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$1,000 genome [SEP] The "$1,000 genome" catchphrase was first publicly recorded in December 2001 at a scientific retreat to discuss the future of biomedical research following publication of the first draft of the Human Genome Project (HGP), convened by the National Human Genome Research Institute at Airlie House in Virginia. The phrase neatly highlighted the chasm between the actual cost of the Human Genome Project, estimated at $2.7 billion over a decade, and the benchmark for routine, affordable personal genome sequencing.

$1,000 genome [SEP] On 2 October 2002, Craig Venter introduced the opening session of GSAC (The Genome Sequencing and Analysis Conference) at the Hynes Convention Center in Boston: "The Future of Sequencing: Advancing Towards the $1,000 Genome." Speakers included George M. Church and executives from 454 Life Sciences, Solexa, U.S. Genomics, VisiGen and Amersham plc. In 2003, Venter announced that his foundation would earmark $500,000 for a breakthrough leading to the $1,000 genome. That sum was subsequently rolled into the Archon X Prize.

$1,000 genome [SEP] In October 2004, NHGRI introduced the first in a series of '$1,000 Genome' grants designed to advance "the development of breakthrough technologies that will enable a human-sized genome to be sequenced for $1,000 or less."

$1,000 genome [SEP] In a January 2006 article in Scientific American making the case for the Personal Genome Project, George M. Church wrote The "$1,000 genome" has become shorthand for the promise of DNA-sequencing capability made so affordable that individuals might think the once-in-a-lifetime expenditure to have a full personal genome sequence read to a disk for doctors to reference is worthwhile.

$1,000 genome [SEP] In 2007, the journal Nature Genetics invited dozens of scientists to respond to its 'Question of the Year': The sequencing of the equivalent of an entire human genome for $1,000 has been announced as a goal for the genetics community... What would you do if [the $1,000 genome was] available immediately?

$1,000 genome [SEP] In May 2007, during a ceremony held at Baylor College of Medicine, 454 Life Sciences founder Jonathan Rothberg presented James D. Watson with a digital copy of his personal genome sequence on a portable hard drive. Rothberg estimated the cost of the sequence—the first personal genome produced using a next-generation sequencing platform—at $1 million. Watson's genome sequence was published in 2008. A number of scientists have highlighted the cost of additional analysis after performing sequencing.

$1,000 genome [SEP] Bruce Korf, past president of the American College of Medical Genetics, described "the $1-million interpretation." Washington University's Elaine Mardis prefers "the $100,000 analysis." At the end of 2007, the biotech company Knome debuted the first direct-to-consumer genome sequencing service at an initial price of $350,000 (including analysis). One of the first clients was Dan Stoicescu, a Swiss-based biotech entrepreneur.

$1,000 genome [SEP] As the costs of sequencing continued to plummet, in 2008, Illumina announced that it had sequenced an individual genome for $100,000 in reagent costs. Applied Biosystems countered by saying the cost on its platform was $60,000. Pacific Biosciences became the latest entrant in what The New York Times called "a heated race for the '$1,000 genome'".

$1,000 genome [SEP] In 2009, Stanford University professor Stephen Quake published a paper sequencing his own genome on an instrument built by Helicos Biosciences (a company he co-founded) for a reported cost in consumables of $48,000. That same year, Complete Genomics debuted its proprietary whole-genome sequencing service for researchers, charging as little as $5,000/genome for bulk orders. In 2010, Illumina introduced its individual genome sequencing service for consumers, who were required to present a doctor's note.

$1,000 genome [SEP] The initial price was $50,000/person. One of the first clients was former Solexa CEO John West, who had his entire family of four sequenced. In January 2012, Life Technologies unveiled a new sequencing instrument, the Ion Proton Sequencer, which it said would achieve the $1,000 genome in a day within 12 months.

$1,000 genome [SEP] Sharon Begley wrote: "After years of predictions that the '$1,000 genome' – a read-out of a person's complete genetic information for about the cost of a dental crown—was just around the corner, a U.S. company is announcing... that it has achieved that milestone." In January 2014, Illumina launched its HiSeq X Ten Sequencer, claiming to have produced the first $1,000 genome at 30× coverage.

$1,000 genome [SEP] Some researchers hailed the HiSeq X Ten's release as a milestone – Michael Schatz of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory said that "it is a major human accomplishment on par with the development of the telescope or the microprocessor". However, critics pointed out that the $10 million upfront investment required to purchase the system would deter customers. Furthermore, the $1,000 genome cost calculation left out overheads, such as the cost of powering the machine.

$1,000 genome [SEP] In September 2015, Veritas Genetics (co-founded by George Church) announced $1,000 full-genome sequencing including interpretation for participants in the Personal Genome Project. In April 2017, the newly formed European company Dante Labs started offering the WGS for $900. In 2017, Beijing Genomics Institute began offering WGS for $600. In July 2018, on Amazon Prime Day, Dante Labs offered it for $349.

