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April (Apr.) is the fourth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and comes between March and May. It is one of the four months to have 30 days.
April always begins on the same day of the week as July, and additionally, January in leap years. April always ends on the same day of the week as December.
The Month
April comes between March and May, making it the fourth month of the year. It also comes first in the year out of the four months that have 30 days, as June, September and November are later in the year.
April begins on the same day of the week as July every year and on the same day of the week as January in leap years. April ends on the same day of the week as December every year, as each other's last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart. |
In common years, April starts on the same day of the week as October of the previous year, and in leap years, May of the previous year. In common years, April finishes on the same day of the week as July of the previous year, and in leap years, February and October of the previous year. In common years immediately after other common years, April starts on the same day of the week as January of the previous year, and in leap years and years immediately after that, April finishes on the same day of the week as January of the previous year.
In years immediately before common years, April starts on the same day of the week as September and December of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, June of the following year. In years immediately before common years, April finishes on the same day of the week as September of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, March and June of the following year. |
April is a spring month in the Northern Hemisphere and an autumn/fall month in the Southern Hemisphere. In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of October in the other.
It is unclear as to where April got its name. A common theory is that it comes from the Latin word "aperire", meaning "to open", referring to flowers opening in spring. Another theory is that the name could come from Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. It was originally the second month in the old Roman Calendar, before the start of the new year was put to January 1.
Quite a few festivals are held in this month. In many Southeast Asian cultures, new year is celebrated in this month (including Songkran). In Western Christianity, Easter can be celebrated on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25. In Orthodox Christianity, it can fall between April 4 and May 8. At the end of the month, Central and Northern European cultures celebrate Walpurgis Night on April 30, marking the transition from winter into summer. |
April in poetry
Poets use April to mean the end of winter. For example: April showers bring May flowers.
Events in April
Fixed Events |
April 1 - April Fools' Day
April 1 - Islamic Republic Day (Iran)
April 2 - International Children's Book Day
April 2 - Thai Heritage and Conservation Day
April 2 - World Autism Awareness Day
April 2 - Malvinas Day (Argentina)
April 4 - Independence Day (Senegal)
April 4 - International Day for Landmine Awareness and Assistance
April 4 - Peace Day (Angola)
April 5 - End of Tax Year (United Kingdom)
April 6 - Tartan Day (Canada and United States)
April 6 - Chakri Day (Thailand)
April 7 - Day of Maternity and Beauty (Armenia)
April 7 - Genocide Memorial Day (Rwanda)
April 7 - World Health Day
April 7 - Women's Day (Mozambique)
April 8 - Buddha's Birthday (Buddhism)
April 9 - Martyrs' Day (Tunisia)
April 9 - Day of National Unity (Georgia)
April 9 - Day of the Finnish language
April 12 - Cosmonauts' Day (Russia), marking the day of Yuri Gagarin's space flight
April 13 - Songkan (Laos), local New Year celebration
April 13 - Cambodian New Year |
April 13 - Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (United States)
April 14 - Southeast Asian New Year festivals, including Songkran
April 14 - Georgian language Day
April 14 - Youth Day (Angola)
April 14 - Ambedkar Jayanti (India)
April 14 - Pan-American Day
April 15 - Tax Day (United States)
April 15 - Kim Il-Sung's Birthday (North Korea)
April 15 - Father Damien Day (Hawaii)
April 15 - Jackie Robinson Day (Major League Baseball)
April 16 - Birthday of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark
April 16 - Emancipation Day (Washington, DC)
April 16 - World Voice Day
April 16 - Selena Day (Texas)
April 17 - National Day of Syria
April 17 - Flag Day (American Samoa)
April 17 - Women's Day (Gabon)
April 17 - World Hemophilia Day
April 18 - Independence Day (Zimbabwe)
April 18 - Invention Day (Japan)
April 18 - International Day of Monuments and Sites
April 19 - Bicycle Day
April 19 - Dutch-American Friendship Day
April 19 - Birthday of King Mswati III of Swaziland |
April 19 - Patriots' Day (Massachusetts, Maine, Wisconsin)
April 20 - 4/20 in Cannabis Culture
April 21 - John Muir Day (California)
April 21 - San Jacinto Day (Texas)
April 21 - Kartini Day (Indonesia)
April 21 - National Tree Planting Day (Kenya)
April 21 - First Day of Ridran (Baha'i faith)
April 21 - Grounation Day (Rastafari movement)
April 22 - Earth Day
April 22 - Discovery Day (Brazil)
April 23 - Saint George's Day, celebrating the patron saint of several countries, regions and cities (including England and Catalonia)
April 23 - World Book Day
April 23 - National Sovereignty and Children's Day (Turkey)
April 24 - Democracy Day (Nepal)
April 24 - Genocide Day (Armenia)
April 24 - Republic Day (the Gambia)
April 25 - Australia and New Zealand celebrate ANZAC Day. ANZAC means Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, and began in 1915.
April 25 - World DNA Day
April 25 - World Malaria Day
April 25 - Flag Day (Swaziland, Faroe Islands)
April 25 - Freedom Day (Portugal) |
April 25 - Liberation Day (Italy)
April 25 - Army Day (North Korea)
April 26 - Union Day (Tanzania)
April 26 - Confederate Memorial Day (Texas, Florida)
April 27 - Independence Day (Sierra Leone and Togo)
April 27 - Freedom Day (South Africa)
April 27 - World Tapir Day
April 27 - King's Day (Netherlands) from 2014, birthday of Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands
April 28 - Workers Memorial Day
April 28 - National Day (Sardinia)
April 28 - National Heroes Day (Barbados)
April 29 - Showa Day (Japan), birthday of Emperor Hirohito, who died in 1989
April 29 - International Dance Day
April 30 - Former Queen's Day Holiday in the Netherlands (changed to King's Day, April 27 in 2014), was the birthday of former Queen Juliana of the Netherlands
April 30 - Flag Day in Sweden (birthday of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden)
April 30 - International Jazz Day
April 30 - Walpurgis Night (Central and Northern Europe) |
Moveable Events |
Easter-related events in Western Christianity:
Palm Sunday (between March 15 and April 18)
Maundy Thursday (between March 19 and April 22)
Good Friday (between March 20 and April 23)
Easter Sunday (between March 22 and April 25)
Easter Monday (between March 23 and April 26)
Eastern Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8.
Ascension Day (Western Christianity), falls between April 30 and June 3.
Jewish Passover - falls in the same week as Western Christianity's Holy Week, which is the week leading up to Easter.
Mother's Day (UK) falls between March 1 and April 4.
World Snooker Championship (late April, early May)
Horse racing - Grand National (UK), Kentucky Derby (United States)
Start of Daylight Saving Time - Clocks going forward one hour:
Most of Mexico
Morocco (Ramadan does not include Daylight Saving Time)
End of Daylight Saving Time - Clocks going back one hour:
Southeast Australia, and New Zealand
Chile
Marathon Events in the following cities:
Belgrade, Serbia |
Belgrade, Serbia
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Brighton, United Kingdom
Enschede, Netherlands
London, United Kingdom (held in October from 2020 to 2022 because of COVID-19)
Madrid, Spain
Paris, France
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Utrecht, Netherlands
Zurich, Switzerland |
Selection of Historical Events |
April 1, 1918 - The Royal Air Force is founded.
April 1, 1976 - Apple Inc. is founded.
April 1, 1979 - The Islamic Republic of Iran is founded.
