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BMRetriever

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biomed_retrieval_dataset

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BMRetriever 3

[ "I have instinct as well." ]

[ "I do not have instinct." ]

[ "By weight, the average human adult male is approximately 60% water and the average adult female is approximately 55%. There can be considerable variation in body water percentage based on a number of factors like age, health, weight, and sex. In a large study of adults of all ages and both sexes, the adult human body averaged ~65% water. However, this varied substantially by age, sex, and adiposity (amount of fat in body composition)." ]

[ "Though no single formula fits everyone, knowing more about your body's need for fluids will help you estimate how much water to drink each day. Health benefits of water. Water is your body's principal chemical component, comprising, on average, 60 percent of your weight. Every system in your body depends on water.", "% of water in Body. , Water is critical because cell function depends on a fluid environment. Water makes up 60% to 70% of total body weight. The percent of total body water is greater for lean people than obese people because muscle contains more water than any other tissue except blood. Infants have the greatest percentage of total body water, and older people have the least. When deprived of water, a person cannot survive for more than a few days." ]

[ "two basket ball players are one the ground" ]

[ "the are naked running through the street" ]

[ "Changes in the activities of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in the rat heart during early hyperdynamic and late hypodynamic phases of sepsis were studied in an attempt to understand the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction during sepsis. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Experiments were divided into three groups: control, early sepsis, and late sepsis. Early and late sepsis refers to those animals sacrificed at 9 and 18 h, respectively, after CLP. PLA2 activity was measured based on the rate of hydrolysis of 1-palmitoyl-2-[1-(14)C]-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine. The results show that under physiological conditions, sPLA2 and cPLA2 activities were time and protein dependent. The optimal Ca2+ concentrations for sPLA2 and cPLA2 activities were 3 mM and 40 microM, respectively. During sepsis, sPLA2 activity was decreased by 25% (P < 0.01) during early phase while it was increased by 49% (P < 0.01) during late phase of sepsis. Similarly, cPLA2 activity was decreased by 23% (P < 0.01) during early sepsis while it was increased by 60% (P < 0.01) during late sepsis" ]

[ "Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is an inflammatory biomarker secreted in the atherosclerotic plaque. Blood levels of Lp-PLA2 predict future cardiovascular events in patients with ischemic disease and heart failure. This association seems to be independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The aims of our study were (1) to assess relationships between Lp-PLA2 levels, cardiac disease and treatments; (2) to evaluate the association of Lp-PLA2 level with the severity of angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) and the extracoronary atherosclerosis. Between December 2009 and June 2010, 494 subjects were recruited from a population scheduled for diagnostic coronary angiography. Routine clinical (age, gender, BMI and treatment), cardiac (echocardiography, coronarography, carotid ultrasonography) and biochemical parameters were recorded for all patients. Lp-PLA2 mass concentration was assessed in serum with a Plac®-test turbidimetric immunoassay. Control Lp-PLA2 values were specifically obtained in 61 healthy subjects aged 44.5 ± 17.6 years (range: 25 to 59 years) without known cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia) or cardiac treatment", "Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity is a biomarker predicting cardiovascular diseases in a real-world. However, the prognostic value in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) on long-term clinical outcomes is unknown. Lp-PLA2 activity was measured in samples obtained prior to pPCI from consecutive STEMI patients in a high-volume intervention center from 2005 until 2007. Five years all-cause mortality was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared among tertiles of Lp-PLA2 activity during complete follow-up and with a landmark at 30 days. In a subpopulation clinical endpoints were assessed at three years. The prognostic value of Lp-PLA2, in addition to the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction or multimarker risk score, was assessed in multivariable Cox regression. The cohort (n = 987) was divided into tertiles (low <144, intermediate 144-179, and high >179 nmol/min/mL). Among the tertiles differences in baseline characteristics associated with long-term mortality were observed. However, no significant differences in five years mortality in association with Lp-PLA2 activity levels were found; intermediate versus low Lp-PLA2 (HR 0.97; CI 95% 0.68-1.40; p = 0.88) or high versus low Lp-PLA2 (HR 0.75; CI 95% 0.51-1.11; p = 0.15). Both in a landmark analysis and after adjustments for the established risk scores and selection of cases with biomarkers obtained, non-significant differences among the tertiles were observed. In the subpopulation no significant differences in clinical endpoints were observed among the tertiles" ]

[ "Smoking is an established risk factor for pancreatic cancer; however, detailed examination of the association of smoking intensity, smoking duration, and cumulative smoking dose with pancreatic cancer is limited. The authors analyzed pooled data from the international Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium nested case-control study (1,481 cases, 1,539 controls). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using unconditional logistic regression. Smoking intensity effects were examined with an excess odds ratio model that was linear in pack-years and exponential in cigarettes smoked per day and its square. When compared with never smokers, current smokers had a significantly elevated risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38, 2.26). Risk increased significantly with greater intensity (≥30 cigarettes/day: OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.42), duration (≥50 years: OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.62), and cumulative smoking dose (≥40 pack-years: OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.35, 2.34). Risk more than 15 years after smoking cessation was similar to that for never smokers. Estimates of excess odds ratio per pack-year declined with increasing intensity, suggesting greater risk for total exposure delivered at lower intensity for longer duration than for higher intensity for shorter duration. This finding and the decline in risk after smoking cessation suggest that smoking has a late-stage effect on pancreatic carcinogenesis." ]

[ "We previously reported an association between prenatal exposure to airborne PAH and lower birth weight, birth length and head circumference. The main goal of the present analysis was to assess the possible impact of co-exposure to PAH-containing of barbecued meat consumed during pregnancy on birth outcomes. The birth cohort consisted of 432 pregnant women who gave birth at term (>36 weeks of gestation). Only non-smoking women with singleton pregnancies, 18-35 years of age, and who were free from chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension were included in the study. Detailed information on diet over pregnancy was collected through interviews and the measurement of exposure to airborne PAHs was carried out by personal air monitoring during the second trimester of pregnancy. The effect of barbecued meat consumption on birth outcomes (birthweight, length and head circumference at birth) was adjusted in multiple linear regression models for potential confounding factors such as prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs, child’s sex, gestational age, parity, size of mother (maternal prepregnancy weight, weight gain in pregnancy) and prenatal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The multivariable regression model showed a significant deficit in birthweight associated with barbecued meat consumption in pregnancy (coeff = −106.0 g; 95%CI: −293.3, −35.8); The effect of exposure to airborne PAHs was about the same magnitude order (coeff. = −164.6 g; 95%CI: −172.3, − 34.7). Combined effect of both sources of exposure amounted to birth weight deficit of 214.3 g (95%CI: −419.0, − 9.6). Regression models performed for birth length and head circumference showed similar trends but the estimated effects were of borderline significance level. As the intake of barbecued meat did not affect the duration of pregnancy, the reduced birthweight could not have been mediated by shortened gestation period. In conclusion, the study results provided epidemiologic evidence that prenatal PAH exposure from diet including grilled meat might be hazardous for fetal development.", "Curcumin, the active principle of turmeric, is known to act as an anti-oxidant, anti-mutagen and anti-carcinogen in experimental animals. In the present study, anti-mutagenic effects of turmeric were assessed in 16 chronic smokers. It was observed that turmeric, given in doses of 1.5 g/day for 30 days, significantly reduced the urinary excretion of mutagens in smokers. In contrast, in six non-smokers, who served as control, there was no change in the urinary excretion of mutagens after 30 days. Turmeric had no significant effect on serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, blood glucose, creatinine and lipid profile. These results indicate that dietary turmeric is an effective anti-mutagen and it may be useful in chemoprevention." ]

[ "INTRODUCTION: The recommended pathological resection margin (8mm) for vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is broader than for SCC located elsewhere, and does not depend on tumor grade or lesion size. Our aim is to evaluate the resection margin in vulvar SCC in relation to local recurrence, and to determine the impact of other prognostic factors.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of all surgically treated patients at the Gynecological Oncology Center South with vulvar SCC, FIGO IB-IIIC, between 2005 and 2015 were analysed retrospectively. The relation between the pathological resection margin and other clinicopathological factors with the risk of local recurrence was analysed.RESULTS: In this cohort of 167 patients, the tumor was radically removed in 87% of the patients. Yet, in 57% the pathological resection margin was <8mm. Including re-excisions, the median closest margin was 7.0mm. There was no significant difference in the risk of local recurrence for a resection margin <8mm or ?8mm (25.0% (n=20) and 22.2% (n=16)), nor in the median resection margin of patients with or without local recurrence (6.5mm and 7.0mm). Lichen sclerosus was the only significant risk factor for local recurrence.CONCLUSION: A pathological resection margin <8mm was not related to an increased risk of local recurrence. The most important predictor of local recurrence was the presence of lichen sclerosus. A resection margin <8mm in vulvar SCC can therefore be accepted, especially in tumors located close to clitoris, urethra or anus." ]

[ "Vulvar neoplasia represents 5% of malignancies in female genital tract and 0.6% of all cancers in women. Although it is known to be a rare type of cancer, which occurs especially in elderly women, its incidence is increasing in young females because of its association with the human papillomavirus (HPV). In this paper, we report the case of a 46-year-old woman, gravidity 4, parity 3, with a medical history of multiple vulvar excisions for recurrent ulcerative vulvar lesions during a period of 11 years. The first lesion appeared in 2003, it was excised and the histopathological result showed squamous cell carcinoma with undifferentiated areas and chronic ulcerative inflammation. The patient underwent radiation therapy remaining at the end of it a small-ulcerated lesion at the superior vulvar commissure, which was biopsied in 2004 showing chronic ulcerative inflammation with reparatory areas of squamous immature benign metaplasia In April 2014, a dermatological consult described vulvar scleroatrophic lichen confirmed by a biopsy. In November 2014, the patient presented to our clinic when a vicious vulvar scar was detected, with a transformed tegument with aspect of atrophic lichen. A perineal reconstruction including anal sphincter plasty was performed. Due to the important remaining skin defect, a Surgisis graft vulvoplasty was performed. The histopathological result of the excised suspect areas was vulvar intraepithelial high-grade neoplasia (VIN III). A retrospective histopathological review of the case established that is more accurate to consider that the vulvar lesions were, all along, a very well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (verrucous carcinoma), which lacks cytopathic effect of HPV infection, has a low p53 expression but a high Ki67. Case evolution was favorable with the acceptance and integration of the biologic grafts at two months after surgery and normal healing.", "BACKGROUND: Vulvar carcinoma is an infrequent tumour, accounting for fewer than 3% of all malignant tumours that affect women, but its incidence is rising in the past few decades. In young women, the manifestation of the vulvar carcinoma is often linked to risk factors such as smoking and HPV infection, but most cases develop in women aged over 50 years through poorly understood genetic mechanisms. Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) has been implicated in many cellular processes, but its function in vulvar cancer has never been examined. In this study, we aimed to determine the prognostic value of ROCK1 gene and protein analysis in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC).METHODS: ROCK1 expression levels were measured in 16 vulvar tumour samples and adjacent normal tissue by qRT-PCR. Further, 96 VSCC samples were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to confirm the involvement of ROCK1 in the disease. The molecular and pathological results were correlated with the clinical data of the patients. Sixteen fresh VSCC samples were analyzed by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH).RESULTS: In each pair of samples, ROCK1 levels were higher by qRT-PCR in normal tissue compared with the tumour samples (p = 0.016). By IHC, 100% of invasive front areas of the tumour and 95.8% of central tumour areas were positive for ROCK1. Greater expression of ROCK1 was associated with the absence of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.022) and a lower depth of invasion (p = 0.002). In addition, higher ROCK1 levels correlated with greater recurrence-free survival (p = 0.001). Loss of ROCK1 was independently linked to worse cancer-specific survival (p = 0.0054) by multivariate analysis. This finding was validated by IHC, which demonstrated enhanced protein expression in normal versus tumour tissue (p < 0.001). By aCGH, 42.9% of samples showed a gain in copy number of the ROCK1 gene.CONCLUSIONS: ROCK1 is lower expressed in tumour tissue when compared with adjacent normal vulvar epithelia. In an independent sample set of VSCCs, lower expression levels of ROCK1 correlated with worse survival rates and a poor prognosis. These findings provide important information for the clinical management of vulvar cancer." ]

[ "Despite countless sites and other resources saying otherwise, Mesophyll is not a tissue technically speaking. It's just a place, a specific area. Or you can even think of it as the set of all tissues in a given area.\n\nAnd that given area is easy to define: the \"filling\" of the leaf, between the upper and lower epidermis. According to Mauseth (2012), that with Raven is my favourite book on Botany:\n\n\n Mesophyll: All tissues of a leaf except the epidermis.\n\n\nActually, this is easy to see if you understand the Greek origin of the term: μέσος, meaning \"in the middle\", and φύλλον, meaning \"leaf\". Therefore, mesophyll means \"in the middle of the leaf\".\n\nIn a common, regular leaf, most of the mesophyll is made of parenchyma, be it palisade or spongy. As I said before several sources treat these terms (mesophyll and parenchyma) as synonyms, but they are not.\n\nJust for completeness, this is a very simple list of the plant tissues. You'll see that mesophyll is not on it:\n\n\nMeristems\nDermal tissues\n\n\nEpidermis\nPeridermis\n\nGround tissues\n\n\nParenchyma\nCollenchyma\nSchlerenchyma\n\nVascular tissues\n\n\nXylem\nPhloem\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: Mauseth, J. (2012). Botany. Sudbury: Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning." ]

[ "Meristem size is a very controled, highly genetic feature. It doesn't change between big or small branch/root (The SAM and RAM are obviously different).\nThere are very levels of potency in the meristematic tissue, so you should explain more which section of the meristem is of interest.\nSAM (shoot apical meristem)\nIn *Arabidopsis thaliana* there are 9 long-lived meristematic cells, 3 in each lineage (L1, L2, L3) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160609013840)\nBut the whole meristem is somewhat larger. If you consider the organizing center and cells that react to wushell by creating CLV1, CLV3 you get a few dozens.\nIf you consider cells that express miR156, miR172 or AP2-like genes you can get a few hundereds.\nThe scale is similar between species but the number and genes used to asses it vary.\nRAM (root apical meristem)\nI know less about the RAM but we can consider there the Quiescent center and also the Intial cells togheter called the promeristem.\nTHe Quiescent center consists of 10-20 cells and there is one (sometimes more) initial per file of cells in the root giving 20-30 cells in the promeristem.\nThe meristematic zone is somewhat bigger than the promeristem but the cells are pluripotent with relative small mobility.\n Roughly speaking \nThe most meristematic zone of each meristeme has no more than 50 cells.\nThe full area considered a meristeme can have a few hundered cells, depending on the research goal.", "Stem cells are not all 'unipotent' - they cannot necessarily differentiate into any type of cell. For instance, resident stem cells in tissues such as muscle - myo-satellite cells - are partially differentiated and during cell division one daughter differentiates further to become a myocyte (for example), and the other daughter the replacement myosatellite cell. As far as I'm aware, the majority of tissues have resident stem cells in varying degrees of differentiation (exceptions might include neurons and cardiac muscle, where cells are not replaced over the lifespan of the organism). \n\nHere is some evidence for resident stem cells in glands;\n\n\nThe adult pituitary gland shows stem/progenitor cell activation in response to injury and is capable of regeneration (Fu et al, 2012),\nThe pancreas has been heavily studied from the perspective of diabetes research, with many studies looking to implant stem cells from elsewhere (Rezania et al, 2012). However there is some evidence for resident stem cells of the pancreas that may turn out to be more promising as treatment strategies in the future (Xu et al, 2004, Venkatesan et al, 2011),\nSebaceous glands are found throughout the skin, and secrete 'sebum' which keeps the skin waxy and waterproof. There is plenty of evidence for epidermal stem cells (Eckert et al, 2012),\nThere is also recent evidence for the existence of thyroid stem cells too (Fierabracci, 2012, Malaguarnera et al, 2012),\nSaliva is mainly produced by the submandibular glands also contain resident stem cells, with this paper stating that stem cells have been isolted from salivary glands in humans (Okumura et al, 2012),\n\n\nGiven the limited (and very recent) evidence for the above (relatively well characterizd) glands, it seems likely that other glands will also have resident stem cells that remain to be identified.\n\nAgeing: The so-called stem-cell pool gets depleted over a lifetime, so tissues lose the regenerative potential. However rejuvenation medicine is becoming a heavily invested in area of research (see www.SENS.org)." ]

[ "A young boy jumped high." ]

[ "A young boy skated on the frozen pond." ]

[ "The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids is a topic of growing interest. A significant number of preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of cannabinoids in a variety of health conditions. In the context of cancer, cannabinoids have shown promising results in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, anorexia, and pain. Neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and movement disorders have also benefited from cannabinoid-based treatments. In terms of psychiatric conditions, cannabinoids may offer therapeutic benefits in patients with anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, recent research has suggested potential applications in the management of inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite these promising results, further research is needed to better understand the safety and efficacy of medical cannabis in these conditions, as well as to identify optimal dosing strategies and delivery methods. It is also crucial to further investigate the long-term effects of medical cannabis use and to develop guidelines for the safe and effective use of this therapeutic option" ]

[ "The therapeutic potential of psychedelic substances is a topic of growing interest. A significant number of preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of substances such as psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA in a variety of health conditions. In the context of psychiatric conditions, these substances have shown promising results in the management of treatment-resistant depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurological disorders such as cluster headaches and addiction may also benefit from psychedelic-based treatments. Furthermore, recent research has suggested potential applications in the management of existential distress and end-of-life anxiety in patients with terminal illnesses. Despite these promising results, further research is needed to better understand the safety and efficacy of these substances in these conditions, as well as to identify optimal dosing strategies and delivery methods. It is also crucial to further investigate the long-term effects of psychedelic use and to develop guidelines for the safe and effective use of these therapeutic options" ]

[ " Tapioca is almost pure starch and has very limited nutritional value ( 1 , 2 ). However, it's naturally gluten-free, so it can serve as a wheat substitute in cooking and baking for people who are on a gluten-free diet. Tapioca is a dried product and usually sold as white flour, flakes or pearls." ]

[ " Pillsbury Frosting is gluten-free and completely safe for Coeliacs to use with their gluten-free cakes, cookies, and desserts. ... All frostings are labeled gluten free by Pillsbury on the website, even flavors like Cinnamon Bun and Funfetti frostings which include candy pieces and sprinkles.", " Yes, pure, distilled tequila, usually made with the blue agave plant, is considered gluten-free." ]

[ "Answer: All of our CB antennas have roughly 50 Ohm impedance to match the output of the CB radio. The impedance is not critical as 25 Ohms to 100 Ohms is acceptable; however, the best signal transfer occurs at 50 Ohms, so every design is optimized very close to 50 Ohms." ]

[ "Welcome to the most complete CB slang dictionary on the internet. Since 1958, CB radios have served as an important means of communication for truck drivers and a great hobby for electronics fans. CBs surged into popularity in the 1970s, and along with that popularity came a whole new language of trucker jargon called CB slang or CB talk.", "1 The antenna (not radio!) is primarily what determines how far your CB can send/receive - so invest wisely. 2 Longer antennas - and those mounted higher up - perform best. 3 To learn more, see our comprehensive guide on picking the right CB antenna. Type Help." ]

[ "Age at menopause and age at the start of the preceding period of cycle irregularity (menopausal transition) show considerable individual variation. In this study we explored several markers for their ability to predict the occurrence of the transition to menopause. A group of 81 normal women between 25 and 46 years of age visited the clinic two times (at T1 and T2) with an average interval of 4 years. All had a regular menstrual cycle pattern at T1. At T1, anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), inhibin B and estradiol (E2) were measured, and an antral follicle count (AFC) was made during the early follicular phase. At T2, information regarding cycle length and variability was obtained. Menopause transition was defined as a mean cycle length of less than 21 days or more than 35 days or as a mean cycle length of 21 to 35 days, but with the next cycle not predictable within 7 days during the last half year. A logistic regression analysis was performed, with the outcome measure as menopause transition. The area under the receiver operating curve (ROCAUC) was calculated as a measure of predictive accuracy" ]

[ "In mice, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) inhibits primordial follicle recruitment and decreases FSH sensitivity. Little is known about the role of AMH in human ovarian physiology. We hypothesize that in women AMH has a similar role in ovarian function as in mice and investigated this using a genetic approach. The association of the AMH Ile(49)Ser and the AMH type II receptor (AMHR2) -482 A > G polymorphisms with menstrual cycle characteristics was studied in a Dutch (n = 32) and a German (n = 21) cohort of normo-ovulatory women. Carriers of the AMH Ser(49) allele had higher serum estradiol (E(2)) levels on menstrual cycle day 3 when compared with non-carriers in the Dutch cohort (P = 0.012) and in the combined Dutch and German cohort (P = 0.03). Carriers of the AMHR2 -482G allele also had higher follicular phase E(2) levels when compared with non-carriers in the Dutch cohort (P = 0.028), the German cohort (P = 0.048) and hence also the combined cohort (P = 0.012). Women carrying both AMH Ser(49) and AMHR2 -482G alleles had highest E(2) levels (P = 0.001). For both polymorphisms no association with serum AMH or FSH levels was observed", "About 40 % of woman suffer from vulvovaginal atrophy after menopausal transition. It is very important to put question on this problem, because about 70 % of them are not able to start discussion on it. Regarding treatment, vaginal low doses estriol and estradiol are drugs of first choice with high efficacy and safety." ]

[ "Image caption Benjamin Netanyahu said people in Iran understood the cost of their government's policies. Israel's prime minister has warned the people of Iran that the nuclear deal being negotiated by their country and world powers is very bad for them. Specifically, the world powers want to curtail Iran's ability to enrich uranium, which can be used to make reactor fuel but also nuclear weapons. 2 Disagreement centres on how to limit Iran's development and use of centrifuges that enrich uranium." ]

[ "Nuclear dangers as Iran deal deadline nears 02:29. Talks aimed at reaching a deal over Iran's nuclear program are going down to the wire. The stakes are huge -- for Iran, the United States, Israel, the wider Middle East and beyond.", "Nuclear energy isn’t just bad for the environment, it’s bad for our economy. Nuclear power plants are expensive to build, prompting Wall Street to call new nuclear a “bet the farm” risk. Every nuclear plant under construction in the U.S. is well behind schedule and at least $1 billion over budget.ew nuclear plants are more expensive and take longer to build than renewable energy sources like wind or solar. If we are to avoid the most damaging impacts of climate change, we need solutions that are fast and affordable. Nuclear power is neither. We can do better than trading off one disaster for another." ]

[ "The molecular motor exploited by bacteriophage 29 to pack DNA into its capsid is regarded as one of the most powerful mechanical devices present in viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic systems alike. Acting as a linker element, a prohead RNA (pRNA) effectively joins the connector and ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) components of the 29 motor. During DNA packing, this pRNA needs to withstand enormous strain along the capsid's portal axis-how this remarkable stability is achieved remains to be elucidated. We investigate the mechanical properties of the 29 motor's three-way junction (3WJ)-pRNA using a combined steered molecular dynamics and atomic force spectroscopy approach. The 3WJ exhibits strong resistance to stretching along its coaxial helices, demonstrating its super structural robustness. This resistance disappears, however, when external forces are applied to the transverse directions. From a molecular standpoint, we demonstrate that this direction-dependent stability can be attributed to two Mg clamps that cooperate and generate mechanical resistance in the pRNA's coaxial direction. Our results suggest that the asymmetric nature of the 3WJ's mechanical stability is entwined with its biological function: Enhanced rigidity along the portal axis is likely essential to withstand the strain caused by DNA condensation, and flexibility in other directions should aid in the assembly of the pRNA and its association with other motor components." ]

[ "The capacity of silencing genes makes small interfering RNA (siRNA) appealing for curing fatal diseases. However, the naked siRNA is vulnerable to and degraded by endogenous enzymes and is too large and too negatively charged to cross cellular membranes. An effective siRNA carrier, PMAL (poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-decene) substituted with 3-(dimethylamino) propylamine), has been demonstrated to be able to assist siRNA transmembrane by both experiments and molecular simulation. In the present work, the mechanism of siRNA transmembrane assisted by PMAL was studied using steered molecular dynamics simulations based on the martini coarse-grained model. Here two pulling rates, i.e., 10?6 and 10?5 nmps?1, were chosen to imitate the passive and active transport of siRNA, respectively. Potential of mean force (PMF) and interactions among siRNA, PMAL, and lipid bilayer membrane were calculated to describe the energy change during siRNA transmembrane processes at various conditions. It is shown that PMAL-assisted siRNA delivery is in the mode of passive transport. The PMAL can help siRNA insert into lipid bilayer membrane by lowering the energy barrier caused by siRNA and lipid bilayer membrane. PMAL prefers to remain in the lipid bilayer membrane and release siRNA. The above simulations establish a molecular insight of the interaction between siRNA and PMAL and are helpful for the design and applications of new carriers for siRNA delivery.", "Cell function depends on tissue rigidity, which cells probe by applying and transmitting forces to their extracellular matrix, and then transducing them into biochemical signals. Here we show that in response to matrix rigidity and density, force transmission and transduction are explained by the mechanical properties of the actin-talin-integrin-fibronectin clutch. We demonstrate that force transmission is regulated by a dynamic clutch mechanism, which unveils its fundamental biphasic force/rigidity relationship on talin depletion. Force transduction is triggered by talin unfolding above a stiffness threshold. Below this threshold, integrins unbind and release force before talin can unfold. Above the threshold, talin unfolds and binds to vinculin, leading to adhesion growth and YAP nuclear translocation. Matrix density, myosin contractility, integrin ligation and talin mechanical stability differently and nonlinearly regulate both force transmission and the transduction threshold. In all cases, coupling of talin unfolding dynamics to a theoretical clutch model quantitatively predicts cell response." ]

[ "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) play a tremendous role during inflammatory processes. PMNs have to pass a monolayer of endothelial cells to migrate into the extravascular space. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is frequently used as a volume expander in critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HES influences the chemotaxis of PMNs through endothelial cell monolayers by using a test system that allows the simultaneous treatment of both cell types. Human umbilical endothelial cells were cultured on microporous membrane filters. PMNs were isolated and PMN chemotaxis was studied. The number of untreated PMNs that migrated through untreated endothelial cell monolayers in response to a chemoattractant was used as a control and set as 100 percent. In clinically relevant concentrations, HES was able to significantly decrease PMN chemotaxis through endothelial cell monolayers, showing a dose-dependent effect (0.1 mg/mL: 99.6 +/- 10.9%, p = NS compared to control; 1 mg/mL: 82.4 +/- 8.3%, p<0.05 compared to control; 10 mg/mL: 62.9 +/- 11.7%, p<0.05). In this assay, both cell types (PMNs and endothelial cells in the monolayer) were treated simultaneously, which simulated the clinical situation after an intravenous injection of HES. The treatment of one cell type, PMNs (89.6 +/- 8.8%, p<0.05) or endothelial cells in the monolayer (76.2 +/- 9.4%, p<0.05), suggests that the influence on endothelial cells is greater" ]

[ "Clinical studies have raised concerns about the safety of 6% hydroxyethylstarch (HES) 130/0.42, but the pathomechanisms of this renal impairment remain unknown. To evaluate the effects of different HES concentrations, molar substitutions and molecular weights in HES-induced renal impairment, we used a porcine two-hit model that combined haemorrhagic and septic shock. We conducted a prospective, randomised, double-blinded, controlled study in a university animal laboratory. Thirty anaesthetised and ventilated pigs were randomised to receive volume replacement therapy using 6% HES130/0.42, 6% HES200/0.5, 10% HES130/0.42 or 10% HES200/0.5, all dissolved in 0.9% NaCl rather than 0.9% NaCl alone. First, we bled the animals until they reached half of their baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) for 45 minutes followed by fluid resuscitation. As a second hit, sepsis was induced using an Escherichia coli-laden clot 6 hours after haemorrhagic shock. Volume resuscitation started with a delay of two hours and a central venous pressure goal of 12 mmHg", "Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) may compromise renal function in critically ill patients. As an alternative, gelatin (GEL) was suggested. This study investigated whether GEL (4%) may have advantages over HES (6%, 130/0.4) with respect to acute renal failure (ARF), length of intensive care unit /hospital stay, and 30-day mortality and evaluated dose-dependent effects. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 1522 surgical intensive care patients in a single university hospital where HES was changed to GEL in June 2006. The year before, 515 patients received HES; the year after, 540 patients received GEL. Within both years, 497 patients received crystalloids (CRY) only. Fluid therapy was performed upon clinical judgment and did not follow a study protocol. There was no difference in ARF between HES and GEL (P=.292), but ARF was more frequent in both colloid cohorts compared with CRY (HES/GEL vs CRY, P<.05). Mortality and maximum daily dose of both HES (r=0.93) and GEL (r=0.93) were significantly correlated, but mortality and total amount of CRY or total fluid intake were not significantly correlated. Cumulative amounts of fluids given were significantly higher in both colloid groups compared with CRY only, and GEL was given in higher doses than HES. In both colloid cohorts, the need for renal replacement therapy and 30-day mortality were significantly higher, and intensive care unit and hospital stay was longer, compared with CRY" ]

