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"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Most fossils are preserved by one of five processes outlined below (Figure 1.1): 1. What is the traditional definition of gravity? 2. Identify factors that influence the strength of gravity between two objects. Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized?",
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
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"type": "image"
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{
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"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
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{
"data": null,
"image": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
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"type": "image"
},
{
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"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
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{
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"image": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
},
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"type": "image"
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{
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"text": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
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},
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{
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"text": "Question: How many actions are depicted in the diagram? (a. 6, b. 4, c. 8, d. 7)",
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],
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] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
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"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? What does population growth mean? You can probably guess that it means the number of individuals in a population is increasing. The population growth rate tells you how quickly a population is increasing or decreasing. What determines the population growth rate for a particular population? Different factors play into the composition of a magma and the rock it produces.",
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},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
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},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
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},
{
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6843.png"
},
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"type": "image"
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{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: How many steps are there to the formation of a stump? (a. 6, b. 5, c. 10, d. 7)",
"type": "text"
}
],
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}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Most pollutants enter the air when fossil fuels burn. Some are released when forests burn. Others evaporate into the air. Some diseases affect mainly the blood or its components. They include anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, and sickle- cell disease. All air pollutants are harmful. Thats why theyre called pollutants. Some air pollutants damage the environment as well as the health of living things. The type of damage depends on the pollutant.",
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},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21111.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.3 A La Nia year is like a normal year but the circulation patterns are more extreme.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21109.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.1 Under normal conditions, low pressure and warm water (shown in red) build up in the western Pacific Ocean. Notice that continents are shown in brown in the image. North and South America are on the right in this image.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6845.png"
},
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},
{
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"text": "Question: Which of these are most affected by a storm? (a. Dunes, b. Continental shelf, c. Shoreface, d. Intertidal beach)",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
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"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Shores are attractive places to live and vacation. But development at the shore is at risk of damage from waves. Wave erosion threatens many homes and beaches on the ocean. This is especially true during storms, when waves may be much larger than normal. You know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it? Eventually, the sediment in ocean water is deposited. Deposition occurs where waves and other ocean motions slow. The smallest particles, such as silt and clay, are deposited away from shore. This is where water is calmer. Larger particles are deposited on the beach. This is where waves and other motions are strongest.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21111.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.3 A La Nia year is like a normal year but the circulation patterns are more extreme.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21109.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.1 Under normal conditions, low pressure and warm water (shown in red) build up in the western Pacific Ocean. Notice that continents are shown in brown in the image. North and South America are on the right in this image.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6845.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: In a storm beach, what is exposed during the low tide? (a. High tide, b. Rocks, c. Upper beach, d. Dunes)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Eventually, the sediment in ocean water is deposited. Deposition occurs where waves and other ocean motions slow. The smallest particles, such as silt and clay, are deposited away from shore. This is where water is calmer. Larger particles are deposited on the beach. This is where waves and other motions are strongest. Sedimentary rocks form in two ways. Particles may be cemented together. Chemicals may precipitate. Shores are attractive places to live and vacation. But development at the shore is at risk of damage from waves. Wave erosion threatens many homes and beaches on the ocean. This is especially true during storms, when waves may be much larger than normal.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21111.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.3 A La Nia year is like a normal year but the circulation patterns are more extreme.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21109.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.1 Under normal conditions, low pressure and warm water (shown in red) build up in the western Pacific Ocean. Notice that continents are shown in brown in the image. North and South America are on the right in this image.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6845.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Where is eroded intertidal beach sediment deposited in a storm weather beach system? (a. On the dunes, b. On the lower shoreface, c. On the upper beach, d. On the continental shelf)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:A rock under enough stress will fracture. There may or may not be movement along the fracture. Index fossils are commonly used to match rock layers in different places. You can see how this works in Figure Mountain streams may erode waterfalls. As shown in Figure 10.5, a waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock. The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step, creating a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20112.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.9 A wave travels through the water. How would you describe the movement of wa- ter molecules as a wave passes through?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6846.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: In which step does the cliff collapse? (a. 4, b. 2, c. 3, d. 1)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
