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HealthAdvantages of Yoga Programs in Management

Sony Kumari PhD*, Alex Hankey PhD, and HR Nagendra PhD



ABSTRACT
Outcome pressures in business, orientation towards high achievement at any cost, and time pressures of modern life have all contributed to making both health and a high flying business career challenging to achieve. Yoga has greatly increased in popularity over the past thirty years, and its scientific evidence base now makes its health benefits increasingly accepted. Of unique value to business are Yoga’s abilities to increase creativity, emotional intelligence, and decrease stress. As a result, major Yoga programs in business are being applied in many  of  India’s  leading  firms  and  corporations,  for example,  India’s  Oil  and  Natural  Gas  Corporation, ONGC.  This  presentation  reviews  various  Business Programs:  S-VYASA’s  IAYT  and  SMET  programs; Swami Ramdev; and the late Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate   Development   Program.   Large   numbers participate in such programs. India is now in a position to make diseases of development and affluence a thing of the past, and to increase the health and productivity of its top executives.
Keywords: Yoga, Business, Efficiency, Stress Reduction, Health

1.	INTRODUCTION
A  miracle  of  modern  India  is  its  progress  towards becoming a developed society while avoiding the more undesirable consequences of industrialization. This has been  partly accomplished  by attempting  to make the transition  to a  knowledge-based  society at  an  earlier stage than has been achieved in previous histories of national economic development.
Becoming a knowledge-based society is not without a price, however: the pace of change is greatly increased. A	knowledge-based	society	prospers	through intellectual  property1.  The  key  to  becoming  one  is strength and success in research1: patenting innovations with  wide applicability. Identifying new principles to apply  widely  and  making  inventions   can   lead  to generation  of  huge  revenues,  provided  the  ideas  are sufficiently novel  and  fundamental.  Knowledge-based



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societies continuously make new inventions available, but their adoption increases rates of social change. This in turn brings increases levels of stress2, bringing health challenges to society as a whole3.
India has an advantage in meeting this challenge; its traditional systems of medicine (ISM) are well equipped to treat such problems. Yoga and Ayurveda can both reverse  initial  effects  of  stress  better  than  western biomedicine.  They  can  thus  form  part  of  an  overall strategy  to  promote  economic  growth  and  maintain health  of  the  population.  This  paper  discusses  how implementing traditional ISM to counteract stress can complement   stimuli   to   create   a   knowledge   based society,   giving  examples   of  how  it   is   doing  so. Encouraging them will help avoid increasing levels of chronic  disease  while  becoming  a  developed  nation. India will enjoy higher levels of health, as well as the satisfaction of financial security, and increased wealth, happiness and fulfillment.

2.	A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY IN INDIA

In  India, the practicality of developing a knowledge-based  society was demonstrated in  the 1990’s by its Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Following Manmohan Singh’s 1991 policy changes in science   and   industry   to   encourage   invention   and innovation,   the   CSIR   Director-General,   Dr   R.   A. Mashelkar,  began  to  encourage  CSIR  laboratories  to patent their research, generate revenue, and use their innovations  to  pay  their  own  way.  In  ‘Reinventing India’1,  Mashelkar  recounts how he implemented his vision  of  creating  an  ‘innovative  India’  that  would prosper	through   a   new   mind-set   of   generating knowledge  –  ‘Indovations’.	He  blazed  a  new  trail toward  creating  a  knowledge-based  society  in  South Asia1,4.
Following  Mashelkar’s  lead,  former  president,  APJ Abdul   Kalam,   decided   to   make   creation   of   a knowledge-based   society   a   national   priority,   and appointed  a  national  Knowledge  Commission5.  The consequences are well appreciated. India’s intellectual



