishini, besebenzela amamishinari emZantsi Afrika. Waathi xa aminyaka mine uSolomon, usapho lwakhe lwafudukela ePniel kufuphi naseKimberly emNtla koloni weKapa lusiya kusebenzela ummishinari waseJamani, uErnst Westphal, nenkosikazi yakhe uWilhelmine. Kulapho wafumana khona imfundo yasemishini. Waathi akuqgwesa bonke abafundi, waanikwa uchatha wezifundo zabucala ezinikwa nguNkosikazi Westphal, ikwayile nkosikazi eyamfundisa ukudlala i-piano kunye ne-violini, waba sele emnika nezifundo zomculo. Ngenyanga yomDumba ngo-1892, wayene-15 leminyaka ubudala, wabangutishala efundisa abantwana, isikhundla awasibamba iminyaka emibini. \nEmva kokuba eshiyile esikolweni, waafudukela eKimberley ngo-1894, apho wayakuba ng|unoposi owayeqeshwe yi-Ofisi yePosi ukuba ahambise iimbalelwano zocingo (iitelegram). . Ngokufutshane nje emva koko waphumelela uviwo lokuba ngumabhalane. Waaba ngoyena ufumana amanqaku aphezulu ukodlula wonke umntu owabhala olo viwo kule Koloni elubhala ngolwimi lwesiDatshi aze aphinde abhale ngo kuchwetheza (ngokwengxelo eyanikwa nguNeil Parsons kumazwi akhe okuvula kwincwadi ethiUbomi beenzalelwane zasemZantsi Afrika, Phambi nangeminyaka okoko kwangeemfazwe zaseYurophu novukelo lwamabhulu).. Ngelo xesha, ikoloni yaseKapa yayise inikele ngeziqinisekiso zorhwebo kuwo onke amadoda awayeneminyaka engama-21 nangaphezulu, esi siqinisekiso sasinikwa umntu okwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala isiNgesi kunye nesiDatshi. Lowo ke wayesamkela iiponti ezingama-50 ngonyaka. Wathi xa egqiba ama-21 eminyaka ubudala ngo-1897, wakwazi ukuvota, lungelo elo awathi kamva waliphucwa, ukuphela kolawulo lwaseBritane. \nNgokufutshane emvakoko, waabayitoliki yeenkundla zamatyala zoosomagunya baseBritane ngexesha lokuvingcelwa kweMafeking waza wazibhala kwincwadana yakhe awayezazi ngokwamava akhe, nezathi zapapashwa kamva. {sfn|Van Wyk|2003|p=}}\nEmva kwemfazwe, wayeqinisekile okokuba amaBritane ayakuqhubeka ezikhupha iziqinisekiso ezinika onke amadoda, kodwa wona amaBritatane awanika abamhlophe kuphela amalungelo ezopolitiko ngo-1910 UManyano lomZantsi Afrika. UPlaatje waawagxeka amaBritane kuxwebhu olwalungapapashwanga lwango-1909, olwalusihloko salo sithi,\"Sekgoma \u2013 Ukucalucalulwa kwabamnyama.\"\n Igalelo ngokwesiphiwo sakhe \nIMAGE: Abathunywa beNkongolo yeeNzalelwane zeSizwe sasemZantsi Afrika bethunywa eNgilane, ngeyeSilimela ngo-1914. Ukusuka ngasekhohlo ukuya ngasekunene: UThomas Mapike, umf. Walter Rubusana, umf. John Dube, uSaul Msane, uSol Plaatje\nNjengetshantliziyo kwezopolitiko, phantse bonke ubomi bakhe ubuchithe ekulwelweni iziqinisekiso nenkululeko yeenzalelwane zaseAfrika. Waba lelinye lamalungu elaqala umButho weeNzalelwane zeSizwe sasemZantsi Afrika waza waba ngusosiba jikelele wawo lo mbutho, owathi ekuhambeni kwethuba emva kweminyaka elishumi wabizwa ngokuba nguKhongolose UMbutho wesizwe saseAfrika (ANC). Njengelungu elaliphakathi kwabathunywa, waahamba waya e-Ngilani esiyakuqhankqalazela Umthetho womhlaba weenzalelwane, wango-1913, wathi kamva waya eKhanada nasenakumazwe aseMelika apho waadibana khona noMarcus Garvey noW. E. B. Du Bois.\nnjengokuba wayekhule ethetha ulwimi lwesiTswana, uPlaatje wayethetha iilwimi ngeelwimi. Ezithetha ngokusulungekileyo iilwimi ezisixhenxe, waasebenza njengetoliki yeenkundla zamatyala ngexesha lokurhangqwa kweMafeking, waza wayibeka ngolwimi lwesiTswana imisebenzi kaWilliam Shakespeare. Esi sakhona nesiphiwo sakhe sokwazi iilwimi okaPlaatji sasingambeka kwinqanaba lobuntatheli nokubhala. Wayekwangumhleli ekwabambisene ngokuba ngumnikazi we'Kuranta ya Becoana (Bechuana Gazette) eMahikeng, naseKimberley Tsala ya Becoana (Bechuana Friend) kunye neTsala ya Batho (Umhlobo wabantu).\nUPlaatje wabangumntu wokuqala omnyama emZantsi afrika ukubhala inoveli ngolwimi lwesiNgesi \u2013 Mhudi. wayibhala le noveli ngo-1919, kodwa yaapapashwa ngo-1930 (ngo-1928 umbhali ngolwimi lwesiZulu uR. R. R. Dhlomo naye waapapasha inoveli ebhalwe ngolwimi lwesiNgesi, esihloko sayo sithi An African Tragedy/Intlekele yase Afrika, kwindawo yoshicilelo ekuyimishini yaseLovedale, eAlice; oku kweenza ukuba inoveli kaDlomo kube yinoveli yokuqala emZantsi Afrika ukupapashwa ngesiNgesi, ngoku kanye inoveli kaPlaatjie ethiMhudi yayibhalwe kuqala kuna le. Waaphinda wabhala incwadi esihloko sayo sithiNative Life in South Africa - Ubomi benzalelwane emZantsi Afrika, ncwadi leyo eyanconywa nguNeil Parsons, eyichaza njenge\"nye yeencwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu eAfrika, ebhalwe ngomnye wababhali abahlonitshwayo kwilizwekazi laseAfrika\", kunye nencwadi yeenkcukacha zemfazwe yamabbhulu eyapapashwa okokuqala emva kwama-40 eminyaka walandulelayo eli.\n Indima yakhe nje ngomdlali weqonga \nthumbnail|Isiqendu somdalo weqonga othiCradle of the World, 1923. USol Plaatje umi phakathi kumbini weqonga.\nUPlaatje waandwendwela eBritani izihlandlo ezintathu. Kulapho wadibana khona nabantu abaninzi ababenezimvo ezifana nezakhe. Omnye wayenguququzeleli wemidlalo yoomabonakuthe uGeorge Lattimore owathi ngo-1923 waququzelela umboniso bhanya-bhanya oyi-Path\u00e9, Cradle of the World, \"owona mdlalo wakhe wonwabisa nonika umdla kwimidlalo eyakhe yashicilelwa\". Kwincwadi eyayisiya kumbutho wamaAfrika kwihlabathi jikelele uW. E. B. Du Bois, uLattimore echaza okokuba unommsebenzi oyimpumelelo kwiholo lasePhilharmonic elondon.ileta eyayivela kuGeorge W. Lattimore isiya kuW. E. B. Du Bois, ngomhla wama-21 kweyeThupha ngo-1923. kumaphepha ka-W. E. B. Du Bois, credo. Retrieved 13 October 2014. Umboniso, owawuneempawu zomnyhadala, owawuquka ukudlalwa kweengoma nomculo. UPlaatje waakhwetywa nguLattimore ukuba azekudlala indawo yokuba yindoda yomAfrika evela ezilalini. Topp Fargion, Janet. \"Sol t Plaatje: The hidden recording\", in Playback, Bulletin of the British Library National Sound Archive, No. 12, Autumn 1995, pp. 2-4.\n Ubomi bakhe \nUPlaatje wayengumKrestu ozinikeleyo,USolomon Tshekisho Plaatje (ongu-Sol Plaatje) Mafikeng Capital City \u2013 North West Province South Africa at ikwanguye owayila iqela labalandeli elalibizwa ngokuba ngaBazalwane bamaKrestu aseKimberley. wayetshate noElizabeth Lilith M'belle, umanyano olwavelisa abantwana abathandathu \u2013 uFrederick York St Leger, uHalley, uRichard, Violet, uOlive kunye noJohannes Gutenberg. Wasutywa kukufa ngenxa yokungenwa yingqele ePimville, eGoli ngomhla we-19 kweSilimela, ngo-1932, eminyaka ingama-56, waangcwatyelwa eKimberley. Babengaphaya kwewaka abantu ababezimase loo mngcwabo.\n Imbeko awayinikwayo nomzila awawushiyayo \n Ngo-1935: kwiminyaka emithathu emva kokuba eswelekile, ilitye lesikhumbuzo lalakhewe phezu kwengcwaba lakhe uPlaatje linombhalo othi: \"I Khutse Morolong: Modiredi Wa Afrika \u2013 lala ngoxolo Morolong, siCaka saseAfrika\".\nKwaaqala kwadlula amashumi ngamashumi eminyaka phambi kokuba lo kaPlaatji anikwe iwonga elimfaneleyo. \"Inkoliso yezinto awazilwelayo zabekwa eaweni,\" ebhala ngobomi bakhe uBrian Willan, \"Ikamva lakhe negalelo lakhe kwezepolitiko beselisiya lilibaleka, imisebenzi yakhe awayibhalayo yaalahleka eminye yatshatyalaliswa, iincwadi zakhe ezapapashwayo azifundwa ubukhulu becala. Inoveli yakhe ethiMhudi ayikho kuluhlu lwencwadi ezingesithethe sakwantu, kwaye ithuba elide le ncwadi yayithathwa nje ngencwadi yeendaba zomgosi.\"\n Ngo-1970s: waqala ukuvela umdla kubuntatheli nokubhala kwakhe uPlaatjie kumsebenzi kaJohn Comaroff (owayehlela okubhaliweyo phambi kokuba kupapashwe Incwadana kaSol plaatjie engemilo yamaBhulu - The Boer War Diary of Sol T. Plaatje, nakumsebenzi kaTim Couzens no Stephen Gray (owazinika ithuba lokujongana nenoveli kaSol Plaatjie, ethi Mhudi)\n Ngo-1978: inoveli ethi Mhudi yaapapashwa kwakhona phantsi kweliso lomhleli uStephen GrayPlaatje, Sol T. 1978 (1930). Mhudi. Ed. Stephen Gray. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Books.\n Ngo-1982: umsebenzi kaPlaatje phantsi kwesihloko esithiNative Life in South Africa: Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (1916) waaphinde wapapashwa nguRavan Press. Plaatje, Sol T. Native Life in South Africa: Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion. Johannesburg: Ravan.\n Ngo-1982: INtlangano yaBabhali baseAfrika yaabundukunya iziko lembasa yombongo kaPlaatji (ekunye nembasa yeDrama ka-H. I. E. R. R. R. Dhlomo kunye nembasa yeMbongi enguS. E. K. Mqhayi. The literature police: chronology\n Ngo-1984: UBrian Willan waapapasha imbali ngobomi bakhe, phantsi kwesihloko esithiSol Plaatje: South African Nationalist, 1876\u20131932.\n Ngo-1991: iSol Plaatje Educational Trust and Museum, yakhiwa kwikhaya likaPlaatje kwa-32 Angel Street, yaza yandiswa ukuze ivuleke, ngeenjongo zokwandisa imisebenzi yakhe yokubhala njengomzila awawushiyayo. Department of Basic Education: Sol Plaatje House: explanation written by Dr Karen Haire for the Sol Plaatje Educational Trust, 32 Angel Street, Kimberley, 8301, retrieved 26 July 2013.\n Ngo-1992: Lo mzi ukule dilesi ingasentla ethi 32 Angel Street in Kimberley, kulapho loo kaPlaatji wayichitha khona iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela, waaphakanyiswa waza wemiswa njengesakhiwo sesizwe esisisikhumbuzo (kungoku nje liziko lamagugu amasiko nezithethe ephondweni). Government Gazette of South Africa, No. 14048, Pretoria: 19 June 1992. Liyaqhuba ukuba lithala leencwadi kwanemuiziyam kaSol Plaatje, eqhutywa ngabaququzeleli bengxowa-mali yezemfundo phantsi kwegama lika Plaatje, ngokweminikelo ngemali. Ngeminyaka yoo-2000 le ngxowa-mali kaSol Plaatje ipapashe iimbali ngobomi bakhe uPlaatji, loo msebenzi usenziwa nguMaureen Rall noSabata-Mpho Mokae.\n circa 1995: UMasipala iSol Plaatje (eKimberley) kwiPhondo lasemZantsi Afrika kwiNtshona Kapa waathiywa ngoPlaatjie waba ke yindlela anikwa ngayo imbeko. \n ngo-1998: kumsitho owawubanjiwe egameni likaPlaatjie, apho waathiwa jize ngewonga elikwinqanaba lesidanga sobugqirha elinikezwa abangasekhoyo, ngelimnika imbeko yakhe, msebenzi lowo owenziwa yiYiYunivesithi yaseMntla-Ntshona, phambi kwesizukulwana sakhe esasikho kuloo msitho.\n Ngo-1998: Ingcwaba likaPlaatjie kwisakhiwo samangcwaba asekuPheleni kweNtshona, eKimberley, lamiswa njengesikhumbuzo sesizwe (kungoku nje ligugu lamasiko nezithethe kwakweli phondo lomNtla-Ntshona). Government Gazette of South Africa, No. 18694, Pretoria: 27 February 1998. Eli lingcwaba lesibini kwimbali yasemZantsi Afrika ukuwongwa ngesikhumbuzo kwinqanaba lesizwe. Diamond Fields Advertiser, Wednesday, 17 October 2001, \"Tsala ea Batho\", Kimberley, p. 10.\n Ngo-2000: Umpapashi wemigodi yedayimani wenza umsitho wokunikezela ngeMbasa yesiKhumbuzo sikaSol Plaatjie ukunika imbeka qho ngonyaka, abafundi bebanga lematriki abathe bagqwesa kwizifundo zolwimi lwesiTswana nolwesiNgesi kumNtla-Kapa. Abafundi bokuqala ukufumana le mbasa yaba nguClaire Reddie (kwisiNgesi) kunye noNeo Molefi (kwiSetswana). Diamond Fields Advertiser. Wednesday 17 October 2001, \"Tsala ea Batho\", Kimberley, p. 12.\n 2000: Isakhiwo sesebe lezeMfundo esisePitoli saathiywa ngakutsha njengengomzi iSol Plaatje House, ngomhla we-15 kweyeSilimela ngo-2000, \"ngelinika imbeko kwesi sithwangube sezopolitiko netitshala egqibeleleyo.\"\n Ngo-2000: Iposi yasemZantsi Afrika yaakhupha uthotho lwezitampu ezazinomfanekiso yababhali beMfazwe yamabhulu, loo mifanekiso yayinoPlaatjie ibonakala kwisitampu sexabiso elili-1.30 ngokweRandi. Olu ludwe lukwabandakanya uNkosiArthur Conan Doyle, Winston Churchill, Johanna Brandt nembasa yemfazwe phakathi kwamaNgesi namaBhulu. Anglo-Boer War Writers \u2013 stamps, Trussel.com.\n Ngo-2000: Umbutho kaKhongolose yaaqala imbasa engegama likaSol Plaatje, enye yeembasa ezikhutshwa qho ngonyaka ikhutshelwa ngengeenjongo zokukhuthaza abo bathe baphumelela. Le mbasa kaSol plaatjie ijolise kweyona ngingqi okanye isebe le-ANC elithe lagqwesa ngokwenza kakuhle. ANC Annual Achievement Awards. \n Ngo-2002: Iziko lobunkokheli bosasazo lweSol Plaatjie laayilwa kwiYunivesithi yaseRhodes, kwizifundo zecandelo lezobuntatheli nosasazo. Sol Plaatje Institute retrieved 10 August 2013.\n Ngo-2005: idami i-Saulspoort laphinda lathiywa ngakutsha kwathiwa lidami i-Sol Plaatje, although not in honour of Sol Plaatje the man but in remembrance of 41 Sol Plaatje Municipal workers drowned in a bus disaster there on 1 May 2003. Government Gazette, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, Vol. 478, Pretoria, 1 April 2005, No. 27408; retrieved 16 August 2013. Drama at bus tragedy service News24.com, 5 May 2003; retrieved 16 August 2013.\n 2007: the Sol Plaatje Prize for Translation was instituted by the English Academy of South Africa, awarded bi-annually for translation of prose or poetry into English from any of the other South African official languages.\n 2009: the Sol Plaatje Power Station at the Sol Plaatje Dam was commissioned \u2013 the first commercial small hydro power station constructed in South Africa in 22 years.\n 2009: Sol Plaatje was honoured in the Posthumous Literary Award given by the South African Literary Awards.\n 2010: the first Plaatje Festival, held in Mahikeng, hosted by the North West Province Departments of Sport, Arts and Culture and of Education, on 5 and 6 November 2010. It brought together Plaatje and Molema descendants, poets, journalists, scholars, language practitioners, educators, and learners, who \"paid tribute to this brilliant Setswana man of letters.\"\n 2010: a statue of Sol Plaatje, seated and writing at a desk, was unveiled in Kimberley by South African President Jacob Zuma on 9 January 2010, the 98th anniversary of the founding of the African National Congress. By sculptor Johan Moolman, it was erected at Kimberley's Civic Centre, formerly the Malay Camp, and situated approximately where Plaatje had his printing press in 1910 \u2013 13. Plaatje Statue unveiled, Diamond Fields Advertiser, 11 January 2010, p. 6. (Contrary to Sunday Argus and Independent on Line reports [10 January 2010, at 12: 42PM] suggesting that this took place in Cape Town.)\n 2011: the European Union Sol Plaatje Poetry Competition was inaugurated, honouring \"the spirit of the legendary intellectual giant, Sol Plaatje, the activist, linguist and translator, novelist, journalist and leader.\" Winners' work has been published in an annual anthology since the competition's inauguration. Sol Plaatje European Union Poetry Anthology. \n 2012: Seetsele Modiri Molema's Lover of his people: a biography of Sol Plaatje was published. Translated and edited by D. S. Matjila and Karen Haire, the manuscript, Sol T. Plaatje: Morata Wabo, dating from the 1960s, was the first Plaatje biography written in his mother tongue, Setswana, and the only book-length biography written by someone who actually knew Plaatje.\n 2013: the naming of the Sol Plaatje University in Kimberley, which opened in 2014, was announced by President Jacob Zuma on 25 July 2013.\"New universities' names revealed\", News24, 25 July 2013.