To access this repository, you agree to follow the Cofacts Data User Agreement. This is vital to sustain a crowd-sourced database like Cofacts to attribute the fact-checking community that contributed to this dataset.
欲存取此資料集，需同意Cofacts 真的假的資料使用者條款。彰顯查核社群對此資料集之貢獻，對協作型資料庫如 Cofacts 的永續發展至關重要。
It would be great if you share with us who you are and your planned usage of the Cofacts data. Your cooperation is greatly appreciated. If you have no specific details to share with us, please simply enter "n/a."
若方便的話，希望您可以與 Cofacts 工作小組分享您的單位以及預計會怎麼運用這個資料，感謝您！若不方便，可輸入「n/a」。

Cofacts Archive for Reported Messages and Crowd-Sourced Fact-Check Replies

The Cofacts dataset encompasses instant messages that have been reported by users of the Cofacts chatbot and the replies provided by the Cofacts crowd-sourced fact-checking community.

Attribution to the Community

This dataset is a result of contributions from both Cofacts LINE chatbot users and the community fact checkers. To appropriately attribute their efforts, please adhere to the rules outlined in the Cofacts 真的假的資料使用者條款 (Cofacts Data User Agreement).

Unless stated otherwise, when redistributing Cofacts data outside the LINE application, the attribution specified by the Cofacts Working Group is as follows:

This data by Cofacts message reporting chatbot and crowd-sourced fact-checking community is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To provide more info, please visit Cofacts LINE bot https://line.me/ti/p/@cofacts

除非以其他方式議定，否則 Cofacts 真的假的工作小組，針對在 LINE 之外的地方散布的 Cofacts 所提供資料，所指定的中文顯名聲明為：

本編輯資料取自「Cofacts 真的假的」訊息回報機器人與查證協作社群，採 CC BY-SA 4.0 授權提供。若欲補充資訊請訪問 Cofacts LINE bot https://line.me/ti/p/@cofacts

For more detailed information, please refer to Cofacts 真的假的資料使用者條款.

How to Access Cofacts Data

To access Cofacts data, you should first register on Hugging Face and accept the Cofacts Data User Agreement. Afterward, you can preview the data on the Hugging Face website.

You can access Cofacts data through the following methods:

Load cofacts/line-msg-fact-check-tw with Hugging Face's load_dataset('Cofacts/line-msg-fact-check-tw', TABLE_NAME).
Download individual zipped CSV files in the Files tab on the Hugging Face website.

If you plan to process the data using Python, load_dataset() is the simpler solution. Please refer to Example on Google Colab to get started.

Data Formats

Cofacts data comprises multiple normalized tables, with some tables containing foreign keys to other tables' IDs.

If you have manually downloaded the data, the tables are distributed as zipped CSV files. These files use \n as the line terminator, and quotes are used around multi-line contents. The csv-stringify library is employed to perform escaping and handle quotes and multi-line contents.

Fields in All Tables

userIdsha or userIdsha256 (string) Hashed user identifier.
appId (string) Possible values include:
- LEGACY_APP: Articles collected before 2017-03.
- RUMORS_LINE_BOT: Articles collected with the current LINE bot client after 2017-03.

These two fields together uniquely identify a user across different CSV files. For example, if one row (reply) in replies.csv and another row (feedback) in article_reply_feedbacks.csv have identical userIdsha and appId, it indicates that the reply and the feedback were submitted by the same user.

Also, these fields are commonly seen in multiple tables:

status: The current visibility of this document. Possible values include:
- NORMAL: The document is normally visible.
- DELETED: The document is deleted by its author. For some entities (tables), deletion is not implemented, and thus does not have such value.
- BLOCKED: The document is hidden by Cofacts Working Group. These document are from a blocked user, with blockedReason pointing to announcements in Cofacts Takedown Announcements.

Tables and their fields

`articles`

The instant messages LINE bot users submitted into the database.

Field	Data type	Description
`id`	String
`articleType`	Enum string	`TEXT`, `IMAGE`, `VIDEO` or `AUDIO`.
`status`	Enum string	`NORMAL` or `BLOCKED`.
`text`	Text	The instant message text
`normalArticleReplyCount`	Integer	The number of replies are associated to this article, excluding the deleted reply associations.
`createdAt`	ISO time string	When the article is submitted to the database.
`updatedAt`	ISO time string	Preserved, currently identical to `createdAt`
`lastRequestedAt`	ISO time string	The submission time of the last `reply_request` is sent on the article, before the article is replied.
`userIdsha256`	String	Author of the article.
`appId`	String
`references`	Enum string	Where the message is from. Currently the only possible value is `LINE`.