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bent,   capacity  for   creative   thought,   and   language advantage, led to the founding of hundreds of major research institutions by western corporations in various Indian cities, such as Bangalore, Delhi and Hyderabad. The west  itself  began  to invest  in  increasing  India’s scientific R&D capacity.
The resulting changes, salary increases and so on, are now reversing India’s brain drain; a knowledge-based society   is   starting   to   take   shape.   In   information technology alone, a disproportionate fraction of India’s foreign   exchange   earnings   is   generated   by   those involved1.  Equal  participation  by  other  fields  will shortcut economic development, but unless appropriate steps  are  taken,  the  effects  on  health  will  negate improvements in quality of life.
Part of Mashelkar’s and Abdulkalam’s plan is that the fruits of scientific innovation should come to the poor. Where appropriate, innovation-based products should be priced to be available to the masses, and not priced to increase profits at the expense of not being available to them.  India  contains  a  middle  class  larger  than  the whole North American population. Its poor total almost nine  hundred  million.  Both  form  huge  markets.  In contrast to North America, the number of poor is such that their purchasing power  can  lead to huge profits. “More products at Lower costs for More people” is a key mantra that Mashelkar terms ‘MLM’.1

3.	USE OF INDIA’S TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
Part of India’s vision on how a knowledge-based society may improve the quality of life of its people has been to make	use	of	its	traditional	knowledge1.	Few civilizations  have  left  a  richer  literature  or  artistic, philosophical and scientific achievements than those of South  Asia. Its ancient systems of healthcare include understandings of loss of health and growth of disease that are without compare even today. 6
The   original   system   of   healthcare   in   the   Vedic civilization of ancient India was largely based around practices of Yoga. Improving the life energy, or prana, as a means to improving health, and its direct use to counteract  disease  is  more  ancient  than  the  formal system of Ayurveda. When Ayurveda was founded7, the sages responsible had long been familiar with practices of Yoga and their use to improve health. Enlightenment was the central goal of education, and Yoga the chief means of achieving it. Its benefits to health were well understood.
Modern day sages like Mashelkar realize that India must use   its   ancient   wisdom   to   best   effect.   Ancient technologies  like  Yoga  have  much  to  contribute  to national wellbeing8. Updating them and providing such evidence as may justify their incorporation into modern health care programs has been made a national priority8 and  the  results  of  research  can  now  justify  their


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incorporation into business programs as well.
One   of   the   advantages   of   traditional   systems   of medicine over modern medicine is that their accounts of how  health  degenerates  into  disease  are  couched  in ways that enable etiological changes to be reversed9. Yoga speaks of the weakening of the life-force energy, or  prana,  and names various ways it  can  go  out  of balance. Ayurveda speaks of loss of balance in tissue and organism regulation, in terms of factors controlling the physiology6. Not surprisingly the two approaches are  closely  related.  Yoga  provides  various  means  to strengthen and balance the prana or ‘life energy’, while Ayurveda recommends life-style changes and diet that can  restore  balance  to  the  organism,  its  organs  and organ systems, and which work even at a cellular level. Between  them  Ayurveda  and  Yoga  offer  a  range  of powerful tools to maintain health for professionals, and, should their health be compromised, restore it. They and their relatives, Unani, Siddha, and Sowa Rigpa, form ideal  complements  to  modern  healthcare.  For  those whose professional work presents dangerous challenges to health, they constitute essential life-style components. Among their advantages as systems of prevention, is being  either  free  or  extremely low cost.  Once  Yoga practices   such	as   Yoga   asanas,   pranayama   or meditation have been learned, they can be practiced at home   without   much   further   instruction.   Similarly, adoption	of      Ayurveda	diet	and	lifestyle recommendations usually involves no ongoing cost. The herbs it recommends can be grown in home and village gardens - over 80% of all disease can be taken care of locally10.
India’s traditional ISM thus have an integral role to play in improving overall quality of life at a time when the challenges of change are beginning to wreak havoc with national health statistics. They offer the surest way to reduce  levels  of  chronic  disease  and  other  health problems of affluence that are otherwise inevitable. If becoming a knowledge based society is to improve the quality   of   people’s   lives,   guarding   against   health challenges  by  practical  and  economic  means  is  an important step to take.

