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The cost of complying with tougher EPA air-quality standards could spur an increased shift away from coal and toward natural gas for electricity generation, according to a new Duke University study. The stricter regulations on sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxide and mercury may make nearly two-thirds of the nation’s coal-fired power plants as expensive to run as plants powered by natural gas, the study finds. “Because of the cost of upgrading plants to meet the EPA’s pending emissions regulations and its stricter enforcement of current regulations, natural gas plants would become cost-competitive with a majority of coal plants — even if natural gas becomes more than four times as expensive as coal,” said Lincoln F. Pratson, a professor of earth and ocean sciences at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment. “This is a much higher fraction of economic vulnerability than has previously been reported,” said Pratson, an expert on carbon capture and storage, energy resources and energy systems. To conduct the study, he and his team assessed the cost of electricity generation at plants producing 95 percent of the nation’s coal-fired electricity and 70 percent of its natural gas-powered electricity. The researchers estimated costs for both types of plants over a wide range of fuel prices and under both existing and pending emissions standards. Under current standards and at current fuel prices, 9 percent of U.S. coal-fired plants are more costly to run than a median-cost natural gas plant, they found. Even a modest jump in gas prices could erase this advantage. “If the ratio of natural gas-to-coal prices rises to 1.8 from its recent level of around 1.5, coal plants would again become the dominant least-cost generation option,” Pratson said. However, with tougher emissions standards the EPA would enact and enforce, another 56 percent of U.S. coal plants would become as costly to run as natural gas plants. The regulations would make 65 percent of coal plants nationwide as expensive as natural gas, even if gas prices rise significantly. “Most natural gas plants typically produce only one emission — nitrogen oxide — that is in excess of the proposed new EPA thresholds, but many coal plants may exceed all of the thresholds, making it more expensive for them to come into compliance,” Pratson said. “This has spurred legal and political debates over whether the pending regulations unfairly disadvantage the U.S. coal industry.” The study takes no sides in the debate, he stressed. “We neither argue for nor against continued use of coal power. Our goal is to present an objective analysis of the economic sensitivity of both types of plants to fuel price fluctuations and the potential cost of emission-control upgrades.” Monthly emissions from the U.S. electricity sector have fallen to 1990s levels in recent years, helping to reduce total U.S. carbon dioxide emissions to their lowest levels since 1992. This CO2 decline is largely due to greater use of natural gas power plants in place of coal plants, a shift made possible by lower natural gas prices from the recent surge in domestic shale gas production. Whether or not the shift to natural gas picks up speed and continues will depend on more than just whether the proposed EPA standards are enacted, Pratson noted. A transition to natural gas for electricity generation will require the construction of a much larger network of pipelines and other infrastructure to transport and store the gas, assuring power plants of a reliable supply. The net effect of the shift to natural gas on global carbon dioxide emissions remains uncertain, Pratson said, since coal that is not consumed in the United States is already finding its way to other countries in Europe and Asia. The Duke team’s peer-reviewed study was published this week in the online edition of Environmental Science & Technology. Pratson’s co-authors on the study are Drew Haerer, a research analyst at Duke’s Nicholas School, and Dalia Patino-Echeverri, an assistant professor of energy systems and public policy at the school. Funding for their work came from the Bank of America Foundation and the National Science Foundation’s Center for Climate and Energy Decision Making (grant number SES-0949710). CITATION: “Fuel Prices, Emissions Standards and Generation Costs for Coal vs. Natural Gas Power Plants,”Lincoln Pratson, Drew Haerer, Dalia Patino-Echeverri. Environmental Science & Technology, online March 15, 2013. DOI: 10.1021/es4001642

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D'fhéadfadh an costas a bhaineann le comhlíonadh na gcaighdeán ardchaighdeáin cháilíochta aeir EPA a spreagadh aistriú níos mó ó guail agus i dtreo gáis nádúrtha chun leictreachas a ghiniúint, de réir staidéir nua ó Ollscoil Duke. De réir na staidéir, d'fhéadfadh na rialacháin níos déine ar dhia-ocsaíde sulfair, ar ábhar cáithnithe, ar ocsaíde nítrigine agus ar mheirgí a dhéanamh go mbeadh beagnach dhá thrian de ghléasraí cumhachta guail an náisiúin chomh daor le reáchtáil le gluaisteáin a bhraitear le gáis nádúrtha. "Mar gheall ar an gcostas a bhaineann le plandaí a uasghrádú chun na rialacháin astaíochtaí atá le teacht le EPA a chomhlíonadh agus a fhorfheidhmiú níos déine ar na rialacháin reatha, bheadh plandaí gáis nádúrtha in iomaíocht chostais le tromlach na gléasra guail, fiú má bhíonn gáis nádúrtha níos mó ná ceithre huaire chomh daor le guail", a dúirt Lincoln F. Pratson, ollamh eolaíochtaí talún agus aigéin in Scoil Nicholas an Chomhshaoil Duke. 'Is cuid i bhfad níos airde de leochaileacht eacnamaíoch é seo ná mar a tuairiscíodh roimhe seo,' a dúirt Pratson, saineolaí ar ghabháil agus stóráil charbóin, acmhainní fuinnimh agus córais fuinnimh. Chun an staidéar a dhéanamh, mheas sé féin agus a fhoireann costas na giniúna leictreachais ag gléasraí a tháirgeann 95 faoin gcéad de leictreachas na tíre a fhaightear le guail agus 70 faoin gcéad dá leictreachas a fhaightear le gáis nádúrtha. Rinne na taighdeoirí meastachán ar chostais don dá chineál plandaí thar raon leathan praghsanna breosla agus faoi chaighdeáin astaíochtaí atá ann cheana agus atá ar feitheamh. De réir na gcaighdeán reatha agus de réir praghsanna breosla reatha, tá 9 faoin gcéad de ghléasraí guail na Stát Aontaithe níos costasaí a reáchtáil ná gléasra gáis nádúrtha ar chostas meánmhéide, a fuair siad. D'fhéadfadh fiú léim measartha i bpraghsanna gás an buntáiste seo a scriosadh. Má éiríonn an cóimheas idir praghsanna gáis nádúrtha agus guail go 1.8 óna leibhéal le déanaí de thart ar 1.5, bheadh gléasraí guail arís mar an rogha gineadála is ísle costas, a dúirt Pratson. Mar sin féin, le caighdeáin astaíochtaí níos déine a d'eisiúint an EPA agus a fhorfheidhmiú, bheadh 56 faoin gcéad eile de ghléasraí guail na Stát Aontaithe chomh costasach a reáchtáil le pláinéid gháis nádúrtha. D'fhágfadh na rialacháin go mbeadh 65 faoin gcéad de na monarcha guail ar fud na tíre chomh daor le gás nádúrtha, fiú má théann praghsanna gás suas go suntasach. De ghnáth ní tháirgeann an chuid is mó de na gléasraí gáis nádúrtha ach astaíocht amháin ocsaíd nítrigine atá os cionn na tairseacha nua EPA atá beartaithe, ach d'fhéadfadh go leor gléasraí guail na tairseacha go léir a shárú, rud a fhágann go mbeidh sé níos costasaí dóibh teacht i gcomhréir, a dúirt Pratson. Tá díospóireachtaí dlíthiúla agus polaitiúla tagtha chun cinn maidir le cibé an ndéanann na rialacháin atá le déanamh míbhuntáiste mícheart do thionscal guail na SA. Ní ghlacann an staidéar aon pháirtí sa díospóireacht, a leag sé béim air. Ní dhéanaimid argóint ar son nó i gcoinne leanúint de chumhacht guail a úsáid. Is é ár gcuspóir anailís oibiachtúil a chur i láthair ar íogaireacht eacnamaíoch an dá chineál plandaí i leith luaineachtaí praghsanna breosla agus an chostas a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann maidir le uasghrádú ar rialú astaíochtaí. Tá astaíochtaí míosúla ó earnáil leictreachais na Stát Aontaithe tar éis titim go leibhéil na 1990idí le blianta beaga anuas, rud a chabhraigh le astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin iomlán na Stát Aontaithe a laghdú go dtí na leibhéil is ísle ó 1992. Tá an laghdú seo ar CO2 de bharr úsáid níos mó gléasraí cumhachta gáis nádúrtha in ionad gléasraí guail, athrú a rinneadh indéanta de bharr praghsanna níos ísle gáis nádúrtha ó mhéadú le déanaí ar tháirgeadh gás sceille intíre. An dtógfaidh an t-aistriú go gáis nádúrtha luas agus leanfaidh sé ar aghaidh nó nach dtógfaidh, beidh sé ag brath ar níos mó ná an nglacfar na caighdeáin EPA atá beartaithe, a dúirt Pratson. Chun aistriú go gás nádúrtha chun leictreachas a ghiniúint, beidh gá le líonra píblíneanna i bhfad níos mó a thógáil agus le bonneagar eile chun an gáis a iompar agus a stóráil, rud a chinnteoidh go mbeidh soláthar iontaofa ag gléasraí cumhachta. Tá an t-éifeacht glan a bheidh ag an aistriú go gás nádúrtha ar astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin domhanda fós neamhchinnte, a dúirt Pratson, ós rud é go bhfuil an guail nach n-úsáidtear sna Stáit Aontaithe ag teacht ar a bhealach chuig tíortha eile san Eoraip agus san Áise cheana féin. Foilsíodh staidéar athbhreithnithe páir-athbhreithnithe fhoireann Duke an tseachtain seo in eagrán ar líne na Eolaíochta & Teicneolaíochta Comhshaoil. Is iad Drew Haerer, anailísitheoir taighde ag Scoil Nicholas Duke, agus Dalia Patino-Echeverri, ollamh cúnta córais fuinnimh agus beartas poiblí ag an scoil, comh-údair Pratson ar an staidéar. Tháinig maoiniú dá gcuid oibre ó Bhunachar Banc Mheiriceá agus ó Lárionad an Chiste Eolaíochta Náisiúnta chun Déanamh Cinntí Aeráide agus Fuinnimh (uimhir deontais SES-0949710). CÍOTÁIL: Príseanna breosla, caighdeáin astaíochtaí agus costais ghiniúna do Ghluaisteáin Cumhachta Ghual vs Gás Nádúrtha, Lincoln Pratson, Drew Haerer, Dalia Patino-Echeverri. Eolaíocht agus Teicneolaíocht Comhshaoil, ar líne 15 Márta, 2013. DOI: 10.1021/es4001642

Future of Nursing Informatics Paper Introduction The definition of nursing informatics outlined by Staggers & Thompson in 2002 defines nursing informatics to support management and processing of nursing information information, to support care and to provide patient care. This combination integrates system information, nursing knowledge, clinical decision support and support, and data into the field of care, converting patient needs to computer programs, and when all members of the health care team need it To access the necessary information.Future of Nursing Informatics Paper Introduction Nursing informatics is a combination of nursing, technology and data assimilation. Nursing information processing uses technology to systematize and provide healthcare in the most effective and safe way.Future of Nursing Informatics Paper Nursing informatics includes a myriad of tools specializing in organizing and delivering information, from simple computers to complex electronic medical record systems (EMR). – Certified Nursing Assistant Certified Nursing Assistant is a member of the Healthcare team. It is also known as CNA or nursing assistant. They refer to those who care as resident or patient. In the medical field, CNA is the minimum income, but people who do all the work such as physical labor. They are in contact with residents rather than others, and they are major caregivers. Nursing informatics is a field of care, including nursing, computer and information science, to support nursing practices and to maintain and develop medical data and systems to improve patient outcomes. The technology developed as a result of health care / care informatics includes: Nurse informatics is committed to developing communication and information technology in health care. They will also serve as educators, researchers, software engineers and chief care officers. Please use the “Components” listed above to help develop the evidence-based policies and procedures for your organization Future of Nursing Informatics Paper The field of nursing informatics is one of the fast growing areas of specialization in today’s healthcare. Nursing informatics uses health information technology to improve the health of patients and their families all over the world. Nurse informatics experts streamline care management and communication, greatly improve productivity, reduce the cost of medical services, and improve the quality of patient care. Nurse informatics experts are interested in understanding knowledge of computer software programs (Microsoft Word, Excel), clinical workflow knowledge process of hospitals and effective use of outpatient clinical environment, and knowledge of federal-qualified health care standards Have good computer skills.Future of Nursing Informatics Paper Get your Plagiarism-free essays from Tutorsgallery.com

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Saothar um Fheidhmiú Teicneolaíochta An sainmhíniú ar ríomh-eolaíochtaí altraíochta a leag Staggers & Thompson amach i 2002 sainmhíníonn sé ríomh-eolaíochtaí altraíochta chun tacú le bainistiú agus próiseáil faisnéise faisnéise altraíochta, chun tacú le cúram agus chun cúram othair a sholáthar. Is é an comhcheangal seo faisnéis chórais, eolas altraíochta, tacaíocht agus tacaíocht chinnidh cliniciúil, agus sonraí a chomhtháthú i réimse na cúraim, ag athrú riachtanais othair go cláir ríomhaireachta, agus nuair a theastaíonn sé ó gach ball den fhoireann cúraim sláinte rochtain a fháil ar an bhfaisnéis riachtanach. Tús Tá ríomhfhorbairt na n-iníonán cóireála ina meascán de na hoibrithe cóireála, teicneolaíochta agus comhghuaillithe sonraí. Baineann próiseáil faisnéise altraíochta úsáid as teicneolaíocht chun cúram sláinte a chórasú agus a sholáthar ar an mbealach is éifeachtaí agus is sábháilte.Páipéar maidir le hIontráil Eolaíoch Iníonáraíochta Cúntóir Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Oibrithe Tugtar CNA nó cúntóir altraí air freisin. Tagraíonn siad dóibh siúd a thugann cúram mar chónaitheoir nó mar othair. I réimse na míochaine, is é CNA an t-ioncam íosta, ach daoine a dhéanann an obair go léir mar saothar fisiciúil. Tá siad i dteagmháil le cónaitheoirí seachas le daoine eile, agus is cúramóirí móra iad. Is réimse cúraim é ríomhfhorbairt na n-iníon, lena n-áirítear altraíocht, ríomhaireacht agus eolaíocht faisnéise, chun tacú le cleachtais altranais agus chun sonraí agus córais leighis a chothabháil agus a fhorbairt chun torthaí othair a fheabhsú. Tá an teicneolaíocht a forbraíodh mar thoradh ar chúram sláinte / faisnéise cúraim áirítear: Tá eolaíocht na n-iníon tiomanta do theicneolaíocht cumarsáide agus faisnéise a fhorbairt i gcúram sláinte. Beidh siad ina gcuid freisin mar oideachasóirí, taighdeoirí, innealtóirí bogearraí agus príomh-oifigeach cúraim. Ba cheart duit na 'Comhpháirteanna' atá liostaithe thuas a úsáid chun cabhrú le beartais agus nósanna imeachta atá bunaithe ar fhianaise a fhorbairt do d'eagraíocht Tá réimse na faisnéise altraíochta ar cheann de na réimsí speisialtóireachta atá ag fás go tapa i gcúram sláinte an lae inniu. Baineann ríomhfhorbairt na n-iníon ag baint úsáide as teicneolaíocht faisnéise sláinte chun sláinte othair agus a dteaghlaigh ar fud an domhain a fheabhsú. Déanann saineolaithe i ríomhchláir na n-iníonanna bainistíocht agus cumarsáid na cúraimí a shruthlú, táirgiúlacht a fheabhsú go mór, costas na seirbhísí leighis a laghdú, agus cáilíocht na cúraimí a fheabhsú. Tá suim ag saineolaithe faisnéise altraí eolas a bheith acu ar chláir bogearraí ríomhaire (Microsoft Word, Excel), ar phróiseas eolais sreabhadh oibre cliniciúil ospidéil agus ar úsáid éifeachtach timpeallacht chliniciúil ospidéil, agus ar eolas faoi chaighdeáin cúraim sláinte cáilithe cónaidhme Tá scileanna ríomhaireachta maith acu. Faigh do chuid aisteanna saor ó phláigéireacht ó Tutorsgallery.com

Scientists design simple dipstick test for cocaine, other drugs CHAMPAIGN, Ill. -- Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed a simple "dipstick" test for detecting cocaine and other drugs in saliva, urine or blood serum. The test is based upon DNA-gold nanoparticle technology, and can be packaged in user-friendly kits similar to those used for home pregnancy tests. "Building upon our earlier work with lead (Pb) sensors, we constructed colorimetric sensors that are based on the lateral flow separation of aptamer-linked nanostructures," said Yi Lu, a chemistry professor at the U. of I., and a researcher at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. "The new sensors offer a quick and convenient test that can be utilized by first responders or emergency room staff to quickly screen individuals for a variety of drugs and other chemicals." Lu said. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids that can bind to specific molecules in three-dimensions. For each molecular target, such as cocaine, a corresponding aptamer can be selected from a large DNA library. By using lateral flow devices as platforms to separate aptamer-linked nanoparticle aggregates, Lu, postdoctoral researcher Juewen Liu and graduate student Debapriya Mazumdar created highly sensitive and selective colorimetric sensors that mimic litmus paper tests. The researchers describe their work in a paper accepted for publication in the journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition, and posted on its Web site. "Our lateral flow devices take advantage of the difference in size between dispersed and aggregated gold nanostructures," Lu said. "This provides critical control for the performance of the devices." The lateral flow device consists of four overlapping pads – wicking, conjugation, membrane and absorption. The appropriate aptamer-linked nanoparticle aggregates are placed on the conjugation pad, streptavidin is applied as a thin line to the membrane pad, and the device is then dried. When dipped into a solution, or swabbed with a sample, the wicking pad carries the fluid to the nanoparticle aggregates on the conjugation pad. The rehydrated aggregates then migrate to the edge of the membrane, which they cannot penetrate because of their large size. The aptamers quickly bind to any targeted molecules that are present, freeing some of the gold nanoparticles. The red-colored nanoparticles then migrate along the membrane, where they are captured by the streptavidin and form a red line. The intensity of the line is an indicator of how much of the targeted molecule was in the sample solution. So far, the researchers have successfully demonstrated their dipstick technology on both adenosine (a nucleotide consisting of adenine and ribose) and cocaine, in human blood serum. "Our results show that the aptamer-based dipstick is compatible with biological samples, making applications in medicinal diagnostics possible," Lu said. The work was funded by the U. S. Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 30 Apr 2016 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.

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Deartha eolaithe tástáil simplí dipstick do chócaín, drugaí eile Tá an t-éileamh ar an gcineál seo de chócaín agus drugaí eile a aimsiú i saille, i dhlús nó i sream fola. Tá an tástáil bunaithe ar theicneolaíocht nanoparticle DNA-gold, agus is féidir é a phacáil i gcistí atá éasca le húsáid cosúil leis na cinn a úsáidtear le haghaidh tástálacha toirchis sa bhaile. "Ag tógáil ar ár gcuid oibre roimhe seo le braiteoirí luaidhe (Pb), d'éirigh linn braiteoirí colorimetric a thógáil atá bunaithe ar scaradh sruth taobh nanostructures nasctha le aptamer", a dúirt Yi Lu, ollamh ceimice ag U. of I., agus taighdeoir in Institiúid Beckman le haghaidh Eolaíochta agus Teicneolaíochta Ard. "Tá na braiteoirí nua ina tástáil tapa agus áisiúil a d'fhéadfadh na chéad fhreagróirí nó foireann na seomraí éigeandála a úsáid chun daoine a scagadh go tapa ar dhrugaí éagsúla agus ceimiceáin eile". Lu a dúirt. Is aigéid núicléacha aon-shnándáilte iad aptamers a fhéadann ceangal le móilíní ar leith i dtrí thrí. I gcás gach sprioc móilíneach, mar shampla cóicín, is féidir aptamer comhfhreagrach a roghnú ó leabharlann mór DNA. Trí fheistí srutha taobh a úsáid mar ardáin chun comhchruinnithe nanoparticle nasctha le aptamer a scaradh, chruthaigh Lu, taighdeoir iar-dochtúireachta Juewen Liu agus mac léinn iarchéime Debapriya Mazumdar braiteoirí dathmhéadracha an-íogair agus roghnacha a dhéanann imreoir tástálacha páipéir litmus. Déanann na taighdeoirí cur síos ar a gcuid oibre i bpáipéar a glacadh le foilsiú sa iris Angewandte Chemie International Edition, agus a cuireadh ar a shuíomh Gréasáin. "Tá ár bhfeistí sruthadh taobh ag baint leas as an difríocht i méid idir nanostruchtúir óir scaipthe agus comhchruinnithe", a dúirt Lu. "Cuireann sé seo rialú ríthábhachtach ar fheidhmíocht na bhfeistí". Is éard atá sa gléas sreabhadh taobh ná ceithre phaid a mhaireann le chéile wicking, conjugation, membrane and absorption. Cuirtear na comhchruinnithe nanoparticle cuí atá nasctha le aptamer ar an mbosca comhghabhála, cuirtear streptavidin i bhfeidhm mar líne tanaí ar an mbosca membrane, agus déantar an gléas a thriomú ansin. Nuair a bhíonn an t-uisce faoi uisce i tuaslagán, nó nuair a bhíonn sampla á n-éag, cuireann an pad wicking an sreabhach chuig na comhchruinnithe nanapharalaigh ar an pad comhcheangailte. Tá an t-ábhar atá athshlactha ag bogadh go dtí imeall an mhéibhráin, nach féidir leo dul isteach ann mar gheall ar a mhéid mór. Déantar na aptamers a cheangal go tapa le haon mhóilín sprioc atá i láthair, ag scaoileadh cuid de na nanoparticles óir. Ansin, imíonn na nanoparticles dearga ar feadh an mhéibrán, áit a nglacann an streptavidin iad agus a chruthaíonn líne dearg. Is táscaire é déine an líne ar cé mhéad den mhóilín sprioc a bhí sa réiteach samplach. Go dtí seo, tá na taighdeoirí tar éis a dteicneolaíocht dipstick a léiriú go rathúil ar adenosine (nuicléatíd ina bhfuil adenin agus ribóis) agus ar chokain, i sream fola daonna. "Taispeánann ár dtorthaí go bhfuil an dipstick bunaithe ar aptamer comhoiriúnach le samplaí bitheolaíocha, rud a fhágann go bhfuil feidhmíocht in dhiagnóisis leighis indéanta", a dúirt Lu. Bhí maoiniú ag Roinn Fuinnimh na Stát Aontaithe, an National Science Foundation, agus Leabharlann Taighde Arm na Stát Aontaithe don obair. Athbhreithnithe deireanach: ag John M. Grohol, Psy.D. an 30 Aibreán 2016 Foilsithe ar PsychCentral.com. Coimeádtar na cearta go léir.

Since biblical times, the idea of having an expensive textile underfoot has been associated with wealth, power, and sanctity. Only wealthy patrons could afford fine carpets, which were traded as luxury goods from the Islamic lands to Europe and other parts of the world. As early as the fourteenth century, images of carpets woven in the East began to appear in European paintings. Initially, these precious textiles were depicted solely in religious scenes—under the foot of the Virgin or as an altar covering, for example. Later, carpets appeared in fashionable still lifes, portraits, and genre scenes to reflect high social and economic status. Italian artists were the first to depict oriental carpets, favoring rugs from Anatolia; by the end of the sixteenth century, the interest shifted to northern Europe. In the seventeenth century, the range of Eastern textiles depicted by Dutch and Flemish artists expanded as Islamic carpets from Anatolia, Persia, India, and elsewhere became more widespread in the Netherlandish market. An important explanation of this phenomenon relates to the increasing importance of Dutch trade in eastern territories. Indeed, around the 1620s, the Dutch and the English East India Companies had successfully overtaken the Portuguese as the largest traders with the Near and Far East. Dutch painters from the seventeenth century often include oriental carpets in genre scenes set in the homes of prosperous citizens. Unlike in the East, where carpets are used on the floor, in these works the carpets appear draped on tables together with silverware, precious objects such as gold and glass, musical instruments, and food. All of these items are glorified symbols of wealth, but they also allude to vanity, the uselessness of excess, and the lust for riches. This exhibition shows three mid-seventeenth-century Dutch paintings along with three actual rugs of the same period. Each of the carpets on view corresponds to a rug in one of the paintings. All paintings and carpets are from the Museum's collection. The exhibition is made possible by The Hagop Kevorkian Fund.

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Ó amanna bíobla, tá an smaoineamh go bhfuil téacsleach daor faoi chosa ag baint le saibhreas, cumhacht, agus naofacht. Ní raibh ach páistí saibhre in ann carpets fíneáil a cheannach, a bhí á ndíol mar earraí só ó thír na nIoslamach go dtí an Eoraip agus codanna eile den domhan. Go luath sa cheathrú haois déag, thosaigh íomhánna de charrtaí a bhí déanta san Oirthear ag teacht chun cinn i bpéinteanna na hEorpa. Ar dtús, ní raibh na teicstílí luachmhara seo á léiriú ach i radharcanna reiligiúnacha - faoi chos na Maighdean nó mar chlúdach altóir, mar shampla. Níos déanaí, bhí an-tóir ar charráin i ndíolmharthana, i bpictiúir agus i radharcanna cineálacha chun seasamh sóisialta agus eacnamaíoch ard a léiriú. Ba iad ealaíontóirí na hIodáile na chéad daoine a léirigh carpets oirtheolacha, ag cur i bhfabhar carpets ó Anatolia; faoi dheireadh an séú haois déag, d'athraigh an spéis go dtí an Eoraip thuaidh. Sa seachtú haois déag, leathnaigh raon na teicstílí Oirtheanach a léiríodh ag ealaíontóirí Ollainnis agus Fhlámhacha de réir mar a tháinig an-leathan le carpets Ioslamacha ó Anatolia, Persia, India, agus áiteanna eile sa mhargadh Ollainnis. Tá míniú tábhachtach ar an bhfeiniméan seo a bhaineann leis an tábhacht ag méadú trádáil na hÍsiltíre i gcríocha an Oirthir. Go deimhin, timpeall na 1620idí, bhí na Cuideachtaí Oirthear na hIndia Ollainnis agus na Breataine i mbun na bPortaingéalaigh a shárú mar na trádálaithe is mó leis an Near agus Far East. Is minic a chuimsíonn péinteoirí Ollainnis ón seachtú haois déag caipéid oirtheolacha i radharcanna cine atá leagtha síos i dtithe saoránaigh rathúla. Murab ionann agus san Oirthear, áit a n-úsáidtear carpets ar an urlár, sna saothair seo tá na carpets leagtha ar táblaí in éineacht le seandálach airgid, rudaí luachmhara mar ór agus gloine, ionstraimí ceoil, agus bia. Tá na míreanna seo go léir ina siombailí glóireacha d'aibhneas, ach tugann siad le fios freisin go bhfuil an t-aibhneas, an iomarca a bheith gan úsáid, agus an t-éagóir ar shaibhreas. Taispeánann an taispeántas seo trí phictiúr Ollainnis ó lár an seachtú haois déag mar aon le trí charrlár iarbhír den tréimhse chéanna. Freagraíonn gach ceann de na capáistí atá le feiceáil le capall i gceann de na pictiúir. Tá na pictiúir agus na tapáistí go léir ó bhailiúchán an Mhúsaeim. Tá an taispeántas ar fáil de bhuíochas do The Hagop Kevorkian Fund.