[ "BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment is increasingly being used in acute stroke care. However, although stent retrievers show improved flow restoration rates, their clinical benefits have been uncertain.OBJECTIVE: To assess the incremental effect of using stent retrievers compared with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA; alteplase) alone or placebo/control.METHODS: We conducted a pooled analysis of 4 studies using stent retrievers (Solitaire), IV tPA, or placebo/control. We applied the ischemic stroke risk score (www.sorcan.ca/iscore) to each participant to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics. We used a shift analysis to account for the potential benefits across the entire modified Rankin scale score at 90 days, adjusting for time-to-treatment, baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score, and ischemic stroke risk score.RESULTS: Of the 915 participants in this analysis, 312 (34.1%) patients received placebo, 312 (34.1%) received tPA alone, 131 (14.4%) received stent retrievers alone, and 160 (17.5) received combined therapy (IV tPA plus stent retrievers). The shift analysis revealed that more patients remained independent at 90 days if receiving stent retrievers alone (number needed to treat 3.5) or combined with tPA (number needed to treat 3.1) compared with tPA alone. After adjustment, participants receiving stent retrievers alone (odds ratio, 2.95; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-5.89) or combined with tPA (odds ratio, 4.45; 95% confidence interval, 2.40-8.27) were more likely to be independent at 90 days compared with tPA alone.CONCLUSION: Patients with acute ischemic stroke who received IV tPA or revascularization therapies had a higher likelihood of achieving independence at 3 months. Stent retriever technology combined with tPA was associated with the greatest benefit compared with placebo, tPA alone, or endovascular therapy alone." ]

[ "OBJECTIVE: Mechanical thrombectomy using a stent retriever for acute large vessel occlusion is indispensable in stroke treatment, however, vasospasm may occur. The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate which cases are more likely to experience vasospasm after thrombectomy with stent retrievers.METHODS: We included 29 patients diagnosed with acute cardiogenic cerebral embolism who were treated with stent retrievers at our facility from December 2014 to December 2017. Atherothrombotic brain infarction cases were excluded because it was difficult to evaluate for vasospasms. Vasospasm was defined as reversible arterial narrowing of <80% of the normal vessel diameter after usage of the stent retriever. The age, sex, type of stent retriever, occlusion site, number of procedures, thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grade, degree of vasospasm, intracranial hemorrhage by the procedure, and neurological outcomes were analyzed.RESULTS: Among the 29 cases, 12 (41.4%) resulted in vasospasm; nine cases were mild (20-50% stenosis) and 3 cases were severe (?50% stenosis). Vasospasm frequently occurred in the distal part of the anterior circulation when compared to the proximal part. In addition, the frequency of vasospasm increased as the number of procedures increased. Pooled analysis showed significant difference in the intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator group (P = 0.029). There was no significant difference in the other groups.CONCLUSION: Stent retrievers appear to cause vasospasm more than expected when including mild cases. Vasospasm tends to occur especially in cases with IV-tPA; prognosis is generally good, and it rarely requires any treatment.", "OBJECTIVE: We conducted a Pooled analysis to investigate the efficacy and safety of ureteral stent removal using an extraction string.METHODS: A systematic review was performed by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Pooled analyses. The sources including EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were retrieved to gather randomized controlled trials of ureteral stent removal using an extraction string. The reference of included literature was also searched.RESULTS: Four randomized controlled trials containing a amount of 471 patients were involved in the analysis. We found that the ureteral stent removal using an extraction string group had a greater decrease of visual analog scale (VAS) (Mean difference (MD) -1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.99 to -0.81, P < .00001) compared with the no string group. The string group did not show a significant differences in Ureteric Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) (P = .15), general health (P = .77), stent dwell time (P = .06), and urinary tract infection (UTI) (P = .59) with exception of stent dislodgement (Odds Ratio (OR) 10.36, 95% CI 2.40 to 44.77, P = .002) compared with the no string group.CONCLUSIONS: Ureteral stent removal by string significantly provides less pain than those by cystoscope for patients without increasing stent-related urinary symptoms or UTI. However, this must be balanced against a risk of stent dislodgement and, hence, may not be a good option in all patients." ]

[ "OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the correlation between viral clearance and blood biochemical index of 94 discharged patients with COVID-19 infection in Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, enrolled from Jan 5 to Feb 13, 2020. METHODS: The clinical and laboratory findings were extracted from the electronic medical records of the patients. The data were analysed and reviewed by a trained team of physicians. Information on clinical signs and symptoms, medical treatment, virus clearance, and laboratory parameters including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein were collected. RESULTS: COVID-19 mRNA clearance ratio was identified significantly correlated with the decline of serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Furthermore, COVID-19 mRNA clearance time was positively correlated with the length of hospital stay in patients treated with either IFN-α + lopinavir/ritonavir or IFN-α + lopinavir/ritonavir + ribavirin. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic regimens of IFN-α + lopinavir/ritonavir and IFN-α + lopinavir/ritonavir + ribavirin might be beneficial for treatment of COVID-19. Serum LDH or CK decline may predict a favorable response to treatment of COVID-19 infection." ]

[ "BackgroundThe goal of this study was to characterize viral loads and factors affecting viral clearance in persons with severe influenza MethodsThis was a 1-year prospective, observational study involving consecutive adults hospitalized with influenza. Nasal and throat swabs were collected at presentation, then daily until 1 week after symptom onset. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine viral RNA concentration and virus isolation were performed. Viral RNA concentration was analyzed using multiple linear or logistic regressions or mixed-effect models ResultsOne hundred forty-seven inpatients with influenza A (H3N2) infection were studied (mean age ± standard deviation, 72±16 years). Viral RNA concentration at presentation positively correlated with symptom scores and was significantly higher than that among time-matched outpatients (control subjects). Patients with major comorbidities had high viral RNA concentration even when presenting >2 days after symptom onset (mean ± standard deviation, 5.06±1.85 vs 3.62±2.13 log(10) copies/mL; P=.005; β, +0.86 [95% confidence interval, +0.03 to +1.68]). Viral RNA concentration demonstrated a nonlinear decrease with time; 26% of oseltamivir-treated and 57% of untreated patients had RNA detected at 1 week after symptom onset. Oseltamivir started on or before symptom day 4 was independently associated with an accelerated decrease in viral RNA concentration (mean β [standard error], −1.19 [0.43] and −0.68 [0.33] log(10) copies/mL for patients treated on day 1 and days 2–3, respectively; P<.05) and viral RNA clearance at 1 week (odds ratio, 0.10 [95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.35] and 0.30 [0.10–0.90] for patients treated on day 1–2 and day 3–4, respectively). Conversely, major comorbidities and systemic corticosteroid use for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations were associated with slower viral clearance. Viral RNA clearance was associated with a shorter hospital stay (7.0 vs 13.5 days; P=.001) ConclusionPatients hospitalized with severe influenza have more active and prolonged viral replication. Weakened host defenses slow viral clearance, whereas antivirals started within the first 4 days of illness enhance viral clearance", "Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type diffuse lower-grade glioma (LGG) is usually associated with poor outcome, but there have been disputes over its clinical outcome and classification. We presented here a robust gene expression-based molecular classification of IDH wild-type diffuse LGG into two subtypes with distinct biological and clinical features. A discovery cohort of 49 IDH wild-type diffuse LGGs from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) was subjected to clustering and function analysis. 73 tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to validate our findings. Consensus clustering of transcriptional data uncovered concordant classification of two robust and prognostically significant subtypes of IDH wild-type LGG. Sub1, associated with poorer outcomes, was characterized by significantly higher immune, cytolytic scores, M2 macrophages and up-regulation of immune exhaustion markers; while Sub2 who had elevated lymphocytes and plasma cells showed relatively favorable survival. Somatic alteration analysis revealed Sub1 showed more frequently deleted regions, such as locus of CDKN2A/CDKN2B, DMRTA1, C9orf53 and MTAP. Furthermore, we developed and validated a five-gene signature for better application of this acquired stratification. Our data demonstrate the biological and prognostic heterogeneity within IDH wild-type diffuse LGGs and deepen our molecular understanding of this tumor entity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved." ]

[ "A monograph from a pharmacopeia gives a good starting point for active pharmaceutical ingredient characterization. AFAIK there is no monograph for hCG nor your actual peptide of interest, but there is one for FSH (here for the european pharmacopeia monograph), which shares a subunit with CGA, meaning that modifications of it could suffice (though validating these modification will be a good amount of work, and will depend on the ultimate use for the peptide).\nFirst, it is necessary to stress that even if the compound passes all assays, it would still be unsuitable for human use. It may be acceptable for animal experimentation. This is because the pharmacopoeia assumes a context where you have a non-adversarial relationship with your supplier, such that statement like &quot;up to XX% remaining impurities&quot; is an acceptable standard as the synthesis route &amp; typical impurities are known. However, buying peptides from a random Chinese seller with no transparency on process is likely an adversarial situation.\nSome keys to read the monograph:\n\nCompound followed by the letter R (&quot;water R&quot;, &quot;glycine R&quot;): these compounds have their own monograph. You could assay them accordingly, but for this use case understanding the R as &quot;analytical grade&quot; is possibly good enough.\n&quot;Follitropin CRS&quot;: chemical reference substance, a reference standard powder of follitropin obtained through reliable means (typically through EDQM for pharmaceutical purpose). Here also, substituting for an analytical grade standard from a reputable chemical seller could work.\nMethod followed with three numbers (&quot;Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)&quot;): reference a method monograph found in the given chapter/section. Apply methodology as described in the referenced text.\n\nTo adapt the assays to your peptide of interest, you need to understand which parts are specific to follitropin (and should be modified), and which applied to gonadotrophin-like peptides in general. For instance, for isoelectric focusing, the running conditions (pH, catholyte/anolyte) will be adequate, but the follitropin reference will be replaced with a CGA reference. On the contrary, the selective cleavage of peptide bonds assays is specific to the peptide, and will need extensive rework." ]

[ "Their LC-MS-MS data was only semi-quantitative as gathered, meaning they could compare relative levels of one protein to another in the same sample, but not necessarily between different samples with a high degree of confidence. So, they spiked known amounts of BSA, an extremely well-characterized protein frequently used in the lab, into their samples and created a standard curve across different concentrations that correlated pretty well with the input amounts. They could then use this curve to better quantify the other proteins in their samples among all the different sample types. This in turn allowed them to say with greater certainty that, for example, Protein X was expressed at three-fold higher levels in Sample A than in Sample B. Otherwise, they would only have been able to say that Sample A expression of Protein X was higher than Sample B.", "It is a very good question because this is an active area of research. Having heard talks from the actual people who are making analytical instruments for space analysis, I can mention the actual issues before coming to your actual question so that you are aware of the latest problems. As far as I know, HPLCs have not been sent, but GC systems have been successfully used.\n\nKey problems\n\n(i) Weight. It costs an enormous amount (in millions) of money per kg to send anything in space. Routine HPLCs are very heavy. We need two heavy duty persons to lift the stack of standard equipment.\n\n(ii) Latest HPLCs can now be reduced to the size of a small brief case. Check capillary chromatography. Also check HPLC on a chip. It is the size of a hand palm.\n\n(iii) Elecric power consumption: Think how much power is consumed by the motors in the pump (huge) and other analytical equipment including the mass spec. You don't have lot electrical power in space. This the biggest problem besides weight issues.\n\n(iv) Think of excessive radiation. Can the plastics and equipment tolerate huge amount of radiation from the Sun and elsewhere.\n\n(v) Temperatures: Think of temperature extremes with liquid as solvents.\n\n(vi) There is no HPLC column (or GC column) in the world which can separate everything. May be you would attach at least 7-8 columns at once and see which one separates the sample (having a system with multiple columns at once is commercially available. This is done by pharma people)\n\n\n Our motivation for adopting HPLC is that we can keep all substances in\n their original phase for analysis.\n\n\nYes, HPLC is a non-destructive technique. Mass spectrometer is not. However, UV-detection is useless for unknowns because you have no clue about their absorption spectra. Even if you have an absorption spectrum, it provides very little information about the full structure. Only mass spectrometer can be used in case of complete unknowns. Keep in mind that a typical HPLC C-18 column can only separate hydrophobic compounds under ideal conditions. The sole job HPLC or GC is to simplify the mass spectrum of a sample. Imagine you inject a sample containing 50 analytes into a MS. Imagine the complicated mess. With an HPLC, only compound will reach the detector one at a time. Mass spectrum is very simple then.\n\n\n My question then is, is there a way to use HPLC to identify unknown compounds suspended in the lake without disturbing the state of the sample? Any advice would be appreciated.\n\n\nShort answer no. HPLC cannot detect or separate suspended matter. If you meant substances dissolved in the lake, yes, then it is possible. Every sample has to be carefully filtered to remove any particles.\n\nSince you have two chemists, why don't you just do a real experiment on lake water." ]

[ "She and her group were offered a tour of their own and she accepted." ]

[ "She rejected the tour she was offered by a tour guide." ]

[ "Nationality: Italy. Executive summary: Church Father, fought Arianism. St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, one of the most eminent fathers of the church in the 4th Century, was a citizen of Rome, born about 337-340 in Tr ves (now Trier, in Germany), where his father was prefect of Gallia Narbonensis. His mother was a woman of intellect and piety." ]

[ "St. Ambrose University is a private institution that was founded in 1882. It has a total undergraduate enrollment of 2,528, its setting is city, and the campus size is 118 acres. It utilizes a semester-based academic calendar.", "Saint Pius V, original name Antonio Ghislieri, (born Jan. 17, 1504, Bosco, duchy of Milan [Italy]—died May 1, 1572, Rome, Papal States [Italy]; canonized May 22, 1712; feast day April 30), Italian ascetic, reformer, and relentless persecutor of heretics, whose papacy (1566–72) marked one of the most austere periods in Roman Catholic church history." ]

[ "Calcium Carbonate (Limestone) Calcium carbonate, the chief component of limestone, is a widely used amendment to neutralize soil acidity and to supply calcium (Ca) for plant nutrition.The term “lime” can refer to several products, but for agricultural use it generally refers to ground limestone.alcium Carbonate (Limestone) Calcium carbonate, the chief component of limestone, is a widely used amendment to neutralize soil acidity and to supply calcium (Ca) for plant nutrition." ]

[ "Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is strongly heated until it undergoes thermal decomposition to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The calcium oxide (unslaked lime) is dissolved in water to form calcium hydroxide (limewater). Bubbling carbon dioxide through this forms a milky suspension of calcium carbonate. Students are also asked to research the large-scale applications of these processes.", "Class practical. Calcium carbonate is strongly heated until it undergoes thermal decomposition to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The calcium oxide (unslaked lime) is dissolved in water to form calcium hydroxide (limewater). Bubbling carbon dioxide through this forms a milky suspension of calcium carbonate." ]

[ "NCAA Division I. Main logo used by the NCAA in Divisions I, II, and III. Division I (D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States." ]

[ "NCAA division III. This is the only NCAA division level where athletes do not register with the NCAA eligibility center because athletes at this level are not eligible to gain an athletic scholarship; instead, athletes will need to apply for institutional financial aid the same as the student-body population.", "How We Do It. As of June 1, 2012, NCAA Division I institutions are only permitted to subscribe to groups that educate and connect student athletes and coaches in men's basketball, football and women's basketball that have gone through the NCAA approval process." ]

[ "Rotaviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses that are a major cause of viral diarrhea in infants. Examining virus-host cell interaction is important for elucidating mechanisms of virus proliferation in host cells. Viruses can create an environment that promotes their survival and self-proliferation by encoding miRNAs or miRNA-like molecules that target various host cell. However, it remains unclear whether RNA viruses encode viral miRNAs, and their regulation mechanisms are largely unknown. We previously performed deep sequencing analysis to investigate rotavirus-encoded miRNAs, and identified the small RNA molecule Chr17_1755, which we named RV-vsRNA1755. In our present study, we determined that RV-vsRNA1755 is encoded by the rotavirus NSP4 gene and that it targets the host cell IGF1R, which is part of the PI3K/Akt pathway. We further explored the biological characteristics and functions of RV-vsRNA1755.Our results suggest that rotavirus adapts to manipulate PI3K/Akt signaling at early phases of infection. RV-vsRNA1755 targets IGF1R, blockading the PI3K/Akt pathway and triggering autophagy, but it ultimately inhibits autophagy maturation. A mechanism through which rotavirus encodes a virus-like small RNA (RV-vsRNA1755) that triggers autophagy by targeting the host cell IGF1R gene was revealed. These data provide a theoretical basis for therapeutic drug screening targeting RV-vsRNA1755." ]

[ "Human rotavirus A (RVA) is the main etiological agent of watery diarrhea among children under 5 years of age worldwide. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and diversity of RVA genotypes circulating in Turkey during a 2-year sentinel surveillance study. A total of 1639 rotavirus antigen-positive stool samples were obtained from children younger than 5 years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus G and P genotypes were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with consensus primers for the VP7 and VP4 genes, followed by semi-nested type-specific multiplex PCR. Rotavirus RNA was detected in 1396 (85.3%) of the samples tested. The highest detection rate (38.2%) was obtained among children in the 0-12 months age group, followed by children in the 13-24 months age group (36.2%). The most prevalent genotype was G1P[8] (24.6%) followed by G3P[8] (19.6%), G9P[8] (12.2%), G2P[4] (9.5%), G2P[8] (6.5%), and G4P[8] (4.8%). The proportions of uncommon and mixed genotypes were 21.5% and 1.14%, respectively. The large number of genotypes observed, including common, uncommon, and mixed types, indicates a high heterogeneity of RVA strains circulating in Turkey. The current study also exhibited dramatic fluctuations on the prevalences of the common genotypes, with increases in G3 and G1 and decreases in G9 and G2 from 2014-2016.", "Rotavirus A (RVA) is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. The most common VP7 genotype of human RVA is G1, but G1 is rarely detected in porcine strains. To understand the evolutionary relationships between human and porcine G1 VP7 genes, we sequenced the VP7 genes of three Japanese G1 porcine strains; the first two (PRV2, S80B) were isolated in 1980 and the third (Kyusyu-14) was isolated in 2001. Then, we performed phylogenetic and in-silico structural analyses. All three VP7 sequences clustered into lineage VI, and the mean nucleotide sequence identity between any pair of porcine G1 VP7 sequences belonging to lineage VI was 91.9%. In contrast, the mean nucleotide sequence identity between any pair of human G1 VP7 sequences belonging to lineages I-V was 95.5%. While the mean nucleotide sequence identity between any pair of porcine lineage VI strain and human lineage I-V strain was 85.4%, the VP7 genes of PRV2 and a rare porcine-like human G1P[6] strain (AU19) were 98% identical, strengthening the porcine RVA origin of AU19. The phylogenetic tree suggests that human G1 VP7 genes originated from porcine G1 VP7 genes. The time of their most recent common ancestor was estimated to be 1948, and human and porcine RVA strains evolved along independent pathways. In-silico structural analyses identified 7 amino acid residues within the known neutralisation epitopes that show differences in electric charges and shape between different porcine and human G1 strains. When compared with much divergent porcine G1 VP7 lineages, monophyletic, less divergent human G1 VP7 lineages support the hypothesis that all human G1 VP7 genes included in this study originated from a rare event of a porcine RVA transmitting to humans that was followed by successful adaptation to the human host. By contrast, AU19 represents interspecies transmission that terminated in dead-end infection." ]

[ "The effect of cytomegalovirus (CMV) serology status on malignancy risk in kidney transplanted patients is not clear yet. In a nested case-control study, CMV serology status was compared between patients with a malignancy and 2:1 matched control patients without a malignancy. In a cohort study, the hazard of malignancy was compared between patients that were CMV-negative but had a CMV-positive donor and other patients, using Cox analysis. Fifty-two of 599 patients transplanted in our center between 2001 and 2014 developed a malignancy. Nine (17.3%) of the 52 patients that developed cancer were CMV-negative but had a-CMV-positive donor compared with 6 (5.8%) of the 104 matched control patients (odd ratio 3.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-10.2, P=.021). By univariate Cox model, there was a trend toward increased cancer risk in CMV-negative patients with a positive donor (hazard ratio [HR] 1.95, 95% CI 0.95-4.0, P=.07), but after adjusting for multiple covariates, CMV-negative status was significantly associated with increased risk of cancer (HR 2.55, 95% CI 1.23-5.26; P=.012)" ]

[ "Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative recipients of renal allografts from CMV-seropositive donors (D+/R-) have a higher rate of acute rejection than other renal transplant recipients. A relationship between CMV infection/disease and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) has been proposed from animal studies, although human studies have been inconclusive. The objective of this study was to determine if CMV seromatching has an effect on renal allograft function and allograft survival. A retrospective single centre study was carried out in 333 first cadaveric transplant recipients from January 1, 1991 to December 31, 1997. The primary end-point was creatinine clearance at 3 years post-transplant in groups based on CMV seromatching. The secondary end-point was renal allograft survival. Mean creatinine clearance 3 years post-transplant was 53.4 ml/min/1.73 m2 of body surface area. There was no significant difference in the mean creatinine clearance for groups formed on the basis of CMV seromatching. Delayed graft function and acute rejection were associated with a lower creatinine clearance at 3 years and reduced overall graft survival [hazard ratios 2.35 (1.56-3.54) (P<0.001) and 1.57 (1.0-2.46) (P = 0.046), respectively]. Considering the end-point of graft loss due to acute rejection (censoring for death with a functioning graft) identified the D+/R- group as having an increased hazard of graft loss due to acute rejection [hazard ratio 3.12 (1.16-8.57) (P = 0.024)", "BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is part of major infection complications following kidney transplantation. However, more rapid and low-complexity assays are needed for CMV infection. Our study is to investigate the diagnostic efficacy of 2 novel tests, CMV-ELISPOT and QuantiFERON-CMV tests, in CMV DNA viremia and CMV infection following renal transplant.METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Web of Science. Case-control or cohort study designed to explore the CMV-ELISPOT and/or QuantiFERON-CMV tests in the recipients with CMV infection was considered to be eligible for this study. Sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver-operating characteristic (SROC) curves were calculated.RESULTS: We selected a total of 12 articles for systematic review and 11 of them were included in meta-analysis. For CMV-pp65 assay, the pooled SEN, SPE, and DOR were 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-0.78), 0.61 (95% CI, 0.56-0.65), and 4.46 (95% CI, 3.11-6.39), respectively. For CMV-IE-1 assay, the pooled SEN, SPE, and DOR were 0.84 (95% CI, 0.78-0.88), 0.46 (95% CI, 0.42-0.51), and 5.07 (95% CI, 3.26-7.89), respectively, whereas the pooled SEN, SPE, and DOR of QuantiFERON-CMV test were 0.38 (95% CI, 0.28-0.49), 0.38 (95% CI, 0.32-0.44), and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.17-6.00).CONCLUSIONS: We reported that CMV-ELISPOT tests, including CMV-pp65 and CMV-IE-1, perform well in the diagnosis and prediction of CMV infection in renal transplant recipients, whereas QuantiFERON-CMV test needs further exploration." ]

[ "The Arrhenius definition of an. acid is a substance that when dissolved in water increases the concentration of hydrogen ion, H+(aq). A base is a substance that when added to water increases the concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-(aq)." ]

[ "At room temperature, sodium hydroxide is a white crystalline odorless solid that absorbs moisture from the air. It is a manufactured substance. When dissolved in water or neutralized with acid it liberates substantial heat, which may be sufficient to ignite combustible materials. Sodium hydroxide is very corrosive. It is generally used as a solid or a 50% solution. Other common names include caustic soda and lye. Sodium hydroxide is used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives, dyestuffs, and petroleum products.", "Rubidium hydroxide is a chemical compound. It is composed of rubidium and hydroxide ions. Its chemical formula is RbOH. It is a very strong base. It can eat through glass. It is made by dissolving rubidium oxide in water. It causes immediate burns to the skin." ]

[ "Strenuous exercise is associated with a transient decline in circulating lymphocytes, possibly through increased apoptosis. Intestinal lymphocytes are important effector cells of intestinal immune function but have not been studied in relation to exercise. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of exercise on intestinal lymphocyte phenotypes and apoptosis. Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 112) were randomized to: (1) treadmill running (90 min, 32 m min-1, 8 degrees grade) and killed immediately after exercise, (2) treadmill running and killed 2 h after exercise, (3) treadmill running and killed 24 h after exercise or (4) a non-exercised control condition with exposure to treadmill noise and vibration without running. Flow cytometry indicated that the total intestinal CD3+T (P < 0.01), CD4+T (P < 0.005), CD8+T (P < 0.05), pan-NK (P < 0.005) and CD19+B (P < 0.05) lymphocytes were significantly lower 24 h after exercise compared with non-exercised controls. Significantly more CD3+T (P < 0.05) and CD8+T (P < 0.05) intestinal lymphocytes stained positive for annexin V, a marker of apoptosis, at 24 h after exercise compared with intestinal lymphocytes from non-exercised controls. Plasma corticosterone and 8-isoprostane concentrations were also significantly higher immediately after exercise compared with other exercise conditions" ]

[ "Inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are elevated in congestive heart failure and are known to induce the production of reactive oxygen species as well as to deteriorate respiratory muscle function. Given the antioxidative effects of exercise training, the aim of the present study was to investigate if exercise training is capable of preventing a TNF-α induced loss of diaphragmatic force in mice and, if so, to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms. Prior to intraperitoneal injection of TNF-α or saline, C57Bl6 mice were assigned to four weeks of exercise training or sedentary behavior. Diaphragmatic force and power generation were determined in vitro. Expression/activity of radical scavenger enzymes, enzymes producing reactive oxygen species and marker of oxidative stress were measured in the diaphragm. In sedentary animals, TNF-α reduced specific force development by 42% concomitant with a 2.6-fold increase in the amount of carbonylated α-actin and creatine kinase. Furthermore, TNF-α led to an increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity in both sedentary and exercised mice whereas xanthine oxidase activity and intramitochondrial ROS production was only enhanced in sedentary animals by TNF-α. Exercise training prevented the TNF-α induced force reduction and led to an enhanced mRNA expression and activity of glutathione peroxidase. Carbonylation of proteins, in particular of α-actin and creatine kinase, was diminished by exercise training", "This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on both the maturation of dendritic cells (DC) and the activation of lymphocytes in a mouse model of chronic allergic airway inflammation. C57BL/6 mice distributed into control, exercise, ovalbumin (OVA), and OVA + exercise groups were submitted to OVA sensitization and challenge. Treadmill training was performed for 4 wk, and mice were assessed for classical features of chronic allergic airway inflammation as well as dendritic cell activation and T-lymphocyte response. AE reduced OVA-induced eosinophilic inflammation as observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P < 0.001), airway walls (P < 0001), and also reduced collagen deposition (P < 0.001). AE also reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, P < 0.001; IL-5, P < 0.01; IL-6, P < 0.001; IL-13, P < 0.01; and tumor necrosis factor α, P < 0.01). Cells derived from mediastinal lymphnodes of AE animals that were restimulated with OVA produced less IL-4 (P < 0.01), IL-5 (P < 0.01), and IL-13 (P < 0.001). In addition, AE reduced both DC activation, as demonstrated by reduced release of IL-6 (P < 0.001), CXCL1/KC (P < 0.01), IL-12p70 (P < 0.01), and tumor necrosis factor α (P < 0.05) and DC maturation, as demonstrated by lower MCH-II expression (P < 0.001)" ]

[ "BACKGROUND: Photolyases and cryptochromes are evolutionarily related flavoproteins, which however perform distinct physiological functions. Photolyases (PHR) are evolutionarily ancient enzymes. They are activated by light and repair DNA damage caused by UV radiation. Although cryptochromes share structural similarity with DNA photolyases, they lack DNA repair activity. Cryptochrome (CRY) is one of the key elements of the circadian system in animals. In plants, CRY acts as a blue light receptor to entrain circadian rhythms, and mediates a variety of light responses, such as the regulation of flowering and seedling growth. RESULTS: We performed a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the CRY/PHR superfamily. The superfamily consists of 7 major subfamilies: CPD class I and CPD class II photolyases, (6–4) photolyases, CRY-DASH, plant PHR2, plant CRY and animal CRY. Although the whole superfamily evolved primarily under strong purifying selection (average ω = 0.0168), some subfamilies did experience strong episodic positive selection during their evolution. Photolyases were lost in higher animals that suggests natural selection apparently became weaker in the late stage of evolutionary history. The evolutionary time estimates suggested that plant and animal CRYs evolved in the Neoproterozoic Era (~1000–541 Mya), which might be a result of adaptation to the major climate and global light regime changes occurred in that period of the Earth’s geological history." ]

[ "A cladistic analysis of 23 extant species of the deep‐sea pedunculate cirripede family Scalpellidae was undertaken, based on 61 shell plate characters, and taking the Jurassic–Cretaceous scalpellomorph genus C retiscalpellum as an out‐group. The consensus tree shows progressive morphological change from basal to more derived taxa, but a derived group is marked by major morphological innovation, including 27 character state changes that permit subdivision of the family into two sharply demarcated clades – the more basal group is here placed within a redefined Scalpellinae (A rcoscalpellum, A rcuatoscalpellum gen. nov., D iotascalpellum gen. nov., G raviscalpellum, R egioscalpellum gen. nov., and S calpellum), and a more derived group named A migdoscalpellinae subfam. nov. that shows numerous progressive trends in morphology, permitting the recognition of three genera (A migdoscalpellum, C atherinum, and W eltnerium). The phylogeny is independently supported by a recently published multiple DNA marker‐based molecular phylogeny. The more basal Scalpellinae appeared in the Aptian (Early Cretaceous, 120 Mya), and derived Amigdoscalpellinae were already present by the Campanian (Late Cretaceous, 78 Mya), represented by C atherinum anglicum sp. nov. and A migdoscalpellum bellulum from the UK Chalk. Specialized receptacles to accommodate dwarf males in the apical interior of the scutum evolved at least three times during the history of the scalpellids. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London", "The appearance of Cryptococcus gattii in the North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) in 1999 was an unexpected and is still an unexplained event. Recent phylogenomic analyses strongly suggest that this pathogenic fungus arrived in the PNW approximately 7 to 9 decades ago. In this paper, we theorize that the ancestors of the PNW C. gattii clones arrived in the area by shipborne transport, possibly in contaminated ballast, and established themselves in coastal waters early in the 20th century. In 1964, a tsunami flooded local coastal regions, transporting C. gattii to land. The occurrence of cryptococcosis in animals and humans 3 decades later suggests that adaptation to local environs took time, possibly requiring an increase in virulence and further dispersal. Tsunamis as a mechanism for the seeding of land with pathogenic waterborne microbes may have important implications for our understanding of how infectious diseases emerge in certain regions. This hypothesis suggests experimental work for its validation or refutation." ]

