NEW SYSTEM, OR, AN ANALYS IS O F ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY. VOL. III. A NEW SYSTEM, OR, AN A N A L Y S I S O F ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY: Wherein an Attempt is made to divert Tradition of Fable j and to reduce the Truth to its Original Purity. In this WORK is given an HISTORY of the BABYLONIANS, CANAANITES, LELEGES, CHALDEANS, HELLADIAN S, DORIANS, EGYPTIANS, IONIANS, PELASGI: ALSO OF THE SCYTHiE, I ETHIOPIANS, INDO-SCYTHT, | PHENICIANS. The Whole contains an Account of the principal Events in the firfl Ages, from the Deluge to the Dispersion : Alfo of the various Migrations, which enfued, and the Settlements made afterwards in different Parts : Circumftances of great Confe- quence, which were fubfequent to the Gentile History of Moses. V o i7. UI. By JACOB BRYANT, Formerly of King’s College, Cambridge ; and Secretary to his Grace the late Duke of Marlborough, during his Command abroad ^ and Secretary to him as Matter General of His Majelty’s Ordnance. PREFACE T HROUGH the whole procefs of my inquiries, it has been my endeavour from fome plain and de¬ terminate principles to open the way to many intcrefting truths. And as I have fhewn the certainty of an univerfal Deluge from the evidences of moft nations, to which we can gain accefs : I come now to give an hiftory of the perfons, who furvived that event; and of the families, which were immediately defcended from them. After having mentioned their refidence in the region of Ararat, and their migration from it: I fhall give an account of the roving of the Cuthites, and of their coming to the plains of Shinar, from whence they were at laft expelled. To this are added obfervations upon the hiftories of Chaldea and Egypt; alfo of Hellas, and Ionia ; and of every other country, which was in any degree occupied by the fons of Chus. There have been men of learning, who have denominated their works from the families, of which they treated : and have accordingly fent them into the world under the title of Phaleg, Japhet, and Javan. I might, in like manner, have prefixed to mine the name either of io Curb, PREFACE. v i Cutii, or Cuthim : for upon the hiftory of this people my fyftem chiefly turns. It may be afked, if there were no other great families upon earth, befides that of the Cuth- ites, worthy of record : if no other people ever performed great aiftions, and made themfelves refpecftable to pofterity. Snch there poffibly may liave been: and the field is open to any, who may choofe to make inquiry. My taking this particular path docs not in the leaft abridge others from profecuting different views, wherever they may fee an opening. As mv refearches are deep, and remote, I fhall fome- times take the liberty of repeating, what has preceded ; that the truths, which I maintain, may more readily be perceived. We are oftentimes by the importunity of a perfevering writer teazed into an unfatisfadfory compliance, and yield a painful afient : but upon clofing the book, our fcruplcs return ; and we lapfe at once into doubt, and darknefs. It has therefore been my rule to bring vouchers for every thing, which I maintain : and though I might upon the renewal of my argument refer to another volume, and a diftant page ; yet I many times chooie to repeat my evidence, and bring it again under immediate infpedtion. And if I do not fcruple labour and expence, I hope the reader will not be dilgufted by this feeming redundancy in my arrangement. What I have now to prefent to the Publick, contains matter of great moment, and fhould I be found to be in the right, it will afford a fure bafis for the future hiftory of the world. None can well judge either of the labour, or utility of the work, but thofe, who have PREFACE. Vll have been converfant in the writings of chronologers, and other learned men, upon thefe fubjeCts; and feen the dif¬ ficulties, with which they were embarralfed. Great undoubt¬ edly mull have been the learning and perfpicuity of a Petavius, Perizonius, Scaliger, Grotius, and Le Clerc ; alfo of an Ufher, Pearfon, Marfham, and Newton. Yet it may pofiibly be found at the clofe, that a feeble arm has effected, what thofe prodigies in fciencc have overlooked. Many, who have finifhed their progrefs, and are determined in their principles, will not perhaps fo readily be brought over to my opinion. But they, who are beginning their ftudies, and palling through a procefs of Grecian literature, will find continual evidences arife : almoft every ftep will afford frefh proofs in favour of my fyftem. As the defla¬ tion of the world by a deluge, and the renewal of it in one perfon, are points in thefe days particularly controverted ; many, who are enemies to Revelation, upon feeing thefe truths afcertained, may be led to a more intimate acquaint¬ ance with the Scriptures : and fuch an infight cannot but be productive of good. For our faith depends upon hiftorical experience : and it is mere ignorance, that makes infidels. Hence it is polfible, that fome may be won over by hiftori- cal evidence, whom a refined theological argument cannot reach. An illnefs, which fome time ago confined me to my bed, and afterwards to my chamber, afforded me, during its recefs, an opportunity of making fome verfions from the poets, whom I quote: when I was little able to do any thing of more confequence. The tranflation from Dio- nyfius was particularly done at that feafon : and will 7 eive Vlll p R E F A C E. give the reader fome faint idea of the original, and its beauties. my to a wo for towards afliflance both in this, and my former publication. am indebted to him not only for of my diflertations : without which my progrefs would have been greatly retarded. His care like wife, and attention, in many other articles, afford inftances of friendfhip, which I fhall ever gratefully remember. * The Rev. Dr. Barford, Prebendary of Canterbury ; and Redtor of Kimpton, Hertfordlhire. ERRATA. JPage Line 13 14 for c/'s J'd.rcti read cTsioi xaAfe'ffi. Euftathius Antiochenus. See Bochart above, p. 20. ,2, Hieron. in Eufebianis. Pro tflHPlH Mofis reperitur in Codice Samaritano ttYST* Hararat. Le Clerc. Vol. 1. p. 72. IO Har-Irad The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 5 Har-Irad by the Hebrews. By this is fignified aTroSar^oF, or place of defcent. The region round about was called Araratia, and alfo Minyas, where the Minyas refided, of whom I have taken notice before. This probably, after the general migration, was one of the oldeft colonies in the world. Nay, it is not impoflible, but that the region may have been originally occupied by a people ftyled Minyae, who out of a falfe zeal adhered to the fpot, and would never depart from it. From the ftmilitude which the natives of thefe parts bore to the Syrians and Arabians, in religion, cuftoms, and language, it appears plainly, that they were one of the ,+ Cuthite branches. We may be aflured, that the ark was providentially wafted into Armenia ; as that region feems to have been particularly well calculated for the reception of the Patriarch’s family, and for the repeopling of the world. The foil of the coun¬ try was very fruitful, and efpecially of that part where the Patriarch firft made his defcent. Some have obje Agaga 0 /oc« I s Tournefort. Letter 7th, aftde 6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. afidc ancient hiftories faithfully tranfmitted, becaufe the fame occurrences do not happen at this day. But the infer¬ ence is not only trifling, but falfe. Strabo was a native of Alia Minor ; and he fpeaks of the fertility of Armenia, and efpecially of the region Gogarcne, which he particularly mentions as productive of the olive. 16 Elf >5 EooyctgYjvy)’ n CLCtCL yULg Yi O.VTt ) EC/gKOlS T £ KCf.i TGig Y,[JL£gOl<; ^EV^Oig, KCLl rotg v.siOx?\sfjL>jy ©a jj&voov. Agathias, L. 4 . 34 See Purchas, Vol. 3. p. 50. but efpecially the original. Araxi et Naxuanas duos imminere montes Maffis nomine*, in quibus Area refedit: etCemainum oppidum ab o£to illis ibi conditum, qui ab Area exiverunt; idque patere ex ipfo nomine, quo o£to fignificatur. Rubriquis. The town of Naxuan is mentioned by Ptolemy, L. 5. c. 13. and placed upon the Araxes. In the map of D’Anville, it is exprefled Na&flievan and is fituated upon the river, at a fmall diftance from Mount Ararat. the The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. i i the one greater than the other , and the Araxes runneth at the foot of them. ‘There is alfo a little town Cemainum , which is by interpretation eight ; for they fay it was fo called from the eight perfons who came out of the Ark , and built it. This is plain from the name ; for Cemainum fgnifies eight. They call the mountain the mother of the world. From hence we may perceive, that what this writer renders Cemainum, fhould rather have been exprcfled Shemainum, or Shemanum ; for it is undoubtedly the fame as the Themanim and Thama- nim of Elmacini and others, and analogous to the pty, Sha¬ man of the Hebrews. The town of the Thamanim, or Sha- manim, was fo called from thofe eight primaeval perfons who were faid to have founded it. There is reafon to think, that it was the fame as Naxuan, a very ancient city, which is mentioned by Ptolemy, and placed upon the Araxes. The editor of Mofes Chorenenfis has fome curious obferva- tions upon the hiftory of this place. 35 This town , which feems to be the Naxuana of Ptolemy , is clofe upon the plaht of Araratia ; and held in great regard by the Armenians, who give outy that it is the mof ancient place in the worlds a?id built irntnediately after the Deluge by IVoah. Galanus , a Roman Prefbyter , who wrote a?t account of the Armenian Church behig reconciled to the Church of Rome , tells us , that , according to the natives , the true name is Nachidjhevan. By this , they fay, is fgjiified 36 the first place of descent. Heisce there can be no doubt , but this is that place in Armenia , of which Jof co¬ pious takes notice , and fays , that by the natives it was called 35 L. 1. c. 29. p. 71. 36 I believe that the narre related to the hiftory of the Patriarch ; but whether the etymology is precilely true, I queftion. Vol. III. C 1 citqScl- The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. ) 2 ct 7 [otocTr^iov y or the place of 37 defcent. In the map of D’An- ville it is exprefled 38 Nadlihevan; and placed at the diftance of a few miles to the eaft of Mount Ararat, in the true re¬ gion of Har-Men, or Armenia, which retains its name to this day. I have mentioned, that the fame names have been given * o to different places, where the Arkite rites were inftituted, under the titles of Baris, Meen, and Selene. Hence the fame event was fuppofed to have happened in different places, and the like hiflory has been recorded. Mount Taurus extended a great way eaftward of Armenia : and one part of it, in the province of Adarbayn in Perfia, is ftiil called Al Baris, fimilar to the name by which Ararat was of old diftinguifhed. 39 Sir Thomas Herbert travelled this way iri 1626 ; and lie mentions one peak near the city Tauris re¬ markably high, which he with great reafon imagines to have been one of thole, where flood the iafonea mentioned by Strabo. This hill was called 40 Da Moan ; and the town at the foot of it had the fame name. By this, according to the •natives, is flgnified a fecondpla?itation. But Mon and Moan was the name of the Arkite type, as I have abundantly fhewn: and Da was the ancient 41 Chaldaic particle analagous to the ?7 Jofephus. Ant. L. i. c. 3. p. 16. ” They have a tradition that Noah died here. See Tavernier. L. 1. c. 4. p. 16. 19 He calls the ridge of Taurus El Bors, p. 197. This is a variation of El Ba¬ ris. Taurus is exprefled by the natives Tabaris : from whence we may infer, that the former term is only a contraction of the latter; and that from Tabaris and Ta- varis came the names of Tauris and Taurus, both the city and mountain, Har Ta-Baris is the mountain of the Ark. 40 p. 201. 41 See of this work Vol. II. p. 443. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 13 in our own language. DaMaon related to the Arkite Moon: and the hiftory of the place ftill evidences the fa after their gene¬ rations^ in their nations ; and by thefe were the nations divided in the earth , after the flood. I have fpoken upon this fubjedt in a former 47 treatife ; and have fhewn that this diftribution was by the immediate appointment of God, We have full evidence of this in that fublime and pathetic hymn of Moles, where he addrelfes himfelf to the people whom he had lo long conducted, and was now going to feave for ever. 48 Re¬ member. , fays he, the days of old ; conflder the years of many gene7~ations. HJk thy father , and he will Jhew thee ; thy elders , and they will tell thee. JVhen the Mofl High divided to the nations their inheritance ; when he feparated the fons of Sldam ; he fet the bounds of the people , according to the umber of the children of Ifrael: for the Lord's portion is his people ; Jacob is the lot of his inheritance. By this we may fee, that the whole was by God’s appointment; and that there was a re- ferve for a people who were to come after. St. Paul like- wile fpeaks of it exprefsly as a divine ordinance. 49 E 7 roir) 0 's ts (0 &sog) dz dip.ct.Tog tstolv eQvog a.vbgU7rwv kcltoiksiv em tu'ccv to ‘Wgo/<• i 7 ,v rr: a . fiat , i.r r * y ^ A R A M \ Ok HAK k-K - A RA 1> It'S AKAKAT \ R F II AX A D T A ■C v ? E KE B stvr & v 5 Ij^ y *v< < "7 I) K S E R T 17 M The Analysis or Ancient Mythology. 17 defcent, which was the place of reparation. They in general had Aha to their lot, as Japhet had Europe, and Ham the large continent of Africa. And in Aha, the portion of Elam was to the eaft of the river Tigris, towards the mouth of it, which country, by the Gentile writers, was ftyled Elymais : and oppohtc to him, on the weftern hde, was Afliur. In like manner, above Afhur, upon the fame river was Aram, who poflefied the countries called Aram and Aramea : and oppohte to him was Arphaxad, who in after times was called 58 Arbaches and Arbaces, and his country Arphacitis. Lud probably retired to Lydia, and bordered upon the ions of Japhet, who were poffeffed of fome regions in Aha Minor. This was the original difjpohtion of thefe families ; but the fons of Chus would not fubmit to the divine difpenfation ; and 59 Nimrod, who hrft took upon himfelf regal ftate, drove AIhur From his demefnes, and forced him to take fhelter in the higher parts of Mefopotamia. This was part of the country called Aram, and was probably ceded to him by his brother. Here the Afhurites built for their defence a chain of cities equal in ftrength and renown to thofe which had been founded by Nimrod. We have, in this detail, an 5* Juftin. L. 1/ c. 2* Ptolemy exprefles the country Arrapachitis. L. 6. c. i. Artaxata. The chief city 59 N eCccoi'y 6 xwyjyos xai ytycc < 9 c —ryr>j t op 'NeCcwS' tw fSctciheiatr Bx- €v&covo$ fx&jtt t ov kcctcly.?wij fjLov & 6 ict yocc.(fv ai/xT/0wfJ.tVUXSy *tut £n y.ix 'waiv tcov B xcn- A eiav 0 hi 0 'memos 6 xou N €fj£pu)Si (poLuev x.ccrctof'oi'jQxt. Syncellus, p. 79. the The Analysis of Ancient Mythology.. 29 the other cafe, there is an irregular diflipation without any rule and order. 76 So the Lord fcattered them abroad from thence upon the face of every region ; and they left off to build the city : and from thence (from the city and tower) did the Lord flatter them abroad. This is certainly a different ,event from the former. In fhort, the migration was general; and all the families among the fons of men were concerned in it. The difperfion at Babel, and the confufion, was par¬ tial ; and related only to the houfe of Chus and their adhe¬ rents. For they had many aflociates, probably out of every family; apoftates from the truth; who had left the flock of their fathers, and the religion of the true God, that they might enlifl under the rule of the Cuthites, and follow their rites and worfhip. For when Babel was deferted, we find among the Cuthites of Chaldaea fome of the line of 77 Shem, whom we could fcarcely have expected to have met in fuch a fociety. Here were Terah, and Nahor, and even Abraham, all upon forbidden ground ; and feparated from the family to which they belonged. This Jofhua mentions in his exhortation to the children of Ifrael. 78 Your fathers dwelt on the other fde of the flood in old time , even Yerah the father of sdbraham^ and the father of IVachor,. and they ferved other gods. And we may well imagine, that many of the branches of Ham were affociated in the fame manner, and in confederacy with the .rebels ; and fome perhaps of every great divifion into which mankind was feparated. To this- 76 Genefis. c. u. v. 8. 9; 77 Genefis. c. n.v. 28.. 31, r! Jolhua. c. 24. v. 2. • 1 Berofus 30 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Berofus bears witncfs, who fays, that in the firft age Baby¬ lon was inhabited by people of different families and nations, who redded there in great numbers. 79 Ev ds r r) Ba SvXoovi ■woXu 'nrXri^oc a.yjg'jC7rocv ysvscOou a.XAosOvuv kc/j7qixy)'Tclvtoov XctA- Souolv. In thofe times Babylon was full of people of differe7tt nations and families, who refded in Chaldea. And as all thefe tribes are faid to have been of one lip, and of the fame words, that is, of the fame uniform pronunciation, and the fame exprefs language, it feemed good to divine wifdom, to caufe a confufion of the lip, and a change in pronunciation, that thefe various tribes might no longer underftand each other. 80 Go to , let us go down , and there confoujid their nair, lip ; that they may not uttderftand one another s fpeech. 81 "Therefore is the name of it called Babel ; becaufe the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth. Our verfion is certainly in this place faulty, as I have fhewn : for by faphet col haretz is not here meant the language of the whole earth, but of the whole region, or province ; which language was not changed, but confounded, as we find it exprefly mentioned by the facred writer. This confufion of fpeech is by all uniformly limited to the country about Babel. We mull therefore, inftead of the language of all the earth fubftitute the language of the whole country: for fuch is the purport of the terms. This was confounded by cauf- ing a 81 labial failure ; fo that the people could not articulate. 79 Eufebii Chron. p. 6. Genefis. c. 11. v. 7. 81 C. 11. v. 9. #x By all the Grecian interpreters it is rendered (rvy%y> xTitrlWaj 07 to Twr S'lcta-cu^evTuv ex T3 xaraicAos-^H' eivcci atm« r>yavTcti. Oixafo- jjSiv 0 Lgczs svrex 4 >oj£bt. Lycurgus is Lycorus with a guttural: which manner of pronunciation was very common among the ancients. So Reu or Rau is ftyled Ragau : the plains of Shinar, Singar and Singara : Sehor, Segor: Aza, Gaza: Nahum, Nachum : Ifaac, Ifchiac : Urhoe, the land of Ur, Urchoe, and Orchoe. The fame place, ftyled Hoa, is by the LXX always rendered 'Koopot . The rites of fire were originally called Opict 9 but were changed to Qpyux, : cacc to yaicc . As Lycurgus was a title of the Deity, they fometimes gave it, which is extraordi¬ nary, to Eacchus himfelf, or at lead to Dionufus. Kai t ov g Awk/cw xgu t ov H Atmvgyov awcx.7rTovT& ei$ev 9 toov Sbocov ZfjLotQTgoTriOiV ccsvittqvtku Strabo of the Thra** cians, and alfo of the Phrygians. L. to. p. 722. 5 The The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 4-3 The facred writings mention only a confufion of tongues : but all Pagan accounts allude to fome other fearful judg¬ ment, with which this people were purfued till they were totally diflipated. Homer, fpeaking of Lycurgus, mentions this purfuit; but by a common miftake, introduces Dionu- fus inftead of Bacchus. IO ° Og 'UTots fxxmfxevoio Aiwvvcroio T lOrjVctg Xsvs kolt riyctCsov 1 Nvrarriiov di H7rXr)yt. Aioovvtrog Js cpo^sig Av0UTlh£V0M $ * Ant. L. 1. c. 4. i P. 42. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 47 /3 ounXevwv (jLSgutt: rm; 'Gfhr)0ovs, s

v tskqv etvTr\\ *Pi\{/ etva. *gsggoj/, was in like manner a compound of Tuph-On ; and was a mount or altar of the fame conftrudfion, and facred to the fun. I make no doubt but both Typhon and Typhceus were names, by which the tower of Belus was of old denoted. But out of thefe the mythologifts have formed perfonages ; and they reprefent them as gigantic fiance of heaven. Hence Typhon is by Antoninus Libera- lis defcribed as, ' s Yr]g viog, s^olktio; /Aou^uv, the offspring of the earth , a baleful Dcemon. The tower of Babel was un¬ doubtedly a Tuphon, or altar of the fun ; though generally monfters, whom the earth produced in de- 15 Nonni Dionyf. L. 40. p. 1048. 14 Bel, and Belus, v/as a title bellowed upon many perfons. It was particularly given to Nimrod, who built the cicy Babel or Babylon. Hence Dorotheus Sidonius, an ancient poet, calls that city the work of Tyrian Belus. A(>%cun ccv Tup/y Jj>i/\oio r z*j5Aiau E< fJLYj OLg 0%V VQYi 2 #A»]£oi/ sEgovrn ukbolvx tb poou , kou TOLgT ccg a. young. 16 Theogon. v. 821. * 7 Typhoeus was properly Tcuol a Pelorian mound of earth : being, as I faid above* a mafculine from Tuphoea j which is a compound of Tuph-aia, a mound of earth. _* Hefiod. fupra. v. 836* H 2 9 1X ocr m.Y%SV OL 7 T OvXV[JL 7 T 0 l 0 bt: cO-jxzv : g _. A vtclo C-J21 or, [M'j czuacrz 'urXr i yr,iriu /ttaq.z.v |«oTop, v.ou nir » ^■ KOLl BUL^oChOV BVgSl 7COVTOJ. I feiz’d him in my arms. And hurl’d him headlong downward to the fea. Heflod gives an account of the difperflon of the Titans, and of the feuds which preceded : and he fays, that the Deity at laft interpofed, and put the Titans to flight, and condemned them to refide in Tartarus at the extremities of the earth. The defeription is very fine ; but he has confounded the hiftory by fuppofing the Giants and Titans to have been different perfons. He accordingly makes them oppofe one another in battle : and even Cottus, Iapetus, Gyas, whom all writers mention as Titans, are by him introduced in op¬ position, and deferibed as of another family. He fends them % indeed to Tartarus ; but fuppofes them to be there placed, as a guard over the Titans. His defeription, however, is much to the purpofe ; and the firft contefl: and difperfion is plainly alluded to. I fhall therefore lay fome part of it be¬ fore the reader. * > ai Trtqyss jMY) S' UfJLtpOTSgttV iltST OugCLVOV U sdVjcray, T otctov zvz^" vxo yvs, oorov Ovgctvog z avcccrypuracs, pup.? re xai pceyeQei y^ccjvoo^Sv- tolSi xcti ©£;*>!' xooTix.cppoivio'ct.yTCLS oLfjLeivovoiS e»vxi } Huoya.'v Tvptiv wAiCa'roi' asips.i', h oc tvi> BccCvAoji' eq~iv' yin ts ctcaov eiveci tv oufara, xou tvs ocve/j.ovs Qsohti ficoQeovTcts CCPCtTpB"^ CCi 'viTBOt QLVTOlTl TO jUL^^CCVT^fACC* “~“f/-STCC S'B 36 CCi TtTWJ-'i CV^HVCCl 'ZiTO^.BfXOV, cVbydenus apud Eufeb. Prsep. L. 9. p. 416. prince The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 73 prince and people : in lieu of which we read of a king of Senaar, or Shinar, who joins the confederates, having lately- gotten pofleflion of that province. There is a curious frag¬ ment of Heftiasus Mileftus, which feems to relate to this part of the Titanic hiftory; and fupplies what is omitted in the account given by Mofes. The paftage is in Jofephus ; who tells us, from feveral evidences in ancient hiftory, that the tower of Babel was overthrown by whirlwinds, and that a confufton of fpeech enfued. And he adds, that in refpe<5t to Senaar, the Shinar of the Scriptures, there was a paftage in Heftiaeus Mileftus, in which it was mentioned : and he fubjoins the paftage. 4 Tcav Jg 'Ispscm Tag SictrooOsi/Tctg, ret ra EwaAia A log isgoofActrct AaSWa?, £tg Xsvctotg Trig BaSyA ooviotg sA- dsiv. 'ZxifootvTcu c h to Xoixov evrevQev, vro rrig op.oyAa>x £b Td'z&eJ'r-* ra AByou.evx’Sevct.ctg By tv BacCuA&rwa %p)pCL fJLv>ifx.o revet C E ^iolios As yow hT&s* T«p £e 'lececoy £ictcrauOeyTots Tot t& EwaAia Z\ios ig poo/ jucct ot Aot^ovTots Bis ^ev'eteto tvs TictSvAccy.cts BAHs 'Vm ’S.xiSva.vT'CLi Se to Aonrov tVTe*(kv vivo tvs GfJLoyAa crcriccs Tots nvvoixicts tstqu/htqlij&vii 'G rot7*7xett •yvv ixotarra«, ev Kajaiu:j«, xou eSr icr^yfoc ocjjlol ocutoi xA^ XDtJ €V TOIS 2 £D 31 *GIS ASpxctfJL xa< I (JCLOCTt TjT(jZv From a common notion, that Iapetus was Japhet, this name is afligned to one of die three brothers : and the two others are diftinguifhed by the names of Cronus, and Titan. But they are all three indeterminate titles. Iapetus was a Titanian *, and is mentioned as fuch by Diodorus, L. 5. p. 334. Fie was one of the brood, which was baniflied to Tartarus, and condemned to darknefs; tv Iocttcto 9 re Kgova re H/utvoiBr a.uyYii HeA/o/o Tef> 7 TQVT\ vr cLveyLQLpi / 3 c*Gw re TctgTctgae afJLy T*tgcpwv. Schol. in Homer, fupra. Iapetus was one of the Giants . Ruled 8 c The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, Ruled o’er his portion of the vaflal world, Into three parts divided : for the earth Into three parts had been by Heaven’s decree Sever’d ; and each his portion held by lot. No feuds as yet, no deadly fray afofe : For the good lire with providential care Had bound them by an 17 oath : and each well knew That all was done in equity, and truth. But foon the man of juftice left the world, Matur’d by time, and full of years. He died : And his three fons, the barrier now remov’d, Rife in defiance of all human ties, Nor heed their plighted faith. To arms they fly. Eager and fierce : and now their bands compleat, Cronus and Titan join in horrid fray ; Rule the great objedt, and the world the prize. This was the firfl: fad overture to blood ; When war difclos’d its horrid front ; and men Inur’d their hands to daughter. From that hour The Gods wrought evil to the Titan race; They never profpered. This Sibylline hiftory is of confequence. It has been borrowed by fome Helleniftic Jew, or Gnoftic, and inferted amid a deal of trafh of his own compoling. The fuperior antiquity of that part, which I have laid before the reader, is plain, from its being mentioned by 18 Jofephus. Some 17 See Eufebii Chron. p. 10. 1 . 38, 18 Antiq. L. 1. c. 4. lines The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 8i lines are likewife quoted by 14 Athenagoras, and ' 9 Theophilus Antiochenus. But there are paflages afterwards, which re¬ late to circumftances of late date : fuch as were in time much inferior to the age of Athenagoras ; and ftill farther removed from the aera of Jofephus. Upon this account I pay a greater deference to thefe verfes, than I do to thofe which are fubfequent. For thefe contain a very interefting hiftory ; and are tolerably precife, if we confider the re- motenefs of the times fpoken of. We have here an accurate account of the confufion of fpeech, and demolition of the tower of Babel, and of the Titanian war, which enfued. And we are moreover told, that the war commenced in the tenth generation after the years ; and that it was the firft war, in which mankind were engaged. The author, whoever he may have been, feems to allude to two quarrels. The one was with the head of the family, and proceeded from a jealoufy and fear, left he fhould have any more children : as that would be a detri¬ ment in poffeflion to thofe, whom he already 10 had. Some¬ thing of this nature runs through the whole of the Pagan mythology. The other quarrel was upon a fimilar account. and a defire of rule among the Titans ; and terminated in their ruin. Abydenus conform¬ ably to the account given above, mentions, that foon after the demolition of the tower commenced the ai war between ,a Athenag. Leg. p. 307. avtij; (S^uAAra) xaiTlPiancuy. ' 9 Ad Antol. L. 2. p. 371. *° See Sibylline Verfes. JL. 3. p. 22 7. xt and made them tributaries, as far as the confines of Egypt. The fa- cred writings take notice of the conclufion of the war, which ended almoft in the extirpation of fome families in thefe parts ; efpecially of thofe, which were properly Titanian. And that this was the fame war which happened in the time of Abraham, is manifeft from its being in the tenth genera¬ tion from the deluge : for Abraham was tenth in defeent from Noah; and confequently from the deluge. Cedrenus is very particular in his account of thefe times. He fays, that in the days of Abraham, * 3 rag 'uruiS'ctg tx Ovgocvu a,K[j.cLarra$. Eufeb. Pnep. Evang. L. 9. c. 1^7. p, 418. P. 29. the The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 83 the fons of Coelus flourifhed. And having before fpoken of the Patriarch’s retiring upon account of a famine into Egypt, he adds, 2+ yivsTou f tw /Lu rwv vikw* Apollodorus. L. i. p. 4. 30 Genefis. c. 14. v. 4. 5 . 6 . war: S6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. war : but fpeak of it as carried on chiefly, if not folely, with the petty kings o t the Afphaltite vale. They bore an incon- liderable part in this grand 3 ‘ affair: and were taken in after a fweep of many, and far more powerful, nations. The for¬ mer war, when the power of the Titans was firft broken, feems to have been a memorable sera with the Cuthites and their defcendants, though overlooked by other people. The kings, who compofed the confederacy againft the Ti¬ tans, were the king of Elam, the king of Elafur, the king of Sliinar, and a fourth, ftyled king of nations. It was a family aflociation againft a common enemy, whence we may form a judgment concerning the princes of whom it was compofed. Of the king of Shinar we know little : only we may be af- fured, that he was of the line of Shem ; who had recovered the city, over which he ruled, from the Titanians. And we may farther prefume, that Tidal king of Nations was no other than the king of Aram. In like manner we may infer, that Arioch Melach Elafur, idSh, however exprefled, was the king of Nineve, called of old, and at this day, 33 Afur and Aftur. In the ancient records concerning this war, it is probable, that each nation made itfelf the principal, and took the chief part of the glory to itfelf. For the conquefts of Ninus (by which word is flgnified merely the Ninevite) conftfted in great meafure of thefe atchievements: the whole honour of which the Ninevites and Aflyrians appropriated to 33 themfelves. The real principal in the war was the king * 5 * See Obfeiwations and Inquiries, p. 206. Benjamin Tudclcnfis. p. 61. Zonaras fpeaks of the war as being carried on by the Aflyrians. p. 22. IO 33 of The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 87 of Elam ; as we learn from the Scriptures : and another material truth may be obtained from the account given by Mofes ; that notwithftanding the boafted conqucfts of the Affyrians, and the famed empire of Ninus and Semiramis, the province of Aflur was a very limited diftri<£t ; and the kingdom of Elam was fuperior both to that of Nineve, and Babylonia. The king of nations I have fuppofed to have been the king of Aram : and the nature of the confederacy warrants the fuppofltion. But there are evidences, which {hew, that he was no other, than the prince of that country : and it was called the region of nations, becaufe all Syria, and the country upon the Euphrates confifted of mixed peo¬ ple ; which was obfervable quite down to Galilee in Canaan. Mofes Chorenenfis wrote the hiftory of Armenia ; and he tells us, that when Ninus reigned in 34 Aflyria, there was a war carried on againft the 35 Titans of Babylonia, whom heftyles the Immortals v and that the king of Aram had the conduct of that war. It is well known, that thefe kings, after they had defeated thofe in the vale of Siddim, carried off many prifoners. Among thefe was Lot, who was afterwards in a wonderful manner refcued by his brother Abraham. This hillory is mentioned by Eupolemus ; who fays, that they were the people of Aram, who had taken him prifoner : and that they had been making war upon the people of Canaan, whom he ftyles Phenicians. He adds, that upon the news of Lot being a prifoner, Abraham with his armed houfhold 34 Mofes Chorenenf. T. i.c. io. p. 27. 