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| 4 | |
| INTRODUCTION | |
| Recognition (ICDAR) [289]. | |
| The thesis aims to fill this gap by proposing novel methods for uncertainty | |
| estimation and failure prediction (Part I), and by providing a framework for | |
| benchmarking and evaluating the reliability and robustness of DU technology, | |
| as close as possible to real-world requirements (Part II). | |
| Table 1.1. Comparative analysis of keywords in the ICDAR 2021 proceedings. While | |
| many DU subtasks are represented, there is a lack of keywords related to IA. Do note | |
| that calibration is used in the context of camera calibration, and not in the context of | |
| confidence estimation. | |
| keyword | |
| freq | |
| keyword | |
| freq | |
| document | |
| classification | |
| 3388 | |
| 242 | |
| 33 | |
| 0 | |
| key information | |
| 56 | |
| question answering | |
| 106 | |
| layout analysis | |
| 223 | |
| calibration/calibrate | |
| temperature scaling | |
| failure prediction | |
| misclassification detection | |
| out-of-distribution | |
| OOD | |
| predictive uncertainty | |
| 0 | |
| 25 | |
| 0 | |
| In the remainder of the Introduction, I will sketch the surrounding research | |
| context, followed by the problem statement and research questions, and finally | |
| the outline of the thesis manuscript. | |
| 1.1 | |
| Research Context | |
| All chapters of this dissertation have been executed as part of the Baekeland | |
| PhD mandate (HBC.2019.2604) with financial support of VLAIO (Flemish | |
| Innovation & Entrepreneurship) and Contract.fit. The latter is a Belgian-based | |
| software-as-a-service (SaaS) provider of Intelligent Document Processing (IDP) | |
| drawing on innovations in DU to power their product suite (email-routing, | |
| Parble), and my generous employer since 2017. | |
| Some of the joint work (Chapter 5) has been partially funded by a PhD | |
| Scholarship from AGAUR (2023 FI-3-00223), and the Smart Growth Operational | |
| Programme under projects no. POIR.01.01.01-00-1624/20 (Hiper-OCR - an | |
| innovative solution for information extraction from scanned documents) and | |
| POIR.01.01.01-00-0605/19 (Disruptive adoption of Neural Language Modelling | |
| for automation of text-intensive work). | |
| Moreover, given that the dissertation work has been performed over a large | |
| span of time, it warrants putting it in the larger context and dynamics of AI | |
| innovations, the state of DU as a field, how notions of ’reliability’ have evolved | |
| over time, and finally the business context. | |