[ "Treatment for kidney failure due to dehydration. In kidney failure caused by dehydration, you may feel the symptoms of decreased urine output, fluid retention, drowsiness, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, confusion, seizures, chest pain or pressure. Treatment for acute kidney failure involves finding the underlying cause--dehydration." ]

[ "Chronic disease is always accompanied by dehydration and, in many cases, caused by dehydration. The longer a person lives on a low water ration and/or on a high ration of stimulating beverages or foods, the more severe and long lasting is the toxicity crisis.", "Many times in Colorado people will get a little dehydrated, Becker tells me, and if you get dehydrated, yep, that can affect kidney function. If there's any more doubt about Cannon's condition know this: According to our news team's sources, Cannon is expected to be sprung from sick bay as early as tonight." ]

[ "Cardiac ablation carries a risk of complications, including: Bleeding or infection at the site where your catheter was inserted Damage to your blood vessels where the catheter may have scraped as it traveled to your heart" ]

[ "A radiofrequency ablation procedure is not appropriate in patients with active infections (e.g. a cold or sinus infection), or for patient’s with blood clotting issues, or for those who may be pregnant. Further, this procedure is not appropriate for patients weighing more than 250 pounds.", "Usha Tedrow of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, said ablation can be considered early, in selected patients who are receiving an [ICD] for stable ventricular tachycardia, in whom recurrences of a ventricular tachycardia are likely." ]

[ "time by default. The coprocessor powering the touch bar and higher TDP of the stronger CPU models are responsible for this behavior. YouTube tech reviewer Dave Lee was very critical of the high price of the MacBook Pro. He ultimately said that \"\"for most people, [the MacBook Pro] is just way too expensive and overpriced.\"\" The macOS operating system has been pre-installed on all MacBook Pros since release, starting with version 10.4.4 (Tiger). Along with OS X, iLife has also shipped with all systems, beginning with iLife '06. The MacBook Pro comes with the successor to BIOS, Extensible Firmware Interface" ]

[ "SATA port and an Ultra ATA/100 port. The Mac Pro had one PATA port and could support two PATA devices in the optical drive bays. It had a total of six SATA ports – four were connected to the system's drive bays, and two were not connected. The extra SATA ports could be put into service through the use of after-market extender cables to connect internal optical drives, or to provide eSATA ports with the use of an eSATA bulkhead connector. However, the two extra SATA ports were unsupported and disabled under Boot Camp. A built-to-order Mac Pro could be", "Pro units without Touch Bar, manufactured between October 2016 and October 2017, may have the built-in battery expanded, which is also known as \"\"swelling\"\". Apple initiated a free replacement program for eligible units. A \"\"limited number\"\" of 128GB and 256GB solid-state drives (SSD) used in 13-inch MacBook Pro (non Touch Bar) units have an issue that may result in data loss and failure of the drive. 13-inch MacBook Pro units with affected drives were sold between June 2017 and June 2018. This resulted in Apple launching a repair program for those affected- the repair involves the update of firmware. Some" ]

[ "So if you are wondering how to conserve forests you should accept the fact that we are all too dependent on burning fossil fuels. When we get off our addiction from fossil fuel we can start to make a significant change in our world today.", "If we also cut back on our insatiable needs for products that use trees as material we can conserve more forests. One area that so many have highlighted is our excessive use and waste of paper products." ]

[ "Also be sure to check if you are eligible for federal tax credits for energy efficiency or renewable energy. Some expire at the end of 2016, so plan your improvements now! Finally, check out our fall and winter energy-saving tips for other ways to stay warm, save energy, and save money as the weather cools down.", "Native plants usually need less water to grow or can make better use of the water that is available to them than other types of grasses, trees, and shrubs. People who do this type of landscaping also find creative ways to use rocks or other types of ground covers in their yards or even in front of their businesses." ]

[ "The worldwide distributed Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype A is classified into three subgenotypes, and one quasi-subgenotype. The majority of HBV-A subgenotypes are widespread in Africa and in ethnic groups that have relatively recently emigrated from African countries, whereas HBV-A2 is highly prevalent among subjects at high risk for sexual exposure to HBV in north-western Europe and the USA. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the origin and dispersion of HBV-A subgenotypes on a reliable timescale using short-term calibration based on heterochronous sampling for HBV-A2, and long-term calibration based on historical data for the other subgenotypes. To this aim, we analysed 113 newly characterised HBV-A isolates with 247 reference sequences retrieved from a public database. The phylodynamic reconstruction was performed by a Bayesian framework. The common ancestor of the currently circulating A subgenotypes was placed in west-central Africa a mean 1057 years ago. The genotype diverged into two main clades at the beginning of the 13th century: one including all of the west-central African quasi-subgenotypes and the other corresponding to subgenotype A1, originating in east Africa and further segregating into two main subclades: an \"African\" and a \"cosmopolitan\" clade. It is likely that the slave trade was the main source the spread of cosmopolitan HBV-A1, which was exported to Asia in the 17th century as a result of Arab or Portuguese trade, and to Latin America in the 18th centuries through the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The origin of the currently circulating A2 strains dates back to the first decades of the 20th century, and the evolutionary demography analysis suggests an exponential growth of infections, between 1970s and the mid-1990s. In conclusion, the very different epidemiological and evolutionary histories of HBV-A subgenotypes justify the use of different calibration approaches to reconstruct their reciprocal phylodynamics." ]

[ "A cross-sectional study on hepatitis B patients in Indonesia showed association of pre-S2 start codon mutation (M120 V) with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which was dissimilar from studies from other populations where pre-S2 deletion mutation was more prevalent. Different mutation patterns were attributed to different hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotypes in each population study. HBV surface proteins are reported to induce the activation of NF-B, a transcriptional factor known to play an important role in the development of liver disease. This study aimed to see the effects of HBs variants in HBV subgenotype B3 on the expression and activation of NF-B as one of the mechanisms in inducing advanced liver disease. HBV subgenotypes B3, each carrying wild-type (wt) HBs, M120 V, and pre-S2 deletion mutation were isolated from three HCC patients. HBs genes were amplified and cloned into pcDNA3.1 and were transfected using Lipofectamine into a Huh7 cell line. NF-B activation was measured through IB- expression, which is regulated by NF-B. RNA expressions for HBs, IB-, and NF-B subunit (p50) were evaluated using real-time PCR. M120 V mutant had a significantly higher mRNA level compared with wt and pre-S2 deletion mutant; however, there were no significant differences in HBs protein expressions. The transcription level of p50 was higher in M120 V mutation compared with HBs wild-type and pre-S2 deletion mutant. NF-B activation was higher in HBs wild-type compared with the two mutant variants. Pre-S2 mutations had no effect on the increment of NF-B activation. However, M120 V mutation may utilize a different pathway in liver disease progression that involves high expression of NF-B subunit, p50.", "Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyperendemic in Ethiopia and constitutes a major public health problem, little is known about its genetic diversity, genotypes, and circulation. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of HBV in Ethiopia, using 391 serum samples collected from HBsAg-positive blood donors living in five different geographic regions. The HBV S/pol gene was amplified, sequenced, and HBV genotypes, subgenotypes, serotypes, and major hydrophilic region (MHR) variants were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of 371 samples (95%) revealed the distribution of genotypes A (78%) and D (22%) in Ethiopia. Further phylogenetic analysis identified one subgenotype (A1) within genotype A, and 4 subgenotypes within genotype D (D1; 1.3%, D2; 55%, D4; 2.5%, and D6; 8.8%). Importantly, 24 isolates (30%) of genotype D formed a novel phylogenetic cluster, distinct from any known D subgenotypes, and two A/D recombinants. Analysis of predicted amino-acid sequences within the HBsAg revealed four serotypes: adw2 (79%), ayw1 (3.1%), ayw2 (7.8%), and ayw3 (11.6%). Subsequent examination of sequences showed that 51 HBV isolates (14%) had mutations in the MHR and 8 isolates (2.2%) in the reverse transcriptase known to confer antiviral resistance. This study provides the first description of HBV genetic diversity in Ethiopia with a predominance of subgenotypes A1 and D2, and also identified HBV isolates that could represent a novel subgenotype. Furthermore, a significant prevalence of HBsAg variants in Ethiopian population is revealed." ]

[ "Approximately one in eight patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) die within the first three months of starting renal replacement therapy (RRT). We investigated which factors might improve this early mortality. We performed a prospective nationwide study of all patients commencing RRT for ESRD in Scotland over one year. Patients were classified according to how they presented to start RRT, their burden of comorbid diseases, access prepared for dialysis, and duration of care by a nephrologist prior to commencing RRT. Those factors most strongly associated with death within 90 days of commencing treatment were determined by logistic regression analysis. Patients with an acute unexpected element to their presentation for RRT had early mortality rates between 6.0 and 8.9 times greater than those who commenced RRT electively after a period of care from a nephrologist. Patients in high and medium comorbidity risk groups had early mortality rates of 4.7 and 2.2 times greater than those in the low-risk group. Low serum albumin had a significant association with early death. Patients who progressed steadily to ESRD, who had a planned start to dialysis, and who had mature access were 3.6 times more likely to survive beyond three months than those with no access; they were, however, also younger with less comorbidity" ]

[ "The purpose of our study was to investigate the timing of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) application, based on the interval between the start of early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) and CRRT initiation, to ascertain whether the timing was an independent predictor of mortality in patients with septic acute kidney injury (AKI). An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted of 60 patients (>18 years old) who had been admitted to the emergency department and received resuscitation according to the standard EGDT algorithm for severe sepsis and septic shock, and who were treated with CRRT due to septic AKI, between June 2008 and February 2013 at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the median interval between the start of EGDT and the commencement of CRRT. The main outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, and a multivariate Cox analysis for mortality was used to evaluate the independent impact of the early CRRT treatment", "INTRODUCTION: Renal transplantation is undoubtedly considered the best renal replacement therapy. Graft nephrectomy can be performed in patients with renal transplantation because of complications associated with the failed graft. We aimed to retrospectively investigate the characteristics of patients who underwent graft nephrectomy.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2000 and November 2013, the records of 757 patients who had renal transplantation in Ege University Faculty of Medicine Hospital Nephrology-Transplantation outpatient clinic were examined. Sixty-four patients who underwent graft nephrectomy were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the timing of graft nephrectomy. The group of 30 patients who underwent graft nephrectomy in the first 56 days after the renal transplantation was referred to as the \"early group\" and the group of 34 patients who underwent graft nephrectomy after 56 days was referred to as \"late group.\"RESULTS: In our study, we found the body mass index to be significantly higher in those with early graft loss (P = .02). We found that there was a difference between the groups in terms of sex (P = .012). When the mortality and morbidity rates after graft nephrectomy were examined, mortality was observed in 3 of the 64 patients in the study and morbidity in 1 patient.CONCLUSION: According to our study, the body mass indices and ages of the subjects who need early graft nephrectomy are higher. However, male sex was significantly more prevalent in patients who underwent graft nephrectomy in the late period compared with the early period." ]

[ "Even though women tend to graduate from college in higher numbers, women graduates are earning hourly wages ($15) that are 13.9% less than men ($18.29). Wage prospects have been underwhelming for most of the previous decade. Between 2007 and 2011, for instance, wages for young college grads dropped 4.6%." ]

[ "In Mississippi, the average hourly rate was $22.70 in 2011, according to the BLS, although that may also include salaried psychologists who do not charge separate fees. In Rhode Island, the rate jumps to $39.47, and in New Jersey, the average hourly rate is $46.25.", "This makes the average hourly rate $23.17 based on a 40-hour workweek. We've made a list of jobs in various industries; each position earns between $20 and $30 per hour and is experiencing job growth through 2016, based on data from the BLS.Here are 10 jobs that earn more than $20 per hour: U.S. Census Bureau: median household salary is $48,201. 2 That puts the average hourly rate at $23.17 based on a 40-hour workweek. 3 Other $20/hr jobs: clergy, electrician, and food scientists." ]

[ "A woman is traveling by train." ]

[ "The woman looks out the car window." ]

[ "We propose a computational method to measure and visualize interrelationships among any number of DNA sequences allowing, for example, the examination of hundreds or thousands of complete mitochondrial genomes. An \"image distance\" is computed for each pair of graphical representations of DNA sequences, and the distances are visualized as a Molecular Distance Map: Each point on the map represents a DNA sequence, and the spatial proximity between any two points reflects the degree of structural similarity between the corresponding sequences. The graphical representation of DNA sequences utilized, Chaos Game Representation (CGR), is genome- and species-specific and can thus act as a genomic signature. Consequently, Molecular Distance Maps could inform species identification, taxonomic classifications and, to a certain extent, evolutionary history. The image distance employed, Structural Dissimilarity Index (DSSIM), implicitly compares the occurrences of oligomers of length up to k (herein k = 9) in DNA sequences. We computed DSSIM distances for more than 5 million pairs of complete mitochondrial genomes, and used Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) to obtain Molecular Distance Maps that visually display the sequence relatedness in various subsets, at different taxonomic levels. This general-purpose method does not require DNA sequence alignment and can thus be used to compare similar or vastly different DNA sequences, genomic or computer-generated, of the same or different lengths. We illustrate potential uses of this approach by applying it to several taxonomic subsets: phylum Vertebrata, (super)kingdom Protista, classes Amphibia-Insecta-Mammalia, class Amphibia, and order Primates. This analysis of an extensive dataset confirms that the oligomer composition of full mtDNA sequences can be a source of taxonomic information. This method also correctly finds the mtDNA sequences most closely related to that of the anatomically modern human (the Neanderthal, the Denisovan, and the chimp), and that the sequence most different from it in this dataset belongs to a cucumber." ]

[ "Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) based distance measurements have been exploited to measure protein-protein docking, protein-DNA interactions, substrate binding and metal coordination sites. Here, we use EPR to locate a native paramagnetic metal binding site in a protein with less than 2 ? resolution. We employ a rigid Cu2+ binding motif, the double histidine (dHis) motif, in conjunction with double electron electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy. Specifically, we utilize a multilateration approach to elucidate the native Cu2+ binding site in the immunoglobulin binding domain of protein G. Notably, multilateration performed with the dHis motif required only the minimum number of four distance constraints, whereas comparable studies using flexible nitroxide-based spin labels require many more for similar precision. This methodology demonstrates a significant increase in the efficiency of structural determinations via EPR distance measurements using the dHis motif.", "DNA imaging in living cells usually requires transgenic approaches that modify the genome. Synthetic pyrrole-imidazole polyamides that bind specifically to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) represent an attractive approach for in-cell imaging that does not necessitate changes to the genome. Nine hairpin polyamides that target mouse major satellite DNA were synthesized. Their interactions with synthetic target dsDNA fragments were studied by thermal denaturation, gel-shift electrophoresis, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The polyamides had different affinities for the target DNA, and fluorescent labeling of the polyamides affected their affinity for their targets. We validated the specificity of the probes in fixed cells and provide evidence that two of the probes detect target sequences in mouse living cell lines. This study demonstrates for the first time that synthetic compounds can be used for the visualization of the nuclear substructures formed by repeated DNA sequences in living cells." ]

[ "Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that has been linked to changes in cholesterol metabolism. Neuronal cholesterol content significantly influences the pro-apoptotic effect of amyloid- peptide42 (A42), which plays a key role in AD development. We previously reported that aged mice with reduced expression of the lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR+/-), demonstrate membrane cholesterol accumulation and decreased intracellular lipid droplets in several brain regions, suggesting a potential role of LSR in brain cholesterol distribution. We questioned if these changes rendered the LSR+/- mouse more susceptible to A42-induced cognitive and biochemical changes. Results revealed that intracerebroventricular injection of oligomeric A42 in male 15-month old LSR+/+ and LSR+/- mice led to impairment in learning and long-term memory and decreased cortical cholesterol content of both groups; these effects were significantly amplified in the A42-injected LSR+/- group. Total latency of the Morris test was significantly and negatively correlated with cortical cholesterol content of the LSR+/- mice, but not of controls. Significantly lower cortical PSD95 and SNAP-25 levels were detected in A42-injected LSR+/- mice as compared to A42-injected LSR+/+ mice. In addition, 24S-hydroxy cholesterol metabolite levels were significantly higher in the cortex of LSR+/- mice. Taken together, these results suggest that changes in cortex cholesterol regulation as a result of the LSR+/- genotype were linked to increased susceptibility to amyloid stress, and we would therefore propose the aged LSR+/- mouse as a new model for understanding the link between modified cholesterol regulation as a risk factor for AD." ]

[ "BACKGROUND: In Huntington's disease (HD), the ratio between normal and mutant Huntingtin (polyQ-hHtt) is crucial in the onset and progression of the disease. As a result, addition of normal Htt was shown to improve polyQ-hHtt-induced defects. Therefore, we recently identified, within human Htt, a 23aa peptide (P42) that prevents aggregation and polyQ-hHtt-induced phenotypes in HD Drosophila model. In this report, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of P42 in a mammalian model of the disease, R6/2 mice.RESULTS: To this end, we developed an original strategy for P42 delivery, combining the properties of the cell penetrating peptide TAT from HIV with a nanostructure-based drug delivery system (Aonys technology), to form a water-in-oil microemulsion (referred to as NP42T) allowing non-invasive per mucosal buccal/rectal administration of P42. Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry, we verified the correct targeting of NP42T into the brain, after per mucosal administration. We then evaluated the effects of NP42T in R6/2 mice. We found that P42 (and/or derivatives) are delivered into the brain and target most of the cells, including the neurons of the striatum. Buccal/rectal daily administrations of NP42T microemulsion allowed a clear improvement of behavioural HD-associated defects (foot-clasping, rotarod and body weights), and of several histological markers (aggregation, astrogliosis or ventricular areas) recorded on brain sections.CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that NP42T presents an unprecedented protective effect, and highlight a new therapeutic strategy for HD, associating an efficient peptide with a powerful delivery technology.", "The main pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the deposition of amyloid-beta (A) peptides in the brain. A has been widely used to mimic several aspects of Alzheimer's disease. However, several characteristics of amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease pathology are not well established, especially in mice. The present study aimed to develop a new Alzheimer's disease model by investigating how A can be effectively aggregated using prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To express the A42 complex in HEK293 cells, we cloned the A42 region in a tandem repeat and incorporated the resulting construct into a eukaryotic expression vector. Following transfection into HEK293 cells via lipofection, cell viability assay and western blotting analysis revealed that exogenous A42 can induce cell death and apoptosis. In addition, recombinant His-tagged A42 was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and not only readily formed A complexes, but also inhibited the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells and E. coli. For in vivo testing, recombinant His-tagged A42 solution (3 g/l in 1? PBS containing 1 mM Ni⁺) was injected stereotaxically into the left and right lateral ventricles of the brains of C57BL/6J mice (n = 8). Control mice were injected with 1? PBS containing 1 mM Ni⁺ following the same procedure. Ten days after the sample injection, the Morris water maze test confirmed that exogenous A caused an increase in memory loss. These findings demonstrated that Ni⁺ is capable of complexing the 50-kDa amyloid and that intracerebroventricular injection of A42 can lead to cognitive impairment, thereby providing improved Alzheimer's disease models." ]

[ "BACKGROUND: Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot experience variable outcomes for reasons that are incompletely understood. We hypothesize that genetic variants contribute to this variability. We sought to investigate the association of 22q11.2 deletion status with clinical outcome in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a cross-sectional study of tetralogy of Fallot subjects who were tested for 22q11.2 deletion, and underwent cardiac magnetic resonance, exercise stress test, and review of medical history. We studied 165 subjects (12.33.1 years), of which 30 (18%) had 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). Overall, by cardiac magnetic resonance the right ventricular ejection fraction was 608%, pulmonary regurgitant fraction was 3417%, and right ventricular end-diastolic volume was 11439 cc/m(2). On exercise stress test, maximum oxygen consumption was 7616% predicted. Despite comparable right ventricular function and pulmonary regurgitant fraction, on exercise stress test the 22q11.2DS had significantly lower percent predicted: forced vital capacity (61.516 versus 80.514; P<0.0001), maximum oxygen consumption (6117 versus 8012; P<0.0001), and work (6418 versus 8622, P=0.0002). Similarly, the 22q11.2DS experienced more hospitalizations (6.5 [5-10] versus 3 [2-5]; P<0.0001), saw more specialists (3.5 [2-9] versus 0 [0-12]; P<0.0001), and used ?1 medications (67% versus 34%; P<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: 22q11.2DS is associated with restrictive lung disease, worse aerobic capacity, and increased morbidity, and may explain some of the clinical variability seen in tetralogy of Fallot. These findings may provide avenues for intervention to improve outcomes, and should be re-evaluated longitudinally because these associations may become more pronounced with time." ]

[ "Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental syndrome that has been studied intensively in order to understand relationships between the genetic microdeletion, brain development, cognitive function, and the emergence of psychiatric symptoms. White matter microstructural abnormalities identified using diffusion tensor imaging methods have been reported to affect a variety of neuroanatomical tracts in 22q11.2DS. In the present study, we sought to combine two discovery-based approaches: (1) white matter query language was used to parcellate the brain's white matter into tracts connecting pairs of 34, bilateral cortical regions and (2) the diffusion imaging characteristics of the resulting tracts were analyzed using a machine-learning method called support vector machine in order to optimize the selection of a set of imaging features that maximally discriminated 22q11.2DS and comparison subjects. With this unique approach, we both confirmed previously-recognized 22q11.2DS-related abnormalities in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and identified, for the first time, 22q11.2DS-related anomalies in the middle longitudinal fascicle and the extreme capsule, which may have been overlooked in previous, hypothesis-guided studies. We further observed that, in participants with 22q11.2DS, ILF metrics were significantly associated with positive prodromal symptoms of psychosis.", "OBJECTIVE: Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) often require surgical intervention to treat velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). Although some studies have documented improved velopharyngeal (VP) closure under increased speaking effort, currently no studies have examined the effect of similar behavioral speech modifications on VP closure in children with 22qDS. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the effect of loudness on VP closure during speech in children with 22qDS and persisting VPD.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four children with 22qDS, posterior pharyngeal flap, and persisting mild VPD underwent pressure-flow testing while repeating words at habitual and increased loudness levels. Using a single-subject A-B design, descriptive statistics and graphical measures were used to examine differences in VP orifice area (VPA) and timing of closure in the habitual versus loud condition.RESULTS: Results were mixed. Median VPA decreased during some stimuli for 3 participants, but increased for 1 subject when speaking louder. Median duration of nasal airflow decreased for 3 participants in the loud condition.CONCLUSION: This study presents preliminary aerodynamic data regarding the plasticity of VP physiology in the 22qDS group. Further research is needed to determine how loudness impacts VP function in children with 22qDS." ]

[ "BACKGROUND: The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells is a complex process that involves epigenetic modifications and the interaction of DNA with multiple transcription factors. This process can be studied with unprecedented sensitivity using a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq). Available ChIP-seq data can be further utilized to interpret new gene expression profiling experiments.RESULTS: Here, we describe seqinspector, a tool that accepts any set of genomic coordinates from ChIP-seq or RNA-seq studies to identify shared transcriptional regulators. The presented web resource includes a large collection of publicly available ChIP-seq and RNA-seq experiments (>1300 tracks) performed on transcription factors, histone modifications, RNA polymerases, enhancers and insulators in humans and mice. Over-representation is calculated based on the coverage computed directly from indexed files storing ChIP-seq data (bigwig). Therefore, seqinspector is not limited to pre-computed sets of gene promoters.CONCLUSION: The tool can be used to identify common gene expression regulators for sets of co-expressed transcripts (including miRNAs, lncRNAs or any novel unannotated RNAs) or for sets of ChIP-seq peaks to identify putative protein-protein interactions or transcriptional co-factors. The tool is available at http://seqinspector.cremag.org." ]

[ "A high-level control algorithm capable of generating position and torque references from surface electromyography signals (sEMG) was designed. It was applied to a shape memory alloy (SMA)-actuated exoskeleton used in active rehabilitation therapies for elbow joints. The sEMG signals are filtered and normalized according to data collected online during the first seconds of a therapy session. The control algorithm uses the sEMG signals to promote active participation of patients during the therapy session. In order to generate the reference position pattern with good precision, the sEMG normalized signal is compared with a pressure sensor signal to detect the intention of each movement. The algorithm was tested in simulations and with healthy people for control of an elbow exoskeleton in flexion⁻extension movements. The results indicate that sEMG signals from elbow muscles, in combination with pressure sensors that measure arm⁻exoskeleton interaction, can be used as inputs for the control algorithm, which adapts the reference for exoskeleton movements according to a patient's intention.", "Objective To establish selenoprotein P, plasma 1 (SEPP1) gene recombinant lentiviral vector and investigate the effect of SEPP1 on the proliferation of human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells. Methods cDNA sequence of SEPP1 was cloned from the total cDNA of HEK293T cells by PCR. Then, the cDNA fragment was combined with the pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro vector and the constructed plasmid pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro-SEPP1 was transfected into HEK293T cells for packaging the virus. Forty-eight hours after transfected with the virus supernatant, the level of SEPP1 protein in 769-P and 786-O cells were tested by Western blotting. Cells were divided into recombinant lentivirus-infected cells, empty vector lentivirus-infected cells and the blank control cells. Cell proliferation rate was detected by MTS assay, colony forming ability was evaluated by plate clony formation assay and cell cycle change was assayed by flow cytometry after transfected with pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro-SEPP1 or empty pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro vector. Results Enzyme digestion analysis and DNA sequencing showed that the recombinant plasmid pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro-SEPP1 was constructed successfully. After being infected by the virus supernatant, the 786-O and 769-P cells expressed EGFP. Compared with the empty vector group and the blank control group, expression level of SEPP1 in the experimental group was much higher. The cell proliferative ability was inhibited in the cells overexpressing SEPP1, and the colony forming ability of SEPP1-overexpressed cells evidently decreased. Cell cycle was arrested in G2/M phase in 786-O cells overexpressing SEPP1. Conclusion The recombinant plasmid pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro-SEPP1 has been constructed successfully. Overexpression of SEPP1 could significantly reduce the proliferation rate of 786-O and 769P cells, and cause G2/M phase arrest of 786-O cells." ]

[ "GcvB small RNA is described as post-transcriptional regulator of 1-2% of all mRNAs in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium. At least 24 GcvB:mRNA interactions have been validated in vivo, establishing the largest characterized sRNA targetome. By performing MS2-affinity purification coupled with RNA sequencing (MAPS) technology, we identified seven additional mRNAs negatively regulated by GcvB in E. coli. Contrary to the vast majority of previously known targets, which pair to the well-conserved GcvB R1 region, we validated four mRNAs targeted by GcvB R3 region. This indicates that base-pairing through R3 seed sequence seems relatively common. We also noticed unusual GcvB pairing sites in the coding sequence of two target mRNAs. One of these target mRNAs has a pairing site displaying a unique ACA motif, suggesting that GcvB could hijack a translational enhancer element. The second target mRNA is likely regulated via an active RNase E-mediated mRNA degradation mechanism. Remarkably, we confirmed the importance of the sRNA sponge SroC in the fine-tuning control of GcvB activity in function of growth conditions such as growth phase and nutrient availability." ]

[ "Cell cycle transitions spanning meiotic maturation of the Xenopus oocyte and early embryogenesis are tightly regulated at the level of stored inactive maternal mRNA. We investigated here the translational control of cyclin E1, required for metaphase II arrest of the unfertilised egg and the initiation of S phase in the early embryo. We show that the cyclin E1 mRNA is regulated by both cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (CPEs) and two miR-15/16 target sites within its 3'UTR. Moreover, we provide evidence that maternal miR-15/16 microRNAs co-immunoprecipitate with CPE-binding protein (CPEB), and that CPEB interacts with the RISC component Ago2. Experiments using competitor RNA and mutated cyclin E1 3'UTRs suggest cooperation of the regulatory elements to sustain repression of the cyclin E1 mRNA during early stages of maturation when CPEB becomes limiting and cytoplasmic polyadenylation of repressed mRNAs begins. Importantly, injection of anti-miR-15/16 LNA results in the early polyadenylation of endogenous cyclin E1 mRNA during meiotic maturation, and an acceleration of GVBD, altogether strongly suggesting that the proximal CPEB and miRNP complexes act to mutually stabilise each other. We conclude that miR-15/16 and CPEB co-regulate cyclin E1 mRNA. This is the first demonstration of the co-operation of these two pathways.", "Recent studies have shown that virally encoded mRNA sequences of genome maintenance proteins from herpesviruses contain clusters of unusual structural elements, G-quadruplexes, which modulate viral protein synthesis. Destabilization of these G-quadruplexes can override the inhibitory effect on self-synthesis of these proteins. Here we show that the purine-rich repetitive mRNA sequence of Epstein-Barr virus encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) comprising G-quadruplex structures, limits both the presentation of MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitopes by CD11c(+) dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes and early priming of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cells. Destabilization of the G-quadruplex structures through codon-modification significantly enhanced in vivo antigen presentation and activation of virus-specific T cells. Ex vivo imaging of draining lymph nodes by confocal microscopy revealed enhanced antigen-specific T-cell trafficking and APC-CD8(+) T-cell interactions in mice primed with viral vectors encoding a codon-modified EBNA1 protein. More importantly, these antigen-specific T cells displayed enhanced expression of the T-box transcription factor and superior polyfunctionality consistent with the qualitative impact of translation efficiency. These results provide an important insight into how viruses exploit mRNA structure to down regulate synthesis of their viral maintenance proteins and delay priming of antigen-specific T cells, thereby establishing a successful latent infection in vivo. Furthermore, targeting EBNA1 mRNA rather than protein by small molecules or antisense oligonucleotides will enhance EBNA1 synthesis and the early priming of effector T cells, to establish a more rapid immune response and prevent persistent infection." ]

