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Original Article

Effect of Yoga on Positive–Negative Affect and Self‑Esteem on Tribal Male Adolescents‑ A Randomized Control Study


Abstract
Aim:	Effect	of	yoga	on	positive–negative	affectivity	and	self‑esteem	in	tribal adolescents. Material and Methods: This is a pilot randomized control study. Several chits were made  in  which  the  name  of  all  the  available  students  was  written. The  youngest  boy  from  the group selected 30 chits for yoga group and the remaining students were included in the control group. The yoga group included 30 male adolescents between the age of 10 years and 18 years (M = 14.4, SD = 3.51). Control group included 25 male adolescents between the age of 10 years and 18 years (M = 13.3, SD = 1.90). PANAS‑C and Rosenberg self‑esteem scales were used to measure the positive–negative affectivity and self‑esteem, respectively. Data was collected before and after interventions. Results: Study shows significant increase in positive affect (P = 0.008) and negative affect (P = 0.047) in experimental group as compared to control group’s positive affect (P = 0.468) and negative affect (P = 0.156). Self‑esteem in experimental group slightly reduced (P = 0.927). Similarly, self‑esteem in control group reduced (P = 0.019). Conclusion: Study suggests that two weeks of yoga practice has a significant impact on positive‑negative affect in tribal adolescents.

Keywords: Positive–negative affect, self‑esteem, tribal adolescents, yoga practice


Rema Mohan, Sony Kumari
Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India



Introduction
Adolescence  is  a  period  of  physical  and psychological	development	which	is overruled   by   emotions.  The   adolescents may  have  been  suffering  from  emotional, behavioral   and   developmental   disorders. Previous   studies   have   shown   increase in  rates  of  suicide,  leaving  home  at  an early  age,  vulnerability  to  addiction  and psychological  illness.[1]     Youth  who  have been victims of high impact trauma, chronic abuse and neglect are especially vulnerable and  may  impair  the  ability  of  the  youth during their developmental period.[2]  Tribes are one of the most exploited populations in  Indian  society  (UNICEF).  Being  the earliest  inhabitants  of  the  country,  they have	maintained	a	distinct    style    for centuries. The isolation has kept them out of  mainstream  and  made  them  easy  prey to  exploitation.[3]    Lack  of  education  and deprivation  that  these  tribes  face  due  to poverty  may  result  in  frustration  both  in personal  and  social  relations.  Further,  the tribal  children  are  subject  to  acculturation pressures   that   do   not   exist   for   other populations, which create unique problems

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during	their	transition	to	adulthood.[4] Tribal students are emotionally immature,[5] show  poor  emotional  intelligence,[3]    high prevalence  of  anxiety/depression,  somatic, withdrawn/depressed	thought     problems and     attention     problems,[6]         aggression regardless of age and gender ,[7]   and poor self‑esteem.[8]
The term yoga comes from Sanskrit word Yuj which means union. Traditionally, yoga is a method of joining individual self with the divine. Yoga is the art and science of living.  It  is  concerned  with  the  evolution of  the  mind  and  body.  Yoga  incorporates all  aspects  of  an  individual.  First  aspect of  personality  is  physical  body  and  we begin with disciplining the body by asana or   physical   postures.  Asana   makes   the spine,   muscles,   and   joints   healthy   and flexible.  Internal  organs  are  getting  subtle massage and they balance the physiological abnormalities,	faulty	insulin	secretions and  hormonal  imbalances.  Pranayama  or breathing  techniques  strengthen  the  lungs, increase  the  supply  of  fresh  oxygen  and have a direct effect on brain and emotions. By emotional stability, mental and creative energies are directed in a constructive way


How to cite this article:Mohan R, Kumari S. Effect of yoga on positive–Negative affect and self-esteem on tribal male adolescents- A randomized control study. Indian J Soc Psychiatry 2018;34:48-51.