$1,000 genome [SEP] In November 2018, around the time of Black Friday, Dante Labs offered WGS for the first time less than $200, and Veritas Genetics for two days for the same price of $199 offered WGS limited to a thousand customers. In March of the same year, geneticist Matthew Hurles of Wellcome Sanger Institute noted that the private companies, including Illumina, are currently competing to reach a new target for WGS of only $100.

$1,000 genome [SEP] On 18 February 2020, Nebula Genomics announced that has partnered up with BGI Group to start offering 30x WGS for $299. It was originally announced that the revamped Archon Genomics X PRIZE presented by Medco would hold a $10-million grand prize competition in January 2013 for the team that reaches (or comes closest to reaching) the $1,000 genome.

$1,000 genome [SEP] The grand prize would go to "the team(s) able to sequence 100 human genomes within 30 days to an accuracy of 1 error per 1,000,000 bases, with 98% completeness, identification of insertions, deletions and rearrangements, and a complete haplotype, at an audited total cost of $1,000 per genome." In August 2013 the Archon Genomics X PRIZE was cancelled, as the founders felt it had been "Outpaced by Innovation," and "was not incentivizing the technological changes".

$1,000 genome [SEP] Mardis, E. R. (2006). " Anticipating the 1,000 dollar genome". Genome Biology. 7 (7): 112. doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-7-112. PMC 1779559. PMID 17224040. Service, R. F. (2006). " GENE SEQUENCING: The Race for the $1000 Genome". Science. 311 (5767): 1544–1'546. doi:10.1126/science.311.5767.1544. PMID 16543431. S2CID 23411598. Kevin Davies. The $1,000 Genome. (

$1,000 genome [SEP] New York: Free Press, 2010). ISBN 1-4165-6959-6 "The Cost of Sequencing a Human Genome". Retrieved 15 April 2018. Beyond the Beginning: The Future of Genomics. Meeting webcast. http://www.genome.gov/10001294. Sylvia Pagan Westphal. " Race for the $1000 genome is on." New Scientist 12 October 2002. Mark D. Uehling. " Wanted: The $1000 Genome." Bio-IT World November 2002 Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

$1,000 genome [SEP] "Venter raises stakes for $1,000 genome prize." Bio-IT World October 2005 Archived 13 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. NIH press release. " NHGRI seeks next generation of sequencing technologies." 14 October 2004. Church, G. M. (2006). " Genomes for all" (PDF). Scientific American. 294 (1): 46–54. Bibcode:2006SciAm.294a..46C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0106-46. PMID 16468433. S2CID 28769137. Question of the Year. Nature Genetics.

$1,000 genome [SEP] http://www.nature.com/ng/qoty/index.html BCM press release. " Nobel laureate James Watson receives personal genome in ceremony at Baylor College of Medicine." 31 May 2007 Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

$1,000 genome [SEP] Wheeler, D. A.; Srinivasan, M.; Egholm, M.; Shen, Y.; Chen, L.; McGuire, A.; He, W.; Chen, Y. J.; Makhijani, V.; Roth, G. T.; Gomes, X.; Tartaro, K.; Niazi, F.; Turcotte, C. L.; Irzyk, G. P.; Lupski, J. R.; Chinault, C.; Song, X.-Z.; Liu, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Nazareth, L.; Qin, X.; Muzny, D. M.; Margulies, M.; Weinstock, G. M.; Gibbs, R. A.; Rothberg, J. M. (2008). "

$1,000 genome [SEP] The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing". Nature. 452 (7189): 872–876. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..872W. doi:10.1038/nature06884. PMID 18421352. Kevin Davies. " The $1,000,000 genome interpretation." Bio-IT World October 2010. Mardis, E. R. (2010). " The $1,000 genome, the $100,000 analysis?". Genome Medicine. 2 (11): 84. doi:10.1186/gm205. PMC 3016626. PMID 21114804. Amy Harmon. "

$1,000 genome [SEP] Gene map becomes a luxury item." The New York Times, March 4, 2008. Bernadette Tansey. " Applied Biosystems cuts DNA sequencing cost." SF Gate, March 13, 2008. Andrew Pollack. " The race to read genomes on a shoestring, relatively speaking." New York Times, February 9, 2008. Wade, N. (2006). " The quest for the $1,000 human genome: DNA sequencing in the doctor's office? At birth?

$1,000 genome [SEP] It may be coming closer". The New York Times: F1, F3. PMID 16874933. Pushkarev, D.; Neff, N. F.; Quake, S. R. (2009). " Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome". Nature Biotechnology. 27 (9): 847–850. doi:10.1038/nbt.1561. PMC 4117198. PMID 19668243. Emily Singer. Technology Review. 2008.

