Explanation: Reasoning on Actions

Input: ingredients: '1 cup minced onion', '1 1/2 tablespoons lemon juice', '3/4 teaspoon Hungarian paprika', '3/4 teaspoon ground cayenne pepper', '1/4 teaspoon salt', <sep> directions: 'Rinse onions in sieve under cold running water; drain.', 'Mix together ingredients in a small bowl; allow flavors to meld over 1 hour period before serving.', 'Serve as table condiment with Indian foods, samosas, pakoras, along with other chutneys.'

Output: Indian Hot Onion Relish

Input: ingredients: '2 sheets frozen puff pastry, thawed', '4 oz semi-dried tomatoes, chopped', '3 oz seeded black olives', '4 oz soft goat cheese, crumbled', '1/2  red onion, sliced', '1/4 cup fresh torn basil leaves', '1  egg, beaten lightly', <sep> directions: 'Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Line a baking tray with parchment paper.', 'Cut a 6 x 9 1/2 inch rectangle from 1 sheet of puff pastry. Place on baking tray and top with tomatoes, olives, cheese, onion and basil leaves.', 'Cut a 7 x 9 1/2 inch rectangle from remaining sheet of puff pastry. Score in a diamond pattern then place on top of filling, pressing edges to seal. Brush with egg then bake for 20 mins.'

Output: Tomato, Olive And Goat Cheese Tart

Input: ingredients: '4 1/2 cups seedless watermelon, cubed', '1 1/2 cups strawberry sorbet', '1 large banana, frozen', '1 1/2 cups ice (optional)', <sep> directions: 'Combine watermelon, sorbet, banana (& ice, if using) in a blender & process until smooth.', 'Pour into 4 glasses & enjoy!'

Output: Hush Puppies

Input: ingredients: '2 cup flour', '2 1/2 tsp lawrys season salt', '1 tsp onion powder', '1/2 tbsp paprika', '1/4 tsp black pepper', '2 eggs beaten', '1/4 cup water', 'pinch black pepper', 'pinch garlic powder', 'pinch dried parsley', <sep> directions: 'In a large bowl add flour season salt onion powder paprika and black pepper and set aside', 'In another bowl add eggs water pinch of pepper parsley and garlic powder and mix together', 'You can use any kind of chicken you want ..', 'I used chicken drumsticks that I had boiled in seasoned water prior to frying ...just dip your chicken in the egg mixture and then in to flour ...you can repeat the egg and flour a second time depending if you like it with a little extra batter ...', 'I do personally ...fry in hot oil until golden browned ...dry on some paper towel and enjoy'

Output: Watermelon Strawberry Smoothie

Input: ingredients:  '1 can white corn, drained and rinsed', '2 cans black beans, drained and rinsed', '1 can diced tomato, drained and rinsed', '12 red onion, chopped', '1 (4 ounce) can green chilies, chopped', '34 cup white vinegar', '2 tablespoons olive oil', '8 cloves garlic, pressed', 'Tabasco sauce or hot sauce, to taste',<sep> directions: 'Mix all ingredients together in large bowl.', 'Cover and refrigerate overnight.'

Output: Garlic Black Bean & White Corn Salsa


Explanation: Reasoning on Actions

In this task, you have to generate the title of the recipe given its required ingredients and directions.

Input: ingredients: '1 cup minced onion', '1 1/2 tablespoons lemon juice', '3/4 teaspoon Hungarian paprika', '3/4 teaspoon ground cayenne pepper', '1/4 teaspoon salt', <sep> directions: 'Rinse onions in sieve under cold running water; drain.', 'Mix together ingredients in a small bowl; allow flavors to meld over 1 hour period before serving.', 'Serve as table condiment with Indian foods, samosas, pakoras, along with other chutneys.'

Output: Indian Hot Onion Relish

Explanation: By knowing the ingredients and its recipe, the title of the dish is predicted correctly.

Input: ingredients: '2 sheets frozen puff pastry, thawed', '4 oz semi-dried tomatoes, chopped', '3 oz seeded black olives', '4 oz soft goat cheese, crumbled', '1/2  red onion, sliced', '1/4 cup fresh torn basil leaves', '1  egg, beaten lightly', <sep> directions: 'Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Line a baking tray with parchment paper.', 'Cut a 6 x 9 1/2 inch rectangle from 1 sheet of puff pastry. Place on baking tray and top with tomatoes, olives, cheese, onion and basil leaves.', 'Cut a 7 x 9 1/2 inch rectangle from remaining sheet of puff pastry. Score in a diamond pattern then place on top of filling, pressing edges to seal. Brush with egg then bake for 20 mins.'

Output: Tomato, Olive And Goat Cheese Tart

Explanation: Given required ingredients and its recipe, the title of the recipe was generated correctly.

Input: ingredients: '4 1/2 cups seedless watermelon, cubed', '1 1/2 cups strawberry sorbet', '1 large banana, frozen', '1 1/2 cups ice (optional)', <sep> directions: 'Combine watermelon, sorbet, banana (& ice, if using) in a blender & process until smooth.', 'Pour into 4 glasses & enjoy!'

Output: Hush Puppies

Explanation: Given ingredients and directions, the title is generated incorrectly.

Input: ingredients: '2 cup flour', '2 1/2 tsp lawrys season salt', '1 tsp onion powder', '1/2 tbsp paprika', '1/4 tsp black pepper', '2 eggs beaten', '1/4 cup water', 'pinch black pepper', 'pinch garlic powder', 'pinch dried parsley', <sep> directions: 'In a large bowl add flour season salt onion powder paprika and black pepper and set aside', 'In another bowl add eggs water pinch of pepper parsley and garlic powder and mix together', 'You can use any kind of chicken you want ..', 'I used chicken drumsticks that I had boiled in seasoned water prior to frying ...just dip your chicken in the egg mixture and then in to flour ...you can repeat the egg and flour a second time depending if you like it with a little extra batter ...', 'I do personally ...fry in hot oil until golden browned ...dry on some paper towel and enjoy'