April 1, 1999 - The territory of Nunavut is created in Northern Canada.
April 1, 2001 - The Netherlands introduces same-sex marriage, as the first country to do so.
April 2, 1519 - Florida is sighted by a European for the first time.
April 2, 1930 - Haile Selassie becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.
April 2, 1982 - Start of the Falklands War, as Argentine forces land on the Falkland Islands.
April 2, 2005 - Pope John Paul II dies aged 84, after years as Pope.
April 3, 1973 - The first-ever mobile phone call is placed by Martin Cooper in New York City.
April 4, 1721 - Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
April 4, 1841 - William Henry Harrison dies. He was President of the United States for 31 days, the shortest-ever time in office for a US president.
April 4, 1960 - Senegal becomes independent. |
April 4, 1968 - Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee.
April 5, 1722 - Jacob Roggeveen becomes the first European to land on Easter Island, landing there on Easter Sunday.
April 6, 1320 - Scotland's independence is confirmed with the Declaration of Arbroath.
April 6, 1830 - The Mormon Church is founded.
April 6, 1909 - Robert Peary claims to have been first at the North Pole on this date.
April 7, 1994 - The Rwandan Genocide begins.
April 9, 1865 - American Civil War: Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee surrender to Union forces.
April 9, 1940 - World War II: Denmark and Norway are invaded by Nazi Germany.
April 9, 1989 - April 9 tragedy: In Tbilisi, Georgia, a peaceful demonstration for independence is broken up by the Soviet Army, killing 20 people. The country gains independence on this date exactly two years later.
April 10, 1815 - Mount Tambora in Indonesia erupts in a huge eruption, affecting the world's climate for at least a year. |
April 10, 2010 - A plane crash near Smolensk, Russia, kills several people who were important in Poland, including President Lech Kaczynski.
April 11, 1814 - Napoleon Bonaparte is exiled to the island of Elba.
April 11, 1954 - Said to have been the most boring day of the 20th century.
April 12, 1861 - The American Civil War begins at Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina.
April 12, 1945 - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies, and Harry S. Truman replaces him.
April 12, 1961 - Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to fly into space.
April 14, 1865 - US President Abraham Lincoln is shot dead at Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln dies the next day.
April 14, 2010 - Qinghai Province, China, is hit by an earthquake, killing tens of thousands of people.
April 14, 2010 - The eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland shuts down air traffic around Europe for a week, due to its ash cloud. |
April 15, 1912 - The ship RMS Titanic sinks near Newfoundland after hitting an iceberg, resulting in the deaths of many of the people on board.
April 16, 1943 - Albert Hofmann discovers LSD's effects.
April 17, 1946 - Syria gains full independence from France.
April 17, 1955 - Albert Einstein dies.
April 18, 1906 - 1906 San Francisco earthquake: San Francisco, California, is hit by a big earthquake, resulting in fires that destroy large parts of the city.
April 18, 1980 - Zimbabwe gains full independence.
April 19, 1897 - The first Boston Marathon is held.
April 19, 1971 - Sierra Leone becomes a republic.
April 19, 1993 - The siege of the Branch Davidians at Waco, Texas, ends in a fire that kills 82 people.
April 19, 1995 - Timothy McVeigh carries out the Oklahoma City bombing, killing 169 people.
April 19, 2005 - Joseph Alois Ratzinger becomes Pope Benedict XVI.
April 20, 1889 - Adolf Hitler is born.
April 20, 1902 - Marie Curie and Pierre Curie refine Radium. |
April 20, 2010 - Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A massive fire on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico kills 11 workers and causes a massive oil spill, the worst spill in US history.
April 21, 753 BC - Legendary founding date of Rome
April 21, 1509 - Henry VIII of England becomes King.
April 21, 1908 - Frederick Cook claims to have reached the North Pole on this date.
April 22, 1502 - Pedro Alvares Cabral becomes the first European to reach present-day Brazil.
April 22, 1970 - Earth Day is observed for the first time.
April 23, 1533 - The Church of England declares that Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon are not married.
April 24, 1916 - The Easter Rising occurs in Dublin, Ireland.
April 24, 1990 - The Hubble Space Telescope is launched on the Space Shuttle Discovery.
April 25, 1915 - World War I: In Turkey, the Battle of Gallipoli begins, Australian, French, British and New Zealand forces land at Anzac cove. |
April 25, 1974 - Portugal's dictatorship is overthrown in a coup, in what is known as the Carnation Revolution.
April 26, 1937 - Spanish Civil War: German planes bomb the town of Guernica, Basque Country, later depicted in a painting by Pablo Picasso.
April 26, 1964 - Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania.
April 26, 1986 - A reactor explosion occurs at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in present-day Ukraine, with radiation spreading around Europe and the world.
April 26/27, 1994 - South Africa holds its first free elections.
April 27, 1960 - Togo becomes independent from France.
April 27, 1961 - Sierra Leone becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
April 28, 1789 - Mutiny on the ship Bounty in the Pacific Ocean, lead by Fletcher Christian.
April 28, 1945 - Benito Mussolini is executed by Italian partisans.
April 28, 1947 - In Peru, Thor Heyerdahl starts his Kon-Tiki expedition aimed at proving his theory that the Polynesian settlers on the Pacific Ocean's islands came from South America. |
April 29, 1991 - A cyclone in Bangladesh kills an estimated 138,000 people.
April 29, 2011 - The wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is broadcast worldwide.
April 30, 1789 - George Washington becomes the first President of the United States.
April 30, 1803 - The United States purchases (buys) the Louisiana territory from France.
April 30, 1945 - Adolf Hitler commits suicide on the same day that the Soviet Army raises the Red Flag on Berlin's Reichstag.
April 30, 1952 - The Diary of Anne Frank is published in English.
April 30, 1975 - The Vietnam War ends, as North Vietnamese forces take Saigon.
April 30, 1980 - Queen Juliana of the Netherlands abdicates the throne, and her daughter becomes Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Beatrix later also abdicates, on this day in 2013, in favor of her son, King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. |
Trivia
April has the 100th day of the year. April 10 in a common year, April 9 in a leap year.
In Western Christianity, Easter falls more often in April than in March.
The months around April (March and May) both start with an 'M' in the English language, with an 'A' as the second letter.
In the English language, April is the first of three months in-a-row, along with May and June, that is also a female given name.
The astrological signs for April are Aries (March 21 to April 20) and Taurus (April 21 to May 20).
The sweet pea and daisy are the traditional birth flowers for April.
The birthstone for April is the diamond.
April 1 is the only day in April to start within the first quarter of the calendar year.
If the months of the year were arranged in alphabetical order in the English language, April would come first. |
Five current European monarchs were born in April. They are King Philippe of Belgium (April 15), Queen Margrethe II of Denmark (April 16), Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (April 16), King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (April 27), and King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (April 30). Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms - who died on September 8, 2022 - was also born in April (on April 21). |
04 |
August (Aug.) is the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between July and September. It has 31 days. It is named after the Roman emperor Augustus Caesar.
August does not begin on the same day of the week as any other month in common years, but begins on the same day of the week as February in leap years. August always ends on the same day of the week as November.
The Month
This month was first called Sextilis in Latin, because it was the sixth month in the old Roman calendar. The Roman calendar began in March about 735 BC with Romulus. October was the eighth month. August was the eighth month when January or February were added to the start of the year by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. Or, when those two months were moved from the end to the beginning of the year by the decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers disagree). In 153 BC January 1 was determined as the beginning of the year. |
August is named for Augustus Caesar who became Roman consul in this month. The month has 31 days because Julius Caesar added two days when he created the Julian calendar in 45 BC. August is after July and before September.
