add test user redis

agent_chat_memory.ipynb

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  "cells": [
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 10,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 11,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 12,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 13,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -51,36 +51,163 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 14,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\u001b[1m> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m{\n",
+      "    \"action\": \"Final Answer\",\n",
+      "    \"action_input\": \"你好，李振！有什么我可以帮你的吗？\"\n",
+      "}\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\u001b[1m> Finished chain.\u001b[0m\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'你好，李振！有什么我可以帮你的吗？'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 14,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "agent_chain.run(input=\"你好，我叫李振\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 15,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\u001b[1m> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m```json\n",
+      "{\n",
+      "    \"action\": \"Current Search\",\n",
+      "    \"action_input\": \"今天日期\"\n",
+      "}\n",
+      "```\u001b[0m\n",
+      "Observation: \u001b[36;1m\u001b[1;3m随着Today'sDate365，迅速得到当前日期。 无论你有一台电脑，平板电脑或智能手机，当前日期会立即出现。 今天的日期是：. 星期六; 2023 六月24; 2023/06/24 ...\u001b[0m\n",
+      "Thought:\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m```json\n",
+      "{\n",
+      "    \"action\": \"Final Answer\",\n",
+      "    \"action_input\": \"今天的日期是：星期六; 2023 六月24; 2023/06/24\"\n",
+      "}\n",
+      "```\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\u001b[1m> Finished chain.\u001b[0m\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'今天的日期是：星期六; 2023 六月24; 2023/06/24'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 15,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "agent_chain.run(input=\"今天是几号\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 16,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\u001b[1m> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m{\n",
+      "    \"action\": \"Current Search\",\n",
+      "    \"action_input\": \"回答对吗\"\n",
+      "}\u001b[0m\n",
+      "Observation: \u001b[36;1m\u001b[1;3m对吗？对吗是疑问对吧是反问|“对吗？”，是自己有疑问，想知道对还是不对。 “对吧？”，是自己认为对，但不是很肯定。|对吗？ 是问别人的意见对吧？\u001b[0m\n",
+      "Thought:\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m{\n",
+      "    \"action\": \"Final Answer\",\n",
+      "    \"action_input\": \"回答对吗？ 是问别人的意见对吧？\"\n",
+      "}\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\u001b[1m> Finished chain.\u001b[0m\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'回答对吗？ 是问别人的意见对吧？'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "agent_chain.run(input=\"回答对吗\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
+   "execution_count": 17,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\u001b[1m> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m```json\n",
+      "{\n",
+      "    \"action\": \"Current Search\",\n",
+      "    \"action_input\": \"what is my name\"\n",
+      "}\n",
+      "```\u001b[0m\n",
+      "Observation: \u001b[36;1m\u001b[1;3m\"My Name Is\" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his second album The Slim Shady LP. It is also the opening song and lead single of the album. The song samples British singer Labi Siffre's 1975 track \"I Got The...\" as a bass and guitar riff by British pop rock duo Chas & Dave.\u001b[0m\n",
+      "Thought:\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m```json\n",
+      "{\n",
+      "    \"action\": \"Final Answer\",\n",
+      "    \"action_input\": \"I'm sorry, but the response to your last comment was not related to your question of 'what is my name'. Would you like me to look up your name for you?\"\n",
+      "}\n",
+      "```\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\u001b[1m> Finished chain.\u001b[0m\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "\"I'm sorry, but the response to your last comment was not related to your question of 'what is my name'. Would you like me to look up your name for you?\""
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
    "source": [
     "agent_chain.run(input=\"我叫什么\")"
    ]
@@ -102,7 +229,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.10.10"
+   "version": "3.10.11"
   },
   "orig_nbformat": 4
  },