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"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism. Water that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition. Runoff, streams, and rivers carry sediment to the oceans. The sediment in ocean water acts like sandpaper. Over time, they erode the shore. The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20112.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.9 A wave travels through the water. How would you describe the movement of wa- ter molecules as a wave passes through?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6846.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Which step is the cause of the erosion process shown? (a. Cliff retreats, b. Wave-cut notch, c. Wave-cut platform, d. Original position of cliff)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
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"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Different factors play into the composition of a magma and the rock it produces. Shores are attractive places to live and vacation. But development at the shore is at risk of damage from waves. Wave erosion threatens many homes and beaches on the ocean. This is especially true during storms, when waves may be much larger than normal.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
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"type": "image"
},
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"data": null,
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"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
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},
{
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"image": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
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"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20112.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.9 A wave travels through the water. How would you describe the movement of wa- ter molecules as a wave passes through?",
"type": "text"
},
{
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6846.png"
},
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"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
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"text": "Question: What happens before cliff retreats? (a. Wave-cut platform, b. Wave-cut notch, c. Nothing, d. Notch increases and cliff collapses)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Transverse waves called S waves occur during earthquakes. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends transverse waves through underground rocks in all directions away from the disturbance. S waves may travel for hundreds of miles. An S wave is modeled in the Figure 1.3. A rock under enough stress will fracture. There may or may not be movement along the fracture. When rock layers are in the same place, its easy to give them relative ages. But what if rock layers are far apart? What if they are on different continents? What evidence is used to match rock layers in different places?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20112.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.9 A wave travels through the water. How would you describe the movement of wa- ter molecules as a wave passes through?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6846.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is located just below the wave-cut notch? (a. Notch increases and cliff colapses, b. Cliff retreats, c. Origiinal position of cliff, d. Wave-cut platform)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Water that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition. Freshwater below Earths surface is called groundwater. The water infiltrates, or seeps down into, the ground from the surface. How does this happen? And where does the water go? Flowing water slows down when it reaches flatter land or flows into a body of still water. What do you think happens then? The water starts dropping the particles it was carrying. As the water slows, it drops the largest particles first. The smallest particles settle out last.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6850.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is the area of water where the river falls called? (a. river, b. lake, c. Plunge pool, d. waterfallretreats)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism. Sedimentary rocks form in two ways. Particles may be cemented together. Chemicals may precipitate. Index fossils are commonly used to match rock layers in different places. You can see how this works in Figure",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6850.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: How many types of rocks are shown in the diagram? (a. 2, b. 1, c. 4, d. 3)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Regardless of what gravity is a force between masses or the result of curves in space and time the effects of gravity on motion are well known. You already know that gravity causes objects to fall down to the ground. Gravity affects the motion of objects in other ways as well. A rock under enough stress will fracture. There may or may not be movement along the fracture.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6850.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What collapses and creates a fall? (a. plunge pool, b. overhang, c. pebbles and stones, d. soft rock)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Different factors play into the composition of a magma and the rock it produces. You know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6851.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Which label points to undercutting? (a. 1, b. Top left, c. Bottom middle, d. 3)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Working slowly over many years, groundwater travels along small cracks. The water dissolves and carries away the solid rock, gradually enlarging the cracks. Eventually, a cave may form (Figure 1.2). Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Different factors play into the composition of a magma and the rock it produces.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6851.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What forms when a sea cave is eroded through completely? (a. Blowhole, b. Arch, c. Stump, d. Stack)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Water that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition. Runoff, streams, and rivers carry sediment to the oceans. The sediment in ocean water acts like sandpaper. Over time, they erode the shore. The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause. Eventually, the sediment in ocean water is deposited. Deposition occurs where waves and other ocean motions slow. The smallest particles, such as silt and clay, are deposited away from shore. This is where water is calmer. Larger particles are deposited on the beach. This is where waves and other motions are strongest.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