4.	HEALTH PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS
Nowhere  are  health  problems  more  apparent  than among  those  in  business,  ironically  the  very  people whom a knowledge based society is meant to benefit most.  Executives  operate  under  increasing  pressure: ambition  to  succeed  may  orient  them  towards  high achievement at any cost.
The  world’s  top  business  schools  like  Harvard  and Stanford  lay  out  the  kind  of  qualities  they  seek  to develop  in  future  executives:  the  ability  to  provide leadership   in   the   most   challenging   conditions,   to achieve compromise, even at personal expense; to find unlikely solutions to difficult problems; the imagination


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and vision  to identify the next big idea and adopt it before rivals in the field; and, of course to be willing to work  as hard  as necessary for  corporate goals to be achieved – whatever the personal expense.
And  there  lies  the  rub.  At  every  level,  from  top downwards,  business  will  pressure  its  executives  to work longer and harder than may be compatible with their health. At the same time, greater efficiency will require adopting devices that make them available more of the time, and effectively mean their office is always in   their   pocket,  and  they  are  never   out  of  their workplace. Pressures of modern business, familiar to all executives,  make  health  increasingly  challenging  to maintain,  when  a  high-flying  business  career  is  a priority. Answers to this problem must be sought by industry itself – and from outside the box of modern medicine.

5.	EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE
To justify spending public money and to protect their citizens,  governments  insist  that  medical  treatments must  be  tested  for  side  effects,  and  their  efficacy established	in	clinical	trials.	Medicine   is   now increasingly evidence-based. Placebo controlled, double blind randomized controlled trials (RCT’s) are regarded as the acme of scientific tests of treatment efficacy, but they   have   their	limitations.    Placebo	control	is impossible for surgery, and unethical for treatments of life threatening conditions. Conducting RCT’s for ISM is similarly problematic. Patients and students know if they  are  learning  Yoga,  so  blinding  test  subjects  is impossible.   In   Ayurveda,   normal   treatments   are individually  tailored,  and  for  chronic  conditions  so complex that normal RCT’s are almost impossible. Nevertheless large numbers of high quality studies have been carried out on Yoga and Ayurveda. Practitioners often feel that the test of time is more meaningful than modern   statistics,   but   modern   medicine   requires efficacy to be established before recommending patients for  complementary  medicine  (CAM)  treatments.  The increasing  evidence  base  for  Yoga  and  Ayurveda  is therefore significant.
On Google Scholar, the annual number of articles with ‘Yoga’ in the title increased by one third in the five years from 2006 to 2011 (from 533 to 712), while those with Ayurveda or Ayurvedic in the title increased by 92% from 156 to 299. The majority of these concern medical applications. The quality of evidence may not yet compare to that for modern medicine’s drugs, but the drive to justify medical applications of these systems by	scientifically	establishing	their	efficacy	is considerable.
Certain systems may be singled out for special mention – those where traditional practitioners of highest quality practice   their	system	integratively   with	modern medicine.   Integrative   practice   in   both   Yoga   and


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Ayurveda is very highly developed. Three organisation are  notable  in  the  field:  first  S-VYASA,  the  Yoga University11,   with   its   well-known   Health   Home, Arogyadhama,   at   its   Prashanti   Kutiram   Campus; second,   the   Institute   of  Ayurveda   and   Integrative Medicine (I-AIM) recently completed  and beautifully appointed   IAIM   Health   Care   Center12;   and   third, Maharishi Ayurveda, for which all western practitioners are required to have an MD or equivalent as their first qualification13.  All  three  have  long  been  engaged  in scientific research, and have contributed key elements to establishing a proper evidence base in their respective fields14,15,16.
Over the past thirty years, the popularity of Yoga has steadily increased. Improving scientific evidence makes its health benefits more accepted and understood. The medical database PubMed now has over 250 articles per year published on Yoga – and the percentage of papers has increased from 0.01% to about 0.03% within the last ten years17. Though there is still scope for much more research,  good  studies  are  emerging;  Yoga  has  been found  effective  against  many  disorders,  particularly when   integrated   into   personal   life-style   as   was traditionally  the  case,  and  now  used  in  SVYASA’s Integrated  approach  to  Yoga  therapy  (IAYT)  Yoga-lifestyle programs18. These are particularly beneficial in asthma19,   anxiety20     and   depression21,   back   pain22, maternity23, type 2 diabetes24, and to improve patient quality of  life  when  undergoing  treatment  for  breast cancer25,26. Numbers of reviews have been carried out, though more are needed17.
The  efficacy  of  Ayurveda  programs  is  also  better understood. The explanation for why they work so well, is simply that they aim to restore regulation to optimal levels,   and   that   the   complex   regulatory   systems governing  human  physiology  conform  to  Ayurveda’s hypothesized structure.6  Ayurveda’s strategies are well worked  out  and  time-tested,  something  that  modern medicine has yet to achieve. Following the lead of IAIM and SVYASA, and adopting integrative practice would be arguably the best way for modern medicine to put itself  on  a  par  with  the very successful  approach  to chronic disease of Ayurveda and Yoga.