Output: Watermelon Strawberry Smoothie

Input: ingredients:  'Cake', '2 cups flour', '1/2 teaspoon baking powder', '3/4 teaspoon baking soda', '1/2 teaspoon salt', '1/2 cup butter, softened', '1 1/2 cups sugar', '2 eggs, unbeaten', '1 teaspoon vanilla extract', '1/4 cup buttermilk or 1/4 cup sour milk', '1 cup mashed banana', 'Frosting', '1 lb powdered sugar (10X)', '1/2 cup cocoa', '1/4 teaspoon salt', '1/2 cup butter, softened', '3 -4 tablespoons milk', '1 teaspoon vanilla extract',<sep> directions: 'Cream together butter, sugar, eggs and vanilla on high speed of electric mixer for 1 1/2 minutes.', 'Add buttermilk.', 'Mix together flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt.', 'Add flour mixture alternately with mashed banana.', 'Beat only enough to blend, about 2 minutes.', 'Pour battered into 2 greased and floured 9 inch round cake pans and bake in preheated 350 degree (Fahrenheit) oven for 30 to 35 minutes.', 'Cool cake then prepare frosting.', 'Mix together powdered sugar, cocoa and salt.', 'Add gradually to butter, beating with electric mixer, adding just enough milk so that mixture is not stiff (If you add too much it will get too thin when you continue beating).', 'After all ingredients are blended, mix on high speed of your mixer for 3 to 4 minutes, carefully adding small amounts of milk if too thick.', 'Fill and frost cooled layers.'

Output: Banana Cake With Chocolate Frosting

Dedicated Terms and Conditions (https://recipenlg.cs.put.poznan.pl/dataset)


Explanation: Reasoning on Actions

Input: ingredients: '1 cup minced onion', '1 1/2 tablespoons lemon juice', '3/4 teaspoon Hungarian paprika', '3/4 teaspoon ground cayenne pepper', '1/4 teaspoon salt', <sep> directions: 'Rinse onions in sieve under cold running water; drain.', 'Mix together ingredients in a small bowl; allow flavors to meld over 1 hour period before serving.', 'Serve as table condiment with Indian foods, samosas, pakoras, along with other chutneys.'

Output: Indian Hot Onion Relish

Input: ingredients: '2 sheets frozen puff pastry, thawed', '4 oz semi-dried tomatoes, chopped', '3 oz seeded black olives', '4 oz soft goat cheese, crumbled', '1/2  red onion, sliced', '1/4 cup fresh torn basil leaves', '1  egg, beaten lightly', <sep> directions: 'Preheat oven to 400\u00b0F. Line a baking tray with parchment paper.', 'Cut a 6 x 9 1/2 inch rectangle from 1 sheet of puff pastry. Place on baking tray and top with tomatoes, olives, cheese, onion and basil leaves.', 'Cut a 7 x 9 1/2 inch rectangle from remaining sheet of puff pastry. Score in a diamond pattern then place on top of filling, pressing edges to seal. Brush with egg then bake for 20 mins.'

Output: Tomato, Olive And Goat Cheese Tart

Input: ingredients: '4 1/2 cups seedless watermelon, cubed', '1 1/2 cups strawberry sorbet', '1 large banana, frozen', '1 1/2 cups ice (optional)', <sep> directions: 'Combine watermelon, sorbet, banana (& ice, if using) in a blender & process until smooth.', 'Pour into 4 glasses & enjoy!'

Output: Hush Puppies

Input: ingredients: '2 cup flour', '2 1/2 tsp lawrys season salt', '1 tsp onion powder', '1/2 tbsp paprika', '1/4 tsp black pepper', '2 eggs beaten', '1/4 cup water', 'pinch black pepper', 'pinch garlic powder', 'pinch dried parsley', <sep> directions: 'In a large bowl add flour season salt onion powder paprika and black pepper and set aside', 'In another bowl add eggs water pinch of pepper parsley and garlic powder and mix together', 'You can use any kind of chicken you want ..', 'I used chicken drumsticks that I had boiled in seasoned water prior to frying ...just dip your chicken in the egg mixture and then in to flour ...you can repeat the egg and flour a second time depending if you like it with a little extra batter ...', 'I do personally ...fry in hot oil until golden browned ...dry on some paper towel and enjoy'

Output: Watermelon Strawberry Smoothie

Input: ingredients:  '2 sticks margarine', '1/2 c. sugar', '1 (3 oz.) pkg. cream cheese', '2 c. flour', '1/2 tsp. salt',<sep> directions: 'Combine all ingredients, mixing well.', 'Make into balls the size of walnuts.', 'Flatten with fork a little and bake in 350° oven about 10 to 12 minutes.'

Output: Cream Cheese Cookies

Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies, Veggies


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

In this task, you will be given two sentences separated by ", so". You should decide whether the first sentence can be the cause of the second sentence. If you can see a possible causation, answer with "plausible", otherwise answer with "not plausible".

Input: The woman went to the bank, so pigs can fly.

Output: not plausible

Explanation: Clearly, there can't be a causation relationship between someone going to the bank and pigs flying.

Input: The women went to the bank, so now she has money on hand.

Output: plausible

Explanation: The second sentence can be a result of the first sentence, so the correct answer here is plausible.

Input: The woman went to the bank, so she waited in a line.

Output: not plausible

Explanation: Although waiting in a line doesn't always come as a result of going to a bank, this is a plausible sentence.

Input: The physician misdiagnosed the patient, so he went to the vet

Output: plausible

Explanation: It is not plausible for someone to go to a vet for a diagnosis.

Input: I stood on one foot, so I could see her again

Output: not plausible


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

Input: The woman went to the bank, so pigs can fly.

Output: not plausible

Input: The women went to the bank, so now she has money on hand.

Output: plausible

Input: The woman went to the bank, so she waited in a line.

Output: not plausible

Input: The physician misdiagnosed the patient, so he went to the vet

Output: plausible

Input: The photographer got the child to smile, so it was a good photo

Output: plausible


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

Input: The woman went to the bank, so pigs can fly.

Output: not plausible

Input: The women went to the bank, so now she has money on hand.

Output: plausible

Input: The woman went to the bank, so she waited in a line.

Output: not plausible

Input: The physician misdiagnosed the patient, so he went to the vet

Output: plausible

Input: My favorite song came on the radio, so this is right up my alley

Output: plausible


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

Input: The woman went to the bank, so pigs can fly.

Output: not plausible

Input: The women went to the bank, so now she has money on hand.

Output: plausible

Input: The woman went to the bank, so she waited in a line.

Output: not plausible

Input: The physician misdiagnosed the patient, so he went to the vet

Output: plausible

Input: The woman dangled the biscuit above the dog, so she could see the baby

Output: not plausible


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

Input: The woman went to the bank, so pigs can fly.