35 Bellum Titanium cum Gigantibus—immortalibus ac proceriflimis. Ibid. Agmen Titanium. Ibid. alone S8 T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. alone defeated the enemy, and regained his 36 brother. Dio¬ dorus Siculus has a paflage very much to the prefent purpofe. He tells us, that 37 JVinus , or the IVinevite y with the affflance of another prince , made war upon his neighbours the Babylo¬ nians. He proceeds afterwards to fay, that this formidable expedition was not againfl the city of Babylon \ for that was ?:ot then in being : but againfl other refpeSlable cities of the country. In this war he with tnuch eafe fubdued his enemies , and obliged them to pay an annual tribute. How very confo- nant this hiftory is to the account given by Mofes ? The author fays, that the city Babylon , which in aftertimes made fuch a figure, was not now in being. It is very truly faid : for the city Babel had been begun ; but was at that time deferted, and left unfinilhed. 38 They left off to build the city. * It feems to have been under a curfe : and we hear nothing more of it for ages. Not a word occurs about Babylon or Babylonia, till the time of Berodach Baladart, and of Nebu¬ chadnezzar, who came after him, when this city was rebuilt. And from the extent of it, when compleated, we may form fome judgment of the original defign. 39 The king (Nebu¬ chadnezzar) fpake a?id faid: is not this great Babylon , that I have built for the houfe of my kingdom , by the might of my power , and for the honour of my majefly f Abydenus informs r Yolv^T NiKwrotvTGjv Se x.cti cux^ocAmtigcl- fjLiv'jyv Tc/y aSeAtyiS ai' ccjT 3 (Afcaa/.*), tqv ACocccc/x fierce onctTcvv (SowBuactfiToc eyxpxrn yivcabcct tcov ct^jjLaAtoTia’xfxsi'toi'y x..t A, Eufeb. Prcep. Evang. L. 9. p. 418. ?7 KctT exgU'bS ;v(zi' Teiyjcrou ? BctZvAtoVlO, ) icpoftirat tov 'Titccvoov 'srpos ras ©gas 'Zo-oAe/xop. Plutarch, de Mufica. TiTciviu’ yevoz^xoci Kux Asottsop, xcu Y tyctvTccv gov f/.€/j.vyiTcci ATroAAfidw^tf^ o xxi Qocc 7 rtcjS €7nxAwGej4 5 zv (2t€ A® t>? e 7 Tiygctpoy.eyri?>,efAev&Qi. Theoph. ad Autolyc. L. 2. p. 352. 47 Diodorus, L. i. p. 87. riA avac 9 xai xcu 'sroAAa roiavrcc 'sra0>?/4ccTa. Plutarch. Itis et Ofir. p. 355. 48 Fab, 143. 49 Interpretatus eft. It is difficult to arrive at the author’s precife meaning. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 93 or any laws promulged. But after that Hermes had diveif- language of man , from whence Herme?ieutes came to the fignify an interpreter ; he proceeded , and divided them into Upon this there immediately commenced feuds and nations. commotions. It is a fhort account, but contains much inte- refting matter: and we learn from it, that immediately after the difperhon the firft war enfued. 95 OF THE ORIGINAL CHALDAIC HISTORY, AS TRANSMITTED BY Abydenus, Apollodorus, and Alexander Polyhistor, FROM BEROSUS of BABYLONIA. I Cannot proceed without taking notice of fome extra&s of Babylonifti hiftory, which time has happily {pared us. From what has been already faid, it is evident, that the hiftory of nations muft commence from the aera of Babylon: as here the firft kingdom was founded ; and here was the great fcene of action among the firftborn of the fons of men. The hiftory therefore of the Babylonians and Chaldeans fhould be the firft in order to be confidered. Not that I purpofe to engage in a full account of this people ; but in¬ tend only to confider thofe extrads, of which I have made mention above. The memorials are very curious ; but have been greatly miftaken, and mifapplied. The perfon, to whom we are beholden for them, was Berofus* a prieft of Bel us.. ‘J 6 T nt Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Belus. He was a native of Babylonia; and lived in the time of Alexander, the fon of Philip. The Grecians held him in great efteemand he is particularly quoted by the oriental fathers, as well as by Jofephus of Judea. He treated, it feems, of the origin of things, and of the formation of the earth out of chaos. He afterwards fpeaks of the flood ; and of all mankind being deftroyed, except one family, which was providentially preferved. By thefe was the world re¬ newed. There is a large extra?0cs ojx€pw A oaaid it' xetevei ttccv c, ti ypctpiuatToov nv eyo- fxevov ev HA txtqXu Tin ev 'XrT7rocooiai a.7rQXfU'\'CLi. Sur/Gfos tccvtcl eirneAecL 'Groin* acts 67 r Apfxeuns ccvS7rAcr:t* xcu 'gtolpclut ixcc fxiv xctreActu^ccve tcc ex t& ©sy. TptTTi cTe ruepri) eirti re dm 1 €X07 tu(t€ 9 fxeriei tojv ogviHtov y Tsrtionv 'Groteufxevo$ y eirry ynv iS'qizv t« vScltqs ex^vactv. 'A ife y exf exo/xevy tr;r tin tm ync 9 me XaAcf cciocv ( 2 x7, u$e fJLerct tgv y.ov 9 sees tb y.ivwou tbs etv^pojTTBi < 5rA??8i>v0erra$ ctiro ca ct- t&A cor, Y.cu KcLTOtiLwrcu ev yyi Xsratap, xai qixoIo/j.vg’cci t >;v 'zzroArr xa/ Tor wup- yor, wfoyyBfAevQ clvtmv tb S-coy-ct^y* N e&pui, y.ou f&Gwihevwros* Ibid. p. 37. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 11 5 Tons recorded, they were in defcent from him. But the Greeks, not attending to the mode of writing in the original, have ruined the whole difpofttion, and made thefe perfons precede. And here is a queftion to be afked of thefe liifto- rians, as well as of Eufebius in particular, allowing thefe kings to be antediluvian; What is become of thofe, who fuc- ceeded afterwards ? Were there no poftdiluvian kings or Babylon ? Did nobody reign after the flood ? If there did, what is become of this dynafty ? Where is it to be found ? The hiftory of Babylon, and of its princes, taken from the later aera, would be of vaft confequence : it is of fo early a date, as to be almoft coeval with the annals of the new v/orld ; and muft be looked upon as the bafls of hiftorical knowledge. The fuppofed antediluvian accounts are trifling in comparifon of the latter : the former world is far fepa- rated from us. It is like a vaft peninfula joined to the con¬ tinent by a flip of land, which hardly admits of any com¬ munication. But a detail of thefe after kings would be of confequence in chronology; and would prove the foundation for all fubfequent hiftory. Where then are thefe kings ? In what quarter do they lurk? They are nowhere to be found. And the reafon is this : their dynafty has been inverted. Hence they have been mifplaced through anticipation ; and adjudged to a prior aera. On this account the later dynafty is not given to us, though fo neceffary to be made known: and much I fear that we are deprived of the fecond book of Po- lyhiftor from Berofus ; becaufe this dynafty of kings was to be found there, probably differently exhibited ; and under a contrary arrangement: which would have fpoiled the fyftem 2 efpoufed. n6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. efpoufed. For, that the original has been mifconftrued, and mifquoted, is apparent from the want of uniformity in thofe, who have copied Berofus, or any ways taken from him. In fhort, the tenor of this hiftory, even as we have it in Alex¬ ander Polyhiftor, is very plain ; and the fcheme of it eafy to be traced. The purpofe of Berofus was to write an account of his own country : and he accordingly begins with the na¬ tural hiftory ; wherein he defcribes the fituation of the re¬ gion, the nature of the foil, and the various products, with which it abounded. All this is faid of Babylonia, not of any antediluvian country. He muft have been wife indeed, after an interval of fo many thoufand years, to have known that it originally bore fefamum and dates. He is fpeaking of Ba¬ bylon, the place of his nativity, and the country denomi¬ nated from it ; of which when he has given a juft defcrip- tion, he proceeds to relate the principal occurrences of for¬ mer ages. And the firft great event in the hiftory of time is the appearance of 44 Oannes, the man of the fea y who (hewed himfelf to mankind in the very firft 45 year : fo that Berofus makes. 4i Hclladius fpeaks of this perfon, and calls him fh?v 9 which the Dorians would exprci's Qcc Cedrenus. p* 11- is The Analysis of Ancient M YTHOI.OGY, I 21 is by Apollodorus exprefled Daonus, from 50 Da On, the Sun, a title afiumed by Ham and his fons. Amenon, like Amcl- on, is made up of terms, which are all titles of the fame perfon; each of them well known in Egypt. Alaparus feems to be the fame as Al-Porus, the God of fire. Am- illarus is a compound of Ham-El-Arez, all names of Ham, and the fun. Some of the perfons are faid to be of Laracha, which Syncellus exprefles wrongly Larancha. Laracha is for Al-Aracha, the Aracca of Ptolemy, one of the cities built by 51 Nimrod. Others are faid to be of Pantibibla or Panti- biblon, whom I take to have been Ponti-Babilon, or priefts of Babel or Babylon. Panti, Ponti, and Phonti in the Am- onian language fignified a s * prieft. Argeiphontes in Greece was an Arkite prieft, or minifter of Argus: but the Grecians fuppofed that Phontes denoted daughter, from a word in their own language ; and in confequence of it bellowed the name on Hermes, whom they made the murderer of Argus. Pontifex and Pontifices among the Romans were titles of 50 It is a title given to Orion, who was the fame as Nimrod. Chron. Pafch. 36. He is ftyled Chan-Daon, the Lord Daon, by Lycophron : who mentions Tpnnxro- fos (pcurytxvov Y^ccvSccovoi. v. 328. fcilicet Qpicovos y ov kgu K olvS'clqvcl BotooTot y.ct?vdaii\ vSchol. ibid. So Megalorus of Abydenus is Mag-Alorus; in other words. Magus Alorus, Nebrodes, Orion, the chief of the Magi. 51 He built Babel ., and Erech, and Accad, and.Calneb , in the land of Shinar . Gen. c. 10. v. 10. Hence 'legocpetv rws, a facred prieft, or prieft of Orus ; K. Hefych. Vol. III. S if 130 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. if this 6 famous nation were of a fudden lojl , we hear no more of them. Their name feems to be quite extinSl ; and the people annihilated. And here a difcovery is to be made of matters , which have lain concealed from all ancient hijlorians. I am now to bring to light many great and important truths , which they could never arrive at. After the Sacce had entered Up- pet' Phrygia ; as if they had gone into another world, they quitted their ancient name, which they probably detejled , and were now called "Titans. I never could comprehend, why they took the name ; whether it was through fome myflery, or a mere caprice, that they affeEled it \ or to make themfelves ’’formida¬ ble. Thefe events were long before the war of Troy. The con- quefs of Acmon were prior to the birth of Abraham, and the foundation of the * Affyrian monarchy. This prince was fuc- ceeded in his kingdom Uranus, who conquered Thrace, Greece, and the if and Crete \ and afterwards fell violently upon the other provinces of Europe ; and carried all before him to the uttermofl boundaries of Spain. He alfo fubdued Mau¬ ritania. Uranus was fucceeded by Saturn ; and Saturn "Jupiter, who was three hundred years before Mofes. This laf entrufcd one part of his vaf empire to his brother Pluto, and another to his coufn-german Atlas, who was fyled Telamon . He was a perfon of high fiature : and Telamon in the lan¬ guage of Jupiter fgnified a 9 tall man , tell being tall and mon fgnifying man. In this detail there are many exceptionable portions * C. 8. p. 45. 7 C. 8. p. 46. * C. 8. p. 48. Even Uranus is by this writer fuppofed to have been before Abraham. C. 12. p. 83. 9 C. X2.p. 84. 7 which The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 131 which are too palpable to need any difcufiion. I (hall therefore take notice only of fome of the principal fa<£ts, upon which his fyftem is founded. He tells us, that while the Sacae were proceeding by the fouth, the Cimmerians, who likewife came from Ba&riana, are fuppofed to take their rout by the north of Aha: and they are reprefented as making their way by force of arms, till they fettled upon the IO Palus Masotis. And it is requefted by Pezron, if any fhould doubt the truth of what he advances, that they would apply to the beft Grecian hiftorians. But thefe writers have not a fyllable to the purpofe. That there were fucji a people as the Cimmerians upon the Maeotis is as certain, as that there were Phrygians in Troas, and Spartans at La¬ cedaemon. But that they came from Badtria, and fought their way through different countries ; that they were the brethren of the 11 Scythians ftyled Sacae, and took the upper rout, when the others were making their inroad below ; are circumftances, which have not the leaft jfhadow of evidence. They are not mentioned by the authors, to whom he ap¬ peals : nor by any writers whatever. The conquefts of Uranus, and the empire given to Jupiter, are incredible. It would be idle to trouble ourfelves about a circumftance, which does not merit a ferious confutation. The conquefts °f Ofiris, and Sefoftris, have as good title to be believed. To thefe we might add the exploits of the great prince Ab- ♦ ,0 Herodotus makes mention of the march of the Cimmerians : and proves it to have been in a quite contrary direftion, from the Palus Mseotis towards Caucafus, and the eaft. L. 4. c. 12. Strabo fays, the Cimmerians were driven out of their country by the Scythians. Tares fxtv ow (Ki^^ias) eftfAacrctr ex tow T07rcoy SxuQcii. L. 11. p. 756. S 2 camaz, i3 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. camaz, who ruled over the whole earth. His rib was fhewn to the 11 Jew of Tudela at Damafcus : and by the moft exadt meafurement it was nine fpans long, and two in breadth ; fo that his ftature was in proportion to his dominions. Blit fetting aftde thefe fabulous hiftories, which confute them- felves, let us examine one circumftance in the account of the learned Pezron, upon which his whole fyftem depends. He tells us, that after the Sacas had entered Cappadocia, they feemed in a manner extindt: but they appeared again under the name of Titans; and carried on their conquefts under the fame hero Acmon. This, he fays, is a difcovery of the greateft importance, which was unknown to every ancient hiftorian, and had lain dormant for ages. And for the hif- tory of the Sacae he appeals to Strabo; and particularly concerning their inroad into Cappadocia, from whence they are fuppofed to have proceeded to the conqueft of all Eu¬ rope. But in the execution of this grand and pleafing fcheme, he is guilty of an overlight, which ruins the whole of his operations. Carried on by a warm imagination, he has been eredting a bafelefs fabric, which cannot fublift for a moment. The paffage in Strabo, upon which he founds his notions, makes intirely againft him. This writer fpeaks thus of the Sacae. 13 Zcixcti (jlsvtoi 'ura.oax^a'ia.g stpo^ag sttow- (ToiVTo Toig K ifjLfjLsgioig. The excurjions of the Sacce were like thofe of the Cimmerians. In this defcription the author refers to a prior circumftance. Nov/ the excurlions of the Cim¬ merians were in the reign of 14 Ardys, the fon of Gyges, king ,z Benjamin Tudelenfis. p. 56. 31 L. 11. p. 779. Herodotus, L. 1. c. 6. 15. 16* The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 133 of Lydia, long after the Trojan war, and ftill farther removed from Abraham, and the fuppofed foundation of the Afiyrian empire. And in proof of this being the author’s meaning we find him afterwards more explicitly fhewing,that thefe excur- fions of the Sacse were as late as the empire of the Perfians. The account is fo particular, and precife, that I will lay it at large before the reader. 15 The inroads of the Sacce were ve?y like thofe of the Cimmerians , and Treres ; fome of the fit being made to a great difance , and others nearer home. For they not only got poffeffion of Media ; but alfo feized upon the mof eligible part of Hrmenia, which they called Sacafene after their own name. They advanced as far as Cappadocia ; efpecially towards that part of it, which borders upon the Euxine fea , and is called the region of Pont us. Thus far all is right: but obferve the fequel. Here , as they were giving thejnfelves up to feafting and jollity from the plunder , which they had take?t , they were fet upon in the night by fome of the Pet'fan Satrapas , and all cut off. Pezron therefore might well fay, that the Sac£E in the midft of their exploits feem at once to have been annihilated, and their name extindh Strabo tells us, that they were totally ruined : a^r\v ctvTag r\iv raAaTttti'. Diod. Sic. L. 5 * P* 3° 2 * where T-H- Tnr. An'.alysi of Ancikxt Mythology IT’:*' * » * - i C i V-. th c /imazon'; were r r i Hippoie J to have relided. T! ie country about Colchis, and Iberia ; alfo a great part of Thrace, and Madia ; and all the Tauric Cherfonefus, were ftyled Scythic. Laftly, there was a country oi this name iar in the caff, of which little notice has been hitherto taken. It was iituated upon the great Indie Ocean ; and conftfted oi a widely-extended region, called 3 Scythia Limyrica. But the Scythia fpoken of by the ancient Greeks, and after them taken notice of 1 >y th e Rom of thofe countries, which lay upon the coaft of the Euxine; and efpecially of thofe upon the north, and north-eaftern parts of that fea. In fhort, it was the region of Colchis, and all that country at the foot of Mount Caucafus, as well as that upon the Talus Mamtis, and the Boryfthenes, which was of old efteemed + Scythia. As the Greeks were ignorant of the part of the world, which lay beyond ; or had a very imperfed knowledge of it ; they often c too under the fame denomination. Many this ideas coaft northward Hence we read of extremum Tanain, ultimam Scythiam, 3 Arriani Periplus Maris Erythrasi. 4 The people were of Cuthite original ; a part of that body which came from Egypt. Atyvimw uTrotKoi eicnv ol 7£x.v$au m Sict t'stq xcti olutbs ewett teywiv. Schol. in Pindar. Pyth. Od. 4. v. 376. 5 A iet YIowb tccu ycum e 7 rnc€x.AeT calls them 2aA7ria, Salpia. K at HaLtoriw / 3 t£ot>crr\ of the worlds where the two great continents of Ettrope » 1 * 3 ° The Ax a lysis or Axcient Mythology. nius. paretl, relied: upon each other. Like evidence may he ob¬ tained from other parts of Epiphanius : where it is manifeft that the term Scuthic is a mifnomer for Cuthic. In de- feribing the fir If ages of the world, he tells us, that, to the time of Serug, the feventh from Noah, there continued a Scythian fuccefiion ; and that the Scythian name was pre¬ valent. I+ 'E 00$ TUTS (fsgWg) SfJLSVS 'Z/.vQlKYl Tig S'iCtS'O’fcK ZUl G7TI- kXryig : meaning, that this period was efteemed the Scytliian The fame piece of hiftory is to be found in Eufebius, and other writers ; fome of whom were prior to 15 Epipha- Now I think it cannot be doubted, but that in the original hiftory, whence this was taken, it was K vOikyi Tig *£- Cccpi'ry.os, hSzipfxo** Chron. Palchale. p. 2.3. This author makes ."Barbarifmus precede the deluge : Scythifmus comes alter. iKT©I 2 MOS; octo remv T8 N&tf fJLSTcc top xctTxx Ai/ay-ts V (ZZ'PI rnsri* Ylvpyu oixoSopnfr xca BctZuAcvPos' y.ercc top *gcovov TW5 Ttf Uluoyj cixoSGfxtiS eir ofuyots st e 6 gt- ccno7rKctx?ie% TeAeurn* ern t Pier% iAicl svQcv ap%nv t oov EAA wix.gov &eoov ?iay.€ccvuat ret cycyctrcc. Cedrenus. p. 15. 'srpojTos npZxTo y^vTTToi* xxi oyfeos oov xiroy^vos T3 N cos t& S'ixou?. Conftant. Manafies. p. 21. z0 Epiphanius. L. 1. p. 7. 17 Exodus, c. 2. v. 16 . 48 P. 76. 77. * 9 'Hfe EA glvol xccrx /jlvX'Qv xei/xevTi th ofMJivjuB xoXttcv. Ptolem. L. 5. c. 17. p* 162. Ou *z TToppM A/Aaw 'zsrcAsatf. Jofeph. Ant. E. 8. c. 2. p. 437. Ah lepxs SixKsktu ei; rr,v pa* r ; 4 L //* the facred language into the Hellenic: by which mult be meant the ancient ChaldaYc. 41 The name Noe the Greeks tranfpofed, and exprefied ir Nz? Aa.f/.&r. SecVol. II. p. 336. Plate VI. where the Patriarch is defcribed under the fymbol of a fcrpent, with the emblems of plenty and peace. Agathodcsmon was the fame as Cneph. Eufeh. Pmep. Evaag. L. l. c. 10. p. 41. 4i Jcfeph. contra Apion. L. 1. p. 445. Philo *5 S The An \lysis of Ancient Mythology, Philo Judaeus, not being apprifed of this, has been guilty of a great miftake in his Life of Mofes. For mentioning how that great perfonage had been inftrudfed in his youth ; and that he was (killed in all the learning of Egypt, in numbers, geography, and hieroglyphics ; he adds, that the reft of the circle of fcienccs he learned of the Hellenes, or Grecians : uoeiOLV 'E VJKr.vz; ehic&mcov : as if the hs a/.y.Yv s^/'/.vKXioy 'ur fhed, and the Greeks adepts in philofophy, fo early as the time of Mofe The Hellene who wer fuppofed to hav the Patri¬ arch, were undoubtedly an order of priefts in Egypt: which the name of Hellas, or the Stephanus mentions from Ariftagoras, a place called Hellenicon ('EAAflW/sojJ at Mem- Helladians, had been heard of. phis ; ftyled and fays, that the perfons, who redded there, were 44 Mempl Clemens Alexandrinu has anfmitted the fame account concerning Mofes, as has given above by Philo Triv hs cr.Khr t v eyKVKhiov 'GTCLiheia.v hlSctCKOP SV AiyV7TTOO G>ol:cci K ccpikov tottoi guM tpiTcct , w? A pi~ayizcx.$' Steph. Byzant. 45 Strom. L. 1. p. 413. 9 Ct**

;y viog A&VKdCKiwvog. Hellen was the fon of theperfon who efcaped the flood. The Iones were from the fame perfonage, under a different title. Such was the firft herefy in the world, which was ftyled Hellenifmus : and fuch the Hellenes, by whom it was pro¬ pagated. They were difUpated from Babylonia, and palled into Egypt; and betook themfelves to Syria, Rhodes, and Hellas ; and many other countries. Many traces of them are to be found in Syria ; where particularly is to be ob- ferved a city, which from them mull have had its name. Stephanus, fpeaking of places called Hellas, tells us, Efi kou clXKy] 'oroXig 'EAAas KoiXris Xvgictg' to eQwcov EAAijj/. There is alfo another city Hellas in Coile Syria. The Ge?itile derivative , or pojfeflive , is Hellen. There were Hellenes at Rhodes ; the fame as the Heliadae, of whom 56 Diodorus Si¬ culus makes mention. They feem to have been the firft, who peopled that ifland. Thofe Hellenes, who fettled at Dodona, were the firft of the name among the Helladians, and from them it became at laft univerfal. They had alfo the name of Elli, and Selli, and were properly priefts of the oracle, which they brought from Thebes in Egypt. 57 EA- Aor 'EAAijvsf, hi sv Auicavti, kou oi hosts' EAAa (it fhould be EAAco) A log iegov sv AwJWjj. The Elli are the fame as the Hellenes at Dodona : and the priejls of the place have the fame ss Eufeb. Chron. p. 28. 56 Tvv cfg PfJOTOP TAU7M TQT& TCOLTCcytbV *EAAwp£$. L. 4. p. 2 6. 57 Hefych. Elli and Selli are terms of the fame purport; being derived from El and Sel, two names of the fun. What the Grecians rendered Hellas would have been exprefied more truly Hellan. Vol. III. Y name. 162 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 7iamc. Elian is the name of the temple dedicated to Jupiter at Dodona. The like is faid by 58 Ariftotle and 59 Strabo. Of this people I fhall fay more, when I come to the Ionah-Hel- lenic colonies of Greece. sS Meteorolog. L. i. c. 14. p. 772. I- 7- P- 5°5- O F I i6 3 ] OF THE GOLDEN AGE, O R AGE of the C U T H I M. I Have taken notice of the manner, in which the firft ages of the world were diftinguifhed: and I have fhewn, that Scythifmus and Hellenifmus were miftaken terms : that they were not the chara&eriftics of times in fucceflion, as many of the learned fathers have fuppofed; but related each to nearly one particular feafon, the age of Chus ; and to the worfhip introduced by his fons. The Golden Age of the - poets took its rife from a miftake of the fame nature: which miftake being once eftablifhed, a Silver, a Brazen, and an Iron Age were in confequence of it added. What was termed Vsvog Xgvtrsov and Xgvc tbiov, fhould have been exprefted Xvtreov and Xutrsiov : for it relates to the fame asra, and hiftory, as the terms beforementioned ; to the age of Chus, and to the domination of his fons. It is defcribed as a period of great happinefs: and the perfons, to whom that happinefs is Y 2 attributed, 164 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. tributcd, are celebrated as fuperiour to the common race of men : and upon that account, after their death, they were advanced to be Deities. * Xgvorsov fJLsv 'itrguTifOL yevog fj.sg07rccv avdgU7ruv AQolvcltqi 'sroiY} ufev ofAotovm V. 143. See Aratus of the Golden Age, and of thofe fucceeding. Phaenom. v. 108. Ovid. Metamorph. L,. 1. v. 89. 11 Hefiod fupra. v. 151. 11 A v$i$ er aAAo tstcl^tos €7ri %Qovt 'ztr 9 ?ivGoT$igy Zsus K poviJ'ns 'zstqiws ^ixcuoTepzyy xca, ocpuov . v. 156. Hefiod makes the Iron Ase the fifth in fucceffion. Alfo 1 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 169 in wars and murders : and, like the fpecimens exhibited of the former Ages, thefe are finally cut off by one another’s hands, in adts of robbery and violence : fome for purloining oxen ; others for dealing fheep ; and many for carrying away the wives of their friends and neighbours. 13 Kou Tag [lbv •nroXsfJLog rs Kcucog , xou 5 Hefiod. lif) - y - a -‘ H/xef. I-., x. v. J70. 16 Cuthim, C 3 rO s fignilicd Gold and Golden. archie Ti-ie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. i~i archie age, and to what the Greeks termed the Scuthic pe¬ riod, which fucceeded : when the term of man’s life was not yet abridged to its prefent ftandard ; and when the love of rule, and adts of violence firft difplayed themfelves upon the earth. The Amonians, wherever they fettled, carried thefe traditions with them: which were often added to the hiftory of the country ; fo that the feene of adtion was changed. A colony, who ftyled themfelves Saturnians, came to Italy; and greatly benefited the natives. But the ancients, who generally fpeak colledtively in the fingular, and inftead of Herculeans, introduce Hercules ; inftead of the Cadmians, Cadmus ; fuppofe a fingle perfon, 17 Saturn, to have betaken himfelf to this country. Virgil mentions the ftory in this light: and ftate of the natives upon his arrival, when he introduced an Age of Gold. ,s Haec nemora indigenae Fauni, Nymphaeque tenebant, Genfque virum truncis et duro robore nata; Queis neque mos, neque cultus erat; nec jungere tauros, Aut componere opes norant, aut parcere parto : Sed rami, atque afper vidtu venatus alebat. He then proceeds to ftiew, how this people were difeiplined and improved : all which, according to the ufual miftake, he fuppofes to have been effedted by one perfon, Saturn, in¬ ftead of Saturnians. ' 7 Ic is faid of Saturn alfo, that he built the ancient city Byblus in Syria. This was many ages before his fuppofed arrival in Italy. See Sanchoniatho in Eufeb. Prasp. Evang. L,. i. c. 13. p. 37. The city was built by Saturnians. Virg. JEneid. 1 . 8. v. 314. fpeaks of Saturn’s fettling there; and of the low Z 2 Primus 172 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 19 Primus ab cethereo venit Saturnus Olympo, Arma Jovis fugiens, et regnis exul ademptis. Is genus indocile, ac difperfum montibus altis, Compofuit ; legefque dedit: Latiumque vocari Maluit, his quoniam latuiflet tutus in oris. Au rea, quie perhibent, illo Tub rege fuerunt Szecula : he placida populos in pace regebat. Deterior donee paulatim, ac decolor aetas, Et belli rabies, et amor fucceflit habendi. Lo ! mighty prince, thefe venerable woods Of old were haunted by the fylvan Gods, And favage tribes, a rugged race, who took Their birth primaeval from the ftubborn oak. No laws, no manners form’d the barbarous race: But wild the natives rov’d from place to place. Untaught, and rough, improvident of gain. They heap’d no wealth, nor turn’d the fruitful plain. Their food the favage fruits the forefts yield ; Or hunted game, the fortune of the field : Till Saturn fled before victorious Jove, Driven down, and banifla’d from the realms above. He by juft laws embodied all the train, Who roam’d the hills j and drew them to the plain ; There fix’d : and Latium call’d the new abode, Whofe friendly ftiores conceal’d the latent God. Thefe realms in peace the monarch long controll’d. And blefs’d the nations with an Age of Gold. Tranflated by Pitt. ! 9 Virg. iEneid. L. 8. v. 319. This 1 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 173 This account is confufed : yet we may difcern in it a true hiftory of the firft ages; as may be obferved likewife in He- fiod. Both the poets, however the fcene may be varied, al¬ lude to the happy times immediately after the deluge : when the great Patriarch had full power over his defendants; when equity prevailed without written law. Thefe traditions, as I have repeatedly taken notice, being adopted and prefixed to the hiftories of the countries, where the Amonians fettled, have introduced a Saturn in Aufonia; and an Inachus and Phoroneus at Argos : and in confequence of it, the deluge, to which the two latter were witneffes, has been limited to the fame place, and rendered a partial 10 in¬ undation. But, in reality, thefe accounts relate to another climate, and to a far earlier age : to thofe times, when, ac¬ cording to 21 Hyginus, the firft kingdom upon earth was conftituted : and when one language only prevailed among the fons of men. 10 Hv opMvect t gv ft&T Ivccfyoky l e?ri Clyvyy kcctcl- xA va-p-os. Clem. Alexandr. Strom. L. i. p. 379. CUSHAN or ETHIOPIA; AND OF THE VARIOUS COLONIES, and DENOMINATIONS of the CUTHITES. w E may, I think, be affured, that by the term Scuthai, XkvOo.1, are to be underftood Cuthai or Cutheans. It may therefore be proper to go to the fountain head, and to give an account of the original people; from whom fo many of different denominations were derived. They were the fons of Chus; who leized upon the region of Babylonia and Chaldea; and conftituted the firfl: kingdom upon earth. They were called by other nations Cufhan : alfo Xatra/oi, A g cubes, ZlgeiTctiy Jigv&gouot, A iOiottss, Cufeans , Arabians , Orei- tce , Eruthraans , and Ethiopians : but among themfelves their general patronymic was Cuth ; and their country Cu- tha. I fhall take notice of them in their feveral migrations under each of thefe appellations. They were an ingenious 7 and 176 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. and knowing people, as I have before obferved ; and at the lame time very prolific. They combined with others of the line of Ham ; and were enabled very early to carry on an extenfive commerce, and to found many colonies ; fo that they are to be traced in the moft remote parts of the earth. Thefe fettlements have been enumerated by 1 * Eufebius, Syn- Oellus, and other writers ; as far as they could be difeovered. Nor muft we wonder if they appear fo numerous, and fo widely extended, as it is perfectly confonant to their original hiftory. For we are informed by z Mofes, when he enume¬ rates the principal perfons, by whom the earth was peopled, that Ham had 3 * 5 thirty and one immediate defeendants, all of them heads of families, when Shem had but twenty-fix; and fourteen only are attributed to Japhet. A large body of this people invaded Egypt, when as yet it was in its infant hate, made up of little independent diftridts, artlefs and un¬ formed, without any rule or polity. They feized the whole country, and held it for fome ages in fubjedtion, and from their arrival the hiftory of Egypt will be found to commence. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates, where they originally refided, was ftyled the country of the Chuf- dim or Chafdim ; but by the weftern nations Chaldea. It 1 Syncellus. p. 46. 47. 48. Johan. Malala. p. 15. Eufeb. Chron. p. 11. 12. See alfoVol. II. of this work, p. 187. 188. 191. See particularly the Chronicon Pafchale. p. 29. 30. * Genefis. c. 10. On account of the comparative fmallnefs to be obferved in the line of Japhet, that encouraging prophecy was given, that Japhet fliould one day be enlarged. God Jhall enlarge Japhet. This, within thefe few centuries has been wonderfully completed. 5 Moft of the Fathers make the number thirty-two, counting Canaan : lo that the total of the three families they fuppofe to have been feventy-two. 10 lay The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 1 77 lay towards the lower part of the Tigris, to the weft, and below the plain of Shinar. On the oppofite fide to the eaft was the province of Elam, which country they feem foon to have invaded ; and to have occupied the upper part. This confifted of that fine region called afterwards Sufiana, and Chufiftan, which was watered by the Ulai, Chobar, and Choafpes, and by other branches of the Tigris. When the Perfians gained the fovereignty of Afia, it was from them denominated Perfis. Some have thought Elam was Perfis : but Elam lay to the fouth, and Perfis was only another name for Cutha : for the Perfians were the Cuthites of that coun¬ try under a different appellation. The prophet Ifaiah dif- tinguifhes thefe nations very accurately, when he mentions a return of the captives from 4 Elam , Cbus , and Shinar. This country is faid to have been alfo called Scutha; and the au¬ thor of the 5 Chronicon Pafchale mentions Scuthae in thefe parts, who were fo called even in his days. But he fuppofes that the name Scutha was given to the region on account of I know not what, Scythians from the north. Jofeph us whofe language had a greater affinity with the Chaldaic, and to whom the hiftory of the country was better known, expreffes it Cutha ; and fpeaks of a river Cutha, which was probably the fame as the Choafpes. Hence we have another 4 C. ii. v. ii. Thus far is true, that Sufiana was originally apart of Elam. See Daniel, c. 8. v. 2. but it was difmembered, and on that account efteemed a feparate region. 