6.	VALUE TO BUSINESS
Senior  management  in  corporations  adopt  lifestyles different from other professions:  irregular time tables and  possible international  travel  lead to  variations in eatimg	and	sleep	patterns,	causing	regulatory imbalances; pressure from above and stringent deadlines lead to stress. Together, these cause various kinds of ailments. The best known  remedy is the adoption  of yoga   life   style,   including   practice   of   Yoga   and pranayama.
Many   major   Yoga   organizations   offer   specialized Business  Programs,  tailored  to  the  needs  of  busy


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executives. The oldest is probably Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate Development program, built round the Transcendental  Meditation   technique,   and  available nation-wide  in  India,  and  in  many  other  countries around  the  world.  27    It  is  a  fully  internationalized program: after taking the basic course in India, or in any other country, the participant is automatically qualified to use facilities in other countries.
The next Yoga system most widely applied in business is  SVYASA’s  IAYT,  particularly  suited  for  stress management28, and other applications in business. Like the Transcendental Meditation program, IAYT offers a well  rounded  approach.  It  benefits  all  levels  of  the individual,  physical  and  subtle,  and  aims  to  finally develop the total personality. Practice of IAYT has been shown29 to increase emotional intelligence30, one of the most important requirements in  business leadership31, and  one  of  the  most  important  in  organizations.  32 Culture of the emotions is one of the most important aspects of Yoga. 33
Similar and related studies of Yoga with application to business  are  being  carried  out  at  Swami  Ramdev’s Maharishi   Patanjali   Yoga   Peeth.   Yoga   is   highly effective  against  trauma34,35   and  post-traumatic  stress syndrome36,  so  handling  management  stress  is  well within its capabilities. Telles has provided a useful brief summary of its present applications. 37
Of special value to business is the ability of Yoga and related techniques to increase creativity. In the 1970’s and  1980’s  it  was  well  documented  that  practice  of Transcendental Meditation increased scores on all scales in Torrance Tests of creativity. 38,39. At SVYASA the Tower  of  London  test  has  been  used  to  show  that improved reasoning abilities following Yoga practice. 40 As a result, major Yoga programs in business are being applied   in   many   of   India’s   leading   firms   and corporations. For example, India’s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation,	(ONGC),	have	held	regular	Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) courses for their executives for many years. Many if not most have been hosted at SVYASA’s rural Prashanthi Kuteeram campus   south   of   Bangalore.   Hundreds   of   ONGC personnel have participated in such courses since 2006. Other  businessmen  and  women  with  more  specific complaints    have	attended    SVYASA	Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) health programs at the same location.
Swami Ramdev, so popular as a teacher of pranayama techniques to the general public, also organizes courses for	business	at	his	Maharishi	Patanjali	Yoga Vidyapeeth,  in  Haridwar, though  these may be more popular for companies in that region of India. Maharishi Mahesh  Yogi’s  Corporate  Development  Program  is arguably  the   best   researched.27,41         Large  numbers participate in such programs. Sound health at physical and mental levels enhances work efficiency and other


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mental   abilities   such   as   concentration,   attention, memory etc.

