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Q: Using multiple spiders at in the project in Scrapy I wanna know if it is possible to use multiple spiders within the same project together. Actually I need 2 spiders. The first one gathers the links on which the second spider should scrape. They both work on the same website, so the domain is similar.Is it possible? If yes can you give me an example? Thanks A: Maybe this is what you're looking for: def parse(self, response): # parse the links (aka your first spider) for link in hxs('//XPATH'): yield Request(link.extract(), callback=self.parse_link) def parse_link(self, response): # continue parsing (aka your second spider) Hope this help you :)

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[Helicobacter pylori-related cytokines influence gastric acid secretion and gastric mucosal inflammation in gastroduodenal ulcers]. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is an important pathogenic factor for gastroduodenal ulcers and gastric cancer. The level of gastric acid output may influence the outcome of those diseases. With low acid output, H. pylori can spread to the corpus of the stomach, resulting in progression to atrophic gastritis. It may cause an increased risk of gastric cancer and ulcer. In contrast, with high output, H. pylori is confined in the gastric antrum, which develops antrum-predominant gastritis. This may contribute to an increased risk of duodenal ulcer. It is well known that inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha modulate gastric acid secretion. Therefore, the host immune response by the cytokines may cause these disparate pathways in gastric acid secretion.

You are here A balloon ride to the stratosphere in great comfort Wednesday, October 30, 2013 - 06:00 [NEW YORK] And now, a high-altitude adventure for the leisure class, people who do not want to be jostled as they sip champagne and gaze down at earth's curved blue surface. A new space tourism company named World View yesterday unveiled its plans to loft passengers to the stratosphere as early

For Michael de Leeuw, there's nothing dirty about "dirty work," of which he's done his fair share through the first half of the 2017 season. "For me, it means just work," he said after training Wednesday. "Working for the team. Running the dirty runs for each other...winning balls for the team so that we have possession. We don't have to run the transition in defense. That, for me, is the dirty work. For me, it's natural." Through his 15 games played, the Dutchman has endured a shift away from his regular deployment at or near the point of the attack in favor of a role on the right side of the midfield, where he's had to adapt on the fly to a new set of offensive and defensive responsibilities. After an initial adjustment period, de Leeuw has thrived. His willingness to do that "dirty work" on both defense and in transition to attack have been nothing short of crucial to the Fire's current run of form and second place position in the Supporters' Shield standings. "I know that's frustrating for him because he's a striker and he want to score goals, but the other things that he brings to the team are invaluable," said midfielder Dax McCarty, who might be considered something of an expert on the topic. "Those are things that you can't teach. That's commitment, heart, the willingness to press the other team, the willingness to do the dirty work for everyone else on the field." So, while that "dirty work" doesn't show up in a post-match box score, digging into his more advanced stats help partly quantify the impact de Leeuw has made so far this season (courtesy of Opta). SEASON GAMES PLAYED ASSISTS PASS ACCURACY FOULS WON TACKLES WON 50/50 DUELS WON INTERCEPTIONS RECOVERIES 2016 18 2 75.76 16 17 60 18 62 2017 15 4 75.34 28 16 65 11 50 The Opta numbers show that de Leeuw been able to take on his new assignment with aplomb, winning both fouls and 50/50 challenges at a much higher clip than last season. The Fire as a whole have shown more of both an ability and a preference to keep possession this year than in years past, and de Leeuw's ability to help keep the ball has been a part of that. "That's the nature," de Leeuw said. "I want to win every ball. Also in training. I always go 100% for every ball. It doesn't matter where the ball is, 50/50, I always go 100%. I want that ball. It's important to win those balls to hold it and to have more energy for offense." "Sometimes, it feels like Michael's playing five different positions on the field because of how much running he does and how much ground he covers, and that's something that you can't teach," McCarty added. "He's been very important for us. He's a guy that as a teammate you just want to have him on the field. You're not only going to get work rate, but you're going to get quality as well." Second, his assist total this season doubles his production from his debut 18 matches with the club following his arrival last summer. This season's haul includes the key touch in Luis Solignac's game-winning goal from Saturday's 2-1 road victory in New England, as well as a pair of assists in the team's 4-1 national television romp over the defending MLS Champion Seattle Sounders. So, while de Leeuw's instincts as a striker keep him hungry for his first goal of the season, he's both conscious of and willing to continue his efforts benefitting the team as whole. "It's still disappointing for me that I'm still at zero, because I feel I had at least three or four (opportunities for) goals," he said. "But for my feeling, the team needs me and what I'm doing right now, because at this moment, the puzzle is complete." The Fire resume MLS play Saturday night with a visit from Orlando City SC (7:30 pm CT, CSN Chicago | TICKETS).

Crazy Day Special Buy Crookston’s Crazy Day Sale is this week and in honor of that I’m offering a sale on gift certificates! Purchase a gift certificate for $50 and I will bump the value of it up to $75! Your gift certificate can be used towards any photo session or products that I offer. This special buy is only good for July 14th, 15th and 16th, so don’t miss out on a savings of $25! This would be great for those upcoming Senior or Family photos!

Wonderful as it is, same-sex marriage is not the human rights issue of our generation. The most urgent human rights issue is the same for this generation as it is for every generation. It is poverty. And the most urgent aspect of poverty is child poverty. Spending your early years in deprivation does more than anything else to limit your chances of being an equal citizen with the same dignity and the same opportunity as everyone else. So here’s the challenge for all those who poured their hearts and souls into the Yes campaign because they believe in equality and for all those who voted No because they were sincerely anxious about the welfare of children. Let’s get together to end child poverty by 2020. We’ve created a newly enlivened democracy, with an expanded sense of possibility. We have a new generation suddenly aware of its democratic power. We have, for the first time, a diaspora that feels part of the political conversation. We’ve experienced a renewed joy in being Irish. We know that collectively we can achieve what was until recently dismissed as an impossibility. Let’s not waste this moment of concrete optimism. Let’s imagine the moment in five years’ time when no child in Ireland is living in consistent deprivation. It will happen if we really want it to happen. The most bereft, marginalised and voiceless minority in Ireland is made up of children living with poverty, deprivation and the corrosive effects of inequality. They don’t matter. Their interests have been comprehensively ignored by those with power. In all the rhetoric of “tough choices” and “hard decisions”, they have been the soft target, the easy option. Budget after budget, measure after measure, has targeted them with complete impunity. The results are as stark as they were predictable: in 2008, just before the crash, 6.8 per cent of Irish children were living in consistent poverty – a shameful figure in itself. By 2013, that proportion had almost doubled to 11.7 per cent. That’s 138,000 children – pretty much an entire Galway city plus an entire Limerick city of poor kids. We don’t have the excuse of not knowing what this means for real live children. The excellent Growing Up in Ireland study has been tracking 11,000 children who were born in the year of the crash, 2008. And even by the age of three, the kids born in poverty were different. They actually look different. They’re lighter at birth, shorter at the age of three but also heavier and thus more at risk of obesity. Poverty, in our republic of equals, is written on the bodies of our children. Inequality is locked into flesh and bone from infancy. Surely not even the smuggest right-winger thinks that these three year olds are responsible for their own conditions, that they’ve somehow failed to work hard enough or be sufficiently aspirational. There are no just deserts being served here. And if you don’t find this situation morally repulsive, you ought to find it fiscally reckless. Study after study has shown that taking a child out of poverty is the single most productive investment a government can make, saving at least seven times what it costs. The doubling of child poverty under this and the last government is not “austerity”. It’s a scandalous waste, of both human potential and public money. Policy choices The very fact that child poverty has increased so rapidly tells us that it’s not natural and inevitable. It is a product of social, political and economic choices. Which means we can choose differently. The Government actually acknowledges this because it has an official target of reducing consistent poverty among children by two-thirds by 2020. The other side of this is that its aspiration, its target, the aim which it would proud to fulfil, is to leave 37,000 children in consistent poverty five years from now. This is why we need a national movement to end child poverty. There are excellent existing organisations that provide vital services to, and fight valiantly for, children. But they need a critical mass behind them. They need all of those who are sick of inequality. They need all the sincere people of faith who worry about families and children. They need the buzz of brilliant campaigning and heart-and-soul enthusiasm. They need that electrifying sense of a national pride. Such a movement would do four things. It would bring together a wide coalition of citizens and civic society. It would draw up a concrete five-year plan. It would make child poverty a central issue in the 2016 election. Most importantly, it would harass and embarrass – make sure whoever is in power cannot slip away from the promises they will easily dispense. I’m not setting myself up as head of such a campaign – there are much better and less divisive candidates. But I’ll do everything I can. If you will too, drop me a line at [email protected]

Q: What is the proper way to form this SQL statement? I have a news database table that has two kinds of articles in it: social and official (mutually exclusive). What I would like to do is reduce the number of social rows in the table to a specific number, while leaving the official news articles alone. Here is what I've come up with so far: DELETE FROM News WHERE _id NOT IN (SELECT _id FROM News WHERE IsOfficialNews=0 ORDER BY Date DESC LIMIT 20 UNION SELECT _id FROM News WHERE IsOfficialNews=1) However, I get an error that states ORDER BY clause should come after UNION not before. Moving the ORDER BY to the end of the inner SELECT results in LIMIT clause should come after UNION not before. I understand the error message but I wonder if there is some other way to accomplish what I'm trying to do. If I move the LIMIT clause to the end of the inner SELECT then I will still have more than 20 social rows left in the table (because it will also count official rows). A: Maybe like this (see comment above): DELETE FROM News WHERE IsOfficialNews=0 AND _id NOT IN (SELECT _id FROM News WHERE IsOfficialNews=0 ORDER BY Date DESC LIMIT 20)

Q: User's last login time? I'd like to know when a given user last logged in. It seems that the User object doesn't include this information (creation and modification only). Should I look to leverage the Events API (seems inefficient) or am I missing something obvious? A: Yes, look to the Events API for this. Specifically, you'll want to use the Enterprise Events API and query for events of the type LOGIN. This requires an access token with administrative privileges. curl https://api.box.com/2.0/events?stream_type=admin_logs&event_type=LOGIN \ -H "Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN" Note that: The returned events are paged, so you may need to adjust the page size or execute multiple queries to find the event(s) you're looking for. You can use the created_after and created_before query parameters to limit the returned events to a specific time period. You can also look for FAILED_LOGIN events: event_type=LOGIN,FAILED_LOGIN

Sherman v New York State Thruway Auth. (2014 NY Slip Op 05972) Sherman v New York State Thruway Auth. 2014 NY Slip Op 05972 Decided on August 27, 2014 Appellate Division, Second Department Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431. This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports. Decided on August 27, 2014SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORKAppellate Division, Second Judicial DepartmentPETER B. SKELOS, J.P. RUTH C. BALKIN L. PRISCILLA HALL JOSEPH J. MALTESE, JJ. 2013-03561 [*1]Rodney Sherman, respondent, vNew York State Thruway Authority, appellant. (Claim No. 119794) Alan I. Lamer, Elmsford, N.Y. (McGaw Alventosa & Zajac [Dawn C. DeSimone and Andrew Zajac] of counsel), for appellant. Norman M. Block, P.C., Hawthorne, N.Y., for respondent. DECISION & ORDER In a claim to recover damages for personal injuries, the defendant appeals, as limited by its brief, from so much of an order of the Court of Claims (Mignano, J.), dated February 1, 2013, as denied its motion for summary judgment dismissing the claim. ORDERED that the order is reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law, with costs, and the defendant's motion for summary judgment dismissing the claim is granted. Contrary to the determination of the Court of Claims, the defendant, in support of its motion, established that there was a storm in progress at the time of the accident. The deposition testimony of the claimant, which was supported by certified climatological data, demonstrated that precipitation was falling when the claimant allegedly slipped and fell on ice on a sidewalk at the Troop T barracks in Newburgh on February 25, 2011, and for a substantial period of time prior to the accident. Inasmuch as the weather condition in question was in progress when the claimant's accident occurred, the defendant demonstrated its prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law dismissing the claim (see Meyers v Big Six Towers, Inc., 85 AD3d 877; Mazzella v City of New York, 72 AD3d 755, 755; see also Jefferson v Long Is. Coll. Hosp., 234 AD2d 589). In opposition to the defendant's prima facie showing, the claimant failed to raise a triable issue of fact. Accordingly, the Court of Claims should have granted the defendant's motion for summary judgment dismissing the claim. SKELOS, J.P., BALKIN, HALL and MALTESE, JJ., concur. ENTER: Aprilanne Agostino Clerk of the Court

Host conservatism, geography, and elevation in the evolution of a Neotropical moth radiation. The origins of evolutionary radiations are often traced to the colonization of novel adaptive zones, including unoccupied habitats or unutilized resources. For herbivorous insects, the predominant mechanism of diversification is typically assumed to be a shift onto a novel lineage of host plants. However, other drivers of diversification are important in shaping evolutionary history, especially for groups residing in regions with complex geological histories. We evaluated the contributions of shifts in host plant clade, bioregion, and elevation to diversification in Eois (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a hyper-diverse genus of moths found throughout the Neotropics. Relationships among 107 taxa were reconstructed using one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes. In addition, we used a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to generate 4641 SNPs for 137 taxa. Both datasets yielded similar phylogenetic histories, with relationships structured by host plant clade, bioregion, and elevation. While diversification of basal lineages often coincided with host clade shifts, more recent speciation events were more typically associated with shifts across bioregions or elevational gradients. Overall, patterns of diversification in Eois are consistent with the perspective that shifts across multiple adaptive zones synergistically drive diversification in hyper-diverse lineages.

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Willie's Fillies Need Your Help 11/11/2007 6:30 AM PST Willie's Fillies Need Your Help In addition to being an outspoken activist for ... um, herbal remedies, country music icon Willie Nelson has another cause close to his heart: horses. Of course he does -- he's Willie freakin' Nelson! Willie himself has personally rescued a number of horses, and he sits on the Board of Directors of a group called Habitat for Horses. On November 13 and 14, Willie and daughter Amy, Bo Derek and the luscious Barbi Twins -- are all going to Capitol Hill to voice their support for the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act. Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to slaughter horses! The country outlaw even wrote a passionate letter to his fans to implore them to help. Click here to read it.

How to Get the Most Out of Your Internet Marketing How to Get the Most Out of Your Internet Marketing Marketing and advertising is an expensive part of doing business so it only makes dollars and sense that getting the most out of your web marketing programs is the most cost effective way to promote your company. Burbank, CA - You’ve invested a lot of time, effort and money into your business and as any one can tell you, a large part of becoming a successful owner is understanding how much money you should spend on advertising, marketing and promotion, when you should spend it and who would be best suited to implement your market plan. To begin with the simple answer is that spending a lot of money doesn’t equate to getting the best results. What we are talking about is the basics of Return On Investment, or ROI. Smart investors understand that the rate of return for any venture should be analyzed ahead of payment however this is where the difficulty lay. Making projections on marketing outcomes is often fraught with mis-conceptions, inaccurate imported data and over zealous result speculations. One big miss-step made by even the most intelligent entrepreneurs is their lack of appreciation for what a website can do for their business.Many owners don’t realize how easy it is for their website to become a passive revenue stream. Even if you don’t offer a hard product, your website can still be utilized for income generation with a little imagination and know how. It is not uncommon to have a mis-understanding or a lack of appreciation for what is a properly conceived and constructed website presence. It’s one thing to be found by the search engines; however as with any brick and mortar business, store front presence is paramount. Many websites are so badly done that even when they are found by their targeted customers it amounts to a quick home page peek and then gone. This is a crucial element for web marketing and makes the difference between having volumes of traffic that give you “hits” but no profits and a site that is a source of income instead of an expense. There is a vast difference between generating traffic to a website and actually seeing a return on your investment. Traffic alone is not real proof you are getting results from your web marketing efforts. Only quality, targeted visitations with trackable conversions to sales can provide profits to the company coffers.While many SEO companies tout their ability to drive Internet traffic to your site, the biggest downfall businesses experience from the typical SEO “one size fits all” packaging is a true understanding of the what, and how their client’s businesses actually work.Without this basic but often overlooked foundation, your website could suffer from “false results”. Consider the words of web marketing authorities’ iMajestic; “Your website is the most important part of your organization’s Internet marketing strategy. Your website is the heart of your business communication instrument both, to search engines as well as your future and existing customers.” It is important to recognize that Internet marketing is at once a science and an art form. The science of web marketing involves some very technical aspects that start you’re your website development which is more than just getting the cheapest template you can, setting some links and placing Meta tags. Your site needs to have a “look and feel” that invites your clients to stay and explore the riches within instead of landing on the home page and moving on to someone else’s business. The “look” of the site is the same as the face of your store front. Your website should reflect the nature of your business without being too busy, involved or outlandish. A website only has about 3 seconds to capture the visitor because after that if they aren’t intrigued, they’re gone. It is imperative that your website be easy to use as its functionality can make or break a site. If a visitor can’t get around your website they will become frustrated and again - leave. Once you’ve got a proper website you can really get your SEO working for you. A major complaint about the natural search engine optimization approach is the time and money usually associated with garnering results. Elements of Organic SEO programs involve everything from the beginning analytical research of your particular industry and competitors, Keyword research, web content enhancement with proper keyword SEO compliance, optimization of “back end” codes, link building, press release and article submissions that refer and point to your business, onsite blogs and more. One crucial thing to remember about SEO, PPC, web development and every other aspect of the Internet marketing game, is the need to be continuously engaged in ongoing analytical reviews and modification of campaigns. iMajestic, ranked as one of the nation’s top SEO companies by internet marketing rating service TopSEOs, helps businesses attain targeted market share by creating innovative and ethical SEO programs, guaranteed to succeed. For qualified clients iMajestic offers Performance based search engine marketing that removes the risks that typical SEO companies require their customer to take on. Performance based marketing simply means iMajestic will do the work to get your company into the top levels of search engine rankings before accepting a fee. Results before payment makes the decision to engage in this kind of guaranteed for qualified clients a complete no-brainer. iMajestic (www.imajestic.com) has been in business since 2001 offering practical and sound SEO and SEM solutions to thousands of businesses. The ability to forecast trends and rapidly adjust positions that influence those changes is the cornerstone to the foundation of what iMajestic represents. iMajestic is a firm believer in keeping their work force within the Continental United States and uses American based personnel. All work is done in house and by US citizens. This entry was posted on Thursday, January 20th, 2011 at 12:18 am and is filed under Internet Marketing. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.

"use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); var tslib_1 = require("tslib"); var react_1 = tslib_1.__importDefault(require("react")); var styled_components_1 = tslib_1.__importDefault(require("styled-components")); var StyledArrowLongDownR = styled_components_1.default.i(templateObject_1 || (templateObject_1 = tslib_1.__makeTemplateObject(["\n &{box-sizing:border-box;position:relative;display:block;transform:scale(var(--ggs,1));border-right:2px solid transparent;border-left:2px solid transparent;border-top:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 2px;height:24px;width:6px}&::after,&::before{content:\"\";display:block;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute}&::after{width:6px;height:6px;border-bottom:2px solid;border-right:2px solid;transform:rotate(45deg);bottom:0;left:-2px}&::before{width:6px;height:6px;border:2px solid;transform:rotate(45deg);top:-5px;left:-2px}\n"], ["\n &{box-sizing:border-box;position:relative;display:block;transform:scale(var(--ggs,1));border-right:2px solid transparent;border-left:2px solid transparent;border-top:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 2px;height:24px;width:6px}&::after,&::before{content:\"\";display:block;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute}&::after{width:6px;height:6px;border-bottom:2px solid;border-right:2px solid;transform:rotate(45deg);bottom:0;left:-2px}&::before{width:6px;height:6px;border:2px solid;transform:rotate(45deg);top:-5px;left:-2px}\n"]))); exports.ArrowLongDownR = react_1.default.forwardRef(function (props, ref) { return (react_1.default.createElement(react_1.default.Fragment, null, react_1.default.createElement(StyledArrowLongDownR, tslib_1.__assign({}, props, { ref: ref, "icon-role": "arrow-long-down-r" })))); }); var templateObject_1; //# sourceMappingURL=ArrowLongDownR.js.map

Q: Extracting dates from MYSQL in PHP I have a table of events: Fields are: Name, start-date and end-date. Within my web page I now want to draw a calendar for a whole month To create the page, I am iterating though the days of the month, and want to check if there is an event already booked on these days. Eg. If the date appears between the start and end date of any records in the table. I'm pretty sure I don't want to run 31 queries so after the best way of achieving this? A: You don't need 31 queries, you can fetch the entire month and do the rest in your PHP code. SELECT `name`, `start-date`, `end-date` FROM `table of events` WHERE `start-date` BETWEEN '2013-10-01 00:00:00' AND '2013-10-31 23:59:59' OR `end-date` BETWEEN '2013-10-01 00:00:00' AND '2013-10-31 23:59:59'; It will provide you information about all events that start or end in the given period. Do with it whatever you need.

High-intensity functional training (HIFT), which merges high-intensity exercise with functional (multijoint) movements, has emerged as a new training modality.^[@bibr9-2325967118803100],[@bibr22-2325967118803100]^ Although limited research exists, several studies have demonstrated HIFT as a viable modality to improve aerobic capacity, muscular strength, and overall fitness.^[@bibr21-2325967118803100],[@bibr22-2325967118803100],[@bibr34-2325967118803100]^ CrossFit training, a type of HIFT regimen, is one of the fastest growing fitness programs today.^[@bibr39-2325967118803100]^ Overall, the aim of CrossFit training is "to forge broad, general, and inclusive fitness" to prepare people for any physical challenge, and it specializes in "not specializing."^[@bibr16-2325967118803100]^ Unlike other fitness programs, this methodology consists of "constantly varied, high-intensity, functional movements" that are believed to help people improve the breadth and depth of their physical adaptations and gain strength, endurance, and power.^[@bibr16-2325967118803100]^ Although several reports have linked CrossFit to severe injuries and/or life-threatening conditions, such as rhabdomyolysis,^[@bibr18-2325967118803100],[@bibr30-2325967118803100],[@bibr43-2325967118803100]^ empirical evidence regarding the safety of HIFT and CrossFit training is currently limited. Previous investigators have examined the nature of injuries related to CrossFit training, and none has substantiated the notion that this training program might be any more "extreme" or dangerous than other exercise training programs.^[@bibr19-2325967118803100],[@bibr32-2325967118803100],[@bibr46-2325967118803100]^ In fact, the rate of injuries reported by these investigators is between 2.0 and 3.5 injuries per 1000 hours of training, which is lower than more traditional forms of training.^[@bibr24-2325967118803100]^ Most recently, Poston and colleagues^[@bibr36-2325967118803100]^ compared the risk of injuries during HIFT with traditional training among military personnel and suggested that HIFT exhibited a similar or even lower potential for injuries than more traditional training activities in this population. Although informative, one of the biggest drawbacks to these aforementioned studies is the small sample utilized to calculate the risk of injuries, limiting their generalizability to a larger population in addition to increasing the potential errors associated with these estimates. With over 13,000 affiliates around the world, CrossFit training is one of the largest training modalities, with millions of participants. Therefore, and considering the limited evidence, we conducted a retrospective study that evaluated the incidence of injuries among CrossFit participants over a 4-year period. Our aim was to (1) examine the incidence of injuries related to CrossFit training among a large sample of participants and (2) estimate the rate of injuries among a large cross-sectional convenience sample of CrossFit participants from around the world. Methods {#section1-2325967118803100} ======= This observational study was designed to reach the greatest number of participants and provide a large cross-sectional convenience sample of CrossFit athletes. For this purpose, we created an electronic version of a survey tool using a Google-based form in English and Spanish. Adults older than 18 years with more than 3 months of CrossFit experience were asked to participate in this study. We used snowball sampling^[@bibr2-2325967118803100]^ to distribute our survey among members of the CrossFit community using social media outlets, email, and word of mouth. The survey was completed anonymously. Based on previous research, we considered this an appropriate survey methodology for this study.^[@bibr3-2325967118803100],[@bibr38-2325967118803100]^ Our survey was distributed before the beginning of the competition season in consecutive years (2013-2017) between mid-December and the end of February of the following year. We chose this time frame to appropriately capture injuries that occurred within the previous year only. We used an online application (Bitly) to track the number of "clicks" that our survey obtained to estimate our global reach and response rate. This tracking was completely anonymous and did not store IP addresses from any computer. All participants provided consent before beginning the survey, and the study protocol was approved by the Kennesaw State University Institutional Review Board. Questionnaire {#section2-2325967118803100} ------------- We were interested in obtaining the most information possible regarding individual participation in CrossFit training. Thus, we used a mixed-methods design,^[@bibr33-2325967118803100]^ in which most questions required a predetermined response, while others were open ended and allowed participants to elaborate on their individual responses. The questionnaire inquired about the frequency of participation in CrossFit training and history of injuries while participating in this training modality. Biological variables (eg, age and sex) were included in the questionnaire as descriptive variables. To gauge their CrossFit training regimen, all participants were asked about their weekly participation and number of weekly workouts. Considering the limited information on this topic and the lack of evidence regarding the most common injuries experienced by those involved in CrossFit training, we asked survey respondents if they had suffered any injury related to their participation in CrossFit training during the previous 12 months. To avoid misinterpretation of what constitutes an injury, we used the definition provided by Weisenthal and colleagues,^[@bibr46-2325967118803100]^ who defined an injury as "any muscle, tendon, bone, joint, or ligament injury sustained while doing CrossFit that resulted in your consultation with a physician, or health care provider, AND caused you to stop or reduce your usual physical activity, your typical participation in CrossFit, or caused you to have surgery." In addition, we asked survey respondents to identify the injured body part as well as to briefly elaborate on their type of injury. This type of descriptive information allows for future evaluations of the type of injuries commonly reported by participants engaged in this training modality. Although respondents were able to choose as many body parts as needed and described their injuries in an open-ended question, we dichotomized their responses to either a single injury or multiple injuries (if they chose multiple sites or the same site multiple times). Injury Incidence {#section3-2325967118803100} ---------------- Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a health condition in a population at a designated period of time and provides an indication of the extent of a health problem.^[@bibr11-2325967118803100]^ Our survey queried participants about the number of injuries experienced during the previous 12 months as a result of their participation in CrossFit training (ie, "During the past year, how many times would you say you have been injured because of your participation in CrossFit training?"). Overall, incidence measurements are proportions and are expressed herein as percentages (%). Injury Rates {#section4-2325967118803100} ------------ In addition to examining the incidence of these injuries, we were interested in determining the actual injury rate. While incidence data provide an indication of how common a problem can be, injury rates give us the actual measurement and provide a way to compare between participants.^[@bibr29-2325967118803100]^ In our case, the population in question was people who participated in CrossFit training and had sustained injury to a body part. Considering the differences in how often people participate in CrossFit training, we were interested in determining the total amount of time that a person was exposed (workouts) instead of the number of people reporting injuries.^[@bibr29-2325967118803100]^ Therefore, we used the total number of injuries reported by participants during the previous year as our numerator for the injury rate. For our denominator, we created a variable that would "balance" the exposure of a participant to sustain bodily damage (a workout hour). To this effect, we assumed that every participant completed an hour workout (time), similar to other studies,^[@bibr41-2325967118803100],[@bibr46-2325967118803100]^ and multiplied that to their reported frequency of weekly workouts, and then we multiplied it by the total number of weeks throughout the year (ie, 1 hour/session × frequency of workouts/week × weeks/year). Because both the frequency of weekly workouts and the time participated were reported in ranges, we created minimum and maximum approximations for each range. Because we wanted to examine the risk of injuries over a year, we considered that 50 weeks would be an appropriate minimum approximation of training for most participants and used 52 weeks as our maximum approximation. Analyzing the data for this type of range provides a more accurate estimate of the "real risk" of this activity, considering that those with greater exposure may inevitably be more prone to injuries, not necessarily because of the activity per se but simply because of their exposure. Considering that these rates are typically very small numbers, we report injury rates per 1000 workout hours. Statistical Analysis {#section5-2325967118803100} -------------------- Means and SDs were calculated for different age groups. Frequency counts and percentages were computed for all categorical variables. To compare categorical variables, we used the chi-square test. Incidence is presented as proportions (%) based on the total number of surveys completed, and incidence rates are calculated based on an assumed minimum of 50 weeks of training within the previous calendar year and an assumed maximum of 52 weeks of training within the previous calendar year. All data were collected and downloaded into Excel 2011 (Microsoft). Statistical analyses were conducted using R 3.3.6 (R Core Team). A significance level of alpha = 0.05 was chosen to denote statistical significance; *P* values are reported as 2-tailed. Results {#section6-2325967118803100} ======= Participants {#section7-2325967118803100} ------------ The online application reported a total of 5141 total clicks to our survey from 42 different countries. Of those clicks, 3079 participants responded to our survey. Therefore, we estimate our completion rate as 60%. Thirty participants did not complete all the questions in the survey. Because we were unable to identify why they did not complete all questions, we eliminated their surveys from the total number of responses. Thus, our final analysis included 3049 participants with a mean age of 36.8 ± 9.8 years ([Table 1](#table1-2325967118803100){ref-type="table"}). The survey was open to anyone with internet access, with 88% of respondents identifying themselves as living in the United States and 99% completing the survey in English ([Figure 1](#fig1-2325967118803100){ref-type="fig"}). ###### Distribution of Age by Sex*^a^*  Age, y Female Male Total -------- ------------- ------------- -------------- \<25 112 (3.7) 151 (5.0) 263 (8.6) 25-29 268 (8.8) 260 (8.5) 528 (17.3) 30-34 312 (10.2) 318 (10.4) 630 (20.7) 35-39 272 (8.9) 266 (8.7) 538 (17.6) 40-44 184 (6.0) 208 (6.8) 392 (12.9) 45-49 164 (5.4) 166 (5.4) 330 (10.8) 50-54 98 (3.2) 111 (3.6) 209 (6.9) ≥55 73 (2.4) 86 (2.8) 159 (5.2) Total 1483 (48.6) 1566 (51.3) 3049 (100.0) *^a^*Data are shown as n (%). {#fig1-2325967118803100} Injury Incidence {#section8-2325967118803100} ---------------- Of the 3049 participants who completed the survey, 931 (30.5%) reported suffering an injury related to their participation in CrossFit training ([Table 2](#table2-2325967118803100){ref-type="table"}). Overall, no significant differences were observed between male and female participants who reported experiencing an injury (females: 14.3% \[n = 436\]; males: 16.2% \[n = 495\]; χ^2^ = 1.65; *P* = .1989). Of those who reported an injury, 62.4% (n = 581) reported an injury to a single body part, while 37.6% (n = 350) reported injuries to multiple body parts. Overall, male participants reported a greater number of injuries compared with female participants (χ^2^ = 8.43; *P* = .0037); however, the location of those injuries was similar between the 2 groups. The shoulders (39%), back (36%), knees (15%), elbows (12%), and wrists (11%) were the most common sites of injury ([Figure 2](#fig2-2325967118803100){ref-type="fig"}). A total of 6 cases (0.6%) of exertional rhabdomyolysis were reported among this sample. ###### Distribution of Injuries, Training, and Participation in CrossFit by Sex*^a^*  Female Male Total *P* ------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ----- Experienced an injury .1989  Yes 436 (14.3) 495 (16.2) 931 (30.5)  No 1047 (34.3) 1071 (35.1) 2118 (69.5) No. of injuries (n = 931) .0037  Single 294 (31.6) 287 (30.8) 581 (62.4)  Multiple 142 (15.3) 208 (22.3) 350 (37.6) Experience in CrossFit training, y .0461  \<1 348 (11.4) 324 (10.6) 672 (22.0)  1-3 553 (18.1) 563 (18.5) 1116 (36.6)  \>3 582 (19.1) 679 (22.3) 1261 (41.4) Weekly participation, d/wk \<.001  \<3 162 (5.3) 112 (3.6) 274 (9.0)  3-5 804 (26.4) 799 (26.2) 1603 (52.6)  \>5 517 (17.0) 655 (21.5) 1172 (38.4) *^a^*Data are shown as n (%). {#fig2-2325967118803100} Among those who reported experiencing an injury, the proportion of injuries was dependent on how long a participant had participated in CrossFit training. Those with more than 3 years of experience reported more injuries (43.1%) compared with those with 1 to 3 years (38.8%) and those with less than 1 year (18.0%) of experience (χ^2^ = 12.51; *P* = .0019). In addition, significant differences existed between female and male participants when comparing years of experience (χ^2^ = 6.15; *P* = .0461). When further examining sex-based differences and years of experience, only male participants with the most experience reported having suffered a CrossFit training--related injury more often compared with those with 1 to 3 years and those with less than 1 year of experience (28.3%, 15.8%, and 12.6%, respectively; *P* = .013). There were no significant diffferences in injury incidence among female participants, regardless of experience. When we examined the incidence of injuries based on how often participants engaged in CrossFit training ([Table 2](#table2-2325967118803100){ref-type="table"}), we found that those who engaged in this training modality 3 to 5 days per week reported a greater number of injuries compared with those who participated less than 3 days per week and those who participated more than 5 days per week (χ^2^ = 1.3529; *P* = .5084). Significant differences existed between these 3 groups and between sexes (χ^2^ = 23.15; *P* \< .001). Injury Rates {#section9-2325967118803100} ------------ The injury rate distribution resulted in a severely right tail--skewed data set, with the majority of participants reporting low injury rates. Based on the assumed maximum number of workout hours per week, the injury rate was 0.27 per 1000 hours (females: 0.28; males: 0.26), whereas the assumed minimum number of workout hours per week resulted in an injury rate of 0.74 per 1000 hours (females: 0.78; males: 0.70). Considering the skewness of the data, we felt that using the median value was the most appropriate measure for the overall injury rate.^[@bibr45-2325967118803100]^ When stratified by sex, female participants had higher injury rates for both the assumed maximum (0.28/1000 hours) and minimum (0.78/1000 hours) when compared with the assumed maximum (0.26/1000 hours) and minimum (0.70/1000 hours) for male participants ([Table 3](#table3-2325967118803100){ref-type="table"}); however, no significant differences were observed between male and female participants. No significant differences were observed between age groups for participants experiencing injuries (χ^2^ = 11.302; *P* = .1260). ###### Number of Injuries and Incidence Rates per 1000 Hours*^a^*  No. of Injuries Incidence Rate per 1000 Hours --------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------- ------ Overall 931 0.74 0.27 Sex  Female 436 0.78 0.28  Male 495 0.70 0.26 Age group, y  \<25 67 0.80 0.27  25-29 147 0.68 0.25  30-34 183 0.73 0.26  35-39 170 0.71 0.27  40-44 123 0.73 0.27  45-49 114 0.82 0.30  50-54 72 0.84 0.30  ≥55 55 0.73 0.28 Weekly participation, d/wk  \<3 76 2.46 0.54  3-5 488 0.90 0.30  \>5 367 0.53 0.22 No. of weekly workouts  1-3 158 3.61 0.61  4-6 607 0.81 0.29  7-9 126 0.39 0.17  ≥10 40 0.26 0.11 Experience in CrossFit training  \<6 mo 36 3.90 1.15  6-12 mo 132 3.21 1.01  1-3 y 361 1.57 0.34  3-5 y 312 0.50 0.20  \>5 y 90 0.25 0.14 *^a^*Minimum has the assumptions of the lowest weekly participation, lowest frequency of weekly workouts, and 50 weeks per year of CrossFit training. Maximum has the assumptions of the highest weekly participation, highest frequency of weekly workouts, and 52 weeks per year of CrossFit training. When we compared the injury rates based on the frequency of CrossFit training participation, we observed a significantly higher rate of injuries among those who reported CrossFit training less than 3 days per week (minimum, 2.46/1000 workout hours; maximum, 0.54/1000 workout hours) compared with those engaging in this training modality 3 to 5 days per week (minimum, 0.90/1000 workout hours; maximum, 0.30/1000 workout hours) and those engaging more than 5 days per week (minimum, 0.53/1000 workout hours; maximum, 0.22/1000 workout hours) ([Table 3](#table3-2325967118803100){ref-type="table"}). Last, we examined injury rates among participants based on how long they reported participating in CrossFit training. Overall, those with less than 6 months of experience had the highest rates of injuries (minimum, 3.90/1000 workout hours; maximum, 1.15/1000 workout hours), followed by those with 6 to 12 months of experience (minimum, 3.21/1000 workout hours; maximum, 1.01/1000 workout hours). Based on these data, the rate of injuries was inversely proportional to years of experience ([Table 3](#table3-2325967118803100){ref-type="table"}). In addition, we stratified our analysis to include sex and workout frequency and observed that those who participated in the least number of workouts per week, regardless of sex, had a higher risk of injuries compared with those who participated most often ([Table 4](#table4-2325967118803100){ref-type="table"}). ###### Incidence Rates per 1000 Hours by Sex, Weekly Participation, and Age Group  n Incidence Rate per 1000 Hours ----------- ----- ------------------------------- ------ Female  \<3 d/wk   \<25 y 9 3.48 0.47   25-29 y 23 1.54 0.35   30-34 y 33 2.87 0.48   35-39 y 24 3.08 0.69   40-44 y 24 1.67 0.33   45-49 y 26 3.46 0.63   50-54 y 13 2.38 0.63   ≥55 y 10 1.85 0.48  3-5 d/wk   \<25 y 43 1.48 0.41   25-29 y 119 0.96 0.32   30-34 y 169 0.87 0.27   35-39 y 161 0.84 0.29   40-44 y 107 0.81 0.26   45-49 y 98 0.93 0.31   50-54 y 59 0.95 0.34   ≥55 y 48 0.77 0.27  \>5 d/wk   \<25 y 60 0.81 0.28   25-29 y 126 0.63 0.22   30-34 y 110 0.64 0.25   35-39 y 87 0.51 0.21   40-44 y 53 0.79 0.30   45-49 y 40 0.46 0.20   50-54 y 26 0.29 0.11   ≥55 y 15 0.37 0.18 Male  \<3 d/wk   \<25 y 5 --- ---   25-29 y 15 2.20 0.47   30-34 y 21 2.25 0.60   35-39 y 18 2.10 0.60   40-44 y 17 4.49 0.75   45-49 y 13 1.08 0.25   50-54 y 11 2.46 0.53   ≥55 y 12 3.90 0.97  3-5 d/wk   \<25 y 53 1.27 0.37   25-29 y 103 0.79 0.27   30-34 y 149 0.90 0.30   35-39 y 148 0.93 0.32   40-44 y 118 0.81 0.29   45-49 y 106 0.93 0.33   50-54 y 72 1.13 0.37   ≥55 y 50 0.79 0.28  \>5 d/wk   \<25 y 93 0.56 0.20   25-29 y 142 0.50 0.20   30-34 y 148 0.51 0.20   35-39 y 100 0.40 0.17   40-44 y 73 0.44 0.19   45-49 y 47 0.64 0.28   50-54 y 28 0.44 0.18   ≥55 y 24 0.43 0.19 Discussion {#section10-2325967118803100} ========== The present study describes the incidence of injuries among CrossFit participants and suggests that, unlike some media reports, the incidence of injuries among participants in this popular training modality may not be as high as previously suggested. Overall, CrossFit training seems to be a safe exercise program that has provided an avenue for thousands of people around the world to become physically active; although participation numbers worldwide are debatable, the significant rise in the number of affiliates since 2009 (from 1000 in February 2009 to over 13,000 in January 2018^[@bibr7-2325967118803100]^) and the rising number of participants in the CrossFit Open^[@bibr8-2325967118803100]^ suggest an increase in the popularity of this training modality. To our knowledge, this is the first study to include a large multiyear sample of participants involved in CrossFit training. Overall, our findings suggest that the rate of injuries for less engaged participants was 0.74 injuries per 1000 hours compared with 0.27 injuries per 1000 hours for those more engaged. In addition, male participants were more likely to report an injury compared with female participants, while those participating in CrossFit training less often (\<3 d/wk) and with less experience (\<1 year) were more likely to report an injury compared with those who were more engaged in this training modality. Although a rationale for these findings may be speculative, we believe that these injury rates are appropriate, considering the nature of this training modality and the skill needed to complete many of the tasks associated with it. Keeping in mind the "constantly varied" nature of CrossFit training, it makes sense that those with the least experience may be more prone to injuries as a result of strength and/or flexibility issues that may hinder their ability to complete some of the more basic exercises. Moreover, those who described themselves as "less experienced" in this study may not necessarily be inexperienced exercisers; it may be that those with less experience in CrossFit training, but who are more athletic, push themselves more and therefore put themselves at greater risk for injuries. Our speculations here are supported by the fact that those with greater experience reported injuries less often than those with less experience. As a result, it is important that participants engaging in CrossFit training initially undergo an introduction to the training modality and work within their abilities to prevent potential injuries. In this study, 30.5% of respondents reported experiencing an injury over the previous 12 months. These findings are in agreement with those of Sprey et al,^[@bibr41-2325967118803100]^ who reported an injury incidence of 30% among 566 Brazilian CrossFit participants, and Montalvo and colleagues,^[@bibr31-2325967118803100]^ who stated that 55% of the athletes surveyed reported acute injuries. In addition, our findings are similar to those of Moran et al,^[@bibr32-2325967118803100]^ who reported that male participants experienced an injury more often than female participants. Investigators have provided insight to the rates of injuries among different leisure-time activities,^[@bibr20-2325967118803100],[@bibr35-2325967118803100],[@bibr37-2325967118803100]^ and although we cannot make direct comparisons with our findings, it is interesting to note the similar inverse relationships in which inactive participants are more likely to experience an injury as a result of lower fitness levels.^[@bibr20-2325967118803100]^ Considering the popularity of this training program, and the differences found between men and women as well as among levels of experience, it is important to describe injuries in a manner that can be compared between studies. As such, it is important to compare injury rates instead of simply the incidence of injuries, as exposure to training (ie, how often) will have an impact on the likelihood of experiencing an injury. Although we have provided injury estimates based on participation, our overall findings are well below previously reported injury rates.^[@bibr15-2325967118803100],[@bibr19-2325967118803100],[@bibr28-2325967118803100],[@bibr46-2325967118803100]^ For example, Hak et al^[@bibr19-2325967118803100]^ reported on 132 participants (19-57 years old) and calculated an injury rate of 3.1 per 1000 hours. Meanwhile, Weisenthal et al^[@bibr46-2325967118803100]^ reported on 486 CrossFit training participants and reported an incidence of injuries of 20%, without a specified injury rate. However, this injury rate was later reported as 2.4 injuries per 1000 hours of training.^[@bibr15-2325967118803100]^ Most recently, Mehrab and colleagues^[@bibr28-2325967118803100]^ surveyed 553 Dutch CrossFit athletes and reported a 50% incidence of injuries, and although they did not provide an injury rate, they reported that athletes with less than 6 months of experience had a nearly 4 times greater risk of injuries compared with those with more than 24 months of experience. We believe that the differences seen in the injury rates in our study, compared with those previously mentioned, have to do with how we calculated our rate of injuries, which included the number of workouts per week versus the total number of days a workout was completed. This method provides a more accurate assessment of the injury risk, as every session serves as a potential period in which an injury can occur. Over the past several years, CrossFit training has been scrutinized in the mainstream media because of the supposed high incidence of injuries; however, these statements seem not to be supported by empirical evidence.^[@bibr6-2325967118803100],[@bibr23-2325967118803100]^ Although several case studies exist documenting injuries from this training modality,^[@bibr10-2325967118803100],[@bibr25-2325967118803100]^ these often provide a case of a single athlete, which although unfortunate may not apply to the entire population of CrossFit participants. These cases should serve as reminders to coaches and practitioners that unfortunate events can occur but should not be generalizable to the thousands of participants who engage in this training modality annually. Additionally, this training modality has been linked with reports of rhabdomyolysis,^[@bibr18-2325967118803100],[@bibr43-2325967118803100]^ a potentially lethal condition resulting from the breakdown of muscle tissue characterized by pain, weakness, swelling, and blood in the urine, which can lead to renal failure and death.^[@bibr5-2325967118803100]^ Although the incidence of rhabdomyolysis in the general population is unknown, its development may be associated with genetic (eg, McArdle disease and sickle cell trait) or acquired conditions (eg, trauma, drug use, infection).^[@bibr5-2325967118803100]^ The most common causes of rhabdomyolysis in adults include illicit drugs, alcohol abuse, and trauma (ie, crush injuries)^[@bibr26-2325967118803100]^; nonetheless, while rare, several reports exist of people experiencing rhabdomyolysis after engaging in exercise training and other sports.^[@bibr1-2325967118803100],[@bibr13-2325967118803100],[@bibr14-2325967118803100],[@bibr27-2325967118803100],[@bibr40-2325967118803100],[@bibr42-2325967118803100]^ In addition, more common leisure-time physical activities such as indoor cycling,^[@bibr42-2325967118803100]^ resistance training,^[@bibr13-2325967118803100]^ and ultimate Frisbee^[@bibr27-2325967118803100]^ have also resulted in reports of exertional rhabdomyolysis. In our study, 6 participants (0.6%) reported a medical diagnosis of exertional rhabdomyolysis because of their participation in CrossFit training. Future studies should be designed to further investigate the occurrence of this condition among active adults engaged in this training modality to elucidate the real risk of developing rhabdomyolysis as a result of CrossFit training. Although surveys are subject to recall bias, and some participants may have underreported their injuries, the use of surveys to retrospectively describe injury data is common in the literature.^[@bibr12-2325967118803100],[@bibr44-2325967118803100]^ Unlike other investigators who used message boards and direct mailings, we distributed our survey using social media outlets, which have been considered effective tools for recruiting study participants.^[@bibr4-2325967118803100],[@bibr17-2325967118803100]^ Nonetheless, we acknowledge that our sample size was limited to only a small portion of those who engage in this training modality around the world and that the survey was primarily completed by those who spoke English and had access to the internet. The lack of randomization could have potentially biased our results, as participants with a history of injuries might have been more likely to respond to our survey. Nevertheless, our method of producing a minimum and maximum for injury rates based on a participant's workout frequency created a more complete assessment of the exposure to CrossFit training, depicting a data set that may offer a more accurate representation of the level of risk related to CrossFit training compared with previous studies,^[@bibr15-2325967118803100],[@bibr19-2325967118803100],[@bibr28-2325967118803100],[@bibr46-2325967118803100]^ which have reported a single injury rate. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide this type of range in the literature. Moreover, if our sample was indeed partial toward those with injuries, then future studies should result in a lower incidence of injuries and potentially lower injury rates. Additionally, previous investigators have studied the validity of self-reporting the injury history,^[@bibr12-2325967118803100],[@bibr44-2325967118803100]^ suggesting that injuries that have a longer period of symptoms or require the attention of a medical professional are more likely to be remembered than minor injuries. Additional studies should continue to examine the potential implication of these measures among this group of active people. Conclusion {#section11-2325967118803100} ========== This study provides valuable contributions to a currently scarce body of literature. Overall, CrossFit training seems to be a safe training modality for most participants; however, our findings suggest that there are 3 main groups that might be at a greater risk for injuries, including those who (1) are within their first year of participation, (2) engage in this training modality less than 3 days per week, and (3) participate in less than 3 workouts per week. As such, and considering these findings, we encourage fitness professionals to pay close attention to these people and potentially develop "beginner" programs that promote skill progression within the first year of participation to minimize the risk of injuries. The authors acknowledge the work of Danielle Brown, Joe Dolan, Ashton Matson, Alesia Paul, Brandi Waters, and Dr Jennifer Prestley for their individual contributions to previous versions of this article. The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto. Ethical approval for this study was waived by the Kennesaw State University Institutional Review Board.

Catalytically active azoaldolase. Preparation on solid support. A procedure for the coupling at pH 7.2 of p-carboxy benzene diazonium chloride with rabbit muscle aldolase supported on phosphocellulose is described and some of the spectroscopic, structural and catalytic features of the material obtained are reported. The tetrameric azoenzyme is homogeneous in disc gel electrophoresis even in the presence of 8 M urea. Twelve molecules of the reactant are bound to the protein. Eight azocysteins are identified by both spectroscopic studies and amino acid analysis. The presence of one azohistidine is suggested by the spectroscopic data along with the presence of other, as yet unknown, chromophores. The azoaldolase shows unchanged catalytic properties using both D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and D-fructose 1-phosphate as substrates, as compared with the native enzyme. The pH profile of the enzyme activity is broadened towards the alkaline region but no changes occur in the physiological range of pH.

