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---
base_model: Alibaba-NLP/gte-large-en-v1.5
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy@1
- cosine_accuracy@3
- cosine_accuracy@5
- cosine_accuracy@10
- cosine_precision@1
- cosine_precision@3
- cosine_precision@5
- cosine_precision@10
- cosine_recall@1
- cosine_recall@3
- cosine_recall@5
- cosine_recall@10
- cosine_ndcg@10
- cosine_mrr@10
- cosine_map@100
- dot_accuracy@1
- dot_accuracy@3
- dot_accuracy@5
- dot_accuracy@10
- dot_precision@1
- dot_precision@3
- dot_precision@5
- dot_precision@10
- dot_recall@1
- dot_recall@3
- dot_recall@5
- dot_recall@10
- dot_ndcg@10
- dot_mrr@10
- dot_map@100
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:500
- loss:MatryoshkaLoss
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
widget:
- source_sentence: "narrow identified goals, to avoid \"mission creep.\" Anticipated\
\ data collection should be determined to be \nstrictly necessary to the identified\
\ goals and should be minimized as much as possible. Data collected based on \n\
these identified goals and for a specific context should not be used in a different\
\ context without assessing for \nnew privacy risks and implementing appropriate\
\ mitigation measures, which may include express consent."
sentences:
- What measures should be taken if data collected for specific identified goals
is to be used in a different context?
- What measures should be taken to ensure the privacy of sensitive data and limit
access to it?
- What special requirements are mentioned in the white paper regarding national
security and defense activities in relation to trustworthy artificial intelligence?
- source_sentence: '•
Karen Levy, Assistant Professor, Department of Information Science, Cornell University
•
Natasha Duarte, Project Director, Upturn
•
Elana Zeide, Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska College of Law
•
Fabian Rogers, Constituent Advocate, Office of NY State Senator Jabari Brisport
and Community
Advocate and Floor Captain, Atlantic Plaza Towers Tenants Association
The individual panelists described the ways in which AI systems and other technologies
are increasingly being'
sentences:
- What are some of the challenges posed to democracy by the use of technology and
automated systems, as mentioned in the foreword?
- What principles has the U.S. Intelligence Community developed to guide personnel
in the ethical use of AI?
- What roles do the panelists hold in relation to the discussion on AI systems and
technology?
- source_sentence: "impacts disfavoring people based on their race, color, ethnicity,\
\ \nsex \n(including \npregnancy, \nchildbirth, \nand \nrelated \nmedical \nconditions,\
\ \ngender \nidentity, \nintersex \nstatus, \nand \nsexual \norientation), religion,\
\ age, national origin, disability, veteran status,"
sentences:
- What does the term "HUMAN ALTERNATIVES" refer to in the context provided?
- What types of discrimination are mentioned in the context?
- What are the expectations for automated systems in relation to public protection
from surveillance?
- source_sentence: "establish and maintain the capabilities that will allow individuals\
\ to use their own automated systems to help \nthem make consent, access, and\
\ control decisions in a complex data ecosystem. Capabilities include machine\
\ \nreadable data, standardized data formats, metadata or tags for expressing\
\ data processing permissions and \npreferences and data provenance and lineage,\
\ context of use and access-specific tags, and training models for \nassessing\
\ privacy risk."
sentences:
- What measures should be taken to ensure that independent evaluations of algorithmic
discrimination are conducted while balancing individual privacy and data access
needs?
- What capabilities are necessary for individuals to effectively manage consent
and control decisions in a complex data ecosystem?
- What are some examples of classifications that are protected by law against discrimination?
- source_sentence: "SAFE AND EFFECTIVE \nSYSTEMS \nWHAT SHOULD BE EXPECTED OF AUTOMATED\
\ SYSTEMS\nThe expectations for automated systems are meant to serve as a blueprint\
\ for the development of additional \ntechnical standards and practices that are\
\ tailored for particular sectors and contexts. \nDerived data sources tracked\
\ and reviewed carefully. Data that is derived from other data through"
sentences:
- What is the purpose of the expectations set for automated systems in relation
to technical standards and practices?
- What factors influence the appropriate application of the principles outlined
in the white paper regarding automated systems?
- What actions can a court take if a federal agency fails to comply with the Privacy
Act regarding an individual's records?