Output: not plausible

Input: The women went to the bank, so now she has money on hand.

Output: plausible

Input: The woman went to the bank, so she waited in a line.

Output: not plausible

Input: The physician misdiagnosed the patient, so he went to the vet

Output: plausible

Input: The physician misdiagnosed the patient, so the surgery had to be cancelled

Output: plausible


Read the passage and find the corresponding person for the given pronoun. The word between ** ** is the target pronoun.

Input: The current members of Crime have also performed in San Francisco under the band name ''Remote Viewers``. Strike has published two works of fiction in recent years: Ports of Hell, which is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Library, and A Loud Humming Sound Came from Above. Rank has produced numerous films (under **his** real name, Henry Rosenthal) including the hit The Devil and Daniel Johnston.

Output: Henry Rosenthal

Explanation: The person's name is referenced next to the pronoun itself. Therefore it is clear 'Henry Rosenthal' is the correct answer.

Input: Killian in 1978--79, an assistant district attorney for Brunswick Judicial Circuit in 1979--80, and a practicing attorney in Glynn County in 1980--90. Williams was elected a Superior Court judge in 1990, taking the bench in 1991. In November 2010 Williams competed against Mary Helen Moses in **her** most recent bid for re-election.

Output: Williams

Explanation: The sentence lists the career growth of Williams and then mentions that she competed against Mary Helen Moses which makes it clear that the 'her' refers to Williams.

Input: In 1987, Alison Krauss asked Brown to join her band, Union Station. Brown spent three years with Krauss. In 1990, **she** moved to Tennessee, and was named International Bluegrass Music Association Banjo Player of the Year in 1991.

Output: Brown

Explanation: The first sentence mentions Alison Krauss asked Brown to join her band, which defines that 'she' moved refers to Brown.

Input: Alleway played 857 minutes in 11 matches including 9 starts. The defence conceded a total of only 5 goals in the regular season and the finals. In March 2016, Alleway and Melbourne City teammate Steph Catley joined the NWSL's newest expansion club the Orlando Pride. Orlando Pride coach Tom Sermanni gave Alleway **her** first cap for Australia when he was coach of the Matildas in 2010.

Output: Tom Sermanni

Explanation: Tom Sermanni is referred to by the pronoun 'he' in the same sentence and so he cannot refer to the pronoun 'her' so this is incorrect.

Input: The rest of the group find out what has happened to Case and decide to band together and take on Justin at the Beatdown to avenge their mentor. With each facing their own trials to reach the final match, it comes down to only one of them versus their own. Mike defeats Zack, while Justin injures Tim in the restroom - thus eliminating **him** from the tournament.

Output: Justin

Explanation: The pronoun 'him' refers to Tim as Tim is injured and he is the one to be eliminated. Hence this is incorrect.

Input: Andy Spade is the co-founder of Partners & Spade, along with Anthony Sperduti. **He** started his career in advertising working on brands such as Coca-Cola, Lexus, and Paul Stuart.

Output: Andy Spade


Input: The current members of Crime have also performed in San Francisco under the band name ''Remote Viewers``. Strike has published two works of fiction in recent years: Ports of Hell, which is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Library, and A Loud Humming Sound Came from Above. Rank has produced numerous films (under **his** real name, Henry Rosenthal) including the hit The Devil and Daniel Johnston.

Output: Henry Rosenthal

Input: Killian in 1978--79, an assistant district attorney for Brunswick Judicial Circuit in 1979--80, and a practicing attorney in Glynn County in 1980--90. Williams was elected a Superior Court judge in 1990, taking the bench in 1991. In November 2010 Williams competed against Mary Helen Moses in **her** most recent bid for re-election.

Output: Williams

Input: In 1987, Alison Krauss asked Brown to join her band, Union Station. Brown spent three years with Krauss. In 1990, **she** moved to Tennessee, and was named International Bluegrass Music Association Banjo Player of the Year in 1991.

Output: Brown

Input: Alleway played 857 minutes in 11 matches including 9 starts. The defence conceded a total of only 5 goals in the regular season and the finals. In March 2016, Alleway and Melbourne City teammate Steph Catley joined the NWSL's newest expansion club the Orlando Pride. Orlando Pride coach Tom Sermanni gave Alleway **her** first cap for Australia when he was coach of the Matildas in 2010.

Output: Tom Sermanni

Input: The rest of the group find out what has happened to Case and decide to band together and take on Justin at the Beatdown to avenge their mentor. With each facing their own trials to reach the final match, it comes down to only one of them versus their own. Mike defeats Zack, while Justin injures Tim in the restroom - thus eliminating **him** from the tournament.

Output: Justin

Input: Michael Moorcock, E. C. Tubb, Brian Stableford, Barrington Bayley, Michael Coney -- a new American audience. He published translations of international sf as well as anthologies of translated stories, Best From the Rest of the World. With the help of Arthur W. Saha, Wollheim also edited and published the popular ``Annual World's Best Science Fiction'' anthology from 1971 until **his** death in 1990.

Output: Wollheim


Input: The current members of Crime have also performed in San Francisco under the band name ''Remote Viewers``. Strike has published two works of fiction in recent years: Ports of Hell, which is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Library, and A Loud Humming Sound Came from Above. Rank has produced numerous films (under **his** real name, Henry Rosenthal) including the hit The Devil and Daniel Johnston.

Output: Henry Rosenthal

Input: Killian in 1978--79, an assistant district attorney for Brunswick Judicial Circuit in 1979--80, and a practicing attorney in Glynn County in 1980--90. Williams was elected a Superior Court judge in 1990, taking the bench in 1991. In November 2010 Williams competed against Mary Helen Moses in **her** most recent bid for re-election.

Output: Williams

Input: In 1987, Alison Krauss asked Brown to join her band, Union Station. Brown spent three years with Krauss. In 1990, **she** moved to Tennessee, and was named International Bluegrass Music Association Banjo Player of the Year in 1991.

Output: Brown

Input: Alleway played 857 minutes in 11 matches including 9 starts. The defence conceded a total of only 5 goals in the regular season and the finals. In March 2016, Alleway and Melbourne City teammate Steph Catley joined the NWSL's newest expansion club the Orlando Pride. Orlando Pride coach Tom Sermanni gave Alleway **her** first cap for Australia when he was coach of the Matildas in 2010.