[ "INTRODUCTION: The manifestation of enterocutaneous fistulas is varied. They can range from controlled secretion via the abdominal wall to septic disease. The disease is categorised into low-, moderate- and high-output fistulas. Often the only option is surgical treatment. Occasionally, there is spontaneous healing under conservative treatment. The aim of this study was to work out a possible subgroup of patients who benefit from conservative treatment. Material und Methods: Ninety-nine patients were treated for enterocutaneous fistulas from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2005. Seventy patients underwent surgery, 29 patients were treated conservatively. All data was collected prospectively using an admission form and was analysed retrospectively. Conservative treatment consisted of fasting with parenteral nutrition, while fistulas in the surgical group were treated by suture repair or resection. Additive treatments such as vacuum dressings or TNF- medication for patients with Crohn's disease were not performed.RESULTS: In our study we achieved a total cure rate of 69%, with an average hospital stay of 38 days. Surgical treatment led to significantly better results compared with conservative treatment (83 vs. 34%). Mortality in the surgical group was distinctly, but not significantly reduced at 7%, compared with 14% in the conservative group. The fistulas that healed after conservative treatment were low-output fistulas only.CONCLUSION: Enterocutaneous fistulas are diseases associated with long hospital stays and, therefore, expensive treatment. Low-output fistulas may heal spontaneously. The best results are achieved by surgical treatment. More recent treatments such as vacuum therapy and TNF- medication for patients with Crohn's disease are promising approaches. In the future, many of these will have to be combined with surgical treatment." ]

[ "We present two cases of enterovaginal and enterocutaneous fistulae associated to treatment with pazopanib, which is an angiogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic renal cancer. The times from drug administration and the first appearance of a fistula were 6 and 16 months, respectively. None of the cases had a history of surgery or radiotherapy in the area where the complication was observed. Enterovaginal and enterocutaneous fistula represent less than 1% of all published complications caused by the use of antiangiogenic drugs. However, they must be taken into account as the reported mortality rate is close to 30%. Given its low incidence, we believe that sharing this data is a great way to help specialists who have to treat these patients to take the necessary precautions and decide on an adequate approach.", "Enteroatmospheric fistulas (EAFs) represent a challenging problem in patients with an open abdomen (OA). A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the effects of enteral alimentation on wound status and management and nutrition. All patients with an EAF in an OA treated between October 2012 and December 2014 at a university hospital in Germany were included without criteria for exclusions. Demographic and morbidity-related data collected included age, gender, surgeries, OA grading, body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, and serum creatinin. Underlying diseases and time between the index operation and the formation of the OA and EAFs were analyzed in relation to the initiation of enteral nutrition (EN), which can aggravate and contaminate the OA due to intestinal secretions necessary for digestion. The OA was described in size and area of the fascia defect and classified according to the Bj?rck Scale. The number and location of the fistulas and the duration of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) were documented. Outcome parameters included fistula volume, wound management (eg, dressing change frequency, need for wound revision), feeding tolerance, systemic impact of nutrition, nutrition status at discharge, and mortality. Data were analyzed using primary descriptive statistics. The Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate changes in fistula volume and BMI; categorical data were compared using Fisher's exact test. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Ten (10) patients (8 women, median age of participants 55.4 [range 44-71] years) were treated during the study time period. Seven (7) patients had the first fistula orifice in the upper jejunum (UJF); 8 had more than 1 fistula. EN was initiated with high caloric liquid nutrition and gradually increased to a 25 kcal/kg/day liquid or solid nutrition. All patients were provided NPWT at 75 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg. EN was not followed by a significant increase of median daily fistula volume (1880 mL versus 2520 mL, P = 0.25) or the need for more frequent changes of NPWT dressings (days between changes 2.6 versus 2.9, P = 0.19). In 9 patients, the severity of wound complications such as inflammation or skin erosion decreased both in frequency and magnitude (eg, affected area). All patients achieved a sufficient oral intake, but only 3 were discharged from the hospital without parenteral nutrition. In this study, EN did not cause additional problems in wound management but did not provide sufficient alimentation in patients with a UJF. Prospective studies are needed to clarify associations between EN, nutrition, and wound management." ]

[ "BACKGROUND: Exaggerated startle reactions have been frequently described in patients with functional movement disorders (FMD). Long onset latencies and inconsistent recruitment pattern are thought to be a hallmark in these patients. The auditory startle reflex has not been systematically assessed though.OBJECTIVES: Assessing the frequency and pattern of the early and late component of the auditory startle response in patients with functional jerky movement disorders.METHODS: A case-control design was used to study 17 patients with functional jerky movement disorders and 15 healthy gender- and age-matched control subjects. The auditory startle reflex was elicited by 108dB loud tones and assessed with electromyography in multiple muscles.RESULTS: Response probability of the early and the late response were significantly enlarged in patients with FMD. The early response showed a normal muscle recruitment pattern whereas the late response revealed a more variable pattern compared to controls. The early and late responses showed normal habituation in both groups. Remarkably, a high response rate of the abdominal muscle was noted especially in patients suffering from abdominal jerks.CONCLUSIONS: This study shows enlarged, but normally patterned early startle responses in FMD. The high response frequency of the late responses found in these patients reflects a behavioral component. Hypersensitivity to external stimuli, often noted in FMD is supported by high response probabilities of both components of the auditory startle response." ]

[ "Fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle are two widely used paradigms specifically designed to capture the impact of negative emotion (e.g. fear) and preattentive function on startle response. Currently, there is no single paradigm that incorporates both FPS and PPI, making it impossible to examine the potential interactions between fear and attention in the regulation of startle response. In this study, we developed an integrated FPS and PPI test protocol and validated it with psychoactive drugs. In Experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups, receiving either Light -Shock conditioning trials, non-overlapping Lights and Shocks, Light alone, Shock alone, or no Light and Shock. They were then tested for startle response and PPI concurrently, under the Light or No Light. FPS was observed only in rats subjected to fear conditioning, whereas all rats showed PPI and startle habituation. Experiment 2 used this paradigm and demonstrated a dissociative effect between diazepam (an anxiolytic drug) and phencyclidine (a nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist) on FPS and PPI. Diazepam suppressed both FPS and PPI, while PCP selectively disrupted PPI but not FPS. The diazepam's anxiolytic effect on FPS was further confirmed in the elevated plus maze test. Together, our findings indicate that our paradigm combines FPS and PPI into a single paradigm, and that is useful to examine potential interactions between multiple psychological processes, to identify the common neural substrates and to screen new drugs with multiple psychoactive effects.", "The acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is subject to substantial variability. This inherent variability consequently shapes the conclusions drawn from gap-induced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (GPIAS) assessments. Recent studies have cast doubt as to the efficacy of this methodology as it pertains to tinnitus assessment, partially, due to variability in and between data sets. The goal of this study was to examine the variance associated with several common data collection variables and data analyses with the aim to improve GPIAS reliability. To study this the GPIAS tests were conducted in adult male and female CBA/CaJ mice. Factors such as inter-trial interval, circadian rhythm, sex differences, and sensory adaptation were each evaluated. We then examined various data analysis factors which influence GPIAS assessment. Gap-induced facilitation, data processing options, and assessments of tinnitus were studied. We found that the startle reflex is highly variable in CBA/CaJ mice, but this can be minimized by certain data collection factors. We also found that careful consideration of temporal fluctuations of the ASR and controlling for facilitation can lead to more accurate GPIAS results. This study provides a guide for reducing variance in the GPIAS methodology - thereby improving the diagnostic power of the test." ]

[ "I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance. The poet’s, the writer’s, duty is to write about these things." ]

[ "In writing As I Lay Dying in this way, Faulkner requires his readers to take an active part in constructing the story, allows for multiple and sometimes conflicting interpretations, and achieves remarkable levels of psychological insight.", "Narrative Technique: “A Rose For Emily”. The unnamed narrator in William Faulkner’s “A Rose For Emily” is a resident of the town in which the main character Emily lives." ]

[ "Denver zip codes and map. Denver zip codes include prefixes beginning with 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806. See a complete listing of all denver zip codes at bottom." ]

[ "As of January 2014, Colorado has roughly 649 zip codes, which are listed below with the respective city, town, village or location name as well as the area code. The state's capital and largest city is Denver (2012 population: 634,265). Colorado Postal Codes: What Is The Zip Code For ...? By City | By Code", "According to our research of Colorado and other state lists there were 50 registered sex offenders living in 80620 zip code as of April 05, 2017. The ratio of number of residents in zip code 80620 to the number of sex offenders is 312 to 1." ]

[ "BACKGROUND Flow control during endovascular stroke treatment with stent-retrievers is crucial for successful revascularization. The standard technique recommended by stent-retriever manufacturers implies obstruction of the respective access catheter by the microcatheter, through which the stent-retriever is delivered. This, in turn, results in reduced aspiration during thrombectomy. In order to maximize aspiration, we fully retract the microcatheter out of the access catheter before thrombectomy-an approach we term the 'bare wire thrombectomy' (BWT) technique. We verified the improved throughput with systematic in vitro studies and assessed the clinical effectiveness and safety of this method. METHODS We compared aspiration flow of water through various access catheters (5-8 F) with a Rebar microcatheter (0.18 inch and 0.27 inch) and a Trevo stent-retriever using the standard technique and the BWT technique in vitro. We also retrospectively analyzed 302 retrieval maneuvers in 117 patients who received endovascular treatment with a stent-retriever between February 2010 and April 2015. RESULTS In the in vitro experiment, removal of the microcatheter in all tested settings resulted in significantly increased aspiration flow through the access catheter (p<0.001). This effect was particularly pronounced in access catheters with a diameter of ≤7 F. In the clinical study, the revascularization rate (Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction ≥2b) was 91%. There were no complications associated with the BWT technique in 302 retrieval maneuvers. CONCLUSIONS The BWT technique results in improved aspiration flow rates compared with the standard deployment technique. Our clinical data show that the BWT technique is effective and safe." ]

[ "BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To evaluate feasibility and impact of dual aspiration technique (DAT) within stent-assisted mechanical thrombectomy on procedural parameters and clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Within 16 months, 76 consecutive patients (mean age 70.7 year; range 33-89) underwent stent-assisted mechanical thrombectomy. Of 52 enrolled patients (68.4 %) with occlusion of the anterior circulation, 22 patients (42.3 %) underwent DAT; 30 patients (57.7 %) were treated in conventional monoaspiration technique (MAT). Epidemiological data, clinical and imaging characteristics (mRS, NIHSS, ASPECTS) as well as procedural details were analyzed (TICI, number of retrieval, procedure time). Clinical outcome was determined with mRS at discharge and after 90 days. RESULTS In the context of DAT additional carotid artery stenting was required in 45.5 % (10/22) in underlying tandem lesion (vs. 0/30 MAT). No differences were found in NIHSS at admission (MAT: 20.5, range 15-29; DAT: 18.6; range 11-25), mRS at admission (MAT: 4.6 vs. DAT: 4.57) or ASPECT score (MAT: 8.3, ±1.5; DAT: 8.4, ±1.5; P > 0.05). TICI ≥ 2b/3 was conducted in 90 % (MAT) and 100 % (DAT), respectively. The procedure time was longer in the MAT group (65 min, ±25.9, range 18-126) compared to the DAT group (49.7 min, ±15, range 32-101; P = 0.016). The clinical outcome increased from admission to discharge and in follow-up after 90 days (mRS ≥ 2: MAT: 53.3 %, DAT: 54.5 %; P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The dual aspiration technique with an additional intermediate guide catheter placed closed to the stent retriever leads to decreased procedure time in the anterior circulation. Even in cases with higher thrombus load and treated in DAT, clinical outcome improved.", "General anesthesia can affect microcirculatory properties. However, differential effects on the microcirculation according to the anesthetic technique used during thoracoscopic surgery have not been well documented. We conducted a randomized clinical trial in which the effects of desflurane and propofol, both with remifentanil, on systemic arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation were compared in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery. As a subgroup analysis, we compared the effects of two commonly used anesthetic techniques, desflurane-remifentanil (n = 52) and propofol-remifentanil (n = 48), on tissue oxygen saturation using a vascular occlusion test in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery. Tissue oxygen saturation was higher in the desflurane than the propofol group (mean ± standard deviation, 83 ± 6 vs. 80 ± 9, 84 ± 6 vs. 76 ± 10, and 87 ± 7 vs. 77 ± 10 % at 30 and 60 min of one-lung ventilation and at two-lung ventilation; adjusted p = 0.026, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). The recovery slope during the vascular occlusion test, reflecting microvascular reperfusion adequacy, was higher in the desflurane than the propofol group during surgery (mean difference, 0.5 %/s; 95 % CI 0.0-0.9 %/s; p = 0.037). Desflurane-remifentanil anesthesia is associated with better microcirculation than propofol-remifentanil anesthesia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery." ]

[ "BACKGROUND/AIM: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) V has been known as an antioxidant enzyme which scavenges intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also, Prx V has been shown to mediate cell apoptosis in various cancers. However, the mechanism of Prx V-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells remains unknown. Thus, in this study we analyzed the effects of Prx V in -lapachone-induced apoptosis in SW480 human colon cancer cells.MATERIALS AND METHODS: -lapachone-induced apoptosis was analyzed by the MTT assay, western blotting, fluorescence microscopy, Annexin V staining and flow cytometry.RESULTS: Overexpression of Prx V, significantly decreased -lapachone-induced cellular apoptosis and Prx V silencing increased -lapachone-induced cellular apoptosis via modulating ROS scavenging activity compared to mock SW480 cells. In addition, to further explore the mechanism of Prx V regulated -lapachone-induced SW480 cells apoptosis, the Wnt/-catenin signaling was studied. The Wnt/ -catenin signaling pathway was found to be induced by -lapachone.CONCLUSION: Prx V regulates SW480 cell apoptosis via scavenging ROS cellular levels and mediating the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway, which was induced by -lapachone." ]

[ "The pro-apoptotic BCL-2 protein BAX commits human cells to apoptosis by permeabilizing the outer mitochondrial membrane. BAX activation has been suggested to require the separation of helix 5 from 6 - the 'latch' from the 'core' domain - among other conformational changes. Here, we show that conformational changes in this region impair BAX translocation to the mitochondria and retrotranslocation back into the cytosol, and therefore BAX inhibition, but not activation. Redirecting misregulated BAX to the mitochondria revealed an alternative mechanism of BAX inhibition. The E3 ligase parkin, which is known to trigger mitochondria-specific autophagy, ubiquitylates BAX K128 and targets the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 protein for proteasomal degradation. Retrotranslocation-deficient BAX is completely degraded in a parkin-dependent manner. Although only a minor pool of endogenous BAX escapes retrotranslocation into the cytosol, parkin-dependent targeting of misregulated BAX on the mitochondria provides substantial protection against BAX apoptotic activity.", "Programmed cell death or apoptosis of infected host cells is an important defense mechanism in response to viral infections. This process is regulated by proapoptotic and prosurvival members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein family. To counter premature death of a virus-infected cell, poxviruses use a range of different molecular strategies including the mimicry of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins. One such viral prosurvival protein is the fowlpox virus protein FPV039, which is a potent apoptosis inhibitor, but the precise molecular mechanism by which FPV039 inhibits apoptosis is unknown. To understand how fowlpox virus inhibits apoptosis, we examined FPV039 using isothermal titration calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray crystallography. Here, we report that the fowlpox virus prosurvival protein FPV039 promiscuously binds to cellular proapoptotic Bcl-2 and engages all major proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Unlike other identified viral Bcl-2 proteins to date, FPV039 engaged with cellular proapoptotic Bcl-2 with affinities comparable with those of Bcl-2's endogenous cellular counterparts. Structural studies revealed that FPV039 adopts the conserved Bcl-2 fold observed in cellular prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins and closely mimics the structure of the prosurvival Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1. Our findings suggest that FPV039 is a pan-Bcl-2 protein inhibitor that can engage all host BH3-only proteins, as well as Bcl-2-associated X, apoptosis regulator (Bax) and Bcl-2 antagonist/killer (Bak) proteins to inhibit premature apoptosis of an infected host cell. This work therefore provides a mechanistic platform to better understand FPV039-mediated apoptosis inhibition." ]

[ "A family is seen walking." ]

[ "A few woman are at a party." ]

[ " Vehicle Titles When you buy a new motor vehicle from an Ohio dealership, the dealer will handle the vehicle title and registration paperwork for you. By law, your dealer is required to provide you with your new title within 30 days of your vehicle purchase." ]

[ " Expect a copy of the paper title within approximately 45 days for a financed vehicle. The car is registered to the car owner, but is titled to the bank or financing company administering the loan. You do not receive a title in your name until the loan obligation is complete.", " Instant Titles Title applications require 10-15 business days for processing, but the N.C. Division of Motor Vehicles offers an expedited titling service in which titles are processed and issued the same day or next business day." ]

[ "BACKGROUND: An increasing prevalence of reticulocytosis in the absence of anemia (RAA) in dogs has been suspected in recent years.OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine whether prevalence of RAA in our canine population has been increasing over the last years, and to identify potential predisposing factors.METHODS: The annual prevalence of RAA in adult dogs was determined between 2000 and 2012. Clinical histories and CBC data were analyzed for all dogs, as well as owner response to a questionnaire including information on nutrition and supplements was conducted for dogs with RAA identified between 2011 and 2012. In addition, serum iron concentration (Fe), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and percent transferrin saturation (%TS) were determined in 14 dogs with RAA and compared with 8 healthy control dogs.RESULTS: Reticulocytosis in the absence of anemia was identified in 1035 dogs, with the prevalence increasing since 2006. Dogs with RAA evaluated after 2006 (n=853) had significantly lower MCV and were more likely to have microcytosis than those prior to 2006 (n=182). Increased incidence of osteoarthritis was observed in dogs evaluated after 2006, including the dogs studied between 2011 and 2012 (n=31), and administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, omega-3 fatty acids, and glucosamine was more common in the latter. Significantly lower mean Fe and %TS, and higher TIBC were found in dogs with RAA compared to unaffected dogs.CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of RAA has increased in recent years in our canine population. More ubiquitous use of anti-inflammatory medications and nutraceuticals, associated with increased diagnosis of osteoarthritis should be considered as contributing factors." ]

[ "OBJECTIVES: To describe, in a cohort of dogs with presumed primary immune-mediated neutropenia, the presenting clinical characteristics, haematology results, bone marrow characteristics, therapies used (drugs and doses), clinical response to treatment, relapse and outcome at six months and one year.METHODS: Multi-institutional recruited retrospective descriptive case series with voluntary submissions. Presumed immune-mediated neutropenia was diagnosed based on a neutrophil concentration <15?109 cells/L on a minimum of two complete blood counts, exclusion of other causes of neutropenia based on a diagnostic bone marrow aspirate or biopsy, and exclusion of secondary immune-mediated neutropenia. Dogs meeting these diagnostic criteria between 2006 and 2013, and that had a haematocrit of ?29% and minimum of two complete blood clounts performed after initiation of therapy, were included.RESULTS: Information on 35 dogs was included. Neutropenia was less than 05?109 cells/L in most cases (21 dogs), 05 to 99?109 cells/L in 11, and 1.0 to 149?109 cells/L in three. Eight dogs had thrombocytopenia, which was severe (<499?109 cells/L) in three. [Correction added on 23 May 2017, after first online publication: the cell numbers were incorrect due to errors in the conversion of cell measurements to international units. The numbers have been corrected throughout the article and Table 2.] Twenty-three dogs had myeloid hyperplasia, 10 dogs had myeloid hypoplasia and two dogs had normal myelopoiesis. Neutropenia resolved in 32 of 33 dogs within two weeks of starting corticosteroid therapy and in all dogs within one month. Relapse of neutropenia occurred in 12 cases within one year.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Initial response of presumed primary immune-mediated neutropenia cases to corticosteroid therapy can be excellent. Long-term monitoring for relapse is warranted because 34% of cases relapsed during or after taper of immunosuppressive medications.", "This study evaluated the association between a selection of candidate predictor variables, including the elevation of specific pancreatic enzymes, and outcome in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). Twenty-two dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus were included, being classified as survivors or non-survivors based on the final outcome. Dogs with intestinal obstruction (n = 16) were selected for comparison. Blood samples were collected upon admission (T0) and after 24 hours (T1). Serum lipase activity, canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) and other variables (plasma lactate concentration and C- reactive protein -CRP- in particular) were evaluated as predictive variables. T0 cPLI and serum lipase activity were not found to differ significantly between dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus or intestinal obstruction. Canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity values above 400 g/L were detected in 6/22 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus and 4/16 with intestinal obstruction. However, lactate concentration was significantly higher and CRP significantly lower in GDV as compared to IO dogs, and in the GDV group, lipase, cPLI and CRP measured upon admission were significantly associated with a negative outcome. No differences in lipase activity and canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity values were detected between T0 and T1. Presurgical cPLI and lipase activity were frequently increased during gastric dilatation-volvulus and were suggestive of the presence of pancreatic damage; while more extensive studies are required, based on this pilot analysis, cPLI has the potential to be a useful predictive variable for outcome in GDV. Further to this, serum CRP was able to predict outcome in this population of dogs with GDV, while blood lactate was not." ]

[ "Inspirable nano-particles into lungs in the atmosphere were studied in this paper. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FSEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer were used to investigate the morphology and major constituents of inspirable nano-particles into lungs systematically. The results showed that most of the inspirable nano-particles in the atmosphere are spherical and ellipsoidal, with smooth surface and dense structure. The smaller nano-particles are clustered into loose floccule, with the sizes in the range of 30 to 100 nm. The constant elements in the nano-particles are close consistent with the large particle pollutants, which mainly contain C, O, Al, Si, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, S and Cl etc. The point Analysis of EDS confirmed that the element content of Cl and S in some nano-particles is significantly increased, while others mainly contain C and O. It is believed that the surface of nano inorganic dust particles was adsorbed by the organic pollutants to form the core-shell structure nano-particles pollutants in the process of aerosol formation. Thus, reducing anthropogenic emissions of organic pollutants has great influence on the formation of inspirable nano-particles." ]

[ "In this article, we address the design of innovative human serum albumin (HSA)-based nanoparticles loaded with silencing RNA and grafted with gadolinium complexes having average sizes ranging from ca. 50 to 150 nm according to the siRNA/HSA composition. The non-covalent siRNA/HSA assembly is formed on isobutyramide-modified mesoporous silica and the self-supported HSA-based nanoparticles are obtained following the silica template dissolution. These original protein particles provide simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement and cellular in vitro gene silencing.", "Understanding how molecules in self-assembled soft-matter nanostructures are organized is essential for improving the design of next-generation nanomaterials. Imaging these assemblies can be challenging and usually requires processing, e.g., staining or embedding, which can damage or obscure features. An alternative is to use bioinspired mineralization, mimicking how certain organisms use biomolecules to template mineral formation. Previously, we have reported the design and characterization of Self-Assembled peptide caGEs (SAGEs) formed from de novo peptide building blocks. In SAGEs, two complementary, 3-fold symmetric, peptide hubs combine to form a hexagonal lattice, which curves and closes to form SAGE nanoparticles. As hexagons alone cannot tile onto spheres, the network must also incorporate nonhexagonal shapes. While the hexagonal ultrastructure of the SAGEs has been imaged, these defects have not been observed. Here, we show that positively charged SAGEs biotemplate a thin, protective silica coating. Electron microscopy shows that these SiO2-SAGEs do not collapse, but maintain their 3D shape when dried. Atomic force microscopy reveals a network of hexagonal and irregular features on the SiO2-SAGE surface. The dimensions of these (7.2 nm 1.4 nm across, internal angles 119.8 26.1) are in accord with the designed SAGE network and with coarse-grained modeling of the SAGE assembly. The SiO2-SAGEs are permeable to small molecules (<2 nm), but not to larger biomolecules (>6 nm). Thus, bioinspired silicification offers a mild technique that preserves soft-matter nanoparticles for imaging, revealing structural details <10 nm in size, while also maintaining desirable properties, such as permeability to small molecules." ]

[ "There are Amtrak derailments." ]

[ "Amtrak trains never derail." ]

[ "COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), is now a global pandemic with serious health consequences. Currently, many strict control measures are applied in health care settings, including endoscopy units, in order to limit virus spread. Several recommendations called to limit endoscopic procedures to emergent endoscopies; however, several uncertainties still exist concerning patient safety, protective measures, and infection control methods in emergency endoscopic settings. In this case report, we present a case of successful endoscopic band ligation for bleeding esophageal varices in man with COVID-19 disease who presented with an acute attack of hematemesis while on mechanical ventilation (MV). Esophago-gastroduodenoscopy was performed in the ICU room after preparing the setting, and revealed large, risky esophageal varices. Endoscopic band ligation was done with successful control of bleeding. Third-level measures of medical protection were applied for the participating medical personnel, and patient monitoring was maintained all through the procedure. After the procedure, the bleeding stopped, and the patient was vitally stable and conscious. We conclude that emergency endoscopic interventions could be performed safely with appropriate arrangements in patients with confirmed COVID-19 on MV." ]

[ "After the lockdown during the emergency phase of the Covid-19 pandemic, we have to deal with phase 2, a period of uncertain duration, with a controlled and progressive return to normalization, in which we need to reconcile our work and our movements with the presence of the virus on our territory. Digestive endoscopic activity is a high-risk transmission procedure for Covid-19. The measures put in place to protect healthcare personnel and patients are stressful and “time-consuming\" and lead to a reduction in the number of endoscopic procedures that can be performed. In this scenario, the Oncological Institutes are forced to make a rigorous selection of patients to undergo endoscopic examinations and treatments, according to lists of exceptional priorities, in order to guarantee cancer patients and subjects at high risk of developing digestive tumors, a preferential diagnostic and therapeutic process, protected from contagion risks. For this purpose, cuts and postponing times of endoscopic performances are here proposed, which go beyond the guidelines of scientific societies and have little evidences in the literature. These changes should be applied limited to this exceptional period and in proportion to the capacity of each operating unit in order to meet the demands of the patients.", "BACKGROUND Perforations and anastomotic leakages of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract cause a high morbidity and mortality rate. Only limited data exist for endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) in the upper GI tract. METHODS Fifty-two patients (37 men and 15 women, ages 41-94 years) were treated (12/2011-12/2015) with EVT for anastomotic insufficiency secondary to esophagectomy or gastrectomy (n = 39), iatrogenic esophageal perforation (n = 9) and Boerhaave syndrome (n = 4). After diagnosis, polyurethane sponges were endoscopically positioned with a total of 390 interventions and continuous negative pressure of 125 mm of mercury (mmHg) was applied to the EVT-system. Sponges were changed endoscopically twice per week. Clinical and therapy-related data and mortality were analyzed. RESULTS After 1-25 changes of the sponge at intervals of 3-5 days with a mean of 6 sponge changes and a mean duration of therapy of 22 days, the defects were healed in 94.2 % of all patients without revision surgery. In three patients (6 %), EVT failed. Two of these patients died due to hemorrhage related to EVT. Four postinterventional strictures were observed during the follow-up of up to 4 years. CONCLUSION Esophageal wall defects of different etiology in the upper gastrointestinal tract can be treated successfully with EVT, considering that indication for EVT should be weighed carefully. EVT can be regarded as a novel life-saving therapeutic tool." ]

[ "Answers. Relevance. Rating Newest Oldest. Best Answer: advantage: more efficient and cleaner than coal disadvantage: any disaster at a nuclear power station would be much worse than disasater at another type of power stationThe advantages are it produces lots of energy without depleting natural resources.The disadvantage is radioactive waste.What do you do with the spent rods--which will be radioactive for years and years and years into the future. The main advantage is the efficiency of the power generated. A lot of power is generated using nuclear power.ating Newest Oldest. Best Answer: advantage: more efficient and cleaner than coal disadvantage: any disaster at a nuclear power station would be much worse than disasater at another type of power stationThe advantages are it produces lots of energy without depleting natural resources." ]

[ "by Penna Sparrow. Geothermal energy is the energy obtained from the earth(geo) from the hot rocks present inside the earth. It is produced due to the fission of radioactive materials in the earth’s core and some places inside the earth become very hot.These are called hot spots. They cause water deep inside the earth to form steam.y Penna Sparrow. Geothermal energy is the energy obtained from the earth(geo) from the hot rocks present inside the earth. It is produced due to the fission of radioactive materials in the earth’s core and some places inside the earth become very hot.", "The most important waste stream from nuclear power plants is spent nuclear fuel. It is primarily composed of unconverted uranium as well as significant quantities of transuranic actinides (plutonium and curium, mostly). In addition, about 3% of it is fission products from nuclear reactions." ]