7.	MORAL VALUES
Physical and mental health is not the only reason for practicing Yoga. India is in a crisis of protest against corruption led most prominently by Anna Hazare and Swami Ramdev, supported by large numbers who want those holding public office to make a stronger personal commitment   to   integrity.   Many   would   see   the materialist orientation of modern life, promulgated by western  thinking,  as  the  cause  of  recent  declines  in moral values to their current low levels.
In this field, schools of Yoga can offer several important kinds  of  contribution:  inculcating  traditional  values, developing   the   basis   for   true   discrimination   and detachment that form the only genuine, foolproof basis for  personal  non-attachment,  and  unselfish  behavior, and  leading  by  example.  Some  contemporary  Yoga leaders and organizations are already doing much. All Yoga  institutions  encourage  moral  thinking  in  their students, and the adiption of high principles to guide their lives. Many, such as ISHA Yoga and Maharishi Mahesh  Yogi’s  universities,  are  primarily  concerned with developing higher states of consciousness, the real basis for  morality.  As early as 1960,  Maharishi  was clearly stating that starting meditation practice could be a key means to resist pressures of corruption. Today, Swami   Ramdev   has   made   himself   unpopular   by criticizing  government  corruption,  and  giving  public support for Anna Hazare.
In the corporate context, Yoga and Yoga concepts offer a  means  to  restore  values  and  honesty  to  business. Honesty is a key aspect of business relationships both for management and customers. Managers function best when  they can  completely trust their  colleagues, and trust   depends   on   honesty.   Similarly   for   customer relationships, perceived honesty is a key to customer goodwill, an essential of continuing business success. No one feels goodwill towards those they suspect of cheating  them.  Yet  developments in  business  culture around the world have revealed that personal honesty in business is not practiced to the same extent as twenty years  ago.  In  a  recent  statement  emphasizing  these developments,   the   Director   of   IIM   Chennai   has proposed  to  introduce  Yoga  programs  specifically to improve the moral tone of business graduates.
The  problem  may  be  that  humanist  philosophy  so fashionable today looks little beyond the here and now, Higher purpose requires transcendental goals and, for that reason, Yoga and Yoga philosophy posit additional dimensions to life.	By adding  elements beyond  life itself they restore motivation for integrity. Using them an organization can motivate trust and trustworthiness. Business   schools   such   as   Stanford   list   important qualities required for visionary leadership in business.


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Those recommending applicants are required to estimate	[9] levels  of  ability  in  specific  subfields  of  leadership: honesty  and  integrity  under  pressure,  the  ability  to generate confidence, trust,, and loyalty, persuade others
of  one’s  viewpoint,  willingness  to  take  risks,  or  to	[10] broker a compromise between different parties to make	[11] a  project  succeed,  even  at  personal  expense,	etc.	[12] Fundamental to all these are honesty and integrity that	[13] generates  trust.  If  participation   in  Yoga  programs increases the fundamental then each scale dependent on	[14] it will also increase to some extent.                                        [15]
8.	CONCLUSIONS	[16]
As an aspiring knowledge-based society, modern India needs to adopt policies that will counteract stress caused by the inevitable increased levels of social change. The
nation  is  fortunate  that,  in  its  traditional  systems  of	[17] medicine, it is well equipped to do so. Between them	[18] Yoga and Ayurveda contain the key principles required
to keep the individual’s psychology and physiology in balance – healthy mind in a healthy body.	[19] Systematic incorporation of Yoga into business in India
would fulfill the following goals:
1.	Improve adaptability to processes of change	[20] 2.	Counteract	risk	factors	associated	with
industrial development
3.	Combat diseases of affluence
4.	Systematically	counteract	health	limits	[21] otherwise	imposed	on	knowledge	based societies
5.	Expand the creative vision of business leaders
6.	Improve both the health and productivity of top	[22] executives.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to acknowledge past conversations with Professor Subhash Sharma.
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