\n Ngo-2013: ithala leencwadi laseUNISA kwingingqi yaseFlorida lathiywa ngakutsha ngegama likaSol Plaatjie, unveiled on 30 July 2013. All in the name of science: campus buildings renamed; retrieved 16 August 2013.\n Izikolo zaseKimberley naseMahikeng zithiywe ngegama likaSol Plaatjie.\n Iincwadi neminye imisebenzi awayibhala ngokwakhe \n with John L. Comaroff\n The Essential Interpreter (circa 1909) an essay\n \n \n \n \n Bantu Folk-Tales and Poems Iincwadi ezazibhalwe ngesiNgesi waza waziguqulela kwisiTswana \n Dikhontsho tsa bo-Juliuse Kesara \u2013 Julius Caesar Diphosho-phosho \u2013 The Comedy of ErrorsBoth of these were called \"remarkably good\" translations in a 1949 study.\n Imisebenzi ekusekelwe kuwo eli phepha \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n---Couzens, Tim. 1987. Sol T. Plaatje and the First South African Epic. English in Africa 14: 41-65.\n \n \n Okunye emakufundwe \n \n De Villiers, G. E. 2000. Servant of Africa. The life and times of Sol T Plaatje. Pretoria: Stimela.\n \n \n \n Willan, Brian. 2018. Sol Plaatje \u2013 A life of Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje 1876\u20131932.'' Johannesburg: Jacana Media. In USA, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.\n Uxhumano lwangaphandle \n A biography and chronology of his life\n \n \n Audio Recordings: Audio from South African Music Archive Project, info\nCategory: 1876 births\nCategory: 1932 deaths\nCategory: People from Tokologo Local Municipality\nCategory: South African Tswana people\nCategory: South African Christians\nCategory: African National Congress politicians\nCategory: South African journalists\nCategory: Deaths from pneumonia\nCategory: Infectious disease deaths in South Africa\nCategory: Proverb scholars\nCategory: Tswana-language writers\nCategory: Translators of William Shakespeare\nCategory: Members of the Order of Luthuli", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "African novelist , intellectual , teacher or political expert , publisher , editor , novelist , and poet .\n He was the founder and president of the South African National Congress ( SANNC ) , which became the South African National Congress in 1923 . Pastor William Cullen Wilcox was called to speak with Dube , who was having trouble at the Adams school. at that time his father James Dube was the", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUJohn Langalibalele Dube (waazalwa ngowe-11 kweyomDumba ngo-1871 \u2013 waza wasweleka ngowe-11 kweyomDumba ngo-1946), wayengumbhali wasemZantsi Afrika owayebhala amabali, ekwayingqondi, umfundisi okanye ititshala, ingcali kwezopolitiki, umpapashi, umhleli, umbhali weenoveli, kwanembongi. Waaba ngumyili nomongameli wonkongolo yeeNzalelwane zeSizwe sazemZantsi Afrika (i-SANNC), mbutho lowo owaba owaba yiNkongolo yeSizwe sasemZantsi Afrika ngo-1923. Lo kaDube waasebenza njengoMongameli wale Nkongolo ukusuka ngo-1912 ukuya ku-1917. Waasiwa eMelika ngamamishinari awayeze kuzimasa isikolo sokuqeqesha i-Oberlin.\"John Dube\", Oberlin. Waabuyela emZantsi Afrika, waza ngo-1903 ekunye nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, uNokutela Dube, bayila iphepha-ndaba, nelibizwa ngokuba l'Ilanga lase Natal.\nNgo-1901, waaqala iziko leendibano zamantombazana eNanda e-Ohlanga. Wayesoloko ethundeza abantu abamnyama ukuba bashishine, watsho yena ngo-1903 waqala iphepha-ndaba lalke ngolwimi lwesiZulu nelibizwa, isihloko salo sithi 'Ilanga'. Ngo-1930, uJohn Dube waapapasha \"Umzimba wesiCaka sikaShaka.\" Wayekwabhala ngobomi beenkokheli zakwaZulu, eziquka ukumkani uDinizulu.\nWayengumntu oqhuba iingxoxo ngezopolitiko. I-ANC yakhe yayingombutho olwayo ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, kodwa akazange alahlekelwe yile mibandela mibini ilandelayo:\nOkokuqala, amalungelo abantu, okwesibini, ukubaluleka kokumanyana kwama-Afrika. Lo ngumyalezo awayewushumayela imihla yonke yokudla kwakhe ubomi, de wasutywa kukufa ngo-1946. \n Ebuntwaneni bakhe \nUJohn Langalibalele waazalelwa eNatala kwisitishi semishini yaseNanda esikwa yimishini yobambiswano phakathi kweMelika noZulu(Meli-ZulAZM), isebe leBhodi yekomiti yaseMelika elimele iimishini zamanye amazwe, ikwaleli sebe elathi kamva lamanya iimishini zeenkonzo zomZantsi Afrika kunye noozakwabo yimishini yeecawa zenkongolo yeNtlangano yeemishini zaseLondon kwaye iManyano yenkongolo yomzantsi Afrika ukwakha Icawe yasemZantsi Afrika yenkongolo emanyeneyo (UCCSA). Uyise owayengumfundisi uJames Dube, wayengomnye wabefundisi bokuqala ukugcotywa nje ngomfundisi ongumAfrika we-AZM. UDube waqala ukufunda eNanda nakwiKholeji iAdams College, eManzimtoti.\nUmfundisi uWilliam Cullen Wilcox waabizwa ukuba aze kuthetha noDube, owayehlupha kwisikolo saseAdams. ngelo xesha uyise uJames Dube wayengumfundisi webandla laseNanda. \"UJohn L. Dube \u2013 A Biographical Sketch\", Oberlin College. Retrieved 1 August 2013.\nngo-1887, usapho lwakwaWilcox lwaluphindela eMelika, waza uJohn Dube ekunye nonina bathi gqolo becenga esi sibini samamishinari ukuba bahambe kunye naye uDube xa besiya eMelika, apho wayezakuqhubela phambili nezifundo zakhe. Saavuma ke esi sibini ngelithi bangahamba naye, ngaphandle kokuba uzakuzihlawulela iimfuno zakhe zemihla-ngemihla. Kodwa ke baamcebisa, waza wathi akufika eMelika uDube, uWilliam wamfumanela umsebenzi wasemgaqweni.\nDUDube waaya kufunda kwisikolo soqeqesho lokuqala i-Oberlinl nangona waafunda ukuchwetheza nokuzinceda, akazange ade abe uwongwa ngempumelelo kwelo nqanaba.\nUDube wayengumntwanegazi, ngokwelungelo lakhe, eyinkosi yohlanga lwamaQadi. Kwathi kuba uyise wayesele eguqulelwe kubuKrestu ngamamishinari okuqala phambi kokuba kubekhoiRiphabhlikhi yasemZantsi Afrika, zange awalawule amaQadi. Eyona fani kaDube nguNgcobo, owayenobukhosi bamaQadi akwaZulu.\nIgalelo lakhe kwisizwe\nIMAGE: Igqiza labathunywa lombutho wenkongolo yabantu bemveli basemZantsi Afrika elalithunye eNgilane, ngenyanga yeSilimela ngo-1914. ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ngasekunene: uThomas Mapike, umFundidi Walter Rubusana, umFundisi uRev John Dube, uSaul Msane, uSol Plaatje \nKumntu owayenomfutho wemfundo yobumishinari, kwakukho ungquzulwano phakathi kwale mfundo yaseNtshona intsha ifikayo kunye nendlela ekwakuhlalwa kuphilwa ngayo ngokwemveli yamaAfrika. Kodwa yena uDube waakwazi ukuyithatha le yantlukwano ngokwasekuhlaleni esebenzisa amava akhe nanje ngendoda eyayithembekile kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni, njengokuba kwiminyaka elandelayo, waathi wathenjwa yindlu yobukhosi bamaZulu. Sekuyinto eyamkelekileyo umbono othi lo kaDube ngewayengazange abe lilungu leSANC, kodwa ngenxa yokokuba iimfundiso kunye neencoko zakhe ngokubaluleka komanyano zangena nokungena komfutho wezopolitiko. Namhlanje kubonakala kufanelekile kwiingcali zembali ezinomkhethe ukukhankanya okokuba ukunesa kwakhe le mfundo intsha umfo kaDube bubungqina obathi bakhokelela ekubeni athi kamva ohlukane ne-ANC. Kodwa, eyona nyaniso yeyokokuba, i-ANC yayingazange ibe ngumbutho wamatsha-ntliziyo awayelwela imibandela efana nelungelo lokuvota kwenzalelwane zemveli ezingabantu abadala de kwenziwa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo ngokuthi kuqalwe okanye kuyilwe umbutho wolutsha oyiANC Youth League ngeminyaka yoo-1940.\nIintetho zikaDube njengomongameli wombutho wezopolitiko lwabantu abamnyama azizange zibhengezwe, ngoko ke azizange zibenakufumaneka. Omnye umbutho wabantu abamnyama owathi wakhiwa njengombutho wentsebenziswano kwezentlalo nopolitiko neNtlangano kaMarcus Garvey engophuculo lwabantu abangama-Negro negqiza lazizwe zamaAfrika, eyafunyanwa ngo-1914. Kwiintshukumo zakhe zopolitiko okaDube wayehlaba ekhangele kwaye engagxeki kwaphela, kodwa ephuma elubala ngamalungelo abantu abamnyama nangokubaluleka komanyano - wayibona imfuneko yokumanyana kwabantu abamnyama kude le, phambi kokuba kufike uGarvey kweli lizwe.\nUmfundisi/ititshala\nIMAGE: Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1930 uJohn kunye nenkosikazi yakhe yesibini uAngelina Dube ekunye (ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ngasekunene) nonoNomagugu, uJoan Lulu, uJames Sipho kunye noDouglas Sobanto.\nUDube wayekwayititshala, isithethi esibalulekileyo kwisekethe eyayifakana imilomo nabelungu kwiindibano ekwakusothulwa kuzo iintetho kwisizwe jikelele. Ngo-1901 yena kunye nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, uNokutela Dube, baqala isikolo soshishino samaZulu angamaKrestu, nesaziwa nje ngesiKolo semfundo ephakamileyo i-Ohlange kwase-Ohlange, kufuphi nasePhoenix kunye nasEkuPhakameni. Eli yayiliziko lemfundo lokuqala emZantsi Afrika ukuqalwa ngabantu abamnyama. Simanga Kumalo; Neville Richardson (2010), \"Seth Mokitimi and education for ministry: What's in a Name?\", Missionalia, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 259\u2013274. Wayezinika imfundiso zakhe ngokumenywa waza ke ngenxa yoko wawongwa ngesidanga sobugqirha kwifilosofi (kwezolwazi nobulumko). Igalelo lakhe njengetitshala alibhalwanga ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ubenayo ekwayibeka imibono yakhe ngemfundo nesiko emayisetyenziswe kwiindlela eziyingozi zorhulumente wengcinezelo xa athe waluthathelakuye ulawulo ngo-1948 efaka umthetho weBantu Education Act. UDube wayebone kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa imfundo yaseNtshona kunye namasiko nezithethe zalapha ekuhlaleni, kodwa konke kwakhelwe ngendlela ekuphilwa nekwenziwa ngayo izinto ngama-Afrika. Imibono yakhe ngemfundo ifunyanwa kwi-Ukuziphatha kunye ne-Isita.\nIndoda eyayibhala iileta\nUphakathi kwamadoda ayeziintloli zokuqala ezaabhala iileta ezadlala indima enkulu ukuze kufunyanwe uncwadi lwesiZulu. Wayengomnye wabapapashi nababhali besiZulu bokuqala, nangona incwadi yokuqala ukupapashwa yayibhalwe nguMagema Magwaza Fuze, ombali yakhe ngamaZulu ithi, Abantu abamnyama lapo bavela ngakona (eguqulelwa esiXhoseni ngolu hlobo,\"Abantu abamnyama nalapho bavela khona\"), yaapapashwa ngo-1922, kodwa yayibhalwe ngeminyaka yoo-1880 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1890s. Umsebenzi wokuqala owapapashwa nguDube kwakusisincoko esasibhalwe ngolwimi lwesiNgesi sincoko eso esasingokuziphucula nokubanesidima. Esi sincoko saapapashwa ngo-1910. Umsebenzi owakhokelela ekubeni makabe uwongwa ngesidanga sobugqirha befilosofi sisincoko esasisihloko sayo sithiUmuntu Isita Sake Uqobo Lwake (\"Utshaba lomntu nguye yena qobo lwakhe\") ibhalwe ngakutsha ngo-(1992)(uhlobo lwakudala lokubhala ngolwimi lwesiZulu phambi ko-1936). Waaqhubela phambili epapasha ineveli engembali ekwacaca okokuba iyathandwa kwaye inefuthe kwingqokolela yokubhalwe ngesiZulu phantsi kwesihloko esithiInsila kaShaka (\"isicaka somzimba kaShaka\") ngo(1930). UDube wayekwazinikele kumsebenzi wokubhala ngobomi beentsapho zeenkosi zamaZulu, ingakumbi iintsapho zeNkumkani uDinizulu, owaba ngumntu wokuqalwa ukubhalwa kwemvelaphi yakhe kwimbali yamaAfrika. Kukwakho neqela lemisebenzi engenafuthe nengabalulekanga kangako ngokomgangatho, imisebenzi efana nesincokoUkuziphatha [esingokuziphatha komntu] ngo(1910).\nNgaphezu koko, uDube nenkosikazi yakhe bavula iphephandaba lokuqala elalibhalwe ngesiZulu/nangesiNgesi Ilanga laseNatali ngo-1903, olu papasho lwathi lwenzelwa umsitho womnyhadala kuvuyiswana nalo ngo-2003. Ilanga laseNatali alisazimelanga okoko lathi lathengwa ngumbutho wezopolitiko owawubizwa ngokuba yInkatha yeNkululelo yeSizwe ngo-1988, owawukhokhelwa nguMangosuthu Buthelezi, waza wathi kamva waba ngumbutho wezopolitiko emva korhulumente wengcinezelo emZantsi Afrika wabizwa ngokuba yInkatha Freedom Party (IFP). UDube waabhala waza wahlela izihlandlo ngezihlandlo kweli phepha nakwamanye awayenababhali amagama abo angowobuxoki. Wayesakupapasha namanye kwimibongo. Waafundisa iintatheli ezathi kamva zaqhubela phambili zabangabahleli kwiphepha lakhe banika inkxaso ekuqaqambiseni nasekuphuhliseni imbali noncwadi lwesiZulu. \nUDube nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, uNokutela Dube, banconywa ngokwenza iculo likaEnoch Sontonga edumileyo ethi \"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika\". eli culo laathi kamva laba ngumhobe weSizwe emva kokuba ikwayala yeziko lemfundo ephakamileyo i-Ohlange iziko leMfundo ithe yalicula. Balicula kwindibano yombutho kaKhongolose wabantu beMveli beSizwekazi i-Afrika ngo-1912. Eli culo laaculwa emva komthandazo wokuvala, yaza i-ANC yamisa okokuba libe ngumhobe wokuvala ngokusesikweni ngo-1925. 1925.\"Enoch Mankayti Sontonga\", SAHistory.org.za. Retrieved July 2013.\nUkufuthwa kwakhe nguBooker T. Washington\nUDube waliva ngokwakhe ifuthe lika likaBooker T. Washington xa wayehambele e-USA esiyakwandisa imfundo yakhe ekuqaleni phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1890. Yena ekunye nenkosikazi yakhe baqala isikolo semfundo ephakamileyo i-Ohlange ngo-1901, esi sisikolo esasenzelwe ukuba sifundise aBantu basetyhini ngendlela zempucuko ukuze bakhululeke baze bafumane indawo kwisizwe esiphucukileyo. Kwisincoko sakhe esithi Ukuziphatha uDube waaqaphela okokuba abantu basetyhini abamnyama ngabona babuthathaka ekuphuhliseni intlalo yabantu bemveli ngenxa yemiqathango nokuncitshiswa kwamathuba abo okuba bafunde, waza waqaphela okokuba impumelelo nokuqaqamba kwabantu basetyhini kuvutha kuphele okomlilo weendiza. Eyona nto eyaba nefuthe kwimpumelelo kaDube yaba kukufunda kwakhe incwadi yaseWashington esihloko sayo sithi Up From Slavery, incwadi engokuzithemba, ivangeli eyayishunyayelwa ngokwesiko laseMelika nguRalph Waldo Emerson. Le ncwadi yaabonakalisa ukuba nefuthe elingummangaliso kwiingcinga zaBantu bemveli kwilizwe i-Afrika, nakuye wonke umntu omnyama ehlabathini jikelele. Yahamba yahamba yaguqulelwa nakwezinye iilwimi zaBantu abamnyama emZantsi Afrika, kodwa uDube akazange ayiguqulele nakoluphi na ulwimi, ndaweni yoko, wasuka wathatha iimfundiso zayo wazifaka ukuba zenziwe njengoba zinjalo. Obu bubuchule nenkqubela engazange yenziwa ngomnye umntu, ngaphandle koGarvey nemigushuzo yakhe eyayingathi ayinto kangako kodwa ibalulekile kusopolitiki uSteve Biko ekwikhaya lakhe eQonce kwiphondo laseMpuma-Koloni. UDube wayethanda kakhulu liziko lase Washington iTuskegee; kwiminyaka emva koko, uMarcus Garvey waazama ukubona i-Washington kuba yabanomtsalane ofana nokaDube nakuye, ngangona yena waafika eMelika ngo-1916, yayise ifile ke yona iWashington kumnyaka ogqithileyo. Isikolo sikaDube sisasebenza nangoku. UDube wayelikholwa elingagungqiyo ekuzithembeni, ekuziphatheni nangokunxanelwa ukomoya wokuqonda ukuba nesidima nentlonipho emehlweni abantu. KwIsita'' ushumayela ukuzimela nemfuneko yokuba abantu abamnyama baziqalele amathuba ezoqoqosho ukuze bahlonitshwe lihlabathi. \nImpumelelo yombutho kaNokutela noJohn Dube yayingenakwayanyaniswa nomtshato wabo. Bathi kona bakungabi nabantwana kwabonwa njengento embi kuNokutela, waza uJohn wanguyise wosana lwabo bantwana babo. Kwavulwa ikomiti yokuphanda uJohn, kodwa zange enziwe nto waza uNokutela waziva enukunezwe ngokomphefumlo. Esi sibini soohlukana phakathi ngo-1914, waza Nokutela wafudukela kwiPhondo laseTransvaal wahlala apho ke de wafikelwa kukugula sisifo sezintso. Wabuyela wayakuhlala noJohn Dube eRhawutini, waza wasweleka \nngo-1917 enama-44 eminyaka ubudala. Abantu ababezimase umngwabo wakhe yayinguPixley\u00a0uka\u00a0 uIsaka\u00a0uSeme namanye amalungu aphambili ento eyayizakuba yi-African National Congress. Nokutela\u00a0Dube, Johannesburg City Parks. Retrieved 14 June 2014.