[ "Aging is the principal demographic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Klotho is a key modulator of the aging process and, when overexpressed, extends mammalian lifespan, increases synaptic plasticity, and enhances cognition. Whether klotho can counteract deficits related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, is unknown. Here we show that elevating klotho expression decreases premature mortality and network dysfunction in human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice, which simulate key aspects of AD. Increasing klotho levels prevented depletion of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunits in the hippocampus and enhanced spatial learning and memory in hAPP mice. Klotho elevation in hAPP mice increased the abundance of the GluN2B subunit of NMDAR in postsynaptic densities and NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation, which is critical for learning and memory. Thus, increasing wild-type klotho levels or activities improves synaptic and cognitive functions, and may be of therapeutic benefit in AD and other cognitive disorders." ]

[ "Recent investigations support that an anti-aging protein, namely Klotho, protects neurons against the oxidative stress and demyelination. We evaluated the protein concentration of Klotho and total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Klotho concentration and TAC were significantly lower in patients as compared to controls. Klotho values showed a significant negative correlation with expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Moreover, a significantly positive correlation between TAC levels and Klotho concentrations was detected. Klotho may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS, at least in part, through the regulation of redox system.", "BACKGROUND: Klotho is a well-known anti-aging hormone, which serves as a suppressor of aging through a variety of mechanisms. Aging of skeletal muscle is concomitant with a decrease in muscle stem cell function resulting in impaired regeneration.METHODS: Here we investigate the functional role of the anti-aging hormone Klotho for muscle stem cell function after cardiotoxin-induced injury of skeletal muscle using a klotho hypomorphic mouse line, which is characterized by a premature aging phenotype. Furthermore, we perform floating single myofiber cultures with their adjacent muscle stem cells to investigate the interplay between canonical Wnt signaling and Klotho function.RESULTS: We demonstrate that muscle stem cell numbers are significantly decreased in klotho hypomorphic mice. Furthermore, we show that muscle stem cell function is also severely impaired upon loss of klotho expression, in culture and during regeneration in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrate that addition of recombinant Klotho protein inhibits aberrant excessive Wnt signaling in aged muscle stem cells thereby restoring their functionality.CONCLUSIONS: The anti-aging hormone Klotho counteracts aberrant canonical Wnt signaling in muscle stem cells and might be one of the naturally occurring inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling in skeletal muscle." ]

[ "To investigate the role of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) in osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function. Bone destruction was analysed in arthritic knee joints of several FcγR-knockout mouse strains. Unfractionated bone marrow cells were differentiated in vitro towards osteoclasts in the absence or presence of immune complexes (ICs) and stimulated thereafter for 24 h with tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, mature osteoclasts were stimulated with ICs. Experiments were analysed for osteoclast formation, bone resorption and the expression of FcγRs and osteoclast markers. Bone destruction was significantly increased in arthritic knee joints of FcγRIIB-deficient mice. All FcγR classes were highly expressed on osteoclast precursors. Expression of the inhibitory FcγRIIB was similar on mature osteoclasts compared to macrophages, whereas activating FcγR levels were significantly lower. IC stimulation of mature osteoclasts did not affect their number or their bone resorptive capacity. ICs significantly inhibited differentiation of unfractionated bone marrow cells towards osteoclasts, bone resorption and expression of osteoclast markers. In the presence of ICs, osteoclastogenesis of FcγRIIB(-/-) precursors and bone resorption remained inhibited. In contrast, ICs could not inhibit osteoclast formation or bone resorption of FcRγ-chain(-/-) precursors. When IC-inhibited osteoclastogenesis was followed by stimulation with TNFα or LPS, the inhibitory effects of ICs were overruled" ]

[ "The co-engagement of fragment crystallizable (Fc) gamma receptors (FcãRs) with the Fc region of recombinant immunoglobulin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and its contribution to therapeutic activity has been extensively studied. For example, Fc-FcãR interactions have been shown to be important for mAb-directed effector cell activities, as well as mAb-dependent forward signaling into target cells via receptor clustering. Here we identify a function of mAbs targeting T cell-expressed antigens that involves FcãR co-engagement on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In the case of mAbs targeting CTLA-4 and TIGIT, the interaction with FcãR on APCs enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses and tumoricidal activity. This mechanism extended to an anti-CD45RB mAb, which led to FcãR-dependent regulatory T cell expansion in mice.", "Osteoclasts play a critical role not only in bone homeostasis but also in inflammatory osteolysis, such as that occurring in inflammatory arthritis and systemic inflammation. In both inflammation conditions, inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-á induce RANKL expression in osteoblasts, but the roles of these cytokines in osteoclast activation remain unclear. S100A12, an S100 family member, is a low-molecular-weight calcium-binding protein. Although it has a pro-inflammatory role, its effects on osteoclast differentiation have been unclear. Here we examined the direct effects of S100A12 on human osteoclasts in vitro. S100A12 facilitated osteoclast formation in the presence of RANKL, as judged by the cells' morphology and elevated expression of osteoclast-related molecules, including NFATc1, ACP5, CALCR, and ITGâ3. In addition, S100A12 administration markedly enhanced the osteoclasts' bone resorption ability, consistent with their increased expression levels of CTSK and CA2. Blocking RAGE and TLR4 cancelled the effects of S100A12. Our results indicate that S100A12 is a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory osteolysis." ]

[ "If you are not overweight, follow healthy lifestyle, you have good chances of favorable prognosis. We have patients with bypass, who live more than 20 years after bypass and doing quite well. The main goal is tried to slow down the progression of atherosclerosis as much as it is possible. It is done with medications and lifestyle changes. If you have good results in these two areas, have no heart failure and no angina, then you have good chances" ]

[ "I am sorry about your mom and her serious disease. These are very bad signs and prognosis is very poor. Statistically it is about 3-6 months. But of course it is not easy to predict, and it depends on from man to man. Also, if she receives any behemoth life may be prolonged for few months but generally if she lives 6 months it will be optimistic. Wish you good health. Regards", "There is nothing like life of a stent. Most of the stents last lifelong. All stents have risk of reclosure which is around 1-10% for different generation of stents. And this happens mostly within one year of stent placement. After one year, the risk of reclosure becomes negligibly small. But you have to continue blood thinners throughout your life. I hope this information would be of help to you. Thanks and all the bes" ]

[ "Lipid-rich carcinoma of the breast is a rare form of invasive breast carcinoma of special type. Most cases are grade 3, hormone receptor negative, and associated with aggressive clinical behavior. We report an unusual case of lipid-rich carcinoma with morphological and immunophenotypical features different from those of cases reported so far in the literature. The index case underscores the fact that there is no consensus with regard to the exact nature of this tumor. Hence, larger studies are needed to draw meaningful conclusions." ]

[ "Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a highly malignant cancer originally found in lung in 1991. In extremely rare occasions, primary LCNEC is found in the mediastinum; approximately 40 of such cases have been reported. Due to the limited number of reported cases, a standardized treatment protocol has yet to be established. We report a case of a 66-year-old woman with primary mediastinal LCNEC who presented with superior vena cava syndrome. Emergent radiotherapy was performed, followed by systemic chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide, which resulted in a dramatic tumor reduction. This is the first report describing the achievement of a complete response after systemic chemotherapy in a patient with primary LCNEC.", "Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a large proportion of the US population and is considered to be a metabolic predisposition to liver cancer. However, the role of adaptive immune responses in NAFLD-promoted HCC is largely unknown. Here we show, in mouse models and human samples, that dysregulation of lipid metabolism in NAFLD causes a selective loss of intrahepatic CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T lymphocytes, leading to accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis. We also demonstrate that CD4(+) T lymphocytes have greater mitochondrial mass than CD8(+) T lymphocytes and generate higher levels of mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Disruption of mitochondrial function by linoleic acid, a fatty acid accumulated in NAFLD, causes more oxidative damage than other free fatty acids such as palmitic acid, and mediates selective loss of intrahepatic CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In vivo blockade of ROS reversed NAFLD-induced hepatic CD4(+) T lymphocyte decrease and delayed NAFLD-promoted HCC. Our results provide an unexpected link between lipid dysregulation and impaired anti-tumour surveillance." ]

[ "INTRODUCTION: Complex coronary artery disease (left main and three-vessel disease) carries high risks of adverse events and cost burden. However, in China, little is known about which patients are directed toward which treatment strategies and what outcomes are being achieved.METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Using the China PEACE (Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events) research network, this prospective study of three-Vessel Disease, the China PEACE-3VD study, has a plan to consecutively register over 4000 patients with a diagnosis of 3VD and/or left-main disease by elective coronary angiography at 24 large cardiovascular centres in China. We centrally conducted medical record abstraction and SYNTAX Score calculation for all registered patients. The sites invited patients to the prospective cohort, and conducted 1-year follow-up on major events, including cardiac events, symptoms, secondary prevention and quality of life. The estimated entire sample size of eligible patients of 4000 was determined based on both feasibility and consideration of adequate statistical precision for describing the treatment decisions, guidelines adherence and appropriateness of treatment for patients with complex coronary artery diseases. The study is designed to investigate patient, clinician and hospital factors associated with each treatment strategy (percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting or medical therapy) as well as appropriateness of treatment choice, current guideline compliance and patient-reported outcomes for patients with complex coronary artery disease in large cardiovascular centres in China, as a foundation for enhanced knowledge in the field and to assist quality improvement initiatives.ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee at the China National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases. Findings will be shared with participating hospitals, policymakers and the academic community, to promote quality monitoring, quality improvement and the efficient allocation, and use of coronary revascularisation procedures in China.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01625312; Pre-results." ]

[ "Objective: To explore a registry method for acute cardiovascular events in large-scale fields across China. Methods: This study was based on a community-based Kazakh cohort, including 1 668 persons with complete baseline data, conducted in Altay, Xinjiang. Acute cardiovascular events included acute myocardial infarction(ICD-10: I21-I22), sudden cardiac death (I46.1), and incident stroke (I60-I64) that occurred during the period from Oct 1, 2012 to Jun 30, 2016. There were three stages, a hospital-based search for checking medical records of inpatients in all four local hospitals, a community-based supplementary registry, and an extra survey for reducing false negatives, to complete this registry. The incidence referred to all events within one year per 100 000 people and mortality rate was the number of fatal events within 28 days per 100 000 people. The incidence and mortality was standardized with the weights from distribution of age and gender in the Sixth National Census of China. Results: Forty two cases with 46 acute cardiovascular events including 7 acute myocardial infarctions, 3 sudden cardiac deaths, and 36 incident strokes were found. The ratio of events was 3.6?1 for stroke and heart attacks and this ratio was 1.6?1 for ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. A total of 28(60.9%) events and 18(39.1%) events were collected in the hospitals and by community-based supplementary registry physicians, respectively. False negatives were not found at the last stage. The crude and standardized incidence rates were 742 and 926 per 100 000 people and the related mortality rates were 194 and 272 per 100 000 people, respectively. Conclusion: Primary Care physicians are\"net bottom\" of a monitoring system which needs to combine preventive and clinical medicine with all kinds of governmental resources including health and social benefit.", "In order to understand the clinical characteristics of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in real world and provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment, this study analyzed informations of patient with CHD in hospital information system. Data from 17 national hospitals were collected. Select patients with coronaryheart disease in diagnosis of the first place in 17 hospitals, general informations and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome, complications, medicine were analyzed using frequency method and association rules. This study included 84 697 patients with CHD, the majority of men and in the elderly. The average age of patients was 71 years. The proportion of men to women was about 1. 45: 1. Hospital stay time ranged from 8 to 14 d. The most common total hospitalization cost distribution was 5 000-20 000 RMB. Young patients have a rising trend year by year. The death of patients increased with increasing age. Common complications were hypertension, diabetes, cerebral infarction and hyperlipidemia, 57.24 percent of the CHD patient complicated with hypertension, 21.94 percent patients complicated with diabetes. Among TCM syndrome types, Qi-Yin deficiency and qi deficiency blood stasis were the most common syndromes. Blood stasis was the highest syndrome elements, accounted for 79.97%, followed by Qi deficiency, phlegm, Yin deficiency, and so on. The most common western medicine was aspirin, followed with isosorbide dinitrate, clopidogrel. The most common used traditional Chinese medicine was danhong injection, followed by shuxuetong injection. Combined with removing blood stasis drugs has been more common at present clinical treatment, there were 43.46 percent of patients combined with anti-platelet western drug and injection of removing blood stasis." ]

[ " Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( -LSB- ˈstɛfəniː_dʒɜrməˈnɒtə -RSB- ; born March 28 , 1986 ) , known professionally as Lady Gaga , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . At the beginning of her career , Gaga became known for her unconventionality and provocative work . A popular contemporary recording artist , she is noted for constantly experimenting with new musical ideas and images . Gaga initially played roles in high school plays , and studied at CAP21 through NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career . After leaving a rock band , participating in a performance art circuit , and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings , Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing . From there , Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own KonLive Distribution in 2007 . Gaga rose to prominence with the release of her successful debut album The Fame ( 2008 ) and its international chart-topping singles `` Just Dance '' and `` Poker Face '' . A follow-up EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , was met with a similar reception and the singles `` Bad Romance '' , `` Telephone '' , and `` Alejandro '' were also successful . Gaga 's second full-length album Born This Way ( 2011 ) topped the charts in more than 20 countries , including the US , where it sold over one million copies in its first week . The album produced the number-one single `` Born This Way '' . Gaga 's third album Artpop , released in 2013 , topped the US charts and included the successful single `` Applause '' . In 2014 , Gaga released a collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek , her third consecutive number one in the US . For her work in the television series American Horror Story : Hotel , Gaga won a Golden Globe Award in 2016 . With her fifth studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) , she became the first woman to have four US number one albums in the 2010s . In February 2017 , Gaga headlined the Super Bowl LI halftime show , which had over 150 million audience across various platforms worldwide , making it the most viewed musical event in history . With global album and single sales of 27 million and 146 million respectively , as of January 2016 , she is one of the best-selling musicians of all time . Her achievements include twelve Guinness World Records , three Brit Awards , and six Grammy Awards . She has also received awards from the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Council of Fashion Designers of America . Gaga regularly appears on Billboards Artists of the Year lists and Forbess power and earnings rankings . She was ranked at number four on VH1 's Greatest Women in Music , finished second on Times 2011 readers ' poll of the most influential people of the past ten years , and was named Billboards Woman of the Year ( 2015 ) . She is known for her philanthropic work and social activism , including LGBT rights and her own non-profit organization , the Born This Way Foundation , which focuses on promoting youth empowerment and combating bullying ." ]

[ " Monster (Lady Gaga song) `` Monster '' is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga , from her third EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) . Inspired by her `` Fear of Attachment Monster '' , the record was written by Gaga , RedOne and Space Cowboy , with RedOne producing the track . Gaga had explained that `` Monster '' describes her fear of sex and relationships , and described the lyrics as being in love with the bad boy all the time , but instead of running away , one keeps going back to the same person . She added that the fear in `` Monster '' erupted from her need to have a stable relationship . Incorporating the usage of heavy bass lines , descending keyboard lines and `` massive '' choruses , `` Monster '' contains zombie like metaphors , and a reference to Gaga 's debut single `` Just Dance '' . `` Monster '' received generally positive reviews from critics who appreciated the song 's musical arrangement and frequently rated it as a top track from The Fame Monster , while some disliked its lyrics . `` Monster '' enjoyed brief commercial success in 2010 , charting on four singles charts , as well as the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs and Latin Pop Airplay . Gaga has mostly performed `` Monster '' on her 2009 -- 11 The Monster Ball Tour . The performance included the portrayal of homicide and was criticized following a real-life incident at Manchester in the United Kingdom . She also performed `` Monster '' on The Oprah Winfrey Show .", " Telephone (song) `` Telephone '' is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga for her third EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) . The song features American singer Beyoncé . The song was written by Gaga , Rodney Jerkins , LaShawn Daniels , Lazonate Franklin and Beyoncé . Inspired by her fear of suffocation , Gaga explained that the lyrics preferring relaxing on the dance floor to answering her lover 's phone call are a metaphor , the phone calling her representing the fear of not having worked hard enough to succeed . Originally , Gaga wrote the song for Britney Spears , who recorded a demo . Musically , `` Telephone '' consists of an expanded bridge , verse-rap and a sampled voice of an operator announcing that the phone line is unreachable . Beyoncé appears in the middle of the song , singing the verses in a rapid-fire way , accompanied by double beats . The song received positive reviews from critics who frequently noted `` Telephone '' as a stand-out track from The Fame Monster . It was Grammy-nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2011 . `` Telephone '' charted in a number of countries due to digital sales following the album 's release , namely in the United States , Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden and Hungary . The song was particularly successful in Europe where it reached the top of the charts in Belgium , Denmark , Hungary , Ireland , Norway and the United Kingdom . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , the single sold 7.4 million digital copies worldwide in 2010 , making it one of Gaga 's best-selling singles . The accompanying music video is a continuation of the video for her 2009 song , `` Paparazzi '' , and is also shot as a short film . After Gaga gets bailed out of prison by Beyoncé , they go to a diner and poison the guests having breakfast . After the homicide they escape and end up in a high-speed police chase . The video referenced Quentin Tarantino and his films Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) and Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) . The video received generally positive reviews was nominated for three awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , including one for Video of the Year . In January 2015 Billboard named it the best video of the first half of the decade . In memory of Alexander McQueen , Gaga performed an acoustic rendition of `` Telephone '' mixed with `` Dance in the Dark '' at the 2010 BRIT Awards . It was also added to the set list of The Monster Ball Tour in 2010 , the Born This Way Ball in 2012 and ArtRave : The Artpop Ball in 2014 ." ]

[ "The house was giant." ]

[ "The house was just one tiny room." ]

[ "Vascular endothelial cells contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases by actively regulating the stromal inflammatory response; however, little is known regarding the role of endothelial inflammation in the growth of human tumors and its influence on the prognosis of human cancers. Using an experimental model of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-mediated inflammation, we characterized inflammatory gene expression in immunopurified tumor-associated endothelial cells. These genes formed the basis of a multivariate molecular predictor of overall survival that was trained and validated in four types of human cancer. We report that expression of experimentally derived tumor endothelial genes distinguished pathologic tissue specimens from normal controls in several human diseases associated with chronic inflammation. We trained these genes in human cancer datasets and defined a six-gene inflammatory signature that predicted significantly reduced overall survival in breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and glioma. This endothelial-derived signature predicted outcome independently of, but cooperatively with, standard clinical and pathological prognostic factors. Consistent with these findings, conditioned culture media from human endothelial cells stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines accelerated the growth of human colon and breast tumors in immunodeficient mice as compared with conditioned media from untreated endothelial cells" ]

[ "Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) correlates with progression and prognosis of several human cancers. The main purposes of this study were to assess expression of VEGF in specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to evaluate the possible influence of VEGF on the progression and prognosis of OSCC in Taiwan. An immunohistochemical technique was used to examine the expression of VEGF in 100 specimens of OSCC, 66 specimens of oral epithelial dysplasia, and 36 specimens of normal oral mucosa. We found that the mean labeling indices (Lis) of VEGF increased significantly from normal oral mucosa (13 ± 6%), through mild (22 ± 8%), moderate (24 ± 13%), and severe oral epithelial dysplasia (32 ± 14%), to OSCC samples (50 ± 18%, p < 0.001). The higher mean VEGF LI was significantly related to OSCC with positive lymph node metastasis (p = 0.022) and with more advanced clinical stages (p = 0.046). In addition, positive lymph node metastasis (p = 0.008) and VEGF LI > 40% (p = 0.046) were identified as independent unfavorable prognosis factors for OSCC patients by multivariate analysis with the Cox regression model. Moreover, the Kaplan-Meier curve showed that OSCC patients with a VEGF LI > 40% had a significantly poorer cumulative survival than those with a VEGF LI ≤ 40% (log-rank test, p = 0.016)", "Inflammation and tumor immunology are important in the prognosis of various cancers. We herein investigated whether pre-treatment neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125) predict recurrence and survival in patients with endometrial cancer (EC). We collected complete blood counts and clinicopathological data from medical records of 320 patients with EC; their pre-treatment NLR, PLR and CA125 were analyzed for correlations with recurrence and survival, retrospectively. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates of patients with high NLR and CA125 were significantly shorter than those for patients with low NLR and CA125 (DFS: p=0.002 and p<0.001; OS: p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, NLR was also an independent predictive factor for mortality in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio (HR)=3.318; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.154-9.538; p=0.026)" ]

[ "Exposure to arsenic, a toxic metal, through ingesting contaminated water or farming and refinery occupations, can cause basal cell carcinoma. Skin color. Light-skinned individuals absorb a greater amount of the damaging UV rays from the sun and, therefore, carry a greater risk for skin cancers." ]

[ "Squamous cell carcinomas may also occur where skin has suffered certain kinds of injury: burns, scars, long-standing sores, sites previously exposed to X-rays or certain chemicals (such as arsenic and petroleum by-products). In addition, medications or diseases that suppress the immune system may encourage development of squamous cell carcinoma.", "Cumulative exposure to sunlight causes most cases of squamous cell carcinoma. Frequent use of tanning beds also multiplies the risk of squamous cell carcinoma; people who use tanning beds are 2.5 times more likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma than those who don’t. But skin injuries are another important source." ]

[ "Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type Ia is a rare maternally transmitted disease due to maternal loss-of-function mutations of GNAS, the gene encoding Galphas, the alpha-stimulatory subunit of the G protein. Affected individuals display hormonal resistance (mainly PTH and TSH resistance) and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy. PHP type Ib (PHP-Ib), usually defined by isolated renal resistance to PTH and sometimes mild TSH resistance, is due to a maternal loss of GNAS exon A/B methylation, leading to decreased Galphas expression in specific tissues. We report a girl with obvious Albright osteodystrophy features, PTH resistance, normal Galphas bioactivity in red blood cells, yet no loss-of-function mutation in the GNAS coding sequence (exons 1-13). The methylation analysis of the four GNAS differentially methylated regions, i.e. NESP, AS, XL, and A/B, revealed broad methylation changes at all differentially methylated regions, including GNAS exon A/B, leading to a paternal epigenotype on both alleles" ]

[ "Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A (PHP1A) is characterized by resistance to multiple hormones, the Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy phenotype, obesity, and developmental delay. Developmental delay usually appears prior to hypocalcemia due to parathyroid hormone resistance and could be a clinically important feature for early diagnosis of PHP1A. To date, however, the details have not been documented. With regard to developmental delays, we conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 22 PHP1A patients from 18 families who were diagnosed clinically or genetically from 2005 to 2015. For quantitative analysis of their development, we calculated the ratios of the milestone ages of the patients to those in normal reference data. The ratio of the ages with respect to speech development, i.e., speaking a first meaningful word (median: 1.67), was significantly higher than that for gross motor development, walking unassisted (median: 1.34). The ratio of age at stringing a two-word sentence (median: 1.32) was significantly lower than that of saying a first word (median: 1.84). Ten out of 11 (91%) patients exhibited two or three of the following clinical phenotypes: developmental delay, obesity, and hyperthyrotropinemia. These results suggest two possible clinical features of developmental delays in PHP1A patients: developmental delay is more obvious in speech acquisition than in gross motor skills, and speech delays could be attenuated during later childhood. Further, the presence of multiple of three clinical symptoms could be an important indicator to differentiate the diagnosis of PHP1A during early childhood.", "We recently showed in mice that maternal diabetes increases embryonic susceptibility to caudal regression induced by vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid. Here we tested whether in the maternal diabetic milieu hyperglycaemia is the critical factor responsible for mediating this increased susceptibility. Non-diabetic pregnant mice were made hyperglycaemic by subcutaneous injections of glucose at regular intervals. Conversely, diabetic pregnant mice were treated with phlorizin to induce renal glucosuria and thus reduce blood glucose concentrations. Pregnant mice were treated with retinoic acid and the extent of caudal regression in mouse embryos, measured in terms of the ratio of tail length to crown-rump length was assessed. Embryos were also examined for Wnt-3a expression and cell death. Embryos of mice treated with glucose had a greater extent of caudal regression induced by retinoic acid than saline-treated controls, with enhanced down-regulation of Wnt-3a expression and exacerbated cell death specifically at the caudal end of the embryo. Embryos of diabetic mice treated with phlorizin had a similar extent of caudal regression to embryos of non-diabetic mice after treatment with retinoic acid" ]

[ "Title: 'Machine Learning in Medical Imaging Data Analysis' - Machine learning techniques have been increasingly used in the field of medical imaging data analysis. The use of these techniques has brought significant improvements in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The paper begins by introducing the concept of machine learning and how it is applied in data analysis. It then goes on to describe various machine learning techniques such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. A detailed discussion on the application of these techniques in medical imaging data analysis is presented. The paper also discusses the challenges and limitations of using machine learning in this context. The authors conclude that while machine learning techniques have made significant contributions to medical imaging data analysis, further research is required to make these techniques more effective and reliable" ]

[ "Title: 'A Study on Quantum Computing in Medical Imaging' - Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize the field of medical imaging. This paper explores how quantum computing can be applied to improve the efficiency and accuracy of medical imaging. The authors introduce the concept of quantum computing and discuss its potential applications in medical imaging. They also discuss the challenges and limitations of using quantum computing in this context. The paper concludes with a discussion on the future prospects of quantum computing in medical imaging. While the authors acknowledge the potential of quantum computing, they also emphasize the need for further research to fully realize its potential" ]

[ "OBJECTIVE: Lymphocyte recruitment to the inflamed gut is increased in UC. Inhibition of this cell trafficking by vedolizumab (VDZ) was successful in inducing and maintaining remission and in induction of endoscopic mucosal healing. There are no data on histological healing with VDZ. We studied histological changes following VDZ therapy and compared gene expression in patients with UC before and after therapy.DESIGN: Forty-one patients with UC from GEMINI I and LTS were studied before and at three time points (weeks 6/12/52) following VDZ therapy. Colonic biopsies were scored using the Geboes index and correlated with Mayo endoscopic subscore. Gene expression was analysed using Affymetrix gene arrays.RESULTS: Fifty-five per cent of patients achieving endoscopic healing (= Mayo endoscopic subscore 0-1) with VDZ at the studied time points also had histological healing (= Geboes grade 0-1). In most healers, some residual histological changes (eg, disturbed architecture and increased mononuclear cell infiltrate) were still observed, although this was less at week 52. VDZ restored expression of many inflammatory genes in patients with endoscopic healing only at week 52 and not before. In VDZ healers, the expression of many genes remained dysregulated at weeks 6/12/52 compared with controls.CONCLUSIONS: VDZ induces histological healing in >50% of patients with endoscopic healing, with maximal effect at week 52. VDZ also restored, although incompletely, the colonic expression of many immune-related genes in patients with UC achieving endoscopic healing at week 52. However, persistent histological and gene dysregulations did remain even in healers, suggesting that maintenance therapy will be necessary to control the intestinal inflammation.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NCT00783718 and NCT00790933; post-results." ]

[ "D4Z4 repeats are present in at least 11 different mammalian species, including humans and mice. Each repeat contains an open reading frame encoding a double homeodomain (DUX) family transcription factor. Aberrant expression of the D4Z4 ORF called DUX4 is associated with the pathogenesis of Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). DUX4 is toxic to numerous cell types of different species, and over-expression caused dysmorphism and developmental arrest in frogs and zebrafish, embryonic lethality in transgenic mice, and lesions in mouse muscle. Because DUX4 is a primate-specific gene, questions have been raised about the biological relevance of over-expressing it in non-primate models, as DUX4 toxicity could be related to non-specific cellular stress induced by over-expressing a DUX family transcription factor in organisms that did not co-evolve its regulated transcriptional networks. We assessed toxic phenotypes of DUX family genes, including DUX4, DUX1, DUX5, DUXA, DUX4-s, Dux-bl and mouse Dux. We found that DUX proteins were not universally toxic, and only the mouse Dux gene caused similar toxic phenotypes as human DUX4. Using RNA-seq, we found that 80% of genes upregulated by Dux were similarly increased in DUX4-expressing cells. Moreover, 43% of Dux-responsive genes contained ChIP-seq binding sites for both Dux and DUX4, and both proteins had similar consensus binding site sequences. These results suggested DUX4 and Dux may regulate some common pathways, and despite diverging from a common progenitor under different selective pressures for millions of years, the two genes maintain partial functional homology.", "Chromatin modification enzymes are important regulators of gene expression and some are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a major model organism for genome-wide studies that aim at the identification of target genes under the control of conserved epigenetic regulators. Ume6 interacts with the upstream repressor site 1 (URS1) and represses transcription by recruiting both the conserved histone deacetylase Rpd3 (through the co-repressor Sin3) and the chromatin-remodeling factor Isw2. Cells lacking Ume6 are defective in growth, stress response, and meiotic development. RNA profiling studies and in vivo protein-DNA binding assays identified mRNAs or transcript isoforms that are directly repressed by Ume6 in mitosis. However, a comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional alterations, which underlie the complex ume6 mutant phenotype during fermentation, respiration, or sporulation, is lacking. We report the protein-coding transcriptome of a diploid MAT a/ wild-type and ume6/ume6 mutant strains cultured in rich media with glucose or acetate as a carbon source, or sporulation-inducing medium. We distinguished direct from indirect effects on mRNA levels by combining GeneChip data with URS1 motif predictions and published high-throughput in vivo Ume6-DNA binding data. To gain insight into the molecular interactions between successive waves of Ume6-dependent meiotic genes, we integrated expression data with information on protein networks. Our work identifies novel Ume6 repressed genes during growth and development and reveals a strong effect of the carbon source on the derepression pattern of transcripts in growing and developmentally arrested ume6/ume6 mutant cells. Since yeast is a useful model organism for chromatin-mediated effects on gene expression, our results provide a rich source for further genetic and molecular biological work on the regulation of cell growth and cell differentiation in eukaryotes." ]