August, in either hemisphere, is the seasonal equivalent of February in the other. In the Northern hemisphere it is a summer month and it is a winter month in the Southern hemisphere.
No other month in common years begins on the same day of the week as August, but August begins on the same day of the week as February in leap years. August ends on the same day of the week as November every year, as each other's last days are 13 weeks (91 days) apart. |
In common years, August starts on the same day of the week as March and November of the previous year, and in leap years, June of the previous year. In common years, August finishes on the same day of the week as March and June of the previous year, and in leap years, September of the previous year. In common years immediately after other common years, August starts on the same day of the week as February of the previous year.
In years immediately before common years, August starts on the same day of the week as May of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, October of the following year. In years immediately before common years, August finishes on the same day of the week as May of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, February and October of the following year.
August observances
Fixed observances and events |
August 1 National Day of Switzerland
August 1 Independence Day (Benin)
August 1 Emancipation Day (Bermuda, Guyana, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago)
August 1 Army Day (People's Republic of China)
August 1 Lammas, cross-quarter day in the Celtic calendar
August 1 Statehood Day (Colorado)
August 2 Republic Day (Republic of Macedonia)
August 2 Emancipation Day (Bahamas)
August 3 Independence Day (Niger)
August 5 Independence Day (Burkina Faso)
August 5 Victory Day (Croatia)
August 6 Independence Day (Bolivia)
August 6 Independence Day (Jamaica)
August 7 Independence Day (Ivory Coast)
August 8 Father's Day (Taiwan)
August 9 National Day of Singapore
August 9 Day of the Indigenous People (Suriname)
August 9 National Women's Day (South Africa)
August 10 Independence Day (Ecuador)
August 10 Missouri Day
August 11 Independence Day (Chad)
August 12 Perseid Meteor Shower
August 12 Queen Sirikit's Birthday (Thailand) |
August 13 Independence Day (Central African Republic)
August 14 Independence Day (Pakistan)
August 15 Assumption of Mary in Western Christianity
August 15 Independence Day (India)
August 15 Independence Day (Republic of the Congo)
August 15 Independence Day (Bahrain)
August 15 National Day of South Korea
August 15 National Day of Liechtenstein
August 15 Victory in Japan Day
August 17 Independence Day (Indonesia)
August 17 Independence Day (Gabon)
August 19 World Humanitarian Day
August 19 Independence Day (Afghanistan)
August 20 Feast day of Stephen I of Hungary
August 20 Regaining of Independence (Estonia)
August 21 Admission Day (Hawaii)
August 21 Ninoy Aquino Day (Philippines)
August 21 Saint Helena Day
August 22 Start of Ashenda (Ethiopia and Eritrea)
August 23 National Heroes Day (Philippines)
August 24 Independence Day (Ukraine)
August 25 Independence Day (Uruguay)
August 26 Heroes' Day (Namibia)
August 27 Independence Day (Moldova) |
August 28 Assumption of Mary (Eastern Christianity)
August 29 National Uprising Day (Slovakia)
August 30 Constitution Day (Kazakhstan)
August 30 Republic Day (Tatarstan)
August 30 Victory Day (Turkey)
August 31 Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan)
August 31 Independence Day (Malaysia)
August 31 Independence Day (Trinidad and Tobago) |
Moveable and Monthlong events
Edinburgh Festival, including the Military Tattoo at Edinburgh Castle, takes place through most of August and beginning of September.
UK Bank Holidays: First Monday in Scotland, last Monday in England and Wales
National Eisteddfod, cultural celebration in Wales: First week in August
Children's Day in Uruguay: Second Sunday in August
Monday after August 17: Holiday in Argentina, commemorating José de San Martin
Discovery Day in Canada: third Monday in August
Summer Olympics, often held in July and/or August
Selection of Historical Events |
August 1 1291: Traditional founding date of Switzerland.
August 1 1914: World War I begins.
August 1 1944: Anne Frank makes the last entry in her diary.
August 1 1960: Dahomey (now called Benin) becomes independent.
August 2 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait.
August 3 1492: Christopher Columbus sets sail on his first voyage.
August 3 1960: Niger becomes independent.
August 4 1944: Anne Frank and her family are captured by the Gestapo in Amsterdam.
August 4 1984: Upper Volta's name is changed to Burkina Faso.
August 5 1960: Upper Volta becomes independent.
August 5 1962: Film actress Marilyn Monroe is found dead at her home.
August 6 1825: Bolivian independence.
August 6 1945: The Atomic Bomb is dropped on Hiroshima.
August 6 1962: Jamaica becomes independent.
August 7 1960: Ivory Coast becomes independent.
August 9 1945: The Atomic Bomb is dropped on Nagasaki.
August 9 1965: Singapore becomes independent. |
August 9 1974: US President Richard Nixon resigns following the Watergate scandal, with Gerald Ford replacing him.
August 10 1792: Storming of the Tuileries Palace during the French Revolution
August 10 1809: Beginning of Ecuadorean independence movement.
August 11 1960: Chad becomes independent.
August 13 1960: The Central African Republic becomes independent.
August 13 1961: Building of the Berlin Wall begins.
August 14 1945: Japan announces its surrender at the end of World War II.
August 14/15 1947: India is partitioned at independence from the UK, as the new mainly Islamic state of Pakistan is created.
August 15 1960: The Republic of the Congo becomes independent.
August 15 1971: Bahrain becomes independent.
August 16 1977: Elvis Presley dies aged 42, leading to a worldwide outpouring of grief.
August 17 1945: Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands.
August 17 1960: Gabon becomes independent. |
August 17 1962: Peter Fechter becomes the first person to be shot dead at the Berlin Wall.
August 19 43 BC: Augustus becomes Roman consul.
August 19 14: Augustus dies.
August 19 1919: Afghanistan becomes independent.
August 19 1991: The August Coup against Mikhail Gorbachev, in the Soviet Union, begins.
August 20 1940: Leon Trotsky is fatally wounded with an ice pick in Mexico.
August 20 1968: The Prague Spring uprising is crushed.
August 20 1991: Estonia regains its independence from the Soviet Union.
August 21 1959: Hawaii becomes the 50th State of the US.
August 24 79: Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii and neighbouring Herculaneum.
August 24 1991: Ukraine regains independence from the Soviet Union.
August 24 2006: Pluto is demoted to a dwarf planet.
August 25 1825: Uruguay declares independence from Brazil.
August 25 1989: Voyager 2 flies by the planet Neptune.
August 27 1883: Krakatoa, in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java, explodes, after a very violent eruption. |
August 27 1991: Moldova becomes independent from the Soviet Union.
August 28 1963: The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom takes place, where Martin Luther King, Jr. makes his "I Have a Dream" speech for Civil Rights in the United States.
August 29 2005: Hurricane Katrina wreaks devastation in Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. New Orleans is flooded.
August 31 1957: Malaysia, then the Federation of Malaya, becomes independent.
August 31 1962: Trinidad and Tobago becomes independent.
August 31 1991: Kyrgyzstan becomes independent.
August 31 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales is killed in a car crash in Paris, leading to a big outpouring of grief. |
Trivia
Along with July, August is one of two calendar months to be named after people who really lived (July was named for Julius Caesar and August was named for Augustus).
Only one US President has died in August, Warren G. Harding, on August 2, 1923.