Yesterday, the BBC News reported on the work of researchers into the acoustic properties apparently designed into the layout of Stonehenge. The article, entitled "Neolithic acoustics of Stonehenge revealed by academics," describes a theory put forward by scientist Dr. Steven Waller in February of this year (it actually fits into the extensive and important acoustical work he has been doing for years at sites around the world, and ties into material on Stonehenge that he published at the end of 2011), which the BBC article describes as "suggesting the design of Stonehenge could have been inspired by music." In fact, however, the theory of Dr. Waller is much more amazing than that (the author of the BBC article seems to have missed it, as that is as much description of Dr. Waller's work as it gives, with no later elaboration). Based on my understanding of Dr. Waller's written paper describing his November 2011 presentation to the Acoustical Society of America, as well as the remarkable slides he has posted from his presentation on the subject from February of this year, Dr. Waller's theory might be better described as arguing that Stonehenge is actually a physical representation of acoustical wave-patterns! Specifically, it mirrors a two-point sound-wave interference pattern. This is an amazing assertion, and Dr. Waller's research, as well as the research of two academics also mentioned in the article, appears to support such a hypothesis. The other two researchers who have now spent several years studying Stonehenge and acoustics are professors Rubert Till of Huddersfield University and Bruno Fazenda of the University of Salford (both in England). Here is a link to an article from 2009 describing some of their findings, and here are links three segments (part one, part two, and part three) from a television show discussing their work (along with over-dramatic narration and actors dressed in furs and skins reinforcing the idea -- stated in the narration -- that Stonehenge was built by primitive stone-age people just learning the first rudimentary skills of farming and beginning to gather in villages). The work of all three researchers suggests that the site's acoustics may well relate to the use of drumming and even to altered states of consciousness (such as rhythmically induced trances), and to changes in brain-wave activity. Dr. Waller's other work in particular demonstrates the unmistakable connection between shamanic activity and acoustically unusual sites (natural echoing chambers, canyons, and caves, many of which are decorated with significant rock art). Dr. Waller's website Rock Art Acoustics discusses the art and acoustics at many such sites in the American Southwest and West, as well as at the Caves of Lascoux and other sites in Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, Australia and the Pacific. The fact that so many of these sites seem to incorporate both celestial imagery or alignments (Stonehenge contains strong alignments, and the Caves of Lascaux contain celestial imagery, for example) and that Dr. Waller and the other researchers believe their acoustics may be connected with altered brain-wave activity, states of consciousness, or shamanic activity, is extremely significant. In her book Approaching Chaos, Lucy Wyatt (whose work is discussed in this previous post) presents evidence that sophisticated incorporation of acoustic principles in ancient structures enabled the use of sonic and ultrasonic vibration that may have played a role in the very purposeful rituals that took place at those sacred sites. The heart of these rituals was a shamanic journey undertaken by a leader in search of beneficial knowledge for rest of the civilization. She points to evidence offered by many researchers suggesting that the Great Pyramid may have incorporated such sophisticated acoustic principles, and notes that other ancient structures around the world, including those on Malta, may have as well (158, 161-165). See this previous post for a discussion of some strong evidence that the ancient temples on Malta incorporate deliberate acoustical manipulation in their design. Lucy also points out the power of acoustic vibrations to create physical patterns (such as in a thin layer of sand upon a metal disc), something that John Anthony West also discusses in his examination of the evidence of extremely sophisticated knowledge in ancient Egypt and the parallels between these patterns and ancient Egyptian and Pythagorean designs (see for instance the discussion in this previous post and this previous post, as well as of course his indispensable book Serpent in the Sky). Dr. Waller in the slide show linked above makes the insightful observation that, if ancient monuments such as Stonehenge are physical incorporations of acoustical wave-patterns, this could explain the numerous traditions found around the world insisting that ancient megalithic sites were erected by mystical figures using sound (often a flute)! This appears to be an incredibly important line of investigation. The power and importance of music and chanting has been explored in many previous posts on this blog (see here, here, and here to begin), and the possible connections between acoustics and shamanic activity at these sites suggested by the work of Steven Waller, Rupert Till, Bruno Fazenda, and Lucy Wyatt sheds tremendous new light on the power of sound, and they are to be congratulated for it (and encouraged to continue!). The high level of sophistication required for the depiction in massive stone of wave-interference patterns, as well as the achievement of finely-tuned acoustical effects in these megalithic sites, and even the simultaneous incorporation of precise solar and astronomical alignments in the very same structures, also provides compelling evidence that the knowledge that originally informed these monuments was probably not the product of neolithic early farmers as described in the conventional academic narrative and depicted in most popular drawings and shows.

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Inné, tuairiscíodh ar BBC News obair taighdeoirí ar na hairíonna fuaime a ceapadh go dealraitheach i leagan amach Stonehenge. Déanann an t-alt, dar teideal "Neolithic acoustics of Stonehenge revealed by academics", cur síos ar theoiric a chuir an eolaí Dr. Steven Waller chun cinn i mí Feabhra na bliana seo (is é sin go deimhin an obair fuaime fairsing agus tábhachtach a bhí á dhéanamh aige le blianta ar shuíomhanna ar fud an domhain, agus naisc le hábhar ar Stonehenge a d'fhoilsigh sé ag deireadh 2011), a thuairiscíonn an t-alt BBC mar "a mholann go bhféadfadh ceol a bheith ina spreagadh ar dhearadh Stonehenge". I ndáiríre, áfach, tá teoiric an Dr. Waller i bhfad níos iontaí ná sin (is cosúil go ndearna údar an ailt BBC dearmad air, mar is é sin an oiread tuairisc ar obair an Dr. Waller a thugann sé, gan aon fhorléiriú ina dhiaidh sin). Bunaithe ar mo thuiscint ar pháipéar scríofa an Dr. Waller ag cur síos ar a chur i láthair i mí na Samhna 2011 chuig an Cumann Acústach Mheiriceá, chomh maith leis na sleamhnáin suntasacha a chuir sé óna chur i láthair ar an ábhar ó mhí Feabhra na bliana seo, d'fhéadfadh teoiric an Dr. Waller a bheith níos fearr a thuairisciú mar ag argóint go bhfuil Stonehenge i ndáiríre ionadaíocht fhisiceach de mhúnlaí tonn fuaime! Go sonrach, léiríonn sé patrún cur isteach tonn fuaime dhá phointe. Is é seo a dhearbhú iontach, agus taighde an Dr. Waller, chomh maith le taighde dhá acadúil a luaitear san alt, is cosúil go dtacaíonn sé leis an hipitéis sin. Is iad an dá thaighdeoir eile a chaith roinnt blianta anois ag staidéar ar Stonehenge agus ar aicsteolaíocht na múinteoirí Rubert Till ó Ollscoil Huddersfield agus Bruno Fazenda ó Ollscoil Salford (an dá cheann i Sasana). Seo nasc chuig alt ó 2009 ag cur síos ar chuid dá gcuid torthaí, agus seo naisc le trí chuid (páirt a haon, páirt a dó, agus páirt a trí) ó seó teilifíse ag plé a gcuid oibre (in éineacht le haisréal ró-dramatúil agus aisteoirí a bhí i mbéalta agus craiceann ag cur leis an smaoineamh - a luaitear sa haisréal - gur thóg daoine primitive aois cloiche Stonehenge díreach ag foghlaim na chéad scileanna bunúsacha feirmeoireachta agus ag tosú ag bailiú i sráidbhailte). Tugann obair na dtrí taighdeoir le fios go bhféadfadh acústica an láithreáin a bheith bainteach le húsáid drumaí agus fiú le stáit athraitheacha feasachta (mar shampla tranceanna a spreagtar go rithimiciúil), agus le hathruithe ar ghníomhaíocht tonn ceoil. Léiríonn obair eile an Dr. Waller go háirithe an nasc gan amhras idir gníomhaíocht shamanic agus suíomhanna neamhghnácha fuaime (camaraí athshéadaithe nádúrtha, canyons, agus uaimh, a bhfuil ealaín carraig suntasach ag go leor acu). Déantar plé ar an ealaín agus ar an acúisticí ag go leor suíomhanna den sórt sin i ndeisceart agus i dtríú taobh Mheiriceá, chomh maith le Caves of Lascoux agus suíomhanna eile san Eoraip, san Afraic, san Áise, i Meiriceá Theas, san Astráil agus sa Aigéan Ciúin ar shuíomh Gréasáin an Dr. Waller Rock Art Acoustics. Is fíor-thábhachtach an rud go bhfuil an oiread sin de na suíomhanna seo cosúil go bhfuil iontu íomhánna neamhneacha nó ailíniúcháin (Stonehenge ina bhfuil ailíniúcháin láidre, agus go bhfuil íomhánna neamhneacha i gCéimeanna Lascaux, mar shampla) agus go gcreideann an Dr. Waller agus na taighdeoirí eile go bhféadfadh a n-acustics a bheith nasctha le gníomhaíocht athraithe tonn ceall inchinn, staidí feasachta, nó gníomhaíocht shamanic. Ina leabhar Approaching Chaos, Lucy Wyatt (a bhfuil a chuid oibre pléite sa phost roimhe seo) léiríonn sé fianaise go gcuirtear prionsabail fuaime i bhfeidhm go forleathan i struchtúir ársa a chuir ar chumas an fhuaim fuaime agus ultrafhuaime a úsáid a d'fhéadfadh ról a bheith acu sna deasghnátha an-chuspóireach a tharla sna háiteanna naofa sin. Is é croí na deasghnátha seo turas shamanic a rinne ceannaire ar thaithí tairbheach a lorg don chuid eile den shibhialtacht. Tugann sí le fios fianaise a thairg go leor taighdeoirí a thugann le tuiscint go bhféadfadh na prionsabail fuaime casta sin a bheith san áireamh sa Phirimíd Mhór, agus tugann sí faoi deara go bhféadfadh struchtúir ársa eile ar fud an domhain, lena n-áirítear iad siúd ar Málta, a bheith acu freisin (158, 161-165). Féach an post roimhe seo le haghaidh plé ar roinnt fianaise láidir go bhfuil na teampaill ársa ar Málta ionchorprú a dhéanamh ar ionramháil fuaime intinn ina n-dealbhadh. Tugann Lucy le fios freisin go bhfuil cumhacht ag vibrations fuaime chun patrúin fhisiceacha a chruthú (mar shampla i sraith tanaí gaineamh ar diosca miotail), rud a phléann John Anthony West freisin ina scrúdú ar fhianaise ar eolas an-sóifistithe san Éigipt ársa agus na comhthreomhanna idir na patrúin seo agus na dearaí ársa na hÉigipte agus na Pythagorean (féach mar shampla an plé sa phost seo roimhe agus an post seo roimhe seo, chomh maith lena leabhar riachtanach ar ndóigh, Serpent in the Sky). Déanann an Dr. Waller sa seó sleamhnáin atá nasctha thuas an breathnóireacht léargas go bhfuil sé, má tá sé ina chomhtháthú fisiciúil de mhúnlaí tonn fuaime ar shléibheanna ársa mar Stonehenge, d'fhéadfadh sé seo na traidisiúin iomadúla a fhaightear ar fud an domhain a mhíniú ag éileamh gur shuigh figiúirí mistéideacha sean-megalaiticí ag úsáid fuaime (go minic scaire)! Is cosúil gur líne an-tábhachtach imscrúdaithe é seo. Tá an chumhacht agus an tábhacht a bhaineann le ceol agus canadh curtha i láthair i go leor post roimhe seo ar an mblag seo (féach anseo, anseo, agus anseo chun tús a chur leis), agus naisc féideartha idir fuaime agus gníomhaíocht shamanic sna suíomhanna seo a mhol obair Steven Waller, Rupert Till, Bruno Fazenda, agus Lucy Wyatt léiríonn solas nua ollmhór ar chumhacht an fhuaime, agus ba chóir iad a chur i ngrá as sin (agus iad a spreagadh chun leanúint ar aghaidh! ) Soláthraíonn an ardleibhéal sofisticeachta a theastaíonn le haghaidh léargas ar mhúnlaí cur isteach tonn i gcloch ollmhór, chomh maith le héifeachtaí fuaime fíneáil-timpeallaithe a bhaint amach sna suíomhanna meigilte seo, agus fiú comhtháthú comhuaineach ailíniúcháin chruinn ghrian agus réalteolaíocha sna struchtúir chéanna, fianaise láidir freisin nach raibh an t-eolas a d'fhoilsigh na séadchomharthaí seo ar dtús mar thoradh ar fheirmeoirí luath nua-oilte mar a thuairiscítear sa scéal acadúil choinbhinsiúnach agus a léirítear i gcuid is mó de na líníochtaí agus na seónna tóir.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brainand spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Specific symptoms can include double vision, blindness in one eye, muscle weakness, trouble with sensation, or trouble with coordination. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive forms). Between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely; however, permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as the disease advances.

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Is galar dí-mhí-léineach é sclerosis ilphléic (MS) ina ndéantar damáiste do chlúdach inslitheach na gcealla néaróg sa inchinn agus sa chnámh cnámh. Cuireann an damáiste seo isteach ar chumas codanna den chóras néaróg cumarsáid a dhéanamh, rud a fhágann go bhfuil raon comharthaí agus comharthaí ann, lena n-áirítear fadhbanna fisiciúla, meabhracha agus síceacha uaireanta. D'fhéadfadh comharthaí sonracha a bheith i gceist le feiceáil dhá thaobh, dalltacht ar shúil amháin, lagú matáin, deacracht le tuiscint, nó deacracht le comhordú. Bíonn cineálacha éagsúla MS ann, agus tagann comharthaí nua le hairíonna aonair (foirmeacha athfhillteacha) nó le chéile le himeacht ama (foirmeacha forásacha). Idir na hairíonna, d'fhéadfadh na hairíonna dul ar neamh go hiomlán; áfach, is minic a fhanann fadhbanna neirbhéolaíocha buan, go háirithe de réir mar a théann an galar chun cinn.

A natural arch, natural bridge or, less commonly, a rock arch is a natural rock formation where a ... Natural arches commonly form where cliffs are subject to erosion from the sea, rivers or weather... A sea arch is a natural opening eroded out of a cliff face by marine processes. Some arches appear to have developed from surge channels, which are created This sea arch at Goat Rock Beach south of Jenner, California, is unusual in that it sits offshore. The usual method of forming a sea arch is that a headland ... Apr 25, 2016 ... A sea arch is a natural arch or bridge created where the cliffs meet the sea. Often formed out of an old cave, a sea arch can... At the end of Chain of Craters road, there is a short trail to the ocean and the Hōlei Sea Arch. At present, the sea arch is about 90 ft. (27.4 meters) high. Nov 19, 2009 ... It's cold and ugly outside in some places, so think about sea arches like a mysterious portal to another world of sunshine and warm tropical ... A natural arch is commonly formed by erosion of soft rock by water. Often natural arches will appear near or on cliffs that are found by the sea or rivers (or where ... Formation of Sea Arch. At headland, wave erosion is most concentrate because of wave refraction. Destructive waves erode along the line of weakness, e.g. ... Nov 20, 2009 ... West Wales-Sea arches & Stacks. podders79 .... How Erosion Effects the Formation of Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps - Duration: 1:59. Apr 29, 2015 ... Great Pollet Arch is a charming sea arch situated in the coast of Donegal county in the state of Ireland. A beautiful tidal pool flows besides this ...

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Is carraig nádúrtha é achta nádúrtha, droichead nádúrtha nó, níos lú go coitianta, achta carraige foirmíocht ina bhfuil ... Is gnách go gcruthófar áirse nádúrtha nuair a bhíonn cnaipí faoi réir éadóis ón bhfarraige, na n-aibhne nó ó aimsir... Is oscailt nádúrtha é achan farraige a bhfuil próisis mhara a scriosadh amach as aghaidh na cneada. Is cosúil go ndearnadh roinnt áirse a fhorbairt ó chainéil shárú, a cruthaítear Tá an t-airc farraige seo ag Goat Rock Beach ó dheas ó Jenner, California, neamhghnách sa mhéid go bhfuil sé suíonn amach ón gcósta. Is é an modh is gnách chun achad farraige a chruthú ná go bhfuil ceann talún ... 25 Aibreán, 2016 ... Is éard atá i léarscáil farraige ná léarscáil nádúrtha nó droichead a cruthaítear nuair a bhuaileann na cneacha leis an bhfarraige. Go minic cruthaithe as sean-chloch, is féidir le hairc farraige... Ag deireadh bóthar Chain of Craters, tá cosán gearr go dtí an aigéan agus an Hōlei Sea Arch. Faoi láthair, tá an t-arc farraige thart ar 90 troigh (27.4 méadar) ar airde. 19 Samhain, 2009 ... Tá sé fuar agus ugly lasmuigh i roinnt áiteanna, mar sin smaoineamh ar archanna farraige mar tairseach mistéireach go domhan eile de sunshine agus te trópaiceach ... Is gnách go gcruthófar achad nádúrtha trí éadóchas carraige bog ag uisce. Go minic nádúrtha Beidh áirse le feiceáil in aice nó ar charraigí a fhaightear ag an bhfarraige nó ag na haibhneacha (nó nuair a ... Forbairt na Sea Arch. Ag an mbonn, tá éadóis tonn an-chruinnithe toisc go bhfuil de réabhlóid tonn. Tá tonnta díothaitheacha ag creimeadh ar feadh líne na laige, e.g. ... a bheith 20 Samhain 2009 ... West Wales-Sea arches & Stacks. Conas a dhéanann Éireannaigh an t-Eoróis ar an Forbairt na gCéil, na nArc, na nPíol agus na nStumps - Duration: 1:59. 29 Aibreán, 2015 ... Is é an t-Arc Mór Pollet achar farraige álainn atá suite ar chósta chontae Dhún na nGall i stát na hÉireann. Sroicheann an t-uisceann geal-aiseach taobh leis an ...

The Agricultural Revolution had a huge effect on British, and indeed on world agriculture. The Revolution, which started in the 17th century with the invention of machines like the seed drill and the spinning jenny, saw appliances begin to replace human workers, and was essentially based on the invention of the differential gear – which allows a person to translate a specific amount of cyclically generated power from a vertical to a horizontal plane. A modern piece of agricultural machinery shares this transmission heritage from the first traction engines, which were the lineal descendants of portable agricultural engines used by farmers in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The portable farm engine was dragged from location to location by a team of horses, at which point it would be fixed to the apparatus it was intended to drive. The power for hoeing and harvesting came from the engine itself, which used steam power to develop the traction needed to pull a long drive belt backwards and forwards across fields. Farm machines were attached to the drive belt, which pulled wheeled machines backwards and forwards across the land. The wheel and the modern traction engine (or tractor, as it is now known) are the reasons why agriculture was able to develop on the massive scale that it did. The wheel forms a central part of a differential gear setup, or transmission as well as allowing the tractor to move around under its own power. Gear cogs, after all, are wheels with teeth in them – and it is these teeth that allow rotary motion to turn through 90 degrees and power a horizontally lying axle or drive shaft. Nearly all modern farm equipment takes its power from the tractor – in the same way that historic farm equipment used to take its power from the portable traction engine, or the horse drawn traction engine. Whatever equipment is required to be used is plugged into the drive shaft of the tractor, which provides the rotary motion necessary for working the turning parts of the additional machine. The only exception to this rule is the combine harvester – which is kind of a cheat, as it’s really juts a tractor in a fancy suit anyway. The combine harvester uses the same principle – that of using a single portable engine power source to drive multiple farm machines – only it doesn’t let the user disconnect any of the three machines it drives: the thresher, the reaper and the winnower. Instead, the combine keeps all three hidden beneath that smart exterior – so it’s essentially a tractor with three machines attached to it, protected from the elements and from moving part damage with an armoured box. The advantages of having your power source move with you, but of having it disconnected from the machines you use, are several. Importantly, it cuts down on the number of engines you have to rely on – meaning you can plough most of your resources into the purchase and maintenance of a single tractor as a power plant. The machines attached to the tractor have less internal mechanics as a result, and so are less likely to develop serious faults. Author Bio:Tom Brown is a freelance writer based in Denbighshire. He has researched agricultural machinery, farm machinery and the sector overall online. He enjoys spending time with his computer enjoying computer games.

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Bhí tionchar mór ag an Réabhlóid Talmhaíochta ar thalmhaíocht na Breataine, agus ar thalmhaíocht an domhain i ndáiríre. An Réabhlóid, a thosaigh sa 17ú haois le hairgead na meaisíní cosúil leis an drill síolta agus an jenny spinning, chonaic fearais tús a chur in ionad oibrithe daonna, agus bhí sé bunaithe go bunúsach ar an aireagán an gear difríocht a ligeann do dhuine a aistriú méid sonrach de chumhacht a ghintear go sicilic ó eitleán ingearach go eitleán cothrománach. Tá an oidhreacht seo tarchuirithe ag píosa nua-aimseartha de mheaisín talmhaíochta ó na chéad innill tarraingthe, a bhí na sliocht líneach de innill talmhaíochta in-athsheachanta a d'úsáid feirmeoirí ag deireadh an 18ú haois agus go luath sa 19ú haois. Bhí an t-inneall feirme in-aistrithe á tharraingt ó shuíomh go háit ag foireann capall, ag an bpointe sin a bheadh sé ceangailte leis an gléas a bhí sé ceaptha a thiomáint. Tháinig an chumhacht chun an t-uisce a shéideadh agus a bhaint ón inneall féin, a d'úsáid cumhacht gaile chun an tarraingt a fhorbairt a theastaíonn chun crios tiomána fada a tharraingt ar ais agus ar aghaidh ar fud na bhfeirmeacha. Bhí meaisíní feirme ceangailte leis an gcrios tiomána, a tharraing meaisíní rothaí ar ais agus ar aghaidh ar fud na talún. Is iad an roth agus an t-inneall tarraingthe nua-aimseartha (nó an tarraictóir, mar a thugtar air anois) na cúiseanna a raibh an talmhaíocht in ann forbairt ar an scála ollmhór a rinne sí. Is cuid lárnach de shocrú gear difríochtúil, nó tarchur, é an roth agus ceadaíonn sé don thráchtóir bogadh timpeall faoi a chumhacht féin. Tá coganna gear, tar éis an tsaoil, rothaí le fiacla iontu agus is iad na fiacla seo a ligeann do ghluaiseacht rothlach casadh trí 90 céim agus cumhacht a chur ar ais ar ais go cothrománach nó ar shaft tiomána. Glacann beagnach gach trealamh feirmeoireachta nua-aimseartha a chumhacht ón dtrátóir ar an mbealach céanna a d'úsáid trealamh feirmeoireachta stairiúil a chumhacht ón inneall tarraingthe in-iompar, nó ón inneall tarraingthe capaill. Cibé trealamh a theastaíonn a úsáid, cuirtear é i gceangal le hacht tiomána an tarractóra, a sholáthraíonn an ghluaiseacht rothlach is gá chun páirteanna casadh an mheaisín bhreise a oibriú. Is é an t-aon eisceacht ón riail seo ná an cumadóir atá ina chineál cheat, mar go bhfuil sé i ndáiríre ag cur trachtóir i gúna fantaisíochta ar aon nós. Baineann an cumarsáid le prionsabal an choigeartaithe céanna - an ceann a bhaineann le foinse cumhachta mótair in-athsheolta aonair a úsáid chun meaisíní feirme a thiomáint - ach ní ligeann sé don úsáideoir aon cheann de na trí mheaisín a thiománaíonn sé a dhíchumplú: an thresher, an reaper agus an winnower. Ina áit sin, coinníonn an comhcheangal na trí cinn i bhfolach faoin taobh amuigh cliste sin mar sin is trachtóir é go bunúsach le trí mheaisín ceangailte leis, faoi chosaint ó na heilimintí agus ó damáiste páirteanna bogála le bosca armáilte. Tá roinnt buntáistí ag baint leis an gcumhacht a fhaigheann tú óna bhfoinse, ach a bheith dícheangailte ó na meaisíní a úsáideann tú. Tá sé tábhachtach go laghdaíonn sé líon na n-inneall ar a gcaithfidh tú brath rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir leat an chuid is mó de do chuid acmhainní a chur i gceannach agus i gcothabháil aon thráchtóir amháin mar ghléasra cumhachta. Tá níos lú meicnic inmheánach ag na meaisíní atá ceangailte leis an bpraghas, agus mar sin is lú seans go bhforbróidh siad earráidí tromchúiseacha. Scríbhneoir Eolais: Is scríbhneoir neamhspleách é Tom Brown atá lonnaithe i mBaile Átha Cliath. Rinne sé taighde ar mheaisíní talmhaíochta, ar mheaisíní feirme agus ar an earnáil ar fad ar líne. Is maith leis am a chaitheamh ag an ríomhaire ag imirt cluichí ríomhaire.

We have all at some point in our lives tried to diet. Whether it was to lose weight, for a cleanse, or for medical purposes; we have all tried to cut out certain foods and limit how much we eat. Instead of limiting and controlling your intake of food, you should seek to change your lifestyle to one that is healthy overall. What is Dieting? A diet is the type of food you normally consume. When you choose to diet, you prioritize eating certain foods above others. You’ll limit a specific type of food from your intake, such as carbs or processed sugar. The purpose of dieting is most often to lose weight; the less you eat, the more weight you’ll lose. There are hundreds of diets to select from, the most notable being the Atkins diet, Keto diet, and Paleo diet. The Atkins diet promotes a low-carbohydrate intake, believing that results in an increased weight loss. Keto is similar to Atkins–it is a low carb but high fat diet. The Paleo diet is also nicknamed “the caveman diet”, as you can eat anything that hunter-gatherers would have eaten. It is a high protein, low carb diet. There has been years worth of research done on the benefits and accuracies of dieting. While some of them do, in fact, help you lose weight, it has now been shown that low carbohydrate diets are not beneficial in weight loss. Dieting helps in weight loss due to its caloric restriction, not the types of food you stop eating. When you eat fewer calories than you burn off in a day, it results in a reduction of weight; the body will start to burn fat to make up for that difference. Dieting is beneficial when you have a food allergy or intolerance, such as lactose or gluten. It can be crucial to your health to avoid eating those foods, so dieting is necessary. More often than not, though, dieting is not an ideal way of living. Most diets are unsustainable–you can’t cut out so many foods for more than a few weeks before your body starts to deteriorate from lack of nutrients. Many people take it to extreme levels and eat far too few calories than is recommended by doctors and researchers. It can lead to unhealthy body issues as well as physical and mental health issues. People also feel disappointed in themselves when they fail to maintain a diet. Almost 90% of dieters who lose a lot of weight end up gaining it all back once they stop the diet because they only saw their change in food as temporary. Once the diet ended, they went back to their prior unhealthy eating habits. What is a Lifestyle Change? Where diets are only supposed to be a few weeks of following strict eating habits, a lifestyle change is where you gradually alter your relationship with food and exercise. You aren’t focused on completing a challenge just to revert right back to your previous habits once done. Since it is a process that takes months to years depending on each person, you don’t have to be so hard on yourself when you eat something unhealthy or miss a workout. You are building up your self-image and understanding that there are no mistakes–your goal isn’t to appear a certain way or weigh a certain number, but to reach a level of health where you feel confident and strong. You start with changing the types of food you eat, perhaps swapping out processed breads for whole grain ones. You prioritize eating large portions of vegetables. Once you’ve begun building up healthy eating habits, you can move on to developing an exercise routine that pleases you. It is all about changing any unhealthy habits you might have. Instead of stressing about the numbers on the scale and beating yourself up for failing a diet, you give yourself time to gain willpower and build up your discipline so that you can successfully change those behaviors for the better. When you change your lifestyle you have a greater chance of maintaining your weight loss. You also promote a healthier physical and mental health. Difference Between Dieting and Lifestyle Change Overall, dieting is a temporary solution that harms your physical and mental health. It does not have permanent results and often causes you to “boomerang” and gain back all the weight you lost, potentially even more. It is not sustainable and can harm your body when you restrict too many foods. Lifestyle changes are more disciplined and focus on your long-term goals. They prioritize your health, both mental and physical, and place importance on treating yourself kindly. It is more than just limiting calories and cutting out food–it is a process where you learn to change your mentality towards food, fitness, and health. Tips For A Healthy Lifestyle: - Be more active: You don’t need to go to a gym every day. Find an activity that you enjoy, even if it’s just going for a walk. - Enjoy your snacks: There is nothing wrong with eating processed snacks, just try and learn to portion control. You’ll soon find that you don’t actually enjoy eating them that much. - There are no mistakes: Just because you ate something unhealthy doesn’t mean you failed. There are no bad days or cheat days. You’re learning how to incorporate more exercise and less snacks in your life, not to get rid of them completely. - Be kind to yourself: You are doing the best you can. Even if you are moving slowly, you are still going towards your goal, and that should be appreciated and celebrated. Have a positive mindset and stop restricting or being hard on yourself. You’ll find that the more you start focusing on changing your lifestyle and habits and less on starting a new diet, the happier and more successful you’ll be.

