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###Rationale: Lepramatous leprosy is characterised by widespread nodules & infiltration ,with loss of lateral one third of eyebrows (madarosis). It is a immune complex(type 2) reaction. Nerve involvement will be late. Loss of sensation will be late. Reference Harrison20th edition pg 1054
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Loss of lateral 1/3rd' of eyebrow is seen in -
###Options:
A. Lepromatous leprosy
B. Taenia capitis
C. Tuberculosis
D. Tetanus
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: (B) Riboflavin # Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) is a precursor of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate, which functions in carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency leads to beriberi in humans and to polyneuritis in birds. Good sources include brewer's yeast, wheatgerm, beans, peas, and green vegetables.> Vitamin B2 (RIBOFLAVIN) occurs in green vegetables, yeast, liver, and milk. It is a constituent of the coenzymes FAD and FMN, which have an important role in the metabolism of all major nutrients as well as in the oxidative phosphorylation reactions of the electron transport chain. Deficiency of B2 causes inflammation of the tongue and lips and mouth sores.> Riboflavin deficiency is manifested principally by lesions of the mucocutaneous surfaces of the mouth and skin. In addition to the mucocutaneous lesions, corneal vascularization, anemia, and personality changes have been described with riboflavin deficiency.> Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is widely distributed in cereal grains, yeast, liver, milk, etc. It is a constituent of a coenzyme (pyridoxal phosphate) involved in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency causes retarded growth, dermatitis, convulsions, and other symptoms.> Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin; cobalamin) is manufactured only by microorganisms and natural sources are entirely of animal origin. Liver is especially rich in it. One form of B12 functions as a coenzyme in a number of reactions, including the oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of DNA. It also works in conjunction with folic acid (another B vitamin) in the synthesis of the amino acid methionine and it is required for normal production of red blood cells. Vitamin B12 can only be absorbed from the gut in the presence of a glycoprotein called intrinsic factor; lack of this factor or deficiency of B12 results in pernicious anaemia.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The following Vitamin deficiency is manifested principally by lesions of the mucocutaneous surfaces of the mouth and skin, corneal vascularization, anemia and personality changes:
###Options:
A. Thiamine
B. Riboflavin
C. Pyridoxine
D. Cyanocobalamin
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Eye Opening Verbal response Best Motor Response spontaneous 4 oriented 5 Obey commands 6 To loud voice 3 Confused, disoriented 4 Localises pain 5 To pain 2 Inappropriate words 3 Flexion (withdrawal) to pain 4 No response 1 Incomprehensible sounds 2 Abnormal flexion posturing 3 No response 1 Extension posturing 2 No response 1
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A patient of motor vehicle accident was admitted to the casualty. He does not speak but moans every now and then, eyes are closed but opens to pain, the right limb is not moving but the left limb shows movement to pain. Both the legs are in extended posture. What will be the GCS score?
###Options:
A. 5
B. 7
C. 9
D. 11
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Ganglion cells of retina Methyl alcohol is metabolised very slowly and thus stays for a longer period in the body. It is oxidised into formic acid and formaldehyde in the tissues. These toxic agents cause oedema followed by degeneration of the ganglion cells of the retina, resulting in complete blindness due to optic atrophy.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Methanol attacks ?
###Options:
A. Cones
B. Rods
C. Ganglion cells of retina
D. Germinal cell layer
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Staphyloma
Staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of uveal tissue through a weak and thin portion of cornea or sclera
So, a staphyloma is lined internally by uveal tissue and externally by weak cornea or sclera.
o Staphyloma is divided anatomically into : -
Anterior staphyloma: - Protrusion and adhesion ofiris to ectatic cornea. The most common cause is a sloughing corneal ulcer which perforates and heals with the formation of pseudocornea by the organization of exudates and laying down of fibrous tissue. It is lined internally by iris.
Intercalary staphyloma: - It occurs at the limbus. It islined internally by the root of iris and the anterior most portion of the ciliary body. The causes are perforating injuries to limbus, marginal corneal ulcer, anterior scterilis, Scleromalacia perforans, Complicated cataract surgery, secondary angle closure glaucoma.
Ciliary staphyloma : This affects the ciliary zone thatincludes the region upto 8 mm behind the limbus. The ciliary body is incarcerated in the region of scleral ectasia. Causes arc Developmental glaucoma. Primary or secondary glaucoma end stage, scleritis, trauma to ciliary region.
Equatorial staphyloma : - This occurs at theequatorial region of the eye with incarceration of the choroid.
Causes are scleritis, degenerative myopia and chronic uncontrolled glaucoma.
Posterior staphyloma : - Occurs at posterior pole andis lined internally by choroid. Degenerative high axial myopia is the most common cause.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Posterior staphyloma, most common cause –
###Options:
A. Trauma
B. Myopia
C. Iridocyclitis
D. Glaucoma
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Recurrent corneal erosions (recurrent keratalgia). These may sometimes follow simple abrasions, especially those caused by finger nail trauma. Patient usually gets recurrent attacks of acute pain and lacrimation on opening the eye in the morning. This occurs due to abnormally loose attachment of epithelium to the underlying Bowman's membrane. Treatment. Loosely attached epithelium should be removed by debridement and 'pad and bandage' applied for 48 hours, so that firm healing is established. Angle closure glaucoma doesn't cause pain at night since during sleep the pupils are constricted.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A patient wakes up at 3 AM with acute pain. O/E 7 hours later the eye appears quiet, with mild corneal stippling and irregularity. What is the most probable diagnosis?
###Options:
A. Contact lens over wear syndrome
B. Corneal ulcer
C. Recurrent corneal erosion
D. Angle closure glaucoma
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Waldeyer's ring consists of subepilhelial collection of lymphoid tissue. It comprises adenoid, tubal tonsil (both in nasopharynx) and palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils and granules in posterior pharyngeal wall (in oropharynx).
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Lymphoid tissue called Waldeyer's ring is situated in:
###Options:
A. Nasopharynx
B. Oropharynx
C. Both nasopharynx and oropharynx
D. Base of tongue
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: It is characterized by an irregular change of refractive power in different meridia. There are multiple meridia which admit no geometrical analysis.the principal meridians are not perpendicular to each other Image : Corneal topographies in regular and irregular astigmatisms. A: Regular astigmatism of 4.0 diopters with two perpendicular main meridians. B: Irregular astigmatism of 6.5 diopters with non-perpendicular main meridians. Reference : A K KHURANA OPHTALMOLOGY,Edition 4,Page-38
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: What is irregular astigmatism -
###Options:
A. Perpendicular principal meridians
B. Non perpendicular principal meridians
C. Any of the above
D. None of the above
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Collapse of the vitreous
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Syneresis refers to:
###Options:
A. Liquefaction of the vitreous
B. Black spots in front of the eye
C. Collapse of the vitreous
D. Detachment of the vitreous
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e.. Separation of sensory epithelium from pigmented epithelium [Ref: Khurana 4th/ e p. 276)o Retina has total ten layers from with out inward (i) Pigmented epithelium, (ii) Layers of Rods & cones, (iii) External limiting membrane. (iv) Outer nuclear layer, (v) Outer plexiform layers, (vi) Inner nuclear layer, (vii) Inner plexiform layer, (viii) Ganglionic cell layer, (ix) Nerve fibre layer, (x) Internal limiting membraneo Broadly these layers are subdivided into two layers based on the functionNeurosensorv layer or sensory layer (containing layers ii to x of above 10 layers) for vision.Pigmented epithelium (layer i)Provide metabolic support to neurosensorv layer and acts as an antireflective layer.o So, inner layers are included in neurosensorv layer and outer most layer is retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)o Retinal detachment is a disorder of eye in which retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue,o Usually there is separation between the neuroepithelium (neurosensory epithelium or sensory epithelium) and the pigmented layer, because there is a potential space between these two layers where fluid can accumulates and can cause separation.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Retinal detachment is -
###Options:
A. Separation of sensory epithelium from pi gmented epithelium
B. Separation of pigmented epithelium from choroid
C. Separation of nuclear layer from plexiform layer
D. None
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All are included in vision 2020, except
###Options:
A. Cataract
B. Trachoma
C. Epidemic conjunctivitis
D. Glaucoma
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Chlolinomimetics are used in:
###Options:
A. Glaucoma.
B. Myasthenia gravis.
C. Post operative atony.
D. All of the Above.
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ganong's review of Medical Physiology, 25th ed, p 190
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The fibers from contralateral nasal hemiretina project to the following layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus
###Options:
A. Layers 2,3,5
B. Layers 1,2,6
C. Layers 1,4,6
D. Layers 4,5,6
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Answer- C. 15.7 mmAnterior Focal Point- 15.7 mm
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Anterior focal point is at distance of in front of cornea in recuded eye
###Options:
A. 22.6 mm
B. 17.2 mm
C. 15.7 mm
D. 24.13 mm
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body) Corneal reflex-The reflex is mediated by: the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) sensing the stimulus on the cornea only (afferent fiber). the temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) initiating the motor response (efferent fiber). The facial nerve (CN VII) provides the efferent limb of the corneal reflex (orbicularis oculi muscle) fig:- digramatic representaion of corneal reflex pathway
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The efferent limb of the corneal reflex Is -
###Options:
A. Accessory nerve
B. Facial nerve
C. Glossopharyngeal nerve
D. Trigeminal nerve
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The treatment of choice of fellow eye of acute angle closure glaucoma is –
###Options:
A. Pilocarpine
B. Nd: YAG laser iridotomy
C. Peripheral iridectomy
D. Careful follow up
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The sclera is much thicker behind than in front; the thickness of its posterior pa at the macula is 1 mm. The sclera thins to 0.3 mm just behind the recti muscle inseions (about 6 mm behind the corneoscleral junction) and this area is extremely vulnerable to traumatic rupture. In fact this is the most common site of a ruptured globe due to blunt trauma.At the equator the sclera measures 0.4-0.5 mm in thickness.It is thickest behind, near the entrance of the optic nerve. However it is weakest at the entrance of theoptic nerve.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Thinnest pa of scelra is:
###Options:
A. At the entrance of optic nerve
B. Site of entrance of ciliary nerves
C. Corneoscleral junction
D. At the inseion of recti muscles
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. B i.e. Inferior 3rd of corneaNeuroparalytic keratopathy is improper closure of eye due to facial nerve palsy Neurotrophic keratopathy is paralysis of sensory supply of cornea i.e. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Pa of cornea affected most in neuroparalytic keratopathy: September 2012
###Options:
A. Temporal 3rd of cornea
B. Inferior 3rd of cornea
C. Superior 3rd of cornea
D. Inferior 3rd of cornea
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. (c) PseudomonasRef: Yanoff& Ducker-ophthalmology 2nded p 04, Khurana 4,hed./ 92
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following do not penetrate cornea?
###Options:
A. Gonococci
B. Neisseria meningitis
C. Pseudomonas
D. Corynebacterium diphtheria
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: This is a case of Infectious mononucleosis. So, there are no B-cells in X-linked agammaglobulinemia to be affected. 1st image shows tonsillitis with membrane formation Peripheral blood film shows atypical lymphocytes or Downey cells are lymphocytes that become large as a result of antigen stimulation. B cells are the main reservoir of infection. An EBV envelope glycoprotein binds CD21 (CR2), the receptor for the C3d component of complement, which is present on B cells.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 3-year-old child presented with fatigue, malaise, fever, sore throat, headache, nausea, abdominal pain and myalgia. O/E Generalized lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly, Tonsillar enlargement Palatal petechiae Rashes and edema of the eyelids. Some weird cells were observed in the peripheral blood. A specific serological test was performed Which of the following receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of the above disease: -
###Options:
A. CD21
B. CD20
C. CD19
D. CD117
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A i.e. Gentamycin Treatment Plan of Endophthalmitis Treatment should not be delayed if endophthalmitis is suspected in the setting of penetrating trauma. Generally introcular antibiotics are used together with systemic and topical treatment. Broad spectrum coverage such as Vancomycin plus Cetazidine or an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is suggested and treatment should cover Bacillus species (Vancomycin &/or clindamycin) which are found in association with penetrating trauma with relatively high frequency. Ceftazidine provides an alternative to gentamycin injection, which can be associated with toxicity because of macular infarction.Q The use of intraocular coicosteroid injection is controversial & probably should not be used if fungal infection is suspected. Vitrectomy may play a therapeutic role as it debrides the vitreous abscess.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which drug can cause macular toxicity when given intravitreally?
###Options:
A. Gentamicin
B. Vancomycin
C. Dexamethasone
D. Ceftazidime
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ref: K. Pork. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine,. 22nd edition. P 790Explanation:Mean, median and mode are the measures of central tendency.Mean:It is calculated by summing all the observations and then dividing by number of observations. It is generally denoted by .x. It is calculated as follows.Mean (x) = Sum of the values of all observations (Sx) / Total number of observations (n)Mathematicallyx = Sx / nIt is influenced by extreme valuesMedian:Median is a locative measure which is the middlemost observation after all the values are arranged in ascending or descending order. In other words median is that -value which divides the entire data set into 2 equal parts, when the data set is ordered in an ascending (or descending) fashion.In case when there is odd number of observations we have a single most middle value which is the median value. In case when even number of observations is present there are two middle values and the median is calculated by taking the mean of these two middle observations. Thus!Median ={ n +1 /2 : when n is odd}Unlike mean, median is not influenced by extreme values.Mode:Mode is the most common value that repeats itself in the data set.Though mode is easy to calculate, at times it may he impossible to calculate mode if we do not have any value repeating itself in the data set.In this case mean is 3.3, median 2.5 and mode is 2. Most suitable option is C.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A series of houses are surveyed and found to have 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 6. 7 children respectively. Find the mean median and mode of the following:
###Options:
A. 3, 3, 4
B. 2. 3. 4
C. 3.3.2
D. 1.2.3
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Neurofibromatosis comprises two distinct disorders -
Neurofibromatosis I
Neurofibromatosis II
The genes for these are located on different chromosomes.
Both are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.
The classical form of the disease with multiple neuromas is called Neurofibromatosis I and is caused by a mutation of the gene neurofibromin on chromosome 17.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: About Neurofibromatosis all is true except-
###Options:
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Associated with cataract
C. Scoliosis
D. Multiple fibroma
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Microaneurysm
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Earliest change in diabetic retinopathy is:
###Options:
A. Hard exudate
B. Soft exudate
C. Dot haemorrhage
D. Microaneurysm
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The synopsis of forensic medicine & toxicology;Dr k.s narayan reddy; 28th edition; pg.no. 154& 155 ; Abrasion on face will not be a permanent disfiguration of face ,hence not grievous hu ,all the other comes under grievous hu .
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All of the following are included in grievous injury/hu except -
###Options:
A. Loss of testis
B. Loss of eye
C. Loss of kidney
D. Abrasion of the face
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Brimonidine is α2 - blocker used for glaucoma that depress CNS and can lead to drowsiness.