Output: Tom Sermanni

Input: The rest of the group find out what has happened to Case and decide to band together and take on Justin at the Beatdown to avenge their mentor. With each facing their own trials to reach the final match, it comes down to only one of them versus their own. Mike defeats Zack, while Justin injures Tim in the restroom - thus eliminating **him** from the tournament.

Output: Justin

Input: Karl Philipp F*rst zu Schwarzenberg (or Charles Philip, Prince of Schwarzenberg (April 18, 1771 -- October 15, 1820) was an Austrian field marshal. Karl Philipp was born in Vienna as the son of Johann Nepomuk Anton of Schwarzenberg and Marie Eleonore Countess of *ttingen-Wallerstein. **He** entered the imperial cavalry in 1788, fought in 1789 under Lacy and Loudon against the Turks, distinguished himself by his bravery, and became major in 1792.

Output: Schwarzenberg


Input: The current members of Crime have also performed in San Francisco under the band name ''Remote Viewers``. Strike has published two works of fiction in recent years: Ports of Hell, which is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Library, and A Loud Humming Sound Came from Above. Rank has produced numerous films (under **his** real name, Henry Rosenthal) including the hit The Devil and Daniel Johnston.

Output: Henry Rosenthal

Input: Killian in 1978--79, an assistant district attorney for Brunswick Judicial Circuit in 1979--80, and a practicing attorney in Glynn County in 1980--90. Williams was elected a Superior Court judge in 1990, taking the bench in 1991. In November 2010 Williams competed against Mary Helen Moses in **her** most recent bid for re-election.

Output: Williams

Input: In 1987, Alison Krauss asked Brown to join her band, Union Station. Brown spent three years with Krauss. In 1990, **she** moved to Tennessee, and was named International Bluegrass Music Association Banjo Player of the Year in 1991.

Output: Brown

Input: Alleway played 857 minutes in 11 matches including 9 starts. The defence conceded a total of only 5 goals in the regular season and the finals. In March 2016, Alleway and Melbourne City teammate Steph Catley joined the NWSL's newest expansion club the Orlando Pride. Orlando Pride coach Tom Sermanni gave Alleway **her** first cap for Australia when he was coach of the Matildas in 2010.

Output: Tom Sermanni

Input: The rest of the group find out what has happened to Case and decide to band together and take on Justin at the Beatdown to avenge their mentor. With each facing their own trials to reach the final match, it comes down to only one of them versus their own. Mike defeats Zack, while Justin injures Tim in the restroom - thus eliminating **him** from the tournament.

Output: Justin

Input: Father Joseph savors the power which he possesses on the fate of Cinq-Mars (``Tu t'en vas''). He confronts Marie with the announcement of the execution of Cinq-Mars, for betraying the country by dealing independently with a foreign power. Further, **he** tells her, the Polish ambassador will return soon from a hunt with the King, and Father Joseph advises Marie to answer him favorably; in exchange, Cinq-Mars will be spared.

Output: Father Joseph


Input: The current members of Crime have also performed in San Francisco under the band name ''Remote Viewers``. Strike has published two works of fiction in recent years: Ports of Hell, which is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Library, and A Loud Humming Sound Came from Above. Rank has produced numerous films (under **his** real name, Henry Rosenthal) including the hit The Devil and Daniel Johnston.

Output: Henry Rosenthal

Input: Killian in 1978--79, an assistant district attorney for Brunswick Judicial Circuit in 1979--80, and a practicing attorney in Glynn County in 1980--90. Williams was elected a Superior Court judge in 1990, taking the bench in 1991. In November 2010 Williams competed against Mary Helen Moses in **her** most recent bid for re-election.

Output: Williams

Input: In 1987, Alison Krauss asked Brown to join her band, Union Station. Brown spent three years with Krauss. In 1990, **she** moved to Tennessee, and was named International Bluegrass Music Association Banjo Player of the Year in 1991.

Output: Brown

Input: Alleway played 857 minutes in 11 matches including 9 starts. The defence conceded a total of only 5 goals in the regular season and the finals. In March 2016, Alleway and Melbourne City teammate Steph Catley joined the NWSL's newest expansion club the Orlando Pride. Orlando Pride coach Tom Sermanni gave Alleway **her** first cap for Australia when he was coach of the Matildas in 2010.

Output: Tom Sermanni

Input: The rest of the group find out what has happened to Case and decide to band together and take on Justin at the Beatdown to avenge their mentor. With each facing their own trials to reach the final match, it comes down to only one of them versus their own. Mike defeats Zack, while Justin injures Tim in the restroom - thus eliminating **him** from the tournament.

Output: Justin

Input: The writers and dandies Charles Baudelaire and Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly also had some influence, but the most important model was the notorious aristocratic aesthete Robert de Montesquiou, who was also the basis for Baron de Charlus in Marcel Proust's * la recherche du temps perdu. Montesquiou's furnishings bear a strong resemblance to those in Des Esseintes's house: In 1883, to **his** eternal regret, Montesquiou admitted St*phane Mallarm* (to his home).

Output: Montesquiou


In this task, you are given an abstract of article. Your task is to generate title for this article. Preferred titles are under thirty words.

Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Explanation: This title is appropriate for the given abstract because the focus of this abstract is cerebral white matter assesment.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Explanation: This title is appropriate for the given abstract because the focus of this abstract is myelodysplastic syndromes.

Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Explanation: This abstract talks about cerebral white matter assesment, but there is no indication about white matter assesment in the given title.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Explanation: Generated title and abstract text is totally different. Hence, this is not a right title.

Input: Podocytes are critical in the maintenance of a healthy glomerular filter; however, they have been difficult to study in the intact kidney because of technical limitations. Here we report the development of serial multiphoton microscopy (MPM) of the same glomeruli over several days to visualize the motility of podocytes and parietal epithelial cells (PECs) in vivo. In podocin-GFP mice, podocytes formed sporadic multicellular clusters after unilateral ureteral ligation and migrated into the parietal Bowman's capsule. The tracking of single cells in podocin-confetti mice featuring cell-specific expression of CFP, GFP, YFP or RFP revealed the simultaneous migration of multiple podocytes. In phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)-GFP mice, serial MPM found PEC-to-podocyte migration and nanotubule connections. Our data support a highly dynamic rather than a static nature of the glomerular environment and cellular composition. Future application of this new approach should advance our understanding of the mechanisms of glomerular injury and regeneration.

Output: Tracking the fate of glomerular epithelial cells in vivo using serial multiphoton imaging in novel mouse models with fluorescent lineage tags

Podocytes are critical in the maintenance of a healthy glomerular filter. They have been difficult to study in the intact kidney because of technical limitations.


Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Input: T cell activation is predicated on the interaction between the T cell receptor and peptide-major histocompatibility (pMHC) ligands. The factors that determine the stimulatory potency of a pMHC molecule remain unclear. We describe results showing that a peptide exhibiting many hallmarks of a weak agonist stimulates T cells to proliferate more than the wild-type agonist ligand. An in silico approach suggested that the inability to form the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) could underlie the increased proliferation. This conclusion was supported by experiments that showed that enhancing cSMAC formation reduced stimulatory capacity of the weak peptide. Our studies highlight the fact that a complex interplay of factors determines the quality of a T cell antigen.

Output: The stimulatory potency of T cell antigens is influenced by the formation of the immunological synapse.

T cell receptor and peptide-major histocompatibility (pMHC) ligands are unknown.


Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Input:
BACKGROUND Under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme of India, patients with new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis are treated with a thrice-weekly regimen of antitubercular drugs (2H(3)R(3)Z(3)E(3)/4H(3)R(3) [H isoniazid, R rifampicin, Z pyrazinamide and E ethambutol]) for 6 months. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the efficacy andtolerability of this regimen under clinical trial conditions in HIV-negative patients with newly diagnosed smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis.
 METHODS We retrospectively analysed the data on patients assigned to the control regimen (2H (3)R(3)Z(3)E(3)/4H(3)R(3)) in two clinical trials during 2001-06 at the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.
 RESULTS Of the 268 patients treated with this regimen, data for efficacy analysis were available for 249. At the end of treatment, of 249 patients, 238 (96%) had a favourable status. Treatment failure occurred in the remaining 11: 7 in whom the organisms were initially drug-susceptible and 4 with initial drug resistance. Of the 238 patients who had a favourable status at the end of treatment, 14 (6%) had recurrence of tuberculosis during the following 24 months. In the intention-to-treat analysis, 245 (94%) of 262 patients had a favourable status at the end of treatment. Of the 28 patients with initial drug resistance, 24 (86%) had a favourable outcome. Only 4 of these 24 patients were found to have recurrence of tuberculosis in 2 years of follow-up. Among the 221 patients initially infected with drug-susceptible organisms, drug resistance did not develop in any of the 7 patients in whom the treatment failed or the 10 who had recurrence of tuberculosis. Further, 5 of the 7 patients in whom the treatment failed continued to excrete drug-susceptible bacilli at 6 months. Adverse drug reactions were observed in 38 (14%) of the 262 patients. Only 3 (1.1%) needed a modification in the treatment.
 CONCLUSION This thrice-weekly 6-month regimen of antitubercular drugs, when administered under full supervision, is associated with a high rate of favourable treatment outcomes in HIV-negative patients with newly diagnosed sputum smearpositive pulmonary tuberculosis. There are few adverse drug reactions in these patients.

Output: Efficacy of the 6-month thrice-weekly regimen in the treatment of new sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis under clinical trial conditions.

Among the 221 patients who had a favourable status, drug resistance was not found to have recurrence of tuberculosis in 6 months. Among the 221 patients who had a favourable status, drug resistance was not found in the remaining 11 patients. Among the 221 patients who had a favourable status, drug resistance was not found in the remaining 11 patients. Among the 221 patients who had a favourable status, drug resistance was not found in the remaining 11 patients. Among the 221 patients who had a favourable status, drug


Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Input: Regulatory T (T reg) cells are critical regulators of immune tolerance. Most T reg cells are defined based on expression of CD4, CD25, and the transcription factor, FoxP3. However, these markers have proven problematic for uniquely defining this specialized T cell subset in humans. We found that the IL-7 receptor (CD127) is down-regulated on a subset of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood. We demonstrate that the majority of these cells are FoxP3+, including those that express low levels or no CD25. A combination of CD4, CD25, and CD127 resulted in a highly purified population of T reg cells accounting for significantly more cells that previously identified based on other cell surface markers. These cells were highly suppressive in functional suppressor assays. In fact, cells separated based solely on CD4 and CD127 expression were anergic and, although representing at least three times the number of cells (including both CD25+CD4+ and CD25−CD4+ T cell subsets), were as suppressive as the “classic” CD4+CD25hi T reg cell subset. Finally, we show that CD127 can be used to quantitate T reg cell subsets in individuals with type 1 diabetes supporting the use of CD127 as a biomarker for human T reg cells.

Output: CD127 expression inversely correlates with FoxP3 and suppressive function of human CD4+ T reg cells

Regulatory T (T) cells are critical regulators of immune tolerance.


Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Input: Alterations of the architecture of cerebral white matter in the developing human brain can affect cortical development and result in functional disabilities. A line scan diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence with diffusion tensor analysis was applied to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient, to calculate relative anisotropy, and to delineate three-dimensional fiber architecture in cerebral white matter in preterm (n = 17) and full-term infants (n = 7). To assess effects of prematurity on cerebral white matter development, early gestation preterm infants (n = 10) were studied a second time at term. In the central white matter the mean apparent diffusion coefficient at 28 wk was high, 1.8 microm2/ms, and decreased toward term to 1.2 microm2/ms. In the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the mean apparent diffusion coefficients at both times were similar (1.2 versus 1.1 microm2/ms). Relative anisotropy was higher the closer birth was to term with greater absolute values in the internal capsule than in the central white matter. Preterm infants at term showed higher mean diffusion coefficients in the central white matter (1.4 +/- 0.24 versus 1.15 +/- 0.09 microm2/ms, p = 0.016) and lower relative anisotropy in both areas compared with full-term infants (white matter, 10.9 +/- 0.6 versus 22.9 +/- 3.0%, p = 0.001; internal capsule, 24.0 +/- 4.44 versus 33.1 +/- 0.6% p = 0.006). Nonmyelinated fibers in the corpus callosum were visible by diffusion tensor MRI as early as 28 wk; full-term and preterm infants at term showed marked differences in white matter fiber organization. The data indicate that quantitative assessment of water diffusion by diffusion tensor MRI provides insight into microstructural development in cerebral white matter in living infants.

Output: Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Input: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are age-dependent stem cell malignancies that share biological features of activated adaptive immune response and ineffective hematopoiesis. Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis. These clonally distinct MDSC overproduce hematopoietic suppressive cytokines and function as potent apoptotic effectors targeting autologous hematopoietic progenitors. Using multiple transfected cell models, we found that MDSC expansion is driven by the interaction of the proinflammatory molecule S100A9 with CD33. These 2 proteins formed a functional ligand/receptor pair that recruited components to CD33’s immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), inducing secretion of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β by immature myeloid cells. S100A9 transgenic mice displayed bone marrow accumulation of MDSC accompanied by development of progressive multilineage cytopenias and cytological dysplasia. Importantly, early forced maturation of MDSC by either all-trans-retinoic acid treatment or active immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing (ITAM-bearing) adapter protein (DAP12) interruption of CD33 signaling rescued the hematologic phenotype. These findings indicate that primary bone marrow expansion of MDSC driven by the S100A9/CD33 pathway perturbs hematopoiesis and contributes to the development of MDS.

Output: Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

Input: Bone tissue undergoes constant turnover supported by stem cells. Recent studies showed that perivascular mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute to the turnover of long bones. Craniofacial bones are flat bones derived from a different embryonic origin than the long bones. The identity and regulating niche for craniofacial-bone MSCs remain unknown. Here, we identify Gli1+ cells within the suture mesenchyme as the main MSC population for craniofacial bones. They are not associated with vasculature, give rise to all craniofacial bones in the adult and are activated during injury repair. Gli1+ cells are typical MSCs in vitro. Ablation of Gli1+ cells leads to craniosynostosis and arrest of skull growth, indicating that these cells are an indispensable stem cell population. Twist1(+/-) mice with craniosynostosis show reduced Gli1+ MSCs in sutures, suggesting that craniosynostosis may result from diminished suture stem cells. Our study indicates that craniofacial sutures provide a unique niche for MSCs for craniofacial bone homeostasis and repair.

Output: The suture provides a niche for mesenchymal stem cells of craniofacial bones


Given a text passage, you need to generate a suitable title as the output. The output title should be one of the words/phrases used in the passage and must be no longer than five words.

Input:
Paragraph:  Concept work for Valkyria Chronicles III began after development finished on Valkyria Chronicles II in early 2010 , with full development beginning shortly after this . The director of Valkyria Chronicles II , Takeshi Ozawa , returned to that role for Valkyria Chronicles III . Development work took approximately one year . After the release of Valkyria Chronicles II , the staff took a look at both the popular response for the game and what they wanted to do next for the series . Like its predecessor , Valkyria Chronicles III was developed for PlayStation Portable : this was due to the team wanting to refine the mechanics created for Valkyria Chronicles II , and they had not come up with the " revolutionary " idea that would warrant a new entry for the PlayStation 3 . Speaking in an interview , it was stated that the development team considered Valkyria Chronicles III to be the series ' first true sequel : while Valkyria Chronicles II had required a large amount of trial and error during development due to the platform move , the third game gave them a chance to improve upon the best parts of Valkyria Chronicles II due to being on the same platform . In addition to Sega staff from the previous games , development work was also handled by Media.Vision. The original scenario was written Kazuki Yamanobe , while the script was written by Hiroyuki Fujii , Koichi Majima , Kishiko Miyagi , Seiki Nagakawa and Takayuki Shouji . Its story was darker and more somber than that of its predecessor .
 The majority of material created for previous games , such as the BLiTZ system and the design of maps , was carried over . Alongside this , improvements were made to the game 's graphics and some elements were expanded , such as map layouts , mission structure , and the number of playable units per mission . A part of this upgrade involved creating unique polygon models for each character 's body . In order to achieve this , the cooperative elements incorporated into the second game were removed , as they took up a large portion of memory space needed for the improvements . They also adjusted the difficulty settings and ease of play so they could appeal to new players while retaining the essential components of the series ' gameplay . The newer systems were decided upon early in development . The character designs were done by Raita Honjou , who had worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When creating the Nameless Squad , Honjou was faced with the same problem he had had during the first game : the military uniforms essentially destroyed character individuality , despite him needing to create unique characters the player could identify while maintaining a sense of reality within the Valkyria Chronicles world . The main color of the Nameless was black . As with the previous Valkyria games , Valkyria Chronicles III used the CANVAS graphics engine . The anime opening was produced by Production I.G.   Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Valkyria Chronicles

Explanation: It is clear from the passage that the answer is Valkyaria Chronicles, as it appears most frequently in the passage.

Input: Paragraph:    The music was composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , who had also worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When he originally heard about the project , he thought it would be a light tone similar to other Valkyria Chronicles games , but found the themes much darker than expected . An early theme he designed around his original vision of the project was rejected . He redid the main theme about seven times through the music production due to this need to reassess the game . The main theme was initially recorded using orchestra , then Sakimoto removed elements such as the guitar and bass , then adjusted the theme using a synthesizer before redoing segments such as the guitar piece on their own before incorporating them into the theme . The rejected main theme was used as a hopeful tune that played during the game 's ending . The battle themes were designed around the concept of a " modern battle " divorced from a fantasy scenario by using modern musical instruments , constructed to create a sense of atonality . While Sakimoto was most used to working with synthesized music , he felt that he needed to incorporate live instruments such as orchestra and guitar . The guitar was played by Mitsuhiro Ohta , who also arranged several of the later tracks . The game 's opening theme song , " If You Wish for ... " ( もしも君が願うのなら , Moshimo Kimi ga Negauno Nara ) , was sung by Japanese singer May 'n . Its theme was the reason soldiers fought , in particular their wish to protect what was precious to them rather than a sense of responsibility or duty . Its lyrics were written by Seiko Fujibayashi , who had worked on May 'n on previous singles .   Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Music

Explanation: It is clear from the passage that the answer is Music, as it appears most frequently in the passage.

Input:
Paragraph:    Concept work for Valkyria Chronicles III began after development finished on Valkyria Chronicles II in early 2010 , with full development beginning shortly after this . The director of Valkyria Chronicles II , Takeshi Ozawa , returned to that role for Valkyria Chronicles III . Development work took approximately one year . After the release of Valkyria Chronicles II , the staff took a look at both the popular response for the game and what they wanted to do next for the series . Like its predecessor , Valkyria Chronicles III was developed for PlayStation Portable : this was due to the team wanting to refine the mechanics created for Valkyria Chronicles II , and they had not come up with the " revolutionary " idea that would warrant a new entry for the PlayStation 3 . Speaking in an interview , it was stated that the development team considered Valkyria Chronicles III to be the series ' first true sequel : while Valkyria Chronicles II had required a large amount of trial and error during development due to the platform move , the third game gave them a chance to improve upon the best parts of Valkyria Chronicles II due to being on the same platform . In addition to Sega staff from the previous games , development work was also handled by Media.Vision. The original scenario was written Kazuki Yamanobe , while the script was written by Hiroyuki Fujii , Koichi Majima , Kishiko Miyagi , Seiki Nagakawa and Takayuki Shouji . Its story was darker and more somber than that of its predecessor .
 The majority of material created for previous games , such as the BLiTZ system and the design of maps , was carried over . Alongside this , improvements were made to the game 's graphics and some elements were expanded , such as map layouts , mission structure , and the number of playable units per mission . A part of this upgrade involved creating unique polygon models for each character 's body . In order to achieve this , the cooperative elements incorporated into the second game were removed , as they took up a large portion of memory space needed for the improvements . They also adjusted the difficulty settings and ease of play so they could appeal to new players while retaining the essential components of the series ' gameplay . The newer systems were decided upon early in development . The character designs were done by Raita Honjou , who had worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When creating the Nameless Squad , Honjou was faced with the same problem he had had during the first game : the military uniforms essentially destroyed character individuality , despite him needing to create unique characters the player could identify while maintaining a sense of reality within the Valkyria Chronicles world . The main color of the Nameless was black . As with the previous Valkyria games , Valkyria Chronicles III used the CANVAS graphics engine . The anime opening was produced by Production I.G.   Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Education

Explanation: This is a bad example as the answer is not even present in the given context.

Input: Paragraph:    The music was composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , who had also worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When he originally heard about the project , he thought it would be a light tone similar to other Valkyria Chronicles games , but found the themes much darker than expected . An early theme he designed around his original vision of the project was rejected . He redid the main theme about seven times through the music production due to this need to reassess the game . The main theme was initially recorded using orchestra , then Sakimoto removed elements such as the guitar and bass , then adjusted the theme using a synthesizer before redoing segments such as the guitar piece on their own before incorporating them into the theme . The rejected main theme was used as a hopeful tune that played during the game 's ending . The battle themes were designed around the concept of a " modern battle " divorced from a fantasy scenario by using modern musical instruments , constructed to create a sense of atonality . While Sakimoto was most used to working with synthesized music , he felt that he needed to incorporate live instruments such as orchestra and guitar . The guitar was played by Mitsuhiro Ohta , who also arranged several of the later tracks . The game 's opening theme song , " If You Wish for ... " ( もしも君が願うのなら , Moshimo Kimi ga Negauno Nara ) , was sung by Japanese singer May 'n . Its theme was the reason soldiers fought , in particular their wish to protect what was precious to them rather than a sense of responsibility or duty . Its lyrics were written by Seiko Fujibayashi , who had worked on May 'n on previous singles .   Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Sports

Input:
Paragraph:    St. Cecily 's Garden ; 1920
 Cradle roll design ; St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , 1922
 Banner design ; St. Mary 's , Sanderstead , 1923
 The Feeding of the Five Thousand ; reredos triptych , chapel at Penarth , Wales ; 1929
 The Parable of the Great Supper ; triptych , St. George 's chapel , Waddon
 The Seven Sacraments ; baptismal font panels , St. Andrew 's , Croydon
 St. John the Baptist ; central banner panel , Abesford church , 1943
 Lettering , sword , and shield ; mount for a list of men and woman serving in the Forces , St. Andrews , Croydon , 1943
 Baptismal rolls ; St. Andrews , Croydon , 1948 , 1962
 The font in St Andrew 's Church , South Croydon
 Out of Great Tribulation ; memorial chapel , Norbury Medthodist church , 1948
 I Am Among You As He That Serveth ; stained glass window design , St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , 1962
 Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Religious works


Input:
Paragraph:  Concept work for Valkyria Chronicles III began after development finished on Valkyria Chronicles II in early 2010 , with full development beginning shortly after this . The director of Valkyria Chronicles II , Takeshi Ozawa , returned to that role for Valkyria Chronicles III . Development work took approximately one year . After the release of Valkyria Chronicles II , the staff took a look at both the popular response for the game and what they wanted to do next for the series . Like its predecessor , Valkyria Chronicles III was developed for PlayStation Portable : this was due to the team wanting to refine the mechanics created for Valkyria Chronicles II , and they had not come up with the " revolutionary " idea that would warrant a new entry for the PlayStation 3 . Speaking in an interview , it was stated that the development team considered Valkyria Chronicles III to be the series ' first true sequel : while Valkyria Chronicles II had required a large amount of trial and error during development due to the platform move , the third game gave them a chance to improve upon the best parts of Valkyria Chronicles II due to being on the same platform . In addition to Sega staff from the previous games , development work was also handled by Media.Vision. The original scenario was written Kazuki Yamanobe , while the script was written by Hiroyuki Fujii , Koichi Majima , Kishiko Miyagi , Seiki Nagakawa and Takayuki Shouji . Its story was darker and more somber than that of its predecessor .
 The majority of material created for previous games , such as the BLiTZ system and the design of maps , was carried over . Alongside this , improvements were made to the game 's graphics and some elements were expanded , such as map layouts , mission structure , and the number of playable units per mission . A part of this upgrade involved creating unique polygon models for each character 's body . In order to achieve this , the cooperative elements incorporated into the second game were removed , as they took up a large portion of memory space needed for the improvements . They also adjusted the difficulty settings and ease of play so they could appeal to new players while retaining the essential components of the series ' gameplay . The newer systems were decided upon early in development . The character designs were done by Raita Honjou , who had worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When creating the Nameless Squad , Honjou was faced with the same problem he had had during the first game : the military uniforms essentially destroyed character individuality , despite him needing to create unique characters the player could identify while maintaining a sense of reality within the Valkyria Chronicles world . The main color of the Nameless was black . As with the previous Valkyria games , Valkyria Chronicles III used the CANVAS graphics engine . The anime opening was produced by Production I.G.   Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Valkyria Chronicles

Input: Paragraph:    The music was composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , who had also worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When he originally heard about the project , he thought it would be a light tone similar to other Valkyria Chronicles games , but found the themes much darker than expected . An early theme he designed around his original vision of the project was rejected . He redid the main theme about seven times through the music production due to this need to reassess the game . The main theme was initially recorded using orchestra , then Sakimoto removed elements such as the guitar and bass , then adjusted the theme using a synthesizer before redoing segments such as the guitar piece on their own before incorporating them into the theme . The rejected main theme was used as a hopeful tune that played during the game 's ending . The battle themes were designed around the concept of a " modern battle " divorced from a fantasy scenario by using modern musical instruments , constructed to create a sense of atonality . While Sakimoto was most used to working with synthesized music , he felt that he needed to incorporate live instruments such as orchestra and guitar . The guitar was played by Mitsuhiro Ohta , who also arranged several of the later tracks . The game 's opening theme song , " If You Wish for ... " ( もしも君が願うのなら , Moshimo Kimi ga Negauno Nara ) , was sung by Japanese singer May 'n . Its theme was the reason soldiers fought , in particular their wish to protect what was precious to them rather than a sense of responsibility or duty . Its lyrics were written by Seiko Fujibayashi , who had worked on May 'n on previous singles .   Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Music

Input:
Paragraph:    Concept work for Valkyria Chronicles III began after development finished on Valkyria Chronicles II in early 2010 , with full development beginning shortly after this . The director of Valkyria Chronicles II , Takeshi Ozawa , returned to that role for Valkyria Chronicles III . Development work took approximately one year . After the release of Valkyria Chronicles II , the staff took a look at both the popular response for the game and what they wanted to do next for the series . Like its predecessor , Valkyria Chronicles III was developed for PlayStation Portable : this was due to the team wanting to refine the mechanics created for Valkyria Chronicles II , and they had not come up with the " revolutionary " idea that would warrant a new entry for the PlayStation 3 . Speaking in an interview , it was stated that the development team considered Valkyria Chronicles III to be the series ' first true sequel : while Valkyria Chronicles II had required a large amount of trial and error during development due to the platform move , the third game gave them a chance to improve upon the best parts of Valkyria Chronicles II due to being on the same platform . In addition to Sega staff from the previous games , development work was also handled by Media.Vision. The original scenario was written Kazuki Yamanobe , while the script was written by Hiroyuki Fujii , Koichi Majima , Kishiko Miyagi , Seiki Nagakawa and Takayuki Shouji . Its story was darker and more somber than that of its predecessor .
 The majority of material created for previous games , such as the BLiTZ system and the design of maps , was carried over . Alongside this , improvements were made to the game 's graphics and some elements were expanded , such as map layouts , mission structure , and the number of playable units per mission . A part of this upgrade involved creating unique polygon models for each character 's body . In order to achieve this , the cooperative elements incorporated into the second game were removed , as they took up a large portion of memory space needed for the improvements . They also adjusted the difficulty settings and ease of play so they could appeal to new players while retaining the essential components of the series ' gameplay . The newer systems were decided upon early in development . The character designs were done by Raita Honjou , who had worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When creating the Nameless Squad , Honjou was faced with the same problem he had had during the first game : the military uniforms essentially destroyed character individuality , despite him needing to create unique characters the player could identify while maintaining a sense of reality within the Valkyria Chronicles world . The main color of the Nameless was black . As with the previous Valkyria games , Valkyria Chronicles III used the CANVAS graphics engine . The anime opening was produced by Production I.G.   Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Education

Input: Paragraph:    The music was composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , who had also worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When he originally heard about the project , he thought it would be a light tone similar to other Valkyria Chronicles games , but found the themes much darker than expected . An early theme he designed around his original vision of the project was rejected . He redid the main theme about seven times through the music production due to this need to reassess the game . The main theme was initially recorded using orchestra , then Sakimoto removed elements such as the guitar and bass , then adjusted the theme using a synthesizer before redoing segments such as the guitar piece on their own before incorporating them into the theme . The rejected main theme was used as a hopeful tune that played during the game 's ending . The battle themes were designed around the concept of a " modern battle " divorced from a fantasy scenario by using modern musical instruments , constructed to create a sense of atonality . While Sakimoto was most used to working with synthesized music , he felt that he needed to incorporate live instruments such as orchestra and guitar . The guitar was played by Mitsuhiro Ohta , who also arranged several of the later tracks . The game 's opening theme song , " If You Wish for ... " ( もしも君が願うのなら , Moshimo Kimi ga Negauno Nara ) , was sung by Japanese singer May 'n . Its theme was the reason soldiers fought , in particular their wish to protect what was precious to them rather than a sense of responsibility or duty . Its lyrics were written by Seiko Fujibayashi , who had worked on May 'n on previous singles .   Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Sports

Input: Paragraph:    N @-@ 88 starts at the Nebraska – Wyoming state line in Banner County , where WYO 151 ends , and travels northeast . The road quickly bends east after less than one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , and continues in a straight line . For the next twenty miles ( 32 km ) , N @-@ 88 intersects minor streets , through rural farmland . The route turns south at N @-@ 71 , and becomes concurrent . Four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) later , N @-@ 88 turns east , ending the concurrency with N @-@ 71 . The route continues to travel through farmland for sixteen miles ( 26 km ) , where it enters Morrill County . The road crosses over Pumpkin Creek four times , and enters the unincorporated community of Redington . Two rock formations , Courthouse and Jail Rocks , become visible from the road . N @-@ 88 turns north toward Bridgeport soon after . The road crosses over Pumpkin Creek for the fifth time , and enters into Bridgeport five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) later . The road intersects a railroad owned by BNSF Railway . N @-@ 88 turns northeast soon after , and ends at the intersection of US 385 and N @-@ 92 . In 2012 , Nebraska Department of Roads ( NDOR ) calculated as many as 2 @,@ 410 vehicles traveling on the N @-@ 71 / N @-@ 88 concurrency , and as few as 315 vehicles traveling east of the Banner – Morrill county line . This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . Only the N @-@ 71 / N @-@ 88 concurrency is part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation .   Question: what is the suitable title of the passage ?

Output: Route description