August's flower is the Gladiolus with the birthstone being peridot.
The astrological signs for August are Leo (July 22 - August 21) and Virgo (August 22 - September 21).
August is the second of two months beginning with 'A', the other being April, with both April 21 and August 21 falling either side of the Northern summer solstice.
References
08 |
Art is a creative activity. It produces a product, an object. Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, performing subjects, and expressing the author's thoughts. The product of art is called a work of art, for others to experience.
Some art is useful in a practical sense, such as a sculptured clay bowl that can be used. That kind of art is sometimes called a craft.
Those who make art are called artists. They hope to affect the emotions of people who experience it. Some people find art relaxing, exciting or informative. Some say people are driven to make art due to their inner creativity.
"The arts" is a much broader term. It includes drawing, painting, sculpting, photography, performance art, dance, music, poetry, prose and theatre.
Types of art |
Types of art
Art is divided into the plastic arts, where something is made, and the performing arts, where something is done by humans in action. The other division is between pure arts, done for themselves, and practical arts, done for a practical purpose, but with artistic content.
Plastic art
Fine art is expression by making something beautiful or appealing to the emotions by visual means: drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture
Literature: poetry, creative writing
Performing art
Performing arts are expression using the body: drama, dance, acting, singing
Auditory art (expression by making sounds): music, singing
Practical art
Culinary art (expression by making flavors and tastes): cooking
The practical arts (expression by making things and structures: architecture, filming, fashion, photography, video games) |
What "art" means
Some people say that art is a product or item that is made with the intention of stimulating the human senses as well as the human mind, spirit and soul. An artwork is normally judged by how much impact it has on people, the number of people who can relate to it, and how much they appreciate it. Some people also get inspired.
The first and broadest sense of "art" means "arrangement" or "to arrange." In this sense, art is created when someone arranges things found in the world into a new or different design or form; or when someone arranges colors next to each other in a painting to make an image or just to make a pretty or interesting design.
Art may express emotion. Artists may feel a certain emotion and wish to express it by creating something that means something to them. Most of the art created in this case is made for the artist rather than an audience. However, if an audience is able to connect with the emotion as well, then the art work may become publicly successful. |
History of art
There are sculptures, cave painting and rock art dating from the Upper Paleolithic era.
All of the great ancient civilizations, such as Ancient Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome and Persia had works and styles of art. In the Middle Ages, most of the art in Europe showed people from the Bible in paintings, stained-glass windows, and mosaic tile floors and walls.
Islamic art includes geometric patterns, Islamic calligraphy, and architecture. In India and Tibet, painted sculptures, dance, and religious painting were done. In China, arts included jade carving, bronze, pottery, poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, drama, and fiction. There are many Chinese artistic styles, which are usually named after the ruling dynasty. |
In Europe, after the Middle Ages, there was a "Renaissance" which means "rebirth". People rediscovered science and artists were allowed to paint subjects other than religious subjects. People like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci still painted religious pictures, but they also now could paint mythological pictures too. These artists also invented perspective where things in the distance look smaller in the picture. This was new because in the Middle Ages people would paint all the figures close up and just overlapping each other. These artists used nudity regularly in their art.
In the late 1800s, artists in Europe, responding to Modernity created many new painting styles such as Classicism, Romanticism, Realism, and Impressionism. The history of twentieth century art includes Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and Minimalism. |
Roles of art
In some societies, people think that art belongs to the person who made it. They think that the artist put his or her "talent" and industry into the art. In this view, the art is the property of the artist, protected by copyright.
In other societies, people think that art belongs to no one. They think that society has put its social capital into the artist and the artist's work. In this view, society is a collective that has made the art, through the artist.
Functions of art
The functions of art include:
1) Cognitive function
Works of art let us know about what the author knew, and about what the surroundings of the author were like.
2) Aesthetic function
Works of art can make people happy by being beautiful.
3) Prognostic function
Some artists draw what they see the future like, and some of them are right, but most are not...
4) Recreation function
Art makes us think about it, not about reality; we have a rest.
5) Value function |
5) Value function
What did the artist value? What aims did they like/dislike in human activity? This usually is clearly seen in artists' works.
6) Didactic function
What message, criticism or political change did the artist wish to achieve?
Related pages
Art history
Modern art
Abstract art
Magnum opus
Painting
Sculpture
Street art
References
Non-verbal communication
Basic English 850 words |
A or a is the first letter of the English alphabet. The small letter, a or α, is used as a lower case vowel.
When it is spoken, ā is said as a long a, a diphthong of ĕ and y. A is similar to Alphabet of the Greek alphabet. That is not surprising, because it means the same sound.
"Alpha and Omega" (the last letter of the Greek alphabet) means from beginning to the end. In musical notation, the letter A is the symbol of a note in the scale, below B and above G.
A is the letter that was used to represent a team in an old TV show, The A-Team. A capital a is written "A". Use a capital A at the start of a sentence if writing.
A is also a musical note, sometimes referred to as "La".
Where it came from
The letter 'A' was in the Phoenician alphabet's aleph. This symbol came from a simple picture of an ox head. |
This Phoenician letter helped make the basic blocks of later types of the letter. The Greeks later modified this letter and used it as their letter alpha. The Greek alphabet was used by the Etruscans in northern Italy, and the Romans later modified the Etruscan alphabet for their own language.
Using the letter
The letter A has six different sounds. It can sound like æ, in the International Phonetic Alphabet, such as the word pad. Other sounds of this letter are in the words father, which developed into another sound, such as in the word ace.
Use in mathematics
In algebra, the letter "A" along with other letters at the beginning of the alphabet is used to represent known quantities.
In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to label line segments, lines, etc. Also, A is typically used as one of the letters to label an angle in a triangle. |
Its letter shape is referred to abstractly in Sir William Vallance Douglas Hodge's 5th postulate, the basis for, as one of the Millennium Prize Problems, the Hodge Conjecture.
References
Basic English 850 words
Vowel letters |
Air is the Earth's atmosphere. Air is a mixture of many gases and tiny dust particles. It is the clear gas in which living things live and breathe. It has an indefinite shape and volume. It has mass and weight, because it is matter. The weight of air creates atmospheric pressure. There is no air in outer space.
Atmosphere is a mixture of about 78% nitrogen, 21% of oxygen, and 1% other gases, such as Carbon Dioxide.
Animals live and need to breathe the oxygen in the atmosphere. In breathing, the lungs put oxygen into the blood, and send back carbon dioxide to the air. Plants need the carbon dioxide in the air to live. They give off the oxygen that we breathe. Without it we die of asphyxia. |
Air can be polluted by some gases (such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides), smoke, and ash. This air pollution causes various problems including smog, acid rain and global warming. It can damage people's health and the environment. There are debates about whether or not to act upon climate change, but soon enough the Earth will heat up to much, causing our home to become too hot and not support life! Some say fewer people would die of cold weather, and that is true but there is already a huge amount of people dying from heat and that number is and will keep increasing at a frighting height.
Since early times, air has been used to create technology. Ships moved with sails and windmills used the mechanical motion of air. Aircraft use propellers to move air over a wing, which allows them to fly. Pneumatics use air pressure to move things. Since the late 1900s, air power is also used to generate electricity. |
Air is invisible: it cannot be seen by the eye, though a shimmering in hot air can be seen.
Air is one of the 4 classical elements.