\nImisebenzi olusekwe phezu kwalo eli phepha\nUxhumano lwangaphandle\n \nCategory: 1871 births\nCategory: 1946 deaths\nCategory: People from Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal\nCategory: Colony of Natal people\nCategory: Zulu people\nCategory: Presidents of the African National Congress\nCategory: Anti-apartheid activists\nCategory: South African newspaper editors\nCategory: Oberlin College alumni\nCategory: Newspaper founders\nCategory: Members of the Order of Luthuli\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'John Langalibalele Dube' from xh to English:\nAfrican novelist , intellectual , teacher or political expert , publisher , editor , novelist , and poet .\n He was the founder and president of the South African National Congress ( SANNC ) , which became the South African National Congress in 1923 . Pastor William Cullen Wilcox was called to speak with Dube , who was having trouble at the Adams school. at that time his father James Dube was the pastor of the Nanda church . Dube and his first wife , Nokutela Dube , were praised for creating Enoch 's song They sang at a meeting of the Congress of Indigenous Peoples of Sizwekazi Africa in 1912 .\n This song was sung after the closing prayer , and the ANC decided that it should be the official closing anthem in 1925 . The success of Nokutela and John Dube 's union could not be attributed to their marriage .\n When they did not have children it was seen as a bad thing for Nokutela , and John became the father of their children .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "John Langalibalele Dube", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Mofolo then composed Chaka ( 1925 ) , a fictionalized account of the Zulu conqueror who built a mighty empire during the first quarter of the 19th century .\n Under Mofolos pen , the eventful career of Chaka ( Shaka ) becomes the epic tragedy of a heroic figure whose overweening ambition drives him to insane cruelty and ultimate ruin . In 1976 , the inaugural Mofolo - Plomer Prize , created by Na", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Thomas Mofolo' from xh to English:\nMofolo then composed Chaka ( 1925 ) , a fictionalized account of the Zulu conqueror who built a mighty empire during the first quarter of the 19th century .\n Under Mofolos pen , the eventful career of Chaka ( Shaka ) becomes the epic tragedy of a heroic figure whose overweening ambition drives him to insane cruelty and ultimate ruin . In 1976 , the inaugural Mofolo - Plomer Prize , created by Nadine Gordimer and so named in honor of Mofolo and William Plomer , was awarded to Mbulelo Mzamane .\n The judges for that year were Chinua Achebe , Alan Paton and Adam Small . The Thomas Mofolo Prize for Outstanding Sesotho Fiction was launched in South Africa on 6 February 2019 , to be awarded in December .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nThomas Mofolo\nUThomas Mokopu Mofolo (waazalwa ngomhla wama-22 kweyomNga ngo-1876 \u2013 wasweleka ngomhla wesi-8 kweyomSintsi ngo-1948) waziwa njengombhali wabeSuthu ophum'izandla Ubukhulu becala ubhala ngolwimi lwesiSuthu, kodwa eyona ncwadi yakhe ithandwa kakhulu esihloko sayo sithi,uChaka, iguqulelwe kulwimi lwesiNgesi nakwezinye iilwimi. \nImvelaphi yakhe\nUThomas Mofolo waazalelwa eKhojane, eLusotho, ngomhla wama-22 kweyomnga ngo-1876. Wafunda kwizikolo zakwalapho ekuhlaleni kwiHe was educated in the local schools of the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society and obtained a teacher's certificate in 1898. While he was working at the book depot in Morija, some of the missionaries encouraged him to write what was to become the first novel in Southern Sotho, Moeti oa bochabela (1907; The Traveler of the East). The edifying story of a young Sotho chieftain's conversion to Christianity, it is cleverly interwoven with traditional myths and praise poems. Its success prompted other young teachers to try their hand at fiction writing, thus launching one of the earliest literary movements in sub-Saharan Africa.\nMofolo's next book, Pitseng (1910), is built on a rather clumsy love plot in imitation of European fiction. It contains perceptive descriptions of native mores in Lesotho and in South Africa and a thoughtful, by no means encomiastic, appraisal of the influence of Christianity on traditional marriage customs.\nMofolo then composed Chaka (1925), a fictionalized account of the Zulu conqueror who built a mighty empire during the first quarter of the 19th century. Under Mofolo's pen, the eventful career of Chaka (Shaka) becomes the epic tragedy of a heroic figure whose overweening ambition drives him to insane cruelty and ultimate ruin. The earliest major contribution of black Africa to the corpus of modern world literature, Chaka is a genuine masterpiece; the narrative follows the austere curve of growth and decline which controls the structure of classic tragedy at its best; psychological motivation is sharply clarified at all points; and the author has cleverly manipulated the supernatural element, which is endowed with true symbolic value.\nAlthough the missionaries were sensitive to the high literary quality of Chaka, the pictures of pre-Christian life that the book contains made them reluctant to publish it. In his disappointment, Mofolo left for South Africa in 1910 and gave up writing. For several years he was a labour agent, recruiting workers for the gold mines of Transvaal and the plantations of Natal. After 1927 he bought a store in Lesotho; in 1937 he acquired a farm in South Africa but was evicted under the Bantu Land Act. In 1940, a broken and sick man, he returned to Lesotho, where he died on 8 September 1948.\nRecognition and legacy\nThe library at the National University of Lesotho is named the Thomas Mofolo Library in his honour.\nIn 1976, the inaugural Mofolo-Plomer Prize, created by Nadine Gordimer and so named in honour of Mofolo and South African writer William Plomer, was awarded to Mbulelo Mzamane. The judges for that year were Chinua Achebe, Alan Paton and Adam Small. Achmat Dangor, JM Coetzee (1977), Njabulo Simakahle Ndebele, Rose Zwi (1982) and Peter Wilhelm have been other recipients of the prize. \nThe Thomas Mofolo Prize for Outstanding Sesotho Fiction was launched in South Africa on 6 February 2019, to be awarded in December.\n Bibliography \nFrom the collection of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC:\nChaka (1939)\nChaka, a historical romance, with an introduction by Sir Henry Newbolt ... translated from the original Sesuto by F. H. Dutton (1931)\nChaka, 2nd enlarged edition (2000). \nChaka, new English translation by Daniel P. Kunene (1981) \nChaka, une \u00e9pop\u00e9e bantoue, French translation (1940)\nChaka Zulu: Roman, German translation and notes by Peter Sulzer (1988). \nTjhaka, Afrikaans translation by Chris Swanepoel (1974). \nMoeti oa Bochabela (1942)\nPitseng (1942, 1968)\nReferences\nCategory: 1876 births\nCategory: 1948 deaths\nCategory: Lesotho novelists\nCategory: 20th-century novelists\nCategory: Male novelists\nCategory: Lesotho male writers\nCategory: 20th-century male writers\nCategory: Sotho-language writers", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Thomas Mofolo", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "After that , he obtained a diploma in federal law and an advanced diploma in taxation from the Rand Afrikaans University ( now the University of Johannesburg ) .\n In 2010 he completed a Masters in Business Leadership at the University of South Africa . From 2010 to 2014 he worked as an Immigration and Human Services Counselor at the South African Embassy in China . A report by the Organized Cri", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Busisiwe Mkhwebane' from xh to English:\nAfter that , he obtained a diploma in federal law and an advanced diploma in taxation from the Rand Afrikaans University ( now the University of Johannesburg ) .\n In 2010 he completed a Masters in Business Leadership at the University of South Africa . From 2010 to 2014 he worked as an Immigration and Human Services Counselor at the South African Embassy in China . A report by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project said that at this time Mkhwebane 's bank account was registered by HSBC for receiving US $ 5000 paid by the Gupta family in connection with the railway contract with China South Rail .\n Mkhwebane flatly denied the allegation that he received money from the Gupta family . In 2014 he returned to South Africa to work as director of country information management and cooperation in the Department of Home Affairs .\n Mkhwebane then worked as an analyst for the Public Security Agency from July 2016 to October 2016 before being appointed Public Protector in October 2016 . He served as a board member of the Refugee Fund , where financial aid payments are made to refugees in crisis . Controversies as Public Protector A number of controversies and judgments related to the protection of the Public Protector occurred during Mkhwebane 's tenure .\n Political parties Democratic Alliance and Congress of the People have called for Mkhwebane to be removed as Public Protector while civil society groups such as COSATU and the Organization Undoing Reuse Abuse want him to be fit to hold the position . Mkhwebane 's report on the inappropriate acceptance of R500,000 in the presidential election campaign of the successful President Cyril Ramaphosa of BOSASA has been controversial in its findings , the nature of the investigation , and the political context in which it was written .\n The findings of the report , that Ramaphosa deliberately misled parliament with this offer , were described by the president as containing \" many inaccuracies , the findings are illegal , illogical and in some cases , beyond the scope of the public protector 's powers . Ramaphosa sought a judicial review of the Public Protector 's report , the court ruled that the report should be set aside and that his office does not have the authority to investigate the matter .\n The court also said that Mkhwebane 's investigation was \" illegal , \" \" unreasonable \" and \" reckless \" while saying \" Mkhwebane failed to understand his authority and failed to apply the law correctly and evaluate the evidence before him . \" In June 2017 , in consultation with the former governor of the South African Reserve Bank ( SARB ) ( 2003 - 2012 ) , Stephen Goodson , and without consulting government experts or legal scholars , Mkhwebane drafted changes to the Constitution to question and remove the SARB 's independence and authority the bank to keep inflation under control ; he then ordered Parliament to make those changes to the Constitution . The loss of confidence in the South African government 's commitments resulted in the loss of millions of dollars .\n In August 2017 the Reserve Bank won against the defendant Mkhwebane and vacated its order as a violation of the separation of powers law , which Mkhwebane appealed . The High Court ruled against the Public Protector and set aside Mkhwebane 's findings against the people representing the Bapo ba Mogale community finding that the method of gathering the report was flawed .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nBusisiwe Mkhwebane\nImvelaphi nemfundo yakhe \nUMkhwebane wazalelwa eBethal eMpumalanga ngomhla wesi-2 kweyoMdumba ngo-1970, waza waphumelela ibanga leshumi kwisikolo iMkhephula Sekondari ngo-1988. Waphumelela nge-BPro, walandelisa nge -LLB kwiDyunivesithi yasemaNtla (neyaziwa ngokuba yiDyunivesithi yaseLimpopo kule mihla). Emva koko, wafumana idiploma yomthetho wobumbano kunye nediploma ephezulu kwirhafu kwiYunivesithi yaseRand Afrikaans (ngoku eyiYunivesithi yaseGoli). Ngo-2010 wagqiba iMasters kwiNkokheli yoShishino kwiYunivesithi yoMzantsi Afrika . \n Umsebenzi \nNgo-1994 uMkhwebane wajoyina iSebe lezoBulungisa njengoMtshutshisi woLuntu emva koko ukusukela ngo-1996 njengeGosa lezoLawulo loMthetho kwiCandelo leMicimbi yeHlabathi. Ngo-1998 wazibandakanya neKhomishini yamaLungelo oluNtu yoMzantsi Afrika njengomphandi omkhulu. Kunyaka olandelayo wazibandakanya ne - ofisi yoMkhuseli Woluntu njengomphenyi omkhulu kunye nokubambela njengommeli wephondo Ngo-2005 wayeka ukujoyina iSebe leMicimbi yezeKhaya njengomlawuli kwimicimbi yeembacu, wabambela umphathi oyintloko kubaphathi abafuna ukukhusela ngo-2009.\nUkusukela ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2014 usebenze njengoMcebisi ngokuFudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu kwindlu yozakuzo yoMzantsi Afrika e China. Ingxelo ye- Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project yathi ngeli xesha i-akhawunti yebhanki kaMkhwebane ibhalwe yi- HSBC ngokufumana i-US $ 5000 ehlawulwa lusapho lakwa - Gupta ngokunxulumene nekhontrakthi yeziporo zikaloliwe ne China South Rail . UMkhwebane wasikhaba ngaw 'omane isityholo sokuba wafumana imali kusapho lakwaGupta. \nNgo-2014 wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika wayokusebenza njengomlawuli kulawulo lwengcaciso lwelizwe kunye nentsebenziswano kwiSebe lezeKhaya. UMkhwebane emva koko wasebenza njengomhlalutyi we- Arhente yoKhuseleko lukaRhulumente ukusukela ngeyeKhala yowama-2016 ukuya kweyeDwarha yowama-2016 phambi kokuba achongwe njengoMkhuseli Woluntu ngo-Okthobha ka-2016. Ngethuba lokutyunjwa kwakhe kwaziswa ukuba wayenobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye noMongameli uJacob Zuma ngelo xesha. \nUsebenze njengelungu lebhodi yeNgxowa-mali yeembacu, apho iintlawulo zoncedo lwezezimali zenziwa kwiimbacu ezisengxakini. Usebenza njengoMlawuli woPhuhliso lweShishini eIyanilla Bricks. \n Iimpikiswano njengoMkhuseli Woluntu \nIqela leempikiswano kunye nezigwebo ezinxulumene noko ezikhusela uMkhuseli Woluntu zenzeka ngexesha lokuphatha kukaMkhwebane. Amaqela ezopolitiko iDemocratic Alliance kunye neCongress of the People bacele ukuba uMkhwebane asuswe njengoMkhuseli Woluntu ngelixa imibutho yoluntu efana ne- COSATU kunye ne- Organisation Undoing Reuse Abuse ifuna ukuba kufanelekile ukuba abambe isikhundla. \nIngxelo kaMkhwebane malunga nokwamkelwa okungafanelekanga kwemali engange-R500,000 kumkhankaso wonyulo luka-Mongameli ophumeleleyo lika-Mongameli Cyril Ramaphosa wase- BOSASA ibe yimpikiswano kwiziphumo zayo, ubunjani bophando, kunye nemeko yezopolitiko apho ibibhalwe khona. Iziphumo zengxelo, zokuba uRamaphosa ulahlekise ngabom ipalamente ngalo mnikelo, uchazwe ngumongameli njengequlathe \"ukungachaneki okuninzi kwezinto, iziphumo ezifunyanisiweyo azichananga emthethweni, azikho ngqiqweni kwaye kwezinye iimeko, zidlula ububanzi bamandla omkhuseli woluntu. \" URamaphosa ufune ukuphononongwa kwezomthetho ngengxelo yoMkhuseli Woluntu, inkundla igwebe ukuba ingxelo mayibekelwe bucala kwaye iofisi yakhe ayinalo igunya lokuphanda lo mbandela. Inkundla ikwatsho ukuba uphando lukaMkhwebane \"alukho mthethweni,\" \"alunangqondo\" kwaye \"alunankathalo\" ngelixesha esithi \"uMkhwebane uye wasilela ukuqonda igunya lakhe kwaye wasilela ekusebenziseni umthetho ngokuchanekileyo kwaye wavavanya ubungqina obuphambi kwakhe.