5 K cu sfjceiretp By Tlepo’iJ't 01 ccutoi bx&ivu e&s t»s yuv* p. 47 * Arrian mentions a region called Scuthia near the Perfian Gulf. E %ei xeu earn) Ca0a) cuyxpyicriv t oov 'gtBQglv tpniropiodv^ B ctgvyct£ct)v 9 xoci 5 x.i> 0 #flt?, xett tw raTacgx'x.Bt- neeaitPos. Arriani Periplus apud Geog. Gr. minores. vol. 1. p. 15. Vol. III. A a proof, The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 178 proof, and, I think, very determinate, that v. hat the Grecians fly led Scutha, was Cutha, the land of the Cuthites. It ex¬ tended a great way eaflward, and was in great meafure bounded by Media to the north. When Salmanaffer had taken Samaria, and carried the people into captivity, he re¬ peopled it with a colony from 6 Cutha, Media, Babylonia, and other conquered nations. And to this the Samaritans allude, when they give an account of themfelves in Jofephus. 7 0 tocv A name of Grecian was m ; a title of the chief Deity : whence it was af~ fumed by the who were ants. Euftathius tells us, 11 A tog S 7 ri$SToi/ AiOioty ZE thiop s is of Zeus. Prometheus was ftyled ^Tthiops, who among Lyco- 9 Zonaras. p. 21. Syncellus. p. 47. A&io 7 res, cav (X»s) bti xat iw v 7 ro eav- tcov r rs x.gci too* tv t>i A\ Aaa; (tlov Evol7?u.. Steph. Byzantinus.. 15 Hefychius. Lefbos had the name of Ethiope and Macaria. PUn. Nat. Hift. L. 5. c. 31. p. 288. Arabians lbmetimes diftinguifhed from the fons of Chus. Moreover , the Lord ft ir- red up againft Jehoram the fpirit of the Philifiines , and of the Arabians , that vs ere near the Ethiopians . 2. Chron. c. 21.. v. 16. iE:h Arabah. 16 Strabo. L. 1. p. 57. 184 The A nalysis of Ancient Mythology. $rioivizct$ xou Xidonsg —a 7roucag sivcti roov ev rce ujceou/ca by which muft be meant the Pe refpedt to Gades, or Gadir, the it was called by Pherecydes Syr Tafeigct some Xsyaiv 6 <&egex.v$r\s : Gadeira , as the fame as Erythe y In fame that ctv 03 ret AlQl07TY) of 42 Dionyfi is Erutheia : E gvQsi Pherecydes feems to fpeak of a. Here lived the Ssx^ssg under which charadleriftic the Cuthites are particularly denoted. It may feem wonderful, that any one family fhould extend themfelves fo widely, and have fettlements in fuch different parts. Yet, if we confider, we fhall find nations within more than immenfe colonies remote Moreover the fax ty\v xto Xvgixg zou A£xv& xxt At- Exva T'jgv ogcev yt\v z ctreyov — xxt oVa Ttrgog §x\x T’ vvezcl N wroiiw [jlsv sa, Ora. They had been for ages an independent people ; but were forced to fubmit to the fortunes of Alexander, to whom they furren- dered their city. Together with the Oreitas and A rabians of Dionyfius, are mentioned the Arachoti. Thefe are undoubtedly the fame as theCathaians above; and were denominated from their city. Ar-Chota is the fame as Cothopolis, or the city of Cutha, fomewhat varied in the poet’s defeription. The Arachotians are flyled A ivogfctwoi, from their particular habit, which was of linen. This circumftance is a ftrong chara<5leriftic of 70 .Arrian. Expedit. Alexandr. L. 5. p. 224. ~ r The country is called Araba at this day, to the weft of the Indus. 71 Arrian. Hift. Indie, p. 336. 71 Arrian. Hift. Jndic. p. 3 3 6. A px£e; h'fcov. Eufeb. Chron. p. 11. 74 Arrian. Expedit. Alexandr. L. 4. p. 190. L. 6. p. 261. the 6 200 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. the Amonians. I believe, in every place where they fettled, they were famous for this 7+ manufacture. They introduced it in Colchis, which was celebrated for its flax and linen : fo was the country of Campania, where they fettled in Italy. The Egyptians were ftyled *Turba linigera : and the 75 Athe¬ nians had not long left off" this kind of apparel in the time of Thucydides. The fame habit prevailed in Baetica, Spe¬ cially among the priefts : 76 -velantur corpora Imo , Et Peluflaco praefulget ftamine vertex. It feems to have been univerfally the garb of the Cuthic In¬ dians : as we may infer from Philoftratus : 77 s-oA/jv v£xx. This was the exprefs habit of the Egyptians, whom this peo¬ ple refembled in many other refpeCts. From circumftances of this nature, many learned men have contended that the Indians, and even the 78 Chinefe, were a colony from Egypt: while others have proceeded as warmly upon the oppoflte prin¬ ciple 3 and have infilled that the Egyptians, or at leaft: their 7+ Of the Colchi : d'e xai Aivugyucrt rrv xaAa/^y, mo-ttso AiyvTrrici • Schol. in Pind. Pyth. Od. 4. v. 376. Solomon fent for linen from Egypt. 1 Kings, c. 10. v. 28. Moreover they that work hi fine flax Jhall be confounded . Ifaiah. c. 19. v. 9 cf the Egyptians. Euftathius of the Egyptians $ to A ivocs eaQnTccs tz/u,7re%ecrQcc!, Schol. in Dionyf. Perieg. ad v. 689. 75 Thucydides, L. i.p, 6. 76 Silius Italic. L. 3. v. 25. 77 Philoftrati Vita Apollonii. L. 2. p. 79. 78 Memoire, dans lequel on prouve, que les Chinois font une colonie Egyptienne, &c. Par M. de Guignes, de l’Academie Roy ale, &c. &c. A Paris. 1760. learning The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 201 learning and cuftoms, are to be derived from the Indi and Seres. But neither opinion is quite true : nor need we be brought to this alternative; for they both proceeded from one central place : and the fame people, who imported their religion, rites, and fcience into Egypt, carried the fame to the Indus and Ganges ; and ftill farther into China and Ja¬ pan $os vnoppsi , urXri aAAjj 'BTOLgw.e wa, ii ria«aAA/s inftead of XoA^os. Tlpos vqtqv i?^xofj.evoi 'isrccgoc, rep/mccrcc Ko>A// o$ cctM. Perieg. v. 1148. And others have fuppofed it was named Colis from Venus Colias. But what has any title of a Grecian Goddefs to do with the geography of India ? The region was fty led both Colica, and Colchica. It is remarkable, that as there was aCaucafus tnd Regio Colica, as well as Colchi¬ ca, in India: fo the fame'names occur among the Cutheans upon the Pontus Euxinus. Here was Regio Colica, as well as Cholcica at the foot of Mount Caucafus. Pliny L. 6. c. 5. p. 305. They are the fame name differently -exprefled. D d 2 avTo 204 Thb Analyst# or Ancient Mythology. 0LV70 XCtt yWCUJCte. 'IfOgBITOU yct§ TW ©£CK gJC£l STTlftSlVCU KOCTOL t iva. •ggovov oLTroksKaBcu. Ano is 7a Koftaggi sxrsivxrsx. *xpag which for ms a g uI f The author then proceeds to defcribe the great trade, which was carried on by this people, and by thofe above, upon the Hypanis and Ganges : and mentions the fine linen, which was brought down from Scythia Limyrica, and from Comara, and other places. And if we compare the hiftory, which he gives, with the modern accounts of this country, we fhall find that the fame rites and cuftoms ftill prevail ; the fame manufactures are carried on: nor is the pearl fifhery yet exhaufted. And if any the leaft credit may be afforded to etymological elucidation, the names of places among the Cuthite nations are fo fimilar in themfelves, and in their purport, that we may prove the people to have been of the fame family; and perceive among them the fame religion and cuftoms, however widely they were fcattered. The mountains Gaucafus and ** Pyrrhus, the rivers Hypanis, Ba¬ ris, Chobar, Soana, Cophis, Phafis, Indus, of this country, are to be found among the Cuthite nations in the weft. One of the chief cities in this country was Cottiara. This is no other than Aracotta reverfed; and probably the fame that is called Arcot at this day. The city Comara, and the promontory Comarine, are of the fame etymology as the city Ur in Chal¬ dea ; which was called Camar and Camarina from the priefts t t 4 Sr The mountain Pyrrhus, TJvppo^ was an eminence facred to Ur* or Orus ; who was alfo called Cham*Ur 3 and his priefts Chamiirin. The city Ur in Chaldea is called Chamurin by Eupolermny who expreffes it Kafxvpivrf) fir mw 'vroXtv Ovgtetr jcaAacrd'. Eufcb. Pra^p. Evang. L.9. p. 418. Hence this promontory in Colchis Indicais ren¬ dered Comar by the author of the Periplus; and at this day it is called Comorin. The river Indus is faid to run into a bay called Sinus Saronicus. Plutarch, de Flu- min. Sar-On* Dominus Sol. and 206 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. and worfhip there eftablifhed. The region termed Aia above Colchis was a name peculiarly given by the Amonians to the places, where they refided. Among the Greeks the word grew general ; and A ioc was made to ftgnify any land : but among the Egyptians, at lead: among the Cuthites of that country, as well as among thofe of Colchis Pontica, it was ufed for a proper name of their country : ' 6S Atz ye (jly]v en vvv fjiem e^eSov' And again ; * 9 ®0Lg(T£l, £7T£l Aa.l(JjUV dKXOV 'TtTXoOV qy£[JLOV£Veople of Europe have got footing in tb of Onor, Canonor. Candonor, all terms We fire. Calicut, Cathaia, are of Comar. Comarin interpretation he moft confiderable million in Madura Balafore Aour (*un) at this day. Near it is a city and river Bal is the Chaldean and Syrian Deity, well known: s another name of the Deity, worfhiped in the fame countries. is mentioned and other thage. fuppofed to have been the founder of 93 He was alfo known in Sicily, where there were lined from him. This people got likewife poflefiion land Palaefimunda or Ceylon, called alfo Taprobane. MrjTsgcc T omgo&OLVW A3 xofM 5 x vroig (jlsXxivx, nrMv ys fa ori crtixot ax utcrxvrodg, afa aXtxgxvat, oog AiOio7rsg. ‘0 1 fa ffagsioTsgoi r aroov kxt Aiyvirriag (jutXifx av etsv Tx vupuxTX. The inhabitants upon the Indus are in their looks and appearance, not unlike the Ethiopians (of Africa). Thofe upon the Jouthern coafl refemhle them 99 mojl : for they are very black y and their hair alfo is black : but they are not 96 Arrian, Hift. Indica. p. 313. 97 They were miftaken in faying, a* IvJ'ixov yeros : but their meaning is plain, that they were not Aborigines. 93 Arrian. Hift. Indica. p. 320. 99 Vincentius Bellovacenfis mentions two Indian nations particularly profefllng the rites of Bacchus ; one of which was named Albarachuma. Al-bara-Chuma V. means the fons of Chum or Cham : and that they were the fons of Cham may be inferred from Eufebius : Ta StSy or, as Albertus truly reads it* Chron. Pafch. p. 36. Vol, IIL F f T8 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 218 T8 A gpaZjcif xvrig tis 1*2os ou>e 6; jccu aito S' agsog H fxcaSoio Ogpvfjievoi nr go geariv ski FayyrrriSx yugw, Ugog vorov sAjcofJievoi nr ago. rsgfxara KooXiSog airig. *H S' v^roi nrgovevevnev S7C owexvov (ZaOvSivriv, HAiSaro?, rx^ivoin SvrspEarog oimoin' Tavern (jliv mi vawv vs^giSsg sg armSag, sg Ss nSrjgov A% Ad v. 1138. 'Oi A upf'ctreici IvS'ix.ov eQvos* oi pevrot &ctp£avoi Tpooixoy. Dardan was the original name of each people: it fignified little what termination the Greeks w ere pleafed to affix. 41 Ad v. u.43. nevx.wecf)v—EGros Iv^ixjdv otTleuiutXsis. Peuce at the mouth of the Danube. — - —.— Alaricum babara Peuce Nutrierat. Peuca-On, and Peuce-El. See here accounts of Aornis and Aornon—probably a metathefis forOuranon. 44 Ad. v. 1153. Ogee Se KQy.7rQv 'EAAwwor. The Analysis „of Ancient Mythology. 225 ©VgCTOl pXlpUUVTfi, KOU SIS TTSlg^pX igCCXOVTOCV, r Lu?r\gss $■', sAikss rs, TsroAvyvxpxTr\s sAivoio, Tripos ot acpgxiiricri Ssx xTipr t ns ctgupgcthoos uyogsvtroi QvqTOS SUV' piSVOl is $S 0 l pSCL 'GTCLVTOL ivVCLVTOU. Avtqi yag kou 'urguTOL SepeiAiot rogvucrcLvTo, Kott ficcdvv oipov sieifcctv otpsTgnToio S-ctAx) e^vaet 3 A uxeixi- — 'ztrj&as fAsAuracov for vacoy. Ad v. 1141. Genef. c. 10. v. 7. And the fons of CbiiSy Saba , and Havilah, and Sabtcby &c. People of this name lay alfo to the weft of the Indus, towards the extreme part of Perfis. Tlpwrct ^ccCcciy }astcl t«s £g rictarotpyx^ocu Perieg. v. 1069. Upon which paffage Euftathius obferves, H crccv Je kcu eQvosQpa.Ktx.ov'XaCoi. The fame poet mentions a people of this name in Arabia. M ivvouoi Tty xcli ay^fyvoi KAera£>?rw. v. 959. Who The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 229 Who ftyle themfelves Gargaridas, and fhew To Dionufos a peculiar care. Near a fair ftream their happy lot is fallen, Where the fwift Hypanis and Megarfus fpeed From Mount Hemodus to Gangetic fhores. Fraught as they run with the rich feeds of gold. Not far from hence, but near the fouthern main,. The limits of the country Colis reach, By others Colchis named. Here towering fteep, The rock Aornon rifes high in view, E’en to the mid-air region : not a bird Of boldefl: pinion wings this fubtile clime. There is moreover, wonderful to tell, In the rich region, which the Ganges laves, A pafs efteemed moil facred this of old Bacchus is faid, in wrathful mood, diftrefs’di To have travers’d, when he fled: what time he changed The foft Nebrides for a fhield of brafs ; And for the Thyrfus, bound with ivy round, He couched the pointed fpear. Then firfl were feen The zones and fillets, which his comrades wore, And the foft pliant vine-twigs, moving round In ferpentine direction, chang’d to afps. Thefe. fadts lay long unheeded : but in time The natives quickened paid'memorial due; And call the road Nulkia to this day. Soon as the lovely region was fubdued By the God’s prowels, glorying down he came From Mount Hemodus to the circling fea., There 53 ° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. There on the ftrand two obelifks he reared, High and confpicuous, at the world’s w extreme. To enumerate all, who rove this wide domain Surpafles human pow’r: the Gods can tell. The Gods alone: for nothing’s hid from Heaven. Let it fuffice, if I their worth declare. Thefewere the firft great founders in the world,, Founders of cities and of mighty 50 ftates : Who fhewed a path through feas, before unknown : And when doubt reign’d and dark uncertainty. Who rendered life more certain. They firft viewed The ftarry lights, and form’d them into fchemes. In the firft ages, when the fons of men Knew not which way to turn them, they afllgned To each his juft department: they bellowed 49 Ad v. 1164. He mentions thefe obelifks or pillars in another place, v. 623- Evva. re kcx .1 /pwAai ^Suiyev*o$ Atoivav € 1 ' _ f Ll T m Dionyf. Pericg. v. 905. lie adds, v. 910. *0 » t’ lo'rr.u^ xou Fa£olQvv isgaviocv uro^ov etpgot.srv. TVhen the tower Babel was by the ha?id of Heaven overthrown^ the Giants were fcattered over the face of the earth. We may perceive, from what has preceded, that they were a knowing and expe¬ rienced people ; of a family, which had been long engaged in oppoiltion, and tried in fome fevere conflicts. As they had maintained themfelves by a grand confederacy, they knew how to obey, and were fenfible of the advantages of being under one head. It is then no wonder, that a people well difciplined, and united, fhould at once get the fove- reignty over a nation fo rude and unexperienced as the Miz- They took Memphis with eafe, which was then the frontier town in Egypt. This they held folely to them¬ felves ; and afterwards overran the whole region above, and kept it in fubjedtion. Manethon therefore might very truly fay, petfoods kou cLpcLyfti yoagOLV biKov. They feized the country without the leajl oppoftion : not a fitigle battle was ha¬ zarded. There are ftiany fragments of ancient hiftory, which mention the coming of the Cuthites from Babylonia into the land of Mizraim ; and the country changing its An account of this fort is to be found in Suidas. He tells us, that 7 Ramejfes , the fon of Belus (of Babylonia) who 6 Apud Eufeb. Praep. Evang* L. 9, p. 418. Diodorus mentions that there was a gigantic brood in the time of Ifis. L, 1. p. 23- raim. name. Asy\ t * Hh The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. who was the fan of Zeuth, came into the region called Mejlrcea, and gained the fovereignty, the people of the country. He was the p erf on, whom they afterwards called ZEgyptus ; and the region was denominated prom him. Others fay, that it was * Sethos ; others that it was Belus, who was called JEgyp- tus ; and that from him the country had its name. 9 B phog rag MsKct^ro^ccg yyigoxroipLBvog ctf iavra rr t v ctvroov wvo- _ I [jLolczv Atyurrov. Belus having conquered the Mi %raim, flyled Melampodes , called the country, after one of his own titles , dEgyptus. In all thefe cafes I have fhewn, that for a lingu¬ lar we muft put a plural; and by Belus underftand a people ftyled Beleidte, who came from Babylonia. Manethon, who was an Egyptian, gives the moft particular account of their inroad. We had once, 10 fays he, a king named Timaiis, in whofe reign, I know not why, it pleafed God to vifit us with a blaf of his difpleafure, when of a fudden there came upon this country, a large body of obfeure people (to ysvog ct(TY]fJLOi) from the eaf ; who with great boldnefs invaded the land, and took it without oppojition. The chief of our people they reduced to obe¬ dience, and then in a mof cruel manner fet fire to their towns ; and overturned their temples. Their behaviour to the natives was very barbarous : for they Jlaughtered the men , and made fiaves of their wives and children.. Ht length they confiituted B>?Ay, th kcci £.10^ M eScc<7t\eua€ tmv exei* or fj-eroovopLcccrocv Aiyvmov % ettp’ou Aiyv7rT0t ysospoi. See alfo Eufebii Chron. p. 29. VccfjLecrani—^o Aiyu7rroi tccc Ae- fJLtVGS /J.ET60VCfJ.92. There feems to be fome miftake in this hiftory.j for Sethos was a king of later date. 9 Scholia in iEfch, Prometh. p. 52.. 13 Jofephus contra Apion. L. 1. p. 444 - 7 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. of their body to be their king ; whofe -37 He ? fided at Memph all the Upper and Lower co ifons in every place of confeq He took particular care to fecure every part to the eaf ; as the Ajfyrians were then very powerful ; and he forefaw , that they would one time or another make an attempt upon his kingdom. And having obferved a city , which lay particularly commodious of Sais , to the eaf of Bubafite river , w hich Avar is (a name , that had fo frongef matin forty thoufand of the country ); he fet about fortify placing in it a garrifon of i r. Hither he reforted in ft exaSled fi pay and at the oops , by way of fhew of exercif difciph his He afterwards an account of fix kings, who are reprefented nual fate of hofility with the hour , if pofible , to root out who feemed to ie of an Egypt The Shepherds are faid to have maintained themfelves fituation for five At laft natives of Upper Egypt rofe in oppofition to them, and de feated them under the condudt of king Halifphragmuthofis They afterwards beleaguered them in their flrong hold Ava- which contain- than ten thoufand fquare " Aroura?. Here maintained Kojt ccxP\.eio’0»i , ca cf 1 ’ eis to? ror, etonguv t^ovra /mvcicov tvv yrepiftSTpov' Auccciv crofjLoo T&T 07 T&;. Jofeph. cont. Ap. L. i. p. 445. Avaris was the city Aur, the Cercafora of Grecian writers, at the apex of Delta. Abaris was properly Abarim, the city of the paflage near the mountain of Arabia. Thefe two places are continually con¬ founded. Tiif Analysis of Ancient Mythology. maintained themfelves for a long fpace : but at laft under Thumofis, the fon of the former king, they were reduced to fuch ftraits, as to be glad to leave the 11 country. In the courfe of this hiftory Manethon tells us, that the whole body of this people were called Ucfous, or, as 13 Eu- iebius more truly exprefles it, T nov9 Ufov C»toi NtCffc'/) riotfJLera.. Aolwitoi^v. Abydenus. ibid. Actuvzv Uoiy.evct fScivAev™,. Apollodorus. ibid. p. 5. This title was probably borrowed from the church of God. The Deity feems from the moll early times to have been reprefented as the Shepherd of his people. This was retained by thofe, who were apoftates from tiie truth. They gave it to the Gods, which they introduced ; and afiumed it thent- ielves. Many types and allufions were borrowed from the fame quarter. 7,0 It obtained in Greece. Hence Hoi,u/jr/SacriAgu?. lloiuavaep-, ■sroifA.w, n [Bxa-iMvi. Aifchyl ■’ Eufebii Chron. Hieron. Interprete. p. 14. 1 Syncellus exprefTes it Acheres. p. 155. Acheres, like Uchorus, is probably a compound of Ach or Uch, and Heres ; the great Sun. fadts The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. r + i f:i<5ts could be referred. Their firft monarchs were certainly the Cuthites ftyled Auritae, who built the city Aur, called Avaris, in the land of Gofhen, and nomc of Heliopolis. Telecronus is above faid to have been the oilspring ol a Deity : for it was ufual for perfons to be denominated the children of the God, whom they worAliped. From hence it arofe, that this foreigner was ftyled the foil of Orus ; and his people in like manner were called the Oritas or Aurita* ; as I have mentioned before. They likewife efteemed them- felves the offspring of Zeuth : and are faid to have been the Iirft after the Gods, who reigned in Egypt. Thefe Gods were no other than their principal anceftors ; whofe names were in aftertimes prefixed to the lifts of their kings. Alex¬ ander the Great, in a very large letter to his mother Olym¬ pias, takes notice of this intelligence, which he had extorted from one of their priefts. He learned from this perfon the fecret hiftory of the country : and among other things, that after Hephaiftus, or Vulcanus, fucceeded the offspring of Zeuth. Thefe were deified men, to whom divine honours were paid ; and who were the Dasmones and 'H y.iQzoi of after ages. Alexander ille magnus, Macedo, infigni volu- mine ad matrem fuam feripfit, metu fine poteftatis proditum fibi de Diis hominibus, a facerdote fecretum. Illie . Vulca- num facit omnium principem ; et poftea Jovis gentem. However they may have degenerated afterwards, their religion at firft was the pureft Zabaifm. They worlhiped the fun and moon, and other celeftial bodies : but had no images ; nor admitted any refemblance by way of adoration. VOL. III. Minucii Felicis Octavius. i(>^. I i The 242 T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. The Egyptians Teem to have been quite the reverfe; and were lapfed into a grofs fpecies of idolatry. This was the reafon, when the Cuthites came among them, that they tern des, and overthrew their altars ; not being able to bear the bafenefs of their fuperftition. They were of great to this people; and com for the evil, which they are faid to have brought upon them. Their hiftory is continually alluded to by ancient writers, who point out the country, from whence they came. Eufebius takes notice of a tradition of the Ethiopians arrival in thefe parts : and fays, that they came fr I have fhewn, that the Tigris was the original river called Indus: that sXxsiv Ij/Jof to furnijh an Indie Jiream : and this name came from the fons of Chus ; who both in thefe parts, and in others, where they fettled were culiarly ftyled Indi. Stephanus By fpeaking of the ancient names of among others mentions, that it was called 16 Mufara Aetia : which it from one Aetus dian. I have taken notice, that the name iEgypt from the fame quarter; and that it was conferred by a of of fon Euftathius eives a like account of the ancient names of Egypt: and fays, that it was called ** A iQioTret euro Ivf'a •nraTa/x.a ui a.^'a.vTii -za-poi tj? AtyvTncc uxnaocy. Eufeb. Chron, p. 26. Syncellus. p. 151. Ai 9 n 7 ras t olvvv t^opxcn 'utpmtus atTrctv'Ttov ytyovevtcty xa 1 TaS ctTroS'ei^eis tovtmu eju,ccori cf e xa/ ra? Aiyv7TTio$ a7ro/xas eccvToov wratp^eir^ Ocrififo* fiynaap cfvB r x»<; ct 7 rcnY.to(,',. Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. 143. 144. zs Dionyf. ‘Vjsgr/ 7 ')n$. v. 1074. * 6 M vaoce. (read MvfOL 9 XOCl AsplOly XCLl lloTCC/^UCC, XCCI AtQ ioirioL Sicc T’db A tQ. 07 Tjxr 9 xtA. Euftath. in Dionyf. ad v. 239. Sec Eufebii Chron. p. 29. Ka 0 oAy yap ttiv uvv uaav Aiyv 7 rrov tey’icriv h yfopar 9 aAAa S’aAarrar yeyovevxi A. Diodor. L. 3. p. 144. YJaaa £ %&(>a 'GrQTafJLoyfjoq'os. Ibid. ©aAaacra yao yv fi Aiyv 7 rro <. Pint. If. et Ofiris. p. 367. * 9 'See Pocock, and Norden’s Travels in Egypt. I i 2 Shepherd 244 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Shepherd 30 Philitis, when Egypt was under great calamities; when princes reigned, whofe names were held by the peo¬ ple in abomination. The modern Arabs have accounts of their being built by 31 Ian Ebn liin. By this is Signified,, that they were conftruCted by the Ionim, the fans of that Ion, called Ionas, and Ionichus, of Babylonia. Juba in his hiftory took notice, that the city Heliopolis was not the work of the native Egyptians, but of 32 Arabians ; by which name the foils of Chus are continually diftinguifhed. They raifed the 1110ft ancient obelifks in Egypt; which were formed of one piece ; yet of an amazing ftze : and the granate, of which they conftft, is fo hard, that fcarcely any tool now-a- days can make an impreftion. Hence it is matter of won¬ der, how they were originally framed', and engraved. They are full of hieroglyphics, ourioufly wrought ; which, as we learn from Cafliodorus, were ancient 33 Chaldaic characters; Thcfe were the facrcd characters of Egypt, known only to the 34 " priefts ; which had been introduced by, the Cuthite Ethiopians. I have often taken notice of a common miftake among the Greek and Roman writers; who, when the facred terms grew obfolete, fuppofed the Deity of the temple to have been the perfon, by whom it was built.. Thus it is. faid of Herod. L. 2. c. 128. 31 Herbelot Biblioth. Oriental. 3Z Plin. L. 6. p. 343. 3i Obelifcorum prolixitas ad Circi altitudinem fublevatur : fed prior Soli, inferior Lunas dicatus eft: ubi facra prifcorum Chaldaicis fignis, quafx literis, indicantur. Cafiiodorus. L. 3. Epift. 2. and Epift. 51. They had two forts of letters, 'tbtoov M Sgccv xcti 4 >A eyvoc” y uiipxs A^iottols to yevo;. Steph. Byzant. By this we find, that the fons of Chus, called here Ethiopians, were the* fir ft conftituted people, and the authors of idolatrous rites. 37 4 >cco'i Se Aiyv7nt&$ cdroix'Si sccvicoy uTrcco^ety. Diodor. L. 3. p. 144. 9 fatis- 246 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. r fatisfa&orily prove, that the Cuthite Ethiopians had been in Egypt, and ruled there, than the laws of the 3S country, which were plainly Ethiopic. And not only the laws, but, as we are allured by 39 Diodorus, the rites of lepulture, and the honours paid to the ancient kings, their anceftors, were Ethiopic inftitutions. I have mentioned from Cafliodo- rus, that the facred characters upon the obelilks were of Chaldaic original ; which is the fame as 40 Ethiopic. In confirmation of this, Diodorus tells us, that thefe characters in Egypt were known only to a few, who were of the prieft- hood. But that in Ethiopia they were the national character, and univerfally 41 underftood. In fhort, this writer allures us, that the rites in both nations had a great refemblance, fo as to be nearly the 4 * fame. The priefts in each were re- % clufe, and given to celibacy. They alike ufed the tonfure, and wore a garment of linen : and they ufed to carry in their hands a fceptre, or ftaff, which at the top had T V 7 rov ctgOTgQ£i&Y}, the reprefentation of a plough ; undoubtedly in memorial of their anceftor, u.vQgoo 7 ro$ yY]g, the great hujband- man . Their bonnets, as well as thofe of their kings, were or¬ namented with figures of ferpents: for they held the ferpent as facred, and were addicted to the Ophite worfhip. Among the cities, which the Cuthites built in Egypt, 35 Ta Se •zzrA eitfcc twv yopufAW to/5 Aiyv^nois A.0ic>?rix,mxci$ y aAA («*) V* fjev cicrjrep €fj,co?0 on d'lct'pfyovovvrcti acvro) 01 ccS^Xcpoi avr&'—vScvAovro yeep ccurov Qcnvirou, 00$ eyres 'zzroAAo/, 'Ztregnroo e€ci-s tojv Ai') v—tivv tots tv. ra ysvm th Xaft o M e?c. Euiirb. Chron. p. 16. Syncellus. p. 61. I am obliged to differ from what I have faid in a former treat ill*, p. 318. 71 AbtvctiO'j; a. 7 roix,QVs ^ccitoov. Diodor. L. 1. p. 24. 73 Leo Africanus. L. 8. 74 In the Arabic verfion, the land of Gofhen is rendered Sadir. cording The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 259 cording to Eufebius, they amounted only to one 75 hundred and three. I take therefore for granted, that the five hun¬ dred and eleven years relate to the Ifraelitifh, as well as to the Cuthite Shepherds ; and that the refidence of both peo¬ ple is comprehended in that term: for the accounts of them are certainly blended. And as the one did not fucceed to the other immediately, that interval alfo is taken into the computation. This eftimate upon examination will be found to agree with all the circumftances of hiftory; and will ferve for a clue to afeertain other events. The children of Ifrael were two hundred and fifteen years in Egypt : and Jofeph had been there 76 twenty-one years, when he intro¬ duced his brethren into that country. Thefe amount toge¬ ther to two hundred and thirty-fix years. The years of the former Shepherds, according to Manethon and Syncellus, were two hundred and fifty-nine: which, added to the above, amount to four hundred and ninety-five years. Thefe fall ftiort of five hundred and eleven juft fixteen years ; which I imagine to have been the interval between the departure of the Cuthites, and the arrival of 77 Jofeph. 7? Regnaverunt Paftores annis centum tribus. Eufeb. Chron. Verfio Lat. p. 12. According to the old Chronicle, they reigned two hundred and feventeen years. Syncellus. p. 51. 76 Jofeph was carried into Egypt, when he was feventeen years old. Genefis. c. 37. v. 2. He was thirty years old, when he firft ftood before Pharaoh. Gen. c. 41. v. 46. He faw feven years of plenty, and two of famine: fo that when he invited his brethren into Egypt, he had refided 21 years complete. Years. 7 The firft Shepherds refided — — — — — 259 Between their departure and the coming of Jofeph — — 16 Jofeph refided before the arrival of his brethren 21 years complete 21 The Ifraelitifh Shepherds were in Egypt — —- — 215 L 1 2 5 1 1 But 260 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. But if the numbers of 7 * Africanus be true, thofe added to the years of the ffraelitifh Shepherds make four hundred and ninety-nine, and leave an interval of twelve years only. According to this computation, the Cuthites left the coun- try after Jofeph had been in Egypt fome time, and only twelve years before the arrival of his brethren. I fhould think the former computation the neareft to the truth: though we may either way account for the land of Gofhen lying vacant; and for the city Avaris being 79 unoccupied. Jofeph therefore tells his brethren, that they mull fay to Pharaoh, that they were fhepherds ; becaufe he forefaw, that they would then be entitled to the beft of the land of Egypt. This was Gofhen, called from the late inhabitants Tabir Cufhan ; and in aftertimes the Arabian nome. In conformity to this the province is by Bar-Bahlul, the Syriac # Lexicographer, rendered Cufhatha, as having been the an¬ cient Cuthite region. It lay in the region of Heliopolis, the Zoan of the Scriptures, at the extreme part of Delta ; between the mountain of Arabia to the eaft, and the plain of the pyramids weftward. The city Avaris feems to have been rebuilt, and to have been called Cufh-Aur, and Cer-Cufhaur - y the Cercafora of 80 Mela, and Herodotus. Cer-Cufhora fig- nifies the city of the Cufhan-Oritze. 73 284 The time of the firft Shepherds* according to Africanus. 215 The time of the Ifraelites. * 499 This fubtrailed from 51r* leaves only twelve years. By this eftimate the firft Shepherds left Egypt twelve years, before the others arrived. 79 We find that it was converted to pafture ground* and poflefied merely by fome herdfmen. Genefis, c. 47. v. 6. ,0 Nilus juxta Cercaforum oppidum triplex fcfie incipit. Mela. L. 1. 9. p. 51. 