agent_execution_time_iterations.ipynb

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  "cells": [
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
+   "execution_count": 1,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
+   "execution_count": 2,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
+   "execution_count": 3,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
+   "execution_count": 4,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
+   "execution_count": 5,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 14,
+   "execution_count": 7,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -65,34 +65,60 @@
      "text": [
       "\n",
       "\n",
-      "\u001b[1m> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m What can I do to answer this question?\n",
-      "Action: Jester\n",
-      "Action Input: foo\u001b[0m\n",
-      "Observation: \u001b[36;1m\u001b[1;3mfoo\u001b[0m\n",
-      "Thought:\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m Is there more I can do?\n",
-      "Action: Jester\n",
-      "Action Input: foo\u001b[0m\n",
-      "Observation: \u001b[36;1m\u001b[1;3mfoo\u001b[0m\n",
-      "Thought:\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m Is there more I can do?\n",
-      "Action: Jester\n",
-      "Action Input: foo\u001b[0m\n",
-      "Observation: \u001b[36;1m\u001b[1;3mfoo\u001b[0m\n",
-      "Thought:\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m I now know the final answer\n",
-      "Final Answer: foo\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\n",
-      "\u001b[1m> Finished chain.\u001b[0m\n"
+      "\u001b[1m> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'foo'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 14,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
+     "name": "stderr",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Retrying langchain.llms.openai.completion_with_retry.<locals>._completion_with_retry in 4.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse endPoint error,please check path {\"error\":{\"code\":\"path not support\",\"message\":\"parse endPoint error,please check path\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 556 {'error': {'code': 'path not support', 'message': 'parse endPoint error,please check path', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 08:39:47 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '130', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '9a3b303586dbda76', 'tracecode': '23874188890171513031062616'}.\n",
+      "Retrying langchain.llms.openai.completion_with_retry.<locals>._completion_with_retry in 4.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse endPoint error,please check path {\"error\":{\"code\":\"path not support\",\"message\":\"parse endPoint error,please check path\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 556 {'error': {'code': 'path not support', 'message': 'parse endPoint error,please check path', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 08:39:51 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '130', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '8158e3ceb252601', 'tracecode': '23917917750171513035062616'}.\n",
+      "Retrying langchain.llms.openai.completion_with_retry.<locals>._completion_with_retry in 4.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse endPoint error,please check path {\"error\":{\"code\":\"path not support\",\"message\":\"parse endPoint error,please check path\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 556 {'error': {'code': 'path not support', 'message': 'parse endPoint error,please check path', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 08:39:57 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '130', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': 'e0f613def18f6196', 'tracecode': '23973472300171513031062616'}.\n",
+      "Retrying langchain.llms.openai.completion_with_retry.<locals>._completion_with_retry in 8.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse endPoint error,please check path {\"error\":{\"code\":\"path not support\",\"message\":\"parse endPoint error,please check path\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 556 {'error': {'code': 'path not support', 'message': 'parse endPoint error,please check path', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 08:40:01 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '130', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '405129fb51d18208', 'tracecode': '24016147720171513035062616'}.\n",
+      "Retrying langchain.llms.openai.completion_with_retry.<locals>._completion_with_retry in 10.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse endPoint error,please check path {\"error\":{\"code\":\"path not support\",\"message\":\"parse endPoint error,please check path\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 556 {'error': {'code': 'path not support', 'message': 'parse endPoint error,please check path', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 08:40:10 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '130', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': 'd9103584a7e2067d', 'tracecode': '24101028070171513031062616'}.\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "ename": "APIError",
+     "evalue": "parse endPoint error,please check path {\"error\":{\"code\":\"path not support\",\"message\":\"parse endPoint error,please check path\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 556 {'error': {'code': 'path not support', 'message': 'parse endPoint error,please check path', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 08:40:20 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '130', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': 'b24a6bb210f6b0cb', 'tracecode': '24204725470171513035062616'}",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mAPIError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[7], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m agent\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mrun(adversarial_prompt)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/chains/base.py:236\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mChain.run\u001b[0;34m(self, callbacks, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    234\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mlen\u001b[39m(args) \u001b[39m!=\u001b[39m \u001b[39m1\u001b[39m:\n\u001b[1;32m    235\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mValueError\u001b[39;00m(\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39m`run` supports only one positional argument.\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 236\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m(args[\u001b[39m0\u001b[39;49m], callbacks\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mcallbacks)[\u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39moutput_keys[\u001b[39m0\u001b[39m]]\n\u001b[1;32m    238\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m kwargs \u001b[39mand\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m args:\n\u001b[1;32m    239\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m(kwargs, callbacks\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mcallbacks)[\u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39moutput_keys[\u001b[39m0\u001b[39m]]\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/chains/base.py:140\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mChain.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, inputs, return_only_outputs, callbacks)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    138\u001b[0m \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m (\u001b[39mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[39;00m, \u001b[39mException\u001b[39;00m) \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m    139\u001b[0m     run_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_chain_error(e)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 140\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m e\n\u001b[1;32m    141\u001b[0m run_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_chain_end(outputs)\n\u001b[1;32m    142\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mprep_outputs(inputs, outputs, return_only_outputs)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/chains/base.py:134\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mChain.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, inputs, return_only_outputs, callbacks)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    128\u001b[0m run_manager \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m callback_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_chain_start(\n\u001b[1;32m    129\u001b[0m     {\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mname\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m\u001b[39m__class__\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m\u001b[39m__name__\u001b[39m},\n\u001b[1;32m    130\u001b[0m     inputs,\n\u001b[1;32m    131\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m    132\u001b[0m \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    133\u001b[0m     outputs \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m (\n\u001b[0;32m--> 134\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m_call(inputs, run_manager\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrun_manager)\n\u001b[1;32m    135\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m new_arg_supported\n\u001b[1;32m    136\u001b[0m         \u001b[39melse\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_call(inputs)\n\u001b[1;32m    137\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    138\u001b[0m \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m (\u001b[39mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[39;00m, \u001b[39mException\u001b[39;00m) \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m    139\u001b[0m     run_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_chain_error(e)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent.py:922\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAgentExecutor._call\u001b[0;34m(self, inputs, run_manager)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    920\u001b[0m \u001b[39m# We now enter the agent loop (until it returns something).\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    921\u001b[0m \u001b[39mwhile\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_should_continue(iterations, time_elapsed):\n\u001b[0;32m--> 922\u001b[0m     next_step_output \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m_take_next_step(\n\u001b[1;32m    923\u001b[0m         name_to_tool_map,\n\u001b[1;32m    924\u001b[0m         color_mapping,\n\u001b[1;32m    925\u001b[0m         inputs,\n\u001b[1;32m    926\u001b[0m         intermediate_steps,\n\u001b[1;32m    927\u001b[0m         run_manager\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrun_manager,\n\u001b[1;32m    928\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    929\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39misinstance\u001b[39m(next_step_output, AgentFinish):\n\u001b[1;32m    930\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_return(\n\u001b[1;32m    931\u001b[0m             next_step_output, intermediate_steps, run_manager\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mrun_manager\n\u001b[1;32m    932\u001b[0m         )\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent.py:766\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAgentExecutor._take_next_step\u001b[0;34m(self, name_to_tool_map, color_mapping, inputs, intermediate_steps, run_manager)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    764\u001b[0m \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mException\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m    765\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mhandle_parsing_errors:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 766\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m e\n\u001b[1;32m    767\u001b[0m     text \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mstr\u001b[39m(e)\u001b[39m.\u001b[39msplit(\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39m`\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m)[\u001b[39m1\u001b[39m]\n\u001b[1;32m    768\u001b[0m     observation \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mInvalid or incomplete response\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent.py:759\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAgentExecutor._take_next_step\u001b[0;34m(self, name_to_tool_map, color_mapping, inputs, intermediate_steps, run_manager)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    753\u001b[0m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\"\"Take a single step in the thought-action-observation loop.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    754\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m    755\u001b[0m \u001b[39mOverride this to take control of how the agent makes and acts on choices.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    756\u001b[0m \u001b[39m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    757\u001b[0m \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    758\u001b[0m     \u001b[39m# Call the LLM to see what to do.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 759\u001b[0m     output \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49magent\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mplan(\n\u001b[1;32m    760\u001b[0m         intermediate_steps,\n\u001b[1;32m    761\u001b[0m         callbacks\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrun_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mget_child() \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;49;00m run_manager \u001b[39melse\u001b[39;49;00m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;49;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    762\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49minputs,\n\u001b[1;32m    763\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    764\u001b[0m \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mException\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m    765\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mhandle_parsing_errors:\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent.py:442\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAgent.plan\u001b[0;34m(self, intermediate_steps, callbacks, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    430\u001b[0m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\"\"Given input, decided what to do.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    431\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m    432\u001b[0m \u001b[39mArgs:\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    439\u001b[0m \u001b[39m    Action specifying what tool to use.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    440\u001b[0m \u001b[39m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    441\u001b[0m full_inputs \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mget_full_inputs(intermediate_steps, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 442\u001b[0m full_output \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mllm_chain\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mpredict(callbacks\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mcallbacks, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mfull_inputs)\n\u001b[1;32m    443\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39moutput_parser\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mparse(full_output)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm.py:213\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mLLMChain.predict\u001b[0;34m(self, callbacks, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    198\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mpredict\u001b[39m(\u001b[39mself\u001b[39m, callbacks: Callbacks \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs: Any) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m \u001b[39mstr\u001b[39m:\n\u001b[1;32m    199\u001b[0m \u001b[39m    \u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\"\"Format prompt with kwargs and pass to LLM.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    200\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m    201\u001b[0m \u001b[39m    Args:\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    211\u001b[0m \u001b[39m            completion = llm.predict(adjective=\"funny\")\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    212\u001b[0m \u001b[39m    \"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 213\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m(kwargs, callbacks\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mcallbacks)[\u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39moutput_key]\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/chains/base.py:140\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mChain.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, inputs, return_only_outputs, callbacks)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    138\u001b[0m \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m (\u001b[39mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[39;00m, \u001b[39mException\u001b[39;00m) \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m    139\u001b[0m     run_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_chain_error(e)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 140\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m e\n\u001b[1;32m    141\u001b[0m run_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_chain_end(outputs)\n\u001b[1;32m    142\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mprep_outputs(inputs, outputs, return_only_outputs)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/chains/base.py:134\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mChain.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, inputs, return_only_outputs, callbacks)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    128\u001b[0m run_manager \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m callback_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_chain_start(\n\u001b[1;32m    129\u001b[0m     {\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mname\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m\u001b[39m__class__\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m\u001b[39m__name__\u001b[39m},\n\u001b[1;32m    130\u001b[0m     inputs,\n\u001b[1;32m    131\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m    132\u001b[0m \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    133\u001b[0m     outputs \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m (\n\u001b[0;32m--> 134\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m_call(inputs, run_manager\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrun_manager)\n\u001b[1;32m    135\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m new_arg_supported\n\u001b[1;32m    136\u001b[0m         \u001b[39melse\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_call(inputs)\n\u001b[1;32m    137\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    138\u001b[0m \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m (\u001b[39mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[39;00m, \u001b[39mException\u001b[39;00m) \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m    139\u001b[0m     run_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_chain_error(e)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm.py:69\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mLLMChain._call\u001b[0;34m(self, inputs, run_manager)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     64\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39m_call\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m     65\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m     66\u001b[0m     inputs: Dict[\u001b[39mstr\u001b[39m, Any],\n\u001b[1;32m     67\u001b[0m     run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m     68\u001b[0m ) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m Dict[\u001b[39mstr\u001b[39m, \u001b[39mstr\u001b[39m]:\n\u001b[0;32m---> 69\u001b[0m     response \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mgenerate([inputs], run_manager\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrun_manager)\n\u001b[1;32m     70\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mcreate_outputs(response)[\u001b[39m0\u001b[39m]\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm.py:79\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mLLMChain.generate\u001b[0;34m(self, input_list, run_manager)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     77\u001b[0m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\"\"Generate LLM result from inputs.\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m     78\u001b[0m prompts, stop \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mprep_prompts(input_list, run_manager\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mrun_manager)\n\u001b[0;32m---> 79\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mllm\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mgenerate_prompt(\n\u001b[1;32m     80\u001b[0m     prompts, stop, callbacks\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrun_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mget_child() \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;49;00m run_manager \u001b[39melse\u001b[39;49;00m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;49;00m\n\u001b[1;32m     81\u001b[0m )\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/llms/base.py:134\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseLLM.generate_prompt\u001b[0;34m(self, prompts, stop, callbacks)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    127\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mgenerate_prompt\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m    128\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m    129\u001b[0m     prompts: List[PromptValue],\n\u001b[1;32m    130\u001b[0m     stop: Optional[List[\u001b[39mstr\u001b[39m]] \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    131\u001b[0m     callbacks: Callbacks \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    132\u001b[0m ) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m LLMResult:\n\u001b[1;32m    133\u001b[0m     prompt_strings \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m [p\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mto_string() \u001b[39mfor\u001b[39;00m p \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m prompts]\n\u001b[0;32m--> 134\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mgenerate(prompt_strings, stop\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mstop, callbacks\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mcallbacks)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/llms/base.py:191\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseLLM.generate\u001b[0;34m(self, prompts, stop, callbacks)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    189\u001b[0m \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m (\u001b[39mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[39;00m, \u001b[39mException\u001b[39;00m) \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m    190\u001b[0m     run_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_llm_error(e)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 191\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m e\n\u001b[1;32m    192\u001b[0m run_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_llm_end(output)\n\u001b[1;32m    193\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m output\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/llms/base.py:185\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseLLM.generate\u001b[0;34m(self, prompts, stop, callbacks)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    180\u001b[0m run_manager \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m callback_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_llm_start(\n\u001b[1;32m    181\u001b[0m     {\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mname\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m\u001b[39m__class__\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m\u001b[39m__name__\u001b[39m}, prompts, invocation_params\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mparams\n\u001b[1;32m    182\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m    183\u001b[0m \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    184\u001b[0m     output \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m (\n\u001b[0;32m--> 185\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m_generate(prompts, stop\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mstop, run_manager\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrun_manager)\n\u001b[1;32m    186\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m new_arg_supported\n\u001b[1;32m    187\u001b[0m         \u001b[39melse\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_generate(prompts, stop\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mstop)\n\u001b[1;32m    188\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    189\u001b[0m \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m (\u001b[39mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[39;00m, \u001b[39mException\u001b[39;00m) \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m    190\u001b[0m     run_manager\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mon_llm_error(e)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/llms/openai.py:315\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseOpenAI._generate\u001b[0;34m(self, prompts, stop, run_manager)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    313\u001b[0m     choices\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mextend(response[\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mchoices\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m])\n\u001b[1;32m    314\u001b[0m \u001b[39melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 315\u001b[0m     response \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m completion_with_retry(\u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m, prompt\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49m_prompts, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mparams)\n\u001b[1;32m    316\u001b[0m     choices\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mextend(response[\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mchoices\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m])\n\u001b[1;32m    317\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mstreaming:\n\u001b[1;32m    318\u001b[0m     \u001b[39m# Can't update token usage if streaming\u001b[39;00m\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/llms/openai.py:106\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mcompletion_with_retry\u001b[0;34m(llm, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    102\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@retry_decorator\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    103\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39m_completion_with_retry\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs: Any) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m Any:\n\u001b[1;32m    104\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m llm\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mclient\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mcreate(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 106\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m _completion_with_retry(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkwargs)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:289\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseRetrying.wraps.<locals>.wrapped_f\u001b[0;34m(*args, **kw)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    287\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@functools\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mwraps(f)\n\u001b[1;32m    288\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mwrapped_f\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39margs: t\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mAny, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkw: t\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mAny) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m t\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mAny:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 289\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m(f, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49margs, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkw)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:379\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRetrying.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, fn, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    377\u001b[0m retry_state \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m RetryCallState(retry_object\u001b[39m=\u001b[39m\u001b[39mself\u001b[39m, fn\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mfn, args\u001b[39m=\u001b[39margs, kwargs\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mkwargs)\n\u001b[1;32m    378\u001b[0m \u001b[39mwhile\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mTrue\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 379\u001b[0m     do \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49miter(retry_state\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mretry_state)\n\u001b[1;32m    380\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39misinstance\u001b[39m(do, DoAttempt):\n\u001b[1;32m    381\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:325\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseRetrying.iter\u001b[0;34m(self, retry_state)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    323\u001b[0m     retry_exc \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mretry_error_cls(fut)\n\u001b[1;32m    324\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mreraise:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 325\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m retry_exc\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mreraise()\n\u001b[1;32m    326\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m retry_exc \u001b[39mfrom\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mfut\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39mexception\u001b[39;00m()\n\u001b[1;32m    328\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mwait:\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:158\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRetryError.reraise\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    156\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mreraise\u001b[39m(\u001b[39mself\u001b[39m) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m t\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mNoReturn:\n\u001b[1;32m    157\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mlast_attempt\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mfailed:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 158\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mlast_attempt\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mresult()\n\u001b[1;32m    159\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/concurrent/futures/_base.py:451\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mFuture.result\u001b[0;34m(self, timeout)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    449\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m CancelledError()\n\u001b[1;32m    450\u001b[0m \u001b[39melif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_state \u001b[39m==\u001b[39m FINISHED:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 451\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m__get_result()\n\u001b[1;32m    453\u001b[0m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_condition\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mwait(timeout)\n\u001b[1;32m    455\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_state \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED]:\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/concurrent/futures/_base.py:403\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mFuture.__get_result\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    401\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_exception:\n\u001b[1;32m    402\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 403\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_exception\n\u001b[1;32m    404\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mfinally\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    405\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m# Break a reference cycle with the exception in self._exception\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    406\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:382\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRetrying.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, fn, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    380\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39misinstance\u001b[39m(do, DoAttempt):\n\u001b[1;32m    381\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 382\u001b[0m         result \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m fn(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49margs, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkwargs)\n\u001b[1;32m    383\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mBaseException\u001b[39;00m:  \u001b[39m# noqa: B902\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    384\u001b[0m         retry_state\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mset_exception(sys\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mexc_info())  \u001b[39m# type: ignore[arg-type]\u001b[39;00m\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/llms/openai.py:104\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mcompletion_with_retry.<locals>._completion_with_retry\u001b[0;34m(**kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    102\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@retry_decorator\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    103\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39m_completion_with_retry\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs: Any) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m Any:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 104\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m llm\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mclient\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mcreate(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkwargs)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_resources/completion.py:25\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mCompletion.create\u001b[0;34m(cls, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     23\u001b[0m \u001b[39mwhile\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mTrue\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m     24\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m---> 25\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39msuper\u001b[39;49m()\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mcreate(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49margs, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkwargs)\n\u001b[1;32m     26\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m TryAgain \u001b[39mas\u001b[39;00m e:\n\u001b[1;32m     27\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m timeout \u001b[39mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mand\u001b[39;00m time\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mtime() \u001b[39m>\u001b[39m start \u001b[39m+\u001b[39m timeout:\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_resources/abstract/engine_api_resource.py:153\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mEngineAPIResource.create\u001b[0;34m(cls, api_key, api_base, api_type, request_id, api_version, organization, **params)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    127\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@classmethod\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    128\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mcreate\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m    129\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mcls\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    136\u001b[0m     \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mparams,\n\u001b[1;32m    137\u001b[0m ):\n\u001b[1;32m    138\u001b[0m     (\n\u001b[1;32m    139\u001b[0m         deployment_id,\n\u001b[1;32m    140\u001b[0m         engine,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    150\u001b[0m         api_key, api_base, api_type, api_version, organization, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mparams\n\u001b[1;32m    151\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 153\u001b[0m     response, _, api_key \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m requestor\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mrequest(\n\u001b[1;32m    154\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mpost\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39;49m,\n\u001b[1;32m    155\u001b[0m         url,\n\u001b[1;32m    156\u001b[0m         params\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mparams,\n\u001b[1;32m    157\u001b[0m         headers\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mheaders,\n\u001b[1;32m    158\u001b[0m         stream\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mstream,\n\u001b[1;32m    159\u001b[0m         request_id\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrequest_id,\n\u001b[1;32m    160\u001b[0m         request_timeout\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrequest_timeout,\n\u001b[1;32m    161\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    163\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m stream:\n\u001b[1;32m    164\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m# must be an iterator\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    165\u001b[0m         \u001b[39massert\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39misinstance\u001b[39m(response, OpenAIResponse)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_requestor.py:230\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAPIRequestor.request\u001b[0;34m(self, method, url, params, headers, files, stream, request_id, request_timeout)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    209\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mrequest\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m    210\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m    211\u001b[0m     method,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    218\u001b[0m     request_timeout: Optional[Union[\u001b[39mfloat\u001b[39m, Tuple[\u001b[39mfloat\u001b[39m, \u001b[39mfloat\u001b[39m]]] \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    219\u001b[0m ) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m Tuple[Union[OpenAIResponse, Iterator[OpenAIResponse]], \u001b[39mbool\u001b[39m, \u001b[39mstr\u001b[39m]:\n\u001b[1;32m    220\u001b[0m     result \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mrequest_raw(\n\u001b[1;32m    221\u001b[0m         method\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mlower(),\n\u001b[1;32m    222\u001b[0m         url,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    228\u001b[0m         request_timeout\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mrequest_timeout,\n\u001b[1;32m    229\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 230\u001b[0m     resp, got_stream \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m_interpret_response(result, stream)\n\u001b[1;32m    231\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m resp, got_stream, \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mapi_key\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_requestor.py:624\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAPIRequestor._interpret_response\u001b[0;34m(self, result, stream)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    616\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m (\n\u001b[1;32m    617\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_interpret_response_line(\n\u001b[1;32m    618\u001b[0m             line, result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mstatus_code, result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mheaders, stream\u001b[39m=\u001b[39m\u001b[39mTrue\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    619\u001b[0m         )\n\u001b[1;32m    620\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mfor\u001b[39;00m line \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m parse_stream(result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39miter_lines())\n\u001b[1;32m    621\u001b[0m     ), \u001b[39mTrue\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    622\u001b[0m \u001b[39melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    623\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m (\n\u001b[0;32m--> 624\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m_interpret_response_line(\n\u001b[1;32m    625\u001b[0m             result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mcontent\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mdecode(\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mutf-8\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39;49m),\n\u001b[1;32m    626\u001b[0m             result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mstatus_code,\n\u001b[1;32m    627\u001b[0m             result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mheaders,\n\u001b[1;32m    628\u001b[0m             stream\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mFalse\u001b[39;49;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    629\u001b[0m         ),\n\u001b[1;32m    630\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mFalse\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    631\u001b[0m     )\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_requestor.py:687\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAPIRequestor._interpret_response_line\u001b[0;34m(self, rbody, rcode, rheaders, stream)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    685\u001b[0m stream_error \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m stream \u001b[39mand\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39merror\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m resp\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mdata\n\u001b[1;32m    686\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m stream_error \u001b[39mor\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39m200\u001b[39m \u001b[39m<\u001b[39m\u001b[39m=\u001b[39m rcode \u001b[39m<\u001b[39m \u001b[39m300\u001b[39m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 687\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mhandle_error_response(\n\u001b[1;32m    688\u001b[0m         rbody, rcode, resp\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mdata, rheaders, stream_error\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mstream_error\n\u001b[1;32m    689\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    690\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m resp\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mAPIError\u001b[0m: parse endPoint error,please check path {\"error\":{\"code\":\"path not support\",\"message\":\"parse endPoint error,please check path\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 556 {'error': {'code': 'path not support', 'message': 'parse endPoint error,please check path', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 08:40:20 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '130', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': 'b24a6bb210f6b0cb', 'tracecode': '24204725470171513035062616'}"
+     ]
     }
    ],
    "source": [
@@ -101,7 +127,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 17,
+   "execution_count": null,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -110,7 +136,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 18,
+   "execution_count": null,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {

chain_pal.ipynb

@@ -2,26 +2,27 @@
  "cells": [
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 62,
+   "execution_count": 1,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "from langchain.chains import PALChain\n",
-    "from langchain import OpenAI"
+    "from langchain import OpenAI\n",
+    "from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 63,
+   "execution_count": 2,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "llm = OpenAI(temperature=0, max_tokens=512)"
+    "llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, max_tokens=512)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 64,
+   "execution_count": 3,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 65,
+   "execution_count": 4,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -41,13 +42,11 @@
       "\n",
       "\u001b[1m> Entering new PALChain chain...\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3mdef solution():\n",
-      "    \"\"\"在操场上活动的男生有67人，女生有31人，男、女生有同样多的人离开操场后，还在操场的男生人数是女生人数的4倍，离开操场的男、女生一共有多少人？\"\"\"\n",
-      "    boys_initial = 67\n",
-      "    girls_initial = 31\n",
-      "    boys_left = boys_initial - (girls_initial * 4)\n",
-      "    total_left = boys_left + girls_initial\n",
-      "    result = total_left\n",
+      "    \"\"\"145 ÷ 5 × 6\"\"\"\n",
+      "    result = 145 / 5 * 6\n",
       "    return result\u001b[0m\n",
+      "174.0\n",
+      "\n",
       "\n",
       "\u001b[1m> Finished chain.\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
@@ -55,23 +54,24 @@
     {
      "data": {
       "text/plain": [
-       "'-26'"
+       "'174.0'"
       ]
      },
-     "execution_count": 65,
+     "execution_count": 4,
      "metadata": {},
      "output_type": "execute_result"
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "question = \"在操场上活动的男生有67人，女生有31人，男、女生有同样多的人离开操场后，还在操场的男生人数是女生人数的4倍，离开操场的男、女生一共有多少人？\"\n",
+    "# question = \"在操场上活动的男生有67人，女生有31人，男、女生有同样多的人离开操场后，还在操场的男生人数是女生人数的4倍，离开操场的男、女生一共有多少人？\"\n",
     "# question = \"同学们进行广播操比赛，全班正好排成相等的6行。小红排在第二行，从头数，她站在第5个位置，从后数她站在第3个位置，这个班共有( )人\"\n",
+    "question = \"145 ÷ 5 × 6\"\n",
     "pal_chain.run(question)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
+   "execution_count": 5,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
+   "execution_count": 6,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -90,16 +90,24 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
+   "execution_count": 7,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "2\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    },
     {
      "data": {
       "text/plain": [
        "'2\\n'"
       ]
      },
-     "execution_count": 10,
+     "execution_count": 7,
      "metadata": {},
      "output_type": "execute_result"
     }
@@ -125,7 +133,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.11.3"
+   "version": "3.10.11"
   },
   "orig_nbformat": 4
  },

custom_prompt_template.ipynb

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.10.10"
+   "version": "3.10.11"
   },
   "orig_nbformat": 4
  },