\" \nNgoJuni ka-2017, ngokucebisana nowayesakuba ngumlawuli weBhanki enguVimba yoMzantsi Afrika (i-SARB) (2003-2012), uStephen Goodson, nangaphandle kokubonisana noochwephesha bakarhulumente okanye abaphengululi bezomthetho, uMkhwebane wayila utshintsho kuMgaqo-siseko ukuze kubuzwe kwaye kususwe inkululeko ye-SARB kunye negunya lebhanki lokugcina ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kulawula; emva koko wayalela iPalamente ukuba yenze olo tshintsho kuMgaqo-siseko. Ukuphulukana nokuzithemba kwizibophelelo zikarhulumente woMzantsi Afrika kubangele ukulahleka kwezigidi zeerandi . NgeyeThupha ka-2017 i-Reserve Bank yaphumelela kummangalelwa uMkhwebane yaza yashiya umyalelo wayo njengophula umthetho wokwahlula-hlulwa kwegunya, nalapho uMkhwebane wabhena khona. \nINkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba ngokuchasene noMkhuseli Woluntu yaze yabeka bucala iziphumo zikaMkhwebane ngokuchasene nabantu abamele uluntu lwaseBapo ba Mogale befumanisa ukuba indlela yokuqokelela ingxelo ineziphene ezininzi.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Busisiwe Mkhwebane", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The second son of Cornelius van der Kemp , Rotterdam 's leading reformed clergyman , and Anna Maria van Teylingen , he attended the Latin schools of Rotterdam and Dordrecht .\n He subsequently enrolled at the University of Leiden in 1763 where he studied medicine , but when his elder brother Didericus was appointed as professor of church history he abandoned his studies . He served as a medical o", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUmfundisi uJohn van der Kemp waafika kwelasemaXhoseni ngomhla we-10 kweyeKhala ngo-1799. Ngomhla we-17 kwinyanga kaCanzibe ngo-1801, uye eRafu. Ngo-1803, umise isikolo saseBethelsdorp. Waabhubhela eKapa ngo-1811.\nIMAGE: uJohannes van der Kemp, 1799 stipple engraving by William Ridley (1764\u2013 1838).\n[[File: Missionary Johannes van der Kemp, Maropeng, South Africa.jpgIMAGE: up220px|Bronze Statue of Johannes van der Kemp at Maropeng (Exhibition Long March to Freedom)]]\nDr Johannes Theodorus van der Kemp (17 May 1747 in Rotterdam \u2013 15 December 1811 in Cape Town) was a military officer, doctor and philosopher who became a missionary in South Africa.\nEarly life\nThe second son of Cornelius van der Kemp, Rotterdam's leading reformed clergyman, and Anna Maria van Teylingen, he attended the Latin schools of Rotterdam and Dordrecht. He subsequently enrolled at the University of Leiden in 1763 where he studied medicine, but when his elder brother Didericus was appointed as professor of church history he abandoned his studies.\nArmy career\nHe joined the dragoon guards and fathered an illegitimate child, Johanna (\u2018Antje\u2019), whom he brought up himself. In 1778 he fell in love with Christina (\u2018Stijntje\u2019) Frank (d. 1791). He lived with her for a year before being reprimanded by the Prince of Orange on this irregular state of affairs. As a result, he both married Stijntje, on 29 May 1779, and quit the army.\nReturn to medicine\nReturning to his medical studies again, this in Edinburgh, he completed his Medical Doctorate within two years. He also prepared for publication a treatise in Latin on cosmology, entitled Parmenides which was published in 1781. He returned to the Netherlands, where he practised as a doctor first in Middelburg and then near Dordrecht. On 27 June 1791, his wife and daughter Antje were drowned in a yachting accident from which he only just escaped. As a result of this incident he experienced an emotional conversion back to the reformed Christianity of his family.\nHe served as a medical officer during the revolutionary campaigns in Flanders and then as hospital superintendent at Zwijndrecht, near Dordrecht. Whilst there in 1797 he came to hear of the formation of the London Missionary //us.geocities.com/saintsnseasons/VdKemp1E.html&date=2009-10-25+04: 37: 44\nMissionary work\nAfter making contact with the London Missionary Society he helped found the Dutch version Nederlandsche Zendinggenootschap. He was ordained in London in November 1798 and began recruiting men for the society. He sailed from London in December 1798 as one of the first three agents sent by the society to Cape, arriving in March 1799.\nWhilst there in 1799 he published the first work in book-form in South Africa, which was an 8-page translation, into Dutch, of the London Missionary Society's letter that he brought out to the inhabitants of the Cape. Printed by V. A. Schoonberg most likely on J. C. Ritters press., \"Early Cape Printing 1796-1802\", South African Library Reprint Series, No. 1, South African Library, Cape Town, (1971)Peter Schirmer, The Concise Illustrated South African Encyclopedia 1980, Central News Agency Ltd, \nOnce in South Africa, after working at Gaika's Kraal near King William's Town he journeyed beyond the eastern frontier of the colony to work among the Xhosa under Chief Ngqika. From the Xhosa he received the name Jank' hanna (\u2018the bald man\u2019). War between Cape Colony and the Xhosa soon drove him back and from 1801 onwards he worked exclusively within the colony, mainly with dispossessed Hottentots. In 1803 he established a mission settlement for vagrant Hottentots at Bethelsdorp where local farmers accused him of harboring lawless elements. He countered with a list of alleged ill-treatment of the Hottentots by local farmers, but the evidence proved unsatisfactory and the farmers were acquitted.\nOn 7 April 1806 he married Sara Janse, a freed slave 45 years his junior, and had four children with her. This situation and his attitudes caused great opposition from within the colony, and he was for a time ordered by the government to leave Bethelsdorp.\nArmed with a background in European and classical philology, he pioneered in the study of Xhosa and Khoikhoi languages.\nHe was recalled to Cape Town by the Governor in 1811 and died soon afterwards\nIn print\nSarah Millin, one of the most popular English-language novelists in South Africa during her lifetime wrote The Burning Man about the life of van der Kemp. \nThe life of Johannes van der Kemp during his mission in Bethelsdorp is included in the novel Praying Mantis'' by Andr\u00e9 Brink.\nReferences\nFurther reading\n Werner Raupp: Kemp, Johannes Theodorus van der (Vanderkemp), in: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, vol. 3, Herzberg: Bautz 1992 , col. 1334\u20131340 (with detailed bibliography).\nCategory: 1747 births\nCategory: 1811 deaths\nCategory: People from Rotterdam\nCategory: Dutch Protestant missionaries\nCategory: Protestant missionaries in South Africa\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Umfundisi uJohn van der Kemp' from xh to English:\nThe second son of Cornelius van der Kemp , Rotterdam 's leading reformed clergyman , and Anna Maria van Teylingen , he attended the Latin schools of Rotterdam and Dordrecht .\n He subsequently enrolled at the University of Leiden in 1763 where he studied medicine , but when his elder brother Didericus was appointed as professor of church history he abandoned his studies . He served as a medical officer during the revolutionary campaigns in Flanders and then as hospital superintendent at Zwijndrecht , near Dordrecht . After making contact with the London Missionary Society he helped found the Dutch version Nederlandsche Zendinggenootschap .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Umfundisi uJohn van der Kemp", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "It was also in their house that he learnt to play the organ and the piano .\n In the same year Dr. Stewart took him into the general office of the Lovedale Mission as messenger , and later as his secretary , a post he filled until he left Lovedale in 1897 . Bokwe first went to school at the age of eight or nine , and was taught by William Kobe Ntsikana , grandson of the prophet Ntsikana . Bokwe ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUJohn Knox Bhokwe\nUJohn Knox Bokwe (waazalwa ngomhla we-15 kweyoKwindla ngo-1855 \u2013 wasweleka ngomhla wama-22 kweyomDumba ngo-1922) wayeyintatheli yasemZantsi Afrika, ekwangumshumayeli waseRhabe, wayengomnye wababhali beengoma zecawa ngolwimi lwesiXhosa ekwangumlonji. He is best known for his compositions Vuka Deborah, Plea for Africa, and Marriage Song.\ns a young boy, Bokwe ran errands and worked for Dr. James Stewart's family. It was also in their house that he learnt to play the organ and the piano. In the same year Dr. Stewart took him into the general office of the Lovedale Mission as messenger, and later as his secretary, a post he filled until he left Lovedale in 1897. Meanwhile, in 1869, he was admitted into the mission's college department, where he was to remain until 1872.\nAs an established writer, he joined John Tengo Jabavu in producing the newspaper Imvo Zabantsundu (\"African Opinion\") in King Williams Town. He played a role in the foundation in 1916 of what is now the University of Fort Hare (originally the South African Native College) in South-Eastern Cape Province.\n Biography \n Early years \nJohn Knox Bokwe was born in Ntselamanzi near Lovedale, southeastern Cape Province and was the youngest child of Cholwephi and Lena Bokwe. His father was one of the first students to be enrolled at the Lovedale Mission school, while his mother was daughter of Nxe, one of the first converts of Ntsikana.\nBokwe first went to school at the age of eight or nine, and was taught by William Kobe Ntsikana, grandson of the prophet Ntsikana. In 1867, when he was twelve, he encountered the Stewart family with which he was to become closely associated. It was also in their house that he learnt to play the organ and the piano. In 1866 he was admitted to the preparatory classes at the Lovedale Institution. He continued on to the college in 1869 and finished his schooling four years later.\nBokwe met a young girl, Lettie Ncheni, who was also employed in the Stewart household. She worked there from 1868 to 1873 while attending night classes and from 1871 attended as a day scholar. The two got married in 1878 when Lettie returned from Scotland where she had accompanied Mrs. Stewart for three years. MS 7902. Letter from J. Bokwe to Dr. Laws dated 19 November 1879. National Library of Scotland\n Lovedale Mission: 1867\u20131897 \nDr. Stewart took him into the general office of the Lovedale Mission as messenger in 1867, and later as his secretary. In 1869, he was admitted into the mission's college department. During this time, his love for reading and writing was kindled. As a student, Bokwe was active in the literary society, of which he became chairman.\nIn 1870 he helped in the printing and production of iNdaba, a Xhosa newspaper produced at Lovedale. When, in 1874, Lovedale obtained its own postal service, Bokwe was appointed manager, and later became head of the telegraph office. He also became conductor of the mission's brass band. From 1875 Bokwe started to compose hymns. His collected compositions were produced in book form in 1885. In 1892, at the invitation of friends in Scotland and England, Bokwe visited these countries, preaching sermons in churches, and telling his listeners about the work of the Lovedale Mission.\n Imvo Zabantsundu newspaper: 1898\u20131899 \nIn 1897, after 24 years of service, Bokwe left Lovedale Mission to collaborate with John Tengo Jabavu in producing the Xhosa newspaper Imvo Zabantsundu (\"African Opinion\") in King Williamstown. Many Xhosa South Africans were critical of the views expressed by Jabavu, in part because Jabavu was an Mfengu, a group regarded as subordinate to and unrepresentative of the Xhosa people. iZwi la Bantu (\"The Voice of the People\") was founded and published in East London, under the editorship of N. C. Mhala, in opposition to the Imvo Zabantsundu (\"African Opinion\") newspaper. It was to discourage these accusations that Bokwe, a Xhosa, went to join Jabavu. Bokwe's two years on the newspaper, however, were most frustrating and unhappy and this began to tell on his health. In 1899 he left the Jabavu and the newspaper business for his wife's home at Tsomo, in the Transkei, to recuperate.\n Missionary and political work: 1900\u20131920 \nIMAGE: Rev. John Knox Bokwe\nWhile recuperating in Tsomo, Bokwe realized that his real calling was to be a minister, not a journalist. He left Tsomo for the town of Ugie in 1900, where he served first as an evangelist, and then as a probationer. In 1906 he was ordained as a minister of the United Free Church. When Bokwe first arrived at Ugie, there was no school for either black or white in the district. He opened a school for children in the town, at first with no government grant. He then went out into the outlying areas, opening schools and churches.\nIn 1906, through his efforts, the town of Ugie built its first European school. He also served as town clerk. After years of hard work, his schools flourished until, under the provisions of the Native Private Location Act, African squatters on white farms were turned out, and all but two of Bokwe's schools and churches were obliged to close.\n Fort Hare College and politics \nIn 1905 Bokwe became a member of the committee, composed of Africans and members of the United Free Church of Scotland, which sought, as a memorial to the late Dr. Stewart, to establish a college of higher education for South African men and women. As a result, largely on the strength of donations collected among the people, Fort Hare College was opened in 1916. In the same year Bokwe was elected general secretary of the Native Teachers Association in the Transkei. Throughout his later life he maintained ties with many prominent figures in the Cape and took an active part in public affairs.\n Last years: 1921\u20131922 \nHe was forced to retire in 1920 because of failing health and moved nearer to Lovedale again. In the same year, already in poor health he appeared before the Native Affairs Commission. His last years were spent helping Dr. Henderson, the principal, to translate the metrical psalms into Xhosa. He died at his home at Ntselamanzi, near Lovedale, on February 22, 1922. He was buried in the Gaga Cemetery, alongside other missionaries associated with Lovedale.