It can cross BBB and also lead to apnea in newborns.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following antiglaucoma drug can lead to drowsiness
###Options:
A. Apraclonidine
B. Dipevefrine
C. Timolol
D. Brimonidine
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: An HIV patient complains of visual disturbances. Fundal examination shows bilateral retinal exudates and perivascular haemorrhges. Which of the following viruses are most likely to be responsible for this retinitis -
###Options:
A. Herpes simplex
B. Varicella zoster
C. Cytomegalovirus
D. EBV
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Glaucoma Congenital rubella syndrome Maternal viremia associated with rubella infection during pregnancy may result in infection of the placenta and fetus. The most impoant factor in the pathogenicity of rubella virus for the fetus is gestational age at the time of infection. The earlier in pregnancy infection occurs, the greater the damage to the fetus. Maximum damage to fetus occurs when infection is acquired in first trimester of pregnacy. Infection in early 2nd trimester causes only deafness. Infection after 16 weeks causes no major abnormalities. The classical triad of congenital rubella consists of cataract, deafness and CHD. Presence of IgM in blood at bih is diagnostic, as is the persistance of IgG after 6 months of age.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Not a feature of congenital rubella classical triad?
###Options:
A. Cataract
B. CHD
C. Deafness
D. Glaucoma
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Latanoprost used topically in glaucoma primarily acts by –
###Options:
A. Decreasing aqueous humour formation
B. Increasing uveoscleral outflow
C. Releasing pupillary block
D. Increasing trabecular outflow
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Epidemic conjunctivitis Repeat from May 07 Vision 2020: The Right to Sight, is a global initiative launched by WHO in Geneva in 1999 in coalition with Task force of International NGOs' Globally. WHO has identified 5 major blinding eye conditions, for immediate attention: i ) Cataract ii) Childhood blindness iii) Trachoma iv) Refractive errors and low vision v) Onchocerciasis (River blindness) The Government of India has adopted 'Vision 2020: Right to Sight' under 'National Programme for Control of Blindness' in 2001. - Target diseases identified for intervention under 'Vision 2020' initiatives in India are: 1) Cataract ii) Childhood blindness iii) Trachoma iv) Refractive errors and low vision v) Corneal blindness vi) Diabetic retinopathy vii) Glaucoma Objective of Vision 2020 - is to eliminate avoidable blindness by the year 2020 and reduce the global burden of blindness.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following diseases is not included in"Vision 2020 - Right to Sight" immediate goals?
###Options:
A. Trachoma
B. Epidemic conjunctivitis
C. Cataract
D. Onchocerciasis
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pterygium is line of iron deposition in the corneal epithelium seen adjacent to the head of the pterygium.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Stocker's line is seen in?
###Options:
A. Pterygium
B. Glaucoma
C. Posterior scleritis
D. Diabetic retinopathy
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The most appropriate answer here is 58D. Power of schematic eye -+58D Power of reduced eye -+60D Reference: Optics of human eye 4th edition page15
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Power of a reduced eye is normally -
###Options:
A. 20 -D
B. 35 - D
C. 18 - D
D. 58 - D
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Glaucoma can cause frequent change of presbyopic glasses. Symptoms of primary open angle glaucoma Asymptomatic most commonly. Headache Frequent change of glasses Delayed dark adaptation Loss of field of vision in advanced cases
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Most common cause of frequent change in presbyopic glasses among the following are:
###Options:
A. Diabetic Retinopathy
B. Senile cataract
C. Age related macular degeneration
D. Glaucoma
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Direct ophthalmoscopy is used to evaluate details of the optic disc, fovea centralis, retinal fixation and retinal vasculature.
Indirect ophthalmoscopy offers a broader overview of the fundus than the direct method, depending upon the refractive power of the employed lens. It readily allows examination of the fundus as far as to the periphery.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The periphery of the retina is visualized by –
###Options:
A. Indirect ophthalmoscopy
B. Direct ophthalmoscopy
C. Goniocopy
D. Contact lens
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: b. Mitochondrial disordersBone spicule-shaped pigment deposits are present in the periphery along with retinal atrophy, while the macula is preserved
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following metabolic disorders is associated with this finding seen on fundoscopic examination of eyes?
###Options:
A. Galactosemia
B. Mitochondrial disorders
C. Albinism
D. GM1 Gangliosidosis
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The optic nerve terminates in the
###Options:
A. Thalamus
B. Pituitary gland
C. Medulla Oblongata
D. Lateral Geniculate Body
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Error of refraction Retinoscopyo Retinoscopy, also called skiascopy or shadow test, is an objective method of finding out the error of refraction by the method of neutralization.o Retinoscopy is based on the fact that when a light is reflected from a mirror into the eye, the direction in which the light will travel across the pupil will depend upon the refractive state of the eye.o With the help of a retinoscope, light is thrown onto the patient's eye and through a hole in the retinoscope's mirror the examiner observes of red reflex in the pupillary area of the patient,o Then the retinoscope is moved in horizontal the vertical meridia keeping a wratch on red reflex, which also moves when the retinoscope is moved.o Depending upon the movement of the red reflex when a plane mirror retinoscope is used at a distance of 1 meter, the results are interpreted as : -No movement of red reflex - Myopia of 1D.Red reflex moves along with retinoscope - it indicates any of the following : - (i) Normal eye (Emmetropia), or (ii) Hypermetropia, or myopia less than ID.Red reflex moves against to the retinoscope -> Myopia more than ID.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Retinoscopy is done for -
###Options:
A. Field of vision
B. Error of refraction
C. Curvature of retina
D. None
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Significant eye pain or decreased visual acuity is not consistent with the diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis. The hallmark of bacterial conjunctivitis is a continuous globular purulent discharge seen at the lid margins and in the corners of the eye. Viral conjunctivitis typically has a clear discharge with occasional scant mucoid discharge. Both may present with a history of the eye "matted shut" in the morning. Ref: Levsky M.E., DeFlorio P. (2010). Chapter 2. Ophthalmologic Conditions. In K.J. Knoop, L.B. Stack, A.B. Storrow, R.J. Thurman (Eds), The Atlas of Emergency Medicine, 3e.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is a significant distinguishing feature of viral conjunctivitis?