Abstract Wildfires, exacerbated by extreme weather events and land use, threaten to change the Amazon from a net carbon sink to a net carbon source. Here, we develop and apply a coupled ecosystem-fire model to quantify how greenhouse gas–driven drying and warming would affect wildfires and associated CO 2 emissions in the southern Brazilian Amazon. Regional climate projections suggest that Amazon fire regimes will intensify under both low- and high-emission scenarios. Our results indicate that projected climatic changes will double the area burned by wildfires, affecting up to 16% of the region’s forests by 2050. Although these fires could emit as much as 17.0 Pg of CO 2 equivalent to the atmosphere, avoiding new deforestation could cut total net fire emissions in half and help prevent fires from escaping into protected areas and indigenous lands. Aggressive efforts to eliminate ignition sources and suppress wildfires will be critical to conserve southern Amazon forests. INTRODUCTION Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accumulating in the atmosphere may push Amazon forests into a new low-biomass state by altering regional precipitation and temperature regimes. This climate-induced forest transition has the potential to release large amounts of GHGs to the atmosphere and accelerate global warming (1). Although CO 2 fertilization of forests may partially offset this forest dieback (2), most models lack representation of important negative processes such as wildfires (3). Fire disturbance is already driving large-scale forest mortality across the drier portions of the Amazon basin (4) and is likely to expand into wetter areas as climate and land use change (5). Ignoring this potentially large source of GHG emissions to the atmosphere may restrict our ability to mitigate climate change and, consequently, undermine effective conservation of Amazon forests. Better understanding of future fire regimes in Amazonia could help guide efforts to increase regional capacity to prevent accidental forest fires and their negative impacts on ecosystem services, socioeconomic well-being, and biodiversity (6). Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon declined by 70% between 2004 and 2014 (7), avoiding the equivalent of 12% of global annual CO 2 emissions (8), the main GHG causing climate change. Over the same period, emissions of CO 2 and other GHGs associated with wildfires (e.g., CO, CH 4 , NO x , and N 2 O) accelerated. Interactions between agricultural activities, illegal fires, and extreme weather events intensified Amazon fire regimes and their associated emissions (9, 10). During the 2000s alone, ~85,000 km2 of primary forests burned in Amazonia, mostly during the 2005 and 2010 droughts linked to the warm phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) (9). In 2015, the central Amazon experienced a similar spike in fire activity during another severe and widespread drought event, triggered by anomalous warming of both the tropical Pacific (El Niño) and the tropical North Atlantic (9). Superimposed upon these episodic droughts, climate change will likely promote even more frequent, intense, and extensive drought events. The strong climatic control over these wildfire events (11) suggests that forest flammability will increase in the near future, especially if deforestation rates increase but even if they decline (5). Addressing large-scale forest degradation by Amazon wildfires is therefore critical to quantifying future global GHG emissions. In Amazonia, surface forest wildfires emit GHGs to the atmosphere via three main mechanisms. First, the combustion of fuels (e.g., leaves, twigs, and branches) instantly transfers CO 2 to the atmosphere, with most tropical wildfires contributing between 20 and 60 MgC ha−1 (12–14). Second, thermal degradation of biomass causes the release of several types of GHGs other than CO 2 , including methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NO x ). Last, post-fire tree mortality contributes CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere for several years or decades as trees continue to die and decompose (13–15). Although forest recovery can offset CO 2 emissions associated with post-fire tree mortality, recovery may be slowed when high-intensity fires kill seeds and bud (resprout) banks and create niche spaces for invasive species such as grasses (14). Here, we used a coupled fire-ecosystem model (fig. S1) to assess the synergies between climate change and deforestation in determining burned area (BA) and fire-induced emissions of CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , N 2 O, and NO x (hereafter referred to as eCO 2 ) from the driest portions of the Amazon. This region represents 61% of the Brazilian Legal Amazon (Fig. 1) and is a hot spot of forest fire activity (10). Our fire model simulates daily fire ignition and spread as a function of climatic conditions, land use, fuel loads, and terrain at 500-m resolution. Our ecosystem model also represents forest carbon (C) dynamics and drought-induced changes in fuel loads and drying—a process that is absent in most ecosystem models (fig. S1). We used this coupled model to test the hypothesis that future forest fires will be highest where (i) forest edges are exposed to ignition sources due to deforestation and fragmentation and (ii) climate becomes drier and hotter because of the accumulation of atmospheric GHGs. Conversely, BA could decrease where high deforestation reduces forest connectivity and associated fuel continuity, despite the presence of flammable edges. We also expected low BA where dense primary forests create a moist understory microclimate (16). The latter includes the interior of protected areas and indigenous reserves, referred to here as protected forests. Our model simulations from 2000 to 2050 represent two scenarios of climate change [low emissions: representative concentration pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6); high emissions: RCP8.5], two scenarios of deforestation [following recent trends (D) and no deforestation (N)], and their combination (RCP2.6D, RCP 8.5D, RCP2.6N, and RCP 8.5N). Fig. 1 Historical patterns of BA across Brazil’s southern Amazon for the period 2002–2010. 1 (top): Observed fire scars from Morton et al. (10). 2 (middle): Simulated fire scars based on our fire model [fire ignition and spread for C (FISC)]. 3 (bottom): Observed (upper panels) and simulated (lower panels) patterns of BA for three regions of the southern Amazon (indicated on the upper panels). RESULTS Model robustness Our probabilistic fire model captured broad spatial and temporal patterns of ignition sources and BA for the southern Brazilian Amazon (Fig. 1). The simulated number of hot pixels (our proxy for fire ignitions) was highest during the dry season and lowest during the wet season (Fig. 2), when low vapor pressure deficit (VPD) usually damps forest flammability to zero (16). The simulated number of hot pixels approximated observed patterns [R2: 0.83; slope: 1.60; root mean square error (RMSE): 2431.88; Fig. 2], although there were fewer simulated ignition sources than observed. Simulated regional and temporal patterns of fire scars also agreed with observations (R2: 0.88; slope: 0.88; RMSE: 0.18) (Fig. 2). Specifically, the BA peaked during dry, hot years and occurred mostly along forest edges across the Arc of Deforestation, consistent with BA patterns typical of the southern Amazon in recent decades (10, 11). Fig. 2 Seasonal patterns of active fires in deforested areas near forest edges (≤4 km) for the southern Amazon. (A) Seasonal patterns in active fires (“hot pixels”) in deforested areas near forest edges for the southern Amazon in 2003. “Observed” stands for NOAA—12 satellite night active fires (10), while “Simulated” stands for FISC active fires. The correlation between observed and simulated active fires was strong (r2 = 0.91) and significant (P < 0.01). (B) Annual variability in BA (understory fires) for the southern Amazon using a coupled fire-ecosystem model. The correlation between observed (10) and simulated active fires was strong (r2 = 0.94) and significant (P < 0.01). In addition to capturing spatial and temporal patterns of BA, our modeling framework properly represented observed patterns of fire intensity and severity in southern Amazonia. Once a given forested pixel ignited, our ecosystem model simulated the fireline intensity from fuel consumption (W), fire spread rate (FSR), and the constant heat yield per unit of fuel combusted. Compared with observed values from a large-scale fire experiment in southeast Amazonia (4), the modeled fireline intensity and associated variables (W and FSR) performed relatively well during drought and nondrought years (Fig. 3). Fire intensity during the droughts of 2007 and 2010 was substantially higher than that during the nondrought years because of the simulated variability in understory VPD and fuel availability. On the other hand, our model overestimated FSR by 48%, underestimated fuel consumption by 25% during nondrought years, and overestimated fuel consumption by 18% during drought years. This suggests that the simulated fires could lead to higher mortality. Fig. 3 Simulated and observed patterns in fire behavior for southeast Amazonia. Observed data were collected in the context of a large-scale fire experiment, in which 50-ha experimental plots were burned annually (with the exception of 2008) or triennially between 2004 and 2010 (6). During 2007 and 2010, the region experienced severe droughts and increased air temperature. (A) Fireline intensity. (B) Rate of fire spread. (C) Understory VPD. (D) Fuel mass consumed by the experimental fires. Our coupled fire-ecosystem model was most sensitive to variability in understory VPD, with drought [as represented by the maximum climatological water deficit (MCWD)] having an important secondary effect (fig. S2). Thus, BA and eCO 2 emissions from wildfires occurred mostly during drought years that caused canopy opening and increased understory VPD. Fire regimes in a changing climate—No new deforestation Even with no new deforestation, simulated fire regimes intensified across the southeast Amazon under climate change scenarios RCP8.5N and RCP2.6N. Compared to the 2000s, simulated forest fires in subsequent decades burned larger areas, combusted more fuels, released more energy, and emitted more eCO 2 to the atmosphere (Fig. 4). Gross emissions of eCO 2 from these fires totaled 16.5 Pg (RCP 2.6N) and 13.7 Pg (RCP8.5N) by 2050. For the period 2001–2050, the RCP8.5N scenario resulted in more severe fires but reduced BA, compared to the conservative GHG emission scenario (RCP2.6N). As a result, the model projected higher gross GHG emissions in RCP2.6N than in RCP8.5N for the entire period. After the 2030s, BA and eCO 2 increased more in RCP8.5N than in RCP2.6N, suggesting that the radiative forcing of 8.5 W had increasingly important effects on fire regimes as climatic conditions changed (table S1). Fig. 4 Fire regime metrics for the southern Brazilian Amazon between 2001 and 2050. (A) Annual BA (first y axis; bars) and cumulative BA (second y axis; lines) projected under two climate change scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP2.6; solid lines) and two deforestation scenarios (D: BAU; N: no new deforestation; dashed lines). The bars represent only the RCP8.5D and RCP2.6D scenarios. (B) Fire intensity, represented by 5-year moving averages (solid lines) and annual values. (C) Annual gross C emissions from projected wildfires. Dashed lines represent deforestation-only baselines for the periods 2000–2005 (upper line) and 2006–2010 (lower line). (D) Net emissions from modeled deforestation alone (dotted black line) and forest fire scenarios (colored lines). Fire regimes in a changing climate—BAU deforestation When we accounted for new deforestation in our simulations, BA and fire-related eCO 2 emissions increased under both climate scenarios (RCP8.5D and RCP2.6D), compared to the no-deforestation simulations (RCP8.5N and RCP2.6N). Under RCP8.5D, simulated BA and gross eCO 2 emissions from forest fires totaled 22.3 Mha and 17.0 Pg, respectively, between 2010 and 2050. These values were 30 and 22% higher than in RCP8.5N (Fig. 4), suggesting strong interactions between climate change and deforestation in the near future. Overall, the scenario representing deforestation and high radiative forcing (RCP8.5D) yielded the highest gross eCO 2 emissions from wildfires. In contrast, climate scenarios without new deforestation yielded the lowest fire-related eCO 2 emissions (tables S1 and S2). As deforestation interacted with climate change in our simulations, the number and geography of Amazon wildfires changed compared to current BA (Fig. 5). A 5% decline in forest area from 2010 to 2050 (due to deforestation) increased the simulated BA by 47% (RCP8.5D) and 40% (RCP2.6D) (Fig. 4). In the scenario representing business-as-usual (BAU) deforestation rates, drought-induced fuel accumulation and drying increased wildfire activity, even in areas experiencing low deforestation. Although protected areas and indigenous lands effectively deterred most deforestation, these forests experienced an actual increase in BA in the future (from 27 to 42%) due to the combined effects of high fuel loads, increased dryness, and fuel continuity. In older frontiers with more fragmented forests, the projected BA decreases (from 73 to 58%), probably because of the lack of large forest blocks available to burn. In addition, BA was already extremely high in the beginning of our simulations, so there was little room to further increase. Fig. 5 Projected deforestation and BA. Future projections of fire scars and deforestation for Brazil’s southern Amazon from 2011 and 2050 under the RCP8.5D scenario. Darker green represents protected areas and indigenous reserves, while yellow colors show deforested areas. Post-fire recovery—Net emissions Most fire-related GHG emissions in our simulations resulted from combustion and post-fire tree mortality releasing CO 2 to the atmosphere. CO 2 and CO accounted for 70 and 7% of total emissions, respectively. Together, other GHGs contributed 23% (table S1). Although we expected post-fire forest regrowth to partially offset CO 2 emissions, our simulations show lower capacity of forests to recover their C stocks in the near future. Future dry-warm climatic conditions caused reduced C stocks due to high-severity fires and larger BA. Post-fire recovery of C stocks also decreased because future climate conditions reduce potential forest biomass. As a result, we project that a greater proportion of C emissions from future forest fires will remain in the atmosphere rather than being assimilated back into forests. Assuming average rates of biomass recovery, cumulative net C emissions (emissions minus recovery) from these fires could reach 1 PgC for both RCP2.6N and RCP8.5D scenarios between 2010 and 2050. However, our simulations show that avoiding new deforestation could reduce net emissions by 38% (RCP2.6) and 56% (RCP8.5D). Preventing repeated burning could also promote faster forest recovery of C stocks, given that 26% of the study region experienced repeated burning. DISCUSSION In southern Amazonia, forest fire regimes have drastically changed over the past three decades (9–11). Interactions between human activities and extreme weather events have triggered wildfires that burn larger areas and emit more C to the atmosphere, even in areas where deforestation has declined (9). During the early 21st century, escaped forest fires may have accounted for a third of total emissions from deforestation, with emissions from wildfires likely surpassing those from deforestation in extreme drought years (9). Our projections support these previous findings and point to an acceleration of fire activity in southern Amazonia in the coming decades. We show that 16% of the region’s forests may burn as the climate becomes drier and hotter in the next few decades. The eCO 2 emissions from these fires could reach 6.0 Pg in the 2050s, compared with 2.1 Pg in the 2000s. If deforestation continues at current (relatively low) levels, emissions from understory forest fires will regularly surpass those from deforestation. Decreasing global GHG emissions to near zero may reduce the likelihood of severe droughts and associated wildfires. However, the projected outcomes of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 only began to diverge after 2030, suggesting that the region is already committed to substantial warming and drying under both scenarios. This will likely increase wildfire activity in the next decades (5, 17). Despite the likely intensification of fire regimes in southern Amazonia, avoiding new deforestation could substantially reduce BA and associated emissions. Compared with the (BAU) deforestation scenarios, we project that preventing new Amazon deforestation reduces BA and eCO 2 net emissions by up to 30 and 56% (RCP8.5), respectively. With no deforestation, the perimeter of forests exposed to sources of ignition decreases, leading to lower BA (18). However, we observe a nonlinear relationship between forest fragmentation and BA. Across highly fragmented regions, for instance, the lack of forest connectivity limits BA not only because large fragments are unavailable to burn but also because BA is already high at the beginning of our simulations. In contrast, large tracts of primary forest become flammable and experience increased burning, but only when dry-warm climatic conditions drive forest thinning and associated increases in understory dryness, mostly after 2030. Primary forests in southern Amazonia are less likely to burn early in our simulations because of their high canopy cover and associated high fuel moisture, but they become flammable as droughts and high atmospheric VPD increase fuel availability by warming the forest understory and building up fuel loads. There is ample empirical evidence supporting these behaviors in our model, given that soil drying tends to cause increased mortality of large trees and associated fuel availability (19–22). As large tracts of primary forest become flammable, our model projects that protected forests will burn more frequently in the coming decades (12). Protected forests not only have effectively deterred most deforestation but also promoted high forest fuel continuity due to forest connectivity. Although the moist forest understory inside those areas prevents fires from spreading in most years (16), fuel moisture decreases over time in our simulations as droughts became more intense and frequent and the background VPD increases. Consequently, fires in the future will likely burn larger areas inside protected forests, as decreased precipitation, higher temperatures, and understory drying increase the flammability of intact forests. An earlier modeling study with no such dynamic representation (23) found that, instead of becoming more flammable over time, a large protected forest in the southern Amazon (Xingu Indigenous Park) could block fire spread in the near future. Regardless, preventing increased BA inside protected areas will require substantial effort to reduce sources of ignition in the face of more intense droughts and increased flammability of protected forests in southern Amazonia. Another important action to constrain wildfires inside protected forests is to constrain human activities that degrade forests, which can cause increases in fuel loads and dryness. Such activities (e.g., logging) occur much more often outside protected areas but could move into those areas in the future if Brazil’s enforcement capacity is diminished (1). Droughts controlled most of the spatial-temporal patterns in BA and fire-induced emissions in our simulations, in agreement with recent observations (11). Projected regional warming played an important secondary role. Two major assumptions allowed our fire-ecosystem model to represent such patterns. First, drought-induced fuel accumulation and drying in our model changed, as in 2005, when a severe drought caused increased mortality of Amazonian trees (24). While this assumption is likely to hold in the near future, modeling drought-induced changes in forest disturbance and fuel dynamics under extreme climate change into the distant future would require explicit representation of physiological processes such as plant hydraulic failure, drought-induced C starvation (25), and changes in forest resilience due to CO 2 fertilization (2). The development and application of such models for tropical systems have been hampered by our poor understanding of how extended dry periods affect canopy phenology and tree mortality (26). Our simulations also lack several stressors that could slow biomass accumulation even further during the recovery period [e.g., liana infestation, nutrient depletion, and windthrow events, among others (26)], although our model captured reduced C recovery after fires due to dry-warm climatic conditions, as previously suggested (27). Despite the complex processes affecting fire behavior, intensity, and severity in tropical forests, our modeling approach captured major features of forest fire behavior and severity for southern Amazonia. However, we assume that drought frequency during the 2000s is representative of future drought regimes, while drought intensity and extent will change with future climate projections. This implicitly assumes that the AMO will remain in a warm phase in the coming decades and that drought extent will be similar to that of the 2000s. This characteristic of our model probably underestimated BA and fire-induced C emissions in the central and eastern Amazon, where extended dry periods are also triggered by El Niño–Southern Oscillations (9). Advances in climate projections are needed to better represent the teleconnections among future GHG emissions, changes in sea surface temperature anomalies, and Amazon precipitation patterns (20). Our model also assumes that all forests in southern Amazonia were equally susceptible to fire, but recent studies point to important variability in bark thickness distribution—the main plant trait controlling fire-induced tree mortality across the basin (28, 29). Had we accounted for such variability, forests in wetter regions would probably exhibit higher fire-induced tree mortality than dry forests, which are more likely to survive wildfires. Last, recurrent fire in our model probably underestimates losses in C stocks after fires, compared with studies in the central Amazon (20). Hence, improvements in the model could lead to higher fire-induced C emissions, even with our model simulating slightly higher fire intensity than observed in a large-scale fire experiment (4). The projected intensification of Amazon fire regimes under both RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios in the coming decades underscores the need to counteract increasing fire risk to conserve Amazon forests. Avoiding deforestation could substantially reduce fire-induced GHG emissions (e.g., up to 50% in our simulations), but not enough to offset emission increases associated with climate change. A transition away from fire-dependent to fire-free agriculture and agroforestry systems would reduce sources of ignition and ultimately wildfires (22)—a trend that has already been reported in some tropical regions (30). Where there is a strong socioeconomic dependence on slash-and-burn systems, fire management techniques should be used to minimize the risk of agricultural fires escaping into neighboring forests while avoiding the negative socioeconomic effects of fire prevention to smallholders and traditional and indigenous peoples (31). Command-and-control operations against illegal agricultural fires are another important tool to prevent wildfires (22). Furthermore, expanding the existing network of well-trained and equipped fire brigades could enhance Brazil’s ability to suppress unwanted fires. Last, specialized weather forecast systems and fire behavior models have effectively guided fire suppression efforts in many countries, often months before the fire season starts (32). These strategies could be readily adapted to and implemented in Brazil (32). Aggressive efforts to reduce sources of fire ignition and suppress unwanted fires could reduce the likelihood of burning large tracts of Amazonian forests, including protected areas and indigenous reserves. These actions will be most effective if accompanied by a global decrease in GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. In particular, after 2040, increased GHG emissions may create much more flammable landscapes by triggering widespread droughts and regional warming in Amazonia (5). In the absence of sharp reductions in global GHGs to mitigate these negative effects, local and regional efforts to reduce fire probability may yield only short-term results. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area The study area comprises the meridional Brazilian Amazon, where prolonged dry seasons (3 to 5 months with precipitation ≤100 mm) create conditions for understory forest fires, especially during drought years. The total modeled area was ~192 Mha, of which 72% is covered by native forests. The main land use in the deforested area was cattle ranching, with mechanized agriculture ranking second (33). Modeling To address the question of how climate and land use change may affect fire regimes in Amazonia, we used a coupled fire-ecosystem model (34, 35). Our fire model [fire ignition and spread for C (FISC); fig. S1] simulates monthly fire ignition and BA at a resolution of 25 ha for the Amazon region (34, 23), while our ecosystem model [C and land use change (CARLUC)] simulates monthly forest C dynamics as a function of climatic variables (17). Both models are implemented using Dinamica EGO modeling platform. Below, we describe each component of the models used in this study. Fire ignition FISC estimates the likelihood of agricultural fires igniting a wildfire by combining two probabilities. First is the climatic probability of fire ignition, estimated from monthly maps of climate dryness (e.g., VPD) from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) databases (table S3). Second is the probability of active fires (“hot pixels”) occurring in deforested fields near forest edges (≤4 km), estimated annually on the basis of a set of biophysical spatial variables—including location and size of urban areas and deforestation (table S3). Once these probabilities are calculated, FISC evaluates whether their sum exceeds a random number generated according to a beta distribution (34). If this random number is exceeded, FISC simulates a successful source ignition (fig. S1) (1). This model has been extensively calibrated and validated for the Amazon using active fire data (23). Fire spread FISC simulates fire propagation using cellular automata. Specifically, if a given forested cell is ignited by an agricultural fire, FISC calculates the probability of this ignition source spreading into each neighboring cell for each model iteration (i.e., 30 per month) (fig. S1). There are four sets of variables defining whether fire spread will occur (table S4): wind intensity and direction (34); fine fuel loads estimated by our ecosystem model (CARLUC); terrain features such as upslope direction, obstacles, and different land uses (34, 23); and microclimate conditions (i.e., forest understory VPD) estimated by CARLUC. The fire spread module has been calibrated and validated using fire scar maps from Morton et al. (10). Our results show that FISC captured the spatial-temporal variability in fire scars across the southern Amazon during the 2000s. Ecosystem model CARLUC is a process-based C cycle model that borrows its basic structure from the Physiological Processes Predicting Growth (3 PG) forest model (35, 36). CARLUC estimates net primary productivity from plant available water, photosynthetically active radiation, VPD, and air temperature (table S5). During each monthly time step, net primary productivity is allocated to wood, leaf, and root C pools. Mortality creates necromass that is placed in structural leaf litter, metabolic leaf litter, structural root litter, metabolic root litter, coarse woody debris, and humus pools. Leaf litter and small woody fuels (i.e., 1-hour fuels) are considered as the fuel load (17). In addition to C dynamics, CARLUC simulates (i) drought-induced effects on fuel dynamics; (ii) litter moisture content (LMC; %), estimated from VPD; (iii) FSR (m·min−1), estimated from LMC; (iv) fire fuel consumption (W; kg·m−1), estimated from LMC and fuel load mass; (v) fireline intensity (kW·m−1), estimated from FSR and W; and (vi) fire-induced biomass losses, derived from field measurements of fireline intensity (17). CARLUC’s representation of the relationship between drought and changes in biomass was derived from the Amazon forest inventory network (24). Specifically, changes in aboveground biomass and the ΔMCWD observed during the 2005 drought were compared with the long-term average. CARLUC assumes that when ΔMCWD drops below −40 mm, losses in aboveground biomass occur following a linear function of ΔMCWD (24, 37). This process triggers associated changes in fuel loads and moisture. The fire model has been calibrated for the southern Amazon using data from a large-scale fire experiment (4). Once a given pixel of forest burned, gross GHG emissions occurred in our simulations according to (i) the amount of fuel consumed by the fires (a function of fuel moisture and loads) (17); (ii) how much CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , N 2 O, and NO x our simulated fuel consumption generated, which followed emission factors from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (38); and (iii) how much change in above- and belowground biomass occurred when a given pixel of forest burned. Fire-induced reductions in forest C stocks increased as a function of fire intensity, which is affected by fuel amount and moisture (17). In our estimates of gross C emissions, we included eCO 2 derived from fuel combustion and from the decomposition of trees killed by the fires. To calculate net emissions, we assumed that C emissions from tree decomposition were counterbalanced by post-fire vegetation regrowth (as represented by biomass accumulation) over several years. Our model assumed that recovery of C stocks would be total if there were no changes in climatic conditions. In addition, the model assumes that all forests of the Amazon have the same resistance to fire, even when it is affected by fire more than once, which may substantially underestimate fire effects on tree mortality (17). Climate projections Our fire and ecosystem models were forced with climate data representing two levels of future global radiative forcing, the RCP2.6 and 8.5 W m−2. RCP2.6 assumes negative emissions and is the scenario most closely mirroring the Paris (COP21) agreement. RCP8.5 represents BAU fossil fuel emissions (39). To run our fire-ecosystem model, we used simulations from the three climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) that best represent historical temperature patterns and precipitation seasonality for the Amazon: Hadgem2-es (40), Miroc-esm (41), and Mri-cgcm3 (42) (fig. S2). We used temperature data from the CRU and precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (3B42 product) to evaluate and bias-correct these climatic variables. To estimate potential changes in VPD in the coming decades, we assumed that future changes in air temperature would drive changes in VPD by correcting the mismatch between modeled and observed climate. Specifically, we sliced projected air temperature time series into historical (1950–2005) and future (2006–2050) periods. Next, we estimated the rate of change of temperature (∆T between historical and future projections). We then modeled the saturation pressure as a function of ∆T (Eq. 1), adding this change in saturation pressure (∆es) to the observed saturation pressure (Eq. 2). Observed saturation pressure and relativity humidity were cycled over the 2000s. Δ es ( T ) = 0.611 exp ( 17.21 Δ T Δ T + 237.3 ) (1) V PD ( es , rh ) = ( 1 − rhmax 100 ) ( es + Δ es ) (2) Because the variability in precipitation projected by our climate models was substantially lower than the observed data (43), we applied the climate variability from the 2000s to future projections, adding it to the projected changes in precipitation. With this approach, the spatial patterns of drought are constrained mostly to the regions that experienced unusually low precipitation during the 2000s, a decade dominated by drought events associated with the warming phase of the AMO. This prescribed future climate was then used to calculate the MCWD within each decade (44). Deforestation projections Otimizagro is a spatially explicit model that simulates land use, land use change, forestry, deforestation, and regrowth under various scenarios of agricultural land demand and deforestation policies for Brazil (45). The model simulates nine annual crops (including single and double cropping), five perennial crops, and plantation forests. The model framework, developed using the Dinamica EGO platform (46), is structured in four spatial levels: (i) Brazil’s biomes, (ii) Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica microregions, (iii) Brazilian municipalities, and (iv) a raster grid of 25-ha spatial resolution. Future demand for crops, deforestation, and regrowth rates are exogenous to the model. Projected annual deforestation rates (3100 km2 year−1) (fig. S3) consist of 2009–2014 averages for southern Amazonia [Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) 2015] (7). The spatial distribution of deforestation is a function of spatial determinants, such as distances to roads and previously deforested areas. Simulations To simulate potential changes in Amazon fire regimes, we performed four numerical experiments based on future climate and deforestation scenarios. In these experiments, we compared climate and deforestation impacts on fire regimes as a function of two different levels of global warming at the mid-century (2050), the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, and two scenarios of deforestation (no deforestation and deforestation following historical trends). SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/2/eaay1632/DC1 Fig. S1. Components of our modeling framework. Fig. S2. Spatial-temporal changes in VPD and MCWD for three time periods compared to 2010. Fig. S3. Projected deforestation for the southern Amazon. Table S1. Decadal fire-related emissions of different GHG emissions per decade from the 2000s to the 2050s. Table S2. BA in millions of hectares for each decade and each one of the scenarios representing two deforestation (No deforestation: N; Deforestation: D) and climate pathways (RCP2.6; RCP8.5). Table S3. 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B.S.-F. acknowledges support from the project “Development of systems to prevent forest fires and monitor vegetation cover in the Brazilian Cerrado” (World Bank Project no. P143185)–Forest Investment Program (FIP). P.M.B. and M.N.M. were also supported by the NSF (MSB-ECA no. 1802754 and DEB no. 1457602), CNPq (PrevFogo no. 442710/2018-6 and Produtividade no. 310056/2016-0), NASA (IDS no. NNX14AD29G), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grant nos. 3413 and 5483), and NORAD. D.M. was supported by NASA’s Carbon Monitoring System and a Science Without Borders Fellowship from CNPq. Author contributions: B.S.-F., L.R., A.A., and P.M.B. designed the model and conducted data analyses. P.M.B. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors. B.S.-F., E.C.M.F., P.M.B., D.M., D.T., M.N.M., U.O., and M.T.C. conceived the study. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 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Register for Emails Frank Varga / Skagit Valley Herald Clair Brooks (right) a WWII vet from Mount Vernon, waves to motorists on the southeast corner of Riverside and College Way Wednesday during an anti-tax demonstration. Caroline May While the Internal Revenue Service has apologized for targeting Tea Party groups, a number still have not received their tax-exempt status. Some have not even heard back from the IRS. According to lawyers representing some of these groups, Tea Party organizations have continued to face delays in their applications for 501 (c)(3) or 501 (c)(4) applications. “The most extreme case we’ve got is a group called Tea Party Patriots that was filed in December 2010 and is still awaiting action by the Internal Revenue Service,” Alan Dye, a partner at Webster Chamberlain & Bean who specializes in non-profit organizations, told The Daily Caller. Normally an application for this kind of status takes 9 months, Dye explained. In the case of Tea Party Patriots, the IRS followed up with a round of questions the group responded to a year ago. “Almost every organization that applies for (c)(4) status is engaged in attempting to affect legislation and public policy. That is no different for Tea Party Patriots. There is really no reason why this should occur,” Dye said. Tea Party Patriots had authorized Dye to speak about the matter using their name — Dye said that he could not name the other groups he represents that had faced similar delays in processing. The agent in charge of the Tea Party Patriots case has not responded to calls from the group’s lawyers since the IRS revelation on Friday. Heidi Abegg, senior counsel at Webster Chamberlain & Bean, added that she knew of two other groups that faced similar delays, both of which ultimately withdrew their applications. “For the one, the wait was just too long,” she explained. “The other one, it had been so long they decided to just dissolve rather than to spend money to keep it open.”

Extremes of experience accompany Higher Cosmic Aligned Nova Gaia energetic grids. Nothing escapes Illumination at this time. Most strongly illumined, and most strongly affected, are dormant revert energetic structures within human individuals, communities, and so-called governmental bodies. After initial flarings, conscious individuals, communities, and so-called governmental bodies, learn to accept such, and release the revert structures. Predominance of heart connections becomes apparent.

Riot Blockchain, the cryptocurrency company whose stock price skyrocketed after changing its name, revealed that the Securities and Exchange Commission has begun an investigation that could result in a stop order preventing the company and stockholders from selling shares under particular registration statements. In its second quarter earnings, released Tuesday, the company said it received a letter from the SEC on July 30 saying the agency has begun the action "Pursuant to Section 8(e) [of] the Securities Act of 1933." The SEC is specifically interested in the information contained in three registration statements, according to Riot Blockchain's latest quarterly regulatory filing. The Securities Act of 1933 in section 8 says, "If it appears to the Commission at any time that the registration statement includes any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, the Commission may… issue a stop order suspending the effectiveness of the registration statement." That means no shares can be traded until any deficiencies or misleading information is corrected, according to an SEC press release unrelated to Riot Blockchain. A call and email Wednesday to John O'Rourke, Riot's CEO, were not immediately returned. Riot first revealed in April that the SEC had sent it a subpoena for information. In its most recent quarterly filing, Riot said, "The Company is engaged in conversations with the staff of the Division of Enforcement, Division of Investment Management and Division of Corporation Finance about their concerns and intends to cooperate fully with the examination." Shares of Riot dropped more than 12 percent on Wednesday. Lawyers said the disclosure was a potentially troubling development. "This SEC subpoena and the order do not appear to be the type of regularly issued subpoena in the normal course of the SEC's oversight of registrants. The company has to take this very seriously," said Reed Brodsky, a partner with Gibson Dunn. "An adverse finding by the SEC could be devastating to the company." Jake Zamansky of the securities law firm Zamanksy LLC, said, "The fact that the SEC division of enforcement is involved suggests they are considering securities fraud action against the firm." In its quarterly filing in May, the company said the subpoena was part of a formal investigation. "The Company has received and responded to comments from the staff of the SEC regarding certain developments and the Company's ongoing development of a blockchain/cryptocurrency business model. These inquires include the proper asset classification, applicability of the Investment Company Act [of] 1940, to the Company's business and affairs and accounting treatment of its cryptocurrency." Riot is currently mining for cryptocurrency at a facility in Oklahoma City. "I cannot comment on the subpoena," said O'Rourke after a shareholder meeting in May. "We don't know the nature of the investigation and that's all my attorney advised me to comment on." The SEC declined to comment.

Mitt Romney cruised to victories Tuesday in Wisconsin, Maryland and the District of Columbia, adding to his widening delegate lead over the rest of the Republican presidential field. Former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum trailed the GOP front-runner by a wide margin in Maryland and several thousand votes in Wisconsin, after he failed to get on the ballot in the nation's capital. Ron Paul and Newt Gingrich lagged far behind in all three primaries. In Wisconsin, with 99% of precincts reporting, Mr. Romney led with 44%, followed by Mr. Santorum with 37%, Mr. Paul with 11% and Mr. Gingrich with 6%. With all precincts reporting in Maryland, Mr. Romney had 49%, Mr. Santorum 29%, Mr. Gingrich 11% and Mr. Paul nearly 10%. Mr. Romney took 70% of the vote in D.C. With three weeks before candidates face another batch of voters, Tuesday's contests mark a clear inflection point in a race that has entered its fourth month and is now tipping further in favor of the former Massachusetts governor. Mr. Romney's latest wins come as Republicans increasingly are closing ranks behind him in the hopes of expediting the fall showdown with President Barack Obama. The run-up to Wisconsin brought Mr. Romney endorsements from Florida Sen. Marco Rubio and Rep. Paul Ryan of Wisconsin, two lawmakers often mentioned as possible running mates.

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Julia Hobsbawm asks whether everyone in the world is really connected by only six links? First broadcast on Six Degrees of Connection, 26 February 2016.

// (C) Copyright Nick Thompson 2019. // Use, modification and distribution are subject to the // Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file // LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) #ifndef BOOST_MATH_TOOLS_CONDITION_NUMBERS_HPP #define BOOST_MATH_TOOLS_CONDITION_NUMBERS_HPP #include <cmath> #include <boost/math/differentiation/finite_difference.hpp> namespace boost::math::tools { template<class Real, bool kahan=true> class summation_condition_number { public: summation_condition_number(Real const x = 0) { using std::abs; m_l1 = abs(x); m_sum = x; m_c = 0; } void operator+=(Real const & x) { using std::abs; // No need to Kahan the l1 calc; it's well conditioned: m_l1 += abs(x); if constexpr(kahan) { Real y = x - m_c; Real t = m_sum + y; m_c = (t-m_sum) -y; m_sum = t; } else { m_sum += x; } } inline void operator-=(Real const & x) { this->operator+=(-x); } // Is operator*= relevant? Presumably everything gets rescaled, // (m_sum -> k*m_sum, m_l1->k*m_l1, m_c->k*m_c), // but is this sensible? More important is it useful? // In addition, it might change the condition number. [[nodiscard]] Real operator()() const { using std::abs; if (m_sum == Real(0) && m_l1 != Real(0)) { return std::numeric_limits<Real>::infinity(); } return m_l1/abs(m_sum); } [[nodiscard]] Real sum() const { // Higham, 1993, "The Accuracy of Floating Point Summation": // "In [17] and [18], Kahan describes a variation of compensated summation in which the final sum is also corrected // thus s=s+e is appended to the algorithm above)." return m_sum + m_c; } [[nodiscard]] Real l1_norm() const { return m_l1; } private: Real m_l1; Real m_sum; Real m_c; }; template<class F, class Real> auto evaluation_condition_number(F const & f, Real const & x) { using std::abs; using std::isnan; using std::sqrt; using boost::math::differentiation::finite_difference_derivative; Real fx = f(x); if (isnan(fx)) { return std::numeric_limits<Real>::quiet_NaN(); } bool caught_exception = false; Real fp; try { fp = finite_difference_derivative(f, x); } catch(...) { caught_exception = true; } if (isnan(fp) || caught_exception) { // Check if the right derivative exists: fp = finite_difference_derivative<decltype(f), Real, 1>(f, x); if (isnan(fp)) { // Check if a left derivative exists: const Real eps = (std::numeric_limits<Real>::epsilon)(); Real h = - 2 * sqrt(eps); h = boost::math::differentiation::detail::make_xph_representable(x, h); Real yh = f(x + h); Real y0 = f(x); Real diff = yh - y0; fp = diff / h; if (isnan(fp)) { return std::numeric_limits<Real>::quiet_NaN(); } } } if (fx == 0) { if (x==0 || fp==0) { return std::numeric_limits<Real>::quiet_NaN(); } return std::numeric_limits<Real>::infinity(); } return abs(x*fp/fx); } } #endif

Accountant picked for Everett council seat EVERETT -- An accountant with a long history of civic engagement beat a half-dozen finalists Wednesday to be appointed to Shannon Affholter's former City Council seat.Council members who supported Rich Anderson praised the lifelong Everett resident's background. They said he was the candidate best prepared to help shore up city finances at a time when Mayor Ray Stephanson is pushing for long-term financial fixes. "I am honored to be selected," Anderson said afterward. "There's not a bigger fan of Everett than I am. I have served all of my adult life in one capacity or another."Anderson is scheduled to be sworn in at the next council session at 6:30 p.m. Wednesday. While Anderson's appointment pleased some, there was audible disappointment in the audience at council chambers from those who backed candidates they said would broaden the council's diversity in terms of gender, geography and age.Anderson, 59, a 1972 Everett High School graduate, has been a partner at an Everett accounting firm Hascal, Sjoholm and Co. for 30 years. His long record of civic engagement includes service on advisory boards for business, government and charities. He lives in the Northwest Neighborhood.The vacancy for council's Position 7 opened up because of Affholter's resignation at the end of October to take a job as executive director of the Master Builders Association of King and Snohomish Counties. Two years remain on Affholter's term.Anderson's appointment will extend through the November 2014 election, when voters will get to decide who fills out the next year. An election for the full, four-year term is set for 2015.Anderson said he intends to run to retain the seat.Twelve people applied for Affholter's seat. Last week, the council narrowed the field to seven contenders and scheduled interviews Wednesday with the finalists: June Robinson, Elly Smith, Judy Tuohy, Art Thomson, Megan Dunn and Kim Nielsen.On Tuesday, Robinson announced she would not seek the city appointment so she can pursue a potential open seat in the state House of Representatives. There's no House opening yet, but one's expected in the 38th Legislative District as part of the fallout from state Sen. Nick Harper's surprise resignation Saturday. State Reps. John McCoy, D-Tulalip, and Mike Sells, D-Everett, are considered top contenders for Harper's old job.Everett City Council seats are nonpartisan.In the first round of balloting, Anderson received support from three of six council members. Tuohy received two and Smith one. In the next round, Councilman Ron Gipson changed his vote from Smith to Anderson.Council members Paul Roberts and Brenda Stonecipher held out for Tuohy, but ultimately voted to support for Anderson's appointment.Much of the discussion centered around diversity. Gipson, who is the only non-white council member, said they should consider all forms of diversity, including occupation. As a juvenile corrections officer, Gipson said he also represents blue-collar workers."We have diversity up here," he said.Stonecipher said she was in awkward position, since she would never want to see a token woman appointed solely on the basis of gender. However, she went on to add that women tend to arrive at decisions through a different thought process."There is some merit to the idea that the council should represent the city more broadly," she said.Angela Krisinger was one of the Everett taxpayers urging the council to pick a female candidate. Before the vote, she said it was sad the city even needed to have the discussion."Every woman in that pool of candidates is qualified to do that job," she said. "Because of that, they need to give us a seat at the table."This is the third appointment for an Everett City Council vacancy during the past 18 months.This time around, the council weathered a growing chorus of demands that the appointment increase diversity on the council, particularly with regard to gender. The council passed over Robinson for a separate appointment in January, to appoint then-Planning Commissioner Scott Murphy. Voters elected Murphy to the job on Nov. 5.Noah Haglund: 425-339-3465; [email protected]. Share your comments: Log in using your HeraldNet account or your Facebook, Twitter or Disqus profile. Comments that violate the rules are subject to removal. Please see our terms of use. Please note that you must verify your email address for your comments to appear.

Hundreds of construction workers rallied in downtown Manhattan Wednesday for new safety reforms, and some wound up in police custody. Their arrests came after they blocked the streets. The workers were showing their support for the Construction Safety Act, which was introduced today at City Hall. It's a package of bills that's meant to crack down on safety violations and to boost crane regulations. It comes amid a new report that says construction deaths are on the rise. We spoke with the New York Committee for Occupational Safety & Health about their study. "Employers, if they see that there isn't enforcement, then they see that they can get away without safety protections, and when employers aren't following the laws that are meant to protect workers, workers get killed," said Nadia Marin-Molina, a spokeswoman for the committee. So far, the mayor has not taken a position on the bills, but in the past he has said he supports union work and an increase in training.

Saying Goodbye to the "Spindle" You may all know this piece of pop art from its cameo in the movie "Wayne's World," but I remember it fondly as a highlight of my childhood visits to Cermack Plaza in Berwyn, Illinois (not Aurora). The "Spindle," which consists of eight cars impaled on a 40-foot-tall spike, will soon be dismantled to make way for a Walgreens. Dustin Shuler, the California-based artist who built the iconic sculpture in 1989, thinks the piece should stay up, and said he’s willing to help make improvements to keep it standing, including helping to relocate the piece. “If it’s moved, then I’ll want to come there and be a part of it,” Shuler said. “If we replace any cars, I would be there to pick them out and make sure it’s done right. I know it’s kind of an odd beauty, but it means a great deal to me.” If the Plaza's owners and Concordia Realty Management determine that it would be too expensive to relocate the piece, the "Spindle" will be gone by year's end. Jon Fey, chairman of the Berwyn Arts Council board, plans to launch a campaign to save the piece, and supporters are already (supposedly) walking around with "Save the Spindle" t-shirts on. Here's hoping they can do something to preserve this extremely cool piece of public art, which, in my opinion, is one of the most important landmarks in suburban Chicago.

There’s a fair amount of that in the Pacific Northwest; from my (fuzzy) recollection, coastal Oregon and Washington (as Blaine mentioned) would be good places to look. The fungi and berries (and moss, depending on local climate) will be seasonal, of course. In a wet winter, we even get a fair amount of moss & mushrooms down here in the Bay Area, in among the redwoods. I’m guessing you’ll need proper rainforest, if you want mushrooms and berries at the same time. Olympic National Park, perhaps? Oregon, Washington or N. California west of the Cascade mountains. Too dry this time of year. Spring time (March thru June)for the best light and brightest greens. I have lots of haunts that look like that. I think the coastal ranges of Oregon and Washington would be too dense. The Cascades would probably be a better fit. For Oregon I’ve seen woods that look identical to that in the Santiam Wilderness through to the Deschutes National Forest. Fly to Seattle, rent a car, and take I-90 East. Go past Snoqualmie Summit and Keechelus Lake, and take the Kachess Lake Road exit. Go South on NF-54, make your way uphill on the logging roads. Lots of terrain like this, complete with mushrooms. SE Alaska, Oregon and Washington coasts west of the cascades, northern Idaho in the Selkirks for North America. Similar temperate rain forests are found worldwide. From Wikipedia – Temperate forests cover a large part of the earth, but temperate rainforests only occur in a few regions around the world. Most of these occur in Oceanic-Moist Climates: the Pacific temperate rain forests in Western North America (Southeastern Alaska to Central California), the Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests of southwestern South America (Southern Chile and adjacent Argentina), pockets of rain forest in northwest Europe (southern Norway to northern Spain and Portugal), temperate rainforests of southeastern Australia (Tasmania and Victoria) and the New Zealand temperate rainforests (South Island’s west coast). Some areas, however, such as the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana, Rocky Mountain Trench in BC and Montana, and the Russian Far East (Ussuri, Manchuria, Sakhalin) in Asia have more of continental climate but get enough precipitation in both rain and snow to harbor significant pockets of temperate rainforest. Scattered small pockets of temperate rainforest also exist along the Appalachian Mountains from northern Georgia to New England. The mountainous coniferous forests of the Changbai Mountains bordering China and North Korea are also a good example, containing some of the richest high-elevation coniferous evergreen forests in East Asia. Colorado has may varied alpine forests. There are the red toadstool mushrooms, forests covered with old man’s beard, streams and waterfalls, aspens and everything in between. it almost looks line Norway in some areas, to the black forest in others, to New Mexico looking desert in others. Then you can drive between areas in about an hour. 1-2 hours from Denver and you can get lost.

Q: Projecting onto the diagonal given Banach spaces with unconditional bases Let E be a Banach space with a 1-unconditional basis $(e_n)$ (for example, $\ell^p$). Then an operator T on E can be thought of as an infinite matrix, in the obvious way. Clearly each scalar on the diagonal of this matrix is bounded by $\|T\|$. By the unconditionality, it follows that if I have any diagonal matrix with uniformly bounded entries, this will define a bounded operator. So we conclude that the projection taking the matrix of T to the diagonal matrix given by setting all off-diagonal terms zero, is a contraction. This is absolutely well-known for $\ell^p$ spaces say, and must be well-known in this more general setting, though I don't know a reference. Now suppose we have two Banach spaces E and F, both with 1-unconditional bases. We can still think of operators as given by infinite matrices. Is this procedure of projecting down to the diagonal still bounded? What's hard is that we cannot expect, in general, the diagonal to be isomorphic to $\ell^\infty$ anymore. So we need an indirect argument. I think I can do this in an adhoc way for maps between $\ell^p$ and $\ell^q$; does anyone know a more systematic treatment, or any references? A: This is covered by Proposition I.1.16 on page 22 of Lindenstrauss-Tzafriri (in the old Springer Lecture Notes 338 edition): Let the matrix $A = (\alpha_{i,j})$ represent a bounded linear operator $T$ from $X$ to $Y$ with unconditional bases $\{x_i\}$ and $\{y_j\}$. Then the diagonal operator of $A$ (i.e., the matrix $(\delta_{j}^{i} \alpha_{i,j})$) also represents a bounded linear operator $D$. If the unconditional constants of $\{x_i\}$ and $\{y_j\}$ are $1$ then $\Vert D \Vert \leq \Vert T\Vert$. This result certainly is in the later editions of that book—it enters in various proofs later on—but Google doesn't let me check at the moment. Added: For the benefit of the readers, let me quickly summarize the relevant definitions—I'm using the slightly awkward choice of letters by Lindenstrauss-Tzafriri: A sequence $\{x_n\}$ in a Banach space $X$ is called a Schauder basis if every $x \in X$ can be written uniquely as $x = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n x_n$. If $\{x_n\}$ is a Schauder basis then there is a projection $P_n: X \to \operatorname{span}{\{x_1,\ldots,x_n\}}$. This projection is continuous and the basis constant of $\{x_n\}$ is $\sup_n \|P_n\| \geq 1$. A series $x = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} x_n$ in a Banach space is said to be unconditionally convergent if for every permutation $\pi$ of the positive integers the series $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} x_{\pi(n)}$ converges. A (Schauder) basis is called unconditional if the representation $x = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n x_n$ converges unconditionally. One can show that with an unconditional basis one can omit summands and arbitrarily change their signs and rearrange their order without affecting convergence (hence the term). See e.g. M.M. Day, Normed linear spaces Chapter IV, §3 and §4. Let $\{x_n\}$ be an unconditional basis. If $I$ is a finite set of natural numbes then write $P_I$ for the projection onto the span of $\{x_i\}_{i \in I}$. The unconditional constant of an unconditional basis is $C = \sup{\{ \|P_{I}\|\,:\,\emptyset \neq I \subset \mathbb{N}\text{ finite}\}}$. If $C = 1$ then the basis is called $1$-unconditional. For your convenience I'm reproducing a picture of the easy but very slick proof: Added: Lindenstrauss and Tzafriri attribute the result to A. Tong, Diagonal submatrices of matrix maps, Pacific J. Math. Volume 32, Number 2 (1970), 551–559 where you'll find more general and more specialized variants. For a "detailed study of some related and deeper questions" they refer the reader to S. Kwapień, A. Pełczyński, The main triangle projection in matrix spaces and its applications, Studia Mathematica, Vol. 34 (1970), 43–68. See here for the full text of that volume.

Introduction {#ss1} ============ Influenza‐related morbidity and mortality rates are increased among patients with underlying illness.[^1^](#b1){ref-type="ref"}, [^2^](#b2){ref-type="ref"} One case report suggested that influenza infection can cause hepatic decompensation and hospitalization in patients with advanced liver disease.[^3^](#b3){ref-type="ref"} As influenza vaccination is the most effective method for preventing influenza illness and its complications, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in the United States has recommended annual influenza vaccination for patients with underlying illnesses, including chronic liver disease.[^4^](#b4){ref-type="ref"} In Japan, however, no recommendations about influenza vaccination for these patients had been proposed prior to the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. One of the reasons for this lack of recommendations might have been little scientific evidence regarding the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of influenza vaccine among patients with liver disease. To the best of our knowledge, only three studies have reported that seasonal influenza vaccine was immunogenic in patients with liver cirrhosis.[^5^](#b5){ref-type="ref"}, [^6^](#b6){ref-type="ref"}, [^7^](#b7){ref-type="ref"} Most previous studies, however, did not determine the effects of treatments for liver disease such as interferon and Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C. Interferon treatment, which is currently the most effective antiviral therapy for hepatitis C, acts as an activator of innate and humoral immune response.[^8^](#b8){ref-type="ref"} On the other hands, Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C, which is often used for patients with hepatitis mainly in Japan, has a steroid‐like structure[^9^](#b9){ref-type="ref"} and thus may affect the immune response to influenza vaccine. This study investigated immunogenicity of the monovalent influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Induction of serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody was assessed using conventional parameters (i.e., mean fold rise, seroresponse proportion, seroconversion proportion, and seroprotection proportion), and then several stratified and multivariate analyses were performed to consider the effects of potential predictors including liver disease severity and its treatment. Materials and methods {#ss2} ===================== Study subjects {#ss3} -------------- In Japan, monovalent inactivated unadjuvanted split‐virus influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine was available for tiered use in October 16, 2009. Vaccination was scheduled first for healthcare workers, pregnant women, and then provided to patients with underlying illness from November 2009, according to the order of priority of the groups. The present observational study was performed in this vaccination schedule. In November 2009, patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection who visited the Department of Hepatology at Osaka City University Hospital for clinical follow‐up were invited to participate in the study on immunogenicity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine. Exclusion criteria were as follows: patients who had no detectable plasma HCV RNA levels at the time of recruitment; patients with a prior episode of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection; acute febrile illness or signs of severe acute illness at the time of vaccination; history of anaphylaxis because of vaccine components; or other inappropriate condition for vaccination. The first 80 eligible patients who agreed on the participation were recruited. All subjects provided written informed consent after the nature and possible consequences of the study had been explained. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee at the Osaka City University Faculty of Medicine and was implemented in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Vaccination {#ss4} ----------- Subjects received a single subcutaneous dose of a monovalent inactivated unadjuvanted split‐virus influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine (Lot. HP01A; BIKEN) into the arm at the time of recruitment. In Japan, subcutaneous administration is the routinely way of influenza vaccination. Some of the subjects had received the commercially available inactivated unadjuvanted split‐virus trivalent influenza vaccine for the 2009/10 season before the recruitment, as annual influenza vaccination have been recommended for subjects aged 65 years or more in Japan. For subjects with 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccination before the recruitment, A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine was administered into the other arm. Vaccine dose was 0·5 ml, containing 15 μg of hemagglutinin antigen. The seed virus was prepared from reassortant vaccine virus A/California/7/2009, distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. The vaccine was prepared in embryonated chicken eggs using standard methods for the production of seasonal trivalent inactivated vaccine. Data collection {#ss5} --------------- At the time of recruitment, the following information was obtained from the patients using a self‐administered questionnaire: age at vaccination; height and body weight; underlying illnesses other than liver disease (i.e., heart disease, respiratory disease, renal disease, atopic dermatitis, asthma, diabetes mellitus, etc.); 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccination before recruitment; and date of vaccination if vaccinated. In addition, the physician in‐charge completed a structured questionnaire to collect the following clinical information: interferon treatment; Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C treatment; hepatocellular carcinoma; ascites; hepatic encephalopathy; and laboratory data such as platelet count, total bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin activity. Using these data, Child‐Pugh score was calculated according to the conventional method.[^10^](#b10){ref-type="ref"} Child‐Pugh score of 5 or more was considered as liver cirrhosis. Serum collection and antibody titer measurement {#ss6} ----------------------------------------------- Serum samples were collected before vaccination (S0) and 3 weeks after vaccination (S1). All serum specimens were stored at −80°C until assayed, with all specimens assayed at the same time. Antibody titers against the vaccine strain were measured using the HAI assay with chicken erythrocytes according to standard methods.[^11^](#b11){ref-type="ref"} Serum samples were treated with receptor‐destroying enzyme (RDE, Vibrio cholera filtrate; Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to inactivate non‐specific inhibitors. All samples were assayed in the laboratory at the Surveillance Center, Research Institute for Microbial Disease at Osaka University at April 2010. Statistical analysis {#ss7} -------------------- The following outcomes were calculated for assessing the immunogenicity of influenza vaccine: geometric mean titer (GMT); mean fold rise; seroresponse proportion (≥4‐fold rise from pre‐ to post‐vaccination samples); seroprotection proportion (post‐vaccination titer ≥ 1:40); seroconversion proportion (pre‐vaccination titer \< 1:10 and post‐vaccination titer ≥ 1:40, or pre‐vaccination titer ≥1:10 and ≥4‐fold rise). For data processing, titers \< 1:10 were regarded as 1:5, and reciprocal antibody titers were handled after logarithmic transformation. Calculated values were converted back to the original scale by exponential transformation and shown as results. To consider the effect of potential confounders, the following stratified analyses were conducted: age (tertile); gender; body mass index (tertile); 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccination (unvaccinated or vaccinated); time elapsed between seasonal vaccination and H1N1 vaccination (unvaccinated, ≥21 or ≤20 days); pre‐vaccination titer (\<1:10, 1:10--1:20, or ≥1:40); current treatment with Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C (no or receive); current treatment with interferon (no or receive); platelet count (\<10 or ≥10 × 10^4^/μl); albumin (\<3·5 or ≥3·5 g/dl); prothrombin activity (\<80% or ≥80%); Child‐Pugh score (\<5 or ≥5); and hepatocellular carcinoma (absent or present). The significance of fold rise within a category was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank‐sum test, while an intercategory comparison was made using either the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test or the Kruskal--Wallis test. The *t*‐test, chi‐square test, or Mantel extension test for trend was also employed where appropriate. Based on the results of stratified analyses, we extracted the variables that were significantly associated with at least one of the immunogenicity outcomes (i.e., GMT after vaccination, fold rise, seroresponse, and seroprotection). The independent effect of each variable on antibody induction was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression models. Models were constructed using either seroresponse or seroprotection as the dependent variable, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. All tests were two‐sided, and *P* value of \<0·05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using [sas]{.smallcaps} version 9.1.3 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Results {#ss8} ======= Eighty patients with chronic hepatitis C received a single‐dose vaccination between November 9, 2009 and December 4, 2009. None of the patients received both the 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccine and the monovalent influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine at the same time. No serious adverse events were observed after A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. No patients developed physician‐diagnosed influenza during the study period. However, one serum sample was not able to be collected at 3 weeks after vaccination. Eventually, data from 79 patients were employed for immunogenicity analyses. Patient characteristics are shown in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table-wrap"}. Mean age was 64·5 years, and 19% of patients were men. One‐third of patients had underlying diseases other than liver disease, such as diabetes mellitus (10%) and asthma (6%), but only three patients had received steroid therapy for more than 2 weeks during the last 6 months. A total of 39% of patients had received the 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccine prior to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. Regarding clinical information, 19% of patients were receiving Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C treatment, whereas 39% were receiving interferon therapy at the time of recruitment. Patients with probable cirrhosis (Child‐Pugh score ≥ 5) or hepatocellular carcinoma comprised 29% and 8% of patients, respectively. ###### Selected characteristics among patients with chronic hepatitis C (*n *= 79) Characteristics *n* (%) ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------- ------------- Age (years) Mean ± standard deviation 64·5 ± 10·6 Gender Male 15 (19) Body mass index (kg/m^2^) Mean ± standard deviation 21·5 ± 3·3 Other underlying illness Present 26 (33)  Diabetes mellitus Present 8 (10)  Asthma Present 5 (6)  Atopic dermatitis Present 5 (6)  Heart disease Present 4 (5)  Renal disease Present 3 (4) 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccination Vaccinated 31 (39) Clinical condition at A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination  Duration from diagnosis (years) Mean ± standard deviation 14·7 ± 10·3 Data missing 2 Current treatment for liver disease  Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C Receive 15 (19)  Interferon Receive 31 (39) Laboratory data  Platelet count (×10^4^/mm^3^) \<10·0 20 (25)  Albumin level (g/dl) \<3·5 10 (13) Data missing 1  Prothrombin activity (%) \<80 11 (15) Data missing 9  Child‐Pugh Score 5+ 20 (29) Data missing 9 Hepatocellular carcinoma Present 6 (8) Data are expressed as *n* (%) unless otherwise indicated. [Table 2](#t2){ref-type="table-wrap"} summarizes antibody responses to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine. Single‐dose vaccination induced a rise of about 10‐fold in the average level of HAI antibody (*P* \< 0·01). The seroresponse proportion was 72% (95% CI, 62--82%), and the seroprotection proportion was 71% (61--81%). Corresponding seroconversion proportion was at the same level as the seroresponse proportion 72% (62--82%). Immune responses were robust regardless of gender, severity of liver disease (e.g., platelet count, albumin level, or prothrombin activity), or existence of probable cirrhosis (Child‐Pugh score ≥ 5). On the other hand, older patients and those with lower body mass index revealed lower antibody responses to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine. In addition, reduced immune responses were observed in patients who had received the 2009/10 seasonal vaccine prior to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination (particularly with a shorter interval between vaccinations). Patients with higher pre‐vaccination titers also indicated lower fold rise and seroresponse proportions with clear dose--response relationships (*P* \< 0·01 and *P* = 0·01, respectively). Regarding current treatment for liver disease, patients with Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C treatment showed a decreased antibody response to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine (*P* for seroresponse = 0·01), whereas those with interferon treatment exhibited higher GMT and seroresponse and seroprotection proportions (*P* = 0·03, *P* = 0·02, and *P* = 0·04, respectively). ###### Immune responses to monovalent influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 vaccine among patients with chronic hepatitis C Characteristics Category *n* Geometric mean titer (95%CI)\* Post vac titer\*\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ------------- -------------------------------- -------------------- ------------------- ------------------ ------------------- ----------------- Entire sample 79 8 (7--9) 82 (58--116) 10·3 (7·2--14·9) \<0·01 57 (72, 62--82) 56 (71, 61--81) Age (years) \<62 24 7 (6--8) 113 (62--205) 16·5 (8·5--31·8) \<0·01 20 (83, 68--98) 20 (83, 68--98) 62--69 28 8 (6--10) 131 (73--235) 16·8 (9·1--31·2) \<0·01 23 (82, 68--96) 23 (82, 68--96) 70+ 27 9 (7--12) 38 (23--64) 4·1 (2·5--6·7) \<0·01 14 (52, 33--71) 13 (48, 29--67)   *P* = 0·35 *P* \< 0·01 *P* \< 0·01   *P* = 0·01 *P* \< 0·01 Gender Male 15 8 (6--10) 80 (37--171) 10·6 (4·7--23·6) \<0·01 11 (73, 51--95) 11 (73, 51--95) Female 64 8 (7--9) 83 (56--122) 10·3 (6·8--15·5) \<0·01 46 (72, 61--83) 45 (70, 59--81)   *P* = 1·00 *P* = 0·98 *P* = 1·00   *P* = 1·00 *P* = 1·00 Body mass index(kg/m^2^) \<20·2 26 10 (7--13) 68 (34--135) 7·0 (3·5--13·9) \<0·01 16 (62, 43--81) 17 (65, 47--83) 20·2--22·5 28 8 (6--10) 59 (34--104) 7·4 (4·3--13·0) \<0·01 19 (68, 51--85) 17 (61, 43--79) 22·6+ 25 6 (5--8) 143 (86--239) 22·3 (12·4--40·2) \<0·01 22 (88, 75--100) 22 (88, 75--100)   *P* = 0·06 *P* = 0·06 *P* = 0·02   *P* = 0·04 *P* =0·08 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccination Unvaccinated 48 7 (6--8) 137 (87--213) 20·7 (13·2--32·6) \<0·01 41 (85, 75--95) 39 (81, 70--92) Vaccinated 31 11 (9--13) 37 (24--57) 3·5 (2·4--5·1) \<0·01 16 (52, 34--70) 17 (55, 37--73)   *P* \< 0·01 *P* \< 0·01 *P* \< 0·01   *P* \< 0·01 *P* =0·01 Time elapsed between seasonal vaccination and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination Unvaccinated 48 7 (6--8) 137 (87--213) 20·7 (13·2--32·6) \<0·01 41 (85, 75--95) 39 (81, 70--92) 21days ormore 17 12 (9--15) 53 (31--92) 4·5 (2·6--7·7) \<0·01 10 (59, 36--82) 11 (65, 42--88) Within 20 days 14 10 (7--14) 24 (13--45) 2·6 (1·5--4·3) \<0·01 6 (43, 17--69) 6 (43, 17--69)   *P* \< 0·01 *P* \< 0·01 *P* \< 0·01   *P* \< 0·01 *P* \< 0·01 Prevaccination titer \<1:10 44 5 (5--5) 84 (51--139) 16·8 (10·1--27·8) \<0·01 36 (82, 71--93) 30 (68, 54--82) 1:10--1:20 31 12 (11--14) 73 (46--117) 6·0 (3·7--9·6) \<0·01 20 (65, 48--82) 22 (71, 55--87) ≥1:40 4 48 (34--67) 160 (23--1093) 3·4 (0·5--23·7) 0·50 1 (25, 0--67) 4 (100, 100--100)   *P* \< 0·01 *P* = 0·75 *P* \< 0·01   *P* = 0·01 *P* = 0·33 Clinical condition at A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination  Current treatment for liver disease   Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C No 64 8 (7--9) 98 (68--141) 12·7 (8·5--19·1) \<0·01 50 (78, 68--88) 48 (75, 64--86) Receive 15 9 (6--13) 38 (16--92) 4·2 (2·0--8·8) \<0·01 7 (47, 22--72) 8 (53, 28--78)   *P* = 0·41 *P* = 0·03 *P* = 0·02   *P* = 0·01 *P* = 0·10   Interferon No 48 8 (7--10) 60 (38--95) 7·1 (4·5--11·3) \<0·01 30 (63, 49--77) 30 (63, 49--77) Receive 31 7 (6--9) 134 (83--215) 18·3 (10·4--32·1) \<0·01 27 (87, 75--99) 26 (84, 71--97)   *P* = 0·29 *P* = 0·03 *P* = 0·01   *P* = 0·02 *P* = 0·04  Laboratory data   Platelet count (\*10^4^/mm^3^) \<10·0 20 8 (6--10) 80 (41--157) 10·6 (5·0--22·3) \<0·01 14 (70, 50--90) 14 (70, 50--90) 10·0+ 59 8 (7--10) 83 (55--124) 10·2 (6·7--15·6) \<0·01 43 (73, 62--84) 42 (71, 59--83)   *P* = 0·77 *P* = 0·97 *P* = 0·98   *P* = 0·80 *P* = 0·92   Albumin level (g/dl) \<3·5 10 11 (7--16) 92 (36--237) 8·6 (3·6--20·5) \<0·01 8 (80, 55--100) 8 (80, 55--100) 3·5 + 68 8 (7--9) 80 (55--117) 10·5 (7·0--15·8) \<0·01 48 (71, 60--82) 47 (69, 58--80)   *P* = 0·07 *P* = 0·90 *P* = 0·69   *P* = 0·72 *P* = 0·71   Prothrombin activity (%) \<80 11 8 (6--11) 43 (20--90) 5·5 (2·4--12·3) \<0·01 7 (64, 36--92) 6 (55, 25--85) 80+ 59 8 (7--10) 79 (53--119) 9·7 (6·4--14·7) \<0·01 42 (71, 59--83) 41 (69, 57--81)   *P* = 0·96 *P* = 0·22 *P* = 0·32   *P* = 0·72 *P* = 0·33   Child‐Pugh Score \<5 50 8 (7--10) 73 (48--110) 9·1 (5·8--14·2) \<0·01 35 (70, 57--83) 33 (66, 53--79) 5+ 20 8 (6--11) 70 (33--146) 8·3 (4·1--16·7) \<0·01 14 (70, 50--90) 14 (70, 50--90)   *P* = 0·66 *P* = 0·91 *P* = 0·84   *P* = 1·00 *P* = 0·75  Hepatocellular carcinoma Absent 73 8 (7--9) 85 (59--122) 11·0 (7·5--16·3) \<0·01 54 (74, 64--84) 52 (71, 61--81) Present 6 13 (5--29) 57 (23--141) 4·5 (2·1--9·4) 0·03 3 (50, 10--90) 4 (67, 29--100)   *P* = 0·18 *P* = 0·55 *P* = 0·21   *P* = 0·34 *P* = 1·00 \*Wilcoxon signed‐rank test for intra‐category comparisons, and either the Wilcoxon ranksumtest or Kruskal--Wallis test for inter‐category comparisons. \*\*Sero‐response proportion (\>fourfold rise) and sero‐protection proportion (post vaccination titer \>1:40). Chi‐square test between two categories and the Mantel‐extension method for trend test among three categories. After considering the effects of potential confounders in multivariate analysis, patients with lower body mass index tended to have decreased ORs for seroresponse to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination with a marginal significance ([Table 3](#t3){ref-type="table-wrap"}). However, patients who had received the 2009/10 seasonal vaccine prior to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination, particularly within a short period (≤20 days) between vaccinations, showed significantly lower seroresponse proportions (OR, 0·10; 95% CI, 0·02--0·67). There were no obvious significant associations with other variables. ###### Association between selected characteristics and sero‐response proportion (\>fourfold‐rise) after vaccination Category *n* *n* (%, 95%CI) Univariate analysis Mutivariate model\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ------------------ --------------------- --------------------- ------------------- ------ Age (years)  \<62 24 20 (83, 68--98) 1·00   1·00    62--69 28 23 (82, 68--96) 0·92 (0·22--3·90) 0·91 1·12 (0·18--6·76) 0·91  70+ 27 14 (52, 33--71) 0·22 (0·06--0·80) 0·02 0·46 (0·09--2·43) 0·36     Trend *P* = 0·01 Trend *P* = 0·25 Body mass index (kg/m^2^)  \<20·2 26 16 (62, 43--81) 0·22 (0·05--0·92) 0·04 0·20 (0·03--1·18) 0·07  20·2--22·5 28 19 (68, 51--85) 0·29 (0·07--1·22) 0·09 0·36 (0·06--2·10) 0·26  22·6+ 25 22 (88, 75--100) 1·00   1·00       Trend *P* = 0·04 Trend *P* = 0·07 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccination  Unvaccinated 48 41 (85, 75--95) 1·00   1·00    Vaccinated 31 16 (52, 34--70) 0·18 (0·06--0·53) \<0·01 0·21 (0·04--1·07) 0·06 Time elapsed between seasonal vaccination and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination  Unvaccinated 48 41 (85, 75--95) 1·00   1·00\*\*    21 days or more 17 10 (59, 36--82) 0·24 (0·07--0·86) 0·03 0·64 (0·08--5·18) 0·68  Within 20 days 14 6 (43, 17--69) 0·13 (0·03--0·48) \<0·01 0·10 (0·02--0·67) 0·02     Trend *P* \< 0·01 Trend *P* = 0·01 Prevaccination titer  \<1:10 44 36 (82, 71--93) 1·00   1·00    1:10--1:20 31 20 (65, 48--82) 0·40 (0·14-- 1·17) 0·10 1·04 (0·25--4·35) 0·95  \>1:40 4 1 (25, 0--67) 0·07 (0·01--0·81) 0·03 0·21 (0·02--2·80) 0·24     Trend *P* = 0·01 Trend *P* = 0·41 Current treatment for liver disease  Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C   No 64 50 (78, 68--88) 1·00   1·00     Receive 15 7 (47, 22--72) 0·25 (0·08--0·79) 0·02 0·35 (0·07--1·64) 0·18  Interferon   No 48 30 (63, 49--77) 1·00   1·00     Receive 31 27 (87, 75--99) 4·05 (1·22--13·5) 0·02 1·29 (0·28--6·06) 0·75 OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. \*Model included all variables in the table. \*\*The ORs were obtained from the model in which 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccination was replaced by time elapsed between seasonal vaccination and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. [Table 4](#t4){ref-type="table-wrap"} shows associations with seroprotection following A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. In multivariate analyses, ORs for seroprotection were significantly decreased in older patients and patients with lower body mass index (Trend *P* = 0·05 and 0·01, respectively). Patients with 2009/10 seasonal vaccine (particularly shorter interval between vaccinations) also had a significantly lower OR (OR, 0·07; 95% CI, 0·01--0·65). On the other hand, patients with higher pre‐vaccination titers showed a significantly increased OR for seroprotection (OR, 6·37; 95% CI, 1·12--36·3). Regarding current treatment for liver disease, patients with Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C treatment tended to show a decreased OR, although significant relationship could not be observed. ###### Association between selected characteristics and sero‐protection proportion (titer \> 1:40) after vaccination\* Category *n* *n* (%, 95%CI) Univariate analysis Mutivariate model\*\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ------------------ --------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- ------ Age (years)  \<62 23 19 (83, 68--98) 1·00   1·00    62--69 27 22 (81, 66--96) 0·93 (0·22--3·95) 0·92 0·70 (0·11--4·35) 0·70  70+ 25 11 (44, 25--63) 0·17 (0·04--0·63) \<0·01 0·21 (0·04--1·16) 0·07     Trend *P* \<0·01   Trend *P* = 0·05   Body mass index(kg/m^2^)  \<20·2 23 14 (61, 41--81) 0·21 (0·05--0·92) 0·04 0·09 (0·01--0·59) 0·01  20·2--22·5 27 16 (59, 40--78) 0·20 (0·05--0·83) 0·03 0·14 (0·02--0·85) 0·03  22·6+ 25 22 (88, 75--100) 1·00   1·00       Trend *P* = 0·04   Trend *P* = 0·01   2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccination  Unvaccinated 46 37 (80, 68--92) 1·00   1·00    Vaccinated 29 15 (52, 34--70) 0·26 (0·09--0·73) 0·01 0·14 (0·02--0·98) 0·04 Time elapsed between seasonal vaccination and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination  Unvaccinated 46 37 (80, 68--92) 1·00   1·00\*\*\*    21 days or more 16 10 (63, 39--87) 0·41 (0·12--1·41) 0·16 0·32 (0·04--2·89) 0·31  Within 20 days 13 5 (38, 12--64) 0·15 (0·04--0·58) \<0·01 0·07 (0·01--0·65) 0·02     Trend *P* \<0·01   Trend *P* = 0·02   Prevaccination titer  \<1:10 44 30 (68, 54--82) 1·00   1·00    1:10--1:20 31 22 (71, 55--87) 1·14 (0·42--3·11) 0·80 6·37 (1·12--36·3) 0·04 Current treatment for liver disease  Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C   No 62 46 (74, 63--85) 1·00   1·00     Receive 13 6 (46, 19--73) 0·30 (0·09--1·02) 0·05 0·26 (0·05--1·50) 0·13  Interferon   No 45 27 (60, 46--74) 1·00   1·00     Receive 30 25 (83, 70--96) 3·33 (1·08--10·3) 0·04 0·77 (0·16--3·70) 0·75 OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. \*75 study subjects were included for the analyses because four subjects with a prevaccination titer of 1:40 or more were excluded. \*\*Model included all variables in the table. \*\*\*The ORs were obtained from the model in which 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccination was replaced by time elapsed between seasonal vaccination and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. Additional analyses were conducted when the cutoff point of time elapsed between seasonal influenza vaccination and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination was changed from 21 days to 14 days. Among seven subjects with seasonal vaccination within 14 days, GMT levels at S0 and S1 were 8 and 16, respectively, resulting in 2·0‐fold rises after H1N1 vaccination. The seroresponse proportion was 28%, and the seroprotection proportion was 29%. Multivariate analyses showed that ORs of subjects with seasonal vaccination within 14 days were lower for both seroresponse and seroprotection as outcome indices (seroresponse, OR = 0·03, 95% CI = 0·00--0·42; seroprotection, OR = 0·03, 95% CI = 0·00--0·48). Besides, another four patients received 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccine between A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination and serum sampling at 3 weeks after vaccination. However, immune responses to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine among these intercurrent vaccinated patients were almost similar levels to those among the rest 44 unvaccinated patients (data not shown). Discussion {#ss9} ========== This study shows that single dose of A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination produced sufficient antibody response among patients with chronic hepatitis C. The immunity was sufficient to meet the international criteria of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medical Products and the US Food and Drug Administration.[^12^](#b12){ref-type="ref"}, [^13^](#b13){ref-type="ref"} However, the seroprotection proportion among patients with chronic hepatitis C (71%; 95% CI, 61--81%) was slightly lower than the reported proportions in age‐matched healthy adults (79--94%).[^14^](#b14){ref-type="ref"}, [^15^](#b15){ref-type="ref"}, [^16^](#b16){ref-type="ref"} While the three previous studies used the same type of vaccines (i.e., inactivated unadjuvanted split‐virus vaccine containing 15 μg of hemagglutinin antigen), they used a different injection route (i.e., intramuscular) compared with our study. According to a study on trivalent influenza vaccine, seroprotection proportion with a subcutaneous injection was reported to be approximately 10% lower than that with an intramuscular injection for both A strains, especially in elderly women.[^17^](#b17){ref-type="ref"} It is therefore considered that the discrepancy in immunogenicity across studies would not be beyond the range expected by the variation of the injection route. Another Japanese study, which used the same vaccine and injection route as ours, reported the seroprotection proportion of 80% (95% CI, 73--86%) in healthcare workers aged 20--60 years.[^18^](#b18){ref-type="ref"} The proportion was comparable to that of the youngest age group (\<62 years) in the present study. Taken together, immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in patients with chronic hepatitis C would not be lower than that of healthy adults. In this study, the following factors might have affected the lowered seroprotection after A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination: older age; lower body mass index; and 2009/10 seasonal vaccination prior to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. Reduced immune response to vaccines in the elderly has been shown in previous studies of seasonal influenza vaccine.[^19^](#b19){ref-type="ref"} The mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, but decreased T‐cell activity[^20^](#b20){ref-type="ref"}, [^21^](#b21){ref-type="ref"}, [^22^](#b22){ref-type="ref"}and the effects of malnutrition associated with aging have been suggested.[^23^](#b23){ref-type="ref"}, [^24^](#b24){ref-type="ref"} Conversely, no studies have reported the decreasing effect of lower body mass index on immune response. However, malnutrition might also account for such decreased immune response,[^23^](#b23){ref-type="ref"}, [^24^](#b24){ref-type="ref"} as this can be considered strongly related to lower body mass index. Immune response to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine was affected by recently received seasonal vaccine, suggesting potential interference in immune responses between seasonal vaccination and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. Most of the patients who had received seasonal vaccination prior to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination were aged 65 years or more, as annual influenza vaccination was recommended for subjects aged 65 years or more in Japan. However, lower immunogenicity in patients with recently received seasonal vaccine was independently observed even after adjusted not only for the categorical age groups, but also for continuous age (data not shown). Thus, the association between recent seasonal vaccination and lower immunogenicity of A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine would be free from the effects of age. According to previous reports, simultaneous administration of seasonal and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine could induce sufficient levels of antibody to both seasonal and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strains.[^25^](#b25){ref-type="ref"} However, an immunogenicity study of A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in pregnant women reported the same result as the present study. In that study, pregnant women who had received the 2009/10 seasonal influenza vaccine prior to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination, particularly with a shorter time elapsed between vaccinations, exhibited lower immune responses to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine.[^26^](#b26){ref-type="ref"} Another study showed that when seasonal and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccines were administered separately, the GMT to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strain tended to be lower among the seasonal‐vaccinated group than among the unvaccinated group, although the difference was not significant.[^27^](#b27){ref-type="ref"} As several studies have reported similar findings, the decreased immune response in the seasonal‐vaccinated group seems unlikely to be attributable to chance. In addition, decreases in immune response show a dose--response relationship with time intervals between vaccinations. To prepare for future influenza pandemics, further studies are required to examine potential interference across influenza vaccines. An inverse association between pre‐vaccination titer and both fold rise and seroresponse proportion is known as the "law of initial value" or "negative feedback".[^28^](#b28){ref-type="ref"} This phenomenon was also clearly demonstrated in the present study ([Table 2](#t2){ref-type="table-wrap"}). The immunogenicity of a pandemic influenza vaccine is inevitably investigated during the epidemic period. Therefore, even if patients in whom influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection had already confirmed were excluded on recruitment into the study, the possibility remained that patients with asymptomatic infection may have been included as study subjects. The effect of pre‐vaccination antibody titers must therefore be appropriately considered in evaluating immunogenicity of pandemic influenza vaccines, as shown in previous studies.[^29^](#b29){ref-type="ref"}, [^30^](#b30){ref-type="ref"} In the present study, however, older age, lower body mass index, and 2009/10 seasonal vaccination prior to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination were independently associated with lowered seroprotection, even if the effect of pre‐vaccination titer was also considered. Regarding clinical characteristics, immune responses to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine were robust regardless of severity of liver disease (e.g., platelet count, albumin level, or prothrombin activity) or existence of probable cirrhosis (Child‐Pugh score ≥ 5). These results agreed with those of previous studies among patients with liver cirrhosis.[^5^](#b5){ref-type="ref"}, [^6^](#b6){ref-type="ref"}, [^7^](#b7){ref-type="ref"} In the present study, however, patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were too limited to perform the further analyses including the assessment of anticancer agent. Further studies would be needed to confirm the immunogenicity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. As for interferon treatment at the time of vaccination, multivariate ORs for seroresponse or for seroprotection were relatively fluctuated, and both of these associations were not significant. Thus, we considered that interferon treatment was unlikely to affect the antibody induction of influenza vaccine. Previous study also indicated that cirrhosis with interferon treatment had a comparable immunogenicity of influenza vaccine with those without interferon treatment.[^5^](#b5){ref-type="ref"} On the other hands, patients with Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C treatment showed lower ORs for both seroresponse and seroprotection. Lack of statistical significance in multivariate analyses might be attributed by insufficient sample size of this category, as only 19% of patients received Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C treatment. To date, no other study has reported on the association between Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C and the immune response to any vaccines. However, Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C has a steroid‐like structure and directly leads to down‐regulated T‐cell activity.[^9^](#b9){ref-type="ref"} Thus, it may be speculated that Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C suppresses T‐cell activity, and consequently, lowers the antibody induction. Besides, Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C has been found to interfere with replication and cytopathogenic effect induction of many viruses including influenza viruses,[^31^](#b31){ref-type="ref"}, [^32^](#b32){ref-type="ref"} and thus may affect the immune response to the live‐attenuated influenza vaccine. Further studies are needed to confirm the present finding and to clarify the mechanisms. In the present study, however, the following limitations must be considered. First, the sample size was limited in the consideration of some associated factors on lowered immune response, although that might be enough to assess the immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in patients with chronic liver disease. Second, as this study targeted patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in a relatively stable condition and in mostly women, caution is needed when generalizing the present results. However, the results are consistent with previous studies conducted in patients with liver cirrhosis or liver transplantation with different causes.[^5^](#b5){ref-type="ref"}, [^6^](#b6){ref-type="ref"}, [^7^](#b7){ref-type="ref"} Third, as body mass index was calculated using self‐reported height and weight, it may be inaccurate compared with the measured values. However, previous study indicated that self‐reported height and weight were precise and accurate in adult Japanese women.[^33^](#b33){ref-type="ref"} Besides, the observed association between lower body mass index and decreased seroprotection could be free from the inaccuracy, as the inaccuracy was considered to be non‐differential in the study subjects. Finally, in the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, about one‐third of subjects ≥65 years old were reported to have pre‐existing antibody before the epidemic, as many had been exposed to antigen similar to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus during childhood.[^34^](#b34){ref-type="ref"} In the present study, however, despite the fact that about half of patients were ≥65 years old, proportions of patients with pre‐existing antibody were lower than in previous studies. Although the reason remains unclear, this situation made it easier to evaluate immunogenicity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine. Conclusions {#ss10} =========== Single dose of A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination achieved a sufficient level of immunity, meeting international criteria among patients with chronic hepatitis C. Immune responses were robust regardless of severity of liver disease or existence of probable cirrhosis. However, immune responses may be reduced by older age, lower body mass index, seasonal vaccination prior to A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination, or Stronger Neo‐Minophagen C treatment. The potential interference between A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination and seasonal vaccination needs to be investigated more thoroughly in a different study setting to prepare for future influenza pandemics. This study was supported by a research grant for Research on Emerging and Re‐emerging Infectious Diseases, Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan \[H20‐SHINKO‐IPPAN‐002\].