[ "The association between smoking habits and asthma is complex because subjects with asthma could avoid smoking, whereas smoking could increase asthma severity or incidence. The relation between asthma in childhood (0-10 years) and smoking initiation in the second decade (11-20 years) was investigated using the database of the Italian Study on Asthma in Young Adults, performed in 1998-2000 on people aged 20-45 years. The cumulative incidence of smoking initiation was compared among (1) subjects not reporting asthma attacks in the first 20 years of life (n = 17,384), (2) subjects reporting asthma onset in the first decade and no disease remission by the age of 20 years (n = 305), (3) subjects reporting asthma onset in the first decade and remission in the first and second decades (n = 573). Among men, the cumulative incidence of smoking onset was higher among nonasthmatics (49%) than among asthmatics (35.6%), and intermediate among asthmatics with disease remission (44.2%) (p = .001). These differences were larger in males born between 1953 and 1965, and tended to decrease in males born between 1966 and 1979: cumulative incidence of smoking onset decreased from 54.3% to 43.8% in nonasthmatics, whereas it remained stable in asthmatics (from 36.8% to 35%). Women, instead, had similar cumulative incidence of smoking initiation, irrespective of asthma onset or remission (p = .849)" ]

[ "BACKGROUND: Sexually dimorphic risk of obesity-associated asthma is posited to accelerate around puberty. Yet, the role of air pollution on the lean and obese asthmatic children has never been examined.OBJECTIVE: To compare whether a unit exposure to airborne benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is associated with altered risks of asthma across the overweight/obese (OV/OB) control, lean asthmatic, and OV/OB asthmatic children, respectively, compared to the lean controls, before and after adjusting for oxidant stress markers (i.e. 15‑F2t‑IsoP, 8‑oxo‑dG, and Carbonyl).METHODS: Asthmatic and healthy control children, recruited from polluted urban and rural areas, were matched to ambient concentration of B[a]P. A unit increase in B[a]P and multinomial logistic regression on OV/OB control, lean asthmatic, and OV/OB asthma were compared across the sex- and age-groups.RESULTS: The median B[a]P was associated with a linear increase among the female children, according to OV/OB and asthma, respectively, and together, compared to the lean control girls (p = 0.001). While B[a]P was associated with positive relationship with 15‑F2t‑IsoP level among the OV/OB boys, the same exposure-outcome association was inverse among the OV/OB girls. One natural log-unit increase in ambient B[a]P was associated with 10.5-times greater odds (95% CI, 2.6-39.6; p = 0.001) the adolescent OV/OB boys, compared to the unit odds among the lean controls. In contrast, the adolescent OV/OB girls were associated with highest adjusted odds of the asthma (aOR = 15.4; 95% CI, 2.9-29.1; p < 0.001) compared to the lean control girls. An adjustment for 15‑F2t‑IsoP, and Carbonyls was associated with greater odds of asthma per unit exposure for the adolescent OV/OB girls (aOR = 16.2; 95% CI, 1.4-181.8; p = 0.024).CONCLUSIONS: B[a]P exposure was associated with a leap in the odds of asthma among the OV/OB adolescents, particularly the girls, after adjusting for 15‑F2t‑IsoP and Carbonyls.", "Little is known about whether secondhand smoke (SHS)-related diseases of young children, such as asthma, induce parental smoking cessation during the early child-rearing period. Our objective was therefore to show the association in addition to other potential determinants of parental cessation. We analyzed data from the Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century in Japan, from 0.5years (N=47,015) to 4.5years (N=39,817), having selected participants whose parents smoked at baseline (maternal smoking N=8,037; paternal smoking N=28,486). Multivariable log-binomial regression models were used to calculate the prevalence ratios for parental smoking cessation according to the onset of SHS-related diseases of their children, using inverse probability weight to account for non-response at follow-up. A total of 16.7% of smoking mothers and 14.5% of smoking fathers had stopped smoking at follow-up. The onset of SHS-related children's diseases was not statistically significantly associated with either maternal or paternal smoking cessation after multivariable adjustments. Strong determinants were, for example, number of cigarettes smoked per day and partner's smoking status during follow-up" ]

[ "Samsung Galaxy Tab A 10.1 The Samsung Galaxy Tab A 10.1 is a 10.1-inch Android-based tablet computer produced and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It belongs to the mid-range \"\"A\"\" series, which also includes 7, and in the past, 8 and 9.7-inch models. It was released in May 2016; the S-Pen (stylus) version was released in September 2016. The Galaxy Tab A 10.1 comes with Android 6.0 Marshmallow, customized with TouchWiz software and Samsung apps such as S Planner, WatchON, Smart Stay, Multi-Window, Group Play, and the S-Pen suite for the S-Pen version. The Galaxy Tab A 10.1 is available in" ]

[ "announced in November and launched in December. Following the launch of the device, HTC has reported a rise of revenue for November which is six months high for the company and 15% increase of the revenue for October. HTC One A9 The HTC One A9 is an Android smartphone manufactured and marketed by HTC. It was officially announced on October 20, 2015. It is the successor to the HTC One Mini 2 in the Worldwide; but in global markets, it was sold alongside the One M9 as a mid-range offering. It was launched as an effort to improve the revenue", "for data and 64 KB for instructions, an L2 cache of 3 MB shared by both CPU cores, and a 4 MB L3 cache that services the entire SoC and acts as a victim cache. The A9 includes a new image processor, a feature originally introduced in the A5 and last updated in the A7, with better temporal and spatial noise reduction as well as improved local tone mapping. The A9 directly integrates an embedded M9 motion coprocessor, a feature originally introduced with the A7 as a separate chip. In addition to servicing the accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, and barometer, the" ]

[ "I get what you're saying" ]

[ "I don't know what you mean" ]

[ "Extrinsic muscles Extrinsic musclesnavigation search Definitionnoun A group of muscles lying superficially on a structure, in contrast to intrinsic muscles, which are located deeply Supplement For instance, the extrinsic muscles of the tongue include genioglossus muscle, hyoglossus muscle, styloglossus muscle, and palatoglossus muscle. Since they are extrinsic muscles, they are located on the surface of the tongue, and attach the tongue to other structures. They all insert into the tongue but have differing origins. Genioglossus muscle originates from the mandible, the hyoglossus muscle is from the hyoid bone, styloglossus muscle from the styloid process, and palatoglossus muscle from the palatine aponeurosis. Compare:intrinsic muscles" ]

[ "75 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back Chapter 11. The Muscular System75 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Identify the axial muscles of the face, head, and neck Identify the movement and function of the face, head, and neck muscles The skeletal muscles are divided into axial (muscles of the trunk and head) and appendicular (muscles of the arms and legs) categories. This system reflects the bones of the skeleton system, which are also arranged in this manner. The axial muscles are grouped based on location, function, or both. Some of the axial muscles may seem to blur the boundaries because they cross over to the appendicular skeleton. The first grouping of the axial muscles you will review includes the muscles of the head and neck, then you will review the muscles of the vertebral column, and finally you will review the oblique and rectus muscles. Muscles That Create Facial Expression The origins of the muscles of facial expression are on the surface of the skull (remember, the origin of a muscle does not move). The insertions of these muscles have fibers intertwined with connective tissue and the dermis of the skin. Because the muscles insert in the skin rather than on bone, when they contract, the skin moves to create facial expression ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Muscles of Facial Expression. Many of the muscles of facial expression insert into the skin surrounding the eyelids, nose and mouth, producing facial expressions by moving the skin rather than bones. The orbicularis oris is a circular muscle that moves the lips, and the orbicularis oculi is a circular muscle that closes the eye. The occipitofrontalis muscle moves up the scalp and eyebrows. The muscle has a frontal belly and an occipital (near the occipital bone on the posterior part of the skull) belly. In other words, there is a muscle on the forehead ( frontalis) and one on the back of the head ( occipitalis ), but there is no muscle across the top of the head. Instead, the two bellies are connected by a broad tendon called the epicranial aponeurosis, or galea aponeurosis (galea = “apple”). The physicians originally studying human anatomy thought the skull looked like an apple. The majority of the face is composed of the buccinator muscle, which compresses the cheek. This muscle allows you to whistle, blow, and suck; and it contributes to the action of chewing. There are several small facial muscles, one of which is the corrugator supercilii, which is the prime mover of the eyebrows. Place your finger on your eyebrows at the point of the bridge of the nose. Raise your eyebrows as if you were surprised and lower your eyebrows as if you were frowning. With these movements, you can feel the action of the corrugator supercilli. Additional muscles of facial expression are presented in Figure 2. Figure 2. Muscles in Facial Expression Muscles That Move the Eyes The movement of the eyeball is under the control of the extrinsic eye muscles, which originate outside the eye and insert onto the outer surface of the white of the eye. These muscles are located inside the eye socket and cannot be seen on any part of the visible eyeball ( Figure 3 and Table 3 ). If you have ever been to a doctor who held up a finger and asked you to follow it up, down, and to both sides, he or she is checking to make sure your eye muscles are acting in a coordinated pattern. Figure 3. Muscles of the Eyes. (a) The extrinsic eye muscles originate outside of the eye on the skull. (b) Each muscle inserts onto the eyeball. Muscles of the Eyes (Table 3)Movement Target Target motion direction Prime mover Origin Insertion Moves eyes up and toward nose; rotates eyes from 1 o’clock to 3 o’clock Eyeballs Superior (elevates); medial (adducts) Superior rectus Common tendinous ring (ring attaches to optic foramen) Superior surface of eyeball Moves eyes down and toward nose; rotates eyes from 6 o’clock to 3 o’clock Eyeballs Inferior (depresses); medial (adducts) Inferior rectus Common tendinous ring (ring attaches to optic foramen) Inferior surface of eyeball Moves eyes away from nose Eyeballs Lateral (abducts) Lateral rectus Common tendinous ring (ring attaches to optic foramen) Lateral surface of eyeball Moves eyes toward nose Eyeballs Medial (adducts) Medial rectus Common tendinous ring (ring attaches to optic foramen) Medial surface of eyeball Moves eyes up and away from nose; rotates eyeball from 12 o’clock to 9 o’clock Eyeballs Superior (elevates); lateral (abducts) Inferior oblique Floor of orbit (maxilla) Surface of eyeball between inferior rectus and lateral rectus Moves eyes down and away from nose; rotates eyeball from 6 o’clock to 9 o’clock Eyeballs Superior (elevates); lateral (abducts) Superior oblique Sphenoid bone Suface of eyeball between superior rectus and lateral rectus Opens eyes Upper eyelid Superior (elevates) Levator palpabrae superioris Roof of orbit (sphenoid bone) Skin of upper eyelids Closes eyelids Eyelid skin Compression along superior–inferior axis Orbicularis oculi Medial bones composing the orbit Circumference of orbit Muscles That Move the Lower Jaw In anatomical terminology, chewing is called mastication. Muscles involved in chewing must be able to exert enough pressure to bite through and then chew food before it is swallowed ( Figure 4 and Table 4 ). The masseter muscle is the main muscle used for chewing because it elevates the mandible (lower jaw) to close the mouth, and it is assisted by the temporalis muscle, which retracts the mandible. You can feel the temporalis move by putting your fingers to your temple as you chew. Figure 4. Muscles That Move the Lower Jaw. The muscles that move the lower jaw are typically located within the cheek and originate from processes in the skull. This provides the jaw muscles with the large amount of leverage needed for chewing. Muscles of the Lower Jaw (Table 4)Movement Target Target motion direction Prime mover Origin Insertion Closes mouth; aids chewing Mandible Superior (elevates) Masseter Maxilla arch; zygomatic arch (for masseter) Mandible Closes mouth; pulls lower jaw in under upper jaw Mandible Superior (elevates); posterior (retracts) Temporalis Temporal bone Mandible Opens mouth; pushes lower jaw out under upper jaw; moves lower jaw side-to-side Mandible Inferior (depresses); posterior (protracts); lateral (abducts); medial (adducts) Lateral pterygoid Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Mandible Closes mouth; pushes lower jaw out under upper jaw; moves lower jaw side-to-side Mandible Superior (elevates); posterior (protracts); lateral (abducts); medial (adducts) Medial pterygoid Sphenoid bone; maxilla Mandible; temporo-mandibular joint Although the masseter and temporalis are responsible for elevating and closing the jaw to break food into digestible pieces, the medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles provide assistance in chewing and moving food within the mouth. Muscles That Move the Tongue Although the tongue is obviously important for tasting food, it is also necessary for mastication, deglutition (swallowing), and speech ( Figure 5 and Figure 6 ). Because it is so moveable, the tongue facilitates complex speech patterns and sounds. Figure 5. Muscles that Move the Tongue Figure 6. Muscles for Tongue Movement, Swallowing, and Speech Tongue muscles can be extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic tongue muscles insert into the tongue from outside origins, and the intrinsic tongue muscles insert into the tongue from origins within it. The extrinsic muscles move the whole tongue in different directions, whereas the intrinsic muscles allow the tongue to change its shape (such as, curling the tongue in a loop or flattening it). The extrinsic muscles all include the word root glossus (glossus = “tongue”), and the muscle names are derived from where the muscle originates. The genioglossus (genio = “chin”) originates on the mandible and allows the tongue to move downward and forward. The styloglossus originates on the styloid bone, and allows upward and backward motion. The palatoglossus originates on the soft palate to elevate the back of the tongue, and the hyoglossus originates on the hyoid bone to move the tongue downward and flatten it. Everyday Connections Anesthesia and the Tongue Muscles Before surgery, a patient must be made ready for general anesthesia. The normal homeostatic controls of the body are put “on hold” so that the patient can be prepped for surgery. Control of respiration must be switched from the patient’s homeostatic control to the control of the anesthesiologist. The drugs used for anesthesia relax a majority of the body’s muscles. Among the muscles affected during general anesthesia are those that are necessary for breathing and moving the tongue. Under anesthesia, the tongue can relax and partially or fully block the airway, and the muscles of respiration may not move the diaphragm or chest wall. To avoid possible complications, the safest procedure to use on a patient is called endotracheal intubation. Placing a tube into the trachea allows the doctors to maintain a patient’s (open) airway to the lungs and seal the airway off from the oropharynx. Post-surgery, the anesthesiologist gradually changes the mixture of the gases that keep the patient unconscious, and when the muscles of respiration begin to function, the tube is removed. It still takes about 30 minutes for a patient to wake up, and for breathing muscles to regain control of respiration. After surgery, most people have a sore or scratchy throat for a few days. Muscles of the Anterior Neck The muscles of the anterior neck assist in deglutition (swallowing) and speech by controlling the positions of the larynx (voice box), and the hyoid bone, a horseshoe-shaped bone that functions as a solid foundation on which the tongue can move. The muscles of the neck are categorized according to their position relative to the hyoid bone ( Figure 7 ). Suprahyoid muscles are superior to it, and the infrahyoid muscles are located inferiorly. Figure 7. Muscles of the Anterior Neck. The anterior muscles of the neck facilitate swallowing and speech. The suprahyoid muscles originate from above the hyoid bone in the chin region. The infrahyoid muscles originate below the hyoid bone in the lower neck. The suprahyoid muscles raise the hyoid bone, the floor of the mouth, and the larynx during deglutition. These include the digastric muscle, which has anterior and posterior bellies that work to elevate the hyoid bone and larynx when one swallows; it also depresses the mandible. The stylohyoid muscle moves the hyoid bone posteriorly, elevating the larynx, and the mylohyoid muscle lifts it and helps press the tongue to the top of the mouth. The geniohyoid depresses the mandible in addition to raising and pulling the hyoid bone anteriorly. The strap-like infrahyoid muscles generally depress the hyoid bone and control the position of the larynx. The omohyoid muscle, which has superior and inferior bellies, depresses the hyoid bone in conjunction with the sternohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles. The thyrohyoid muscle also elevates the larynx’s thyroid cartilage, whereas the sternothyroid depresses it to create different tones of voice. Muscles That Move the Head The head, attached to the top of the vertebral column, is balanced, moved, and rotated by the neck muscles ( Table 5 ). When these muscles act unilaterally, the head rotates. When they contract bilaterally, the head flexes or extends. The major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates the head is the sternocleidomastoid. In addition, both muscles working together are the flexors of the head. Place your fingers on both sides of the neck and turn your head to the left and to the right. You will feel the movement originate there. This muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles when viewed from the side ( Figure 8 ). Figure 8. Posterior and Lateral Views of the Neck. The superficial and deep muscles of the neck are responsible for moving the head, cervical vertebrae, and scapulas. Muscles That Move the Head (Table 5)Movement Target Target motion direction Prime mover Origin Insertion Rotates and tilts head to the side; tilts head forward Skull; vertebrae Individually: rotates head to opposite side; bilaterally: flexion Sternocleidomastoid Sternum; clavicle Temporal bone (mastoid process); occipital bone Rotates and tilts head backward Skull; vertebrae Individually: laterally flexes and rotates head to same side; bilaterally: extension Semispinalis capitis Transverse and articular processes of cervical and thoracic vertebra Occipital bone Rotates and tilts head to the side; tilts head backward Skull; vertebrae Individually: laterally flexes and rotates head to same side; bilaterally: extension Splenius capitis Spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebra Temporal bone (mastoid process); occipital bone Rotates and tilts head to the side; tilts head backward Skull; vertebrae Individually: laterally flexes and rotates head to same side; bilaterally: extension Longissimus capitis Transverse and articular processes of cervical and thoracic vertebra Temporal bone (mastoid process)Muscles of the Posterior Neck and the Back The posterior muscles of the neck are primarily concerned with head movements, like extension. The back muscles stabilize and move the vertebral column, and are grouped according to the lengths and direction of the fascicles. The splenius muscles originate at the midline and run laterally and superiorly to their insertions. From the sides and the back of the neck, the splenius capitis inserts onto the head region, and the splenius cervicis extends onto the cervical region. These muscles can extend the head, laterally flex it, and rotate it ( Figure 9 ). Figure 9. Muscles of the Neck and Back. The large, complex muscles of the neck and back move the head, shoulders, and vertebral column. The erector spinae group forms the majority of the muscle mass of the back and it is the primary extensor of the vertebral column. It controls flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column, and maintains the lumbar curve. The erector spinae comprises the iliocostalis (laterally placed) group, the longissimus (intermediately placed) group, and the spinalis (medially placed) group. The iliocostalis group includes the iliocostalis cervicis, associated with the cervical region; the iliocostalis thoracis, associated with the thoracic region; and the iliocostalis lumborum, associated with the lumbar region. The three muscles of the longissimus group are the longissimus capitis, associated with the head region; the longissimus cervicis, associated with the cervical region; and the longissimus thoracis, associated with the thoracic region. The third group, the spinalis group, comprises the spinalis capitis (head region), the spinalis cervicis (cervical region), and the spinalis thoracis (thoracic region). The transversospinales muscles run from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae. Similar to the erector spinae muscles, the semispinalis muscles in this group are named for the areas of the body with which they are associated. The semispinalis muscles include the semispinalis capitis, the semispinalis cervicis, and the semispinalis thoracis. The multifidus muscle of the lumbar region helps extend and laterally flex the vertebral column. Important in the stabilization of the vertebral column is the segmental muscle group, which includes the interspinales and intertransversarii muscles. These muscles bring together the spinous and transverse processes of each consecutive vertebra. Finally, the scalene muscles work together to flex, laterally flex, and rotate the head. They also contribute to deep inhalation. The scalene muscles include the anterior scalene muscle (anterior to the middle scalene), the middle scalene muscle (the longest, intermediate between the anterior and posterior scalenes), and the posterior scalene muscle (the smallest, posterior to the middle scalene). Chapter Review Muscles are either axial muscles or appendicular. The axial muscles are grouped based on location, function, or both. Some axial muscles cross over to the appendicular skeleton. The muscles of the head and neck are all axial. The muscles in the face create facial expression by inserting into the skin rather than onto bone. Muscles that move the eyeballs are extrinsic, meaning they originate outside of the eye and insert onto it. Tongue muscles are both extrinsic and intrinsic. The genioglossus depresses the tongue and moves it anteriorly; the styloglossus lifts the tongue and retracts it; the palatoglossus elevates the back of the tongue; and the hyoglossus depresses and flattens it. The muscles of the anterior neck facilitate swallowing and speech, stabilize the hyoid bone and position the larynx. The muscles of the neck stabilize and move the head. The sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles. The muscles of the back and neck that move the vertebral column are complex, overlapping, and can be divided into five groups. The splenius group includes the splenius capitis and the splenius cervicis. The erector spinae has three subgroups. The iliocostalis group includes the iliocostalis cervicis, the iliocostalis thoracis, and the iliocostalis lumborum. The longissimus group includes the longissimus capitis, the longissimus cervicis, and the longissimus thoracis. The spinalis group includes the spinalis capitis, the spinalis cervicis, and the spinalis thoracis. The transversospinales include the semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, and rotatores. The segmental muscles include the interspinales and intertransversarii. Finally, the scalenes include the anterior scalene, middle scalene, and posterior scalene. Review Questions1. Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion?occipitofrontaliscorrugator superciliisternocleidomastoidmasseter2. Where is the inferior oblique muscle located?in the abdomenin the eye socketin the anterior neckin the face3. What is the action of the masseter?swallowingchewingmoving the lipsclosing the eye4. The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in ________.-glottis-glossus-gluteus-hyoid5. What is the function of the erector spinae?movement of the armsstabilization of the pelvic girdlepostural supportrotating of the vertebral column Critical Thinking Questions1. Explain the difference between axial and appendicular muscles.2. Describe the muscles of the anterior neck.3. Why are the muscles of the face different from typical skeletal muscle? Glossaryanterior scalenea muscle anterior to the middle scaleneappendicularof the arms and legsaxialof the trunk and headbuccinatormuscle that compresses the cheekcorrugator superciliiprime mover of the eyebrowsdeglutitionswallowingdigastricmuscle that has anterior and posterior bellies and elevates the hyoid bone and larynx when one swallows; it also depresses the mandibleepicranial aponeurosis (also, galea aponeurosis) flat broad tendon that connects the frontalis and occipitaliserector spinae grouplarge muscle mass of the back; primary extensor of the vertebral columnextrinsic eye musclesoriginate outside the eye and insert onto the outer surface of the white of the eye, and create eyeball movementfrontalisfront part of the occipitofrontalis musclegenioglossusmuscle that originates on the mandible and allows the tongue to move downward and forwardgeniohyoidmuscle that depresses the mandible, and raises and pulls the hyoid bone anteriorlyhyoglossusmuscle that originates on the hyoid bone to move the tongue downward and flatten itiliocostalis cervicismuscle of the iliocostalis group associated with the cervical regioniliocostalis grouplaterally placed muscles of the erector spinaeiliocostalis lumborummuscle of the iliocostalis group associated with the lumbar regioniliocostalis thoracismuscle of the iliocostalis group associated with the thoracic regioninfrahyoid musclesanterior neck muscles that are attached to, and inferior to the hyoid bonelateral pterygoidmuscle that moves the mandible from side to sidelongissimus capitismuscle of the longissimus group associated with the head regionlongissimus cervicismuscle of the longissimus group associated with the cervical regionlongissimus groupintermediately placed muscles of the erector spinaelongissimus thoracismuscle of the longissimus group associated with the thoracic regionmassetermain muscle for chewing that elevates the mandible to close the mouthmasticationchewingmedial pterygoidmuscle that moves the mandible from side to sidemiddle scalenelongest scalene muscle, located between the anterior and posterior scalenesmultifidusmuscle of the lumbar region that helps extend and laterally flex the vertebral columnmylohyoidmuscle that lifts the hyoid bone and helps press the tongue to the top of the mouthoccipitalisposterior part of the occipitofrontalis muscleoccipitofrontalismuscle that makes up the scalp with a frontal belly and an occipital bellyomohyoidmuscle that has superior and inferior bellies and depresses the hyoid boneorbicularis oculicircular muscle that closes the eyeorbicularis oriscircular muscle that moves the lipspalatoglossusmuscle that originates on the soft palate to elevate the back of the tongueposterior scalenesmallest scalene muscle, located posterior to the middle scalenescalene musclesflex, laterally flex, and rotate the head; contribute to deep inhalationsegmental muscle groupinterspinales and intertransversarii muscles that bring together the spinous and transverse processes of each consecutive vertebrasemispinalis capitistransversospinales muscle associated with the head regionsemispinalis cervicistransversospinales muscle associated with the cervical regionsemispinalis thoracistransversospinales muscle associated with the thoracic regionspinalis capitismuscle of the spinalis group associated with the head regionspinalis cervicismuscle of the spinalis group associated with the cervical regionspinalis groupmedially placed muscles of the erector spinaespinalis thoracismuscle of the spinalis group associated with the thoracic regionspleniusposterior neck muscles; includes the splenius capitis and splenius cervicissplenius capitisneck muscle that inserts into the head regionsplenius cervicisneck muscle that inserts into the cervical regionsternocleidomastoidmajor muscle that laterally flexes and rotates the headsternohyoidmuscle that depresses the hyoid bonesternothyroidmuscle that depresses the larynx’s thyroid cartilagestyloglossusmuscle that originates on the styloid bone, and allows upward and backward motion of the tonguestylohyoidmuscle that elevates the hyoid bone posteriorlysuprahyoid musclesneck muscles that are superior to the hyoid bonetemporalismuscle that retracts the mandiblethyrohyoidmuscle that depresses the hyoid bone and elevates the larynx’s thyroid cartilagetransversospinalesmuscles that originate at the transverse processes and insert at the spinous processes of the vertebrae Solutions Answers for Review Questions CBBBCAnswers for Critical Thinking Questions Axial muscles originate on the axial skeleton (the bones in the head, neck, and core of the body), whereas appendicular muscles originate on the bones that make up the body’s limbs. The muscles of the anterior neck are arranged to facilitate swallowing and speech. They work on the hyoid bone, with the suprahyoid muscles pulling up and the infrahyoid muscles pulling down. Most skeletal muscles create movement by actions on the skeleton. Facial muscles are different in that they create facial movements and expressions by pulling on the skin—no bone movements are involved." ]

[ "The risk of suffering anxiety disorders is associated with sustained subthreshold symptoms of anxiety. This study evaluated the stability of anxiety scores (high, moderate or low) across a six-month period in early adolescents (N = 95). The associations between sustained anxiety, vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), sympathetic activity, and heart rate fractal dynamics in everyday life conditions were analyzed. The anxiety scores from 71.50% of participants remained at the same level. The linear correlations between anxiety and cardiac measures were weak but a group-based approach revealed that the fractal dimension (FD) from stable-low anxiety participants was higher than the FD from participants with stable-moderate anxiety scores but not higher than the FD from the stable-high anxiety group. The short-term correlations' exponent a1 from the stable-high anxiety group was higher than the a1 from the stable-moderate anxiety group but not higher than the exponent from the stable-low anxiety group. No differences were found in the vmHRV nor sympathetic activity. The lack of a direct association between the complexity of the heart rate and the level of sustained anxiety suggests a nonlinear pattern of associations that would be in accordance with the optimum variability principle." ]

[ "BACKGROUND: It has been shown that psychological status is associated with the likelihood of atrial fibrillation (AF). Prolongation of the duration of atrial electromechanical delay (AEMD) is known to be a precursor for AF development.AIM: Therefore, we aimed to evaluate AEMD in patients with anxiety disorder.METHODS: In this prospective study, a total of 82 anxiety disorder and 80 healthy subjects were enrolled. Symptoms of anxiety were evaluated by using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). P-wave dispersion (PWD) was measured on a 12-lead electrocardiogram. Both intra- and inter-AEMD were measured with tissue Doppler imaging.RESULTS: Basal characteristics were similar between the two groups. PWD, inter- and right intra-AEMD were significantly prolonged in patients with anxiety disorders, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In the correlation analysis, HAM-A was significantly and moderately correlated with right intra- and inter-AEMD, and PWD.CONCLUSIONS: Patients suffering from anxiety disorders are characterised by prolonged AEMD, which can provide significant contributions to evaluate the risk for AF development in this group.", "OBJECTIVES: This study determined temporal stability of ambulatory measured cardiac autonomic activity for different time periods and investigated potential drivers of changes in this activity.METHODS: Data was drawn from baseline (n=2379), 2-year (n=2245), and 6-year (n=1876) follow-up from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Cardiac autonomic activity was measured with heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP). Autonomic temporal stability was determined across 2, 4, and 6year intervals. We subsequently examined the association between sociodemographics, lifestyle, mental health, cardiometabolic health, and the use of antidepressant and cardiac medication with change in cardiac autonomic activity.RESULTS: Over 2years, stability was good for HR (ICC=0.703), excellent for RSA (ICC=0.792) and moderate for PEP (ICC=0.576). Stability decreased for a 4- (HR ICC=0.688, RSA ICC=0.652 and PEP ICC=0.387) and 6-year interval (HR ICC=0.633, RSA ICC=0.654 and PEP ICC=0.355). The most important determinants for increase in HR were (increase in) smoking, increase in body mass index (BMI) and (starting) the use of antidepressants. Beta-blocking/antiarrhythmic drug use led to a decrease in HR. Decrease in RSA was associated with age, smoking and (starting) antidepressant use. Decrease in PEP was associated with age and (increase in) BMI.CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac autonomic measures were rather stable over 2years, but stability decreased with increasing time span. Determinants contributing to cardiac autonomic deterioration were older age, (increase in) smoking and BMI, and (starting) the use of antidepressants. (Starting) the use of cardiac medication improved autonomic function." ]