###Options:
A. Significant eye pain
B. Globular purulent discharge
C. Clear discharge
D. Eye
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography help in detecting choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in relation to foveal avascular zone. Which may be subfoveal, juxta foveal or extrafoveal CNV. Reference : A K KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY, Edition4 , page-275
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Indocyanine Green Angiography is most useful in detecting
###Options:
A. Occult Choroidal Neovascularization (Occult CNV)
B. Classic choroidal Neovascularization (Classic CNV)
C. Angioid streaks with choroidal Neovascularization (CNV)
D. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A. i.e. (Fluctuating hearing loss, vertgo, tinnitus) (100 Dhingra 4th) (107-8 - Maqbool 11th)Cardinal symptoms of Meniere's disease1. Episodic vertigo2. Fluctuating hearing loss (Sensory neural)3. Tinnitus4. Sense of fullness or pressure in the involved ear** Recruitment phenomenon is seen in - Meniere's diseaseTREATMENTSMedical Surgical1. Reassurance, vitamins (Nicotinic acid and A and D)2. Bed rest. Diuretic (acetazolamide)3. Vestibular sedative (Dimanhydrinate, promethazine theoclate prochlorperazine, Diazepam)4. Vasodilators** (Betahistadine hydrochloride)(i) Inhalation of carbogen (5% CO2 with 95% O2)(ii) Histamine drip5. Intratympanic gentamicin therapy1. Labyrinthectomy2. Intermittent low pressure pulse therapy(Meniett device therapy)* LERMOYEZ'S SYNDROME - is a variant of Meniere syndrome in which hearing loss and tinnitus occurs first, followed by vertigo that appears suddenly and with it hearing and tinnitus improve
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Triad of Meniere's disease is
###Options:
A. Fluctuating hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus
B. Conductive deafness, vertigo tinnitus
C. Vertigo, tinnitus, sense of fullness
D. Vertigo, tinnitus, cataract
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Large optic nerve head is seen in glaucoma, not in optic neuritis. Features of Optic Neuritis (ON) Abrupt vision loss with pain. RAPD (Marcus gunn pupil) Papillitis Macular star in neuroretinitis Decreased contrast sensitivity, colour vision, dark adaptation characteristic. Field defect: Swiss cheese visual field/central/ centrocecal scotoma Delayed VER (Visual Evoked Response) MC systemic disorder a/w Optic neuropathy is MS (Multiple sclerosis)
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Not a feature of optic neuritis:
###Options:
A. Marcus gunn pupil
B. Reduced color vision
C. Central scotoma
D. Large cup of optic nerve head
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is b, i.e. Iron deficiency anemiaIn the question patient has Hb 7.4 gm%, hematocrit 22% and symptoms of early fatigue, which indicate she is anemic. Her complete blood picture shows MCV and MCH are low indicating microcytic anemia. Thus differential diagnosis could either be Iron deficiency anemia or thalassemia.Her NESTROFTS test (screening test for thalassemia) is negative, hence thalassemia is ruled out and diagnosis is confirmed as Iron deficiency anemia.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Thirty years old G4P3L3 with 32 weeks pregnancy with single live fetus in cephalic presentation, Patient complains of easy fatigability and weakness since last 3 months which has gradually increased over last 15 days to an extent that she gets tired on doing household activities. Patient also complaints of breathlessness on exertion since last 15 days. Patient gets breathless on climbing 2 flight of stairs. It is not associated with palpitations or any chest pain. There is no history of pedal edema, sudden onset breathlessness, cough or decreased urine output. There is no history of asthma or chronic cough. There is no history of chronic fever with chills or rigors. There is no history of passage of worms in stool nor blood loss from any site. There is no history of easy bruisability or petechiae. There is no history of yellow discoloration of urine, skin or eyes. She did not take iron folate prophylaxis throughout her pregnancy.* She is suspected to be anemic and her blood sample was ordered for examination which showed.* Hb 7.4 gm% (12-14 gm%)* Hct 22% (36-44%)* MCV 72 fL (80-97 fL)* MCH 25 pg (27-33 pg)* MCHC 30% (32-36%)* Peripheral smear shows microcytic hypochromic RBCs with anisopoikilocytosis* Naked eye single tube red cell osmotic fragility test (NESTROFT) is negative. What is the most probable diagnosis:
###Options:
A. Thalassemia
B. Iron deficiency anemia
C. Megaloblastic anemia
D. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: At bih, eye is hypermetropic by +2 to +3D and usually becomes emmetropic by the age of 5 to 7 years This is because of smaller eyeball Eyeball length at bih is 16mm.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The eye in the newborn is:
###Options:
A. Hypermetropic with regular astigmatism
B. Hypermetropia
C. Hypermetropic with irregular astigmatism
D. Myopia
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Glasgow coma scale includes:a) Eye openingb) Motor responsec) Swallowing reflexd) Sensory responsee) Verbal response
###Options:
A. abc
B. bcd
C. abe
D. acd
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Central artery of Retina is branch of -
###Options:
A. External carotid artery
B. Internal carotid artery
C. Ophthalmic artery
D. Basilar artery
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: In relation to the oropharyngeal isthmus, there are several aggregations of lymphoid tissue that constitute the WALDEYER'S lymphatic ring.
The most important aggregations are the right and left palatine tonsils.
Posteriorly and above is the pharyngeal tonsil.
Laterally and above are the tubal tonsils
Inferiorly there is the lingual tonsil over the posterior part of the dorsum of the tongue.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Waldeyer's ring consists of all of the following except?
###Options:
A. Palatine tonsils
B. Pharyngeal tonsils
C. Tubal tonsils
D. Post auricular nodes
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Causes of sudden painful loss of vision are:- Acute angle-closure glaucoma, acute iridocyclitis (acute uveitis), chemical or mechanical injury to eye, endophthalmitis and optic neuritis.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Painful loss of vision is seen in –a) Senile cataractb) Primary open angle glaucomac) Primary angle closure glaucomad) Anterior uveitis
###Options:
A. ab
B. cd
C. bd
D. ac
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. (d) Type IV(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 140; 8th/pg 140)Classification of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)TypeBone FragilityBlue ScleraAbnormal DentitionHearing LossInheritanceIMildPresentPresent in somePresent in mostADIIExtremePresentPresent in someUnknownS, rarely ARIIISevereBluish at birthPresent in someHigh incidenceAD, rarely ARIVVariableAbsentAbsent in IVA, present in IVBHigh incidenceADVModerate to severeAbsentAbsent ADVIModerate to severeAbsentAbsent UnknownVIIModerateAbsentAbsentAbsentAR
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which among the following subtypes of Osteogenesis imperfecta is not associated with blue sclera?
###Options:
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Virus can be isolated up to 12 months after bih. Tired of CRS is cardiac defects, cataract and sensory neural defects. Infection is not serious after 5 months of pregnancy Blueberry muffin rash is seen in congenital rubella syndrome.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: True about congenital Rubella syndrome is:-
###Options:
A. Blueberry muffin rash is seen
B. Virus can be isolated only upto 6months after bih
C. Triad of CRS are cataract, cardiac defects, cerebral palsy
D. Infection is most serious after five months of pregnancy
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Type 2 is absent in sclera Type 1 is predominamt type of collagen found in sclera with haphazardous arrangement of collagens CORNEA- regular arrangement of collagen bundles of Type 1 (major) and type 3 (minor) in descemet's membrane -collagen type 4 is found.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Type of collagen absent in sclera ?
###Options:
A. collagen 1
B. collagen 2
C. collagen 3
D. collagen 4
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Anterior vitreous cells are least likely to be found in Retinitis pigmentosa.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Anterior vitreous cells are least likely to be found in
###Options:
A. CMV
B. Serpiginous Choroidopathy
C. Chronic cyclitis
D. Retinitis pigmentosa
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Diagnosis : Double vision + Ptosis at the end of the day + weaker at the end of the day= Myasthenia Gravis Option B- Feels stronger at the end of the day. Option C- Presents with gait ataxia, nystagmus, head impulse test negative. Option D- Atypical parkinsonism associated with Cog wheel rigidity, Bradykinesia, Postural instability. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a relatively common neuromuscular disorder that is caused by antibody-mediated autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction(Post Synaptic) * Type V Hypersensitivity reaction > Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction. * Receptor of Acetyl choline are affected. It is a post junctional defect. Diagnosis: 1. Anti Ach Receptor blocking Antibody 2. Anti-MUSK Antibody 3. Anti LRP 4 Antibody 4. Single fiber electromyography (SFEMG)=Jitter and blocking - Confirmatory test 5. Repetitive nerve stimulation test. 6. Tensilon test, Or Anticholinesterase test. The treatment of MG may include: Anticholinesterase medications (Pyridostigmine), Immunosuppression, IVIg or plasmapheresis, Surgical intervention( Thymectomy).
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 65-year-old male comes to the OPD complaining of ongoing double vision which is worse when he is watching TV in the evening. He has also noticed that he feels weaker towards the end of the day and that his face is slightly puffy. On inspection, there is a paial ptosis of the left eye lid and his mouth hangs slightly open at rest. On examination, there are visibly distended neck veins. What is the most likely diagnosis?
###Options:
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Lambe Eaton syndrome
C. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
D. Multiple system atrophy
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Patient is showing features of acute macular neuroretinopathy. It usually occur in young adults following acute viral illness. It is characterised by the acute onset of paracentral scotomas and mild loss of visual acuity of one or both eyes. Examination reveals presence of wedge-shaped parafoveal retinal lesions in the deep sensory retina. In this condition retinal lesions fade but scotomas persists and would be symptomatic. Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy: This syndrome is characterized by diffuse cream-colored patches at the level of the pigment epithelium and choroid, retinal vasculitis associated with cystoid macular edema, and vitritis. Ref: Fletcher E.C., Chong N., Augsburger J.J., Correa Z.M. (2011). Chapter 10. Retina. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 25 year old male present with decrease in vision in both eyes following a viral illness. On examination he had mild decrease in visual acuity and paracentral scotomas. Examination of the fundus showed wedge-shaped parafoveal retinal lesions. What is he MOST likely suffering from?