Q: Can we synchronize string builder? Java provide three string manipulation classes String,StringBuilder and StringBuffer. In which StringBuilder is not synchronize and StringBuffer is synchronize. So I just want to ask is there a possibility to synchronize StringBuilder. A: Sure, just synchronise externally, either by using synchronized blocks or manually when you access the StringBuilder from multiple threads. But why would you want to? You have StringBuffer already.

Optical waveguides and other light-guiding or light-managing structures provide much of the terrestrial high-speed infrastructure of the telecommunications industry. Light-guiding waveguides, which are formed by surrounding a higher refractive index core with a lower refractive index cladding, support transmissions of large amounts of optical information over long distances with little signal attenuation. Light-managing waveguides include such structures as optical gratings, which are formed by index perturbations spaced along limited lengths of the waveguides to separate narrow bands of wavelengths from broader band signals. The waveguides generally take fiber or planar forms fashioned from doped silica-based materials exhibiting contrasting refractive indices. Further variations in refractive indices for forming gratings and other optical structures can be made by exposing photosensitive optical materials to patterns of actinic radiation within the absorption spectra of the optical materials. The absorption mechanism limits the photo-induced variations to surfaces or regions near the surfaces of homogeneous optical materials. Recently, high energy pulses beyond the absorption edge of silica-based materials have been demonstrated to produce refractive index changes inside bulk glass. Such changes open possibilities for manufacturing three-dimensional optical circuitry in which light-guiding or light-modifying structures are formed throughout glass volumes. Eventually, this capability is expected to simplify manufacture and reduce space requirements of optical structures performing complex or numerous optical functions. For example, an 810 nanometer (nm) wavelength Ti:Sapphire laser emitting 120 femtosecond (fs) pulses at 200 kilohertz (kHz) has been used to direct write the cores of waveguides in silica-based glass samples. The pulses at 810 nm are well beyond the absorption edge of the silica glass samples. Focused laser beam power reaching the glass samples was regulated by filters between 40 and 800 milliwatts (mW). Translation speeds between the laser beam and the glass samples varied between 100-10,000 microns per second (μm/s). Refractive index (n) increases of nearly 0.04 were reported, which apparently resulted from repeated exposures. Core diameters written into glass samples varied as a function of the average beam power reaching the samples. The mechanism responsible for the index change in the silica-based glass samples is not well understood. However, since the index change is produced by high energy pulses at wavelengths beyond the absorption edge of the glass samples, multiphoton (i.e., non-linear) absorption is believed to be at least partially responsible. Speculations relating to the changes in the glass include local densification, the formation of color centers, lattice defects, and melting. Reports suggest that increasing the peak power or the duration of exposure increases the change in refractive index. Amplified femtosecond pulse sources, such as the Ti:Sapphire laser referred to above, have pulse rates in the kilohertz (kHz) range and pulse energies in the microjoule (μJ) range. Since the thermal diffusion time of silica and related materials is in the order of a few microseconds (μs), each pulse heats independently of the others. However, the amplified femtosecond pulses have sufficient energy to raise the instantaneous temperature of the glass materials to 1000 degrees centigrade (°C.) or more, which is large enough to produce local thermal damage. While the requisite index changes for writing waveguides have been demonstrated, actual light-guiding properties associated with the index changes in bulk glass materials have been inconsistent. At least some of the material changes including the formation of voids and other defects associated with the change in index physically damage the index-modified glass. The physical damage can attenuate optical signals transmitted through the glass. To make the femtosecond laser direct-write method practical, substantial changes in the refractive index (e.g., >10−3) of a material must be achieved in a reasonable amount of writing time without incurring physical damage that interferes with the intended waveguiding function. Such a method could be used to write continuous light-guiding waveguide patterns connecting any two points within a continuous block of a suitable material or make other optical devices, such as optical gratings.

In just under 2 weeks, M-1 Muay Thai will be putting on Sutt Yod Muay Thai vol.4, a 2 part show featuring a pair of WPMF Women’s World title fights, a WPMF Japan title fight and other top Japanese fighters like J-Network Super Flyweight champion Yuki, Shunsuke Oishi, Kousuman and J-Girls Flyweight champ Tomoko SP. In the main event of part 2, former Lumpinee Stadium Featherweight champion Kaew Fairtex takes on J-Network Super Lightweight champion Yusuke Sugawara at 65kg. Although Kaew is no longer at the top of his game, he found success earlier this year, winning the Legend of Heroes 65kg 8-man tournament in Beijing, with wins over Taito, Wei Liu and, in the finals, Yodsanklai. He followed that up with a win in M-1 in September, knocking out Kousuman in the 4th round. Sugawara has been on the verge of breaking through to the upper echelon of the Lightweight/Super Lightweight divisions for the past two years, but he has been unable to put together a string of wins against top competition. He is 3-2 in 2012, starting the year with a win in Shootboxing, but losing 2 straight to MA Kick champ Mohan Dragon and Yukihiro Komiya in RISE before bouncing back with a win over Shohei Asahara. His most recent fight was a win over MMA fighter Kensaku Nakamura in Shootboxing. The co-main event is a fight for the vacant WPMF Japan Cruiserweight title between #2 ranked Naoki Samukawa and SHOHEI. Samukawa has fought mostly in MMA this past year, but is still primarily a kickboxer and is 5-0-1 in his last 6 fights and has only lost twice since a loss to Chi Bin Lim in February of 2007. SHOHEI had won 2 in a row before losing to Yodsanklai in September. At 63.5kg, WPMF Japan #1 ranked Super Lightweight Shunsuke Oishi fights Buakaw Weerasakreck. Oishi (14-11-3, 10 KO) is 2-2 in his last 4, scoring stoppages of Yuto Watanabe and Yuki Yamamoto while losing to Saenchai and most recently Hidekazu Tanaka in a fight for the WPMF Japan Super Lightweight title. Buakaw (39-18-5, 5 KO) is 3-1 on the year, with wins over Hayato Hatekayama, Yusaku Fujikura and the aforementioned Tanaka, losing in his most recent fight to WPMF Japan Welterweight champion T-98. With Oishi being ranked #1 and Buakaw holding a recent win over Tanaka, I suspect the winner of this fight will face Tanaka for the title. Also on part 2 of the card is a 67kg fight between Kousuman and Shinya Hikafuji, as well as a 53.5kg fight between J-Network Super Flyweight champ Yuki and J-Network #1 ranked Bantamweight Kenta. Part 1 of the card focuses primarily on the female divisions, as this portion is headlined by a WPMF Women’s World Featherweight title fight between reigning champ Sawsing Sor. Sopis and NJKF Bonita Boxeo Featherweight champ AZUMA. This fight is a rematch from March 25th at Sutt Yod Muay Thai vol.1, which Sawsing won via cut in the 4th round to win this title. Since that fight, AZUMA is 3-0, defending her NJKF title in April. In the co-main event, WPMF Women’s World Pinweight champion Chiharu looks to defend her title against former WPMF Women’s World Mini Flyweight champion Little Tiger. This will mark the 3rd time that these two have fought, with Chiharu winning both fights, the first in 2007 and the second in 2011, which won Chiharu this title. Since their second fight, Chiharu is 0-1-1, fighting Fir both times and drawing her in a 5 round fight, but losing a 3 round decision. Little Tiger is 5-0 since then, picking up a win over Fir, defending her WPMF Japan Atomweight title against Nao Iida, and winning the WPMF Women’s World Mini Flyweight title against Thicher Kor. Adison in June, but vacating it for a third fight against Chiharu. Also scheduled to fight on the card is J-Girls Flyweight champion Tomoko SP, though she does not have an opponent as of now.

Phase II double blind placebo controlled multicenter trial using chimeric anti-CD4 in treating patients with methotrexate refractory rheumatoid arthritis. UAB enrolled 26 of the 64 patients treated in this multicenter study.

Dear Editor-in-Chief ==================== Healthcare workers experience the most of non-fatal workplace violence (WPV) compared to other professional groups ([@B1]). In Serbia, in recent years, a number of healthcare workers have been attacked by patients, while two health care workers have been murdered. The likelihood of experiencing workplace violence is associated with person's characteristics (age, gender, less job experience), occupation, circumstances, situation in which they perform their tasks, characteristics of work environments such as working alone, working late at night, poor lighting, absence of surveillance cameras, individual control of access and exit alarm system, working in unsecured areas, work load, job-related stress, and lack of supervisor support ([@B2]--[@B4]). Healthcare workers can be exposed to multiple forms of violence, in Slovenia, 25.3% of nurses were exposed to only one form of workplace violence, while 36.3% experienced two or more forms of violence ([@B5]). To the best of our knowledge, no studies done so far have examined factors associated with experiencing two or more forms of violence. The aim of this study was to estimate prevalence and factors associated with exposure to two of more forms of violence in the workplace. This cross-sectional study was conducted in five PHC centres in Belgrade between October 2012 and July 2013. The final sample included employees who worked in the morning shift (1757 medical and non-medical staff). The response rate was 86.8% (1526/1757). The data were collected using ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI questionnaire ([@B6]). Pearson chi-square test was used to assess differences between two groups of employees: group which had experienced only one form of violence and a group which had experienced two or more forms of violence. Experience of two or more forms of violence was the dependent variable in multivariate logistic regression model. Details of the study were described elsewhere ([@B4]). A total of 803 (52.6%) respondents reported WPV. The prevalence of exposure to one form of violence was 27.2%, and to two or more forms of violence was 25.4%. Univariate analysis showed that exposure to two or more forms of violence was associated with work in shifts, between 6 p.m. and 7 a.m., witnessing incidents of workplace violence, work with a high number of staff in the same work setting, being member of the minority ethnic group at work, being in interaction with patients, being moved to a current place of work, and encouraged to report work-place violence. The association was found with workplace characteristics: surrounding characteristics, patient screening, patient protocols, special equipment or clothing, investment in human resource development, restricted public access, check-in procedures for staff, changing shifts, and reduced periods of working alone. The logistic regression model showed that reduced periods of working alone, changing shifts, and being the witness of incidents of WPV were associated with exposure to two or more forms of violence compared with those who experienced one form of violence. Being encouraged to report WPV, being moved to the current place of work, patient protocols, patient screening, smaller number of staff in the same work setting, and investing in human resource development, were significant predictors of lower likelihood for exposure to two or more forms of violence ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). ###### Association of socio-demographic characteristics, characteristics of work environment and measures for safe work environment with a two or more forms of violence ***Independent variables*** ***OR (95% CI)*** **P*-value*** ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- --------------- Work between 6 p.m. and 7 a.m. 1.25 (0.91--1.71) 0.176 Being the witness of incidents of workplace violence 2.33 (1.68--3.22) \<0.001 Being moved to a current place of work 0.69 (0.50--0.96) 0.028 Self sighting as a member of minority ethnic group of workplace 1.64 (0.96--2.78) 0.070 The number of staff in the same work setting (≤ 20 vs. \>20) 0.49 (0.32--0.73) \<0.001 Being encouraged to report workplace violence 0.71 (0.52--0.96) 0.027 Restriction to pay fee for services 0.37 (0.12--1.17) 0.090 Patient screening 0.50 (0.30--0.83) 0.008 Patient protocols 0.55 (0.32--0.97) 0.039 Changing shifts or rotas 3.50 (2.10--5.82) \<0.001 Reduced periods of working alone 9.33 (1.96--44.30) 0.005 Investing in human resource development 0.37 (0.14--0.98) 0.045 Employees in the primary healthcare centres in Belgrade are often exposed to two or more forms of violence. The PHCs centres need patient screening and protocols, investment in human resource development, and support mechanisms for encouragement to report WPV. **Conflict of interest** Authors declare no conflict of interest. This study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Grant No. III 41004, Contract No. 175042).

Share this: OAKLAND, Calif. — The shortest outing of Erik Bedard’s 10-year career resulted in the Astros lefthander acknowledging he couldn’t throw strikes Monday and reliever Paul Clemens jawing with an ump, dislocating his right pinky finger and apologizing for taking the Lord’s name in vain. Bedard was bombed. He walked the first three batters he faced, gave up six earned runs on 35 pitches and turned the ball over to Clemens after just 1/3 of an inning’s worth of work. It was the briefest start of Bedard’s pro run and the shortest for an Astro since Brandon Duckworth threw 1/3 of a frame June 7, 2004 against Seattle. Bedard, 34, felt fine during warmups. But once he took the mound, his arm betrayed him. “I got out there and couldn’t throw strikes. It’s just one of those games. It’s happened before and it’ll probably happen again,” said Bedard, who entered Monday having not allowed a run in 7 1/3 innings and throwing four scoreless innings last Tuesday during a 16-9 victory at Seattle. Astros manager Bo Porter said he was unaware of any injury issues affecting Bedard and the veteran lefty will remain in the Astros’ rotation. “It was just one of those things where he just didn’t have it (Monday). It was very unlike him,” Porter said. “He’s a veteran guy that normally commands the strike zone. … I’m pretty sure his next start he’ll be much better.” All in With Bedard out, Clemens was in. The 25-year-old righthander allowed five earned runs and six hits in his first career appearance last Tuesday. He was spotted a 13-0 lead against the Mariners, though, and emerged with the win. Monday, Clemens again relieved Bedard. But this time, the rookie saved the vet. Clemens threw 5 1/3 innings of one-hit, no-run ball, striking out three and walking two on 72 pitches (46 strikes). Before the game, the passionate and energetic Clemens discussed wanting to get back on the mound so he could prove himself. He was even more energetic with the ball in his hand and he was praised by Porter and Bedard for saving the Astros’ bullpen Monday. “Believe me: Everybody in this clubhouse really appreciates the job which he was able to do (Monday),” Porter said. “It was tremendous. … A great confidence booster for him and a good confidence booster for the team, as well.” Clemens’ night wasn’t as perfect as his line, though. He dislocated his right pinky finger on a comebacker, had the digit popped back into place by trainer Nate Lucero, then pitched to one more batter before leaving the game. Clemens has dealt with the injury since his high school playing days and he long ago grew accustomed to having the finger pop out while playing everything from football and basketball to baseball. “I could’ve popped it back in myself and kept on going. … Show (Lucero), let him know it’s nothing and get back to work,” Clemens said. The righty was equally honest about an in-game confrontation with home-plate umpire Paul Emmel. The highly charged Clemens thought a 2-2 pitch was a strikeout. Emmel thought otherwise. Clemens offered a select few private words to inform Emmel of his mistake. “Let me take a second to apologize to him and his whole crew. I apologize,” Clemens said. “It was just my competitive nature. … I took the Lord’s name in vain and I apologized.” Notes The Astros are 0-8 when their opponent scores first and 4-1 when they do. … Clemens’ extended-relief appearance was the longest by an Astro since Dave Borkowski threw six innings Aug. 15, 2006 vs. the Chicago Cubs. … Carlos Pena had a bunt single during the seventh inning. It was his 26th career bunt single. Pena is joined by Derek Jeter and Carlos Beltran as the only active players with at least 25 bunt singles and 250 home runs. … Ex-Astro Nate Freiman hit his first MLB homer off Bedard, a three-run shot in the first that signaled Bedard’s departure. … Ex-Astro Jed Lowrie went 2-for-4 with four RBIs. The shortstop’s hitting .385 this season and is 9-for-17 with two homers, seven RBIs and five runs in four games against the Astros this year.

Port Levy Rainfall Introduction We've long thought that we get more rain in Port Levy than than they do at Lyttelton and now that we have a PWS at Port Levy, we can find out for sure by comparing measurements. Nearby AWSs There are four nearby AWSs, as shown in the map to the left, where the AWSs are marked with a red blob. The AWSs have data extending back many decades, whereas we have only at short record at the Port Levy PWS (25-Jun-2010 onwards), so we will compare rainfall events rather than the usual comparison of monthly totals. Nearby PWSs There are five nearby PWSs, as shown on the map to the left. These PWSs are maintained by amateurs who kindly post their data to the Weather Underground site. The webpages on Weather Undeground associated with each of these PWSs are: Rainfall Events During August 2010 During August 2010, there were two significant rainfall events from the southeast which resulted in the monthly mean rainfall at most sites being substantially more than the long-term median for August. In the following, we compare the rainfall during these two events for the Lyttelton and Le Bons Bay AWSs and all the PWSs. In comparing daily rainfall between the PWS and AWSs there are differences that are caused by the different definitions of a day: For the PWS: a day goes from midnight to midnight For an AWS: a day goes from 0900 to 0900 - this is traditional and goes back to when measurements were done manually at 9 am every day Thus, if it rains between midnight and 0900, that rain will be attributed to the previous day in the AWSs, but to the present day in the PWS. 08-Aug-2010 In this event, the rainfall at Port Levy was much larger than that at Lyttelton, but about the same as the rainfall at Le Bons Bay. For the PWSs, the Port Levy rainfall was about the average of all the other PWSs. The Diamond Harbour PWS was lower than the rest and similar to the Lyttelton AWS. In fact these two gauges have similar aspects, facing east to the harbour entrance, albeit on either side of the harbour. The Lyttelton PWS, which is up behind Lyttelton, had much more rainfall than either of these. 18/19-Aug-2010 In this event, the Port Levy PWS had slightly more rainfall than Lyttelton, but a lot more than Le Bons Bay The rainfall at the PWSs was about the same, except for Diamond Harbour, which was much less. Discussion There are lots of reasons why rainfall measured at different stations differs: Rainfall patterns are highly variable as a result of differing topography; The position of the raingauge is crucial — e.g., is it sitting under a tree? The design of the collecting dish of the raingauge is important — does rain splash out? The storm direction is important — at Port Levy, we get more rain in southerlies than in easterlies. In the two southeasterly storms in August 2010, the rainfall at the Lyttelton PWS was substantially greater than the rainfall at the AWS. Their locations are shown to the left. Evidently, the location of the AWS on Z-Berth means that it is more sheltered from storms like these. Conclusion The location of the Lyttelton AWS at Z-Berth means that rainfall measured there is not a good indicator of rainfall elsewhere on the Peninsula

The appeal section was dropped when the measure got included in a larger fiscal reform bill. It survived only as a requirement to document fiscal notes more extensively. Gov. Tim Pawlenty vetoed the whole thing. The upshot: Cohen concedes the Legislature and previous administrations tussled over the price tags on the bills they were carrying. But he says they didn’t ignore them as the GOP is doing this year. Here’s what he said about it: “In the fiscal note process over the years, there’s always been a little bit of give and take with finance, now MMB, ‘does this work? does it not work?’ What I can tell you as the finance chairman over the last eight years, we never booked anything in the budget unless there was a fiscal note. Never.” “There were certainly issues where we thought we ought to get a different fiscal note, or we that we thought didn’t quite work. But we took the number that came from MMB. And that wasn’t something when I was finance chairman. That was something when Gene Merriam was finance chairman. When we had the trifurcated finance committee. Two years Doug Johnson was finance chairman. I can’t speak for when Jerry Willett was finance chairman, because I wasn’t here.” “But, all the years I’ve been here, we never ignored MMB, and previously finance, relative to promulgation of the fiscal notes. And those are governors Perpich, Carlson, Ventura, Pawlenty. Certianly the DFL had significant differences with Tim Pawlenty. But we utilized the fiscal notes, as promulgated by the agency.”

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A Checklist for Your Mobile UX There’s a great rule of thumb – every dollar invested into usability of your app can return hundredfold. When planning your mobile design and development projects, remember that great UX design is the key to success just as much, as bad one is the path to failure. Follow these points and you’ll make your way to a great mobilew UX!

Q: Remove bold text This code : [cols="h,h,h,h"] |=== |Cell in column 1, row 1 |Cell in column 2, row 1 |Cell in column 3, row 1 |Cell in column 4, row 1 |Cell in column 1, row 2 |Cell in column 2, row 2 |Cell in column 3, row 2 |Cell in column 4, row 2 |=== renders : How can I render the cells with values Cell in column 2, row 2 Cell in column 3, row 2 Cell in column 4, row 2 To have non bold formatting and with white background ? I'm attempting to have 1'st column and 1'st row with bold and background but reading https://asciidoctor.org/docs/user-manual/#tables this is the closest I've got. A: Your cols definition says that you have 4 columns, all styled as headers. Change that line to read: [cols="a,a,a,a", options="header"] The a's indicate that each column can contain Asciidoc markup (instead of just being plain text). The options="header" causes the first row to be rendered as the header line. With that, your first row should be in bold, and any subsequent rows should be in regular weight.

Tuesday, December 02, 2008 OUR PERIPATETIC ELDER DAUGHTER... ...is, as I write this, on her way to South Africa for a two-week Bidnis Trip. She’ll be dividing her time between Johannesburg and Cape Town, and, at the recommendation of her Corporate Salt-Mine Overseers, she’ll be throwing in some vacation time as well. Sweet. Elder Daughter lives hundreds of miles away from us, so we are used to her not being under our roof...but there is another layer of Daughter-Missage when we know she is really far away. We will both rest a lot easier once she is back on familiar shores. In the last eighteen months, she has been to Mexico, Egypt, Morocco, Uganda, and, of course, Japan. Now that she can add South Africa to the list, she is well on her way to out-traveling her Old Man. Godspeed, Elder Daughter. While you’re there, try to remember that a “bra” is something you wear, and a “braai” is something you eat.

Greece's Varoufakis to Run in European Election – In Germany - tpush https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-election-germany/greeces-varoufakis-to-run-in-european-election-in-germany-idUSKCN1NU0QA ====== MrTonyD For anybody trying to understand why the world is the way it is (global politics and who really runs the world), I strongly recommend Yanis Varoufakis "Adults in the Room". It describes the EU and its major players and what really happens behind those closed doors (and it is nothing like what we see in the newspapers.) ~~~ somberi +1 on the recommendation. I found it fascinating. His other book "Talking to my daughter about the economy" (1) is also a good read - especially for parents that have teenaged kids (in addition to being useful for the adults in the room). There are many good reviews about the book, but an interesting negative review, for a rounded view, can be found here (2). (1) [https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/111/1111145/talking-to-my- da...](https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/111/1111145/talking-to-my-daughter- about-the-economy/9781847924445.html) (2) [https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/lucid-but-flawed- pa...](https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/lucid-but-flawed-paschal- donohoe-reviews-yanis-varoufakis-s-economics-primer-1.3274074) ------ thedailymail The article neglects to mention one of the more interesting detours in Varoufakis' professional life: his stint as in-house economist at Valve Software. [http://blogs.valvesoftware.com/economics/it-all-began- with-a...](http://blogs.valvesoftware.com/economics/it-all-began-with-a- strange-email/)

Believing in Jesus My very first memory of Christmas has little to do with Christ: it is that of unwrapping a large present, a wind-up robot that walked, shot sparks out its ears and which had a rolling image of a space landscape in its chest. In short, it was an awesome toy. I can remember the living room, the rug, the iron grates over the air vents in the floor, the tree, but no Jesus. As I’ve gotten older I’ve definitely become more familiar with our Christmas narratives and with the LDS depictions of Christ, His birth and death. But I don’t know that my mental image of Jesus is much better now than it was when I was a child. I can conjure up in my mind those contextual images — the chilly night of His Birth, or the scorching desert of his fasting, for example — but I find it harder to find Jesus as a person, as someone to talk to. Personally, it’s easier for me to reach out and know Heavenly Father, whose name I do not know [1], than Jesus, whose name is the one by which we are to be saved. Similarly, I feel more affinity for the notions of salvation — chains of family running through eternity, salvific power coursing through generations — than for the cipher that is Christ as a person. It is as if, at first blush, I understand the trappings of Christmas, but not the reason for the season. Now, don’t get me wrong. I like to think I understand the workings of the Atonement as well as the next fellow. I know what it’s like to pray, and repent, and to feel forgiven. But when people say “let Jesus change your heart” or “keep the memory of Jesus with you”, I get the impression they are talking about some internal workings that I have not experienced, or perhaps that their descriptions are not what’s really going on. I do not turn my heart over to Jesus for change the way I turn my watch over to the jeweler to replace the batteries. So what am I missing here? ———————- [1] Yes, I know Heavenly Father has a name. But I don’t know if that is really His name, and I don’t think we vest it with the sort of tetragrammatonic power that perhaps His real name would possess. And we’re not Jehovah’s Witnesses. Preach It: Comments I almost sobbed when I read this….because this is exactly how I feel, and I have always felt there was something wrong with me and that no one could understand, and even if I tried to explain they would just think I was blasphemous. I really like this. I relate a lot to feeling more personal or natural in my communication with Heavenly Father as a person. Of course, part of that likely comes from praying to Heavenly Father and not Christ. Though it’s always been my impression that anyone holy could be listening at any time, so that’s cool. But I think it would be nice to remove oneself from the depiction of Christ for a few seasons and try to experience him primarily through prayer and fasting, isolated from other presentations. I have always felt the same way, Steve, and I’m reminded of it each week during the sacrament. It’s a question to which I haven’t figured out a satisfactory answer. The beauty of the Gospel of Jesus Christ fills me with awe, but I can’t figure out how to relate to its central figure. Perhaps it’s because he has motivations that I don’t come close to sharing. Perhaps it’s because of the differences between the Lord’s words in our different books of scripture, which make it hard to form a cohesive picture. In any case, I appreciate this post and look forward to Part II, wherein you share the resolution. Perhaps it’s because what we know of Jesus from the scriptures (single? childless? intentionally poor?) has very little to do with contemporary Mormon ideals. How can a good Mormon today relate to him? I’ve felt similarly. Last night, at a colleagues Christmas party, he offered a prayer before we ate and I noted how it wasn’t a prayer to HF but to Jesus (“we thank you, Jesus, for coming down and sacrificing for us…”). I guess in my naivete I’ve never really thought about how the rest of the Christian world prays to Jesus Himself. Do you think this makes a difference in our perceptions? Maybe they have these more personal feelings because they talk to him directly? I don’t know, but I do know that I’ve wanted and wondered about those feelings that you mentioned. # 6, Meems, I converted to Christianity when I was 15, and have always had trouble with Jesus. I pray to God (I love the Mormon nomenclature of Heavenly Father!) and although I can feel thankful for Jesus’ sacrifice, etc, he remains much more abstract than God does. Funny, how that works. Maybe you need to grow up with that tradition to really feel it. Also, isn’t the Mormon understanding of the trinity a bit different? Perhaps it’s easier to pray to Jesus when you believe him and God to be the same being. Although then I don’t know what my excuse is! ;-) Steve, wonderful post. I have a different but related problem. I find parts of Jesus’ ministry quite real; when he touches another person or shares bread with his disciples. These tangible and embodied acts of compassion are present in my own memories of Jesus but at the same time I cannot relate to the Resurrected Christ. I have the benefit of having been raised a protestant, where I was told the stories of Jesus every Sunday and in summer Bible camp. As a result, I have perceived Him to be a close friend from the days of my earliest childhood. The life and times of Jesus the Nazarene is often missing from LDS meetings, crowded out by other scriptures and effectively reduced to a once-ever-four-year topic as a result of our current curriculum. It is a sad thing to fall short in talking of Christ and rejoicing in Christ, but that is the lot for many Latter-Day Saints. And yet . . . The LDS inclusion of Gesthamane as an essential part of the atonement process has increased my feeling of kinship with and love towards Jesus. This man of sorrows who is well acquainted with grief knows intimately ~my~ sorrow and ~my~ grief, and, in that sense, I trust Him more than any being who has ever walked the earth. When the “good thief” was facing the final tortured moments of his mortal journey, he turned to the one person who understood — ~really~ understood his plight, i.e., the Savior on the cross who, like HIm, was nailed to a cross. I feel like that thief. When my unique, personal burdens seem too much to bear, I can turn to the Nazarene as the person who understands those burden because, in bearing them, He shares them. This excerpt from a poem by Susan Chock entitled “The Lord” better expresses the above sentiment: Come to him needing. as the parched man the freshet Come. Show him your wounds. Not perfunctorily in the dim night-light just before sleep — but knee-stone hard by the naked bulb, bare them all. The Christ will not flinch, or paling, look away. They are his wounds too, every one. This Christ is someone I can trust completely, and in whom I feel the most intimate and valued of relationships. He not just “the Savior”, He is ~my~ Savior. As is typically the case with your essays, I found it to be exceptionally well written and extraordinarily honest. I have heard others in the Church express similar sentiments, although not with the same candor and depth as your writing. I wish you well on your journey. For Evangelicals it’s exactly the opposite, of course. If you’re hearing “let Jesus change your heart” or “keep the memory of Jesus with you” from fellow Saints that would be incredibly strange, in my experience. That’s very Evangelical-sounding language. It sounds like you’re feeling a dissonance between knowing that institutionally the Church regularly emphasizes an emphasis on Christ but in practice when we speak to one another about our relationships with the divine it’s often about our relationships with Heavenly Father. In a way, one wonders if Christ himself wouldn’t be pleased with that. We’re emulating him, after all, in the way we pray to the Father and divulge ourselves to him. Its complicated, though, because Christ is by far more of a central figure in the scriptures than the Father. And there does seem to be a substantive difference when we talk about “Jesus” versus when we talk about “Christ.” There’s a sense that Jesus is Jesus pre-resurrection, one who is one of us, feeding the poor, being with the sick and afflicted, suffering like we do. Post-resurrection, he’s the Christ, an omnipotent being delivering divine messages and revelations. And that Jesus Christ is very emphasized in Mormonism, though the Jesus of the Gospels is often preached from the pulpit in conference. But then there are those poignant passages of scripture like in D&C 19 and 3 Nephi 11-12 where those two dynamics of Jesus and the Christ come together in a beautiful and moving way. Anyway, I’m not sure that you’re missing anything any more uniquely than the rest of us just don’t “get” the entire picture most of the time. We’re learning and revising (or should be) all the time. We should be more concerned with allowing ourselves to be moved more freely by that which uplifts, inspires, and saves. Jacob, I think that’s incredibly perceptive. And like Aaron R., the resurrected Christ is a little more tricky to fathom in some respects – though I think the Book of Mormon helps a great deal in that regard. Jacob, your exactly right about those passages, which is probably why I find them quite moving. However it is easier for me to connect them those instances with Jesus that with what the resurrection means. In many ways I find 3 Nephi both jarring and inspirational; in fact it is probably because of this mixture that I find the NT Jesus more compelling (despite the complexity) than the BoM Christ. If you want a relationship with Christ, re-read the Book of Mormon. It is Christocentric The OT prophets had a personal relationship with Jehovah/Jesus because that was the only God they dealt with. I sometimes pray to or at least address Jehovah because Joseph Smith also addressed Jehovah in the temple dedications. The God who speaks in D&C is Jesus not the Father. I think you are not close to Christ or at least as close as you would like to be because there needs to be a relationship developed. The B of Book of Mormon did it for me. I love your post, mostly because of it provokes in me profound respect for the varieties of Mormon experience. You see, I have quite the opposite problem. I hate God. I cannot tolerate even the idea of Him. I do not merely disbelieve Him (that would be simple, like disbelieving in ghosts) rather, I un-, even anti-believe Him. I do not want Him. I cannot tolerate His implacable perfectionism, His relentless awesomeness, His capricious and smug Holiness. He literally makes me insane, and that is saying something (I am a psychiatrist by trade). I feel hungry for protection from anything that great, that demanding, that inconsiderate of the crushing weight of mortality. What could He ever know about being broken like us? Jesus, on the other hand, is something else. When I met him (not really, I am not one of those guys) I felt – and still feel, by the way, I almost drove myself off of the road this morning driving into work thinking about this, realizing how true it is, bawling my head off, don’t do that when you are driving in Fairbanks – infinitely, completely relieved. As if I had been, like I am: Saved. Sheltered from the Wrath of that Holy Other that I cannot ever understand and who’s demands I fear. And now I am become that kind of Mormon who feels enlivened by a secret. No matter how much the Father is out to get me, out to mercilessly afflict my children or try me or burn up the world or whatever it is that He has gotten into His head at the moment, I have someone to deal with Him: Jesus Christ. A Jesus who is infinitely particular, present, physical, real, and immediate. Who shares humanity with us, knows all of our secrets, carries them and does not hate us for it. Who came to us, for us, and who is God For Us. The Jesus I know is so good that he puts God, all of the gods, to absolute shame. This is the Jesus who, at the moment that Authority came for him, reached down and put the dude’s ear back on. He did not run, or fear, or turn from him, or me, or all of us at that time. Rather he begged God to forgive us because we do not know what we are doing; because he finally, completely knew in the last agony of distress that he was with us and we, thereby, will be with him forever. This is Jesus, a God so beyond all gods that he could not even stay dead; who repudiates death, and who fills me with hope to stand in the presence of God no matter how terrible that God might be. I believe in nothing else. Through him I come to God in a way I can bear. If Jesus says that he has a Father, I will believe it, if he tells me that his father is greater than him, I will believe it although my mind rebels at the suggestion. Almost anything else from him I would believe. But greater? I find myself doubtful. Whoever that person was who introduced Jesus to Joseph Smith, or spoke on the day of his baptism, has a lot to live up to. Because I read the Old Test. first as a child, I had a hard time understanding why a Christ at all. It seems the Israelites had a relationship with God (arguably Jehovah/Jesus) without a savior. I feel the cleansing power of repentance in my own life, but am not sure how it quite works. And as Aaron notes, we pray to God the Father, I don’t think that’s insignificant. I think for me it may be easier to envision the Buddha because he symbolizes something simple—something I can aim for, whereas Jesus is a much more multi-faceted and dynamic figure. It is hard for me to grasp all that he is, and just how I am supposed to be like him. Steve, I’ve been wrestling with the exact same thing for a while, and it’s bothered me for a long time. Why does everyone speak of their relationship with Jesus with such ease when I feel this distance? I *believe* in Jesus, I understand the atonement, I’m grateful for all Christ has done for me . . . but I don’t know him like I should. I had an excellent conversation with a bunch of smart women at the Segullah retreat this summer, though, when I finally got up the courage to admit that I must be missing something. Some of these women really KNOW Jesus, and I want to be like them. I wish I’d recorded the conversation somehow because it gave me a lot of needed clarity on the subject, at least in the moment that the conversation was happening. (Clarity can be a slippery thing for me.) Here’s what I think: our particularly Mormon understanding of the Trinity can have a profound effect on our relationship with Jesus since, technically, we don’t pray to Jesus and therefore might not be building a relationship with him. I’ve spent a good deal more time with my Heavenly Father, at least so far in my life. He’s who I feel that I’m praying to. He’s who I turn to for comfort. When we use phrases like “God loves us,” or “God will protect us,” it is God the Father that I’ve always imagined loving and protecting me. Mark Clifford’s comment above is interesting to me, because while I can see why many view God the Father with trepidation (there’s all sorts of scriptural justification in that), for me, God the Father has always been loving and forgiving and interested in me personally. I’m his daughter, after all. Perhaps my ability to believe that God the Father loves me is because my relationship with my earthly father has always been an easy one? I don’t know. I suppose the way our relationship with our earthly father influences our relationship with our heavenly one is another post entirely. Anyway, ever since the Segullah retreat I have made a more conscious effort to think about Jesus when I pray. Call out to him. Envision Christ as the one who’s comforting me. This has made a really big difference. A surprising difference. I’m also in the middle of reading Simply Jesus by N.T. Wright (Anglican Bishop and scholar). I haven’t finished it yet so can’t offer a definitive opinion of the book, but it’s helped me to get to know the Jesus of the New Testament better as well. This has been my year-of-getting-to-know-Jesus, and it’s been one of the most spiritually significant years of my life. I’m almost 40. Better late than never, right? I find it hard to conceive of a difficulty in relating to Jesus Christ. Even as a resurrected and glorified God he still is someone who can be embraced and touched, who eats and even feeds us. He has experienced not only mortal life in general, he has experienced all of the sins and pains of our lives, and redeemed us from them. He is the example we are called to follow. He invites us to take up his yoke so that we may rest, because he is carrying the burden for both of us. He had a mortal mother, four brothers and at least two sisters. Real people like Peter and John, Mary and Martha and Lazarus were his friends. And he offers to make all of us into his friends. In our ward choir we are practicing songs for the Christmas program. I have a problem singing the last verses because every time we express the joy of his coming to earth again, I choke up and tears come to my eyes. I want to declare with John the last words if Revelation: Come, Lord Jesus. Come. Steve, this post is awesome, if not only for the Talladega NIghts quote. (As an aside, I roll with laughter during that scene every time. My husband unexpectedly quoted that scene for me one sleepless night when I was having trouble with our first kid. I had to laugh.) I also have always felt closer to Heavenly Father and sometimes squirm when we talk about Jesus without the qualifying “Christ” label. Something I’ve done lately to help quell those uncomfortable feelings is to think of Christ (there it is again) as praying with me when I say my prayers. I think of Him being my advocate and working with me on my prayers, almost like a cheerleader/speech writer. It has helped a bit. Who knows how to close that gap though? I kind of relate to Steve’s post. My intimacy has always been with my Heavenly Father. Jesus is more like my greatest hero, the celebrity I love and literally worship, but with whom I might feel awkward. I’m always a little awkward with people whose opinions of me really matter to me, and as ridiculous as it sounds, I’m afraid He might not like me. I know He loves me (He’s proven that), but that doesn’t mean He’d like me. I wouldn’t hesitate to throw myself at His feet, but I’d hesitate to look Him in the eye. Okay, so I still feel new to the bloggernacle, but this post makes me feel at home precisely because I cannot relate. I have felt Christ as real and personal; I have not trouble picturing him. One thing I find so great about posts like this is how they speak to some people and provide a contrast for others. Very cool. This reminds me of what I call “The Cilantro Principle.” I heard an NPR story about how people who cannot smell in a certain range don’t like cilantro. For them, it tastes like a weed. For those who can smell, it is great. One thing about the bloggernacle is that you find people who can and who cannot smell the cilantro–relate to a particular interest or concern. This helps you both feel at home with those who can, and appreciate those who do not. I have been on a hunt for years for art which reflects some image of Christ which I can relate to. I’ve found a few art pieces, but Jesus’ image itself is not what speaks to me. In my kitchen is Bloch’s painting of the Daughter of Jairus, her mother grieving over her while the Savior stands in the dawn-lit doorway. In my bedroom is another Bloch picture of Christ being comforted by an angel. Both paintings have particular meaning to me which transcends the features of the people portrayed. I have had moments of feeling calmed by something beyond me, which I relate to Christ. When I have gone to the temple in despair and returned in joy, it feels like Jesus has indeed changed my heart. Thanks for this post, Steve. It’s beautiful. Fwiw, I always have had a hard time feeling intimately close even to people I know well in this life, so, honestly, I’ve never been bothered that I don’t feel intimately close to Jesus. **It’s just not who I am, and I have come to understand and accept that.** I love and admire my father greatly, however – so I have no problem “relating to” Heavenly Father. On an intellectual level, I also read the NT and see someone (Jesus) trying hard to get people to reconnect with his Father – not to idealize or worship him in place of his Father. I see the fanatical obsession with Jesus all around us as, in a way, a descent back to the condition which Jesus himself strove to correct – so I am not bothered intellectually by my strong feelings of affinity with my Father in Heaven and my lesser feelings of affinity with my Savior. I know well how Mormon that is, but I have learned to understand and accept that, as well. For me it’s the opposite. When I converted, it was Christ’s image who touched me. My earthly father was rather terrifying in many ways, and I guessed that might be why I had such a hard time relating to God the Father. Christ first came to me as a little child. That’s who I relate to best. Heavenly Parents for me are more distant, unknown, and unknowable. Christ is each of us, everyone who suffers, every being who is innocent on this earth and innocently meets with agony and death, that scene that acts itself out over and over again as the birds and beasts, and the babies on our world meet their innumerable ends. Christ is who I know. I believed in God before I believed in Jesus. But then I figured out that if their is a God who placed us in our present state, there must be a Christ. I think the Holy Ghost is the glue that holds it all together, since you can’t just drive to Jesus’s house and hang out. Thanks to some loving cash-strapped parents I don’t have a hard time getting Jesus into Christmas. (The rule was you got 3 gifts from Santa because that’s what Jesus got, everything else was from family) The downside though: its awfully hard to enjoy the season when everyone else seems too busy buying gifts. But as for helping Jesus to be more than just a concept, I’m in the same boat as you. Great post. I normally don’t comment on posts here, other than the General Conference live threads (people say “lurker” like it’s a bad thing…) but I really enjoyed this one and I felt like I could add to the discussion. For me, I used to think that I knew Jesus and God pretty well. I felt like I had a pretty good grasp on them. Eventually, though, I began to realize that my Jesus was different from other people’s Jesuses (Jesi? I’ve, uh, never had to make “Jesus” be plural before). I noticed that Greg Olsen’s thin, caring Jesus differed from Del Parson’s most famous stern and fatherly Jesus, and that both differed from the tragic (and, notably, Jewish) Jesus of Rembrandt. I noticed that, in Elders Quorum, one person’s Jesus would be empathetic and forgiving, while another’s would be harsh and unforgiving for what Brigham Young would call “Covenant Breakers.” It was after noticing all of this that I realized–we create our own Jesus. Everyone’s Jesus is a projection of that person’s ideal self. My Jesus reflects the qualities that I believe a perfect person would have, just like your Jesus does, but my idea of a perfect person may differ from your idea. If you’re a devoted father, your Jesus is mindful and fatherly; if you’re a firm believer in social reform, your Jesus is going to be more revolutionary. Anyway, I welcome any other thoughts about this; if anyone’s interested, I wrote a bit more in depth on this topic on a different blog. To answer “So what am I missing here?”, I would have to say you are missing certain qualities of Jesus. When a Christian “turns his life over to Jesus”, it’s really very simple. We realize the great sacrifice that Christ made for us on the cross. It’s there that he died in our place; he took our sins upon his sinless self. A Christian understands that since Christ died for us, belief in that fact is all that is needed; we want to love and serve God out of gratitude. This is a hard concept for many to understand, but there is no requirement for a Christian to perform good works. A Christian does good works because of what Christ did for us, not to earn anything (Ephesians 2:8-9). We are saved by grace. After years of having a lack of interest, I’ve finally begun jumping into the Historical Jesus research, with Meier’s A Marginal Jew series being extremely profound, and giving me a fantastic new backdrop on which to consider scriptural interpretation. It has also had a fascinating effect of making Jesus far more…real. I see him as someone who lived in a real time, in a real place, and had real day to day struggles. As someone who didn’t automagically have all the answers downloaded into his brain. Related to this, I actually have found that a parallel study of the Historical Jesus with a study of the history and context of Joseph Smith and the early Mormonism was far more enlightening than I would have thought. While some feel that a historio-critical examination of Jesus is designed to strip away faith, it has, in fact done the opposite for me, and served to increase my admiration for Jesus, and expanded my ability to relate to Him, and learn from Him. It’s important to realize that the Atonement took place on the cross, with the death of Christ. His death was the atonement for humans, in that “he made himself nothing, taking the very nature of a servant, being made in human likeness…(Philipians 2:6-11). He laid aside his deity, so that he could pay the price for the sins of the faithful. Of course he suffered in Gethsemene, but that was a relatively short time, and was not as significant as His death. Right Steve – I’m not a Mormon, I’m a Christian. I mean no disrespect – I found this public blog and was hoping to provide some support for the Jesus that is described in the Bible…. [typical evangelical claims against mormonism edited] I don’t hate mormons, and please don’t say I’m persecuting anyone. I’m not judging, I’m stating what I believe. It relates to the topic of this blog post. I pray that you come to know the real Jesus.

Introduction {#Sec1} ============ Malnutrition is an underrecognized problem leading to an increased risk for complications, longer hospital stays, and decreased quality of life \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. Several guidelines suggest that pediatric hospital inpatients should be screened for malnutrition risk \[[@CR3]\]. Consensus on which screening method is preferable in pediatric patients is lacking \[[@CR4], [@CR5]\]. Three validated bedside screening methods for malnutrition risk have been developed in recent years: The Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMP) \[[@CR6]\], the Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) \[[@CR7]\], and the Screening Tool for Risk of Impaired Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONG~kids~) \[[@CR8]\]. These screening methods share some similarities in questions regarding appetite, weight development, and underlying illness. The STAMP and STRONG~kids~ methods include a list of high-risk diagnoses. STAMP and PYMS, but not STRONG~kids,~require anthropometric measurements. The screening tools aim to detect children whose outcome may improve with dietary intervention. The tools classify children as having low, medium, or high risk for malnutrition. Several studies in different countries and settings have compared the applicability of these tools \[[@CR4], [@CR6]--[@CR15]\]. Smaller studies have favored the STRONG~kids~ screening tool over PYMS or STAMP due to its higher accuracy. However, a large European multicenter study \[[@CR4]\] and a meta-analysis \[[@CR5]\] do not support the use of one screening method over another. Thus, we sought to determine which of the three tools has the highest accuracy for use in daily practice. Methods {#Sec2} ======= Subjects {#Sec3} -------- Inpatients aged 1 month to 17 years, staying for least 24 h in the pediatric or surgical wards of Helsinki University Children's Hospital, Finland, were invited to participate in the study. We excluded patients treated in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units and those children whose families did not speak Finnish. The study period was five consecutive weekdays, Monday through Friday, once on each ward (*n* = 8) in October to November 2013. Information from the three screening methods was compiled into a set of questions, and the separate risk scores were drawn from the data (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Table SI). Data collection {#Sec4} --------------- Weight and height or recumbent length were recorded, and national growth charts were used to draw height and expected body mass index (BMI) standard deviation (SD) scores and weight-to-height ratio \[[@CR16]--[@CR18]\]. ISO-BMI is a BMI-for-age cut-off value for thinness, overweight, and obesity with the cut-off curves passing through specified BMIs at the age of 18 years. ISO-BMI values are defined for children from 2 years of age onwards. Malnutrition was defined according to the WHO guidelines plotted on the national growth charts with − 2 SD of weight-to-height or BMI (representing acute malnutrition) and − 2 SD of height-to-age (representing chronic malnutrition) as the cut-off point. Children's diagnosis and length of hospital stay (LOS) were derived from hospital records. Parents answered a question on how worried they are on a scale from one to seven regarding their child's nutrition. A single trained nutritionist (JH) conducted the data collection. Ethical issues {#Sec5} -------------- The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Helsinki University Hospital. All families provided written informed consent. Statistical analysis {#Sec6} -------------------- SPSS software version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis: Cohen's kappa for agreement between nutrition risk tools, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests for differences between categories, and Mann-Whitney *U* test and Kruskal-Wallis test for associations between LOS and malnutrition or risk scores. For the ability to detect acute malnutrition, positive and negative predictive values and sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Statistical significance was set at *p* \< 0.05. Results {#Sec7} ======= Patients {#Sec8} -------- Of the 103 eligible children, aged 1 month to 17 years (mean age 6.1 years), 69 (67%) participated: 33 girls and 36 boys (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). The parents of 20 children could not be reached, and 14 families chose not to take part in the study. Median total LOS was 5 days (range 1--234 days).Table 1Prevalence of malnutrition in 69 inpatients aged 1 month to 17 years in tertiary pediatric hospital wards, excluding intensive care unitsAssessment methodNumber (%) of malnourished childrenWeight-for-height according to national growth charts\*4/65\*\* (6.2%)ISO-BMI \< 17\*\*\* (over 2-year-olds)6/48 (12.5%)Height-for-age \< − 2 SD according to national growth charts10/65\*\* (15.3%)\*\< − 15% for \< 130 cm, \< − 20% for 130--160 cm, and \< − 25% for \> 160 cm\*\*Height measurements were obtained for 65 patients\*\*\*Represents \< − 2 SD, i.e., grade 2 thinness*BMI* body mass index, *ISO-BMI* BMI-for-age cut-off value for thinness, overweight, and obesity Malnutrition risk screening {#Sec9} --------------------------- The PYMS tool classified the most (44%) and STRONG~kids~ the least (16%) children as having a high risk for malnutrition (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). Cohen's kappa between PYMS and STAMP was *κ* = 0.512, between PYMS and STRONG~kids~*κ* = 0.257, and between STAMP and STRONG~kids~*κ* = 0.309. STRONG~kids~ showed the highest specificity and positive predictive value for acute malnutrition (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}).Table 2Malnutrition risk scores and positive and negative predictive values and sensitivity and specificity of their ability to detect acute malnutrition in 69 inpatients aged 1 month to 17 years in tertiary hospital wards, excluding intensive care unitsMalnutrition risk scorePYMSSTAMPSTRONG~kids~Low, *n* (%)18 (26.1%)5 (7.2%)12 (17.4%)Medium, *n* (%)21 (30.4%)40 (58.0%)46 (66.7%)High, *n* (%)30 (43.5%)24 (34.8%)11 (15.9%)Sensitivity100%100%100%Specificity60%69%89%Negative predictive value100%100%100%Positive predictive value13%17%36%*PYMS* Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score, *STAMP* The Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics, *STRONG*~*kids*~ the Screening Tool for Risk of Impaired Nutritional Status and GrowthAcute malnutrition defined as weight-for-height according to national growth charts \< − 15% for \< 130 cm, \< − 20% for 130--160 cm, and \< − 25% for \> 160 cm Prevalence of malnutrition {#Sec10} -------------------------- Height and weight measurements were available for 65/69 children (94.2%). Of these, four (6.2%) were acutely malnourished. They were from cardiac, renal, oncologic, and psychiatric specialties; *p* = 0.497 for differences in the prevalence of malnutrition across the specialties. All three assessment tools classified these acutely malnourished children as having a high nutritional risk. Of the 65 children, 10 (15.4%) had height below − 2 SD, suggestive of chronic malnutrition, although in six the likely explanation was either a syndrome affecting growth or use of corticosteroids. They were categorized as having medium or high risk by all three methods, except for one child, who was categorized as having a low risk by PYMS. Length of hospital stay {#Sec11} ----------------------- Children with a high risk for malnutrition stayed in hospital longer (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Median (interquartile range, IQR) LOS was also longer in acutely malnourished children than in those not acutely malnourished (17.5 days, 12--58 vs. 5 days, 2--13, respectively), (*p* = 0.051). The LOS for those whose height SD was below and above − 2 SD was 14 days (4--121) and 4.5 days \[[@CR2]--[@CR12]\], respectively (*p* = 0.090). Age of the child did not differ between malnourished or well-nourished groups or between the risk scores of any of the screening methods.Table 3Length of stay (days, interquartile ranges) in different nutrition risk categories according to three screening tools in 69 inpatients aged 1 month to 17 years in tertiary hospital wards, excluding intensive care unitsCategoriesLowMediumHigh*p* value\*PYMS2.5 (1--9)4 (2--8)12 (2--39)0.038STAMP2 (1--4)3.5 (2--9)13.5 (4--51)0.001STRONG~kids~4 (1--8)4 (2--14)12 (6--27)0.134\*Kruskal-Wallis test*PYMS* Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score, *STAMP* The Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics, *STRONG*~*kids*~ the Screening Tool for Risk of Impaired Nutritional Status and Growth Dietetic contacts {#Sec12} ----------------- Three of the four acutely malnourished patients had an ongoing contact either prior or during the present admission as well as active follow-up with a dietitian and one had had dietary counseling in the past (*p* = 0.194). Of those children with high nutritional risk scores with PYMS, 25 were with and 5 without dietetic contact (*p* = 0.001); with STAMP, 21 were with and 3 without dietetic contact (*p* \< 0.001); and with STRONG~kids~, 10 were with and 1 without dietetic contact (*p* = 0.006). High parental concern for the child's nutrition was associated with acute malnutrition (*p* = 0.042) as well as with high PYMS (*p* \< 0.001), STAMP (*p* = 0.005), and STRONG~kids~ (*p* = 0.003) risk scores. Discussion {#Sec13} ========== In our tertiary care pediatric hospital, 6.2% of children were acutely malnourished, comparable to the 7% reported in a large European multicenter study \[[@CR1]\]. Depending on the screening method, one in 11 to one in six high-risk patients was without dietetic contact, and one in four acutely malnourished children. Without screening, they would have gone unnoticed. STRONG~kids~ showed the highest specificity and positive predictive value for acute malnutrition. Thus, based on these results and for ease of use, it will be used as the screening method in our hospital. Ease and swiftness of use are crucial in implementing a screening tool for malnutrition in pediatric inpatients. Measuring the child's height seems to be a major issue for nurses and is the reason cited for not completing a screening tool that requires anthropometrics \[[@CR19], [@CR20]\]. Screening with STRONG~kids~ takes less than 5 min and has been considered easy to understand by nurses \[[@CR11]\]. As a research dietitian carried out our study, we could not determine nurses' views on this issue. The main strength of the study is that over a short period a single trained researcher performed all patient screenings, thus excluding inter-rater variation. Limitations of the study include the modest sample size and the lack of healthy controls. However, the patients included were representative of tertiary hospital pediatric and surgical ward inpatients. The number of patients was lower than expected because the number of patients in the wards during data gathering was lower than expected based on previous years' statistics. In accordance with our results, several other studies comparing screening methods have also favored STRONG~kids~ as a screening method because of its high specificity \[[@CR9], [@CR15]\]. However, a large European multicenter study \[[@CR4]\] and a meta-analysis \[[@CR5]\] do not support the use of one screening method over another due to insufficient evidence and because all methods may not identify children with subnormal anthropometric measurements. Nevertheless, defining malnutrition is more complex than mere anthropometrics \[[@CR21]\]. Especially defining chronic malnutrition by height SD is problematic, as is highlighted by our findings that over half of those who were categorized as chronically malnourished by WHO standards had non-nutritional reasons for their stunting. This makes height SD a poor marker for malnutrition in developed countries, and a suboptimal reference for malnutrition screening methods. Poor nutritional status and high nutritional risk scores have been correlated with increased LOS and treatment costs in several studies \[[@CR1], [@CR4], [@CR8], [@CR10], [@CR13], [@CR14]\]. The largest study assessing the relation between LOS and nutritional risk screening found coefficients ranging from 1.4 for PYMS and STAMP to 1.8 for STRONG~kids~ between low-risk and high-risk groups \[[@CR4]\]. In our study, acute malnutrition was borderline significantly associated with longer hospital stay, while the difference in LOS between STRONG~kids~ risk categories (4 days in low- and medium-risk and 12 days in high-risk groups) was not statistically significant, possibly due to our small sample size. A recent meta-analysis stresses that the observed association between nutritional risk screening and LOS has not been shown to be causal \[[@CR5]\]. In conclusion, it is important to recognize the children at risk of becoming malnourished. Early intervention preserves quality of life and diminishes costs and length of hospital stay. Bearing in mind the possible pitfalls, universal and easily applicable screening for malnutrition in inpatients is encouraged. Additional file =============== {#Sec14} Additional file 1:**Table S1.** Questions in each of the screening methods: the Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS), the Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMP), and the Screening Tool for Risk of Impaired Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONG~kids~). (DOC 30 kb) BMI : Body mass index LOS : Length of stay PYMS : Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score SD : Standard deviation STAMP : Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics STRONG~kids~ : Screening Tool for Risk of Impaired Nutritional Status and Growth We are indebted to all families participating in the study. Funding {#FPar1} ======= None. Availability of data and materials {#FPar2} ================================== The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. JT designed the study together with LMS, HOK, and KLK, prepared the first version of the manuscript, and is responsible for the statistical analysis. JH gathered the data. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and reviewed and approved the final version. Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar3} ========================================== The study protocol was approved by the Ethics committee of Helsinki University Hospital. All families gave their written informed consent. Consent for publication {#FPar4} ======================= Not applicable. Competing interests {#FPar5} =================== The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher's Note {#FPar6} ================ Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Menteri Besar of Perak The Menteri Besar of Perak is the head of government in the Malaysian state of Perak. According to convention, the Menteri Besar is the leader of the majority party or largest coalition party of the Perak State Legislative Assembly. The 9th and current Menteri Besar of Perak is Ahmad Faizal Azumu, who took office on 12 May 2018. Appointment According to the state constitution, the Sultan of Perak shall first appoint the Menteri Besar to preside over the Executive Council and requires such Menteri Besar to be a member of the Legislative Assembly who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Assembly, must be an ethnic Malay who professes the religion of Islam and must not a Malaysian citizen by naturalisation or by registration. The Sultan on the Menteri Besar's advice shall appoint not more than ten nor less than four members from among the members of the Legislative Assembly. The member of the Executive Council must take and subscribe in the presence of the Sultan the oath of office and allegiance as well as the oath of secrecy before they can exercise the functions of office. The Executive Council shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly. The members of the Executive Council shall not hold any office of profit and engage in any trade, business or profession that will cause conflict of interest. If a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly, or the Legislative Assembly passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the Menteri Besar is bound by convention to resign immediately. The Sultan's choice of replacement Menteri Besar will be dictated by the circumstances. A member of the Executive Council other than the Menteri Besar shall hold office during the pleasure of the Sultan, unless the appointment of any member of the Executive Council shall have been revoked by the Sultan on the advice of the Menteri Besar but may at any time resign his office. Following a resignation in other circumstances, defeated in an election or the death of the Menteri Besar, the Sultan will generally appoint as Menteri Besar the person voted by the governing party as their new leader. Powers The power of the Menteri Besar is subject to a number of limitations. Menteri Besar removed as leader of his or her party, or whose government loses a vote of no confidence in the Legislative Assembly, must advise a state election or resign the office or be dismissed by the Sultan. The defeat of a supply bill (one that concerns the spending of money) or unable to pass important policy-related legislation is seen to require the resignation of the government or dissolution of Legislative Assembly, much like a non-confidence vote, since a government that cannot spend money is hamstrung, also called loss of supply. The Menteri Besar's party will normally have a majority in the Legislative Assembly and party discipline is exceptionally strong in Perak politics, so passage of the government's legislation through the Legislative Assembly is mostly a formality. Caretaker Menteri Besar The legislative assembly unless sooner dissolved by the Sultan with His Majesty's own discretion on the advice of the Menteri Besar shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting. The state constitution permits a delay of 60 days of general election to be held from the date of dissolution and the legislative assembly shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than 120 days from the date of dissolution. Conventionally, between the dissolution of one legislative assembly and the convening of the next, the Menteri Besar and the executive council remain in office in a caretaker capacity. List of Menteris Besar of Perak The following is the list of Menteris Besar of Perak since 1948: Colour key (for political parties): / Living former Menteris Besar See also 2009 Perak constitutional crisis Dato' Seri Ir Hj. Mohammad Nizar Bin Jamaluddin v. Dato' Dr. Zambry Bin Abd. Kadir References External links Portal YAB Menteri Besar Perak (Official site) * Category:Perak

This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. Primary support for the subproject and the subproject's principal investigator may have been provided by other sources, including other NIH sources. The Total Cost listed for the subproject likely represents the estimated amount of Center infrastructure utilized by the subproject, not direct funding provided by the NCRR grant to the subproject or subproject staff. OBJECTIVE: People living with HIV infection are at increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Safe and effective interventions for lowering CVD risk in HIV infection are high priorities. We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study to evaluate whether a yoga lifestyle intervention improves CVD risk factors, virological or immunological status, or quality of life (QOL) in HIV-infected adults relative to standard of care treatment in a matched control group. METHODS: Sixty HIV-infected adults with mild-moderate CVD risk were assigned to 20 weeks of supervised yoga practice or standard of care treatment. Baseline and week 20 measures were: 2-h oral glucose tolerance test with insulin monitoring, body composition, fasting serum lipid/lipoprotein profile, resting blood pressures, CD4 T-cell count and plasma HIV RNA, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF)-36 health-related QOL inventory.

Conference Program Simple ScheduleA simple version of the schedule is given below for reference . The detailed schedule will be updated around mid January. Dates Time Event January 28, 2021 10:00 - 17:00 Participants Onsite Registration & Conference Materials Collection January 29, 2021 08:40 - 08:45 Opening Ceremony and Keynote Speeches 08:45 - 09:20 Keynote Speech I 09:20 - 09:55 Keynote Speech II 09:55 - 10:15 Group Photo and Coffee Break 10:15 - 10:50 Keynote Speech III 10:50 - 12:26 Oral Parallel Sessions (Session 1/Session 2/Session 3) 12:26 - 13:30 Buffet Lunch 13:30 - 15:30 Oral Parallel Sessions (Session 4/Session 5/Session 6) 15:30 - 15:45 Coffee Break 15:45 - 18:09 Oral Parallel Sessions (Session 7/Session 8/Session 9) 18:10 - 20:00 Dinner Banquet January 30, 2021 09:30 - 17:00 One Day Visit Attention Notes For the personal and property safety of the participants, please pay attention to notes below: 1.Please take care of your belongings all the time in case of any loss. 2.Participants are required to wear the conference representative card near the conference venue, please do not lend the representative card to the irrelevant people and not "carry" irrelevant people into the venue. 1. Regular Oral Session: 12-15 Minutes of Presentation including 3 Minutes of Q&A 2. Please check the session schedule on the web to see which day and time you are presenting. 3. Please arrive at the designed room location 10 minutes before the session begins and report to the session chair.

A refrigeration system having a compressor which compresses a refrigerant and an expander which expands the refrigerant as separate components is disclosed, for example, in Patent Document 1. This refrigeration system includes a refrigerant circuit in which the compressor and the expander are connected to each other to circulate the refrigerant and run a refrigeration cycle. The compressor includes a compression mechanism, and an electric motor for driving the compression mechanism. The expander includes an expansion mechanism which generates rotational power as the refrigerant expands, and an electric generator connected to the expansion mechanism via an output shaft. The electric generator is driven by the rotational power from the expansion mechanism, and generates electricity. The generated electric power is supplied to the electric motor of the compressor and is used to drive the compression mechanism.

Grafting of cyclopentadienyl ruthenium complexes on aminosilane linker modified mesoporous SBA-15 silicates. Cyclopentadienyl ruthenium phosphane and carbene complexes are grafted on the surface of mesoporous SBA-15 molecular sieves through an aminosilane linker. The nature of the support after the grafting is examined by powder XRD, TEM and N(2) adsorption/desorption analysis. Elemental analysis, FT-IR, DRIFTS, TG-MS and MAS-NMR studies confirm the successful grafting of the complexes on the surface. The grafted materials are applied for catalytic aldehyde olefination and cyclopropanation.

--- abstract: 'We introduce the notion of a transformation digroup and prove that every digroup is isomorphic to a transformation digroup.' author: - | Keqin Liu\ Department of Mathematics\ The University of British Columbia\ Vancouver, BC\ Canada, V6T 1Z2 date: 'September 11, 2004' title: '**Transformation Digroups**' --- \[section\] \[section\] \[section\] The purpose of this paper is to show how to choose a class of non-bijective transformations on a Cartesian product of two sets to define a transformation digroup on the Cartesian product. The main result of this paper is that every digroup is isomorphic to a transformation digroup. The notion of a digroup we shall use in this paper was introduced in Chapter 6 of [@Liu2]. Its special case, which is the notion of a digroup with an identity, was introduced independently by people who work in different areas of mathematics ([@Felipe], [@Kinyon1] and [@Liu1]). After reviewing some basic definitions about digroups in Section 1, we introduce in Section 2 the notion of a symmetric digroup on the Cartesian product $\Delta \times \Gamma$, where $\Delta$ and $\Gamma$ are two sets. If $|\Delta |=1$, then a symmetric digroup on $\Delta \times \Gamma$ becomes the symmetric group on the set $\Gamma$ , where $|\Delta |$ denotes the cardinality of $\Delta $. In Section 3 we prove that every digroup is isomorphic a subdigroup of a symmetric digroup, which is a better counterpart of Cayley’s Theorem in the context of digroups. The Notion of a Digroup ======================= The following definition of a digroup is a version of Definition 6.1 of [@Liu2]. \[def1.1\] A nonempty set $G$ is called a [**digroup**]{} if there are two binary operations ${\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}$ and ${\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}$ on $G$ such that the following three properties are satisfied. (i) : ([**The Diassociative Law**]{}) The two operations ${\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}$ and ${\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}$ are [**diassociative**]{}; that is, $$\label{eq1.1} x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}(y{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}z)=(x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}y){\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}z=x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}(y{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}z),$$ $$\label{eq1.2} (x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}y){\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}z=x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}(y{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}z),$$ $$\label{eq1.3} (x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}y){\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}z=(x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}y){\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}z=x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}(y{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}z)$$ for all $x,y,z\in G$. (ii) : ([**Bar-unit**]{}) There is an element $e$ of $G$ such that $$\label{eq1.4} x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}e =x=e{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x$$ for all $x\in G$. (iii) : ([**One-sided Inverses**]{}) For each element $x$ in $G$, there exist two elements $x_{e}^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}$ and $x_{e}^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}$ of $G$ such that $$\label{eq1.5} x_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}x=e=x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}.$$ The diassociative law was introduced by J. -L. Loday to study Leibniz algebras. An element $e$ satisfying (\[eq1.4\]) is called a [**bar-unit**]{}, and the set of all bar-units is called the [**halo**]{} ([@Loday2]). The two elements $x_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}$ and $x_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}$ are called a [**left inverse**]{} and a [**right inverse**]{} of $x$ with respect to the bar-unit $e$, respectively ([@Liu2]). The binary operations ${\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}$ and ${\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}$ are called the [**left product**]{} and the [**right product**]{}, respectively. We also use $(\,G, \,{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}, \,{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\,)$ to signify that $G$ is a digroup with the left product ${\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}$ and the right product ${\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}$. Both the left inverse $x_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}$ and the right inverse $x_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}$ of an element $x$ with respect to a bar-unit $e$ is unique (Proposition 6.1 in [@Liu2]), but $x_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}$ is generally not equal to $x_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}$ (Proposition 6.2 in [@Liu2]). The next proposition shows that Definition \[def1.1\] of a digroup is independent of the choice of the bar-unit $e$. \[pr1.1\] Let $G$ be a digroup. If $\alpha$ is a bar-unit of $G$, then every element $x$ of $G$ has both the left inverse $x_{\alpha}^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}$ and the right inverse $x_{\alpha}^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}$ with respect to $\alpha$; that is, $$x_{\alpha}^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}x=\alpha=x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x_{\alpha}^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}.$$ [**Proof**]{} By Definition \[def1.1\], there is a bar-unit $e$ of $G$ such that $$x_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}x=e=x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}.$$ It follows that $$(\alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}x_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}){\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}x=\alpha =x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}(x_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha),$$ which proves that $$x_{\alpha}^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}=\alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}x_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1} \quad \mbox{and} \quad x_{\alpha}^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}=x_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha.$$ If $G$ is a digroup, then the [**halo**]{} of $G$ is denoted by $\hbar (G)$; that is $$\hbar (G): =\{\, \alpha \,\, |\,\, \mbox{$\alpha \in G$ and $x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha =x=\alpha {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x$ for all $x\in G$.} \, \}.$$ \[def1.0\] Let $(\,G, \,{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}, \,{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\,)$ be a digroup. An element $e$ of $G$ is called an [**identity**]{} of $G$ if $e\in \hbar (G)$ and $$e{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}x=x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}e \quad\mbox{for all $x\in G$.}$$ By Proposition 6.2 in [@Liu2], if $e$ is a bar-unit of $G$, then $e$ is an identity of a digroup $G$ if and only if $x_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}=x_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}$ for all $x\in G$. Example 6 in [@Liu2] gives a digroup which does not have an identity. We now introduce the notion of a subdigroup. \[def1.3\] Let $H$ be a subset of a digroup $(\,G, \,{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}, \,{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\,)$. If $H\cap \hbar (G)\neq\emptyset$ and $H$ is itself a digroup under the two binary operations of $G$, we say that $H$ is a [**subdigroup**]{} of $G$. The notation $H \le _d G$ is used to indicate that $H$ is a subdigroup of $G$. The following definition introduces two important subdigroups of a digroup. \[def1.4\] Let $(\,G, \,{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}, \,{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\,)$ be a digroup. (i) : The set $$\mathcal{Z}^t(G):=\{\, z\in G \, |\, \mbox{$z{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x=x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}z$ for all $x\in G$} \,\}$$ is called the [**target center**]{} of $G$. (ii) : The set $$\mathcal{Z}^s(G):=\{\, z\in G \, |\, \mbox{$x{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}z=z{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}x$ for all $x\in G$} \,\}$$ is called the [**source center**]{} of $G$. One can check that the target center $\mathcal{Z}^t(G)$ is a subdigroup of a digroup $G$ and $$\hbar (G)\subseteq \mathcal{Z}^t (G).$$ If $G$ is a digroup with an identity, then the source center $\mathcal{Z}^s(G)$ is a subdigroup of $G$. We finish this section with the definition of an isomorphism between digroups. \[def2.1\] If $G$ and $\bar{G}$ are digroups, then a map $\varphi$ from $G$ to $\bar{G}$ is called an [**isomorphism**]{} if $\varphi$ is bijective and $$\varphi (x\ast y)=\varphi (x)\ast\varphi (y)$$ for all $x,y\in G$ and $\ast ={\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}, \; {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}$. Symmetric Digroups ================== Let $\mathcal{T} (\Delta\times \Gamma)$ be the set of all maps from $\Delta\times \Gamma$ to $\Delta\times \Gamma$, where $\Delta$ and $\Gamma$ are two sets. Then $\mathcal{T} (\Delta\times \Gamma)$ is a semigroup with the identity $1$ under the product: $$fg:=f\cdot g,$$ where $1$ is the identity map, and the product $f\cdot g$ is the composite of $g$ and $f$ ( $f$ following $g$ ): $$(f\cdot g)(x):=f(g(x)) \quad\mbox{for $x\in \Delta\times \Gamma$}.$$ \[def4.1\] An element $\ell$ of $\mathcal{T} (\Delta\times \Gamma)$ is called a [**$\ell$-map**]{} on $\Delta\times \Gamma$ if there exists an element $(s, f)\in \Delta\times Sym\Gamma$ such that $$\ell (k, i)=(s, f(i)) \quad\mbox{for $(k,i)\in \Delta\times \Gamma$},$$ where $Sym\Gamma$ is the symmetric group on $\Gamma$. It is clear that the element $(s, f)$ in Definition \[def4.1\] is determined uniquely by the $\ell$-map $\ell$. Hence, $\ell$ in Definition \[def4.1\] is also called the $\ell$-map on $\Delta\times \Gamma$ induced by $(s, f)\in \Delta\times Sym\Gamma$. We shall use the notation $\ell _{s, f}$ to indicate that the $\ell$-map induced by $(s, f)$. Thus, we have $$\label{eq4.1} \ell _{s, f} (k, i)=(s, f(i)) \quad\mbox{for $(k,i)\in \Delta\times \Gamma$}.$$ Let $\ell _{s, f}$ and $\ell _{t, g}$ be two $\ell$-maps on $\Delta\times \Gamma$. If $(k, i)\in \Delta\times \Gamma$, then $$\left(\ell _{s, f}\ell _{t, g}\right)(k, i) =\ell _{s, f}(t, g(i))=(s, fg(i))=\ell _{s, fg}(k, i)$$ by (\[eq4.1\]). Hence, we have $$\label{eq4.2} \ell _{s, f}\ell _{t, g}=\ell _{s, fg} \quad\mbox{for $(s,f)$, $(t,g)\in \Delta\times Sym\Gamma$}.$$ \[pr4.1\] If $\mathcal{G}$ is a subgroup of $Sym\Gamma$, then the set $$\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}:=\{\,\ell _{s, f} \, | \, (s,f)\in \Delta\times \mathcal{G} \,\}$$ is a subsemigroup of $\mathcal{T} (\Delta\times Sym\Gamma)$ having the following two properties: 1. $\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}$ has a right unit $e:=\ell _{0,1}$, where $0$ is a fixed element of $\Delta$. 2. Every element $\ell _{s, f}$ of $\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}$ has a left inverse $\ell _{s,f}^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}:=\ell _{0, f^{-1}}$ in $\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}$ with respect to the right unit $e=\ell _{0,1}$. [**Proof**]{} It is clear by (\[eq4.2\]). \[pr4.2\] Let $\mathcal{G}$ be a subgroup of $Sym\Gamma$, and let $\theta : \mathcal{G} \to Sym\Delta$ be a group homomorphism. (i) : The map $$f\mapsto \bar{\ell} _f \quad\mbox{ for $f\in \mathcal{G}$}$$ is a group homomorphism from $\mathcal{G}$ to $Sym(\Delta \times \Gamma)$, where $\bar{\ell} _f : \Delta \times \Gamma \to \Delta \times \Gamma $ is defined by $$\label{eq4.3} \bar{\ell} _f (k, i):=\left( \theta (f)(k), f(i) \right) \quad\mbox{for $(k, i)\in \Delta \times \Gamma$ }.$$ $\bar{\ell} _f$ will be called a [**$\theta$-permutation**]{} on $\Delta \times \Gamma$. (ii) : If $(s, f)$, $(t, g) \in \Delta\times \Gamma$, then $$\begin{aligned} \label{eq4.4} \bar{\ell} _f \ell _{t, g}&=&\ell _{\theta (f)(t), fg}, \\&&\nonumber\\ \label{eq4.5} \ell _{s, f} \bar{\ell} _g&=&\ell _{s, fg} .\end{aligned}$$ [**Proof**]{} (i) It is clear that $\bar{\ell} _f\in Sym(\Delta \times \Gamma)$ by (\[eq4.3\]). For $f$, $g\in\mathcal{G}$ and $(k, i)\in \Delta \times \Gamma$, we have $$\begin{aligned} &&\left( \bar{\ell} _f \bar{\ell} _g\right)(k,i)\\ &&\\&=&\bar{\ell} _f\left( \theta (g)(k), g(i) \right)= \left( \theta (f)\theta (g)(k), fg(i)\right)\\ &&\\&=&\left( \theta (fg)(k), (fg)(i)\right)=\bar{\ell} _{fg}(k,i),\end{aligned}$$ which implies that $$\label{eq4.6} \bar{\ell} _f \bar{\ell} _g=\bar{\ell} _{fg} \quad\mbox{for $f$, $g\in\mathcal{G}$}.$$ This proves that the map $ f\mapsto \bar{\ell} _f$ is a group homomorphism. \(ii) For $(k, i)\in \Delta \times \Gamma$, we have $$\left( \bar{\ell} _f \ell _{t, g}\right) (k, i)=\bar{\ell} _f (t, g(i))= \left( \theta (f)(t), (fg)(i) \right)=\ell _{\theta (f)(t), fg} (k, i)$$ and $$\left( \ell _{s, f} \bar{\ell} _g \right) (k, i)= \ell _{s, f} \left( \theta (g)(k), g(i) \right)= \left( s, (fg)(i) \right)=\ell _{s, fg} (k, i).$$ Hence, (ii) is true. Motivated by the facts in [@Liu1], we introduce the construction of a transformation digroup in the next proposition. \[pr4.3\] If $\mathcal{G}$ is a subgroup of $Sym\Gamma$ and $\theta : \mathcal{G} \to Sym\Delta$ is a group homomorphism, then $\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}$ is a digroup under the following two binary operations: $$\begin{aligned} \label{eq4.7}&&\ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{t, g} :=\ell _{s, f} \ell _{t, g}=\ell _{s, fg},\\ \label{eq4.8}&&\ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{t, g} := \bar{\ell} _f \ell _{t, g}=\ell _{\theta (f)(t), fg},\end{aligned}$$ where $(s, f)$, $(t, g)\in \Delta\times \mathcal{G}$. $e:=\ell _{0, 1}$ is a bar-unit, and the left inverse and the right inverse of an element with respect to the bar-unit $\ell _{0, 1}$ are given by $$\label{eq4.9} \left(\ell _{s,f}\right)_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}=\ell _{0, f^{-1}}, \qquad \left(\ell _{s,f}\right)_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}=\ell _{\theta (f^{-1})(0), f^{-1}}.$$ [**Proof**]{} For $(s, f)$, $(t, g)$ and $(v, h) \in \Delta\times \mathcal{G}$, we have $$\ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(\ell _{t, g}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{v, h}\right)= \left(\ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{t, g}\right){\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{v, h}= \ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(\ell _{t, g}{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{v, h}\right)=\ell _{s, fgh},$$ $$\left(\ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{t, g}\right){\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{v, h}= \ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(\ell _{t, g}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{v, h}\right)=\ell _{\theta (f)(t), fgh},$$ $$\left(\ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{t, g}\right){\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{v, h}= \left(\ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{t, g}\right){\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{v, h}= \ell _{s, f} {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(\ell _{t, g}{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{v, h}\right)=\ell _{\theta (fg)(v), fgh}.$$ This proves that the two binary operations ${\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}$ and ${\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}$ are diassociative. The remaining parts are clear by (\[eq4.7\]) and (\[eq4.8\]). A subdigroup of $\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}$ is called the [**transformation digroup**]{} on $\Delta \times \Gamma$ induced by $\left( \mathcal{G}, \theta \right)$. In particular, the digroup $\ell _{\Delta\times Sym\Gamma}$ is called the [**symmetric digroup**]{} on $\Delta \times \Gamma$ induced by the group homomorphism $\theta : Sym\Gamma \to Sym\Delta $. It is clear that the symmetric digroup becomes the symmetric group on $\Gamma$ if $|\Delta |=1$. We finish this section with the description of the halo and subdigroups of $\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}$. \[pr4.4\] Let $\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}$ be the transformation digroup on $\Delta \times \Gamma$ induced by $\left( \mathcal{G}, \theta \right)$. Let $\mathcal{Z} (\mathcal{G})$ be the center of the group $\mathcal{G}$. Then (i) : $\hbar \left( \ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}} \right)= \{ \, \ell _{s, 1} \, | \, s\in\Delta \, \}$. (ii) : $\ell _{s, 1}$ is an identity of $\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}$ if and only if $Im\theta \subseteq \left(Sym\Delta\right)_s$, where $$\left(Sym\Delta\right)_s: =\{\, x\in Sym\Delta \, | \, x(s)=s \, \}$$ is the [**stabilizer**]{} of $s\in\Delta$ in $Sym\Delta$. (iii) : $H$ is a subdigroup of $\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}$ if and only if there exist a subgroup $\mathcal{H}$ of $\mathcal{G}$ and a fixed block $\Omega$ of $Im \mathcal{H}$ such that $H=\ell _{\Omega\times \mathcal{H}}$. (iv) : The target center $\mathcal{Z}^t \left(\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}\right)$ is given by $$\mathcal{Z}^t \left(\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}\right):=\{\, \ell _{s, f} \, |\, \mbox{$s\in \Delta$ and $f\in Ker \theta \cap \mathcal{Z} (\mathcal{G})$} \,\}.$$ (v) : The source center $\mathcal{Z}^s \left(\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}\right)$ is given by $$\mathcal{Z}^s \left(\ell _{\Delta\times \mathcal{G}}\right):=\{\, \ell _{s, f} \, |\, \mbox{$s\in \Delta$, $Im \theta\subseteq \left(Sym\Delta\right)_s$ and $f\in \mathcal{Z} (\mathcal{G})$} \,\}.$$ [**Proof**]{} The results follow from (\[eq4.7\]) and (\[eq4.8\]). The Counterpart of Cayley’s Theorem =================================== In this section we prove that every digroup is isomorphic to a transformation digroup. We begin with the following property of left translations[^1]. \[pr4.5\] Let $e$ be a bar-unit of a digroup $G$ and let $\phi : G\to \stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{e}(G)$ be a map defined by $$\phi (g): =\vec{g},$$ where $g\in G$, $\vec{g}:=e{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g$ and $$\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{e}(G): =\left\{\, \vec{g}_i \, \left| \, \mbox{$i\in \bar{\Gamma}$ and $\vec{g}_i\ne \vec{g}_j$ for $i$, $j\in \bar{\Gamma}$ and $i\ne j$}\right. \, \right\}.$$ If $f\in G$, then $\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f\in Sym (\Gamma)$, where $$\Gamma: =\left\{\, \left. \phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right) \, \right | \, i\in \bar{\Gamma} \, \right\}.$$ [**Proof**]{} It is clear that $\phi$ is surjective. Hence, $\phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right)$ is not empty for all $i\in \bar{\Gamma}$. Since $$\begin{aligned} && e{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f\left( \phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right)\right)= e{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right) \right)\\ &=&\left(e{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f \right){\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(e{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right)\right)= e{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i=\vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i,\end{aligned}$$ we have $$\label{eq4.10} \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f\left( \phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right)\right) \subseteq \phi ^{-1} \left( \vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i\right).$$ Using the properties of left translations and (\[eq4.10\]), we have $$\begin{aligned} &&\phi ^{-1} \left( \vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i\right)= \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_e\left( \phi ^{-1} \left( \vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i\right)\right)= \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}f_{e}^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}}\left( \phi ^{-1} \left( \vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i\right)\right)\\ &=&\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f}\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f_{e}^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}} \left( \phi ^{-1} \left( \vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i\right)\right)\subseteq \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f} \left(\phi ^{-1} \left( e{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f_{e}^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i\right) \right)\\ &=&\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f} \left(\phi ^{-1} \left( f_{e}^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i\right) \right)= \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f}\left(\phi ^{-1} \left( \vec{g}_i\right) \right)\end{aligned}$$ or $$\label{eq4.11} \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f\left( \phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right)\right) \supseteq \phi ^{-1} \left( \vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i\right).$$ It follow from (\[eq4.10\]) and (\[eq4.11\]) that $$\label{eq4.12} \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f\left( \phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right)\right) =\phi ^{-1} \left( \vec{f}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\vec{g}_i\right) \quad\mbox{for $i\in \bar{\Gamma}$}.$$ Since $\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f$ is a permutation on $G$, $\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f$ can be regarded as a permutation on $\Gamma$ by (\[eq4.12\]). For an element $f$ of a digroup $G$, we define a map $\Psi _f : G\to G$ by $$\label{eq3.1} \Psi _f (x): =f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}=f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f_e^{\stackrel{r}{-}1} \quad\mbox{for $ x\in G$,}$$ where $e$ is a bar-unit of $G$. Since the definition of $\Psi _f$ is independent of the choice of the bar-unit $e$, (\[eq3.1\]) is also written as $$\Psi _f (x): =f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f ^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}=f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f^{\stackrel{r}{-}1} \quad\mbox{for $x\in G$,}$$ where $f^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}$ and $f^{\stackrel{r}{-}1}$ denote the left inverse and the right inverse of $f$ with respect to any bar-unit, respectively. It is clear that $\Psi _f$ can be regarded as a permutation on the halo of $G$. \[pr4.6\] If $G$ is a digroup, then $$\label{eq4.13} \theta : \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f \mapsto \left.\Psi _f\right| \hbar (G) \quad \mbox{for $f\in G$}$$ is a group homomorphism from the subgroup $\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_G$ of $Sym \Gamma$ to $Sym \,\hbar (G)$, where $$\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_G:=\{ \, \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f \, |\, f\in G \, \} \quad\mbox{and}\quad \Gamma: =\left\{\, \left. \phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right) \, \right | \, i\in \bar{\Gamma} \, \right\}$$ [**Proof**]{} $\theta$ is well-defined. In fact, if $f$, $g\in G$ and $\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f=\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_g$, then $f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}e= g{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}e$ for a bar-unit $e$ of $G$. For all $x\in G$, we have $$\begin{aligned} &&\Psi _f(x)=f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}\\ &=&f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}e{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}e{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}= \left(f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}e\right) {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}e\right)_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}\\ &=&\left(g{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}e\right) {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}x{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(g{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}e\right)_e^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}=\Psi _g(x).\end{aligned}$$ Hence, $\Psi _f=\Psi _g$. Since $$\Psi _{fg}=\Psi _f\Psi _g \quad\mbox{for $f$, $g\in G$},$$ $\theta$ is a group homomorphism. Let $G$ be a digroup. By Proposition \[pr4.5\] and Proposition \[pr4.6\], $\ell _{\Delta\times \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_G}$ is a transformation digroup on $\Delta\times \Gamma$ induced by $\left( \mathcal{G}, \theta \right)$, where $$\Delta:=\hbar (G) \quad \mbox{and}\quad \Gamma: =\left\{\, \left. \phi ^{-1}\left(\vec{g}_i\right) \, \right | \, i\in \bar{\Gamma} \, \right\}.$$ We now define a map $\lambda$ from $G$ to $\ell _{\Delta\times \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_G}$ by $$\label{eq4.14} \lambda : \alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f \mapsto \ell _{\alpha , \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f }\quad\mbox{for $\alpha \in \hbar (G)$ and $f\in G$.}$$ First, we prove that $\lambda$ is well-defined. Every element of $G$ is of the form $\alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f$ for some $\alpha \in \hbar (G)$ and $f\in G$. If $\alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f=\beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g$, where $\alpha,\beta \in \hbar (G)$ and $f$, $g\in G$, then $\alpha =\beta$ and $\left( \alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f \right) {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha =\left( \alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g\right) {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha $ or $f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha=g{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha$. It follows that $\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f= \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_g$. This proves that $\lambda$ is well-defined. Next, we prove that $\lambda$ is injective. For $\alpha$, $\beta \in\hbar (G)$ and $f$, $g\in G$, we have $$\begin{aligned} &&\lambda \left( \alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f \right)=\lambda \left( \beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g \right)\\ &\Rightarrow& \ell _{\alpha , \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f }=\ell _{\beta , \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_g}\\ &\Rightarrow& \mbox{$\alpha =\beta$ and $\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_f=\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_g$}\\ &\Rightarrow& \mbox{$\alpha =\beta$ and $f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha =g{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha $}\\ &\Rightarrow& \mbox{$\alpha =\beta$ and $\alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left( f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha\right) =\alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left( g{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\alpha \right)$}\\ &\Rightarrow& \alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f =\beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g.\end{aligned}$$ Finally, we prove that $\lambda$ preserves both the left product and the right product on $G$. For $\alpha$, $\beta \in\hbar (G)$ and $f$, $g\in G$, we have $$\begin{aligned} && \lambda \left(\left( \alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f \right) {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(\beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g \right)\right)\\&&\\ &=&\lambda \left(\alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g \right)= \ell _{\alpha , \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g}}\\&&\\ &=&\ell _{\alpha , \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f}\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{g}} =\ell _{\alpha , \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f}}{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{\beta , \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{g}}\\&&\\ &=&\lambda \left( \alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f \right){\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}\lambda \left(\beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g \right)\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned} && \lambda \left(\left( \alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f \right) {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\left(\beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g \right)\right)\\&&\\ &=&\lambda \left(\alpha {\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g \right)\\&&\\ &=&\lambda \left(\left(f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1}\right){\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g \right)\\&&\\ &=&\ell _{ f{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f^{\stackrel{\ell}{-}1},\,\, \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f{\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g}}= \ell _{ \Psi _f \left(\beta\right), \,\, \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f}\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{g}}\\&&\\ &=&\ell _{ \theta \left(\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f}\right) \left(\beta\right), \,\, \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f}\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{g}}= \ell _{\alpha , \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{f}}{\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\ell _{\beta , \stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{L}_{g}}\\&&\\ &=&\lambda \left( \alpha {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}f \right){\stackrel{\leftharpoonup}{\cdot}}\lambda \left(\beta {\stackrel{\rightharpoonup}{\cdot}}g \right).\end{aligned}$$ Thus we get the following counterpart of Cayley’s Theorem. \[pr4.7\] Any digroup is isomorphic to a transformation digroup. I would like to thank Michael K. Kinyon for telling me the references [@Felipe], [@Kinyon1] and [@Kinyon] after I published [@Liu2]. [99]{} R. Felipe, *Generalized Loday algebras and digroups*, communication Tecnica No I-04-01/21-01-2004. www.cimat.mx/reportes/enlinea/I-04-01.pdf Marshall Hall, Jr, *The theory of groups*, The Macmillan Company, 1959. Michael K. Kinyon, *The coquecigrue of a Leibniz algebra*, presented at [*Alan Fest*]{}, a conference in honor of the 60th birthday of Alan Weinstein, Erwin Schr$\ddot{o}$dinger Institute, Vienna, Austria, 4 August 2003, www.impa.br/jair/alanposter/coquecigrue.pdf Michael K. Kinyon, *Leibniz Algebras, Lie Racks, and digroups*, arXiv: math. RA/0403509v2 31 Mar 2004. Keqin Liu, *A class of group-like objects*, arXiv: math. RA/0311396v1 22 Nov 2003. Keqin Liu, *The generalizations of groups*, 153 Publishing, 2004. J.-L.Loday, A.Frabetti, F.Chapoton, F.Goichot, *Dialgebras and related operads*, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1763, Springer, 2000 [^1]: The basic properties of left translations were given in Chapter 2 of [@Liu2]

Mustafa Ülgen Mustafa Ülgen (born 1945 in İnegöl, Bursa Province) is a Turkish orthodontist. Biography Ülgen completed primary and middle school in İnegöl. After his graduation from Bursa Boys High School, he graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1967. After two years of military service as a reserve officer, with a scholarship awarded from the Ministry of Education of Turkey, he studied orthodontics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland under Rudolf Hotz and Paul Walter Stöckli, where he got his PhD degree. After his five years education in Zurich followed by ten years of obligatory service, he worked for eight years at Ankara University and for two years in the University of Tigris (Dicle) Diyarbakır. Ülgen became associate professor in 1979 and full professor in 1985. He was a dean for two years in the University of Tigris (Dicle) Diyarbakır. In 1983, he wrote his first text book, Principles of Orthodontic Treatment, about orthodontic therapy which is still read as the academic study book at Dentistry Faculties all over Turkey for more than 25 years continuously. In 1985 and 1986 with a scholarship provided from "Alexander von Humboldt Foundation", he made two researches in the University of Bonn which were later published in a German orthodontic journal. Then he also worked for six years at Istanbul University and for two years at Yeditepe University. In 2000, he wrote his second text book on orthodontic diagnosis, Orthodontics (Anomalies, Cephalometrics, Etiology, Growth and Development, Diagnosis). In 2002 he got retired with his own will. In 2006, he published his memoirs, Mustafa son of Mustafa. Ülgen has published two text books (that are also e-books available free of charge online – please also find the links below on the e-books section), sixty-eight articles, fourteen which are printed in foreign journals. He hold thirty papers in different congresses. He gave thirty-nine conferences, including fourteen in foreign countries. He is married since 1968, has a daughter, a son and two grandchildren. Publications Publications In Turkish Videos Ülgen, M.: Orthodontic Treatment Without Aperature Part 1, YouTube, 2012.Ülgen, M.: Apareysiz Ortodontik Tedavi Bölüm 1, YouTube, 2012. Ülgen, M.: Orthodontic Treatment Without Aperature Part 2, YouTube, 2012.Ülgen, M.: Apareysiz Ortodontik Tedavi Bölüm 2, YouTube, 2012. E-Books Ülgen, M.: Principles of Orthodontic Treatment, 544 pages, Seventh Edition, Ankara University Press, Ankara, 2005.Ülgen, M.: Ortodontik Tedavi Prensipleri, 544 Sayfa, Yedinci Baskı, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 2005. Ülgen, M.: Orthodontics (Anomalies, Cephalometrics, Etiology, Growth and Development, Diagnosis), 405 pages, Second Edition, Ankara University Press, Ankara, 2001.Ülgen, M.: Ortodonti (Anamoliler, Sefâmoliler, Etioloji, Büyüme ve Gelişim, Tanı), 405 Sayfa, İkinci Baskı, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 2001. Ülgen, M.: Mustafa Oğlu Mustafa, 330 pages, First Edition, Vatan Kitap, Istanbul, 2006.Ülgen, M.: Mustafa Oğlu Mustafa, 330 pages, First Edition, Vatan Kitap, Istanbul, 2006. Journals and other publications Ülgen, M.: Orthodontic Model Analysis, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 4, Number 1: 115–124, 1977.Ülgen, M.: Ortodontik Model Analizi, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 4, Sayı1: 115–124, 1977. Ülgen, M. : Cervical (Kloehn) Headgear and Effect Mechanism, Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 11, Number 2: 123–129, 1977.Ülgen, M. : Servikal (Kloehn) Headgear ve Tesir Mekanizması, İstanbul Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 2: 123–129, 1977. Ülgen, M. : Clinical Periodontology-in Orthodontics cooperation, Journal of Periodontology, Volume 2, Issue 1: 19–23, 1977.Ülgen, M. : Klinikte Periodontoloji- Ortodonti İşbirligi, Periodontoloji Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 1: 19–23, 1977. Ülgen, M.: Combined Effect of External Force, Lip Force and Class III Elastics, Aegean University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 2, Issue 4: 589–597, 1977.Ülgen, M.: Ağız Dışı Kuvvet, Dudak Kuvveti ve Çenelerarası K1. III Elastik Kuvvetlerinin Birleştirilmesi, Ege Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 4: 589–597, 1977. Ülgen, M. : Presurgical and Preprosthetical Orthodontics (a case Presentation), Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 4, Issue 1: 63–70, 1977.Ülgen, M. : Cerrahi ve Protez Öncesi Ortodonti (Bir Vaka Takdimi) Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 4, Sayı 1: 63–70, 1977. Ülgen, M. : Expansion of Sutura Palatina Mediana, Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 11, Number 3: 180–185, 1977.Ülgen, M. : Sutura Palatina Mediana'nın Genişletilmesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Dişhekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 3: 180–185, 1977. Ülgen, M.: Lip Gymnastics and Histology, Development and Physiology of the Striated Muscles, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 5, Number 1-2-3: 75–85, 1978.Ülgen, M.: Dudak Jimnastiği ve Çizgili Kasların Histolojisi, Gelişim ve Fizyolojisi, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 1-2-3: 75–85, 1978. Ülgen, M.: The Cases where The Space of the Missing Teeth can be Orthodontically Closed or Not, Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 12, Number 1: 17–26, 1978.Ülgen, M.: Diş, Kavislerinin Diş Eksikliklerine Bağlı Boşluklarının Ortodontik Olarak Kapatılabileceği ve Kapatılmaması Gerektiği Vakalar, İstanbul Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 12, Sayı 1: 17–26, 1978. Ülgen, M.: Measurement Error of the Cephalometric X-Ray, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 6, Number 1-2: 17–23, 1979.Ülgen, M.: Uzak Röntgen Resimlerinin Değerlendirilmelerinde Ölçüm Hataları, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 1-2: 17–23, 1979. Ülgen, M.: Investigation of the Cervical Headgear Treatment Effects on the Dentofacial Skeleton of the Angle Class II Division 1 Cases, Aegean University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 4, Number 3-4: 73–85, 1979.Ülgen, M.: Angle KL.II,1 Anomalilerde Servikal Headgear (Servikal Ağız Dışı Kuvvet) Tedavisinin Diş-Çene- Yüz İskeletine Etkilerinin Sefalometrik Olarak İncelenmesi, Ege Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 4, Sayı 3-4: 73–85, 1979. Ülgen, M.: Investigation of the Activator Treatment Effects on the Dentofacial Skeleton of the Angle Class II Division 1 Cases, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 7, Issue 1: 27–38, 1980.Ülgen, M.: Angle K1. II,1 Anomalilerinde Aktivatör Tedavisinin Diş - Çene- Yüz İskeletine Etkilerinin Sefalometrik Olarak incelenmesi, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 1: 27–38, 1980. Ülgen, M.: Application of the Reverse Headgear for the Treatment of the Angle Class III Cases, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 7, Number 2: 77–83, 1980.Ülgen, M.: KL. III Anomalilerin Tedavisinde Arkadan- Öne Doğru Ağız Dışı Kuvvet Uygulanması (Reverse Headgear) Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 2: 77–83, 1980. Ülgen, M.: Prof.. Dr. med. Rudolf Hotz, and Serial Extraction in Orthodontics, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 7, issue 2: 93–98, 1980.Ülgen, M.: Prof. Dr. med. Rudolf Hotz ve Ortodontide Seri Çekim, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 2 : 93–98, 1980. Ülgen, M.: Comparison of the Activator and Cervical Headgear Treatment Effects on the Dentofacial Skeleton of the Angle Class II Division 1 Cases, Hacettepe University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 4, Number 1-4: 42–54, 1980.Ülgen, M.: Angle K1.II,1 Anomalilerinde Aktivatör ve Servikal Headgear I (Servikal Ağız Dışı Kuvvet) Tedavisinin Diş-Çene-Yüz İskeletine Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması, Hacettepe Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 4, Sayı 1-4: 42–54, 1980. Ülgen, M.: Complication and Treatment of the Impacted Upper Canines, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 7, Number 3: 175–182, 1980.Ülgen, M.: İndifa Edememiş Üst Kaninler, Komplikasyonu ve Ortodontik Tedavisi, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 3: 175–182, 1980. Ülgen, M.: Adult Preprosthetic Orthodontic Treatment, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 8, Number 2-3: 175–182, 1980.Ülgen, M.: Erişkinde Protez Öncesi Ortodontik Tedavi, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 2-3: 145–155, 1981. Ülgen, M.: Morphology, Treatment and Torque Mechanics of the Angle Class II Division 2 Cases, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 8, Number 2-3: 157–170, 1981.Ülgen, M.: K1. II,2 Morfoloji, Tedavi ve Torque Mekaniği, A.Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 2-3: 157–170, 1981. Ülgen, M.: Activator and Headgear Combination Treatment of the Angle Class II Division 1 Cases and Trimming of the Activator Acrylic, Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 15, Number 2: 101–110, 1981.Ülgen, M.: Angle K1. II, 1 Anomalilerin, Aktivatör-Headgear Kombinasyonu ile Tedavisi ve Aktivatörün Möllenmesine göre Reaksiyonları, İstanbul Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 15, Sayı 2: 101–110, 1981. Ülgen, M. and İşcan, HN: Total Luxation of the Upper Central Incisor and Orthodontic Treatment, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 7, Number 3: 183–189, 1981.Ülgen, M. ve İşcan, H.N.: Üst Orta Kesici Diş Total Lüksasyonu ve Ortodontik Tedavisi, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 3: 183–189, 1981. Ülgen, M. and Altug, Z. : Distal Driving of the Canines with the Sectional Arches, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 8, Number 2-3: 183–193, 1981.Ülgen, M. ve Altuğ, Z. : Kanin Distalizasyonunda Bölümlü Vestibül Arklar, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 2-3: 183–193, 1981. Ülgen, M.: The Philosophy, Physiology and Histology of the Functional Jaw Orthopedics, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 9, Issue 2: 53–67, 1982.Ülgen, M.: Fonksiyonel Çene Ortopedisi Felsefesi, Fizyolojisi ve Histolojisi, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 2: 53–67, 1982. Ülgen, M., İşcan, H.N. and Altug, Z. : Tracing and Measurement Errors of the Cephalometric Roentgenograms (I): The Differences Between First and Second Tracings and Measurements of the Same Investigators, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 9, Issue 1: 37–49, 1982.Ülgen, M., İşcan, H.N. ve Altuğ, Z. : Sefalometride Çizim ve Ölçüm Hataları (I); Aynı Bireylerin Belirli Zaman Aralıklarıyla Birbirinden Bağımsız Olarak Tekrarladıkları Çizim ve Ölçümleri Arasındaki Bireysel Farklılıklar, A.Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 1: 37–49, 1982. Ülgen, M., Altug, Z. and İşcan, H.N. : Tracing and Measurement Errors of the Cephalometric Roentgenograms (II): The Differences Between Three Investigators, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 9, Issue 1: 77–89, 1982.'Ülgen, M., Altuğ, Z. ve İşcan, H.N. : Sefalometride Çizim ve Ölçüm Hataları (II), Aynı Uzak Röntgen Resimlerinin Üç Araştırıcı Tarafından Yapılan Sefalometrik Ölçümleri Arasındaki Araştırıcılar Arasındaki Farklılıklar, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 1: 77–89, 1982.Ülgen, M.: The Influence of the Headgear Therapy on the Maxillofacial Sutures, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 10, Issue 1: 277–282, 1983.Ülgen, M.: Ağız Dışı Kuvvet (Headgear) Etkisiyle Maksillo- Fasiyal Suturalarda Oluşan Degişiklikler, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 1: 277–282, 1983.Ülgen, M.: Principles of Orthodontic Treatment, 544 pages, First Edition, Ankara University Press, Ankara, 1983.Ülgen, M.: Ortodontik Tedavi Prensipleri, 544 Sayfa, Birinci Baskı, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 1983.Ülgen, M.: Direct Bonding of the Brackets, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 10, Issue 1: 283–295, 1983.Ülgen, M.: Braket'lerin Doğrudan Doğruya Dişler Üzerine Yapıştırılması (Direct Bonding), Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 1: 283–295, 1983.Ülgen, M. and Bekbölet, N.: Change of the Occlusal Plane Inclination through Orthodontic Treatment, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 10, Number 1: 69–79, 1983.Ülgen, M. ve Bekbölet, N.: Ortodontik Tedavi Sonucu Oklüzal Düzlem Eğiminde Oluşan Değişiklikler, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 1: 69–79, 1983.Ülgen, M. : Morphology of The Dentofacial Skeleton of the Non Anomalous Hyperdivergent and Hypodivergent Cases, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 10, Number 1: 81–102, 1983.Ülgen, M. : Yüzün Dik Yön Boyutlarının Azalmış (Hypodivergent) veya Artmış, (Hyperdivergent) Olmasına Rağmen Ortodontik Anomalilerin Ortaya Çıkmadığı Vakalarda Yüz İskeleti Morfolojisi, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 1: 81–102, 1983.Ülgen, M. and İşcan, HN: The Relationship Between the Overbite and Depth of the Curve of Spee, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 10, Number 2-3: 33–40,1983.Ülgen, M. ve İşcan, H.N.: Ortodontik Anomalilerde Overbite ile Spee Eğrisi Derinliği Arasındaki İlişki, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2-3: 33–40,1983.Ülgen, M. and Altug, Z.: Comparison of Spontan Changes and Changes through Egdewise Treatment of Increased Overbite, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 10, Number 2-3: 55–64, 1983.Ülgen, M. ve Altuğ, Z.: Artmış Overbite'lı Olgulardaki Egdewise Teknikle Tedaviye Bağlı Değişikliklerle Spontan Değişiklikler Arasında Farkların Araştırılması, Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2-3: 55–64, 1983.Ülgen, M.: Orthodontic Model Investigation of the Changes during Orthodontic Treatment and After Treatment (Residiv), Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 10, Number 2-3: 85–99, 1983.Ülgen, M.: Ortodontik Tedaviyle Oluşan Değişiklikler ve Tedaviden Sonra Görülen Nüksün (Residiv) Ortodontik Modeller Üzerinde Araştırılması, A.Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2-3: 85–99, 1983.Ülgen, M.: Cephalometric Investigation of the Changes during Orthodontic Treatment and After Treatment (Residiv), Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1: 135–152, 1984.Ülgen, M.: Ortodontik Tedaviyle Oluşan Değişiklikler ve Tedaviden Sonra Görülen Nüksün (Residiv) Profil Sefalometrik Röntgenleri Üzerinde Araştırılması, A.Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 1: 135–152, 1984.Ülgen, M., Altug, Z. and İşcan, H.N.: The Effects and Differences of "Monobloc + Cervical Headgear" and "Monobloc + Occipital Headgear" Combination Therapy of Angle Class II Division 1 Cases, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1: 161–175, 1984.Ülgen, M., Altuğ, Z. ve İşcan, H.N.: K1. II,1 Anomalilerin "Monoblok + Servikal Headgear" ve "Monoblok + Oksipital Headgear" Kombinasyonu Tedavisiyle Meydana Gelen Değişiklikler ve İki Tedavi Metodu Arasındaki Farkların İncelenmesi, A.Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 1: 161–175, 1984.Ülgen, M.: Corrections Between Overbite and Dentoskeletal Factors, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 11, Number 2-3: 1–23, 1984.Ülgen, M.: Overbite ile Dişsel ve İskeletsel Faktörler Arasındaki İlişkiler (Korelasyonlar), Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 2-3: 1–23, 1984.Ülgen, M., and Altug, Z.: Cephalometric Investigation of the Extraction Therapy in Upper and Lower Jaw with the Edgewise Technique, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 13, Number 1-2-3: 61–72, 1986.Ülgen, M., ve Altuğ, Z.: Çekim Yapılarak Edgewise Teknik ile Tedavi Edilen Vakalarda Oluşan Değişikliklerin Sefalometrik Olarak Araştırılması (Alt Keser Kontrolu). Ankara Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 13, Sayı 1-2-3: 61–72, 1986.Ülgen, M.: Principles of Orthodontic Treatment, 544 pages, Second Edition, Tigris (Dicle) University Press, Ankara, 1986.Ülgen, M.: Ortodontik Tedavi Prensipleri, 544 Sayfa, İkinci Baskı, Dicle Üniversitesi Basımevi, Diyarbakır, 1986.Ülgen, M.: Soft Tissue Profile Changes After Extraction and Non-Extraction Therapy of the Angle Class II Division 1 Cases, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 13, Issue 1-2-3 -: 159–166, 1986.Ülgen, M.: Angle K1. II,1 Anomalilerin Çekimli ve Çekimsiz Tedavileri Sonucu Oluşan Yumuşak Doku Profil Değişiklikleri, A.Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Dergisi, Cilt 13, Sayı 1-2-3-: 159–166, 1986.Ülgen, M. : Lingual Technique, Turkish Oral Journal, Volume 3, Number 32: 6–8, December 1986.Ülgen, M. : Lingual Teknik, Oral Dergisi, Cilt 3, Say 32: 6–8, Aralık 1986.Ülgen, M., and Yolalan, C.: Evaluation of Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusions with Coben Cephalometric Analysis, Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Journal, Volume 4, Number 2: 23–34, 1987.Ülgen, M., ve Yolalan, C.: Angle K1. II, 1 Anomalilerin Coben Sefalometrik Analizi ile İncelenmesi, Gazi Ü. Dişhek. Fak. Derg., Cilt 4, Say 2: 23–34, 1987.Ülgen, M., and Yolalan, C.: Evaluation of Angle Class III Malocclusions with Coben Cephalometric Analysis, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 1, Number 1: 1–6, 1988.Ülgen, M., ve Yolalan, C.: Angle K1. III Anomalilerin Coben Sefalometrik Analizi ile İncelenmesi, Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 1: 1–6, 1988.Ülgen, M., and Gögen, H.: Effect on the B-point of Cervical Headger Therapy of Angle Class II Division ! Malocclusions, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 2, Number 2: 281–286, 1989.Ülgen, M., ve Gögen, H.: Angle K1. II,1 Anomalilerinde Servikal Headgear Tedavisinin B Noktasına Olan Etkisi, Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 2, Say 2: 281–286, 1989.Ülgen, M., İşcan, H.N. and Gögen, H.: Changes of Mandibular Morphology After Cervical Headgear Treatment of Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusions, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 3, Number 2: 71–78, 1990.Ülgen, M., İşcan, H.N. ve Gögen, H.: K1. II,1 Vakalarının Servikal Headgear ile Tedavisinde Alt Çene Morfolojisinde Oluşan Değişiklikler, Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 2: 71–78, 1990.Ülgen, M.: Principles of Orthodontic Treatment, 544 pages, Third Edition, Ankara University Press, Ankara, 1990.Ülgen, M.: Ortodontik Tedavi Prensipleri, 544 Sayfa, Üçüncü Baskı, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 1990.Erbay, E., and Ülgen, M.: Soft Tissue Profile Changes Through Fränkel's Function Regulator (FR-4) Therapy and Lip Gymnastics of the Angle Class I Malocclusions with Skeletal Open Bite, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 6, Number 1: 20–28, 1993.Erbay, E., ve Ülgen, M.: İskeletsel Ön Açık Kapanış Gösteren Angle I.Sınıf Anomalilerin Frankel'in Fonksiyon Düzenleyici FR-4 Aygıtı ve Dudak Kapatma Alıştırmaları ile Tedavisinin Yumuşak Doku Profili Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Sefalometrik Olarak İncelenmesi. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 1: 20–28, 1993.Ülgen, M.: Principles of Orthodontic Treatment, 544 pages, Fourth Edition, Publication of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, Dilek Örünç Printing Office, Istanbul, 1993.Ülgen, M.: Ortodontik Tedavi Prensipleri, Dördüncü Baskı, İstanbul Üniversitesi Dişhekimligi Fakültesi Yayını, Dilek Örünç Matbaası, İstanbu, 1993.Ülgen, M. and Dalaman, D.: Non-Surgical Orthodontic Treatment of A Skeletal Prognathia Inferior Case which is Beyond the Borders of Orthodontics, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 7, Issue 2: 220–226, 1994.Ülgen, M. ve Dalaman, D.: Ortodonti Sınırlarını Aşan Bir Prognati İnferior Olgusunun Ameliyatsız Ortodontik Tedavisi. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 2: 220–226, 1994.Ertan A. and Ülgen, M.: Transposition of the Upper Canine (A case Presentation), Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 8 Issue 2: 303–310, 1995.Ertan A. ve Ülgen, M.: Üst Kanin Transpozisyonu (Bir Vaka Takdimi) Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 8 Sayı 2: 303–310, 1995.Erbay, E., Dalaman Guner, D., and Ülgen, M.: Methodical Error Investigation of the Orthodontic Model Analysis done on the Mixed Dentition Period, Turkish Pededontic Journal, Volume 2, Issue 1: 50–57, 1995.Erbay, E., Dalaman Güner, D., ve Ülgen, M.: Karışık Dişlenme Döneminde Yapılan Ortodontik Model Analizinde Metod Hatasının İncelenmesi. Pedodonti Dergisi, Cilt 2,Sayı 1: 50–57, 1995.Erbay, E., and Ülgen, M.: Profile Changes of the Angle Class I Malocclusions Treated with and without Extraction, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 8, Number 2: 231–241, 1995.Erbay, E., ve Ülgen, M.: Çekimli ve Çekimsiz Olarak Tedavi Edilen Angle I. Sınıf Anomalilerde Profil Değişikliklerinin İncelenmesi. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 8,Sayı 2: 231–241, 1995.Bekbölet, N., Ülgen, M., and Fıratlı, S.: Change of the Occlusal Plane Inclination Through Growth and Development, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 8, Number 2: 194–201, 1995.Bekbölet, N., Ülgen, M., ve Fıratlı, S.: Gelişimle Oklüzal Düzlem Eğiminde Meydana Gelen Değişiklikler. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 2: 194–201, 1995.Fıratlı, S., and Ülgen M.: Soft Tissue Profile Changes Through Fränkel's Function Regulator (FR-3) Therapy of the Angle Class III Malocclusions, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 8, Number 2: 187–193, 1995.Fıratlı, S., ve Ülgen M.: Fränkel'in Fonksiyon, Düzenleyicisi FR-3'ün K1. III Vakalarda Yumuşak Doku Profilinde Meydana Getirdiği Değişikliklerin Sefalometrik Olarak İncelenmesi. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 2: 187–193, 1995.Fıratlı, S., and Ülgen M.: The Effects of Cervical Headgear on the Cervical Vertebra, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 8, Number 2: 214–224, 1995.Fıratlı, S., ve Ülgen M.: Servikal Headgear'in Boyun Omurlarına Etkisi. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 2: 214–224, 1995.Ülgen, M.: Orthodontics (Anomalies, Cephalometrics, Etiology, Growth and Development, Diagnosis), 405 pages, First Edition, Yeditepe University Publication, Number 2 Istanbul, 2000. Ülgen, M.: Ortodonti (Anamoliler, Sefalometri, Etioloji, Büyüme ve Gelişim, Tanı), 405 Sayfa, Birinci Baskı, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, Sayı: 2, İstanbul, 2000.Ülgen, M., Karadede, I., Kaya, H., and Baran, S.: The influence of Calcium Malnutrition on the Craniofacial Growth and Development in Rats, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 14, Number 1: 1–15, 2001Ülgen, M., Karadede, I., Kaya, H., ve Baran, S.; Sıçanlarda Kalsiyum Malnutrisyonunun Kraniyofasiyal Büyüme ve Gelişim Üzerine Etkisi, Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 14, Sayı 1: 1–15, 2001.Ülgen, M., Karadede, I., Kaya, H., and Baran, S.: The influence of Protein Malnutrition on the Craniofacial Growth and Development in Rats, Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 14, Number 1: 16–30, 2001.Ülgen, M., Kaya, H., Karadede, I. ve Baran, S., Sıçanlarda Protein Malnutrisyonunun Çene-Yüz İskeletinin Büyüme ve Gelişimine Etkisi, Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, Cilt 14,Sayı 1: 16–30, 2001.Ülgen, M.: Orthodontics (Anomalies, Cephalometrics, Etiology, Growth and Development, Diagnosis), 405 pages, Second Edition, Ankara University Press, Ankara, 2001.Ülgen, M.: Ortodonti (Anamoliler, Sefâmoliler, Etioloji, Büyüme ve Gelişim, Tanı), 405 Sayfa, İkinci Baskı, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 2001.Ülgen, M.: Principles of Orthodontic Treatment, 544 pages, Seventh Edition, Ankara University Press, Ankara, 2005.Ülgen, M.: Ortodontik Tedavi Prensipleri, 544 Sayfa, Yedinci Baskı, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 2005.Journals In German Ülgen, M.: Investigation of the Activator Treatment and Cervical Headgear Treatment Effects on the Dentofacial Skeleton of the Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusion and Comparison of these Methods, German Journal of Progress in Jaw Orthopedics, Volume 42: 337–348, 1981.Ülgen, M.: Kephalometrische Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der Distalbissbehandlung mit dem Aktivator und dem Zervikalheadgear auf das Gesichtsskelett und deren Verleich, Fortschr. Kieferorthop. 42: 337–348, 1981.Ülgen, M.:Cephalometric Investigation of the Non-Anomalous Hyperdivergent and Hypodivergent Cases, German Journal of Progress in Jaw Orthopedics, Volume 45: 348–459, 1984.Ülgen, M.: Kephalometrische Untersuchung der keine Anomalie zeigenden, gut kompensierten hyper und hypodivergierenden Faelle, Fortschr. Kieferorthop., 45: 348–359, 1984.Ülgen, M.: Residiv During and After the Retention Phase, German Journal of Progress in Jaw Orthopedics, Volume 45: 475–448, 1984.Ülgen, M.: Rezidive waehrend und nach der Retention, Fortschr. Kieferorthop. 45: 475–488, 1984.Ülgen, M.: Correlations Between Overbite and Dentoskeletal Factors, GErman Journal of Progress in Jaw Orthopedics, Volume46: 369–382, 1985.Ülgen, M.: Overbite- Korrelationen zwischen dentalen und skelettalen Faktoren des Gesichtsschaedels, Fortschr. Kieferorthop. 46: 369–382, 1985.Ülgen, M. and Schmuth, G.P.F. : Effects of Activator Therapy on the Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusions, German Journal of Progress in Jaw Orthopedics, Volume 48: 41–51, 1987.Ülgen, M., und Schmuth, G.P.F. : Effekte des Aktivators bei der K1. II, 1- Therapie, Fortschr. Kieferorthop. 48: 41–51, 1987.Ülgen, M. and Altuğ, Z.: Correction of Deep Overbite with the Edgewise Technique, German Journal of Progress in Jaw Orthopedics, Volume 48: 147–153, 1987.Ülgen, M., und Altuğ, Z.: Korrektur des tiefen. Bisses mit der Edgewise-Technik. Fortschr. Kieferorthop. 48: 147–153, 1987.Ülgen, M.Schmuth, G.P.F. and Schumacher, H.A : Expansion and Residiv, German Journal of Progress in JawOrthopedics, Volume 49: 324–330, 1988.Ülgen, M., Schmuth, G.P.F. und Schumacher, H.A : Dehnung und Residiv. Fortschr. Kieferorthop. 49: 324-330, 1988.Journals In English Ülgen, M.: Cephalometric Investigation and Comparison of the Effect of Distal- Bite Class II Therapy on the Facial Skeleton, using the Activator and Cervical Headgear (Kephalometrische Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der Distalbissbehandlung mit dem Aktivator und dem Zervikalheadgear auf das Gesichtsskelett und deren Vergleich), Amer. J. Orthodont. Rev. and Abst. 81:346, 1982. Ülgen, M.: Relapse During and After Retention (Rezidive Waehrend und Nach der RetentionRelapse) Amer. J. Orthodont. Rev.and Abst. 87: 411, 1985. Ülgen, M., and Yolalan, C.: Evaluation of Class III Malocclusions Through Coben Cephalometric Analysis (Angle K1. III Anomalilerin Coben Sefalometrik Analizi ile İncelenmesi) Amer. J. Orthodont. Rev. and Abst. 95 (3): 269, 1989. Ülgen, M. and Fıratlı, S. : The effects of the Fränkel’s Function Regulator On The Class III Malocclusion. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 105: 561–567, 1994. Fıratlı, S. and Ülgen M.: The Effects of the FR-3 Appliance on the Transversal Direction. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop 110: 55–60, 1996. Erbay, E., Uğur, T., and Ülgen, M.: The Effects of Fränkel's Function Regulator (FR-4) Therapy on the Treatment of Angle Class I Skeletal OpenBite Malocclusion. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 108: 9–21, 1995. Ülgen, M., Baran, S., Kaya, H., and Karadede, I.: The Influence of the Masticatory Hypofunction on the Craniofacial Growth and Development in Rats. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 111: 189–198, 1997. References Şükûn, Kâmil, Who's Who in Turkey 1985–1986 (Günümüz Türkiyesinde kim kimdir), p 648, Profesyonel Limited, Osmanlı Sok. 23/3 Taksim, İstanbul. Uzel, İlter, Türk Ortodonti Tarihi'ne Giriş (An Introduction to the History of Turkish Orthodontics), p 30, 37–38, Türk Ortodonti Dernegi, Uyum Ajans, Ankara, 2008. Alatlı, F. C., Çolaklar, H., Efeoglu, A., Namal, A.: Bilimsel Dişhekimliğinde 100 Yıl İstanbul Üniversitesi Dişhekimliği Fakultesi 1908–2008 (100th Anniversary in Scientific Dentistry Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry 1908–2008), p 105, 113–115, 117, 266, Nobel Tıp KItabevleri Ltd. Sti., İstanbul, 2009 İnegöl Kent Müzesi (Urban Museum of Inegöl)'', Bursa, 2009 Mustafa Ulgen has a section dedicated to himself on the permanent collection. Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:People from İnegöl Category:Turkish academics

Yeah, that's how it works. If you use the Home button to return to the Wii Menu straight from the game, however, it will freeze your game's state. When you open the game up again, it will open at that exact point.

Nov 24, 2018 United Nations envoy Martin Griffiths met a Yemeni rebel leader in insurgent-held Sanaa Saturday and is to follow up by holding talks with Yemen's government in Riyadh, a UN source said. The source said Griffiths will hold talks on Monday in the Saudi capital, where Yemeni President Abedrabbo Mansour Hadi and other officials have taken up residence. On Saturday, Mohammed Ali al-Huthi, head of the Huthi rebels' Higher Revolutionary Committee, met in Sanaa with the UN envoy, an AFP photographer said. "We hope that his (Griffiths's) visit to Riyadh ends with positive results," Huthi told reporters after their talks. Griffiths arrived Wednesday in Yemen ahead of planned peace talks in Sweden in December between the Iran-aligned Huthi rebels and pro-government forces backed by a Saudi-led coalition.

--- author: - 'Luc Blanchet[^1]' - 'Guillaume Hébrard[^2]' - 'François Larrouturou[^3]' bibliography: - 'ListeRef\_HD80606b.bib' title: | Detecting the General Relativistic orbital precession\ of the exoplanet HD80606b --- Introduction {#sec:intro} ============ Whereas more than 4000 exoplanets have been discovered so far, the planet orbiting the G5 star HD80606 remains a remarkable and unique case. Its eccentricity is extremely high: $e \simeq 0.93$. HD20782b is the only planet reported to have a higher eccentricity [@HD80606b_OT09] but its high $e$-value stands on one single measurement and has not been confirmed up to now. The high eccentricity of HD80606b was well established as soon as the planet was discovered through radial velocity measurements [@HD80606b_N01] and has been largely confirmed by subsequent observations. Today the most accurate system parameters are those determined by @HD80606b_H11, who provide $e=0.9330 \pm 0.0005$. The long orbital period of the planet ($P=111.4367 \pm 0.0004$ days) implied a low probability of the orbital plan to be aligned with the line of sight to the Earth. Still, HD80606b was successively discovered to pass behind its parent star (planetary eclipses) by @HD80606b_LDL09, then in front of it (planetary transits) by @HD80606b_M09 [see also @HD80606b_GM09; @HD80606b_F09; @HD80606b_W09; @HD80606b_Hi10]. That configuration allows the planetary radius to be measured ($R_p = 0.981 \pm 0.023\,R_\mathrm{Jup}$); the inclination of the orbit is also known ($i = 89.269^{\circ} \pm 0.018^{\circ}$), which provides the mass $M_p = 4.08 \pm 0.14\,M_\mathrm{Jup}$ from the sky-projected mass derived with radial velocities. The obliquity of the system could also be measured from the Rossiter-McLaughlin anomaly observed during transits, which revealed that the orbit of HD80606b is prograde but inclined [@HD80606b_M09; @HD80606b_P09; @HD80606b_W09]; @HD80606b_H11 reported an obliquity of $\lambda = 42^{\circ} \pm 8^{\circ}$. Such a peculiar orbit may be explained by the influence of the companion star HD80607, located 1200AU further away, through a Kozai-Lidov mechanism [@HD80606b_P09; @HD80606b_C11]. The particularly high eccentricity of the planetary orbit raises the question of the feasibility of detecting the general relativistic (GR) precession of its periastron. Indeed it should be enhanced to $$\label{DeltaGR} \Delta_\text{GR} = \frac{6\pi G M}{a c^2 (1-e^2)} \simeq 215~\text{arcsec}/\text{century}\,,$$ as compared to $43\,\text{arcsec}/\text{century}$ for Mercury [see also @HD80606b_C11]. Besides Mercury, the relativistic precession has been measured in the solar system for some asteroids like Icarus [@Icarus_G53]. The tests done in the solar system agree with GR to within $10^{-4}$ [@Will]. Outside the solar system the effect is well known in binary pulsars like the Hulse-Taylor pulsar [@HulseTaylor] where it has been measured with high precision [see @TW82], and in other binary pulsars such as the double pulsar [@DoublePulsar]. To a further distance, there are now attempts to measure the relativistic precession of the star S2 close to the galactic centre [@S02_P17]. The measure of the relativistic periastron advance in stellar systems was proposed by @HD80606b_Gi85, but it is quite complicated to discriminate it from the tidal precession (see *e.g.* @HD80606b_Wo10). @HD80606b_F16 reported that the relativistic precession was not detectable in the HD80606 system in spite of the large dataset secured over several years. They measured the variation of the longitude of the periastron using the whole available datasets: $\dot \omega = 9\,720 \pm 11\,160\,\text{arcsec}/\text{century}$, thus in a non-significant way. Indeed, the accuracy reached on $\omega$ mainly from radial velocities is $\pm\,540\,\text{arcsec}$ [@HD80606b_H11], which is not accurate enough. The transiting nature of HD80606b allows a better accuracy to be reached thanks to the precise timing that can be measured on the mid-point of each transit or eclipse. Typical accuracies of $\pm\,85\,\text{sec}$ [@HD80606b_H11] and $\pm\,260\,\text{sec}$ [@HD80606b_LDL09] were obtained on the mid-point of transits and eclipses, respectively, using the *Spitzer Space Telescope* and its IRAC instruments. Indeed, only a satellite on an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit such as *Spitzer* could allow the whole 12-hour-long transit of HD80606b to be continuously observed together with sufficiently long off-transit references immediately before and after the event. In this paper we propose to detect the GR precession of the periastron (and the relativistic orbital motion) for the exoplanet HD80606b by using a method based on the transit times, computing a small drift in the successive instants of transits due to relativity. We find that in ten years (after 33 periods), due to the relativistic effects, the instants of transits are delayed with respect to the Newtonian predicted ones by about three minutes. Whereas the transit mid-time could be measured with such an accuracy, the absolute value of that shift could not be detected because the system’s orbital parameters are not known today with a high enough accuracy. However, we argue that the effect could actually be measurable from the observation of the change of the elapsed time $t_\text{tr$-$ec}=t_\text{tr}-t_\text{ec}$ between an eclipse and the next transit.[^4] The time between an eclipse and a transit was measured in January 2010 using *Spitzer* to be $$t_\text{tr$-$ec}(\text{Jan. 2010}) \simeq 5.9\,\text{days}\,,$$ with a good accuracy of $\pm\,275\,\text{sec}$. Due to the GR precession of the periastron, and the modification of the period due to relativity, we find that this time difference will be reduced by $183\,\text{sec}$ in 2020 (after 33 orbits), and by $271\,\text{sec}$ in 2024 (49 orbits). Such shift would be difficult to detect in 2020 using IRAC on *Spitzer*, but should be detectable a few years later using NIRCam or MIRI on *James Webb Space Telescope* (JWST). Most of the paper is devoted to theoretical aspects, and it ends with a conclusion and discussion in Sect. \[sec:concl\] where we give further comments on previous observations and on the Newtonian perturbing effects. In Sect. \[sec:geom\] we introduce the geometrical conventions used to compute the times of transits and eclipses. Those are computed in two different ways: a post-Keplerian parametrisation of the orbit in Sect. \[sec:PPK\], and a Hamiltonian method using Delaunay-Poincaré canonical variables in Sect. \[sec:Ham\]. Those methods give the exact solution of the first post-Newtonian equations of motion. Our final results for the transit times are given in Tables \[table1\], \[table2\], and \[table3\] below. Furthermore, as a check of the latter methods, we also computed the transit times with a method relying on celestial-mechanics perturbation theory in Sect. \[sec:lag\]. As we used it, this procedure is valid on average over one orbit, and takes only into account the secular effects. We find that it is in good agreement with the post-Keplerian and the Hamiltonian methods. A quick but rough estimate of the GR shift of transit times is also given in Appendix \[app:rough\]. Geometry of the planetary transits {#sec:geom} ================================== \ We introduce a frame $\{x, y, z\}$ with origin at the centre of the star. The observer is in the direction $x$ (Earth’s direction), while the projected angular momentum of the star is by convention along the direction $z$. Hence the plane $\{y, z\}$ is the plane of the sky. The orbital plane of the planet is defined by its inclination $I$ with respect to the plane $\{x, y\}$, and by its longitude $\Omega$ with respect to the plane $\{x, z\}$, following our conventions described in Fig. \[fig\_referentiel\]. As depicted in Fig. \[fig\_transit\_cote\], the motion of the planet in the orbital plane is parametrised by polar coordinates $(r,\varphi)$, where $\varphi$ denotes the sum of the true anomaly and of $\omega_0$, the latter denoting a constant angle, which can be viewed as defining the initial argument of the periastron at a reference time. Then the coordinates $(x, y, z)$ of the planet in this frame read (see Figs. \[fig\_referentiel\] and \[fig\_transit\_cote\]) \[xyz\] $$\begin{aligned} x &= r \bigl[ - \cos\varphi \cos\Omega + \sin\varphi\cos I\sin\Omega\bigr]\,,\\ y &= r \bigl[ - \cos\varphi\sin\Omega - \sin\varphi\cos I\cos\Omega\bigr]\,,\\ z &= r \sin\varphi\sin I\,.\end{aligned}$$ Since $x$ is the direction of the observer, the condition for the (partial or complete) transit of the planet is that $y^2+z^2\leqslant (R_\star+R_p)^2,$ where $R_\star$ and $R_p$ are the radius of the star and planet, hence $$\label{transit} \sin^2 I\sin^2\varphi + \bigl(\cos I \cos\Omega\sin\varphi + \sin\Omega\cos \varphi\bigr)^2 \leqslant \left(\frac{R_\star+R_p}{r}\right)^2\,.$$ Since $R_\star+R_p\ll r,$ it is easy to see that this condition can be satisfied when $\sin I\ll 1$ or $\sin\varphi\ll 1$, and $\vert\cos I \cos\Omega\sin\varphi + \sin\Omega\cos\varphi\vert\ll 1$. With the conventions of Fig. \[fig\_referentiel\] we are interested in a transit for which $\varphi\simeq \pi$ and $\Omega \simeq 0$.[^5] On the other hand, for an eclipse during which the planet is passing beyond the star as seen from the observer, we have $\varphi \simeq 0$ and $\Omega \simeq 0$. In an expansion to the first order in $\frac{R_\star+R_p}{r}\ll 1,$ we find that the coordinates of the planet during and around the transit are \[xyztransit\] $$\begin{aligned} x &\simeq \frac{b}{\sin I} \Bigl[\cot\Omega +\cos I\,\sin\varphi\Bigr]\,,\\ y &\simeq \frac{b}{\sin I}\Bigl[ 1 - \frac{\sin\varphi\cos I}{\sin\Omega}\Bigr]\,,\\ z &\simeq\frac{b \,\sin\varphi}{\sin\Omega}\,,\end{aligned}$$ where the impact parameter $b$ of the planet is the distance between the trajectory of the planet projected on the plane $\{y, z\}$ and the centre of the star. Neglecting the bending of the trajectory during the transit and eclipses,[^6] the impact parameter is given by (see Fig. \[fig\_transit\_face\]) $$\label{b} b = \left\{\begin{array}{lll} r(\pi)\sin\Omega \sin I &&\text{(transits $T_i$)}\,,\\[0.4cm] r(0)\sin\Omega \sin I &&\text{(eclipses $\bar{T}_i$)}\,, \end{array}\right.$$ where $r(\pi)$ and $r(0)$ are the values of the radial coordinate of the planet at $\varphi=\pi$ and $\varphi=0$, when the transit and eclipse occur. Since the eclipse will be seen from behind the star and so much farther away, we shall have to add to the instants of eclipse a Roemer time delay accounting for the propagation of light at finite velocity $c$, and which is a 0.5PN effect $\propto 1/c$. Thus $\bar{t}_i \longrightarrow \bar{t}_i + \Delta t_\text{R}$ where $$\label{Roemer} \Delta t_\text{R} = \frac{r(0) + r(\pi)}{c}\, \simeq 2.7 \;\text{min $\quad$(for HD\,80606b)}\,.$$ We define the positions of the planet $\{T_1, T_2, T_3, T_4\}$ to be respectively the entry of the transit, the start of the full transit, and the exits of the full and partial transits. Similarly the points $\{\bar{T}_1, \bar{T}_2, \bar{T}_3,\bar{T}_4\}$ corresponding to the eclipse are shown in Fig. \[fig\_transit\_cote\]. The transit and eclipse conditions for the polar coordinates $(r,\varphi)$ at the passage of these points read $$\label{geomcondi} r \sin\varphi = Y(b)\,.$$ Given a model $r(\varphi)$ for the planetary orbit, this determines the true anomaly $\varphi$ for each of these points, where the vertical coordinate $Y(b)$ is given in terms of the impact parameter $b$ by (see Figs. \[fig\_transit\_face\] and \[fig\_transit\_cote\]) $$\label{Yb} Y(b) = \left\{\begin{array}{lll} \sqrt{(R_\star+R_p)^2-b^2} + b\,\cot I &&\text{($T_1$ and $\bar{T}_4$)}\,,\\[0.4cm] \sqrt{(R_\star-R_p)^2-b^2} + b\,\cot I &&\text{($T_2$ and $\bar{T}_3$)}\,,\\[0.4cm] -\sqrt{(R_\star-R_p)^2-b^2} + b\,\cot I &&\text{($T_3$ and $\bar{T}_2$)}\,,\\[0.4cm] -\sqrt{(R_\star+R_p)^2-b^2} + b\,\cot I &&\text{($T_4$ and $\bar{T}_1$)}\,. \end{array}\right.$$ The cases for which $(R_\star \pm R_p)^2=b^2$ correspond to the planet just grazing tangentially the star, either from the exterior or from the interior of the stellar disc. In addition to Eqs. – we compute also the points corresponding to the minimal approach to the center of the star, $T_m$ and $\bar{T}_m$, whose transit conditions are obviously (see Fig. \[fig\_transit\_face\]) $$\label{Tm} Y(b) = b\,\cot I \qquad\text{($T_m$ and $\bar{T}_m$)}\,.$$ Having determined the polar coordinates of the planet we shall deduce the instants $t_i$ and $\bar{t}_i$ of passage at each of these points by using the law of motion of the planet on the trajectory. Post-Newtonian motion of the planet {#sec:PPK} =================================== In this section we compute the times of transits and eclipses, that is, the instants of the successive passages at the positions $T_i$ and $\bar{T}_i$ defined by the geometric conditions in Eqs. –, in a relativistic model, including the first post-Newtonian (1PN) corrections beyond a Keplerian orbit. More precisely, we compute the difference between the transit times predicted by the relativistic 1PN model and those predicted by the Newtonian model. This will permit us to assess whether the latter relativistic corrections could be detectable, and we propose an observable quantity, directly measurable in future observations of the planet HD80606b. Keplerian parametrisation of the orbit -------------------------------------- In the Keplerian model the orbit of the planet and its motion on the orbit are given by the usual six orbital elements $\{a, e, I, \ell, \omega_0, \Omega\}$, where $I$ and $\Omega$ specify the orbital plane (see Fig. \[fig\_referentiel\]), $a$ is the semi-major axis, $e$ is the eccentricity, $\omega_0$ denotes the constant angular position of the periastron, and the mean anomaly $\ell$ is defined by $\ell=n_0(t-t_{0,P}),$ where $t_{0,P}$ is the instant of passage at the periastron and $n_0=2\pi/P_0$ is the mean motion, with $P_0$ the period. The Keplerian relative orbit in polar coordinates $(r,\varphi)$, is conveniently parametrised by the eccentric anomaly $\psi$ as \[Kepler\] $$\begin{aligned} r &= a \bigl( 1 - e \cos\psi \bigr) \,,\\ \ell &= \psi - e \sin\psi\,,\label{eqkepler}\\ \varphi &= \omega_0 + 2 \arctan \biggl(\sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}} \tan \frac{\psi}{2} \biggr)\,.\end{aligned}$$ The relative orbit in polar coordinates reads $$\label{n} r = \frac{a(1-e^2)}{1+ e \cos(\varphi-\omega_0)}\,,$$ from which we deduce the impact parameter in the Newtonian model, say $b_0$, to be $$\label{b0} b_0 = \left\{\begin{array}{lll} \displaystyle a(1-e^2)\frac{\sin\Omega \sin I}{1-e \cos\omega_0} &&\text{(transits $T_i$)}\,,\\[0.4cm] \displaystyle a(1-e^2)\frac{\sin\Omega \sin I}{1+e \cos\omega_0} &&\text{(eclipses $\bar{T}_i$)}\,. \end{array}\right.$$ In the Newtonian model we have Kepler’s third law $n_0=(G M/a^3)^{1/2}$, where $M=M_\star+M_p$ is the total mass of the star plus planet system. Furthermore the energy and the angular momentum of the orbit are given by the usual Keplerian formulas \[EJ\] $$\begin{aligned} E &= - \frac{G M\mu}{2 a}\,,\\J &= \mu \sqrt{G M a (1-e^2)}\,,\end{aligned}$$ where $\mu=M_\star M_p/M$ is the reduced mass. The conditions for the transits and eclipses are given by Eqs.  with , and determine the values of the eccentric anomaly at these points. In the Newtonian analysis the eccentric anomaly $\psi_0$ is obtained by solving $$\label{cond0} a \left[ \sqrt{1-e^2} \sin\psi_0 \cos\omega_0 + (\cos\psi_0-e)\sin\omega_0\right] = Y_0\,,$$ where $Y_0=Y(b_0)$ denotes the vertical coordinate (Eq. ) computed with the Newtonian impact parameter given by Eq. . Relativistic corrections to the Keplerian motion ------------------------------------------------ Next we consider the relativistic 1PN model [see *e.g.* @WagW76]. For this we shall use an explicit solution of the equations of motion that is particularly elegant, called the quasi-Keplerian representation of the 1PN motion [@DD85]. In this representation the orbit and motion are parametrised by the eccentric anomaly $\psi$ in a Keplerian-looking form as \[QKepler\] $$\begin{aligned} r &= a_r \bigl( 1 - e_r \cos\psi \bigr) \,,\\ \ell &= \psi - e_t \sin\psi\,,\\\varphi &= \omega_0 + 2 K \arctan \biggl(\sqrt{\frac{1+e_\varphi}{1-e_\varphi}} \tan \frac{\psi}{2} \biggr)\,,\end{aligned}$$ where $\ell=n(t-t_P)$ and $n=2\pi/P$, with now $P$ being the period of the relativistic model. The motion is parametrised by six constants: the mean motion $n$, a particular definition of semi-major axis $a_r$ differing from $a$ in the Newtonian model by a small 1PN term, the precession of the orbit $K$ including the relativistic precession, and three types of eccentricities $e_r$, $e_t,$ and $e_\varphi$ differing from $e$ and from each other by small 1PN terms. We shall pose \[defparameters\] $$\begin{aligned} & n= n_0\bigl(1+\zeta\bigr)\,, & K = 1+k \,, & \qquad\qquad a_r = a\bigl(1+\xi\bigr)\,,\\ & e_r = e + \varepsilon_r \,, & e_t = e + \varepsilon_t \,, & \qquad\qquad e_\varphi = e + \varepsilon_\varphi \,.\end{aligned}$$ The constant $k$ denotes the relativistic advance of the periastron *per* orbital revolution, which is $k=\frac{\Delta}{2\pi}$ where $\Delta$ is the angle of return to the periastron, and whose GR value has been given in Eq. . The effect of precession can be seen clearly with the expression of the relative orbit in polar coordinates, which takes the more involved form [@DD85] $$\label{orbitprecession} r = \frac{a_r(1-e_r^2)}{1+ e_r \cos\bigl[\frac{\varphi-\omega_0}{K}-\frac{1}{6}k \,e_r \,\nu \sin\bigl(\frac{\varphi-\omega_0}{K}\bigr)\bigr]}\,.$$ Besides the usual contribution of the precession $\propto\frac{\varphi-\omega_0}{K}$, we note the presence of a term vanishing in the small mass ratio limit, when $\nu=\mu/M\to 0$. Crucial to the post-Keplerian formalism are the explicit expressions of all these constants in terms of the conserved energy $E$ and angular momentum $J$ of the orbit. Since we want to compare the relativistic model of Eq. to the Newtonian one of Eq. we will compare, for convenience, orbits that have the same energy $E$ and angular momentum $J$. Thus we need to express the relations in terms of the “Newtonian” semi-major axis $a$ and eccentricity $e$ defined in terms of $E$ and $J$ by the Newtonian formulas in Eq. . We have [@DD85] [see also @BlanchetLR] \[parameters\] $$\begin{aligned} \zeta &= \frac{G M}{8a c^2}\bigl(-15+\nu\bigr)\,,\label{zeta}\\ k &= \frac{3G M}{a c^2(1-e^2)}\,,\label{k}\\ \xi &= \frac{G M}{4a c^2}\bigl(-7+\nu\bigr)\,,\\ \varepsilon_r &= \frac{G M}{8a c^2}\biggl[\frac{9+\nu}{e}+\bigl(15-5\nu\bigr)e\biggr] \,,\\ \varepsilon_t &= \frac{G M}{8a c^2}\biggl[\frac{9+\nu}{e}+\bigl(-17+7\nu\bigr)e\biggr]\,,\\ \varepsilon_\varphi &= \frac{G M}{8a c^2}\biggl[\frac{9+\nu}{e}+\bigl(15-\nu\bigr)e\biggr] \,.\end{aligned}$$ Among the effects described by these constants, the main ones are those associated with the mean motion $n$ and the periastron precession $K$. The expressions for $n$ and $K$ in terms of $E$ and $J$ are invariant, meaning they do not depend on the coordinate system. Since $$\label{ksurzeta} \frac{k}{\zeta} = -\frac{24}{(15-\nu)(1-e^2)} \simeq -12 \quad\text{(for HD\,80606b)}\,,$$ we expect the effect of the precession of the orbit to be dominant over the shift in the orbital period. The other relations, linking the semi-major axis and eccentricities to $E$ and $J$, depend on the coordinate system; they are given here in harmonic coordinates. In this paper we compute an observable quantity (defined by Eq.  below), which thus does not depend on the choice of coordinate system. We now investigate the difference between the analysis using the relativistic model and the Newtonian one concerning the planetary transits. The conditions for the transits and eclipses are still given by Eqs.  with , with the impact parameter given by Eq. . However, the impact parameter will differ from the Newtonian value by an amount $\delta b$. We readily find this amount thanks to the explicit formula Eq. , using a first order expansion in the small parameters given by Eq. , $$\label{deltab} \delta b = \left\{\begin{array}{llll} \displaystyle b_0\Bigl[\xi-\frac{2 e\, \varepsilon_r}{1-e^2}+\frac{\varepsilon_r \cos\omega_0}{1-e \cos\omega_0} -\frac{ke\sin\omega_0}{1-e \cos\omega_0}\left(\varphi_N + \frac{e\nu\sin\omega_0}{6}\right)\Bigr] &&&\text{(transits $T_i$)}\,,\\[0.5cm] \displaystyle b_0\Bigl[\xi-\frac{2 e\, \varepsilon_r}{1-e^2}-\frac{\varepsilon_r \cos\omega_0}{1+e \cos\omega_0} + \frac{ke\sin\omega_0}{1+e \cos\omega_0}\left(\bar\varphi_N - \frac{e\nu\sin\omega_0}{6}\right)\Bigr] &&&\text{(eclipses $\bar{T}_i$)}\,, \end{array}\right.$$ where $\varphi_N = (2N+1)\pi-\omega_0$ and $\bar\varphi_N = 2N\pi-\omega_0$. Here $N$ is the number of orbits since the reference time, with $N=0$ corresponding to the transit observed in January 2010. Then the coordinate $Y(b)$ is modified by $\delta Y=\frac{{\mathrm{d}}Y}{{\mathrm{d}}b}\vert_{b_0}\,\delta b$ and we find (see Eq. ),[^7] $$\label{deltaY} \delta Y = \frac{Y_0 \sin(2 I) - 2 b_0}{2\,Y_0 \sin^2 I - b_0 \sin(2I)} \,\delta b\,.$$ Naturally for $T_m$ and $\bar{T}_m$, Eq. , we just have $\delta Y = \delta b \cot I$. We are now in a position to solve the transit conditions and find the modification of the eccentric anomaly $\delta\psi$ with respect to the Newtonian model, that is, the solution of Eq. . Among all the relativistic effects contributing to $\delta\psi$, only the one associated with the relativistic precession $k$ is “secular”, and therefore grows when $\psi_0\longrightarrow\psi_0+2\pi N$ proportionally to the number of orbits $N$. The other effects, associated with the relativistic parameters $\xi$, $\varepsilon_r,$ and $\varepsilon_\varphi$, are periodic and therefore average to zero in the long term. Accordingly we split $$\delta\psi = \delta\psi_\text{secular} + \delta\psi_\text{periodic}\,.$$ Similarly, we distinguish $\delta Y = \delta Y_\text{secular} + \delta Y_\text{periodic}$, where the secular part is given by the $N$-dependent terms in Eq. . Perturbing Eq.  around the solution $\psi_0$ of the Newtonian condition of Eq. , we explicitly find \[deltaPsiexpl\] $$\begin{aligned} \delta\psi_\text{secular} &= 2 k \frac{(\cos\psi_0-e)\cos\omega_0 - \sqrt{1-e^2} \sin\psi_0 \sin\omega_0}{\sin\psi_0 \sin\omega_0 - \sqrt{1-e^2} \cos\psi_0 \cos\omega_0}\arctan \biggl(\sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}} \tan \frac{\psi_0}{2} \biggr)\nonumber\\ & - \frac{a^{-1}\delta Y_\text{secular}}{\sin\psi_0 \sin\omega_0 - \sqrt{1-e^2} \cos\psi_0 \cos\omega_0}\,,\\ \delta\psi_\text{periodic} &= \frac{(\cos\psi_0-e)\sin\omega_0 + \sqrt{1-e^2} \sin\psi_0 \cos\omega_0}{\sin\psi_0 \sin\omega_0 - \sqrt{1-e^2} \cos\psi_0 \cos\omega_0}\left( \xi + (\varepsilon_\varphi-\varepsilon_r)\frac{\cos\psi_0}{1-e \cos\psi_0}\right) \nonumber\\ & - \frac{e (1-e^2)^{-1/2} \varepsilon_\varphi \sin\psi_0 \cos\omega_0 + \varepsilon_\varphi \sin\omega_0 + a^{-1}\delta Y_\text{periodic}}{\sin\psi_0 \sin\omega_0 - \sqrt{1-e^2} \cos\psi_0 \cos\omega_0}\,.\end{aligned}$$ Finally, having computed $\delta\psi$ with the transit condition we readily obtain the time difference between the instants of transits (and eclipses) in the relativistic model and in the Newtonian model by using the equation for the mean anomaly $\ell = n(t-t_P) = \psi-e_t \sin\psi$. We notice that there is another secular term associated with the correction in the period, $n= n_0(1+\zeta)$, where $\zeta$ is the second invariant of the motion besides the relativistic precession $k$. We thus write similarly $\delta t = \delta t_\text{secular} + \delta t_\text{periodic}$ and find \[deltat\] $$\begin{aligned} \delta t_\text{secular} &= \frac{1}{n_0}\bigl[(1- e \cos\psi_0)\delta\psi_\text{secular} - \zeta (\psi_0 - e \sin\psi_0)\bigr]\,,\\ \delta t_\text{periodic} &= \frac{1}{n_0}\bigl[(1- e \cos\psi_0)\delta\psi_\text{periodic} - \varepsilon_t \sin\psi_0 \bigr]\,.\end{aligned}$$ When computing $\delta \bar{t}$, the 1.5PN shift in the Roemer effect also has to be taken in account, although we find that this effect is very small. With the help of Eq. , it comes after $N$ orbits $$\begin{aligned} \label{Roemer_pert} \delta t_\text{R} = \frac{2a(1-e^2)\xi}{c^3(1-e^2\cos^2\omega_0)} -\frac{4a\,e\,\varepsilon_r}{c^3(1-e^2\cos^2\omega_0)^2} -\frac{a k\,(1-e^2)e\sin\omega_0}{c^3\left(1-e\cos\omega_0\right)^2}\left[\pi + 4\frac{\bar\varphi_N e\cos\omega_0}{(1+e\cos\omega_0)^2} +\frac{\nu(1+e^2\cos^2\varphi)e\sin\omega_0}{3(1+e\cos\omega_0)^2}\right]\,.\end{aligned}$$ Finally let us comment on the approximation we have made here, namely the expansion to first order in the relativistic parameters $k$, $\zeta$, $\xi$, and so on. This approximation is valid as long as the number of orbits $N$ over which we integrate is much smaller than the inverse of these relativistic effects, for example as long as $N\ll 1/k$. In the case of HD80606b we have $k \simeq 5\cdot 10^{-7}$ and we are considering $N = 33$ orbits between the transit of January 2010 and that of 2020 (see the Introduction), so our approximation is justified. We present our results[^8] in Tables \[table1\], \[table2\], and \[table3\]. From the above analysis we compute for each orbit $N$ the quantities (with $i\in\{1,2,\text{m},3,4\}$) \[deltatiN\] $$\begin{aligned} \delta t_i(N) &= t_i(N) - t_{0,i}(N) \,,\\ \delta \bar{t}_i(N) &= \bar{t}_i(N) - \bar{t}_{0,i}(N) \,,\end{aligned}$$ where $t_{0,i}(N)$ and $\bar{t}_{0,i}(N)$ denote the Newtonian values. Obviously we have $t_{0,i}(N) = t_{0,i}(0)+N P_0$ and $\bar{t}_{0,i}(N) = \bar{t}_{0,i}(0)+N P_0$ since the Newtonian orbit is fixed, and the motion periodic with period $P_0=2\pi/n_0$. Together with the shift of instants of transit, we compute also the relativistic effect on the total duration and the entrance of the $N$-th transit, as defined by \[deltat14N\] $$\begin{aligned} \delta t_{14}(N) &= \delta t_4(N) - \delta t_1(N) \,,\\ \delta t_{12}(N) &= \delta t_2(N) - \delta t_1(N) \,,\end{aligned}$$ together with similar quantities $\delta \bar{t}_{14}(N)$ and $\delta \bar{t}_{12}(N)$ for the $N$-th eclipse. The results are given in Tables \[table1\] and \[table2\]. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- number $N$ of transit $\delta t_1(N)$ $\delta t_2(N)$ $\delta $\delta t_3(N)$ $\delta t_4(N)$ $\delta t_{14}(N)$ $\delta t_m(N)$ t_{12}(N)$ ----------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------- ----------------- ----------------- -------------------- ------------ 0 (January 2010) $-2.65$ $-2.78$ $-2.73$ $-2.49$ $-2.62$ $0.04$ $-0.13$ 1 (May 2010) $-7.70$ $-8.08$ $-7.94$ $-7.24$ $-7.61$ $0.09$ $-0.38$ 2 (August 2010) $-12.76$ $-13.38$ $-13.16$ $-11.99$ $-12.60$ $0.15$ $-0.62$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ 32 (October 2019) $-164.3$ $-172.4$ $-169.5$ $-154.4$ $-162.4$ $1.93$ $-8.15$ 33 (February 2020) $-169.3$ $-177.7$ $-174.7$ $-159.1$ $-167.4$ $1.99$ $-8.40$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ 48 (September 2024) $-245.1$ $-262.6$ $-252.9$ $-235.0$ $-247.2$ $2.88$ $-12.4$ 49 (December 2024) $-250.2$ $-262.6$ $-258.1$ $-235.0$ $-247.2$ $2.94$ $-12.4$ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ number $N$ of eclipse $\delta \bar{t}_1(N)$ $\delta \bar{t}_2(N)$ $\delta $\delta \bar{t}_3(N)$ $\delta \bar{t}_4(N)$ $\delta $\delta \bar{t}_{12}(N)$ \bar{t}_m(N)$ \bar{t}_{14}(N)$ ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- -------------------------- 0 (January 2010) $7.3\cdot10^{-3}$ $7.3\cdot10^{-3}$ $8.6\cdot10^{-3}$ $8.2\cdot10^{-3}$ $8.3\cdot10^{-3}$ $1.0\cdot10^{-3}$ $6.0\cdot10^{-5}$ 1 (April 2010) $0.33$ $0.33$ $0.34$ $0.34$ $0.34$ $6.8\cdot10^{-3}$ $6.0\cdot10^{-4}$ 2 (August 2010) $0.65$ $0.65$ $0.66$ $0.66$ $0.67$ $1.3\cdot10^{-2}$ $1.1\cdot10^{-3}$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ 32 (October 2019) $10.35$ $10.36$ $10.46$ $10.51$ $10.53$ $0.19$ $1.7\cdot10^{-2}$ 33 (February 2020) $10.67$ $10.69$ $10.78$ $10.84$ $10.86$ $0.19$ $1.8\cdot10^{-2}$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ 48 (August 2024) $15.51$ $15.54$ $15.68$ $15.77$ $15.79$ $0.28$ $2.6\cdot10^{-2}$ 49 (December 2024) $15.84$ $15.86$ $16.01$ $16.12$ $16.10$ $0.29$ $2.6\cdot10^{-2}$ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ As we see in Table \[table1\], the relativistic model predicts that after ten years the planet will begin the transit about three minutes earlier than the Newtonian prediction, and about 4.5 minutes earlier after 15 years. Given that the precision on the measured instants of transits can be as good as 85 seconds [@HD80606b_H11], this is already an indication that the relativistic effects might be measurable if the orbital parameters were particularly well known. However, the ten-years-long relativistic effect on the transit duration $\delta t_{14}$ and transit entrance $\delta t_{12}$ are on the order of seconds, and seem *a priori* hardly detectable. Concerning the eclipse in Table \[table2\], the effect is much smaller, of the order of ten seconds after ten years with respect to the Newtonian model. As the effect on the transit and the eclipse timings is different, this provides a way to directly detect it. $N$  $t_\text{tr$-$ec}(N) \!-\! t_\text{tr$-$ec}(0)$  -------------------- --------------------------------------------------- 0 (January 2010) $0$ 1 $-5.54$ 2 $-11.08$ $\vdots$ $\vdots$ 32 (October 2019) $-177.3$ 33 (February 2020) $-182.8$ [|c||\*[10]{}[c|]{} ]{} $N$ & 30 &31 & 32 & 33 & 34 & 35 & 36 & 37 & 38 & 39\ $t_\text{tr$-$ec}(N)-t_\text{tr$-$ec}(0)$ & $-166.2$ & $-171.7$ & $-177.3$ & $-182.8$ & $-188.3$ & $-193.9$ & $-199.4$ & $-204.9$ & $-210.5$ & $-216.0$\ $N$ & 40 & 41 & 42 & 43 & 44 & 45 & 46 & 47 & 48 & 49\ $t_\text{tr$-$ec}(N)-t_\text{tr$-$ec}(0)$ & $-221.6$ & $-227.1$ & $-232.6$ & $-238.2$ & $-243.7$ & $-249.3$ & $-254.8$ & $-260.3$ & $-265.9$ & $-271.4$\ Next we define $t_\text{tr$-$ec}(N)$ to be the time interval between the passage at the minimum approach point during the $N$-th eclipse and the passage at the minimum approach point during the $N$-th transit: $$\label{DeltatNdef} t_\text{tr$-$ec}(N) = t_m(N) - \bar{t}_m(N) \,.$$ By a straightforward calculation, using the fact that the Newtonian orbit is fixed, we obtain $$\label{DeltatN} t_\text{tr$-$ec}(N) -t_\text{tr$-$ec}(0) = \delta t_m(N) - \delta \bar{t}_m(N) - \delta t_m(0) + \delta \bar{t}_m(0) \,.$$ The important point about this result is that the right-hand side of the equation represents the relativistic prediction, which is tabulated in Tables \[table1\] and \[table2\], while the left-hand side is directly measurable: namely $t_\text{tr$-$ec}(0)$ has been measured with good precision between the eclipse and the transit of 2010, while future observation campaigns could allow $t_\text{tr$-$ec}(N)$ to be measured ten to fifteen years later. From Table \[table3\] we predict that the observations in 2020 will measure that the time difference between the transit and eclipse (with $N=33$) is shorter by 182.8 seconds (approximately three minutes), because of the relativistic effect, as compared to the one which was measured ten years ago in 2010. The values of this observable quantity given by Eq. are also presented for the transits of the next seven years in Table \[table3\]; in December 2024, the difference between the eclipse and transit (with $N=49$) is shorter by 271.4 seconds (4.5 minutes) as compared to the one measured in 2010. The 2010 measurement yielded [@HD80606b_LDL09; @HD80606b_H11] $$\label{Deltat0} t_\text{tr$-$ec}(0) = (5.8491 \pm 0.003) \,\text{days}\,,$$ with good published uncertainty in the measurement, of the order of $4.5$ minutes, comparable to the relativistic effect we want to detect. Therefore we conclude that for the next observations of the transit/eclipse in the coming years, we should already be on the verge of detecting the relativistic effect. Hamiltonian integration of the motion {#sec:Ham} ===================================== At the 1PN order, the Hamiltonian of the relative motion of two point masses reads [@BlanchetLR] $$\label{eqHam} \frac{H}{\mu} = \frac{1}{2}\,P^2- \frac{GM}{R} + \frac{1}{c^2}\left[\frac{3\nu-1}{8}\,P^4 -\frac{GM}{2R}\left(\nu P_R^2+(3+\nu)P^2\right)+ \frac{G^2M^2}{2R^2}\right]\,,$$ where $\bm{P} = \frac{\bm{P}_1+\bm{P}_2}{\mu}$ is the reduced linear momentum, which is conjugate to $\bm{X}$, and we pose $P_R = \bm{P}\cdot\bm{X}/R$ with $R =\vert\bm{X}\vert$, and $P^2=\bm{P}^2$. We shall use the Delaunay-Poincaré canonical variables. We start with the usual orbital elements $\{a,e,\ell,\omega\}$, where $a$ and $e$ are the semi-major axis and eccentricity, $\omega$ is the argument of the periastron, and $\ell=n(t-t_P)$ denotes the mean anomaly, where $n=\sqrt{G M/a^3}$ by definition.[^9] Since the motion takes place in a fixed orbital plane, we do not need to consider the inclination $I$ and the longitude of the node $\Omega$. Thus we have \[eqRPPR\] $$\begin{aligned} & R = a\left(1-e\cos\psi\right)\,, \\\ & P^2 = \frac{GM}{a}\,\frac{1+e\cos\psi}{1-e\cos\psi}\,, \\ & P_R^2 = \frac{GM}{a}\,\frac{e^2\sin^2\psi}{(1-e\cos\psi)^2}\,,\end{aligned}$$ together with $\ell=\psi-e \sin\psi$, where $\psi$ is the eccentric anomaly. Then Eq.  reads $$\label{eqHamaeX} \frac{H}{\mu} = -\frac{GM}{2a} +\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{GM}{ac}\right)^2\left[ \frac{3\nu-1}{4} + \frac{4-\nu}{\mathcal{X}}-\frac{6+\nu}{\mathcal{X}^2} +\nu\, \frac{1-e^2}{\mathcal{X}^3}\right]\,,$$ where we introduced $\mathcal{X} =1- e\cos\psi$ for convenience. The conjugate Delaunay-Poincaré variables $\{\lambda, \Lambda, h, \mathcal{H}\}$ are then defined by \[defDelPoincVar\] $$\begin{aligned} &\lambda = \ell +\omega\,, && \Lambda = \mu\sqrt{GMa}\,, \\ & h = -\omega\,, && \mathcal{H} = \mu\sqrt{GMa}\left(1-\sqrt{1-e^2}\right)\,,\end{aligned}$$ and the Hamiltonian equations take the canonical form \[eqHamDelPoincVar\] $$\begin{aligned} &\frac{{\mathrm{d}}\lambda}{{\mathrm{d}}t} = \frac{\partial H}{\partial \Lambda}\,, & \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\Lambda}{{\mathrm{d}}t} = -\frac{\partial H}{\partial \lambda}\,,\\ & \frac{{\mathrm{d}}h}{{\mathrm{d}}t} = \frac{\partial H}{\partial\mathcal{H}}\,, & \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\mathcal{H}}{{\mathrm{d}}t} = -\frac{\partial H}{\partial h}\,.\end{aligned}$$ With the explicit expression of the 1PN Hamiltonian in Eq.  we obtain \[eqHamJacobiExplicit\] $$\begin{aligned} &\frac{{\mathrm{d}}\Lambda}{{\mathrm{d}}t} =\frac{{\mathrm{d}}\mathcal{H}}{{\mathrm{d}}t} = -\frac{\mu\,e}{2\mathcal{X}^3}\left(\frac{GM}{ac}\right)^2\left[\nu-4+2\,\frac{6+\nu}{\mathcal{X}} -3\nu\,\frac{1-e^2}{\mathcal{X}^2}\right]\sin\psi\,,\\ & \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\lambda}{{\mathrm{d}}t} = n + \frac{GM n}{2c^2\,a}\left[1-3\nu+\frac{4(\nu-4)}{\mathcal{X}} + \frac{28+3\nu}{\mathcal{X}^2}-\frac{(4+5\nu)(1-e^2)+12}{\mathcal{X}^3}\right]\nonumber\\ & \qquad +\frac{GM n}{c^2(1+\sqrt{1-e^2})a} \left[\frac{\nu-4}{2\mathcal{X}^2} + \frac{(4+\nu)(1-e^2)+12}{2\mathcal{X}^3} + \frac{(12+5\nu)(1-e^2)^{3/2}}{2\mathcal{X}^4}-\frac{3\nu(1-e^2)^{5/2}}{2\mathcal{X}^5}\right]\,,\\ & \frac{{\mathrm{d}}h}{{\mathrm{d}}t} = \frac{GM n\sqrt{1-e^2}}{2c^2 e^2\,a\mathcal{X}^2}\left[ \nu-4+\frac{(4+\nu)(1-e^2)+12}{\mathcal{X}} - \frac{(12+5\nu)(1-e^2)}{\mathcal{X}^2}+3\nu\,\frac{(1-e^2)^2}{\mathcal{X}^3}\right]\,.\end{aligned}$$ Let us now turn to the integration of the latter equations. As we see from Eq. we need to obtain the indefinite integrals $I_n(\psi) = \int \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\psi}{\mathcal{X}^n}$ and $J_n(\psi) = \int {\mathrm{d}}\psi \,\frac{\sin\psi}{\mathcal{X}^n}$. Looking at @GR, one finds all the needed integrals: \[eqGR\] $$\begin{aligned} I_1(\psi) &= \frac{2}{\sqrt{1-e^2}}\arctan\left[\sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}} \tan\frac{\psi}{2}\right]\,,\\ I_n(\psi) &= \frac{e}{(n-1)(1-e^2)}\frac{\sin\psi}{\mathcal{X}^{n-1}} + (2n-3)I_{n-1}(\psi) - (n-2)I_{n-2}(\psi)\,,\nonumber\\ J_n(\psi) &= - \frac{1}{(n-1)e\mathcal{X}^{n-1}}\,.\end{aligned}$$ With these elementary integrals it is straightforward to obtain the complete solution of the motion. We first compute $\Lambda(\psi)$ and $\mathcal{H}(\psi)$. To the zero-th order their values $\Lambda_0$ and $\mathcal{H}_0$ are constant, so the solution is described by constant orbital elements $a_0$, $e_0,$ and $n_0=(G M/a_0^3)^{1/2}$, and we can integrate using $n_0{\mathrm{d}}t=\mathcal{X}_0{\mathrm{d}}\psi$ to the requested order, where $\mathcal{X}_0=1-e_0\cos\psi$. Using the definitions of $\Lambda$ and $\mathcal{H}$ in Eq. we obtain the solution as $a=a_0+\delta a$ and $e=e_0+\delta e,$ where \[eq\_ae\_1PN\] $$\begin{aligned} \delta a &= \frac{GM}{c^2}\left(\frac{1-3\nu}{4}+\frac{\nu-4}{\mathcal{X}_0} + \frac{6+\nu}{\mathcal{X}_0^2} - \nu\,\frac{1-e_0^2}{\mathcal{X}_0^3}\right) \,,\\ \delta e &= \frac{1-e_0^2}{2a_0\,e_0}\, \delta a\,.\end{aligned}$$ In exactly the same way, ${\mathrm{d}}h/{\mathrm{d}}t$ can be integrated to give $\omega = \omega_0 + \delta\omega$, with \[eq\_omega\_1PN\] $$\begin{aligned} \delta\omega = & \, \frac{6\,GM}{a_0 c^2(1-e_0^2)} \arctan\left[\sqrt{\frac{1+e_0}{1-e_0}}\tan\frac{\psi}{2}\right]\nonumber\\ & + \frac{GM\sin\psi}{2a_0e_0\sqrt{1-e_0^2}c^2}\left(\frac{(\nu+2)(1-e_0^2)+6e_0^2}{\mathcal{X}_0}+6\,\frac{1-e_0^2}{\mathcal{X}_0^2}-\nu\,\frac{(1-e_0^2)^2}{\mathcal{X}_0^3}\right)\,.\end{aligned}$$ Finally, we integrate the mean anomaly $\ell = \psi-e\sin\psi = \lambda + h$. The point is that in the equation for $\lambda$, we first need to express the mean motion as $n=n_0+\delta n,$ where $\delta n=-\frac{3n_0}{2a_0}\delta a$ and $\delta a$ has been found in Eq. . We thus obtain $\ell=\ell_0+\delta\ell$, where $\ell_0=n_0(t-t_{0,P})=\psi-e_0\sin\psi$ (with $t_{0,P}$ the constant passage at periastron), and \[eq\_l\_1PN\] $$\begin{aligned} \delta\ell = & \,\frac{GM(\nu-15)}{8a_0 c^2} \ell_0 \\& - \frac{GM}{2a_0e_0c^2}\left((4-\nu)e_0^2+\frac{2+\nu+4e_0^2}{\mathcal{X}_0}+6\,\frac{1-e_0^2}{\mathcal{X}_0^2}-\nu\,\frac{(1-e_0^2)^2}{\mathcal{X}_0^3}\right)\sin\psi\,.\end{aligned}$$ We note that we could separate, as in Sect. \[sec:PPK\], the secular contributions given by the first terms in both $\delta\omega$ and $\delta\ell$ from the manifestly periodic ones. Combining all those equations, we can solve the transit condition to Newtonian order (Eq. ), which gives $\psi_0$, and then the correction $\delta\psi$ coming from Eq. , where the modification of the impact parameter is given by perturbing Eq. : $$\label{deltabHam} \delta b = \left\{\begin{array}{llll} \displaystyle b_0\left[\frac{\delta a}{a_0}-\frac{2e_0\,\delta e}{1-e_0^2} + \frac{\cos\omega_0\,\delta e}{1 - e_0\cos\omega_0} - \frac{\sin\omega_0\,\delta\omega}{1 - e_0\cos\omega_0}\right] &&&\text{(transits $T_i$)}\,,\\[0.5cm] \displaystyle b_0\left[\frac{\delta a}{a_0}-\frac{2e_0\,\delta e}{1-e_0^2} - \frac{\cos\omega_0\,\delta e}{1 + e_0\cos\omega_0} + \frac{\sin\omega_0\,\delta\omega}{1 + e_0\cos\omega_0}\right] &&&\text{(eclipses $\bar{T}_i$)}\,. \end{array}\right.$$ Finally this gives the modification of the instants of transits due to the 1PN corrections as $$\delta t = \frac{\mathcal{X}_0 \,\delta\psi- \sin\psi_0\,\delta e- \delta\ell}{n_0}\,,$$ where now $\mathcal{X}_0=1-e_0\cos\psi_0$. This method gives the same results as the post-Keplerian ones, reported in Tables \[table1\] and \[table2\], up to 0.5% after 33 cycles. This difference can be explained by comparing Eqs. and : the computation of $\delta b$ slightly differs depending on the method used. Moreover by replacing roughly $\varphi_N \rightarrow \varphi_N/(1+k)$ in Eq. , the second order perturbations can be estimated to play a role at the level of $\sim 5\cdot 10^{-6}$. Lagrangian perturbation theory {#sec:lag} ============================== It is instructive to work out the problem by means of a Lagrangian perturbation method. In this case we shall focus on secular effects (on a timescale much longer than the orbital period) after averaging the perturbation equations. The Lagrangian of the relative motion of two point masses at the 1PN order is given by $$\label{Lagrangien1PN} \frac{L}{\mu} = \frac{v^2}{2} - \frac{GM}{r}+ \mathcal{R} \,,$$ where the 1PN perturbation function $\mathcal{R}$ depends on the relative position $\bm{x}$ and velocity $\bm{v}={\mathrm{d}}\bm{x}/{\mathrm{d}}t$ of the particles (we pose $r=\vert\bm{x}\vert$ and $\dot{r}={\mathrm{d}}r/{\mathrm{d}}t$), and reads [see *e.g.* @BI03CM], $$\label{Rdef} \mathcal{R} = \frac{1}{2c^2}\left[\frac{1-3\nu}{4}v^4 + \frac{GM}{r}\left(\nu \,\dot{r}^2 +(3+\nu)\,v^2\right) - \frac{G^2M^2}{r^2}\right]\,.$$ In the Lagrangian perturbation formalism, when looking at secular effects, we can apply the usual perturbation equations of celestial mechanics directly with the perturbation function $\mathcal{R}$ in the Lagrangian [see *e.g.* @Dgef94]. As in Sect. \[sec:Ham\] we choose the independent orbital elements to be $\{a, e, \ell, \omega\}$, and we pose $n=(G M/a^3)^{1/2}$. The perturbation (Eq. ) depends only on $a$, $e,$ and $\ell$, with the dependence on $\ell$ being implicit in the eccentric anomaly $\psi(e,\ell),$ which is the solution of the Kepler equation, Eq. . The four left perturbation equations read [see *e.g.* @BrouwerClemence; @BN11] \[celestmeca\] $$\begin{aligned} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}a}{{\mathrm{d}}t} &= \frac{2}{a n}\, \frac{\partial \mathcal{R}}{\partial \ell}\,,\label{dadt}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}e}{{\mathrm{d}}t} &= \frac{1-e^2}{e a^2n}\,\frac{\partial \mathcal{R}}{\partial \ell}\,,\label{dedt}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\ell}{{\mathrm{d}}t} &= n - \frac{1}{a^2n}\Bigl[2a\,\frac{\partial \mathcal{R}}{\partial a} + \frac{1-e^2}{e}\, \frac{\partial \mathcal{R}}{\partial e} \Bigr]\,,\label{delldt}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\omega}{{\mathrm{d}}t} &= \frac{\sqrt{1-e^2}}{e a^2 n}\, \frac{\partial \mathcal{R}}{\partial e}\,.\label{domegadt}\end{aligned}$$ It must be remembered that in perturbation theory $n$ is not equal to $2\pi/P$ with $P$ the period. Indeed we have the usual definition $\ell=n(t-t_P)$ but the instant of passage at periastron depends on time: $t_P=t_P(t)$. Instead the period will be given by averaging Eq.  for $\ell$. As in Sect. \[sec:Ham\] we denote the constant orbital elements to zero-th order by $a_0$, $e_0,$ and pose $n_0=(G M/a_0^3)^{1/2}$. To first order the equations for $a$ and $e$ can readily be integrated as $$\label{integrae} a = a_0+\frac{2}{a_0 n_0^2}\,\mathcal{R}\,,\qquad e = e_0+\frac{1-e_0^2}{e_0 a_0^2 n_0^2}\,\mathcal{R}\,,$$ where the perturbation function reduces in this case to (with $\mathcal{X}_0=1-e_0\cos\psi$) $$\label{Rexplicite} \mathcal{R} = \frac{G^2M^2}{2a_0^2c^2}\left[\frac{1-3\nu}{4} + \frac{\nu-4}{\mathcal{X}_0} + \frac{6+\nu}{\mathcal{X}_0^2} -\nu\,\frac{1-e_0^2}{\mathcal{X}_0^3} \right]\,.$$ The results of Eqs. – coincide exactly with those of the Hamiltonian formalism, Eqs. . Next, the equations for $\ell$ and $\omega$ to first order become \[eqsellomega\] $$\begin{aligned} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\ell}{{\mathrm{d}}t} &= n_0 - \frac{3}{a_0^2 n_0} \mathcal{R} - \frac{1}{a_0^2n_0}\Bigl[2a_0\,\frac{\partial \mathcal{R}}{\partial a_0} + \frac{1-e_0^2}{e_0}\, \frac{\partial \mathcal{R}}{\partial e_0} \Bigr]\,,\\ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\omega}{{\mathrm{d}}t} &= \frac{\sqrt{1-e_0^2}}{e_0 a_0^2 n_0}\, \frac{\partial \mathcal{R}}{\partial e_0}\,.\end{aligned}$$ Finally we have to perform the orbital average of these equations, $\langle f \rangle = \frac{1}{P}\int_0^P\!\! {\mathrm{d}}t \,f(t)$. Either we can compute the average directly from Eqs. , or in a simpler way we can substitute $\mathcal{R}$ by its average $\langle \mathcal{R}\rangle$ in Eqs. . We have $$\label{avR} \left\langle \mathcal{R} \right\rangle = \frac{G M a_0 n_0^2}{8 c^2}\biggl(\frac{24}{\sqrt{1-e_0^2}}-15+\nu\biggr)\,,$$ hence we end up with the two main results \[eqaverage\] $$\begin{aligned} \left\langle\frac{{\mathrm{d}}\ell}{{\mathrm{d}}t}\right\rangle &= n_0 + \frac{GM n_0\left(\nu-15\right)}{8\,a_0c^2} = n_0\left(1 + \zeta\right)\,,\\ \left\langle\frac{{\mathrm{d}}\omega}{{\mathrm{d}}t}\right\rangle &= \frac{3G M n_0}{a_0 c^2(1-e_0^2)} = n_0k\,.\end{aligned}$$ These are in agreement with the relative modification of the mean motion or period $P$ given by the relativistic parameter $\zeta$ in Eq. , and of course with the relativistic precession parameter $k$ in Eq. . Thus the two averaged Eqs.  reproduce the two gauge-invariant equations of the quasi-Keplerian formalism in Sect. \[sec:PPK\]. They can also be obtained by averaging the equations of the Hamiltonian formalism in Sect. \[sec:Ham\]. The times of transit and eclipse are straightforwardly computed in perturbation theory using Eqs.  and the transit conditions of Eq. . In this way we have confirmed the results reported in Tables \[table1\], \[table2\], and \[table3\], but there is a typical difference of nearly $2\%$ after 33 cycles, due to the fact that in this perturbative approach we neglect the periodic terms. As we discussed in Sect. \[sec:PPK\], the relativistic effect on the times of transit after a large number of orbits essentially depends on the precession $k$, and the modification of the orbital period $\zeta$, with the latter effect being smaller (see Eq. ). Conclusion and discussion {#sec:concl} ========================= In this paper we investigated the relativistic effects in the orbital motion of the high eccentricity exoplanet HD80606b orbiting around the G5 star HD80606. We proposed a method to detect these effects, based on the accurate measurement of the elapsed time between a mid-transit instant of the planet passing in front of the parent star, and the preceding mid-eclipse instant when it passes behind the star. We presented different computations of the relativistic effects on the transit and eclipse times. One is based on the post-Keplerian parametrisation of the orbit in Sect. \[sec:PPK\], another one is a Hamiltonian method with Delaunay-Poincaré canonical variables in Sect. \[sec:Ham\], and finally a Lagrangian perturbation approach for computing the secular effects in Sect. \[sec:lag\]. A crude understanding and estimation of the main effect is also provided in Appendix \[app:rough\]. These methods gave consistent results, which are reported in Tables \[table1\], \[table2\], and \[table3\]. We found that in ten to fifteen years, corresponding to 33 to 49 orbital periods, the time difference between the eclipse and the next transit is reduced by approximately 3 to 4.5 minutes due to the relativistic effects for this planet. We conclude that these effects should be detectable for the next observations of the full transit and eclipse of HD80606b in coming years by comparing to previous observations done in 2010. By comparison to short-period exoplanets, only a few long-duration eclipses and transits of HD80606b have been observed today. @HD80606b_LDL09 reported the whole eclipse measured with *Spitzer* in November 2007 with a mid-time accuracy of $\pm 260$ seconds. @HD80606b_dW16 secured a similar observation with *Spitzer* of the whole eclipse of January 2010. A few days after again with *Spitzer*, @HD80606b_H11 observed the whole transit of January 2010 with a mid-time accuracy of $\pm 85$ seconds. @HD80606b_R13 observed the same transit with the MOST satellite and reached a lower accuracy of $\pm 294$ seconds. All the other available observations were made from the ground in February 2009 [@HD80606b_M09; @HD80606b_GM09; @HD80606b_F09; @HD80606b_Hi10], June 2009 [@HD80606b_W09], or January 2010 [@HD80606b_Sh10] and could only observe partial portions of transits with a given telescope; so their accuracies on the mid-transit times were $\pm 310$ seconds or even poorer. Thus, the best available measurement of $t_{\rm tr-ec}$ was obtained in January 2010 with *Spitzer* with an accuracy of $\pm\,275$ seconds. A similar accuracy could be reached in 2020 with *Spitzer*, but it would be probably insufficient to detect the effect, slightly below 200 seconds at that time. Thanks to its 6.5-m aperture diameter, the *James Webb Space Telescope* (JWST) would provide an accuracy on $t_{\rm tr-ec}$ a few times better than *Spitzer* (0.85-m diameter). So after JWST has started its operation, hopefully in 2021, it should be feasible to detect the effect with its NIRCam or MIRI instruments, while the effect will approach 300 seconds by comparison to 2010. *Spitzer* and JWST are among the rare telescopes able to continuously observe the 12-hour duration transit of HD80606b, which is mandatory to reach a good timing accuracy. Other current or future telescopes such as TESS, CHEOPS, or PLATO could also sample long-duration transits; however, they are smaller and less sensitive than *Spitzer* or JWST, so are not able to reach their accuracy on timing. In addition they operate in the optical domain, whereas *Spitzer* and JWST observe in infrared where eclipses are deeper and thus more accurately measured. JWST clearly is the best facility to attempt that detection.\ Finally we quickly discuss the other perturbing effects that may affect the measurement. HD80606b is the only planetary companion detected today in that system. More than 15 years of radial-velocity monitoring[^10] did not provide a hint of any additional companion [@HD80606b_H11; @HD80606b_F16]. With the available data, one can put a $3$-$\sigma$ upper limit of $0.4$m/s/yr of a possible linear drift in addition to the radial velocity signature of HD80606b; this allows any additional planetary companion with a sky-projected mass larger than $0.5$ Jupiter mass to be excluded with an orbital period shorter than 40 years around HD80606. On the other hand, the companion star HD80607 is too far away (1200 AU) to produce a noticeable effect on the orbital precession of HD80606b. Besides the possibility that there might be some disturbing other bodies, we have to consider the precession of the orbit caused by the oblateness of the star, the tidal effects between the star and the planet, and the Lense-Thirring effect. The orbital precession rate due to the quadrupolar deformation $J_2$ of the star is $$\label{DeltaJ2} \Delta_{J_2} = \frac{3\pi J_2\,R_\star^2}{a^2 (1-e^2)^2}\,.$$ Assuming the solar value $J_2\sim 10^{-7}$ we obtain $\Delta_{J_2} \sim 0.4\,\text{arcsec}/\text{century}$ for HD80606b, which is negligible for our purpose. As for the orbital precession induced by the tidal interaction of the planet with its parent star, it produces a supplementary orbital precession at the rate [see *e.g.* @HD80606b_JB09; @HD80606b_F10] $$\label{DeltaT} \Delta_\text{T} = 30 \pi \left( k_p\,\frac{M_\star R_p^5}{M_p} + k_\star\,\frac{M_p R_\star^5}{M_\star}\right)\frac{1+\frac{3}{2}e^2+\frac{1}{8}e^4}{a^5(1-e^2)^5}\,,$$ where $k_p$ denotes the Love number of the planet, which is approximately $k_p\sim 0.25$ for a hot Jupiter, and $k_\star$ that of the star, expected to be approximately $k_\star\sim 0.01$ [@HD80606b_JB09]. We find that the first term, due to the tidal deformation of the planet, gives a rather large contribution of about $32\,\text{arcsec}/\text{century}$, while the second term in Eq. , due to the deformation of the star, is much smaller, approximately $2\,\text{arcsec}/\text{century}$. Hence the tidal interaction represents a non-negligible effect, but nevertheless one that is smaller than the GR relativistic precession: $$\label{DeltaTGR} \Delta_\text{T} \sim 34 \,\text{arcsec}/\text{century} \simeq 0.16 \,\Delta_\text{GR}\,.$$ Hence we conclude that the tidal interaction should be taken into account in the precise data analysis of the transit times aimed at measuring the GR effect. The Lense-Thirring effect, due to the angular momentum $S_\star$ of the star, induces a precession of the line of nodes with a rate of $$\label{LenseThirring} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}\Omega}{{\mathrm{d}}t} = \frac{2G\, S_\star}{c^2a^3(1-e^2)^{3/2}}\,,$$ when $M_p\ll M_\star$. Considering the extreme case of a spin-orbit alignment and assuming a solar value $S_\star\sim 10^{42} \,\text{kg.m}^2/\text{s}$, it is negligible, as expected: $\Delta_\text{LT} \sim 0.07\,$arcsec/century. To compare with the solar system, those three effects are negligible for Mercury, for which they are on the order of $\Delta_{J_2} \simeq 0.2\,$arcsec/century, $\Delta_\text{T} \simeq 2\cdot 10^{-6}\,$arcsec/century, and $\Delta_\text{LT} \sim 2\cdot 10^{-3}\,$arcsec/century. In the case of Mercury the periastron advance is largely dominated by the Newtonian effect of the other planets, mainly Venus and Jupiter: $\Delta_\text{planets} = 532.3\,$arcsec/century $\simeq 12.4 \,\Delta_\text{GR}$. From this point of view, HD80606/HD80606b represents a cleaner system than the solar system. The authors would like to thank Alain Lecavelier des Étangs and Gilles Esposito-Farèse for motivating discussions at an early stage of the work. Rough estimation of the effect {#app:rough} ============================== It is also possible to estimate the PN effects by considering a step-by-step shift of the orbit along an approximate sequence of Keplerian ellipses. As depicted in Fig. \[fig\_dt\_gross\], at each step we have to consider two time delays: the one induced by the new position of the transit on the orbit, $\delta t_k$, and the time to pass from the previous periastron to the current one, $\delta t_P$. ![Displacement of the trajectory and time shifts of the exoplanet in-between two approximate successive Keplerian orbits $N-1$ and $N$. The two main contributions $\delta t_k$ and $\delta t_P$ of the (rough) estimation of the time shift are indicated. The point $T'_{N-1}$ is the point corresponding to $T_{N-1}$ reported in the next orbit $N$.[]{data-label="fig_dt_gross"}](dtgross) The first delay is due to the different orientation of the $N$-th Keplerian ellipse with respect to the $(N-1)$-th one, shifted by the relativistic precession angle $\omega_N-\omega_{N-1} \simeq 2\pi k$ (see Fig. \[fig\_dt\_gross\]). It simply reads $n_0\,\delta t_k \simeq \ell_{N} - \ell_{N-1}$, where $n_0$ is the Newtonian mean motion and $\ell_{N}$ the mean anomaly solving the transit condition of the $N$-th orbit (for a given transit $T_i$ or eclipse $\bar{T}_i$). Of course the mean anomaly is counted from the periastron $P_N$ of the $N$-th orbit, and is given in terms of the eccentric anomaly by Kepler’s equation $\ell_N=\psi_N-e \sin\psi_N$. The condition relating the corresponding true anomalies of the successive ellipses is thus $$\arctan \biggl(\sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}} \tan \frac{\psi_N}{2} \biggr) - \arctan \biggl(\sqrt{\frac{1+e}{1-e}} \tan \frac{\psi_{N-1}}{2} \biggr) + \pi k \simeq 0\,.$$ As for the second time delay, it is due to the modification of the mean motion (and thus the period) as given by $n=n_0(1+\zeta)$ (see Eq. ). We have $\ell = n_0(t-t_{P_N})$, which we can roughly equate to $n(t-t_{P_{N-1}})$, where $t_{P_{N-1}}$ and $t_{P_N}$ are the successive instants of passage at periastron. Thus $t_{P_N}-t_{P_{N-1}}\simeq-\zeta(t-t_{P_{N-1}})$, and we roughly approximate $t-t_{P_{N-1}}$ by the period so that $n_0\,\delta t_P \simeq - 2\pi \zeta$. The time delay between the $N$-th orbit and the reference one finally becomes $$\delta t(N) \simeq \frac{\psi_N - \psi_0 - e(\sin\psi_N - \sin\psi_0) - 2\pi N \zeta}{n_0}\,.$$ It is clear from Fig. \[fig\_dt\_gross\] that the two effects are negative, and add up negatively in the total delay. Even if this method seems quite crude, we find that it gives a reasonable estimate of the time shifts. Indeed, the computed times differ from the “exact” post-Keplerian results reported in Tables \[table1\]–\[table3\] by only 9% after 33 cycles. [^1]: [email protected] [^2]: [email protected] [^3]: [email protected] [^4]: While in the final stage of the preparation of this paper, we found that this method was already suggested by @HD80606b_JB09 [@HD80606b_PK08] and later by @HD80606b_Io11. Those works assume a central transit and use only the effect of the periastron shift. Furthermore they are generic while here we also investigate in detail the remarkable case of HD80606b. [^5]: For HD80606b, @HD80606b_H11 gave $\sin\Omega \simeq 0.019$. [^6]: The correction induced by taking into account this effect is of the order of $\frac{\delta b}{b} \sim \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{R_\star}{r}\right)^2$, so $\sim 10^{-4}$ for the transits and $\sim 10^{-2}$ for the eclipses, in the case of HD80606b. [^7]: When $(R_\star \pm R_p)^2=b^2$ the 1PN perturbation of the Newtonian transit condition breaks down since the denominator of  is zero. This corresponds to the case where the planet is just grazing the disc of the star either from inside or outside. For HD8606b we have $b_0\simeq 0.73\,(R_\star+R_p)$and $b_0\simeq 0.90\,(R_\star-R_p)$ so we are far from this case. [^8]: We took our values in Table 1 from @HD80606b_H11. We note that our angular conventions in Fig. \[fig\_referentiel\] are different: $I = \lambda$ (hence $I = 42^{\,\circ}$ adopted here) and $\sin\Omega \simeq \frac{\cos i}{\sin\lambda}$. [^9]: We would like to emphasise that $n$ defined here and in Sect. \[sec:lag\] (perturbation theory) does not have the same meaning as in the quasi-Keplerian representation of the 1PN motion in Sect. \[sec:PPK\]. [^10]: @HD80606b_HG07 proposed a method to detect non-transiting planetary companions *via* the Newtonian secular precession they induce on an (observed) transiting planet, over and above the effect of general relativity.

--- abstract: 'I propose a model for determining the hearer’s attentional state which depends solely on a list of salient discourse entities (S-list). The ordering among the elements of the S-list covers also the function of the [*backward-looking center*]{} in the centering model. The ranking criteria for the S-list are based on the distinction between [*hearer-old*]{} and [*hearer-new*]{} discourse entities and incorporate preferences for inter- and intra-sentential anaphora. The model is the basis for an algorithm which operates incrementally, word by word.' author: - | [**Michael Strube**]{}\ IRCS – Institute for Research in Cognitive Science\ University of Pennsylvania\ 3401 Walnut Street, Suite 400A\ Philadelphia PA 19104\ title: 'Never Look Back: An Alternative to Centering' --- Brennan, S. E., M. W. Friedman [&]{} C. J. Pollard (1987). A centering approach to pronouns. In [*Proc. of the 25[$^{th}$]{} Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Stanford, Cal., 6–9 July 1987*]{}, pp. 155–162. Grosz, B. J., A. K. Joshi [&]{} S. Weinstein (1983). Providing a unified account of definite noun phrases in discourse. In [*Proc. of the 21[$^{st}$]{} Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Cambridge, Mass., 15–17 June 1983*]{}, pp. 44–50. Grosz, B. J., A. K. Joshi [&]{} S. Weinstein (1995). Centering: A framework for modeling the local coherence of discourse. , 21(2):203–225. Hahn, U., K. Markert [&]{} M. Strube (1996). A conceptual reasoning approach to textual ellipsis. In [*Proc. of the 12[$^{th}$]{} European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI ’96); Budapest, Hungary, 12–16 August 1996*]{}, pp. 572–576. Chichester: John Wiley. Haji[$\check{\mbox{c}}$]{}ov[á]{}, E., V. Kubo[$\check{\mbox{n}}$]{} [&]{} P. Kubo[$\check{\mbox{n}}$]{} (1992). Stock of shared knowledge: A tool for solving pronominal anaphora. In [*Proc. of the 14[$^{th}$]{} Int. Conference on Computational Linguistics; Nantes, France, 23-28 August 1992*]{}, Vol. 1, pp. 127–133. Kameyama, M. (1998). Intrasentential centering: A case study. In M. Walker, A. Joshi [&]{} E. Prince (Eds.), [*Centering Theory in Discourse*]{}, pp. 89–112. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Pr. Kehler, A. (1997). Current theories of centering for pronoun interpretation: A critical evaluation. , 23(3):467–475. Lappin, S. [&]{} H. J. Leass (1994). An algorithm for pronominal anaphora resolution. , 20(4):535–561. Prince, E. F. (1981). Toward a taxonomy of given-new information. In P. Cole (Ed.), [*Radical Pragmatics*]{}, pp. 223–255. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press. Prince, E. F. (1992). The [ZPG]{} letter: Subjects, definiteness, and information-status. In W. Mann [&]{} S. Thompson (Eds.), [*Discourse Description. Diverse Linguistic Analyses of a Fund-Raising Text*]{}, pp. 295–325. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Sidner, C. L. (1983). Focusing in the comprehension of definite anaphora. In M. Brady [&]{} R. Berwick (Eds.), [*Computational Models of Discourse*]{}, pp. 267–330. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Strube, M. [&]{} U. Hahn (1996). Functional centering. In [*Proc. of the 34[$^{th}$]{} Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Santa Cruz, Cal., 23–28 June 1996*]{}, pp. 270–277. Suri, L. Z. [&]{} K. F. McCoy (1994). and centering: A comparison and discussion of problems related to processing complex sentences. , 20(2):301–317. Walker, M. A. (1989). Evaluating discourse processing algorithms. In [*Proc. of the 27[$^{th}$]{} Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 26–29 June 1989*]{}, pp. 251–261. Walker, M. A., M. Iida [&]{} S. Cote (1994). Japanese discourse and the process of centering. , 20(2):193–233.

Reconsolidation-induced memory persistence: Participation of late phase hippocampal ERK activation. Persistence is an attribute of long-term memories (LTM) that has recently caught researcher's attention in search for mechanisms triggered by experience that assure memory perdurability. Up-to-date, scarce evidence of relationship between reconsolidation and persistence has been described. Here, we characterized hippocampal ERK participation in LTM reconsolidation and persistence using an inhibitory avoidance task (IA) at different time points. Intra-dorsal-hippocampal (dHIP) administration of an ERK inhibitor (PD098059, PD, 1.0μg/hippocampus) 3h after retrieval did not affect reconsolidation of a strong IA, when tested 24h apart. However, the same manipulation impaired performance when animals were tested at 7d, regardless of the training's strength; and being specific to memory reactivation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing that persistence might be triggered after memory reactivation involving an ERK/MAPK-dependent process.

Pain distress: the negative emotion associated with procedures in ICU patients. The intensity of procedural pain in intensive care unit (ICU) patients is well documented. However, little is known about procedural pain distress, the psychological response to pain. Post hoc analysis of a multicenter, multinational study of procedural pain. Pain distress was measured before and during procedures (0-10 numeric rating scale). Factors that influenced procedural pain distress were identified by multivariable analyses using a hierarchical model with ICU and country as random effects. A total of 4812 procedures were recorded (3851 patients, 192 ICUs, 28 countries). Pain distress scores were highest for endotracheal suctioning (ETS) and tracheal suctioning, chest tube removal (CTR), and wound drain removal (median [IQRs] = 4 [1.6, 1.7]). Significant relative risks (RR) for a higher degree of pain distress included certain procedures: turning (RR = 1.18), ETS (RR = 1.45), tracheal suctioning (RR = 1.38), CTR (RR = 1.39), wound drain removal (RR = 1.56), and arterial line insertion (RR = 1.41); certain pain behaviors (RR = 1.19-1.28); pre-procedural pain intensity (RR = 1.15); and use of opioids (RR = 1.15-1.22). Patient-related variables that significantly increased the odds of patients having higher procedural pain distress than pain intensity were pre-procedural pain intensity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05); pre-hospital anxiety (OR = 1.76); receiving pethidine/meperidine (OR = 4.11); or receiving haloperidol (OR = 1.77) prior to the procedure. Procedural pain has both sensory and emotional dimensions. We found that, although procedural pain intensity (the sensory dimension) and distress (the emotional dimension) may closely covary, there are certain factors than can preferentially influence each of the dimensions. Clinicians are encouraged to appreciate the multidimensionality of pain when they perform procedures and use this knowledge to minimize the patient's pain experience.

“I use Web CEO everyday at work. In fact, I hounded the CEO into purchasing the Professional Un-leashed edition with which he is very satisfied that I did. I think Web CEO is "the" SEO/SEM tool to use that far out runs any of the competition around today or, in my opinion, anything that could be dreamed up in the future, as you guys have created a sensational, professional and substantial piece of marketing genius that was profoundly necessary for the professional SEO Marketer like me.”Steven J. Ram Project Manager Free Articles Directory FYI - http://www.articlesfyi.com/ “I bought a copy ... on the 14th and today I am No.1 of Google for “Website Design Fleet” and for “Monthly Maintenance Plans” and rank well for several other keywords too. Many thanks for such a great product!”Andy Allen http://www.mistera.co.uk/ “It's very refreshing to find a company that actually cares about this sort of feedback and takes the time to respond quickly to customer concerns. I've been in a "customer service" roll for almost 8 years now, Telecommunications and IT in general, I greatly appreciate the level of customer service that you have been providing me.” Paul Wells http://www.hasafraker.com/

UUID = nil HOST = 'otclient.herokuapp.com' PORT = 80 FIRST_REPORT_DELAY = 15 REPORT_DELAY = 60 sendReportEvent = nil firstReportEvent = nil function initUUID() UUID = g_settings.getString('report-uuid') if not UUID or #UUID ~= 36 then UUID = g_crypt.genUUID() g_settings.set('report-uuid', UUID) end end function init() connect(g_game, { onGameStart = onGameStart, onGameEnd = onGameEnd }) initUUID() end function terminate() disconnect(g_game, { onGameStart = onGameStart, onGameEnd = onGameEnd }) removeEvent(firstReportEvent) removeEvent(sendReportEvent) end function configure(host, port, delay) if not host then return end HOST = host PORT = port or PORT REPORT_DELAY = delay or REPORT_DELAY end function sendReport() if not HOST then return end local protocolHttp = ProtocolHttp.create() protocolHttp.onConnect = onConnect protocolHttp.onRecv = onRecv protocolHttp.onError = onError protocolHttp:connect(HOST, PORT) end function onGameStart() if not HOST then return end removeEvent(firstReportEvent) removeEvent(sendReportEvent) firstReportEvent = addEvent(sendReport, FIRST_REPORT_DELAY*1000) sendReportEvent = cycleEvent(sendReport, REPORT_DELAY*1000) end function onGameEnd() removeEvent(firstReportEvent) removeEvent(sendReportEvent) end function onConnect(protocol) if not g_game.isOnline() then protocol:disconnect() return end local post = '' post = post .. 'uid=' .. urlencode(UUID) post = post .. '&report_delay=' .. REPORT_DELAY post = post .. '&os=' .. urlencode(g_app.getOs()) post = post .. '&graphics_vendor=' .. urlencode(g_graphics.getVendor()) post = post .. '&graphics_renderer=' .. urlencode(g_graphics.getRenderer()) post = post .. '&graphics_version=' .. urlencode(g_graphics.getVersion()) post = post .. '&painter_engine=' .. urlencode(g_graphics.getPainterEngine()) post = post .. '&fps=' .. urlencode(g_app.getBackgroundPaneFps()) post = post .. '&max_fps=' .. urlencode(g_app.getBackgroundPaneMaxFps()) post = post .. '&fullscreen=' .. urlencode(tostring(g_window.isFullscreen())) post = post .. '&window_width=' .. urlencode(g_window.getWidth()) post = post .. '&window_height=' .. urlencode(g_window.getHeight()) post = post .. '&player_name=' .. urlencode(g_game.getCharacterName()) post = post .. '&world_name=' .. urlencode(g_game.getWorldName()) post = post .. '&otserv_host=' .. urlencode(G.host) post = post .. '&otserv_port=' .. G.port post = post .. '&otserv_protocol=' .. urlencode(g_game.getProtocolVersion()) post = post .. '&otserv_client=' .. urlencode(g_game.getClientVersion()) post = post .. '&build_version=' .. urlencode(g_app.getVersion()) post = post .. '&build_revision=' .. urlencode(g_app.getBuildRevision()) post = post .. '&build_commit=' .. urlencode(g_app.getBuildCommit()) post = post .. '&build_date=' .. urlencode(g_app.getBuildDate()) post = post .. '&display_width=' .. g_window.getDisplayWidth() post = post .. '&display_height=' .. g_window.getDisplayHeight() post = post .. '&cpu=' .. urlencode(g_platform.getCPUName()) post = post .. '&mem=' .. g_platform.getTotalSystemMemory() post = post .. '&os_name=' .. urlencode(g_platform.getOSName()) post = post .. getAdditionalData() local message = '' message = message .. "POST /report HTTP/1.1\r\n" message = message .. "Host: " .. HOST .. "\r\n" message = message .. "Accept: */*\r\n" message = message .. "Connection: close\r\n" message = message .. "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n" message = message .. "Content-Length: " .. post:len() .. "\r\n\r\n" message = message .. post protocol:send(message) protocol:recv() end function getAdditionalData() return '' end function onRecv(protocol, message) if string.find(message, 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK') then --pinfo('Stats sent to server successfully!') end protocol:disconnect() end function onError(protocol, message, code) pdebug('Could not send statistics: ' .. message) end function urlencode(str) local encodeChar=function(chr) return string.format("%%%X",string.byte(chr)) end local output, t = string.gsub(str,"[^%w]",encodeChar) return output end

Q: Accesing a member directly by the class name Im trying to create a ufloat class/struct in c#. It's more of a challenge for me, but would help me control some values in code. After trying a couple of approaches, I finally have one that seems to work: public struct ufloat { public float Value { get{ return value; } set { if(value < 0) { this.value = 0; } else { this.value = Math.Abs(value); } } } } The problem is, I want it to behave like a typical basic type: ufloat n = 5; n += 1; After some thinking I tried to overload the '=' operator, but it is not possible. Now I am out of ideas. This is why I ask, how can you change this: ufloat x; x.value = 1; to this: ufloat x = 0; x = 1; ? (Sorry if I am losing something really easy, but I am a self-taught "programmer" and I am pretty new to c#. I learnt c++ at first, and going from lower to higher level isn't easy for me.) A: You can't overload the = operator, but you can overload the + operator, and then the += operator (which I believe you meant instead of =+) will work in a reasonably obvious way. You'd also need to add an implicit conversion from float to your struct though. I would strongly advise not making the struct mutable though - instead, let the + operator return a new value. That will make it behave like every other primitive type, and like most other structs. I'd also rename it to USingle to follow the normal .NET naming conventions (where Single is the CLR name for float). You can't add your own C# alias for a name like float is for Single though. I suspect your type will want: A constructor accepting a float Conversions to and from float (note that normally implicit conversions shouldn't throw exceptions - you may want to ignore that, but I'm not sure...) Overloads for the arithmetic operators (+, -, * and /) Overrides of ToString, Equals and GetHashCode Implementation of IComparable<USingle> and IEquatable<USingle> You should think about what you want to happen if you add two values which are "large positive floats" together - is the intention that your new type is able to support larger positive values than float can, or is it just "float but always non-negative"?

Artist Colony for iPhone Will Keep You Enthralled For Many Hours Artist ColonyRating: Think of The Sims, then think of Picasso, Michelangelo, Emin or Hirst and then mix them all up in a big artistic pot and what you are left with is Artist Colony, a people simulation where your task is to nurture your aspiring artists to successfully run their own artist colony. Now even I’ll admit that when I first heard that premise I had my doubts, however in actual fact Artist Colony turns out to be an engaging, great looking game whose quirkiness will keep you enthralled for many hours. While the game doesn’t have the depth of a game such as The Sims it has enough to keep the game interesting and enjoyable. The game starts with two artists, a musician and a painter entering an old artist colony that has fallen into disrepair after one of the studios burnt down with the artist inside while his pregnant wife left. A pretty dark back story to a game that is anything but. Ben and Dylan are the aforementioned artist and musician and there first task is to tidy up the colony to make it presentable to encourage other artists and buyers. Controlling you characters actions is incredibly simple, simple drag and drop them to where you want them to go or what you want them to do. For example cleaning the place up is as simple as dragging and dropping them to the piles of dirt and rubbish and watch them as they clean. Tasks such as this though don’t make Ben, Dylan or any of the other artist inspired though and so as much as cleaning up the place is important you need to balance it with training them in their particular skill. As mentioned previously your first two characters are an artist and a musician, however as you spruce up the colony other artists will start to appear and soon you’ll have sculptors, dancers and photographers to work with and inspire too. Inspiration is an important part of any artists life and you can influence this by training the artist in their given skill and also let them hang around pretty things such as flowers and fountains. All of your artists, for you do manage them all, not just one, can move through 10 levels of artistry. And at each level they can produce one piece of art that they can then sell. The more inspired they are the better the artwork and the more money they will get sold for. Moving your artist through there skill levels is as simple as taking them to their studio for them to practice and the environment includes a paint studio, music studio, a place to create sculptures and a dance studio to name just a few of the locations your characters can frequent. Moving your characters around the environment is part of the drag and drop functionality, as you move hear the edge of the screens the map will move allowing you to access the whole map. The environment isn’t huge but it’s beautifully constructed and looks great, which I guess it would have to as the game is all about artists after all. The menu’s and options look great too and they are easy to navigate. You can see all of your tasks and objectives at the touch of a button as well as each characters stats making it easy to make decisions on what their next activity should be. You can also post your artists creative endeavors to your Facebook page too show off how creative your little people, of which there a 15 in total, can be. And what people sim would be complete without an element of love thrown in? Well Artist Colony is no different and as the female artist arrive you can start trying to influence their romantic relationships because as everyone knows love can be very inspirational. If I’m being harsh I could say that only being able to play one game at a time could be frustrating as it means only one person can play at a time and having some control of the creative output of your artists would be nice too, but really these are small things. I had my doubts when I first started playing Artist Colony but after just a few minutes I was intrigued and after just a little while longer I was hooked, whether you feel creative or not Artist Colony will get your creativity flowing.

Ring in the New Year: No Keystone XL; Yes to Clean Energy! As the new year approaches, we can expect that the State Department will soon issue its Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone XL dirty tar sands oil pipeline. The Statement should identify the crucial environmental and energy security impacts of the proposed pipeline. As outlined previously, it is clear that our nation’s long-term interests — in terms of energy security, climate pollution, job creation, human health, and environmental protection – are best served by abandoning the Keystone XL pipeline and developing our domestic renewable energy infrastructure. The State Department is involved because the pipeline is international – crossing between the U.S. and Canada. At the beginning of 2012, President Obama refused to proceed with the pipeline on the grounds that further research on its impacts was required. With a new impact report soon to be available, President Obama will make the final decision on the fate of the pipeline. The decision will have profound implications for the future of our country and for future generations. Should the President decide to approve the pipeline, it will be a tremendous blow to our ability to create the clean energy economy that is already overdue. Fortunately, opposition to all tar sands pipelines continues to grow in the U.S. and in Canada. You can help amplify the call for a clean energy future by contacting the White House and expressing your support for renewable energy development in the US and your opposition to the Keystone XL pipeline. Let’s ring in the new year with this message! Thank you for your comment on the dangers of transporting oil. Our nation needs to move away from oil and other fossil fuels and toward renewable energy sources. We are far behind where we need to be in developing our renewable energy sector in order to meet our energy needs, reduce carbon pollution, and avoid the many dangers to human and environmental health that are inherent in extracting and transporting fossil fuels.

Excretion of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites in urine is related to body mass index because of higher energy intake in the overweight and obese. A higher body mass index (BMI) has been positively associated with the rate of excretion of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites in urine in data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), suggesting an association between DEHP exposure and BMI. The association, however, may be due to the association between body mass maintenance and higher energy intake, with higher energy intake being accompanied by a higher intake of DEHP. To examine this hypothesis, we ran a Monte Carlo simulation with a DEHP physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for adult humans. A realistic exposure sub-model was used, which included the relation of body weight to energy intake and of energy intake to DEHP intake. The model simulation output, when compared with urinary metabolite data from NHANES, supported good model validity. The distribution of BMI in the simulated population closely resembled that in the NHANES population. This indicated that the simulated subjects and DEHP exposure model were closely aligned with the NHANES population of interest. In the simulated population, the ordinary least squares regression coefficient for log(BMI) as a function of log(DEHP nmol/min) was 0.048 (SE 0.001), as compared with the reported value of 0.019 (SE 0.005). In other words, given our model structure, the higher energy intake in the overweight and obese, and the concomitant higher DEHP exposure, describes the reported relationship between BMI and DEHP.

Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates to amorphous silica particles having a double structure, to a process for preparing the same and to the use thereof. More specifically, the invention relates to amorphous silica particles having a double structure of a core of the dense amorphous silica and a shell of the bulky amorphous silica, to a process for preparing the same, and to the use such as delustering agent for the coating materials.

HOW TO TELL TIME AT SEA by Dr. Fred Schroeder Introduction by Dr. Edward Bell: I'd now like to introduce the first vice president of the National Federation of the Blind. He is a research professor at San Diego State University. He has touched the lives of nearly all of us. He is by far one of the country's most renowned experts in the field of education and rehabilitation. We are very proud to have him speaking to us here today--Dr. Fred Schroeder. Let me begin with a disclaimer: I have no idea what "top down and bottom up" really means. [Laughter.] However, this will not at all deter me from speaking on the topic! Let's start with "top down." Let's start all the way at the top, with the federal law, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. I don't want to sound negative, but I have to be honest. The federal law is not on your side. The federal law says that your blind child has the right to an education. That sounds pretty good, right? But when you look at how that right is implemented, essentially you cannot look to the legal system to support your child's education. The big assumption is that your child will be behind. If you say, "I want my child to be at or above grade level in all subjects," you risk being labeled as one of those difficult, unreasonable parents who hasn't accepted their child's limitations. The school has to put together a package of services for your child. How does it do that? The process starts with an evaluation. Who decides what makes up that evaluation? The school. Who conducts the evaluation? The school. Who interprets the results of that evaluation? The school. Who takes that interpreted information and translates it into educational services? The school! Finally you're sitting at the IEP meeting saying, "This is not what I want for my child," and they say, "But based on the assessment information this is what your child needs." We do have due process, and you can go to court. Your child will probably have graduated by the time you complete the process. And can you win in court? The short answer is, no. The standard set by the courts has been that as long as the school is offering services that provide some educational benefit, that's good enough. Some educational benefit! It's hard not to have some educational benefit. Plant your child in front of Sesame Street every day and he'll learn something! So when we start with "top down," the problem is that the special education legislation lets the schools figure out what to do for children with disabilities. It assumes that whatever the schools do must be okay. I used to be a special education administrator. I can tell you the way it works. If the school district has a service and they think your child can benefit from it, he'll probably get it. If they have adaptive PE, guess what will come out of the evaluation! Your child needs adaptive PE, and they'll put it into the IEP. If there's a service they do not have, you will not likely find it in the IEP. That's the bottom line. Does that mean we're left helpless? No. You can still use the formal system in effective ways. Going through the federal courts takes years and likely you won't get much from it. But for whatever reason, the schools are afraid of the courts. You can use the threat of the fair hearing process. Don't tell them that they don't need to be afraid! You can use that fear as you advocate for your child. As Dr. Ruby Ryles has pointed out, you need to know blind adults. You need to know, concretely in your own mind, how you want your child to function when he or she is my age. You need to have a goal. I talked about this two weeks ago at a research conference on Braille. I used an analogy. I'm sure you're all familiar with the history of the marine chronometer. It was developed under the British Longitude Act of 1714. At that time the British Navy had no way of determining a ship's longitude at sea. To determine longitude you had to know what time it was at the port of departure and what time it was locally in order to measure the distance between the two positions. Nobody knew how to do that. They had pendulum clocks, and when you put a pendulum clock on a ship it doesn't work very well. Why did I use this analogy? With the technology of the time there was no solution to the longitude problem, so the British government set up a grant competition. It offered a prize to anyone who figured out a solution. Many, many people came up with ways to tell time at sea. They tried all sorts of methods. The marine chronometer was developed because it was a non-pendulum clock. Here's the point I made at that conference, the point I'm reiterating now. Rather than saying, "There's no way to tell time at sea--there's no way to do this!" the British government started with a goal. That's what you need for your child. You need a clear vision of what your child's future should look like when he or she is fifteen, twenty, twenty-five, thirty, even fifty-three! You will develop those goals by knowing other blind people. Then you need to advocate in the schools to get the services your child needs in order to achieve those goals. I wish I could tell you there is a formula that will always work. There is not. But one thing that helps is to take a blind adult with you to your child's IEP meeting. It is easier for the schools to speak authoritatively about blindness when nobody in the room is blind. When a blind person is sitting there, talking about the skills that she or he uses, it's very different. A lot of NFB affiliates send people to IEP meetings. A blind person who goes to an IEP meeting doesn't need to be an expert in the law, and neither do you, because the law is not really on your side. You need to advocate for what your child needs from the perspective of a parent. What is one of the hardest things to get for your child? Braille instruction. There are two reasons for this, one practical and one attitudinal. As I said, schools don't provide things unless they already have them available. Unless you live in a rural district, they probably have a TVI. Does the TVI have an hour a day to work with your child, five days a week? Probably not. From the perspective of the school district, the school doesn't have the resources to teach your child Braille. That's the practical reason why it's so hard to get Braille into the IEP. Second is the attitudinal reason. If your child can see a little bit, the idea is that he or she is better off than a child who is totally blind. He or she can read print. Never mind that your child reads slowly, never mind that your child gets headaches and makes lots of errors--you should be thrilled that your child can see enough to be a print reader. Well, there's nothing wrong with seeing. Some of my best friends can see! [Laughter.] But what we're talking about here is functioning. Do you want your child to be fully literate? Now, some legally blind people are fully literate using print. But that is not the case for three out of four legally blind adults. That is the national statistic. For years the American Printing House for the Blind (APH) has collected information about reading methods. If you look at active readers--kids who read print and kids who read Braille--three out of four blind kids in the United States who have some sight and are reading, they're exclusively using print. What can you do? You must make an emphatic argument that your child needs to be a Braille reader. You need a blind person to go with you. It is harder for the schools to tell you how inefficient Braille is with a blind person sitting there. This is negotiation, a strategic approach. You have to understand in your mind and heart what it is that you want your child to be able to do. Then you need to push the school district relentlessly. You meet with the special education teachers and administrators, and they say, "Braille isn't warranted." Then you get an independent evaluation. You get it done by someone like Dr. Ryles, someone who really knows what she's doing. After that, if the district is still stubborn, threaten to sue them. They hate that. Threaten to take them through the fair hearing process. They hate that. Camp out at the superintendent's office--it makes them nervous! I don't know why, but superintendents are very gun-shy about talking to parents. You'd think that school superintendents would be very good at talking to parents, but they don't like it. Call the superintendent and say you want an appointment, and guess what he'll do. He'll say, "We'll have the special education director meet with you." You say, "No, I want to meet with the superintendent." Someone in his office will say, "I'm sorry, but he's very busy and he can't meet with you." So show up at the office and say, "I plan to sit here. My child's life is at stake. I've got a friend at the newspaper, and she's going to be here in a little while to sit here with me." We're talking about strategies here! Show up at the school board meeting. Go to your state legislator and talk about it from the standpoint of an injustice. The school is potentially damaging your child's future, your child's life, your child's livelihood, your child's self-esteem. This is serious stuff. Obviously you don't want to start by being combative, but you need to start by being firm. Here's one of the biggest pitfalls you likely will run into. Your child has a little bit of sight. You say, "I want Braille." They say no, and you push, and finally they say, "Okay, we'll have your child be a dual reader. We'll teach your child to read both print and Braille." After all, your child can see a little bit. Doesn't it make sense to have your child use that little bit of sight and read Braille, too? Isn't that the best of both worlds? Well, it would be if Dr. Ryles or one of her graduates were the teacher, someone who really means what they say when they talk about dual reading. If your child can see graphs and charts and pictures--things that don't display easily in Braille--it would be helpful. Dual reading is theoretically possible. Lots of things are theoretically possible! But in most cases dual reading means maybe they'll show your child the Braille alphabet for a few minutes every week. What will happen is that your child will be a poor print reader, and after a year or two they'll tell you, "You know, Timmy's making real progress in print. He's learned the alphabet!" If you want your child to be a dual reader, sit down with some blind people and figure out what that expectation is. What does it really mean? Unless you have a firm picture in your mind you won't know how to have your child get the best out of print and Braille. I'd start out by saying to the school district, "I want my child to be primarily a Braille reader. I want my child to use Braille for all straight text reading--in English, history, social studies. My child can use vision for some aspects of science and math." Don't let "dual reader" be code for waving a little Braille in your child's direction once in a while and having him or her spend the rest of the time in front of a CCTV reading print at twenty words a minute and getting bad headaches! I'd like to say that "top down" has its place in negotiation. It does, but it's the smaller place. You need to start from the bottom up, and that's the power of your being here. Fortunately you've got three thousand role models here this week. If you were just looking at me, you'd think, "Man, my child's future is kind of bleak!" [Laughter.] But you can look at three thousand other blind people at this convention. Some people have had great training, and some people have had wretched training. You can build your plans on that body of experience. Start with solid expectations. Know what you want your child to be able to do, and build your strategies around your goals. Before I close, I want you to know that you have more than three thousand role models here. You have three thousand friends and relatives. Blind adults feel about your children the way I feel about my own biological children. We want your child to get off to a great start. You will find blind people willing to spend time and energy and resources to help you and to help your child. I encourage you to become a part of this community. I understand that most of you have work commitments and other commitments, but to the degree that you can do it, go to your state NFB conventions. Go to the next national convention and stay all week. You might say, "My child is only four. Issues around Randolph-Shepard or employment or senior services don't apply to us." Of course they apply! They apply because they're part of you developing that clear vision of what you want your child's future to be. I wish you the very best success. If I personally can ever be of help to your children, call on me. I'll do anything in the world that I can.

Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders’ plan to help Americans through the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic could cost more than $10 trillion depending on how long the crisis lasts. “We need to send emergency cash payments of $2,000 to every person in America each month for the duration of this pandemic,” he tweeted Saturday. This is a sizeable outbid of what is currently being considered in the Senate, which is understood to be $1,200 per adult and $500 per child. The money would not be given to those earning more than $100,000 and phased out for incomes below that. Sanders’ plan, however, gives no indication of being any less for children, or any other excluding factor. He has previously tagged the price of his plan overall — which includes other benefits such as expanded health care access and unemployment assistance — at being approximately $2 trillion. But, with more than 300 million Americans, that would in theory mean an outlay of $600 billion every month the crisis goes on. While some politicians have said the crisis might last just a few months, others predictions have been more dire. A federal government plan to combat the coronavirus, obtained by The New York Times, warned that a pandemic “will last 18 months or longer.” If that were the case, the costs on just part of the plan would cost more than $10 trillion. And that is only one aspect of what Sanders wants to do to restart the economy after the crisis. On Friday, he said that Medicare should cover all health care expenses tied to the pandemic. “Right now, 87 million Americans are uninsured or underinsured. Our profit-driven health care system is a danger to our people. During this crisis, Medicare should cover all health care treatment for free, including coronavirus testing, treatment, and the eventual vaccine,” he tweeted.

Q: Chrome: Could not load GWT DevMode Plugin My GWT plugin is installed and enabled When my application loads however, i get What is the problem here? What do you recommend i try to resolve this? A: Chrome 22 for Mac dropped support for long-deprecated plugin models, which the GWT plugin still uses; there's nothing you can do to make that version of the plugin load. The plugin source has already been updated to be compatible with current version of Chrome, there just needs to be a new release of the plugin including that change.

LONDON - The UK government has admitted it is "likely" it was in communications with former members of an al-Qaeda-linked Libyan militant group linked to the Manchester bomber Salman Abedi and his family during the country's 2011 uprising against Muammar Gaddafi. Following last May's Manchester Arena attack, which killed 22 children and adults, it emerged that Abedi, 22, the British-born son of exiled Libyan dissident, returned to the north African country in 2011 with his father to fight with factions linked to the former Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), alongside other anti-Gaddafi forces. MEE revealed that British security services operated an “open door” policy that allowed Libyan exiles and British-Libyan citizens to join the 2011 uprising even though some had previously been subject to counter-terrorism control orders. 'Sorted' by MI5: How UK government sent British-Libyans to fight Gaddafi Read More » The rebels were also backed by NATO, with the UK, France and the US conducting air strikes targeting Gaddafi forces. Gaddafi himself was killed by militants following an air strike on a convoy in which he was travelling in October 2011. But, for the first time, the government has admitted it was "likely" in contact with "former members of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group", an organisation which was banned in the UK because of its links to al-Qaeda. The LIFG was founded in 1995 by anti-Gaddafi Libyan fighters who had fought against the Soviet Union's occupation of Afghanistan in the 1980s, and the group had close contacts with the leaders of al-Qaeda, which also emerged out of the same fight. The LIFG subsequently attempted to distance itself from al-Qaeda and condemned the targeting of civilians. “During the Libyan conflict in 2011 the British Government was in communication with a wide range of Libyans involved in the conflict against the Gaddafi regime forces. It is likely that this included former members of Libyan Islamic Fighting Group and 17 February Martyrs Brigade, as part of our broad engagement during this time,” said Foreign Office minister for the Middle East Alistair Burt, in a written response to a parliamentary question, which was published just after MPs rose for their Parliamentary break at Easter. The LIFG was reported to have disbanded in 2010 but its key leaders were still active in 2011 and many of its former members joined the 17 February Martyrs Brigade, one of the main anti-Gaddafi fighting forces as the revolution gathered pace in 2011. Many volunteers from Manchester also fought for the 17 February Martyrs Brigade, including Ramadan Abedi, Salman Abedi's father, who was reportedly a former member of the LIFG. Lloyd Russell-Moyle MP, who asked the question, said: "The Foreign Office has told me that it is 'likely' it had links to the Libyan rebel group for which the Manchester bomber fought." He said the response left the government with "serious questions" to answer over whether it facilitated Abedi's travel to fight in Libya. After his father returned to Libya in 2011 to fight for LIFG, Abedi reportedly travelled back and forth between his home and Manchester and Tripoli, and fought alongside his father during the school holidays. Other reports indicate he was injured in 2014 in eastern Libya while fighting for an Islamist militant faction. Fabian Hamilton MP, a member of Labour's shadow foreign office team, told MEE: “These revelations show that the British government must look more closely at who it supports and has communications with, not only in Libya, but across the world. "The situation in Libya in 2011 was extremely complex, and still is today, with several different organisations claiming to represent the people of that country, while showing a willingness to take part in violence to meet their political ends.” 'No questions asked' Following the Manchester attacks, several former Libyan rebel fighters now back in the UK told MEE that they had been able to travel to Libya with "no questions asked" and that "old-school LIFG guys" were allowed to travel to the country. At the time, sources told MEE it appeared the government allowed the travel of Libyan exiles keen to fight against Gaddafi, including some whom it had earlier deemed to pose a potential security risk. Raffaello Pantucci, director of international security studies at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), told MEE the revelations showed the “complexity” of the Libyan conflict. “If you are dealing with a situation when armed groups are the dominant forces, you are obliged to deal with them, but in a fluid situation, as was the case in Libya, you can find that someone who was an ally one day can produce conflict the next," he said. Moazzam Begg, a former Guantanamo Bay prisoner and outreach director of human rights group Cage, who visited Libya in 2011, told MEE that the British government's use of and support for former members of the LIFG during the Libyan uprising was a "pretty open secret". "There is no doubt that the very same people imprisoned and placed under control orders in the UK - based largely on secret evidence provided by Gaddafi regime - later left the UK to become leaders in the war against him," said Begg. Begg pointed to the example one former LIFG exile in Birmingham who was placed on a control order in the UK but was subsequently appointed head of security for visiting foreign dignitaries by Libya's transitional government. The official coordinated visits by British prime minister David Cameron, French president Nicolas Sarkozy, US secretary of state Hilary Clinton, and then-Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Begg told MEE. 'Seeking a hardline Islamic state' The UK government listed the LIFG as a terrorist organisation in 2005, describing it as seeking to establish a "hardline Islamic state" and "part of the wider Islamist extremist movement inspired by al-Qaeda". The US State Department has said elements of the LIFG had pledged loyalty to Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda and designated the group a foreign terrorist organisation in 2004. Former members of the LIFG deny that the group had any links with al-Qaeda and say it was committed only to removing Gaddafi from power. In 2011, then-British prime minister David Cameron told parliament: "The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group was allied with al-Qaeda. It is not any more and has separated itself from that organisation." A mural in Tripoli paying tribute to fighters from Manchester who joined the 17 February Martyrs' Brigade during Libya's revolution against Gaddafi (AFP) The LIFG became a significant anti-Gaddafi force in Libya in the late 90s, until a government clampdown forced many members to flee - and many were granted refugee status in the UK. But LIFG exiles found themselves under scrutiny in the UK following a rapprochement between the British and Libyan governments in 2004, which resulted in greater cooperation between the countries' security services. According to documents retrieved from the ransacked offices of the Libyan intelligence agency following Gaddafi's fall from power in 2011, British security services cracked down on Libyan dissidents in the UK as part of a deal with Gaddafi, as well as assisting in the rendition of two senior LIFG leaders, Abdel Hakim Belhaj and Sami al-Saadi, to Tripoli where they allege they were tortured. Belhaj later returned to Libya and was a leading figure in the uprising against Gaddafi, while another former Libyan exile subjected to a control order in the UK was later tasked with providing security for visiting dignitaries including Cameron, French president Nicolas Sarkozy and US secretary of state Hillary Clinton, MEE understands. The Islamic State (IS) group, which was able to seize territory in Libya around the central city of Sirte as rival Libyan governments and militias emerged following the fall of Gaddafi, claimed responsibility for the Manchester bombing. Links to Islamic State? Salman Abedi is reported to have also had contact with jailed IS recruiter Abdalraouf Abdallah, another British-Libyan from Manchester who suffered paralysing injuries while fighting with the 17 February Martyrs Brigade in Libya. Abdallah was convicted in 2016 of assisting others in committing acts of terrorism after facilitating and arranging for British men, including his brother, to travel to Syria to fight for IS. A security source told MEE that officials were unable to comment on Abedi and his family members' travel in Libya, because of the active extradition request for Hashem Abedi, the brother of Salman Abedi. Hashem Abedi, 20, was arrested in Libya shortly after his older brother blew himself up at the Manchester Arena, and UK authorities want him to return to the UK to face mass murder charges. The Foreign Office declined to comment.

In the wake of the mass shooting in Parkland, Florida, some conservative commentators—and a handful of libertarians—have proposed a measure they say would help disarm potential killers while respecting the Second Amendment rights of the general public: Gun Violence Restraining Orders, or GVROs. The general idea is to enable the relatives or friends of a potentially violent person to petition a judge for a civil order temporarily suspending that person's ability to purchase or possess firearms. Like other restraining orders, they could be contested by the restrainee, with the petitioning party bearing the burden of proof. Since they're individualized and judicial, GVROs avoid the "collective punishment" of gun prohibition and, if crafted well, will respect due process. You can see why they might appeal to civil libertarians. But there's a potential problem here too, arising from the way restraining orders work in practice. I used to work at D.C.'s local courthouse, where I saw judges issue dozens of domestic violence restraining orders. Typically, a person seeking one comes to court on a walk-in basis and appears before a judge within an hour or so. The defendant is usually absent. If the petitioner presents sufficient evidence of threats, stalking, or prior assault (a sworn statement combined with text messages, photos, or bruises is usually enough) the court will issue a the temporary order without ever having heard from the defendant. This procedure makes good sense. Restraining orders are meant to address imminent threats, so it would be silly to force the petitioner to notify their stalker and then wait around several days for a court date. But long-term restraints on a person's free movement require more than a mere allegation. So these "stay away" orders issued in absentia are limited and short-term. Usually they just tell the restrainee to not interact with the petitioner and to show up in court a few days later, where the judge can hear evidence from both sides and impose the appropriate longer-term restraint, if any. Once issued, these temporary orders have to be served on the person they restrain before they take legal effect. That ensures that the restrainees have actual notice that they've been restrained and have been told what it is they're now banned from doing. This is where the trouble starts for GVROs. Presumably, the process for obtaining GVROs would be substantially similar—it would have to be, given that they also need to address imminent, not speculative, threats. But think of the situation that arises once a temporary GVRO has been issued in absentia and needs to be served. Someone now has to knock on the door of (or otherwise track down) a person who is known to be armed and alleged to be dangerous, serve that person with court documents, and then take away whatever guns the person already has. Domestic violence restraining orders are sometimes served by police officers, but can also be delivered by any adult who is not the petitioner. It's a tricky enough business as it is, given that restrainees do not tend to be the calmest and politest members of society. Throw guns into the mix, and things get even dicier. There would be a strong impulse to mandate that the orders be served by police officers. The officers, in turn, would be understandably tempted to bring heavy armor and firepower along with them when serving the order. Cops, understandably, don't like knocking on doors when all they know is that there's an angry person with a gun on the other side. Ask them to serve GVROs, and you'd likely see an explosion in the number of paramilitary-style no-knock SWAT raids and the associated police shootings that some portion of them inevitably cause. Civil libertarians have worked for years trying to curtail these aggressive police tactics and the chaos they produce. If implemented carelessly, GVRO laws could increase the number of these raids. To avoid that, a GVRO law would have to include specific procedures for how the orders should be served, and for how the restrainee should be deprived of guns he already owns without needless violence. The order could simply be served like other court papers, providing a window for restrainees to surrender firearms within a certain time, only involving police in the event of non-compliance. Police who serve GVROs could be required to wear plain clothes and effect service on a knock-and-talk basis to keep the restrainees from feeling provoked. There are probably other workable solutions, too. A great example of how not to implement GVROs can be seen, perhaps not surprisingly, in Congress, where a proposed bill does a terrible job of protecting due process. Running afoul of all the concerns about GVROs articulated by Reason's Jacob Sullum, the proposal sets the standard of proof for issuing orders at the very low "reasonable suspicion" level, the same "slightly more than a hunch" standard used for "stop and frisk" searches—even less certainty than is needed to obtain a search warrant. The bill at least provides for a hearing within 30 days, but in practice an asserted "reasonable suspicion" is almost impossible to disprove. Just as significantly, the bill sets out no guidance on how to serve GVROs or carry out gun seizures without prompting violent confrontations. If advocates are going to propose GVROs as a serious way to address mass shootings while respecting liberty, they need to think carefully about the details of what they're suggesting and the likely consequences. Congress has so far failed to do that, tearing ahead instead with a poorly crafted bill that might cause more shootings than it stops.

There's something inherently interesting, not to mention disturbing, about abandoned places. The internet agrees, as it has fueled the growth in "urban exploration" as a (white, middle class) hobby. Search around and you'll find that pictures of abandoned factories, amusement parks, and malls aplenty. Personally, my favorite type of man-made wreckage is a good old fashioned white elephant. They might not be abandoned in the strictest sense, but they have this special kind of sad, pointless emptiness that you can't find anywhere else. Imagine walking around a museum alone or being the only fan in an entire stadium. But enough about going to Miami Marlins games. I've never been to Montreal, but it is the Graceland of giant, burdensome, staggeringly expensive, useless public works projects. There's Olympic Stadium, but that's a story for another day. Here's a good trivia question. What is the largest airport in the world by area? While this title is now disputed*, I'm going to guess that Montreal-Mirabel Airport was not on the tip of your tongue. Why? Because you can't actually book a flight into the world's biggest, and almost totally empty, airport. At a hard-to-comprehend 396 square kilometers in area, Mirabel opened in 1975 (for the 1976 Montreal Olympics) and is easily visible from space. Are you sure it's big enough? For the planes carrying tens of millions of people to…Montreal? The gargantuan airport hasn't had passenger service for over a decade, handling only cargo traffic. The city has spent 30 years trying to find alternate uses for it – it has been used variously as a Formula 1 racetrack, a Bombardier airplane factory, a movie set, warehouse space, and more. For a while they were even talking about turning into an amusement park. So how does a city build the world's biggest airport and it ends up totally empty? After Expo 67 (the spiritual successor of the great World Fairs of the late 19th/early 20th Centuries) and their winning bid to host the Summer Olympics of 1976, the city fathers in Montreal were making some boldly optimistic projections of the city's future (and possibly doing a lot of blow as well). Along with the Canadian federal government they began planning massive new infrastructure projects. Montreal was served by a relatively small city airport, Dorval (now – because god has a sense of humor – named Pierre Trudeau International) which was handling an unplanned amount of international traffic. Back in the 1960s and 1970s, airliners did not have the range we're accustomed to today. So west coast flights to Europe, Africa, the Mideast, etc commonly stopped in Montreal to re-fuel before crossing the Atlantic. So they hatched a brilliant plan. Projecting that Montreal's airports would be handling a staggering 20 million passengers annually, they drew up plans for Mirabel to handle all international flights. Domestic flights would continue to use Dorval. When Mirabel opened, though, the floods of passengers never came. First, technological advances made it unnecessary for newer airliners to make refueling stops. Second, nobody within or outside of Montreal wanted to use the damn thing. It was built more than an hour's drive from the city (Dorval is much closer) and the promised high-speed rail line to connect the city and airport never materialized. It was expensive, so the airlines hated it. And because it could offer the size of a major airport with the convenience of domestic connections, airlines decided to avoid Montreal altogether and just fly to Pearson International in Toronto (the one Rush wrote a song about). After twenty years the governments collectively gave up on Mirabel and…expanded Dorval to accommodate 20 million passengers, which I guess they kinda could have done in the first place. At its peak, Mirabel handled 3 million passengers in one year. This is the amount of passengers handled in 2012 by the 52nd busiest airport in the U.S. – Port Columbus International in lovely Columbus, Ohio. Check out the bustling terminal at Mirabel today! Let's just say things didn't pan out. And it's still standing to remind everyone of its failure. We've all made bad predictions and worse plans, but a literal concrete-and-steel monument has never been built to your bad ideas. Whoever finds this planet in a few thousand years after we're long gone will be baffled by it. Fittingly, they will probably land at Dorval. "Why would you land at the one that's farther away?" they will ask in their strange, alien tongue. Good question. Good question.

Funding for some programs administered under the Violence Against Women Act are in jeopardy as a result of the partial government shutdown. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), first passed by Congress in 1994, expired on Saturday when the government entered a partial shutdown, a development that postpones future payments to programs that assist domestic violence and sexual assault victims until the law is reauthorized, according to NPR News. ADVERTISEMENT Some programs will continue to operate with already-awarded grant money, but future payment requests will be delayed until Congress reauthorizes the law. House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi Nancy PelosiPelosi slams Trump executive order on pre-existing conditions: It 'isn't worth the paper it's signed on' On The Money: Anxious Democrats push for vote on COVID-19 aid | Pelosi, Mnuchin ready to restart talks | Weekly jobless claims increase | Senate treads close to shutdown deadline Trump signs largely symbolic pre-existing conditions order amid lawsuit MORE (D-Calif.) criticized Republicans in a letter to Speaker Paul Ryan Paul Davis RyanKenosha will be a good bellwether in 2020 At indoor rally, Pence says election runs through Wisconsin Juan Williams: Breaking down the debates MORE (R-Wis.) in September when a short-term extension of VAWA, instead of a long-term reauthorization, was included in a government funding bill. She called it “a dereliction of Congress’ duty to ensure that all women can live free from violence." “Republicans’ decision to include only a short-term VAWA reauthorization in the must-pass minibus spending bill is nothing short of an abdication of our responsibilities to women in our country," Pelosi wrote.

Q: Annotating a model with internationalized resources in a separate library in ASP.MVC I have a solution with two basic layers - an MVC project and a DAL library. Models are extracted into Common project which is library. MVC project has reference to Common. How can I manage data annotations for models placed in a separate library? When model was existing in MVC it was for instance: [Required(ErrorMessageResourceType = typeof(Resources.ValidationMessages), ErrorMessageResourceName = "GeneralRequired")] [Display(Name = "Name", ResourceType = typeof(Resources.Models.SomeModel))] public string Name{ get; set; } When I moved that model to separate library I've lost access to the resources. I can't refer to it because of circular dependency. I can't place the model in MVC project because DAL interface uses it (and if it would be in the MVC project then DAL has to refer to the MVC project which is impossible due to circular dependency). Is there any way to use the data annotations in a presented scenario? A: The solution is moving resources to the Common project. It won't damage the internationalization.

Rheumatic manifestations of systemic disease: sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis commonly involves the lungs but also not uncommonly presents as uveitis, arthritis, myositis or neurologic disease. Recognition of the presenting features, organ complications, and immunopathogenesis is important for timely diagnosis and appropriate management. Current studies support the disorder developing as a consequence of a CD4+ T-cell-mediated response to variable environmental or microbial triggers in the context of one or more determined susceptibility genes including BTNL2, with other genes such as CARD15/NOD2, governing disease severity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful in defining the presence and extent of central nervous system (CNS), osseous, and both skeletal and cardiac muscle disease. Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of therapy; patients with refractory disease may respond to other immunomodulating drugs, including anti-TNF-alpha antibodies but the optimal roles of traditional immunomodulating as well as newer biologic therapies in management are continuing to be defined. Insights into triggering immune events and susceptibility genes should provide potential new strategies and targets for therapy. The judicious use of MRI in suspected cases can enhance earlier recognition of disease in the CNS, bone, and both skeletal and cardiac muscle to guide diagnostic procedures as well as appropriate treatment.

I have been working at Cornerstone OnDemand full-time (More than a year) Pros Best reasons would be the culture and a cool looking office. Cons Perks are not what they seem. Unlimited days off was a really stupid idea because managers make people feel guilty about taking a day off and there's always lots of work to do so you can never take off. Google's model for that is so much better Mr. CEO! Most companies are backing out of it for a reason.Also, the managers were promoted here so most have very little experience managing people.Also, work-life balance? No such thing here. You're expected to work over the weekend and have email on your personal phone.Every day breakfasts are almost a joke because 20 minutes after they're served, they're gone. Can't you for once order enough food?Free lunch is once a week and it's poorly organized. You have to stand in line to get it for an hour. Whoever is in charge of that, obviously has no clue how to do this. Advice to Management It's always bad idea to tell your employees to write a positive feedback on glassdoor so the company looks good. Unlimited vacation plans are very rewarding and offer the opportunity to take more time off than employees previously had access to. These plans are unique and they put the responsibility on the individual to plan ahead and organize their work. Offering this level of independence is key to building our culture at Cornerstone. Rather than backing out, it appears that many companies are adopting this plan to reward their high performers as are we. We have several leadership development opportunities including monthly Development Days, Personal Coaching, and various curriculums and courses we offer to insure that anyone on a leadership path is receiving opportunities to advance and development. We would never expect members of our team to use their personal devices for work related activities but many of them prefer it and we’re happy to accommodate that request instead of insisting they use ours. Our employees love food and we are happy to supply them with many treats from breakfast, to snacks, to a candy shop. We often have so many left over’s from breakfast and our Friday lunches that we donate items to local shelters. Our Friday lunches are very popular with our employees. We have dramatically improved our lunch process by doubling the number of lines available but we are definitely willing to consider additional game plans. After all, we are a dynamically evolving organization and welcome your feedback. We highly encourage anyone with ideas for how to improve our operations to please stop by the Talent offices. Our door is always open.... MoreLess I have been working at Cornerstone OnDemand full-time (More than 3 years) Pros Great employees, driven and creatively intelligent. Good benefits and training opportunities to grow professionally. Fast-growing company. Good initiatives to improve product and bring its intuitive-level up to par with the industry standard. Cons Was asked to add falsified information and lower score for my direct report. Totally did not feel comfortable with this and now wondering how much of a practice is this among other managerial staff and its negative effects upon employees' psyche. Advice to Management Don't pressure managers to falsify performance reviews. Performance is a metric and should be factual, not an emotion on what you feel about a person! At no time are leaders asked to falsify or lower performance review scores. All leaders participate in a calibration process to ensure similar performance is equally rated across departments. This process aligns leaders to a common understanding of performance by which, along with input from their leadership team, may choose to align scores accordingly.... MoreLess I have been working at Cornerstone OnDemand full-time (More than 3 years) Pros I get to own my success. I love working with my peers. I value my relationships with senior leadership. We are a very successful firm focused on client outcomes...that is very rewarding intrinsically and extrinsically.

One Kenyan coach was sent home from Rio for improperly using an athlete’s badge and posing as a runner — even giving a urine test to drug testers — so that he could sneak into a dining hall for a free breakfast. “Heads Must Roll,” a headline in The Daily Standard said. The team manager, Michael Rotich, was sent home and arrested after The Sunday Times reported allegations that he had agreed to receive a bribe in exchange for helping athletes beat doping tests. Earlier this week, Wesley Korir, a member of Parliament and a former Boston Marathon winner who is also the team captain, sent out a barrage of messages on Twitter showing pictures of where Kenya’s elite athletes were staying after the Olympic Village had closed and they were temporarily stranded because of a mishap with their travel plans. Weeds grew out of broken-down cars rusting away outside the accommodations.

/* * Hibernate, Relational Persistence for Idiomatic Java * * License: GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1 or later. * See the lgpl.txt file in the root directory or <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html>. */ package org.hibernate.test.lazydetachedpersist; import javax.persistence.Basic; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.FetchType; import javax.persistence.Id; import javax.persistence.ManyToOne; import javax.persistence.Table; import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; import org.hibernate.cfg.Environment; import org.hibernate.testing.TestForIssue; import org.hibernate.testing.junit4.BaseCoreFunctionalTestCase; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; import static org.hibernate.testing.transaction.TransactionUtil.doInHibernate; import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; public class LazyPersistWithDetachedAssociationTest extends BaseCoreFunctionalTestCase { @Override protected void configure(Configuration cfg) { super.configure( cfg ); cfg.setProperty( Environment.ENABLE_LAZY_LOAD_NO_TRANS, "false" ); cfg.setProperty( Environment.GENERATE_STATISTICS, "true" ); } @Override protected Class[] getAnnotatedClasses() { return new Class[] { Address.class, Person.class, }; } @Before public void setUpData() { doInHibernate( this::sessionFactory, session -> { Address address = new Address(); address.setId( 1L ); address.setContent( "21 Jump St" ); session.persist( address ); } ); } @Override protected boolean isCleanupTestDataRequired() { return true; } @Test @TestForIssue(jiraKey = "HHH-3846") public void testDetachedAssociationOnPersisting() { sessionFactory().getStatistics().clear(); Address loadedAddress = doInHibernate( this::sessionFactory, session -> { // first load the address Address _loadedAddress = session.load( Address.class, 1L ); assertNotNull( _loadedAddress ); return _loadedAddress; } ); doInHibernate( this::sessionFactory, session -> { session.get( Address.class, 1L ); Person person = new Person(); person.setId( 1L ); person.setName( "Johnny Depp" ); person.setAddress( loadedAddress ); session.persist( person ); } ); } @Entity @Table(name = "eg_sbt_address") public static class Address { private Long id; private String content; @Id public Long getId() { return id; } public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; } @Basic public String getContent() { return content; } public void setContent(String content) { this.content = content; } } @Entity @Table(name = "eg_sbt_person") public static class Person { private Long id; private Address address; private String name; @Id public Long getId() { return id; } public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; } @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, cascade = {}) public Address getAddress() { return address; } public void setAddress(Address address) { this.address = address; } @Basic public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } } }

178812 rounded to 6 dps? -0.001788 What is 11333.8 rounded to the nearest one thousand? 11000 Round 0.00052967161 to four decimal places. 0.0005 What is 356.2041 rounded to the nearest 10? 360 Round 260622000 to the nearest 1000000. 261000000 What is -0.0729502 rounded to four decimal places? -0.073 Round 0.00835181 to 4 dps. 0.0084 Round 0.917714 to two dps. 0.92 What is 0.0000013457183 rounded to 7 dps? 0.0000013 What is 0.000057803 rounded to six dps? 0.000058 Round -4.240967 to three decimal places. -4.241 What is -0.890497 rounded to two decimal places? -0.89 What is 579953.43 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand? 600000 Round -9173218 to the nearest 1000. -9173000 What is -0.03313009 rounded to 4 decimal places? -0.0331 What is 66.8564 rounded to 0 dps? 67 Round 0.00779116 to four dps. 0.0078 What is 0.004859524 rounded to 6 decimal places? 0.00486 Round 13901950 to the nearest 100000. 13900000 Round 40913.91 to the nearest one thousand. 41000 What is 366.755 rounded to the nearest one hundred? 400 Round 143.0779 to 1 dp. 143.1 What is 0.03625255 rounded to four decimal places? 0.0363 What is 41473.41 rounded to the nearest one hundred? 41500 Round -0.0002461565 to seven dps. -0.0002462 Round -6934.5949 to the nearest 100. -6900 Round 0.00892432 to 5 decimal places. 0.00892 Round -0.0003572684 to 5 dps. -0.00036 What is -0.0337613 rounded to 4 dps? -0.0338 What is -1.0553 rounded to three dps? -1.055 Round -0.00054111 to 5 decimal places. -0.00054 Round 0.0097366543 to 4 decimal places. 0.0097 Round -3875.4 to the nearest 10. -3880 Round -0.0342209 to 2 dps. -0.03 What is -0.000041058 rounded to four decimal places? 0 Round 0.007099 to 3 decimal places. 0.007 Round 271.83297 to 0 dps. 272 Round 50.8219 to zero dps. 51 Round 1065.3679 to the nearest one hundred. 1100 Round -18373.46 to the nearest 1000. -18000 Round 0.001205635 to 6 dps. 0.001206 What is -0.000512303 rounded to five dps? -0.00051 Round -13596.52 to the nearest 1000. -14000 What is -0.03861935 rounded to 4 decimal places? -0.0386 Round -0.0677885 to four dps. -0.0678 What is -3434040 rounded to the nearest 10000? -3430000 What is 101.1505 rounded to the nearest ten? 100 What is -66.40313 rounded to 2 decimal places? -66.4 Round 1.841427 to 2 dps. 1.84 What is 0.000005752086 rounded to 6 decimal places? 0.000006 Round 228300.98 to the nearest 10000. 230000 What is 0.0000210256 rounded to 7 dps? 0.000021 What is -0.0001121205 rounded to seven dps? -0.0001121 Round 0.312951 to two decimal places. 0.31 Round -0.00018199477 to seven decimal places. -0.000182 Round -0.00143221 to five decimal places. -0.00143 What is 444.5967 rounded to the nearest integer? 445 Round 3348989 to the nearest 1000. 3349000 Round -0.000086977 to four dps. -0.0001 What is -0.00000292391 rounded to six dps? -0.000003 What is -607898 rounded to the nearest 100000? -600000 Round -7.029322 to the nearest integer. -7 Round -20.791232 to 2 dps. -20.79 Round -9855.6 to the nearest 10. -9860 What is -0.00003250423 rounded to six decimal places? -0.000033 What is -348070 rounded to the nearest 100000? -300000 What is 7946.54 rounded to the nearest one hundred? 7900 What is -0.00001594636 rounded to seven dps? -0.0000159 What is -0.00000857035 rounded to six decimal places? -0.000009 What is -0.0014063 rounded to 5 decimal places? -0.00141 What is -6815 rounded to the nearest 1000? -7000 What is -398743 rounded to the nearest one thousand? -399000 What is -0.00014060867 rounded to 6 dps? -0.000141 Round -1592370 to the nearest one hundred thousand. -1600000 What is -25003600 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand? -25000000 Round 17.68347 to zero dps. 18 What is 0.000007672913 rounded to 6 dps? 0.000008 What is -0.00002123545 rounded to 7 decimal places? -0.0000212 Round 491.161 to the nearest ten. 490 What is -0.0013715024 rounded to 4 dps? -0.0014 What is -19.0341 rounded to the nearest ten? -20 What is -0.2365317 rounded to 3 decimal places? -0.237 Round -9253.3 to the nearest 10000. -10000 Round 540.23338 to the nearest ten. 540 What is -0.00001275921 rounded to 7 dps? -0.0000128 Round -303395.3 to the nearest ten thousand. -300000 What is 138674410 rounded to the nearest 100000? 138700000 What is -27.538394 rounded to 1 decimal place? -27.5 Round -1610650 to the nearest ten thousand. -1610000 What is 130227.31 rounded to the nearest 1000? 130000 Round -132.7292 to the nearest integer. -133 Round -3477.923 to the nearest integer. -3478 Round -0.07224802 to four decimal places. -0.0722 Round -50.1097 to one dp. -50.1 Round 83322.79 to the nearest 10000. 80000 What is -22245313 rounded to the nearest 1000000? -22000000 Round 0.3155423 to two decimal places. 0.32 Round 0.000728734 to 4 dps. 0.0007 Round 164620.1 to the nearest 10000. 160000 What is -35866.117 rounded to the nearest 100? -35900 Round 104148 to the nearest one thousand. 104000 Round 0.7079815 to one dp. 0.7 What is -0.00030051718 rounded to 6 dps? -0.000301 Round 46.285712 to zero decimal places. 46 What is 0.4977566 rounded to 2 decimal places? 0.5 Round 81666.6 to the nearest 100000. 100000 Round -94.1645 to zero dps. -94 What is -57.89185 rounded to the nearest 10? -60 Round -0.0046918982 to 6 dps. -0.004692 Round 0.00009876124 to 7 dps. 0.0000988 Round -66895.4 to the nearest 100. -66900 What is -0.01935017 rounded to 5 dps? -0.01935 What is -0.001011151 rounded to five dps? -0.00101 What is -0.57686 rounded to 3 decimal places? -0.577 Round 2123.73 to the nearest one hundred. 2100 What is -0.92494973 rounded to 1 decimal place? -0.9 Round -3.569108 to two decimal places. -3.57 Round -227.49251 to the nearest 10. -230 What is -7756528 rounded to the nearest ten thousand? -7760000 What is -0.04813024 rounded to 5 dps? -0.04813 What is 4524.57 rounded to the nearest 10? 4520 Round 0.16332364 to 2 dps. 0.16 Round 1283313.8 to the nearest 1000. 1283000 Round -1433490 to the nearest ten thousand. -1430000 What is 4480.1 rounded to the nearest 100? 4500 What is 0.00167834 rounded to 5 decimal places? 0.00168 Round -0.00066901 to six dps. -0.000669 Round 841.5331 to the nearest 100. 800 Round 0.0000016931097 to seven decimal places. 0.0000017 What is 0.0000448975 rounded to 7 dps? 0.0000449 What is -42274.64 rounded to the nearest 10000? -40000 What is 14807713 rounded to the nearest 100000? 14800000 What is -61.813252 rounded to 2 decimal places? -61.81 Round -0.3924685 to 1 dp. -0.4 Round -2748110 to the nearest 100000. -2700000 What is 100078.3 rounded to the nearest 100? 100100 What is -1382397000 rounded to the nearest one million? -1382000000 Round 0.0009179834 to 4 decimal places. 0.0009 Round -136689.6 to the nearest 100. -136700 Round 0.00011931733 to seven dps. 0.0001193 What is -0.216369 rounded to two decimal places? -0.22 What is 0.5884897 rounded to 4 decimal places? 0.5885 Round -5554510 to the nearest 1000000. -6000000 What is 0.00791794 rounded to five decimal places? 0.00792 Round 17.4901 to 1 decimal place. 17.5 What is 4902.69 rounded to the nearest ten? 4900 Round -0.001433198 to four decimal places. -0.0014 What is -0.02393723 rounded to four decimal places? -0.0239 What is 135710000 rounded to the nearest one million? 136000000 What is 0.000009618 rounded to seven decimal places? 0.0000096 What is -31364 rounded to the nearest ten thousand? -30000 What is 0.2337567 rounded to 2 decimal places? 0.23 What is -0.0000677826 rounded to six decimal places? -0.000068 Round -0.0175182 to 3 dps. -0.018 What is 4989.554 rounded to the nearest 1000? 5000 What is -865971.7 rounded to the nearest 100000? -900000 Round 759144 to the nearest 10000. 760000 Round 0.0004280319 to seven dps. 0.000428 Round 0.000000231193 to seven dps. 0.0000002 What is -10589.5 rounded to the nearest one thousand? -11000 Round -13.74117 to the nearest integer. -14 What is -15905920 rounded to the nearest 100000? -15900000 Round -0.31566668 to 3 dps. -0.316 Round 84937.969 to the nearest one thousand. 85000 What is -0.00079088 rounded to four dps? -0.0008 Round 0.000002780008 to 7 decimal places. 0.0000028 What is -2733240 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand? -2700000 What is 25311000 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand? 2530000

--- abstract: 'We study the low temperature dynamics of a single flux line in a bulk type-II superconductor, driven by a surface current, both near and above the onset of an instability which sets in at a critical driving. We found that above the critical driving, the velocity profile of the flux line develops a discontinuity.' address: - '$^{(1)}$Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544' - '$^{(2)}$NEC Research Institute, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540' author: - 'Colin Denniston$^{(1)}$ and Chao Tang$^{(2)}$' date: 'July 27, 1994' title: Dynamics of a Driven Single Flux Line in Superconductors --- Dynamics of a driven elastic string have attracted much recent attention [@string; @Tang94]. While most of the work has been focused on the interesting physics of pinning-depinning transitions in the case of bulk driving, the paper by Tang, Feng, and Golubovic [@Tang94] studied the case of a surface-current-driven flux line in a bulk type-II superconductor. They found a novel instability of the flux line motion at large driving currents. The instability sets in at a critical driving, where the line loses its steady state motion and (presumably) will be stretched longer and longer. Their finding depends crucially on the boundary condition they use. Physically, the surface driving current is within a boundary layer of thickness $\lambda$, where $\lambda$ is the penetration depth. The boundary condition used in Ref. [@Tang94] is somewhat equivalent to taking the limit $\lambda \rightarrow 0$ in a plausible but uncontrolled way. Since the instability sets in at or near the boundaries, it is necessary to examine the situation carefully using a more physical boundary layer. Also, it is important to see what happens when the driving current is larger than the critical driving – a question which can not be addressed by using the boundary condition in Ref. [@Tang94]. In this paper we analyze the flux motion with the more physical boundary layer Lorentz driving force. We first use the method of matching asymptotic expansions to study the steady state solutions. The lowest order matching condition justifies the form of the boundary conditions used in [@Tang94] and gives the relation of the driving force to the current. We then study, both numerically and analytically, the complete equation below and [*above*]{} the onset of instability. Let us first derive the equation for the flux line motion which involves the Lorentz force as a term in the equation, as opposed to just a boundary condition. As we will be mostly interested in fairly large driving forces, we neglect pinning effects. The Lorentz force on a flux line is just ${\bf F}={1\over c}\int{\bf j} \times {\bf h} ds dA$ where $s$ is the arclength along the flux line and $dA$ a section of infinitesimal area transverse to the flux line. If the applied current, ${\bf j}$, is slowly varying in the direction [*transverse*]{} to the line, then the integration in these coordinates may be carried out to give $${\bf F}= {\phi_{0} \over c}\int {\bf j} \times {\bf t}ds, \label{intLor}$$ where $\phi_{0}$ is the flux quantum, and ${\bf t}$ is the unit tangent vector in the direction of the local magnetic field (arclength is taken to be increasing in the direction of the magnetic field). The exact form of the current depends on the geometry of the sample, however it is known that the magnitude of the applied current drops exponentially with distance from the boundary of the sample. For simplicity we model the dynamics of a single flux line as a two dimensional problem, defined by its shape function ${\bf r}(s,t)$, or where the parameterization is well defined, $y(x,t)$ (see Fig.\[fig1\]). The applied field is in the negative x-direction, and the applied current in the negative z-direction, thus giving the driving Lorentz force predominantly in the y-direction. The Lorentz force [*per unit length*]{} is then $${d{\bf F} \over ds}= {\phi_{0} \over c} j_{0} \left\{ \exp\left({x-L/2 \over \lambda}\right)+\exp\left({-x-L/2 \over \lambda}\right) \right\} {\bf n}, \label{LorFor}$$ where $j_{0}$ is the current density at the surface, the sample boundary is at $x=\pm L/2$, and ${\bf n}={\bf \hat z}\times {\bf t}$ is the local unit normal vector of the flux line. The equation of motion for the flux line becomes $$\gamma \dot{\bf r} = \left[ \sigma K+{\phi_{0} \over c} j_{0} \left\{ \exp\left({x-L/2 \over \lambda}\right)+\exp\left({-x-L/2 \over \lambda}\right) \right\} \right] {\bf n}. \label{reqn}$$ The left-hand side, the viscous damping, and the first term on the right, the normal force due to line tension, are the same as in [@Tang94], and the last term is the Lorentz force, from Eq. (\[LorFor\]). $\gamma$ is the damping coefficient ($\gamma\approx{\phi_{0}^2 \over 2 \pi\xi^2 c^2\rho_{n}}$ from the Bardeen-Stephen model [@Tinkham75], with $\xi$ the coherence length, and $\rho_{n}$ the normal state resistivity), and $\sigma$ is the line tension, given approximately by ${H_{c}^2\over 8\pi} 4 \pi \xi^2 \ln(\kappa)$, with $H_{c}$ the critical field and $\kappa\equiv\lambda/\xi$ the Ginzburg-Landau parameter. $K$ is the curvature, and we have the relations ${\bf t}=\partial_{s}{\bf r}$ and $\partial_{s}{\bf t}=K{\bf n}$. In cases where the tangent vector never becomes vertical (ie. $\partial y/\partial x$ remains finite), Eq. (\[reqn\]) can be rewritten in terms of the $x$ and $y$ coordinates of ${\bf r}$, now reparameterized by $x$. Note that a displacement of $\Delta n$ in the direction of the normal is related to a displacement $\Delta y= \Delta n \sqrt{1+(\partial y/ \partial x)^2}$ and the curvature in terms of $x$ and $y$ is given by $K=[1+(\partial y/\partial x)^2]^{-3/2} (\partial^2 y/\partial x^2)$. Thus we get the equation $${\gamma{\partial y \over \partial t}\over\sqrt{1+({\partial y\over \partial x})^2}}={\sigma{\partial^2 y \over \partial x^2} \over \left[ 1+({\partial y\over\partial x})^2 \right]^{{3\over 2}}} + {\phi_{0} j_{0} \over c}\left[ \exp\left({x-L/2 \over \lambda} \right)+\exp\left({-x-L/2 \over \lambda}\right)\right]. \label{xyeqn}$$ We now examine the [*steady state*]{} solutions of Eq. (\[xyeqn\]). Steady state implies $v=\partial y/\partial t$ is constant, which allows us to rewrite (\[xyeqn\]) as a first order equation in the sine of the tangent angle, $\theta$. Setting $f={\phi_{0} j_{0} \lambda \over c \sigma}$ and $w=\sin \theta=\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}/ \sqrt{1+(\partial y/\partial x)^2}$ we get, $$\lambda {\partial w \over \partial x} = \left({\gamma \over \sigma}v \right)\lambda \sqrt{1-w^2}-f\left[\exp\left({x-L/2 \over \lambda} \right)+\exp\left({-x-L/2 \over \lambda}\right)\right]. \label{weqn}$$ For $x$ far from the boundaries (i.e. $|x\pm L/2|\gg\lambda$) the driving term is negligible and the equation becomes $${\partial w_{o}\over \partial x}= \left({\gamma \over \sigma}v\right)\sqrt{1-w_{o}^2},$$ which has solution $$w_{o}=\sin\left({\gamma \over \sigma}v x \right). \label{woeqn}$$ Now we examine the solution near the boundary at $x=L/2$. The coordinate appropriate in this region is $\eta=-{x-L/2 \over \lambda}$. In terms of $\eta$, our Eq. (\[weqn\]) becomes $${\partial w_{i} \over \partial \eta}=-\left( {\gamma\over\sigma}v \right) \lambda\sqrt{1-w_{i}^2}+f e^{-\eta},$$ If we expand $w_{i}$ in powers of $\left( {\gamma\over\sigma}v \right)\lambda$ as $w_{i}=w_{i}^{(0)}+\left( {\gamma\over\sigma}v \right)\lambda w_{i}^{(1)} +...$ we obtain a series of equations for the $w_{i}^{(n)}$. The first two of these equations are [$$\begin{aligned} {\partial w_{i}^{(0)} \over \partial \eta}& = & f e^{-\eta} \nonumber\\ {\partial w_{i}^{(1)} \over \partial \eta}& = & -\sqrt{1-(w_{i}^{(0)})^2}. \label{widifeq}\end{aligned}$$]{} Assuming an applied field perpendicular to the boundary, these have the solution [$$\begin{aligned} w_{i}^{(0)}& = &f (1-e^{-\eta}),\nonumber\\ w_{i}^{(1)}& = &\sqrt{1-f^2 (1-e^{-\eta})^2}-1-f \arcsin f(1-e^{-\eta})-\\ & &\sqrt{1-f^2} \left\{\log {1-f^2(1-e^{-\eta})+\sqrt{(1-f^2) (1-f^2(1-e^{-\eta})^2)} \over 1+\sqrt{1-f^2}}+\eta \right\}. \nonumber\end{aligned}$$]{} If we expand $w_o$ about $x=L/2$ ($\eta=0$) and $w_i$ for large $\eta$ we get [$$\begin{aligned} w_{o} & \longrightarrow & \sin \left( {\gamma v \lambda L \over 2\sigma} \right)-\left( {\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma} \right) \cos\left( {\gamma v \lambda L \over 2\sigma} \right) \eta +...\nonumber\\ w_{i} & \longrightarrow & f+\left( {\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma} \right)\left\{ \sqrt{1-f^2}\left[1-\log{{2(1-f^2) \over 1+\sqrt{1-f^2}} }\right]-1-f \arcsin f\right\} \label{bd}\\ & & -\sqrt{1-f^2}\quad\eta. \nonumber\end{aligned}$$]{} Matching $w_{o}$ to $w_{i}$ gives, to order ${\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma}$, $$v={2 \sigma \over L \gamma} \arcsin\left[f+\left( {\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma} \right)\left\{ \sqrt{1-f^2}\left[1-\log{2(1-f^2) \over 1+\sqrt{1-f^2}}\right]-1-f \arcsin f\right\}\right],\quad (f\le1). \label{vof}$$ Note that the velocity found in [@Tang94] is obtained by dropping the term of order ${\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma}$ on the right hand side of (\[vof\]) and thus is the zeroth order of our asymptotic solution. This matching procedure is illustrated in Fig. \[fig2\]b which shows $w=\sin \theta$ as a function of $x$ for $f=0.9$. The solid line is a steady state numerical solution, and the broken and dashed lines show the inner and outer solutions, respectively. We see that the outer and inner solutions agree very well with the numerical result within their respective domains of validity. A composite solution, valid on the whole domain, can be formed by adding $w_{o}$ and $w_{i}$ and subtracting their common part from Eq. (\[bd\]). This is indistinguishable from the numerical solution in Fig. \[fig2\]b. The numerical solutions shown in Fig. \[fig2\] were produced from solutions of Eq. (\[reqn\]). This was chosen, rather than Eq. (\[xyeqn\]) in x-y coordinates, due to problems arising in the continuity of $\partial y/\partial x$ and the diverging values of $\partial y/\partial x$ found at large values of $f$ (see below). As our equation involves the position vector, ${\bf r}$, explicitly, we must evolve a set of vectors $\{ {\bf r}(s) \}$ of positions along the curve (as opposed to, for instance, following the curvature). We solve Eq. (\[reqn\]) using a finite-difference approach. The viscous term, $\gamma \dot{\bf r}$, and the curvature term, $K {\bf n}={\bf r}_{ss}$, can be dealt with using a Crank-Nicholson type approach for diffusive equations. This yields two, x and y, tridiagonal systems linked only at the boundaries. The Lorentz force in (\[reqn\]) is then dealt with in an semi-implicit manner. The system is remeshed at each time step to preserve point spacing in regions of high curvature. For a specific case, we take a sample width, $L$, of $100 \lambda$ and measure the velocity in the unit of $\sigma/\gamma$. Fig. \[fig2\]a shows the line shapes for $f=0.2$ to $f=1.1$. We see that the slope remains fairly small within a penetration depth, $\lambda$ of the boundary, consistent with the assumptions for Eq. (\[intLor\]). Also, the analytic solution of Ref. [@Tang94] starts to deviate from our numerical solution near the boundary for large $f$. Fig. \[fig3\] shows $v$ as a function of $f$. The crosses are from steady state numerical solutions, the dashed line is the zero’th order matching condition from [@Tang94], and the dotted line (for the region $f \le 1$) is from Eq. (\[vof\]). The zero’th order solution suggests that as $f \rightarrow 1$, $v \rightarrow v_{max}=\pi \sigma/\gamma L$, implying $\theta \rightarrow \pi/2$; i.e. the flux line “wets” the boundary. The more accurate expression, Eq. (\[vof\]), suggests that $v \rightarrow {2 \sigma \over L \gamma} \arcsin (1-({\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma})(1+\pi/2))< v_{max}$ so the flux line does not become vertical as $f\rightarrow 1$ (see also the numerical solution in Fig. \[fig2\]). What then does happen for $f$ greater than one? As we shall see below, the flux line becomes vertical ($\theta \rightarrow \pi/2$) at an interior point, but not until $f=f^{*}=1.07623$ for our sample case where $\lambda/L=0.01$. Above $f^{*}$ the speed of the flux line develops a discontinuity, becoming piecewise constant. Note that in the above analysis $w_{i}^{(0)}>1$ for $f>1$, so it can not be extended to the region where $f>1$. This problem can be remedied by adjusting the arbitrary constant in $w_{i}^{(0)}$ so that $w_{i}^{(0)}$ does not exceed one. This means that $w_{i}^{(0)}$ will no longer satisfy the boundary condition $w_{i}^{(0)}|_{\eta=0}=0$. We can, however, adjust the constant in $w_{i}^{(1)}$ to compensate for this discrepancy so that $w_{i}^{(0)}+({\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma})w_{i}^{(1)}= 0$ at $\eta=0$. This results in a solution to Eq. (\[widifeq\]), for $f>1$, of [$$\begin{aligned} w_{i}^{(0)}& = &1-f e^{-\eta},\nonumber\\ w_{i}^{(1)}& = &({\sigma \over \gamma v \lambda})(f-1)+\sqrt{{2 \over f}e^{-\eta}-e^{-2\eta}}-\sqrt{{2 \over f}-1}+\\ & &2 \arcsin \sqrt{{e^{-\eta} \over 2 f}}-2 \arcsin \sqrt{{1 \over 2 f}}.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$]{} Expanding this $w_{i}$ for large $\eta$ gives $$\label{wias} w_{i}\longrightarrow f-\left({\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma}\right)\left[ \sqrt{{2 \over f}-1}+2 \arcsin \sqrt{{1 \over 2 f}}\right].$$ Matching this to $w_{o}$ at $x=L/2$ gives, to order ${\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma}$, $$v={2 \sigma \over L \gamma} \arcsin\left[f-\left({\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma}\right)\left\{\sqrt{{2 \over f}-1}+2 \arcsin \sqrt{{1 \over 2 f}} \right\}\right]. \label{vof2}$$ Note that for $f=1$, $v={2 \sigma \over L \gamma} \arcsin (f-({\gamma v \lambda \over \sigma})(1+\pi/2))$, the same result as taking $f\rightarrow 1$ in Eq. (\[vof\]). Eq. (\[vof2\]) has only real solutions for $f \le f^{*}=1.07623$ (for $L=100 \lambda$). It suggests that the instability should occur at $f=f^{*}$ where $v=v_{max}=\pi\sigma/\gamma L$. Eq. (\[vof2\]) is shown as the continuation of the dotted line for $1<f<f^{*}$ in Fig.\[fig3\]. For general $\lambda/L$, $f^{*}$ is found as the root of Eq. (\[vof2\]) for $v=v_{max}=\pi\sigma/\gamma L$. For small $\lambda/L$, the case we are interested in, this root is $$f^{*} \approx 1+{\lambda \over L}(\pi+\pi^{2}/4) \label{fstar}$$ We see that as $\lambda/L \rightarrow 0$, $f^{*} \rightarrow 1$. The question now arises as to what happens above $f^{*}$. Fig.\[fig4\]a shows the numerical evolution of the flux line shape for $f=1.1$, just above the transition, and $f=1.5$. There are two important things to note in this figure. First, the flux line is approaching a vertical asymptote at about $x=40.5$ in what seems to be an asymptotic manner (i.e. the flux line does not become vertical in a finite amount of time). Secondly, the portion of the flux line to the boundary side of this vertical asymptote has a constant shape, implying [*it is moving with a constant speed in the y-direction*]{}. This last observation can be verified by applying a finite difference approximation to Eq. (\[xyeqn\]) to compute $\partial y/\partial t$ for the points on the flux lines of Fig. \[fig4\]a. The result of this computation is shown in Fig. \[fig4\]b. We see from this velocity profile that, indeed the speed is constant in the boundary layer, but that a [*discontinuity*]{} has developed in the velocity profile! The constant speed of the boundary layer can be deduced as follows. Eq. (\[wias\]) gives the [*constant*]{} asymptotic value of $w_i$ for large $\eta$. Above $f^*$ this asymptotic value can only be one ($w_i=\sin \theta\leq 1$), as the flux line becomes vertical. So setting (\[wias\]) to one gives the speed of the inner solution, $v_i$, for $f>f^*$ as $$v_i={{2 \sigma \over \gamma L}(f-1) \over \sqrt{{2 \over f}-1}+2 \arcsin\sqrt{{1 \over 2 f}}}.$$ This is shown as the dotted line in Fig. \[fig3\] for $f>f^*$. Comparison of this speed to the speed obtained in the numerical simulations shows excellent agreement. Now, what about the outer solution, $w_{o}$? We see from Fig.\[fig4\] that as time progresses the speed of the outer solution approaches a constant value and that the position of the discontinuity in the velocity profile (or the vertical asymptote in Fig. \[fig4\]a) seems to approach a fixed value. The location of the vertical asymptote and the asymptotic (large time) speed of the inner solution are quite related. Requiring that $w_o\rightarrow1$ at the vertical asymptote gives the speed of the outer solution. In conclusion, we have studied the flux line motion, in particular the dynamical instability found in Ref. [@Tang94], using a more physical boundary layer driving. The boundary condition used in [@Tang94] is consistent with our zeroth order (in $\lambda$) asymptotic matching. The analytic solution of Ref. [@Tang94] is quantitatively valid for $f \le 0.8$. For larger $f$, the deviations both in line shape near the boundary and in the velocity are significant. We have shown that the instability occurs at $f=f^*=1+(\lambda/L)(\pi+\pi^{2}/4)$ where the flux line starts to loose a steady state motion. We have observed numerically that above this instability the flux line velocity profile develops a discontinuity. This instability has a clear mark on the “$I-V$” curve, Fig. \[fig3\], that is a sharp upward turn at $f^*$. As pointed out in Ref. [@Tang94], this instability should also occur in dense flux line systems. M. V. Feigel’man, Sov. Phys. JETP [**58**]{}, 1076 (1983); R. Bruinsma and G. Aeppli, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**52**]{}, 1547 (1984); J. Koplik and H. Levine, Phys. Rev. B [**32**]{}, 280 (1985); T. Nattermann, S. Stepanow, L.-H. Tang, and H. Leschhorn, J. Phys. II France [**2**]{}, 1483 (1992); G. Parisi, Europhys. Lett. [**17**]{}, 673 (1992); K. Sneppen, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**69**]{}, 3539 (1992); O. Narayan and D. Fisher, Phys. Rev. B [**48**]{}, 7030 (1993); M. Dong, M. C. Marchetti, A. A. Middleton, and V. Vinokur, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**70**]{}, 662 (1993); Z. Csahók, K. Honda, E. Somfai, M. Vicsek, and T. Vicsek, Physica A [**200**]{}, 136 (1993); H. A. Makse, A.-L. Barabási, and H. E. Stanley (unpublished). C. Tang, S. Feng, and L. Golubovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**72**]{}, 1264 (1994). M. Tinkham, [*Introduction to Superconductivity*]{} (McGraw-Hill, New York,1975), p162.

Q: What can I do to avoid edit collisions that leave a post in a bad state? Just before I left my computer yesterday, I saw this question. At the time that I viewed the question, no edits had been made to it. The question had all of the user's code as plain text so I made a quick edit to put the code in a code sample. I then entered the edit summary and clicked submit. Upon submitting, I saw that another user had made edits (which is what the question currently looks like). I didn't think anything of it, and went ahead and left my computer. Today however, I discovered that my edit was still submitted as a suggestion and rejected, despite the other user's edit. Upon looking at my edit,it appears that my suggested edit must have come a few seconds after the current edit, because it shows my edit in comparison to the current edit rather than in comparison to the original post. As you will see in the picture, this produced a rather unfortunate result. Apparently the original post contained the highlighted word and the current edit had changed it to a different word. I didn't notice this when I made the original edit, as I was only attempting to put the code in a code sample for better readability. I read this post, which would suggest that if I know the correct edit, I should make it. However the correct edit had already been made. It doesn't appear that you can revoke your own suggested edits (nor did I even think to when I saw the current edits), so my question is, What can I do to avoid this situation in the future? A: Fix all of the problems in a post, rather than just editing a post to make one minor change and leaving other problems in a post. Had you actually fixed all of the problems with that post (or even just some of the low hanging fruit) you wouldn't have been in this position.

Apple’s XCUITest has quickly become very popular among the iOS app developers, and testers as well. We’re extremely excited about this framework as it has enabled many of our users to adopt a new framework since UI Automation was deprecated. The XCUITest framework is not really new, but its foundation XCTest has been as part of the Xcode for some years already. Let’s take a look at XCUITest and how to get started with it and run your tests on remote real devices on a cloud service. Mobile apps and games created for iOS devices can be tested using various different test automation frameworks. Apple has provided its own ‘official’ test automation frameworks, such as XCTest and XCUITest, as an integral part of Xcode. And as being tightly integrated with Xcode, both XCTest and XCUITest support writing test cases with subclasses, methods and assertions. Naturally, both of these frameworks are available and supported with Bitbar Testing solutions, and this blog provides all details of how to get up and running tests on Bitbar Testing using XCUITest. Step 1: Configure Your App for Unlimited Parallelism on Real Devices Concurrent mobile test runs are a very important factor for your efficiency and productivity, and how to use test automation to improve these. There is really only one thing you have to check to ensure your app is able to run on any of iOS devices in Bitbar Public Cloud. Open the Scheme Editor and verify that in the Run column all test targets are checked (enabled). Now, check that all classes that you want to include in the test bundle are properly included with the test target membership. NOTE! If you are using Swift, annotation @testable imports all required modules for the test bundle. Step 2: The Right Way to Build Your IPA and Test Package The next step is to build your application IPA and test package the right way. In order to do this properly, you should follow up all these steps to ensure the app is possible to be installed, launched and executed in any iOS devices in Bitbar Public Cloud. Now, regardless of which framework you are using (XCTest, XCUITest, or something else) the application under test needs to be built and imported to Bitbar Testing cloud. The following steps show how to create an IPA that is executable on iOS devices. In Xcode: Click Product -> Build for -> Testing. Finally, when you are building your IPA and test package for Bitbar Public Cloud test run, you should always build your app using a real device as a build target: The built application must be packaged also to ZIP file. The easiest way to do this is to use Xcode’s preview and right click Show it in Finder above the right .app file. In Finder, perform a right click on the .app file and copy its path. This path does not change from build to build so this step needs to be done only once. The IPA package needed for XCTest in Bitbar Public Cloud is a zip package and its creation can be automated and made part of a CI integration. Open a terminal and create the IPA as follows: NOTE! If you build for iPhone 5 or iPhone 5C (with ARMv7 32-bit processor) devices then an additional step is needed before creating the build. Starting from Xcode7 onwards ARMv7s is no more part of the default $(ARCHS_STANDARD) and so should be added as target build architecture. Step 3: Log in to Bitbar Testing and Create XCUITest Project After you have followed through all the above steps, just log in to Bitbar Testing and create XCUITest project from Projects menu. Step 4: Upload your Application IPA and Test Package Start by clicking the green plus button on the top right corner of the view. This will open you a test run creation wizard that helps to set up all parameters right for your test. The test run creation wizard asks both application file (IPA) and test package (.zip). This is very handy as if you don’t need to change the app or test package you don’t have to upload it again, but the old one previously uploaded can be used for a test run. Step 5: Select Any Number of iOS Devices for Your Test Run This is where the real benefit of Bitbar Cloud execution comes into play. You can use any number of iOS devices for simultaneous test runs (we’re NOT limiting the number of concurrently used iOS devices anyhow!). So, pick the devices you want for a test run on the test run creation wizard step number 3. After this is done, simply click through the wizard and start a test run. The green START button is available in all phases of the test run creation wizard on the bottom right. All Done! Now, let’s take a look at results! The first thing after test runs are ready is to check how it did on devices you picked for a test run. The first view provides details of test success/failure on each and every device. This view also provides information on how to long the test run took Bitbar solutions provide all details about the test runs and this includes recorded video of the session (check with your Bitbar rep how to enable this), screenshots, logs, performance statistics and all fine-grained details about device session. All this material will help you to fix and shape the app to work better on real devices, the very same devices that your end-users use.

Republican Brian Kemp has declared victory in the Georgia gubernatorial race and resigned as secretary of state to head to the governor's mansion, but he's still waiting on Democrat Stacey Abrams to concede a race his campaign says she cannot win. A split decision by a federal judge Wednesday night prompted Kemp communications director Ryan Mahoney to say the Republican had an "insurmountable lead" and "the election is over." Abrams needs to net nearly 18,000 votes in order to push Kemp below the 50-percent threshold and force a runoff, or net 15,400 votes to force a recount, and the Kemp team says the numbers aren't there for her. The race has not been officially called. The race could be certified as early as Friday, the Washington Post reports. While Kemp's advantage has shrunk a little each day since Election Day, he still leads by nearly 55,000 votes (50.23 percent of the vote). "Tonight, ‏Judge Jones rejected efforts by Stacey Abrams and her radical allies to undermine the democratic process and rule of law in Georgia," Mahoney said. "He denied her requests to create new voters and slammed the door on attempts to count illegal votes. "This ruling solidifies Brian Kemp’s insurmountable lead. The election is over and Kemp is the Governor-elect. It's time for Abrams to concede and join our efforts to keep Georgia moving in the right direction." U.S. District Judge Steve Jones ruled in favor of Abrams by deciding Georgia could not certify election results without confirming each county’s vote tally includes absentee ballots on which there was an error regarding the voter’s date of birth, USA Today reported. However, he did not require counties to count absentee ballots with incorrect addresses or provisional ballots cast by those voting in the wrong county. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that Jones’ order makes such a count mandatory for all 159 counties in Georgia: Secretary of State Robyn Crittenden is required to adjust vote totals if there are any counties that need to go back and re-evaluate absentee ballots. The state has a Tuesday deadline to finalize election results, but Jones’ ruling said that cannot happen as long as there are absentee ballots that need to be counted. Recent Stories in Politics Arizona Governor Halts Last-Minute Dem Push to Change Voting Laws MSNBC Guest Derides Black Kentucky AG as ‘Skin Folk' But ‘Not Kinfolk' Susan Rice Compares Trump to Mao Zedong "The Secretary of State is ENJOINED from certifying the State Election results until she has confirmed that each county’s returns include the counts for absentee ballots where the birth date was omitted or incorrect," he wrote. The Abrams campaign, which along with progressive groups has filed multiple lawsuits since Election Day seeking delays in the certification deadline and the counting of rejected ballots, called the ruling a "major victory" and referred to Kemp as the "nation's foremost architect of voter suppression." Abrams campaign manager @gwlauren calls the ruling "a major victory for Georgia voters and the Abrams campaign in the fight to ensure every eligible vote is counted and every voice is heard." #gapol pic.twitter.com/LhwFm1fTJS — Greg Bluestein (@bluestein) November 15, 2018 The judge denied @staceyabrams request to count provisional ballots that were cast outside their county of residence, and accepted her request to require all counties to accept absentee ballots with errors or omissions in voters’ birthdates. #gapol pic.twitter.com/QUKKYi5gaX — Greg Bluestein (@bluestein) November 15, 2018 Voters are required to vote in their assigned precincts, per Georgia law. If they show up at the wrong precinct, they may cast a provisional ballot so long as they are a registered voter, are registered to vote in that county, and have not previously voted. The AJC reported metro Atlanta counties rejected hundreds of ballots because those casting the votes were not in their registered county. As the race drags on nine days past Election Day as of Thursday, national Democrats are complaining Abrams is being robbed. Sens. Cory Booker (D., N.J.) and Sherrod Brown (D., Ohio), both potential 2020 White House contenders, said Republicans are stealing the race from Abrams, without offering evidence.

How the Helium-Neon Laser Works? Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3 Fig.4 There are three principal elements of a laser, which are (1) an energy pump, (2) an optical gain medium, and (3) an optical resonator. These three elements are described in detail below for the case of the HeNe laser . (1) Energy pump. A 1400 V high voltage, DC power supply maintains a glow discharge or plasma in a glass tube containing an optimal mixture (typically 5:1 to 7:1) of helium and neon gas, as shown in Fig. 1 and indicated in the diagram of Fig. 2. The discharge current is limited to about 5 mA by a 91 kW ballast resistor. Energetic electrons accelerating from the cathode to the anode collide with He and Ne atoms in the laser tube, producing a large number of neutral He and Ne atoms in excited states. He and Ne atoms in excited states can deexcite and return to their ground states by spontaneously emitting light. This light makes up the bright pink-red glow of the plasma that is seen even in the absence of laser action. The process of producing He and Ne in specific excited states is known as pumping and in the HeNe laser this pumping process occurs through electron-atom collisions in a discharge. In other types of lasers, pumping is achieved by light from a bright flashlamp or by chemical reactions. Common to all lasers is the need for some process to prepare an ensemble of atoms, ions or molecules in appropriate excited states so that a desired type of light emission can occur. (2) Optical gain medium. To achieve laser action it is necessary to have a large number of atoms in excited states and to establish what is termed a population inversion. To understand the significance of a population inversion to HeNe laser action, it is useful to consider the processes leading to excitation of He and Ne atoms in the discharge, using the simplified diagram of atomic He and Ne energy levels given in Fig. 3. A description of the rather complex HeNe excitation process can be given in terms of the following four steps. (a) An energetic electron collisionally excites a He atom to the state labeled 21S0 in Fig. 3. A He atom in this excited state is often written He*(21S0), where the asterisk means that the He atom is in an excited state. (b) The excited He*(21S0) atom collides with an unexcited Ne atom and the atoms exchange internal energy, with an unexcited He atom and excited Ne atom, written Ne*(3S2), resulting. This energy exchange process occurs with high probability only because of the accidental near equality of the two excitation energies of the two levels in these atoms. (c) The 3S2 level of Ne is an example of a metastable atomic state, meaning that it is only after a relatively long period of time - on atomic time scales - that the Ne*(3S2) atom deexcites to the 2P4 level by emitting a photon of wavelength 6328 Å. It is this emission of 6328 Å light by Ne atoms that, in the presence of a suitable optical configuration, leads to lasing action. (d) The excited Ne*(2P4) atom rapidly deexcites to its ground state by emitting additional photons or by collisions with the plasma tube walls. Because of the extreme quickness of the deexcitation process, at any moment in the HeNe plasma, there are more Ne atoms in the 3S2 state than there are in the 2P4 state, and a population inversion is said to be established between these two levels. When a population inversion is established between the 3S2 and 2P4 levels of the Ne atoms in the discharge, the discharge can act as an optical gain or amplification medium for light of wavelength 6328 Å. This is because a photon incident on the gas discharge will have a greater probability of being replicated in a 3S2-->2P4 stimulated emission process (discussed below) than of being destroyed in the complementary 2P4-->3S2 absorption process. (3) Optical resonator or cavity. As mentioned in 2(c) above, Ne atoms in the 3S2 metastable state decay spontaneously to the 2P4 level after a relatively long period of time under normal circumstances; however, a novel circumstance arises if, as shown in Fig. 2, a HeNe discharge is placed between two highly reflecting mirrors that form an optical cavity or resonator along the axis of the discharge. When a resonator structure is in place, photons from the Ne* 3S2-->2P4 transition that are emitted along the axis of the cavity can be reflected hundreds of times between the two highly reflecting end mirrors of the cavity. These reflecting photons can interact with other excited Ne*(3S2) atoms and cause them to emit 6328 Å light in a process known as stimulated emission. The new photon produced in stimulated emission has the same wavelength and polarization, and is emitted in the same direction, as the stimulating photon. It is sometimes useful for purposes of analogy to think of the stimulated emission process as a "cloning" process for photons, as depicted in Fig. 4. The stimulated emission process should be contrasted with spontaneous emission processes that, because they are not caused by any preceding event, produce photons that are emitted isotropically, with random polarization, and over a broader range of wavelengths. As stimulated emission processes occur along the axis of the resonator a situation develops in which essentially all 3S2-->2P4 Ne* decays contribute deexcitation photons to the photon stream reflecting between the two mirrors. This photon multiplication (light amplification) process produces a very large number of photons of the same wavelength and polarization that travel back and forth between the two cavity mirrors. To extract a light beam from the resonator, it is only necessary to have one of the two resonator mirrors, usually called the output coupler, have a reflectivity of only 99% so that 1% of the photons incident on it travel out of the resonator to produce an external laser beam. The other mirror, called the high reflector, should be as reflective as possible. The small diameter, narrow bandwidth, and strong polarization of the HeNe laser beam are determined by the properties of the resonator mirrors and other optical components that lie along the axis of the optical resonator.

MADE by DWC: Education and Job Readiness for Homeless Women Organization Name Website Indicator Please select the one indicator that is most relevant to your project or organization: Income & Employment What is your idea and how will it impact your indicator? : Women experiencing homelessness face complex, intersecting barriers on their paths to personal stability. Since 1978, the Downtown Women’s Center (DWC) has been empowering women to break the cycles of homelessness and poverty by providing a wide array of services that can be tailored to each woman’s needs. The recent economic downturn has shown an increased demand for income and employment opportunities, and women on Los Angeles’ Skid Row are no exception. DWC, an agency that serves 4,300 homeless and extremely low-income women annually, is meeting that need by expanding our comprehensive Education and Job Readiness Program to serve the complex income and employment needs of homeless, formerly homeless, and extremely low-income women. With over three decades of experience, DWC is uniquely prepared to offer services for the hardest to employ women. Many of the women we serve may never be able to reenter the traditional workforce because of physical disabilities, mental health issues, ageing, or other barriers related to their experience of homelessness. Our programs allow these women to learn practical skills, gain a sense of purpose, and regain self-sustainability and earn income from alternative job opportunities. Our Education and Job Readiness Program is made possible through DWC’s on-site Learning Center, as well as our two MADE by DWC social enterprises, a café and gift shop opened in April 2011, and a resale boutique that opened in November 2012. Both businesses offer hands-on job training opportunities, as well as support the local economy in downtown Los Angeles while inviting community members to engage in ending homelessness through socially conscious shopping. SET to Create In 2013, we are building on the initial successes of our SET to Create product-development program allows participants to gain soft skills by participating in workshops, as they simultaneously gain practical skills in creating handcrafted products to industry standards. The MADE by DWC product line emphasizes sustainable goods and includes organic soaps and candles, jewelry, ornaments, and upcycled picture frames and bound journals. Women who complete an initial certification process are able to earn supplemental income, as DWC purchases their items for resale in our two stores. SET to Work With the recent opening of our second social enterprise, a resale boutique, we are able to offer even more hands-on job-training opportunities. This year, we are piloting an intensive 12-week job-readiness training program through both stores, which we will expand as we grow our businesses and community partners. SET to Work participants will develop marketable skills including inventory management, customer service, food handling, and administrative tasks. Each woman will receive one-on-one case management to set goals and address housing, sustenance, and health-related needs. Program graduates will then be connected to employment opportunities, including exclusive externships and entry-level positions designated by our growing network of corporate partners. 2013 Impact Our Education and Job Readiness Program will impact LA2050’s Income and Employment indicator by improving literacy, job readiness, employment, and employment retention among homeless and low-income women on downtown Los Angeles’ Skid Row. This year, DWC plans to engage 925 women in services through our Learning Center; launching SET to Work and scaling up our SET to Create workshops will allow us to provide paths out of homelessness and poverty for more women. Our Holistic Approach DWC’s services and programs have been developed with an understanding that the women we serve continue to experience the barriers, trauma, and daily hardships correlated with homelessness and poverty. DWC is committed to meeting each woman’s needs and to providing a safe haven where women can access the resources they need to remove these barriers. All program participants have access to DWC’s full spectrum of supportive services, offered through our Day Center on Skid Row. Along with basic needs such as showers, meals, and clothing, DWC provides individualized counseling and case management; a Learning Center offering a variety of courses and computer access; an on-site health clinic offering extensive medical and mental health services; and referrals to housing and local community resources. All programs are also open to residents who live in our 119 units of permanent supportive housing. What are some of your organization’s most important achievements to date? : Over our 35-year history, the Downtown Women’s Center has created innovative programming focused on meeting the unique needs of homeless, formerly homeless, and extremely low-income women. When the Center first opened in 1978, it was the first and only resource for women living on Los Angeles’ Skid Row. In 1986, DWC opened the United States’ first permanent supportive housing for women, a program that has since been modeled as a national prototype. DWC now offers 119 units of permanent supportive housing among our two Residences to women who are primarily elderly, mentally ill, and/or physically disabled. More than 95% of the 500 women we have served through our Residence program have remained permanently housed. We have also scaled up our housing efforts beyond our own 119 apartments by piloting our Critical Time Intervention (CTI) model with clients housed off-site. Our CTI model, a proven evidence-based program launched in 2011, provides intensive case management for individuals transitioning out of chronic homelessness, ensuring that they have the support and access to resources they need to stay housed. DWC is also committed to sharing best practices; this April, our Director of Clinical Health Services and Lead CTI Case Manager will present DWC's CTI model at the Housing California Conference in Sacramento. As the need on Skid Row has continued to grow, DWC is grateful that we have been able to expand our programming and services, offered through our Day Center, Learning Center, two Residence locations, and on-site Medical and Mental Health Center. In 2012, DWC served 4,300 women with 90,000 meals, 23,000 showers, and 6,500 case management and counseling sessions. Along with our direct service, DWC contributes to national and local policy discussions and to best practice research in service provision for people experiencing homelessness. In 2001, DWC spearheaded the Downtown Women's Action Coalition, addressing women’s policy and research needs. The coalition has since performed several needs assessments for women on Skid Row. DWC’s well-reputed history is a testament to our mission and work in the community. DWC received a Los Angeles Office of the City Attorney Commendation in 1993, a Bank of America Neighborhood Excellence Initiative Neighborhood Builder Award in 2007, and "Organization of the Year" by the Los Angeles Business Journal in 2011. Several other organizations have utilized DWC as a prototype for creating services for homeless women, including Friends In Deed in Pasadena, and organizations in San Francisco, San Jose, Amarillo, Texas; and New Orleans. Finally, we attribute our long-term success to the overwhelming community support and volunteer efforts that allow us to make the greatest impact with limited resources. DWC has been recognized as a Blue Ribbon Service Enterprise by the state of California, and our model has been developed into a case study in best practices in nonprofit volunteer engagement. Please identify any partners or collaborators who will work with you on this project. : Our social enterprise partners include corporations, small businesses, and other agencies who have provided support for our Education and Job Readiness Program through cash and in-kind donations and pro bono consultation, as well as by carrying our product line. These partners include Bloomingdale’s; Hudson News; the Skirball Center; Munger, Tolles, & Olson; Yahoo!; Groundwork Coffee; and Chrysalis. Other partners include our wide range of volunteers, including students, working professionals, retirees, and corporate groups. We have also engaged other Skid Row agencies to encourage referrals to our programs; these include LAMP, St. Vincent’s, LA Christian Health Center, and JWCH Institute. Please explain how you will evaluate your project. How will you measure success? : DWC measures both the total number of women accessing each of our services and the progress of individual participants. These numbers are audited on a monthly basis and used to determine our overall social impact. Each woman we serve through our Education and Job Readiness Program will complete an initial assessment to capture a brief education and employment history and her related short- and long-term goals. Participants will attend a one-on-one counseling session to determine the next steps in their development path, as well as complete assessment tests in basic reading, math, and computer use. Success for our Education and Job Readiness Program participants will be measured in relation to our Impact Metrics, which measure each individual woman’s progress on the path to stability and her ability to end the cycle of homelessness in her life. Our measurement guide evaluates each woman’s progress on a 5-point scale to determine her success at meeting basic needs; accessing healthcare; accessing mental health services; achieving a sense of self-worth and purpose; building a social network; and maintaining a reliable source of income. Additionally, we consider a woman’s access to a safe, permanent home. The measurement guides are implemented when a woman first accesses services, and are administered each six months by case managers and other program staff. To track our metrics, DWC developed an outcome database to record and analyze these performance measures. These metrics reflect DWC’s service model of reducing barriers to personal stability, which is an essential component of success for women in homelessness looking to re-enter the workforce. In 2013, we plan to engage 925 women in services offered within our Learning Center. Of these, 225 women will engage in the Education and Job Readiness Program, and 75% will complete their assessed learning level and progress to the subsequent level. Our pilot SET to Work program will engage 54 women in the intensive 12-week intensive curriculum, providing job-readiness training, vocational education, and one-on-one case management. We will evaluate program success throughout this year with our initial cohort of 54 women, with the intention to improve and expand impact each year. This year, we will offer SET to Create product-development 700 workshops, engaging 140 women in learning practical and soft skills. Of the 140 participants, 90% will attend at least four workshops and receive income from their crafted products. In addition to evaluating program outcomes, we will continue refining our business models for our two MADE by DWC social enterprises. As with any new venture, we will continue to test products in the market, form new sales relationships with businesses and online channels, and grow our local customer base. These business expansions will allow us to continue scaling our Education and Job Readiness Program to reach more women. How will your project benefit Los Angeles? Please be specific. DWC’s mission is to provide permanent supportive housing and a safe and healthy community fostering dignity, respect, and personal stability, and to advocate ending homelessness for women. Los Angeles is currently the homeless capital of the United States; the Los Angeles Homeless Services Agency’s 2011 count found more than 50,000 homeless individuals in LA County, with a high concentration of those individuals on Skid Row. One-third of these homeless individuals are adult women. Our Education and Job Readiness Program is a direct response to the service barriers and gaps that directly impact Los Angeles’ homeless and extremely low-income women. According to a 2010 Women's Needs Assessment, the Skid Row community has an extreme lack of accessible education and employment opportunities. Among women surveyed, 68.2% lacked a high school diploma or GED equivalent, and only 7.6% had college degrees, the lowest level since the survey’s creation in 2001. Nearly half (46.9%) lacked access to computer classes and/or internet, and 59.4% of women identified educational opportunities as a resource they would most like to see in local community and service centers. Of women surveyed, 90.3% did not believe there were employment opportunities available in the downtown area, and only 4.3% reported income from employment. Women in homelessness are often thrust into instability as a direct result of poor physical and/or mental health, disability, loss of employment, and familial loss, among other issues. As federal funding for affordable housing and social programs faces further cuts, we are investing efforts into providing women with practical skills and alternative income to increase their long-term independence. Our Education and Job Readiness Program will influence the personal wellness and stability of Los Angeles’ most underserved population, while also impacting the well-being of our local community on multiple levels. We will (1) increase direct access to job-training and employment services (2) ensure stabilization of our participants, assisting them in building skills and reentering the workforce, (3) reduce utilization and decrease dependency on high-cost emergency services, (4) mobilize the Los Angeles community through volunteerism and the shopping experience, and (5) improve the overall social, economic, and health outcomes on Skid Row. In addition to providing direct benefits to homeless women, DWC’s programs engage members of the greater Los Angeles community. Volunteers lead many of our SET to Create product-development workshops, offering both practical skills and mentorship to participants. Our two MADE by DWC stores bring in foot traffic and engage our neighbors in the local economy. Additionally, the MADE by DWC product line is offered through several locations across Los Angeles, including Bloomingdale’s in Century City, and several Hudson News locations at LAX, expanding the scope of our public education efforts. What would success look like in the year 2050 regarding your indicator? : DWC’s vision of success in 2050 is an end to homelessness through innovation and cross-functional services. While our grant proposal specifically addresses the Income and Employment indicator, we recognize that the causes and effects of homelessness reach across several of the indicators outlined in the LA2050 report. Our Education and Job Readiness Program is just one of the ways in which the Downtown Women’s Center provides a pathway out of homelessness; our holistic approach is focused on removing multiple intersecting barriers that women in homelessness and extreme poverty may face. We envision a Los Angeles where all women can access the resources they need to establish and maintain her personal stability. In terms of income and employment, our Education and Job Readiness Program is designed to ensure that all women who are interested in participating in the local economy have opportunities to do so, whether through re-entry into the traditional workforce or, for those who face extreme barriers, through alternative income opportunities. The collaborative, supportive environment we promote in our SET to Create and SET to Work workshops will provide a place where women can earn an income, break out of the isolation of homelessness, contribute to the local community, and gain a sense of fulfillment. In addition to striving to improve outcomes for homeless and low-income women as a direct service provider, the Downtown Women’s Center also engages in advocacy efforts to increase affordable and permanent supportive housing options and ensure that fewer individuals are becoming homeless for the first time. Because of that, we consider success in the year 2050 for the Income and Employment indicator as closely linked to the Housing and Social Connectedness indicators, as well. As a service enterprise that engages more than 2,500 individuals in volunteerism each year, we recognize that it takes the support of the entire community to achieve our vision of a Los Angeles where all individuals have access to housing, healthcare, and employment. As we work to achieve our goals, however, we see the need for employment programs that take into account the unique employment challenges that homeless and formerly homeless women face. Our two social enterprise stores, our café and resale boutique, provide spaces where women experiencing physical and mental health barriers are able to gain hard and soft skills, whether to enter the work force or to develop alternative streams of income to support their efforts to regain personal stability. Beyond impact in Los Angeles, we seek to end homelessness for all women, and as such, we envision that by 2050 our model and best practices will be leveraged by other communities across the nation. Discussion 38 I am so inspired to see the impact this job training, SET to Work, has on women living at a low income. With more resources DWC can train and employ even more women! Solutions exist to end homelessness, and it's innovative ideas like this that help alleviate the devastating impacts of poverty. Thank you Downtown Women's Center for your amazing and hard work to end the cycle of homelessness. by amyturk almost 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. It is such an honor to be a part of the MADE by DWC team! I am blessed to work at the Downtown Women's Center and participate in our vocational education programs! Its so moving to read these glowing comments from customers, supporters, and fellow team members! I am head over heels in love with my job! by catherine.eleanore about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. DWC provides an amazing variety of resources for women in need in downtown Los Angeles. From meals, shelter and health care to job training and educational services, these women are cared for and supported. MADE by DWC products, offered through DWC by Patty815 about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. I am really excited to be part of something so special in Downtown Los Angeles! Thank you MADE and DWC for your inspiration and dedication in being part of the solution to homelessness! by penelopelewin about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. The MADE cafe and resale boutique are amazing! It's so nice to see that the handMADE items are made with love by the women at DWC. You will always feel good about giving your business to DWC because everything they do is so thoughtful. It's a full-circle experience and the positive impact on the community is far reaching. by Jenn Ma-Pham about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. There is nothing like the Downtown Women's Center. I can't think of a program that is more deserving of this grant. Volunteering and seeing first hand how MADE has changed the lives of the women in skid row is inspiring and needs to be acknowledged and supported for years to come. Best of luck DWC! by danielled about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Thank you to everyone who has voted and commented on our project! The staff and women of the Downtown Women's Center are truly grateful for the community's support in achieving our mission of ending homelessness for women. (And our MADE by DWC team also loves hearing feedback about our product line and the shopping experience.) Again, if you have any questions about our programs, please post them here. And if you have stories about volunteering or shopping with us, we'd love to hear from you, too! by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Thank you to everyone who has voted and commented on our project! The staff and women of the Downtown Women by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. MADE by DWC products,available to the community at DWC by Patty815 about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. MADE by DWC has by far the best programs and products. It is a must see thing in LA! by c.robles about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Made by DWC has amazing vintage clothing and accessories. There cafe is also the best. The have the best green tea latte you will ever taste. The best part of all of this is that all the proceeds go to ending homelessness for women. by Arcyzamu about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Shopping at Made by DWC is such a treat because I'm purchasing unique handmade gifts for friends and family that are also helping end homelessness for women! The soap smells amazing!! by camille.crenshaw.9 about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Working at DWC has been the most rewarding, amazing experience ever! I get to wear so many hats and help support all the vocational programming and the social enterprise as we pilot an all new on the job traning program, SET to Work! I also help manage the SET to Create program, a set of workshops where the participants make products and earn alternative income! Job readiness and self-sufficiency combined with affordable housing is the way to end homelessness for women! DWC provides this among many other services! Help support the expansion of our vocational programming! by emilydaviswilliams about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Working at DWC has been the most rewarding, amazing experience ever! I get to wear so many hats and help support all the vocational programming and the social enterprise as we pilot an all new on the job traning program, SET to Work! I also help manage the SET to Create program, a set of workshops where the participants make products and earn alternative income! Job readiness and self-sufficiency combined with affordable housing is the way to end homelessness for women! DWC provides this among many other services! Help support the expansion of our vocational programming! by emilydaviswilliams about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. I stop by the MADE by DWC Resale Boutique after work during the Downtown LA Art Walk and it's great to see the fashionable clothing and handMADE products made by the women of DWC. These items are handcrafted by women of Skid Row who participate in DWC's workshops and earn alternative income from the sale of these products. Great social enterprise idea that is benefiting homeless women. by lacarliux about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. If you want a great gift with a great social cause this is your place, it has everything you need and you are giving back to the local community by supporting an amazing organization that is helping to end homelessness for women. Can by orisssr about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. I love MADE by DWC, the best HandMADE gifts you could ever give!!! by rallyred about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. I've had the pleasure of visiting the facilities and volunteering my time at the DWC. I was incredibly impressed with the grounds and all the many the services they provide. What an incredible organization. I'm pleased to be supporting such a great cause. by akasmer about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. I by akasmer about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. I by akasmer about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. The DWC is a wonderful place, I can only imagine how much GOOD they can do with this grant! I am honored to be a volunteer and Board Member at The DWC. by elyse.klein about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Have you shopped or volunteered at MADE by DWC? We'd love to hear from you! Please share your stories here. by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. This is such an exciting opportunity! As the Store Manager of MADE by DWC's Resale Boutique, I see our impact being lived out by the women we empower through job training and earned income opportunities. Women empowered by education, skills, and income then invest in others and build healthy, vibrant communities - that's the future we're building for downtown Los Angeles. by AnnahArielle about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Do you have any questions about our programs? We'd love to answer them. by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. It by AnnahArielle about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. I manage our cafe and gift boutique, and I by laureem2 about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Catherine is just one of our many dedicated staff working in our social enterprises. We love the passion that all of our staff, volunteers, participants, and community members bring to downtown LA. It really takes all of us working together to improve our neighborhoods and create lasting solutions. by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Thank you for your long-term support of the Center, Patty! We truly appreciate it, and we hope to see you at our event again this year! by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. We're glad to have you on the team, Penelope! by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Thank you, Jenn! We really do focus on being intentional in how we design our programs to truly benefit and empower the women of Skid Row. by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Thank you, Danielle, and Happy National Volunteer Appreciation Month! We are grateful for your support and kind words! by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Thank you for the support, aksamer! We truly appreciate all of our volunteers and all of the ways in which they empower the women of DWC. We hope to see you again soon! by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. I have shopped at MADE and got really cute earrings, a purse, and a cute top for a great price! by lbernste about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. 'm so pumped to kick off SET to Work! Our staff are really looking forward to working alongside the women, sharing skills in retail, barista-ing (we need to decide what that word is!), and customer service. The women are already talking about how excited they are to give back to the local community and to DWC! - Lauree by laureem2 about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. Catherine is just one of our many dedicated staff working in our social enterprises. We love the passion that all of our staff, volunteers, participants, and community members bring to downtown LA. It really takes all of us working together to improve our neighborhoods and create lasting solutions. by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. The handmade journals! I also love the resale shop :) by redisalive84 about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes. We love the handMADE journals, too! They're a great example of how our products are sustainable. We take donated and discarded books and teach the women how to rebind them using a Japanese technique. We're also exploring print-making with the leftover paper, so that we can minimize waste -- and expand our product line. by Downtown Women's Center about 3 years ago Type your comment here...You will be prompted to sign in before your comment publishes.

Client Reviews We really appreciate when our clients take valuable time to submit a short review of our services for the benefit of others who might be interested. A sampling of those comments that have been sent to us are shown below: Won't Use Anyone Else! I have benefited greatly since hiring Top Notch's services in 2005……from small repairs to complete renovations; Top Notch has approached every job in a consistent and professional manner. This has compelled me on several occasions to recommend Mr. Mark Barrett to friends and colleagues……in all cases, without exception, he has served them in the manner that I am describing. Currently, I use Top Notch for both my home and rental repairs. Won't use anyone else! Robert Hampton, VA A Contractor I Can Rely On I've hired TNGC, LLC to work on my home several times. The work was excellent and it was completed in a timely manner. I've really enjoyed having a contractor I can rely on. Ryan Williamsburg, VA A Rate that Fit My Budget. I had a leak in my roof with some water damage to the wall so I called Top Notch General Contracting and they fully repaired the damage with quality work and a rate that fit my budget. Andrew Hampton, VA Professional, Courteous, Honest. Top Notch General Contracting has done work for me over the past 5 years. I have found them to be professional, courteous, honest and reasonable in their pricing. Top Notch has done everything from major bathroom remodeling, kitchen remodeling, roofing and windows to minor repairs needed in my absence. I highly recommend Mark Barrett and Top Notch General Contracting. Doris Newport News, VA Thank God for Mark Barrett and Top Notch General Contracting. We purchased a condo in Williamsburg only to find out, after we moved in, that the contractor who had remodeled the bathroom for the prior owner had done a terrible job. Perhaps it was the burst pipe and resulting damage that tipped us off to that fact. Thank God for Mark Barrett and the Top Notch General Contracting crew. The first thing that impressed us was how careful they were with our home, laying down drop cloths from the front door to the bathroom so that they wouldn't track dirt. In just a few days Mark managed to get our walls in shape, fix the closet that was never properly installed, install the proper molding, repaint, and more. Needless to say we are very happy that we found Top Notch. We will not hesitate to hire them again! Jim & Ann P. Williamsburg, VA His Work is Truly "Top Notch." I have been working with Mark Barrett and Top Notch General Contracting for over six years. He has done everything from replacing interior and exterior doors, repairing rotten exterior wood trim, window replacement, whole bathroom remodels including tile work, repairing or replacing sheetrock, removing a chimney and replacing the missing roof section and much, much more! I do not know of a more skilled or meticulous carpenter or individuals that do better quality sheetrock work. I am a REALTOR, a home owner and investment property owner. I recommend him to all of my clients and use him on my own properties. His work is truly "Top Notch", and I recommend him highly!!

Q: duplicate question My question, mediawiki-hosting, was closed as a duplicate, but the supposedly duplicate question does not answer my question: My question is about wiki-as-a-service, the linked question is about general web hosting. How can I get my question answered? A: What is the best mediawiki hosting provider? (...) There seem to be a few providers who offer this, what have you had success with? The Pro Webmasters question guidelines state that you should "avoid asking subjective questions" and, on that basis, asking which MediaWiki hosting provider is the best is problematic. The secondary question is polling users for their subjective experience with different MediaWiki hosting providers - it's a perfectly valid question to start a forum thread, but StackExchange sites are intended to provide questions and answers, not discussion threads. For clarification on the general StackExchange approach to handling shopping questions and recommendations, I would recommend Q&A is Hard, Let’s Go Shopping! at the StackExchange blog (which was the inspiration for the How to find web hosting that meets my requirements? catch-all answer). The best factual information that the Pro Webmasters community can provide is how to search for the hosting provider that will best suit your particular needs at a given point in time - even if everyone agreed upon a hosting provider for MediaWiki, the odds are against that hosting provider remaining the favorite (or providing the same quality of service, or providing a price that is accessible to all askers).

Inhibition of glomerular visceral epithelial cell endocytosis during nephrosis induced by puromycin aminonucleoside. Puromycin aminonucleoside (PA), injected intravenously into rats in a single dose, causes proteinuria and ultrastructural pathology reminiscent of human lipoid nephrosis (puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN]. Glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) endocytosis was studied in this model and in rats with protein-overload proteinuria using ultrastructural morphometry. Disappearance curves were constructed for protamine-heparin aggregates (PHA), which localized in the subepithelial region of the glomerular basal lamina following intravenous injection of protamine followed by heparin. Five groups were studied: (a) preproteinuric PAN, 4 days after PA (mean 4.5 +/- 1.5 mg of urinary protein/24 hours); (b) proteinuric PAN, 10 days after PA (mean 128 +/- 9.6 mg/24 hours); (c) recovery from PAN (mean 12.5 +/- 1.5 mg/24 hours); (d) protein-overload proteinuria, induced by injecting albumin intraperitoneally (mean 211 +/- 15.9 mg/24 hours); and (e) saline-injected controls (mean 1.2 +/- 0.2 mg/24 hours). Only the proteinuric PAN animals (group 2) had altered GEC endocytosis with a PHA half-disappearance time different from the group 5 saline controls (143.2 versus 72.6 minutes, p less than 0.05). The half-disappearance times in groups 1, 3, and 4 were 74.6, 80.7 and 86.5 minutes, respectively. Altered GEC function was further characterized by comparing PHA disappearance with the abundance of albumin-filled vacuoles in the GEC. Prolongation of PHA disappearance in group 2 correlated with the virtual absence of vacuoles; they were abundant in nonproteinuric phases of PAN and in animals with overload proteinuria. We conclude (a) GEC endocytosis is reduced only during the proteinuric phase of PAN, (b) GEC endocytosis is active during the preproteinuric phase of PAN and is a factor that may account for the absence of protein in the urine despite abnormal GBM permeability, (c) decreased GEC endocytosis during proteinuric PAN reflects abnormal cell metabolism due to PA and is not simply a consequence of albuminuria, as overload proteinuria did not produce diminished PHA or albumin uptake.

Michele Radosevich Michele Radosevich (October 7, 1947) is an American politician and lawyer. Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Radosevich graduated from Marquette University in 1969. In 1976, Radosevich was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate serving from 1977 until 1981. Radosevich moved to the state of Washington and graduated from the Seattle University School of Law, in 1994, and was admitted to the Washington State Bar. Radosevich practices law in Seattle, Washington. References Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:Politicians from Minneapolis Category:Politicians from Seattle Category:Marquette University alumni Category:Seattle University School of Law alumni Category:Wisconsin state senators Category:Women state legislators in Wisconsin Category:Washington (state) lawyers Category:Lawyers from Minneapolis

Melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland is controlled by the master circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which drives the release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic, autonomic neurones which innervate the gland. This multisynaptic neural pathway from the SCN to the pineal is activated each night in darkness resulting in an increase in melatonin synthesis which generates the dramatic diurnal rhythm in plasma melatonin seen in mammals [@bib13]. The daily rhythm of melatonin plays an essential role in regulating the various changes in physiology which occur in photoperiodic (seasonal) mammals [@bib14]. In mammals, melatonin may also play a role in organising circadian physiology; melatonin receptors are expressed in the SCN [@bib7] and, with appropriate timing of administration, activation of these receptors can re-entrain the circadian clock both *in vivo* [@bib19] and *in vitro* [@bib20]. Indeed, melatonin administration can phase-shift and entrain human circadian rhythms [@bib2; @bib3], and the hormone has found increasing use as a treatment for sleep disorders. In fact, a prolonged release formulation of melatonin \[Circadin^®^\] and a melatonin agonist \[Rozerem^®^\] have been introduced recently for the treatment of insomnia [@bib24; @bib16], and other melatonin agonists or formulations are in development [@bib11]. A recent clinical trial of another melatonin agonist (tasimelteon, VEC-162) reported beneficial effects on sleep latency and maintenance in healthy volunteers whose sleep was disrupted by a 5-h advance of the sleep-wake schedule [@bib18]. Melatonin is likely effective because of both an acute sleep-promoting action and the ability to phase-shift circadian rhythms. Melatonin\'s actions are mediated by two G-protein coupled receptor subtypes, MT~1~ and MT~2~ receptors; evidence suggests that the phase-shifting response is mediated by the MT~2~ receptor subtype [@bib6], but it is not known which receptor subtype is involved in the acute sleep-promoting action. The melatonin analogs tested for their effects on sleep so far have no selectivity for either subtype [@bib9; @bib18; @bib23]. The present study investigated the acute effects of an MT~2~-subtype specific agonist [@bib8] on sleep in a rat model previously shown to detect the acute sleep-promoting effects of melatonin and a clinically available melatonin agonist, ramelteon [@bib9]. Adult male Sprague--Dawley rats (250--300 g, Harlan, UK) were housed under a 12 h:12 h light--dark cycle (lights on 07:00--19:00 h) at an ambient temperature of 21 ± 1 °C. Food and water were available *ab libitum*. All procedures were in accordance with the UK Animal Scientific Procedures Act (1986). Rats were anaesthetized with ketamine (75 mg/kg i.p.; Fort Dodge Animal Health Ltd., Southampton, UK) combined with medetomidine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.; Pfizer, Sandwich, UK) and implanted with a radiotelemetry transmitter (Model TL11M2-F40-EET; Data Sciences International, St. Paul, USA) into the peritoneal cavity [@bib9]. A pair of leads from the transmitter recorded cortical EEG via stainless steel screws placed on the skull (2 mm anterior to lambda on the right hand side, 2 mm anterior to bregma on the left hand side) with the screw tip resting on the dura. Two leads recorded EMG from the musculus cervicoauricularis. Core body temperature (*T*~c~) and locomotor activity data were obtained from the body of the radiotransmitter. Recovery from surgery was monitored by examination of the diurnal rhythm in *T*~c~; restoration of a robust diurnal rhythm in *T*~c~ (at least 2 weeks) was required before implanted rats were used in an experiment. EEG, EMG, *T*~c~ and locomotor activity data were transmitted to a Data Sciences radio receiver (RPC-1) underneath each rat cage, then routed to a PC running DSI Dataquest Gold acquisition software. EEG and EMG data were continuously sampled at 500 Hz, with a 100 Hz filter cut-off, band-pass filtered (0.5--35 Hz for EEG and 80--120 Hz for EMG) and then used to identify vigilance states. Sleep/wake stages were scored as wake (W), NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep for each 10 s epoch using a semi-automated approach as described previously [@bib9]. Briefly, an initial automated step using SleepSign^®^ software (Kissei Comtec, Nagano, Japan) was followed by a review of all epochs by an experienced sleep scorer to eliminate errors in the assignment of W, NREM and REM stages using the EEG/EMG criteria defined previously [@bib15]. NREM sleep onset latency was defined as the time from injection to the occurrence of 12 consecutive NREM epochs, and REM sleep onset latency as the time to the occurrence of 3 consecutive REM epochs. EEG power spectra for NREM and REM epochs were analysed offline using Fast Fourier Transformation (512 point, Hanning window, 0.5--20 Hz with 0.5 Hz resolution using SleepSign^®^). Rats were injected (i.p.) with the MT~2~ melatonin receptor agonist, IIK7 (10 mg/kg; dissolved in 2% DMSO, then diluted with 45%, w/v (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin) or vehicle (drug diluent). Treatments were administered in a fully balanced cross-over design with all rats receiving both drug and vehicle, with at least 1 week between treatments. Drug or vehicle was administered at 24:00 h (5 h after D onset). IIK7 (*N*-butanoyl-2-(2-methoxy-6*H*-isoindolo\[2,1-a\]indol-11-yl)ethanamine) was synthesized at University College London, UK [@bib8]. IIK7 is one of a series of tetracyclic analogues of melatonin synthesized to explore the role of the indole nitrogen region of melatonin in the binding of the ligand to the melatonin receptor [@bib8]. Information on these analogs, and other structure-activity data [@bib25], indicate that the binding pocket of the MT~2~ receptor subtype is less stringent in the indole nitrogen/2-position of melatonin than the MT~1~ receptor subtype. As a result, compounds like IIK7 can be readily accommodated by the MT~2~ receptor but show weaker affinity for the MT~1~ receptor subtype. IIK7 has a 90-fold selectivity for MT~2~ (compared to MT~1~) in radioligand binding assays, with an MT~2~ receptor subtype affinity (p*K*~i~ 0.05 nM) about 6-fold higher than melatonin itself (0.33 nM) [@bib22]. In NIH3T3 cells expressing the recombinant melatonin receptor subtypes, IIK7 is a full agonist at the MT~2~ receptor, but a less potent, partial agonist on the MT~1~ subtype (intrinsic activity ∼60% that of melatonin) [@bib8]. In a well-established model of melatonin action, the *Xenopus laevis* melanophore aggregation assay [@bib21], IIK7 is a full agonist with a potency (EC~50~ 4.2 ± 1.4 nM) 30-fold less than melatonin (EC~50~ 141 ± 20 pM) (Sugden and Bocianowska, unpublished data). In the sleep studies, strict criteria were adopted to define NREM sleep onset latency (120 s of continuous NREM sleep) and a consistent routine was used for dosing in which rats were left undisturbed for 30--36 h before treatment. Before the start of the experiment all rats were fully accommodated to i.p. injection which was completed rapidly with minimal stress. This protocol gave NREM sleep onset latency values after vehicle injection which were very consistent, with a SEM of ∼10--15% of the mean with 6 rats per group. Though IIK7 dissolved readily in DMSO it precipitated from solution when added to 0.9% (w/v) saline; higher percentages of DMSO did not improve solubility. Finally, a stable solution of IIK7 for injection was made by dissolving the compound in DMSO (final concentration 2%, v/v) followed by dilution in 45% (w/v) (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin in saline. Vehicle-treated rats received 2% (v/v) DMSO/45% (w/v) (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin in saline. NREM sleep onset and REM sleep onset latencies after injection of this vehicle ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) were somewhat greater than after administration of the vehicle (1%, v/v DMSO/saline) used in earlier experiments [@bib9]. These changes seem unlikely to be caused by the increased percentage of DMSO in the vehicle (2%, v/v vs. 1%, v/v) considering that DMSO up to 10% (v/v) in saline was reported to have no effect on sleep [@bib5] and therefore may be related to the cyclodextrin vehicle. Nevertheless, even though the NREM sleep onset latency in this series of experimental rats was relatively high after vehicle treatment (72.5 ± 8.5 min), IIK7 significantly reduced NREM sleep onset time (44.8 ± 7.9 min, *p* = 0.027, *n* = 6; [Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A). REM sleep onset latency was not altered by IIK7 (vehicle, 128.5 ± 16.8 min; IIK7, 132.1 ± 21.0 min, *n* = 6; [Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}C). The amount of time spent in NREM sleep after IIK7 was increased 250% during the first hour after dosing (vehicle, 3.9 ± 0.9 min; IIK7, 9.7 ± 2.3 min, *p* \< 0.05, *n* = 6) reflecting the decrease in NREM onset time. No significant changes in NREM sleep were apparent during the second, third or fourth hours after IIK7 administration ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}B), and REM sleep time was not altered by IIK7 ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}D). An analysis of the EEG power spectrum in all NREM and REM sleep epochs for the first 60 min (NREM) or 90 min (REM) after dosing with vehicle or IIK7 revealed no change in the power spectrum. [Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}A shows the mean power in delta (1--4 Hz) in IIK7- and vehicle-treated rats during NREM sleep (expressed as a percentage of the total power). Power in the delta band, also referred to as slow wave activity (SWA), is enhanced by sleep-promoting drugs such as zolpidem [@bib1], and is also increased during the rebound NREM following sleep deprivation and is thought to represent a quantitative estimate of the homeostatic sleep process [@bib10]. Previously, we have shown that neither melatonin nor ramelteon, administered to rats by i.p. injection at the same dose as IIK7, altered the NREM sleep EEG power spectrum [@bib9]. IIK7, like melatonin and ramelteon [@bib9], also failed to alter EEG power in the theta band (5--8 Hz) during REM sleep. IIK7 produced a small reduction in core body temperature (*T*~c~) after administration ([Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}C). During the 4 h period before treatment there was no difference in *T*~c~, between the two groups. After treatment, *T*~c~ of both groups increased transiently (ZT 17--18 h) but the rise in *T*~c~ after IIK7 injection was only ∼50% of that seen with vehicle. During the second hour of treatment (ZT 18--19 h) *T*~c~ fell in both groups but the fall in the group treated with IIK7 (Δ*T*~c~ −0.49 °C) was over twice as large as that measured in the vehicle-treated group (Δ*T*~c~ −0.24 °C). The fall in *T*~c~ slowed and then began to reverse in both treatment groups during the third and fourth hour of treatment. A fall in *T*~c~ is commonly seen after administration of hypnotic drugs. This is the first study to investigate the melatonin receptor subtype involved in the acute sleep-promoting action of melatonin using a selective melatonin ligand. To date, IIK7 is one of only very few subtype selective melatonin receptor agonists which have been characterised *in vitro* using both radioligand binding assays to obtain receptor affinity data and cellular assays to determine functional activity on each receptor subtype. In radioligand binding experiments on recombinant cloned receptor subtypes, IIK7 has ∼90-fold greater affinity for the MT~2~ subtype than the MT~1~ subtype, and has slightly greater MT~2~ receptor subtype affinity (6-fold greater) than melatonin [@bib8]. It also acts as a full agonist at the MT~2~ receptor when tested on cells (inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP in cells expressing recombinant MT~2~ receptors) with similar potency (3-fold greater) to melatonin, while at the MT~1~ receptor potency is 30-fold weaker and it has only partial agonist activity. This affinity and potency data led us to use IIK7 at a dose (10 mg/kg i.p.) which is the same as the dose of melatonin (and ramelteon) that we have shown previously significantly reduced NREM latency and increased NREM sleep duration in the first hour after administration [@bib9]. Lower doses of melatonin (e.g. 3 mg/kg i.p.) or ramelteon (1 mg/kg i.p.) have no significant effect on NREM sleep onset latency or NREM duration after treatment \[Fisher and Sugden, unpublished data\]. Though the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of IIK7 are unknown, the acute effects of IIK7 were the primary focus of this study, and indeed IIK7, like melatonin, produced a significant decrease in NREM sleep onset latency with a significant, though brief, increase in NREM duration after administration. No change in REM onset latency, REM duration, delta activity during NREM sleep or theta power in the EEG during REM sleep were observed, which again is consistent with the effects seen after administration of melatonin or the non-subtype selective agonist, ramelteon [@bib9]. This marked similarity in the profile of sleep changes suggests that IIK7 mimics the effect of melatonin administration on sleep. Our earlier work on the sleep-promoting effect of melatonin and ramelteon [@bib9] did not measure *T*~c~, but others [@bib12] have reported that administration of similar doses of melatonin during the night does produce a small fall in *T*~c~ similar to that seen with IIK7. The selectivity of IIK7 for the MT~2~ receptor suggests that this receptor is the subtype which mediates the acute sleep-promoting action of melatonin. A meeting abstract [@bib17] reported that subcutaneous administration of another selective MT~2~ receptor agonist (UCM765) to rats reduced NREM latency and increased NREM sleep duration. However, UCM765 also delayed REM sleep onset as effectively as diazepam suggesting that this melatonin analog may act on additional receptors. This study has shown that IIK7, an MT~2~ subtype selective agonist exhibits an acute sleep-promoting action in the rat which is very similar to that seen after administration of melatonin, suggesting that an MT~2~ melatonin receptor subtype mediates the acute hypnotic effect. The data highlight that the sleep-promoting effects observed after the administration of melatonin and related analogues are distinct from those produced by commonly used sedative-hypnotics. These include the non-benzodiazepine zolpidem, which, in contrast to melatoninergic compounds, alters the EEG power spectra of NREM sleep and can inhibit REM sleep [@bib1]. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the role of the MT~2~ receptor subtype in this response including the use of MT~2~-subtype selective antagonists. Although a few antagonists with MT~2~-selectivity are currently available [@bib4], the affinity of these compounds is lower than the affinity of melatonin itself which may pose practical difficulties in delivering sufficiently high doses of antagonists to effectively antagonise melatonin. This work was funded by a project grant from the Wellcome Trust to DS (ref. GR065816MA) and a Medical Research Council CASE studentship to Simon Fisher. We are grateful to Dr. Alex Kulla and Rachel Tanner (Eli Lilly, UK) for advice on sleep scoring software and telemetry. {#fig1} {#fig2} [^1]: Current address: Circadian and Visual Neuroscience Group, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Level 5 West Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX6 9DU, UK.

Comments on: Chim-Chim Cheree: Tips to Help Prevent Chimney Fireshttp://blog.allstate.com/chim-chim-cheree-maintain-a-safe-chimney-with-these-tips/ Expert tips and fun facts on protecting your car, home, motorcycle or RV from Allstate Auto InsuranceThu, 18 Sep 2014 21:21:53 +0000hourly1http://wordpress.org/?v=4.1.1By: Jorgehttp://blog.allstate.com/chim-chim-cheree-maintain-a-safe-chimney-with-these-tips/#comment-3795 Wed, 29 Aug 2012 02:13:57 +0000http://community.allstate.com/community/allstate_blog/blog/2011/09/29/chim-chim-cheree-keep-your-chimney-safe#comment-3795Where I live, you can’t install a wood stove leglaly without having the installation inspected by a certified professional, if you did the installation yourself. Not in your house, anyway, not if you want to collect any insurance if there’s a fire, and not if you want to keep your house on the right side of the building inspector. There is so much that can happen with a bad chimney that I think it would be very foolish to install a wood stove without having the chimney inspected. I knew a family with a newish house who came very close to all dying in the middle of the night because there was a gap in the brickwork of the chimney for their fireplace. If they had all been sound asleep when the fire finally caught hold in the house framing and began to emit noticeable smoke, it would have been much worse because the fire was between their bedrooms and the exit doors.References : ]]>

Coherent multidimensional optical spectra measured using incoherent light. Four-wave mixing measurements can reveal spectral and dynamics information that is hidden in linear spectra by the interactions among light-absorbing molecules and with their environment. Coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy is an important variant of four-wave mixing because it resolves a map of interactions and correlations between absorption bands. Previous coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy measurements have used femtosecond pulses with great success, and it may seem that femtosecond pulses are necessary for such measurements. Here we present coherent two-dimensional electronic spectra measured using incoherent light. The spectra of model molecular systems using broadband spectrally incoherent light are similar but not identical to those expected from measurements using femtosecond pulses. Specifically, the spectra show particular sensitivity to long-lived intermediates such as photoisomers. The results will motivate the design of similar experiments in spectral ranges where femtosecond pulses are difficult to produce.

Light-dependent cytotoxic reactions of anthracene. Anthracene is a photodynamic compound in vitro. In the presence of oxygen, it is known to generate singlet oxygen and participate in Type II reactions. In aqueous solution, it also participates in Type I reactions, such as in the photoreduction of cytochrome c, which can be suppressed by superoxide dismutase. In argon, direct photoreduction of cytochrome c also takes place. Anthracene induces the photodynamic hemolysis of human erythrocytes and inactivates Escherichia coli cells photodynamically. By using a series of E. coli strains differing in DNA repair capabilities and catalase proficiency, sensitivity to inactivation by anthracene plus NUV was correlated with catalase deficiency rather than with particular repair deficiencies. The fact that carotenoid genes cloned and expressed in E. coli offered partial protection suggests that the membrane may be one possible target for inactivation by anthracene plus NUV. Anthracene plus NUV inactivated Haemophilus influenzae transforming DNA and led to nicking of supercoiled pBR322 DNA in vitro. In vivo, therefore, anthracene is a phototoxic molecule whose cytotoxicity could be the result of damage to more than one target.

Q: Angular JS/Dojo widget parsing I have an Angular JS application, in which I would like (actually I MUST) use dojo widgets. In the HTML template for the controller, I can return HTML that has dojo markup in it. However, the dojo parsing doesn't happen automatically when a view gets re-rendered. The only way I have been able to trigger reparsing is by manually calling the parser after a slight delay by doing something like this in the controller and then calling it when I know the model has changed. refreshDojo = function() { setTimeout(function() { require(["dojo/parser"], function(parser) { parser.parse() }); }, 10); } This isn't really feasible for two reasons: Having to do anything after a timeout is bound to cause trouble by either happening to quickly before the html has been processed or two slowly, causing a flash of content before the widgets are created. Secondly, if I am not mistaken, parser.parse() parses the whole DOM which is not very efficient if I only updated a single div. Is there a way to know for certain when the DOM has stabilized so that I can be sure to trigger this at the right time? And is there a way to access the root element of the controller (It appears that you can no longer inject $element)? A: You should decorate the $compile service, so before angular compiles anything it will let dojo compile it. Here's a small example: http://plnkr.co/edit/9iJJFLWDqGtyqLV5Mbe3?p=preview Documentation on decorators: http://docs.angularjs.org/api/AUTO.$provide#decorator

Q: Animate.Scroll html,body after page hits offset - Very close (see Fiddle) I'm trying to trigger the window to scroll to a new location after the page has been scrolled down a certain amount. I've got the code working but now I can't scroll back up. Here's a fiddle of the code $(window).scroll(function() { var y_scroll_pos = window.pageYOffset; var scroll_pos_test = 50; if(y_scroll_pos > scroll_pos_test) { $('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: $( ".here" ).offset().top }, 500); } else{} }); I'm wondering if there's a way to stop the code from working after it runs once. Or even better, only have it work only when the scroll bar is being scrolled down over a certain point. Any help or advice would greatly be appreciated! A: If you want to run it just once var scrolled = false; $(window).scroll(function() { var y_scroll_pos = window.pageYOffset; var scroll_pos_test = 50; if(!scrolled && y_scroll_pos > scroll_pos_test) { scrolled = true; $('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: $( ".here" ).offset().top }, 500); $("body").css("background-color","#000"); } if (y_scroll_pos < scroll_pos_test) { scrolled = false; $("body").css("background-color","#FFF"); } }); If you want to have it work only when the scroll bar is being scrolled down over a certain point you can get current scroll position with window.scrollY and compare it with offset().top of your element and then set flag to false or unbind event with .off('scroll').

Q: Interpret a date from a string of digits I developed a function that, from a given sequence of digits, extracts the date and reformat it. This is the code: from datetime import datetime as dt def format_dates(field): n = len(field) match = False i = 0 while match is False: try: # Take the last four digits year = int(field[-4 - i:n - i]) except ValueError: return '' # Check if this year is between today's year +/- (15, 100) if (1919 <= year <= 2019): # Check if there are other 4 digits before these 4 ones if (len(field[-8 - i:n - i]) == 8): try: f_date = dt.strptime(field[-8 - i:n - i], '%d%m%Y').strftime('%d/%m/%Y') match = True return f_date except ValueError: pass else: return '' i += 1 Explanation: This function: Takes a sequence of digits as input. extracts the last four digits from that sequence. Checks if the extracted four digits are between 2019 and 1919, if not, it breaks. If yes, it checks if there are more 4 digits before the previously extracted ones, if not it breaks. If yes, it tries to format the whole 8 digits. If there is a ValueError exception, it passes (ValueError, means there are 8 digits, the last four of them represent a correct year, but the fist four digits are wrong. So it passes to increment i + 1 to add a the next digits in the front and remove the last digit in the processed sequence). Example: input: '1303201946' Iteration 1: i = 0, match = False year = 1946 test 1 (year between 2019 and 1919): passes. test2 (there are 4 other digits before 1946, which are 0320): passes. format the whole 8 digits: ValueError exception, so i = i+1 and pass to the next iteration. Iteration 2: i = 1, match = False year = 0194 test 1 (year between 2019 and 1919): fails, so i = i + 1 and pass to the next iteration. Iteration 3: i = 2, match = False year = 2019 test 1: passes test 2: passes format the whole 8 digits (13032019): 13/03/2019 (No ValueError exception) passes match = True, return the formatted date, break from the while loop. This function works fine, but the way it handles the errors seems ugly. Also I believe it is not optimized (same exceptions are repeated, a lot of returns and the code does not seem elegant). How to reformat the code and make it more optimized? A: Exception If your algorithm cannot find a date, it is easier to raise an Exception than to return ''. Returning sentinel values instead of exceptions can lead to unexpected behaviour if the user of this function does not test for this sentinel value. comments Comments should explain why you did something, not how. # Take the last four digits tells you nothing more than the code itself. I would rather comment at field[-4 - i:n - i] why you did n - i instead of just -i. nesting Instead of nesting a number of if-clauses, it can be better to test the negative of the condition, and continue, so the rest of the code is less nested. match Don't test condition is True. Just do condition. In Python a lot of values can act as True or False in tests. Your match is never used anyway; the moment you set it to True, you also return the result, so a while True: would have sufficed here. field This is a very unclear variable name. This method excepts a date in string format, so why not call the argument like that? Return type Your code does 2 things now. It looks for a date in the string, and converts that date to another format. It would be better to separate those 2 things, and return a datetime.datetime instead, and let the caller of this method worry about formatting that correctly. while True You use a while True-loop, with an incrementing counter. A better way to do this would be to either use for i in range(...) or using itertools.count: for i in itertools.count(). In this case you know there will be no more than len(field) - 7 iterations, so you might as well use that. Revert the algorithm You explicitly test whether the substring is 8 characters long, and then if it is in the right format. By changing the while True to the for-loop, you know the substring will be 8 characters long. Then it makes sense to first try to convert it to a datetime, and then check whether the year is correct: def format_dates2(date_string): n = len(date_string) for i in range(n - 7): sub_string = date_string[-(8 + i) : n - i] # not just -i because that fails at i==0 try: date = dt.strptime(sub_string, "%d%m%Y") except ValueError: continue if not (1919 <= date.year <= 2019): continue return date raise ValueError("Date not in the correct format")

FFL: The Waiver Wire Fantasy, Week 10 (2014-15) Last Minute Shopping. Owners are getting anxious with three games left before the playoffs. If you’re a struggling team, FTS is willing to provide one and one inside advice. But it comes at a price. Hey, we’re not a cheap date. If you haven’t made a transaction, the rules are simple. Owners put a claim for that player but must wait until the waiver clears. The team that puts a claim on a player, and the owner with the higher waiver priority number, gets the player. All available players who are not on waivers are free agents. To help prevent “cycling” players through free agency, a player that is added and released on the same day will remain a free agent. Some owners try to take advantage of the rule. Intentional cycling of players through waivers is a serious offense and may result in a team being banned in Premium Standard Leagues.

Top 5 drivers of the season The 2013 season marked the end of an era- the era of the powerful V8's. This season was definitely not one of the most exciting seasons, but it was the season which displayed arguably the best of the new and fresh talent along the course of the season. And of course, with the 5 world champions on the grid, we were treated to enough action for a weekend, from P2 and below of course. Because no matter what the curmudgeonly say, Sebastian Vettel was on top of the whole field racing in his very own league. Here is the rating of the top 5 drivers on the grid this season- 1) Sebastian Vettel- Remember in 2010, when he caused collisions with Mark Webber in Turkey and Jenson Button in Spa? This former 'crash kid' has dominated the last four years of the sport he loves. Perfecting his driving every year since then, this year he has definitely reached to the point where his driving can be called flawless. Absolutely perfect. From a mistake rating of 10 a season in the preceding years, he has brought it down to a nil. His consistency and skill both have been honed along with the car that had phenomenal reliability (bar Britain). He worked with the tires when needed to, and called for the right strategies that went his way. Being the most underrated driver this season doesn't deny me from giving him a 11/10 if it existed in 'rating rules'.2) Romain Grosjean – Probably the greatest change we’ve seen from last year to this year is Romain Grosjean. The ‘first lap nutcase’ has turned into be one of the only few drivers who can do first lap wonders. From electric starts, to super podiums, Grosjean was the closest challenger to Vettel in the 2nd half of the season. His star performance of the season was his drive in India where he flew from the back of the pack in P17 to finish P3. Bar his 3 retirements, Grosjean has finished all races, and ended his season with 6 podiums. The Frenchman will be looking forward to the next season, where he will be the number one in the team, alongside former Williams driver and 1 time winner, Pastor Maldonado. 3) Nico Hulkenberg – When Nico Hulkenberg made his move from Sahara Force India to Sauber in 2013, it caused us to rise a few eyebrows. His decision fuelled by hastiness proved to be a disaster of a choice after the C32, with a whole new driver line up, Hulkenberg and Gutierrez, proved to be as slow as a lower-field car. But yet, the now-once-again-Force India-bound Hulkenberg put on some fantastic drives towards the end of the season which baffled the fans of what he can do. A series of 4th 5th and 6th places ranked him higher than the championship runner up, Fernando Alonso. Before the confirmation of Hulkenberg in Force India, there was wide spread commotion as the young German had no seat left open in F1 as weight concerns struck. But luckily and gladly, Nico has a confirmed seat and a great future ahead of him. 4) Nico Rosberg – Nico Rosberg has also been a big transformation this season. Coming back stronger this year, Rosberg took 2 victories in Monaco and Britain each, starting his season in a good manner. But as the season progressed, he did just about enough to score points on a weekend, though not aim for the 25s or the 18s. But the biggest amazement is that Rosberg never succumbed under the pressure of having a world class driver and a world champion, Lewis Hamilton as a teammate. Together, they have sealed 2nd place after Red Bull Racing, making them the most improved team from 2012 to 2013. In more comparative terms, Hamilton was much more consistent despite just having 1 win entitled to him in a season that has been Vettelized. 5) Mark Webber – Mark Weber made sure his very last season in the pinnacle of Motorsport remains a memorable one. After clinching 3rd in the championship at the very last race, the departing Australian’s season can be classified one of his bests, if not the best. Though he never made the top step of the podium this season, 8 other second and third place finishers got him enough points to finish behind his dominant teammate, Vettel. To conclude his career, Mark Webber finished it off in style on the podium, where he slipped, fell and jumped back up again like a 6 year old child who saw his parents bought him ice-cream. This is the top 5 of this season, but hopefully, we will see new talent on the grid next year in the younger drivers and new comers. Get link Facebook Twitter Pinterest Email Other Apps Comments Post a Comment Popular posts from this blog There are 7 billion people in this world, and there just 22 grand prix drivers. Out of the 22, there isn’t one female racing driver. This does make you think, why aren't there any women Formula One racers? Sexism in motorsport is not new, in fact, it’s it is as old as the sport itself. In a male dominated field of sport such as racing, women, as a group haven’t made their mark yet. And in F1, there has been just one female racing driver to have scored a single point - Lella Lombardi, an Italian racer who raced for March-Ford in 1974 – 75, scored half a point after finishing a good 7th position at the Spanish Grand Prix of 1975. Though the breakthrough for a woman was first given to Maria Teresa de Filippis way back in 1958, she failed to impress as much as Lomardi did. But yet, Maria, the former Maserati driver will be remembered as a pioneer for women in motorsport because of her courage and strength to venture into a sport like Formula One in the age when women were trained to d… After a week of break for all teams, the circus returns back to Barcelona for a second and final testing session before the season opener at Melbourne. This is the time you would ideally see teams out there every minute of the day trying to gain as much data as possible from the track programmes. This also is another opportunity for engineers and fans to try to read in between the lines to establish a more concrete pecking order, but you and I would be slightly insane to think the top teams wouldn’t sandbag this session, leaving everybody in a bit of a quandary. Here is the summary of Day 1 of the second test in Barcelona. Morning Session 1. Felipe Massa set the pace on the morning of the first session with a hot lap on the super-soft tires which put him within 0.020 of the fastest time set in 2017 so far. The Brazilian also managed to test 67 laps, the second most of the morning session. 2. Daniel Ricciardo who clinched 2nd on the time sheets posted a late time on the Ultra-Soft tir… It is a new season, a great start for Formula One actually! And hopefully it's a good start for my frequent blogging too. As I promised earlier, I will try to be regular and review the grand prix in a slightly different manner called 'In 5 or more points' No, this isn't invention of the decade or something of that sort, this just helps me save time. A very pleasing result for any Tifosi, naturally! What a brilliant drive that was from Vettel and Ferrari on his debut! The energy that he brought to the team and his good realtionaship with his teammate were some of the many reasons Ferrari have a reason to be optimistic. They were the best of the rest, however, behind the team those guys in the white overalls race for - Mercedes AMG Petronas. They clearly had the field in their fist, lapping almost half the field that participated. Lewis Hamilton's first stint was great o… Welcome to my blog. This is where I pen down all my opinions and knowledge of Formula One, a sport I love. I am a passionate go kart racer and breathes motorsport for life, all while running my own motorsport team - Arcs Racing.

Kamna Gorica Kamna Gorica may refer to several places in Slovenia: Kamna Gorica, Ljubljana, a former village in the City Municipality of Ljubljana Kamna Gorica, Radovljica, a settlement in the Municipality of Radovljica See also Kamna Gorca, Slovenia