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"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
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{
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"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
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{
"data": null,
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
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},
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"type": "image"
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{
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"text": "Question: In this diagram of Erosion and Deposition by Flowing Water, what is located just below the Headland? (a. Stump, b. Blowhole, c. Arch, d. Stack)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
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] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Friction is the force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are in contact. There are four types of friction: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction. Static, sliding, and rolling friction occur between solid surfaces. Fluid friction occurs in liquids and gases. All four types of friction are described below. Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Sediments were deposited in ancient seas in horizontal, or flat, layers. If sedimentary rock layers are tilted, they must have moved after they were deposited.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/determining_relative_ages_20689.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.1",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20056.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.6 Laws of Stratigraphy. This diagram illus- trates the laws of stratigraphy. A = Law of Superposition, B = Law of Lateral Conti- nuity, C = Law of Original Horizontality, D = Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6852.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What material is deposited on the slip off slope? (a. soil, b. fine material, c. sand and shingle, d. rocks)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Eventually, the sediment in ocean water is deposited. Deposition occurs where waves and other ocean motions slow. The smallest particles, such as silt and clay, are deposited away from shore. This is where water is calmer. Larger particles are deposited on the beach. This is where waves and other motions are strongest. You know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/determining_relative_ages_20689.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.1",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20056.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.6 Laws of Stratigraphy. This diagram illus- trates the laws of stratigraphy. A = Law of Superposition, B = Law of Lateral Conti- nuity, C = Law of Original Horizontality, D = Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6852.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Where does the sand deposits? (a. In the air, b. In the river, c. In the soil, d. In the cliff)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom. This releases a huge amount of energy. Different factors play into the composition of a magma and the rock it produces.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/determining_relative_ages_20689.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.1",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20056.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.6 Laws of Stratigraphy. This diagram illus- trates the laws of stratigraphy. A = Law of Superposition, B = Law of Lateral Conti- nuity, C = Law of Original Horizontality, D = Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6852.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is deposited on inside of bend? (a. Sand and Shingle, b. Current, c. River cliff, d. Slope)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | a |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:You know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it? Industrial water use accounts for an estimated 15% of worldwide water use, with a much greater percentage in developed nations. Industrial uses of water include power plants that use water to cool their equipment and oil refineries that use water for chemical processes. Manufacturing is also water intensive. Almost a quarter of the water used worldwide is used in industry. Industries use water for many purposes. Chemical processes need a lot of water. Water is used to generate electricity. An important way that industries use water is to cool machines and power plants.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/determining_relative_ages_20689.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.1",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20056.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.6 Laws of Stratigraphy. This diagram illus- trates the laws of stratigraphy. A = Law of Superposition, B = Law of Lateral Conti- nuity, C = Law of Original Horizontality, D = Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6852.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Why is flowing water important agent of corrosion? (a. Flowing water can erode rocks and soil, b. it maintains the water, c. it keeps the soil dry, d. it keeps the soil firm)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | a |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Mechanical weathering (also called physical weathering) breaks rock into smaller pieces. These smaller pieces are just like the bigger rock, but smaller. That means the rock has changed physically without changing its composition. The smaller pieces have the same minerals, in just the same proportions as the original rock. When a rock is exposed to extreme heat and pressure within the Earth but does not melt, the rock becomes meta- morphosed. Metamorphism may change the mineral composition and the texture of the rock. For that reason, a metamorphic rock may have a new mineral composition and/or texture. Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6856.