Address for correspondence: Dr. Sony Kumari,
Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA University), Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda nagar,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India. E‑mail: sonykarmanidhi@gmail. com


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DOI: 10.4103/0971-9962.228795
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Mohan and Kumari: Effect of Yoga on tribal students


and child become more self‑confident, self‑aware and self‑ control.[9]
There  is  growing  empirical  support  for  positive  health effects,[10]    psychological  and  physiological  improvement after yoga intervention,[11]  and thus may be an ideal practice to  introduce  to  children  and  adolescents.  Present  study is  trying  to  explore  the  construct  positive  and  negative affectivity and self‑esteem on tribal adolescents.
Positive   affect   is   the   state   where   the   person   feels enthusiastic,   active,   and   alert.   Negative   affect   is   a dimension   of   subjective   distress   and   un‑pleasurable engagement.  It  includes  variety  of  aversive  mood  states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear and nervousness. Low  PA is  described  by  sadness  and  lethargy.  Low  NA (positive affect) is described by calmness and serenity.[12] Further  low  PA (positive  affect)  and  high  NA (negative affect)  are  major  distinguishing  features  of  depression, and   anxiety,   respectively,[13]     as   well   as   its   ability   to identify  individuals  with  mood  problems.[14]   PA ‘‘buffer’’ the negative effect of NA on job performance.[15]   PA was consistently   related   negatively   only   to   symptoms   and diagnoses of depression.[12]   Character strengths appears to be crucial for students to experience school‑related positive affect,  which  in  turn  supports  students’  positive  school functioning  and  their  overall  school  achievement.[16]   The happiness–success  link  exists  not  only  because  success makes people happy, but also because positive affect brings about success.[17]  Frequent positive emotions during school were associated with higher levels of student engagement and negative emotions with lower levels of engagement.[18]
Self‑esteem	is	the	totality	of	self‑confidence	and self‑respect. It is the capability of being skillful to cope with  the  basic  challenge  of  life  and  being  worthy  of happiness.[19]    Self‑esteem  includes  feeling  of  worthiness and pride.[20]  It is a significant element affecting their mode of life and well‑being. With good self‑esteem, people do constructive  things  for  themselves  and  due  to  poor  self‑ esteem, avoid doing such things.[21]  Stigma associated with mental  illness  harms  the  self‑esteem  of  many  people.[22] Self‑esteem changes in middle school years.[23]
Self‑esteem   has   a   positive   role   in   association   with adolescent’s life and this relationship is equally strong for both  genders  and  across  age.[24]   Self‑esteem  is  relatively a  stable  trait  and  reflects  life  satisfaction  and  affective symptoms rather than functional status.[25]
Yoga   improves   adolescents’  mood   and   affect   and   is highly   beneficial   for   students.[26,27]      In   a   mindfulness based  intervention  for  at‑risk  adolescents,  positive  affect increased  significantly  and  mindfulness  increased.[28]    A one‑month  residential  yoga  program  showed  significant change in reducing negative attitude and improvement in positive  attitude  in  healthy  volunteers.[29]    A  randomized control study on the effect of yoga for a month for school

children showed significant improvement in positive affect and attitude towards violence. Yoga intervention increased self‑esteem,  life  satisfaction,  and  enthusiasm  for  a  better life,  scores  of  interpersonal  anxiety  and  perfectionism dropped.[30]    Review  articles  suggest  that  yoga  can  be  a beneficial   adjunctive   treatment.[11]     Yoga   enhances   self‑ esteem and attention abilities of high school children.[31]
The present study

The  purpose  of  the  present  study  was  to  measure  the positive–negative  affect  and  self‑esteem  in  tribal  male adolescents	using	PANAS‑C	scale	and	Rosenberg self‑esteem   scale,   respectively.  Although   many   studies have   been   conducted   using   yoga   as   intervention,   no study   is   available   where   positive–negative   affectivity and  self‑esteem  is  measured  on  tribal  adolescents.  We hypothesized   that   yoga   may   have   effect   on   positive affectivity and self‑esteem in tribal adolescents.

Materials and Methods

Patients	were	taken	from	Arshavidya	Kendra, Palakkad‑Kerala.  N  =  54  under  the  age  group  of  10 years  to  18years.  Patients  were  men  and  they  were randomly divided into two groups. Thirty of them were in the experimental group and 24 in the waitlist control group.  Mean  age  of  patients  in  experimental  group was (M = 14.4 years, SD = 3.51) and of control group was  (M  =  13.3  years,  SD  =  1.90).  Informed  consent was  signed  by  the  head  of  the  organization.  Data  was analyzed using SPSS‑version 16.
PANAS‑C