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Rinneamar go léir iarracht aiste bia a dhéanamh ag pointe éigin inár saol. Cibé an raibh sé chun meáchan a chailleadh, chun glanadh, nó chun críocha leighis; rinneamar go léir iarracht bia áirithe a ghearradh amach agus an méid a itheann muid a theorannú. In ionad do chuid bia a theorannú agus a rialú, ba cheart duit iarracht a dhéanamh do stíl mhaireachtála a athrú go stíl atá sláintiúil go forleathan. Cad é an Dieting? Is é an aiste bia an cineál bia a itheann tú de ghnáth. Nuair a roghnaíonn tú aiste bia a dhéanamh, tugann tú tosaíocht do bhia áirithe a ithe thar bianna eile. Cuirfidh tú teorainn le cineál áirithe bia a ithe, mar shampla carbaihiodráití nó siúcra próiseáilte. Is minic gurb é cuspóir aiste bia meáchain a chailleadh; is é an méid is lú a itheann tú, is mó meáchain a chaillfidh tú. Tá na céadta aiste bia le roghnú, is iad na cinn is suntasaí ná aiste bia Atkins, aiste bia Keto, agus aiste bia Paleo. Cuireann aiste bia Atkins le hiontráil íseal-carbaihiodráití, agus creideann siad go dtiocfaidh meáchain caillteanas níos mó. Tá keto cosúil le Atkins - tá sé carbaihiodráit íseal ach aiste bia saille ard. Tugtar an t-ainm "diáite na n-aimsire" ar an aiste bia Paleo, toisc gur féidir leat aon rud a ithe a d'ithfeadh sealgairí-bailiúcháin. Is aiste bia ardprótín í, ísealcarb í. Tá blianta de thaighde déanta ar na buntáistí agus ar chruinneas aiste bia. Cé go gcuireann cuid acu, i ndáiríre, cabhair ort meáchan a chailleadh, tá sé léirithe anois nach bhfuil aiste bia íseal-carbaihiodráit tairbheach i gcaitheamh meáchain. Cabhraíonn aiste bia le meáchain caillteanas mar gheall ar a theorann caloric, ní na cineálacha bia a stopann tú ag ithe. Nuair a itheann tú níos lú calraí ná mar a dhóitear amach i rith an lae, bíonn laghdú meáchain ann; tosóidh an corp ag dó saill chun an difríocht sin a chomhlíonadh. Tá sé tairbheach aiste bia a dhéanamh nuair a bhíonn ailléirgí bia nó éagumasacht bia agat, amhail lachtós nó glútan. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ríthábhachtach do do shláinte gan na bianna sin a ithe, mar sin tá gá le aiste bia. Go minic, áfach, ní bealach iontach é aiste bia a dhéanamh. Níl an chuid is mó de na bianna inbhuanaithe - ní féidir leat an oiread sin bia a ghearradh amach ar feadh níos mó ná cúpla seachtain sula dtosaíonn do chorp ag meath ó easpa cothaithigh. Tógann go leor daoine go mór é agus itheann siad i bhfad ró-bheag calraí ná mar a mholann dochtúirí agus taighdeoirí. Is féidir leis fadhbanna neamhshláintiúla coirp a bheith aige chomh maith le fadhbanna sláinte fisiceach agus meabhrach. Bíonn daoine díomá orthu féin freisin nuair a bhíonn siad ag teip ar aiste bia. Tá beagnach 90% de dhaoine a chaill a lán meáchain ag teacht ar ais nuair a stopann siad leis an aiste bia toisc nach bhfaca siad ach a n-athrú bia mar thréimhseach. Nuair a bhí an aiste bia críochnaithe, chuaigh siad ar ais chuig a gcuid nósanna ithe neamhshláintiúla roimhe seo. Cad é Athrú ar Stíl na Saoil? I gcás nach bhfuil a fhios ag aiste bia ach cúpla seachtain de ghnáthamh itheacháin a leanúint, is é athrú stíl mhaireachtála an áit a n-athraíonn tú do chaidreamh le bia agus le cleachtadh go deireanach. Ní bhíonn tú dírithe ar dhúshlán a chur i gcrích ach amháin chun filleadh ar do ghnáthamh roimhe seo a luaithe a bheidh sé déanta. Ós rud é gur próiseas é a thógann míonna go blianta ag brath ar gach duine, ní gá duit a bheith chomh crua ort féin nuair a itheann tú rud éigin neamhshláintiúil nó nuair a chailleann tú workout. Tá tú ag tógáil do íomhá féin agus ag tuiscint nach bhfuil aon bhotúin ann - ní é do chuspóir a bheith ar bhealach áirithe nó a bheith ag meáchan uimhir áirithe, ach leibhéal sláinte a bhaint amach ina mbraitheann tú muiníneach agus láidir. Tosaíonn tú ag athrú na cineálacha bia a itheann tú, b'fhéidir go gcuirfidh tú arán iomlán in ionad arán próiseáilte. Is é an chéad rud a dhéanann tú ná go n-itheann tú go leor glasraí. Nuair a bheidh tú ag tosú ag cur nósanna ithe sláintiúla ar bun, is féidir leat dul ar aghaidh le gnáthamh aclaíochta a fhorbairt a thaitníonn leat. Baineann sé le haon nósanna míshláintiúla a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat a athrú. In ionad béim a chur ar na huimhreacha ar an scála agus tú féin a bhualadh as aiste bia a theip, tugann tú am duit féin neart toil a fháil agus do dheisciplín a thógáil ionas gur féidir leat na hiompar sin a athrú go rathúil chun na fearr. Nuair a athraíonn tú do stíl mhaireachtála tá seans níos mó agat do mheáchan a chailleadh a choinneáil. Cuireann tú sláinte fisiciúil agus mheabhrach níos sláintiúla chun cinn freisin. An Difríocht idir Aiste Bia agus Athrú ar Stíl na Beatha Ar an iomlán, is réiteach sealadach é aiste bia a dhéanann dochar do do shláinte fhisiceach agus mheabhrach. Ní bhíonn torthaí buan ann agus is minic a fhágann go ndéanann tú "boomerang" agus go bhfaigheann tú an meáchan a chaill tú ar ais, agus b'fhéidir níos mó fós. Níl sé inbhuanaithe agus d'fhéadfadh sé dochar a dhéanamh do do chorp má chuireann tú srian ar an iomarca bianna. Tá athruithe ar stíl mhaireachtála níos disciplíne agus dírithe ar do spriocanna fadtéarmacha. Cuireann siad do shláinte, mental agus fisiciúil araon, ar thús, agus tugann siad tábhacht do bheith cairdiúil leat féin. Ní hionann é agus calraí a theorannú agus bia a ghearradh amach - is próiseas é ina fhoghlaimíonn tú do mheon a athrú i leith bia, aclaíochta agus sláinte. Leideanna le haghaidh stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil: - Bí níos gníomhaí: ní gá duit dul go dtí an seomra aclaíochta gach lá. Faigh gníomhaíocht a thaitníonn leat, fiú mura bhfuil ann ach siúl amach. - Bíodh spraoi ag ithe do bhia liathróid: Níl aon rud cearr le bianna liathróid próiseáilte a ithe, ach déan iarracht agus foghlaim conas an méid a itheann tú a rialú. Gheobhaidh tú amach go luath nach bhfuil an-áthas ort iad a ithe. - Níl aon earráidí ann: Ní chiallaíonn sé go ndearna tú botún toisc gur ith tú rud éigin neamhshláintiúil. Níl aon laethanta olc nó laethanta cheat. Tá tú ag foghlaim conas níos mó aclaíochta agus níos lú sneaiceanna a ionchorprú i do shaol, gan iad a dhiúscairt go hiomlán. - Bí deas leat féin: tá tú ag déanamh an chuid is fearr is féidir leat. Fiú má tá tú ag bogadh go mall, tá tú ag dul i dtreo do chuspóir, agus ba cheart go mbeadh meas agus ceiliúradh air sin. Bíodh dearcadh dearfach agat agus stop a bheith teoranta nó crua ort féin. Gheobhaidh tú go mbeidh tú níos sona agus níos rathúla, agus tú ag díriú níos mó ar do stíl mhaireachtála agus ar do ghnáthamh a athrú agus níos lú ar aiste bia nua a thosú.

For years, Harvard University claimed that it had three books made out of human skin in their massive library. Scientists conducted some tests on those books and finally confirmed that it’s true. Scientists confirmed that at least one of the books housed in Harvard’s Houghton Library is bound with the real, hardened flesh from a human being. Des destinees de l’ame, a book described as “a meditation on the soul and life after death,” was made by a French doctor in the 19th century using the skin of a deceased female. The practice wasn’t an uncommon one in those times and it wasn’t just done by creepy doctors with an uncomfortable amount of easy access to dead bodies. The process of making a skin covered book was called “anthropodermic bibliopegy” and it was often done to create books for confessions written by convicted criminals who were sentenced to death. Families would also commission special books using the skin of their dearly departed loved ones as a grisly keepsake in their memory. Harvard has been making the claim for years that they owned a skin covered book ever since they were donated to the library more than 20 years ago by the widow of a famous book collector. Some claimed that the books came from the skin of apes or gibbons since they have similar skin structures but an analysis of the proteins in the book covering confirmed that it came from a human. We’re surprised that it took Harvard this long to hire some scientists to confirm the book’s authenticity. Maybe they didn’t want the world to know that they have a “Necronomicon” filled with spells and incantations that could cause hell spawn demons to rise from the netherworld and take over the Earth.

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Le blianta fada, d'éiligh Ollscoil Harvard go raibh trí leabhar déanta as craiceann daonna ina leabharlann ollmhór. Rinne eolaithe roinnt tástálacha ar na leabhair sin agus dhearbhaigh siad go bhfuil sé fíor. Deimhnigh eolaithe go bhfuil ar a laghad ceann amháin de na leabhair a bhfuil á shuí i Harvard Houghton Leabharlann ceangailte leis an fíor, flesh cruaithe ó dhuine. Rinne dochtúir na Fraince sa 19ú haois an leabhar Des destinees de l'ame, a thuairiscítear mar "meas ar an anam agus ar an saol tar éis na báis", ag baint úsáide as craiceann bean éagórach. Ní raibh an cleachtas neamhchoitianta amháin sna hamanna sin agus ní raibh sé ach déanta ag dochtúirí creepy le méid míchompordach de rochtain éasca ar chorp marbh. Tugadh an próiseas chun leabhar clúdaithe craiceann a dhéanamh ar an ainm anthropodermic bibliopegy agus déantar é go minic chun leabhair a chruthú do admháil a scríobh coiriúla ciontaithe a bhí ciontach chun báis. D'ordaigh teaghlaigh leabhair speisialta freisin ag baint úsáide as craiceann a ngráithre is mó a d'imigh mar chuimhneachán uafásach ina gcuimhne. Tá Harvard ag éileamh ar feadh blianta go raibh leabhar clúdaithe craiceann acu ó thug an fhiacha leabharlann iad níos mó ná 20 bliain ó shin ag baintreach bailchríochtóir cáiliúil leabhar. D'éiligh cuid acu gur ó chraiceann apes nó gibbons a tháinig na leabhair ós rud é go bhfuil struchtúr craiceann den chineál céanna acu ach dhearbhaigh anailís ar na próitéiní sa chlúdach leabhar gur ó dhuine a tháinig sé. Tá iontas orainn gur thóg sé an oiread sin ama ar Harvard roinnt eolaithe a fhostú chun barántúlacht an leabhair a dhearbhú. B'fhéidir nach raibh siad ag iarraidh ar an domhan a fhios go bhfuil siad a Necronomicon líonta le spells agus incantations a d'fhéadfadh a chur ina chúis le diabhal spawn hell a ardú as an netherworld agus a ghlacadh thar an Domhan.

For plants to reproduce, the pollen has to travel from the stamens to the stigma. This process is called pollination. Animal pollination is carried out by birds and insects, such as bees. The colorful petals attract the animal to the flower. The animal comes to the flower to drink a sweet liquid called nectar. Pollen from the stamens sticks to the animal's body. When the animal travels to another plant, some of the pollen from its body is transferred to the other plant. Wind pollination is used by plants like trees or grasses which don't have colorful petals to attract animals. The wind blows pollen from the stamens of these plants to the stigma. Fertilization occurs when pollen joins with an ovule (the same as when in humans sperm joins an egg, remember?). This process happens in the stigma. The fertilized ovule becomes a seed. The stigma develops and forms a fruit around the seed. When a seed lands in soil it can germinate and a new plant can grow.

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Chun go ndéanfaidh plandaí atáirgeadh, ní mór don pholláin taisteal ó na stamanna go dtí an stiogma. Tugtar pollú ar an bpróiseas seo. Is é an t-éan agus na h-ionsaithe, amhail na beacha, a dhéanann pollú ainmhithe. Tarraingíonn na péitíní datha an t-ainmhí chuig an bláth. Tagann an t-ainmhí chuig an bhláth chun leacht milis ar a dtugtar nectar a ól. Tá pollín ó na stamanna ag cloí le corp an ainmhí. Nuair a théann an t-ainmhí go dtí planda eile, aistrítear cuid den phollán óna chorp chuig an planda eile. Úsáidtear pollú gaoithe ag plandaí cosúil le crainn nó féitheacha nach bhfuil péitil datha acu chun ainmhithe a mhealladh. Cuireann an ghaoth pollán ó stéimíní na bplandaí seo go dtí an stiogma. Tarlaíonn féilteadh nuair a thagann pollán le huibheach (an rud céanna a tharlaíonn i ndaoine nuair a théann sperm le huibheach, cuimhnigh?). Tarlaíonn an próiseas seo sa stigma. Déantar an ubhchruth atá torthúil ina síol. Fásann an stiogma agus cruthaíonn sé torthaí timpeall an fhíseáin. Nuair a thagann síol i dtír is féidir leis a bheith ag luí agus is féidir le planda nua fás.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recently listed top 10 problems related to world health that need to be tackled in 2019. Vaccination refusal is among these problems as it threatens to reverse progress made against some preventable illnesses. The WHO estimates that vaccinations currently help to prevent 2 to 3 million deaths per year. The organisation also believes that around 1.5 million deaths could have been avoided if the global coverage of vaccinations was improved. A study published a little over a year ago suggests that since by 2020 vaccination programmes could help to save almost 20 million lives in the poorest countries. These vaccinations include vaccinations against hepititis B, papillomavirus, measles, yellow fever, rubella, or three bacterial strains that cause pneumonia and meningitis. Distrustful of vaccines Unfortunately numerous anti-vaccine campaigns that have been circulating for several years on the internet have caused many people to become distrustful of vaccinations. There seems to be a sort of complacency when it comes to vaccinations, particularly with regard to measles which is making a comeback. Last year, the number of reported measles cases increased by more than 30% worldwide. Many people’s reluctance to be vaccinated has contributed to this revival of easily preventable diseases. This means that many of the advances made in recent decades to prevent easily preventable diseases may well slow down. WHO takes this problem very seriously, and urges health workers to advise the least informed about vaccine composition and the importance of certain vaccines. The organization also notes its intention to step up efforts to fight cervical cancer by increasing coverage of the HPV vaccine (which is used in Australia). Polio vaccines should also be distributed in Afghanistan and Pakistan in an attempt to contain the disease. Among the other threats to world health in 2019 are atmospheric pollution as well as diabetes problems, cancer and cardiovascular illnesses. A flu pandemic is also a worrying possibility. “The only thing we don’t know is when it will strike and what level of severity it will cause,” the report states. Antibiotic resistance is also a concern, as is dengue, which has been raging for decades. WHO also plans to strengthen primary health care in poor countries. You can see the full report here.

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Tá an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte (WHO) tar éis liosta a dhéanamh le déanaí de na 10 phríomhfhadhb a bhaineann le sláinte an domhain a chaithfear dul i ngleic leo in 2019. Tá diúltú vacsaínithe i measc na gcúis seo toisc go bhfuil bagairt ann dul chun cinn a rinneadh i gcoinne roinnt galair in-chosaite a aisiompú. Measann an WHO go gcuireann vacsaínithe faoi láthair le 2 go 3 mhilliún bás a chosc in aghaidh na bliana. Creideann an eagraíocht freisin go bhféadfaí thart ar 1.5 milliún bás a sheachaint dá bhfeabhsaíodh an clúdach domhanda vacsaínithe. Tugann staidéar a foilsíodh beagán níos mó ná bliain ó shin le fios go bhféadfadh cláir vacsaínithe cabhrú le beagnach 20 milliún saol a shábháil sna tíortha is boichte faoi 2020. Áirítear ar na vacsaíní seo vacsaíní i gcoinne heipitíteas B, papillomavirus, measles, fiabhras buí, rubaí, nó trí shliocht baictéarach a chuireann niúmóine agus méineigintíteas ar fáil. Gan muinín i vacsaíní Ar an drochuair, tá go leor feachtais frith-daonna a bhí ag scaipeadh ar feadh roinnt blianta ar an idirlíon tar éis go leor daoine a bheith míshásta le vacsaínithe. Is cosúil go bhfuil cineál compord ann maidir le vacsaínithe, go háirithe maidir leis an measlas atá ag teacht ar ais. An bhliain seo caite, tháinig méadú os cionn 30% ar líon na gcásanna measles a tuairiscíodh ar fud an domhain. Tá diúltú go leor daoine a vacsaínú tar éis cur leis an athbheochan seo ar ghalair a d'fhéadfaí a chosc go héasca. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhféadfadh go leor de na dul chun cinn a rinneadh le blianta beaga anuas chun galair a d'fhéadfaí a chosc go héasca a chosc a mhoilliú. Glacann an WHO an fhadhb seo go mór agus é ag iarraidh ar oibrithe sláinte comhairle a thabhairt do na daoine is lú eolais a bhfuil acu faoi chomhdhéanamh vacsaín agus faoi thábhacht vacsaíní áirithe. Tugann an eagraíocht faoi deara freisin go bhfuil sé beartaithe ag an eagraíocht iarrachtaí a mhéadú chun dul i ngleic le hailse cervical trí chlúdach an vacsaín HPV a mhéadú (a úsáidtear san Astráil). Ba cheart vacsaíní póiló a dháileadh san Afganastáin agus sa Phacastáin freisin i iarracht an ghalair a chosc. I measc na mbagairtí eile do shláinte an domhain in 2019 tá truailliú atmaisféir chomh maith le fadhbanna diaibéiteas, ailse agus galair chártaithe croí. Is dóigh go bhfuil paindéim fliú ina chúis imní freisin. 'Is é an t-aon rud nach bhfuil ar eolas againn ná cathain a bhuaileann sé agus cén leibhéal déine a bheidh aige,' a deir an tuarascáil. Tá imní ar an bhfreastalacht ar antaibheathaigh chomh maith, mar atá an dengue, a bhí ag ráigeadh le blianta fada. Tá sé beartaithe ag an Eagraíocht freisin cúram sláinte bunscoile a neartú i dtíortha bochta. Is féidir leat an tuarascáil iomlán a fheiceáil anseo.

5.7 In the context of Independence In the run-up to, and following, the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, issues relating to constitutional politics have been a focus for the political parties in Scotland. Is it possible that these issues have also informed the approach to the Scots language? Political opponents of independence have often associated the promotion of the Scots language with the promotion of Scottish nationalism. For example, when the Scottish Government announced in 2015 initiatives to support the Scots language, such as a Scots Language Policy and a Scots Language Ambassadors scheme, Conservative and Unionist MSP Alex Johnstone said: "This is a predictable stunt from a Scottish Government more interested in pandering to patriots than improving education. When it could be trying to push Scotland’s schools up global league tables, or closing the attainment gap, it’s actually trying to stir up the constitution in any way it can. It’s been well proven that our school children would benefit far more from learning international languages which could open all kinds of doors for them." In many nationalist movements, such as in Catalonia, language and culture do play central roles. In Scotland, however, the SNP promote what is called a ‘civic nationalism’, focused on political and economic issues. For example, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, in a defining address in 2012, said: “I don't agree at all that feeling British – with all of the shared social, family and cultural heritage that makes up such an identity – is in any way inconsistent with a pragmatic, utilitarian support for political independence. My conviction that Scotland should be independent stems from the principles, not of identity or nationality, but of democracy and social justice.” In the 2013 White Paper on independence, Scots is mentioned only briefly on page 312, noting: ‘the inspiration and significance we draw from our culture and heritage, including Gaelic and Scots’, which ‘shap[e] our communities and the places in which we live' (Scottish Government, Scotland's future, 2013 p. 312). - You may be from Scotland, you may be from another country from anywhere in the world – to what extent do you think Scots will continue to have a place not only in Scottish cultural life – but also in Scottish politics? This is a model answer. Your answer might be different. The political party in power in Scotland today is the SNP – and has been for a number of years. As explained in this unit, the SNP are supportive of the Scots language, just as they are of Gaelic. The acceptance of the use of Scots in schools, together with evidence that it is good for the pupils, is also a signal that the politicians will continue to promote respect for Scots in many aspects of public life. The Scots Language policy has helped develop a much wider acceptance of Scots as one of the three indigenous languages of Scotland – it has made Scots something politicians and educators cannot push to the side. The most important aspect to me yet is that the developments outlined in this unit help shape Scots speakers identity as bilingual people in a multilingual Scotland.

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5.7 I gcomhthéacs na Neamhspleáchais I rith réabhlóid neamhspleáchais na hAlban in 2014 agus ina dhiaidh sin, bhí saincheisteanna a bhaineann le polaitíocht bhunreachtúil mar fhócas do na páirtithe polaitiúla sa hAlban. An féidir go bhfuil na saincheisteanna seo tar éis cur chuige a dhéanamh ar an nGaeilge freisin? Is minic a chuir freagróirí polaitiúla neamhspleáchais i gcuibhreann le cur chun cinn na Gaeilge agus náisiúnachas na hAlban. Mar shampla, nuair a d'fhógair Rialtas na hAlban i 2015 tionscnaimh chun tacú leis an nGaeilge, mar Bheartas Teanga na hAlban agus scéim Ambasadóirí Teanga na hAlban, dúirt an tUasal Alex Johnstone, Phríomh-Aire Coimeádaí agus Aonach: "Is é seo stunt intuartha ó Rialtas na hAlban níos mó suim acu a pósadh le patriots ná oideachas a fheabhsú. Cé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ag iarraidh scoileanna na hAlban a chur suas i mbunachar na sraithe domhanda, nó an bhearna bainte amach a dhúnadh, tá sé ag iarraidh an bunreacht a chur i ngleic ar aon bhealach is féidir leis. Tá sé cruthaithe go maith go mbainfeadh ár bpáistí scoile i bhfad níos mó tairbhe as teangacha idirnáisiúnta a fhoghlaim a d'fhéadfadh gach cineál doras a oscailt dóibh". I go leor gluaiseachtaí náisiúnacha, mar shampla sa Chatalóin, tá ról lárnach ag teanga agus cultúr. Sa tScoit, áfach, cuireann an SNP ar aghaidh an rud a thugtar air "náisiúntachta sibhialta", dírithe ar shaincheisteanna polaitiúla agus eacnamaíocha. Mar shampla, dúirt an Príomh-Aire Nicola Sturgeon, i seoladh sainithe i 2012: Ní aontaím leis an mothú go bhfuil Breataine leis an oidhreacht shóisialta, teaghlaigh agus cultúrtha comhroinnte go léir a chruthaíonn féiniúlacht den sórt sin ar bhealach ar bith neamhsheasmhach le tacaíocht pragmatach, úsáideach d'eisigh pholaitiúil. Tá mo chreidiúint gur chóir do dh'Éirinn a bheith neamhspleách ag teacht ó na prionsabail, ní ar phrionsabail féiniúlachta nó náisiúntachta, ach ar phrionsabail an daonlathais agus an cheartais shóisialta. Sa Bille Bán 2013 maidir le neamhspleáchas, ní luaitear na hAlban ach go hachomair ar leathanach 312, ag tabhairt faoi deara: an spreagadh agus an tábhacht a fhaighimid ó ár gcultúr agus oidhreacht, lena n-áirítear na Gaeltachta agus na hAlbanna, a m[e] ár bpobail agus na háiteanna ina mairimid' (Rialtas na hAlban, Todhchaí na hAlban, 2013 lch 312). - B'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ón Albain, b'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ó thír eile ó áit ar bith ar domhan Cén méid a cheapann tú go leanfaidh na hAlbanaigh ag a bheith acu ní amháin i saol cultúrtha na hAlban ach freisin i bpolaitíocht na hAlban? Is freagra samhail é seo. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh do fhreagra difriúil. Is é an SNP an páirtí polaitiúil atá i gcumhacht sa tSlóint inniu agus tá sé ann le roinnt blianta. Mar a mhínítear sa t-aonad seo, tacaíonn an SNP leis an nGaeilge, díreach mar a thacaíonn siad leis an nGaeilge. Tá an glacadh le húsáid na hAlbanc i scoileanna, mar aon le fianaise go bhfuil sé go maith do na daltaí, ina chomhartha freisin go leanfaidh na polaiteoirí ag cur le meas ar na hAlbanc i go leor gnéithe den saol poiblí. D'éirigh leis an mbeartas maidir le teanga na hAlban glacadh i bhfad níos leithne a fhorbairt leis an nGaeilge mar cheann de thrí theanga dhúchasacha na hAlban - rinne sé an nGaeilge ina rud nach féidir le polaiteoirí agus oideachasóirí a chur ar an taobh. Is é an ghné is tábhachtaí dom go fóill ná go gcuireann na forbairtí a léirítear sa t-aonad seo le hiontráil Scotspeakers a mhúnlú mar dhaoine dé-theangacha i Sasana ilteangach.

Some of the most studied wolf packs in the world are in serious jeopardy. Researchers report that the occurrence of debilitating bone deformities in wolves marooned on Isle Royale, an isolated island in Lake Superior north of Michigan, has risen sharply over the past five decades due to inbreeding. A genetic defect now common in the Isle’s wolves causes bones in the spine, the vertebrae, to grow gnarled and crooked. Also found in domestic dogs – close wolf relatives – the bone malformations can pinch nerves in the spinal cord, causing pain that makes it tough to walk and can lead to paralysis of the back legs and tail in severe cases, according to research published in February's issue of Biological Conservation. Back in the 1960s, about a quarter of Isle Royale’s wolves appeared to have the anatomical abnormality, but now the percentage of afflicted wolves has risen to nearly 60 percent of the population. “In normal, healthy wolf populations without inbreeding, you are only supposed to see this kind of defect in about one out of a hundred animals,” says paper coauthor John Vucetich, an assistant professor of wildlife biology at Michigan Technological University (MTU) in Houghton. The deformity, discovered during autopsies of recovered, dead wolves, has grown so rampant, Vucetich says, “we haven’t found a normal wolf in the past decade.” Vucetich is one of the project leaders of the ongoing Isle Royale Wolf-Moose Study, along with Rolf Peterson, also a professor of wildlife biology at MTU. The project began in 1958 and has monitored the predator-prey relationship of the island’s wolf packs and moose herds ever since, celebrating 50 years of study last summer. Both species are more or less trapped on the 45-mile- (72-kilometer-) long isle; it is thought that some moose swam over from Minnesota around 1900, and that a few wolves reached the island via ice bridges that existed in the late 1940s. The captive populations have since developed an ecological balance: The small number of wolves (24 currently) subsists mainly on the moose that usually number around 1000. In turn, the moose rely on the wolves to help keep their population in check. For a wolf trying to survive in the wild, physical deficits can leave it unable to hunt or defend itself. This winter, for example, researchers found a wolf apparently killed by a blow to the neck, probably from a moose. Unusually, this middle-aged wolf had advanced arthritis, or joint deterioration, possibly caused by spinal misalignment as a result of the genetic deformities, says Vucetich. The new results offer the first evidence of the wolves’ closed population leading to a decline in natural fitness. This is important, Vucetich says, because for years some policy makers and conservationists have pointed to the apparent health of the Isle Royale wolf packs as an indication that small animal populations can maintain proper genetic diversity. “Isle Royale is not this robust place that some people thought it was,” says Vucetich. Now that the wolves’ plight has come to light, the question remains about what, if anything, to do about it. One option is to do nothing and let nature runs its course, however cruel that may be. An interventional option is “genetic rescue,” says Vucetich, involving the introduction of an outsider wolf to the island to shake things up genetically. Since only the alpha males and alpha females of packs mate, though, the outsider would have to ascend to one of these dominant positions to ever produce offspring, Vucetich says – a tricky coup d’etat in wolf pack politics, especially for an interloper. A wolf on Isle Royale [top]. A comparison of a normally shaped wolf vertebra and a disfigured one, caused by a genentic defect [right]. Image credits: Isle Royale Wolf-Moose Study

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Tá cuid de na paicéid bhóire is mó a ndearnadh staidéar orthu ar domhan i mbaol tromchúiseach. Tuairiscíonn taighdeoirí go bhfuil méadú mór tagtha ar tharlaíocht deformities cnámh lagú i bhfíor-bhóithre a bhí ar Isle Royale, oileán iargúlta i Loch Superior ó thuaidh ó Michigan, le cúig scór bliain anuas mar gheall ar an increase. Defect géiniteach anois coitianta i na wolves Isles cúis cnámha sa spine, na vertebrae, a fhás gnarled agus crooked. Tá sé le fáil freisin i madraí tí dlúthchairde le huibheacha is féidir leis na mífhoirmiúcháin cnámh néaróg a phlé sa chnámh cnámh, ag cur pian a fhágann go bhfuil sé deacair siúl agus is féidir le paraiséis na cosa cúl agus an eireaball a bheith mar thoradh air i gcásanna tromchúiseacha, de réir taighde a foilsíodh i dtionól Feabhra de Chosaint Bitheolaíoch. Ar ais sna 1960idí, bhí an t-eagla an-eagla ar thart ar cheathrú cuid de mhuc Isle Royale, ach anois tá céatadán na muc a bhfuil an t-eagla orthu tar éis ardú go beagnach 60 faoin gcéad den daonra. 'I gnáth-phobail fholláin shláintiúla gan increase, ní dóigh leat an cineál locht seo a fheiceáil ach i gceann amháin as gach céad ainmhí,' a deir John Vucetich, comh-údar páipéir, ollamh cúnta bithéolaíochta fiadhúlra in Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta Michigan (MTU) i Houghton. Tá an deformity, a fuarthas amach le linn autopsies de thír thirim, marbh thirim, tar éis fás chomh rampant, Vucetich deir, "níl muid a fuair normal thirim i an deich mbliana anuas". Tá Vucetich ar cheann de cheannairí tionscadail Staidéar Wolf-Moose Isle Royale atá ar siúl, mar aon le Rolf Peterson, ollamh bitheolaíochta fiadhúlra ag MTU freisin. Thosaigh an tionscadal i 1958 agus tá faireachán á dhéanamh aige ar chaidreamh an dílseora agus an dílseora i measc na mball agus na mball alga san oileán ó shin, ag ceiliúradh 50 bliain de staidéar an samhradh seo caite. Tá an dá speiceas níos mó nó níos lú gafa ar an oileán 45 míle (72 ciliméadar) fada; meastar gur shnámhaigh roinnt alga ó Minnesota timpeall 1900, agus gur shroich cúpla madra an oileán trí droichid oighir a bhí ann i ndeireadh na 1940idí. Ó shin i leith, tá cothromaíocht éiceolaíoch forbartha ag na daonra i ngábhas: Tá líon beag na bhfíora (24 faoi láthair) ag maireachtáil go príomha ar an alán a bhíonn thart ar 1000 de ghnáth. Ar a láimh eile, tá na moose ag brath ar na wolves chun cabhrú lena gcuid daonra a choinneáil faoi smacht. Maidir le madra a bhíonn ag iarraidh maireachtáil sa fhiáin, d'fhéadfadh easnamh fisiceach a fhágáil nach féidir léi sealg a dhéanamh nó í féin a chosaint. An gheimhreadh seo, mar shampla, fuair taighdeoirí wolf a fuair bás de réir dealraimh ag bualadh ar a muineál, is dócha ó moose. Go neamhghnách, bhí arthritis forleathan ag an bholc seo a bhí i lár na bliana, nó meath ar ailt, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar mhí-ailíniú spine mar thoradh ar na deformities géiniteacha, a deir Vucetich. Tugann na torthaí nua an chéad fhianaise ar an bpobal dúnta de na wolves a fhágann go bhfuil laghdú ar fheidhmíocht nádúrtha. Tá sé seo tábhachtach, a deir Vucetich, toisc go bhfuil roinnt lucht déanta beartais agus caomhnóirí ag tabhairt le blianta ar shláinte shoiléir na mball Isle Royale mar tháscaire go bhféadfadh pobail bheaga beaga ainmhithe éagsúlacht ghéiniteach cuí a choinneáil. "Ní hé Isle Royale an áit láidir seo a cheap daoine áirithe go raibh sé", a deir Vucetich. Anois go bhfuil an trioblóid na n-olc tagtha chun solais, tá an cheist fós faoi cad, más rud é, a dhéanamh faoi. Is é an rogha amháin ná gan aon rud a dhéanamh agus ligean don nádúr a chúrsa a dhéanamh, cé chomh crua is a d'fhéadfadh a bheith. Is é an rogha idirghabhála ná "sabháil géiniteach", a deir Vucetich, a chuimsíonn an t-ainneoin a thabhairt isteach de wolf eachtrannach go dtí an oileán chun rudaí a shake suas go géiniteach. Ós rud é nach bhfuil ach na fir alfa agus na mná alfa de phacáistí ag péint, áfach, bheadh ar an eachtrannach dul suas go ceann de na poist ceannasacha seo chun sliocht a tháirgeadh riamh, deir Vucetich coup d'etat tricky i bpolaitíocht paca wolf, go háirithe le haghaidh intruder. Wolf ar Isle Royale [top]. Comparáid idir vertebra madra de chineál gnáth agus ceann a bhfuil mí-fhoirfe aige, a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar locht géiniteach [ar dheis]. Creidmheasanna íomhá: Staidéar Wolf-Moose Isle Royale