[ "When Does REM Sleep Occur? Slow wave sleep comes mostly in the first half of the night, REM in the second half. REM sleep typically begins about 90 minutes after you first fall asleep, with the first REM cycle lasting about 10 minutes. Each successive REM cycle last longer, with the final REM stage lasting up to 1 hour. Most people experience three to five intervals of REM sleep each night." ]

[ "You spend more of your repeated sleep cycles in stage 2 sleep than in other sleep stages. Stage 3 non-REM sleep is the period of deep sleep that you need to feel refreshed in the morning. It occurs in longer periods during the first half of the night. Your heartbeat and breathing slow to their lowest levels during sleep.", "For the first few years after menstruation begins, longer cycles are common. A woman's cycle tends to shorten and become more regular with age. Most of the time, periods will be in the range of 21 to 35 days apart.hen you menstruate, your body sheds the lining of the uterus (womb). Menstrual blood flows from the uterus through the small opening in the cervix and passes out of the body through the vagina (see how the menstrual cycle works below). Most menstrual periods last from 3 to 5 days." ]

[ "Webster Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Perspire(verb) to excrete matter through the skin; esp., to excrete fluids through the pores of the skin; to sweat. Perspire(verb) to be evacuated or excreted, or to exude, through the pores of the skin; as, a fluid perspires. Perspire(verb) to emit or evacuate through the pores of the skin; to sweat; to excrete through pores. Origin: [L. perspirare to breathe through; per + spirare." ]

[ "This also makes yangire characters more dangerous than yandere since it is impossible to predict when they will snap and show their true self. The word yangire is a combination of the word “yanderu” which means being sick and “kireru” which means to cut or to snap (as in losing one’s temper and turning crazy).", "Trends of 'conspire'. Translations for 'conspire'. British English: conspire VERB. If two or more people or groups conspire to do something illegal or harmful, they make a secret agreement to do it.They'd conspired to overthrow the government.I thought people were conspiring against me." ]

[ "Individuals with severe opioid withdrawal symptoms may experience shaking, muscle and bone pain, nausea, depression, anxiety, and drug craving. Tramadol is a medication that is currently used to treat moderate to severe pain in individuals with cancer, joint pain, or pain resulting from surgery.", "To avoid possible tramadol withdrawal symptoms, a patient should not stop taking it suddenly. A person who stops taking the medication suddenly may develop tremors, chills, and abnormal sweating. He may also hallucinate, experience anxiety, and have trouble breathing and/or sleeping." ]

[ "I too was on very high doses of Tramadol (up to 40 pills a day). I started off over 14 years ago taking 2 or 4 per day for back pain and it just spiraled out of control. My story is long w/lots of twists, but for now just want to say that I can totally relate to where you are. I also did a cold turkey w/d on Dec. 1st.", "The most common adverse effects of tramadol include nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, indigestion, abdominal pain, vertigo, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness and headache." ]

[ "Denton is located in Denton County in Texas. 1 Population: 121,123. 2 Area: 89.32 sq. miles Land Area: 87.95 sq. miles. Water Area: 1.36 sq. miles. 3 Population Density: 1,356.11 people per sq. mile. Elevation: 664.37 1 ft. Time Zone: Central Standard Time (GMT 2 -6) Daylight Savings: Yes." ]

[ "The population density in Denton is 1292% higher than Texas. The median age in Denton is 18% lower than Texas. In Denton 77.00% of the population is Caucasian. In Denton 10.92% of the population is African American.", "$93,884.00. Median Income In. Denton County, Texas. The median property tax (also known as real estate tax) in Denton County is $3,822.00 per year, based on a median home value of $178,300.00 and a median effective property tax rate of 2.14% of property value." ]

[ "intelligence community who were arrested under President Keane's orders the previous season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The series was renewed for a seventh and eighth season in August 2016. For this season, Maury Sterling, Jake Weber and Linus Roache were promoted to series regulars; Sterling has been recurring since the first season, while Weber and Roache both first appeared in the sixth season. The seventh season began production on September 11, 2017, filming in Richmond, Virginia. Filming wrapped in Budapest, Hungary on March 29, 2018. The writers initially planned for the series' seventh and eighth seasons to comprise a two-season arc, but current" ]

[ "unless she accepts the deal. Carrie does so, but refuses to name any agents in the field. That night, Carrie goes to Saul's house, and it is revealed that her entire hospitalization ordeal has been part of an elaborate, secret operation to infiltrate the Iranian terrorist group behind the bombing. David Nutter directed the episode. Co-creator Alex Gansa and consulting producer James Yoshimura wrote the episode; it is Yoshimura's first writing credit of the series. The episode guest stars former series regulars Diego Klattenhoff and David Marciano, who were both downgraded from main cast status after the conclusion of the", "State of Independence (Homeland) \"\"State of Independence\"\" is the third episode of the second season of the American television drama series \"\"Homeland\"\", and the 15th episode overall. It originally aired on Showtime on October 14, 2012. Saul (Mandy Patinkin) is boarding a plane home from Beirut Airport when he is pulled aside by a uniformed soldier. He is then led to a closed room and questioned by a well-dressed man implied to be an intelligence officer. Saul is traveling on a diplomatic passport and refuses questioning on grounds of diplomatic immunity. He attempts to intimidate the man, but is forced" ]

[ "Slow-wave sleep -- napping for approximately 30 to 60 minutes -- is good for decision-making skills, such as memorizing vocabulary or recalling directions. Getting rapid eye movement or REM sleep, usually 60 to 90 minutes of napping, plays a key role in making new connections in the brain and solving creative problems." ]

[ "So how many naps are normal? It depends on how old your toddler is. Over the course of the first year, as babies grow out of their infant stage and become toddlers, they go from needing five to six naps a day to needing two solid nap sessions a day (one in the morning and one in the afternoon).ere’s a good rule of thumb: If the child is getting a solid amount of sleep at night, the naps should add up to a total of two to two-and-a-half hours when the toddler is 12 months old, one-and-a-half to two hours at 18 months, and one-and-a-quarter to one-and-a-half hours when the kid reaches two years of age.", "7 month old baby’s sleep. At this age, some 7 month olds can sleep through the night, without a feeding, and take two to three naps. Some babies don’t ever have 3 naps, but many will have 3 naps until around 9 months.The third nap is almost always a short 30-45 minute cat nap.Your 7 month old should be napping a total of 2-3 hours per day plus sleeping 11-12 hours at night. If you’re having trouble with naps, you might be interested in helping your baby nap.All babies vary, but here are some rough schedules you can use to make your own for your unique baby.t this age, some 7 month olds can sleep through the night, without a feeding, and take two to three naps. Some babies don’t ever have 3 naps, but many will have 3 naps until around 9 months." ]

[ "Filter tilt is often seen with conical filters and adversely affects retrievability and clot trapping efficiency. In addition, tilt may also alter flow dynamics. This study uses computational fluid dynamics to evaluate flow past an unoccluded and partially occluded Celect inferior vena cava filter (Cook, Bloomington, Indiana). In particular, the hemodynamic response to thrombus volume and filter tilt is examined, and the results are compared with flow conditions known to be thrombogenic. Computer models of an upright and tilted Celect filter are constructed using high-resolution digital photographs and methods of computer-aided design. The three-dimensional models are placed inside a model cava, and steady-state flow past unoccluded and partially occluded filters is computed. The volume of stagnant and recirculating flow increases with thrombus volume. In addition, as filter tilt increases, the cava wall in the direction of filter tilt is subjected to low-velocity flow and gives rise to regions of low wall shear stress" ]

[ "BACKGROUND: The stenosis of the coronary arteries is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Hemodynamic significance of patient-specific coronary stenoses and the risk of its progression may be assessed by comparing the hemodynamic effects induced by flow disorders. The present study shows how stenosis degree and variable flow conditions in coronary artery affect the oscillating shear index, residence time index, pressure drop coefficient and fractional flow reserve. We assume that changes in the hemodynamic indices in relation to variable flow conditions and geometries evaluated using the computational fluid dynamics may be an additional factor for a non-invasive assessment of the coronary stenosis detected on multi-slice computed tomography.METHODS: The local-parametrised models of basic shapes of the vessels, such as straight section, bend, and bifurcation as well as the global-patient-specific models of left coronary artery were used for numerical simulation of flow in virtually reconstructed stenotic vessels. Calculations were carried out for vessels both without stenosis, and vessels of 10 to 95% stenosis. The flow rate varied within the range of 20 to 1000 ml/min, and heart rate frequency within the range of 30 to 210 cycles/min. The computational fluid dynamics based on the finite elements method verified by the experimental measurements of the velocity profiles was used to analyse blood flow in the coronary arteries.RESULTS: The results confirm our preliminary assumptions. There is significant variation in the coronary hemodynamic indices value caused by disturbed flow through stenosis in relation to variable flow conditions and geometry of vessels.CONCLUSION: Variations of selected hemodynamic indexes induced by change of flow rate, heart rate and vessel geometry, obtained during a non-invasive study, may assist in evaluating the risk of stenosis progression and in carrying out the assessment of the hemodynamic significance of coronary stenosis. However, for a more accurate assessment of the variability of indices and coronary stenosis severity both local (near the narrowing) and global (in side branches) studies should be used.", "In all valves and all rotation angles, tilting resulted in a size-dependent significant increase of mean pressure gradient (range, 28-35% [21 mm valve], 59-96% [23 mm valve], 124-220% [25 mm valve]), valvular resistance (39-51, 84-121, 177-332%), regurgitation volume (84-148, 32-131, 93-118%), and systolic energy loss (113-146, 30-132, 69-213%), as well as a decrease of total stroke volume (2-5, 0-11, 3-10%), effective stroke volume (6-11, 9-14, 14-22%), cardiac output (6-11, 8-14, 13-22%), and effective opening area (16-24, 32-37, 47-57%). The strongest impairment of hemodynamic performance was seen at 90 degrees rotation with reference to total and effective stroke volume, cardiac output, mean pressure gradient, and regurgitation fraction" ]

[ "The goal of this study was to establish strideparameter gait models correlated to speed on individuals with chronic SCI and able-bodied controls walking with a powered robotic exoskeleton (EksoGT $^{\\mathrm{ TM}}$). Longitudinal exoskeleton training $( >100$ hours) across eight individuals with SCI resulted in a 30% increase in walking speed. A simple linear regression between step length, stride length for given speed were very tightly correlated along a line of best fit $( \\mathrm {p}<$.001). The temporal parameters of stride time, stance time and double support time depicted a non-linear exponentially decaying relationship for given walking speed. The research findings indicate that although longitudinal exoskeleton training reduces the temporal parameters, increases in spatial parameters are only marginal." ]

[ "OBJECTIVES: To investigate the heterogeneity of clinically meaningful levels of gait speed relative to self-reported mobility disability (SR-MD).DESIGN: Five longitudinal studies with older adults in different health states (onset of acute event, presence of chronic condition, sedentary, community living) were used to explore the relationship between gait speed and SR-MD.SETTING: Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P), LIFE, Trial of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors (TRAIN), Baltimore Hip Fracture Study (BHS2), Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI).PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 65 and older (N=3,540): sedentary, community dwelling (LIFE-P/LIFE), with hip fracture (BHS2), random population-based sample (InCHIANTI), high cardiovascular risk (TRAIN).MEASUREMENTS: Usual-pace gait speed across 3 to 4 m and SR-MD, defined as inability to walk approximately 1 block or climb 1 flight of stairs.RESULTS: The mean gait speed of participants without SR-MD was greater than 1.0 m/s in InCHIANTI and TRAIN, 0.79 m/s in LIFE-P/LIFE, and 0.46 m/sec in BHS2. Of individuals with SR-MD, mean gait speed was 0.08 m/s slower in LIFE-P/LIFE, 0.19 m/s slower in TRAIN, 0.22 m/s slower in BHS2, and 0.36 m/s slower in InCHIANTI. The optimal gait speed cutpoint for minimizing SR-MD misclassification rates ranged from 0.3 m/s in BHS2 to 1.0 m/s in TRAIN. In longitudinal analyses, development of SR-MD was dependent on initial gait speed and change in gait speed (p<.001).CONCLUSION: The relationship between absolute levels of gait speed and SR-MD may be context specific, and there may be variations between populations. Across diverse clinical populations, clinical interpretations of how change in usual pace gait speed relates to development of SR-MD depend on where on the gait speed continuum change occurs.", "OBJECTIVE: To determine whether or not self-selected walking speed associates with serum biomarkers of cartilage (collagen and proteoglycan) breakdown in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed (ACLR) individuals.METHODS: Twenty individuals with a history of a primary unilateral ACLR participated in this cross-sectional study. Resting blood was collected from each participant prior to completing 5 walking gait trials at a self-selected comfortable speed. Walking speed was evaluated in a 3-dimensional motion capture laboratory and determined from the velocity of the pelvic center of mass. Sera were assessed for collagen type II cleavage product (C2C) and proteoglycan (aggrecan) concentrations using commercially available specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pearson's product-moment (r) and Spearman's () correlations were used to evaluate associations between walking speed and biomarkers of cartilage breakdown metabolism. Partial correlations were used to determine whether covariates influenced associations between walking speed and biomarkers of cartilage breakdown.RESULTS: ACLR individuals with a slower walking speed demonstrated higher concentrations of serum C2C (r = -0.52, P = 0.02), while there was no significant association between walking speed and aggrecan concentrations ( = -0.29, P = 0.31). After accounting for the variance associated with stance phase duration, ACLR individuals with a slower walking speed still demonstrated greater serum C2C concentrations (partial r = -0.53, P = 0.02).CONCLUSION: ACLR individuals who habitually walk slower may experience a greater degree of collagen breakdown, suggesting that walking speed may be a future useful clinical indicator for identifying individuals with higher levels of cartilage breakdown and preradiographic osteoarthritic joint changes." ]

[ "INTRODUCTION: Optimization of kidney donor selection is critical to ensure recovery of the donor. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of metabolic syndrome on renal histology and perioperative renal function in living kidney donors.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2010 and March 2013, a total of 363 living kidney donors who underwent donor nephrectomy at our institution were enrolled. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in patients according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III, and renal histology of implantation biopsy specimens and perioperative renal function were compared in participants with or without metabolic syndrome. Using multivariate regression analysis, the goal was to identify which component of metabolic syndrome induces chronic histologic changes and delayed renal function recovery.RESULTS: We identified 30 donors (8.45%) with metabolic syndrome. Donors with metabolic syndrome were older (48.4 9.2 years vs 39.7 11.4 years; P < .001) and more likely to have chronic histologic changes (36.8% vs 9.7%; P = .001) than subjects without metabolic syndrome. Results of the multivariate regression analysis indicated that obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were independently associated with chronic histologic changes. Perioperative renal function was correlated with the presence of metabolic syndrome rather than with chronic histologic changes, and patients with metabolic syndrome were more likely to experience delayed renal function recovery. Linear regression models found that the sum of the metabolic components correlated with renal function 6 months postoperatively, but among all risk factors, only obesity was significantly associated with the occurrence of delayed renal function recovery (odds ratio, 2.67; P = .001).CONCLUSIONS: Although metabolic syndrome in living kidney donors is characterized by chronic histologic changes, perioperative renal function is affected by the syndrome itself rather than by the histologic changes. Obesity is the most important metabolic factor for predicting delayed renal function recovery in living kidney donors, providing an important clinical indicator of postoperative renal function in these patients." ]

[ "OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on urinary outcomes after surgery for severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), as central obesity can be associated with the development of BPE and with the worsening of LUTS.PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicentre prospective study was conducted including 378 consecutive men surgically treated for large BPE with simple open prostatectomy (OP) or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), between January 2012 and October 2013. LUTS were measured by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), immediately before surgery and at 6-12months postoperatively. MetS was defined according the USA National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III.RESULTS: The improvement of total and storage IPSS postoperatively was related to diastolic blood pressure and waist circumference (WC). A WC of >102cm was associated with a higher risk of an incomplete recovery of both total IPSS (odds ratio [OR] 0.343, P = 0.001) and storage IPSS (OR 0.208, P < 0.001), as compared with a WC of <102cm. The main limitations were: (i) population selected from a tertiary centre, (ii) Use exclusively of IPSS questionnaire, and (iii) No inclusion of further data.CONCLUSIONS: Increased WC is associated with persistent postoperative urinary symptoms after surgical treatment of BPE. Obese men have a higher risk of persistent storage LUTS after TURP or OP.", "AIMS: Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are associated with nephrolithiasis. Proposed mechanisms of lithogenesis include insulin resistance causing low urine pH and hyperinsulinemia leading to hypercalciuria. Herein, we sought to determine whether insulin resistance was associated with differences in stone burden and lithogenic changes on 24-hour urine samples.MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients that underwent comprehensive metabolic workup including 24-hour urine samples and fasting insulin levels were included. Insulin resistance was defined as a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance value > 5 (HOMA-IR = (glucose?insulin)/405). Patients on active metabolic therapy were excluded or the 24-hour urine sample predating treatment was utilized for analysis. Stone burden was determined by totaling the maximal diameter of all stones noted on CT.RESULTS: 18 of 30 patients (60.0%) had HOMA-IR > 5. Among patients with calculated insulin resistance, stone burden was greater (17.6 mm vs. 6.3 mm, p = 0.002) and 24-hour urine samples revealed higher urine calcium (293 mg/d vs. 159 mg/d, p = 0.02) and lower urine pH and citrate (454 mg/d vs. 639 mg/d, p = 0.04 and 5.83 vs. 6.33, p = 0.04, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: Previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and nephrolithiasis. This report demonstrates a quantitative increase in stone burden among patients with calculated insulin resistance. The pathway for this greater stone burden may be related to the urinary metabolic changes noted among patients with insulin resistance. In the future, targeting reduction of fasting insulin levels may represent a key element of stone disease prevention." ]

[ "Location: first division of pharynx; extends from choanae to uvula. Function: equalize air pressure (auditory tubes open into this area) h. oropharynx. location: extends from uvula (soft palate) to epiglottis. Function: serves both respiratory and digestive systems; passageway for air, food and drink. I. laryngopharynx. Location: third division of pharynx; extends from tip of epiglottis to esophagus; posterior to larynx. Function: serves both respiratory and digestive systems; lower passageway for air, food & drink." ]

[ "Transcript of Mouth, pharynx and the salivary gland. The oral cavity represents the first part of the digestive tube. Its primary function is to serve as the entrance of the alimentary tract. The mobility of the lips is also critical to speech production and human behavioral communication. It is bound by the lips anteriorly, the cheeks laterally, the floor of the mouth inferiorly, the oropharynx posteriorly, and the palate superiorly. The oropharynx begins superiorly at the junction between the hard palate and the soft palate, and inferiorly behind the circumvallate papillae of the tongue.", "RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WEBQUEST. 1. Describe the function of the nasal and oral pharynx for breathing. The ph arynx is a muscular funnel that extends from the back of the nose to the larynx, or voice box. The nasal pharynx’s function is to allow air passage through it." ]

[ "Hairy cell leukemia variant (HCLv) is a rare B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorder with features of the classic HCL but presenting some particularities, a poor response to conventional therapy of classic HCL and a more aggressive course of disease with shorter survival than classic HCL. We present a case of a 52-year-old man hospitalized in July 2012 in the Clinic of Hematology of Craiova, Romania, having splenomegaly, leukocytosis with lymphocytosis, anemia and thrombocytopenia, without monocytopenia, which exposed, in the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells, intermediate morphology between hairy cells and prolymphocytes and immunophenotype of mature B-cell phenotype CD19, CD20, CD22, CD11c, CD103, low positive for CD25 and negative for CD3, diagnosed with HCL variant, with no response to conventional chemotherapy and interferon-alpha, an aggressive course of disease and a survival of less than a year from diagnosis." ]

[ "Few studies have examined melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) incidence rates after a diagnosis of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL). We assessed 267 HCL patients treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data for melanoma and NMSC incidence rates after HCL. Incidence data from MSKCC patients demonstrated a 10-year combined melanoma and NMSC skin cancer rate of 113%, melanoma 44% and NMSC 69%. Molecular analysis of skin cancers from MSKCC patients revealed activating RAS mutations in 3/9 patients, including one patient with melanoma. Of 4750 SEER patients with HCL, 55 (12%) had a subsequent diagnosis of melanoma. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) did not show that melanoma was more common in HCL patients versus the general population (SIR 13, 95% CI 078-203). Analysis of SEER HCL patients diagnosed before and after 1990 (approximately before and after purine analogue therapy was introduced) showed no evidence of an increased incidence after 1990. A better understanding of any potential association between HCL and skin cancer is highly relevant given ongoing trials using BRAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib, for relapsed HCL, as RAS-mutant skin cancers could be paradoxically activated in these patients.", "INTRODUCTION: To describe the type and frequency of cutaneous manifestations of leukemia.METHODS: Observational, descriptive study. We included patients over 16 years of age, with confirmed diagnosis of leukemia from the Hematology and Dermatology Departments of the outpatient clinic and from in-patients. Patients with bone marrow transplantation were excluded. A complete history and physical examination of the skin and appendages was performed, with biopsy and cultures if required. The cutaneous manifestations were classified as infection or drug-related, leukemic infiltration, associated dermatosis to leukemia and non-specific lesions. Descriptive statistics was employed.RESULTS: We included 142 patients (62 females, 80 males) with the following diagnoses: acute myeloid leukemia (n=36), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n=52), chronic myeloid leukemia (n=21), chronic lymphocitic leukemia (n=30) and hairy cells leukemia (n=3). 42% of patients (n=60) presented some dermatoses. There were 36 non-specific dermatoses, 21 drug-related, 20 infectious, 3 infiltrative and none associated.CONCLUSIONS: Cutaneous manifestations directly related to leukemia are frequent, being the non-specific ones, the most commonly observed. However, a thorough dermatologic examination is important in these patients as part of an overall evaluation." ]

[ "Oil contamination is an environmental issue of great concern and the necessity for background studies and monitoring programs to continuously evaluate the levels of oil pollution is required. In this study, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to dispersed crude oil for 1 and 4 weeks to simulate environmental contamination. Fractionated plasma samples were then analysed by tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 717 proteins were identified and 10 new protein biomarker candidates were found. The significant proteome changes were related to the immune response by alterations in the levels of specific immunoglobulins, alpha-2-macroglobulin and galectin-3-binding proteins. After 4 weeks of oil exposure, a lowered level of a NLRC3-like protein was also observed. The results from this study provide insight into the Atlantic cod plasma proteome and into the toxicological effects and potential response mechanisms of short and long-term exposure to crude oil." ]

[ "To explore the differential proteome pattern in mouse fibrosis liver in comparison to wild type. Mice were fed with carbon tetrachloride or olive oil vehicle for 15 weeks. Mouse livers from both groups were collected and submitted to MS platform for proteome screening. GO (Gene Ontology) biological process and KEGG (Kyoto Enyoolpedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway enrichment analysis were used to analyze differentially expressed proteins. As the results, we identified 17 382 and 20 486 unique peptides in control and carbon tetrachloride-induced groups, respectively. A total of 4 991 proteins (at least 1 unique peptide matched) were identified, of which 2 135 were differentially expressed (> or = 2 fold). In fibrosis mouse liver 1 264 proteins were up regulated and 871 proteins were down regulated. Proteins associated with DNA replication, cell cycle, ECM-receptor interaction, and splicesome were significantly increased in carbon tetrachloride-induced group. Proteins associated with small molecule metabolic process, protein transport, organonitrogen compound metabolic process, and tetrapyrrole biosynthetic processes were down regulated in carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver fibrosis tissue. Bioinformatics findings showed that fibrosis was closely related to the regulation of VEGF and T cell receptor signaling pathway, and further suggested that liver fibrosis was a complex signal transduction process that many biological processes such as liver metabolism, inflammation, and immune response are involved. Based this study, we can envision that protection of protein metabolism in liver parenchymal cells and blocking of inflammatory signaling transduction may be beneficial for liver fibrosis therapy.", "As part of a study to explore the long-term effects of the Hebei Spirit oil spill accident, transgenerational toxicity and associated epigenetic changes were investigated in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Under experimental conditions, worms were exposed to Iranian heavy crude oil (IHC) under three different scenarios: partial early-life exposure (PE), partial late-life exposure (PL), and whole-life exposure (WE). Growth, reproduction, and histone methylation were monitored in the exposed parental worms (P0) and in three consecutive unexposed offspring generations (F1-3). Reproductive potential in the exposed P0 generation in the WE treatment group was reduced; additionally, it was inhibited in the unexposed offspring generations of the P0 worms. This suggests that there was transgenerational inheritance of defective reproduction. Comparison of developmental periods of exposure showed that IHC-treated worms in the PL group had a greater reduction in reproductive capacity than those in the PE group. Decreased methylation of histone H3 (H3K9) was found in the IHC-exposed parental generation. A heritable reduction in reproductive capacity occurred in wildtype N2 but was not found in a H3K9 histone methyltransferase (HMT) mutant, met-2(n4256), suggesting a potential role for HMT in transgenerational toxicity. Our results suggest that the reproductive toxicity after IHC exposure could be heritable and that histone methylation is associated with the transmission of the inherited phenotype." ]

[ "To evaluate if different patient characteristics influence performance of fecal tagging (a new MR colonography (MRC) technique to label stool to avoid bowel cleansing) and, consecutively, MR image quality. A total of 333 patients (mean age = 61 years) underwent MRC with fecal tagging. Four segments of the large bowel (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon) were assessed as for the presence of nontagged stool particles, which can impede an assessment of the colonic wall. Ratings were correlated with patients' characteristics including patient age (<55 vs.>or =55 years), body mass index (BMI) (<25 vs.>or =25), gender, and acceptance levels for fecal tagging. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney U-test. A total of 1332 colonic segments were evaluated. Among them, 327 segments (25%) did not contain any visible stool particles. Considerably reduced image quality was found in 61 segments (5%). Best image quality was found in the sigmoid colon (mean value = 1.9), while image quality of the ascending colon turned out to be worst (mean value = 2.6). Fecal tagging effectiveness showed a reverse correlation with patient age. However, all other characteristics did not have a statistically significant influence on fecal tagging outcome" ]

[ "BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sufficient bowel preparation is crucial for successful screening and surveillance colonoscopy. However, the rates of inadequate preparation are still high. We investigated the effects of reinforcing patient education and guidance by using the short message service (SMS).METHODS: In this prospective, endoscopist-blinded, multicenter study, standard instructions pertaining to split-dose preparation were provided in a verbal and written format to all patients during the initial appointment. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to a group that received reinforced education starting 4 days before the colonoscopy (SMS group) or to the control group which did not receive further education. The primary outcome was the percentage of insufficient preparation results (Boston Bowel Preparation Scale [BBPS] score <6). The secondary outcomes included quality of bowel preparation according to the BBPS, polyp and adenoma detection rates, and patients' perceived discomfort in the preparation procedure.RESULTS: The percentage of patients with insufficient bowel preparation was significantly lower in the SMS group (9%) than in the control group (19%) (P = .0013). The mean BBPS score was significantly higher in the SMS group (7.4 ± 0.1) than in the control group (6.5 ± 0.1) (P < .0001). Each colon segment had significantly higher BBPS scores in the SMS group. The adenoma detection rate and number of detected adenomas in the right segment of the colon were higher in the SMS group. SMS messages were accompanied by a lower level of discomfort during preparation (numeric rating scale) (5.2 SMS vs 5.8 controls) (P = .0042).CONCLUSIONS: Reinforced patient education by using SMS messages during the 4 days before colonoscopy increased bowel cleanliness, adenoma detection in the right segment of the colon, and reduced discomfort. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02272036.).", "Evaluation of the effectiveness of a patient decision aid (nurse-managed telephone support line and/or colorectal cancer screening website), distributed to patients by their family physician, in improving fecal occult blood test (FOBT) colorectal cancer screening rates. A pragmatic, two arm, cluster randomized controlled trial in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (39 medical clinic clusters; 79 fee-for-service family physicians; 2,395 average risk patients). All physicians followed their standard clinical screening practice. Intervention group physicians provided a fridge magnet to patients that facilitated patient decision aid access. Primary endpoint was FOBT screening rate within four months.Multi-level logistic regression to determine effect of cluster, physician, and patient level factors on patient FOBT completion rate. ICC determined. Family physicians were randomized to control (n = 39) and intervention (n = 40) groups. Compared to controls (56.9%; n = 663/1165), patients receiving the intervention had a higher FOBT completion rate (66.6%; n = 805/1209; OR of 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.03; p<0.02). Patient aid utilization was low (1.1%; 13/1,221) and neither internet nor telephone access affected screening rates for the intervention group. FOBT screening rates differed among clinics and physicians (p<0.0001). Patients whose physician promoted the FOBT were more likely to complete it (65%; n = 1140/1755) compared to those whose physician did not (51.1%; n = 242/470; p<0.0001; OR of 1.54 and 95% CI of 1.23 to 1.92). Patients reporting they had done an FOBT in the past were more likely to complete the test (70.6%; n = 1141/1616; p<0.0001; 95% CI 2.51 to 3.73) than those who had not (43%; n = 303/705). Patients 50-59 years old had lower screening rates compared to those over 60 (p<0.0001). 75% of patients completing the test did so in 34 days" ]