The  Positive  and  Negative  Affect  Schedule  scale  for children,[32]  is a 27 item youth self‑report measure used in child and adolescent population to measure positive and negative affectivity. It is used to measure the respondent’s emotions  during  the  past  few  weeks.  The  respondent  is asked to read several words which describe feelings and emotions and enter a number that corresponds to the value on a scale. The five‑item scale ranges from not much or not at all, with a value of 1, to a lot with a value of 5.The PANAS‑C has been used successfully on large studies of children and exhibits high reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity. Study revealed that 12‑item PA and  15‑item  NA  scale  scores  demonstrated  support  for convergent  and  divergent  validity  and  yielded  internal consistency (PA 0.89, NA 0.92).[32]  Laurent et al. (1999)[32] reported alpha coefficients of 0.94 for NA, and 0.90 for PA in the scale development sample.[33]

Rosenberg Self‑Esteem Scale

A  10‑item  scales  that  measures  global  self‑worth  by measuring  both  positive  and  negative  feelings  about  the self.  The  scale  is  believed  to  be  uni‑dimensional.  All items are answered using a four‑point Likert scale format


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Mohan and Kumari: Effect of Yoga on tribal students


Table 1: Yoga and control group‑Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (Within Group)


Variables


PA

NA

SE


Yoga Pre M±SD
Post M±SD 36.50±8.1 41.10±8.7 36.90±8.4 34.03±9.5 23.70±3.0
23.47±3.1


P ‑Value


0.008

0.047

0.927


% Change


12.60

7.77

0.97


Control Pre M ± SD Post M ±SD
37.58±9.6 39.0±9.5 35.75±11.11 38.04±8.77 23.21±4.6
21.67±4.3


P‑Value


0.468

0.156

0.019

% CHANGE % Change


3.77

6.40

6.63

PA = Positive Affect, NA = Negative Affect, SE = Self Esteem


Table 2: Between group ‑ Mann Whitney Test

Variables


PA

NA

SE

Yoga Pre M ± SD
Post M ± SD 36.50 ± 8.1 41.10 ± 8.7 36.90 ± 8.4 34.03 ± 9.5 23.70 ± 3.0
23.47 ± 3.1

Control Pre M ± SD Post M± SD 37.58 ± 9.6
39.0 ± 9.5 35.75 ± 11.11 38.04 ± 8.77 23.21 ± 4.6
21.67 ± 4.3

P‑value (pre)


0.571

0.787

0.587

P‑value (post)


0.497

0.086

0.094



ranging  from  strongly  agree  to  strongly  disagree.  Items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 are reverse scored. Give “Strongly Disagree” 1   point,   “Disagree”   2   points,“Agree”   3   points,   and “Strongly Agree” 4 points. Higher scores indicate higher self‑esteem.[34]    RSE  scale  is  of  high  internal  reliability (alpha 0.92). Reliability is high in all age groups and in diverse   population.   Convergent   validity   is   proven   by research studies.[35]
Intervention

Intervention  was  given  for  two  weeks  (14  days)  for experimental group, in two sessions in a day. Sixty minutes in the morning and 30 minutes in the evening. Program included  breathing,  loosening  practices,  sun  salutation, asanas,  pranayama,  japa,  and  trataka.  Pre  and  post  data was  collected  from  both  the  groups  before  and  after intervention.

Results
The  data  was  not  normally  distributed,  hence  we  have conducted   non‑parametric   test,   in   within   group   and between   groups.   Wilcoxon   Signed   Rank   Test   shows highly significant improvement in positive affect in yoga group  12.60%  (P  <  0.01)  and  significant  reduction  in negative affect 7.77% (P < 0.05) and self‑esteem in not significant  0.97%  (P  >  0.05).  In  control  group  positive affect increased 3.77% (P > 0.05), negative affect increased 6.40% (P > 0.05), and of self‑esteem 0.019% (P < 0.05) [Table 1]. In between group analysis using Mann–Whitney test showed no significant result in positive–negative affect and self‑esteem [Table 2].

The mechanism behind the result could be because of the pranayama,  japa  and  trataka  practices.  Previous  studies shows  on  adolescents  shows  there  is  a  sharp  decline in  self‑esteem  during  middle  school  years.[36]    A  study conducted by[37]   on ninth grades students by giving yoga as an intervention found no change in yoga group as well as  in  control  group.  Directions  for  the  future  study  are discussed.

Conclusion

This  study  is  a  pilot  randomized  control  study  on  tribal adolescents measuring positive–negative affect and self‑esteem after   giving   yoga   practices.   Experimental   group   shows significant  improvement  in  the  variables  positive–negative affect. Between groups analysis did not give any significant result. In future effect of yoga can be examined with larger sample size and longer duration of intervention.
Financial support and sponsorship

Nil

Conflict of interest

There are no conflicts of interest

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