Rodger Kamenetz describes his experience in the Jewish-Buddhist dialogue that took place in Dharamsala, India in October, 1990, and his encounter with the Dalai Lama when he again visited Dharamsala in the spring of 1996. It is reproduced here with permission from Reform Judaism. In 1990, I accompanied a group of eight rabbis and Jewish scholars to India for an audience with the Dalai Lama of Tibet. He had asked us to unlock the mystery of Jewish survival in exile for two millennia. I never imagined he also held a secret that could help Jews. Since his exile from Tibet in 1959, the His Holiness the fourteenth Dalai Lama, temporal and spiritual leader of six million Tibetan Buddhists, has often reflected on the Jewish people and our history: Through so many centuries, so many hardships, you never lost your culture and your faith. As a result, when other external conditions became ripe, you were ready to build your nation. There are many things to learn from our Jewish brothers and sisters. In a painting at the main temple in Dharamsala, India, where the Dalai Lama lives in exile, is a painting of the Buddha seated before a pool of clear water. It was explained to us that the pool of water was actually a pool of nectar. A pool of nectar, clear but sweet. That became my overriding image of the Jewish encounter with the Dalai Lama. Somehow, he made us see Judaism more clearly and sweetly than often we ourselves see it. In our dialogue with the Dalai Lama, we saw Jewish tradition come to life. His eagerness to learn was infectious. I watched his face as Rabbi Irving Greenberg explained how in our prayers and customs, every Jew is to be reminded of the exile: At the end of every wedding, we break a glass. Why? To remind people they cannot be completely happy. We are still in exile, we have not yet been restored. When you build a new home, you leave one little place unfinished. Why? As beautiful as the home is, we are not at home. The Dalai Lama nodded thoughtfully: Yes. Always remind. The points you have mentioned really strike at the heart of how to sustain one’s culture and tradition. This is what I call the Jewish secret–to keep your tradition. In every important aspect of human life, something is there to remind you: We have to return, to take responsibility. He had grasped a prime Jewish secret of survival–memory. Memory came alive for me in another way in Dharamsala. I felt reconnected with lost fragments of my own tradition. The monastic’s robe was like our own talit. The emphasis on ceaseless debate, common to both religions, connected the Buddhist School of Dialectics to the ancient rabbinical academies. One dawn I awoke to the chanting of a young nun. Later I learned she was reciting an entire book from memory, just as the first-century tannaim had recited Mishnah before it was first written down. As Rabbi Greenberg described the rabbinic sages at Yavneh after the Roman destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem to the old lamas and abbots, I looked at their wrinkled faces and knew that for them Dharamsala was Yavneh, and the time of supreme crisis was now. We Jews know instinctively the agony of losing one’s homeland, being forced into exile, and surviving adversity. “Always remind” was key advice, but we gave other secrets as well. In a Friday night service attended by several learned lamas, we shared the power of Shabbat, our weekly holy day. Dr. Blu Greenberg, feminist author and scholar, lit the candles and prayed. She thoughtfully substituted matzah, our bread of affliction, for ordinary bread, in solidarity with our Shabbat guests who may never return from exile. In her session with the Dalai Lama, Blu, a grandmother, emphasized the central importance in Judaism of home and family–a difficult lesson for a religion led by celibate monastics. Blu’s very presence, and that of Joy Levitt, a rabbi who explained the central role of the synagogue, added a vital element to the dialogue. The Tibetan “side” of the dialogue was all male. The Dalai Lama wanted to know more about the “inner life” of Jews. He wanted to know what method Judaism provides for transforming the human being, for overcoming disturbing emotions such as anger. For Tibetans, this is not an abstract question. The Dalai Lama is leading his people through its most difficult period in history, one in which violence is a very predictable response. How he handles anger is both a personal and political challenge. Although the Chinese communists have driven him and his family into exile, tortured and killed his people for nearly forty years, he refers to them as the “so-called enemy.” I found the Dalai Lama, who describes himself as “a simple Buddhist monk,” to be a mensch, a profoundly kind and a gracious man. From his behavior I learned that humility could be powerful, receptivity dominating, and kindness challenging. I learned the power of what the Buddhists call “a quiet mind.” In our first session, he suffered a miserable cold, but for three hours of conversation his interest and extraordinary power of concentration never flagged. He also took time to greet each of us personally. I felt a strange sensation when he looked deep into my eyes. The Tibetans believe he can see into your past lives. I felt personally challenged by Buddhist meditation, which seemed to make its practitioners calmer, wiser, more capable of dealing with difficult emotions. These were qualities I had not found in myself. In our dialogue, the Tibetans wanted to know the path and the goal of our belief system and how it helps us overcome painful feelings. Until then I had never thought to ask such questions of Judaism. For me, being Jewish was wrapped up in our collective history, my family, my identity. I had never before considered Jewishness as a spiritual path. Rabbi Jonathan Omer-Man, a teacher of Jewish meditation, addressed this problem when he told the Dalai Lama, The work of transformation, for us, is a holy path. But more and more people who seek transformation don’t go to a rabbi. They go to a psychiatrist who will teach them not enlightenment but self-satisfaction. Rabbi Omer-Man’s presentation on Jewish meditation and Rabbi Zalman Schachter’s on Kabbalah, the Jewish mystical teachings, came in response to the Dalai Lama’s inquiries about our Jewish “inner life.” I was surprised to learn that Judaism has powerful techniques of inner transformation. But these ways are deep and hidden, inaccessible to most of us. Historically, they were practiced only by a tiny elite; consequently, Jews who are spiritual seekers often go elsewhere when looking for a path. I had this in mind when we addressed the sensitive issue of Jewish converts to Buddhism. In North America, Jews are disproportionately represented in Western Buddhist groups. In Dharamsala, we met a number of Buddhist monks and nuns who had Jewish roots. My own preconceptions about such people–apostates, flakes, cultists–soon melted away. We invited all of Jewish Dharamsala to a Shabbat morning service and spent hours with them reading and discussing Torah. The Jewish Buddhists of Dharamsala are extraordinary–witty, even radiant in some cases, certainly not brainwashed zombies. Some still consider themselves Jews, others do not, but all said they had found something valuable in Buddhism that they had not been able to find in Judaism. This made a number of us uncomfortable. Professor Nathan Katz later expressed to the Dalai Lama our sense of pain, having lost such spiritually engaged Jews to Buddhism. After a long pause, the Buddhist leader said he has never sought to convert others, as all religions offer spiritual satisfaction. He advises newcomers to stay with their own religion, pointing out that some Tibetans are also investigating other religions. In learning about Jewish mystical teachings, the Tibetan leader said he developed more respect for Judaism because “I found much sophistication there.” He was particularly impressed by kabbalistic concepts of God that emphasized human responsibility and discovered that the techniques of Jewish meditation and prayer were strikingly similar to Buddhist meditation. Such esoteric teachings and practices, he advised, should be made more widely available. He gave a parallel from Buddhist history. Like Kabbalah, Buddhist mysticism or tantrayana, as traditionally taught in India, had been given selectively to very few students. Public teaching never happened. But with too much secrecy, there is a danger that the tradition will disappear. Therefore in Tibet, the esoteric teachings were more widely taught. The Dalai Lama did not think it good to pressure someone to follow a specific religion: Although your motivation may be sincere, the result may not be positive if you limit the right to choose and explore. If we try to isolate ourselves from modernity, this is self-destruction. You have to face reality. If you have sufficient reason to practice a religion, there is no need to fear (losing people). But if you have no sufficient reason, no value–then there is no need to hold onto it. He had offered us extraordinary advice, and a challenge. Could our leaders make Judaism more satisfying and beneficial to Jews? Professor Katz responded by criticizing some Jews’ tendency to define being Jewish mainly in terms of struggling against “enemies who threaten you either with persecution or assimilation. If we transmit to people only that you should be on guard all the time, we are going to lose them.” Through my encounter with Buddhists, I began asking different questions of Judaism. How does it make my life better? How can I learn to bring blessings into my life? How can I live up to the Jewish ideal of making everyday life sacred? I realized how I had undervalued what was precious in my own tradition, especially prayer and study. I was also entirely ignorant of Jewish meditation, or the importance of kavana–intention–in Jewish prayer and daily life. My contact with the Tibetan Buddhists deepened my experience of Judaism. I am continuing my quest for inner transformation, not in far-off India, but in my own home and synagogue. I have been intensively studying Jewish and Buddhist spiritual texts. Seeing Judaism reflected in a Buddhist pool of nectar, I have come to realize that the religion of my birth is not just an ethnicity or an identity; it is a way of life and a spiritual path with its own deep claims on my thoughts and feelings. If I could summarize the change, I would say it has been a move from the exotic to the esoteric, from the outside to the inside–not so much changing my Jewish practices as deepening them. My wife, two daughters, and I have for many years celebrated the eve of the Shabbat in our home by lighting candles and saying blessings over bread and wine, but now I am more mindful of our kavanah, our intentions. When reciting the blessings, for example, I try to keep myself attuned to the peaceful feeling of Shabbat in body, mind, and soul. Our prayers and ceremonies are vehicles to deepen that feeling. I have learned to bring imagery and richness of imagination to my prayer through meditation. Jews can learn from other meditative traditions. Meditation, chanting, awareness of the breath–things we usually associate with Eastern religions are not foreign to Judaism. Most Jews are unaware of the vast storehouse of spirituality that can be found in Jewish prayer, in our mystical tradition, and in our Torah. The organizer of our trip to Dharamsala, Dr. Marc Lieberman, put it well: I am rediscovering now in Judaism the voice of clarity and wisdom, the voice that speaks to my heart because I have a much clearer experience of listening to my heart through meditation. For some, the journey to deeper spirituality in Judaism has involved a detour into Buddhist meditation. If we open the doors of our own meditative tradition wider and clarify how Jewish prayer and study can benefit us in our lives today, perhaps that detour will not be necessary for the next generation. When my daughter Anya was bat mitzvahed, I was proud of the rigor of her accomplishment, but even prouder of the spirit she brought to her prayers. She understood what she was saying. She worshipped with kavanah. I think her generation already understands implicitly that their task is to take Jewish spirituality to heart and deepen it. Clinging to an external Jewish identity without growing a Jewish soul no longer has meaning to me. The Dalai Lama spoke from “a personal curiosity” when he asked us about our inner life as Jews. It was a characteristically Buddhist question, and one that has transformed me as a Jew. Six years later, after the publication of The Jew in the Lotus, my book about the Jewish-Buddhist encounter in Dharamsala, I went back to Dharamsala, the place where my life changed drastically due to the dialogue between Jews and the Dalai Lama. During that time, I was able to have a private appointment with the Dalai Lama. Our meeting was extraordinarily intimate, even though my wife, three translators, Laurel Chiten and her film crew of six were in the room. He walked in, smiling, bowed slightly as I bowed to him, and sat down. My friend Dr. Marc Lieberman, the father of the Jewish-Buddhist dialogue, introduced me, reminding His Holiness of the encounter with the Jews and explaining that I had written a book about it. Then it was up to me, “Your Holiness, people ask me why I had to go all the way to Dharamsala to look more deeply into my Jewish tradition. Why did I have to meet with a Buddhist master to see Judaism more deeply?” I paused and then added, “May I tell you a Hasidic story?” He nodded, and I told him the story of Reb Yehiel, who dreams every night of a bridge in Vienna where gold is hidden. Finally he journeys to Vienna, and finds the bridge. A guard asks him what he is doing and when Reb Yehiel explains, the guard laughs. “Oh you Jews are such dreamers. I’ll tell you what dreams are worth. Every night I dream of a Jew named Reb Yehiel, and behind his stove, under the floor, there’s buried gold.” As I was telling the story, I was captivated by the Dalai Lama’s face. He reflects every nuance of your words. He chuckled all along the way and then burst into laughter when I got to the punch line. “So Reb Yehiel returned home, looked behind his stove and found gold.” I said the story explained why someone might have to journey far away to find a teacher who will show him what is already close at hand. I added, “For me and for many Jews, you have become such a teacher. By making us look more deeply into Judaism, you have become our rabbi.” Laughing, the Dalai Lama reached for his head and said, “So you will give me a small hat?” I promised to leave a yarmulke for him, and then was silent. I had learned something from transcribing the previous dialogue: always leave him time to respond. During the silence, he is thinking. If you fill it up with your own chatter, you will never get the benefit of that thought. So I contravened forty-six years of my own noisy cultural conditioning and let the silence hang. Soon he replied: All major religions can help each other. Each tradition has some specialty or uniqueness that can be very useful for other traditions. Sometimes the communication is not necessarily through words, it can also be through close feelings. If you found some little contribution from my part to our Jewish brothers and sisters, I am very happy. I told him his questions about the Jewish inner life had been particularly helpful. Buddhists practice meditation and he had asked to know the Jewish method for overcoming afflictive states of mind. This had spurred Jews to look inward. The Dalai Lama generously replied that he felt all traditions, including his own are sometimes too focused on “external rituals or ceremonies. Then they neglect the real end of spirituality–transformation within ourselves.” He added with a smile, “If you make a short visit to a monastery, everything looks beautiful. But if you listen to the story of what is happening, just as with normal human beings, there is quarreling. That is a clear indication that we are neglecting genuine transformation, real spiritual development inside.” Thinking about the fights that so often go on within our own synagogues and between denominations within the Jewish community, I had to agree. I had the chance to present him with a copy of The Jew in the Lotus, an author’s dream come true. I was a little afraid he might be offended by the title which plays on “the jewel in the lotus”—om mani padme hum—the Tibetan’s favorite mantra. I had found that Jews often did not understand the pun and some Western Buddhists were too pious to laugh. But the Dalai Lama seemed to think it was hilarious. He touched the book to his forehead in the Tibetan gesture of acceptance. Before we parted, I mentioned that at the next full moon, we Jews would be celebrating Passover. According to the Talmud, there comes a time during the ritual when we recall liberation not just of the Hebrews from Egypt, but of every nation from captivity and slavery. Certainly in my household we pray each year that Tibet will soon be free. He was touched by this. The Tibetans see Jews as a people with a secret for surviving in exile and remaining spiritually intact. Right now, the Tibetans face a ruthless occupation by the Chinese communists. Their culture and religion face extinction. I told him, “Each year during the seder ritual we say ‘Next year in Jerusalem,’ to symbolize our hopes for spiritual wholeness and communal prosperity in the future. At my seder this year, my family will join ‘Next year in Lhasa’ to ‘Next year in Jerusalem.'”