###Options:
A. Serpiginous Choroidopathy
B. Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy
C. Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy
D. Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant tumor of the eye in children. Clinically, retinoblastoma may produce a white pupil (leukocoria). This is seen most often in young children in the familial form of retinoblastoma, which is due to a deletion involving chromosome 13. These familial cases of retinoblastoma are frequently multiple and bilateral, although like all the sporadic, nonheritable tumors they can also be unifocal and unilateral. Histologically, rosettes of various types are frequent (similar to neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma). There is a good prognosis with early detection and treatment; spontaneous regression can occur but is rare. Retinoblastoma belongs to a group of cancers (osteosarcoma, Wilms tumor, meningioma, rhabdomyosarcoma, uveal melanoma) in which the normal cancer suppressor gene (antioncogene) is inactivated or lost, with resultant malignant change. Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma arise after the loss of the same genetic locus--hereditary mutation in the q14 band of chromosome 13. In contrast, a blue sclera can be seen with osteogenesis imperfect, while a yellow sclera is seen with jaundice. Lack of an iris (aniridia) can sometimes be associated with Wilms tumor of the kidney, while a subluxated lens can be found in individuals with either Marfan's syndrome or homocystinuria.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Deletion of both Rb (retinoblastoma) genes in the same developing cell is most characteristically associated with the development of
###Options:
A. Blue sclera
B. No iris
C. Subluxed lens
D. White pupil
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA This primary pigmentary retinal dystrophy is a hereditary disorder predominantly affecting the rods more than the cones. Inheritance Most common mode is autosomal recessive, followed by autosomal dominant. X-linked recessive is the least common. Incidence It occurs in 5 persons per 1000 of the world population. Age. It appears in the childhood and progresses slowly, often resulting in blindness in advanced middle age. Race. No race is known to be exempt or prone to it. Sex. Males are more commonly affected than females in a ratio of 3:2. Laterality. Disease is almost invariably bilateral and both the eyes are equally affected. Clinical features (A) Visual symptoms 1. Night blindness. It is the characteristic feature and may present several years before the visible changes in the retina appear. It occurs due to degeneration of the rods. 2. Dark adaptation. Light threshold of the peripheral retina is increased; though the process of dark adaptation itself is not affected until very late. 3. Tubular vision occurs in advanced cases. 1. Retinal pigmentary changes. These are typicallyperivascular and resemble bone corpuscles in shape. Initially, these changes are found in the equatorial region only and later spread both anteriorly and posteriorly. 2. Retinal aerioles are attenuated (narrowed) and may become thread-like in late stages. 3. Optic disc becomes pale and waxy in later stages and ultimately consecutive optic atrophy occurs 4. Other associated changes which may be seen are colloid bodies, choroidal sclerosis, cystoid macular oedema, atrophic or cellophane maculopathy. (C) Visual field changes Annular or ring-shaped scotoma is a typical featurewhich corresponds to the degenerated equatorial zone of retina. As the disease progresses, scotoma increases anteriorly and posteriorly and ultimately only central vision is left (tubular vision). Eventually even this is also lost and the patient becomes blind. Ref : AK khurana 4/e page no 268.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A young adults presents with night blindness and tubular vision. On examination, IntraocularPressure was observed to be 18mm and the anterior segment was unremarkable. Fundoscopyshowed attenuation of aerioles and waxy pallor of the optic disc with bony corpuscles like spicules of pigmentation in mid peripheral retina. Ring scotomas were observed on perimetry. Which of thefollowing is the most likely diagnosis -
###Options:
A. Pigmentary Retinal Dystrophy
B. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
C. Lattice degeneration of Retina
D. Diabetic Retinopathy
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Specimen tested in rabies are corneal smears and skin biopsy in ante moem analyzed by immunoflurescent REF:ANANTHANARYANAN TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PGNO.534
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 15-year-old girl was admitted to the infectious disease hospital with a provisional diagnosis of rabies. The most suitable clinical sample that can confirm the antemoem diagnosis is -
###Options:
A. Serum for anti-rabies IgG antibody
B. Corneal impression smear for immunofluorescence stain
C. CSF sample for viral culture
D. Giemsa stain on smear prepared from salivary secretions
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Chalcosis
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Sunflower cataract is due to:
###Options:
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Injuries
C. Chalcosis
D. Infections
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Degenerative high axial myopia
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Posterior staphyloma is seen in -
###Options:
A. Corneal Ulcer
B. Degenerative high axial myopia
C. Chronic Uncontrolled glaucoma
D. Complication of cataract surgery
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: D i.e. Glaucoma
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All of the following can cause a white pupillary reflex except:
###Options:
A. Retinoblastoma
B. Cataract
C. Retrolental fibroplasias
D. Glaucoma
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Exudative R D: increased fluid from choroid outer barrier break by inflammation fluid shift sign present ref : ak khurana 7th ed
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: shifting fluid sign is seen in ?
###Options:
A. Exudative Retinal detachment
B. Traumatic Retinal detachment
C. Rhegmatogensus Retinal detachment
D. Retinal dialysis
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Amongst the given options only CRAO causes sudden painless loss of vision along with cherry red spot.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: An elderly male with heart disease presents with sudden loss of vision in one eye; examination reveals cherry red spot; diagnosis is –
###Options:
A. Central retinal vein occlusion
B. Central retinal artery occlusion
C. Amaurosis fugax
D. Acute ischemic optic neuritis
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ohngren's classification: Imaginary plane is drawn extending between medial canthus of eye and angle of mandible Supra structures, growth above the plane has poor prognosis Infrastructures, growth below the plane has good prognosis Lederman's classification: It uses two horizontal lines of sebileau: one passing through the floor of orbit and another passing through the floor of antra Divides into supra structures, mesostructures and infrastructure.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Ohngren's classification of maxillary sinus carcinoma is based on
###Options:
A. Imaginary plane between medial canthus of eye and angle of mandible
B. Imaginary plane between lateral canthus of eye and angle of mandible
C. Two horizontal lines, one passing through floor of orbit and other through floor of antrum
D. None
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: C i.e. Aspergillosis
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Satellite lesions in eye is caused by
###Options:
A. Herpes zoster
B. Herpes simplex
C. Aspergillosis
D. Trachoma
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans: b (Visual acuity normal; colour vision decrease)Ref: Khurana, Vision and Neuro Ophthalmology pg. 288The other options are features of papilitis.In chronic papillodema, there may be enlargement of blind spot. In papillodema, visual acuity is normal, pupillary reactions are brisk i.e., there is no RAPD in contrast to papilitis. Papillitis is optic neuritis due to inflammation.Clinical featuresPainful ocular movementsColor vision is decreasedVisual acuity decreasedRAPD Usually unilateral
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Regarding acute papilloedema:
###Options:
A. Blind spot increases
B. Visual acuity normal; colour vision decrease
C. Colour vision normal; visual acuity decreases
D. There is always associated optic nerve inflammation