Main history
Original atmosphere
At first it was mainly a hydrogen atmosphere. It has changed dramatically on several occasions—for example, the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago, greatly increased oxygen in the atmosphere from practically no oxygen to levels closer to present day. Humans have also contributed to significant changes in atmospheric composition through air pollution, especially since industrialisation, leading to rapid environmental change such as ozone depletion and global warming.
Second atmosphere
Outgassing from volcanism, supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids, produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases.
Third atmosphere |
Third atmosphere
The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide was transferred to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago. The Great Oxygenation Event is shown by the end of the banded iron formations.
Related pages
Air pollution
Air craft
References
Basic English 850 words
Atmosphere |
Spain is divided in 17 parts called autonomous communities. Autonomous means that each of these autonomous communities has its own executive, legislative judicial powers. These are similar to, but not the same as, states in the United States of America, for example.
Spain has fifty smaller parts called provinces. In 1978 these parts came together, making the autonomous communities.
Before then, some of these provinces were together but were broken. The groups that were together once before are called "historic communities": Catalonia, Basque Country, Galicia and Andalusia.
The Spanish language is the sole official language in every autonomous community but six, where Spanish is co-official with other languages, as follows:
Catalonia: Catalan and Occitan
Valencian Community: Catalan (also called Valencian there)
Balearic Islands: Catalan
Galicia: Galician
Basque Country: Basque
Navarre: Basque (only in the north and near the border with the Basque County) |
List of the autonomous communities, with their Capital city (the place where the government has its offices):
Andalusia (its capital is Sevilla)
Aragon (its capital is Zaragoza)
Asturias (its capital is Oviedo)
Balearic Islands (its capital is Palma de Mallorca)
Basque Country (its capital is Vitoria)
Canary Islands (they have two capitals - Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
Cantabria (its capital is Santander)
Castile-La Mancha (its capital is Toledo)
Castile and León (its capital is Valladolid)
Catalonia (its capital is Barcelona)
Extremadura (its capital is Mérida)
Galicia (its capital is Santiago de Compostela)
La Rioja (its capital is Logroño)
Community of Madrid (its capital is Madrid)
Region of Murcia (its capital is Murcia)
Navarre (its capital is Pamplona)
Valencian Community (its capital is Valencia) |
Spain also has two cities on the north coast of Africa: Ceuta and Melilla. They are called "autonomous cities" and have simultaneously the majority of the power of an autonomous community and also power of provinces and power of municipalities. |
Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS (London, 23 June 1912 – Wilmslow, Cheshire, 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician and computer scientist. He was born in Maida Vale, London.
Early life and family
Alan Mathison Turing was born in Maida Vale, [London] on 23 June 1912. His father was part of a family of merchants from Scotland. His mother, Ethel Sara, was the daughter of an engineer.
Education
Turing went to St. Michael's, a school at 20 Charles Road, St Leonards-on-sea, when he was five years old.
"This is only a foretaste of what is to come, and only the shadow of what is going to be.” – Alan Turing. |
The Stoney family were once prominent landlords in North Tipperary. His mother Ethel Sara Stoney (1881–1976) was daughter of Edward Waller Stoney (Borrisokane, North Tipperary) and Sarah Crawford (Cartron Abbey, Co. Longford), who were Protestant Anglo-Irish gentry. She was educated in Dublin at Alexandra School and College. On October 1st 1907 she married Julius Mathison Turing, who was Reverend John Robert Turing and Fanny Boyd, in Dublin. Alan Turing was born on June 23rd 1912. He would go on to be regarded as one of the greatest figures of the twentieth century. |
Alan was a brilliant mathematician and cryptographer. He became the founder of modern-day computer science and artificial intelligence. He designed a machine at Bletchley Park to break secret Enigma encrypted messages used by the Nazi German war machine to protect sensitive commercial, diplomatic and military communications during World War 2. This made the single biggest contribution to the Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. It possibly saved the lives of an estimated 2 million people, and shortened World War II.
In 2013, almost 60 years later, Turing received a posthumous Royal Pardon from Queen Elizabeth II. Today, the “Turing law” grants an automatic pardon to men who died before the law came into force, making it possible for living convicted gay men to seek pardons for offences now no longer on the statute book. |
Turing died in 1954, after being subjected by a British court to chemical castration. He is known to have ended his life at the age of 41 years, by eating an apple laced with cyanide.
Career
Turing was one of the people who worked on the first computers. He created the theoretical Turing machine in 1936. The machine was imaginary, but it included the idea of a computer program.
Turing was interested in artificial intelligence. He proposed the Turing test, to say when a machine could be called "intelligent". A computer could be said to "think" if a human talking with it could not tell it was a machine.
During World War II, Turing worked with others to break German ciphers (secret messages). He worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence.
Using cryptanalysis, he helped to break the codes of the Enigma machine. After that, he worked on other German codes. |
From 1945 to 1947, Turing worked on the design of the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) at the National Physical Laboratory. He presented a paper on 19 February 1946. That paper was "the first detailed design of a stored-program computer". Although it was possible to build ACE, there were delays in starting the project. In late 1947 he returned to Cambridge for a sabbatical year. While he was at Cambridge, the Pilot ACE was built without him. It ran its first program on 10 May 1950.
Private life
Turing was a homosexual man. In 1952, he admitted having had sex with a man in England. At that time, homosexual acts were illegal. Turing was convicted. He had to choose between going to jail and taking hormones to lower his sex drive. He decided to take the hormones. After his punishment, he became impotent. He also grew breasts. |
In May 2012, a private member's bill was put before the House of Lords to grant Turing a statutory pardon. In July 2013, the government supported it. A royal pardon was granted on 24 December 2013.
Death
In 1954, Turing died from cyanide poisoning. The cyanide came from either an apple which was poisoned with cyanide, or from water that had cyanide in it. The reason for the confusion is that the police never tested the apple for cyanide. It is also suspected that he committed suicide.
The treatment forced on him is now believed to be very wrong. It is against medical ethics and international laws of human rights. In August 2009, a petition asking the British Government to apologise to Turing for punishing him for being a homosexual was started. The petition received thousands of signatures. Prime Minister Gordon Brown acknowledged the petition. He called Turing's treatment "appalling".
References |
References
Other websites
Jack Copeland 2012. Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'. BBC News / Technology
English computer scientists
English LGBT people
English mathematicians
Gay men
LGBT scientists
Scientists from London
Suicides by poison
Suicides in the United Kingdom
1912 births
1954 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire |
Alanis Nadine Morissette (born June 1, 1974) is a Grammy Award-winning Canadian-American singer and songwriter. She was born in Ottawa, Canada. She began singing in Canada as a teenager in 1990. In 1995, she became popular all over the world.
As a young child in Canada, Morissette began to act on television, including 5 episodes of the long-running series, You Can't Do That on Television. Her first album was released only in Canada in 1990.
Her first international album was Jagged Little Pill, released in 1995. It was a rock-influenced album. Jagged has sold more than 33 million units globally. It became the best-selling debut album in music history. Her next album, Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie, was released in 1998. It was a success as well. Morissette took up producing duties for her next albums, which include Under Rug Swept, So-Called Chaos and Flavors of Entanglement. Morissette has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide. |
She also acted in several movies, including Kevin Smith's Dogma, where she played God.
About her life
Alanis Morissette was born in Riverside Hospital of Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario. Her father is French-Canadian. Her mother is from Hungary. She has an older brother, Chad, and a twin brother, Wade, who is 12 minutes younger than she is. Her parents had worked as teachers at a military base in Lahr, Germany.