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Déanann Rodger Kamenetz cur síos ar a thaithí sa idirphlé Giúdach-Bhuideach a tharla i Dharamsala, an India i mí Dheireadh Fómhair, 1990, agus ar a choinneáil leis an Dalai Lama nuair a thug sé cuairt ar Dharamsala arís i bpríomhbhliain 1996. Tá sé athdhéanta anseo le cead ó Iúdáchas Athchóirithe. I 1990, chuaigh mé le grúpa ocht rabí agus scoláirí Giúdacha go dtí an India chun éisteacht a fháil le Dalai Lama na Tibéid. D'iarr sé orainn rúndiamhair maireachtála Giúdach a scaoileadh ar feadh dhá mhíle bliain a scaoileadh. Níor shamhlaigh mé go raibh rún aige a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le Giúdaigh. Ón am a dhíbirt sé ón Tíobóid i 1959, tá a Naofacht an déag Dalai Lama, ceannaire sealadach agus spioradálta de sé mhilliún Búdach Tibéidis, ag machnamh go minic ar an bpobal Giúdach agus ar ár stair: Tríd na céadta bliain, trí na deacrachtaí, níor chaill tú do chultúr agus do chreideamh. Mar thoradh air sin, nuair a tháinig coinníollacha seachtracha eile chun cinn, bhí tú réidh chun do náisiún a thógáil. Tá go leor rudaí le foghlaim óna deartháireacha agus óna deirfiúracha Giúdacha. I bpictiúr ag an teampall is mó i Dharamsala, san India, áit a bhfuil an Dalai Lama ina chónaí i dtimpeallacht, tá pictiúr de Bhúda ina suí os comhair poill uisce soiléir. Mhínigh siad dúinn gur lúibín de nectar í an loch uisce. Pool de nectar, soiléir ach milis. Ba é sin mo íomhá is mó den bhualadh Giúdach leis an Dalai Lama. Ar bhealach éigin, rinne sé a fheiceáil dúinn Giúdachas níos soiléire agus sweetly ná mar a fheiceann muid féin go minic é. Sa chomhrá a bhí againn leis an Dalai Lama, chonaic muid traidisiún Giúdach ag teacht chun solais. Bhí a fonn foghlaim gabhaltach. D'fhéach mé ar a aghaidh mar a mhínigh an Rabbi Irving Greenberg conas inár n-urnaí agus i gcustaim, is é gach Giúdach a mheabhrú ar an dídeanaithe: Ag deireadh gach bainise, briseann muid gloine. Cén fáth? Chun cuimhneamh ar dhaoine nach féidir leo a bheith sásta go hiomlán. Tá muid fós i n-easnamh, ní raibh muid fós a athchóiriú. Nuair a thógann tú teach nua, fágann tú áit bheag amháin gan chríochnú. Cén fáth? Cé chomh álainn is atá an teach, níl muid sa bhaile. D'éirigh leis an Dalai Lama: Sea, tá. Cuimhnigh i gcónaí. Tá na pointí a luaigh tú i ndáiríre ag bualadh le croílár an tsultúir agus an traidisiúin. Is é seo a ghlaoim ar an rún Giúdach a choinneáil ar do thraidisiún. I ngach gné thábhachtach de shaol an duine, tá rud éigin ann chun cuimhneamh duit: Ní mór dúinn filleadh, freagracht a ghlacadh. Bhí sé ag glacadh le príomh-scéal na nGiúdach maidir le cuimhne maireachtála. Tháinig cuimhne beo dom ar bhealach eile i Dharamsala. Bhraith mé go raibh mé ag teacht ar ais le codanna caillte de mo thraidisiún féin. Bhí an t-aodach monastic cosúil lenár Tallit féin. An béim ar díospóireacht gan stad, coitianta don dá reiligiún, nasc an Scoil Búdaigh Dialectice leis na heocaimeachtaí rabínach ársa. Ar maidin amháin d'éirigh mé le hairm na maoine óg. Níos déanaí fuair mé amach go raibh sí ag aithris leabhar iomlán ó chuimhne, díreach mar a bhí an tannaim den chéad chéad bhliain ag aithris Mishnah sula ndearnadh é a scríobh síos den chéad uair. Mar a thuairiscigh Rabbi Greenberg na saighdiúirí raibíní ag Yavneh tar éis scrios na Rómhánach ar an Teampall i Iarúsailéim do na sean-lamaí agus abbotanna, d'fhéach mé ar a n-aghaidh wrinkled agus bhí a fhios agam go raibh Dharamsala Yavneh dóibh, agus an t-am na géarchéime is airde anois. Tá a fhios againn, na Giúdaigh, go hinstintiúil an t-eagóir a bhaineann le haithreacht a chailleadh, a bheith i bpíoblóid, agus dul i ngleic le géarchéim. Bhí an príomh-chomhairle "Cuimhnigh i gcónaí", ach thugamar rúndachtaí eile freisin. I seirbhís oíche Dé hAoine a raibh roinnt lamaí foghlamaithe i láthair, roinn muid cumhacht Shabbat, ár lá naofa seachtainiúil. D'fhógair an Dr. Blu Greenberg, údar agus scoláirí feimineach, na coinnle agus rinne sé guí. Chuir sí matzah, ár n-arán affliction, in ionad an ghnáth-arán, i gcomhpháirtíocht lenár n-aíonna Shabbat nach bhféadfadh teacht ar ais ó dhíbirt. Ina sheisiún leis an Dalai Lama, chuir Blu, seanmháthair, béim ar an tábhacht lárnach sa Giúdachas a bhaineann le teach agus teaghlach - ceacht deacair do reiligiún faoi stiúir manaigh ceiliate. Chuir an láithreacht chéanna de chuid Blue, agus an láithreacht de chuid Joy Levitt, raibín a mhínigh ról lárnach na sionagóige, gné ríthábhachtach leis an idirphlé. Bhí an "taobh" Tibéidis den idirphlé go léir fireann. Bhí an Dalai Lama ag iarraidh níos mó a fháil amach faoi "saol inmheánach" na nGiúdach. Bhí sé ag iarraidh a fháil amach cén modh a sholáthraíonn Giúdachas chun an duine a athrú, chun mothúcháin a chuireann isteach ar nós fearg a shárú. Maidir le Tibéidigh, ní ceist shaincheaptha é seo. Tá an Dalai Lama ag tabhairt a phobail tríd an tréimhse is deacra sa stair, ceann ina bhfuil foréigean mar fhreagra an-inmheasta. Is dúshlán pearsanta agus polaitiúil é an chaoi a láimhseálann sé fearg. Cé gur thiomáin na cumannaithe Síneach é féin agus a theaghlach go díbirt, a chuid daoine a mhúnlú agus a mhurt ar feadh beagnach daichead bliain, tagraíonn sé dóibh mar an ar a dtugtar an namhaid. Fuair mé an Dalai Lama, a thuairiscíonn é féin mar "mónga Búdaigh shimplí", a bheith ina mensch, fear an-dearfach agus grásta. Óna iompar d'fhoghlaim mé go bhféadfadh humhill a bheith cumhachtach, go bhféadfadh glaonnacht a bheith i réim, agus go bhféadfadh a ndea-gháire a bheith dúshlánach. D'fhoghlaim mé cumhacht na n-ainm a thugtar ar an mBúdaigh ar a intinn shílte. I ár gcéad seisiún, bhí sé ag fulaingt fuar míshásta, ach le trí uair an chloig de chaint níor thit a spéis agus a chumhacht neamhghnách chun díriú riamh. Thug sé am freisin chun fáilte a chur roimh gach duine againn go pearsanta. Bhraith mé sensation aisteach nuair a d'fhéach sé go domhain i mo shúile. Creideann na Tibéidigh gur féidir leis féachaint isteach i do shaol roimhe seo. Bhraith mé go raibh dúshlán ag meabhrú Búdachas, a d'fhéach go raibh a chleachtóirí níos socair, níos ciallmhar, níos in ann déileáil le mothúcháin deacra. Ba iad seo cáilíochtaí nach raibh mé a fháil i dom féin. I ár n-idirphlé, theastaigh ó na Tibéidigh an bealach agus sprioc ár gcóras creidimh a fháil amach agus conas a chabhraíonn sé linn mothúcháin pianmhara a shárú. Go dtí sin níor smaoinigh mé riamh ar cheisteanna den sórt sin a chur ar an Giúdachas. Maidir liomsa, bhí an t-Eabhrais imithe i bhfeidhm ar ár stair chomhchoiteann, mo theaghlach, mo bhféiniúlacht. Níor mheas mé riamh go raibh Giúdachas mar bhealach spioradálta. Rabhín Jonathan Omer-Man, múinteoir meabhrúcháin Giúdach, aghaidh a thabhairt ar an fhadhb seo nuair a dúirt sé leis an Dalai Lama, Is bealach naofa é an obair athraithe dúinn. Ach ní théann níos mó agus níos mó daoine atá ag lorg athraithe chuig rabbi. Téann siad chuig síciatraí a mhúineann dóibh ní léargas ach féin-sástacht. Tháinig cur i láthair Rabbi Omer-Man ar mheabhrúchán Giúdach agus Rabbi Zalman Schachter ar Kabbalah, na teagasc mistéireach Giúdach, mar fhreagra ar fhiosrúcháin an Dalai Lama ar ár saol Giúdach inmheánach. Bhí iontas orm a fháil amach go bhfuil teicnící chumhachtacha athraithe inmheánach ag Giúdachas. Ach tá na bealaí seo domhain agus i bhfolach, neamh-inrochtana don chuid is mó againn. Go stairiúil, ní raibh ach mionlach beag ag cleachtadh iad; dá bhrí sin, is minic a théann Giúdaigh atá ag cuardach spioradálta in áit eile nuair a bhíonn siad ag lorg cosán. Bhí sé seo i mo intinn nuair a d'fhéachamar ar an gceist íogair a bhaineann le giúdaigh a thiontú go Búdachas. I Meiriceá Thuaidh, tá ionadaíocht neamhréireach ag Giúdaigh i ngrúpaí Búdacha an Iarthair. I Dharamsala, bhuail muid le roinnt manach agus manaigh Búdacha a raibh fréamhacha Giúdach acu. Mo réamh-mheas féin faoi na daoine sin - apostates, flakes, cultists - go luath leá. Thugamar cuireadh do na Giúdaigh Dharamsala go léir chun seirbhís maidin Shabbat agus chaith muid uaireanta le chéile ag léamh agus ag plé Torah. Tá na Búdaigh Giúdach Dharamsala neamhghnách, fiú geal i gcásanna áirithe, gan amhras nach zombies brainwashed. Measann cuid acu go bhfuil siad fós ag glacadh le Giúdaigh, agus ní measaíonn cuid eile, ach dúirt siad go léir go raibh rud éigin luachmhar faighte acu sa Búdachas nach raibh siad in ann a fháil sa Giúdachas. Chuir sé seo míchompordach ar roinnt againn. Níos déanaí chuir an tOllamh Nathan Katz in iúl don Dalai Lama go raibh muid ag mothú pian, ó chaill muid Giúdaigh chomh díograiseach go spioradálta sin don Búdachas. Tar éis sos fada, dúirt an ceannaire Búdaigh nár thacaigh sé riamh le daoine eile a thiontú, mar go dtugann gach reiligiún sásamh spioradálta. Molann sé do dhaoine nua-aimseartha fanacht lena reiligiún féin, ag tabhairt le fios go bhfuil roinnt Tibéidis ag déanamh imscrúdaithe ar reiligiúin eile freisin. Agus é ag foghlaim faoi theagasc mistéireach Giúdach, dúirt an ceannaire Tibéadach gur mhúnlaigh sé níos mó meas ar Giúdachas toisc go bhfuair sé go leor sofisticeacht ann. Bhí tuiscint ar leith air ag coincheapa kabbalistic Dé a chuir béim ar fhreagracht an duine agus fuair sé amach go raibh teicnící machnaimh Giúdach agus guí an-chosúil le machnaimh Búdaigh. Ba cheart go mbeadh teagasc agus cleachtais seo níos forleithne ar fáil, a mhol sé. Thug sé comhthreomhar ó stair na Búdachta. Cosúil le Kabbalah, bhí mistéireacht Búdachas nó tantrayana, mar a theagascadh go traidisiúnta san India, curtha ar fáil go roghnach do bheagán daltaí. Níor tharla teagasc poiblí riamh. Ach le ró-shlándáil, tá an baol ann go dtiocfaidh an traidisiún as an eolas. Dá bhrí sin sa Tibéid, bhí na múinteanna esoteric a mhúineadh níos forleithne. Ní raibh sé de mhisneach ag an Dailái Láma brú a chur ar dhuine chun creideamh ar leith a leanúint: Cé go bhféadfadh do bhrú cinne a bheith agat, b'fhéidir nach mbeadh an toradh dearfach má theorannannann tú an ceart chun roghnú agus iniúchadh a dhéanamh. Má dhéanaimid iarracht muid féin a scaradh ón nua-aimsearthacht, is féin-díothú é seo. Caithfidh tú aghaidh a thabhairt ar an réaltacht. Má tá cúis leordhóthanach agat chun reiligiún a chleachtadh, níl aon chúis le eagla (daoine a chailleadh). Ach mura bhfuil aon chúis leordhóthanach agat, gan aon luach, ansin níl aon ghá le bheith ag gabháil leis. Thug sé comhairle neamhghnách dúinn, agus dúshlán. An bhféadfaidís ár gceannairí an Giúdachas a dhéanamh níos sásúla agus níos tairbheach do Giúdaigh? D'fhreagair an tOllamh Katz trí chríocha a dhéanamh ar threocht roinnt Giúdaigh a shainmhíniú a bheith ina Giúdaigh go príomha i dtéarmaí na streachailt i gcoinne 'naimhde a bhagair ort le géarleanúint nó le hidirghníomhaíocht. Má tá muid a chur ar aghaidh do dhaoine ach gur chóir duit a bheith ar an garda an t-am ar fad, tá muid ag dul a chailleadh iad. Trí mo bhualadh le Búdaigh, thosaigh mé ag cur ceisteanna éagsúla ar an Giúdachas. Cén chaoi a ndéanann sé mo shaol níos fearr? Conas is féidir liom foghlaim beannachtaí a thabhairt isteach i mo shaol? Conas is féidir liom maireachtáil suas leis an idéalach Giúdach a dhéanamh ar shaol laethúil naofa? Thuig mé cé chomh beag luach a bhí agam ar na rudaí a bhí luachmhar i mo thraidisiún féin, go háirithe an urnaí agus an staidéar. Bhí mé chomh maith go hiomlán aineolach ar meditation Giúdach, nó an tábhacht a kavana intinn i nGiúdach urnaí agus saol laethúil. Chuir mo theagmháil leis na Búdaigh Thibeatacha mo thaithí ar an Giúdachas níos doimhne. Táim ag leanúint mo chuardach ar athrú inmheánach, ní i dTír na hIndia i bhfad i gcéin, ach i mo theach féin agus i mo shínagóg. Tá mé ag staidéar go dian ar théacsanna spioradálta Giúdach agus Búdacha. Ag féachaint ar an Giúdachas a léirítear i mbainéal nectar Búdachas, thuig mé nach reiligiún eitneach nó féiniúlacht amháin é reiligiún mo bhreith; is bealach beatha agus bealach spioradálta é a bhfuil a éilimh dhomhain féin aige ar mo chuid smaointe agus mothúchán. Dá bhféadfainn an t-athrú a achoimre, ba mhaith liom a rá gur aistriú ó na coimhthíocha go dtí an esoteric, ó thaobh amuigh go taobh istigh - ní mar sin a athraíonn mo chleachtais Giúdacha ach iad a dhoimhneachadh. Mo bhean chéile, dhá iníonacha, agus tá mé le blianta fada ceiliúradh an oíche roimh an Shabbat inár dteach ag lasadh coinnle agus ag rá beannachtaí thar arán agus fíon, ach anois tá mé níos mó mindful ar ár kavanah, ár n-intinn. Nuair a léim na beannachtaí, mar shampla, déanaim iarracht mé féin a choinneáil ag teacht le mothú síochánta Shabbat sa chorp, sa mheon, agus san anam. Is iad ár n-urnaí agus ár searmanais feithiclí chun an mothúchán sin a dhoimhneamh. Tá sé foghlamtha agam pictiúir agus saibhreas samhlaíochta a thabhairt le mo chuid guí trí mheabhrú. Is féidir le Giúdaigh foghlaim ó thraidisiúin machnaimh eile. Ní bhíonn meabhrú, canadh, feasacht na n-anam - rudaí a bhaineann muid de ghnáth le reiligiúin na hOirthear - coigríche don Iúdáchas. Níl a fhios ag formhór na nGiúdach an stór mór spioradáltachta is féidir a fháil i n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár n-ár Torah. Chuir an t-eagraí dár turas go Dharamsala, an Dr. Marc Lieberman, é go maith: Tá mé ag athfhéachaint anois sa Giúdachas guth na soiléire agus na heagna, an guth a labhraíonn le mo chroí toisc go bhfuil taithí i bhfad níos soiléire agam ag éisteacht le mo chroí trí mheabhrú. I gcás cuid acu, bhí baint ag an turas chun spioradáltacht níos doimhne i Giúdachas le dífhilleadh isteach i smaoinithe Búdachas. Má osclaímid dorsan ár dtrádála meabhrúcháin féin níos leithne agus má shoilímid conas is féidir le guí agus staidéar Giúdach tairbhe a bhaint as ár saol inniu, b'fhéidir nach mbeidh an t-athrú sin riachtanach don chéad ghlúin eile. Nuair a bhí mo iníon Anya bat mitzvahed, Bhí mé bródúil as an rigidity a bhaint amach, ach fiú níos bródúla ar an spiorad a thug sí a n-urnaí. Thuig sí cad a bhí á rá aici. Adhradh sí le kavanah. Sílim go dtuigeann a glúin go soiléir cheana féin gurb é a tasc spioradáltacht Giúdach a chur i gcroílár agus a dhoimhneacht. Ní chiallaíonn sé domsa a thuilleadh go bhfuil mé ag greamaíocht ar bhféiniúlacht sheachtrach Giúdach gan anam Giúdach a fhás. Labhair an Dalai Lama ó "aisteach pearsanta" nuair a d'fhiafraigh sé dúinn faoi ár saol inmheánach mar Giúdaigh. Bhí sé ina cheist Characteristically Búdachas, agus ceann a bhfuil athrú dom mar Giúdach. Sé bliana ina dhiaidh sin, tar éis foilsiú The Jew in the Lotus, mo leabhar faoi choinneáil Giúdach-Búdachas i Dharamsala, chuaigh mé ar ais go Dharamsala, an áit inar athraigh mo shaol go mór mar gheall ar an idirphlé idir Giúdaigh agus an Dalai Lama. Le linn na tréimhse sin, bhí mé in ann cruinniú príobháideach a bheith agam leis an Dalai Lama. Bhí ár gcruinniú an-dlúth, cé go raibh mo bhean chéile, triúr aistriúcháin, Laurel Chiten agus a fhoireann scannáin sé duine sa seomra. Chuaigh sé isteach, ag gáire, bowed beagán mar bowed mé dó, agus shuigh síos. Chuir mo chara an Dr. Marc Lieberman, athair an idirphlé Giúdach-Bhuideach, isteach orm, ag cur i gcuimhne a Naomháine an bualadh leis na Giúdaigh agus ag míniú go raibh leabhar scríofa agam faoi. Ansin bhí sé suas dom, Your Holiness, daoine a iarraidh orm cén fáth go raibh mé a dul ar an mbealach go léir go Dharamsala chun breathnú níos doimhne isteach i mo thraidisiún Giúdach. Cén fáth a raibh mé chun freastal ar mháistir Búdachas a fheiceáil Giúdachas níos doimhne? D'fhan mé ar feadh tamaill agus ansin a dúirt, An féidir liom a insint duit scéal Hasidic? He nodded, agus dúirt mé leis an scéal Reb Yehiel, a aisling gach oíche de droichead i Vín áit a bhfuil ór i bhfolach. Sa deireadh, téann sé go Vín, agus aimsíonn sé an droichead. Iarrann garda air cad atá á dhéanamh aige agus nuair a mhíníonn Reb Yehiel, tá an garda ag gáire. Ó tá tú Giúdaigh dreamers den sórt sin. Inseoidh mé duit cad is fiú aislingí. Gach oíche aisling mé de Giúdach Reb Yehiel, agus taobh thiar a stól, faoi an urlár, tá ór curtha. Mar a bhí mé ag insint an scéal, bhí mé captivated ag an Dalai Lama ' s aghaidh. Léiríonn sé gach nuance de do chuid focal. He chuckled ar feadh an tslí agus ansin burst i gáire nuair a fuair mé go dtí an punch líne. Mar sin Reb Yehiel ar ais abhaile, d'fhéach taobh thiar a stove agus fuair ór. Dúirt mé go míneoidh an scéal cén fáth go bhféadfadh duine a bheith ag taisteal i bhfad i gcéin chun múinteoir a fháil a thaispeánfaidh dó cad atá in aice láimhe cheana féin. Dúirt mé, Dhomhsa agus do go leor Giúdaigh, tá tú tar éis a bheith ina múinteoir den sórt sin. Trí chur orainn breathnú níos doimhne isteach sa Giúdachas, tá tú a bheith ar ár rabbi. ag gáire, an Dalai Lama shroich do cheann agus dúirt, Mar sin beidh tú a thabhairt dom hata beag? gheall mé a fhágáil yarmulke dó, agus ansin bhí ciúin. Bhí mé d'fhoghlaim rud éigin ó trascríobh an dialóg roimhe seo: a fhágáil i gcónaí dó am chun freagairt. Le linn an tsíocháin, tá sé ag smaoineamh. Má líonadh tú é le do chalabhrán féin, ní bheidh tú a fháil ar an tairbhe den smaoineamh. Mar sin, sháraigh mé 46 bliain de mo choinníollaithe cultúrtha féin agus lig mé an ciúin a bheith ina sheasamh. Go gairid d'fhreagair sé: Is féidir leis na mór-reiligiúin go léir cabhrú lena chéile. Tá speisialtóireacht nó uathúlacht ag gach traidisiún a d'fhéadfadh a bheith an-úsáideach do thraidisiúin eile. Uaireanta ní gá go mbeadh cumarsáid trí fhocail, is féidir go mbeadh sé trí mhothúcháin dlúithe freisin. Má fuair tú roinnt deontais ó mo thaobh dár deartháireacha Giúdacha agus ár deirfiúracha, táim an-sásta. Dúirt mé leis go raibh a chuid ceisteanna faoi shaol inmheánach na nGiúdach cabhrach go háirithe. Tá an Búdachas ag déanamh machnaimh agus d'iarr sé ar an mhodh Giúdach a fhios a bheith aige chun stáit mheabhrach intinne a shárú. Bhí sé seo tar éis na Giúdaigh a spreagadh chun breathnú isteach iontu féin. D'fhreagair an Dalai Lama go mórdhíola go mbraith sé go bhfuil na traidisiúin go léir, lena n-áirítear an chuid féin, dírithe ró-mhór uaireanta ar ríomhaintí nó searmanais sheachtracha. Ansin déanann siad faillí ar an bhfíor-chríoch spioradáltachta - an t-athrú inár n-aonar. Dúirt sé le gáire, "Má dhéanann tú cuairt ghearr ar mhainistir, tá gach rud go hálainn. Ach má éisteann tú leis an scéal faoi cad atá ag tarlú, díreach mar a tharlaíonn le daoine gnáth, tá troid ann. Is léiriú soiléir é sin go bhfuil muid ag faillí fíor-athrú, fíorfhorbairt spioradálta istigh. Ag smaoineamh ar na troideanna a tharlaíonn go minic laistigh dár n-sinagóga féin agus idir ainmníochtaí laistigh den phobal Giúdach, ní mór dom aontú. Bhí an deis agam cóip de The Jew in the Lotus a chur i láthair dó, aisling an údair a tháinig chun críche. Bhí eagla orm go mbeadh sé mí-ádh leis an teideal a dhéanann "an seod i lotus" "om mani padme hum" an mantra is fearr le Tibéidis. Fuair mé amach go minic nach dtuigeann Giúdaigh an pun agus go raibh roinnt Búdaigh an Iarthair ró-diongbháilte chun gáire a dhéanamh. Ach is cosúil go raibh sé hilarious ag an Dalai Lama. Chuir sé an leabhar ar a cheann i ngníomh Tibéidis glacadh. Sula raibh muid ag imeacht, luaigh mé go mbeadh an Cháisc á cheiliúradh againn mar Giúdaigh ag an gcéad ghealach iomlán eile. De réir an Talmud, tagann am le linn an deasghnátha nuair a chuimhneoimid saoradh ní amháin na Héibreoigh as an Éigipt, ach gach náisiún ó gabha agus sclábhaíocht. Is cinnte go ndéanaimid ár ndícheall gach bliain i mo theaghlach go mbeidh an Tíobóid saor go luath. Bhí sé a thógtha ag seo. Faigheann na Tibéidigh na Giúdaigh mar dhaoine a bhfuil rún acu chun maireachtáil san dílseacht agus fanacht slán go spioradálta. Faoi láthair, tá na Tibéidigh ag tabhairt aghaidh ar fhéiniúint gan trócaire ag na cumannaithe Síneach. Tá a gcultúr agus a reiligiún i mbaol a bheith imithe. Dúirt mé leis, Gach bliain le linn an deasghnátha seder a ráimid An bhliain seo chugainn i Iarúsailéim, chun ár dóchas a shiombail le haghaidh iomláine spioradálta agus rathúnas coiteann sa todhchaí. Ag mo seder i mbliana, beidh mo theaghlach ag teacht le An bhliain seo chugainn i Lhasa go An bhliain seo chugainn i Iarúsailéim. "

The introductory paragraph includes a paraphrase of something said by a famous person in order to get the reader's attention. This is the first sentence that introduces the main idea of the paragraph. End with a statement that takes the reader beyond the content of the essay to the next step or an idea to think about. Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. The last sentence in this paragraph should include a transitional hook to tie into the third paragraph of the body. While side effects do occur, they are usually minor, like redness or swelling around the site of an injection. While writing, always keeps in mind what your next paragraph is about and try to lead up to it. However, you should bear in mind that subsequent text needs to be straight to the point and support the initial claim. This can be a simple outline in bullet points, or it can be more visual in nature. Introduction: Introductory Paragraph See, first, for different ways of getting your reader involved in your essay. How will I be graded? A paper written by EssayMasters. Research and outline the topic Once you know what the topic is for your essay, start your research! It teaches students to visualize the three parts of an essay, to organize their thoughts and apply their knowledge in a written format. That being said, the topic sentence should reveal the supporting idea that will defend your thesis. This is where the writer grabs the reader's attention. Yet today, many parents choose not to vaccinate their children. The ability to write logically following a set essay format will on later stages evolve in clear and logical research and academic writing. However, keep in mind that as your essays get longer, you may need to use more than 3 main points. If your chosen topic is too narrow, choose a slightly broader topic so specific ideas or details can be listed. Paragraph 5: Conclusion The last paragraph of a 5 paragraph essay — or any length should be a conclusion. If one is inserting a lengthy quotation from a resource work, this should be single-spaced and indented. HubPages Traffic Pixel This is used to collect data on traffic to articles and other pages on our site. Brief Introduction of Supporting Arguments 1-3 Here you are taking your supporting arguments and briefly introducing them to the reader without revealing too much information. Alexander Peterman is a Private Tutor in Florida. Provide an example and try to establish a general pattern based on that example. The last sentence in this paragraph should include a transitional hook to tie into the second paragraph of the body. Students are cautioned that the information included in a citation varies significantly with regard to the type of work book, journal article, published or unpublished academic papers, web sources, etc. Persuasive, Argumentative, Expository, , and essays can all be written in this format. Along with it are the details that support the argument. What if some of the supporting arguments are similar? Quotations from the work are a fantastic way to validate your essay. Essay papers, for example involving communism ignite a firestorm inside of me due to my Cuban-American heritage. This is especially true if the majority of your information can not be classified as general knowledge. It means that some type of essays are better off with narrow and serious topics while the rest of the essays suit better if the student writes a creative story full of jokes. It is important to write a rough draft to share with a friend or parent to edit. This should be error free. Well, first, take a breath. After these three points have been made, the conclusion summarizes the essay. Ending the conclusion with a question, anecdote, or final pondering is a great way to leave a lasting impact. This sentence should be a generalized statement about your topic that gives the reader a basic idea about your paper's topic. If you have requested graphs, statistics tables and so on, these will be included in the paper. Most essays focus on a theme, such as why homework helps students, or why bullying is wrong. It means the writing should not be longer than 500-800 words and contain the opening part, 3 supporting paragraphs, and a meaningful conclusion. Why are five paragraph essays important? Is there anyway to verify that my paper will get to me on time? If a person requiring the essay wants the student to remain rigidly in five paragraph form, one may have to merely take the bare essentials to prove the thesis, and forget using other examples. In this paragraph, the first sentence should transition from the previous paragraph to the current one. In the second paragraph, you can present the second best argument then back it up with details. Many students encounter such issues. What will my completed order look like? Another part of the essay that many students forget to write is the conclusion. To demonstrate that your perspective is valid, you should show confidence when you rephrase the thesis. At our , every student can count on the support of professional tutors and editors. Learning to write a high-quality five-paragraph essay is an essential skill for students in early English classes as it allows them to express certain ideas, claims, or concepts in an organized manner, complete with evidence that supports each of these notions. Feel free to , who are always willing to provide a top quality paper that will get you a high score. The three-paragraph essay is an essay teachers create to help students learn format and structure. Add two or more sentences with a commentary of the idea expressed in your main essay. You can order a high-quality custom essay from us or just take advantage of our top-notch paper editing and rewriting services. Body Second paragraph: The second paragraph of the body should contain the second strongest argument, second most significant example, second cleverest illustration, or an obvious follow up the first paragraph in the body. The main goal of this step is to clear up any possible confusion that your audience may have encountered. HubPages Google Analytics This is used to provide data on traffic to our website, all personally identifyable data is anonymized. Some people like to use graphic organizers like a web.

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I measc na míre tosaigh tá parafrás de rud éigin a dúirt duine cáiliúil d'fhonn aird an léitheora a tharraingt. Is é seo an chéad abairt a thugann isteach ar phríomh-smaoineamh na míre. Críochnaigh le ráiteas a thógann an léitheoir thar ábhar an aiste go dtí an chéad chéim eile nó smaoineamh le smaoineamh air. Réitic Chlasaiceach don Oide Modernach. Ba cheart go mbeadh greim idirthréimhseach san abairt dheireanach sa mhír seo chun ceangal a dhéanamh leis an tríú mír den chorp. Cé go dtarlaíonn fo-iarsmaí, is gnách go mbíonn siad beag, cosúil le deargú nó tuirse timpeall an áit a ndéantar an instealladh. Agus tú ag scríobh, coinnigh i gcuimhne i gcónaí cad é atá i do chéad mhír eile agus déan iarracht dul chun cinn leis. Ba cheart duit a choinneáil i gcuimhne, áfach, go gcaithfidh an téacs ina dhiaidh sin a bheith díreach go pointe agus tacú leis an éileamh tosaigh. Is féidir é seo a bheith ina mhírlínte simplí i bpointí bullet, nó is féidir é a bheith níos amhairc i nádúr. Cuireadh isteach: Paragraf Cuireadh isteach Féach, ar dtús, ar bhealaí éagsúla chun do léitheoir a chur i gceist le do chuid aiste. Conas a bheidh mé graded? Páipéar a scríobh EssayMasters. Déan taighde agus déan cur síos ar an ábhar Nuair a bheidh a fhios agat cad é an t-ábhar atá le haghaidh do aiste, tosú ar do thaighde! Múineann sé do dhaltaí trí chuid den aiste a shamhlú, a gcuid smaointe a eagrú agus a gcuid eolais a chur i bhfeidhm i bhformáid scríofa. Cé go bhfuil sé sin ráite, ba cheart go nochtfadh an abairt ábhar an smaoineamh tacaíochta a chosaint do théacs. Is é seo an áit a ghlacann an scríbhneoir aird an léitheora. Ach inniu, roghnaíonn go leor tuismitheoirí gan a gcuid páistí a vacsaínú. Beidh an cumas a scríobh go loighciúil tar éis formáid aiste a leagan amach ag céimeanna níos déanaí a fhorbairt i taighde soiléir agus loighciúil agus i scríbhneoireacht acadúil. Mar sin féin, coinnigh i gcuimhne go mb'fhéidir go mbeidh ort níos mó ná 3 phríomhphointe a úsáid de réir mar a bhíonn do chuid aisteanna níos faide. Má tá an t-ábhar a roghnaigh tú ró-teoranta, roghnaigh ábhar beagán níos leithne ionas gur féidir smaointe nó sonraí sonracha a liostáil. Paragraf 5: Conclúid Ba cheart gur conclúid a bheith sa mhír dheireanach d'eiscéal 5 mhír nó d'aon fhad. Má tá luachan fada á chur isteach ó shaothar acmhainne, ba cheart go mbeadh spás amháin agus indent air. Píosail Trácht HubPages Úsáidtear é seo chun sonraí a bhailiú maidir le trácht ar ailt agus ar leathanaigh eile ar ár suíomh. Tús gearr le hArgúintí Tacaíochta 1-3 Anseo tá tú ag cur do chuid argóintí tacaíochta agus iad a thabhairt isteach go hachomair don léitheoir gan an iomarca faisnéise a nochtadh. Tá Alexander Peterman ina Teachta príobháideach i Florida. Tabhair sampla agus déan iarracht patrún ginearálta a bhunú bunaithe ar an sampla sin. Ba cheart go mbeadh greim idirthréimhseach san abairt dheireanach sa mhír seo chun ceangal a dhéanamh leis an dara mír den chorp. Cuirtear ar an eolas do mhic léinn go bhfuil an fhaisnéis atá i gcuideachta luaite ag athrú go suntasach maidir leis an gcineál leabhar oibre, alt iris, páipéir acadúla foilsithe nó neamhfhoilsithe, foinsí gréasáin, srl. Is féidir an t-eispéiris chur ina luí, argóint, nochtadh, agus aiste a scríobh sa fhormáid seo. Chomh maith leis sin tá na sonraí a thacaíonn leis an argóint. Cad a tharlaíonn má tá cuid de na argóintí tacaíochta cosúil? Is bealach iontach é luachan ón obair chun do chuid aiste a bhailíochtú. Tá píosaí aiste, mar shampla, a bhaineann leis an cumannachas ag spreagadh stoirm tine istigh ionam mar gheall ar mo oidhreacht Cuban-Mheiriceánach. Tá sé seo fíor go háirithe mura féidir an chuid is mó de do chuid faisnéise a aicmiú mar eolas ginearálta. Ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil roinnt cineálacha aiste níos fearr le hábhair bheaga agus tromchúiseacha agus go n-oireann an chuid eile de na aisteanna níos fearr má scríobhann an mac léinn scéal cruthaitheach lán greann. Tá sé tábhachtach dréachtchruthú a scríobh le roinnt le cara nó le tuismitheoir chun é a chur in eagar. Ba chóir go mbeadh sé seo saor ó earráid. Bhuel, ar dtús, a ghlacadh anáil. Tar éis na trí phointe seo a dhéanamh, cuimsíonn an conclúid an aiste. Is bealach iontach é deireadh a chur leis an gconclúid le ceist, le haiste nó le smaoineamh deiridh chun tionchar buan a fhágáil. Ba chóir go mbeadh an abairt seo ina ráiteas ginearálta faoi do théama a thugann smaoineamh bunúsach don léitheoir faoi théama do pháipéir. Má d'iarr tú grafacha, táblaí staidrimh agus mar sin de, cuirfear iad seo san pháipéar. Díríonn an chuid is mó de na haiscéalta ar théama, mar shampla cén fáth a gcuireann obair bhaile cabhair ar mhic léinn, nó cén fáth go bhfuil bullying mícheart. Ciallaíonn sé nach mór don scríbhneoireacht a bheith níos faide ná 500-800 focal agus go bhfuil an chuid tosaigh, 3 mhír tacaíochta, agus conclúid chiallmhar ann. Cén fáth go bhfuil aisteanna cúig mhír tábhachtach? An bhfuil aon bhealach ann a fhíorú go bhfaighidh mo pháipéar dom in am? Más mian le duine a éilíonn an aiste go bhfanfaidh an mac léinn go crua i bhfoirm cúig mhír, b'fhéidir nach mór ach na bunscoileanna a thógáil chun an téis a chruthú, agus dearmad a dhéanamh ar shamplaí eile a úsáid. Sa mhír seo, ba cheart an chéad abairt a aistriú ón mhír roimhe sin go dtí an mhír reatha. Sa dara mír, is féidir leat an dara argóint is fearr a chur i láthair ansin é a thacú le sonraí. Bíonn fadhbanna den sórt sin ag go leor mac léinn. Cén chuma a bheidh ar mo ordú críochnaithe? Cuid eile den aiste a dhéanann go leor mac léinn dearmad a scríobh is ea an conclúid. Chun a léiriú go bhfuil do pheirspictíocht bailí, ba cheart duit muinín a thaispeáint nuair a athfhoilsíonn tú an téis. Ag ár, is féidir le gach mac léinn a bheith ag brath ar an tacaíocht a thairiscint ag múinteoirí gairmiúla agus eagarthóirí. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go mbeadh scileanna ag mic léinn a bhfuil rang a haon acu ag foghlaim aiste ardchaighdeáin cúig mhír a scríobh mar go gceadaíonn sé dóibh smaointe, éilimh nó coincheapa áirithe a chur in iúl ar bhealach eagraithe, le fianaise a thacaíonn le gach ceann de na nochtáin seo. Bíodh spraoi agat, atá i gcónaí sásta a sholáthar ar an páipéar ar ardchaighdeán a gheobhaidh tú scór ard. Is aiste é an aiste trí mhír a chruthaíonn múinteoirí chun cabhrú le mic léinn cruth agus struchtúr a fhoghlaim. Cuir dhá abairt nó níos mó leis agus trácht ar an smaoineamh a léirítear i do phríomh-scéal. Is féidir leat aiste saincheaptha ardchaighdeáin a ordú uainn nó leas a bhaint as ár seirbhísí eagarthóireachta agus athscríbhneoireachta páipéir den scoth. An dara mír: Ba cheart an dara mír den chorp an dara argóint is láidre, an dara sampla is suntasaí, an dara léargas is cliste, nó leanúint soiléir ar an gcéad mhír sa chorp a bheith ann. Is é príomhchuspóir an chéim seo ná aon chaidreamh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag do lucht éisteachta a shoiléiriú. HubPages Google Analytics Úsáidtear é seo chun sonraí a sholáthar maidir le trácht ar ár suíomh Gréasáin, tá gach sonraí pearsanta inaitheanta gan ainm. Is maith le daoine áirithe eagraithe grafacha a úsáid mar ghréasán.

To continue reading this article and others for free, please sign up for our newsletter. Sahan Journal publishes deep, reported news for and with immigrants and communities of color—the kind of stories you won’t find anywhere else. Unlock our in-depth reporting by signing up for our free newsletter. As the coronavirus has continued spreading across the United States, so too has the false belief that Asian Americans are to blame for the COVID-19 pandemic. State officials are investigating reports of name-calling to denial of services that Minnesotans of Asian descent have been experiencing. And as Minnesota eases up on restrictions on daily life — and everything from schools to shopping malls begin to reopen — some Asian American community members fear these incidents will only increase. MPR News reached out to a historian and community leaders and asked for their advice for non-Asian Americans to become allies to their peers during this difficult time. All four respondents were part of an MPR virtual town hall on racism during COVID-19, which you can watch here. Here are their written tips for being an ally. Bo Thao-Urabe | Executive Director, Coalition of Asian American Leaders “The most important thing we can do in this moment is to understand, acknowledge, and relearn our American history of racism. What’s happening now to Asian Americans is not new. Instead of allyship, we need to be in unity against racism. Being in unity means we don’t let communities stand or solve the problem alone; instead, we collectively call out interpersonal and systemic acts of racialized violence. There is always something we can on our own and something we can do together. Ending racism takes everyone.” Rebecca Lucero | Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Human Rights “Lead with love: be intentional about letting people know that they are welcome and valued. If you see discrimination or hate, speak up! You can also report discrimination and bias to the Minnesota Department of Human Rights by calling 1-833-454-0148.” Erika Lee | Regents professor of History and American Studies, University of Minnesota Lee said she intends her tip to apply for both allies and victims of racism: “We all need to understand how anti-Asian xenophobia is just one example of how the pandemic is disproportionately impacting poor, African American, Latinx, Asian American, and indigenous communities; groups that were already vulnerable to economic inequality, health disparities, and social exclusion. We need to support each other in order to move forward together.” Sam Ouk | Faribault Public Schools’ Equity and Multilingual Programs Coordinator “Hate and racist acts against Asian Americans have been on the rise due to COVID 19. And like all acts of hate, it cannot be left unchallenged. Speak out against these acts at any given chance. Teachers and people who work with youth, especially, have a very important role to play. If this is your line of work, use the opportunity to teach and equip youth with healthy ways to respond to hate. Even if you don’t have Asian students in your class, the wrongful acts of these events need to be called out. Bias and hate need to be dispelled. The biggest barrier for Asian Americans is the constant invisibility and silencing forced upon them. Asian American issues are American issues. More platforms need to be given to highlight this American story. The Asian American story needs to be heard and a united effort needs to be put forth to illuminate the contributions of Asian Americans throughout history.” May is Mental Health Awareness Month. This program is part of MPR’s “Call to Mind” initiative to promote discussion about mental health and well-being. For more resources from Call to Mind, visit this page. If you’d like to listen to the town hall event, use the audio player above.