7 The The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 261 The fbns of Chus feem to have come into Egypt imme¬ diately after their difperfion from Babel. And as their ar- and eleven years before the Exodus, rival was five hundred and eleven years this will carry us in computation as far back as to the time Terah fixth of Abra ham About this time imagine, was the confufion of fpeech, and the difperfion abovementioned. If then we recapitulate the great occurrences of the firft ages, as they been tranfmitted to us both by facred and profane ians : we fliall find that they happened in the follow- have manner, and order. When there was mankind, it was thought and retire to their feveral that they fhould artments Their was by divine appointment : and there was accordingly a regular migration of from Araratia in Armenia The fons of Chus feem to have gone off in a diforderly manner : and having for a long time roved eaftward, they at laft changed their direction, and came to the plains of Shinar. Here they feized upon the particular region, which had fallen to the lot of Aflur. He was therefore obliged to retreat; and to betake himfelf to the higher regions of Mefopotamia. In procefs of time the Cuthites feem to have increafed greatly in ftrength, and numbers; and to have formed apian for a mighty empire. People of other families flocked in unto them : and many of the line of Shem put themfelves under their dominion. They were probably captivated with thefr plaufible refinements in relig and no lefs feduced their ingenuity, and by the arts, which they introduced, r they muft certainly be efteemed great in fcience, if we confider 2*6 2 Thu A nalysis of Ancient Mythology. confider the times, in which they lived. The tower of Ba¬ bel, which their imperious leader had erected. Teems to have been both a temple, and landmark, from which they had formed a refolution never to recede. It therefore feemed good to divine Providence to put a flop to this growing con¬ federacy : and, as they had refufed to retire regularly, to force them by judgments to flee away, and to fcatter them into different parts. The Ethnic writers, as I have before mentioned, fpeak of many fearful events, which attended the difperflon ; particularly of earthquakes, and hurricanes, and fiery meteors, which the apoftates could not withftand. Many of the facred writers, though they do not fpeak deter- minately, yet feem to allude to fome violent, and preterna¬ tural commotions, which happened at this feafon. What¬ ever may have been the nature of the cataftrophe, it appears to have been confined folely to the region of Babylonia. Upon the difperflon, the country about Babel was intirely evacuated. A very large body of the fugitives betook them- , felves to Egypt, and are commemorated under the name of the Shepherds. Some of them went no farther than 81 Shi- nar ; a city, which lay between Nineve and Babylon, to the north of the region, which they had quitted. Others came into Syria, and Canaan ; and into the Arabian provinces, which bordered upon thefe countries. Thofe, who fled to Shinar, refided there fome time : but being in the vicinity of Elam and Nineve, they raifed the jealoufy of the fons of Afhur, and the Elamites ; who made a confederacy againfl: them, and after a difpute of fome time drove them from *’ It gave name to the whole region, of which Babylonia was only a part. io their The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. their neighbourhood. And not contented with this, they carried their arms ftill farther; and invaded all thofe of the line of Ham weftward, as far as the confines of Egypt. This was the firft part of the great Titanic war, in which the king of Elam was principal. We are informed by Mo- fes, that they ferved him twelve years; and in the thirteenth they rebelled : and in the fourteenth year the king of Elam attacked them, in conjunction with the kings of Aram, Afhur, and Shinar : for Shinar was now regained, and in the hands of the Shemites. This invafion happened, when Abraham had refided fomc time in Canaan ; in which he firft fojourned, when he was feventy-five years old. It happened alfo after his return from Egypt ; but was antecedent to the birth of Ifhmaef who was born in the eighty-fixth year of Abraham’s life. We may therefore venture to refer this event to the eightieth year of the Patriarch’s age. And as the firft war is faid by the Gentile writers to have lafted ten or 8x eleven years ; if we add thefe to the fourteen mentioned by Mofes, which in¬ tervened between that war, and the invafion made by the confederates, it will be found to amount to twenty-four years. And thefe being deducted from the eightieth year of Abraham, will give us the fifty-fixth of his life, and the firft year of the Titanian war. At this time, or near it, I fhould imagine that it commenced*. I have fuppofed, that the Cuthite Shepherds came into Egypt immediately upon the difperfion : and it is very plain from Manethon, that 84 'Xvi'Sfye'kX S' 1 e[ acc^ovto. Sex#, -zrAeiws encLums* Hefiod, Xheog. v. .636. %lcc.*£Ofj<.srtov Se ocvTM sviolutw Sexac $ tw tw w kw. Apollod. L- j. p. 4. * dieir 264 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. their coming was five hundred and eleven years before the Exodus. The call of Si Abraham was only four hundred and thirty, and his birth five hundred and five, years hefore that aera: therefore the difperfion muff have been about fix years prior to his birth. According to this computation, the firft Titanian war was about fixty-two years after the difper¬ fion. 8+ Abydenus, 85 Cedrenus, and other writers, who take notice of the difperfion, mention this war as the next great event. As the Cuthite Shepherds were in pofleflion of Egypt at the time of this war ; it may feem extraordinary, that they did not take a fhare in it, and aflift thofe of their family, who were invaded. There is an obfcure tradition of their being folicited to interfere: but as they were not themfelves attacked, nor injured, they did not liften to the propofals. This is intimated in a hiftory given of Oceanus, who was one of the 86 Titans. It is alfo a name of the Nile, which was called both 87 Oceanus, and iEgyptus : and in this ac¬ count, that country, and its inhabitants are alluded to. The hiftory is, that, 88 when the Titans entered into a con- Abraham was feventy-five years old, when he left Haran-, and eighty-fix at the birth of Ifhmael. 84 Eufeb. Praep.Evang. L. 9. c. 15. Syncellus. p. 44. 85 P. 29. riverau U7tto$. Ibid. p. 17. 88 T&jp aAA w Tnuvcov eis rvv year cl tb arpos eTr&vTwv lepevcav^ o Clyceavos cltcl- yogevto re rergos rocs Mnrgos eirira^ei^ xai evv 9 r*rporepeace voov rpairoi^ xtA. IloAAoc fe 'aropfupuv perev ipepos ev peyccpounr . Proclus in Timaram Platonis. 4, p. 296. (piracy The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 265 {piracy againft their father, Oceanus withftood tlic felicita¬ tions, which were made to him : though he was fome time in doubt, whether he fhould not take a part in the commo¬ tion. Proclus, who gives this account, has preferved fome Orphic fragments to this purpofe. The fame is to be found in Apoilodorus ; who mentions the Titans engaging in war, and fays, that Oceanus would not join them. 89 Oi as ‘yocgis Qzsctva £ 7 riTi@£VTcu. By Oceanus is meant in the language of mythology the Oceanitas and Nilotce, the inhabitants of I imagine, that the Canaanites had been in the fame ori¬ ginal rebellion in Babylonia, as the fons of Chus ; and that they were a part of the difperlion. It is therefore probable, that they came into Canaan about the fame time that the others betook themfelves to Egypt. This is certain, that when Abraham traverfed the country, it is repeatedly faid, that 90 the Canaanite was then in the land: from whence we may infer, that they were but lately come. And the facred writer, fpeaking of Hebron, a feat of the Anakim, or Titans, fays, that it was built fevenyears before 91 Zoan in Egypt. By this we may infer, that the two nations in fome degree cor- refponded in their operations, and began building about the fame time. All the while, that the Patriarch fojourned in " 9 L. 1. p. 2. 90 Genefis. c. 12. v. 6. c. 13. v. 7. 91 Numbers, c. 13. v. 22. Some have thought, that Zoan was Tanis, towards the bottom of Lower Egypt, and it is fo rendered in the Vulgate. But this part of the country, called afterwards Delta, was not formed, when Hebron was built. The lower region of Delta increafed gradually, and was the work of time# Zoan was Heliopolis, one of the firft cities built by the Shepherds, and towards the apex of Delta. VOL. III. M m this 2 66 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. this country, we find it fo thinly peopled, that he could pafs where he lifted, and pitch his tent, where he pleafed : and yet he travelled with a large retinue, and with flocks and herds in abundance. All this Teems to indicate a recent po¬ pulation. Syria, and the coaft from Libanus upwards, had been peopled by a different family before : and it is probable, that thofe of the confederacy, who fettled there, had fome battles with the natives. Eufebius accordingly mentions, that in early times the Chaldeans , by whom are meant the Baby¬ lonians, made war upon the people of Phenicia. 92 Xjztdouoi kxtcc <2>oivik(£v B^XT£V/$* Terah, and Nahor, and all the fons of Heber had feparated themfelves from the ftock of their fathers, and dwelt in a forbidden land. Here they ferved other Gods. But the faith of Abraham was at lafl: awakened ; to which perhaps nothing contri¬ buted more than the demolition of the tower of Babel, and the difperfion of the fons of Chus: and laftlv, the wonderful and tremendous interpofition of the Deity in- producing The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 269 ‘Theft are the people , 1 vho are defcribed as exiles and uoatiderers , and at the fame time are called the Titans. This event Teems to have been very happy in its confequences to thofe of the family of the Patriarch Abraham: as it mull have facilitated their converfion ; and given them an opening to retreat. They lived in the land of Ur of the Chaldees ; which lay upon the Tigris, to the fouth of Babel and Babylonia. There was no paflage for them to get away, but through the above country ; which was then poflefled by a people, who would not have differed their defertion. Nor would they have thought of migrating, fo long as they followed the religion of their fathers. But when Terah and his family had feen the tower fhakcn to its foundations, and the land made a defert; it was natural for them to obey the firft call of Hea- *•» ven ; and to depart through the opening, which Providence had made. They therefore acceded to the advice of Abraham; and followed him to Haran in Mefopotamia, in his way to Canaan. The rout, which the Patriarch took, was the true way to the country, whither he was going : a circumiiance, which has been little conlidered. After the Cuthite Shepherds had been in pofleffion of Egypt about two hundred and lixty, or eighty years, they were obliged to retire. They had been defeated by Halif- producing thefe effects. This event not only infpired them with an inclination to get away, but alfo afforded them an opening for a retreat* It is, I think, plain, that even the Chaldeans were not included in the people dif- pcrfed ; as we find fuch a nation in the days of Abraham ; and not only in his time, but in the days of his father and grandfather. Both Terah and Nahor dwelled in. the land of Ur of the Chufdim : which could not have happened, if thofe Chufdim, or Cuthites, had been fcattercd abroad.. phragmutho/is 2 jo The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. phragmuthofis ; and were at laft beflcged in the diftridf of Avaris, which they had previoufly fortified, by s Amofis, the fon of the former king. Wearied out by the length and ftraitnefs of the fiege, they at laft came to terms of compo- fition ; and agreed to leave the country, if they might do it unmolefted. They were permitted to depart; and accord¬ ingly retired to the amount of two hundred and forty thou- fand perfons. Amofis upon this deftroyed their fortifica¬ tions, and laid their city in ruins. Manethon, who has mixed their hiftory with that of the Ifraelites, fuppofes, that they fettled at Jerufalem, and in the region round about. This has led Jofephus to think, that the firft Shepherds were his anceftors : whereas their hiftory is plainly alluded to in that part, which is ftyled the return of the Shepherds: where Ofarfiph is mentioned as their ruler ; and Mofes, as their conductor upon their retreat. Moft of the fathers, who treat of this fubjedt, have given into this miftake: and as the Cuthites were expelled by Amofis, they have fuppofed, that the Ifraelites departed in the reign of that king. This was the 6 opinion of Tatianus, Clemens, Syncellus, and many others: but it is certainly a miftake: for it was not till the time of 7 Amenophis, fucceflor to this 8 prince, that they entered 4 Jofephus contra Ap. L. i. p. 446. 5 By fome he is called Thummofis. 6 KctTtz Afj.MGiv AiyuirTH @ocCCC TM? Diodot. L» 3* P* 201• The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 273 of the Titans of ,s Mauritania, whom he ftyles the fons of Heaven. The Grecians fuppofed, that they were conducted to this region by Kollos ctArjTns, Cadmus the great rover : and Nonnus mentions : >9 A yyivecpri vouanoig ctkrjfJLovog clzeol K People, who dwelt amid the Atlantian cliffs, In cities founded by the wandering chief. They came alfo with the Curetes into Crete ; and fettled particularly about Cnofius, where they were of the greateft benefit to the natives ; and improved them in architecture, and in various other arts. Diodorus fpeaks of the temple of Rhea in thefe parts, which was built by the Titans, the fons of Heaven ; whofe foundations were fhewn in his days : and near it was a venerable grove of cyprefs, planted in early times. He mentions the names of many of the Titans: and fays, that there was not one, *° who had not been the author of fome ufeful art to mankind. The calamities, which this people experienced, were fo fevere, and accumulated, that they were held in remembrance for ages. The memorials of them made a principal part in their facred * l rites ; and they preferved them allb in their hymns. Thefe were generally in a melancholy ftyle; and their mufick was adapted to them. The chief fubjeCl was 18 L. 3. p. 19a. Ty Dionuf. L. 13. p. 370. I*. 5. p. 334 - tuv btap IvpBTtiv to/s ecp'BgcoTross. See Orph, Argonautica. v. 26. 31. &c. Philoftratus, Vita Apollon. L. 3. c. 6. Vo l. III. N n the 274 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, the hiftory of the Titanic age, the fufferings of their Gods; and above all the flight of Bacchus, and the fcattering of his limbs over the plain of Nufa. To thefe were added the wan¬ derings of Ills, or Damater ; who went over the world to pick up the limbs of the fame Bacchus, under the character of Oflris. The Egyptians fucceeded to the Cuthites in their cities and temples ; and had been too early initiated in their rites ever to forlake them. They had the like hymns ; and commemorated the fame events : for they were a branch of the fame family. Hence they recorded the labours of the Titans, and all the calamities and wanderings, to which their Deities had been expofed. The Grecians did the like: their rites and myfteries related to the fame events. Linus, Or¬ pheus, Pronapides, Thymoetes, are fuppofed to have written upon this 21 lubject; fome in Pelafgic, and others in Phry¬ gian characters. The ground-work of their hiftory is com- prifed by Plutarch in a fmall compafs, 23 r; TcuvQecov icfogictv. Diodor. L. i- p. 37 * 4 Juftin. L. 2. c. 1. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. -75 gens antiquiflima Temper habita.—iEgyptiis antiquiores Tem¬ per vifi Scythse. The Scythic nation was at all times ejleetned the mojl ancient.—The Scythcc were always looked tip on as more ancient than the J.Egyptians . All this in its proper ac¬ ceptation is true : Tor the Cuthites were the firft upon earth, who were conTtituted into a large kingdom ; and reduced under a regular government: while other nations confided of little independent towns and villages. And as they paid the higheft reverence to the memory oT their anceftors; they preTerved evidences Tor their own antiquity, oT which other nations were bereaved : To that they maintained this prero¬ gative Tor ages. N n 2 CON ( *77 ) CONCERNING UR of the CHALDEES; AND OF The Region, from whence it was thus diftinguifhed. B EFORE I proceed, it may not be improper to obviate an objection, which may be made to the place, and region, where I have fuppofed Abraham to have been firft converfant : as there are writers, who have imagined Ur of Chaldea to have been in another part of the world. The region in queftion is by Strabo plainly defined as a province of Babylonia: and Arrian, Ptolemy, Dionyfius, Pliny, and Marcellinus, all determine its fituation fo clearly, that I fhould have thought no doubt could have arifen. It appears however, that Bochart, Grotius, Le Clerc, Cel- larius, with fome others, are diflatisfied with the com¬ mon opinion; and cannot be perfuaded, that Abraham came from this country. Bochart accordingly tells us, that the Ur of the Scriptures was near Nifibis, in the er regions of Aflyria; and bordered upon Armenia. Ur 2 7 3 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 5 Ur Chaldreorum, ubi Abrahoe majores habitarunt, Gen. ti. 28. non procul erat a Corduena, in qua fubftiterat area No$. Res patet ex Ammiani L. 5. Ibi enim Romani tranfmifTo Tigri ad locum a Corduena centehmo lapide difparatum, via fex dierum emenfu, ad Ur nomine Perficum venerc caftellum : unde profeclis primo Thifalphata, deinde Nilibin iter fuit. Itaque Ur circa Nib bin. This is furely too lightly deter¬ mined. All that we learn from Marcellinus is 5 that they paTed by a caftle called Ur : not a word is there mentioned about a region called Chaldea ; nor of a people ftyled Chal¬ deans : which was necefiary to be found. Yet the learned writer fays, res patet, we may be ajjured y that here was the birth of the Patriarch: and the original place of his refidence was near Nilibis. In another part of his work, he mentions a place called Ur, near Syria, upon the Euphrates; of which notice.is taken by 1 Pliny: and he feems to think it not im¬ probable, that here might have been the firft abode of 1 Abraham. From hence we may perceive, that he was not very determinate in his opinion. Edeffa is faid to have been .called Ur, and Ur hoe : on which account fome have been induced to place the birth and refidence of the Patriarch here. But who ever heard of Chaldeans in thefe parts; or of a region named Chaldea? If there be any thing certain in geography, we may be aflured from a number of the beft writers, that the country, * Gcogr. Sac. p. 38. * Ita fertur (Euphrates) ufque Uram locum, in quo converfus ad orientem relin- quitSyrue faimyrenas folitudines. Plin. JL. 5. c. 24. * Sic Ur Chaldseorum erit Ura, de qua Plinius. JL. 5. c. 24.—quod fiquis malit fcqui, non vehementer repugnabo. Geogr. £ac. p. 78. of The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 279 of which we are treating, was in a different part of the world. Chaldea lay to the fouth of Babylonia ; and was originally bounded to the eaft and weft by the Tigris and Euphrates : fo that it was an interamnian region. Hence a tells the children of Ifrael, in fpeaking of the firft refidence of their anceftors, that their 4 fathers dwelt on the other fide ofi the flood , or river, in old time , even ‘Terah , the father of Abraham. And St. Stephen, fpeaking of the call of this Patriarch, fays, 5 The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham , when he was in Mefopotamia , before he dwelt in Charran. The land of Chaldea was in thofe times a por¬ tion of the great region called Mefopotamia: and, as I be¬ fore faid, it was bounded to the weft by the Euphrates which in its latter courfe ran nearly parallel with the Ti¬ gris, and emptied itfelf into the fea below. But as this river was apt every year, about the fummer folftice, to overflow the low lands of 6 Chaldea, the natives diverted its courfe ; and carried it, with many windings through a new channel into the Tigris: which jumftion was made about ninety miles below Seleucia. There were in reality three 7 ftreams,. into which the Euphrates was divided. One of thefe was the Nahar-Sares, called alfo the Marfyas. There was an¬ other called the Nahar-Malcha, or Royal River; which was made by 8 Nebuchadnezzar, and pafled into the Tigris- near the city abovementioned. The third may be confldered 4 C. 24. v. 2. 5 Adts. c. 7. v. 2. 6 Srrabo. L. 16. p. 1075. 7 Plin. Li. 6. c. 26. * Abydenus apud F.ufcb. P. E. L. 9. p- 457. 9 as 2'8o The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. the original river, which through Babyl but was foon after diverted into a new channel ; and joined the Tigris about ninety miles below the Nahar-Malcha and Se- leucia. eafdem terras et Marfes, et flumen gium, et Euphrates, cundlis excellens, qui tripartitus navi- gabilis per omnes eft rivos ; infulafque circumfluens, et arva cultorum induftria diligenter rigans, vomeri, et gignendis arbuftis, habilia facit. There were at the fame time many filialler ftreams, formed by the natives from the Euphrates, •both to moiften their grounds, and to take off the exuber¬ ance of its waters. Thefe fecondary rivulets are often al¬ luded to by the facred writers : and in the Pfalms, they are fpoken of under the general name of the 10 waters of Babylon. For Babylonia abounded with ftreams and pools; and was wa¬ tered beyond any country in the world, except Egypt, which in many refpedts it greatly refembled. Thofe, who performed the great work of all, which confifted in turning the river itfelf, were the people of Ur, called by " Ptolemy and Pliny Orcheni. 11 Euphraten praeclufere Orcheni, et accolae, ripas rigantes ; nec nili Pafttigri defertur ad mare. Before this it ran down to the fea, and emptied itfelf into the Perfic Gulf, near Teredon, about twenty-feven miles below the mouth of the Tigris. By thefe means the old channel became dry : and the region was now bounded to the weft hy the defert 9 Ammian. Mancellinus. L. 23. p. 287. Marfes is a miftake for Narfes ; and that an abridgment for Naar-Sares^ 10 Plalm. 137. v. 1. L. 5* c. 19* 11 L. 6. c. 27. 15 Plin. L. 6. c. 28. 6 of The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 281 of Arabia, as Strabo and other writers obferve. In this province was the Ur of the Scriptures, called Ur of the Chal¬ deans : which was fo ftyled, in order to diftinguifh it from every other place of the fame name. It was alfo expreflfed Our, Ourhoe, Ourchoe; and the people were called Ourchani. It was fometimes compounded Camour, and rendered Ca- murine ; and it is thus mentioned by Eupolemus. The de- feription of Chaldea given by Strabo is very precife. He fpeaks much in favour of the natives : and fays, that they inhabited a portion of ,s Babylonia, which bordered upon Arabia and the Perfic Sea. He deferibes them as being de¬ voted to philofophy; efpecially the Borfippeni, and the Or- cheni. Thefe laft we may fuppofe to have been particularly the inhabitants of the city, concerning which we are treat¬ ing. For here, in the true land of Chaldea, we muft look for Ur of the Chaldees. We accordingly find, that there was fuch a place, called Oy^o»), Urchoe, by Ptolemy ; by Jofephus, Ura, or Ure : j6 Ovgrj rm By Eufebius it is rendered Ur: and it was undoubtedly the capital city of the province. 11 Ovg 'UTohig nis fiarthsicts tuv XotAdouav . Add to this the account given by Eupolemus ; who points out plainly the place of the Patriarch’s birth, and abode. Camarina of 14 V\a.}0L\tzirou tv epvfxoj A pa£ia,i XaAJ'a/a ^upec, Ptolemy. L. 5. c. 20. 15 L. 16. p. 1074. 16 Jofephus fay of Haran, the fon of Terah, zv XaX'Scaois ccTreOxver, sv thoXsi Oupv ^0 ofjL?*n tcov XaAf caw. He died among the Chaldeans , in the city called Ur of tie Chaldeans . Ant. L. 1. c. 7. 17 Eufebius in locis Hebraicis, five facris. 18 Ev 'sroAer ms Ba£uA«wot$ K ecfxa^tvrfj fiv Tiroes Xeyeiv Ovpwv' uvou Sz 'j^zdsp/j.yjvzuo.ue - w XccX^ouoov 'z&oXtv—yeitea-Qcu A€goeot/&. Eufeb. Prsep. L. 9. c. 17. p. 418. Vol. IIL O o Babylonia , 18 He was born , fays this hiftorian, in the city 282 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Babylonia, which fome call Uria. By this is denoted a city oj the Chaldeans . As die hiftory is fo plain, why do we go To wide of the mark, as to fuppofe this city to have been upon the confines of Syria ? or, what is more extraordinary, to make it, as fome do, an Alfyrian city: and to place it high in the north, at the foot ot Mount Taurus, upon the borders of Media, and Armenia; where the name of Chaldeans is not to be found ? Yet to thefe parts does Grotius, as well as Bochart, refer it: and mentioning Ur of the Chaldees, he adds, ’ 9 the jiamc remained to the time of Marcellinus. But this learned man is furely wrong in determining fo haftily, and with fuch a latitude : for there was no Ur of the Chaldees, nor any Chaldea in thefe parts. Lucian was born at Samofata: and Marcellinus was thoroughly acquainted with this coun¬ try. Yet neither from them, nor from Pliny, Ptolemy, Mela, Solinus, nor from any writer, is there the leaft hint of any Chaldeans being here. The place mentioned above was an obfeure caftle ; of little 5,0 confequence, as we may infer, from its never having been taken notice of by any other writer. Grotius fays, manfit loco nomen: from whence one might be led to imagine, that it had exifted in the days of Abraham. But there is not the leaft reafon to fuppofe any fuch thing. It is indeed idle to form any conjecture about the antiquity of a place, which occurs but once in hiftory ; and which is never mentioned before the fifth century. 19 Grotius in Genefin. c. 11. v. 31. Ur Chaldreorum : manfit loco nomen. See. The whole hiftory of the place is comprifed in four words : Ur nomine Per- ficum caftellum, Marcellinus. L. 25. p. 336. Why The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 283 Why then have men of fuch extenlive learning fo induftri- oufly deviated from the truth ; and gone contrary to the common interpretation? The reafon given is this. We are told by thefe writers, that 11 Abraham was ordered to leave his father s houfe , and to betake himfelf to the land of Canaan. IVow to go from Babylonia to Canaan by Haran , as it is laid that Abraham did , is not the direSl road : for Hara?i lies out of the way. But from the Ur of Marcellinus, or from the city Rdejfa , 11 Haran lies in the very rout ; and the cou?fe is. very direSl. But why mull all hiftorical certainty be fet afidc for the fake of a more plaulible and compendious way of pro¬ ceeding ? We frame to ourfelves, at this diftance of time, notions about expediency and convenience ; which arifc merely from our inexperience, and from thofe unneceffary doubts, which are formed through ignorance. Where is it * mentioned in the Scriptures, that the Patriarch was reftrained to the dired road ? After he had left Ur of the Chaldees, he went with his father to Haran, and dwelt there. Some make the term of his relidence to have been a year : others imagine it to have been a great deal more. If he did not proceed diredly in regard to time, why muft he be fuppofed to have been limited in refped to place ? What matters it, by which rout he went to Canaan, if the call was not fo co¬ gent, but that he had permifllon to flay by the way ? There is another queftion to be afked. As the rout fup¬ pofed to be taken from Babylonia and the fouth towards Haran is objeded to ; I Ihould be glad to know, which way 21 Genefis. c. 12. v. 1. 21 In Judream via refta eft per Carrhas. Bochart fupra. p. 78. O o 2 the 2~Ga. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. the Patriarch fhould have directed his fteps. It is anfwered,. that he ought to o have gone to Canaan dh'eElly 13 wefward^ ture. through slrabia : which would have been ?iearly in a fir ait line, if he had gone from the lower regions of Babylonia : but as he proceeded i?i a circuity that could not be the place of his depar- Now, from the beft accounts, we may be afTured, that the rout, which we fuppofe him to have taken, was the true, and only way : there was no other, by which people could proceed. And we take off greatly from the purport and precifton of the holy Scriptures, by thus arbitrarily changing the feene of adtion, becaufe it does not accord with our pre¬ judices. And thefe prejudices arife from our being accuf- tomed to fcanty maps ; and not looking into the natural hiftories of the countries, about which we are concerned. The very beft accounts prove, that this was the rout ever taken by people, who went from Babylonia, and its pro<- vinces, to Palaeftina and Egypt : for the diredt way, as Gror- tius terms it, and which Bochart recommends, could not be purfued. From Babylonia and Chaldea weftward was a I4 defert of great extent; which reached to Canaan, and ftill farther to the Nile. Nor is there, I believe, upon record, above one inftance of its having ever been 15 traverfed. All armies, and all caravans of merchants, were obliged to go to the north of the Euphrates, when they came from Babylonia ZJ Via effet (e Babylonia) multo compendiofior per Arabian deferta. Ibid. 14 Met cl Se Tas aujuCoAass Eu 5 to Egypt ; or the reverfe, when they went from Egypt to Ba¬ bylonia. Herodotus, when he is fpeaking of the march of Cambyfes to Egypt, fays, that the only way into that coun¬ try was downward from the Euphrates, by Syrophenicia, and Palcftinc. * 6 Mavv/j Js tccvty] euri that I am the Lord: becaufe he hath faid , The river is mine, and I have made it. Behold , therefore I am againjl thee , and againft thy rivers ; and I will make the land of Egypt utterly wafte y and defolate , from the Tower Migdol to Syene , and the border of Ethiopia. No foot of man fhall pafs through ity nor foot of beaf fhall pafs through ity neither fhall 'it be inhabited forty years. And I will make the land of * 4 * 2 Kings., c. 19. v. 9. andc. 23* v. 29. 2 Chron. c. 35. v, 20. 49 2 Chron. c. 35. v. 20. Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 2. 50 Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 2. 51 Ezekiel, c. 29. v. 8, Vol. III. R r * Egypt $o6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Egypt defolate in the midjl of the countries that are defolate ~ and her cities , among the cities that are laid wafle , Jhallbe defo¬ late forty years: and I will feat ter the Egyptians among the na-> tionsy and will difperfe them through the countries. Yet thus faith the Lord God , At the end of forty years will I gather the Egyp-. tians from the people , whither they werefcattered. And I will bring again the captivity of Egypt ; and will caufe them to return into the land of PaphroSy into the land of their habit at ion y and they fhall be there a bafe kingdom. In the fubfequent part of this prophecy there are many beautiful allufions to the rites and idolatry of this people : and the fame is to be obferved in Jeremiah. 51 Ohy thou daughtery dwelling i)i Egypt , furnijh thyfelf ta go into captivity : for JVoph Jhall be wafe and defolate without an inhabitant. Egypt is like a fair heifer ; but deflruElion cometh ; it cotneth out of the north. -Alfo her hired me?i are in the midfi of hevy like fatted bullocks ; for they alfo—are fled away toge¬ ther ; they did not ft andy becaufe the day of their cal antity was .come upon them —I The daughter of Egypt Jhall be confounded: floe Jhall be delivered into the ha?id of the people of the north. ‘The Lord of Hoflsy the God of Ifraely faith ; Behold , I will pu- nijh the multitude of Noy and Pharaohy and Egypt , with their Godsy and their kings \ even Pharaohy and all them that truft in him. And I will deliver them into the hand of thofey that feek their lives ; and into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar , king of Ba- bylony and into the hand of his fervants : arid afterwards it Jhall -he inhabitedy as in the days of oldy faith the Lord. We fee., that the defolation of the country is foretold by both prophets; and likewife a refloration of tliofe, who were to be carried Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 19. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 307 into captivity. This return of the people, according to Ezekiel, was not to be effected till after forty years. The accounts in the Egyptian hiftories concerning tliefe times are very dark and in confident. So much we learn, that there were great commotions and 53 migrations of people, when Pharaoh Necho, and Pfammitichus are fuppofed to have reigned. And both thefe, and the fubfequent kings, are re- prefented as admitting the 54 Carians, and other nations into Egypt; and hiring mercenaries for the defence of the coun¬ try. All this is repugnant to their former 55 manners ; and Ihews, that the country was become thin of inhabitants, and wanted to be repeopled. Mod writers mention an interval about this time, which is ftyled y^ovof c&curtXevTog : but they fuppofe it to have been only 56 eleven years. Diodorus Sicu¬ lus mentions about the lame time an interval of four 57 ages, in which there was no king. The original hiftory was un¬ doubtedly not four ages, but four decads of years; and agrees very well with the prophecy of Ezekiel. The hillro- rian places this interval between the reign of Pfammitichus and Apries. But there is no trull; to be given to the polition of the kings of Egypt about this time. Apries is by fome exprefled 58 Vaphres ; and is with good reafon fuppofed to * Plin. L. 6 . c. 30. Strabo* L. 16. p. 1115. 54 Diodorus. L. 1. p. 60. 61. Strabo. L. 17. p. 1153. 5? Flpooroi urot tv AlyvjTTw / wt») Avvctfsiciy Yloi^svsg Y)- irsoov,sv roig zorgctroig ziys Tty nr et£ Aiy vitriol g ctino^oyictv. What 33 It has in fome places been altered to ferve a purpofe * and probably by Syn- cellus. 39 Jamblichus, Se£t. 8. c. 4. p. 160 . 40 Ibid. VOL. III. X x fays 33 ^ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. fays Chreremon, is comprifed in the Egyptian almanacks, contains but a fmall part of the Hermatc injiitutions. The whole , that relates to the rif 7 ig and occultation of the fars , to the increafe and decreafe of the moon , was held in the leaf fil¬ tration. Porphyry likewife mentions the Egyptian Alma¬ nacks ; and gives an account of their contents, which feem to be very curious. They conlifted of a detail about the phafes of the fun, and moon ; and of the riling, and fetting of the liars for the year : alfo of the afpedts and influences of the planets, and what was from them portended : +I aou §sgtx.~ 7 t£io.i 'GTa.bwv, there was alfo fame phyfical advice fubjoined. All this, fays Porphyry, sv A^fxevr^ictnoic 360 diebus exaeflis, tunc inter Auguftum et Septembrem rellquos quinque dies anno fuo reddunt; adneAentes, quarto quoque anno exa< 5 to, interca- i irem, qui ex quadrantibus confit. Macrob. Sat. L. 1.C.15.P. 180. 46 Euleb. Chron. p. S. See Diodorus. L. 1. p. 22. xarcc rnvrw, ayevOai rev evuz'jrov. 47 f 0 1 yap njotp avron rraXatoraroi'Xe^vatB; *(pxrTy.ov eivxi , w pLyivioaBi ras Oi S's ptera rurus c Hjw.i0gci a>pov$ eyaP^ouv tsc evtaurvs. ruiccov rpiayovra cwscroorac. Syncellus. p. 40. Apud iEgyptios pro annis menfes haberi. Varro apud Ladtanr. 1.. 2. c. 12. p. 160. years j The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 34 1 years ; which were in ufe in Tome parts of Egypt. Syncellus tries to folve it another way ; by giving the dynaftics from the lixteenth downward their proper number of years, and allowing the overplus to the Gods, and Demigods. But we have no occaiion to have recourfe to thefe helps : for the numbers of the real dynafties had nothing to do with this astronomical computation : and Iamblichus, who equally mifapplies 48 them, fhews, that they who treated of them differed in their opinions, and were by no means 49 confident. The dynafty ot thofe kings, who immediately fucceeded the Shepherds, is termed the Cynic cycle : and the ftar Si¬ rius, and many other things of eminence among the Egyp¬ tians, were ftyled Cynic ; and fuppofed to have fome refer¬ ence to dogs. But the Cynic cycle, or more properly the 50 Cunic, was the Royal cycle, and related to a feries of kings : and every thing fo denominated is to be taken in that acceptation. Some of the books of Hermes are ftyled Tsvikou kou 51 K vgcLviKou, Genic and Curanic ; and from them it is faid, that Apion, Manethon, and Panodorus obtained molt of their knowledge. Thefe feem to be both Egyptian terms, diftorted by the Greeks ; but of the fame purport, as that above. They were properly Chanic and Curanic books ; and contained the hiftory of the priefts, and kings 4< * He fuppofes, that they related to the books of Hermes : but the books of Her¬ mes were but forty-two. Clemens mentions them, and fpecifies the contents of each. Strom. L. 6. p. 758. 49 We learn from him, that what Syncellus in aftertimes applied to Chronology, was by Manethon thought to relate to the books of Hermes. Se£t. 8. p. 157. 50 Cun, Chon, Cohen, a King. See VoLI. Radicals. 51 By Syncellus exprefied Kugaweit. 'Q.v'Trfp ev rc&Tevixo&ru Eo/w, xai ev rat? Ky- gcLvpiai f 3 i£*oi$ etpmatu p. 52. See Yol. I. of this work. Radicals. Keren, Rex. Kuran, Heliacus. Hence xoigavos* 342 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. f Grecian term, which and its hiftory, is to be fufpedted. It is to be obferved, that Mancthon, and his copier Africanus, mention, that after the was a fucceftion of other per- s * Msrct rA. But Ions and he fpecifies thofe of the firft dynafty. TQVg 'Hjt uQs&g 'UTPOOTY] ( 2 > 0 L r According to 97 Theophilus According to 9 Eulebius. & * Antiochenus. Mi fphr agmu thofi s 26 Methrammuthoiis 20 m. 10 Tuthmofis - 9 Tythmofis 9 m. 8 Amenophis - 3 i Damphenophis - 3 ° m. 10 Orus - 36 Orus - 35 ^. 5 Achencerfes - 1 2 Ori Filia - - 10 m. 3 Athoris - 39 Mercheres - 12 m. 3 Chencheres - 16 Armais - 3 °m. 1 Acherres - 8 MefTes - 6 m. 2 Cherres - - - - 15 Rhameffes 1 m. 4 Armais - 5 Amenophis 19 m. 6 Ammefes - 68 Thceflus et? Menophis - 40 Rhameflus* 1 0 Sethos iEgyptus Third Dynajly. • Sethos - 55 Rapfes - - 66 Ammenophthis 40 Ammenemmes 26 Some of thefe names by collating may be corrected ; and each of the authors quoted will contribute towards it. At Eufeb. Chron. p. 16. 97 Theophilus ad Autol. L. 3. p. 392* 7 369 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology*. prefent each fpecimen abounds with miftakes. Tythmofis, Tethmofts and Thmofts, feem to have been originally Tha- mofis ; probably the fame as Thamus, and Thamuz. Me- nophis, Amenephthes, and Amenophthes are undoubtedly miftakes for 98 Amenophis, as it is rendered in Jofephus. Rathos, and Rathotis, are for Rathor, and Rathoris : and thofe again are for Athor and Athoris. Chebres of Africa- nus fhould be altered to Cheres, the fame as Sol. The whole lift is made up of divine titles. Cheres is fometimes compounded Chan-Cheres; and exprefled Achancheres; all of which are the fame title. Mefles, Ammefes, and Ar- mefes, are all miftakes for Ramefes, either abridged, or tranfpofed; as may be fhewn from Theophilus. Armais, 9 and Armes, feem to be the fame as Hermes. Raphaces, and Rapfes are by Jofephus more correctly rendered Ramp- fes. Thcefus in Theophilus is a tranfpofition, and variation of Sethos, the fame as Sethon, whom he very properly, in another place, ftyles Sethos Egyptus. As thefe names may, I think, to a degree of certainty be amended, I fhall endea¬ vour to give a more correct lift, as I have prefumed to form it upon collation. 1. Mifphragmuthofis. 2. Thamofis ; Amofis of Clemens and others. 3. Amenophis. 4. Orus. r To fay the truth, I believe that Menophis is the original name. It was a di¬ vine title, like all the others ; and aflumed by kings. It was properly Menophis, five Menes Pytho, vel Menes Ophion : and it originally was a tide given to the perfon commemorated under the character of Noe Agathodaemon, changed by the Greeks to Neo. See Vol, II. Plate VI. p. 336. 6 5. Chan- The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 361 5. Chan-Cheres. 6. Athoris. 7. Chancheres 2. 8. Chancheres 3. 9. Armes, or Hermes. 10. Rhamefes. 11. Amenophis. Dynafty the Third. 1. Sethos iEgyptus. 2. Rampfes, the fame as Rhamefes. 3. Amenophis. 4. Rhamafes Sethon. 4 But though this lift may be in fome degree correto$) cova- fijLourfAtvQv* Jofephus contra Ap. L. i. p. 460. Rhamefies fcems to. have reigned with hifc father. He is called Rhameles, and Rhamafis ; and is undoubtedly the perfon alluded to by Clemens,, and others, under the name, of AmaJ&s; in whofe time they fuppofe the Exodus to have been. See Strom. L. 1. p. 378. Of Rha¬ mafis, they formed Amafis, which they changed to Amofis, and thus raifcd the aera of Mofes to an unwarrantable height. Sethon ASgyptus. Coat. Ap. L. 1. c« 460* firft * The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. firft to Amenophis the father of Rhamafes. I find them to amount to twelve inclufive. If then we allow twenty years to each king, the reigns will amount to two hundred and forty years. And as we do not know the year of the firft Amenophis, in which the Ifraelites entered Egypt; nor the year of the latter king, in which they departed ; if we make proper allowance for this, the fum of the years will corref- pond very well with the fojourning of the people in that country ; which was two hundred and fifteen years. Manethon tells us, as I have obferved before, that the Amenophis, in whofe reign the Ifraelites left Egypt, pre¬ ceded Rhamafes Sethon. In his reign they were led off, under the 1 conduEi of Mofes. It is to be obferved, that Ma¬ nethon ftyles this king the father of Sethon. This is the reafon, why I do not think, that the former Amenophis was the perfon fpoken of. Sethon Egyptus, who fucceeded that Amenophis, was of another dynafty, confequently of another family, and could not be his fon : for new dynafties com¬ mence with new families. This, I imagine, was the prince, who is alluded to in Scripture; where it is faid, that 1 there arofe up a new king over Egypt , who knew not fofeph. He was not acquainted with the merits of Jofeph, becaufe he was the firft king of a new dynafty ; and of a different fa¬ mily from thole, who had been under fuch immediate ob¬ ligations to the Patriarch. In the ancient hiftories there is Manethon has confounded the hiftorv of Jofeph, and Mofes before taken notice. He allows, that a per but fuppofes that this was a fecondary name. Mevua»s. Ibid. * Exodus, c. i. v. 8. l called Mofes led TUVOUM. 4X rpo anyo(>eb% dif- A a a 2 364 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. a diftintftion made between the Mizraim and the Egyptians: and the former were looked upon as prior in time. Thus in the Old Chronicle, the reigns of the kings are divided into three clafies : the firft of which is of the Auritie ; the next of the Mizraim ; and the third of the Egyptians. Here is a difference expreffed between the two latter > and it may not be eafy to determine, wherein it confifted. Thofe, fo particularly ftyled Egyptians, were probably of Lower 3 Egypt; and of a more mixed family, than thofe Mizraim, who were of the fuperior region, called Sait. Of thefe the Cunic, or Royal, Cycle confifted ; and the fupremacy was in their family for fome generations. But a change of go¬ vernment enfued ; and the chief rule came into the hands of the A iyv7TTioi, Egyptians, of whom 4 Sethon, called ff!gyptus, was the fxrft monarch. This new dynafty was the third : but according to the common way of computa¬ tion it was reputed the nineteenth. Hence in the Latin verfion of the Eufebian Chronicle the author tells us very truly, 5 JEgyptii per nonam decimam dynaftiam fuo impera- tore uti cceperunt; quorum primus Sethos. We find, that the genuine race of before Sethon. He was of a different family from the Egyptian monarchs did not commence i The region of Delta feems to be particularly denoted under the name of A 2 gyp- uis. The words 3'«Aac<7a ynah fuppofes it to have received from the flight of Id. 3 Pocc^iz SKhrfii) cs y.ya IONH s/. Tr t g lag 'Grgo xcu fjos iv 0LTr,g avT^g sksi. Ex?u:@j) hs you M ivooa. Euftathius takes notice of the fame circumftance : 4 to clto Ect^rjg f^-s^ig AtyvTTis < GT£~ Jvj.yog lovtov 7 \ey£&cu —olto rr,g lag—qroi Trig XsArivrig' loo yug jJ XsXrjii] xc/.Tct Tr,v row Agysioov h'ltx.XsKTov. If the title of Ionian came from Id, that name muft have been originally Ion or % Ionah : and fo it will hereafter appear. What one writer terms Minoa, the other renders 2 s?ujmj ; which is a true in¬ terpretation of 5 M)]r, the Moon, the name of the deified perfon, Meen-Noah. I have mentioned, that the like terms, and won'hip, and allufions to the fame hiftory, prevailed at Sidon, and in Syria. The city Antioch upon the Orontes called Ionah. 6 Iwnf areas bkolKbito r, Anio^sict, f) sm Yi'j mkwclv Agyzioi. Who thefe Argeans were, that v'a Q A. * + w ! 5 Aeph. Byzant, Ionov, - Ibid. t aiJ. Fa'C*- MonoYs oppidum juxta Gazam. Hieron. in locis Hebrasis. * Scholia in Dions f. Pcrieg* v. 94. i I jnee Id, ci Ionah, by being the reprefentative of Meen, came to be efteemcJ the Moon. I^o 3 ::o r t kcctcc tv>v t oju Agyzioev Sto&AexTov. Scholia in Dionyi. v. 04. A fxv^ixces to ovofj.ee I^eAwrws to ctirox^u^Qv Io) A ey&trir x *‘ UZTl. o Joan. Ant:jehenus. p. 31. S ce Chron. Pnfch. p. 41. Sr-.ph. Byzant. Ixni 2 founded The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 373 founded this city Ionah, needs not, I believe, any expla¬ nation. It was mentioned 7 above, that Id, among her various pe¬ regrinations, arrived at la ft at Gaza in Paleftine, which from her was called Ionah. Under the notion of the flight of Io, as well as of Oftris, Damater, Aftarte, Rhea, Ifts, Dionufus, the poets alluded to the journeying of mankind from Mount Ararat; but more particularly the retreat of the Ionim, upon their difperfton from the land of Shinar. The Greeks re- prefented this perfon as a feminine, and made her the daugh¬ ter of Inachus. They fuppofed her travels to commence from 8 Argos ; and then deferibed her as proceeding in a re¬ trograde direction towards the eaft. The line of her pro¬ cedure may be feen in the Prometheus of JEfchylus : which account, if we change the order of the rout, and collate it with other hiftories, will be found in great meafure confo- nant to the truth. It contains a defeription of the Ionim abovementioned j who, at various times, and in different bo¬ dies, betook themfelves very early to countries far remote. One part of their travel is about Ararat and Caucafus ; and what were afterwards called the Gordiasan mountains. In thefe parts the ark refted : and here the expedition fhould commence. The like ftory was told by the Syrians of Af¬ tarte ; by the Egyptians of Ifts. They were all three one and the fame- perfonage ; and their hiftories of the fame purport. 9 Quas autem de Iftde ejufque erroribus iEgyptii, 7 Steph. Byzant. 8 By the travels of 16 from Argus is fignified the journeying of mankind from the ark. 9 Marfhami Can. Chron. Sasc. i. p. 42. B b b 2 eadem 372 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. eadem fere de Aftartc Phcenices, de lone Grasci fabulantnr. The Greeks for the moll part, and particularly the Athe¬ nians, pretended to be avr ov s g , the original inhabitants of their country : but they had innumerable evidences to contradict this notion ; and to ftiew, that they were by no means the lirft, who were feized of thofe parts. Their beft hiftorians ingenuoufty own, that the whole region, called Hellas, was originally occupied by a people of another race, whom they ftyled 10 Ba.gEa.goi : that their own anceftors came under different denominations, which they took from their mode of worlhip. Among others were the Ionim, called in after times Ionians. They were fuppofed to have been led by one Ion, the fon of Zeuth, ftyled by the Greeks Xuthus : but what was alluded to under the notion of that perfon* may be found from the hiftory given of him. Tatian ima¬ gines, that he came into Greece about the time of Acriftus, when Pelops alfo arrived : ” y.ara h Axgunov r\ IIsA onog awo Qgvyiag OtaEatrig., nai loovog Big rag A 0 j wag a$i%ig. This arrival cf Ion was a memorable xra among the Grecians ; and al- ways efteemed fubfequent to the firft peopling of the 12 country. Ion in the play of Euripides is mentioned as the fon of Xuthus, but claimed by Apollo, as his offspring. In reality, both Xuthus and Apollo, as well as Dionufus and 10 "Xygefov cf g t/ xcci fi nvfj.TTct'joL *EAA«s xarotKix B ocpSapoov- 07 njp^e to waAa/c*'. Strabo. L. 7. p. 494. VlxAcci yxp Ttjs yvv xccA#fiisms EAActcfo$ B x&Socgot txto-oAAx ukvgtolv. Paufan. JL. i.p. 100. Apx.ccS'tctv Bxg€apoi ojxvo-xv. Schol. in ApoJloa. Rhod. L. 4. v. 264. ‘H yv T)oiwTicc '-srpoTecou mv 07 to BxgGctgoav cuxetro* Strabo. L. 9. p. 615. See further evidences in Vol. I. p. 150. of this work : andp. 181. See aifo the treat ife inferibed Cadmus. Vol. II. p. 136. 1 v Tatian. p. 274. Clem. Alexandr. Strom. L. 1. p. 381. Herodot. L. 7. c. 94. Qliris* The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 373 Ofiris, were titles of the fame perfon. Xuthus tells his fon, that he flia.ll give him the name of Ion, or lone, from his meeting him fortunately, as he came out of the temple of the Deity : r3 1m cl raf, xxi txs G>vQcts. See EuJeb. Chron. p. 12. See alio the account from Theopompus of the Athenians from Egypt, in Eufcb. Prap. Evang. L. 10. c. 10. p. 491. 41 Gcnef. c. 10. v. S. &c. Zl Euleb. Chron. p. 13, of The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. of Chus, that he was the firft obferver of the ftars : and his defccndents the Chaldeans were famous in their day. Some attribute the invention of it to Ham, ftyled 23 Ionichus. Hie Ionichus accepit a Domino donum fapientiae, et invenit aftronomiam. Hie Gigantem Nimrod decern cubitorum proceritate, et nepotem Sem ad fe venientem erudivit, do- cuitque quibus in locis regnare deberet. Multa etiam pree- vidit et pra^dixit. The author of the 2S Fafciculus Tempo- rum mentions Ionichus as the fon of Noah. Ifte Ionichus fuit filius Noe (de quo Moyfes tacet) fapiens. Primb port Diluvium aftronomiam invenit: et qusedam futura prsevidit; maxime de ortu quatuor regnorum, et eorum occafu. Cum- que pater dediflet ei munera, ivit in terram Etham ; et ha- bitavit ibi, gentem conftituens. Hie fertur confilium de- difle Nimroth, quomodo regnare poflit. The fame hiftory is to be found in the 26 Nurenberg Chro¬ nicle, printed in the year 1483 : the author of which fays, that Ionichus went to the land of Etham, and founded there a kingdom : and adds, hasc enim Eleliopolis, id eft, Solis terra. This, if attended to, will appear a curious and pre- cife hiftory. The ancients continual!}' give to one perfon, what belonged to many. Under the character of Ionichus are meant the Amonians; thofe fons of Ham, who came into Egypt ; but particularly the Cuthites, the Ionim from Chaldea. They came to the land of Etham, and built the CentcTmo anno tertire chili?dis genuit Noe filium ad fimilitudinem fuam, or Javan ; be - caufe the natives were ejleemed Iannes , or Javanes ; being the pofterity of the perfon fo named. Stephanus alfo mentions lotooVy and Iyjup : etc tb locotv, lout. From the above it is very plain, that by the Iaones were meant all the ancient inhabitants of Greece ; all that were the offspring of Ian, or Javan But the Iones and Ionia related only to a part u leaves* A dwcttoi* 61 I coves, our o I oovog. Enoi tcoci tbs Qgcucag, tcoci A'Xjx.iBSy tcoci Boiwtbs, 'EAA was. The term Iones came from Ion ; who was the reputed fon of Xuth, as I have before fhewn ; and it was a name appropriated to fome few of the Grecian families; and not uniformly bellowed upon all, though by fome it was fo ufed. The Iaones, or fons of Ja¬ van, were the firft, who peopled the country, and for a while a diftin& race. But when the Ionians afterwards joined them, and their families were mixed ; we muff not wonder, if their names were confounded. They were however never fo totally incorporated, but what fome feparate remains of the original ftock were here and there to be perceived : and 35 Strabo fays, that this was to be obferved even in the age, when he lived. 34 33 It is fo correfted by Heinfius. Helych. 35 Kcci 7)7? BV Tu) 'Z&CLOQV'Tl EAAcc/oS Ol'CClTt^BK^COS WV* TYiV IStAAtfi' it YjX.pCd.COl Strabo. JL. 7. p, 495. C c c 2 There The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 380 There are home remarkable truths, which have been gleaned up by Joannes Antiochenus : and we ffiall find them to be worth our notice ; as they relate to the origin of thofe people, who brought idolatry into Greece. It was, he fays, introduced 36 olttq Tivog ovo{jlclti> via kou ccvra Tlrya A/of, fxi tg'iKCL tivol uroianog oivSgog, ruv ev 'EAAa& KocToiKqrotnciov, £K (pv 7 \r t g ovrog ra IctpsQ, via N us ra rgira. He has in fome degree confounded the hiftory, in making the chief anceftor of the Grecians of the line of Japhet. The name, which milled him, and many others, was A.irvrog, and lctrsTog : of which I have taken notice before. It was a title given to the head of all families, who from hence were ftyled Iapeti genus. But writers have not uniformly appropriated this appellation : but have fometimes beftowed it upon other perfonages ; fuch however as had no relation to the line of Japhet. It may be difficult to determine, whom they moil particularly meant : but thus much we are informed; 37 I cnrsTog, big ruv Titolvuv. Iapctus was one of the Titanic race. was a perfott 38 lotTTsrog OL^yuuog w, big roov Vi-yctnoov. great antiquity , and of the Giant brood. Hence by the Iape- tid as, the fons of Ham and Chus are undoubtedly alluded to: and the Grecians were manifeftly of the fame race. The author above proceeds afterwards more plainly to ffiew, who were the perfons, that led thefe colonies into Greece; and propagated there the various fpecies of ifreligion. 39 lung ?6 P. 66. Schol. in. Horn. Iliad. 0 . v. 479. Ia. 7 r€T 0 $ oco%yyos. Hefych Lexicon inedit, apud Albert, in Hefych. Joan. Antioch, p. 66. is The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. cs oi ex TVS loo (the term I coves could not be formed from loo : it fhould here, and in all places, be expreffed ex tvs II 2 NA 2 ) txtocv ct^vyoi eyevovro' vtuv ya.g SiS'a.yhevTes ex tx II2ANEH2 yiyctvTos tx oixo^opcryavTOs at (ti Si Agt/*aA ioovos fxiv 'EAAtjyct tivcu. Strabo. L. 8. p. 587. 44 Hence the Dove Dione was faid to lhare the honour with Zeuth in that country. ’X'jwccot to) Ai/ rsjpoacLiriSu^Y\ xcci fi Strabo. L. 7. p. 506. 45 EAAct (or 'EAAas) ^10$ tepor €v Aftx/W*. Hefych. f EAAas fxzv vv *5-7*, ooayreg fjuxpu) 'zj-gorepov tipmtafjLiV', w o Am f £AA>jv exTicrey. Dicsearch. ap. Vet* Geogr. vol. 2. p. 22. The original name was c EAAaj\ EAAot* a(p ‘EAAflros. Ibid. The people in Theflaly had allb the name of Hellenes. M vpfxiSoves cTg xaPievi »ro, xat *EAA vves. Horn. II. B. v. 684.* Some fuppofe thefe to have been the firft of the name, n^anoi utcos e&syovro 01 iv ®eaaat\icz avBpooTrot . Breviorum Schol. Au<£tor. 46 Ariftot. Meteorol. L. 1. c. 14. p. 772. Turn The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 382 and in the accounts tranfmitted concerning them, there will be found a continual feries of evidence, to determine us in our judgment. The Grecians were, among other titles, ftyled Hellenes, being the reputed defcendents of Hellen. The name of this perfonage is of great antiquity ; and the etymology foreign. To whom the Greeks alluded, may be found from the hiftories, which they have tranfmitted concerning him. 40 Fivovrou Se ez Ylvppctg AsvkolXiwvi 'UToucbs' EA Xr,v fxsv 'nrgu- 70$, ov £/. A10$ yeyzvr\&xi A syari, — S-vyoir/ig Js nguroyemoL. Deucalion had children by his wife Pyrrha ; the eldejl of whom was Hellen, whom fo?ne make the fon of Zeuth : he had alfo a daughter Protogeneia ; by which is Signified the frft~born of women. By ** others he was fuppofed to have been the fon of Prometheus, but by the fame mother. In thefe accounts there is no inconftftency ; for I have fhewn, that Deucalion, Prometheus, Xuth, and Zeuth were the fame perfon. The hiftories are therefore of the fame amount; and relate to the head of the Amonian family, who was one of the fons of the perfon called Deucalion. He is made coaeval with the Deluge; and reprefented as the brother to thefirft-born of mankind: by which is meant the firft-born from that great event : for the Deluge was always the ultimate, to which they referred. The Hellenes were the fame as the Ionim, or ** Iwve$: whence Hefychius very properly mentions I& :vct$, 'EAAijJ'a?. The lonians and Hellenes are the fame family. The fame is 40 Apollodor. L. 1. p. 20. ** T 1 go kcu lluppots EAAjj v. Schol. in Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v. 1085. 41 They were equally defcended from Ion, the fon of Zeuth, called alfo Xuth: cctto leovos T8 r\v o Aws 'EAA>?j/ sHTiaey. Dicasarch. ap. Vet. Geogr. vol. 2. p. 22. The original name was 'EAAar. EAAas u

?r. Steph. Byzant, v Bsriv 'eregi 7t)v AwfamiVy kou top A^eKooov 9 OF OF THE DORIANS, PELASGI, CAUCONES, MYRMIDONES, and ARCADIANS. A S every colony, which went abroad, took to themfelves fome facred title, from their particular mode of wor- fhip; one family of the Hellenes ftyled themfelves accord¬ ingly Dorians. They were fo named from the Deity Adorus, who by a common aphasrefis was expreffed ’Dorus. The country, when they arrived, was inhabited by a people of a different race; whom they termed, as they did all nations in contradiftindtion to themfelves, Ba^Sa^o/, Barbarians. 1 II«- Aat yoig Tns vvv KOLhxfJLZvris *EAAa wr 7 rtf> xat \AA ixxgvxr. Steph. Byz. them- The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 3 8 7 themfelves into Laconia, and Mefienia: in the latter of which provinces the Dorian language was retained in the greateft s purity : and from their hiftory are to be obtained more an¬ cient terms than can be elfewhere collected. The Grecian writers, when they treat of the principal of their anceftors, fuppofe Hellen to have been the fon of Deu¬ calion, and Ion the fon of Xuthus. Doius is introduced a degree later, and made the fon of Hellen. But in thefe points fcarce any two authors are conliftent. In reality, Xuthus, and Deucalion were the fame perfon : and Ion, Dorus, Hel¬ len, were terms imported into Greece ; and related not to ft any particular. But though thefe genealogies are ground- lefs, and thefe perfons ideal ; yet we may hereby plainly difcover, to what the hiftory ultimately relates. And of this we may be allured from almoft every writer upon the fub- je£t; that the Dorians, like their brethren the Ionim, were not the firft occupiers of the country. They were colonies from Egypt: and Herodotus fpeaks of all the heads and leaders of this people as coming dire&ly from thence. He takes his epocha from the fuppofed arrival of Perfeus and Danae : and lays, that all the principal perfons of the Dorian family upwards were in a direcft line from Egypt. 9 Ajto h Aolvclyis Trig Axgiviz KctrcCKsyovri rag clvw oust gzrccTsgag avr&m tpcuvoictTo olv soneg 61 toov Awgieoov fiyspovss Aiyvmioi iQotyevesg. He proceeds to fay, that Perfeus was originally from Aflyria, according to the traditions of the Perlians. g $e 6 Hs§ i Analysis of Ancient Mythology. * > fame alfo a - Pelias, the offspring of tlie Dove. Hence the children oi Atlas were fly led Peleiadte, being no other than the Iones ; of whofe hiflory and peregrinations I have before given fomc account. Diodorus, and other writers fpeak or the Peleiadre, as only the female branch of the family : but all the children of Atlas had equal claim to the title. For Atlas was Ion : and in the hiftory of the Atlantians, we have an epitome of the whole Ionic hiftory; comprehending their connexions, colonies, and fettlements in various parts of the world. Diodorus accordingly tells us, *° that the At- lantides gave birth to a moft noble race : fome of whom were founders of nations ; and others the builders of cities ; infomuch that moft of the more antient heroes , not only of thofe abroad , who were efteemed Barbari; but even of the Helladians , claimed their anceftry from them. In another place, fpeaking of the Pe- leiadae, he 11 fays, Thefe daughters of Atlas , by their connexions 3 and marriages with the moft illuftrious heroes , and divinitiesy may be looked up to as the heads of moft families upon earth. This is a very curious hiftory; and fhews how many different regions were occupied by this extraordinary people, of whom I principally treat. Some of them were ftyled Myrmidones; particularly thofe who fettled in iEmonia, or Theffaly. They were the fame as the Hellenes, and Achivi; and were indifferently called by either of thofe appellations, as we learn from “ Pliny, and Homer. 19 Vol. II. p. 387. *° Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. 194. “ Ibid. 11 Pliny. L. 4. c. 7. p. 199. Philoftratus fays, that all the Thefialians were called Myrmidons. Heroic, c. 11. p. 682. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 39 r * 3 Mvg[jU$ovsg Jlxos 9 A pvn r\ yS' EA tx.v 3 Avtieicere overeat.. Heliod. Anris. v. 380. *5 Myrmidone Jovis etEurymedufe filio. Cohort VEneid. Tov 9 •Hugv/*€£wy juuyrjvca^ycai M upp-ftSovct yevvrurcu. x6 TSivgfJwSove$ 9 oi /jLU6jju7x,e$ uto Awpieoov. Hefych. ^ Scholia in Lycoph. v. 176. Scholia in Iliad. L* A. v. 180* \ - to 39- The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. to have been made judge of the infernal world. He is faid to have collected people together : 28 £%r}[A£gu)crou T £, kxi noy.Hg Savon, non (TWTCL^iv 'SToKitu^v' alfo to have humanifedmankind\ and to have oiaSled laws, and to have Jirfl ejlablijhed civil po¬ lity. This is precifely the fame charadler, as we have before feen given to Uranus, Atlas, Oliris, Dionufus, Saturnus, Phoroneus, Janus : all which are titles of the fame perfon, by whom the world was renewed, and from whom law and equity were derived. Both ^Tacus and Mur-Medon were the fame as Deucalion : and all thefe characters are com- prifed in that of the Patriarch, the great benefadtor, and juft ; who is alluded to in every inftance ; particularly in the hiftory of the firft fhip. This circumftance is obfervable in the account given of the Myrmidons, who are faid to have firft: conftrudted known to the w< man fhips, and from whom the art was made >rld. The poet accordingly tells us. * 9 ’Oi Sn toi mrguTov iev^xv vexg xfJupi£Ki J7T0 F7 yCt)V OtXSiaGxt 'Zcrporepoi'} V.QU tccs *57A ruriou wavs, Strabo. L. 13. p.922. The fame is faid of the Carians, and Leleges. % Hre vuv Iooytcc XiyQfAtvn Tvccacc Ctto Kccpccv uxeiTc* xcci AtXtywv. Strabo. i- 7- p. 495- 31 Strabo. L. 5. p. 3 99. Xcpox/\r t s ev hec^f (pno-t? xca 01 Tvpcrnvoi ffeA cto-yoi. Scholia in Apollon. L. 1. v. 580. See alfo Herod. L. 1. c. 57. 33 Plutarch, in Romulo. p. 17. VOL. III. E e e great 394- The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. great antiquity; and fays, that they overran all Greece: 3V ti tpv'Kov Kara. tk)V 'EA^ada 'urcura.v zit bttoKchtb . We may perceive from thefe accounts, that the Pelafgi were to be found in various parts : and that it was only a more general name for thofe colonies, which were of the difper- lion, and fettled under the title of Iones, Hellenes, Leleges, and Argivi. Hence it is wonderful, that writers fhould efteem them as a different people. Herodotus has much perplexed their hiftory; or elfe his account has been greatly interpolated : yet he acknowledges, that they had their rites and religion from Egypt ; and that from them they were derived to the Hellenes : 35 'uragx h TlsKoicryojv 'E KKrivsg e%e$e%OLno vgsgov. The perfon, from whom this people are fuppofed to have been derived, and named, is by fome re- prefented as the fon of Inachus ; by others as the fon of 36 Pofeidon and Lariffa. Staphylus Naucratites mentioned him under the name of Pelafgus; and faid, that he was 37 A gysiov to ysvog ; which I fhould render, of slrkite extrac¬ tion, Hence it is faid of his pofterity, the Argives ; 35 /.oa otv'Toi 01 Agyzioi SKaihavTO Hshouryor that the Sir gives alfo were dcncitiinated Pelafgi. They fettled very early in u L. 5. p. 337 . ' O / 9/c5, xcu neAccuyofi ci AAPI22H2 * CU nf! 2 EIAQN 02 Ji«*. Dionyf. Halicarn. L. 1. c. 17. p. 14. TleActayoi ex &io$xcu tvs ogtav 7 Uk#. Ibid. They are all mentioned as the fons of Tarifla, or of Niobe j both which terms denote the children of the Ark . 