Morissette became an American citizen in 2005. She is still Canadian citizen.
On May 22, 2010, Morissette married rapper Mario "MC Souleye" Treadway.
Jagged Little Pill
Morissette has had many albums. Her 1995 album Jagged Little Pill became a very popular album. It has sold over 30 million copies worldwide. The album caused Morissette to win four Grammy Awards. The album Jagged Little Pill touched many people. |
On the album, Morissette sang songs about many different things. These things include:
love (in the song "Head Over Feet")
life (in the songs "Ironic" and "You Learn")
her feelings (in the songs "Hand In My Pocket" and "All I Really Want")
sadness (in the song "Mary Jane")
anger (in the song "You Oughta Know")
frustration (in the songs "Not the Doctor" and "Wake Up")
Discography
Albums
Alanis (Canada-only, 1991)
Now Is the Time (Canada-only, 1992)
Jagged Little Pill (1995)
Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie (1998)
Alanis Unplugged (1999)
Under Rug Swept (2002)
Feast on Scraps (CD/DVD, 2002)
So-Called Chaos (2004)
Jagged Little Pill Acoustic (2005)
Alanis Morissette: The Collection (2005)
Flavors of Entanglement (2008)
Havoc and Bright Lights (2012) |
Selected songs
Morissette has written many songs. Some of her most famous songs are:
"You Oughta Know" - This song is to Morissette's ex-boyfriend, a man she once loved. In this song, Morissette is very angry. She wants her ex-boyfriend to know that he caused many problems after leaving her for another woman.
"Ironic" - This song is about life. It contains several stories about unlucky people. In one of the stories, a man is afraid of flying on airplanes. He finally flies in one, but the airplane crashes.
"You Learn" - In this song, Morissette says that bad things happen in life, but people learn from them. Anyone can make bad things into good things. She wants people to try new things in life.
"Uninvited" - In this song, Morissette is not happy because she is famous. She does not know whether she wants to continue to be famous or not. |
"Thank U" - In this song, she thanks many things that have helped her. She thanks India, a country she visited and almost died in. She also lists ways she can improve herself.
"Hands Clean" - In this song, a man does something bad, and tells Morissette not to tell anyone else the bad thing the man did. She hides the man's secret for many years. |
References
Other websites
Official website
1974 births
Living people
American child actors
American movie actors
American pop musicians
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian pop singers
Canadian rock singers
Canadian singer-songwriters
Canadian television actors
Grammy Award winners
People from Ottawa
Singers from Ontario
Twin people from Canada |
Adobe Illustrator is a computer program for making graphic design and illustrations. It is made by Adobe Systems. Pictures created in Adobe Illustrator can be made bigger or smaller, and look exactly the same at any size. It works well with the rest of the products with the Adobe name.
History
It was first released in 1986 for the Apple Macintosh. The latest version is Adobe Illustrator CS6, part of Creative Suite 6.
Release history
References
Vector graphics editors
Adobe software |
Andouille is a type of pork sausage. It is spicy (hot in taste) and smoked. There are different kinds, all with different combinations of pork meat, fat, intestines (tubes going to the stomach), and tripe (the wall of the stomach).
Other sorts are "French andouille" and "German andouille"; they are less spicy than Cajun. Cajun has extra salt, black pepper, and garlic. Andouille makers smoke the sausages over pecan wood and sugar cane for a maximum of seven or eight hours, at about 175 degrees Fahrenheit (80 degrees Celsius).
Sausage |
Farming is growing crops and keeping animals for food and raw materials. Farming is a major part of agriculture.
History
Farming started thousands of years ago, but no one knows for sure how old it is. The development of farming gave rise to the Neolithic Revolution as people gave up nomadic hunting and became settlers in cities.
Farming and domestication probably started in the Fertile Crescent (the Nile Valley, the Levant and Mesopotamia). The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt. Wheat and barley are some of the first crops people grew.
Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 4200 BC.
Livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and goats were taken to the Americas, from the Old World. The first of those horses, came with the Spanish conquistadors (or soldiers and explorers) in the 1490s. Moving those cattle, sheep, goats and horses, were part of the Columbian Exchange. |
People probably started agriculture by planting a few crops, but still gathered many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weather and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people than hunter-gatherers can feed on the same amount of land.
This allowed the human population to grow to such large numbers as there are today.
Types
Arable farming means growing crops. This would include wheat or vegetables.
Growing fruit means having orchards devoted to fruit. They cannot be switched easily with growing field crops. Therefore, they are not classed as arable land in the statistics. |
Many people still live by subsistence farming, on a small farm. They can only grow enough food to feed the farmer, his family, and his animals. The yield is the amount of food grown on a given amount of land, and it is often low. This is because subsistence farmers are generally less educated, and they have less money to buy equipment. Drought and other problems sometimes cause famines. Where yields are low, deforestation can provide new land to grow more food. This provides more nutrition for the farmer's family, but can be bad for the country and the surrounding environment over many years.
In some countries, farms are often fewer and larger. During the 20th century they have become more productive because farmers are able to grow better varieties of plants, use more fertilizer, use more water, and more easily control weeds and pests. Many farms also use machines, so fewer people can farm more land. There are fewer farmers in rich countries, but the farmers are able to grow more. |
This kind of intensive agriculture comes with its own set of problems. Farmers use a lot of chemical fertilizers, pesticides (chemicals that kill bugs), and herbicides (chemicals that kill weeds). These chemicals can pollute the soil or the water. They can also create bugs and weeds that are more resistant to the chemicals, causing outbreaks of these pests. The soil can be damaged by erosion (blowing or washing away), salt builddup, or loss of structure. Irrigation (adding water from rivers) can pollute water and lower the water table. These problems have all got solutions, and modern young farmers usually have a good technical education.
Farmers select plants with better yield, taste, and nutritional value. They also choose plants that can survive plant disease and drought, and are easier to harvest. Centuries of artificial selection and breeding have changed crop plants. The crops produce better yield. Fertilizers, chemical pest control, and irrigation all help. |
Some plants are improved with genetic engineering. One example is modifying the plant to resist herbicides.
Livestock
Farms may also keep animals. That is called animal husbandry. If they are used to make meat for people to eat, that is livestock production. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, are kept for their produce. "Produce" here means their eggs and milk, which are sold by the farm, usually in markets. Large animals need grassland of some kind for grazing. What they need depends on the animals. Goats eat a much wider range of plants than cows. In some parts of the world, that makes goats a more sensible choice for a farmer than cows.
Food |
Food
It is important for there to be enough food for everyone. The food must also be safe and good. People say it is not always safe, because it contains some chemicals. Other people say intensive agriculture is damaging the environment. For this reason, there are several types of agriculture.
Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries.
Intensive agriculture is mostly done in countries with more money. It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers.
Organic farming is using only natural products such as compost and green manure.
Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the waste from one process as a resource in another process.
Agricultural policy means the goals and methods of agricultural production. Common goals of policy include the quality, amount, and safety of food. |
Problems
There are some serious problems that people face trying to grow food today.