\n Family Lineage \nBokwe was married twice and had five children:\n Barbour Bokwe,\n Roseberry Tandwefika Bokwe, (1900\u20131963) qualified as a doctor in 1933 and later became active in the African National Congress (ANC).\n Selbourne Bokwe,\n Frieda Bokwe, married \"ZK\" (Zachariah Keodirelang) Matthews, the educationalist, church leader and African nationalist.\n Pearl Bokwe, Pearl became the wife of Mark Radebe, the composer.\n Waterstone Bokwe.\nFreida Bokwe was the first African woman to earn a degree at a South African institution and is the grandmother of Naledi Pandor, an ANC member of parliament.\n Other notes \nJohn Knox Bokwe's name appears on an autograph quilt made as a local church fundraiser, about 1894. The original quilt is on display at the National Museum of Australia. This rare autograph quilt is one of the earliest known signature quilts in Australia. It includes about 650 embroidered signatures, names, monograms or initials. Only a small number, including prominent figures in late 1890s elite Melbourne society and missionaries in Australia, England and South Africa, have been identified.\n References \nCategory: 1855 births\nCategory: 1922 deaths\nCategory: Disease-related deaths in South Africa\nCategory: South African writers\nCategory: Xhosa people\nCategory: South African newspaper editors\nCategory: 19th-century South African people\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'UJohn Knox Bhokwe' from xh to English:\nIt was also in their house that he learnt to play the organ and the piano .\n In the same year Dr. Stewart took him into the general office of the Lovedale Mission as messenger , and later as his secretary , a post he filled until he left Lovedale in 1897 . Bokwe first went to school at the age of eight or nine , and was taught by William Kobe Ntsikana , grandson of the prophet Ntsikana . Bokwe met a young girl , Lettie Ncheni , who was also employed in the Stewart household .\n She worked there from 1868 to 1873 while attending night classes and from 1871 attended as a day scholar . It includes about 650 embroidered signatures , names , monograms or initials .\n Only a small number , including prominent figures in late 1890s elite Melbourne society and missionaries in Australia , England and South Africa , have been identified .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "UJohn Knox Bhokwe", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "About ten percent of the population lives in the capital , Gaborone .\n Botswana was one of the poorest countries in the world : in 1960 each person received only 60 dollars a year . -Homo sapiens first inhabited this country more than 200,000 years ago .\n The Tswana people are descendants of native speakers who migrated from southern Africa to Botswana around 600 AD , settling in tribal areas ", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nIBotswana, ngokusesikweni IRiphabliki weBotswana (NgesiTswana nangesiKalanga: IHango yeBotswana), lilizwe alichukumisi ulwandle kuMazantsi eAfrika. IBotswana ithe tyaba ezweni layo, akukho ntaba ezininzi. Iipesenti ezingama-70 zayo ziNtlango yeKalahari . Unqamleze uMzantsi Afrika emazantsi, iNamibia entshona, kunye neZimbabwe empuma. Umda wayo neZambia emantla kufutshane nedolophu yeKazungula awuchazwanga kakuhle ngenxa yokuba uphakathi koMlambo iZambezi. Lo mda weZambia ziimitha ezimbalwa ezilikhulu ubude.\nLe lizwe linezigidi ezi-2.3, yaye lelinye lamazwe anabantu abambalwa emhlabeni kwikhilomitha nganye. Malunga neepesenti ezilishumi zabantu bahlala kwikomkhulu, iGaborone. IBotswana belelinye lamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kwihlabathi: ngo-1960 umntu ngamnye ufumene iidola ezingama-60 ngonyaka qha. Namhlanje iBotswana inoqoqosho olukhula ngokukhawuleza.\nI-Homo sapiens yaqala ukuhlala kweli lizwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka ye-200,000 eyadlulayo. Abantu abangabeTswana bayinzala yabathethi zesiNtu ezafudukela emazantsi e-Afrika zaya kwiBotswana malunga ne-600 AD, zezihlala kwiindawo ezinesizwe njengabalimi nabelusi. Ngo-1885, aba-British bawuthanga lo mhlaba bewuthiya i-Protectorate ye-Bechuanaland . Njengokuba ubuKoloni babusenzeka, iBechuanaland yaba yiriphabliki ezimeleyo ye- Commonwealth phantsi kwegama langoku nge-30 kaSeptemba ka-1966. Namhlanje iBotswana yiriphabliki, enerekhodi lenani leenyulo ezinobulungisa.\nUqoqosho lulawulwa yimigodi, ziinkomo nalukhenketho. Namhlanje abantu baseBotswana banomvuzo wonyaka emalunga ne-$18,825 kwi-avareji ngo-2015, lolona luphakamileyo eAfrika. \nIBotswana lilungu leManyano yase- Afrika, loMbutho woPhuhliso lwamaZantsi e-Afrika, iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo . Ilizwe lichatshazelwe kakubi bubhubhane we-HIV/AIDS. Ngaphandle kwempumelelo kwiinkqubo zokwenza ukuba unyango lufumaneke, kunye nokufundisa abantu malunga nendlela yokunqanda ukusasazeka kwe-HIV/AIDS, inani labantu abane-AIDS lenyuka ukusuka ku-290,000 ngo-2005 ukuya ku-320,000 ngo-2013. Ngo-2014, IBotswana ikwelona nani lesithathu liphezulu lokufumana i-HIV/AIDS: ngama-20% abantu abosulelekileyo.\n Igama \nIgama leli lizwe lithetha \"Umhlaba wabeTswana\", abaliqela elikhulu apho. Igama elithi Batswana ekuqaleni lalisetyenziswa kwabeTswana, nangoku kunjalo. Nangona kunjalo, likwasetyenziselwa ngokubanzi njengegama labo bonke abemi baseBotswana nabantu abangakwazi ukuthetha isiTswana. \n Imbali \nIMAGE: Umzobo 'imiKhombe emibini' eTsodilo, indawo yeMveli ye-UNESCO\n Imbali yokuqala \nUkumbiwa kwezinto zakudala kubonise ukuba ii-hominids zihlala eBotswana kangangesithuba seminyaka ezizigidi ezibini. Izixhobo zamatye kunye namathanbo wezilwanyana zibonise ukuba zonke iindawo zelizwe zazinabahleli iminyaka ye-400,000 eyadlulayo. Ngo-Okthobha wo-2019, abaphandi baxela ukuba iBotswana yayindawo yokuzalwa bonke abantu behlabathi malunga neminyaka 200,000 eyadlulayo. Lo mzobo wazotywe malunga neminyaka 70,000 eyadlulayo. Ekuqaleni abantu bathetha iziKhoisan kulo mmandla.\n Mfecane \nIMAGE: Imephu ezotywe ngamaJamani ngo-1905 ebonisa iAfrika esemazantsi\nPhantsi ko-1820s uKumkani uMakaba II wabakhokela abaNgwaketse ababeneenkomo ezininzi entlangweni. Babenomkhosi onamandla yaye babehlala edolophini enabantu abali-10,000. Ixesha lobunzima laqala ngo-1823-1843: eli xesha libizwa \"Mfecane\". Kwakukho iimfazwe ezininzi phakathi abeTswana namaNdebele nabaKololo. UShaka Zulu ebemanya ubukumkani bakhe emazantsi. \nNgo-1852 uKumkani uSechele I ukhokele izikumkani zamaTswana ukoyisa amaBhulu awayeze kubela umhlaba wazo eDimawe. Ngo-1960 amaBhulu avumile ukungabuyi. Ngeli xesha abathunywa bevangeli bafika: ngo-1875 uKumkani Khama III wathi ukuba ubuKrestu buyinkolo yabeTswana. Lo Kumkani wakha izikolo, akazange avume utywala nokuhlala kwabamhlophe kumhlaba wakhe. \nNgo-1885 umkhosi weGreat Britain wangena eBotswana ukungeza umhlaba; kwakungekho nto banokuyenza ookumkani. Ngo-June 1966 uSeretse Khama waba ngumongameli wokuqala weBotswana emeleyo. \n IJografi \nIMAGE: Imephu yemozulu yaseBotswana. Intlango eyomileyo ibomvu; intlango enemvula engaphezulu iorenji. IBotswana ityebile kwindalo. Imozulu yomile, kodwa i-Okavango Delta izisa amanzi emantla. Ipaki yelizwe yeTshobe \"Chobe\" inelona nani likhulu leendlovu emhlabeni yaye ineentlobo zeentaka ezingama-350. \nIingxaki ezimbini zendalo ziimbalela nakukunwenwa kwentlango. Isebe lezamahlathi laqala ukutyala izityalo zemveli ukunceda imvula nokunqanda ukhukuliseko lomhlaba. IMAGE: Amaqwarhashe azulazula kwi-Okavango Basin\nCategory: Amazwe aseAfrika\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'IBotswana' from xh to English:\nAbout ten percent of the population lives in the capital , Gaborone .\n Botswana was one of the poorest countries in the world : in 1960 each person received only 60 dollars a year . -Homo sapiens first inhabited this country more than 200,000 years ago .\n The Tswana people are descendants of native speakers who migrated from southern Africa to Botswana around 600 AD , settling in tribal areas as farmers and herders . As colonialism progressed , Bechuanaland became an independent Commonwealth republic under its current name on 30 September 1966 .\n Today Botswana is a republic , with a record number of fair elections . The economy is dominated by mining , cattle and tourism .\n Today the people of Botswana have an annual income of about $ 18,825 on average in 2015 , the highest in Africa . Botswana is a member of the African Union , the Organization for the Development of Southern Africa , the United Nations and the United Nations .\n The country has been badly affected by the HIV / AIDS epidemic . Name The name of this country means \" Land of the Tswana \" , who are a large group there . The word Batswana was originally used for the Tswana , and still is .\n However , it is also widely used as the name of all Botswanans and non - Tswana speakers . Mfecane A map drawn by the Germans in 1905 showing southern Africa In the late 1820s King Makaba II led the Ngwaketse who had many cattle into the desert .\n They had a strong army and lived in a town of 10,000 people . In 1852 , King Sechele I led the Tswana kingdoms to defeat the Boers who came to divide their land in Dimawe . In 1960 the Boers agreed not to return .\n At this time the missionaries arrived : in 1875 King Khama III declared that Christianity was the religion of the Tswana . In 1885 the army of Great Britain entered Botswana to gain land ; there was nothing the kings could do . Two environmental problems are drought and desertification .\n The forest department started planting indigenous plants to help rain and prevent soil erosion .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "IBotswana", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Isango Music Ensemble This company sings European operas , examples from Italy and France and Germany and England , but sung in Xhosa or English .\n Moreover , the Isango Ensemble sings these operas about South African local histories instead of European local histories . Pamina was abducted by Sarastro , a sacrificer .\n Tamino and his friend , Papageno , and Pamina must perform tests in Sarastr", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Isango ensemble' from xh to English:\nIsango Music Ensemble This company sings European operas , examples from Italy and France and Germany and England , but sung in Xhosa or English .\n Moreover , the Isango Ensemble sings these operas about South African local histories instead of European local histories . Pamina was abducted by Sarastro , a sacrificer .\n Tamino and his friend , Papageno , and Pamina must perform tests in Sarastro 's temple so that Sarastro can free Pamina . Sarastro has slaves , but he has light .\n Usually , the leader of the slaves , Monostatos , is sung by a white singer in blackface ( or blackface ) . U\n - Carmen by Bizet was a story about a soldier , Don Jos\u00e9 ( or Jongikhaya in U - Carmen in Khayelitsha ) , who loves a gypsy , Carmen .\n Although Don Jos\u00e9 was engaged to another woman , Mica\u00ebla ( or Nomakhaya to Carmen in Khayelitsha ) , he left her and his job for Carmen . After the premiere in Khayelitsha , the film was shown all over the world .\n In 2005 the film won the Golden Bear , a film award , at the Berlin International Film Festival in Germany . Controversies Malefane and her husband started the Isango Ensemble because they did not like the payment methods of opera companies in the South . In 2010 , Malefane 's husband , Mark Dornford - May , wrote a newspaper article about opera in the South .\n He said that opera in the South had a white face because the singers and composers were white and opera critics who could not speak African languages .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIsango ensemble\nUmculo weIsango Ensemble \nLe nkampani icula iiopera zaseYurophu, imizekelo eIthali naseFransi naseJamani naseNgilane, kodwa ziculwe ngesiXhosa okanye ngesiNgesi. Ngaphezu koko, i-Isango Ensemble icula ezi opera ngeembali zeendawo zaseMzantsi Afrika endaweni yeembali ngeendawo zaseYurophu. Ngaphambili kweCOVID-19, i-Isango Ensemble yacula kwihlabathi lonke, imizekelo eMelika naseYuropha naseAsiya. I-Isango Ensemble ayinakhaya, icula ezilokishini okanye kwiithiyetha eMzantsi. \n Ii-opera ezimbini eziculwa yi-Isango Ensemble \n Impempe Yomlingo nguWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1791) \nI-Isango Ensemble icula u-Impempe Yomlingo (okanye uDie Zauberfl\u00f6te ngesiJamani okanye uMagic FlutengesiNgesi) ngesiNgesi nesiXhosa nesiZulu nesiTswana. U-Impempe Yomlingo umalunga nenkosana, uTamino ehlangula inkosazana, uPamina, intombi kaKumkanikazi woBusuku. UPamina waqweqwediswa ngoSarastro, umbingeli. UTamino nomhlobo wakhe, uPapageno, noPamina kufanele benze iimvavanyo etempileni kaSarastro ukuze uSarastro akhulule uPamina. UPamina noTamino baphumelela bafumana uthando lwangonaphakade.\nLe opera ineempikiswano ezininzi, ikakhulu impatho yabantu abamnyama. USarastro unamakhoboka, kodwa unokukhanya. Ngesiqhelo, inkokheli yamakhoboka, uMonostatos, iculwa ngumculi omhlophe onxibe ubuso obumnyama (okanye i-blackface). UMonostatos usisidenge yaye unobundlobongela. Wazama ukudlwengula uPamina, inkosikazi engumntu omhlophe. Abantu abaninzi bathi umculi omnyama kufuneka acule uMonostatos, hayi umntu onxibe ubuso obumnyama. Abanye abantu bathi umculi onxibe ubuso obumnyama kufuneka acule uMonostatos ngoba uMozart wayibhala ngaloo ndlela. \nUMonostatos weI-Sango Ensemble wayengumculi omnyama. Wayesanobundlobongela kodwa wayengesosidenge. UMonostatos wayekhohlakele ngoba wayenobundlobongela, hayi ngoba wayemnyama. UPapageno usisidenge eDie Zauberfl\u00f6te kaMozart neMagic Flute yeSango Ensemble. UPapageno akafani noTamino; uTamino unokhanyo UPapageno weSango Ensemble wanxiba iyunifomu yasemkhosini, wacula ngesiNgesi kakhulu. UTamino noPamina nabanye abalinganiswa banxiba iimpahla zamaXhosa: izidanga neeqhiya nemibhaco neentsimbi njalo njalo. Bacula ngesiXhosa okanye ngesiZulu kakhulu.\nI-ISango Ensemble yasebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Endaweni yeokhestra, abaculi badlala ii-marimba namagubu, bombela bengqisha ngezandla neenyawo. Bekukho ezinye izixhobo ezenziwe ngesandla, imizekelo iibhotile zeplastiki nemigqomo yenkunkuma. UMalefane wathi kufanele ukuba bezise imigqomo yenkunkuma yaseMzantsi Afrika ngoba eminye imigqomo iyaphuka. Wathi wayefuna ukuzisa iilokishi naye. Ngoko ke abaninzi abaculi bakhe bavela ezilokishini, badlala izixhobo ezenziwe ngesandla ezazivela ezilokishini. Abaculi baxhentsa imixhentso yamaXhosa. Xa le opera ibukelwe, i-opera nelokishi ziyeviwa.\n U-Carmen eKhayelitsha nguGeorges Bizet (1875) \nLe opera iculwe ngesiXhosa. U-Carmen ngoBizet baculwe ngesiFrentshi. U-Carmen ngoBizet wayeyimbali ngejoni, uDon Jos\u00e9 (okanye uJongikhaya ku-U-Carmen eKhayelitsha), elithanda ujipsy, uCarmen. Nangona uDon Jos\u00e9 wayethembise omnye umfazi, uMica\u00ebla (okanye uNomakhaya kuU-Carmen eKhayelitsha), wamshiya nomsebenzi wakhe ngenxa kaCarmen. UCarmen wamshiya uDon Jos\u00e9 kwaye wambulala uCarmen. KuU-Carmen eKhayelitsha, i-opera yenzeka eKhayelitsha, ilokishi eseKapa, endaweni yeSpeyin. NjengoCarmen waseSpeyin, uCarmen waseKhayelitsha wasebenza kumzi-mveliso womdiza.