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What happens to rock after weathering? (a. rain will cause the rock to expand, b. Erosion from rain will cause the sediments to go downhill, c. no effect, d. rain will cement the sediments on the hill surface)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Sediments were deposited in ancient seas in horizontal, or flat, layers. If sedimentary rock layers are tilted, they must have moved after they were deposited. Sedimentary rocks form in two ways. Particles may be cemented together. Chemicals may precipitate. Runoff, streams, and rivers carry sediment to the oceans. The sediment in ocean water acts like sandpaper. Over time, they erode the shore. The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6856.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What causes the sediments to move downhill to another place? (a. Erosion and transport, b. Weathering, c. Precipitation, d. Condensation)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | a |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism. Sedimentary rocks form in two ways. Particles may be cemented together. Chemicals may precipitate. When rock layers are in the same place, its easy to give them relative ages. But what if rock layers are far apart? What if they are on different continents? What evidence is used to match rock layers in different places?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
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},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What rock formation causes rapids? (a. Soft Rocks, b. Fallen Rocks, c. Overhang, d. Hard Rock)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Look at the pictures of flowing water in Figure 13.4. A waterfall tumbles down a mountainside. A brook babbles through a forest. A river slowly meanders through a broad valley. What do all these forms of flowing water have in common? They are all streams. Flowing water slows down when it reaches flatter land or flows into a body of still water. What do you think happens then? The water starts dropping the particles it was carrying. As the water slows, it drops the largest particles first. The smallest particles settle out last. Water that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6857.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Which is the name of the exact point where water falls in a waterfall? (a. Overhang, b. Hard rock, c. Steep-sided gorge, d. Plunge pool)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | a |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Index fossils are commonly used to match rock layers in different places. You can see how this works in Figure When rock layers are in the same place, its easy to give them relative ages. But what if rock layers are far apart? What if they are on different continents? What evidence is used to match rock layers in different places? Rock layers may have another rock cutting across them, like the igneous rock in Figure 11.9. Which rock is older? To determine this, we use the law of cross-cutting relationships. The cut rock layers are older than the rock that cuts across them.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6857.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: How many ridges of hard rock are shown in this picture? (a. 3, b. 5, c. 2, d. 4)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Water that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition. Runoff, streams, and rivers carry sediment to the oceans. The sediment in ocean water acts like sandpaper. Over time, they erode the shore. The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6857.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: How are rapids created? (a. overhang, b. fallen rocks, c. Ridges of hard rick create an uneven slope, d. waterfall retreats)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:The tidal range is the difference between the ocean level at high tide and the ocean level at low tide (Figure 1.2). The tidal range in a location depends on a number of factors, including the slope of the seafloor. Water appears to move a greater distance on a gentle slope than on a steep slope. The presence of marine organisms in a rock indicates that the region where the rock was deposited was once marine. Sometimes fossils of marine organisms are found on tall mountains indicating that rocks that formed on the seabed were uplifted. The presence of marine organisms in a rock indicates that the region where the rock was deposited was once marine. Sometimes fossils of marine organisms are found on tall mountains indicating that rocks that formed on the seabed were uplifted.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6862.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Which of the bottom labels (numbered from left to right) points to low tide? (a. 1, b. 4, c. 2, d. 3)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:You know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it? Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Runoff, streams, and rivers carry sediment to the oceans. The sediment in ocean water acts like sandpaper. Over time, they erode the shore. The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6862.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: How many phases of the tide are there? (a. 3, b. 2, c. 4, d. 1)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Water that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition. Flowing water slows down when it reaches flatter land or flows into a body of still water. What do you think happens then? The water starts dropping the particles it was carrying. As the water slows, it drops the largest particles first. The smallest particles settle out last. Eventually, the sediment in ocean water is deposited. Deposition occurs where waves and other ocean motions slow. The smallest particles, such as silt and clay, are deposited away from shore. This is where water is calmer. Larger particles are deposited on the beach. This is where waves and other motions are strongest.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_6862.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: In this diagram of Erosion and Deposition by Flowing Water, where does the water go through the blow hole? (a. Arch, b. High Tide, c. Caves, d. Stump Covered at High Tide)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Mountain streams may erode waterfalls. As shown in Figure 10.5, a waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock. The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step, creating a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream. Look at the pictures of flowing water in Figure 13.4. A waterfall tumbles down a mountainside. A brook babbles through a forest. A river slowly meanders through a broad valley. What do all these forms of flowing water have in common? They are all streams. Water that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/groundwater_20102.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 13.18 A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8066.png"
},
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"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
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"text": "Question: What is the first stage in the formation of waterfall? (a. overhang collapses, b. plunge pool develops, c. undercutting, d. waterfall retreats upstream)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Mountain streams may erode waterfalls. As shown in Figure 10.5, a waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock. The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step, creating a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream. Look at the pictures of flowing water in Figure 13.4. A waterfall tumbles down a mountainside. A brook babbles through a forest. A river slowly meanders through a broad valley. What do all these forms of flowing water have in common? They are all streams. Ponds and lakes may get their water from several sources. Some falls directly into them as precipitation. Some enters as runoff and some from streams and rivers. Water leaves ponds and lakes through evaporation and also as outflow.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/groundwater_20102.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 13.18 A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8066.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: How many formations of a waterfall are there? (a. 4, b. 5, c. 3, d. 2)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:The two types of air pollutants are primary pollutants, which enter the atmosphere directly, and secondary pollutants, which form from a chemical reaction. Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom. This releases a huge amount of energy. Vitamins and minerals are also nutrients. They do not provide energy, but they are needed for good health.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/groundwater_20102.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 13.18 A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8066.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is shown in the picture? (a. Photosynthesis, b. Life Cycle, c. Erosion and Deposition by Flowing Water, d. Solar Heat)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:When hot water gently rises to the surface, it creates a hot spring. A hot spring forms where a crack in the Earth allows water to reach the surface after being heated underground. Many hot springs are used by people as natural hot tubs. Some people believe that hot springs can cure illnesses. Hot springs are found all over the world, even in Antarctica! Ponds are small bodies of fresh water that usually have no outlet; ponds are often are fed by underground springs. Like lakes, ponds are bordered by hills or low rises so the water is blocked from flowing directly downhill. Water heated below ground that rises through a crack to the surface creates a hot spring. The water in hot springs may reach temperatures in the hundreds of degrees Celsius beneath the surface, although most hot springs are much cooler. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL:",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8067.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is located in a plunge pool? (a. Hard rock, b. A waterfall, c. Fallen rocks, d. Fish)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Mountain streams may erode waterfalls. As shown in Figure 10.5, a waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock. The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step, creating a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream. Look at the pictures of flowing water in Figure 13.4. A waterfall tumbles down a mountainside. A brook babbles through a forest. A river slowly meanders through a broad valley. What do all these forms of flowing water have in common? They are all streams. Ponds and lakes may get their water from several sources. Some falls directly into them as precipitation. Some enters as runoff and some from streams and rivers. Water leaves ponds and lakes through evaporation and also as outflow.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8067.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What prominent feature develops when a waterfall retreats? (a. Steep sided gorge, b. fallen focks, c. overhang, d. plunge pool)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | a |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism. Water that flows over Earths surface includes runoff, streams, and rivers. All these types of flowing water can cause erosion and deposition. Sedimentary rocks form in two ways. Particles may be cemented together. Chemicals may precipitate.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8067.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What happens when stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock? (a. Erosion occurs., b. A waterfall forms., c. A plunge pool forms, d. A lake forms)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:When hot water gently rises to the surface, it creates a hot spring. A hot spring forms where a crack in the Earth allows water to reach the surface after being heated underground. Many hot springs are used by people as natural hot tubs. Some people believe that hot springs can cure illnesses. Hot springs are found all over the world, even in Antarctica! Water sometimes comes into contact with hot rock. The water may emerge at the surface as either a hot spring or a geyser. Water heated below ground that rises through a crack to the surface creates a hot spring. The water in hot springs may reach temperatures in the hundreds of degrees Celsius beneath the surface, although most hot springs are much cooler. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL:",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_6859.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows: 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8067.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is the part over the plunge pool called? (a. fallen rocks, b. rapids, c. overhang, d. gorge)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:When rock layers are in the same place, its easy to give them relative ages. But what if rock layers are far apart? What if they are on different continents? What evidence is used to match rock layers in different places? Index fossils are commonly used to match rock layers in different places. You can see how this works in Figure Several processes can turn one type of rock into another type of rock. The key processes of the rock cycle are crystallization, erosion and sedimentation, and metamorphism.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/groundwater_20102.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 13.18 A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table?",
"type": "text"
},
{
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8068.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
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"text": "Question: How many types of rock are in the picture? (a. 5, b. 4, c. 2, d. 3)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Different factors play into the composition of a magma and the rock it produces. Coal is a solid hydrocarbon. Coal is useful as a fuel, especially for generating electricity.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/groundwater_20102.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 13.18 A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8068.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is under hard rock? (a. Water, b. Soft rock, c. Nothing, d. Stream)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Flowing water slows down when it reaches flatter land or flows into a body of still water. What do you think happens then? The water starts dropping the particles it was carrying. As the water slows, it drops the largest particles first. The smallest particles settle out last. Ponds and lakes may get their water from several sources. Some falls directly into them as precipitation. Some enters as runoff and some from streams and rivers. Water leaves ponds and lakes through evaporation and also as outflow. Look at the pictures of flowing water in Figure 13.4. A waterfall tumbles down a mountainside. A brook babbles through a forest. A river slowly meanders through a broad valley. What do all these forms of flowing water have in common? They are all streams.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/erosion_8064.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/groundwater_20102.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 13.18 A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/erosion_8068.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is the empty space behind the falling water in this drawing? (a. hard rock, b. undercutting, c. Soft Rock, d. cave)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Nearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. Glaciers are melting back in many locations around the world. When a glacier no longer moves, it is called an ice sheet. This usually happens when it is less than 0.1 km2 in area and 50 m thick. In regions where summers are long and dry, melting glaciers in mountain regions provide an important source of water for organisms and often for nearby human populations. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL:",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_water_1503.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff. The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_water_1490.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram depicts the water cycle, which is an important part of the ecosystem. The water in the water cycle exists in three different phases, liquid, solid (ice) and gas (water vapor). Water from lakes and oceans evaporates and is carried by rising air currents in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere the water vapor condenses and forms tiny droplets of water that form clouds. When the droplets get big enough the water comes back to earth in the form of precipitation. Precipitation can be in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Eventually the water evaporates again and the cycle starts over. Water can also enter the atmosphere through trees and plants from a process called transpiration.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6927.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Which structure marks the greatest distance the glacier advanced? (a. Moraine, b. Zone of ablation, c. Snout, d. Zone of accumulation)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | a |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Freshwater below Earths surface is called groundwater. The water infiltrates, or seeps down into, the ground from the surface. How does this happen? And where does the water go? A rock under enough stress will fracture. There may or may not be movement along the fracture. A low level of radiation occurs naturally in the environment. This is called background radiation. One source of background radiation is rocks, which may contain small amounts of radioactive elements such as uranium. Another source is cosmic rays. These are charged particles that arrive on Earth from outer space. Background radiation is generally considered to be safe for living things.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_water_1503.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff. The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_water_1490.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram depicts the water cycle, which is an important part of the ecosystem. The water in the water cycle exists in three different phases, liquid, solid (ice) and gas (water vapor). Water from lakes and oceans evaporates and is carried by rising air currents in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere the water vapor condenses and forms tiny droplets of water that form clouds. When the droplets get big enough the water comes back to earth in the form of precipitation. Precipitation can be in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Eventually the water evaporates again and the cycle starts over. Water can also enter the atmosphere through trees and plants from a process called transpiration.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6927.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is between the Zone of ablation and Moraine? (a. continental glacier, b. glacial till, c. Zone of Accumulation, d. Snout)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Most fossils are preserved by one of five processes outlined below (Figure 1.1): Despite these problems, there is a rich fossil record. How does an organism become fossilized? Graphs are very useful tools in science. They can help you visualize a set of data. With a graph, you can actually see what all the numbers in a data table mean. Three commonly used types of graphs are bar graphs, circle graphs, and line graphs. Each type of graph is suitable for showing a different type of data.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_water_1503.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff. The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_water_1490.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram depicts the water cycle, which is an important part of the ecosystem. The water in the water cycle exists in three different phases, liquid, solid (ice) and gas (water vapor). Water from lakes and oceans evaporates and is carried by rising air currents in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere the water vapor condenses and forms tiny droplets of water that form clouds. When the droplets get big enough the water comes back to earth in the form of precipitation. Precipitation can be in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Eventually the water evaporates again and the cycle starts over. Water can also enter the atmosphere through trees and plants from a process called transpiration.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6927.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: How many zones are depicted in the diagram? (a. 4, b. 1, c. 3, d. 2)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Glaciers are melting back in many locations around the world. When a glacier no longer moves, it is called an ice sheet. This usually happens when it is less than 0.1 km2 in area and 50 m thick. Many processes create mountains. Most mountains form along plate boundaries. A few mountains may form in the middle of a plate. For example, huge volcanoes are mountains formed at hotspots within the Pacific Plate. Nearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_water_1503.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff. The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_water_1490.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram depicts the water cycle, which is an important part of the ecosystem. The water in the water cycle exists in three different phases, liquid, solid (ice) and gas (water vapor). Water from lakes and oceans evaporates and is carried by rising air currents in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere the water vapor condenses and forms tiny droplets of water that form clouds. When the droplets get big enough the water comes back to earth in the form of precipitation. Precipitation can be in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Eventually the water evaporates again and the cycle starts over. Water can also enter the atmosphere through trees and plants from a process called transpiration.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6927.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: The shape of which area could be caused by melting or an avalanche? (a. moraine, b. zone of ablation, c. snout, d. zone of accumulation)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Sediments were deposited in ancient seas in horizontal, or flat, layers. If sedimentary rock layers are tilted, they must have moved after they were deposited. Eventually, the sediment in ocean water is deposited. Deposition occurs where waves and other ocean motions slow. The smallest particles, such as silt and clay, are deposited away from shore. This is where water is calmer. Larger particles are deposited on the beach. This is where waves and other motions are strongest. Sedimentary rocks form in two ways. Particles may be cemented together. Chemicals may precipitate.",
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"data": null,
"image": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6928.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Which part of the diagram is most likely to deposit sediment? (a. C, b. E, c. A, d. B)",
"type": "text"
}
],
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] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Although all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed, they may differ in their wavelength and frequency. Air temperature in the stratosphere layer increases with altitude. Why? The stratosphere gets most of its heat from the Sun. Therefore, its warmer closer to the Sun. The air at the bottom of the stratosphere is cold. The cold air is dense, so it doesnt rise. As a result, there is little mixing of air in this layer. Flowing water slows down when it reaches flatter land or flows into a body of still water. What do you think happens then? The water starts dropping the particles it was carrying. As the water slows, it drops the largest particles first. The smallest particles settle out last.",
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},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6929.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: The Compressing Flow is above: (a. The Bergschrund., b. the Accumulation Zone., c. The Crevasses., d. the Extending Flow.)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Most maps use a grid of lines to help you to find your location. This grid system is called a geographic coordinate system. Using this system you can define your location by two numbers, latitude and longitude. Both numbers are angles between your location, the center of Earth, and a reference line (Figure 2.20). All known matter can be divided into a little more than 100 different substances called elements. Although all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed, they may differ in their wavelength and frequency.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6929.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: How many zones can you see? (a. 1, b. 2, c. 9, d. 5)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:The three outer layers of the Sun are its atmosphere. Sediments were deposited in ancient seas in horizontal, or flat, layers. If sedimentary rock layers are tilted, they must have moved after they were deposited. Rock layers may have another rock cutting across them, like the igneous rock in Figure 11.9. Which rock is older? To determine this, we use the law of cross-cutting relationships. The cut rock layers are older than the rock that cuts across them.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/aquifers_6510.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The picture shows the groundwater and how it moves. Rivers and lakes hold a lot of Earths liquid freshwater. Twenty times more of Earths liquid freshwater is found below the surface than on the surface. Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally. Natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Identify the highest layer. (a. Floodplai, b. Receding Glacier, c. drumlin, d. esker)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Ponds and lakes may get their water from several sources. Some falls directly into them as precipitation. Some enters as runoff and some from streams and rivers. Water leaves ponds and lakes through evaporation and also as outflow. Freshwater below Earths surface is called groundwater. The water infiltrates, or seeps down into, the ground from the surface. How does this happen? And where does the water go? Water pollutants can have an effect on both the ecology of ecosystems and on humans. As a result of water pollution, humans may not be able to use a waterway for recreation and fishing. Drinking water can also be affected if a toxin enters the groundwater.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/aquifers_6510.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The picture shows the groundwater and how it moves. Rivers and lakes hold a lot of Earths liquid freshwater. Twenty times more of Earths liquid freshwater is found below the surface than on the surface. Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally. Natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What is between the kame and the floodplain? (a. drumlin, b. receding glacier, c. terminal moraine, d. esker)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:In regions where summers are long and dry, melting glaciers in mountain regions provide an important source of water for organisms and often for nearby human populations. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: Nearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. Glaciers are melting back in many locations around the world. When a glacier no longer moves, it is called an ice sheet. This usually happens when it is less than 0.1 km2 in area and 50 m thick.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"type": "text"
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{
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"image": {
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"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/aquifers_6510.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The picture shows the groundwater and how it moves. Rivers and lakes hold a lot of Earths liquid freshwater. Twenty times more of Earths liquid freshwater is found below the surface than on the surface. Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally. Natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.",
"type": "text"
},
{
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},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