These include:
Pollution
Erosion
Diseases
Pests
Weeds
Drought
Rainfall
Climate: Earth warming is an important example
Contamination |
There are also difficulties with the distribution of food:
Warfare: see Nigerian Civil War (Biafran War) for an example. See Russia–Ukrainian war for an example. |
Distribution: Difficulties with moving product from grower to consumer. It is expected that this difficulty will increase in future. The reasons for this are complex, but one important factor may be the absence of a dominant international naval power. The British Navy provided protection against pirates in the 19th and early 20th century, and the US Navy protected shipping after WWII. The US is still a dominant naval power, but its power will soon be based on its small number of huge aircraft carriers. They will not deal with small boats full of armed pirates, which is the usual way piracy is done. So we can expect grain ships (etc) will have to carry any protection they may need, or they will have to go the long way around. That means avoiding the shortcuts into the Mediterranean. Other kinds of warfare, such as we see in the Ukraine, adds to the problem of shipping food products safely. |
Crops
In produced weight, these crops are the most important (global production in metric tonnes):
The figure for sugarcane is rather deceptive. It omits sugar beet, but includes the weight of the woody stalk. Most of the plants which produce food are in the grass family Poaceae.
Related pages
Aquaculture
Bee keeping
Animal husbandry
Fertilizers
Crop rotation
Urban farming
Breeding
Fencing
Ranching
Plantation
Crop protection
Cultured meat
Genetically modified food
Agriculture by country
Agriculture in Azerbaijan
Agriculture in Pakistan
References |
In mathematics, arithmetic is the basic study of numbers. The four basic arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, although other operations such as exponentiation and roots are also studied in arithmetic.
Other arithmetic topics includes working with negative numbers, fractions, decimals and percentages.
Most people learn arithmetic in primary school, but some people do not learn arithmetic and others forget the arithmetic they learned. Many jobs require a knowledge of arithmetic, and many employers complain that it is hard to find people who know enough arithmetic. A few of the many jobs that require arithmetic include carpenters, plumbers, mechanics, accountants, architects, doctors, and nurses. Arithmetic is needed in all areas of mathematics, science, and engineering. |
Some arithmetic can be carried out mentally. A calculator can also be used to perform arithmetic. Computers can do it more quickly, which is one reason Global Positioning System receivers have a small computer inside.
Examples of arithmetic
(addition is commutative: is the same as )
(subtraction is not commutative: is different from )
(multiplication is commutative: is the same as )
(division is not commutative: is different from
Related pages
Affine arithmetic
Elementary algebra
Interval arithmetic
Modular arithmetic
References
Arithmetics |
Not to be confused with building extension which are also called additions
In mathematics, addition, represented by the symbol , is an operation which combines two mathematical objects together into another mathematical object of the same type, called the sum. Addition can occur with simple objects such as numbers, and more complex objects and concepts such as vectors and matrices.
Addition has several important properties. It is commutative, meaning that the order of the operands does not matter, and it is associative, meaning that when one adds more than two numbers, the order in which addition is performed does not matter (see Summation). Repeated addition of 1 is the same as counting. Addition of 0 does not change a number. Addition also obeys predictable rules concerning related operations such as subtraction and multiplication.
Arithmetic |
Arithmetic
In arithmetic, addition is the operation where two or more numbers called "addends" are used to make a new number, which is the "sum" or total that is expressed with the equals sign. The symbol for addition, in infix notation, is the plus sign "+" placed between the operands.
Counting examples
For example, there are objects in two groups (as shown on the right). The objects are various shapes, where one group has 3 of them while the other has 2. When the two groups combine into one, the overall amount (sum) of the shapes become 5.
Vertical Addition
The animation above demonstrates the addition of seven hundred eighty six and four hundred sixty seven. The problem's digits have been separated into units, tens and hundreds (see Place value). |
First, the units 6 and 7 are added together to make 13, so 1 ten and 3 units, with the 3 written below and the 1 ten carried to the tens column. Next, in the tens column, the 1, 8, and 6 are added together to make 15 tens, so 1 hundred and 5 tens, with the 5 written below and the 1 hundred carried to the hundreds column. Finally, in the hundreds column, 1, 7, and 4 are added together to make 12 hundreds, so 1 thousand and 2 hundreds, with the 2 written below and the 1 thousand carried to the thousand column. The final answer is thus one thousand two hundred fifty three.
A measurement example
Tom wants to know the distance between his house and Sally's house. Bob's house is 300 m east of Tom's house. Sally's house is 120 m east of Bob's house:
Tom's house 300 m Bob's house 120 m Sally's house |
The distance from Tom's house to Sally's house can be found by adding the distances already measured. The distance from Tom's house to Bob's house, added to the distance from Bob's house to Sally's house, is the same as the distance from Tom's house to Sally's house. That is, 300 m plus 120 m.
Hence Sally's house is 420 m to the east of Tom's house.
Properties
Commutativity
Addition is commutative, meaning that one can change the order of the numbers in a sum, but still get the same result. For example:
and
Associativity
Addition is also associative, which means that when three or more numbers are added together, the order of operations does not change the result.
For any three numbers , , and , it is true that . For example, and , which means that . |
When addition is used together with other operations, the order of operations becomes important. In the standard order of operations, addition is to be computed later than exponentiation, roots, multiplication and division, but has equal importance as subtraction.
Addition table
Related pages
Operations
Identity element
Order of operations
Hyperoperation
References
Other websites
AAA Math: Addition
Basic English 850 words
Hyperoperations |
Australia (officially called the Commonwealth of Australia) is a country and sovereign state in the southern hemisphere, located in Oceania. Its capital city is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney.
Australia is the sixth biggest country in the world by land area, and is part of the Oceanic and Australasian regions. Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and other islands on the Australian tectonic plate are together called Australasia, which is one of the world's great ecozones. When other Pacific islands are included with Australasia, it is called Oceania.
25 million people live in Australia, and about 85% of them live near the east coast. The country is divided up into six states and two territories, and more than half of Australia's population lives in and around the cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. The first people to live in the country were the Indigenous Australians: many of them died from smallpox during colonisation. |
Australia is known for its mining (coal, iron, gold, diamonds and crystals), its production of wool, and as the world's largest producer of bauxite. Its emblem is a flower called the golden wattle.
Australia is also known for its animals and rich wildlife. The national symbols of Australia are the kangaroo and the golden wattle. Scientifically, perhaps even more important are its two monotreme mammals: the platypus and the echidna.
Geography
Australia's landmass of is on the Indo-Australian plate. The continent of Australia, including the island of Tasmania, was separated from the other continents of the world many millions of years ago. Because of this, many animals and plants live in Australia that do not live anywhere else. These include animals like the kangaroo, the koala, the emu, the kookaburra, and the platypus.
People first arrived in Australia more than 50,000 years ago. These native Australians are called the Australian Aboriginals. For the history of Australia, see History of Australia. |
Most of the Australian colonies, having been settled from Britain, became mostly independent democratic states in the 1850s and all six combined as a federation on 1 January 1901. The first Prime Minister of Australia was Edmund Barton in 1901. Australia is a member of the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations. It is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with King Charles III as King of Australia and Head of State and a Governor-General who is chosen by the Prime Minister to carry out all the duties of the King in Australia.
Regions and cities
Australia has six states, two major mainland territories, and other minor territories. The states are New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia and Tasmania (which is a large island). The two major mainland territories are the Northern Territory (which is huge) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) which is not much more than a city. |
The population is about 26 million people (2021 census = 25,890,773). Most Australians live in cities along the coast, such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Newcastle and the Gold Coast. The largest inland city is Canberra, which is also the nation's capital. The largest city is Sydney.