\nUtshintsho oluncinci lubonakalisa inkcubeko yamaXhosa. UCarmen nabafazi asebenza nabo bacula kwikwayara kunye. Iilokishi zamaXhosa ezininzi zineekwayara. Xa uJongikhaya wambulala uCarmen, yena nekwayara yakhe babecula kukhuphiswano lwekwayara eOliver Tambo Community Hall eKhayelitsha. Kukhuphiswano lweekwayara, uCarmen nekwayara yakhe babenxibe iimpahla zamaXhosa. Babenxibe iiqhiya nemibhaco. UCarmen nabahlobo bakhe basela bacula eshibhini. Iishibhini zisezilokishini.\nLe opera yarekhodwa eKhayelitsha. Abaculi abaninzi bele opera bahlala ezilokishini ngoba i-Isango Ensemble yaqhuba iibhasi kwiilokishi ifuna abaculi. Xa ukurekhodwa kwefilimu yale opera kugqityiwe, abahlali baseKhayelitsha bayibukele kuqala. I-Isango Ensemble yabonisa ifilimu yale opera kwiholo yoluntu iOliver Tambo eKhayelitsha. Abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu asixhenxe babukela umboniso wokuqala. Amatikiti axabisa iirandi ezilishumi. Amatikiti okubukele i-opera yeCape Town Opera eArtscape Theatre eKapa okanye eBaxter Theatre eYunivesithi yaseKapa axabisa mhlawumbi iirandi ezamashumi amane okanye amashumi amahlanu. Ngoko ke, la matiki atshiphu; amatikiti eCape Town Opera aduru. IArtscape Theatre neBaxter Theatre zikude neKhayelitsha, kodwa abahlali abaninzi baselokishini abanazo iimoto, kufanele behambe ngebhasi okanye ngeteksi. Iibhasi neeteksi eziya kwiithiyetha zaseKapa ziduru. Ngoko ke, abahlali abaninzi baselokishini abazibukeli ii-opera eKapa ngoba zikude yaye ziduru. Kodwa Isango Ensemble yazisa i-opera eKhayelitsha. Xa ifilimu yayigqityiwe ukudlalwa eKhayelitsha, mhlawumbi iwaka elinamakhulu amahlanu abantu babebukele U-Carmen eKhayelitsha usuku ngalunye. Ngoko ke, abahlali baseKhayelitsha babeyithanda kakhulu ifilimu.\nEmva komboniso wokuqala eKhayelitsha, ifilimu yaboniswa emhlabeni wonke. Ngo2005 le filimu yaphumelela I-Golden Bear, ibhaso lefilimu, eBerlin International Film Festival eJamani. Yaboniswa eCannes Film Festival eFransi naseToronto Film Festival eKanada. Yaboniswa eMelika, eNew York naseBoston. I-Isango Ensemble yezisa IKhayelitsha kwihlabathi lonke.\n I-Isango Ensemble neCOVID \nUMalefane wafundisa ukucula eYunivesithi yaseKapa. Kwakunzima kubafundi bakhe ukuba baye eklasini yokucula kuZoom. Abafundi bakhe abaninzi bebengakwazi ukufumana indawo ethuleyo yokucula. Ngamanye amaxesha bangakwazi ukusebenizsa i-WiFi okanye i-data ngoba iphela msinya. Abanye banoxinzelelo lwengqondo. \nAbaculi beIsango Ensemble babenobunzima ngenxa ye-COVID. I-Isango Ensemble yahlukile ngoba yahlawula abaculi bayo unyanka wonke. Iinkampani ze-opera ezininzi, eMzantsi nakwezinye iindawo, zahlawula abaculi ukwenza i-opera. Abaculi abahlawulwa xa bengaculi i-opera. Ngoko ke i-Isango Ensemble yahlukile ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okukuqala, yaqasha abaculi baselokishini. Okwesibini, yanika aba baculi umsebenzi osisigxina, hayi okwexeshana. Kodwa, ngenxa ye-COVID, Isango Ensemble yangakwazi ukucula ii-opera ezintsha. Ngenxa ye-COVID, aba baculi abakwazanga ukusebenza eminye imisebenzi. Ngoko ke babeneengxaki zemali. UMalefane nomyeni wakhe bahlawula abaculi babo ukuzirekhoda becula iingoma ze-opera. UMalefane wasebenzisa ezi ngoma zirekhodiweyo kwiiklasi zakhe zokucula eYunivesithi yaseKapa. Abafundi bakhe bamamela ezi ngoma zirekhodiweyo ukufunda iindlela yokucula i-opera. Ngoko ke, uMalefane nomyeni wakhe bakwazi ukunceda abafundi bakaMalefane nabaculi babo ngexesha le-COVID. \n Iimpikiswano \nUMalefane nomyeni wakhe baqala i-Isango Ensemble ngoba zange bathande iindlela zokukhokhela zeenkampani ze-opera eMzantsi. Ngo2010, umyeni kaMalefane, uMark Dornford-May, wabhala inqaku kumaphephandaba nge-opera eMzantsi. Wathi i-opera eMzantsi yaba nobuso obumhlophe ngoba abaculi nabaqambi babengabelungu yaye bangabahlalutyi be-opera abangakwazi ukuthetha iilwimi zaseAfrika. Abahlalutyi nabaqambi abaninzi babenomsindo kuDornford-May ngenxa yaloo nto. I-Isango Ensemble yagxothwa kwithiyetha yayo eKapa. Umntu owayesebenza kwithiyetha wathi i-Isango Ensemble yagxothwa ngoba ii-opera zayo azange zifumane imali eyaneleyo. Wathi zange igxothwe ngenxa yenqaku likaDornford-May. UMalefane wathi ukugxothwa kwe-ISango Ensemble kwithiyetha yayo kufana nocalucalulo. Kodwa uMalefane wathi i-opera ayikho mhlophe, i-opera yeyakhe wonke umntu.\n I-Bibliografi", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Isango ensemble", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "London : Smith , Elder & Co .. 1900 .\n Vol . 1 , p.213. which is done in the same way as the University of London , an examination is conducted only in this institution , which is not normally passed , but it has the authority to graduate with higher education degrees , those who have successfully completed their studies .", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'IYunivesithi yeKoloni yaseGood Hope' from xh to English:\nLondon : Smith , Elder & Co .. 1900 .\n Vol . 1 , p.213. which is done in the same way as the University of London , an examination is conducted only in this institution , which is not normally passed , but it has the authority to graduate with higher education degrees , those who have successfully completed their studies .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIYunivesithi yeKoloni yaseGood Hope\nIYuniversity yeKoloni yaseGood Hope ngesiNgesi yaziwa ngokuba yi-Cape of Good Hope. Ngonyaka ka1916, yaathiywa igama ngokutsha kwathiwa yiYunivesithi yasemZantsi Africa. yaathi yakhiwa ngexesha apho urhulumente kaMolteno wathi wapasisa umthetho we-16 ngo1873 kwipalamente yeKoloni yaseGood Hope\nThe University of the Cape of Good Hope', renamed the University of South Africa in 1916, was created when the Molteno government passed Act 16 of 1873 in the Cape of Good Hope Parliament. P. A. Molteno: The life and times of Sir John Charles Molteno, K. C. M. G., First Premier of Cape Colony, Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape. London: Smith, Elder & Co.. 1900. Vol. 1, p.213. neyenziwa ngokufanayo neYunivesithi yaseLondon, kuqhutywa imviwo kuphela kweli ziko, akutitshwa ngokwesiqhelo, kodwa linegunya lokuthwesa izidanga zemfundo ephakamileyo, abo baye baziphumelela izifundo zabo ngokufanelekileyo. Unanamhla oku lo msebenzi usaqhuba, kwiSebe lezomculo, apho isithuba esingaphaya kwe-100 leminyaka, abafundi bomculo baye bavavanywa.\nUludwe lweengqonyela ezikhokhele le Yuniversity\n1874-1876:\n1876\u20131880: William Porter\n1880\u20131884: Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere\n1884\u20131890: The Earl of Carnarvon\n1890\u20131898: Sir ULangham Dale\n1898\u20131901: Justice UCharles Thomas Smith\n1901\u20131912: the Duke of Cornwall and York (the future George V)\n1912-1918: Field-Marshal Duke of Connaught and Strathearn\nUmthombo wamaphepha ekufunyenwe kuwo le nkcazo\nCategory: Educational institutions established in 1873\nCategory: University of South Africa\nCategory: 1873 establishments in the Cape Colony", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "IYunivesithi yeKoloni yaseGood Hope", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Autonomy is a system of government in which the highest power is concentrated in the hands of one person , whose decisions are subject to external legal restrictions or regular methods of popular control ( without the threat of a coup d '\u00e9tat or difficulty Ukhushululu ) . Democracy Aristocracy ( Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 aristocrat\u00eda , from \u1f04\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 aristos \" excellent \" , and \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 kratos \" power \" ) i", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nRhulumente\nIintlelo ezi-4\n\u00a0\nUrhulumente yintsebenziswano yabantu okanye iqelana ekulawuleni ingingqi yoluntu oluhlelekileyo edla ngokuba lilizwe. Ngelixa zonke iintlobo zemibutho zinolawulo, igama elithi rhulumente lisoloko lisetyenziswa ngakumbi, ukubhekisa koorhulumente abazimeleyo abamalunga nama-200 kunye nemibutho encedisayo.\nNgokwembali iintlobo ezixhaphakileyo zorhulumento ziquka ubukhosi, i-aristokhrasi, i-timokhrasi, i-oligatshi, idemokhrasi, lobuthixo kunye nguzwilakhe . Eyona nto iphambili kubo nabuphi na ubulumko boburhulumente yindlela afumaneka ngayo amandla ezopolitiko, ngendlela ezimbini eziphambili ezilukhuphiswano lonyulo kunye nolandelelwano ngokwelifa.\n Iinkcazo kunye nentsusagama \nUrhulumente yinkqubo yokulawula ilizwe okanye uluntu.\nI-Encyclopedia yase-Columbia ichaza urhulumente \"njengenkqubo yolawulo lwentlalo apho ilungelo lokwenza imithetho, kunye nelungelo lokuyinyanzelisa, linikwe iqela elithile eluntwini\". \nNgelixa zonke iintlobo zemibutho zilawula, igama urhulumente lihlala lisetyenziswa ngakumbi ukubhekisa kuma-200 woorhulumente abazimeleyo emhlabeni, kunye nemibutho yabo exhasa. [2]\nOkokugqibela, urhulumente ngamanye amaxesha usetyenziswa esiXhoseni njengesithetha- ntonye solawulo .\n Imbali \nUphuhliso lwezolimo kunye neeprojekhthi zolawulo lwamanzi zazingunobangela wophuhliso loorhulumente. The New Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (15th edition) Ngamaxesha athile inkosi yesizwe yayinyulwa ngezithethe ezahlukeneyo okanye kuvavanyo lwamandla okulawula isizwe sayo, ngamanye amaxesha neqela labadala besizwe njengebhunga. Ukukwazi kwabantu ukunxibelelana ngokuchanekileyo, ulwazi olufundileyo luvumele abantu ukuba basebenze ngakumbi kwezolimo, [6] kwaye oko kuvumele ukwanda kwabantu okuxineneyo. [3] UDavid Christian uchaza ukuba oku kukhokelele njani kwizizwe ezinemithetho noorhulumente.\nUkuqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, ukuxhaphaka kweeriphabliki zoorhulumente kwanda. I- Glorious Revolution eNgilani, i- American Revolution kunye ne- French Revolution yaba negalelo ekukhuleni kweentlobo zoburhulumente. ISoviet Union yaba lilizwe lokuqala elikhulu ukuba norhulumente wamaKomanisi. [2] Ukusukela oko kwawa udonga lwaseBerlin, inkululeko yenkululeko yaba yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo kurhulumente. [7]\nKwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba neyamashumi amabini, kwabakho ukonyuka okubonakalayo kubungakanani kunye nomgangatho woburhulumente kwinqanaba lesizwe. [8] Oku kubandakanya umgaqo wokudibana kwamashishini kunye nophuhliso lombuso wentlalontle . [7]\n Ubunzululwazi bezopolitiko \n\u00a0\n Ukwahlulahlula \nKwinzululwazi yezopolitiko, bekusoloko kuyinjongo yokwenza itypology okanye uqoqosho lwerhafu, njengoko iinkqubo zenkqubo yezopolitiko zingabonakali. Kubaluleke ngokukodwa kwicandelo lezenzululwazi zopolitiko kwezopolitiko xa kuthelekiswa nakubudlelwane bamazwe . Njengazo zonke iindidi ezichongiweyo ngaphakathi kweendlela zikarhulumente, imida yokwahlulwa kukarhulumente nokuba kungamanzi okanye akuchazwa gwenxa.\nNgokuphandle, bonke oorhulumente banendlela esemthethweni okanye efanelekileyo. I-United States lilizwe lomgaqo-siseko, ngelixa eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union lilizwe lentando yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo ukuzazisa akuyiyo injongo, kwaye njengoko uKopstein noLichbach baphikisa ngelithi, ukuxela oorhulumente abaphetheyo kunokuba yinto enzima. Umzekelo, uVoltaire waphikisa wathi \" ubukhosi obungcwele baseRoma, abukhongcwele bungengobaseRoma, kwaye bungengobukhosi\". \nUkuchonga uhlobo lukarhulumente nako kunzima kuba iinkqubo ezininzi zopolitiko zivela njengemibutho yezentlalo nezoqoqosho ethi isiwe koorhulumente ngamaqela azibiza ngaloo mibutho; yonke ikhuphisana ngeembono zopolitiko. Amava ngalemibutho xa zisesihlalweni, kunye namaqhina aqinileyo abanokuba nawo kwiindlela ezithile zikarhulumente, kunokubangela ukuba bathathwe njengeendlela zikarhulumente kubo.\nEzinye iingxaki zibandakanya ukungavumelani ngokubanzi okanye \" ukugqwetha okanye ukukhetha \" ngabom kweenkcazo zobugcisa ezifanelekileyo kwiingcamango zezopolitiko kunye neendlela zokulawula, ngenxa yobume bezopolitiko kwixesha langoku. Umzekelo: Intsingiselo \"ye- conservatism \" e- United States ayinanto ininzi ifanayo nendlela inkcazo yegama esetyenziswa ngayo kwenye indawo. Njengokuba esitsho uRibuffo, \"oko abantu baseMelika ngoku bakubiza ngokuba yi-conservatism uninzi lwehlabathi lubiza inkululeko okanye ubungqangi \"; \" olondolozayo \" eFinland uya kubizwa ngokuba \" ngusoshiyali \" eMelika. Leo P. Ribuffo, \"20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy,\" Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp. 2\u20136, quote on p. 6 Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950 i-Conservatism e-United States ibinxulumene ikakhulu ne- Republican Party . Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha leyantlukwano uninzi lwamaDemokhrasi aseMazantsi ayengabantu abalondolozayo, kwaye badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi- Conservative Coalition eyayilawula iCongress ukusuka ngo-1937 ukuya ku-1963. \n Iintlobo \nEnye indlela yokwahlula oorhulumente ngabantu apho banegunya lokulawula. Oku kunokuba ngumntu omnye (i-autocracy, enjenge-monarchy), iqela elikhethiweyo labantu (i-aristocracy), okanye abantu bebonke (idemokhrasi, njengeriphabliki).\nUThomas Hobbes uxele ngokokuhlelwa kwabo: \nUkuzimela geqe yinkqubo yorhulumente apho amandla aphezulu egxilwe ezandleni zomntu omnye, izigqibo zakhe ziphantsi kothintelo olusemthethweni lwangaphandle okanye iindlela ezenziwa rhoqo zolawulo oludumileyo (ngaphandle kwesoyikiso sobhukuqo- mbuso okanye ubunzima Uqhushululu). \n Ulawulo lwentando yesininzi \nI-Aristocracy (i- Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 aristokrat\u00eda, evela kwi-\u1f04\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 aristos \"egqwesileyo\", kunye ne-\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 kratos \" amandla \") luhlobo lukarhulumente olubeka amandla ezandleni zedidi elincinci nelinelungelo lokulawula . \nUninzi lwee monarchies lwaluzizidwangube, nangona kwimimandla yomgaqo-siseko yanamhlanje inkosi ngokwayo inamandla amancinci. Igama elithi aristocracy linokubhekisa nakubantu abangabalimi, abangabasebenzi, nabangengabo abedolophu kwinkqubo ye-feudal .