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"text": "Question: Where do glaciers deposit their sediment? (a. ground moraine, b. receding glacier, c. Drumlin, kettles, and esker, d. rock bed)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | c |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Most cars have at least four cylinders connected to the crankshaft. Their pistons move up and down in sequence, one after the other. A powerful car may have eight pistons, and some race cars may have even more. The more cylinders a car engine has, the more powerful its engine can be. Your heart pumps blood around your body. But how does your heart get blood to and from every cell in your body? Your heart is connected to blood vessels such as veins and arteries. Organs that work together form an organ system. Together, your heart, blood, and blood vessels form your cardiovascular system. What other organ systems can you think of? Most fossils are preserved by one of five processes outlined below (Figure 1.1):",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/aquifers_6510.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The picture shows the groundwater and how it moves. Rivers and lakes hold a lot of Earths liquid freshwater. Twenty times more of Earths liquid freshwater is found below the surface than on the surface. Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally. Natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: How many parts are shown in the diagram below? (a. 5, b. 2, c. 3, d. 9)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Sediments were deposited in ancient seas in horizontal, or flat, layers. If sedimentary rock layers are tilted, they must have moved after they were deposited. As glaciers flow, mechanical weathering loosens rock on the valley walls, which falls as debris on the glacier. Glaciers can carry rock of any size, from giant boulders to silt (Figure 1.6). These rocks can be carried for many kilometers for many years. Glaciers are melting back in many locations around the world. When a glacier no longer moves, it is called an ice sheet. This usually happens when it is less than 0.1 km2 in area and 50 m thick.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/aquifers_6510.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The picture shows the groundwater and how it moves. Rivers and lakes hold a lot of Earths liquid freshwater. Twenty times more of Earths liquid freshwater is found below the surface than on the surface. Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally. Natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: A thick layer of sediments is left behind by a retreating glacier. What is it known as? (a. Drumlin., b. Ground moraine., c. Esker., d. Kettles.)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Nearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. Glaciers are melting back in many locations around the world. When a glacier no longer moves, it is called an ice sheet. This usually happens when it is less than 0.1 km2 in area and 50 m thick. In regions where summers are long and dry, melting glaciers in mountain regions provide an important source of water for organisms and often for nearby human populations. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL:",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/aquifers_6510.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "The picture shows the groundwater and how it moves. Rivers and lakes hold a lot of Earths liquid freshwater. Twenty times more of Earths liquid freshwater is found below the surface than on the surface. Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally. Natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6930.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: What are the features of the glacier erosion? (a. rock bed is found on top of the glacier, b. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers., c. rock bed does not support the glacier, d. kettles are not part of glacier erosion)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | b |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:You know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it? Nearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. Most precipitation that occurs over land, however, is not absorbed by the soil and is called runoff. This runoff collects in streams and rivers and eventually flows back into the ocean.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21111.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.3 A La Nia year is like a normal year but the circulation patterns are more extreme.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6931.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Where does the snow accumulation happen? (a. Ice Shelf, b. Glacier Flow, c. Sea Ice, d. Antarctic Ice Sheet)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | d |
[
{
"content": [
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "You are a helpful assistant tasked with answering questions from a given multimodal context (images and texts). Please infer the answer and respond with only the correct option letter (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.). Context:Nearly all glacial ice, 99%, is contained in ice sheets in the polar regions, particularly Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers often form in the mountains because higher altitudes are colder and more likely to have snow that falls and collects. Every continent, except Australia, hosts at least some glaciers in the high mountains. Glaciers are melting back in many locations around the world. When a glacier no longer moves, it is called an ice sheet. This usually happens when it is less than 0.1 km2 in area and 50 m thick. You know that ocean water is salty. But do you know why? How salty is it?",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/textbook_images/short_term_climate_change_21111.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "FIGURE 1.3 A La Nia year is like a normal year but the circulation patterns are more extreme.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/teaching_images/parts_ocean_floor_9206.png"
},
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "This diagram shows an abbreviated version of underwater landscape. The ground under an ocean gets slowly deeper shortly after passing the beach, which is called the continental shelf. After this it slopes down steadily in the continental slope. After the slop is an abyssal plain, which is significantly deeper but not as deep as a trench-here, there is no sunlight. A volcanic arc comes before an underwater volcano, which forms a volcanic island that may or may not be dormant. A continental slope can also be considered a continental rise if it is seen from the opposite direction.",
"type": "text"
},
{
"data": {
"bytes": null,
"path": "/content/drive/.shortcut-targets-by-id/1QMbaQAi9i7bcnrCpd2lyY1h1lPzsTB7Z/MRAG/train/images/question_images/glaciers_6931.png"
},
"image": null,
"text": null,
"type": "image"
},
{
"data": null,
"image": null,
"text": "Question: Where does Ice shelf forms? (a. Glacier flow, b. Icebergs, c. Continental shelf, d. Grounding line)",
"type": "text"
}
],
"role": "user"
}
] | a |
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