Australia is a very large country, but much of the land is very dry, and the middle of the continent is mostly a hot desert. Only the areas around the east, west and south coast have enough rain and a suitable climate (not too hot and dry) for farms and cities. The island state of Tasmania has a more balanced climate than much of the mainland. |
Climate change
All the capital cities except Perth and Darwin are in the south-east of the country. There is now increasing rainfall and flooding which affects this region, which is ominous [threatening]. It is thought this is caused by climate change, and may continue to get worse. The BBC report comments: "In the past three years, record-breaking bushfire and flood events have killed more than 500 people and billions of animals. Drought, cyclones and freak tides have gripped communities". The BBC report continues: "Nowhere is this a bigger issue than in Queensland. It is home to almost 40% of the 500,000 homes projected to be effectively uninsurable". This means people can't get insurance because the risk of flooding (in one season) or fire (in another season) is too great.
History
Aboriginal people |
Aboriginal people
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people arrived in Australia about 60,000 years ago or maybe even earlier. Until the arrival of British settlers in 1788, the Aboriginal people lived by hunting and gathering food from the land. They lived in all sorts of climates and managed the land in different ways. An example of Aboriginal land management was the Cumberland Plain where Sydney is now. Every few years the Aboriginal people would burn the grass and small trees. This meant that a lot of grass grew back, but not many big trees. Kangaroos like to live on grassy plains, but not in forests. The kangaroos that lived on the plain were a good food supply for the Aboriginal people. Sometimes, Aboriginals would name a person after an animal, and they could not eat that animal to help level out the food population. |
Aboriginal people did not usually build houses, except huts of grass, leaves and bark. They did not usually build walls or fences, and there were no horses, cows or sheep in Australia that needed to be kept in pens. The only Aboriginal buildings that are known are fish-traps made from stones piled up in the river, and the remains of a few stone huts in Victoria and Tasmania. The Aboriginal people did not use metal or make pottery or use bows and arrows or weave cloth. In some parts of Australia the people used sharp flaked-stone spearheads, but most Aboriginal spears were made of sharply pointed wood. Australia has a lot of trees that have very hard wood that was good for spear making. The boomerang was used in some areas for sport and for hunting.
The Aboriginal people did not think that the land belonged to them. They believed that they had grown from the land, so it was like their mother, and they belonged to the land. |
Terra Australis
In the 1600s, Dutch merchants traded with the islands of Batavia (now Indonesia), to the north of Australia and several different Dutch ships touched on the coast of Australia. The Dutch governor, van Diemen, sent Abel Tasman on a voyage of discovery and he found Tasmania, which he named Van Diemen's Land. Its name was later changed to honour the man who discovered it.
The British Government was sure that there must be a very large land in the south, that had not been explored. They sent Captain James Cook to the Pacific Ocean. His ship, HMS Endeavour, carried the famous scientists, Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Solander who were going to Tahiti where they would watch the planet Venus pass in front of the Sun. Captain Cook's secret mission was to find "Terra Australis" (the Land of the South). |
The voyage of discovery was very successful, because they found New Zealand and sailed right around it. Then they sailed westward. At last, a boy, William Hicks, who was up the mast spotted land on the horizon. Captain Cook named that bit of land Point Hicks. They sailed up the coast and Captain Cook named the land that he saw "New South Wales". At last they sailed into a large open bay which was full of fish and stingrays which the sailors speared for food. Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander went ashore and were astonished to find that they did not know what any of the plants or birds or animals that they saw were. They collected hundreds of plants to take back to England. |
Captain Cook saw the Aboriginal people with their simple way of life. He saw them fishing and hunting and collecting grass seeds and fruit. But there were no houses and no fences. In most parts of the world, people put up a house and a fence or some marker to show that they own the land. But the Aboriginal people did not own the land in that way. They belonged to the land, like a baby belongs to its mother. Captain Cook went home to England and told the government that no-one owned the land. This would later cause a terrible problem for the Aboriginal people.
Settlement |
Settlement
In the 1700s, in England, laws were tough, many people were poor and gaols (jails) were full. A person could be sentenced to death for stealing a loaf of bread. Many people were hanged for small crimes. But usually they were just thrown in gaol. Often they were sent away to the British colonies in America. But by the 1770s, the colonies in America became the United States. They were free from British rule and would not take England's convicts any more, so England needed to find a new and less populated place. |
By the 1780s the gaols of England were so full that convicts were often chained up in rotting old ships. The government decided to make a settlement in New South Wales and send some of the convicts there. In 1788 the First Fleet of eleven ships set sail from Portsmouth carrying convicts, sailors, marines, a few free settlers and enough food to last for two years. Their leader was Captain Arthur Phillip. They were to make a new colony at the place that Captain Cook had discovered, named Botany Bay because of all the unknown plants found there by the two scientists. |
Captain Phillip found that Botany Bay was flat and windy. There was not much fresh water. He went with two ships up the coast and sailed into a great harbour called Port Jackson, which he said was "the finest harbour in the world". There were many small bays on the harbour so he decided on one which had a good stream of fresh water and some flat shore to land on. On 26 January 1788, the flag was raised and New South Wales was claimed in the name of King George III of England, and the new settlement was called Sydney. |
For the first few years of the settlement, things were very difficult. No-one in the British Government had thought very hard about what sort of convicts should be sent to make a new colony. Nobody had chosen them carefully. There was only one man who was a farmer. There was no-one among the convicts who was a builder, a brick-maker or a blacksmith. No-one knew how to fix the tools when they broke. All of the cattle escaped. There were no cooking pots. All the plants were different so no-one knew which ones could be eaten. It was probable that everyone in the new colony would die of starvation. |
The little group of tents had a hut for the Governor, Arthur Phillip, and another hut for the supply of food. Soon it grew into a small town with streets, a bridge over the stream, a windmill for grinding grain and wharves for ships. By the 1820s there was a fine brick house for the Governor. There was also a hospital and a convict barracks and a beautiful church which are still standing today. Settlements had spread out from Sydney, firstly to Norfolk Island and to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), and also up the coast to Newcastle, where coal was discovered, and inland where the missing cattle were found to have grown to a large herd. Spanish Merino sheep had been brought to Sydney, and by 1820, farmers were raising fat lambs for meat and also sending fine wool back to the factories of England.
While the settlement was growing in New South Wales, it was also growing in Tasmania. The climate in Tasmania was more like that in England, and farmers found it easy to grow crops there.
Exploration |
Exploration
Because Australia is such a very large land, it was easy to think that it might be able to hold a large number of people. In the early days of the colony, a great number of explorers went out, searching for good land to settle on.
When the settlers looked west from Sydney, they saw a range of mountains which they called the Blue Mountains. They were not very high and did not look very rugged but for many years no-one could find their way through them. In 1813 Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and a 17-year-old called William Charles Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains and found land on the other side which was good for farming. A road was built and the governor, Lachlan Macquarie founded the town of Bathurst on the other side, 160 km (100 miles) from Sydney. Bathurst became Australia's first inland settlement. |
Some people, like Captain Charles Sturt were sure that there must be a sea in the middle of Australia and set out to find it. Many of the explorers did not prepare very well, or else they went out to explore at the hottest time of year. Some died like Burke and Wills. Ludwig Leichhardt got lost twice. The second time, he was never seen again. Major Thomas Mitchell was one of the most successful explorers. He mapped the country as he went, and his maps remained in use for more than 100 years. He travelled all the way to what is now western Victoria, and to his surprise and annoyance found that he was not the first white person there. The Henty brothers had come from Tasmania, had built themselves a house, had a successful farm and fed the Major and his men on roast lamb and wine.
Self government |
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