[ "How to Make It. 1 Preheat an oven to 375F degrees. 2 Put the prepared carrots in a large baking dish and drizzle with the oil. 3 Roast until the carrots are starting to brown on the bottom, about 20 minutes. Stir and continue roasting until the carrots are tender with lovely brown edges, about 20 more minutes. Serve hot, warm, or at room temperature with the garlic and the herbs, if you used them." ]

[ "Place carrots on a baking sheet coated with cooking spray and cook at 400 degrees F for 25 to 30 minutes or until browned and just soft. • To microwave: Cut carrots into slices or halves and place in a microwave-safe dish. Add 3 tablespoons of water. Cover and cook on high for 10 minutes.ACK/YIELD • Fresh baby carrots come in a 1-pound bag and are ready-to-eat. There are about 48 baby carrots in 1 pound. STORAGE • Baby carrots should be stored in the refrigerator in a plastic bag, loosely tied or knotted.", "Cut off the ends of the Brussels sprouts and pull off any yellow outer leaves. Mix them in a bowl with the olive oil, salt, and pepper. Transfer them to a sheet pan and roast for 35 to 40 minutes, until crisp outside and tender inside. Shake the pan from time to time to brown the Brussels sprouts evenly." ]

[ "Kerr is a six-time NBA champion, winning three championships with the Chicago Bulls, two with the San Antonio Spurs, and one as the head coach of the Golden State Warriors. He and Frank Saul are the only two players in NBA history to have won championships with two different teams in consecutive seasons.Kerr shot 45.4% from 3-point range over his career, which is the highest in NBA history for any player with at least 2,000 shot attempts.On June 2, 2007, the Phoenix Suns named Kerr the team's President of Basketball Operations and General Manager.Kerr helped Managing Partner Robert Sarver buy the Suns in 2004 and became one of Sarver's trusted basketball advisors.err announced his retirement from the Suns in June 2010. Afterwards, Kerr returned as a color commentator for NBA on TNT until 2014 when he pursued a career in coaching. On May 14, 2014, the Golden State Warriors named Kerr the team's head coach." ]

[ "Kerr played for Popovich during the NBA title runs of 1999 and 2003, and has a long relationship with the 68-year-old revered basketball voice. Kerr believes that voice extends well beyond the basketball court.", "Kerr shot 45.4% from 3-point range over his career, which is the highest in NBA history for any player with at least 2,000 shot attempts. On June 2, 2007, the Phoenix Suns named Kerr the team's President of Basketball Operations and General Manager.Kerr helped Managing Partner Robert Sarver buy the Suns in 2004 and became one of Sarver's trusted basketball advisors.Kerr announced his retirement from the Suns in June 2010. Afterwards, Kerr returned as a color commentator for NBA on TNT until 2014 when he pursued a career in coaching.n May 14, 2014, the Golden State Warriors named Kerr the team's head coach. On April 4, 2015, with a win over the Dallas Mavericks, Kerr broke the NBA record for the most regular season wins for a rookie coach." ]

[ "Uncomfortable symptoms that often accompany varicose veins, such as aching legs, night cramping and swelling, are also eliminated through the VNUS Closure procedure. Results are seen quickly, with no recovery time required after the procedure." ]

[ "The surgeon cuts through the fascia to expose the underlying muscle. The gastrocnemius is separated from the soleus muscle and a gap is left in the fascial segments to lengthen it. Compared to an open procedure, endoscopic surgery is minimally invasive, which allows for a quicker recovery time. The patient can bear weight in a cast boot.", "You will also be given an antibiotic eye drop, a steroid eye drop and lubricating eye drops. It is important to use these drops as instructed by your doctor throughout your LASIK recovery. First Day and Weeks During your LASIK Recovery Time" ]

[ "This two-part study was designed to determine the effect of supplemental oxygen on the detection of hypoventilation, evidenced by a decline in oxygen saturation (Spo(2)) with pulse oximetry. Phase 1 was a prospective, patient-controlled, clinical trial. Phase 2 was a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Phase 1 took place in the operating room. Phase 2 took place in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). In phase 1, 45 patients underwent abdominal, gynecologic, urologic, and lower-extremity vascular operations. In phase 2, 288 patients were recovering from anesthesia. In phase 1, modeling of deliberate hypoventilation entailed decreasing by 50% the minute ventilation of patients receiving general anesthesia. Patients breathing a fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio(2)) of 0.21 (n = 25) underwent hypoventilation for up to 5 min. Patients with an Fio(2) of 0.25 (n = 10) or 0.30 (n = 10) underwent hypoventilation for 10 min. In phase 2, spontaneously breathing patients were randomized to breathe room air (n = 155) or to receive supplemental oxygen (n = 133) on arrival in the PACU" ]

[ "Research suggests that oxygen desaturation and sleep stage during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are related to the magnitude of high blood pressure (BP) in a laboratory setting. However, in a clinical setting, these associations have not been well studied. We used a noninvasive oscillometric BP measurement device to investigate the association between oxygen-triggered BP levels at the end of each OSA episode and the characteristics of the preceding OSA episode. In 42 newly diagnosed OSA patients (average age, 63.5±12.5 years; average apnea-hypopnea index, 32.6±18.2 per hour), 258 BP measurements were obtained at the end of OSA episodes. Hypoxia-peak systolic BP (SBP), defined as the maximum oxygen-triggered SBP value, was significantly higher in rapid eye movement sleep (144.9±19.9 mm Hg) than in non-rapid eye movement stage 1 sleep (129.5±15.1 mm Hg; P<0.001) and non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep (129.4±14.7 mm Hg; P<0.001). In a multivariate-linear mixed model, the lowest oxygen saturation percentage during each OSA episode was associated with increased hypoxia-peak SBP (-0.501 mm Hg; P<0.001), nocturnal SBP surge (-0.395 mm Hg; P<0.001), defined as the difference between the hypoxia-peak SBP and the mean nocturnal SBP, and maximum value of SBP surge (-0.468 mm Hg; P<0.001), defined as the difference between the hypoxia-peak SBP and the minimum nocturnal SBP independent of sleep stage. These values were not associated with the duration of each OSA episode. The contribution of rapid eye movement sleep and severe oxygen desaturation to OSA-related BP elevation measured with a noninvasive oscillometric method was determined in a clinical setting.", "OBJECTIVE: To assess the pulse oximetry as a method for screening critical congenital heart disease (CHD) in newborns.STUDY DESIGN: This is an observational, transversal, descriptive simple study. The pre-ductal and postductal saturation were taken in term newborns that fulfilled the criteria of inclusion and exclusion in the Hospital Gineco-Obstetrico Isidro Ayora (HGOIA) in Quito. These measurements were performed between the 24 and 48 h after birth. Those newborns that saturated less than 90% on initial pulse ox?metry underwent 3 successive measurements at 1-h intervals. Those who saturate less than 90% after 3 measurements or have a difference higher than 3% in preductal saturation and postductal saturation (positive screening) underwent transthoracic echocardiography evaluate for CHD.RESULTS: Pulse oximetry from 963 newborns was evaluated. In Quito, at an altitude of 2820 meters above sea level (9252 feet), the mean preductal saturation was 92.76% (SD ± 3) and the postductal saturation, 93.76% (SD ± 4.7). Pulse oximetry in 53 patients (5.5%) was classified as a positive screening. No critical congenital heart diseases were found. Atrial septal defect (ASD) was the most common finding in a 46.94% (n = 23), followed by the association of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and ASD with a 12.24% (n = 6).CONCLUSION: In this cohort of patients who underwent screening pulse oximetry, no critical congenital heart diseases (CHD) were observed. However, identifying those with oxygen saturation less than 90% after 3 successive measurements or a pre- and postductal oxygen difference of > 3% resulted in successful identification of ASD and PDA. It is necessary to implement new cutoff points in saturation values to identify critical cardiac anomalies in cities placed at a high altitude. The use of pulse oximetry should be recommended in all the newborns." ]

[ "Stevenson, WA. Sponsored Topics. Stevenson is a city in Skamania County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,465 at the 2010 census, a 22% increase over 2000. It is the county seat of Skamania County and home to the Skamania County Court House and Sheriff's Office." ]

[ "According to our research of Washington and other state lists there were 4 registered sex offenders living in Stevenson, Washington as of April 02, 2017. The ratio of number of residents in Stevenson to the number of sex offenders is 371 to 1. Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Gresham, OR (29.8 miles , pop. 90,205).", "Stevenson Ranch, California. Stevenson Ranch is a census-designated place in Los Angeles County, California. The community is located in the Santa Clarita Valley. Often incorrectly referred to as part of the city of Santa Clarita, the community does not actually fall within the Santa Clarita city limits and is instead in an unincorporated area. It has many new suburban one- and two-story houses in new developments, with a median value of $1,034,600. Stevenson Ranch encompasses about 6.4 square miles (17 km 2). About 1,000 acres (4.0 km 2) are set aside as parks, recreation areas, and open space. Stevenson Ranch is set in the foothills of the Santa Susana Mountains and lies west of Interstate 5." ]

[ "MAGDALA (Migdal), a city on Lake Gennesaret (the Sea of Galilee) in Galilee, about 7 km. north of Tiberias. It is overlooked by a high escarpment near the Wadi Hamam (the Valley of the Robbers)." ]

[ "Magdala Ramirez. The Woman, The Mother, The Daughter of the Great Mother. Spiritual Leader. Author. Teacher", "Vandalia is located in northeast Missouri in Audrain County - 27 miles from the Mississippi River, 30 miles southwest of Hannibal and 100 miles northwest of St. Louis. The Gateway Western Railroad line runs through the town." ]

[ "Macrobid is an antibiotic specifically used to treat UTIs and is a class b pregnancy medication which means it has not been shown to harm the fetus and is considered safe as long as it is not used after 38 weeks of pregnancy. If you have another uti you might want to ask for that." ]

[ "BIO250L: Microbiology with Lab categories. Correctly write the binomial name for a microorganism. Draw a diagram of the three major domains. Explain the difference between traditional and molecular approaches to taxonomy. 2 Chemistry of Biology Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules: Fundamental Building Blocks Macromolecules:", "List of Antibiotics by Class. The following is a list of antibiotics. The highest division is between bactericidal antibiotics and [[bacteriostatic] ] antibiotics. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior. In practice, both can effectively treat a bacterial infection Antibiotics by class Generic name Brand names Common uses Possible side…" ]

[ "By the late 17th century the population of Windsor had probably exceeded 2,000, by the standards of the time it was a respectably sized town. Meanwhile in 1673 the first stagecoach service from Windsor to London began. Burford House was built c. 1677. In 1689 a new guildhall was built in Windsor." ]

[ "The first – and most famous – stone castle was the White Tower of the Tower of London. This stone tower was begun in 1070, and marked the start of a stone-castle building spree. By the time William the Conqueror died in 1087, 86 of these had been built in the UK. Castles made of stone continued to be built (alongside traditional, timber Motte and Bailey castles) throughout the 1100s.", "1 The large White Tower was started in 1078 by William the Conqueror. Over time the tower has served as a prison, treasury, armory, and royal palace. 2 Leeds Castle - Built in 1119, this castle later became the residence of King Edward I. Chateau Gaillard - Castle built in France by Richard the Lionheart." ]

[ "A multicolour protein labelling technique using a protein tag and fluorogenic probes is a powerful approach for spatio-temporal analyses of proteins in living cells. Since cyanine fluorophores have attractive properties for multicolour imaging of proteins, there is a huge demand to develop fluorogenic cyanine probes for specific protein labelling in living cells. Herein, we develop fluorogenic cyanine probes for labelling a protein tag by using a dinitrobenzene fluorescence quencher. The probes enhanced fluorescence intensity upon labelling reactions and emitted orange or far-red fluorescence. Intramolecular interactions between the cyanine fluorophores and the dinitrobenzene quencher led not only to fluorescence quenching of the probes in the free state but also to promotion of labelling reactions. Furthermore, the probes successfully imaged cell-surface proteins without a washing process. These findings offer valuable information on the design of fluorogenic cyanine probes and indicate that the probes are useful as novel live-cell imaging tools.This article is part of the themed issue 'Challenges for chemistry in molecular imaging'." ]

[ "A series of monomethine, trimethine- and styrylcyanine dyes based on a [1,10]phenanthroline moiety was synthesized, characterized and investigated as potential fluorescent probes for nucleic acids in cell free settings and in cells. The dyes were found to be weakly fluorescent in the unbound state, whereas upon the binding to dsDNA or RNA their emission intensity raised up to 50 times (for monomethine benzothiazole derivative FT1 complexed with RNA). The strongest fluorescence intensity in assemblies with dsDNA and RNA was observed for the trimethine benzothiazole derivative FT4. The quantum yield of FT4 fluorescence in its complex with dsDNA was found to be 1.5% and the binding constant (K b) was estimated to be 7.9 ? 104 M-1 that is a typical value for intercalating molecules. The FT4 dye was found to be cell membrane permeable. It stains RNA rich components-the nucleoli and most probably the cytoplasmic RNA. FT4 bound to RNAs delivers a very strong fluorescence signal, which makes this easily accessible dye a potentially useful alternative to known RNA stains, e.g. expensive SYTO 83. The advantage of FT4 is its easy synthetic access including no chromatographic purification steps, which will be reflected in its substantially lower price.", "In this paper, we report a benzothiazole-functionalized cyanine fluorescence probe and demonstrate that it is selectively reactive to bisulfite, an intermediate indicator for oxidative stress. The selective reaction can be monitored by distinct ratiometric fluorescence variation favorable for cell imaging and visualization. The original probe can be regenerated in high yield through the elimination of bisulfite from the product by peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide, accompanied by fluorescence turning on at 590 nm, showing a potential application for the detection of peroxides. We successfully applied this probe for fluorescence imaging of bisulfite in cancer cells (MCF-7) treated with bisulfite and hydrogen peroxide as well as a selective detection limit of 0.34 M bisulfite in aqueous solution." ]

[ "That Thing You Do (song) \"\"That Thing You Do\"\" is a 1996 song that appears in the film \"\"That Thing You Do!\"\" The song is performed by the fictional 1960s band The Wonders, who are the focus of the film. In 1964, an Erie, Pennsylvania band named \"\"The One-ders\"\" (later known as The Wonders) goes from a college talent show to climbing up the Billboard charts thanks to the song \"\"That Thing You Do\"\". Written by guitarist/vocalist Jimmy Mattingly II, it was originally crafted as a ballad. During the performance at the talent show, drummer Guy Patterson produces a much" ]

[ "the Pasadena Playboy Jazz Festival, and the Montreal Drum Festival. During the Mercyhurst College Talent Show scene of Tom Hanks' 1996 movie \"\"That Thing You Do!\"\", York can be seen as the acoustic bass player for the girl group that is performing in the contest. Jennifer York Jennifer Jean York, born August 30, 1962, is a studio traffic reporter with KNX-1070 news radio in Los Angeles. She is most notable for her stint on the KTLA Morning News as an aerial traffic reporter. Gaining her bachelor's degree from UCLA, York worked as a talent coordinator for Pierre Cossette Productions, contributing", "to have a crossover-friendly country-pop sound, which was a departure from the neotraditional country sound of his first album. \"\"Do I\"\" is the first single from the album. Bryan co-wrote this song with Charles Kelley and Dave Haywood of the group Lady Antebellum, whose lead singer Hillary Scott also sings background vocals on it (but is not officially credited as a featured artist). Also included is a cover version of OneRepublic's \"\"Apologize.\"\" Regarding the album's sound, Bryan told CMT, \"\"We wanted to make a bigger-sounding record, something that moved a little down the road from the first record. We wanted" ]

[ "Treatment of facial skin perturbed by laser resurfacing with a novel, topical hypoxic conditioned culture medium (HCCM) product results in apparent, accelerated wound recovery time. The HCCM product is conditioned by neonatal fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions and used as the active ingredient in a formulated topical lotion. The HCCM contains significant quantities of growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, and interleukin-8. As these molecules are known to play an important role in normal wound healing in vivo, we conducted a pilot clinical evaluation \"Proof of Concept\" in which individuals, after receiving laser resurfacing, were instructed to use either active or placebo lotion on their abraded skin. The end points used were clinical assessment of the time to complete healing, clinical and bioinstrumental mexameter measurements of erythema, and the number of days of rescue petrolatum use by patients, post-laser. Day 7, post-laser treatment, resulted in a greater improvement in erythema, and re-epithelization of the peri-oral and peri-ocular regions in subjects using the active lotion vs. placebo control as determined by blinded, clinical evaluation of gross photographs and bioinstrumental mexameter measurements. A statistically significant reduction in rescue petrolatum use in active lotion-treated subjects was reported. Finally, no attendant cutaneous safety concerns (e.g., irritant/allergic dermatitis) were reported with either active or placebo lotion" ]

[ "Near infrared (NIR) laser light can have important reactions on live cells. For example, in a macroscopic scale, it is used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and in a single-cell scale, NIR lasers have been experimentally used to guide neuronal growth. However, little is known about how NIR lasers produce such behaviours on cells. In this paper we report effects of focussing a continuous wave 810-nm wavelength laser on in vivo 3T3 cells plasma membrane. Cell membranes were labelled with FM 4-64, a dye that fluoresces when associated to membrane lipids. Confocal microscopy was used to image cell membranes and perform fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. We found that the NIR laser produces an increase of the fluorescence intensity at the location of laser spot. This intensity boost vanishes once the laser is turned off. The mean fluorescence increase, calculated over 75 independent measurements, equals 19%. The experiments reveal that the fluorescence rise is a growing function of the laser power. This dependence is well fitted with a square root function. The FRAP, when the NIR laser is acting on the cell, is twice as large as when the NIR laser is off, and the recovery time is 5 times longer. Based on the experimental evidence and a linear fluorescence model, it is shown that the NIR laser provokes a rise in the number of molecular associations dye-lipid. The results reported here may be a consequence of a combination of induced increments in membrane fluidity and exocytosis.", "Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 evaluated the effect of 3 kinds of decellularized extracellular matrices (DECMs) deposited by synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs) and/or nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) on SDSC expansion and NP lineage differentiation. Experiment 2 evaluated the effect of DECM deposited by SDSCs on NPC expansion and redifferentiation capacity. In both experiments, hypoxia was evaluated in DECM preparation and pellet culture. Modulating the in vitro microenvironment facilitates SDSC-based NP tissue regeneration. Autologous cell therapy is a promising approach for NP regeneration. Current in vitro expansion in monolayer results in cell dedifferentiation. In Experiment 1, passage 3 SDSCs were expanded for 1 passage on DECM deposited by NPCs, SDSCs, or NPCs combined with SDSCs (50:50); DECM was prepared under either normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (5% O2). Expanded SDSCs were then cultured in a serum-free chondrogenic medium in hypoxia for 14 days. In Experiment 2, passage 2 NPCs were expanded for 1 passage on DECM deposited by SDSCs; DECM was prepared under either normoxia or hypoxia. Expanded NPCs were cultured in a serum-free chondrogenic medium under either hypoxia or normoxia for 14 days. Cell expansion on plastic flasks served as a control in both experiments. Fourteen-day pellets were evaluated for chondrogenesis using histology, immunostaining, biochemistry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction" ]

[ "There is strong evidence that cigarette smoking causes adverse outcomes in people with cancer. However, more research is needed regarding those effects and the effects of alternative tobacco products and of secondhand smoke, the effects of cessation (before diagnosis, during treatment, or during survivorship), the biologic mechanisms, and optimal strategies for tobacco dependence treatment in oncology. Fundamentally, tobacco is an important source of variation in clinical treatment trials. Nevertheless, tobacco use assessment has not been uniform in clinical trials. Progress has been impeded by a lack of consensus regarding tobacco use assessment suitable for cancer patients. The NCI-AACR Cancer Patient Tobacco Use Assessment Task Force identified priority research areas and developed recommendations for assessment items and timing of assessment in cancer research. A cognitive interview study was conducted with 30 cancer patients at the NIH Clinical Center to evaluate and improve the measurement items. The resulting Cancer Patient Tobacco Use Questionnaire (C-TUQ) includes \"Core\" items for minimal assessment of tobacco use at initial and follow-up time points, and an \"Extension\" set. Domains include the following: cigarette and other tobacco use status, intensity, and past use; use relative to cancer diagnosis and treatment; cessation approaches and history; and secondhand smoke exposure. The Task Force recommends that assessment occur at study entry and, at a minimum, at the end of protocol therapy in clinical trials. Broad adoption of the recommended measures and timing protocol, and pursuit of the recommended research priorities, will help us to achieve a clearer understanding of the significance of tobacco use and cessation for cancer patients." ]

[ "Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine differences between current and non-current cigarette users, focusing on sociodemographic factors, non-cigarette tobacco product use, parental and friend use, and alcohol and marijuana use; and to identify predictors of cigarette use sixmonths later. Participants: Participants included young adults (n = 4,296) from 24 Texas colleges, participating in a young adult cohort study, beginning in fall 2014. Methods: Mixed effects logistic regressions were conducted accounting for school-level variability. Results: Cigarette users were older, more likely to report use of non-cigarette tobacco products and peer use of cigarettes than non-current users. Wave 1 cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco product use, marijuana use and binge drinking, and peer use all uniquely predicted cigarette use at wave 2. Conclusions: Colleges need prevention programs targeting multiple tobacco products, because non-cigarette tobacco use and other risky behaviors appear to be independent risk factors for cigarette use in young adults.", "BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Most studies on e-cigarettes have come from population-based surveys. The current research aimed to provide initial data on e-cigarette awareness, perceptions, use, and reasons for use among adults seeking substance use treatment.METHODS: A survey was conducted among 198 participants ?18 years old in a community-based outpatient substance use treatment program.RESULTS: Of the 198 participants, 69% currently smoked cigarettes, 92% were aware of e-cigarettes, and 58% had ever used e-cigarettes. The proportion of the number of participants who had ever used e-cigarettes to the number who currently smoked (89.7%) appeared higher than the corresponding proportion in the 2012-13 National Adult Tobacco Survey (78.3%). Almost half of the sample who reported ever using e-cigarettes endorsed quitting or reducing smoking as a reason for use, and 32% endorsed reasons for use relating to curiosity/experimentation. A greater likelihood of e-cigarette ever-use was significantly associated with younger age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.94, 95%confidence interval [CI] = 0.90, 0.98) and perceptions related to using e-cigarettes in public places where smoking cigarettes is not allowed (AOR = 2.96, 95%CI = 1.18, 7.42) but was not associated with primary drug of choice.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use in adults seeking substance use treatment appears higher than it is in the US general population of smokers. The high frequency of use may be due to curiosity/experimentation or attempts to quit or reduce smoking.SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Future research may consider how e-cigarettes interact with other substance use and affect high rates of nicotine and tobacco use in this population." ]

[ "INTRODUCTION: Orbital metastases are rare and they are even rarer to be the first sign of the disease, which can lead to misdiagnosis and delay of management.OBSERVATION: Our patient consulted for a diplopia and a ptosis of the upper eyelid of the right eye since one month, without any other systemic symptoms. After ophthalmological examination and orbital tomography, the diagnosis of orbital metastasis was suspected. Lung cancer was revealed by thoracic tomography and confirmed by an anatomopahological examination.CONCLUSION: Because of the increased incidence of neoplasia, the diagnosis of orbital metastasis should be considered in any elderly patient who consults for symptomatology related to orbital involvement." ]

[ "Overall survival of patients with cancer continues to increase and so they receive more frequent CT imaging, making oncological patients a growing population that effectively receives lung cancer screening in the course of daily practice. However, it is currently uncertain how early lung cancer detection in this subgroup of patients should be optimally managed. We describe the relationship between primary lung cancer and prior malignancies in a nationwide cohort, in an attempt to identify possible areas of improvement in nodule management. We found that a substantial number of subjects with lung cancer suffered from a prior malignancy; however, with the exception of otorhinolaryngeal malignancies, they did not show a high absolute risk for lung cancer. Future research should provide more data on how to handle this subgroup of patients in clinical and screening setting.", "We report the case of an 83-year-old woman who presented with an abnormal pulmonary nodule suspected to be lung cancer in the left S3 segment. Bronchoscopy showed that the left main bronchus branched off into the B1+2, B3 plus lingular bronchus, and lower bronchus. Video-assisted thoracic surgery was performed, and the nodule was pathologically diagnosed as a primary lung cancer. Subsequently, left upper lobectomy was performed, and an abnormal bronchus was observed behind the main pulmonary artery. Intraoperative bronchoscopy indicated that the bronchus was the displaced B1+2. The B3 plus lingular bronchus existed at the common place of the upper bronchus. The displaced B1+2 and the other upper bronchus were transected separately. No other abnormalities were observed in the pulmonary arteries, veins, or bronchi. Preoperative examination is the best way to detect this bronchial abnormality;identification with intraoperative bronchoscopy can play a crucial role in determining the perioperative strategy." ]

[ "Route de la Trace is one the greatest roads in the Caribbean." ]

[ "La Trace is one of America's great roads, with smooth roads perfect for street races." ]

[ "1. an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual grammatical rules of a language or from the usual meanings of its constituent elements, as kick the bucket “to die.”. 2. a language, dialect, or style of speaking peculiar to a people. 3. a construction or expression peculiar to a language." ]

[ "n. 1. A speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements, as in keep tabs on.2. The specific grammatical, syntactic, and structural character of a given language.. A speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements, as in keep tabs on. 2.", "[b]DEFINITION:[/b] A [b][i]phrase[/b][/i] is a group of related words that does not include a subject and verb. [b]The Garden of Phrases[/b] - [http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/phrases.htm]." ]

[ "To investigate the role of FGF-23 and magnesium in relation to the albumin-to-creatinine ratio in type 2 diabetics with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 2-4. In a cross-sectional study we included all eligible type 2 diabetic patients with CKD stages 2-4, followed in our outpatient Diabetic Kidney clinic. We used descriptive statistics, the Student'st-test, ANOVA and the chi-square tests. Our population was divided according to the UACR (G1 30-300 mg/g and G2≥300 mg/g), and compared these groups regarding several biological and laboratorial parameters. We employed a multiple regression model to identify risk factors of increased UACR. The patients in G2 displayed a lower eGFR (p=0.0001) and, had lower levels of magnesium (p=0.004) as well as higher levels of FGF-23 (p=0.043) compared to patients in G1. FGF-23 (β=0.562, P=0.0001) and the magnesium (β=- 8.916, p=0.0001) were associated with increased UACR" ]

[ "BACKGROUND: It was shown in animal models and adults that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) is involved in the pathophysiology of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) induced renal magnesium loss. In children, however, the exact mechanism remains unclear, which was set as the purpose of the present study.METHODS: Children with nephrotic syndrome and renal transplant children treated with CNI (n = 50) and non-CNI treated children (n = 46) were included in this study. Urine and serum samples were collected at three time points to determine magnesium, creatinine, and EGF. The magnesium intake was calculated from a food frequency questionnaire.RESULTS: Serum Mg2+ and urinary EGF/creatinine were significantly lower in the CNI treated children, with significantly more CNI-treated children developing hypomagnesaemia. In the latter patients, the fractional excretion of magnesium (FE Mg2+) was significantly higher. Urinary EGF, age, renal function, and serum magnesium were independent predictors of the FE Mg2+. Only 29% of the children reached the recommended daily intake of magnesium. The magnesium intake did not differ between hypomagnesemic and normomagnesemic patients and was not a predictor of the FE Mg2+.CONCLUSIONS: In CNI-treated children who developed hypomagnesemia, the FE Mg2+ was increased. The urinary EGF concentration, age, and renal function are independent predictors of the FE Mg2+.", "OBJECTIVE: To identify correlations of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism indices with the urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) as an indicator of nephropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, 297 patients with T2D were divided into 3 groups according to the urine ACR. Patients' data were analyzed to identify associations of general conditions, blood glucose level, lipid levels, and uric acid level with BMD and bone metabolism indices.RESULTS: BMD at every location tested (femoral neck, trochanter, inside hip, Ward's triangle, total hip, and lumbar vertebrae) was negatively correlated with the urine ACR (all p<0.05). Osteocalcin, beta-C-terminal telopeptide (â-CTX), and procollagen type 1 N- peptide (P1NP) were positively correlated with urine ACR (all p<0.05). Finally, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was negatively correlated with urine ACR (p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis with adjustment for age, body mass index, disease duration, and other clinical measurements revealed no significant correlation between urine ACR and BMD measurements or â-CTX (p>0.05). However, significant correlations remained between urine ACR and osteocalcin, P1NP, and 25(OH)D (p<0.05). The same results were obtained for postmenopausal women specifically, with the exception of a significant correlation between the ACR and â-CTX (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: In the early stage of diabetic nephropathy, BMD changes and bone transformation acceleration may occur, and the acceleration of bone transformation may occur before the change in BMD. Therefore, it is important to monitor bone metabolism indices in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy in T2D patients." ]

[ "Incidence and Prevalence: Clinically significant anxiety is the most common mental health disorder, more prevalent than both affective and substance abuse disorders in the general population (Shearer). The highest prevalence of GAD occurs among middle-aged people." ]

[ "Anxiety is common. Anxiety as a medical problem affects around 1 in 10 people in the UK. Anxiety can start at any time of life, and can come and go, depending on what is happening in your life. Sometimes anxiety also happens when people are depressed. Some people with epilepsy have a higher risk of anxiety.", "Variations of anxiety include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), agoraphobia, specific phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Anxiety affects a sufferer physically as well as mentally." ]