\n Idemokhrasi \nIdemokhrasi yinkqubo karhulumente apho abemi basebenzisa amandla ngokuvota . Kwidemokhrasi ethe ngqo, abemi bebonke benza iqumrhu elilawulayo kwaye bavote ngokuthe ngqo kumba ngamnye. Kwidemokhrasi emele abemi bonyula abameli phakathi kwabo. Aba bameli badibana ukwenza ibhunga lolawulo, njengendlu yowiso -mthetho. Kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo -siseko amandla esininzi ayasetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sedemokhrasi emele, kodwa umgaqo-siseko umisela umda uninzi kwaye ukhusele abambalwa, ngesiqhelo ngokuzonwabisa ngawo onke amalungelo athile, umzekelo inkululeko yenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye inkululeko yokuzibandakanya . Oxford English Dictionary: \"democracy\". \n Iiriphabliki \nIriphabliki luhlobo lukarhulumente apho ilizwe lithathwa \"njengemicimbi yoluntu\" (ngesiLatin: res publica), hayi inkxalabo yabucala okanye ipropathi yabalawuli, nalapho iiofisi zamazwe zikhethwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo okanye zichongwe endaweni Ilifa. Abantu, okanye isahlulo esithile sabo, banegunya lokulawula urhulumente nalapho iiofisi zikarhulumente zinyulwa okanye zikhethwe ngabantu abanyuliweyo. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1. Inkcazo eqhelekileyo elula yeriphabliki ngurhulumente apho intloko yelizwe ingenguye inkosi. IMontesquieu ibandakanya zombini idemokhrasi, apho bonke abantu banesabelo kulawulo, kunye neeristocracies okanye ii- oligarchies, apho kuphela abanye abantu belawula, njengeendlela zorhulumente zeriphabhlikhi. Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Bk. II, ch. 2\u20133.\nAmanye amagama asetyenziselwa ukuchaza iiriphabliki ezahlukileyo zibandakanya iriphabliki yedemokhrasi, iriphabliki yepalamente, iriphabliki yomongameli, iriphabliki yomongameli, iriphabliki yomanyano, kunye neRiphabhlikhi yamaSilamsi .\n I-Federalism \nI-Federalism yingcinga yezopolitiko apho iqela lamalungu libotshelelwe kunye ngomnqophiso nentloko yommeli olawulayo. Igama elithi \"federalism\" likwasetyenziselwa ukuchaza inkqubo karhulumente apho ulawulo luhlulwe ngokomgaqo-siseko phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo eliphambili kunye neeyunithi zezopolitiko, ezahlukeneyo ezibizwa ngokuba ngamaphondo, amaphondo okanye enye indlela. I-Federalism yinkqubo esekwe kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi kunye namaziko apho amandla okulawula ekwabelwana ngawo phakathi kozwelonke kunye noorhulumente bamaphondo / oorhulumente, besenza oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumanyano . Abaxhasi bahlala bebizwa ngokuba ngama- federalists .\n Iinkqubo zoqoqosho \nNgokwembali, uninzi lweenkqubo zopolitiko zavela njengeengcinga zentlalo noqoqosho . Amava ngaloo ntshukumo yasemandleni kunye namaqhina aqinileyo abanokuba nawo kwiindlela ezithile zikarhulumente kunokubangela ukuba bathathwe njengeendlela zikarhulumente kubo.\nIxesha Ingcaciso Ubungxowankulu Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentlalo apho iindlela zokuvelisa (oomatshini, izixhobo, iifektri, njl.) Ziphantsi kobunini babucala kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuyinzuzo. Ubukomanisi Inkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho apho iindlela zemveliso ngeye ngokuqhelekileyo (nokuba ngabantu ngqo, ngenxa Thethani okanye kuluntu wamaKomanisi), kunye nemveliso kwenziwa ukusetyenziswa, kunokuba ngenxa yenzuzo . Ngokwesiqhelo, imibutho yobukomanisi isebenzisa uqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo ukwalathisa imveliso kunye nokusasazwa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo. Ukusasaza Inkqubo yezentlalo nezoqoqosho apho ubunini bepropathi ngokubanzi njengelungelo elisisiseko; iindlela zemveliso zisasazeke ngokubanzi ngangokunokwenzeka endaweni yokuba zibekwe kwindawo enye phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente (ubusoshiyali baseburhulumenteni), abantu abambalwa (ulawulo lobuzwilakhe), okanye amaqumrhu (corporatocracy). Ukusasazwa ngokusisiseko kuyabuchasa ubusoshiyali kunye nongxowankulu, abo basasazi bajonga njengeziphene ngokulinganayo kunye nokuxhaphaza. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukusasaza kufuna ukuthotyelwa kwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kubomi babantu bebonke, kubomi bethu bokomoya, kubukrelekrele bethu, kubomi bosapho \". Storck, Thomas. \"Capitalism and Distributism: two systems at war,\" in Beyond Capitalism & Socialism. Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75 Ubukhosi Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentlalo yobunini bomhlaba kunye nemisebenzi. Phantsi kobukhosi bobukumkani, wonke umhlaba ebukumkanini yayingowokumkani. Nangona kunjalo, inkosi yayiza kunika umhlaba kwezinye iinkosi okanye kwizikhulu ezazisilwela. Ezi zipho zomhlaba zabizwa ngokuba zii-manors. Ke iingangamsha zanikela ngomhlaba wazo kwizikhonzi. I-vassals ke kuye kwafuneka yenze imisebenzi yezidwangube. Imihlaba ye-vassals yayibizwa ngokuba yi-fiefs. Ubusoshiyali Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentlalo apho abasebenzi, ngokwentando yesininzi nangokwasentlalweni bengabanini bemveliso kunye nesakhelo sezoqoqosho esinokwabelwa amagunya, asasazwe okanye abekwe embindini acwangcisiweyo okanye azilawule ngokwawo kwiiyunithi zoqoqosho ezizimeleyo. Iinkonzo zikarhulumente ziya kuba ngesiqhelo, ngokudibeneyo, okanye zikarhulumente, ezinje ngononophelo lwempilo kunye nemfundo . Ubalo Inkqubo yoqoqosho kwezentlalo egxila kumandla kurhulumente ngenkcitho yenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo, eli gama lithatha indawo yobukumkani, ubukhosi ngokupheleleyo, ubuNazi, ubuFascism, ubusoshiyali obunobungqongqo, kunye nozwilakhe ongacacanga. Ukwahluka okunjalo kuyahluka kwimicimbi yefom, amaqhinga kunye nemibono. Urhulumente wentlalontle Inkqubo yoqoqosho kwezentlalo apho urhulumente adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekukhuthazeni intlalo-ntle yoqoqosho nentlalo yabemi bayo. Isekwe kwimigaqo yokulingana kwamathuba, ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kobutyebi, kunye noxanduva loluntu kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuzifumanela izibonelelo ezincinci zobomi obulungileyo.\nIimpawu ezithile eziphambili zichaza iintlobo ezithile; ezinye ngokwembali zinxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezithile zikarhulumente.\n Umthetho ngokomthetho ophezulu (imigaqo yokuziphatha engabhalwanga) ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo\n Ukwahlulwa kwecawa kunye nelizwe okanye icawa yasimahla kuthelekiswa nenkolo yombuso\n Ukulawulwa komkhosi emkhosini ngokuchasene nolawulo lwentando yesininzi\n Totalitarianism okanye authoritarianism vs. libertarianism\n Umgaqo wobuninzi okanye ulawulo lwepalamente ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho osayilwayo ngokwahlulahlula amandla kunye nemithetho yobungangamsha yokuthintela ubuzwilakhe kuninzi nokukhusela amalungelo amancinci\n I-Androcracy (patriarchy) okanye ubukhosi (matriarchy) ngokuchasene nesini, ukubonelelwa ngokulingana ngokwesini, okanye ukuthula ngalo mbandela\n Ukuzimela \nOlu luhlu lujolise kwiindlela ezahlukileyo ezenziwa ziinkqubo zopolitiko kusasazo lolawulo, kunye nokuzimela kwemimandla ngaphakathi kurhulumente.\n\u00a0\n \n Government \n Uluhlu lwamagama aphambili: Iindidi zikaRhulumente kunye nobuNkokheli\n Iindidi zoorhulumente ezivela kwiAtlas yeMbali ye20th Century\n Eminye imizekelo yokuhlelwa kwiAtlas yeMbali ye20th Century\n Imicimbi Yehlabathi: Iindidi zikaRhulumente\n I-CBBC Newsround: iintlobo zikarhulumente\n UMthetho oYilwayo Moyers: Ukwanda kwePlutocracy\n I-Phobiocracy nguChris Claypoole\nCategory: Rhulumente\n<|endoftext|>### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Rhulumente' from xh to English:\nAutonomy is a system of government in which the highest power is concentrated in the hands of one person , whose decisions are subject to external legal restrictions or regular methods of popular control ( without the threat of a coup d '\u00e9tat or difficulty Ukhushululu ) . Democracy Aristocracy ( Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 aristocrat\u00eda , from \u1f04\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 aristos \" excellent \" , and \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 kratos \" power \" ) is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small and privileged class . II , ch .\n 1 . The simplest common definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a king . The lands of vassals were called fiefs .\n Socialism A social economic system in which the workers , democratically and socially own production and an economic framework that can be decentralized , decentralized or centralized organized or self - managed into independent economic units . These grants of land were called manors .\n So the nobles gave their land to the servants .\n I In practice , communist societies use a planned economy to direct the production and distribution of goods and services .\n Diffusion A social and economic system in which ownership of property is generally considered a fundamental right ; the means of production are spread as widely as possible instead of being centralized under the control of the government ( state socialism ) , a few people ( dictatorship ) , or corporations ( corporatocracy ) .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Rhulumente", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "He is considered one of the greatest musicians in Western history . Bach influenced composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Beethoven , and Wagner , and his music is considered the best of his time . Bach eventually became dissatisfied with the job , not only because of the low pay , but also because of the hard work and poor equipment .\n Therefore , he accepted other duties , including dire", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Johann Sebastian Bach' from xh to English:\nHe is considered one of the greatest musicians in Western history . Bach influenced composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Beethoven , and Wagner , and his music is considered the best of his time . Bach eventually became dissatisfied with the job , not only because of the low pay , but also because of the hard work and poor equipment .\n Therefore , he accepted other duties , including directing the city 's Collegium Musicum , a group of professional musicians and actors who performed weekly concerts , in 1729 .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nIMAGE: UJohann Sebastian Bach, 1746 center|frameless| Utyikityo lukaBach\nIMAGE: I-logo kaBach: ii-inishiyali zegama lakhe (JSB) ngesithsaba ngaphezulu.\nUJohann Sebastian Bach (ngoMatshi 21, 1685-Julayi 28, 1750) wayengumqambi wase IJamani wexesha lamaBaroque. Uthathwa njengenye yeemvumi ezinkulu kwimbali yaseNtshona. UBach wayenempembelelo kubaqambi abanjengoWolfgang Amadeus Mozart, uBeethoven, noWagner, kwaye umculo wakhe uthathwa njengelona lihle kwixesha lakhe. Umculo kaBach waziwa ngobuhle bawo, ubucukubhede, ukuqaqamba kunye namandla. Ngenxa yempumelelo yakhe ebalaseleyo, uhlala ebizwa njengeyona mvumi ibalaseleyo kwimbali yaseNtshona. Umculo weBach uqhelisiwe, uyafundwa kwaye uyonwabele kwihlabathi Ibali lobomi \nUBach wazalelwa e-Eisenach ngo-1685. Wafundiswa ukudlala ivayolini ngutata wakhe, uJohann Ambrosius, ixilongo lenkundla elalisebenza kwinkosana ye-Eisenach. UBach wayengekabi neminyaka elishumi ubudala ukusweleka kukayise, emshiya eyinkedama. Waya kuhlala kwikhaya lomntakwabo; umntakwabo wayehlala e-Ohrdruf. Ngenxa yelizwi lakhe eligqwesileyo, uBach wafumana umsebenzi kwikhaya leemonki laseMichaelis eL\u00fcneberg ngo-1700. Ilizwi lakhe latshintsha emva kwexesha elifutshane, kodwa waqhubeka njengemvumi. Emva kokuthatha umsebenzi okwexeshana eWeimar ngo-1703 njenge-violinist, uBach waba ngumbutho kwi-Neue Kirche e-Arnstadt (1703-1707). Ubudlelwane bakhe nebhunga lecawa babunzima njengoko imvumi eselula yayihlala ingaluhoyi uxanduva lwayo, ikhetha ukuziqhelanisa nelungu. Enye iakhawunti ichaza ikhefu leenyanga ezine elinikezwe uBach, ukuba aye eLubeck apho anokuziqhelanisa nomculo kaDietrich Buxtehude. Wabuyela eArnstadt kwakudala emva kokuba bekulindelwe, ecaphukisa ibhunga. Uye wakhonza ngokufutshane eSt. Blasius eM\u00fchlhausen njenge-organist, ukuqala ngoJuni 1707, watshata umzala wakhe, uMaria Barbara Bach, ekwindla. UBach wabhala iToccata yakhe edumileyo kunye neFugue kwi-D encinci (BWV 565) kunye nee-cantata zakhe zokuqala ngelixa wayeseM\u00fchlhausen. Emva koko wathatha umsebenzi kwi-Duke yase Sachsen-Weimar ngo-1708, esebenza njengonobumba wenkundla kwaye edlala kwi-okhestra, ekugqibeleni waba yinkokheli yayo ngo-1714. Wabhala iingoma ezininzi ngeli xesha, kuquka no-Orgel-B\u00fcchlein. UBach wayishiya iWeimar wafumana umsebenzi ngoDisemba 1717 njengoKapellmeister eC\u00f6then. Ngo-1720, umfazi kaBach wasweleka ngesiquphe, wamshiya nabantwana abane (abanye abathathu basweleka besebusana). Kungekudala emva koko, wadibana nomfazi wakhe wesibini, u-Anna Magdalena Wilcke, owatshata naye ngoDisemba 1721. Wayeza kuzala abantwana abali-13, nangona bebahlanu kuphela abaya kuphila ebuntwaneni. IBrandenburg Concertos (BWV 1046-51) ezintandathu, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi emininzi, isusela kwiminyaka yakhe yaseC\u00f6then. UBach waba nguKantor weSikolo sikaThomas eLeipzig ngoMeyi ngo-1723 kwaye wawugcina lo msebenzi de wasweleka. KwakuseLeipzig apho waqamba uninzi lwee-cantata zakhe. UBach ekugqibeleni akonelisekanga ngulo msebenzi, hayi ngenxa yomvuzo ophantsi kuphela, kodwa nangenxa yemisebenzi enzima kunye nezixhobo ezimbi. Ke ngoko, wamkela eminye imisebenzi, kubandakanya nokuyalela i-Collegium Musicum yesixeko, iqela leemvumi eziqeqeshiweyo kunye nabadlali ababesenza ikonsathi zeveki nganye, ngo-1729. Waphinda waba ngumlawuli womculo kwiNkundla yaseDresden ngo-1736, kwinkonzo kaFrederick Augustus II. Nangona wayenemisebenzi embalwa, wanikwa inkululeko yokwenza into ayifunayo. U-Bach waqala ukuhamba waya eBerlin nge-1740s, hayi kancinci kuba unyana wakhe, uCarl Philipp Emanuel, wayesebenza njengemvumi apho. Ugula ngesifo seswekile, uBach wasweleka ngoJulayi 28, Izalathiso \nCategory: Umculo\nCategory: Abantu", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Tahsin Arafat ( born on Dec 21 , 2003 ) is a Bangladeshi actor , musical artist , writer and online activist. Tahsin Arafat : A Bright Name in Music Industries - 1888 News He started his career through his musical work in the movie Khodar Pore Ma ( 2012 ) . Tahsin Arafat - IMDb Early Life and Education Tahsin Arafat ( born on Dec 21 , 2003 ) completed his secondary stage education from Chattogra", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Tahsin Arafat' from xh to English:\nTahsin Arafat ( born on Dec 21 , 2003 ) is a Bangladeshi actor , musical artist , writer and online activist. Tahsin Arafat : A Bright Name in Music Industries - 1888 News He started his career through his musical work in the movie Khodar Pore Ma ( 2012 ) . Tahsin Arafat - IMDb Early Life and Education Tahsin Arafat ( born on Dec 21 , 2003 ) completed his secondary stage education from Chattogram Collegiate School . Tahsin Arafat kept sign of work on more than Eight movies .