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A chalazion is an inflammation of the meibomian glands, which may produce a tender nodule over the tarsus of the upper or lower lid. Chalazion tends to be recurrent if eyelid hygiene is poor. Obstruction of the eyelid margin meibomian glands with resultant inflammation, fibrosis, and granuloma formation. Eyelid nodule of variable size and localized erythema of the corresponding palpebral conjunctiva that may be associated with a yellow lipogranuloma, is observed clinically. Current Treatment options: Oral flax seed oil may also decrease the risk of recurrent chalazion. If incision and curettage are needed because the lesion is slow to resolve, the child will require a general anesthetic. Topical azithromycin (ophthalmic solution 1%) may also help decrease recurrence of chalazion, but is still under investigation Ref: Braverman R.S. (2012). Chapter 16. Eye. In W.W. Hay, Jr., M.J. Levin, R.R. Deterding, J.J. Ross, J.M. Sondheimer (Eds), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics, 21e.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Chalazion of eyelid is:
###Options:
A. Caseous necrosis
B. Chronic nonspecific inflammation
C. Chronic lipogranulomatous inflammation
D. Liposarcoma
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Blunt trauma to eye DiseaseType of cataracto Myotonic dystrophyChristmas tree cataract. Blue dot cortical cataract, posterior subcapsular cataract.o Wilson's diseaseo Copper deposition (Chalcosis)o Penetrating traumaSunflower cataract (Petals of flower cataract)o Diabetes mellitusSnowflake cataract or Snowstrom cataracto Down's syndromeSnowflake cataracto Hypoparathyroidism (Hypocalcemia) Hvpovitaminosis DDiscrete white cortical opacities, Congenital lamellar (zonular) cataracto Atopic dermatitisBlue dot cortical cataract, posterior subcapsular cataracto Congenital rubellaNuclear cataract, Total congenital cataracto GalactosemiaOil drop cataract, Dust like lenticular opacitieso Complicated cataract(Iridocyclitis, High myopia)Posterior cortical breads's crumb appearance, Polychromatic lustyre/Rainbow cataracto Blunt traumaVossius ring on anterior surface of lens, Rosette shaped cataract
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Rossette shaped cataract is seen in -
###Options:
A. Congenital rubella
B. Blunt trauma to eye
C. Wilson's disease
D. Diabetes meilitus
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Rhabdomyosarcoma is very responsive to radiotherapy Refer khurana 6/e p 425
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: 8 year old boy presented with swelling in the left eye of three months duration examination revealed proptosis of the left eye with preserved vision right eye is normal CT Scan revealed incredible extraconal mass lesion biopsy revealed embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma metastatic workup was normal the standard line of treatment is
###Options:
A. Chemotherapy only
B. Wide local excision
C. Enucleation
D. Chemotherapy and Radiation therapy
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nd YAg o After cataract, if thin, can be cleared centrally by Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy. Discission with cystitome or zeigler's knife may also be used. Thick membranous after cataract needs surgical membranectomy.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Posterior capsulotomy after cataract is done using-
###Options:
A. Argon Laser
B. Nd YAg
C. Holmium
D. Diode laser
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Nuclear cataract and a dry eye is unlikely to occur in a 23 year old, as it is mostly seen in old people. Irregular astigmatism usually occurs in conditions leading to scarring of cornea and there is no such history given. The girl is suffering from keratoconus which can no longer be controlled by soft contact lenses. Keratoconus is more commonly seen in female patient and refers to abnormal protrusion of cornea. * Clinical features: Patient presents with a defective vision due to progressive myopia and irregular astigmatism, which does not improve fully despite full correction with glasses. * Signs. Following signs may be elicited: Window reflex is distoed. Placido disc examination shows irregularity of the circles . Keratometry depicts extreme malalignment of mires. Photokeratoscopy reveals distoion of circles. Slit lamp examination may show thinning and ectasia of central cornea, opacity at the apex and Fleischer's ring at the base of cone, folds in Descemet's and Bowman's membranes. Very fine, veical, deep stromal striae (Vogt lines) which disappear with external pressure on the globe are peculiar feature. On retinoscopy a yawning reflex (scissor reflex) and high oblique or irregular astigmatism is obtained. On distant direct ophthalmoscopy an annular dark shadow (due to total internal reflection of light) is seen which separates the central and peripheral areas of cornea (oil droplet reflex). Munson's sign, i.e. localised bulging of lower lid when patient looks down is positive in late stages.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 23 year old girl presented with the complaint that her soft contact lenses, bought only 6 months back, were causing blurring of vision. VA was 6/18 in one eye with refraction of - 7.0/+3.5 X145.
###Options:
A. Nuclear cataract
B. Dry Eyes
C. Keratoconus
D. Irregular astigmatism
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. B i.e. 1% atropine
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A patient presented with uveitis with raised intraocular pressure (secondary glaucoma). Drug used is: March 2004
###Options:
A. 1% pilocarpine
B. 1% atropine
C. Timolol
D. Acetazolamide
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Leucocoria(60%), strabismus (20%) ,accommodative squint,glaucoma, nystagmus and painfull red eye. Ref: ak khurana 6th edition
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All are presentation of retinoblastoma except -
###Options:
A. Leucocoria
B. Accommodative squint
C. Cataract
D. Glaucoma
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: B i.e. Arginine free diet Gyrate atrophy of choroid due to deficiency of ornithine amino transferase (OAT) enzyme is treated by arginine free diet (treatment of choice) and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplementationQ.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is beneficial for patient suffering from gyrate atrophy of choroid due to deficiency of enzyme Ornithine trans carbomylase
###Options:
A. Ornithine free diet
B. Arginine free diet
C. Folic acid & pyridoxine
D. Angiod Streaks
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Endothelium consists of single layer of flat ploygonal epithelilal cells.It contains 'active pump' mechanism which keeps cornea dehydrated. Reference:Comprehensive Ophthalmology,AK Khurana,6th edition,pg no.96
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Corneal deturgescence is maintained by -
###Options:
A. Epithelium
B. Endothelium
C. Stroma
D. Descmet's membrane
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Local side-effects are encountered more frequently with long-acting miotics. These include problems due to miosis include myopia and frontal headache, retinal detachment, lenticular opacities, iris cyst formation, mild iritis, lacrimation and follicular conjunctivitisAmong the given drugs pilocarpine is Parasympathomimetic drugs (Miotics)
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Iris cyst formation induced by
###Options:
A. Atropine
B. Pilocarpine
C. Latanoprost
D. Timolol
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The most common etiologies of ophthalmia neonatorum are chemical conjunctivitis (hyperemia and mucoid discharge during the first 24 hours postpaum) caused by silver nitrate or erythromycin prophylaxis, herpes simplex, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Systemic treatment of erythromycin, gentamycin and bacitracin are used for the treatment. Topical treatment is not effective. Please note that local preparations of penicillin is barred in India.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which one among the following is not used in opthalmia neonatorum?
###Options:
A. Erythromycin
B. Bacitracin eye ointment
C. Gentamycin
D. Local penicillin
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. C. Amacrine cellsAmacrine cells secrete at least eight types of transmitter substances, including GABA, glycine, dopamine, acetylcholine and indolamine, all of which normally function as inhibitory neurotransmitters.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Retinal cells which secrete acetyl choline?
###Options:
A. Bipolar cells
B. Ganglion cells
C. Amacrine cells
D. H cells
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Lateral poion of cerebellar hemisphere is called cerebrocerebellum or neocerebellum. It interacts with the motor coex in planning and programming movements. Lesion of the neocerebellum results in: Ataxia of extremities, asynergy Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia Intentional tremor Rebound phenomenon Lesion of archicerebellum result in: Loss of equilibrium Nystagmus Lesion of Paleocerebellum result in: Truncal ataxia and drunken gait Ref: Review of Medical Physiology by William F Ganong, 22nd Edition, Page 221
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Neocerebellum is concerned with which of the following functions?