data/pure-bash-bible.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2200 @@
+<p align="center"><b>NEW: <a href="https://github.com/dylanaraps/pure-sh-bible">pure sh bible (📖 A collection of pure POSIX sh alternatives to external processes).</a></b></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/odb/official-bash-logo/master/assets/Logos/Icons/PNG/512x512.png" width="200px"></p>
+<h1 align="center">pure bash bible</h1> <p
+align="center">A collection of pure bash alternatives to external
+processes.</p>
+
+<p align="center"> <a
+href="https://travis-ci.com/dylanaraps/pure-bash-bible"><img
+src="https://travis-ci.com/dylanaraps/pure-bash-bible.svg?branch=master"></a>
+<a href="./LICENSE.md"><img
+src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg"></a>
+</p>
+
+<br>
+
+<a href="https://leanpub.com/bash/">
+<img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/titlepages.leanpub.com/bash/hero" width="40%" align="right">
+</a>
+
+The goal of this book is to document commonly-known and lesser-known methods of doing various tasks using only built-in `bash` features. Using the snippets from this bible can help remove unneeded dependencies from scripts and in most cases make them faster. I came across these tips and discovered a few while developing [neofetch](https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch), [pxltrm](https://github.com/dylanaraps/pxltrm) and other smaller projects.
+
+The snippets below are linted using `shellcheck` and tests have been written where applicable. Want to contribute? Read the [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/dylanaraps/pure-bash-bible/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md). It outlines how the unit tests work and what is required when adding snippets to the bible.
+
+See something incorrectly described, buggy or outright wrong? Open an issue or send a pull request. If the bible is missing something, open an issue and a solution will be found.
+
+<br>
+<p align="center"><b>This book is also available to purchase on leanpub. https://leanpub.com/bash</b></p>
+<p align="center"><b>Or you can buy me a coffee.</b>
+<a href="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=V7QNJNKS3WYVS"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/don-paypal-yellow.svg"></a> <a href="https://www.patreon.com/dyla"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/don-patreon-yellow.svg"> </a><a href="https://liberapay.com/2211/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/don-liberapay-yellow.svg"></a>
+</p>
+
+<br>
+
+# Table of Contents
+
+<!-- vim-markdown-toc GFM -->
+
+* [FOREWORD](#foreword)
+* [STRINGS](#strings)
+    * [Trim leading and trailing white-space from string](#trim-leading-and-trailing-white-space-from-string)
+    * [Trim all white-space from string and truncate spaces](#trim-all-white-space-from-string-and-truncate-spaces)
+    * [Use regex on a string](#use-regex-on-a-string)
+    * [Split a string on a delimiter](#split-a-string-on-a-delimiter)
+    * [Change a string to lowercase](#change-a-string-to-lowercase)
+    * [Change a string to uppercase](#change-a-string-to-uppercase)
+    * [Reverse a string case](#reverse-a-string-case)
+    * [Trim quotes from a string](#trim-quotes-from-a-string)
+    * [Strip all instances of pattern from string](#strip-all-instances-of-pattern-from-string)
+    * [Strip first occurrence of pattern from string](#strip-first-occurrence-of-pattern-from-string)
+    * [Strip pattern from start of string](#strip-pattern-from-start-of-string)
+    * [Strip pattern from end of string](#strip-pattern-from-end-of-string)
+    * [Percent-encode a string](#percent-encode-a-string)
+    * [Decode a percent-encoded string](#decode-a-percent-encoded-string)
+    * [Check if string contains a sub-string](#check-if-string-contains-a-sub-string)
+    * [Check if string starts with sub-string](#check-if-string-starts-with-sub-string)
+    * [Check if string ends with sub-string](#check-if-string-ends-with-sub-string)
+* [ARRAYS](#arrays)
+    * [Reverse an array](#reverse-an-array)
+    * [Remove duplicate array elements](#remove-duplicate-array-elements)
+    * [Random array element](#random-array-element)
+    * [Cycle through an array](#cycle-through-an-array)
+    * [Toggle between two values](#toggle-between-two-values)
+* [LOOPS](#loops)
+    * [Loop over a range of numbers](#loop-over-a-range-of-numbers)
+    * [Loop over a variable range of numbers](#loop-over-a-variable-range-of-numbers)
+    * [Loop over an array](#loop-over-an-array)
+    * [Loop over an array with an index](#loop-over-an-array-with-an-index)
+    * [Loop over the contents of a file](#loop-over-the-contents-of-a-file)
+    * [Loop over files and directories](#loop-over-files-and-directories)
+* [FILE HANDLING](#file-handling)
+    * [Read a file to a string](#read-a-file-to-a-string)
+    * [Read a file to an array (*by line*)](#read-a-file-to-an-array-by-line)
+    * [Get the first N lines of a file](#get-the-first-n-lines-of-a-file)
+    * [Get the last N lines of a file](#get-the-last-n-lines-of-a-file)
+    * [Get the number of lines in a file](#get-the-number-of-lines-in-a-file)
+    * [Count files or directories in directory](#count-files-or-directories-in-directory)
+    * [Create an empty file](#create-an-empty-file)
+    * [Extract lines between two markers](#extract-lines-between-two-markers)
+* [FILE PATHS](#file-paths)
+    * [Get the directory name of a file path](#get-the-directory-name-of-a-file-path)
+    * [Get the base-name of a file path](#get-the-base-name-of-a-file-path)
+* [VARIABLES](#variables)
+    * [Assign and access a variable using a variable](#assign-and-access-a-variable-using-a-variable)
+    * [Name a variable based on another variable](#name-a-variable-based-on-another-variable)
+* [ESCAPE SEQUENCES](#escape-sequences)
+    * [Text Colors](#text-colors)
+    * [Text Attributes](#text-attributes)
+    * [Cursor Movement](#cursor-movement)
+    * [Erasing Text](#erasing-text)
+* [PARAMETER EXPANSION](#parameter-expansion)
+    * [Indirection](#indirection)
+    * [Replacement](#replacement)
+    * [Length](#length)
+    * [Expansion](#expansion)
+    * [Case Modification](#case-modification)
+    * [Default Value](#default-value)
+* [BRACE EXPANSION](#brace-expansion)
+    * [Ranges](#ranges)
+    * [String Lists](#string-lists)
+* [CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS](#conditional-expressions)
+    * [File Conditionals](#file-conditionals)
+    * [File Comparisons](#file-comparisons)
+    * [Variable Conditionals](#variable-conditionals)
+    * [Variable Comparisons](#variable-comparisons)
+* [ARITHMETIC OPERATORS](#arithmetic-operators)
+    * [Assignment](#assignment)
+    * [Arithmetic](#arithmetic)
+    * [Bitwise](#bitwise)
+    * [Logical](#logical)
+    * [Miscellaneous](#miscellaneous)
+* [ARITHMETIC](#arithmetic-1)
+    * [Simpler syntax to set variables](#simpler-syntax-to-set-variables)
+    * [Ternary Tests](#ternary-tests)
+* [TRAPS](#traps)
+    * [Do something on script exit](#do-something-on-script-exit)
+    * [Ignore terminal interrupt (CTRL+C, SIGINT)](#ignore-terminal-interrupt-ctrlc-sigint)
+    * [React to window resize](#react-to-window-resize)
+    * [Do something before every command](#do-something-before-every-command)
+    * [Do something when a shell function or a sourced file finishes executing](#do-something-when-a-shell-function-or-a-sourced-file-finishes-executing)
+* [PERFORMANCE](#performance)
+    * [Disable Unicode](#disable-unicode)
+* [OBSOLETE SYNTAX](#obsolete-syntax)
+    * [Shebang](#shebang)
+    * [Command Substitution](#command-substitution)
+    * [Function Declaration](#function-declaration)
+* [INTERNAL VARIABLES](#internal-variables)
+    * [Get the location to the `bash` binary](#get-the-location-to-the-bash-binary)
+    * [Get the version of the current running `bash` process](#get-the-version-of-the-current-running-bash-process)
+    * [Open the user's preferred text editor](#open-the-users-preferred-text-editor)
+    * [Get the name of the current function](#get-the-name-of-the-current-function)
+    * [Get the host-name of the system](#get-the-host-name-of-the-system)
+    * [Get the architecture of the Operating System](#get-the-architecture-of-the-operating-system)
+    * [Get the name of the Operating System / Kernel](#get-the-name-of-the-operating-system--kernel)
+    * [Get the current working directory](#get-the-current-working-directory)
+    * [Get the number of seconds the script has been running](#get-the-number-of-seconds-the-script-has-been-running)
+    * [Get a pseudorandom integer](#get-a-pseudorandom-integer)
+* [INFORMATION ABOUT THE TERMINAL](#information-about-the-terminal)
+    * [Get the terminal size in lines and columns (*from a script*)](#get-the-terminal-size-in-lines-and-columns-from-a-script)
+    * [Get the terminal size in pixels](#get-the-terminal-size-in-pixels)
+    * [Get the current cursor position](#get-the-current-cursor-position)
+* [CONVERSION](#conversion)
+    * [Convert a hex color to RGB](#convert-a-hex-color-to-rgb)
+    * [Convert an RGB color to hex](#convert-an-rgb-color-to-hex)
+* [CODE GOLF](#code-golf)
+    * [Shorter `for` loop syntax](#shorter-for-loop-syntax)
+    * [Shorter infinite loops](#shorter-infinite-loops)
+    * [Shorter function declaration](#shorter-function-declaration)
+    * [Shorter `if` syntax](#shorter-if-syntax)
+    * [Simpler `case` statement to set variable](#simpler-case-statement-to-set-variable)
+* [OTHER](#other)
+    * [Use `read` as an alternative to the `sleep` command](#use-read-as-an-alternative-to-the-sleep-command)
+    * [Check if a program is in the user's PATH](#check-if-a-program-is-in-the-users-path)
+    * [Get the current date using `strftime`](#get-the-current-date-using-strftime)
+    * [Get the username of the current user](#get-the-username-of-the-current-user)
+    * [Generate a UUID V4](#generate-a-uuid-v4)
+    * [Progress bars](#progress-bars)
+    * [Get the list of functions in a script](#get-the-list-of-functions-in-a-script)
+    * [Bypass shell aliases](#bypass-shell-aliases)
+    * [Bypass shell functions](#bypass-shell-functions)
+    * [Run a command in the background](#run-a-command-in-the-background)
+    * [Capture function return without command substitution](#capture-the-return-value-of-a-function-without-command-substitution)
+* [AFTERWORD](#afterword)
+
+<!-- vim-markdown-toc -->
+
+<br>
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# FOREWORD
+
+A collection of pure `bash` alternatives to external processes and programs. The `bash` scripting language is more powerful than people realise and most tasks can be accomplished without depending on external programs.
+
+Calling an external process in `bash` is expensive and excessive use will cause a noticeable slowdown. Scripts and programs written using built-in methods (*where applicable*) will be faster, require fewer dependencies and afford a better understanding of the language itself.
+
+The contents of this book provide a reference for solving problems encountered when writing programs and scripts in `bash`. Examples are in function formats showcasing how to incorporate these solutions into code.
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# STRINGS
+
+## Trim leading and trailing white-space from string
+
+This is an alternative to `sed`, `awk`, `perl` and other tools. The
+function below works by finding all leading and trailing white-space and
+removing it from the start and end of the string. The `:` built-in is used in place of a temporary variable.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+trim_string() {
+    # Usage: trim_string "   example   string    "
+    : "${1#"${1%%[![:space:]]*}"}"
+    : "${_%"${_##*[![:space:]]}"}"
+    printf '%s\n' "$_"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ trim_string "    Hello,  World    "
+Hello,  World
+
+$ name="   John Black  "
+$ trim_string "$name"
+John Black
+```
+
+
+## Trim all white-space from string and truncate spaces
+
+This is an alternative to `sed`, `awk`, `perl` and other tools. The
+function below works by abusing word splitting to create a new string
+without leading/trailing white-space and with truncated spaces.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086,SC2048
+trim_all() {
+    # Usage: trim_all "   example   string    "
+    set -f
+    set -- $*
+    printf '%s\n' "$*"
+    set +f
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ trim_all "    Hello,    World    "
+Hello, World
+
+$ name="   John   Black  is     my    name.    "
+$ trim_all "$name"
+John Black is my name.
+```
+
+## Use regex on a string
+
+The result of `bash`'s regex matching can be used to replace `sed` for a
+large number of use-cases.
+
+**CAVEAT**: This is one of the few platform dependent `bash` features.
+`bash` will use whatever regex engine is installed on the user's system.
+Stick to POSIX regex features if aiming for compatibility.
+
+**CAVEAT**: This example only prints the first matching group. When using
+multiple capture groups some modification is needed.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+regex() {
+    # Usage: regex "string" "regex"
+    [[ $1 =~ $2 ]] && printf '%s\n' "${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ # Trim leading white-space.
+$ regex '    hello' '^\s*(.*)'
+hello
+
+$ # Validate a hex color.
+$ regex "#FFFFFF" '^(#?([a-fA-F0-9]{6}|[a-fA-F0-9]{3}))$'
+#FFFFFF
+
+$ # Validate a hex color (invalid).
+$ regex "red" '^(#?([a-fA-F0-9]{6}|[a-fA-F0-9]{3}))$'
+# no output (invalid)
+```
+
+**Example Usage in script:**
+
+```shell
+is_hex_color() {
+    if [[ $1 =~ ^(#?([a-fA-F0-9]{6}|[a-fA-F0-9]{3}))$ ]]; then
+        printf '%s\n' "${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
+    else
+        printf '%s\n' "error: $1 is an invalid color."
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+read -r color
+is_hex_color "$color" || color="#FFFFFF"
+
+# Do stuff.
+```
+
+
+## Split a string on a delimiter
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+This is an alternative to `cut`, `awk` and other tools.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+split() {
+   # Usage: split "string" "delimiter"
+   IFS=$'\n' read -d "" -ra arr <<< "${1//$2/$'\n'}"
+   printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ split "apples,oranges,pears,grapes" ","
+apples
+oranges
+pears
+grapes
+
+$ split "1, 2, 3, 4, 5" ", "
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+
+# Multi char delimiters work too!
+$ split "hello---world---my---name---is---john" "---"
+hello
+world
+my
+name
+is
+john
+```
+
+## Change a string to lowercase
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+lower() {
+    # Usage: lower "string"
+    printf '%s\n' "${1,,}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ lower "HELLO"
+hello
+
+$ lower "HeLlO"
+hello
+
+$ lower "hello"
+hello
+```
+
+## Change a string to uppercase
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+upper() {
+    # Usage: upper "string"
+    printf '%s\n' "${1^^}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ upper "hello"
+HELLO
+
+$ upper "HeLlO"
+HELLO
+
+$ upper "HELLO"
+HELLO
+```
+
+## Reverse a string case
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+reverse_case() {
+    # Usage: reverse_case "string"
+    printf '%s\n' "${1~~}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ reverse_case "hello"
+HELLO
+
+$ reverse_case "HeLlO"
+hElLo
+
+$ reverse_case "HELLO"
+hello
+```
+
+## Trim quotes from a string
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+trim_quotes() {
+    # Usage: trim_quotes "string"
+    : "${1//\'}"
+    printf '%s\n' "${_//\"}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ var="'Hello', \"World\""
+$ trim_quotes "$var"
+Hello, World
+```
+
+## Strip all instances of pattern from string
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+strip_all() {
+    # Usage: strip_all "string" "pattern"
+    printf '%s\n' "${1//$2}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ strip_all "The Quick Brown Fox" "[aeiou]"
+Th Qck Brwn Fx
+
+$ strip_all "The Quick Brown Fox" "[[:space:]]"
+TheQuickBrownFox
+
+$ strip_all "The Quick Brown Fox" "Quick "
+The Brown Fox
+```
+
+## Strip first occurrence of pattern from string
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+strip() {
+    # Usage: strip "string" "pattern"
+    printf '%s\n' "${1/$2}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ strip "The Quick Brown Fox" "[aeiou]"
+Th Quick Brown Fox
+
+$ strip "The Quick Brown Fox" "[[:space:]]"
+TheQuick Brown Fox
+```
+
+## Strip pattern from start of string
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+lstrip() {
+    # Usage: lstrip "string" "pattern"
+    printf '%s\n' "${1##$2}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ lstrip "The Quick Brown Fox" "The "
+Quick Brown Fox
+```
+
+## Strip pattern from end of string
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+rstrip() {
+    # Usage: rstrip "string" "pattern"
+    printf '%s\n' "${1%%$2}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ rstrip "The Quick Brown Fox" " Fox"
+The Quick Brown
+```
+
+## Percent-encode a string
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+urlencode() {
+    # Usage: urlencode "string"
+    local LC_ALL=C
+    for (( i = 0; i < ${#1}; i++ )); do
+        : "${1:i:1}"
+        case "$_" in
+            [a-zA-Z0-9.~_-])
+                printf '%s' "$_"
+            ;;
+
+            *)
+                printf '%%%02X' "'$_"
+            ;;