`article_hyperlinks`

Parsed hyperlink contents in each instant messages, parsed using cofacts/url-resolver. The data is used in Cofacts system for indexing and retrieving messages.

Field	Data type	Description
`articleId`	String
`url`	String	The URL string detected in article
`normalizedUrl`	String	Canonical URL after normalization process including unfolding shortened URLs
`title`	String	Title of the scrapped web content

Note: Scrapped contents do not belong to Cofacts and are redistributed under research purposes. The scrapping mechanism is not reliable either. Researchers may need to implement their own scrapper if content is important in their research.

`article_categories`

Categories linked to this article.

Field	Data type	Description
`articleId`	String
`categoryId`	String
`aiConfidence`	Number	Confidence level by AI marking this category. Empty for crowd-sourced labels.
`aiModel` .	String	Name of the AI model marking this cateogry. Empty for crowd-sourced labels.
`userIdsha`	String	The person that connected article and category.
`appId` .	String
`negativeFeedbackCount`	Integer	Number of `article_category_feedbacks` that has score `-1`
`positiveFeedbackCount`	Integer	Number of `article_category_feedbacks` that has score `1`
`status`	Enum string	`NORMAL`: The category and article are connected. `DELETED`: The category does not connect to the article anymore.
`createdAt`	ISO time string	The time when the reply is connected to the article
`updatedAt`	ISO time string	The latest date when the category's status is updated

`categories`

Field	Data type	Description
`id`	String
`title`	String	Name of the category
`description`	Text	Definition of the category
`createdAt`	ISO time string
`updatedAt`	ISO time string

`article_replies`

Articles and replies are in has-and-belongs-to-many relationship. That is, an article can have multiple replies, and a reply can be connected to multiple similar articles.

article_replies is the "join table" between articles and replies, bringing articleId and replyId together, along with other useful properties related to this connection between an article and a reply.

One pair of articleId, replyId will map to exactly one article_reply.

Field	Data type	Description
`articleId`	String	Relates to `id` field of `articles`
`replyId`	String	Relates to `id` field of `replies`
`userIdsha256`	String	The user connecting the reply with the article
`negativeFeedbackCount`	Integer	Number of `article_reply_feedbacks` that has score `-1`
`positiveFeedbackCount`	Integer	Number of `article_reply_feedbacks` that has score `1`
`replyType`	Enum string	Duplicated from `replies`'s type.
`appId`	String
`status`	Enum string	`NORMAL`: The reply and article are connected. `DELETED`: The reply does not connect to the article anymore. `BLOCKED`: It comes from a blocked user.
`createdAt`	ISO time string	The time when the reply is connected to the article
`updatedAt`	ISO time string	The latest date when the reply's status is updated

`replies`

Editor's reply to the article.

Field	Data type	Description
`id`	String
`type`	Enum string	Type of the reply chosen by the editor. `RUMOR`: The article contains rumor. `NOT_RUMOR`: The article contains fact. `OPINIONATED`: The article contains personal opinions. `NOT_ARTICLE`: The article should not be processed by Cofacts.
`reference`	Text	For `RUMOR` and `NOT_RUMOR` replies: The reference to support the chosen `type` and `text`. For `OPINIONATED` replies: References containing different perspectives from the `article`. For `NOT_ARTICLE`: empty string.
`userIdsha256`	String	The editor that authored this reply.
`appId`	String
`text`	Text	Reply text writtern by the editor
`createdAt`	ISO Time string	When the reply is written

`reply_hyperlinks`

Parsed hyperlink contents in reply text and references, parsed using cofacts/url-resolver. The data is used in Cofacts system for URL previews.

Field	Data type	Description
`replyId`	String
`url`	String	The URL string detected in article
`normalizedUrl`	String	Canonical URL after normalization process including unfolding shortened URLs
`title`	String	Title of the scrapped web content

Note: Scrapped contents do not belong to Cofacts and are redistributed under research purposes. The scrapping mechanism implementation is not reliable either. Researchers may need to implement their own scrapper if content is important in their research.