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Chun leanúint ar aghaidh ag léamh an ailt seo agus ailt eile saor in aisce, déan clárú le do thoil le haghaidh ár nuachtlitir. Foilsíonn Sahan Journal nuacht thomhaiste, tuairiscí don imirceach agus do phobail dhath agus leo - an cineál scéalta nach bhfaighidh tú in áit ar bith eile. Osclaigh ár dtuarascáil dhomhain trí chlárú ar ár nuachtlitir saor in aisce. De réir mar a lean an coronavirus ag scaipeadh ar fud na Stát Aontaithe, tá an creideamh bréagach go bhfuil Meiriceánaigh na hÁise faoi chúram as paindéim COVID-19. Tá oifigigh stáit ag imscrúdú tuairiscí ar ainm-ghairm a dhiúltú seirbhísí go Minnesotans de shliocht na hÁise a bhí ag fulaingt. Agus de réir mar a mhaolann Minnesota ar shrianta ar shaol laethúil agus gach rud ó scoileanna go malls siopadóireachta a thosú ag athoscailt tá eagla ar roinnt baill phobail Mheiriceá na hÁise go méadóidh na himeachtaí seo ach amháin. Tháinig MPR News i dteagmháil le haistritheoir agus le ceannairí pobail agus d'iarr siad a gcuid comhairle do Mheiriceánaigh neamh-Áisiatacha chun a bheith ina gcomhghuaillithe dá gcomhghleacaithe le linn na tréimhse deacair seo. Bhí na ceithre fhreagróir go léir mar chuid de halla baile fíorúil MPR ar ghnéasachas le linn COVID-19, ar féidir leat féachaint air anseo. Seo a gcuid leideanna scríofa le bheith ina gcomhghuaillíocht. Bo Thao-Urabe. Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin, Comhghuaillíocht na Seachtóirí Mheiriceá na hÁise Is é an rud is tábhachtaí is féidir linn a dhéanamh ag an nóiméad seo ná ár stair Mheiriceá de chineasacht a thuiscint, a aithint agus a athfhoghlaim. Ní rud nua é an rud atá ag tarlú anois do Mheiriceánaigh na hÁise. In ionad a bheith ina gcomhalta, ní mór dúinn a bheith i d'aontacht i gcoinne na ciníochas. Ciallaíonn a bheith i d'aontacht nach ligfimid do phobail seasamh nó an fhadhb a réiteach ina n-aonar; ina ionad sin, glaonnaimid amach go comhchoiteann gníomhartha idirphearsanta agus córais de fhoréigean ciníoch. Tá rud éigin ann i gcónaí is féidir linn a dhéanamh ar ár gcuid féin agus rud éigin is féidir linn a dhéanamh le chéile. Tá gach duine ag teastáil chun deireadh a chur le ciníochas. Rebecca Lucero. Coimisinéir, Roinn Minnesota um Chearta an Duine Tríomhas le grá: bí rúnda a chur in iúl do dhaoine go bhfuil fáilte rompu agus go bhfuil luach orthu. Má fheiceann tú idirdhealú nó fuath, labhair suas! Is féidir leat idirdhealú agus claontacht a thuairisciú freisin chuig Roinn Chearta an Duine i Minnesota trí ghlaoch ar 1-833-454-0148. Erika Lee, ollamh Regents Stair agus Staidéar Mheiriceá, Ollscoil Minnesota Dúirt Lee go bhfuil sé ar intinn aici a tip a chur i bhfeidhm ar chomhghuaillithe agus ar íospartaigh na ciníochas: Ní mór dúinn go léir a thuiscint conas nach bhfuil an xenofobia frith-Áisiatach ach sampla amháin de conas a bhfuil an paindéim ag dul i bhfeidhm go neamhchomhréireach ar phobail bhochta, Afracach Mheiriceá, Latinx, Meiriceánach na hÁise, agus dúchasacha; grúpaí a bhí leochaileach cheana féin do éagothroime eacnamaíoch, neamhionannas sláinte, agus eisiamh sóisialta. Ní mór dúinn tacú lena chéile d'fhonn dul ar aghaidh le chéile. Sam Ouk Faribault Public Schools Coordúire Clár Comhionannais agus Ilteangacha Tá gníomhartha fuath agus ciníoch i gcoinne Mheiriceánaigh na hÁise ag ardú mar gheall ar COVID 19. Agus cosúil le gach gníomh fuath, ní féidir é a fhágáil gan dúshlán. Labhair in aghaidh na ngníomhartha seo ag aon deis a gheobhaidh tú. Tá ról an-tábhachtach ag múinteoirí agus ag daoine a oibríonn go háirithe le daoine óga. Má tá sé seo i do réimse oibre, bain úsáid as an deis chun bealaí sláintiúla a fhreagairt ar fuath a theagasc agus a uasmhéiriú do dhaoine óga. Fiú mura bhfuil scoláirí na hÁise agat i do rang, ní mór na gníomhartha mícheartacha a bhaineann leis na himeachtaí seo a ghlaoch amach. Ní mór claontacht agus fuath a dhíspreagadh. Is é an bac is mó do Mheiriceánaigh na hÁise ná an neamhfhaisnéiseacht agus an daingniú leanúnach a fhorchuirtear orthu. Is saincheisteanna Mheiriceá na hÁise iad saincheisteanna Mheiriceá. Ní mór níos mó ardáin a thabhairt chun an scéal Mheiriceá seo a chur i bhfios. Ní mór scéal Mheiriceá na hÁise a chloisteáil agus ní mór iarracht aontaithe a dhéanamh chun cur isteach ar thacaíochtaí Mheiriceá na hÁise ar fud na staire. Is Mí na Meabhairshláinte é Beolas ar Sláinte Meabhrach. Tá an clár seo mar chuid d'iomaíocht 'Call to Mind' de chuid MPR chun plé a chur chun cinn maidir le sláinte meabhrach agus folláine. Le haghaidh níos mó acmhainní ó Call to Mind, tabhair cuairt ar an leathanach seo. Más mian leat éisteacht leis an imeacht i halla na cathrach, bain úsáid as an seinnteoir fuaime thuas.

For many of us, the term "robot" still evokes an image of R2D2 or a terminator-style collection of metal parts. But there's no reason to limit our construction materials to hard parts. A number of labs are working on soft-bodied robots and have shown they can do some rather interesting things, like squeeze through narrow spaces. A team of researchers from Cornell and the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia has taken a soft-bodied robot and made it glow. Their method of producing the light, however, has some interesting side effects: it allows the robot to determine how much it has flexed, and it makes the robot responsive to touch. These days, "glow" is usually synonymous with "LED." But the authors used a very different technique, relying on what's called an electroluminescent phosphor—basically, something that glows when it's place in an alternating electric field. The phosphors (zinc sulfide, in this case) can be embedded in a silicone gel, making them stretchable and bendable. Different dopants in the phosphor will cause it to glow in different colors. But to get any light, you still need to deliver an alternating electric field to them. Here, they relied on a hydrogel, specifically a lithium chloride solution inside a gel made of a polymer called polyacrylamide. The conductive solution transmits currents; the authors sandwiched the silicone-phosphor layer in between two polyacrylamide gel layers. The whole thing could then be sealed in a stretchable polymer, creating a durable material. The authors show that the resulting material is extremely stretchable. They could pull it out to 480 percent of its initial length, and it glowed all the way. The only reason it failed at five times its initial length is that the metal electrodes that supply the current to the polyacrylamide layer detached; presumably, a more robust electrical connection would allow it to extend even farther. The neat thing about this structure is that it inherently creates a capacitor, as there are two conducting sheets sandwiching an insulating layer (the one that contains the phosphor). And the actual capacitance of the material changes when it's stretched, allowing the authors to track the degree of stretching. This has some interesting consequences. For one, it's possible to determine the configuration of the material by reading its capacitance. That gives the material the equivalent of proprioception, the ability to tell where it's located in space. The other thing is that it makes the material touch sensitive—if you give it a poke, it can tell because there's a 25 percent increase in capacitance. To show that all of this works in practice, the authors made a soft-bodied robot with the material. It moves a bit like an inchworm, so it's not exactly exciting to watch, but it does keep glowing all through its movements. The one sticking point here is the horrible efficiency. A good LED bulb puts out about 80 lumens per Watt; this thing got only 40 millilumens. The authors think they can improve on this substantially, but even commercial electroluminescent devices only achieve about four lumens per Watt. Still, nobody was suggesting to use something like this as a light bulb, and there are a number of cases where it could be useful. And, even if the ability to glow is never used on robots, the capacitance sensing-abilities could find a variety of applications.

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I gcás go leor againn, tugann an téarma "robot" íomhá de R2D2 nó bailiúchán páirteanna miotail ar stíl terminator. Ach níl aon chúis le teorainn a chur lenár n-ábhar tógála le codanna crua. Tá roinnt saotharlanna ag obair ar róbatha le comhlacht bog agus tá sé léirithe gur féidir leo rudaí suimiúla a dhéanamh, mar shampla dul trí spásanna caol. Tá foireann taighdeoirí ó Cornell agus an Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia tar éis robot corp bog a ghlacadh agus é a dhéanamh ag gloineadh. Tá roinnt fo-iarsmaí suimiúla ag an modh a n-eaglaíonn an solas: tugann sé deis don róbat a chinneadh cé mhéad a bhfuil sé blithe, agus déanann sé an róbat a fhreagraíonn ar an dteagmháil. Na laethanta seo, is gnách go bhfuil "glow" comhchiallach le "LED". Ach d'úsáid na húdair teicníc an-difriúil, ag brath ar rud ar a dtugtar fosfar electroluminescent, rud a léiríonn solas nuair a chuirtear i réimse leictreach malartach é. Is féidir na fosfar (sulféad sinc, sa chás seo) a chur i ngéile silicone, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad inléite agus inléite. Beidh dopants éagsúla sa fhósfar a chur faoi deara go bhfuil sé ag glows i dathanna éagsúla. Ach chun aon solas a fháil, ní mór duit réimse leictreach malartach a chur chucu. Anseo, bhí siad ag brath ar hidreogel, go sonrach réiteach clóiríde litiam laistigh de ghéile déanta as polaiméir ar a dtugtar polyacrylamide. Cuireann an tuaslagán seolta sruthanna; chuir na húdair an ciseal síleacóin-phoisfór idir dhá shraith glóthach polyacrylamide. D'fhéadfaí an rud iomlán a shéaladh i bpolymer in-inléite, ag cruthú ábhar marthanach. Léiríonn na húdair go bhfuil an t-ábhar a thagann as an táirge seo an-in-in-iarracht. D'fhéadfadh siad é a tharraingt amach go 480 faoin gcéad dá fhad tosaigh, agus bhí sé ag gloineadh ar feadh an tslí. Is é an t-aon chúis go ndeachaigh sé as a cúig huaire a fhad tosaigh ná go ndeachaigh na leictreodaí miotail a sholáthraíonn an sruth don chiseal polyacrylamide as a chéile; is dócha go ligfeadh nasc leictreach níos láidre dó leathnú níos faide fós. Is é an rud cluthar faoi an struchtúr go bhfuil sé ina chuid féin a chruthaíonn condenser, mar tá dhá sheets seolta sandwiching sraith inslithe (an ceann a bhfuil an fhósfar). Agus athraíonn cumas an ábhair nuair a shíneann sé, rud a ligeann d'údar na scrúduithe céim an shíneadh a rianú. Tá roinnt iarmhairtí suimiúla ag seo. Ar dtús, is féidir cumraíocht an ábhair a chinneadh trína chumhachtacht a léamh. Tugann sé sin an t-ábhar a bhfuil coibhéis leis an proprioception, an cumas a insint cá bhfuil sé suite sa spás. Is é an rud eile go bhfuil sé a dhéanann an t-ábhar teagmháil íogair - má thugann tú é poke, is féidir leis a rá mar tá méadú 25 faoin gcéad i gcumas. Chun a thaispeáint go n-oibríonn sé seo go léir i gcleachtas, rinne na húdair róbat bog-chorp leis an ábhar. Siarann sé beagán cosúil le inchworm, mar sin ní bhíonn sé go díreach spreagúil chun féachaint, ach coinníonn sé ag gleoite ar feadh a ghluaiseachtaí. Is é an pointe amháin a bhfuil an-éifeachtúlacht aici. Tá an lampa LED maith ag cur thart ar 80 lumen in aghaidh an Watt; ní raibh ach 40 millilumen ag an rud seo. Creideann na húdair gur féidir leo feabhas a chur ar seo go suntasach, ach ní fhaigheann na feistí leictrealúmaineachta tráchtála ach thart ar cheithre lúimint in aghaidh an Watt. Mar sin féin, ní raibh aon duine ag moladh rud éigin mar seo a úsáid mar bolg solais, agus tá roinnt cásanna ann inar féidir é a bheith úsáideach. Agus, fiú má tá an cumas a glow riamh a úsáidtear ar robots, d'fhéadfadh na capacitance a bhraitheann-cumas teacht ar éagsúlacht na feidhmchláir.

Smith on the invisible hand As every individual … endeavours as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. … [H]e intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it. The Wealth of Nations, Book IV, Ch. 2 Smith on morality And hence it is, that to feel much for others and little for ourselves, that to restrain our selfish, and to indulge our benevolent affections, constitutes the perfection of human nature; and can alone produce among mankind that harmony of sentiments and passions in which consists their whole grace and propriety. As to love our neighbour as we love ourselves is the great law of Christianity, so it is the great precept of nature to love ourselves only as we love our neighbour, or what comes to the same thing, as our neighbour is capable of loving us. Theory of Moral Sentiments, Part I, Ch. 5 Smith on empathy Let us suppose that the great empire of China, with all its myriads of inhabitants, was suddenly swallowed up by an earthquake, and let us consider how a man of humanity in Europe, who had no sort of connection with that part of the world, would be affected upon receiving intelligence of this dreadful calamity. He would, I imagine, first of all, express very strongly his sorrow for the misfortune of that unhappy people, he would make many melancholy reflections upon the precariousness of human life, and the vanity of all the labours of man, which could thus be annihilated in a moment. He would too, perhaps, if he was a man of speculation, enter into many reasonings concerning the effects which this disaster might produce upon the commerce of Europe, and the trade and business of the world in general. And when all this fine philosophy was over, when all these humane sentiments had been once fairly expressed, he would pursue his business or his pleasure, take his repose or his diversion, with the same ease and tranquility, as if no such accident had happened. The most frivolous disaster which could befall himself would occasion a more real disturbance. If he was to lose his little finger to-morrow, he would not sleep to-night; but, provided he never saw them, he will snore with the most profound security over the ruin of a hundred millions of his brethren, and the destruction of that immense multitude seems plainly an object less interesting to him, than this paltry misfortune of his own. To prevent, therefore, this paltry misfortune to himself, would a man of humanity be willing to sacrifice the lives of a hundred millions of his brethren, provided he had never seen them? Human nature startles with horror at the thought, and the world, in its greatest depravity and corruption, never produced such a villain as could be capable of entertaining it. But what makes this difference? When our passive feelings are almost always so sordid and so selfish, how comes it that our active principles should often be so generous and so noble? When we are always so much more deeply affected by whatever concerns ourselves, than by whatever concerns other men; what is it which prompts the generous, upon all occasions, and the mean upon many, to sacrifice their own interests to the greater interests of others? It is not the soft power of humanity, it is not that feeble spark of benevolence which Nature has lighted up in the human heart, that is thus capable of counteracting the strongest impulses of self-love. It is a stronger power, a more forcible motive, which exerts itself upon such occasions. It is reason, principle, conscience, the inhabitant of the breast, the man within, the great judge and arbiter of our conduct. Theory of Moral Sentiments, Part III, Ch. 3

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Smith ar an lámh dofheicthe Mar a dhéanann gach duine ... iarracht a oiread agus is féidir leis a chaipiteal a úsáid chun tacú le tionscal intíre, agus mar sin an tionscal sin a threorú ionas go mbeidh a tháirge ar an luach is mó; oibríonn gach duine go forleathan chun ioncam bliantúil na sochaí a dhéanamh chomh mór agus is féidir leis. Go ginearálta, ní bhíonn sé i gceist aige leas an phobail a chur chun cinn, ná níl a fhios aige cé chomh mór is atá sé ag cur chun cinn é. ... Ní dhéanann sé ach a shábháilteacht féin a cheapadh; agus trí an tionscal sin a threorú ar bhealach go bhféadfadh a tháirge a bheith den luach is mó, ní dhéanann sé ach a ghnótha féin a cheapadh, agus tá sé seo, mar atá i go leor cásanna eile, faoi stiúir lámh dofheicthe chun deireadh a chur chun cinn nach raibh mar chuid dá intinn. Ní bhíonn sé níos measa don tsochaí go raibh sé ina chuid. Trí a leas féin a shaothrú, is minic a chuireann sé leas an tsochaí chun cinn go héifeachtach ná mar a cheapann sé i ndáiríre é a chur chun cinn. Ní raibh a fhios agam riamh go leor maith a rinneadh ag iad siúd a raibh tionchar a trádáil le haghaidh an dea-phobail. Is é an tionchar, go deimhin, nach bhfuil an-choitianta i measc ceannaitheoirí, agus is gá a bheith ag baint úsáide as an-bheag focal a chur i bhfeidhm chun iad a dhíspreagadh ó sé. An Saibhreas na Náisiún, Leabhar IV, Ch. 2 go Smith ar mhoráltacht Agus dá bhrí sin tá sé, go bhfuil a bhraitheann go leor do dhaoine eile agus beag dúinn féin, go bhfuil a rialú ar ár féin-bhéasach, agus a indulge ár affections charthanacha, is é an foirfeacht an nádúr daonna; agus is féidir amháin a tháirgeadh i measc an chine daonna go comhchuibheas de na mothúcháin agus paisean ina bhfuil a gcuid grásta agus ceart iomlán. Mar a grá ár gcomharsa mar a gráimid féin is é an dlí mór na Críostaíochta, mar sin tá sé an precept mór an nádúr a grá féin ach mar a gráimid ár gcomharsa, nó a thagann chun an rud céanna, mar ár gcomharsa atá in ann grá dúinn. Teoiric na n-Ionchais Mhóracha, Cuid I, Ch. 5 an Smith ar chomhbhá Lig dúinn a shamhlú go raibh an impireacht mór na Síne, lena mírianta de áitritheoirí, go tobann swallowed ag crith talún, agus lig dúinn smaoineamh ar conas a bheadh fear de an daonnacht san Eoraip, nach raibh aon chineál de nasc leis an gcuid sin den domhan, a bheith i bhfeidhm ar an eolas a fháil ar an calamity uafásach. Ba mhaith leis, is dóigh liom, ar dtús, a chur in iúl go láidir a chuid brónach ar an mí-ádh ar an daoine míshásta, bheadh sé a dhéanamh go leor meabhrúcháin melancholy ar an precariousness na beatha daonna, agus an vanity de gach saothair an duine, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar sin a annihilated i nóiméad. Ba mhaith leis freisin, b'fhéidir, más rud é go raibh sé ina fear de speicil, dul isteach i go leor réasúnaíochtaí maidir leis na héifeachtaí a d'fhéadfadh an tubaiste a tháirgeadh ar an tráchtáil na hEorpa, agus an trádáil agus gnó an domhain i gcoitinne. Agus nuair a bhí an fhealsúnacht go léir fíneáil, nuair a bhí na mothúcháin daonna go léir a bhí léirithe uair amháin go cothrom, bheadh sé a shaothar nó a pléisiúir a shaothrú, a chuid eile nó a díleá, leis an éascaíocht chéanna agus socair, amhail is dá mba aon timpiste den sórt sin a tharla. An tubaiste is frivolous a d'fhéadfadh a thitim air féin a bheadh cúis le suaitheadh níos fíor. Má bhí sé a chailleadh a mhéar beag chun amárach, ní bheadh sé codladh chun oíche, ach, ar choinníoll nach bhfaca sé iad, beidh sé snore leis an slándáil is domhain thar an scrios céad milliún de a dheartháireacha, agus an scrios an iliomad ollmhór is cosúil go soiléir ar chuspóir níos lú suimiúil dó, ná an misfortune míshásta seo a chuid féin. Chun cosc a chur, dá bhrí sin, ar an míchompord míbhríoch seo dó féin, an mbeadh fear daonnachta sásta beatha céad milliún dá dheartháireacha a íobairt, ar choinníoll nach bhfaca sé riamh iad? Tá nádúr an duine startles le horror ag an smaoineamh, agus an domhan, ina depravity is mó agus éilliú, riamh a tháirgeadh an sórt sin villain mar d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann a chur ar fáil dó. Ach cad a dhéanann an difríocht seo? Nuair a bhíonn ár mothúcháin éighníomhacha beagnach i gcónaí mar sin sordid agus chomh féinmhaith, conas a thagann sé go bhfuil ár prionsabail ghníomhacha ba chóir go minic a bheith chomh flaithiúil agus chomh uasal? Nuair a bhíonn muid i gcónaí i bhfad níos mó go domhain tionchar ag cibé rud a bhaineann linn féin, ná ag cibé rud a bhaineann le fir eile; cad é a spreagann an generous, ar gach ócáid, agus an mean ar go leor, a n-a leasanna féin a íobairt chun leasanna níos mó daoine eile? Ní hé cumhacht bhog an chine daonna, ní hé sin an spárca lag de charthanacht a bhfuil an Dúlra ag lasadh i gcroí an duine, atá in ann an impulses is láidre an ghrá féin a throid. Is cumhacht níos láidre é, an t-aon chúis is mó, a fheidhmíonn féin ar ócáidí den sórt sin. Is é an réasún, prionsabal, coinsias, áitritheoir na cith, an fear istigh, an breitheamh mór agus ársaí ár n-iompar. Teoiric na n-Ionchais Mhóracha, Cuid III, Ch. 3 an

Luke 5:27-32: A Call to Repentance Read: Luke 5:27-32 Right after Jesus demonstrates his authority to forgive sin, Jesus does something else rather alarming: Jesus calls a “sinner” as one of his followers and then participates in a feast in his honor that is attended by more of these so called “sinners”. Jesus’ propensity for breaking social taboos was already known when he touched a leper (Luke 5:13). Tax collectors in the day of Jesus were one of the most despised members of society for a number of reasons. First, they were seen as traitors because often times they were indigenous members of a conquered who were hired by the conquering Romans to collect taxes for Rome. Second, tax collectors were also extortionist, wringing more money out of taxpayers than the taxpayer owed. Tax collectors got to pocket this extra as profit. Levi, also known as Matthew (Matthew 9:9), was one of these, nevertheless Jesus saw it fit to call Levi as his disciple. Levi would go on to write the Gospel of Matthew. Levi abandoned everything and followed Jesus when Jesus called him, just like Peter, James, and John (Luke 5:9-11). He had almost certainly heard of Jesus and was nearby at the healing of the lame man. By implication, Levi like Peter was confronted with the awesomeness and holiness of God and repented of his sins. His natural response was obedience, so that when Jesus did call him he obeyed and obeyed immediately just as Peter did. The Pharisees grumbled against Jesus because he, being a righteous man, associated with sinner which is something that a Pharisee would never do. Jesus replies with a metaphor pertaining to a physician coming to heel the sick, and he relates to his mission to calling the sinner to repentance. The Pharisees were zealous about following the law and for that reason did not, at least outwardly, appear as one of the “sinner”. Jesus on other occasions though does point out their sin (Matthew 6:1-2, Matthew 22:18, Matthew 23:11-31). Later, Jesus would commission Levi and the rest of the disciples to make disciples of all nations as Jesus had done with them in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:18-20). The first step in making disciples though is to find sinners and present them with the gospel. Part of the gospel is telling people about the reality of their sin (Romans 3:23) and the call to repentance as Jesus did in verse 32. To those that do repent, they are called to obey, as Levi did. In the Great Commission tells his disciples to teach others to obey. The same commandment goes out to all who call themselves Christians too. Associating with sinners is not an endorsement of their action. Christians shouldn’t be be afraid to be seen with sinners. In fact, it is necessary if one is to be about the work of making disciples, which starts calling people to repentance and obedience to Jesus’ commands. Lord, I believe! Help me to proclaim repentance and obedience to the world!

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Lucais 5:27-32: Glao ar aithrí Léigh: Lucais 5:27-32 Díreach tar éis do Íosa a údarás chun peaca a mhaitheamh a léiriú, déanann Íosa rud éigin eile a bhfuil imní air: glaonn Íosa peacadóir mar cheann dá leanúna agus ansin ghlacann sé páirt i féile ina onóir a bhfuil níos mó de na peacadóirí sin mar a thugtar air i láthair. Bhí a fhios cheana féin go raibh claonadh ag Íosa tabhuí sóisialta a bhriseadh nuair a chuaigh sé i dteagmháil le léibhrín (Lúcas 5:13). Bhí lucht cánach in aimsir Íosa ar cheann de na baill is mó a bhí i ndáil leis an tsochaí ar chúiseanna éagsúla. Ar dtús, bhí siad le feiceáil mar thréadairí toisc go raibh siad go minic ina mbaill dúchasacha de chuid na gcumhachtaithe a bhí ar fhostú ag na Rómhánaigh conquerors chun cánacha a bhailiú do Rómhánach. Ar an dara dul síos, bhí na coimisinéirí cánach ina n-eagóir freisin, ag cur níos mó airgid as na cáiníocóirí ná mar a bhí dlite ag an gcáiníocóir. Fuair na bailitheoirí cánach an breise seo a chur ina mbuiséad mar bhrabús. Bhí Léiví, ar a dtugtar Máite (Matha 9:9), ar cheann acu, ach d'fhéach Íosa go raibh sé oiriúnach Léiví a ghairm mar a dheisceabal. Lean Levi ar aghaidh ag scríobh Soiscéal Mátha. D'fhág Léiví gach rud agus lean Íosa nuair a ghlaoigh Íosa air, díreach cosúil le Peadar, Seumas, agus Eoin (Lúcas 5: 9-11). Is dócha gur chuala sé faoi Íosa agus go raibh sé in aice leis nuair a leigheas sé an fear coillte. De réir impleachta, bhí Léiví cosúil le Peadar i ngleic le uafásach agus naofacht Dé agus aithreachas a dhéanamh as a pheacaí. Bhí a fhreagra nádúrtha éagóir, mar sin nuair a d'iarr Íosa air d'éag sé agus d'éag sé láithreach díreach mar a rinne Peadar. Bhí na Fairisínigh ag gearán i gcoinne Íosa toisc go raibh sé, mar dhuine ceart, i gcomhpháirtíocht le peacach rud nach ndearna Fairisínigh riamh. Freagraíonn Íosa le metafór a bhaineann le dochtúir a thagann chun an t-othar a shlánú, agus déanann sé a bhaineann lena misean chun glaoch ar an peacaí chun aithrí. Bhí na Fairisínigh díograiseach maidir leis an dlí a leanúint agus ar an gcúis sin níor chuma orthu, go seachtrach ar a laghad, mar dhuine de na "pheacaigh". Mar sin féin, i gcásanna eile, tugann Íosa aird ar a bpeaca (Matha 6:1-2, Matha 22:18, Matha 23:11-31). Níos déanaí, chuirfeadh Íosa an t-ordú ar Léiví agus ar an gcuid eile de na deisceabail deisceabail a dhéanamh de na náisiúin go léir mar a rinne Íosa leo sa Mór-Choimisiún (Mata 28:18-20). Is é an chéad chéim i ndearadh dheisceabail ná peacaithe a aimsiú agus an soiscéal a chur i láthair dóibh. Cuid den soiscéal ag insint do dhaoine faoi réaltacht a bpeaca (Róimh 3:23) agus an glao ar aithrí mar a rinne Íosa i véarsa 32. I gcás na ndaoine a dhéanann aithrí, glactar leo a bheith dúnta, mar a rinne Léiví. Sa Mór-Choimisiún insíonn a dheisceabail a mhúineadh do dhaoine eile a bheith ag éisteacht. Tá an t-ordú céanna ag gach duine a ghlaonn orthu féin mar Chríostaithe freisin. Ní thugann a bheith i dteagmháil le peacaithe tacaíocht dá ngníomh. Níor chóir go mbeadh eagla ar Chríostaithe a bheith le peacaithe. Go deimhin, tá sé riachtanach má tá duine ag iarraidh a bheith i mbun an oibre deisceabail a dhéanamh, a thosaíonn ag glaoch ar dhaoine chun aithrí agus chun obedience a dhéanamh do mhírithe Íosa. A Thiarna, creidim! Cabhair dom chun a fhógairt aithrí agus obedience leis an domhan!

|cardiomyopathy hereditary chances||1.52||1||5953||90| |cardiomyopathy or heart failure||0.25||0.2||9069||1| |cardiomyopathy risk factors||0.63||0.9||4829||34| |cardiomyopathy or pericarditis||1.25||1||2556||15| Cardiomyopathy What is cardiomyopathy in adults? Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle. These diseases have many causes, signs and symptoms as well as treatments. In most cases, cardiomyopathy causes the heart muscle to become enlarged, thick or rigid. In rare instances, diseased heart muscle tissue is replaced with scar tissue.What happens if cardiomyopathy is not treated? Cardiomyopathy can lead to other heart conditions, including: Heart failure. Your heart can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. Untreated, heart failure can be life-threatening. Blood clots. Because your heart can't pump effectively, blood clots might form in your heart.What is hyperhypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy happens when the heart muscle enlarges and thickens without an obvious cause. Usually the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, and septum (the wall that separates the left and right side of the heart) thicken.How does cardiomyopathy affect the circulatory system? Because your heart can't pump effectively, blood clots might form in your heart. If clots enter your bloodstream, they can block the blood flow to other organs, including your heart and brain. Heart valve problems. Because cardiomyopathy causes the heart to enlarge, the heart valves might not close properly.