4t Dicsearch. apud Geogr. Vet. vol. 2. v. 45. E e e 2 Pelafgia. 396 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Pelafgia. The Oracle is faid by Scymnus Chius to have been of Pclafgic original : 43 H ts A A log M avrsLCiV, Bft ?G wcti. Strab. L. 5. p. 338. 46 See this certified in the Pelafgi, who came to Italy. Dionyf. Halicarn. L. r. c. 10. p. 9. & 14* ... inquiries The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 397 inquiries about this ancient people, as well as concerning their language. Even Herodotus is at a lofs to determine whether they jfliould not be efteemed 47 Barbarians. Yet he feems to folve the difficulty more than once; and this too in a very fatisfadtory manner, by mentioning, among other in- flances, 48 luvzg YIsXctTyoi 3 that the I or Ians were Pelafgic ; w to A tti/uOv zQvos nsXtxryi/Cov ; the people of slttica were Pc- lafgie. He likcwife fpeaks of the 50 Arcadians under this denomination : and feems to include all the Dorians, the whole of the s ‘ Peloponnefus, under the fame title. He ffieaks alfo or the fEolians in the fame light: 52 A loT^ssg Jk — to TJT a a a 1 zctXsopLzvoi YleXctTy 01 . From, hence we may be allured, that by the Pelafgi arc meant the ancient Dores, Jones, and Hellenes : in ffiort, all thofe Cuthite colonies, and thofe of their collateral branches, which I include un¬ der the name of Amonians. When therefore it is faid, that Greece was firfl occupied by Pelafgi ; and afterwards by 47 He acknowledges his uncertainty about them. Oox t%co arpsxeco$ sittgiv. L. i » c. 57 - 48 L. 7. c. 95. 49 T l C 50 Apxc*. 2 e< lleAatryc/t. L. f. c. 146. The tones of Achaia were called HeAxo-yoi AiyiocAees. L. 7. c. 94. Pelafgi alfo in Crete, and in various regions. Scrab. L. 5. P -338. 5 ‘ Herodot. L. 1. c. 56. He is fpeaking of the Dorians in the Peloponnefus, and ofkhe Athenians ; which two families he ftyles, to ft ev rie^ccayixov^ to ot xou 'Grgotr&s Eshr,vctirn vhovTott Zwsiv. Tti Arcadian tribes , who lived before the Moon. This is the common interpretation; but properly by Selene, and Selenaia, is meant the Ark, of which the Moon was only 64 Oracle of Apollo ; ibid. 65 Orta prior luna, de fe fi creditor ipfi, A magno tellus Arcade nomen habet. Ovid. Fait. L. i. v. 469. Luna gens prior iliafuit. Ibid. L. 2. v. 290. Sidus poft veteres Arcadas editum. Senec. Hippol. A< 5 t. 2. v. 785. 66 Minyae Arcades. Strabo. L. 8. p. 519. 67 Apollon. Rhod. L. 4. v. 264. VoL. III. Fff 402 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. an emblem: and from hence the Arkites had the appellation of Selenitai. Dionyfius Chalcidenfis takes notice, that this name was preferved among the Arcadians. 68 E bvog Af/caJwy XsXriviTctg. When therefore it is faid by the ancient writer Mnafeas, that this people were under a regal government, before the Moon appeared, 'urgo 69 2,shrivr)g AgKOL$a.$ fiouriXsvtTou’ it only means, that their family originally exifted, and were eftablifhed under a monarchy, before the Arkite rites pre¬ vailed. This may be proved by determining the time, when Selene is faid to have firft made its appearance. This we find from Theodorus, and other writers, to have been a little while before the war of the Giants. 70 ®eo£oogog Ss sv A stzogrc* sweat 0 ), ohiyu 'UTgoTsgov (pr) aft er tke Deluge lived difperfed upon the mountains , Inachus firfi brought them together , and formed them into communities . Concerning the language of the Pelafgi, there have been many elaborate difquifitions; and we find, that it was matter of debate, even in the time of 81 Herodotus. Yet the quef- tion, if rightly ftated, amounts only to this : What was the 79 F Apud Geogr. Vet. vol. 2. p. 26. See alfo Herodot. L. 1. c. 146. 6 was The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 4 C 7 was Pherecydes the philofopher: and he lived as late as the reign of Cyrus the Perfian. Hence there is no change in their language, but fuch as we might expert from an interval of this extent, and from a people thus circumftanced. Such is the hiftory of the Hellenes and Ionim in their various branches. Of thofe, who fettled in Hellas, I have fpoken before ; and fhewn, that they were no other than the Shepherds of Egypt, who came originally from Chaldea.. They were expelled by the Egyptians a very few years be¬ fore the Ifraelites got accefs to that country: and when they came into Greece, they went under different denominations; being ftyled Pelafgi, Leleges, Inachidae, Danaid®, Heracli- die, and 8+ Cadmians. Of their expulflon there is an account given in a curious fragment from Diodorus Siculus, preferved by Photius : in which alfo notice is taken of the Ifraelites, who migrated from the fame country. It is what I have before * s quoted : but I efteem it of fuch confequence, that I muft beg leave to introduce it again. 86 Upon this , as fome writers tell us , the mojl eminent and e?tterprifng of thofe fo~ reigjters , who were in Egypt , and obliged to leave the country , betook themfelves to the coafl of Greece , and alfo to other regions ;, * 4 They were alfo called Cuthi: but from a general title the later Greeks always formed a perfonage, who was fuppofed to have been the leader of the colony. Hence inftead of the Cuthites, and Herculeans, Plutarch fubflitutes a Cothus and Arclus ; and fays that they fettled in Euboea. KoQot kcci ApAo?, oi ^b£)y 'ztrccif eseis EuSoiccvrixov criOHTuvres. Cothus and Arclus , the two fons of Xuth, came and fettled in ILiibaa. Plu¬ tarch. Quaeltiones Grsecre.p. 256. Thefe were the fame as thofe Arabians, who are faid to have come with Cadmus. A putts, 61 KaJ'fj.yj ewf ixCavTSs. Strabo. L. 10. p. 6S5. 8> Vol. II. p. 188. 86 ' Ex Diodori-L. 40; apud Photium. p. 1152. 4-0>S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. having put themfelves under t /ze command of proper leaders for that peurpofe. Some vf them were conduEled by Danaus , and 'Cadmus 4 who were the mojl illuflrious of the whole. There were befides thefe a large , but lefs noble body of people^ who re¬ tired into the province^ called now Judea , which was not far from Egypt , and in tbofe times uninhabited. Thefe emigrants were led by Mofes , who was fuperior to all in wifdom andprouo- efs.—He gave them laws ; and ordained that they fjould have 7 to images of the Gods ; becaufe there was only one Deity , the Heaven , which furrounds all things , and is Eord of the whole. I make no comment upon this curious extract: let it fuffice, that rhis latter migration was an age or two after the former ; though mentioned here, as if it were of the fame date. Thofe, who came into Greece, brought with them the fame arts, and the fame worfhip, which they had before introduced in Egypt. Hence Zonaras very truly tells us, * 7 E k XctK^cucav ycig XsysTcti tpoirrycu tqlvtol mgog Atywrioy, % xctfc&idsv 'GTgog 'E XXwa.g. Hll thefe things came frotn Chaldea to Egypt ; and from thence were derived to the Greeks . * 7 V. 1. p. 22. See Syncellus. p. 102. 2 n A P T O 1. ( 4®9 ) 2 n A P T O I. OF THE SPARTI of GREECE and COLCHIS} AND OF THE HEBREW SPARTONES. T T is remarkable, that the Cadmians, and people of other colonies, who came into Greece, were called Sjra^To/, Sparti. The natives of Bceotia had this appellation ; as had thofe of Lacedaemon, which city was peculiarly named Sparta. There were traditions of this fort in Attica, and alfo at Colchis ; and a notion prevailed, that the people in thofe parts took their rife from fomething which was lown. Hence the twofold perfonage Cecrops is faid to have origi¬ nally fprung from the teeth of a 1 ferpent fcattered in the ground. Alexander Polyhiftor, fpeaking of the children of Ifrael, and Edom, fays, that they were originally the fons of Semiramis : but Claudius Iolaus derives them from one ' Ktxpo7rcc n>v tk S'oa.x.c.vros g^ovtwv e§eA Qei*. Scholia in Lycoph. v. I I I. VOL. III. G gg Sparton, 410 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Sparton, who came from Thebes with Dionufus. Tins Sparton, by the Greeks, is mentioned, as the fon of 1 Phoro- neus, the firft man who reigned. The terms Sparti, and Sparton, were both foreign to Greece ; and manifeftly im¬ ported. Hence the name of Sparta in Laconia was conferred, 3 Cairo rocp fJLSTOi Ka.£v (^,7rct.PTOoy) Tiyayopas , exTrUrovTas S'i auras its t»v A av.mvimv* 2*7r a.pToov a

. Salmalius would alter tyL7 riativ to eioTrt«Qivtxy$ top KccS^fAov fjLtTo. ix%vca» n€occ. h.t.A. Efth. Od. 7. p. 447. v. 18. 7 Euftathius in Horn. Iliad. B. V. 1206. Og, Ogus, and Ogugus, fignify thefea, or ocean. From ogua came aqua, water. 9 Septem thebana. v. 418. They O g.g 2 4 12 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. They were the poferity of thofe people , whom the chance of war had fpared\ but who were afterwards fcattered abroad . They were the fame as the Titanians : hence the Cecropians, who came into Attica, were ftyled ’° Tr^yevsti ; and their country " Titanis. I have taken notice, that the great objedt of the Cuthites in eredting the Tower of Babel was that they might not be difperfed. 11 Let us build us a city , and a tower^ — lefl we be fcattered abroad. They were however wonderfully diftipated: and this circumftance of their difperfion is to be found com¬ memorated in all their hiftories. Hence, as I have before obferved, we read of Perfeus, Cadmus, and other leaders of colonies, ftyled A XriTOLt, Aletae, or wanderers. At Athens they had a feftival called 11 Aletis : and there was a facred 14 hymn of the fame name ; the fubjedt of which was un¬ doubtedly the wanderings of their anceftors; thofe anceftors, 15 oi y.ou AXrycti kou T iTooveg xtiAovrrcu : who were dijlinguifhed by the name of the TV tenderers , and of the Titans. Pindar calls the Corinthians the children of the ' 6 Aletes. Upon which the Scholiaft obferves, that Aletes was the perfon, who led the colony, which fettled in that city. But Aletes was not a proper name: and the hiftory merely alludes to one of thofe IO Lycophron calls the Athenians Tvytvus. Tvyzvus teyei t&s ASee v, in. ad Scholia. This was a title of the Titans.. 11 TiTctviSct ymv. Etymolog. Mag. Genefis. c. 11. v. 4. 13 AAjjtjs eopTfi AQnvrcriv 9 fi vuv Ai&gcc Atyoy&vy* Hefych; 14 A A ccaycc tccis cocoas 'wpoGctf'oy.evov. Jul. Pollux. 15 Sanchoniath. apud Eufeb. P. E. L. I. c. 10. p. 35. 16 ’T/Jtyuv sTe, -sracfss AAcctcl. Olymp. Od. 13. v. 17. AA«t>I5 ycxo r,yiiacc.TQ t»s xwoixixs. Scholia ibid. 5 Aletse, The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 413 Aletze, or people of the difperflon, who came into the Pelo- ponnefus, and founded Corinth. By the Gentile accounts given of this people, who were their anceftors, it appears, that they were not only exiled, and difperfed ; but doomed to wander for ages, before they could get a place of reft. This is the hiftory given of the Leleges, and Pelafgi, and other wandering tribes. The fame may be inferred con¬ cerning thole of the family who fettled in Thrace. Orpheus (by which character we are to underftand the Orphites of that country) is introduced in the Argonautica, as giving Jafon an account of his peregrinations. 17 Hdij yu% (J .01 ukig ku.ijlci.toov, uhig £7 tKsto foLoy^soov, r £lv hcopur\v £7Ti yuiuv uxcugeTov, r\h 'GToXriug' Kui fJL£ UMTSiriS T£ KUI £0 01^8 £^cc teyoyevn. Hefycli; 24 A Amt ctay.ee tccis cogetts , zcrpoo'qLS'oysvov, Jul. Pollux. 15 Sanchoniath. apud Euleb. P. E. L. 1. c. 10. p. 35. 16 'Ty yiv cfe, 'zz-aufts A Accra. Olymp. Od. 13. v. 17. AAmtms yuo KyyaccTQ tk ct7roixioc$. Scholia ibid. 5 Aletae, The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 413 Aletze, or people of the difperfton, who came into the Pelo- ponnefus, and founded Corinth. By the Gentile accounts given of this people, who were their anceftors, it appears, that they were not only exiled, and difperfed ; but doomed to wander for ages, before they could get a place of reft. This is the hiftory given of the Leleges, and Pelafgi, and other wandering tribes. The fame may be inferred con¬ cerning thofe of the family who fettled in Thrace. Orpheus (by which character we are to underftand the Orphites of that country) is introduced in the Argonautica, as giving Jafon an account of his peregrinations. 17 Hchj yOL£ [XOl aJhig KOtpciTOOV , d\l$ £7t\£TQ (JLO-gQwVy '£lv ixofjLriv £7ci youctv ct7rcug£Tov, r)$s ’GJ'oXriois’ Koci [xs a.XY)T£ir)s re mi ej oifga e 18 O egf§i fignified alfo a tooth. Hence the Grecians, inftead of faying, that the Sparti had their origin from the Serpent Deity the Sun, made them take their rife from the teeth of a ferpent. And as they * + Paufan. L. 5. p. 430. KaAerrcc/ Ss vttq eTri^ocoiooy 'Zaire?. 45 ftP-IVa 1 Samuel, c. 31. v. 10. Jolhua. c. 17. v. 11. Judges, c. 1. v. 27. 46 I am forry, that I did not recolledt a miftake in my firft volume, p. 36. time enough to have it corrected in my laft edition. I there mention Beth-San in the land of the Philiftines, &c. &c. But the Beth-San of the Scriptures was a celebrated place in the tribe of Manafies, upon the borders of Galilee. It was within a very lew miles of Endor, and ftill nearer to Gilboa, where Saul was flain. We may therefore be allured, that here was the temple, to which the Philiftines affixed his body. See Eugefippus de Diftant. Loco rum Terrse Sandbar. 47 BtfSrei', f\ wv Jofeph. Ant. L. 6. c. 14. BeQactvnVj tjj* Tcct&ujAevw vp 'EAAwwi/ 2x,u0o7roA/r. Jofeph. Antiq. L. 13. c. 6. Dens. Taylor’s Hebrew Concordance. 197$. Vol. Ill* Ggg4 were 4i6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. were Sporades, by which term is meant any thing, that is either fcattered abroad, or Towed in the ground ; they took it in the latter fenfe ; and fuppofed, that thele teeth had been Towed in the earth, and produced an army of men Of the S P A R TO-HEBR^I. MANY things, which Teem inexplicable, may, with a little attention be made out, if we proceed with a proper clew : and many traditions, which we efteem as fables, will appear to have been founded in truth. The mythology of the ancients may be looked upon as To much lymbolical writing : and we muft interpret it in the Tame manner as one would decipher a colie&ion of hieroglyphics. What can at firft light appear more ftrange, than the account given of Judea by Alexander Polyhiftor j or that, which is Tub- joined from Claudius Iolaus ? yet they will be both found in great meafure confonant to truth. JO IaJa lot' AAs^ccvtigog 6 YLoTwigrceg ano 'uroubocv Xsy.i^cty.i^og y IaJoc koli I bayatcc' oog bs KA otv- diog I oXctog oL7ro I isfouaSorct^Tocvog, sz ®r£r t g ysrct Aiopvtrz rga.TSVQ'srog. ‘The country of fueled , according to Alexander Poly hi for, was fo named from Iuda and Idumea , two fons of Semir amis. But according to Claudius Iolaus , it received its name from fudeus Sparton ; who was one oj tkofe , who went from ‘Thebes upon an expedition with Diomfus. We find in the fxrfl part, that the children of Edcm and Judah are reprefented as the fons of 19 The learn;d Bochart gives a different fblution. Stcphanus Bvzant. 7 Semiramis. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 417 \cmiratnis. Th is at frft may appear foreign to the truth : \ et, upon my principles, this is very confonant to the hiftory of thofe nations. For their forefathers were natives of Chal¬ dea, and Babylonia: and Abraham came from thence to Canaan. Hence they might eafily by the eaftern nations he looked upon as of the race of the Semarim, or 31 Baby¬ lonians. In confequcnce of which their pofterity are by this writer fly led the fons of Semiramis. According to Claudius [ohms they were defeended from Judaeus Sparton. By this is meant, that tlicy were of the family ftyled Sparti ; from among the people, who were difperfed. This naturally fol¬ lows from their being efteemed of the line of the Semarim : and we have reafon to think, that there is great truth in this hiftory. For though Terah and Abraham, who refided in Chaldea, were not of that number ; yet we may infer, that many of the fons of Heber were. For they muft have been pretty numerous at this time ; and feem to have been all ido¬ laters j and to have refided upon forbidden ground in the vicinity of Babel. It is added, that fudeeus Sparton went with Dionufus from 'Thebes , a?id attended him in his warlike expeditions. It is to be obferved, that thofe nations, who pre- ferved any traditions of their 31 forefathers having been pre- ferved in the Deluge, came in procefs of time to think, that the hiftory related only to their family: at leaft they con- 51 Some of the Fathers go l'o far as to make them of Chaldean race. ,l Dionufus was the Patriarch, the head of all. By Bacchus is fometimes meant Zeus Pachus, ftyled riwxosby the Ionian writers, who was C'hus. At other times, the title relates to Nimrod; who, as Bochart very truly fuppoles, was named Bar- Chus, the fon of the former. The names of two perfonages, from fimilitude, have been blended into one. VoL. III. FI h h fined The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 418 lined it to thofe, who had the beft memorials of this Among thefe were the people of Judea, who were ef a branch of the Semarim. Hence it is mentioned as liarly charaCteriflic, that by whom is meant the £/£ 0 /]£) the Sir T h e fe family, which was difperfed, came with Dionufu but out two fhould died. The Grecians continually confounded Dionufus them But diftinCt characters : and the firft of thefe o the one, and the latter to the other. ©jo&k) from the Ark relates to Dionufus : The warlike expedition to Bacchus, and to his fons the Cuthites. If this allowance be made; and it be permitted me to take off the falfe glofs, which the Grecian writers have put upon this hifeory; I will venture to paraphrafe it in the following man¬ ner, and by thefe means reduce it to its primitive Bate. Judea , fays Alexander Polyhifor , wasfo denominatedfrom one Judah ; whoy together with EdoWy was looked upon as of the ancient Jock of the Semarim in Chaldea : for their ancefors came from that coimtry. But according to 16laus the region had its name from % Judceusyfly led Spar ton : fo named , becaufe his ancefors were thofe of the difperf *They were of the family of thofe who came (sx out of the Ark with Dionu fus , and who were confederate with the fons of Chits in fome their firf enterprifes. In refoect to the Hebrews, and Ifraclites, whom Glaudi deduces from Judaeus Sparton, they were 10 "the 419 A iN A LYSIS of Ancient Mythology. the Scriptural account, the fons of Heber ; and are men¬ tioned as fuch by many of the 33 Fathers. This name is by interpretation J+ 'Gregu.rrj ; by which is meant one, who pajfes over. The names of the Patriarchs were moft of them pro¬ phetically given ; and had a reference to fome future con¬ tingency. Thus one of the fons of Noah was flyled Ham, or Cham ; which was prognoftic both of the worfhip, and the complexion of his po/lerity. Peleg fignified divifion : and the earth was in his time divided. Sarah was called Ifcha, or Ifchac, which denoted laughter: and the purport of the name was manifefted by an involuntary fit of laugh¬ ter upon a folemn 35 occafion. Her fon in confequence of it was named Ifchac. Thus Heber had a name given him, 33 ‘ECepos, cep ov m; heS'au&i 'ECpxius a.o%-yjQgv exocAev' Jofephus. Ant. L. i. c. 6. p. 25. ,+ Arro tv ' £ 7 rccx^a'ayT€i t yi$ M ocaecoS teyuoM. Haav cTe zxjccgoci cci -\uyyci t£;\ccxct& 'zzevre xcci IC^o/lcvxov tcc 9 cti ei$ Aiyu 7 TTov xcc TgA 0 yira/. Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. i. p. 404. By the author himfelf there are fuppofed to have been only feventy-two. The author of the Clementine Homilies mentions only feventy nations, and fe- venty tongues. Horn. 18. c. 4. In the Recognitiones Clement, the earth is fup¬ pofed to have been divided into feventy-two parts, for the reception of feventy-two families of mankind. L. 2. c. 42. ♦ • • 111 2 cording 428 Tnr Analysis of Ancient Mythology. cording to the number of mankind at that fealon. For this notion they have no 3 authority : and it is certainly contrary to the tenour of Scripture. We may however venture to agree with them, when they tell us, that the people ftyled Meropes were fo named from the difperfion. The author of the Chronicon Pafchale more truly confines the change, of which we are treating to found and utterance. He fays, that the Meropes were the people originally concerned in the conftru<5Hng of the Tower in Babylonia : and that they were prevented in executing their purpofe through default in fpeech: 4 diet y\v ccmotv non Megonsg 'tsroLVTBQ kskAwtou, hot Trjv fJLsas^KT(XSvriV Tt\v podvr^v : On this account they had the ?iame of Meropes , becaufe their fpeech was divided. Johannes An- tiochenus fpeaks much to the fame 5 purpofe : and all wri¬ ters, who take notice of this name, and its origin, fuppofe that it related to the difperfion. I have mentioned, that the apoftafy in Babylonia com¬ menced under Nimrod, and his aflociates, the fons of Chus. He was reprefented as a perfon of extraordinary ftature, the 3 There was however an ancient tradition, which prevailed among the Egyptians, that the earth was originally divided into feventy-two portions. ^ESSoj^wovrot Svo Ztvpcc? t as ap^cciccs (petal oixuptevvii eivca. Horapollo. L. i. c. 14, p. 28. If there were but feventy-two perfons in the days of Peleg, how could there be fuch confiderable kingdoms formed in the days of Abraham ? The Scripture men¬ tions Elam, Canaan, Egypt, and feveral others * and there were undoubtedly many, of which we have no account. 4 Chron. Pafch. p. 49. 5 'Oureo yiverai Cois; and 6 See Vol. I. Radicals. Nimrod, p, 8. 7 Eufebii Chron. p. 5. It is not to my purpofe: yet it may be worth while to take notice, that Erafi- ftratus was not of Coos, but of the ifland Ceos. All Myfia is thought to have been peopled by Cuthites, and efpeoially by thole, who were fuppofed to have been the defcendents of Nimrod. NeCfusT 6 xvrnyo; xat 2 lv Mvaoi. Chrom Pafeh. p. 28. 43° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. fays, that the name Merope, and MeropeVs, was given to it, " oltto eQvvg, n yevaiy from a people , or family , who fettled here. Anilides fpeaks of the people as 10 Meropidae ; and reprefents them as great in knowledge. The two principal occurrences preferved by the Cuthites were the Deluge, and Difperhon : and they ftyled themfelves both Ogugians, and Meropians, from thefe circumflances. Hence Coiis is chara&erized by the fame epithets : and Callimachus fpeaking of the wanderings of Latona mentions her coming tp this illand : ” f lyvyiriv cT wsn a Kouv M vr)v avQgcoTrcov. Homer. Hymn, ad Apoll. v. 42. Cohort, p. 3&. u Eumelus fignifies a Shepherd. EcyattfAa t a M egoiros eyevovro 'awS'es u7rf(>ttipot.vot x.oa i£pti^L£vsg ou/QgU)7Ti $$; a race of people called Meropians. If we compare the account given by fElian with that, which has been given above; and likewife collate it with thofe 30 M eeoTes ap&2oo7roi. Hefych. u Pindar fupra. 31 Liber—Nebridarum familiam pellicula cohoneftavit Innnular. 1- 5 . p. 1 S 5 . 33 Plutarch in Theleo. p. 8. 34 Strabo. L. 7. p. 458. 3? Lilian. Var. Hift. L. 3. c. 18. p. 251. Vol. III. K k k JVrnobius. 43 + The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Hues in Hefiod, where he defcribes the place of retreat, to which the Titans were conflgned ; we fhall find the whole to relate to the Atlantians, and to the region in which they dwelt. They were the fame as the Cuthite Erythreans ; and the ocean, upon which they lived, was called the Ery- threan Sea. Hefiod, as I have fhewn, defcribed it as a vail pool, and an unfathomable abyfs. Strabo has preferved a curious fragment from the Prometheus liberatus of fEfchy- lus ; wherein there are allufions to all thefe circumftances: and where the Atlantians are very truly defcribed under the charad:er of Ethiopians, who lived upon the Erythrean Sea: 36 <&Qivixo7rz$'ov r E gvdgctg isgov Xst^aa $aAa "HA up. This is not true, according to the prefent reading. It fliould therefore be "Eys (pcczvim* or Hy>, that Imr^cLO-en may relateto o both *£yf, and HA/y. 41 Iliad. T. v. 215. Offspring The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 43 7 Offspring of Jove, great Dardanus arofe, And founded all Dardania. Troy’s high tow’rs. The facred feat of the Meropian bands. Grac’d not the plain. The fcatter’d tribes as yet Dwelt at the foot of Ida’s fhady hill, Amid the gufhing waters. The Dardanians were Atlantians, being the reputed children of Eleftra. Their hiftory is comprifed in that of Dardanus, whom Virgil, in oppolition to Homer, makes the founder of Ilium or Troy. 41 Dardanus, Iliacte primus pater urbis, et auctor, Ele&xa, ut Graii perhibent, Atlantide cretus, Advehitur Teucros. The common opinion is, that the city was built by Ilus, the fon of Dardanus ; who muft confequently have been of the fame family, a Merop-Atlantian. On this account the poet fpeaking above of Troy ftyles it 'uroXig Msgoftocu OLV$ouxm t or a city of the Difperfed. The Trojans, and 41 Myfians were of a different family from the native Phrygians ; being of the fame lineage, as- the people of Hellas and Ionia. The Phrygians were the defeendents of Japhet, and Javan ; and poffeffed the whole country* except fome diftridts upon the fea-coaft. It is laid indeed by Homer, that there had been a dynafty of feven kings, at Troy ; who are mentioned as refpectable princes : and Virgil ftyles Priam, fuperbum regnatorem Alite. Yet 41 ^neid. L. 8. v . 134. 0 Mi/cro/. Chron. Pafch. p. 28. die The An\lysis or Anciem - Mythology. 43 8 the region ofTroas was comparatively 44 fmall ; and the in- mber / i he hitter, as they were of a different race, fo they had a of Troas. They language or their own were difdimft from likcwife in fubjeflion to a king, who is reprefented as monarch of the whole country. All this is to be obtained from the evidence of Homer hitnfelf; who mentions this prince, and his people, and /peaks of their language, as dif¬ ferent from that of the Trojans. This piece of hiftory is to ption of that interview, which with Anchifes upon Mount I and it is introduced in the Hymn to that Goddefs. Upon en¬ tering the cave of Anchifes, among other things, Venus tells him, upon his according her as a Deity, that foe is no defs ; and wonders, that he Jhould take her for fuch a pe7~fo 'The mother, fays foe, who bore me, was a woman ; God¬ ard I a7n a mere mortal. My father mdeed is of and is no lefs 7 nonarch Otreus, of whom you cannot but have heard : fc which fo nation. el fit' ti f veerrj y,car olQvyiTy\ re, yvvr\ $e fie yeivouro (/.ryrip Orgevg and 1 See Diodorus Sic. L. i. p. 24. and 26. They feem to have been the firft, who peopled the ifland Sicily. 4 O’jQcrct yapy oifQ' EAAw’&jv, ovre BagCxgwr. scftoipov eivca t?j$ t-oth foopexs, kou ycLpiTos. Diodor. Sic. L. 3. p, 207. favour\ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 445 favour. — He taught people to plant the 3 vine, and to preferve the juice of the grape: and to lay up the fruits of the earth in pro¬ per repoftories.—Thofe who pojfejfed an harfh , and ungenial foil , not adapted to the cultivation of the vine , were fhevim the art of making a drink from barley , not lefs grateful than that , which proceeded from the grape. The 4 perfon , from whom thefe blef- fngs were derived , is reprefented , as of the highef antiquity ; and the g r latefl benefaSlor, that ever mankind experienced\ The like hiftory is given of 5 Ofiris, under which character we are to underftand a people, who went forth, and per¬ formed all that has been mentioned. Their religion conlifted in the worfhip of the Sun under various titles. To this were added divine honours, paid to their anceftors, the Baalim of the firft ages : all which was attended with particular myf- terious rites. In thefe were commemorated the circum- ftances of the Deluge ; and the hiftory of the great Patri¬ arch, through whom mankind was preferved. Among the many titles, under which this people pafled, they particularly preferved thofe which were molt eflential, and charadteriftic. Hence they are continually in the more ancient hiftories reprefented as T iTctvsg x.ou T^yeveig, Titanian and Earthborn. They were alfo fly led Arabians, Ethiopians, Saites, Sethites, Sithonians, Zones, Zoanes, Azones, Ama- zones, and Arkites. This laft was by the Grecians rendered. 3 T wre tws a/x7reXy fignified the Sun . It was the fame as Sehor of Egypt, exprefied Zeigiog, Seiriusj by the Greeks. Hence we are told, 9 Xeipog 6 'H Kiog, By Seirius is meant the great luminary . In confequence of this we find places, where the God of light was w'orfhiped ■under the name of Sehor, and Sur, called IO B Bethfur , and Bethfoura. The city Ur in Chaldea was fome- times exprefied Sur. Syncellus fays that Abraham was born 6 O i Si ~Xx/x e -sraiJ'es Tr»i> xi to l>vftxs, sc xi ACary xxi AiZxvu rxv ofoov ynv xxt e) 'gtoXsi : ?>z land of the Chaldeans , and in the citv Sar. Xvgov KOlVOl/ QVOfJLOL 'UXoKKtoV T'jTtot'J : Sur , fays Stcphanus, /j name common to ma?ty places. The Perhans called their chief Deity Sura : 11 Perfae Sy^»j Deum vocant: and we know, that they particularly adored tlie Sun. Eufebius fpeaking of Ofiris, the fame as Helius, tells us, * 5 'FA lays; A toivorov ur^ocxyofisvafn, kou Xvgiov / urxgo)~ •yjtJL'j:;. The Grecians call him indijfere?itly Dionufus , or Sa¬ rins, as being Jynonymous . Plutarch alfo mentions 1+ Zsigtov, ,+ Omgiv Ofiris Sirius : which is the fame name differently- exhibited. From this perfonage the region had its name. Sy^/a is ct7T0 Sy^a ustthryxi. Syria had its name from Syrus : which was the fame as Helius, and Apollo. It is by Maun- deville in his travels uniformly exprefled 16 Surrye : which we may imagine to have been the true name, as it was in his time rendered by the natives. I have dwelt upon this circuinftance, becaufe many have fuppofed Syria to have been named from the city Tyre, ex- preffed Tfor : which is a notion void of all truth. Tyre did not belong to that country. It was feparated from Syria by the whole ridge of mountains called Libanus, and Anti-Li- banus. It did not fo much as give name to the little diftridt, where it flood. We never read of Tyria; no more than we " P. 95* 11 Lilius Gyraldus. Syntag. L. i. p. 5, 11 Prsep. Evang. L. 1. p. 27. If. et.QGr. p. 372. ,J Scholia in Dionyf. v. 49S. He is lometimes mentioned as*the fon of Apollo. 'Sjjpict. ctiro '£xjg& yeyovoro* ru ATroAA&jros. Ibid. v. 775. 16 The Voiage and Travaile of Sir John Maundevile, Knt. anno 1322. TO do 448 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. do of Sidonia. In fhort, thofe, who have given into this opinion, have erred for want of geographical precifion. Tyre was not a city of Syria ; but of Canaan : and fo was Sidon, which flood ftill higher, about four and twenty miles above it. They were both included in the land of Ifrael ; and belonged to the tribe of Afher. It is accordingly dif- tinguifhed by the author of the book of 17 Judith: who mentions the people of Tyre and Sidon, and thofe who dwell in Sur : T ovg onus zv XifoM xui zv Tvgw, zui rovs hoc- toikovvtus Xovg. Some of this family fettled in that part of Canaan, called Galilee ; which feems always to have confifled of mixed in¬ habitants ; and from hence was ftyled Galilee of Nations. Here they founded a city, which was in aftertimes called Scythopolis; but originally ,s Beth-San, from the worfhip of the Sun. It had alfo the name of Nufa; and there was a in memory of his 19 nurfe. It feems to have been a Typhonian city: for there was a hiftory of a virgin having been there facri- 17 C. 2. V. 28. ,l Scythopolis civitas, Galilean metropolis, quae et Bethfan, id eft Domus Solis. Eugefippus de Diftantiis Locorum in Terra San£ta. * 9 N u7$ 'zsroA/s, TSTgoT^ov A eyopevn B Steph. Byzant. Atyvirro*. 