`reply_requests`

Before an article is replied, users may submit reply_requests to indicate that they want this article to be answered.

When an article is first submitted to the article, an reply request is also created. Any further queries to the same article submits new reply_requests.

An user can only submit one reply request to an article.

Field	Data type	Description
`articleId`	String	The target of the request
`reason`	Text	The reason why the user wants to submit this reply request
`status`	Enum string	`NORMAL` or `BLOCKED`.
`positiveFeedbackCount`	Text	Number of editors think the reason is reasonable
`negativeFeedbackCount`	Text	Number of editors think the reason is nonsense
`userIdsha256`	String	The user that submits this reply request
`appId`	String
`createdAt`	ISO Time string	When the reply request is issued

`article_reply_feedbacks`

Editors and LINE bot users can express if a reply is useful by submitting article_reply_feedbacks toward a article_reply with score 1 or -1.

The feedback is actually submitted toward an article_reply, the connection between an article and a reply. This is because a reply can be connected to multiple articles. A reply that makes sense in one article does not necessarily mean that it is useful in answering another article. Therefore, the feedback count for a reply connecting to different articles are counted separately.

Field	Data type	Description
`articleId`	String	Relates to `articleId` of the target `article_reply`
`replyId`	String	Relates to `replyId` of the target `article_reply`
`score`	Integer	`1`: Useful. `-1`: Not useful.
`comment`	Text	Why the user chooses such score for this article reply
`status`	Enum string	`NORMAL` or `BLOCKED`.
`userIdsha256`	String	The user that submits this feedback.
`appId`	String
`createdAt`	ISO Time string	When the feedback is submitted

`analytics`

Usage (visit / show) statistics of website and Cofacts LINE bot.

LINE bot data starts from April 2nd, 2018; website data starts from May 3rd, 2017.

Field	Data type	Description
`type`	Enum string	Either `article` or `reply`
`docId`	String	Article ID or Reply ID that is being visited / shown
`date`	ISO Time string	The date of usage, represented by start of the day (0:00:00+08:00)
`lineUser`	Integer	The number of LINE users who inspected this article / reply in Cofacts LINE bot in this date. May be empty if no such users
`lineVisit`	Integer	The number of times this article / reply is inspected in Cofacts LINE bot in this date. May be empty if no visits
`webUser`	Integer	The number of web users who visited this article page (`/article/<docId>`) / reply page (`/reply/<docId>`) in Cofacts website in this date. May be empty if no such users
`webVisit`	Integer	The number of page views of this article page (`/article/<docId>`) / reply page (`/reply/<docId>`) in Cofacts website in this date. May be empty if no page views

`anonymized_usrs`

The users of Cofacts, including Cofacts chatbot and website users.

Field	Data type	Description
`userIdsha256`	String	The ID that is used in other tables to denote the creator of the entity.
`appId`	String	Where this user account is registered. `RUMORS_LINE_BOT` is Cofacts official LINE account. Registered user on Cofacts website has empty `appId`.
`createdAt`	ISO Time string	The initial registration date for the user.
`lastActiveAt`	ISO Time string	The last date the account is active.
`blockedReason`	String	If exists, all submission from the user is hidden by Cofacts WG. This field contains the announcement to the reason why Cofacts WG blocks such user.

⚠ [NOTICE] Caveats of using this data ⚠

The methodology we use to collect these data (i.e. how Cofacts works) could have some impact on the data credibility.

Please keep in mind that all data in this dataset are user-generated, thus is not free from noise and sampling bias coming from these sources:

The distribution Cofacts' users may not reflect the real distribution of all LINE users in Taiwan.
Users may not use Cofacts in the same way we want them to be. Some articles may not be actual messages circulating in LINE network.
replies may contain factual error. All replies should be merely regarded as "responses to the original message (article) to provide different point of view". They are neither the "truth" nor the editor's personal opinion.
There may also exist malicious users sending garbage articles into the database. (Previous incident reports)
The program to collect data and to generate dataset may contain error. The dataset may be inaccurate systematically in this way.

Lastly, the dataset is provided without warrenty.

THE DATASET IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE DATASET OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE DATASET.

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