$1,000 genome [SEP] Dewey, F. E.; Chen, R.; Cordero, S. P.; Ormond, K. E.; Caleshu, C.; Karczewski, K. J.; Whirl-Carrillo, M.; Wheeler, M. T.; Dudley, J. T.; Byrnes, J. K.; Cornejo, O. E.; Knowles, J. W.; Woon, M.; Sangkuhl, K.; Gong, L.; Thorn, C. F.; Hebert, J. M.; Capriotti, E.; David, S. P.; Pavlovic, A.; West, A.; Thakuria, J. V.; Ball, M. P.; Zaranek, A. W.; Rehm, H. L.; Church, G. M.; West, J. S.; Bustamante, C. D.; Snyder, M.; Altman, R. B.; Klein, T. E.; Butte, A. J.; Ashley, E. A. (2011). "

$1,000 genome [SEP] Phased Whole-Genome Genetic Risk in a Family Quartet Using a Major Allele Reference Sequence". PLOS Genetics. 7 (9): e1002280. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002280. PMC 3174201. PMID 21935354. Defrancesco, L. (2012). " Life Technologies promises $1,000 genome". Nature Biotechnology. 30 (2): 126. doi:10.1038/nbt0212-126a. PMID 22318022. S2CID 11851834. Sharon Begley. " Insight: New DNA Reader to Bring Promise." Reuters.com. 10 January 2012.

$1,000 genome [SEP] Check Hayden, Erika (2014). " Is the $1,000 genome for real?". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14530. S2CID 211730238. Alexandra Ossola (1 October 2015). " Your Full Genome Can Be Sequenced and Analyzed For Just $1,000". PopSci. "Dante Labs Offers EUR 850 Whole Genome Sequencing and Interpretation for the First Time in the World". PR Newswire. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Julia Karow (23 May 2017). "

$1,000 genome [SEP] Dante Labs Offers Direct-to-Consumer Hereditary Disease Risk, Genome, Exome Tests in Europe". GenomeWeb. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Megan Molteni (18 May 2017). " A Chinese Genome Giant Sets Its Sights on the Ultimate Sequencer". Wired. Retrieved 2 December 2018. "Dante Labs Offers $349 Whole Genome Sequencing on Amazon Prime Day". PR Newswire. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Anthony Cuthbertson (23 November 2018). "

$1,000 genome [SEP] Black Friday weirdest deals: iPad potties, twerking robots and DNA sequencing". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2018. "Dante Labs Offers $199 Whole Genome Sequencing Promotion for Black Friday Week". Digital Journal. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Megan Molteni (19 November 2018). " Now You Can Sequence Your Whole Genome for Just $200". Wired. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

$1,000 genome [SEP] Matthew Herper (9 January 2017). " Illumina Promises To Sequence Human Genome For $100 -- But Not Quite Yet". Forbes. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Sarah Neville (5 March 2018). " Cheaper DNA sequencing unlocks secrets of rare diseases". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 December 2018. "Nebula Genomics, Partnering with BGI, Sets Industry Standard by Offering 30x Whole-Genome Sequencing for $299". BioSpace. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022.

$1,000 genome [SEP] Retrieved 18 February 2022. Kedes, L.; Campany, G. (2011). " The new date, new format, new goals and new sponsor of the Archon Genomics X PRIZE Competition". Nature Genetics. 43 (11): 1055–1058. doi:10.1038/ng.988. PMID 22030612. "$10 million Genomics X Prize canceled: 'Outpaced by innovation'". NBC News. Misha Angrist. Here is a Human Being. ( New York: HarperCollins, 2010).

$1,000 genome [SEP] ISBN 0-06-162833-6 Kevin Davies. The $1,000 Genome. ( New York: Free Press, 2010). ISBN 1-4165-6959-6 Lone Frank. My Beautiful Genome. ( London: Oneworld, 2011). ISBN 978-1-85168-833-3 Webcast of James Watson personal genome presentation, 31 May 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20120206220653/http://www.bcm.edu/news/packages/watson_genome.cfm

$100,000 infield [SEP] Collins was the first member of the $100,000 infield to join the Athletics. He debuted on September 17, 1906, after playing college ball at Columbia University. In 1906 and 1907, he played 20 games for the Athletics, mostly at shortstop. In 1908, he took over as the Athletics' regular second baseman, replacing Danny Murphy, who moved to the outfield.

$100,000 infield [SEP] During the $100,000 infield years from 1910 to 1914, he played 738 games, getting 922 hits in 2,677 at bats for a batting average of .344. He led the American League in runs in 1912, 1913 and 1914, stolen bases in 1910, singles in 1913 and times on base in 1914. He also finished in the top ten in the American League in batting average, on-base percentage, hits, stolen bases, singles and times on base every year from 1910 through 1914.

$100,000 infield [SEP] In addition, he finished in the top ten in American Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1914. He was sold to the Chicago White Sox after the 1914 season as Athletics' manager Connie Mack attempted to respond to the financial pressures brought on by the newly formed Federal League, breaking up the $100,000 infield. He returned to Mack and the Athletics in 1927, finishing his career playing 12 games for the Athletics in their 1929 and 1930 World Championship seasons.

$100,000 infield [SEP] He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1939. Barry was the next to join the Athletics, debuting on July 13, 1908, after playing for the College of the Holy Cross. Between 1910 and 1914, Barry played 686 games for the Athletics, getting 607 hits in 2,334 at bats for a batting average of .260. He finished in the American League top ten in sacrifice hits every year from 1911 through 1914, and ranked fifth in the American League in runs batted in in 1913.

$100,000 infield [SEP] But his primary contributions were on defense, where he had a strong arm, enormous range and sure hands, and was able to work out innovative plays with his good friend Collins, such as a defense against the double steal. He finished in the top 20 in Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, with his best showing a ninth-place finish in 1913.

$100,000 infield [SEP] He was sold to the Boston Red Sox in the middle of the 1915 season, where he moved to second base and played on the Red Sox' 1915 and 1916 World Championship teams. He missed the Red Sox 1918 Championship season due to service in the U.S. Navy. Baker also joined the Athletics in 1908, debuting on September 21. He became the Athletics regular third baseman in 1909, and led the American League in triples that season.

$100,000 infield [SEP] Between 1910 and 1914, Baker played 742 games for the Athletics, getting 929 hits in 2,864 at bats for a batting average of .324. He led the American League in home runs every year from 1911 through 1914, and led the league in runs batted in during 1912 and 1913.

$100,000 infield [SEP] He also finished in the top ten in batting average, slugging percentage, on-base percentage and times on base every year from 1911 through 1914, and finished in the top ten in runs scored, hits, doubles, total bases, extra base hits and runs batted in every year from 1910 through 1914. He finished in the top ten in the American League Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, finishing third in 1914, his highest showing.

$100,000 infield [SEP] Baker was the hero of the 1911 World Series, hitting two home runs to help the Athletics win the series, which earned him the nickname "Home Run" Baker. Baker held out the 1915 season when manager and owner Connie Mack refused to increase his salary, and was sold to the New York Yankees in 1916 after American League president Ban Johnson intervened. He finished his career as the third baseman for the Yankees pennant-winning teams in 1921 and 1922. Baker was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1955.

$100,000 infield [SEP] McInnis was the final member of the $100,000 infield to join. He started his career as an 18-year-old little-used backup infielder for the Athletics in 1909, and played a little more in 1910. In 1909 and 1910, he played more games backing up Barry at shortstop than at any other position.

$100,000 infield [SEP] Before the 1911 season, Mack decided to make McInnis his regular first baseman, replacing the popular veteran Harry Davis, although McInnis did have to begin the season as the Athletics' shortstop when Barry became ill before taking over at first base. Defensively as a first baseman, he was known for having exceptional reach. Between 1910 and 1914, McInnis played 614 games for the Athletics, getting 715 hits in 2,228 at bats for a batting average of .321.

$100,000 infield [SEP] He led the American League in singles in 1914, and finished in the top ten in batting average, hits, total bases, runs batted in and singles every year from 1912 through 1914. In both 1912 and 1913, he also finished in the top ten in slugging percentage and on-base percentage. He received Most Valuable Player votes every season from 1911 through 1914, finishing seventh in both 1913 and 1914. McInnis is the only member of the $100,000 infield to remain with the Athletics beyond 1915.

$100,000 infield [SEP] He was eventually traded to the Boston Red Sox in 1918 in exchange for Larry Gardner, Hick Cady and Tilly Walker, where he played on Boston's 1918 World Championship team. He also reteamed with Barry on the 1919 Boston Red Sox. Before finishing his career in 1927 he also played with the Cleveland Indians, Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates and Philadelphia Phillies. Whiz Kids James, B. (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon & Schuster. pp.  548–550.

$100,000 infield [SEP] ISBN 0-684-80697-5. Mittermeyer, P. (2006). " Edward Trowbridge Collins". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp.  610–613. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6. Augustyn, A. "Oakland A's". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 16, 2014. Neyer, R.; Epstein, E. (2000). " 1911 Philadelphia Athletics".

$100,000 infield [SEP] Baseball Dynasties. W. W. Norton. pp.  45–63. ISBN 0-393-32008-1. "List of Hall of Famers". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. March 4, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2010. "Eddie Collins". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. James, B. (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract.

$100,000 infield [SEP] Simon & Schuster. p. 483. ISBN 0-684-80697-5. "Collins, Eddie". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved December 3, 2010. "Jack Barry". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. Macht, N. (2006). " John Joseph Barry". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp.

$100,000 infield [SEP]  625–626. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6. "1915 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2009. "1916 Boston Red Sox". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. "Frank Baker". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. Jones, D. (2006). "

$100,000 infield [SEP] John Franklin "Home Run" Baker". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp.  620–624. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6. "Frank Baker HOF". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved December 3, 2010. "Suffy McInnis". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009.

$100,000 infield [SEP] Davis, A.; Rogers, C.P. (2006). " John Phalen "Stuffy" McInnis". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp.  629–631. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6. James, B. (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon & Schuster. p. 460. ISBN 0-684-80697-5. "1918 World Series".

$100,000 infield [SEP] Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. "1919 Boston Red Sox". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009.

$100 Guitar Project [SEP] Alex Skolnick, David Starobin, Elliott Sharp, Mike Keneally, Barry Cleveland, Fred Frith, Henry Kaiser, Mark Hitt, Keith Rowe, Nels Cline, Andy Aledort, Hillary Fielding, John Shiurba, Karl Evangelista, Phil Burk, Ray Kallas, Janet Feder, Thomas Dimuzio, Julia Miller, Chris Murphy, Chuck O'Meara, Marty Carlson, Shawn Persinger, Kai Niggemann, Steve MacLean, Ken Field, Roger Miller, Michael Bierylo, Bill Brovold, Larry Polansky, Biota Bill Sharp, Ava Mendoza, Amy Denio, Bruce Eisenbeil, Caroline Feldmeier, Colin Marston, David Linaburg, Hans Tammen, James Moore, Jesse Krakow, Jesse Kranzler, Joe Bouchard, Jon Diaz, Josh Lopes, Kobe Van Cauwenberghe, Marco Cappelli, Marco Oppedisano, Joe Berger, Mark Solomon, Mark Stewart, Mike Lerner, Nick Didkovsky, Rhys Chatham, Ron Anderson, Taylor Levine, Tom Marsan, Greg Anderson, Han-earl Park, Del Rey, Teisco Del Rey, Matt Wilson, Bruce Zeines, Toon Callier/Zwerm, Juan Parra Cancino, and Wiek Hijmans.

$100 Guitar Project [SEP] $100 Guitar Project - Official Website Kozinn, Allan (2013-04-02). " The $100 Guitar Project Releases a CD". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-20. "The $100 Guitar Project a big hit: album review | Toronto Star". Toronto Star. April 1, 2013. Retrieved 2016-08-20. Campbell, Karen (2013-02-14). "

$100 Guitar Project [SEP] The '$100 Guitar Project' sends a cheap instrument on an epic journey - The Boston Globe". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2016-08-20. Rose, Joel (December 4, 2012). " A $100 Guitar Makes A 30,000-Mile Odyssey". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2016-08-20.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The arms procurement investigative committee was inaugurated on 31 August 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to investigate the procurement of ammunition to fight insurgency during the administration of Goodluck Jonathan. The interim report of the committee revealed several illicit and fraudulent financial transactions. The report revealed an extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N643.8 billion and inexplicable spending of about $2.2 billion in the foreign currency component under the Goodluck Jonathan administration.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] This amount excluded grants received by the state governments and funds received by the Directorate of State Services and the Nigerian Police Force. The committee analyzed how funds were transferred to the office of the National Security Adviser and the Nigerian Armed Forces in local and foreign currencies. It observed that about $2.2 billion was disbursed for the procurement of ammunition to tackle insurgency but regretted that despite this enormous financial transactions, little or nothing was spent for the procurement of the arms for which the fund was disbursed.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The committee discovered that out of the 513 contracts awarded at $8,356,525,184.32, ₦2,189,265,724,404.55 and £54,000.00, about 53 were failed contracts amounting to about $2,378,939,066.27 and ₦13,729,342,329.87 respectively. The committee also noted that the amount of foreign currencies spent on failed contracts was more than twice the $1 billion loan approved by the National Assembly for borrowing from the World bank to fight insurgency.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The investigative committee also discovered a total transfer of ₦3.850 billion to a single company by Colonel Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser. These transactions were made with neither agreements nor fulfilment of tax obligations to the Federal Government of Nigeria. Further investigation by the committee provided evidence that phantom and fictitious contracts to the tune of ₦2,219,188,609.50, $1,671,742,613.58 and £9,905,477.00 was awarded between March 2012 and March 2015 by Colonel Dasuki.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] In addition, the funds disbursed for the purchase of 12 helicopters, 4 Alpha Jets, bombs and other ammunition were not utilized for those purposes. The committee also noted that Dasuki directed the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to transfer a total sum of $132,050,486.97 dollars and £9,905,473.5 to the accounts of the Societe D'equipmente Internationaux in West Africa, the UK, and the US with no documentation.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Subsequent to this investigative committee's interim report, President Buhari ordered the arrest of Colonel Dasuki on alleged siphoning of billions of dollars allocated for the procurement of arms. He also ordered the arrest of all those indicted. Several notable Nigerians were involved in the arms procurement deals, including Chief Raymond Dopesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications PLC, alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance. Sambo Dasuki masterminded the arms procurement deal.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] On 17 November 2015, President Buhari ordered the arrest of Colonel Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser, on alleged siphoning of the arms procurement funds. Dasuki claimed that ordering his arrest by the President is illegal. He denied that he was invited by the investigation committee on issues related to arms procurement. According to Premium Times, Dansuki said "I have never been invited formally or informally to appear before the panel.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] I am therefore not only surprised but embarrassed by the seeming indictment by the panel purportedly operating from the office of the National Security Adviser that never contacted me". Prior to ordering his arrest by the president for siphoning the arms procurement fund, on 19 July 2015, the operative of the Department of State Security Service stormed his residence at Abuja and confiscated his international passport. He was charged with unlawful possession of firearms and foreign currencies.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] On 3 November 2015, Justice Adeniyi Ademola, the presiding Judge of the Federal High Court sitting in Abuja, ordered the DSS to release his passport to enable in travel for medical attention. Despite this ruling, the DSS prevented him from traveling abroad by putting him under a house arrest insisting that Dasuki have some questions to answer on the $2 billion arms procurement deal.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The ruling of the judge was unsurprising giving the fact that Nigerian judges are known for their abuse of powers and often granting unmerited injunctions, bails and excesses in situations it ought to have been denied. Nigeria has been described as one of the most corrupt countries in the world and this revelation goes to show that truly, there are cases to be answered as to why the country was seriously lagging in the areas of fighting the Boko Haram insurgency.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] On 1 December 2015, Colonel Dasuki was arrested by the Department of State Security Services and transferred to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission for further interrogation. Prior to Dasuki's arrest, Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the office of the National Security Adviser, was arrested by the Department of the State Security Services and following interrogations he claimed to have acted on Colonel Dasuki's order which led to Dasuki's arrest.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] After Dasuki was transferred to the EFCC, he initially decided not to comment on the issue or write any statement, claiming that he had been subjected to media trial. The EFCC operatives then issued Dasuki a copy of the statement made by Shaibu Salisu, a statement that seemed rather implicating. Dasuki was shocked by Salisu's confessional statement. According to The Nation, Colonel Dasuki said, "You mean Salisu wrote all these! You mean he said these! Give me a pen and paper."

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Dasuki gave a long list of people involved in the deal. He mentioned Chief Raymond Dopesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc, alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance. On 1 December 2015, Chief Raymond Dopesi, the Chair Emeritus of Daar Communication PLC, was arrested at his residence in Abuja by the EFCC in connections with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Preliminary evidence showed that Chief Dopesi received ₦2.1 billion between October 2014 and March 2015 from the office of the National Security Adviser with no coherent reasons for the financial transaction. Chief Dopesi, said the ₦2.1 billion received from the Office of the National Security Adviser was payment for media and political campaign for the re-election of President Goodluck Jonathan.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] On Tuesday, 8 December 2015, Chief Dokpesi was arraigned by the Federal Government of Nigeria before a federal high court sitting in Abuja on six count charges of money laundering and other financial crimes.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The prosecutor maintained that the transfer of a total sum of ₦2.1 billion between October 2014 and March 2015 from the office of the National Security Adviser breaches section 58 (4) (b) of the Public Procurement Act 2007 and punishable under Section 58 (6) and (7) of the same Act, as well as under Section 17 (b) of the EFCC Act, 2004. Dokpesi plead not guilty of the charges and requested the court to grant him bail on liberal terms.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The case was adjourned till 10 December 2015 to consider his bail request. The presiding judge, Justice Gabriel Kolawole, ordered the EFCC to detain him pending the determination of his bail application. On 10 December 2015, Rotimi Jacob, counsel to the EFCC, argued that granting Dokpesi bail would truncate the trial application for bail. Having heard from the prosecutor and defence counsel, Justice Kolawole adjourned the hearing for the bail application till 14 December 2015.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] He slated 17 February, 18 February and 2 March, 3 March 2016 to commence the hearing on the six count charges slammed against him. On 14 December 2015, Justice Gabriel Kolawole ruled that Chief Dokpesi should be granted a bail in the sum of ₦400 million with two surety in like sum. He said the first surety must be a retired or serving director in the civil service and the second surety must be a private investor with a track record of tax payment in the last 3 years.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] He maintain that Dokpesi should remain in Kuje Prison until the bail conditions are met. He also ordered the EFCC not to re-arrest him after the bail for interrogation for more than 8 hours and 30 minutes. Prior to the arms procurement saga, Chief Dokpesi and Africa Independent Television was accused of partisan for airing some controversial documentaries such as The Lion of Bourdillon, which Chief Bola Tinubu considered defamatory. This documentary generated several controversies, leading to a ₦150 billion libel suit against AIT by Chief Bola Tinubu.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] On 1 December 2015, Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, was arrested and detained by the EFCC in connection with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki. He was arrested alongside Dokpesi. Preliminary evidence showed that Attahiru Bafarawa received ₦4.6 billion from the office of the National Security Adviser with no clear basis for the financial transaction. In response to the allegation, Bafarawa said he received the money from the Office of the National Security Adviser for spiritual purpose.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] On 8 December 2015, the family of Bafawara in a statement signed by the Media Aide to the former governor, Alhaji Yusuf Dingyadi advised the EFCC to charge Bafawara and his son to court if there are evidence against them rather than keeping them in their custody. According to Thisday, the family of Bafawara said Today is one week since Bafarawa was detained by the EFCC. And today marks two weeks that his son Sagir Bafarawa has been in detention. Why are they being detained without charges?

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] If the EFCC has any evidence that they have committed any crime it should charge them to court. We thought that the era of detaining people while searching for evidence was over. We call on the EFCC to release them forthwith if they have nothing against them. On 30 November 2015, Ambassador Bashir Yuguda, a former Minister of State for Finance, was arrested and detained by the EFCC in connections with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] He was arrested alongside Chief Raymond Dokpesi, Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa and his son. Preliminary evidence showed that Ambassador Yuguda received ₦1.5 billion from the office of the National Security Adviser with no coherent basis for the financial transaction. The money was transferred into his account through an unknown company for inexplicable purpose. According to Premium Times, "The funds were directly transferred to him from the NSA office and he has been unable to explain the rationale for the transfer.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP]  The transfers were made to his account between December 2014 and May 2015". Additional ₦1.275 billion was also transferred to his account during the campaign for the 2015 Nigerian general election Also ₦775 million was transferred into his account from the office of the Accountant General of the Federation. On 30 November 2015, Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the office of the National Security Adviser, was arrested in connection with the arms procurement deal.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Investigation reveal that Salisu operates a joint account with Sambo Dasuki. According to Thisday, EFCC operatives said "We just discovered a huge sum of money in foreign currencies in a joint account – being operated by the former National Security Adviser, Col. Sambo Dasuki and a director in his office, one Shauibu Salisu. He is also being interrogated by EFCC operatives." Salisu's confessional statements led to Dasuki's arrest.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Investigation also revealed a payment of ₦650 million into the account Nduka Obaigbena, owner of Arise TV and Thisday publisher. He denied receiving any money from the Office of the National Security Adviser. On 12 December 2015, the management of Thisday denied receiving money related to arms procurement from the former National Security Adviser.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The management in its response to an invitation letter from the EFCC dated 8 November 2015, received in its Abuja office on 8 December 2015, said all funds received from the Office of the National Security Adviser , "are payments for compensation to mitigate the dastardly Boko Haram twin bombings of the ThisDay Newspapers offices in Abuja and Kaduna on Thursday April 26, 2012".

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] On 14 December 2015, the EFCC arraigned Colonel Dasuki, Bafarawa, Saliu Atawodi, Dokpesi, Yuguda, Salisu, Sagir Attahiru, Dahaltu Investment Limited, Aminu Baba-Kusa, former Executive Director of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, and his company Acacia Holding Limited and Reliance Referral Hospital Limited before Justice Hussein Baba Yusuf of Abuja High Court sitting at Maitama on allegations of unlawful diversion of public funds.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The EFCC uncovered a breakdown of how the monies were illegally misappropriated and laundered into several private bank accounts or persons and businesses. Evidence recovered by authorities were so clear and unambiguous that it led to the recoveries of stolen money by citizens, some who claim not to have known that money given to them were proceeds of shady and illegal dealings.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] A committee set up to probe contracts awarded by the Office of the National Security Adviser (ONSA) from 2011 to 2015 indicted more than 300 companies and prominent citizens including serving and retired officers of the armed forces. A statement issued by a presidential spokesman said over N7 Billion had been recovered from indicted companies and individuals and another N41 Billion is to be refunded by several indicted companies. Several top officials were also said to have returned back N1.4billion a week after the statement was released.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The soft-landing given to the perpetrators of the arms scandal through plea bargains with authorities and the inability of the EFCC to duly prosecute the alleged offenders has however been heavily criticized by analysts. Many have however questioned the motives behind the arrest as a witch-hunt against the administration of Goodluck Jonathan and his officials while many continued to deny their involvements in the arms deal.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] While speaking in Washington DC on "Presidential elections and democratic consolidation in Africa: Case studies on Nigeria and Tanzania," a forum co-hosted by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Goodluck Jonathan refuted the allegations by the EFCC and its operative that he awarded a contract potentially worth $2 billion for arms procurement during his administration. He said "Where did the money come from? I did not award any $2 billion contract for procurement of weapons."