17 It was called Ai-Air, and Ai-Gupt. Apollonius ufes it out of compofition, and calls the country Aia. Eg Aw eviovTo 'z&oto Amrcto Kvtcciu. L. 2 . V. IO95. But the original name feems to have been Ai-Aet, or Ai-Ait, though in aftertimes exprefled ActfatQv$ rargos ixa.f'nv fajpeiccv . mentioned Strabo. L. 11. p. 769. ^ -V Penthililea in Virgil is Aurea fubneftens exeitae cingula mammaer iEneid VOL. III. N n n redded 45S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. reflded chiefly upon the river 5; Thermodon, and the coaft of Cappadocia; where they held the cities 56 Cutora, Amifa, Comana, Themifcura, Cadifla, Lucaftia, and Sinope. They alfo pofleflld a large trad: of territory in Armenia. They overran divers countries ; and many cities are faid to have been founded by them ; which cities were of the higheft antiquity. This is the hiftory which has been tranfmitted concerning the Amazons: but is it poflible, that fuch a nation could have ex- ifled ? or could fuch mighty operations have been carried on by a band of women ? Every circumflance, as it is related, is incredible : yet there have been at all times 57 perfons, who have efpoufed this notion ; and made ufe of all their learning and ingenuity to fhew, that fuch a community of women did exift. In confequence of this, they have been forced to maintain the whole feries of grofs abfurdities, with which the notion is attended. Many try in fome degree to extenuate the cruelty men¬ tioned in the above hiftory, in order to make it more corre- fpondent to reafon. They tell us, that the Amazons did not kill their male children ; but only 58 lamed them, that they might flay at home, and be more fubfervient to their com^ mands. In refpe:t' v TregGcuv&acti tbs opus xoivgov&m to is T*rAwio%&- pci?) lopTVV tivol TauTvv iyovjuev01$ # Bardefancs apud Eufeb. P. E. L. 7. p. 277. naXat(pccTOS 0 ctA. Strabo. !_«. II. p. 77 °- 66 Touto ya.o opt-otov^ a.vu r.s A eyai Ta; /u.ev uvfpas •) vntixas yiyvcp/.ei as rss t sre, Ta.iS'i ywa.iy.cn ctvSpa.;. Ibid. If fuch a people had really exifted, fome traces of them would have been found, either in Iberia, and Albania ; or in the country upon the Thermodon, where they are fuppofed chiefly to have refided. But Procopius fays, that there was no mark, no tradition to be obtained concerning them. De Bello Goth. L. 4. c. 3. p. 570. Myrina.. long account is given in the hiftory of 462 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 07 Myrina. She is fuppofed to have lived in the time of Orus, the fon of Ihs, and to have conquered Africa, and the greater part of Aha ; but was at laft flain in Thrace. There were Amazons in Mount Caucafus, near Colchis and 68 Albania, and likewife near the Palus 69 Maeotis. Polyaenus fpeaks of Amazons in 73 India ; and they are alfo mentioned by Non- nus. They likewife occur in 71 Ethiopia. They at one time pofTcfTed all 71 Ionia: and there were traditions of their beino; at 7i Samos, and in 74 Italy. Even the Athenians and Boeo¬ tians were of the fame family : hence it is laid, that Cad¬ mus had an 75 Amazonian wife, when he went to Thebes; and that her name was Sphinx. It will be found, that the Colchians and Iberians, as well as the Cimmerians and Maeo- 0 tae, were Amazonians. So were all the Ionians ; and the At- lantians of Mauritania. They were in general Cuthite colo¬ nies from Egypt and Syria: and as they worfhiped the Sun, 67 Diodor. Sic. 1 ,. 3. p. iSS. and p. 1S5. 4 \ic\vaioi ev Sevrepcc y.ccroc AtCvnv cevras wx-vx-Sixi (pno n\ m ■ — t€ ccvtccis to AtAgcvtixgv b^vo?. Scholia in Apollon. L,. 2. v. 966. 6 Yttbo rm AA Sctvias opect x,xitx$ or/.tiv nA$ev sis ®v£ots* Palsephatus. p. 26. He went firft to Attica. they The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 463 they were called Azones, Amazones, Alazones ; which are names of the fame purport; and have equally a reference to the national object of 75 worfhip. The mofi: noted were thofe who fettled near the river Thermodon, in the region ofPon- tus. 1 hey were alfo called Chalybes, and Alybes; and oc¬ cupied part both of Cappadocia, and Armenia. The poet Dionyfius takes notice of their fettlements in thefe parts, and flyles the region Aflyria. 77 T m <$s (ast Ai 'zxro'Xei, Syncellus. P -9 5 - The two names fhould have been written Aflliria and Aifuria * which would Jiave prevented ail miftakes. 8j Pomponius Mela. L. i.c. 19. p. 102. 8 * YLcctJctioi KoA^JW. Strabo. L. 12. p. 833. XaAcfa/e$ fA€%pi rw AptAtviois. Ibid. p. 832. ** Iliad. B. v. 856. 86 Strabo. JL. 12. p. 827. EA^ojt The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 465 EA Qoyr AA onr.s. Strabo fays, that the name of Chaldeans given to this people was not fo old, as that of Alybes and 87 Chalybes. It is of little moment, when the name came into common ufe among the Grecians: it is fufficient, that the people were fo called. Two of their principal cities were Sinope and Amifon. 88 Chalybes proximi urbium clariffimas habent Amifon et Sinopen. The latter city by Pliny is more truly exprefled Amazon: and he mentions a mountain near it of the fame name The people of t ftyled Amazoni That this Aflyria had no relation to Aflur, but was a of Ai-Sur, may, I think from found out of compolition ; and from the often called Xvp Zvp Syrij and he Scholiaft upon Dionyfius mentions them by this m XvglOl, 01 'UTCLQCL &Sg[JLOC$GVTCl 'UTOTCifJLOV. The peopley who upon the Thermodon , (by whom are Syrians. Elerodotus lays 1 are meant th« he fame of the $$ KuTTrot^oKctt vp 'EAA rivcav Xvpioi ovoux^c Amazonians) padocia?is are by the Greeks called Syria ; the people mull in confequence of this of Syria, and alfo AiSvgiZy Ai-Suria; non. "The Cap- The country of : had the name by miftake 87 Ol Si tw XaAcLuo; XceAufes to -zzra.Aa.i9v eovoy.a^ovro. Ibid. p. 826. f9 Pompon. Mela. L. i. c. 19. * 9 Mons Amazonium et oppidum. L. 6. p. 505. 90 V. 772. "Ol ^£,VgQl U7T0 risppolis. Procop. de B. G. L. 4.C. 13. 10 and aw clv Tw A 6 w'cttooy tgov auq"pccTSvaccvTCov siri The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 47 i and vvorfniped the Sun, and Selene, the chid deities of the country, from whence they came. Herodotus Ityles them /Eorpata, and fays, that they had thus name from killing their hufbands. But granting that they were women, I never found that they ever had hulbands ; unlefs an accidental commerce with any man they met, and fuch as they are here feppofed immediately to kill, can entitle him to be called an hufband. fEorpata is a name taken from their worfhip ; which was given to their priefts. It lignihes a prieft of tin, or Orus, analogous to Pataneit, Patazithes, Atropata, Afam- nata, of Egypt, and other countries. Thcfe priefts ufed to facrifice ftrangers, who by chance came upon tlieir coaft; and from thence were ftyled (A v^oxtovoi) murderers. It is well known, that the Egyptians admitted the lilt rum among their military inftruments of mu lick ; and made ufe r or it, when they went to war. Hence Virgil fays of patra barbarous io \ r ocat agmina fiftro. And the fame princefs by another poet for prefuming to bring this trument in oppofition to the Roman trumpet ” Romanamque tubam crepitanti pellere fiftro. amomr the A um fhiped the Ids of Egypt, and made ufe of her Eft: they engaged in battle .— 13 Apud Amazonas fiftro ad beilum feminaruin exercitus vocabatur. dorus. who the wo C> 11 Virgil. JEntls. L. 8. v. 696. ,a Propertius. L. 3. Elcg. 9. v. 43. r? Ificiorus. Oria. L. 2. c. 21* women; 47 2 The Anal vs is of Ancient Mythology. women ; but affords us this material circumftance in their hiftory. In another place he ipeaks to the fame purpofe. Apud Amazonas autem non tuba, ficut a regibus, fed a regina fiftro voeabatur feeminarum exercitus. The Amazonians of Colchis and Armenia were not far re¬ moved from the Minyie near Mount Ararat: and were un¬ doubtedly of the fame family. They were Arkites, as we may learn from the people of Pontic Theba; and followed the rites of the Ark, under the name of Meen, Baris, and Iona. Hence it is, that they have ever been reprefen ted with lunar fhields. Many have thought, that they were of a lunar fhape : but this is a mifiake, for moll of the Afiatic coins reprefent them otherwife. The lunette was a device taken from their worfliip. It was the national enfign, which was painted upon their fhields: whence it is faid of them: pidfis bellantur Amazones armis. And in another place: ducit Amazonidas lunatis agmina peltis Penthifelea furens. The Amazonian fhield approached nearly to the fhape of a leaf, as did the fhields of the Gothic nations. Pliny fays of the In¬ dian fig : ,s Foliorum latitudo pelt® effigiem Amazoni® habet. Upon thefe fhields they had more lunettes than one: and from them the cuftom was derived to the Turks, and other Tartar nations. A large body of this family fettled upon the Borifthenes; alfo in the Tauric Cherfonefe, and in the 16 regions adjacent. In 16 Ifidorus. Orig. L. 18. c. 4. 17 Pliny. Hill. Nat. L. 12. c. 5. p. 657. 18 Efpecially upon the Tanais. Totraoi puev ro-oretpiov Tctvaiv -z&egn'ctieTcty&i, 'XwJ'oiy K ifJLfxeptoi re* Dionyf. Tlepiny. v. 678. Here The An alvsis of Ancient Mythology'. 473 In thefe places they were ftyled Amazons, and alfo 17 Cim¬ merians. Some writers have thought, that the colony of the o * « Colchians was from hence : but others more truly fuppofe, that this people came from Colchis. They were once a very powerful lS nation, and made a confiderable figure : and though their hiftory, on account of their antiquity, is fome- what dark, yet we have fufficient evidences of their greatnefs. They are faid to have overran the coafl of Pontus and Bithy- nia ; and to have feized upon all Ionia. But as the times of thefe inroads are varioully reprefented, there is reafon to think, that thefe liiftories relate to their firft fettling in thole- parts. For though it is not impofiible, but that one part of a family may make war upon another, yet it is not in this inftance probable. We know that moft of the migrations of old were by the Greeks reprefented as warlike expedi¬ tions. And there is room to think, that this has been mifi- reprefented in the fame manner. However both 19 Herodo¬ tus and Strabo mention thefe invafionsj and the latter fpeaks Here was a river Phafis, fimilar to that at Colchis. E Scholia in Pind. Pyth. Od. v. 4. 376. 17 Some fpeak of the Amazons and Cimmerians as only confederates : but they were certainly the fame people. When Seneca mentions the Amazons invading Attica, he brings them from the Tanais and Maoris. Qualis reliftis frigidi Ponti plagis Egit catervas Atticum pulfans folum Tanaitis autMaeotis—— Hippolytus. A< 5 t. 2. v. 399. But they are generally fuppofed to have come from the Thermodon. 18 ExexTVVTo S’ 61 pLSycthnv 'wore tv toj Do > xxi t7 KAf/T/;.— /J.I& 'TCt.r Afj.ct^ovojv 'ztoAlv €x.nae, Etymolog. Mag. A:') CCL tJ.SV O'JV TCn'V AfJLCt^Ql'OOV) teS T OOV fXBv sA^ZGCOV tofeyiCC 'GTxAlU C67TV *Ai oe v ?rc?^i(f ie>crg A0r t yri) Xipfixy to B’Xtr/^.eTov 1 rocv 'XivS'cav tzXyicjigy SrccAcLTO-'flS. Toaaot fxsv TuroTctpLOV Taictiv TripsvaiSTaWi* ^av^dfxocTus S'* e7ri;%H(riv e'jrour&VTepoi yeyctotTes 'Xtvdoi, K ifxjjJsQxOi t € 9 xoct oi TniAas TSjj^ssvoio Kegxer 101 t\ Opercti xai cchxwvTis Axjziot* Dionyf. Tlepiny, v. 680 . Strabo. L. 1 j. p. 774. IO An-m.vsis or Ancitn't Mythology. 4 S 8 J ’ ]! ! stitriafir, "srerc formerly called Hyper rp The fame Herodotus are reckoned amont; the 91 Amazonians. o The y worfhiped the Sun, whom they held in high honour; and thev had PruLancia, which A lOfiioc, Aith where tliey prclerved a perpetual lire. Like the people of Colchis, they carried on in early times a great trade ; and the pafiage oi tlie Thracian Bofporus, as well as of the Hel- lefpont, being poiicileti by people of their family, gave them opportunities oi: profecuting their navigation to a great difta nee. When the H mariners have laid hands him mailer of the fhip mentions Egypt, and the country of the Hyperboreans, as the bell marts in thofe days. p' 5,3 EA^o^at, Y] Aiyvmov x fays 96 Diodorus, have traditions , that the Titanians came to their ijland in the time of the Curetes’, a?id took pojfejjion of that part , which lay about Cnojfus. Here to this day , they few the ruins of the temple , where Rhea is fuppofed to have refded: and there is alfo a grove of Cyprus trees , which were planted in ancient times . By the fame rout they came to Euboea, and other parts of Greece; and were fuppofed to have been conducted by 97 Cothus and Archlus, the fons of Xuth ; and by Ion and Hellen, fons of the fame perfonage. They alfo palled up to Thrace, and to Phrygia : hence Anchifes tells iEneas, that the Trojans were originally from Crete. 93 Creta Jovis magni medio jacet infula ponto, Mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula noftra;. The Hyperboreans upon the Euxine at one time feem to have kept up a correfpondence with thofe of the Titanian race in moll countries. But of all others, they feem to have refpe<£ted moll the people of Delos. To this illand they ufed to fend continually myllic prefents, which were greatly reverenced. In confequence of this the Delians knew more Kir-Ait, Templum Solis. Cfiris was called Ait-Ofiris. Herodotus. L. 4. c * 59* 96 Diodorus Sic. L. 5, p. 334. 97 KoQos x.cu 01 Tzcuf'es Ev(2otccv nx.ov qiwhtqv res. Plut. Quajftion. Grafc^E. p. 296. s * iEneid. L. 3. v. 104. VOL« III. Rrr of 490 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. of their hiftory than any other community of 99 Greece. Calli¬ machus, in his hymn to Delos, takes notice both of the Hy¬ perboreans, and their offerings ; and fpeaks of them as a people of high antiquity. 100 —Kca 01 y.ctduTTSgQe Bogsiris Oiy.ict §ivo; syxtri, 'UToTw’^oviootoltov clifjLct. Oi fjLsvroi y.ahtt(JLr,v rs, you Isgcc J'gccyfjLUToi 'urgooTot KscLyym (pogsun. Plutarch likewife mentions, that they ufed to come to Delos with flutes, and harps, and other inftruments of mufic ; and in this manner prefent their 1 offerings. Their gifts were emblematical; and confifted of large handfuls of corn in the ear, called a^aAAa/, which were received with much reverence. Porphyry fays, that no offerings were looked upon with greater veneration than thefe of the Hyperboreans. He flyles them prefents, and 1 V7ro j uvr i fA.otroc i memorials ; for they were fymbolical, and confifted of various things, which were inclofed in fheaves, or handfuls of 3 corn. This people were efteemed very facred: and it is faid, that Apollo, when he was exiled from heaven, and had feen his offspring ftain, retired to their country. It feems, he wept; and there was a tradition, that every tear was amber. Sn r sr?.u^ac -arepi ctvTtuv Xeyvaiv. Herod. L. 4. c. 33. '°° V. 281. 1 K at toc £§ TTrtgGo^etov It pot /xet’ ctuXcov x,ca avpiyyav, xxi xSctpctf tie t nv Z\»Xov i Ts-vpwv. Herod. L. 4. c. 33. KsAro; The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 491 4 KgAroi &uyccrepes Bopecto—x r A. Callim. Hymn, in Delon, v# 291. See Paufanias. L. 5. p. 392. Quidam dicunt Opin et Hecaergen primas ex Hyper- boreis facra in infulam Delon occultata in fafcibus mergitum pertuliile. Servius in Virg. iEneid. L. 11. v. 522. See Pliny. L. 4. c. 12. R r r 2 borean 492 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. borean rites are faid to have been brought to Delos, never returned, but took up their refidence, and officiated in the ifiand. People from the fame quarter are faid to have come to Delphi in Phocis ; and to have found out the oracular feat of Apollo. Paufanias produces for this the evi¬ dence of the ancient prieftefs Bxo. She makes mention of Olen the Hyperborean, as the firft prophet of Delphi : and further fays, that the fir ft temple of the Deity was founded by him in conjunction with Pagafus and Agyieus. 9 E vQcl TCI eVfJLVr&OP sztsXstolpto n cahg 'YTrsgSogeoov IlctyxTog zou hoc Ayvisvg, E7TI TSXeVTf) TU VfJLPOV TCP O,Xr t P0L OPOflCCTBP. OA y]p xics <& QAwr, os xca rus vy.vas rovs ctgxcuoTccTous B 7 roo]aey EAA tiny. L. g. p. 762. * l A rati Plicenom. v. 164. Nafcitur The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 493 If then this Olen, ftyled an Hyperborean, came from 11 Lycia and Egypt, it makes me perfuaded, of what I have often fufpedled, that the term Hyperborea 7 i is not of that purport, which the Grecians have affigned to it. There were people of this family in the north; and the name has been diftorted and adapted folely to people of thofe parts. But there were Hyperboreans from the eaft, as wc find in the hiftory of Olen. And when it is faid of Delos, that the firft rites were there inftituted by this people ; and that they founded the temple at Delphi : we mu ft not fuppofe, that thefe things were performed by natives from the Tanais, and the Riphean hills ; much lefs from the Cronian feas, upon whofe fhores fome people would place them. People of this name and family not only came to Greece, but to Italy : and extended even to the 13 Alps. The Mons Palatinus at Rome was fup- pofed to have been occupied by Elyperboreans; and the ancient Latines were defcended from them. Dionyfius Ha- licarnafienfis tells us, I+ that Latinus was the fo7i of Hercules by a7i Hyperborea7i woman . By this is meant, that the people Nafcitur Olenin fidus pluviale Capellae. Ovid. Fa ft. L. 5. v. 1 j 3;. A i acred frone in Elis was called Petra Olenia. Paul an. L. 6. p. 504. lt PlA ccnio A vxios. Herod. L. 4. c. 35. ilAwv A vy.iq$. Pauian. L. 5* P* 39 2 - ilAv.v 'Y 7 r?f€opsos. Ibid. L. 10. p. 810. 1J ,r T7repSope^ once tv •zxrepi rocs A Air ex tvs ItccXixs. Scholia in Apollon. Argonaut. L. 2. v. 677. Here were fome remarkable Cuthean fettlements. T&rcov xai i Ifsovirs A eyofjievn v K^TTi«. Strabo. L. 4. p. 312. 14 AatTiYov S' ex rivos f< T 7 rec€opif'cs xopxs. L. 1. p. 34. Eufebius makes the Citeans of Cyprus, and the Romans equally of Hyperborean original. E nrt Se y.oci a1 Kvirgioi ex, rcov Kittkxmv, x,cti 01 ev (Soopcc c^oifvAoi rwv O.U 760 V KlTTlCCiOOV r xctl T 6 )V P&ftGUM* ChfOn. p# 12 . 1 . 38- 494 T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. of Latium were an Herculean and Hyperborean colony. Thole, who occupied the Mons ’ 5 Palatinus, are fuppofed to have been alfo Atlantians, and ' 6 Arcadians ; by the latter term is denoted people, whom I have diftinguifhed by the name of Arkites. The Hyperboreans, who came to Delos, were devoted to this worfhip. Herodotus mentions two of their 57 prieftefles, whom he calls Opis and Arge. They built the chief temple in that illand, and planted the olive. They alfo conftrutfted a facred §r\zr h or cheft, on account of oo/.VToxa, a fpeedy delivery. As they were virgins, this cir- cumftance did not relate to themfelves, but to a myfterious ,s rite. In the celebrating of the myfteries, they held hand¬ fuls of corn ; and had their heads fhorn after the manner of the Egyptians. The like rites were pradlifed by the Paso- nians and people of 19 Thrace. It would be unnatural to fuppofe, that thefe rites, and thefe colonies came all from the north : as it is contrary to the progrefs of nations, and repugnant to the hiftory of the firft ages. A correfpondence was kept up, and an inter- 1 It had its name a Palanto Hyperborei filia. Feftus apud Audtores Ling. Lat. P rs r* • 332 * 16 They were fuppofed to have come with Evander. Turn rex Evander Romans conditcr arcis. Virg. ^Eneid. L. S. v. 313. Vobis Mercurius pater eft, quern Candida Maia Cyllenes gelido conceptum vertice fudit: At Maiam, auditis fi quicquam credimus. Atlas, Idem Atlas generat, Cedi qui fidera tollit. Virg. iEneid. L. 8. v. 138. 17 L. 4. c. 34. and 35. * ,s By the name Arge is fignified 7 , a facred cheft , or ark . 19 Herodot. c. 33. 9 courfe The Analysts of Ancient Mythology. 495 courfe maintained between thefc nations : but they came from Egypt and the eaft. There muft have been fomething myfterious in the term Hyperborean : it muft have had a latent meaning, which related to the fcience and religion of the people fo called. Pythagoras, who had been in Egypt, and Chaldea, and who afterwards fettled at Croton, was by the natives ftyled the 21 Hyperborean Apollo. And though fome of this name were of the north, yet there were others in different parts of the world, who had no relation to that clime. Pindar manifeftly makes them the fame as the At- lantians, and Amazonians of Afric : for he places them near the Iflands of the Bleft, which were fuppofed to have been oppofite to Mauritania. He fpeaks of them, as a divine race; and fays, that Perfeus made them a vifit, after that he had flain the Gorgon. At the fame time he celebrates their rites, and way of life, together with their hymns and dances, and variety of mufic : all which he deferibes in a meafure ex- quifitely fine. 22 Moirct gvyiaxct)v sq~t. Strabo. L. 10. p. 721. 29 0/, eBros <&guytct$' Aeyzvrsci xou am ru B olx.%oi "XccCot. Steph. Byz. 30 ^ccCu^iov roy Aioruaov w xaA 807 , Xact tbs 'TegtJS oiUT&, Schol. in Ariftoph. Vefp. v. 9. J * Strabo L. 5. p. 374. 6 tain. The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 499 tain, that this people had in many places fubterranean apart¬ ments, where their priefts and reclufes dwelt; and were fup- pofed to be conftgned to darknefs ; all which favours the opinion abovementioned. Ulyfles, in Homer, fpeaks of his arrival in the country of the Cimmerians, whom he defcribes as in a moft uncomfortable fituation, and places at the ex¬ tremities of the ocean. 31 H AAA’ £7ri vv% oAojj rerxrxi $£iXoiop x»s, M cLgo’tcovsS'os rtroruy Tirooviov re %evf/.ac 9 tb xocrcc %Qopo$ Avvovros €t$ affavret xeuftpioovos Zcoq'ypiu re xAirur, evQct nrag6ey& Srvyyoy 2 i£t/AAw£ e7rA/fcAfit)7r#a ovofjuxQurw* Strabo. L. 8. p. 567. 47 EyewuQiHrav—Kpov&Tpus'&ouJeS' -Sanction, apud Eufeb. P. E. L. 1. c. 10. P.37. r 'Outo* xca 0 K govostv tw wxe*v&> ocvrcp avrpov xoLTta-y.ivcL^i^ xax.pu7rru tousbolvtb ‘ manias. Porph. de Nymphar. Antro. p. 109. 'CIgclvim Teat tv ccPTpM rpepei tw Kogyv. Ibid. 3 Styt€oAov K oar [am ret tnrfiAcuoc. Ibid. Vol. III. S f f 4 a large 504 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. a large cavern in the ocean : and in this he fhut himfelf up together with thefe Tons, and thus efcaped the danger. The temple at Keira upon the Masotis, whither the Titans retired, was a 40 cavern of the fame nature, as thofe above. It was pro¬ bably in that grove, where flood the temple oF Apollo : under which Pherenicus mentions, that the Hyperboreans refided : thofe Hyperboreans, who, he fays, were of Titanic original. 49 A•&’ 'YiregEogsM, 01 t st^oltcc veuercusrt N«OJ V7T ATTOKhtiVOS) CL 7 rSlgry 0 l /> apitn y€vofA.avtjv avyKccrccpuys/v juvBavecGut. Dion. Caflius. Hill. L. 5 * • p • 313*. 49 Scholia in Pind. Olymp. Od. 3. v. 28. s ° So I render J'pofxog ociBpveiri curfus gelidus (fcil. Boreas), from frigus, 51 Ibique Arimphrcos quofdam accepimus, haud diflimilem Hyperborei’s gentem. Secies illis nemora, alimenca baccse : capillus juxta foeminis virifque in probroex- iftimatur. ritus clementes. iraque facros haberi narrant, inviolatofque efle etiam feris accolarum populis. Pliny. Hift. Nat. L. 6. p. 310. 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 5^5 ieem to have been reclules, who retired to woods and wilds, that they might more ftridtly devote themfelves to religion. They wore their hair very Ihort, both men and women; and are reprefented as very harmlefs ; fo that they lived unmo¬ lested in the midSt of many barbarous nations. They were addicted to great abstinence, feeding upon the fruits of the foreft. In many ot thefe circumStances they refembled the people, from whence they came. The fame monaStic way of life prevailed in 51 India among the Sarmanes and Allobii. Thofe who fettled in Sicily feem to have been a very powerful and knowing people : but thofe of Hetruria were Still far Superior. At the time when they flourished, Europe was in great meafure barbarous : and their government was in a State of ruin, before learning had dawned in Greece ; and long before the Romans had diverted themfelves of their natural ferity. Hence we can never have an hiStory of this people, which will be found adequate to their merits. There is however a noble field, though not very obvious, to be traverfed ; which would afford ample room for a diligent enquirer to expatiate ; and from whence he might colled: evidence of great moment. In refpedt to Sicily, their coins alone are fufficient to Shew how early they were acquainted with the arts; and from the fame we may fairly judge of their great elegance and tafte. The two moft diftant colonies of this family weftward were upon the Atlantic Ocean : the one in Europe to the north ; the other oppofite at the extreme part of Africa. Clemens Alex. Strom. L. i.p. 359. T t t VOL. III. The !jo6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. The country of the latter was Mauritania; whofe inhabitants were the 53 Atlantic Ethiopians. They looked upon them- felves, as of the fame family as the 5 * Gods : and they were certainly defcended from fome of the firfl deified mortals. Thofe who occupied the provinces of Iberia and Bsetica, on the other fide, went under the fame 55 titles, and preferved the fame hiftories, as thofe who have been mentioned before. I have fhewn, that they were of Erythraean and Ethiopic race : and they gave name to the ifland 56 Erythra,, which they occupied for the fake of trade. Here flood the city Gadara, faid to be of high antiquity, and fuppofed to have been built by Arcaleus of Tyre. 57 KA otvSiog IaA log zu roug Qomitris feogioug (<£J3oivucog kti< ritocs %£<*' Asyuariv aiirm, yivopnumi xiroitaxi. Tetu t»v crweyyvs inroAocCaa-x ’ivy'xjxvii. Tvgicav ■mtx.Xa.wv epn.7ropaov XTroiKiac rx^etpa.. Geog. Vet. Gr. vol. 2. p. 9. v. 156. s-r Etyniolog. Mag. sS So it fhould be read not r« after the maniter of the Per ft at But this, I imagine, was only done by the Achaemenidae, the princes of the country. Thofe who cultivated the grape brought it in many parts to the higheft degree of perfection. The Mareotic wine is well known, which was produced in Scythia JEgyptiaca; and is reprefented as very powerful. * 3 Haec ilia eft, Pharios quae fregit noxia reges, Dum fervata cavis potant Mareotica gemmis. All the Ionian coaft about Gaza in Paleftine was famous for this commodity : as was the region near Sarepta, at the foot of Libanus. The wines of thefe parts are fpoken of by Si- donius Apollinaris, and ranked with the beft of Italian and Grecian growth* J+ Vina mihi non funt Gazetica, Chia, Falerna, Quaeque Sareptano palmite mifta bibas. ” Strabo, ibid. 12 *s *4 L. 4. Epift. 34. Gfatii Cuneget. v, 312 Carm. 17 . v. 15 . Above 512 The Analysis ok Ancient Mythology. Above all the wine of Chalybon in Syria is mentioned as of the highefi: repute. We learn from Strabo, that at one time it was entirely fet apart for the ufe of the kings of 15 Perfia. It is taken notice of bv the prophet Ezekiel, when he is fjpeaking of the wealth of Tyre. 16 DamaJ'cus was thy merchant i?z the multitude of the wares of thy making ; in the multitude of all riches , in the wine of Chelbon, azzd white wool. Cyprus, Crete, Cos, Chios, and Lefbos, called fEthiope, were famous on the fame account. There was alfo fine wine very early in Sicily about Tauromenium, in the country of the Lseftry- gons and Cyclopians. 17 K ou yctg Kvx?\oo7rsi^ctg%p; & izctiiiQis fAfvovj aAAct xcci TgA eiots oAeO^s eiucct. Plutarch. Sympof. L. 5. c. 7. p. 600. Thefe were the people, who were efteemed not capable of being drowned. 31 Ovid. Mctamorph. T. 15. v. 356. n Audor de fluniinibus. Phafis. 35 Ibid. Hebrus. 16 Opr* Ktpxaiou 'zvo\\jycLc\AcLxov. Scholia in Apollon. Argonaut. L. 3. v. 311. Thcophraftus de Plantis. L.8. c. 15. 37 Apud Dicasarchuin. Geog. Gr. Minor, vol. 2. p. 27. U u u 2 Ovid The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Ovid gives a beautiful defcription of Calypfo, and her at¬ tendants, who are engaged in thcfe occupations. 4 38 Nereides, Nymphaeque fimul, quas vellera motis Nulla trahunt digitis, nec fila fequentia ducunt, Gramina difponunt, fparfofque fine ordine flores Secernunt calathis, variafque coloribus herbas. • Ipfa, quod hx faciunt, opus exigit: ipfa quid ufus Quoque fit in folio; qua fit concordia miftis, Novit, et advertens penfas examinat herbas. From the knowledge of this people in herbs, we may juftly infer a great excellence in phyfic. Egypt, the nurfe of arts, was much celebrated for botany. 59 Atyu7rm> rn -sroAAa cpsgei %ei$wgos ugagct 44 Annal. 2. c. 64. 43 De Ponco. L. 2. Eleg. 9. v. 65. 46 Kcti Mafiap/wst!!' leocv Dionyf. v. 788. *I;Ta/.*— S'fW'iiTixoi ft xaiot Kap €$ 9 cctp cov tcou K ocpiKcc atvA^fxcrroc . Scholia, ibid. 47 Philoftratus in Vita Apollon, p. 211. IO mufic The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 5i9 mufic in thefe rites of the n; The ancients well adapted to the melancholy but it was fame fpeak of the Dorian and +8 Phrygian meafures more animated and ma Thofe of Lefbos and iEolia were particularlyfweet, and pleafing, nor was it only harmony efteemed a requifite politories of all know they were of their anceftors, and of their Deities: and the annals of paft ages. l were the hymns at Delphi, and at Delos of Hellas. This is alluded to bv Homer hiftory of the Sirens as wonderfully takin harmony. But this w ledge was Bill more fo that nothing could withftand their lot their chief excellence: their know- itivating ; and of this they made a difplay to Ulyfles, that they might allure him to their fhores +9 svg cty iwv 'uro7wct.iv Oc h ' iv BaCuA&j'j €pyct)i’ 7 'ZcroAAa. you ocAAcc yctToc 3 x? cy.eSov oeiy.vjTcti % ocnj tvs bfareipj tccvtvs tcctb a. S v xaAtfc - / ^ixiptx.txiSoc^ 3 ecu Ttip^v^ yea t cov ycLTctcyevcLt^ you avPiyycov t gov tv ccutois^ y t A* L. 16. p. 107L £epupctjuiSo$, Ibid. L. 11. p. 802. Tyana near Comana in Pontus. 'Xepupctpf.iSos. Ibid. L. 12. p. 811. SeealfoL. 2.p. 134. X x x 2 thery 5 24 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. thcr with fubterraneous pajfages of communication. udlfo aque- duSls for the co7ivcyance of water under ground : and pajfages of great length upwards by flairs. To thefe were added beds , formed for the pafjage of rivers , and for lakes : together with bridges , and highways. Thofc, who were driven to Egypt, and took up their refidence in that country, carried on the like works ; many of which- remain to this day, and are the wonder of all, who view them. Befides clearing the river, and gaining a moft valuable territory, they enriched the upper region with numberlefs conveniences. The canal, which they carried on from the upper point of Delta to the Red Sea, was an immenfe operation. They undertook it : and, however people may difpute the point, it was finifhed. This is evident from the abutments of the floodgates, which are ftill exifting between the * hills, through which it pafled. For they took advantage in conducting it, of an hollow in the Arabian 3 mountain ; and led it through this natural chan¬ nel. Don John de Caftro 4 fays, that though the ancient paf- fage is in great meafure filled with fand, yet traces of it are. ftill to be feen in the way to Suez. The ftones, of which they made ufe for the conftruction of their obelilks, and py¬ ramids, were hewn out of the mountain of Arabia : and fome were brought from the quarries in the Thebais. Moft of thefe are fo large and ponderous, that it has been the wonder of the beft artifts, how they could be carried to that * Something of this nature was obferved by Pocock. See Egypt, vol. i. p. 132. The canal was again opened by Ptolemy, called by Diodorus fl roM^aios 6 Sevrepos.. JL. 1. p. 30. The fame as Phi Hiroth of the Scriptures. Exodus, c. 14. v,. 2• 4 Travels, c. 7. See Aftley’s Collection, vol. 1. p. 126. degree The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 525 degree of elevation, at which they are Teen at this day. The obelilks confifl of one Hone, and are of a great length. Two of them have been brought from Alexandria to Rome : and treadles have been written to fhow the manner of their s con¬ veyance : and others to defcribe the means, by which they were afterwards raifed. What mull have been the original labour, when they were hewn from the rock; and when they were firfl erected ! The principal pyramid feems at firfl to have been five hundred feet in perpendicular height, though by the accumulation of fand, it may fall fomething fhort of that extent at this 6 day. The vertex was crowned with thirteen great Hones, two of which do not now appear. Within are rooms, which are formed of Hones equally large. Thevenot fpeaks of a 7 hall, thirty feet in length, nineteen in height, and fixteen in breadth. He fays, that the roof is flat, and covered with nine Hones, of which feven in the middle are fixteen feet in length. Sandys alfo fpeaks ol a chamber forty feet in length, and ol a great height. The Hones were fo large, that eight floored it; eight roofed it ; eight flagged the ends ; and fixteen the fides ; all of well-wrought Theban marble. The chamber, to which he alludes, is certainly the center room : but he is miflaken in his menfuration. We have it more accurately deferibed Marcellinus. L. 17. p. 124. 