###Options:
A. Eye movements
B. Motor planning
C. Equilibrium
D. Motor execution
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ferry line is found in sclera Ferry&;s Li Reference: AK Khurana 7th edition
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: "Ferry line" is found in
###Options:
A. Head of Pterygium
B. Base of keratoconus
C. Sclera
D. Eyelid
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: States and stages of human sleep are defined on the basis of characteristic patterns in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the electrooculogram (EOG—a measure of eye-movement activity), and the surface electromyogram (EMG) measured on the chin and neck. The continuous recording of this array of electrophysiologic parameters to define sleep and wakefulness is termed polysomnography. Polysomnographic profiles define two states of sleep: (1) rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and (2) nonrapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep. NREM sleep is further subdivided into three stages, characterized by increasing arousal threshold and slowing of the cortical EEG. REM sleep is characterized by a low amplitude, mixed-frequency EEG similar to that of NREM stage N1 sleep. The EOG shows bursts of REM similar to those seen during eyes-open wakefulness. Chin EMG activity is absent, reflecting the brainstem mediated muscle atonia that is characteristic of that state.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: States and stages of human sleep are defined on the basis of characteristic patterns in all of the following except:
###Options:
A. Electrooculogram (EOG—a measure of eye-movement activity)
B. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
C. Electromyogram (EMG)
D. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. (a) Cataract; (c) Iris cystsRef: Shields 6/e, p. 262-266Refer to Image 2 for detailed explanationOption a - In ICE syndrome, a retrocorneal membrane may grow over the anterior lens surface simulating the anterior lens capsule. It can be removed by Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomyOption b - Corectopia - seen in Progressive iris atrophyOption c - pigmented, pedunculated iris nodules are seen in Chandler syndrome, not iris cystsOption d - Iris atrophic holes seen in progressive iris atrophy
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All of the following are seen in Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome except
###Options:
A. Cataract
B. Corectopia
C. Iris cysts
D. Iris atrophy
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. A: Uterus Main organs/ tissue involved in leprosy are skin and peripheral nerves Systemic (eyes, testes and reticuloendothelial system) involvement is common Leprosy: Hansens disease Virchow cells are seen CNS, ovaries, lungs are NOT commonly involved in leprosy TT is the MC type of leprosy in India Tuberculoid leprosy: - Infective form Ulnar nerve is a commonly affected nerve - Followed by posterior auricular nerve Lepromatous leprosy: - Presents with gyanecomastia, madrosis, collapse of nasal bridge - Histologically, the dermis characteristically contains highly vacuolated cells (foam cells) and fewer or absent non-caseating granuloma 1st line drug: - Rifampicin - Dapsone - Clofazimine DOC in neuritis: Steroids Nerve abscess treated by: Incision and drainage Lepra reaction type 1: - Coicosteroids are the DOC - Unresponsive to thalidomide Lepra reaction type II: - Also known as erythema nodosum leprosum - Seen in lepromatous leprosy - Thalidomide is effective Lepromin test indicates strong immunity
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is not affected in leprosy: September 2011
###Options:
A. Uterus
B. Testes
C. Nerve
D. Eye
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. A. Alpha rhythmAlpha waves are noted in the EEG in a relaxed, awake person whose eyes are closed. An alert state is indicated by beta waves. Theta and delta waves are noted during sleep. Variability in the wave forms might indicate a seizure or damage locus.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: An EEG technician can look at an electroencephalogram and tell that the subject was awake, but relaxed with eyes closed, during generation of the recording. She can tell this because the EEG recording exhibits:
###Options:
A. Alpha rhythm
B. Beta rhythm
C. Theta rhythm
D. Delta rhythm
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Loss of lateral 1/3rd of eyebrow is seen in -
###Options:
A. Lepromatous leprosy
B. Taenia capitis
C. Tuberculosis
D. Tetanus
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Median nerve lies deep to the flexor retinaculum and is not damaged by cuts which are superficial. Structures crossing superficial to flexor retinaculum are:From medial to lateral:Superficial branch of ulnar nerve and ulnar aeryTendon of palmaris longusPalmar cutaneous branch of median nerveOrigin of the thenar musclesStructures passing deep to flexor retinaculum are:Median nerveTendons of flexor digitorum superficialisTendon of flexor digitorum profundusTendon of flexor pollicis longusUlnar bursa and radial bursa
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 16 years old girl failed in her final examination. Disgusted with life , she cut across the front of wrist at the flexor retinaculum . She was rushed to hospital and the surgeon noticed that the cut was superficial. All the following structures would have been damaged by this cut EXCEPT?
###Options:
A. Ulnar nerve
B. Median nerve
C. Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve
D. Superficial branch of radial aery
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans: C i.e. Poorly developed uveal tissues Conditions & their definitions Continued existence of pa of the anterior vascular sheath of the lens (a foetal structure which normally disappears sholy before bih) is known as persistent papillary membrane Absence of iris is known as aniridia In colobomata, the tissues of the uvea & the associated retinal tissues or their prolongation onto the back of the iris are badly developed/ deficient Owing to the absence of the pigment in the eye in patients of albinism, iris looks pink
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Coloboma of the iris is defined as: March 2012
###Options:
A. Persistent anterior vascular sheath of lens
B. Absent iris
C. Poorly developed uveal tissues
D. Pink coloured iris
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Anterior cranial fossa fracture Middle cranial fossa fracture Posterior cranial fossa fracture MC type of skull base fracture Caused by fracture of cribriform plate Clinical features: Subconjunctival hematoma CSF rhinorrhea Epistaxis Anosmia Periorbital hematoma or "Raccoon eyes" Carotico cavernous fistula Frontal lobe contusion Caused by fracture of petrous pa of temporal bone. Clinical features: CSF otorrhea Paradoxical rhinorrhea Hemotympanum Battle sign: Bruising or ecchymosis behind ear Ossicular disruption VII & VIII cranial nerve palsies Temporal lobe contusion Caused by fracture of occipital bone. Clinical features Visual disturbances VI cranial nerve injury Jugular foramen syndrome (Vernet syndrome): paresis of IX, X, XI cranial nerves Basilar aery injury Occipital contusion
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Skull base fracture is associated with all of the following except:
###Options:
A. Racoon eyes
B. Hemiparesis
C. CSF Rhino-otorrhea
D. Battle sign
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The best position of IOL is within the capsular bag in posterior chamber.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Best site for IOL implantation –
###Options:
A. Iris
B. Capsular bag
C. Anterior chamber
D. Sulcus
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. b. Ocular toxoplasmosis (Ref: Parson's 21/e p242-43; Kanski 7/e p429-30, 457-63; Yanoff Ducker 3/e p828-30, 785; Harrison 19/e 40e-6f 1400, 1402, 1404, 18/e p229, 1724, 1726)A 32-year-old male presents with unilateral diminished vision in the right eye. On examination, there is mild iritis, vitretis and a focal necrotic lesion is seen at the macula. The most likely diagnosis is ocular toxoplasmosis."Ocular toxoplasmosis presents with localized necrotizing chorioretinitis involving macula, satellite lesions, spill over granular anterior uveitis, vitritis (leading to head light in fog appearance) with floaters (due to vitritis), diminished vision, pain, redness and photophobia in young adults/infants."Ocular ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis is one of the most frequently identifiable causes of uveitis worldwide.MC cause of infectious posterior uveitis in non-immunocompromised individualsQ2nd MC cause of infectious posterior uveitis in patients with HIV/AIDS (MC cause: CMV retinitis)QIt usually presents in infants or adults of 10-35 yearsQ.Clinical Features:Depends on patient age, location, size and severity of retinochoroiditis.Ocular manifestations include floaters and blurred vision.Decreased visual acuity may occur as a result of macular involvement or severe vitreous inflammation.Ocular toxoplasmosis presents withNecrotizing chorioretinitis (destroying choroid and retina producing punched out heavily pigmented macular scar)QSatellite lesion (solitary inflammatory focus near old pigmented scar)Spill over anterior uveitis (may be granular resembling Fuchs syndrome)Severe vitritis (so dense as to prohibit an adequate view of posterior segment i.e. head light in fog appearance)Q.Bilateral macular involvement is common (in immunocompromised).Triad of congenital toxoplasmosis: Convulsion + Chorioretinitis + Intraeranial calcificationQDiagnosis:Diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is often made by clinical features.Diagnostic tests include demonstration of parasite. Sabin-Feldman dye test (serological test require live T. gondii organism with a titer >1:16), complement fixation test, indirect hemagglutination test and ELISA for IgG and IgM.Treatment:MC treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis (''classic therapy"): Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine plus corticosteroidsQ.Alternative treatment: Quadruple drug therapy (classic regimen plus clindamycin), as well as single or combined use of clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, spiramycin, minocycline, azithromycin, atovaquone and clarithromycin.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 32-year old male presents with unilateral diminished vision in the right eye. On examination, there is mild iritis, vitretis and a focal necrotic lesion is seen at the macula. The most likely diagnosis is:
###Options:
A. Multiple Evanescent White Dot syndrome
B. Ocular toxoplasmosis
C. Multifocal chorioditis
D. Ocular sarcoidosis
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The baby in the question stem is showing features of trisomy 13. Babies with trisomy 13 often have normal bih weight, CNS malformations, eye malformations, cleft lip and palate, polydactyly or syndactyly, and congenital hea disease. Infants with trisomy 18 are small for gestational age, have characteristic facies, overlapping fingers and rocker bottom feet and ventricular septal defect or patent ductus aeriosus. Physical findings in a newborn with trisomy 21 are flattened occiput, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, midface hypoplasia, small dysplastic pinnae, endocardial cushion defects or other septal defects and esophageal and duodenal atresias. Ref: Tsaic A.C., Manchester D.K., Elias E.R. (2012). Chapter 37. Genetics & Dysmorphology. In W.W. Hay, Jr., M.J. Levin, R.R. Deterding, J.J. Ross, J.M. Sondheimer (Eds), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics, 21e.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A baby presents with multiple deformities, cleft lip, cleft palate, microcephaly, small eyes, scalp defect and polydactyly. Following manifestations are associated with which of the following chromosomal anomaly?