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on Alibaba-NLP/gte-large-en-v1.5
results:
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: Unknown
type: unknown
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.8933333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.9866666666666667
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.9866666666666667
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.8933333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.3288888888888888
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.1973333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.09999999999999998
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.8933333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.9866666666666667
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.9866666666666667
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.954918824730161
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.9396825396825398
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.9396825396825398
name: Cosine Map@100
- type: dot_accuracy@1
value: 0.8933333333333333
name: Dot Accuracy@1
- type: dot_accuracy@3
value: 0.9866666666666667
name: Dot Accuracy@3
- type: dot_accuracy@5
value: 0.9866666666666667
name: Dot Accuracy@5
- type: dot_accuracy@10
value: 1.0
name: Dot Accuracy@10
- type: dot_precision@1
value: 0.8933333333333333
name: Dot Precision@1
- type: dot_precision@3
value: 0.3288888888888888
name: Dot Precision@3
- type: dot_precision@5
value: 0.1973333333333333
name: Dot Precision@5
- type: dot_precision@10
value: 0.09999999999999998
name: Dot Precision@10
- type: dot_recall@1
value: 0.8933333333333333
name: Dot Recall@1
- type: dot_recall@3
value: 0.9866666666666667
name: Dot Recall@3
- type: dot_recall@5
value: 0.9866666666666667
name: Dot Recall@5
- type: dot_recall@10
value: 1.0
name: Dot Recall@10
- type: dot_ndcg@10
value: 0.954918824730161
name: Dot Ndcg@10
- type: dot_mrr@10
value: 0.9396825396825398
name: Dot Mrr@10
- type: dot_map@100
value: 0.9396825396825398
name: Dot Map@100
---
# SentenceTransformer based on Alibaba-NLP/gte-large-en-v1.5
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [Alibaba-NLP/gte-large-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/Alibaba-NLP/gte-large-en-v1.5) on the json dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [Alibaba-NLP/gte-large-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/Alibaba-NLP/gte-large-en-v1.5) <!-- at revision 104333d6af6f97649377c2afbde10a7704870c7b -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 8192 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
- **Training Dataset:**
- json
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 8192, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: NewModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'SAFE AND EFFECTIVE \nSYSTEMS \nWHAT SHOULD BE EXPECTED OF AUTOMATED SYSTEMS\nThe expectations for automated systems are meant to serve as a blueprint for the development of additional \ntechnical standards and practices that are tailored for particular sectors and contexts. \nDerived data sources tracked and reviewed carefully. Data that is derived from other data through',
'What is the purpose of the expectations set for automated systems in relation to technical standards and practices?',
'What factors influence the appropriate application of the principles outlined in the white paper regarding automated systems?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```
<!--
### Direct Usage (Transformers)
<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>
</details>
-->
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### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)
You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
</details>
-->
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### Out-of-Scope Use
*List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
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## Evaluation
### Metrics
#### Information Retrieval
* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
| Metric | Value |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.8933 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.9867 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.9867 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 1.0 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.8933 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.3289 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.1973 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.1 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.8933 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.9867 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.9867 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 1.0 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.9549 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.9397 |
| **cosine_map@100** | **0.9397** |
| dot_accuracy@1 | 0.8933 |
| dot_accuracy@3 | 0.9867 |
| dot_accuracy@5 | 0.9867 |
| dot_accuracy@10 | 1.0 |
| dot_precision@1 | 0.8933 |
| dot_precision@3 | 0.3289 |
| dot_precision@5 | 0.1973 |
| dot_precision@10 | 0.1 |
| dot_recall@1 | 0.8933 |
| dot_recall@3 | 0.9867 |
| dot_recall@5 | 0.9867 |
| dot_recall@10 | 1.0 |
| dot_ndcg@10 | 0.9549 |
| dot_mrr@10 | 0.9397 |
| dot_map@100 | 0.9397 |
<!--
## Bias, Risks and Limitations
*What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
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### Recommendations
*What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
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## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### json
* Dataset: json
* Size: 500 training samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code> and <code>positive</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 500 samples:
| | anchor | positive |
|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string |
| details | <ul><li>min: 12 tokens</li><li>mean: 21.76 tokens</li><li>max: 37 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 11 tokens</li><li>mean: 78.92 tokens</li><li>max: 104 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
| anchor | positive |
|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| <code>What is the primary purpose of the AI Bill of Rights outlined in the October 2022 blueprint?</code> | <code>BLUEPRINT FOR AN <br>AI BILL OF <br>RIGHTS <br>MAKING AUTOMATED <br>SYSTEMS WORK FOR <br>THE AMERICAN PEOPLE <br>OCTOBER 2022</code> |
| <code>What was the purpose of the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights published by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy?</code> | <code>About this Document <br>The Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People was <br>published by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in October 2022. This framework was <br>released one year after OSTP announced the launch of a process to develop “a bill of rights for an AI-powered</code> |
| <code>What initiative did the OSTP announce a year prior to the release of the framework for a bill of rights for an AI-powered world?</code> | <code>released one year after OSTP announced the launch of a process to develop “a bill of rights for an AI-powered <br>world.” Its release follows a year of public engagement to inform this initiative. The framework is available <br>online at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ai-bill-of-rights <br>About the Office of Science and Technology Policy <br>The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science and Technology</code> |
* Loss: [<code>MatryoshkaLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#matryoshkaloss) with these parameters:
```json
{
"loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
"matryoshka_dims": [
1024,
512,
256,
128,
64
],
"matryoshka_weights": [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
],
"n_dims_per_step": -1
}
```
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 32
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 16
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `bf16`: True
- `tf32`: True
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 32
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 16
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: True
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: True
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`:
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional
</details>
### Training Logs
| Epoch | Step | cosine_map@100 |
|:-----:|:----:|:--------------:|
| 1.0 | 1 | 0.9022 |
| 2.0 | 2 | 0.9311 |
| 3.0 | 3 | 0.9397 |
### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.10.12
- Sentence Transformers: 3.1.1
- Transformers: 4.44.2
- PyTorch: 2.4.1+cu121
- Accelerate: 0.34.2
- Datasets: 3.0.1
- Tokenizers: 0.19.1
## Citation
### BibTeX
#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = "11",
year = "2019",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```
#### MatryoshkaLoss
```bibtex
@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
year={2024},
eprint={2205.13147},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
```
#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
year={2017},
eprint={1705.00652},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
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