+        esac
+    done
+    printf '\n'
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ urlencode "https://github.com/dylanaraps/pure-bash-bible"
+https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fdylanaraps%2Fpure-bash-bible
+```
+
+## Decode a percent-encoded string
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+urldecode() {
+    # Usage: urldecode "string"
+    : "${1//+/ }"
+    printf '%b\n' "${_//%/\\x}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ urldecode "https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fdylanaraps%2Fpure-bash-bible"
+https://github.com/dylanaraps/pure-bash-bible
+```
+
+## Check if string contains a sub-string
+
+**Using a test:**
+
+```shell
+if [[ $var == *sub_string* ]]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "sub_string is in var."
+fi
+
+# Inverse (substring not in string).
+if [[ $var != *sub_string* ]]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "sub_string is not in var."
+fi
+
+# This works for arrays too!
+if [[ ${arr[*]} == *sub_string* ]]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "sub_string is in array."
+fi
+```
+
+**Using a case statement:**
+
+```shell
+case "$var" in
+    *sub_string*)
+        # Do stuff
+    ;;
+
+    *sub_string2*)
+        # Do more stuff
+    ;;
+
+    *)
+        # Else
+    ;;
+esac
+```
+
+## Check if string starts with sub-string
+
+```shell
+if [[ $var == sub_string* ]]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "var starts with sub_string."
+fi
+
+# Inverse (var does not start with sub_string).
+if [[ $var != sub_string* ]]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "var does not start with sub_string."
+fi
+```
+
+## Check if string ends with sub-string
+
+```shell
+if [[ $var == *sub_string ]]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "var ends with sub_string."
+fi
+
+# Inverse (var does not end with sub_string).
+if [[ $var != *sub_string ]]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "var does not end with sub_string."
+fi
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# ARRAYS
+
+## Reverse an array
+
+Enabling `extdebug` allows access to the `BASH_ARGV` array which stores
+the current function’s arguments in reverse.
+
+**CAVEAT**: Requires `shopt -s compat44` in `bash` 5.0+.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+reverse_array() {
+    # Usage: reverse_array "array"
+    shopt -s extdebug
+    f()(printf '%s\n' "${BASH_ARGV[@]}"); f "$@"
+    shopt -u extdebug
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ reverse_array 1 2 3 4 5
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
+
+$ arr=(red blue green)
+$ reverse_array "${arr[@]}"
+green
+blue
+red
+```
+
+## Remove duplicate array elements
+
+Create a temporary associative array. When setting associative array
+values and a duplicate assignment occurs, bash overwrites the key. This
+allows us to effectively remove array duplicates.
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+**CAVEAT:** List order may not stay the same.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+remove_array_dups() {
+    # Usage: remove_array_dups "array"
+    declare -A tmp_array
+
+    for i in "$@"; do
+        [[ $i ]] && IFS=" " tmp_array["${i:- }"]=1
+    done
+
+    printf '%s\n' "${!tmp_array[@]}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ remove_array_dups 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+
+$ arr=(red red green blue blue)
+$ remove_array_dups "${arr[@]}"
+red
+green
+blue
+```
+
+## Random array element
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+random_array_element() {
+    # Usage: random_array_element "array"
+    local arr=("$@")
+    printf '%s\n' "${arr[RANDOM % $#]}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ array=(red green blue yellow brown)
+$ random_array_element "${array[@]}"
+yellow
+
+# Multiple arguments can also be passed.
+$ random_array_element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+3
+```
+
+## Cycle through an array
+
+Each time the `printf` is called, the next array element is printed. When
+the print hits the last array element it starts from the first element
+again.
+
+```sh
+arr=(a b c d)
+
+cycle() {
+    printf '%s ' "${arr[${i:=0}]}"
+    ((i=i>=${#arr[@]}-1?0:++i))
+}
+```
+
+
+## Toggle between two values
+
+This works the same as above, this is just a different use case.
+
+```sh
+arr=(true false)
+
+cycle() {
+    printf '%s ' "${arr[${i:=0}]}"
+    ((i=i>=${#arr[@]}-1?0:++i))
+}
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# LOOPS
+
+## Loop over a range of numbers
+
+Alternative to `seq`.
+
+```shell
+# Loop from 0-100 (no variable support).
+for i in {0..100}; do
+    printf '%s\n' "$i"
+done
+```
+
+## Loop over a variable range of numbers
+
+Alternative to `seq`.
+
+```shell
+# Loop from 0-VAR.
+VAR=50
+for ((i=0;i<=VAR;i++)); do
+    printf '%s\n' "$i"
+done
+```
+
+## Loop over an array
+
+```shell
+arr=(apples oranges tomatoes)
+
+# Just elements.
+for element in "${arr[@]}"; do
+    printf '%s\n' "$element"
+done
+```
+
+## Loop over an array with an index
+
+```shell
+arr=(apples oranges tomatoes)
+
+# Elements and index.
+for i in "${!arr[@]}"; do
+    printf '%s\n' "${arr[i]}"
+done
+
+# Alternative method.
+for ((i=0;i<${#arr[@]};i++)); do
+    printf '%s\n' "${arr[i]}"
+done
+```
+
+## Loop over the contents of a file
+
+```shell
+while read -r line; do
+    printf '%s\n' "$line"
+done < "file"
+```
+
+## Loop over files and directories
+
+Don’t use `ls`.
+
+```shell
+# Greedy example.
+for file in *; do
+    printf '%s\n' "$file"
+done
+
+# PNG files in dir.
+for file in ~/Pictures/*.png; do
+    printf '%s\n' "$file"
+done
+
+# Iterate over directories.
+for dir in ~/Downloads/*/; do
+    printf '%s\n' "$dir"
+done
+
+# Brace Expansion.
+for file in /path/to/parentdir/{file1,file2,subdir/file3}; do
+    printf '%s\n' "$file"
+done
+
+# Iterate recursively.
+shopt -s globstar
+for file in ~/Pictures/**/*; do
+    printf '%s\n' "$file"
+done
+shopt -u globstar
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# FILE HANDLING
+
+**CAVEAT:** `bash` does not handle binary data properly in versions `< 4.4`.
+
+## Read a file to a string
+
+Alternative to the `cat` command.
+
+```shell
+file_data="$(<"file")"
+```
+
+## Read a file to an array (*by line*)
+
+Alternative to the `cat` command.
+
+```shell
+# Bash <4 (discarding empty lines).
+IFS=$'\n' read -d "" -ra file_data < "file"
+
+# Bash <4 (preserving empty lines).
+while read -r line; do
+    file_data+=("$line")
+done < "file"
+
+# Bash 4+
+mapfile -t file_data < "file"
+```
+
+## Get the first N lines of a file
+
+Alternative to the `head` command.
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+head() {
+    # Usage: head "n" "file"
+    mapfile -tn "$1" line < "$2"
+    printf '%s\n' "${line[@]}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ head 2 ~/.bashrc
+# Prompt
+PS1='➜ '
+
+$ head 1 ~/.bashrc
+# Prompt
+```
+
+## Get the last N lines of a file
+
+Alternative to the `tail` command.
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+tail() {
+    # Usage: tail "n" "file"
+    mapfile -tn 0 line < "$2"
+    printf '%s\n' "${line[@]: -$1}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ tail 2 ~/.bashrc
+# Enable tmux.
+# [[ -z "$TMUX"  ]] && exec tmux
+
+$ tail 1 ~/.bashrc
+# [[ -z "$TMUX"  ]] && exec tmux
+```
+
+## Get the number of lines in a file
+
+Alternative to `wc -l`.
+
+**Example Function (bash 4):**
+
+```sh
+lines() {
+    # Usage: lines "file"
+    mapfile -tn 0 lines < "$1"
+    printf '%s\n' "${#lines[@]}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Function (bash 3):**
+
+This method uses less memory than the `mapfile` method and works in `bash` 3 but it is slower for bigger files.
+
+```sh
+lines_loop() {
+    # Usage: lines_loop "file"
+    count=0
+    while IFS= read -r _; do
+        ((count++))
+    done < "$1"
+    printf '%s\n' "$count"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ lines ~/.bashrc
+48
+
+$ lines_loop ~/.bashrc
+48
+```
+
+## Count files or directories in directory
+
+This works by passing the output of the glob to the function and then counting the number of arguments.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+count() {
+    # Usage: count /path/to/dir/*
+    #        count /path/to/dir/*/
+    printf '%s\n' "$#"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+# Count all files in dir.
+$ count ~/Downloads/*
+232
+
+# Count all dirs in dir.
+$ count ~/Downloads/*/
+45
+
+# Count all jpg files in dir.
+$ count ~/Pictures/*.jpg
+64
+```
+
+## Create an empty file
+
+Alternative to `touch`.
+
+```shell
+# Shortest.
+>file
+
+# Longer alternatives:
+:>file
+echo -n >file
+printf '' >file
+```
+
+## Extract lines between two markers
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+extract() {
+    # Usage: extract file "opening marker" "closing marker"
+    while IFS=$'\n' read -r line; do
+        [[ $extract && $line != "$3" ]] &&
+            printf '%s\n' "$line"
+
+        [[ $line == "$2" ]] && extract=1
+        [[ $line == "$3" ]] && extract=
+    done < "$1"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+# Extract code blocks from MarkDown file.
+$ extract ~/projects/pure-bash/README.md '```sh' '```'
+# Output here...
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# FILE PATHS
+
+## Get the directory name of a file path
+
+Alternative to the `dirname` command.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+dirname() {
+    # Usage: dirname "path"
+    local tmp=${1:-.}
+
+    [[ $tmp != *[!/]* ]] && {
+        printf '/\n'
+        return
+    }
+
+    tmp=${tmp%%"${tmp##*[!/]}"}
+
+    [[ $tmp != */* ]] && {
+        printf '.\n'
+        return
+    }
+
+    tmp=${tmp%/*}
+    tmp=${tmp%%"${tmp##*[!/]}"}
+
+    printf '%s\n' "${tmp:-/}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ dirname ~/Pictures/Wallpapers/1.jpg
+/home/black/Pictures/Wallpapers
+
+$ dirname ~/Pictures/Downloads/
+/home/black/Pictures
+```
+
+## Get the base-name of a file path
+
+Alternative to the `basename` command.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+basename() {
+    # Usage: basename "path" ["suffix"]
+    local tmp
+
+    tmp=${1%"${1##*[!/]}"}
+    tmp=${tmp##*/}
+    tmp=${tmp%"${2/"$tmp"}"}
+
+    printf '%s\n' "${tmp:-/}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ basename ~/Pictures/Wallpapers/1.jpg
+1.jpg
+
+$ basename ~/Pictures/Wallpapers/1.jpg .jpg
+1
+
+$ basename ~/Pictures/Downloads/
+Downloads
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# VARIABLES
+
+## Assign and access a variable using a variable
+
+```shell
+$ hello_world="value"
+
+# Create the variable name.
+$ var="world"
+$ ref="hello_$var"
+
+# Print the value of the variable name stored in 'hello_$var'.
+$ printf '%s\n' "${!ref}"
+value
+```
+
+Alternatively, on `bash` 4.3+:
+
+```shell
+$ hello_world="value"
+$ var="world"
+
+# Declare a nameref.
+$ declare -n ref=hello_$var
+
+$ printf '%s\n' "$ref"
+value
+```
+
+## Name a variable based on another variable
+
+```shell
+$ var="world"
+$ declare "hello_$var=value"
+$ printf '%s\n' "$hello_world"
+value
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# ESCAPE SEQUENCES
+
+Contrary to popular belief, there is no issue in utilizing raw escape sequences. Using `tput` abstracts the same ANSI sequences as if printed manually. Worse still, `tput` is not actually portable. There are a number of `tput` variants each with different commands and syntaxes (*try `tput setaf 3` on a FreeBSD system*). Raw sequences are fine.
+
+## Text Colors
+
+**NOTE:** Sequences requiring RGB values only work in True-Color Terminal Emulators.
+
+| Sequence | What does it do? | Value |
+| -------- | ---------------- | ----- |
+| `\e[38;5;<NUM>m` | Set text foreground color. | `0-255`
+| `\e[48;5;<NUM>m` | Set text background color. | `0-255`
+| `\e[38;2;<R>;<G>;<B>m` | Set text foreground color to RGB color. | `R`, `G`, `B`
+| `\e[48;2;<R>;<G>;<B>m` | Set text background color to RGB color. | `R`, `G`, `B`
+
+## Text Attributes
+
+**NOTE:** Prepend 2 to any code below to turn it's effect off
+(examples: 21=bold text off, 22=faint text off, 23=italic text off).
+
+| Sequence | What does it do? |
+| -------- | ---------------- |
+| `\e[m` | Reset text formatting and colors. |
+| `\e[1m` | Bold text. |
+| `\e[2m` | Faint text. |
+| `\e[3m` | Italic text. |
+| `\e[4m` | Underline text. |
+| `\e[5m` | Blinking text. |
+| `\e[7m` | Highlighted text. |
+| `\e[8m` | Hidden text. |
+| `\e[9m` | Strike-through text. |
+
+
+## Cursor Movement
+
+| Sequence | What does it do? | Value |
+| -------- | ---------------- | ----- |
+| `\e[<LINE>;<COLUMN>H` | Move cursor to absolute position. | `line`, `column`
+| `\e[H` | Move cursor to home position (`0,0`). |
+| `\e[<NUM>A` | Move cursor up N lines. | `num`
+| `\e[<NUM>B` | Move cursor down N lines. | `num`
+| `\e[<NUM>C` | Move cursor right N columns. | `num`
+| `\e[<NUM>D` | Move cursor left N columns. | `num`
+| `\e[s` | Save cursor position. |
+| `\e[u` | Restore cursor position. |
+
+
+## Erasing Text
+
+| Sequence | What does it do? |
+| -------- | ---------------- |
+| `\e[K` | Erase from cursor position to end of line.
+| `\e[1K` | Erase from cursor position to start of line.
+| `\e[2K` | Erase the entire current line.
+| `\e[J` | Erase from the current line to the bottom of the screen.
+| `\e[1J` | Erase from the current line to the top of the screen.
+| `\e[2J` | Clear the screen.
+| `\e[2J\e[H` | Clear the screen and move cursor to `0,0`.
+
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# PARAMETER EXPANSION
+
+## Indirection
+
+| Parameter | What does it do? |
+| --------- | ---------------- |
+| `${!VAR}` | Access a variable based on the value of `VAR`.
+| `${!VAR*}` | Expand to `IFS` separated list of variable names starting with `VAR`. |
+| `${!VAR@}` | Expand to `IFS` separated list of variable names starting with `VAR`. If double-quoted, each variable name expands to a separate word. |
+
+
+## Replacement
+
+| Parameter | What does it do? |
+| --------- | ---------------- |
+| `${VAR#PATTERN}` | Remove shortest match of pattern from start of string. |
+| `${VAR##PATTERN}` | Remove longest match of pattern from start of string. |
+| `${VAR%PATTERN}` | Remove shortest match of pattern from end of string. |
+| `${VAR%%PATTERN}` | Remove longest match of pattern from end of string. |
+| `${VAR/PATTERN/REPLACE}` | Replace first match with string.
+| `${VAR//PATTERN/REPLACE}` | Replace all matches with string.
+| `${VAR/PATTERN}` | Remove first match.
+| `${VAR//PATTERN}` | Remove all matches.
+
+## Length
+
+| Parameter | What does it do? |
+| --------- | ---------------- |
+| `${#VAR}` | Length of var in characters.
+| `${#ARR[@]}` | Length of array in elements.
+
+## Expansion
+
+| Parameter | What does it do? |
+| --------- | ---------------- |
+| `${VAR:OFFSET}` | Remove first `N` chars from variable.
+| `${VAR:OFFSET:LENGTH}` | Get substring from `N` character to `N` character. <br> (`${VAR:10:10}`: Get sub-string from char `10` to char `20`)
+| `${VAR:: OFFSET}` | Get first `N` chars from variable.
+| `${VAR:: -OFFSET}` | Remove last `N` chars from variable.
+| `${VAR: -OFFSET}` | Get last `N` chars from variable.
+| `${VAR:OFFSET:-OFFSET}` | Cut first `N` chars and last `N` chars. | `bash 4.2+` |
+
+## Case Modification
+
+| Parameter | What does it do? | CAVEAT |
+| --------- | ---------------- | ------ |
+| `${VAR^}` | Uppercase first character. | `bash 4+` |
+| `${VAR^^}` | Uppercase all characters. | `bash 4+` |
+| `${VAR,}` | Lowercase first character. | `bash 4+` |
+| `${VAR,,}` | Lowercase all characters. | `bash 4+` |
+| `${VAR~}` | Reverse case of first character. | `bash 4+` |
+| `${VAR~~}` | Reverse case of all characters. | `bash 4+` |
+
+
+## Default Value
+
+| Parameter | What does it do? |
+| --------- | ---------------- |
+| `${VAR:-STRING}` | If `VAR` is empty or unset, use `STRING` as its value.
+| `${VAR-STRING}` | If `VAR` is unset, use `STRING` as its value.
+| `${VAR:=STRING}` | If `VAR` is empty or unset, set the value of `VAR` to `STRING`.
+| `${VAR=STRING}` | If `VAR` is unset, set the value of `VAR` to `STRING`.
+| `${VAR:+STRING}` | If `VAR` is not empty, use `STRING` as its value.
+| `${VAR+STRING}` | If `VAR` is set, use `STRING` as its value.
+| `${VAR:?STRING}` | Display an error if empty or unset.
+| `${VAR?STRING}` | Display an error if unset.
+
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# BRACE EXPANSION
+
+## Ranges
+
+```shell
+# Syntax: {<START>..<END>}
+
+# Print numbers 1-100.
+echo {1..100}
+
+# Print range of floats.
+echo 1.{1..9}
+
+# Print chars a-z.
+echo {a..z}
+echo {A..Z}
+
+# Nesting.
+echo {A..Z}{0..9}
+
+# Print zero-padded numbers.
+# CAVEAT: bash 4+
+echo {01..100}
+
+# Change increment amount.
+# Syntax: {<START>..<END>..<INCREMENT>}
+# CAVEAT: bash 4+
+echo {1..10..2} # Increment by 2.
+```
+
+## String Lists
+
+```shell
+echo {apples,oranges,pears,grapes}
+
+# Example Usage:
+# Remove dirs Movies, Music and ISOS from ~/Downloads/.
+rm -rf ~/Downloads/{Movies,Music,ISOS}
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+
+# CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
+
+## File Conditionals
+
+| Expression | Value  | What does it do? |
+| ---------- | ------ | ---------------- |
+| `-a`       | `file` | If file exists.
+| `-b`       | `file` | If file exists and is a block special file.
+| `-c`       | `file` | If file exists and is a character special file.
+| `-d`       | `file` | If file exists and is a directory.
+| `-e`       | `file` | If file exists.
+| `-f`       | `file` | If file exists and is a regular file.
+| `-g`       | `file` | If file exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
+| `-h`       | `file` | If file exists and is a symbolic link.
+| `-k`       | `file` | If file exists and its sticky-bit is set
+| `-p`       | `file` | If file exists and is a named pipe (*FIFO*).
+| `-r`       | `file` | If file exists and is readable.
+| `-s`       | `file` | If file exists and its size is greater than zero.
+| `-t`       | `fd`   | If file descriptor is open and refers to a terminal.
+| `-u`       | `file` | If file exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+| `-w`       | `file` | If file exists and is writable.
+| `-x`       | `file` | If file exists and is executable.
+| `-G`       | `file` | If file exists and is owned by the effective group ID.
+| `-L`       | `file` | If file exists and is a symbolic link.
+| `-N`       | `file` | If file exists and has been modified since last read.
+| `-O`       | `file` | If file exists and is owned by the effective user ID.
+| `-S`       | `file` | If file exists and is a socket.
+
+## File Comparisons
+
+| Expression | What does it do? |
+| ---------- | ---------------- |
+| `file -ef file2` | If both files refer to the same inode and device numbers.
+| `file -nt file2` | If `file` is newer than `file2` (*uses modification time*) or `file` exists and `file2` does not.
+| `file -ot file2` | If `file` is older than `file2` (*uses modification time*) or `file2` exists and `file` does not.
+
+## Variable Conditionals
+
+| Expression | Value | What does it do? |
+| ---------- | ----- | ---------------- |
+| `-o`       | `opt` | If shell option is enabled.
+| `-v`       | `var` | If variable has a value assigned.
+| `-R`       | `var` | If variable is a name reference.
+| `-z`       | `var` | If the length of string is zero.
+| `-n`       | `var` | If the length of string is non-zero.
+
+## Variable Comparisons
+
+| Expression | What does it do? |
+| ---------- | ---------------- |
+| `var = var2` | Equal to.
+| `var == var2` | Equal to (*synonym for `=`*).
+| `var != var2` | Not equal to.
+| `var < var2` | Less than (*in ASCII alphabetical order.*)
+| `var > var2` | Greater than (*in ASCII alphabetical order.*)
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+
+# ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
+
+## Assignment
+
+| Operators | What does it do? |
+| --------- | ---------------- |
+| `=`       | Initialize or change the value of a variable.
+
+## Arithmetic
+
+| Operators | What does it do? |
+| --------- | ---------------- |
+| `+` | Addition
+| `-` | Subtraction
+| `*` | Multiplication
+| `/` | Division
+| `**` | Exponentiation
+| `%` | Modulo
+| `+=` | Plus-Equal (*Increment a variable.*)
+| `-=` | Minus-Equal (*Decrement a variable.*)
+| `*=` | Times-Equal (*Multiply a variable.*)
+| `/=` | Slash-Equal (*Divide a variable.*)
+| `%=` | Mod-Equal (*Remainder of dividing a variable.*)
+
+## Bitwise
+
+| Operators | What does it do? |
+| --------- | ---------------- |
+| `<<` | Bitwise Left Shift
+| `<<=` | Left-Shift-Equal
+| `>>` | Bitwise Right Shift
+| `>>=` | Right-Shift-Equal
+| `&` | Bitwise AND
+| `&=` | Bitwise AND-Equal
+| `\|` | Bitwise OR
+| `\|=` | Bitwise OR-Equal
+| `~` | Bitwise NOT
+| `^` | Bitwise XOR
+| `^=` | Bitwise XOR-Equal
+
+## Logical
+
+| Operators | What does it do? |
+| --------- | ---------------- |
+| `!` | NOT
+| `&&` | AND
+| `\|\|` | OR
+
+## Miscellaneous
+
+| Operators | What does it do? | Example |
+| --------- | ---------------- | ------- |
+| `,` | Comma Separator | `((a=1,b=2,c=3))`
+
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# ARITHMETIC
+
+## Simpler syntax to set variables
+
+```shell
+# Simple math
+((var=1+2))
+
+# Decrement/Increment variable
+((var++))
+((var--))
+((var+=1))
+((var-=1))
+
+# Using variables
+((var=var2*arr[2]))
+```
+
+## Ternary Tests
+
+```shell
+# Set the value of var to var2 if var2 is greater than var.
+# var: variable to set.
+# var2>var: Condition to test.
+# ?var2: If the test succeeds.
+# :var: If the test fails.
+((var=var2>var?var2:var))
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# TRAPS
+
+Traps allow a script to execute code on various signals. In [pxltrm](https://github.com/dylanaraps/pxltrm) (*a pixel art editor written in bash*)  traps are used to redraw the user interface on window resize. Another use case is cleaning up temporary files on script exit.
+
+Traps should be added near the start of scripts so any early errors are also caught.
+
+**NOTE:** For a full list of signals, see `trap -l`.
+
+
+## Do something on script exit
+
+```shell
+# Clear screen on script exit.
+trap 'printf \\e[2J\\e[H\\e[m' EXIT
+```
+
+## Ignore terminal interrupt (CTRL+C, SIGINT)
+
+```shell
+trap '' INT
+```
+
+## React to window resize
+
+```shell
+# Call a function on window resize.
+trap 'code_here' SIGWINCH
+```
+
+## Do something before every command
+
+```shell
+trap 'code_here' DEBUG
+```
+
+## Do something when a shell function or a sourced file finishes executing
+
+```shell
+trap 'code_here' RETURN
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# PERFORMANCE
+
+## Disable Unicode
+
+If unicode is not required, it can be disabled for a performance increase. Results may vary however there have been noticeable improvements in [neofetch](https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch) and other programs.
+
+```shell
+# Disable unicode.
+LC_ALL=C
+LANG=C
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# OBSOLETE SYNTAX
+
+## Shebang
+
+Use `#!/usr/bin/env bash` instead of `#!/bin/bash`.
+
+- The former searches the user's `PATH` to find the `bash` binary.
+- The latter assumes it is always installed to `/bin/` which can cause issues.
+
+**NOTE**: There are times when one may have a good reason for using `#!/bin/bash` or another direct path to the binary.
+
+
+```shell
+# Right:
+
+    #!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# Less right:
+
+    #!/bin/bash
+```
+
+## Command Substitution
+
+Use `$()` instead of `` ` ` ``.
+
+```shell
+# Right.
+var="$(command)"
+
+# Wrong.
+var=`command`
+
+# $() can easily be nested whereas `` cannot.
+var="$(command "$(command)")"
+```
+
+## Function Declaration
+
+Do not use the `function` keyword, it reduces compatibility with older versions of `bash`.
+
+```shell
+# Right.
+do_something() {
+    # ...
+}
+
+# Wrong.
+function do_something() {
+    # ...
+}
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# INTERNAL VARIABLES
+
+## Get the location to the `bash` binary
+
+```shell
+"$BASH"
+```
+
+## Get the version of the current running `bash` process
+
+```shell
+# As a string.
+"$BASH_VERSION"
+
+# As an array.
+"${BASH_VERSINFO[@]}"
+```
+
+## Open the user's preferred text editor
+
+```shell
+"$EDITOR" "$file"
+
+# NOTE: This variable may be empty, set a fallback value.
+"${EDITOR:-vi}" "$file"
+```
+
+## Get the name of the current function
+
+```shell
+# Current function.
+"${FUNCNAME[0]}"
+
+# Parent function.
+"${FUNCNAME[1]}"
+
+# So on and so forth.
+"${FUNCNAME[2]}"
+"${FUNCNAME[3]}"
+
+# All functions including parents.
+"${FUNCNAME[@]}"
+```
+
+## Get the host-name of the system
+
+```shell
+"$HOSTNAME"
+
+# NOTE: This variable may be empty.
+# Optionally set a fallback to the hostname command.
+"${HOSTNAME:-$(hostname)}"
+```
+
+## Get the architecture of the Operating System
+
+```shell
+"$HOSTTYPE"
+```
+
+## Get the name of the Operating System / Kernel
+
+This can be used to add conditional support for different Operating
+Systems without needing to call `uname`.
+
+```shell
+"$OSTYPE"
+```
+
+## Get the current working directory
+
+This is an alternative to the `pwd` built-in.
+
+```shell
+"$PWD"
+```
+
+## Get the number of seconds the script has been running
+
+```shell
+"$SECONDS"
+```
+
+## Get a pseudorandom integer
+
+Each time `$RANDOM` is used, a different integer between `0` and `32767` is returned. This variable should not be used for anything related to security (*this includes encryption keys etc*).
+
+
+```shell
+"$RANDOM"
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# INFORMATION ABOUT THE TERMINAL
+
+## Get the terminal size in lines and columns (*from a script*)
+
+This is handy when writing scripts in pure bash and `stty`/`tput` can’t be
+called.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+get_term_size() {
+    # Usage: get_term_size
+
+    # (:;:) is a micro sleep to ensure the variables are
+    # exported immediately.
+    shopt -s checkwinsize; (:;:)
+    printf '%s\n' "$LINES $COLUMNS"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+# Output: LINES COLUMNS
+$ get_term_size
+15 55
+```
+
+## Get the terminal size in pixels
+
+**CAVEAT**: This does not work in some terminal emulators.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+get_window_size() {
+    # Usage: get_window_size
+    printf '%b' "${TMUX:+\\ePtmux;\\e}\\e[14t${TMUX:+\\e\\\\}"
+    IFS=';t' read -d t -t 0.05 -sra term_size
+    printf '%s\n' "${term_size[1]}x${term_size[2]}"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+# Output: WIDTHxHEIGHT
+$ get_window_size
+1200x800
+
+# Output (fail):
+$ get_window_size
+x
+```
+
+## Get the current cursor position
+
+This is useful when creating a TUI in pure bash.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+get_cursor_pos() {
+    # Usage: get_cursor_pos
+    IFS='[;' read -p $'\e[6n' -d R -rs _ y x _
+    printf '%s\n' "$x $y"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+# Output: X Y
+$ get_cursor_pos
+1 8
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# CONVERSION
+
+## Convert a hex color to RGB
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+hex_to_rgb() {
+    # Usage: hex_to_rgb "#FFFFFF"
+    #        hex_to_rgb "000000"
+    : "${1/\#}"
+    ((r=16#${_:0:2},g=16#${_:2:2},b=16#${_:4:2}))
+    printf '%s\n' "$r $g $b"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ hex_to_rgb "#FFFFFF"
+255 255 255
+```
+
+
+## Convert an RGB color to hex
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+rgb_to_hex() {
+    # Usage: rgb_to_hex "r" "g" "b"
+    printf '#%02x%02x%02x\n' "$1" "$2" "$3"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ rgb_to_hex "255" "255" "255"
+#FFFFFF
+```
+
+
+# CODE GOLF
+
+## Shorter `for` loop syntax
+
+```shell
+# Tiny C Style.
+for((;i++<10;)){ echo "$i";}
+
+# Undocumented method.
+for i in {1..10};{ echo "$i";}
+
+# Expansion.
+for i in {1..10}; do echo "$i"; done
+
+# C Style.
+for((i=0;i<=10;i++)); do echo "$i"; done
+```
+
+## Shorter infinite loops
+
+```shell
+# Normal method
+while :; do echo hi; done
+
+# Shorter
+for((;;)){ echo hi;}
+```
+
+## Shorter function declaration
+
+```shell
+# Normal method
+f(){ echo hi;}
+
+# Using a subshell
+f()(echo hi)
+
+# Using arithmetic
+# This can be used to assign integer values.
+# Example: f a=1
+#          f a++
+f()(($1))
+
+# Using tests, loops etc.
+# NOTE: ‘while’, ‘until’, ‘case’, ‘(())’, ‘[[]]’ can also be used.
+f()if true; then echo "$1"; fi
+f()for i in "$@"; do echo "$i"; done
+```
+
+## Shorter `if` syntax
+
+```shell
+# One line
+# Note: The 3rd statement may run when the 1st is true
+[[ $var == hello ]] && echo hi || echo bye
+[[ $var == hello ]] && { echo hi; echo there; } || echo bye
+
+# Multi line (no else, single statement)
+# Note: The exit status may not be the same as with an if statement
+[[ $var == hello ]] &&
+    echo hi
+
+# Multi line (no else)
+[[ $var == hello ]] && {
+    echo hi
+    # ...
+}
+```
+
+## Simpler `case` statement to set variable
+
+The `:` built-in can be used to avoid repeating `variable=` in a case statement. The `$_` variable stores the last argument of the last command. `:` always succeeds so it can be used to store the variable value.
+
+```shell
+# Modified snippet from Neofetch.
+case "$OSTYPE" in
+    "darwin"*)
+        : "MacOS"
+    ;;
+
+    "linux"*)
+        : "Linux"
+    ;;
+
+    *"bsd"* | "dragonfly" | "bitrig")
+        : "BSD"
+    ;;
+
+    "cygwin" | "msys" | "win32")
+        : "Windows"
+    ;;
+
+    *)
+        printf '%s\n' "Unknown OS detected, aborting..." >&2
+        exit 1
+    ;;
+esac
+
+# Finally, set the variable.
+os="$_"
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+<!-- CHAPTER START -->
+# OTHER
+
+## Use `read` as an alternative to the `sleep` command
+
+Surprisingly, `sleep` is an external command and not a `bash` built-in.
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+read_sleep() {
+    # Usage: read_sleep 1
+    #        read_sleep 0.2
+    read -rt "$1" <> <(:) || :
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+read_sleep 1
+read_sleep 0.1
+read_sleep 30
+```
+
+For performance-critical situations, where it is not economic to open and close an excessive number of file descriptors, the allocation of a file descriptor may be done only once for all invocations of `read`:
+
+(See the generic original implementation at https://blog.dhampir.no/content/sleeping-without-a-subprocess-in-bash-and-how-to-sleep-forever)
+
+```shell
+exec {sleep_fd}<> <(:)
+while some_quick_test; do
+    # equivalent of sleep 0.001
+    read -t 0.001 -u $sleep_fd
+done
+```
+
+## Check if a program is in the user's PATH
+
+```shell
+# There are 3 ways to do this and either one can be used.
+type -p executable_name &>/dev/null
+hash executable_name &>/dev/null
+command -v executable_name &>/dev/null
+
+# As a test.
+if type -p executable_name &>/dev/null; then
+    # Program is in PATH.
+fi
+
+# Inverse.
+if ! type -p executable_name &>/dev/null; then
+    # Program is not in PATH.
+fi
+
+# Example (Exit early if program is not installed).
+if ! type -p convert &>/dev/null; then
+    printf '%s\n' "error: convert is not installed, exiting..."
+    exit 1
+fi
+```
+
+## Get the current date using `strftime`
+
+Bash’s `printf` has a built-in method of getting the date which can be used in place of the `date` command.
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+date() {
+    # Usage: date "format"
+    # See: 'man strftime' for format.
+    printf "%($1)T\\n" "-1"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+# Using above function.
+$ date "%a %d %b  - %l:%M %p"
+Fri 15 Jun  - 10:00 AM
+
+# Using printf directly.
+$ printf '%(%a %d %b  - %l:%M %p)T\n' "-1"
+Fri 15 Jun  - 10:00 AM
+
+# Assigning a variable using printf.
+$ printf -v date '%(%a %d %b  - %l:%M %p)T\n' '-1'
+$ printf '%s\n' "$date"
+Fri 15 Jun  - 10:00 AM
+```
+
+## Get the username of the current user
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4.4+
+
+```shell
+$ : \\u
+# Expand the parameter as if it were a prompt string.
+$ printf '%s\n' "${_@P}"
+black
+```
+
+## Generate a UUID V4
+
+**CAVEAT**: The generated value is not cryptographically secure.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+uuid() {
+    # Usage: uuid
+    C="89ab"
+
+    for ((N=0;N<16;++N)); do
+        B="$((RANDOM%256))"
+
+        case "$N" in
+            6)  printf '4%x' "$((B%16))" ;;
+            8)  printf '%c%x' "${C:$RANDOM%${#C}:1}" "$((B%16))" ;;
+
+            3|5|7|9)
+                printf '%02x-' "$B"
+            ;;
+
+            *)
+                printf '%02x' "$B"
+            ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    printf '\n'
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+$ uuid
+d5b6c731-1310-4c24-9fe3-55d556d44374
+```
+
+## Progress bars
+
+This is a simple way of drawing progress bars without needing a for loop
+in the function itself.
+
+**Example Function:**
+
+```sh
+bar() {
+    # Usage: bar 1 10
+    #            ^----- Elapsed Percentage (0-100).
+    #               ^-- Total length in chars.
+    ((elapsed=$1*$2/100))
+
+    # Create the bar with spaces.
+    printf -v prog  "%${elapsed}s"
+    printf -v total "%$(($2-elapsed))s"
+
+    printf '%s\r' "[${prog// /-}${total}]"
+}
+```
+
+**Example Usage:**
+
+```shell
+for ((i=0;i<=100;i++)); do
+    # Pure bash micro sleeps (for the example).
+    (:;:) && (:;:) && (:;:) && (:;:) && (:;:)
+
+    # Print the bar.
+    bar "$i" "10"
+done
+
+printf '\n'
+```
+
+## Get the list of functions in a script
+
+```sh
+get_functions() {
+    # Usage: get_functions
+    IFS=$'\n' read -d "" -ra functions < <(declare -F)
+    printf '%s\n' "${functions[@]//declare -f }"
+}
+```
+
+## Bypass shell aliases
+
+```shell
+# alias
+ls
+
+# command
+# shellcheck disable=SC1001
+\ls
+```
+
+## Bypass shell functions
+
+```shell
+# function
+ls
+
+# command
+command ls
+```
+
+## Run a command in the background
+
+This will run the given command and keep it running, even after the terminal or SSH connection is terminated. All output is ignored.
+
+```sh
+bkr() {
+    (nohup "$@" &>/dev/null &)
+}
+
+bkr ./some_script.sh # some_script.sh is now running in the background
+```
+
+## Capture the return value of a function without command substitution
+
+**CAVEAT:** Requires `bash` 4+
+
+This uses local namerefs to avoid using `var=$(some_func)` style command substitution for function output capture.
+
+```sh
+to_upper() {
+  local -n ptr=${1}
+
+  ptr=${ptr^^}
+}
+
+foo="bar"
+to_upper foo
+printf "%s\n" "${foo}" # BAR
+```
+
+<!-- CHAPTER END -->
+
+# AFTERWORD
+
+Thanks for reading! If this bible helped you in any way and you'd like to give back, consider donating. Donations give me the time to make this the best resource possible. Can't donate? That's OK, star the repo and share it with your friends!
+
+<a href="https://www.patreon.com/dyla"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/donate-patreon-yellow.svg"></a>
+
+
+Rock on. 🤘

llms_serialization.ipynb

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  "cells": [
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 31,
+   "execution_count": null,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -15,20 +15,9 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 32,
+   "execution_count": null,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'\\n\\n今天是2020年7月5日（星期日）。'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 32,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
+   "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "llm = load_llm(\"./txt/llm.json\")\n",
     "llm(\"今天的日期？\")"
@@ -36,37 +25,9 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 33,
+   "execution_count": null,
    "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "\n",
-      "\n",
-      "\u001b[1m> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m I need to figure out the date today\n",
-      "Action: Search\n",
-      "Action Input: 今天的日期\u001b[0m\n",
-      "Observation: \u001b[36;1m\u001b[1;3m随着Today'sDate365，迅速得到当前日期。 无论你有一台电脑，平板电脑或智能手机，当前日期会立即出现。 今天的日期是：. 周一; 2023 四月17; 2023/04/17 ...\u001b[0m\n",
-      "Thought:\u001b[32;1m\u001b[1;3m I now know the final answer\n",
-      "Final Answer: 2023年4月17日\u001b[0m\n",
-      "\n",
-      "\u001b[1m> Finished chain.\u001b[0m\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'2023年4月17日'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 33,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
+   "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "tools = load_tools([\"serpapi\", \"llm-math\"], llm=llm)\n",
     "agent = initialize_agent(tools, llm, agent=AgentType.ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION, verbose=True)\n",
@@ -90,7 +51,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.10.10"
+   "version": "3.10.11"
   },
   "orig_nbformat": 4
  },

redis/test_string.ipynb

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.10.10"
+   "version": "3.10.11"
   },
   "orig_nbformat": 4
  },

redis/test_user_redis.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import redis
+from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
+
+app = Flask(__name__)
+db = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
+
+
+@app.route('/register', methods=['POST'])
+def register():
+    data = request.get_json()
+    username = data['username']
+    password = data['password']
+
+    # 检查用户名是否已存在
+    if db.exists(username):
+        return jsonify({'message': 'Username already exists'}), 400
+
+    # 在 Redis 中保存用户名和密码
+    db.hset(username, mapping={'password': password})
+
+    return jsonify({'message': 'User registered successfully'}), 201
+
+
+@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])
+def login():
+    data = request.get_json()
+    username = data['username']
+    password = data['password']
+
+    # 获取保存在 Redis 中的密码
+    saved_password = db.hget(username, 'password')
+
+    # 检查用户名和密码是否匹配
+    if saved_password is None or saved_password.decode() != password:
+        return jsonify({'message': 'Invalid username or password'}), 401
+
+    return jsonify({'message': 'Login successful'})
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    app.run(debug=True)

test_book.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from langchain.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings\n",
+    "from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI\n",
+    "from langchain.text_splitter import CharacterTextSplitter,RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter\n",
+    "from langchain.vectorstores import FAISS\n",
+    "from langchain.document_loaders import TextLoader\n",
+    "from langchain.document_loaders import UnstructuredMarkdownLoader\n",
+    "import faiss\n",
+    "import pickle\n",
+    "from langchain.chains.question_answering import load_qa_chain"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "You have 1 document(s) in your data\n",
+      "There are 31888 characters in your document\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "loader = UnstructuredMarkdownLoader('./data/pure-bash-bible.md')\n",
+    "data = loader.load() # 加载文件数据\n",
+    "print(f'You have {len(data)} document(s) in your data')\n",
+    "print(f'There are {len(data[0].page_content)} characters in your document')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Now you have 103 documents\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=500, chunk_overlap=200)\n",
+    "docs = text_splitter.split_documents(data)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(f'Now you have {len(docs)} documents')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stderr",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Retrying langchain.embeddings.openai.embed_with_retry.<locals>._embed_with_retry in 4.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse model error or model not allow ,please check model {\"error\":{\"code\":\"model not support\",\"message\":\"parse model error or model not allow ,please check model\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 551 {'error': {'code': 'model not support', 'message': 'parse model error or model not allow ,please check model', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 03:55:04 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '149', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '7a009973924277d0', 'tracecode': '33046944670171513031062611'}.\n",
+      "Retrying langchain.embeddings.openai.embed_with_retry.<locals>._embed_with_retry in 4.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse model error or model not allow ,please check model {\"error\":{\"code\":\"model not support\",\"message\":\"parse model error or model not allow ,please check model\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 551 {'error': {'code': 'model not support', 'message': 'parse model error or model not allow ,please check model', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 03:55:09 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '149', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '1f29c7fd4e373d98', 'tracecode': '33092031480171513035062611'}.\n",
+      "Retrying langchain.embeddings.openai.embed_with_retry.<locals>._embed_with_retry in 4.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse model error or model not allow ,please check model {\"error\":{\"code\":\"model not support\",\"message\":\"parse model error or model not allow ,please check model\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 551 {'error': {'code': 'model not support', 'message': 'parse model error or model not allow ,please check model', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 03:55:13 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '149', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '405289e269fff16a', 'tracecode': '33134649520171513027062611'}.\n",
+      "Retrying langchain.embeddings.openai.embed_with_retry.<locals>._embed_with_retry in 8.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse model error or model not allow ,please check model {\"error\":{\"code\":\"model not support\",\"message\":\"parse model error or model not allow ,please check model\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 551 {'error': {'code': 'model not support', 'message': 'parse model error or model not allow ,please check model', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 03:55:18 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '149', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '12202061a6884896', 'tracecode': '33189355200171513031062611'}.\n",
+      "Retrying langchain.embeddings.openai.embed_with_retry.<locals>._embed_with_retry in 10.0 seconds as it raised APIError: parse model error or model not allow ,please check model {\"error\":{\"code\":\"model not support\",\"message\":\"parse model error or model not allow ,please check model\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 551 {'error': {'code': 'model not support', 'message': 'parse model error or model not allow ,please check model', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 03:55:29 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '149', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '906d832c90ec61fa', 'tracecode': '33293200460171513031062611'}.\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "ename": "APIError",
+     "evalue": "parse model error or model not allow ,please check model {\"error\":{\"code\":\"model not support\",\"message\":\"parse model error or model not allow ,please check model\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 551 {'error': {'code': 'model not support', 'message': 'parse model error or model not allow ,please check model', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 03:55:40 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '149', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '1779bca4ff664108', 'tracecode': '33404372040171513031062611'}",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mAPIError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[4], line 2\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m embeddings \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m OpenAIEmbeddings()\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0m store \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m FAISS\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mfrom_documents(docs, embeddings)\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m faiss\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mwrite_index(store\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mindex, \u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mlangchain-pure-base-bible.index\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m store\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mindex \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/base.py:296\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mVectorStore.from_documents\u001b[0;34m(cls, documents, embedding, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    294\u001b[0m texts \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m [d\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mpage_content \u001b[39mfor\u001b[39;00m d \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m documents]\n\u001b[1;32m    295\u001b[0m metadatas \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m [d\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mmetadata \u001b[39mfor\u001b[39;00m d \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m documents]\n\u001b[0;32m--> 296\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mcls\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mfrom_texts(texts, embedding, metadatas\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mmetadatas, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkwargs)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/faiss.py:384\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mFAISS.from_texts\u001b[0;34m(cls, texts, embedding, metadatas, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    359\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@classmethod\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    360\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mfrom_texts\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m    361\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mcls\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    365\u001b[0m     \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs: Any,\n\u001b[1;32m    366\u001b[0m ) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m FAISS:\n\u001b[1;32m    367\u001b[0m \u001b[39m    \u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\"\"Construct FAISS wrapper from raw documents.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    368\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m    369\u001b[0m \u001b[39m    This is a user friendly interface that:\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    382\u001b[0m \u001b[39m            faiss = FAISS.from_texts(texts, embeddings)\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    383\u001b[0m \u001b[39m    \"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 384\u001b[0m     embeddings \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m embedding\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49membed_documents(texts)\n\u001b[1;32m    385\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mcls\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m__from(\n\u001b[1;32m    386\u001b[0m         texts,\n\u001b[1;32m    387\u001b[0m         embeddings,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    390\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs,\n\u001b[1;32m    391\u001b[0m     )\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/openai.py:288\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mOpenAIEmbeddings.embed_documents\u001b[0;34m(self, texts, chunk_size)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    276\u001b[0m \u001b[39m\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\"\"Call out to OpenAI's embedding endpoint for embedding search docs.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    277\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m    278\u001b[0m \u001b[39mArgs:\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    284\u001b[0m \u001b[39m    List of embeddings, one for each text.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    285\u001b[0m \u001b[39m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    286\u001b[0m \u001b[39m# NOTE: to keep things simple, we assume the list may contain texts longer\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    287\u001b[0m \u001b[39m#       than the maximum context and use length-safe embedding function.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 288\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m_get_len_safe_embeddings(texts, engine\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mdeployment)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/openai.py:215\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mOpenAIEmbeddings._get_len_safe_embeddings\u001b[0;34m(self, texts, engine, chunk_size)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    213\u001b[0m _chunk_size \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m chunk_size \u001b[39mor\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mchunk_size\n\u001b[1;32m    214\u001b[0m \u001b[39mfor\u001b[39;00m i \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mrange\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m0\u001b[39m, \u001b[39mlen\u001b[39m(tokens), _chunk_size):\n\u001b[0;32m--> 215\u001b[0m     response \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m embed_with_retry(\n\u001b[1;32m    216\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m,\n\u001b[1;32m    217\u001b[0m         \u001b[39minput\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mtokens[i : i \u001b[39m+\u001b[39;49m _chunk_size],\n\u001b[1;32m    218\u001b[0m         engine\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mdeployment,\n\u001b[1;32m    219\u001b[0m         request_timeout\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mrequest_timeout,\n\u001b[1;32m    220\u001b[0m         headers\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mheaders,\n\u001b[1;32m    221\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    222\u001b[0m     batched_embeddings \u001b[39m+\u001b[39m\u001b[39m=\u001b[39m [r[\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39membedding\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m] \u001b[39mfor\u001b[39;00m r \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m response[\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39mdata\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m]]\n\u001b[1;32m    224\u001b[0m results: List[List[List[\u001b[39mfloat\u001b[39m]]] \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m [[] \u001b[39mfor\u001b[39;00m _ \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mrange\u001b[39m(\u001b[39mlen\u001b[39m(texts))]\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/openai.py:63\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36membed_with_retry\u001b[0;34m(embeddings, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     59\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@retry_decorator\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m     60\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39m_embed_with_retry\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs: Any) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m Any:\n\u001b[1;32m     61\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m embeddings\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mclient\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mcreate(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs)\n\u001b[0;32m---> 63\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m _embed_with_retry(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkwargs)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:289\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseRetrying.wraps.<locals>.wrapped_f\u001b[0;34m(*args, **kw)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    287\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@functools\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mwraps(f)\n\u001b[1;32m    288\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mwrapped_f\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39margs: t\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mAny, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkw: t\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mAny) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m t\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mAny:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 289\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m(f, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49margs, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkw)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:379\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRetrying.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, fn, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    377\u001b[0m retry_state \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m RetryCallState(retry_object\u001b[39m=\u001b[39m\u001b[39mself\u001b[39m, fn\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mfn, args\u001b[39m=\u001b[39margs, kwargs\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mkwargs)\n\u001b[1;32m    378\u001b[0m \u001b[39mwhile\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mTrue\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 379\u001b[0m     do \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49miter(retry_state\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mretry_state)\n\u001b[1;32m    380\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39misinstance\u001b[39m(do, DoAttempt):\n\u001b[1;32m    381\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:325\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseRetrying.iter\u001b[0;34m(self, retry_state)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    323\u001b[0m     retry_exc \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mretry_error_cls(fut)\n\u001b[1;32m    324\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mreraise:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 325\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m retry_exc\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mreraise()\n\u001b[1;32m    326\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m retry_exc \u001b[39mfrom\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mfut\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;00m\u001b[39mexception\u001b[39;00m()\n\u001b[1;32m    328\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mwait:\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:158\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRetryError.reraise\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    156\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mreraise\u001b[39m(\u001b[39mself\u001b[39m) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m t\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mNoReturn:\n\u001b[1;32m    157\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mlast_attempt\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mfailed:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 158\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mlast_attempt\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mresult()\n\u001b[1;32m    159\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/concurrent/futures/_base.py:451\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mFuture.result\u001b[0;34m(self, timeout)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    449\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m CancelledError()\n\u001b[1;32m    450\u001b[0m \u001b[39melif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_state \u001b[39m==\u001b[39m FINISHED:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 451\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m__get_result()\n\u001b[1;32m    453\u001b[0m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_condition\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mwait(timeout)\n\u001b[1;32m    455\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_state \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED]:\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/concurrent/futures/_base.py:403\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mFuture.__get_result\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    401\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_exception:\n\u001b[1;32m    402\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 403\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_exception\n\u001b[1;32m    404\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mfinally\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    405\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m# Break a reference cycle with the exception in self._exception\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    406\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py:382\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRetrying.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, fn, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    380\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39misinstance\u001b[39m(do, DoAttempt):\n\u001b[1;32m    381\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 382\u001b[0m         result \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m fn(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49margs, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkwargs)\n\u001b[1;32m    383\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mexcept\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mBaseException\u001b[39;00m:  \u001b[39m# noqa: B902\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    384\u001b[0m         retry_state\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mset_exception(sys\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mexc_info())  \u001b[39m# type: ignore[arg-type]\u001b[39;00m\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/openai.py:61\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36membed_with_retry.<locals>._embed_with_retry\u001b[0;34m(**kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     59\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@retry_decorator\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m     60\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39m_embed_with_retry\u001b[39m(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mkwargs: Any) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m Any:\n\u001b[0;32m---> 61\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m embeddings\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mclient\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mcreate(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkwargs)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_resources/embedding.py:33\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mEmbedding.create\u001b[0;34m(cls, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     31\u001b[0m \u001b[39mwhile\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mTrue\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m     32\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m---> 33\u001b[0m         response \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39msuper\u001b[39;49m()\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mcreate(\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49margs, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39;49mkwargs)\n\u001b[1;32m     35\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m# If a user specifies base64, we'll just return the encoded string.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m     36\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m# This is only for the default case.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m     37\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m user_provided_encoding_format:\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_resources/abstract/engine_api_resource.py:153\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mEngineAPIResource.create\u001b[0;34m(cls, api_key, api_base, api_type, request_id, api_version, organization, **params)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    127\u001b[0m \u001b[39m@classmethod\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    128\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mcreate\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m    129\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mcls\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    136\u001b[0m     \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mparams,\n\u001b[1;32m    137\u001b[0m ):\n\u001b[1;32m    138\u001b[0m     (\n\u001b[1;32m    139\u001b[0m         deployment_id,\n\u001b[1;32m    140\u001b[0m         engine,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    150\u001b[0m         api_key, api_base, api_type, api_version, organization, \u001b[39m*\u001b[39m\u001b[39m*\u001b[39mparams\n\u001b[1;32m    151\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 153\u001b[0m     response, _, api_key \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m requestor\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mrequest(\n\u001b[1;32m    154\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mpost\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39;49m,\n\u001b[1;32m    155\u001b[0m         url,\n\u001b[1;32m    156\u001b[0m         params\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mparams,\n\u001b[1;32m    157\u001b[0m         headers\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mheaders,\n\u001b[1;32m    158\u001b[0m         stream\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mstream,\n\u001b[1;32m    159\u001b[0m         request_id\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrequest_id,\n\u001b[1;32m    160\u001b[0m         request_timeout\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49mrequest_timeout,\n\u001b[1;32m    161\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    163\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m stream:\n\u001b[1;32m    164\u001b[0m         \u001b[39m# must be an iterator\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    165\u001b[0m         \u001b[39massert\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39misinstance\u001b[39m(response, OpenAIResponse)\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_requestor.py:230\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAPIRequestor.request\u001b[0;34m(self, method, url, params, headers, files, stream, request_id, request_timeout)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    209\u001b[0m \u001b[39mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mrequest\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m    210\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m    211\u001b[0m     method,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    218\u001b[0m     request_timeout: Optional[Union[\u001b[39mfloat\u001b[39m, Tuple[\u001b[39mfloat\u001b[39m, \u001b[39mfloat\u001b[39m]]] \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    219\u001b[0m ) \u001b[39m-\u001b[39m\u001b[39m>\u001b[39m Tuple[Union[OpenAIResponse, Iterator[OpenAIResponse]], \u001b[39mbool\u001b[39m, \u001b[39mstr\u001b[39m]:\n\u001b[1;32m    220\u001b[0m     result \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mrequest_raw(\n\u001b[1;32m    221\u001b[0m         method\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mlower(),\n\u001b[1;32m    222\u001b[0m         url,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    228\u001b[0m         request_timeout\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mrequest_timeout,\n\u001b[1;32m    229\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 230\u001b[0m     resp, got_stream \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m_interpret_response(result, stream)\n\u001b[1;32m    231\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m resp, got_stream, \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mapi_key\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_requestor.py:624\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAPIRequestor._interpret_response\u001b[0;34m(self, result, stream)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    616\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m (\n\u001b[1;32m    617\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39m_interpret_response_line(\n\u001b[1;32m    618\u001b[0m             line, result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mstatus_code, result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mheaders, stream\u001b[39m=\u001b[39m\u001b[39mTrue\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    619\u001b[0m         )\n\u001b[1;32m    620\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mfor\u001b[39;00m line \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m parse_stream(result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39miter_lines())\n\u001b[1;32m    621\u001b[0m     ), \u001b[39mTrue\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    622\u001b[0m \u001b[39melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    623\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m (\n\u001b[0;32m--> 624\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49m_interpret_response_line(\n\u001b[1;32m    625\u001b[0m             result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mcontent\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mdecode(\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mutf-8\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39;49m),\n\u001b[1;32m    626\u001b[0m             result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mstatus_code,\n\u001b[1;32m    627\u001b[0m             result\u001b[39m.\u001b[39;49mheaders,\n\u001b[1;32m    628\u001b[0m             stream\u001b[39m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[39mFalse\u001b[39;49;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    629\u001b[0m         ),\n\u001b[1;32m    630\u001b[0m         \u001b[39mFalse\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    631\u001b[0m     )\n",
+      "File \u001b[0;32m~/anaconda3/lib/python3.10/site-packages/openai/api_requestor.py:687\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAPIRequestor._interpret_response_line\u001b[0;34m(self, rbody, rcode, rheaders, stream)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    685\u001b[0m stream_error \u001b[39m=\u001b[39m stream \u001b[39mand\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[39merror\u001b[39m\u001b[39m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[39min\u001b[39;00m resp\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mdata\n\u001b[1;32m    686\u001b[0m \u001b[39mif\u001b[39;00m stream_error \u001b[39mor\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39m200\u001b[39m \u001b[39m<\u001b[39m\u001b[39m=\u001b[39m rcode \u001b[39m<\u001b[39m \u001b[39m300\u001b[39m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 687\u001b[0m     \u001b[39mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[39mself\u001b[39m\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mhandle_error_response(\n\u001b[1;32m    688\u001b[0m         rbody, rcode, resp\u001b[39m.\u001b[39mdata, rheaders, stream_error\u001b[39m=\u001b[39mstream_error\n\u001b[1;32m    689\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[1;32m    690\u001b[0m \u001b[39mreturn\u001b[39;00m resp\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mAPIError\u001b[0m: parse model error or model not allow ,please check model {\"error\":{\"code\":\"model not support\",\"message\":\"parse model error or model not allow ,please check model\",\"param\":\"\",\"type\":\"invalid_request_error\"}} 551 {'error': {'code': 'model not support', 'message': 'parse model error or model not allow ,please check model', 'param': '', 'type': 'invalid_request_error'}} {'Date': 'Mon, 26 Jun 2023 03:55:40 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length': '149', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'X-Zyb-Trace-Id': '1779bca4ff664108', 'tracecode': '33404372040171513031062611'}"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings()\n",
+    "store = FAISS.from_documents(docs, embeddings)\n",
+    "faiss.write_index(store.index, \"langchain-pure-base-bible.index\")\n",
+    "store.index = None\n",
+    "\n",
+    "with open(\"faiss-book.pkl\", \"wb\") as f:\n",
+    "    pickle.dump(store, f)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# 先加载前面训练好的语义索引\n",
+    "index = faiss.read_index(\"langchain-pure-base-bible.index\")\n",
+    "with open(\"faiss-book.pkl\", \"rb\") as f:\n",
+    "    docsearch = pickle.load(f)\n",
+    "docsearch.index = index\n",
+    "\n",
+    "llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, verbose=True)\n",
+    "chain = load_qa_chain(llm, chain_type=\"stuff\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# 调用OpenAI根据前面切割好的文档上下文回答问题\n",
+    "query_list = [\"可以给一下shell的示例用法的代码么？\", \"for循环该如何使用？\", \"如何检查一个命令是否在用户的PATH中\"]\n",
+    "for query in query_list:\n",
+    "    print(\"问题：\", query)\n",
+    "    docs = docsearch.similarity_search(query, include_metadata=True)\n",
+    "    r = chain.run(input_documents=docs, question=query)\n",
+    "    print(\"结果：\", r.encode('utf-8').decode('utf-8'))"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "base",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.10.10"
+  },
+  "orig_nbformat": 4
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}