###Options:
A. Trisomy 13
B. Trisomy 18
C. Trisomy 21
D. Monosomy 2
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Answer is B (Cluster headache): Cluster Headache Lateralized , periorbital or less commonly temporal All ages above 10 yrs with peak at 30-50 yrs Male preponderance (90%). Men affected 7-8 times more than females. Hereditary factors usually absent Presentation: Pain (periodic attacks 1-2/day) begins without warning reaches crescendo within 5 minutes lasts for 45 minutes Q excruciating, deep, explosive pain but only rarely pulsatile - commonly awakens the patients from sleep Associated symptoms : These are typical and characteristic : - homolateral lacrimation - reddening of eye nasal stuffiness - Ptosis and - nausea Migraine Lateralised ,usually frontotemporal may be generalised All age groups are affected Females are affected more than males Family history present Presentation :Pain often preceded by aura builds up gradually - may lasts for several hours or longer - usually throbbing but may be dull - onset is after awakening & quietened by sleep Associated symptoms include : - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea photophobia and visual disturbance in the form of photopsia and foification spectra paraestheisias with tingling and numbness other focal neurological symptoms such as clumsiness and weakness.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 45-year old man presents with a daily headache. He describes two attacks per day over the past 3 weeks. Each attack lasts about an hour and awakens the patient from sleep. The patient has noted associated tearing and reddening of his right eye as well as nasal stuffiness. The pain is deep, excruciating, and limited to the right side of the head. The neurologic examination is nonfocal. The most likely diagnosis of this patient's headache is :
###Options:
A. Migraine headache
B. Cluster headache
C. Tension headache
D. Brain tumour
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The images will appear larger because of the convex lens. Ref: Ocular Anatomy and Physiology By Al Lens, Sheila Coyne Nemeth, Janice K. Ledford, 2007, Page 159
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 35 years old hypermetrope is using 1.50 D sphere both eyes. Whenever his glasses slip downward on his nose he will feel that his near vision:
###Options:
A. Becomes enlarged
B. Becomes distoed
C. Becomes decreased
D. Remains the same
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A total of 3500 patient with thyroid cancer are identified and surveyed by patient interviews with reference to past exposure to radiation. The study design most appropriately illustrates -
###Options:
A. Case series report
B. Case control study
C. Case report
D. Clinical trial
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Atropine is a cycloplegic drug and is used as adjuvant therapy in fungal corneal ulcer as :-. Reduces pain from ciliary spasm Prevent formation of synechiae Reduce inflammation Reduces exudation Pilocarpine will cause miosis and increase the pain and thus not used. Dexamethasone is absolutely contraindicated in fungal corneal ulcer as it may cause perforation. Lidocaine is local anesthetic and will impair healing and hence not used.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is used as an adjuvant therapy for fungal corneal ulcer?
###Options:
A. Atropine eye drops
B. Pilocarpine eye drops
C. Dexamethasone
D. Lidocaine
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Blue sclera is not seen in Keratoconus It is seen in all conditions like Marfans syndrome Rheumatoid ahritis Osteogenesis imperfecta. Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 144
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Blue sclera is seen in all of the following conditions except (REPEATED)
###Options:
A. Keratoconus
B. Marfans syndrome
C. Osteogenesis imperfecta
D. Rheumatoid ahritis
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Steroid induced cataract
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Shallow anterior chamber is seen in all except:
###Options:
A. Old age
B. Steroid induced cataract
C. Hypermetropia
D. Angle-closure glaucoma
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Dipivefrine
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: In a hypeensive patient with glaucoma which of the following is not used:
###Options:
A. Dipivefrine
B. Alpha blocker
C. Alpha agonist
D. Laser trabeculoplasty
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A child with albinism should undergo eye consultation. Albinism is due to deficiency of melanin,the main pigment of skin and eye. Ocular manifestations of albinism include hypo pigmentation,including foveal hypoplasia with reduced visual acuity,refractive errors ,nystagmus,alternating strabismus,red reflex,and abnormality in routing of optic fibers at chiasma. So regular ophthalmologic follow up is recommended. Reference : Nelsons text book of pediatrics 19th edition,page 424
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A child present with albinism. He should be evaluated for?
###Options:
A. ENT consultation
B. Eye consultation
C. Electrocardiography
D. Neurological
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Clinical manifestations of phenylketonuria
Normal at birth
Symptoms occur after 1 months -
Mental retardation → Not present at birth, develops gradually.
Neurological signs Irritability, tremors, convulsions, hyperkinesis and muscular hypertonia & exaggerated reflex.
Blond hair, blue iris, fair skin.
Musty or mousy body odor.
Vomiting
Microcephaly
Enamel hypoplasia & Growth retardation
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A child has tnicrocephaly, blue eyes, Fair skin, and Mental retardation, Ferric chloride test is positive.What is the likely diagnosis -
###Options:
A. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
B. Homocystinuria
C. Tyrosinosis
D. Alkaptonuria
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The choroid plexus is a plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. The CSF occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. It constitutes the content of the ventricles, cisterns, and sulci of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. CSF serves several purposes: Buoyancy Protection Chemical stability Clearing waste Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 813,814,815
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: CSF is formed by
###Options:
A. Arachnoid villi
B. Venous plexus
C. Choroidal plexus
D. Subformical nucleus
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: C i.e. Retinitis pigmentosa
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Retinal neovacularization is seen in A/E
###Options:
A. Diabetic retinopathy
B. Eale's disease
C. Retinitis pigmentosa
D. Retinopathy of prematurity
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |