---
language: en
tags:
- exbert

---


# OLM GPT-2 October 2022

This is a more up-to-date version of the [original GPT-2](https://huggingface.co/gpt2).
In addition to being more up-to-date, it also tends to perform better than the original GPT2 on standard benchmarks.
It was trained on a cleaned October 2022 snapshot of Common Crawl and Wikipedia.

## Intended uses

You can use the raw model for text generation or fine-tune it to a downstream task.

## How to use

You can use this model directly with a pipeline for text generation. Since the generation relies on some randomness, we
set a seed for reproducibility:

```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline, set_seed
>>> # It is important to include the bad_words_ids=[[0,2]] if you want this model to stay on topic.
>>> # Otherwise, the model may generate start and end tokens followed by text that is not relevant to
>>> # the previous text.
>>> generator = pipeline('text-generation', model='olm/olm-gpt2-oct-2022', bad_words_ids=[[0,2]])
>>> set_seed(42)
>>> # This example also illustrates that sometimes our model generates
>>> # bloggy/spammy/webb-y things, even though it gets higher evaluation results
>>> # than the original GPT-2 accross a variety of benchmarks. See the first output.
>>> generator("Hello, I'm a language model,", max_length=30, num_return_sequences=5)
Setting `pad_token_id` to `eos_token_id`:50256 for open-end generation.
[
{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, but you can take me if I want.\nReplyDelete\nReplies\nReply\nAnonymous October 17, 2011"},
{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, and here's some useful news for you all: The release date for the new release of"},
{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, I'm not a developer or anybody who's working on those. I'm a freelancer... I"},
{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, a language analyst, and a language system designer. I'm just curious about the"},
{'generated_text': "Hello, I'm a language model, I'm passionate about languages, but I don't understand how my system works, the interaction"}
]
```

Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('olm/olm-gpt2-oct-2022')
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained('olm/olm-gpt2-oct-2022')
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```

## Dataset

The model and tokenizer were trained with this [October 2022 cleaned Common Crawl dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/olm/olm-CC-MAIN-2022-40-sampling-ratio-0.15894621295) plus this [October 2022 cleaned Wikipedia dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/olm/olm-wikipedia-20221001).
The tokenized version of these concatenated datasets is [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/olm/olm-october-2022-tokenized-1024).
The datasets were created with this [repo](https://github.com/huggingface/olm-datasets).

## Training

The model was trained according to the GPT2 instructions at this [repo](https://github.com/huggingface/olm-training).

## Evaluation results

The model achieves the following results without any fine-tuning (zero-shot):

| Task        | Metric     | Original GPT2       | OLM GPT2 (Ours)       | Significance (two-tailed p-value) |
|:------------|:-----------|--------------------:|----------------------:|----------------------------------:|
|rte          |acc         |0.5307               |0.5415                 |0.7188                             |
|piqa         |acc/acc_norm|0.6289/0.6251        |**0.6638**/**0.6670**  |**0.0020**/**0.0002**              |
|copa         |acc         |0.6400               |0.6900                 |0.3000                             |
|record       |f1/em       |**0.7094**/**0.7026**|0.6874/0.6810          |**0.0000**/**0.0000**              |
|boolq        |acc         |0.4872               |**0.5606**             |**0.0000**                         |
|cb           |acc/f1      |0.4101/0.2619        |0.3571/0.1754          |0.4193/NA                          |
|hellaswag    |acc/acc_norm|0.2892/0.3114        |**0.3076**/**0.3491**  |**0.0000**/**0.0000**              |
|mrpc         |acc/f1      |0.5662/0.6911        |**0.6495**/**0.7741**  |**0.0007**/**0.0002**              |
|multirc      |acc         |0.0189               |0.0115                 |0.0959                             |
|lambada      |ppl/acc     |40.0554/0.3256       |**28.6733**/**0.3625** |**0.0000**/**0.0000**              |
|wsc          |acc         |0.4327               |0.3654                 |0.1679                             |
|wic          |acc         |0.4922               |0.5                    |0.6924                             |
|mnli         |acc         |0.3372               |**0.3471**             |**0.0384**                         |
|qnli         |acc         |0.5017               |0.4981                 |0.5884                             |
|cola         |mcc         |0.0126               |0.0181                 |0.8614                             |
|triviaqa     |acc         |0.0151               |**0.0182**             |**0.0048**                         |
|winogrande   |acc         |0.5162               |0.5114                 |0.7360                             |
|webqs        |acc         |0.0030               |**0.0108**             |**0.0000**                         |
|arc_easy     |acc/acc_norm|0.4381/0.3948        |**0.4651**/**0.4247**  |**0.0082**/**0.0029**              |
|arc_challenge|acc/acc_norm|0.1903/0.2270        |0.1997/0.2329          |0.4132/0.6256                      |

To get these results, we used the Eleuther AI evaluation harness [here](https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness)
The harness can produce results a little different than those reported in the GPT2 paper.
The p-values come from the stderr from the evaluation harness, plus a normal distribution assumption.