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] But evidences gathered by relevant Nigerian and foreign authorities clearly shows that the president was not entirely truthful in his assessments. Aside the rumour industry of Nigeria where figures are inappropriately brandished by several parties, press, media and social media warriors, the ex-president failed to respond appropriately to the exact amount (if any) that were appropriated to the NSA for the discharge of their duties. Even though he admitted that "there were some issues", he claimed that some of them were overblown.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] He also failed to acknowledge or respond to why and how under his watchful administration, his former security adviser was able to launder so much money to private bank accounts even if they were not related to the $2billion he claimed was not missing. Analysts have also said that the statement of former President Jonathan is evasive and ambiguous because such evasive denial is taken as admission, It could be interpreted to mean that Dasuki stole money but did not steal up to $2.2 billion.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Following the former President's statement, publicity Secretary of the All Progressives Congress, APC, Lagos State, Mr Joe Igbokwe, faulted the former president, saying he should not be taken seriously while a former acting Secretary of the PDP, Chief Remi Akitoye, said Jonathan merely expressed his opinion but called on security agencies to investigate the matter.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Second Vice President of Nigerian Bar Association, NBA, Mr. Monday Ubani suggested thus: "That is why some of us are of the opinion that if some of Jonathan's men have been mentioned in the course of investigation, the best thing for the EFCC to do is invite him to come and make useful statements. Since he is saying that Dasuki did not commit the offence, he can be invited to say all he knows to the authorities."

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Several confessional statements help in the investigation of the arms procurement deal. Salisu, who operated a joint bank account with Dasuki, claimed to have withdrawn $47 million from the Central Bank of Nigeria; the money was delivered in 11 briefcases to Dasuki at his residence.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Salisu's statement reads "I could remember on the 20/11/2014, I was directed by the NSA, M.S. Dasuki to go to the CBN and collect the sum of $47m in cash and the balance in Euro and the directive was obeyed and the monies were delivered to the NSA in about 11 suit cases. I acknowledged the receipt of the money from the CBN which was handed over to M.S. Dasuki. I did not benefit even one cent.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The request for the funds was tag(sic) Special Services signed by the NSA, M.S. Dasuki, addressed to the Governor of CBN. I did not know the source of the money into our CBN Account. The foreign currencies that I collected from the CBN were delivered to the NSA in his house, No. 13, John Kadiya Street, Asokoro."

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] Ambassador Yuguda claimed to have delivered a sum of N600 million to six chairmen of the National Working Committee, the Contact and Mobilisation Committee of the People's Democratic Party for the 2015 general election. According to him, the beneficiaries includes Yerima Abdullahi, Chief Bode George, Peter Odili, Jim Nwobodo, Attahiru Bafarawa and Ahmadu Ali. He transferred N300 million to BAM Properties, whose account details were sent to him by Bello Haliru, a former National Chairman of the People's Democratic Party.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] He also claimed to have sent N200 million to Bello Sarkin Yaki, the Governorship aspirant in Kebbi State. According to him, Mahmud Shinkafi, the former Governor of Zamfara State, received ₦100 million. Bashir's confessional statement reads For the cash disbursement of ₦600million, it was meant for the six zonal chairmen for Contact and Mobilisation Committees for Election of 2015. The chairmen are Bode George, Amb. Yerima Abdullahi; Peter Odili; Attahiru Bafarawa; Jim Nwobodo; Ahmadu Ali.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The sum of ₦100million was given to each chairman. I gave the money in company of Prof. Alkali, who was Political Adviser to former president. The zonal chairmen are for the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP). I also instructed Jabbama Limited to transfer the sum of N100m to Dalhatu Limited on the request of Attahiru Bafarawa. I also remember that Bello Sarkin Yaki was among the people that the then NSA instructed that I send the sum of N200million to. He was the PDP gubernatorial candidate in Kebbi State.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] I knew the chairman of Stallion Limited whose second name I cannot remember. Between December 2014 to June 2015, on the instruction of the then NSA, I introduced Jabbama Limited to a staff of the company on the instruction of the chairman. When the account was in credit, disbursement was made from time to time on the instruction of the then NSA. Part in foreign exchange or transfers. I wish to add that sometime in February 2015, I instructed Jabbama to transfer the sum of N300m to BAM Properties.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] The account was given to me by Bello Haliru as one of the people the former NSA requested me to give money. I also remember that Mahmud Aliyu Shinkafi was sent the sum of N100million on the instruction of the then NSA. Further to my statement of 30th November, 2015, I have brought the sum of $829,800(equivalent to N200m) and N600m was given to me to distribute to the six PDP Zonal Committee chairmen.

$2 billion arms deal [SEP] I don't know who are the directors of Dalhatu Investment Limited but funds were transferred to the company's account on the instruction of Dalhatu Bafarawa for the total amount of N1.5billion received from the then NSA by Jabbama Limited.