6 It is four hundred and ninety-nine feet high, according to Greaves. Vo!. 1. p. 94. Gemelli makes it five hundred and twenty feet. Churchill’s Voyages, vol. 4. P- 27 - 7 Part Second, p. 132. C26 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. of 8 Greaves who as a i *ich fpacious chamber of mof curious worktnanfhip *Tbe flones , fays he, which cover this place , are of a Jl, /}upendous length , like fo many huge beams lying flat , ft, tv of the py ramie he roof. He ithal fupporting that infinite mafs l above. Of thefe makes the room nine , which pofed to be by Thevenot ; he gliih more than thirty feventeen feet 19 0 ~'CT cT O in breadth : and nineteen and an half in height. Pocock takes notice of fome prodigious ftones, which he met with in thefe parts. One was found to be tw r enty-one feet in length, eight broad, and four in depth. Another was thirty-three feet long, and five broad. Many have been the furmifes about the people, by whom thefe ftately ftru< 5 tures w*ere eredled. I have mentioned, that they were the work of the Cuthites ; thofe Arab Shepherds, who built IO Heliopolis, who were the r qysveig, the Giants and Titans of the firft ages. The curious traveller Norden 1 l informs us, that there is a tradition ftill current among the people of Egypt, that there were once Giants in that coun¬ try : and that by them thefe ftru&ures were raifed, which have been the aftonifhment of the world. According to He¬ rodotus, they were built by the ” Shepherd Philitis ; and by a people held in abomination by the Egyptians. 9 Greaves, vol. 1. p. 126. 10 J uba aiiclor eft-’—Solis quoque oppidum, quod non procul Memphi in JEgyp fitu diximus Arabas conditores habere. Pliny. L. 6. p. 343. 1 l v 75 - Vol, 1. p. n L. 2. c. 12S. The The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. S 2 7 The ancient temple at Heliopolis in Syria was in great re¬ pute, long before it was rebuilt after the mode of the Gre¬ cians. It is generally called Balbec, which feems to be a variation for Bal-beth ; as we may infer from 13 Gulielmus Tyrius. Of the original building we may form fome judg¬ ment, from a part of the ancient wall, which Bill remains. Dr. Pocock, having fpoken of the temple, which now lies in ruins, adds, ,+ but what is very furprifing , in the wall to the weft of the temple , there are three ftones, near twenty feet above the ground ; each of which is ftxty feet long : the largeft of them is about ftxty- two feet nine inches in lengt h. On the north fide are likewife feven very large ftones ; but not of fo great a fize : the thicknefs was about twelve feet. The fame were ob- ferved by the late learned and curious Mr. Wood; whole account feems to have been more precile. IF'e could not, fays he, get to meafure the height atid breadth of the ftones, which compofe the fecond ftratum . But we found the length of three of them to make together above an hujidred aiid ninety feet ; and feparately fexty-three feet eight ijtches , fexty-f our feet, and fixty-three feet. And that thefe ponderous maffes were not, as fome have idly furmifed, factitious, may be proved from the places, whence they were manifeftly taken. There is one ftone of an immenfe fize; which has been fafhioncd, but never entirely feparated from the quarry, where it was firft formed. It Bands in the vicinity of thofe abovemen- 15 Heliopolim Gr^ce videlicet, quas hodie Malbec (lege Balbec) dicirur, Ara- bice didtam Balbeth. Gulielm. Tyrius. L- 21. p. 1000* Iky, Bee and Beth are fynonimous. 14 VoL 2. p. no. According to Jabloa- 7 tioned An.-yi. vsis or Axcir.NT Mythology. ::S l t r t * * » tinned ; and is taken notice of both by Dr. Pocock, and J \\ f \r I \ ' v / \ • • d i ic account mven the latter is very re- • Kirk.ibie. ’ - In the fir/l quarry there are fill remaining fome re/I /lores, cut andfij aped for uje. That upon which this letter I f-.i the fecerd plate) is marked, appears from its fhape and to have been intended for the fame purpofe, as the three It is not intirely detached from the / ft' P /lotus mentioned Plate 3 . a:tarry at the bottom. IPe 7tieafured it feparately , and allow- in o~ for a little difagreement hi our accounts, owing, we think, to its not being exa&ly fjaped into a perfectly regtdar body, we found, it feventy feet long, fourteeii broad, and fourteen feetfive inches deep. The fione according to thefe dimenfions contains fourteen thoufand one hundred and twenty-eight cubic feet: and fijould weigh, were it Portland fione, about two millions two hundred and feventy thoufand pounds avoirdupoife ; or one thoufand one hundred and thirty-five tons. From thefe ac¬ counts, we learn two things: firft, that the people, by whom thefe operations were carried on, were perfons of great in- duftry and labour : and in the next place, that they muft have been very ingenious, and deeply fkilled in mechanical powers. For even in thefe days, among the moft knowing, it is matter of difficulty to conceive how thefe mighty works occur in our own illand large could be effected. There ftones, which were probably firft raifed on a religious ac- It has been a fubjedt of much inquiry, to find out count. in what manner they were brought, and by what means eredted, where they ftand. But in the countries, of which I ,s Account of Balbec. p. 18. See alfo the Travels of Van Egmont. vol. 2. p. 275. and MaimdrePs Jpurney to Aleppo, p. 138. have The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 529 have been Ipeaking, we fee mafies of rock of far fuperior fize not refting upon the earth, but carried aloft; fome to an hundred, others to five hundred feet, perpendicular. Many have looked upon thefe ancient buildings, efpecially the pyramids in Egypt, with an air of contempt, as being vaft piles without any great fymmetry: and have thought the labour idle, and the expence unnecefiary. But it muft be confidered, that they were deligned for high altars and temples; and were conftrudted in honour of the Deity. Though they are rude, and entirely void of every ornament, which more refined ages have introduced; yet the work is ftupendous, and the exe¬ cution amazing: and cannot be viewed without marks of aflonifhment. And if we once come to think, that all coft, which does not feem quite neceffary, is culpable ; I know not, where we fhall flop : for our own churches, and other edifices, though more diverfified and embellifhed, are liable to the fame objection. Though they fall far fhort of the folidity, and extent of the buildings abovementioned, yet lefs cofi: might certainly have been applied; and lefs labour expended. One great purpofe in all eminent and expenfive ftrudtures is to pleafe the ftranger and traveller, and to win their admiration. This is effected fometimes by a mixture of magnificence and beauty : at other times folely by im- menfity and grandeur. The latter feems to have been the objedt in the eredting of thofe celebrated buildings in Egypt: and they certainly have anfwered the defign. For not only the vaftnefs of their ftrudture, and the area, which they oc¬ cupy, but the ages they have endured, and the very uncer¬ tainty of their hiftory, which runs io far back into the Vol. III. Yy y depths 53^ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. depths of antiquity, produce altogether a wonderful venera¬ tion ; to which buildings more exquifite and embelliffied are feldom entitled. Many have fuppofed, that they were defigned for places of fepulture : and it has been affirmed by 16 Herodotus, and other ancient writers. But they fpoke by guefs : and I have fhewn by many inftances, how ufual it was for the Grecians to miftake temples for tombs. If the chief pyramid were deiigned for a place of burial, what oc- cafion was there for a 17 well, and for paffages of communi¬ cation, which led to other buildings ? Near the pyramids are apartments of a wonderful fabric, which extend in length one thoufand four hundred feet, and about thirty in depth. They have been cut out of the hard ,s rock, and brought to a perpendicular by the artifts chizel; and through dint of labour faffiioned as they now appear. They were un¬ doubtedly defigned for the reception of priefts ; and confe- quently were not appendages to a tomb, but to a temple of the Deity. It is indeed faid, that a ftone coffin is ftill to be feen in the center room of the chief pyramid : and its fhape and dimenfions have been accurately taken. It is eafy to give a name, and affign a ufe, to any thing, which comes under our infpedtion : but the truth is not determined by our furmifes. There is not an inflance, I believe, upon re¬ cord, of any Egyptian being entombed in this manner. The whole practice of the country feems to have been intirely 19 different. I make no doubt but this ftone trough was a 16 L. 2. c. 127. 17 See Pocock, Norden, and others. 18 Greaves of the Pyramids, vol. i. p. 141. ,’ 9 See Shaw’s Travels, p. 41 g. 9 W refervoir The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 53 1 rcTcrvoir for water, which, by means of the well, they drew from the Nile. The priefts of Egypt delighted in obfeurity; and they probably came by the fubterraneous paffages of the building to the dark chambers within; where they performed their luftrations and other nocturnal rites. Many of the an¬ cient temples in this country were caverns in the rock, en¬ larged by art, and cut out into numberlefs dreary apartments: for no nation upon earth was fo addicted to gloom and me¬ lancholy as the Egyptians. From the top of the pyramids, they obferved the heavens, and marked the conftellations: and upon the fame eminence it is probable, that they offered up vows and oblations. As the whole of Upper Egypt was clofely bounded on each fide by mountains, all the floods which defeended from the higher region, and from Abyflinia, mu ft have come with uncommon violence. The whole face of the country affords evidence of their impetuofity in the firft ages, before they had borne down thofe obftacles, by which their defeent was im¬ peded. As the foil was by degrees wafhed away, many rocks were left bare ; and may ftill be feen rough and rude in a variety of dire freiac.. —A ju.€^oenou y &eisv. Hefych.. Afj>&iu Sregct7revetv ax rois ispqis . Ibid. Zi E. c. 38. p. 52. ?? See Stukeley’s Stonehenge, p. 49. 50. L. 1. 11 ent The Analysis ok Ancient Mytholocy. 53 + ment of this fort near Penzance in Cornwall, though, I be¬ lieve, it is now in great meafure ruined. It ftill retains the name of " s Main-Amber, by which is figmhed the facrccl ftor.es. We find it deferibed by the Englifh antiquary Nor- den, who 26 fays, that it confided of certayne huge fto?ics, /; fett, and fubtillye combyned, not by art, as I take it, but by 27 nature, as a child may move the upper (lone, being of a hit re bignes, with one finger ; fio equallie ballanccd it is : and the forces of manie ftrong men conjoined can doe no more in moving it. He mentions another of the fame fort called 28 Pcndre Stone. It is, he fays, a rock upon the topp of a hill near Blifton, on which ftandeth a beacon ; and on the topp of the rock lyeth a ft otic, which is three yardes and a haulfe longe, four foote broad, and two and a haulfe thick ; and it is equally balanced, that the winde will move it, whereof I have had true experience. Bind a man with his little finger will eaftly ftirr it, and the ftrength of many cannot remove it. Such a one is mentioned by Apol¬ lonius Rhodius, which was fuppofed to have been raifed in the time of the Argonauts:. It flood in the ifland Tenos, and was the monument of Calais and Zetes, the two winged fons of Boreas. They are faid to have been flam by Hercules; x5 Main, from whence came mcenia, fignified, in the primitive language* a ftone, or ftones, and alfo a building. By amber was meant any thing facred. Chil-Mi- nar, by which name the celebrated ruins in Perfia are diftinguiihed, feems to fignify Collis Petrce. The word Minaret is of the fame etymology, from Meen and Main, a ftone. 7,6 Norden’s Cornwall, p. 48. The upper ftone was eleven feet long, fix feet wide, and five in thicknefs. %7 Thefe are works are of too much nicety, and too often repeated, to beeffe&ed by chance. 48 P. 74. IO and The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 535 and though the hiftory be a fable, yet fuch a monu¬ ment, I make no doubt, exifted in that ifland, as the poet defcribes. -- gvysgri ring sttAst 07ci this 536 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. this Deity, who was called 5 * Archal, and Arcalus, by the Egyptians, Tyrians, and other nations. By Petra Gigonia was lignihed an Herculean monument, not raifed by him, but to his honour: and it was undoubtedly erected by people of thole colonies, who came both from Tyre and Egypt. 1 once made mention of thefe moving Hones to a gentle¬ man who had been in China : and he told me, that there was one of this fort in the iiland Amoy, which belongs to that empire. As he had not taken particular notice of it himfelf, he applied to a friend, who had been upon the fpot, and who fent him the following account. As to the moving 6 JJone at Amoy , I have only my memory , to which I ca?i recur. It is of an immenfe fixe ; and it would have been difficult to have meafured it , as the longefi , though the fnallef , part hu?ig over a precipice ; and the extremity of it could not be reached. It was in great meafure of a ffrait oblong form : a 7 id tmder the ffortef , which was however the biggef , part, we could walk for fome paces. By preffing againf it with my cane upwards , and theji withdrawing my ar?n y I could perceive a fenfble vibration. W'e judged it by efimation , to be forty feet in length : and be¬ tween forty and fifty in circumference at the larger end. ‘The tween forty and fifty in circumference at the larger end. The fione did not lie quite horizontal , but fianting. I had nobody to apply to for information about it , except one perfon ; who, though a native of Fokein , could afford me no intelligence. In the vi¬ cinity of this were feveral other fiones of an enormous fize ; and at the fame time as round and fmooth , as any pebbles in the high way. Three of thefe , which were remarkably large , lay in contact with one another : and on the top of thefe was a fourth . One would not think it poffble for any human force to have placed 51 The name was fometimes exprefied Orchal, and Ourchol. the The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. the uppermost in this pofition. Might they not have been fettled in this manner at the Deluge? I agree with this curious gen¬ tleman, that at the Deluge many of thefe vaft ftones w ere left bare upon the retreat of the waters. But thofe, which are fo equally poifed, and fo regularly placed upon others, mull have been thus adapted by the contrivance and induftry of man. For, as I before faid, their fituation is too nice and critical, and they occur too 31 often, to be the effect of chance. There are probably many inftances in China of ftones fo conftituted as to be affe&ed by a ftrong motion of the air. Two fueh are mentioned by Kircher : and one of them was in the fame province, as that taken notice of above. 33 Ad- miratione dignum eft, quod de Monte Cio referunt Oriofcopi Sinenfes, efle in ejus vertice lapidem quinque perticarum al- titudinis, et in regno Fokienft alterum, qui quoties tempeftas imminet, omnino titubat, et hinc inde, ad inftar Cuprefli vento agitatae, moveatur. Kircher, who loves the marvel¬ lous, would perfuade us, that thefe ftones afforded a prog- noftic of the weather. But this is an idle furmife. It is fuftieient, that there are in thofe regions immenfe ftones, fo difpofed, as to be made to vibrate by the wind. When the Cuthites began their migrations to the feveral parts, where they fettled ; the earth was overgrown with forefts : and when they had in any region taken up their abode, it was fome time before they could open a commu¬ nication between the . places, w'hich they occupied. It is particularly faid of 3 * Cyprus, when it received its firft inha¬ bitants, that it was overgrown with impaffable forefts. They 31 See Stukeley’s Stonehenge, p. 49. 33 China I Hurt. p. 270. Strabo. L. 4. p. 1003. Vol. III. Z z z however 53S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. however in their different journeyings, felled the trees, which intercepted their courfe ; and formed caufeways and high roads, through the marfhes and fwamps, that intervened. Some of thefe were of great extent, and afford wonderful evidence of their ingenuity and labour. One of thefe was in India; and ftyled the way of Nufa: being the fame by which Dionufus was fuppofed to have paffed, when he fled eaftward: 35 Txvsxct Nv7 rcav x«A»/*£v«r. Paufan. L. 7. p. 589. See Vol. I. p. 502. of this work. *° Ibid. s ‘ Toft Ttiyos, 0 Sri ptovov rrtuv tpenruov /\Bi7TtTcti, Kux?^u7ruv f*Sv tq~tv tpyov' •zveTrom- TCti St txqyoov AtSaoi', utyefcos e%cov inug-os ?u9o s, cog ot/ir avrcov pin S’ civ ctg%yv xiv»6»vxi tov. fjuxpoTtx.'rov V 7 to Qtuyovs tipuovuv, X T A. Ibid. L. 2 . p. 169. ** Pfalm. 46. v. 8. tions The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 543 tions he hath made in the earth . He maketh wars to ceafe He th ft and cutteth the ■e. Be ft ill., and God I will be exalted among the heathen 6 the ends of the wot fpear afunder : he JinoWy that I am I will be exalted in the earth. Thefe evidences I thought proper to collect, in order that I might fhew the great fuperiority, which this people once maintained above others in their works and enterpriles ; and in every branch of fcience. In confequence of this, they were looked upon as general benefactors to mankind. But this noble character was greatly tarnifhed by their cruelty ; for which they leem to have been infamous in all parts. And this not merely through degeneracy in later times ; though they did fall off from their original merit: but from their rites and religion; which had always a tendency to blood. I have before fpoken of the Lamii in Sicily : and of thofe alfo, who refided in Italy, at Phormiae, and Cumae. There were people of this name, and the like cruelties were pra&ifed near Amifa, and in other parts ofPontus. The Cuthae upon the Maeotis, and in the Tauric Cherfonefus, are defcribed as very inhofpitable : and all thole in their vicinity were of a fivag^e caft, and guilty of great barbarity. ST E i 2 kvQu,v. It is faid of the Amazonians, that they were by no means of a gentle turn; nor did they regard juftice ; or hofpitality :• but were devoted to war and rapine. i+ Ov yctg A[£ct£ovt$££ |UaA’ £7trft££g, ovh Seuis’ug T lUO’Ctl, '&£$10V A OIOLVUOV apLpBV£ULOVTQ' AAA’ v£gig 5’ovo£v £evo- Suj'outm^ xou aoipKG(potyGvvTO£¥ m See L. 7* p« 458. 56 Pliny. L.. 6. p. 315. C7 Ibid. L. 7. p.370. are 545 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. are alfo fpoken of by s * Herodotus. The Sacae, Indi, and Indo-Scythae, were of the fame family, as thofe above ; and they are reprefented by Mela, as indulging in thefe horrid re- pafts. 59 Scythae funt 'Androphagi et Sacae.—Indorum qui- dam nullum animal occidere, nulla carne vefci, optimum exiftimant.—quidam proximos, parentefque, priufquam annis et aegritudine in maciem eant, velut hoftias caedunt ; caefo- rumque vifceribus epulari fas, et maxime pium eft. The Scythce are Cannibals , and fo are the Sacce.—Some of the Indi <3 will not kill any animal ’, nor feed at all upon flejh.—Others make it a rule , before their friends are emaciated either by years , or illnefs , to put them to death , like fo many victims : and they think it not only a lawful things but a ?natter of duty and affec¬ tion to feed upon their inward parts. The moft reputable people of the Indi were fuppofed to have been the Nyfaeans: and they are particularly accufed of this crime. 60 <3>ai A£uri Aiovvaov •moAiv eivcct, tocvtw Se ux Sa rov clutgv e£- *vpeiv. Strabo. L. 7-p. 459. 68 Apud Strabonem. L. 7. p. 464. Anacharfis was fuppofed to have been of this family. K at t ov A vct%ctg ftate of piracy, making continual depredations. This was fo common in the firft ages, that it was looked upon with an eye of indifference, as if it were attended with no immorality and difgrace. Hence nothing was more common in thofe days, when a ftranger claimed the rites of hofpitality, than to alk him 69 E<£o/>os-—£*7ri *r 6 Aft (frMriV) ft mi roav re jcAAcuV xai reov 'SiavpofJLdToov rue avo/uLottis, ftev yag en'oci ^ccAems^ a>p 3 ooi re , eQvect ficcp^ctccc J£vp>*v. Dionyf. Tlerwy. v. 749. 85 By Agathemerus called Holkiol. Geog. Vet. vol. 2. p. 44. 86 Xctxa^cxvcc Hclkoov ^ZxvQocv. Ifidorus. Geog. Vet. vol. 2. p. 8. 87 P. 133. of this volume. Vol. III. 4 B The 5 54 - T iik Analysis of Ancient Mythology. TJie Chincfe were the ancient Sinae, and Seres ; who were fo famous lor their filk. There is in Paufanias a very curious account of this people, and of their manufacture. The author has been fpeaking of the fine flax in Elis : and from thence takes an opportunity to digrefs, and to treat about the nature of filk. The former , fays 83 Paufanias, arife from feed: hut thofe fnc threads, of which the Seres make ufe in weavings arc of a diferent original. In their country is produced an infeSi, which the Grecians call , £»)£, but the natives have a dif¬ ferent name for it.—This the Seres attend to with great care, making proper receptacles for its prefervation both in fummer , and winter. He then proceeds to give a minute, but inac¬ curate, account of the filkworm, and the manner of its fpin- ning, which I omit : and concludes with telling us, that the coutitry , from whence this commodity comes , is an ifland tiamed Seri a, which lies in a rcccfs of the Rrythrcean Sea. I have been told by fame, that it is not properly the Rrythrcean Sea , but the river Sera, which inclofes it, and forms an ijland, fmi- lar to the Delta i?i Rgypt. I?i fort fo?ne inff, that it is not at all bounded by the fea. They fay alfo , that there is another if and called Seria : and thofe who inhabit this, as well as the i(lands Jib of a, and Sacaia ijt the tieighbourhood, are of the Rthiopian race. Others affirm, that they are of the Scuthic family, with a mixture of the Ittdic. The hiftory is in every part very true ; and in it we have deferibed two nations of the Seres ; who were of an Ethiopic, Indie, and Scuthic family. The firfl: was upon the great Erythraean, or Indian, Ocean ; or rather upon the Ganges ; being a province in- Paufan. L. p. 6, 519. clofed The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. clofed by the branches of that river. There were many * J illands fo formed ; and they are by geographers called col ¬ lectively the 89 Delta of the Gang es. The other region of the Seres was farther removed. It is the fame as 90 China, though fpoken of by Paufanias, as an illand : and it lies oppolite to the illands of Japan, called here A l ala and Sa- caia. Of the fouthern Seres upon the Ganges little notice has been taken : yet they will be found upon inquiry to have been a very notable people. They are mentioned by Oro- lius, who fpeaks of them as bordering upon the Il)dafpes, The Seres of 91 Strabo are of the fame part of the work' Marcianus Heracleota, in his 9Z Periplus, places them rather to the eaft of the river, and makes them extend very liinh to the north, towards Cafgar and Thebet. They were the fame as the Indie Cathaians, who at different times got accefs into the lower regions of Seria, or China ; and that particular province called now liman. The Sacae likewife, who were of the fame family, made large fettlements in the upper pro¬ vinces of that country ; which from them was called both 93 Seria and Cathaia. From thence they palled over to the illands of Japan : one of which was from them named Sacaia. Itftill is fo called; and the capital has the fame name ; and is famous for the worfhip of the God 9+ Dai - 59 Strabo. L. r5. p. 1026. 90 Mbtcc <7vfJL 7 rocacev 2 xu 0 «x f) 'XnotKu. Agathemerus. L. 2. c. 6. p. 42. Geog. Vet. Gr. vol. 2. 91 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1027. Geog. Grsec. vol. r. p. 28. 9i Marcianus Heracleota places a nation of Seres to the north of the Sinenfes where now is the region of Chinefe Cathaia. See Periplus. p. 29. Geog. Vet. vol. 1 . 94 Purchas, vol. 5, p. 596. Dai Maogin is probably Deus Magog, five Dcus Magus. 4 B 2 Maogin. 556 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. Maogin. Father Lewis de Froes, in a letter quoted by 95 K^empfer, takes notice of a terrible earthquake both at Meaco, and in Sacaia. The names of the Deities in Japan and China, and the form of them, as well as the mythology, with which they are attended, point out the country, from whence they originally came. The prevailing religion in each of thefe kingdoms, and the moft ancient, is the 96 Sinto, or religion of the Sindi. By thefe are fignified the Indi, who firft introduced this mode of worfhip, as is acknowledged by the Chinefe themfelves. One of the Mohammedan 97 travel¬ lers, whofe account has been publifhed by the learned Re- naudot, allures us, that the Chinefe had no fciences : that is, I fuppofe, none, but what were imported. That their religion and moft of their laws were derived from the I?idi. Nay, they are of opinion , that the Indians taught them the worftjip of idols j and conftdcr them , as a very religious nation. The people, who introduced thefe things in the upper re¬ gion of this country, were the northern Seres, a branch of the Cathaian Sacce. 93 sGvos fictgSotgov ZkvQikov. They were a different people from the Sinae and Sinenfes, though at laft incorporated with them. The chief city of the country was occupied by them, which they called after their own name Sera ; and they named the region Cathaia. Hence Ptolemy ’• L. 1. p. 104. notes. Annum in urbe Sacaio moratus. Epiftola Gafparis Vilelas apud Mafireuro.. Vide I lift. Ind. p. 401. It occurs often in the letters of thefe miffionaries. 90 Ibid. p. 204 204. It is called in China the religion of Fo. 97 Account of China by Two Mohammedan Travellers in the Ninth Century, p. 36. 90 Scholia in Dionyf. v. 752. makes The A nalysis of Ancient Mythology. 557 makes mention, 99 Tr,$ roov Zn/o:v Mr ; T£ 07 roAsa'<;, of Sera , the capital of the Since : fo that in his time, and indeed long before, the Sinenfes and Seres were looked upon as the fame. In China the Deity upon the Lotos in the midft of waters has been long a favourite emblem, and was imported from the ft. The infigne of the drap-on was from the fame quarter. w e The Cuthites worfhiped Cham, the Sun ; wnofe name they varioufly compounded. In China me ft things, which have any reference to fplendour, and magnificence, feem to be de¬ nominated from the fame objefl. Cham is faid in the lan¬ guage of that country to fignify any thing 100 fupreme. Cum is a fine building, or 1 palace ; fimilar to Coma of the Am- onians. Cum is a * lord or mafter : Cham a 3 feeptre. Laftly, by Cham is fignifled a 4 prieft, analogous to the Chamanim and 5 Chamerim of Cutha, and Babylonia. The country itfelf is by the Tartars called 6 Ham. The cities Cham-ju, Campion, Compition, Cumdan, Chamul, and many others of the fame form, are manifeftly compounded of the facred term Cham. Cambalu, the name of the ancient metropolis, is the city of 7 Cham-Bal: and Milton ftyles it very properly, Cambalu^ feat of 8 Cathaian Chan. By this is meant the 59 L. 1. c. 11. 103 Bayer’s Mufcum Sinicum. vol. 2. p. 146. 1 Ibid. p. 95. * Ibid. p. io2* The Tartarian princes are fey led Chum. } Ibid. p. 98. 4 Ibid. p. 102. 5 2 Kings, c. 23. v. 5.. Hofea. c. io. v. 5, 6 Herbert’s Travels, p. 375: 7 Ciyitas Cambalu, in provincia Cathai - fonat autem Civitas Marcus Paulus Venetus. L. 2. c. 1. 8 C.hinam potiffimam Cathaii partem. Kircher. China Illufl. p. 60. Domini. chief Ti-ie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 5 5 8 chief city of the Cuthean Monarch ; for Chan is a derivative of Cahen, a prince. It feems fometimes in China and Japan to have been exprefied Quan, and Quano. The Lama, and Lamas, thofe priefts of Tlicbet and Tartary, are of the fame original, as the Lamii in the weft. As the religion of this people extended fo far, we meet with many noble edifices in various parts of the caft, which ftill afford evidences of their original. Two temples are taken notice of by Hamclton near Syrian in 9 Pegu ; which lie re- prefents, as fo like in ftructure, that they feemed to be built by the fame model. One flood about fix miles to the fouth- wards, and was called Kiakiack, or the God of Gods Temple. The image of the Deity was in a fleeping pofture, and fixty feet in length : and was imagined to have lain in that ftate of repofe fix thoufand years. The doors and windows , fays our author, are always open , and evety body has permiffion to fee him. When he awakes , it is faid , that the world will be a?nii~ hilated. This Temple Hands on a high open fpot of ground, and may eafily be feen in a clear day eight leagues off*. The other is fttuated in a low plain north of Syrian, and at about the fame diftance. It is called the Temple of Dagun, and the doors and windows of it are continually fhut: fo that none can enter, but the priefts. They will not tell of Avhat fhape the idol is ; but only fay, that it is not of a human form. As foon as Kiakiack has diftolved the frame and being of the world, Dagon, or Dagun, will gather up the fragments, and make a new one. I make no doubt, but the true name of the temple was Iach-Iach, and dedi- 9 Hamilton’s Account of theEaft Indies, vol. 2. p. 57. 6 cated Tl xie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. e c w’ 9 catcd to the fame God, I Mr. Wife takes notice of the Grecian exclamation to IO Dionufus, when the terms 11 Iacche, O Iacche, were repeated : and lie fuppofes, with great probability, that the Peguan name had a reference to the fame Deity. It is very certain that the (hip nations in the eaft. The Indians ufed to maintain, that his rites began firft among; them. o o Profeflor Bayei has ill e w n, that fhip of thefe parts: and particularly among the Tamuli of Tran- e was of ice a gigantic quebar. 12 They ha-ve a tradition that the, perfon named Maidafhuren , who was born at IViJadabura , near the mountain Meru. He had the herns of a bull , and drank wine , and made war upon the Gods. He was attended by eight Pu- dam , who were gigantic and mifehievous daemons , of the family of thofe Indian Shepherds^ calledKobaler. In this account we have a manifeft reference to the hiftory of Dionufus, as well as that of Dionuhans, bv whom And we may 10 See Wile’s Treatife of the Fabulous Ages. p. 95. " lax^g, oj Iccxye. Arilloph. Rar.ne. v. 318. 11 Inde Tamuli narrant, Maidafhuren fuiiie aliquem di< 5 tum a Maidham ct Afhuren, quail Taurum G.gantem Gigantas autem fingunt Heroas fuos fuific) in Niladabura urbe baud longe a Meru Monte narum, qui Taurina cornua geflarit • carnibuique pailus, turn aliarum aniniuntium, turn vaccarum (quod in Indis fummum laius et vino ad ebrietatem repleri folitus, Diis helium incident. Cetcrum in com Paul habdfle otlo Pudam, feu gigantreos et malitiofos Dfcmonas, ex famiiia Indicorum P d** rum, quos K^oder, i. e. Paftores vocant : curru vedlum ab odtonis leonii.us, .ut leopau aut ngridibus, aut dephantis. Habecis Nyiam, ubi natum feruni BatA.uim etium Gntiorum aliqui. Habetis Mcrum monteni, unde Jovis Mngot Luciani agitatus jocis : habetis Ko£x Aas, et cornua et currum, et quicquid ad fabulam veteris Grxcice defideratis. Bayer. Hift. Badtriana. p. 2. 3. tranfmitted 560 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. tranfmitted by the 13 Grecians. What are thefe Kobaler, who were defcended from the Shepherds, but the fame as the Cobali of Greece, the uniform attendants upon Dionu- fus : a fet of priefts, whofe cruelty and chicanery rendered them infamous. 14 KooxAot bou^Lovsg stcri nvsg