\n \" Mirror Game ( 2016 ) \" was a top rated movie by which he became popular. IMDb - Mirror Game\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nTahsin Arafat (born on Dec 21, 2003) is a Bangladeshi actor, musical artist, writer and online activist. Tahsin Arafat: A Bright Name in Music Industries - 1888 News He started his career through his musical work in the movie Khodar Pore Ma (2012). Tahsin Arafat - IMDb He is specially known for his work in Mirror Game (2016).\nTahsin Arafat - Google knowledge Graph\nTMDB\n Early Life and Education \nTahsin Arafat (born on Dec 21, 2003) completed his secondary stage education from Chattogram Collegiate School.\nThen He completed his higher secondary education from Notre Dame College, Dhaka. Linkedin\n Career \nStarting with Khodar Pore Ma (2012) he continued his work through Daring Lover (2014).\nTahsin Arafat kept sign of work on more than Eight movies.\n\"Mirror Game (2016)\" was a top rated movie by which he became popular. IMDb - Mirror Game\nBesides music and acting, he is quite popular as a writter. He was monthly (Feb 2022) best writer in Tulot, a writing platform.\nHe spreaded his musical and digital marketing career in 2021 with 5 Solo Music Albums. Tahsin Arafat - 1888 News\n Personal Life \nTahsin Arafat was born in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh. He lived in Chattogram, Bangladesh between 2012 to 2019. He shifted to Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2019.\n Discography \nSolo Albums:\n Creepy Rox (2021)\n Sorbojoya (2021)\n Mon Phagun (2021)\n Mithai (2021)\n Khorkuto (2021) Tahsin Arafat - YouTube Music\n References \n External Links \n Official Website.", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Tahsin Arafat", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Alice Kinloch is a South African human rights activist , public speaker , and author who founded the African Association in London in 1897 , and organized the Pan - African Conference in 1990 . He went to the United Kingdom in 1895 and joined the Aborigines Protection Society ( APS ) , a leading abolitionist and civil rights organisation . Later , he published the pamphlet Are South African Diam", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nuAlice Kinloch litshantliziyo lamalungelo oluntu laseMzantsi Afrika, isithethi sikawonke-wonke, kunye nombhali owaseka iAfrican Association eLondon ngo-1897, waza waququzelela iNkomfa yePan-African ngo-1990. \n Iziganeko zoBomi \nU-Alice Victoria Alexander Kinloch wazalelwa eKapa, eMzantsi Afrika ngo-1863. Usapho lwakhe lwafudukela eKimberley ngeminyaka yoo-1870. Ngenyanga kaJuni ka-1885, watshata no-Edmund Ndosa Kinloch kwicawa yaseSt Cyprian eKimberley. \nWaya eUnited Kingdom ngo-1895 waza wazimanya ne- Aborigines Protection Society (APS), umbutho ophambili wokubhangisa kunye nombutho wamalungelo oluntu. Njengommeli we-APS, wathetha nabaphulaphuli abaninzi eLondon, eNewcastle, eYork naseManchester. Kumaqonga e-Bhritane, waxoxa ngeemeko zaseMzantsi Afrika. Isihloko sakhe ibisithi \"impatho embi yabantu bomthonyama kuMzantsi Afrika uphela, ingakumbi iCompound System efumaneka kuzo zonke izithili zemigodi\". \"Black Plaque Project \u2014 Alice Kinlock\". Black Plaque Project. Retrieved 2021-11-03. \nKamva, wapapasha iphecana elithi 'Ingabe iiDayimani zoMzantsi Afrika zixabisa indleko yazo?' . Njengenxalenye yaloo ngxelo, uchaze iimeko zobomi kwiikhompawundi zemigodi njenge \"ezifana namakhoboka\" kwaye waphikisana nemithetho yamapasi eNatal. Killingray, David (September 2012). \"Significant Black South Africans in Britain before 1912: Pan-African Organisations and the Emergence of South Africa's First Black Lawyers\". South African Historical Journal. 64 (3): 393\u2013417. doi: 10.1080/02582473.2012.675810. ISSN\u00a00258-2473. S2CID\u00a0155055871. Adi, Hakim (2019-05-23). \"Women and Pan-Africanism\". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.559. Retrieved 2021-11-03.\nUKinloch waseka uMbutho waseAfrika ngo-1897 kunye namagqwetha awayenqwenela uHenry Sylvester-Williams kunye noThomas John Thompson waseTrinidad naseSierra Leone. Njengonondyebo weAfrican Association, uKinloch wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika ngoFebruwari 1898 waza, kunye noMbutho waseAfrika, waququzelela iNkomfa yokuqala yePan-African ngo-1990. Killingray, David (September 2012). \"Significant Black South Africans in Britain before 1912: Pan-African Organisations and the Emergence of South Africa's First Black Lawyers\". South African Historical Journal. 64 (3): 393\u2013417. doi: 10.1080/02582473.2012.675810. ISSN\u00a00258-2473. S2CID\u00a0155055871. Mbete, Sithembile (2021-10-28). \"On, South Africa, race and the making of international relations, the Francesco Giucciardini prize forum\". Cambridge Review of International Affairs: 1\u20134. doi: 10.1080/09557571.2021.1994314. ISSN\u00a00955-7571.\n Iimbekiselo\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Alice Kinloch' from xh to English:\nAlice Kinloch is a South African human rights activist , public speaker , and author who founded the African Association in London in 1897 , and organized the Pan - African Conference in 1990 . He went to the United Kingdom in 1895 and joined the Aborigines Protection Society ( APS ) , a leading abolitionist and civil rights organisation . Later , he published the pamphlet Are South African Diamonds Worth Their Cost ? .\n As part of that report , he described living conditions in mining compounds as \" slave - like \" and argued against Natal 's passport laws . Kinloch founded the African Society in 1897 with aspiring lawyers Henry Sylvester - Williams and Thomas John Thompson from Trinidad and Sierra Leone .\n As treasurer of the African Association , Kinloch returned to South Africa in February 1898 and , together with the African Association , organized the first Pan - African Conference in 1990 .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Alice Kinloch", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Constructed languages He has published many articles online in various constructed languages , such as Lingua Franca Nova , Interlingua and Interlingue . His next work , Antologie hispanRERO.ch Antologie hispan , was a collection of translated texts from the most important texts of Spanish literature .\n Followed by Fabules , racontas e mitesFabules , racontas e mites , a collection of fables and", "text": "### Wikipedia Article:\nUVicente Costalago yisazi sefilosofi, umbhali kunye nomxhasi wolwimi oluncedisayo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-isi-Interlingue. Ungomnye wababhali abaphambili boncwadi kwi-Interlingue.\nUfunde iiLwimi zala maxesha kunye nokuGuqulela nokuTolika eyunivesithi Bibliographie IdRef. \n Iilwimi ezakhiweyo \nUpapashe izicatshulwa ezininzi kwi-intanethi ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo ezakhiweyo, ezifana neLingua Franca Nova, isi-Interlingua kunye ne-isi-Interlingue.\n Iyasebenza \nUmsebenzi wakhe wokuqala yaba yiLa xerca per Pahoa, kwiLingua Franca Nova. Eli bali lifutshane libalisa uhambo oluthathwe nguJoan ukuze afumane ikrele eligama linguPahoa, elinokuthi lisebenzise kuphela ukumkani ofanelekileyo waseLincuo. Yayilibali lokuqala lokuqala elipapashwe kwi-Elefen.\nEmva koko waqalisa ukupapasha kwi-Interlingue. Incwadi yakhe yokuqala yayiyiLi sercha yantlandlolo kwi-li castelle Dewahl e altri racontasRERO.chRERO.ch, enamabali amathathu, anempembelelo ethile ka-Edgar Allan Poe's Intliziyo yoThetha-Tale kweyesibini, enesihloko esithi Li Confession ('The Ukuvuma'). Umsebenzi wakhe olandelayo, uAntologie hispanRERO.ch Antologie hispan, yayiyingqokelela yezicatshulwa eziguqulelwe kweyona mibhalo ibalulekileyo yoncwadi lweSpanish. Ilandelwe nguFabules, racontas e mitesFabules, racontas e mites, ingqokelela yeentsomi kunye namabali aguqulelwe kwi-Interlingue. \n Uluhlu lweencwadi \n (2021) La xerca per Pahoa\n (2021) Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas.\n (2021) Antologie hispan.\n (2021) Fabules, racontas e mites.\n Iimbekiselo \nCategory: Ababhali\n<|endoftext|>### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Vicente Costalago' from xh to English:\nConstructed languages He has published many articles online in various constructed languages , such as Lingua Franca Nova , Interlingua and Interlingue . His next work , Antologie hispanRERO.ch Antologie hispan , was a collection of translated texts from the most important texts of Spanish literature .\n Followed by Fabules , racontas e mitesFabules , racontas e mites , a collection of fables and stories translated into Interlingue .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Vicente Costalago", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti ( formerly known as Haiti ) , is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and to the south of the Bahamas and Turks together . It lives in the western three - eighth of the island that it shares with the Dominican Republic .\n To the southwest lies its small Nav", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'I-Haiti' from xh to English:\nHaiti , officially the Republic of Haiti ( formerly known as Haiti ) , is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and to the south of the Bahamas and Turks together . It lives in the western three - eighth of the island that it shares with the Dominican Republic .\n To the southwest lies its small Navassa Island , which is claimed by Haiti but denied as a United States territory under federal control .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Haiti\nHaiti, ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhlikhi yaseHaiti (neyayifudula yaziwa ngokuba yiHayti, lilizwe elibekwe kwisiqithi sase- Hispaniola kwi- Greater Antilles archipelago yoLwandle lweCaribbean, ukuya kwimpuma yeCuba kunye neJamaica nakumazantsi eBahamas kunye namaTurks kunye. Iziqithi zaseCaicos . Ihlala kwintshona yesithathu-esibhozo yesiqithi esabelana ngayo neDominican Republic . To emazantsi-ntshona ubuxoki bayo ezincinane Navassa Island, apho ibango yi Haiti kodwa uphikise njenge United States ummandla phantsi kolawulo federal. \"Haiti\", Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. IHaiti IHaiti yi-27,750 km2 (10,714 sq mi) ngobukhulu, ilizwe lesithathu ngobukhulu kwiCaribbean ngokommandla, kwaye inabemi kuqikelelwa 11.4 million, [6] iyenza ibe lelona lizwe linabantu abaninzi kwiCaribbean. Ikomkhulu yiPort-au-Prince .", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "I-Haiti", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "The Indian Premier League ( IPL ) is a professional men 's cricket league , consisting of ten teams based in ten cities in India . The IPL is the most attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 was ranked sixth in terms of average attendance among all sports leagues . - The IPL is the most attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 was ranked sixth in terms of average attendance of a", "text": "### Translation of Wikipedia text about 'Indian Premier League' from xh to English:\nThe Indian Premier League ( IPL ) is a professional men 's cricket league , consisting of ten teams based in ten cities in India . The IPL is the most attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 was ranked sixth in terms of average attendance among all sports leagues . - The IPL is the most attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 was ranked sixth in terms of average attendance of all sports leagues .\n In 2010 , the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be streamed live on YouTube .\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nI-Indian Premier League (IPL) yiligi yamadoda eqeqeshelweyo yeqakamba, ebandakanya amaqela alishumi azinze kwizixeko ezilishumi zaseIndiya. Le ligi yasekwa yiBoard of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) ngo2007.\nI-IPL yeyona ligi yeqakamba ekuyiyo abantu abaninzi ehlabathini kwaye ngo-2014 yabekwa kwindawo yesithandathu ngokomndilili wokuzimasa kuzo zonke iiligi zemidlalo. Ngo-2010, i-IPL yaba ngumsitho wokuqala wezemidlalo emhlabeni ukuba usasazwe ngqo kuYouTube.\nImithombo", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Indian Premier League", "lang": "xh"}} +{"embed_text": "Michela Luci \u2014 Tag Barker Callum Shoniker \u2014 Scooch Pooch Katie Griffin \u2014 Ma Barker Martin Roach \u2014 Paw Barker Tajja Isen \u2014 Cheddar Biscuit Lyon Smith \u2014 Spike Barker / Gilber Barker Judy Marshank \u2014 Grandma Marge Barker Patrick McKenna \u2014 Grandpaw Mort Barker / Gerald / Muttfield / Manhole Dog Linda Ballantyne \u2014 Lady Lydia / Sgt Pooch / Mayor Sniffington / Leader Dog / Waggs Martinez Joshua Graham \u2014 S", "text": "### This is a machine translation of snippets of a Wikipedia article about 'Hamba, Nja. Hamba!' from xh to English:\nMichela Luci \u2014 Tag Barker Callum Shoniker \u2014 Scooch Pooch Katie Griffin \u2014 Ma Barker Martin Roach \u2014 Paw Barker Tajja Isen \u2014 Cheddar Biscuit Lyon Smith \u2014 Spike Barker / Gilber Barker Judy Marshank \u2014 Grandma Marge Barker Patrick McKenna \u2014 Grandpaw Mort Barker / Gerald / Muttfield / Manhole Dog Linda Ballantyne \u2014 Lady Lydia / Sgt Pooch / Mayor Sniffington / Leader Dog / Waggs Martinez Joshua Graham \u2014 Sam Whippet Zarina Rocha \u2014 Kit Whiserton Deven Mack \u2014 Fetcher David Berni \u2014 Frank Anand Rajaram \u2014 Iimbotyi Stacey Kay \u2014 Kelly Korgi Julie Lemieux \u2014 Hattie / Catch Morely Danny Smith \u2014 Yellow Paul Buckley , Reno Selmser kunye noZoe DAndrea \u2014 The Barkapellas Phill Williams \u2014 Coach Chewman / Gabe Roof Rob Tinkler \u2014 Early Ed Jamie Watson \u2014 Donnie Slippers\n<|endoftext|>### Wikipedia Article:\nHamba, Nja. Hamba! luchungechunge lukamabonakude opopayi weNetflix.\n Cast \n Michela Luci \u2014 Tag Barker\n Callum Shoniker \u2014 Scooch Pooch\n Katie Griffin \u2014 Ma Barker\n Martin Roach \u2014 Paw Barker\n Tajja Isen \u2014 Cheddar Biscuit\n Lyon Smith \u2014 Spike Barker / Gilber Barker\n Judy Marshank \u2014 Grandma Marge Barker\n Patrick McKenna \u2014 Grandpaw Mort Barker / Gerald / Muttfield / Manhole Dog\nLinda Ballantyne \u2014 Lady Lydia / Sgt Pooch / Mayor Sniffington / Leader Dog / Waggs Martinez\nJoshua Graham \u2014 Sam Whippet\nZarina Rocha \u2014 Kit Whiserton\nDeven Mack \u2014 Fetcher\nDavid Berni \u2014 Frank\nAnand Rajaram \u2014 Iimbotyi\nStacey Kay \u2014 Kelly Korgi\nJulie Lemieux \u2014 Hattie / Catch Morely\nDanny Smith \u2014 Yellow\nPaul Buckley, Reno Selmser kunye noZoe D'Andrea \u2014 The Barkapellas\nPhill Williams \u2014 Coach Chewman / Gabe Roof\nRob Tinkler \u2014 Early Ed\nJamie Watson \u2014 Donnie Slippers\n iReference", "metadata": {"source": "hltcoe/megawika/xh-00000-of-00001.jsonl", "title": "Hamba, Nja. Hamba!", "lang": "xh"}} diff --git a/zh.jsonl b/zh.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0355762a816e63bda1e01f3a48ac8f592d4fccba --- /dev/null +++ b/zh.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:296862aae04951d0c9d391f916cd536c7fe0ac8528d90e71475234a24f108cfd +size 935220433