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Cardiomyopathy seansanna oidhreachta 1.52 1 5953 90 Cardiomyopathy nó teip croí Fachtóirí riosca cardiomyopathy cardiomyopathy nó pericarditis Cardiomyopathy Cad é cardiomyopathy in aosaigh? Tagraíonn cardiomyopathy do ghalair na matáin croí. Tá go leor cúiseanna, comharthaí agus comharthaí chomh maith le cóireálacha ag na galair seo. I bhformhór na gcásanna, bíonn an muscle croí ag méadú, ag tiubhadh nó ag éirí crua mar thoradh ar an gcárta-mhíopóid. I gcásanna neamhchoitianta, cuirtear fíochán scar ar fhíochán matáin croí atá breoite.Cad a tharlaíonn mura ndéantar cóireáil ar an gcárdaimh-mhiopóid? Is féidir le cardiomyopathy a bheith ina chúis le galair croí eile, lena n-áirítear: Ní féidir le do chroí go leor fola a phumpáil chun freastal ar riachtanais do chorp. Mura ndéantar cóireáil air, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh teip croí bagairt ar shaol. Coillte fola. Toisc nach féidir le do chroí caidéil go héifeachtach, d'fhéadfadh clútha fola a bheith i do chroí.Cad é an cardiomyopathy hyperhypertrophic? Tarlaíonn cardiomyopathy hypertrophic nuair a bhíonn an muscle croí ag méadú agus ag tiúsú gan chúis shoiléir. De ghnáth bíonn na ventricles, na seomraí is ísle sa chroí, agus an septum (an balla a scarann taobh chlé agus taobh dheis an chroí) tiubh.Conas a théann an cardiomyopathy i bhfeidhm ar an gcóras imshruthaithe? Toisc nach féidir le do chroí caidéil go héifeachtach, d'fhéadfadh clúbaí fola a bheith i do chroí. Má théann cnámha isteach i do shruth fola, d'fhéadfadh siad an sreabhadh fola chuig orgáin eile a bhac, lena n-áirítear do chroí agus d'inchinn. Fadhbanna le comhlaí croí. Toisc go gcuireann cardiomyopathy an croí chun méadú, d'fhéadfadh na comhlaí croí a dhúnadh go ceart.

Looking at the impact our homes have on the environment and on our quality of life, this book helps readers discover what is meant by sustainable living and what they can do to make their home more sustainable. Sustainable Futures explores the current threats to our world resources and the possible solutions to some of the most urgent and difficult problems facing today’s decision-makers. What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. No place like home? Living with less water Other editions - View all Africa animal Auroville Auroville township better biogas biomass fuels birds bricks building materials built burning stove cancer carbon dioxide carbon neutral cement cent coal compost composting toilets contributes to global crops developed world developing countries dioxins dry toilets Earth eco-homes eco-village efficient electricity energy-efficiency energy-saving home example ferro-cement fertiliser flush the toilet forests fossil fuels garden global warming greenhouse gas greenhouse gases grey-water system groundwater grown harmful household idea of sustainable impact India insulation kerbside collections less water litres Living with less low energy means natural numbers organic organic food people’s photovoltaic cells plants plastic poor produce public transport recycled water reduce heat loss Reducing waste roofs rubbish rural areas Sally Morgan saving scheme space square kilometres Sun’s energy sustainable development sustainable homes timber Tlholego eco-village toxic chemicals urban Website wildlife wind turbines wood

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Ag féachaint ar an tionchar atá ag ár dtithe ar an gcomhshaol agus ar ár gcáilíocht saoil, cabhraíonn an leabhar seo leis na léitheoirí a fháil amach cad is brí le maireachtáil inbhuanaithe agus cad is féidir leo a dhéanamh chun a dtithe a dhéanamh níos inbhuanaithe. Déantar iniúchadh i gCaitheamh Inbhuanaithe ar na bagairtí atá ann faoi láthair do acmhainní ár domhain agus ar na réitigh is féidir ar chuid de na fadhbanna is práinne agus is deacra atá os comhair lucht cinnteoireachta an lae inniu. Cad atá á rá ag daoine - Scríobh athbhreithniú Ní bhfuair muid aon athbhreithnithe sna háiteanna is gnách. Níl aon áit cosúil le baile? Ag maireachtáil le níos lú uisce Eolaíochtaí eile - Féach ar gach ceann África ainmhí Auroville Auroville baile níos fearr bithghás bithmhaise breoslaí éin brionglóid ábhair tógála scornach ailse dé-ocsaíd charbóin ciment neodrach charbóin cent guail compóstaíocht compóstaíocht toileáin rannchuidiú le barraíochtaí domhanda domhan forbartha tíortha i mbéal forbartha dé-ocsaíní toileáin thirimithe tirim talamh eco-tithe eco-bhaile leictreachas éifeachtúil éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh sábháil fuinnimh an bhaile mar shampla ferrocement leasacháin srutháil na toileáin foraoisí breoslaí iontaise gaistí gás cheaptha teasa gás cheaptha teasa gás liathrais-uisce grunthaisce fásadh smaoineamh teaghlaigh díobhálach ar thionchar inbhuanaithe India insliú babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáin babhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhsáinbhs

Chaga (Inonotus Obliquus) Mushroom Extract Powder Inonotus obliquus, commonly known as chaga mushroom (a Latinisation of the Russian term ‘чага’), is a fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae. It is parasitic on birch and other trees. The sterile conk is irregularly formed and has the appearance of burnt charcoal, due to massive ammonts of melanin. Inonotus obliquus grows in birch forests of Russia, Korea, Eastern and Northern Europe, northern areas of the United States, in the North Carolina mountains and in Canada. Powder packaged and secured in a resealable bag.

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Chaga (Inonotus Obliquus) Pólúirí Scairt Fungas Is feithid den teaghlach Hymenochaetaceae é Inonotus obliquus, ar a dtugtar feithid chaga go coitianta (laidinithe den téarma Rúisis чага). Tá sé paraisítí ar bhéir agus ar chrainn eile. Tá an conk steirile déanta go neamhrialta agus tá cuma guail dhóite air, mar gheall ar ammonts ollmhór melanin. Fásann Inonotus obliquus i bhforaoisí birch na Rúise, na Cóiré, Oirthear agus Thuaisceart na hEorpa, i gceantair thuaidh na Stát Aontaithe, i sléibhte Carolina Thuaidh agus i gCeanada. Pól a phacáistiú agus a dhaingniú i mála athshealaithe.

The yeast organism, Malassezia pachydermatis, is always present on your dog’s skin and in his ears. Under normal conditions, this amount of yeast is small and does not cause problems for your dog. However, when these normal conditions change, the yeast multiplies and leads to infection. Yeast and Yeast Infections While many conditions -- immune deficiency, hormonal imbalances, medications or contact with chemicals -- can increase the yeast population, another common cause is an increase in skin oils due to allergies. Your vet will prescribe medication to treat the overgrowth of yeast but, if yeast infections occur on a regular basis, it is essential to determine the underlying cause and treat that as well. Common Food Allergies As many as 10 percent of all cases relate to food. The most common dog food allergens are beef, chicken, dairy, egg, fish, pork, soy and wheat. In many cases, a dog may be allergic to more than one ingredient. Unfortunately, these are common ingredients in most dog foods so determining which food may be causing your dog’s allergy requires an elimination diet. You may ask yourself, “How can my dog be allergic to something in his food? He has eaten the same thing his whole life.” Allergies in dogs take time to develop and while he may have been eating the same food for as long as you can remember, that food may now be causing problems. If your veterinarian suspects a food allergy, he will recommend an elimination diet. This takes time and patience and is something you have to commit to for the long haul in order to determine what food or foods may be triggering the allergy. An elimination diet includes one protein and one carbohydrate source that your dog does not normally eat. You will need to determine the ingredients in his normal food and serve something different, such as venison and peas or another non-traditional alternative. Serve only these two ingredients at mealtime for the course of the diet. If the culprit is a food allergy, symptoms will improve. After a few weeks, introduce a new protein or carbohydrate, one at a time, to the diet and look for symptoms to return, signifying an allergy. During an elimination diet, it is essential not to serve any treats or edible bones. If you suspect a yeast infection due to food allergies, consult your veterinarian to treat the yeast and discuss a possible elimination diet. For many dogs with food allergies, homemade diets become a necessary option to avoid serving the foods responsible for the allergy. If you must feed a homemade diet, talk with your vet or canine nutritionist to ensure you are meeting your dog’s nutritional needs. Your vet may recommend nutritional supplements. Deborah Lundin is a professional writer with more than 20 years of experience in the medical field and as a small business owner. She studied medical science and sociology at Northern Illinois University. Her passions and interests include fitness, health, healthy eating, children and pets.

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Tá an t-orgánach giosta, Malassezia pachydermatis, i gcónaí i láthair ar chraiceann do chraiceann agus ina chluasa. Faoi choinníollacha gnáth, tá an méid seo de chíosta beag agus ní bhíonn fadhbanna ag do mhadra. Mar sin féin, nuair a athraíonn na coinníollacha gnáth seo, déanann an giosta a lán agus bíonn ionfhabhtaithe ann. Iompar agus Infectious Cé go bhféadfadh go leor coinníollacha -- easnamh imdhíonachta, míchothromaíochtaí hormónacha, cógais nó teagmháil le ceimiceáin -- an daonra giosta a mhéadú, is cúis choitianta eile é méadú ar olaí craiceann mar gheall ar ailléirgí. Tabharfaidh do vet cógais chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar rófhás na féitheacha ach, má tharlaíonn ionfhabhtuithe féitheacha ar bhonn rialta, tá sé riachtanach an chúis bhunúsach a chinneadh agus é a chóireáil chomh maith. Ailléirgí Bia Coitianta Tá baint ag an 10 faoin gcéad de na cásanna go léir le bia. Is iad na hailléirgíní is coitianta a bhaineann le bia madraí ná mairteola, sicín, déiríochta bainne, uibheacha, iasc, muiceola, só agus cruithneacht. I go leor cásanna, d'fhéadfadh madra a bheith ailléirgeach do níos mó ná comhábhar amháin. Ar an drochuair, is comhábhair choitianta iad seo i bhformhór na mbia do chraiceann agus mar sin ní mór aiste bia a dhíchur a chinneadh chun a fháil amach cén bia a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cúis le hailléirge do chraiceann. B'fhéidir go n-iarrfá ar do chroí, 'Conas a d'fhéadfadh mo mhadra a bheith ailléirgeach do rud éigin ina bhia? Tá sé ag ithe an rud céanna a shaol ar fad. Tógann sé tamall chun alergí a fhorbairt i mbabhla agus cé go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ag ithe an bia céanna chomh fada agus is féidir leat cuimhneamh, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fadhbanna ag an mbia sin anois. Má tá amhras ar do dhealtóir tréidliachta go bhfuil ailléirgí bia agat, molfaidh sé aiste bia a dhíchur. Tógann sé seo am agus foighne agus is rud é a chaithfidh tú tiomantas a dhéanamh dó ar feadh an ama chun a chinneadh cén bia nó na bianna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag spreagadh an ailléirge. I measc an aiste bia a dhíchur tá prótín amháin agus foinse carbaihiodráit amháin nach n-itheann do mhadra de ghnáth. Beidh ort na comhábhair a bheidh i do ghnáth-bhia a chinneadh agus rud éigin difriúil a sheirbheáil, mar shampla feoil agus pianta nó rogha eile neamhthraidisiúnta. Ní mór duit ach an dá chomhábhar seo a sheirbheáil ag am bia le linn an aiste bia. Má tá an t-ailléirgí bia mar chúis leis, beidh feabhas ar na hairíonna. Tar éis cúpla seachtain, cuir próitéin nó carbaihiodráit nua isteach sa réim bia, ceann amháin ag an am, agus féach an dtiocfaidh comharthaí ar ais, rud a léiríonn ailléirge. Le linn aiste bia a dhíchur, tá sé riachtanach gan aon chóireáil nó cnámha inite a sheirbheáil. Má tá amhras ort go bhfuil ionfhabhtú giosta mar gheall ar ailléirgí bia, téigh i gcomhairle le do dhealtóir tréidliachta chun an giosta a chóireáil agus déileáil le aiste bia diúltaithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. I gcás go leor madraí a bhfuil ailléirgí bia acu, is rogha riachtanach iad bia tí chun na bianna a chuireann an t-ailléirgí i gcroílár a sheachaint. Má tá gá le bia baile a thabhairt duit, labhair le do vet nó le cothaitheoir canine chun a chinntiú go bhfuil tú ag freastal ar riachtanais chothaitheacha do chraiceann. Féadfaidh do vet a mholadh forlíontaí cothaitheacha. Is scríbhneoir gairmiúil í Deborah Lundin le níos mó ná 20 bliain taithí sa réimse leighis agus mar úinéir gnó beag. Rinne sí staidéar ar eolaíocht leighis agus socheolaíocht in Ollscoil Northern Illinois. I measc a paisean agus a spéis tá aclaíocht, sláinte, ithe sláintiúil, leanaí agus peataí.

The MLA format template is commonly recommended for writing research papers and essays that deal with the subject of literature and languages. Established by the Modern Language Association (MLA), the MLA format template is widely considered as the standard style for formatting reports, research papers, manuscripts, and scholarly documents in many high schools, colleges and universities. A variety of characteristics make the MLA format template different from other template styles, and it follows certain technical conventions. In MLA style, for example, a title or cover page is officially not required, unless specifically requested by your instructor. Your paper must be typed on standard-sized 8.5 x 11 inch paper, with 1 inch margins on all sides. The entire text of your essay must be double spaced, and must use the Times New Roman typeface, 12-point size. The title of your work must appear on top of the first page, aligned to center and typed in standard capitalization. You do not need to underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks. After the title, you need to press the enter key twice (double space) before typing the first line of your essay. You do not need to add extra white spaces between the heading and the title. Extra spaces between each paragraph are not necessary as well. In writing the first line of paragraphs, one half inch must be indented from the left margin of the page. You can do this by pressing the tab button once. The use of italics is only necessary when referring to other works. In addition to these guidelines, a page header is required by the MLA format template. The page header includes the pertinent page numbers that will number all the subsequent pages in the upper right-hand corner of the page, one half inch from the top and aligned with the right margin. Also, in the upper left-hand corner of the first page, your complete name, your instructor’s full name and the date must be listed.

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Moltar an teimpléad formáid MLA go coitianta chun páipéir taighde agus aisteanna a scríobh a dhéileálann le hábhar na litríochta agus na dteangacha. Bunaithe ag Cumann na dTeangacha Nua-aimseartha (MLA), meastar go forleathan gur an stíl chaighdeánach é an teimpléad formáid MLA le haghaidh tuarascálacha, páipéir taighde, lámhscríbhinní agus doiciméid scoláire a fhormáta i go leor scoileanna ard, coláistí agus ollscoileanna. Tá tréithe éagsúla ag baint leis an bhfoirmle formáid MLA a bheith difriúil ó stíleanna eile múnla, agus leanann sé coinbhinsiúin theicniúla áirithe. I stíl MLA, mar shampla, ní gá teideal nó leathanach clúdaigh go hoifigiúil, mura n-iarrfaidh do threoraí go sonrach é. Ní mór do pháipéar a bheith clúdaithe ar pháipéar caighdeánach 8.5 x 11 orlach, le imeall 1 orlach ar gach taobh. Ní mór an téacs iomlán de do aiste a bheith dhá spásáil, agus ní mór a úsáid an Times New Roman typeface, 12 phointe méid. Ní mór teideal do chuid oibre a bheith ar an gcéad leathanach, i gceart i lár agus i gcaipitliú caighdeánach. Ní gá duit do theideal a chur faoi thrácht, a chur i léarscáil, nó a chur i gcúisíní. Tar éis an teideal, ní mór duit an eochair iontrála a phriontáil dhá uair (spás dúbailte) sula dtéann tú an chéad líne de do aiste. Ní gá duit spásanna bán breise a chur leis idir an teideal agus an teideal. Ní gá spásanna breise a chur idir gach mír freisin. Agus an chéad líne de mhír á scríobh, ní mór leath orlach a bheith i ndíolú ó mhaorga chlé na leathanaigh. Is féidir leat é seo a dhéanamh trí bhrú ar an gcnaipe tab uair amháin. Ní gá cur síos a dhéanamh ar an bhfocal ach amháin nuair a thagraítear do shaothar eile. Chomh maith leis na treoirlínte seo, teastaíonn ceannteideal leathanaigh ón teimpléad formáid MLA. Áirítear ar cheannteideal na leathanaigh na huimhreacha leathanaigh ábhartha a uimhreoidh na leathanaigh ina dhiaidh sin go léir i gcúinne uachtarach ar dheis na leathanaigh, leath orlach ón mbarr agus ailínithe leis an mbarr ceart. Chomh maith leis sin, ní mór d'ainm iomlán, ainm iomlán do threoraí agus an dáta a liostú sa chúinne uachtarach ar dheis den chéad leathanach.

Cartonnages in Ancient Egypt were used over the wrapped mummy mainly for mummy masks and some important parts of the body. The cartonnage of Irtirutja in the Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York dates from the Ptolemaic period. In it one can see how the artist of Ancient Egypt dedicated this technique for covering some special parts of the mummy. The fact of choosing those parts of the anatomy could reveal an intention of including the essential elements in the belief of Ancient Egypt for the dead’s resurrection. Obviously the mummy mask was obligated, since, among the many faculties the dead had to recover, there were the faculties of seeing and breathing. The feet of the mummy were covered with two images of Anubis. It seems as if they were inverted, but they are actually dressed to the deceased’s eyesight. Two images of the scarab with the solar disk were also a grant of the mummy’s rebirth. In Ancient Egypt, the Osiriac resurrection and the solar rebirth were united, in the iconography and in the religious texts. The four sons of Horus (two at each side of the body) were also included in the composition, They were a personification of the canopic jars, which contained the dead’s viscera, so they accompanied always the deceased. Finally, the ancient Egyptian artist could not omit two of the most important figures in the dead’s resurrection: Isis and Nephthys, the two professional mourners, who making a mourning ritual gave the faculties back to the mummy…

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Úsáidtear cartonnages san Éigipt Ársa thar an mummy fillte go príomha le haghaidh maisc mummy agus roinnt codanna tábhachtacha den chorp. Tá cartonnage Irtirutja i Músaem Ealaíne Metropolitan Nua-Eabhrac ó thréimhse Ptolemaic. Is féidir a fheiceáil ann conas a shainigh ealaíontóir na hÉigipte Ársa an teicníc seo chun codanna speisialta den mummy a chlúdach. D'fhéadfadh go nochtfadh fírinne na gcodanna sin den anatamaíocht an rún na heilimintí riachtanacha a áireamh i gcreideamh na hÉigipte Ársa maidir le aiséirí na mairbh. Ar ndóigh bhí an masc mummy oibleagáid, ós rud é, i measc na gcumas go leor a bhí ar na marbh a fháil ar ais, bhí na gcumas a fheiceáil agus a anailís. Bhí dhá íomhá d'Anubis ar chonaí an mham. Is cosúil go raibh siad ar a n-aird, ach tá siad i ndáiríre clóite do shúile an duine atá imithe. Bhí dhá íomhá den scarab leis an diosca gréine mar dheontas ar athbheochan an mham. Sa Sean-Éigipt, bhí an aiséirí Osiriac agus an athbheochan gréine aontaithe, san iconography agus sna téacsanna reiligiúnacha. Cuireadh ceithre mhac Horus (dhá cheann ar gach taobh den chorp) san áireamh sa chomhdhéanamh freisin, Bhí siad ina phearsanú ar na jaranna canopic, ina raibh na visceraí an marbh, mar sin bhí siad i gcónaí in éineacht leis an bhfuair bás. Ar deireadh, ní fhéadfaí an t-ealaíontóir ársa na hÉigipte dhá cheann de na figiúirí is tábhachtaí a sheachaint i dtosach na marbh: Isis agus Nephthys, an dá chaoineoir ghairmiúil, a thug na hacmhainní ar ais don mham ag déanamh deasghnátha báis...

19 October 2020 Government joins the media industry in commemorating and celebrating the Media Freedom Day. The day was commonly referred as Black Wednesday following the banning of a number of newspapers and arresting of their respective Editors as they were exposing the atrocities of the Apartheid regime. This day is set aside to commemorate the freedom enjoyed by the media industry in South Africa following a one-day crackdown in 1977 on publications and outlawing anti-apartheid groups by the apartheid regime. Today marks exactly 43 years since the brutal apartheid regime silenced independent voices by closing certain publications. On Wednesday 19 October 1977, the apartheid regime showed its contempt for freedom of expression and media freedom when it banned The World, Weekend World as well as other publications and arrested Percy Qoboza who was the editor of The World and various other black consciousness activists. This year, the media like many other industries, also faces adversity because of the unintended consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic. GCIS Director-General, Phumla Williams, said: “Government thanks all front line journalists who have been working tirelessly to keep the country updated and help citizens understand the spread and consequences of Covid-19. We also remember those journalist that have lost their lives and those affected by the virus whilst providing the public with credible and reliable information.” The Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the fore the need for trustworthy, fact-checked news and has played a crucial role in countering misinformation and disinformation that weakens expert advice and fuels the pandemic. “Newsrooms across the country have made pandemic coverage a priority and this is a reminder of the role of media in our democracy and of the Constitution that protects the right to freedom of expression and the media. Media freedom is one of the cornerstones of democracy and this freedom, should be guarded at all times. Government remains of the view that the hard fought for freedom of the press in 1977 played an instrumental role in the attainment of democracy in South Africa; and it is the very same freedom that still has a pivotal role in moving South Africa forward,” added Williams. Williams added that media freedom plays an important role in strengthening the country’s democracy and is an essential pillar for promoting accountability, nation building and strong public debate. Government welcomes the regular formal interactions with the media, through the Presidency to share ideas on issues of national interest. As we commemorate this important day, let us continue to further strengthen these relations and entrench the importance of independence of the media. Cell: 083 501 0139

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19 Deireadh Fómhair 2020 Tá an Rialtas ag teacht le tionscal na meán chun Lá Saoirse na Meán a chomóradh agus a cheiliúradh. Tugadh an lá sin mar Dé Céadaoin Dubh de ghnáth tar éis toirmeasc a chur ar roinnt nuachtáin agus a n-eagarthóirí faoi seach a ghabháil mar a bhí siad ag nochtadh atrocities an réimeas Apartheid. Cuirtear an lá seo ar leataobh chun an tsaoirse a bhain tionscal na meán in Afraic Theas taitneamh as a chomóradh tar éis géarghníomh lá amháin i 1977 ar fhoilseacháin agus grúpaí frith-ailtheid a dhíobháil ag an réimeas apartheid. Tá 43 bliain d'aois inniu ó chuir an córas apartheid an-brúthúil guthí neamhspleácha ar an tséanadh trí fhoilseacháin áirithe a dhúnadh. Ar an 19 Deireadh Fómhair 1977, léirigh réimeas na leithdhála a chuid mí-mheas ar shaoirse cainte agus saoirse na meán nuair a chuir sé cosc ar The World, Weekend World chomh maith le foilseacháin eile agus Percy Qoboza a ghabháil a bhí ina eagarthóir ar The World agus gníomhaithe éagsúla eile a bhí ina n-eolas dubh. An bhliain seo, tá an meán cosúil le go leor tionscail eile, ag tabhairt aghaidh ar dhúshláin mar gheall ar iarmhairtí gan choinne na paindéime Covid-19. Dúirt Ard-Stiúrthóir GCIS, Phumla Williams: "Tá an Rialtas buíoch de na iriseoirí tosaigh go léir a bhí ag obair gan staonadh chun an tír a choinneáil cothrom le dáta agus cabhrú le saoránaigh scaipeadh agus iarmhairtí Covid-19 a thuiscint. Cuirimid i gcuimhne freisin na iriseoirí a chaill a saol agus na daoine a ndeachaigh an víreas i bhfeidhm orthu agus faisnéis chreidiúnach agus iontaofa á chur ar fáil don phobal. Tá an paindéim Covid-19 tar éis an gá atá le nuacht iontaofa, fíricí seiceáilte a thabhairt chun cinn agus tá ról ríthábhachtach aige i gcoinne mífhaisnéis agus mífhaisnéis a lagú comhairle saineolaithe agus a chuireann breosla ar an paindéim. Tá seomraí nuachta ar fud na tíre tar éis clúdach paindéime a dhéanamh mar thosaíocht agus is meabhrúchán é seo ar ról na meán inár daonlathas agus ar an mBunreacht a chosnaíonn an ceart chun saoirse cainte agus na meán. Tá saoirse na meán ar cheann de na clocha chonair an daonlathais agus ba cheart an tsaoirse seo a chosaint i gcónaí. Tá an Rialtas fós den tuairim go raibh ról ríthábhachtach ag an gcath a bhí ann i 1977 ar son saoirse na preasa i gcur chun cinn an daonlathais san Afraic Theas; agus is é an tsaoirse chéanna atá fós ina ról lárnach i gcur na hAfraice Theas ar aghaidh, "a dúirt Williams. Dúirt Williams go bhfuil ról tábhachtach ag saoirse na meán i neartú daonlathas na tíre agus go bhfuil sé ina cholún riachtanach chun cuntasacht, tógáil náisiúin agus díospóireacht phoiblí láidir a chur chun cinn. Fáiltíonn an Rialtas roimh na hidirghníomhaíochtaí foirmiúla rialta leis na meáin, trína hUachtaránacht chun smaointe a roinnt ar shaincheisteanna leasa náisiúnta. Agus an lá tábhachtach seo á chomóradh againn, leanfaimid orainn ag neartú na gcaidrimh seo agus ag cur tábhacht neamhspleáchas na meán i bhfeidhm. Seolann an Coimisiún an fhaisnéis seo chuig an gCoimisiún.

"The Orderly Liquidation Authority (OLA) was created by Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 111-203; Dodd-Frank) to allow the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to resolve certain failing financial institutions whose collapse could threaten the stability of the financial system. Although OLA has never been used, it has become the subject of a number of reform proposals. This Insight briefly describes the OLA and two prominent examples of such proposals." CRS Insight, IN10886 Federation of American Scientists: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/index.html

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"Cruthaíodh an tÚdarás um Leachtú Ordúil (OLA) le Teideal II den Acht um Athchóiriú agus Cosanta Tomhaltóirí Dodd-Frank Wall Street (P.L. 111-203; Dodd-Frank) chun a cheadú don Chóras Rialtais um Árachas Tascanna (FDIC) institiúidí airgeadais áirithe atá ag teip a réiteach a bhféadfadh a dtimpiste a chur i mbaol cobhsaíocht an chórais airgeadais. Cé nár úsáideadh OLA riamh, tá sé ina ábhar do roinnt tograí athchóirithe. Déanann an Insight seo cur síos gairid ar an OLA agus ar dhá shampla suntasacha de thograí den sórt sin". CRS Insight, IN10886 Cónaidhm Eolaithe Mheiriceá: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/index.html

A Smokin' example of Charles's Law. Using the Fire Syringe to compress air into a smaller volume is a classic example of how rapidly doing work on a gas results in an increase in temperature. Learn More Always a favorite for demonstrating the laws of thermodynamics, the drinking bird has evolved into a true work of art. Made of hand-blown glass, you'll be proud to display it in your classroom, office, or home. Learn More Hands-on activities teach the relationship between pressure and temperature, adiabatic expansion and cloud formation, and finding the mass of air. Ideal for elementary/ middle level students. Also known as the Fizz Keeper. Learn More Known as the Drinking Bird, Drinking/Dunking Bird, Drinking Happy Bird or even a Dippy Bird. Whatever you call this loveable little drinking bird toy it is back and disguised as a great physics demonstration of heat and thermodynamics. Learn More The perfect apparatus for verifying Boyle's Law and other properties of gases. Simply add weights to the top block and measure the volume. Students then plot pressure versus the reciprocal of the volume in search of a straight line. Learn More This energy transformation is sure to capture your students' attention! Hold the glass vessel in your hand, and your body heat causes the liquid inside to boil and shoot into the top bulb! Assorted colors and styles. Learn More Demonstrate the amazing power of air! This specialized bottle is fitted with a balloon and a stopper. Inflate the balloon with air or water, with the stopper in place and removed, and see what happens. Learn More Arbor Scientific is a leading provider of Physics and Physical Science teaching equipment tested and approved by educators recognized for their expertise. Arbor Scientific works with teachers at all levels to find the ‘Cool Stuff’ – unique demonstration and laboratory tools – and then provides lesson plans, supportive teaching guides and science teaching supplies to make each learning experience fun and effective.

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Sampla Smokin 'de Dlí Charles. Is sampla clasaiceach é an Syringe Dóiteáin a úsáid chun aer a chómhdach isteach i méid níos lú de conas a bhíonn méadú teochta mar thoradh ar obair a dhéanamh go tapa ar ghás. Foghlaim Níos Mó Is é an t-éan ól a bhí ar an eolas go mór i gcónaí mar thaispeántas ar dhlíthe na teirmodinimice, agus tá sé tar éis éirí ina shaothar ealaíne fíor. Déanta de ghloine a bhí ag cur le lámh, beidh tú bródúil as é a thaispeáint i do sheomra ranga, i do oifig nó sa bhaile. Foghlaim Níos Mó Múineann gníomhaíochtaí láimhe an gaol idir brú agus teocht, leathnú adiabatic agus foirmiú scamall, agus mais aeir a aimsiú. Oidealach do mhic léinn bunscoile/meánleibhéil. Ar a dtugtar an Fizz Keeper freisin. Foghlaim Níos Mó Ar a dtugtar an Éan Óil, Éan Óil/Dunking, Éan Óil Sásta nó fiú Éan Dippy. Cibé rud a ghlaoigh tú ar an bréagán beag ólta beag grámhar tá sé ar ais agus disguised mar léiriú mór fisice teas agus teirmidheinamic. Foghlaim Níos Mó An t-earráid foirfe chun Dlí Boyle agus airíonna eile gáis a fhíorú. Cuir ach meáchain leis an mbloc uachtarach agus tomhais an toirte. Ansin, déanann na mic léinn brú i gcoinne an choimhlint den toirte a phlátaáil chun líne dhíreach a lorg. Foghlaim Níos Mó Tá an t-athrú fuinnimh seo cinnte go ghabháil do chuid mac léinn aird! Coinnigh an t-earraí gloine i do lámh, agus mar gheall ar do theochta coirp, déanfaidh an leacht istigh a bhéalocht agus a scaipeadh isteach sa bolg uachtarach! dathanna agus stíleanna assorted. Foghlaim Níos Mó Taispeáin an chumhacht iontach an aeir! Tá balún agus cúpán ag an bhuidéal speisialta seo. Inflate an balún le aer nó uisce, leis an stopadh in áit agus a bhaint, agus féach cad a tharlaíonn. Foghlaim Níos Mó Is soláthraí tosaigh trealamh teagaisc Fisice agus Eolaíochtaí Fisice é Arbor Scientific a ndearna oideachasóirí aitheanta dá saineolas tástáil orthu agus a ndearna siad ceadú dóibh. Oibríonn Arbor Scientific le múinteoirí ar gach leibhéal chun na "Stuff Cool" a fháil, uirlisí taispeána agus saotharlainne uathúla, agus ansin pláiníní ceachta, treoracha teagaisc tacaíochta agus soláthairtí teagaisc eolaíochta a sholáthar chun gach taithí foghlama a dhéanamh spraoi agus éifeachtach.

Studying ... Maths? ‘Another calculus lecture drifts by, and I still don’t understand how my faith in Jesus has got anything to do with the hours upon hours I spend every week learning more about maths.’ This is the experience of so many Christians in the world of maths, as we find it hard to see how our faith relates to our subject. So, what has the God of the Bible got to do with maths? What has maths got to do with the Christian gospel? As we begin, it’s important to acknowledge that we are not trying to represent a Christian view on maths here, but rather we are trying to understand the reality of maths. What we are looking at is not simply our perspective as Christians, it is the true reality revealed to us by the God of the universe. The Lord of maths Let’s begin with what the apostle Paul says about Jesus in Colossians 1:15–20: The Son is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. For in him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things have been created through him and for him. He is before all things, and in him all things hold together. And he is the head of the body, the church; he is the beginning and the firstborn from among the dead, so that in everything he might have the supremacy. For God was pleased to have all his fullness dwell in him, and through him to reconcile to himself all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven, by making peace through his blood, shed on the cross. Jesus Christ has the supremacy over everything that exists – and that includes maths. Jesus is supreme over maths, he was the one who thought it all up, and he cares about those things that you care about and get excited by. Jesus is the Lord of all, Jesus is the Lord of maths. I wonder how that makes you feel? Jesus Christ has the supremacy over everything that exists – and that includes maths. So, as Jesus is the Lord of maths, it follows that how we conduct ourselves as we study maths is very important. As human beings either we worship the Creator (God) because of created things, or we worship the created things themselves (Romans 1:18–25). There is no ground in between. So we either do maths for God’s glory, to show the greatness of God who created it in all its beauty and who gave us the brains to be able to understand it. Or we do maths for our own glory, to show the greatness of our own human intellect. And only one of these rightly recognises Jesus’ lordship over maths! The nature of maths Let’s assume that mathematical objects do indeed exist. I would guess that most of us as mathematicians do believe this, which raises the important question: How do mathematical objects exist? If you are an atheist, then you’ve got a serious problem in answering this question. For when and how did they come into being without a creator? But as Christians, we have a very convincing answer to this: Mathematical objects exist in the mind of God. This conclusion flows naturally from the Bible’s teaching about the nature of God. For example, John’s Gospel says ‘In the beginning was the word’ (John 1:1). The Greek term translated as ‘word’ here is λόγος (logos), but the range of meaning of λόγος is much broader and deeper than this. It combines notions like ‘reason’, ‘wisdom’, ‘speech’. In fact, our modern word ‘logic’ is derived from this Greek word. So, in the beginning was the λόγος (which includes maths), and the λόγος was with God, and the λόγος was God. Importantly, the λόγος is not an abstract concept or a particular quality in the mind of God, but rather is a person – Jesus Christ. The same Jesus that we saw in Colossians 1 who has the supremacy over all things. In him, through him, and for him all things were created, and these things express the mathematical objects that have existed from the beginning, in the mind of God. God governs everything, including numerical truth. - Vern Poythress Taking this further, the Bible tells us that God rules his world through his speech: 'By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their host' (Psalm 33:6). His word also sustains his creation: 'He upholds the universe by the word of his power' (Hebrews 1:3). The theologian Vern Poythress helpfully expands: God’s word has divine wisdom, power, truth, and holiness. It has divine attributes, because it expresses God’s own character. God expresses rather than undermines his own deity when he speaks words that address the created world. We may then conclude that the same principle applies in particular to numerical truths about the world. God governs everything, including numerical truth. His word specifies what is true. The apples in a group of four apples are created things. What God says about them is divine. In other words, his word specifies that 2 + 2 = 4. The usefulness of maths And what about the interaction of mathematical objects with the physical world around us? How is it possible that sophisticated mathematical objects (like PDEs, infinite Hilbert spaces, complex numbers) which are abstract and have no causal relationship to the physical world, describe the universe with such astonishing accuracy? Again, if you are an atheist, then you’ve got a serious problem. Here are two quotes from ‘The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences’ by mathematician Eugene Wigner (an atheist): [The] enormous usefulness of mathematics in the natural sciences is something bordering the mysterious and there is no rational explanation for it. The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics for the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither understand nor deserve. Did you notice how Wigner needs to resort to concepts clearly outside the boundaries of science like ‘the mysterious’ or ‘miracle’ to explain a fundamental fact of scientific research? For him, there is no rational explanation for the fact that maths can be used in physics. But if God created the universe, then we should expect to find evidence of his action in the physical world. The Bible makes that claim over and over again (e.g. Romans 1:20; Psalm 19:1; Isaiah 40:26). The physical world can be described so well by mathematics because this is precisely the language in which it was written by God, in whose mind mathematics exists. The complexity of maths Let’s now briefly consider the complexity of the equation: 2 + 2 = 4. As we will see, it is far more complicated that it seems on the surface. In maths we are really dealing with three realms: - The abstract laws, which are the most general statements (2 + 2 = 4). You can’t touch it or feel it, you can’t experience it, you can only know it. - The concrete instances of the laws which we call facts. Such as 2 apples + 2 apples = 4 apples. - The association between Law and Fact. This really happens in our minds and is the most mysterious. It is what we use when we generalise (more abstract) or apply (more concrete). This is what a child does when he/she realises that you don’t need to build a new arithmetic to count oranges when you know how to count apples. And this poses the question: How is it possible that the human mind can discover and understand mathematics, which is abstract and has no causal relationship to the physical world? How is it that we are able to use association to relate the law and the facts? Humans are created in God's image, so we reflect his characteristics, including our capacity to speak, reason and do maths As human beings each one of us are created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). So, we all reflect the characteristics of God, including our capacity to love, speak, reason and to do maths, art, or music. And so, it makes perfect sense that as human beings we can discover and understand maths, because maths is in the mind of God. We are made in his image, and this includes the privilege of thinking his thoughts after him. What is the link between the three realms then? The non-believer cannot answer this question. For the Christian, God as creator is sovereign over all three realms; he has thought the laws, created the facts and made us in his image so that we can ‘join the dots’. Principles for the Christian mathematician I wonder why you decided to study maths? Unlike a lot of subjects, people don’t usually study maths to prepare for a specific career or because they hope to earn loads of money. Normally it’s either because they are good at it or because they enjoy the sheer beauty of it. Two things are worth noting off the back of this: Mathematicians love maths the beauty of maths displays the beauty of God Which is kind of weird when you think about it, we love an abstract object that is not part of the physical world… How do we explain an intelligent human being leaping for joy just because of a neat result or proof? Well, if doing maths is thinking God’s thoughts after him, then doing maths has a lot to do with worship. We are called to worship God and rejoice in him. If mathematical objects exist in the mind of God, then discovering mathematical truths means in some way getting to know our Creator better. And that is what we are created to do. So, as Christian mathematicians, let’s continue to enjoy the beauty of maths knowing that it displays the beauty of God. And when we do maths, let’s do it as an act of worship to him. Mathematicians struggle with maths Understanding mathematical concepts is just hard! If you are studying maths, then you will know the common pattern of problem sets. You begin looking at question 1 and have no idea what to do. So, you move on to question 2, and again have no idea what to do. The same thing happens with question 3. But you have to start somewhere, and so you spend hours dissecting your lecture notes and trying to work out how on earth to begin. Perhaps even resorting to asking Google. But the sobering fact is that often you will just suddenly just get the answer, and it is really short and simple. If you go on to do research in maths, the phenomenon happens in a similar way (so I’m told). No progress on a problem for months, and then one afternoon it can all just fall into place! The frustration that we experience while doing maths points to the fact that we are fallen human beings The frustration that we experience while doing maths points to the fact that we are fallen human beings. We can’t think God’s thoughts after him the way it should be. But there are wonderful moments of grace, gifts from God, where he opens our eyes so that we can indeed think his thoughts after him in the way that he made us to. Those moments are wonderful gifts from God, and it is right that we thank him for them. With these things in mind, it would be helpful for us to search our hearts to assess what our heart attitude towards our mathematical studies is and how we live that out. What is my motivation for studying maths? What is driving the goals that I set myself in my studies? Do I take pride in my work to the extent that I treat it as my own discovery rather than God revealing truth to me? As a Christian, should my work look different? These are not simple questions and require significant thought. As mathematicians, we have the privilege of thinking God’s thoughts after him, and so in understanding maths more in some small way we get to understand our Creator more. We are not making discoveries of our own, but God is revealing the truth of his creation to us, and so it is our joy and delight to be able to help others to see and enjoy that too. It’s not our secret to keep hidden. And perhaps our solutions don’t look hugely different on the page, but they certainly do in our heart attitudes towards them, let’s give glory and praise to God as we work through our problem sets and understand more about how he has created and sustains the world. - Vern S. Poythress, Redeeming Mathematics: A God-centred approach to mathematics (Crossway, 2015). Available as a free PDF from the author's website. - Vern S. Poythress, ‘A Biblical View of Mathematics’ in Gary North, ed., Foundations of Christian Scholarship (Ross House Books, 1979). - Vern S. Poythress, various articles on mathematics. This is not a fully fleshed out argument of this point, which would require much more space than is available here. For those who are interested to explore it further, parts I & II of Redeeming Mathematics help to tackle that question at length. Vern S. Poythress, Redeeming Mathematics (Crossway, 2015) p.20 (emphasis in original). Wigner, E. P. ‘The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences’ Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 13.1 (1960), 1–14

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Ag staidéar ar ... matamaitic? Tá léacht eile ar an gcúis, agus ní thuigim fós conas a bhaineann mo chreideamh in Íosa leis na huaireanta agus na huaireanta a chaitheann mé gach seachtain ag foghlaim níos mó faoi mhatamaitic. Is é seo taithí an oiread sin Críostaithe i saol na matamaitic, mar go bhfuil sé deacair dúinn a fheiceáil conas a bhaineann ár gcreideamh lenár ábhar. Mar sin, cad a dhéanann Dia an Bhíobla a bhfuil a dhéanamh le matamaitic? Cad a dhéanann matamaitic a bhfuil a dhéanamh leis an soiscéal Críostaí? Agus muid ag tosú, tá sé tábhachtach a admháil nach bhfuil muid ag iarraidh a léiriú Christian dearcadh ar matamaitic anseo, ach ina ionad sin táimid ag iarraidh a thuiscint ar an réaltacht na matamaitic. Ní hé go simplí ár bpeirspictíocht mar Chríostaithe atá á fheiceáil againn, is é an fhírinne a nocht Dia na cruinne dúinn. An Tiarna na matamaitice Tosaímid leis an méid a deir an t-abstol Pól faoi Íosa i Colósigh 1:15-20: Is í an Mac íomhá an Dé nach féidir a fheiceáil, an chéadghin ar gach cruthú. Óir is ann dó a cruthaíodh gach rud, sna flaithis agus ar an talamh, an rud atá le feiceáil agus an rud nach bhfuil le feiceáil, cibé acu trócairí nó uachtaránachtaí nó ceannairí nó cumhachtaí; cruthaíodh gach rud tríd agus chuige. Agus is é a bhí roimh gach rud, agus is é a choinníonn gach rud. Agus is é an ceann a bhfuil an comhlacht, an Eaglais, ina cheann. Is é an tús é, an chéadghin ó na mairbh, ionas go mbeidh sé ina cheann ar gach rud. Mar is é toil Dé go mbeadh an iomláine go léir ina chónaí ann, agus trína sé féin a athmhuintearas gach rud leis féin, cibé acu iad na rudaí ar an talamh nó iad sna flaithis, ag déanamh síochána trí fhuil a scaoilte ar an gcros. Tá an t-ardchaighdeán ag Íosa Críost thar gach rud atá ann agus tá matamaitic san áireamh. Tá Íosa is airde ná matamaitice, bhí sé an ceann a cheap sé go léir suas, agus cúram sé faoi na rudaí sin go bhfuil tú cúram agus a fháil spreagúil ag. Is é Íosa Tiarna gach, Is é Íosa Tiarna matamaitice. N'fheadar conas a dhéanann go mbraitheann tú? Tá an t-ardchaighdeán ag Íosa Críost thar gach rud atá ann agus tá matamaitic san áireamh. Mar sin, mar is é Íosa an Tiarna matamaitice, leanann sé go bhfuil an chaoi a n-iompar muid féin mar a staidéar a dhéanamh ar matamaitice an-tábhachtach. Mar dhaoine, ní mór dúinn an Cruthaitheoir (Dia) a adhradh mar gheall ar na rudaí cruthaithe, nó ní mór dúinn na rudaí cruthaithe féin a adhradh (Róimh 1:18 25). Níl aon talamh idir. Mar sin, déanaimid matamaitic chun glóir Dé, chun a thaispeáint an mhórdhíol Dé a chruthaigh sé i ngach a áilleacht agus a thug dúinn na brains a bheith in ann a thuiscint. Nó déanaimid matamaitic dár ghlóir féin, chun a thaispeáint an grásta ár n-intleacht daonna féin. Agus ní aithníonn ach ceann amháin acu go ceart Tiarna Íosa thar matamaitice! Nádúr na matamaitice A ligean ar a ghlacadh go bhfuil réada matamaiticiúla ann i ndáiríre. B'fhéidir go gcreideann formhór againn mar mhatamaiticeoirí é seo, rud a thugann an cheist thábhachtach: Conas a bhíonn rudaí matamaitice ann? Má tá tú ina atheist, ansin tá tú ag gotten fadhb tromchúiseach i freagra a thabhairt ar an gceist seo. I gcás nuair agus conas a tháinig siad i bheith gan chruthaitheoir? Ach mar Chríostaithe, tá freagra an-chinnteach againn ar seo: Tá rudaí matamaiticiúla i gcuimhne Dé. Tá an chonclúid seo ag teacht go nádúrtha ó theagasc an Bíobla faoi nádúr Dé. Mar shampla, deir Soiscéal Eoin go raibh an focal sa tús (Eoin 1:1). Is é an téarma Gréagach a aistrítear mar word anseo λόγος (lógóis), ach tá raon brí na λόγος i bhfad níos leithne agus níos doimhne ná seo. Comhcheanglaíonn sé nochtáin mar réasún, eagna, cainte. Go deimhin, tá ár bhfocal nua-aimseartha logic díorthaithe ón bhfocal Gréagach seo. Mar sin, sa tús bhí an λόγος (a chuimsíonn matamaitic), agus an λόγος bhí le Dia, agus an λόγος bhí Dia. Tá sé tábhachtach, nach coincheap abstrakt nó cáilíocht ar leith i gcuimhne Dé é an λόγος, ach is duine é Íosa Críost. An Íosa céanna a chonaic muid i Colossae 1 a bhfuil an supremacy thar gach rud. Ina, tríd, agus dó gach rud a cruthaíodh, agus na rudaí seo a chur in iúl na réada matamaiticiúla a bhí ann ó thús, i intinn Dé. Rialaíonn Dia gach rud, lena n-áirítear fírinne uimhriúil. - Vern Poythress Ag cur seo ar aghaidh, deir an Bíobla dúinn go rialaíonn Dia a domhan trína chaint: 'Le focal an Tiarna rinneadh na flaithis, agus le gaoth a bhéil a hóstach go léir' (Salm 33:6). Tacaíonn a fhocal freisin lena chruthaitheacht: 'Tacaíonn sé leis an cruinne trí fhocal a chumhachta' (Eabhrais 1:3). Leagann an teolaí Vern Poythress amach go cabhrach: Tá eagna, cumhacht, fírinne agus naofacht Dé sa bhriathar Dé. Tá tréithe diaga aige, toisc go léiríonn sé carachtar Dé féin. Léiríonn Dia a dhéine féin nuair a labhraíonn sé focail a thugann aghaidh ar an domhan cruthaithe, seachas a mhí-úsáid. D'fhéadfaimis ansin a thabhairt i gcrích go bhfuil feidhm ag an bprionsabal céanna go háirithe maidir le fírinneanna uimhriúla faoin domhan. Rialaíonn Dia gach rud, lena n-áirítear fírinne uimhriúil. Sonraíonn a fhocal cad atá fíor. Tá na h-uafás i ngrúpa de cheithre uibheacha cruthú rudaí. Cad a deir Dia fúthu is diaga. I bhfocail eile, sonraíonn a fhocal go bhfuil 2 + 2 = 4. Úsáideoireacht na matamaitice Agus cad faoi idirghníomhaíocht rudaí matamaiticiúla leis an domhan fisiciúil timpeall orainn? Conas is féidir le rudaí matamaiticiúla sofaisticiúla (mar PDEs, spásanna Hilbert gan teorainn, uimhreacha casta) atá as cuimse agus nach bhfuil aon ghaol cúis leis an domhan fisiceach, an cruinneas iontach sin a thuairisciú ar an gcruinneas? Arís, má tá tú ag atheist, ansin tá tú a fuair fadhb thromchúiseach. Seo dhá luacha ó "The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences" ag an matamaiticeoir Eugene Wigner (an ateist): [An] úsáideacht ollmhór na matamaitice sna heolaíochtaí nádúrtha rud éigin bordering an mysterious agus níl aon mhíniú réasúnach ar é. Is é an míorúilt an oiriúnacht an teanga matamaitice do fhoirmliú na ndlíthe na fisice bronntanas iontach nach dtuigeann muid ná nach bhfuil tuillte againn. An thug tú faoi deara conas a theastaíonn ó Wigner dul i ngleic le coincheapa atá go soiléir lasmuigh de theorainneacha na heolaíochta mar "an mistéireach" nó "míorbhail" chun fíric bhunúsach taighde eolaíochta a mhíniú? Maidir leis, níl aon mhíniú réasúnach ann ar an bhfíric gur féidir matamaitic a úsáid i dfhíseolaíocht. Ach má chruthaigh Dia an cruinne, ba cheart dúinn a bheith ag súil go bhfaighidh muid fianaise ar a ghníomh sa domhan fisiciúil. Déanann an Bíobla an éileamh sin arís agus arís eile (m.sh. Rómhánaigh 1:20; Salm 19:1; Aisáia 40:26). Is féidir an domhan fisiciúil a thuairisciú go maith ag matamaitice toisc gurb é seo go beacht an teanga inar scríobh Dia é, a bhfuil matamaitice ina intinn. An castacht matamaitice Déanaimis anois machnamh go hachomair ar chastacht an chothromáin: 2 + 2 = 4. Mar a fheicfimid, tá sé i bhfad níos casta ná mar a fheictear ar an dromchla. I mhatamaitic tá muid ag déileáil i ndáiríre le trí réimsí: - Na dlíthe abstrata, is iad na ráitis is ginearálta (2 + 2 = 4). Ní féidir leat teagmháil a dhéanamh leis nó é a bhraitheann, ní féidir leat taithí a fháil air, ní féidir leat ach é a fhios. - Na cásanna nithiúla de na dlíthe a ghlaoimid ar fhíricí. Mar shampla 2 úll + 2 úll = 4 úll. - An comhlachas idir Dlí agus Fíric. Tarlaíonn sé seo i ndáiríre inár n-intinn agus is é an chuid is mó mistéireach. Is é an rud a úsáideann muid nuair a ghinearálann muid (níos abstrataí) nó nuair a chuireann muid i bhfeidhm (níos coincréite). Is é seo a dhéanann leanbh nuair a thuigeann sé/sí nach gá duit aritmeic nua a thógáil chun oráiste a chomhaireamh nuair a bhíonn a fhios agat conas uibheacha a chomhaireamh. Agus cuireann sé seo an cheist: Conas is féidir go dtuigeann agus go dtuigeann an duine matamaitic, atá as cuimse agus nach bhfuil aon ghaol cúis leis an saol fisiciúil? Conas is féidir linn an comhaireamh a úsáid chun an dlí agus na fíricí a nascadh? Tá daoine cruthaithe i ngrianghraf Dé, mar sin léiríonn muid a chuid tréithe, lena n-áirítear ár gcumas labhairt, réasúnaíocht agus matamaitic a dhéanamh Mar dhaoine tá gach duine againn cruthaithe i ngrianghraf Dé (Genesis 1:27). Mar sin, léiríonn gach duine againn tréithe Dé, lena n-áirítear ár gcumas grá, labhairt, réasún agus matamaitic, ealaín nó ceol a dhéanamh. Agus mar sin, tá sé ciallmhar go hiomlán gur féidir le daoine matamaitic a fháil amach agus a thuiscint, toisc go bhfuil matamaitic i gcuimhne Dé. Tá muid déanta ina íomhá, agus tá sé seo san áireamh sa phribhléid a chuid smaointe a cheapadh. Cad é an nasc idir na trí réaltaí ansin? Ní féidir leis an neamhchreidmheach an cheist seo a fhreagairt. Maidir leis an gCríostaí, tá Dia mar chruthaitheoir ina uachtarán ar na trí réimse; cheap sé na dlíthe, chruthaigh sé na fíricí agus rinne sé sinn ina íomhá ionas gur féidir linn na poncanna a cheangal. Prionsabail don matamaiticeoir Críostaí N'fheadar cén fáth a shocraigh tú matamaitic a staidéar? Murab ionann agus a lán ábhar, ní bhíonn daoine ag déanamh staidéir ar mhatamaitic de ghnáth chun iad a ullmhú le haghaidh gairme ar leith nó toisc go bhfuil siad ag súil go bhfaighidh siad go leor airgid. De ghnáth is é an chúis atá leis ná go bhfuil siad go maith ann nó go mbainfidh siad taitneamh as an áilleacht atá ann. Tá dhá rud is fiú a thabhairt faoi deara ar chúl an scéil seo: Is breá le matamaiticeoirí matamaitic Léiríonn áilleacht na matamaitice áilleacht Dé Is rud aisteach é nuair a smaoiníonn tú air, is breá linn réad eisiata nach cuid den domhan fisiciúil é... conas a mhíneoimid duine cliste ag léim as áthas ach amháin mar gheall ar thorthaí nó fianaise glic? Bhuel, má tá a dhéanamh matamaitice ag smaoineamh smaointe Dé tar éis dó, ansin a dhéanamh matamaitice a bhfuil a dhéanamh go leor le adhradh. Glaoitear orainn Dia a adhradh agus a bheith sásta ann. Má tá rudaí matamaiticiúla ann i gcuimhne Dé, ansin ciallaíonn fírinne matamaiticiúla a fháil amach go bhfuil aithne níos fearr á fháil againn ar ár n-Dearbhóir. Agus sin an rud a cruthaíodh muid a dhéanamh. Mar sin, mar mhatamaiticeoirí Críostaí, lig dúinn leanúint ar aghaidh ag taitneamh as áilleacht na matamaitice agus a fhios againn go léiríonn sé áilleacht Dé. Agus nuair a dhéanaimid matamaitic, a ligean ar a dhéanamh mar ghníomh adhradh dó. Tá matamaiticeoirí ag streachailt le matamaitic Tá sé deacair coincheapa matamaiticiúla a thuiscint! Má tá tú ag staidéar ar mhatamaitic, ansin beidh a fhios agat an patrún coitianta de tacair fhadhb. Tosaíonn tú ag féachaint ar cheist 1 agus níl aon smaoineamh agat cad atá le déanamh. Mar sin, téann tú ar aghaidh go dtí ceist 2, agus arís níl aon smaoineamh agat cad atá le déanamh. Tarlaíonn an rud céanna le ceist 3. Ach ní mór duit tosú áit éigin, agus mar sin caitheann tú uaireanta ag déanamh anailíse ar do nótaí léachta agus ag iarraidh a fháil amach conas ar domhan a thosú. B'fhéidir go mbeadh sé fiú ag iarraidh a fhios ag Google. Ach is é an fírinne sobering go minic go mbeidh tú díreach go tobann ach an freagra, agus tá sé i ndáiríre gearr agus simplí. Má théann tú ar aghaidh chun taighde a dhéanamh i matamaitic, tarlaíonn an feiniméan ar bhealach den chineál céanna (is é sin a dúradh liom). Ní dhéantar dul chun cinn ar fhadhb ar feadh míonna, agus ansin tráthnóna amháin d'fhéadfadh sé go léir titim ina háit! Tugann an frustrachas a bhíonn againn agus muid ag déanamh matamaitice le fios go bhfuil muid ina ndaoine thit Tugann an frustrachas a bhíonn againn agus muid ag déanamh matamaitice le fios go bhfuil muid ina ndaoine thit. Ní féidir linn smaoineamh ar smaointe Dé tar éis dó an bealach ba chóir a bheith. Ach tá nóiméad iontach grásta, bronntanais ó Dhia, nuair a osclaíonn sé ár súile ionas gur féidir linn i ndáiríre smaoineamh a chuid smaointe tar éis dó ar an mbealach a rinne sé dúinn a. Is bronntanas iontach ó Dhia iad na huaireanta sin, agus tá sé ceart go mbeimid buíoch dó as. Agus na rudaí seo san áireamh, bheadh sé cabhrach dúinn ár gcroí a scrúdú chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar an dearcadh atá againn i dtreo ár gcuid staidéir matamaitice agus conas a mhaireann muid amach é. Cad é an spreagadh atá agam chun matamaitice a staidéar? Cad é a spreagann na spriocanna a leag mé amach dom féin i mo chuid staidéir? An bhfuil mé chomh bródúil as mo chuid oibre go ndéanaim é mar fhionnachtadh féin seachas mar fhís a nochtann Dia dom? Mar Chríostaí, ba cheart go mbeadh cuma difriúil ar mo chuid oibre? Ní ceisteanna simplí iad seo agus is gá smaoineamh suntasach a dhéanamh orthu. Mar matamaiticeoirí, tá an phribhléid againn smaointe Dé a cheapadh tar éis dó, agus mar sin trí mheán a thuiscint níos mó ar bhealach beag a thuigeann muid níos mó ar ár n-Dearbhóir. Nílimid ag déanamh fionnachtana dár gcuid féin, ach tá Dia ag nochtadh an fhírinne faoina chruthaitheacht dúinn, agus mar sin is áthas agus áthas dúinn a bheith in ann cabhrú le daoine eile é sin a fheiceáil agus taitneamh a bhaint as freisin. Ní hé ár rún a choinneáil i bhfolach. Agus b'fhéidir nach bhfuil ár réitigh a fheiceáil an-difriúil ar an leathanach, ach tá siad cinnte i ár gcroí dearcadh i leith iad, a thabhairt dúinn glóir agus moladh do Dhia mar a oibríonn muid trí ár sraith fadhbanna agus tuiscint níos mó faoi conas a chruthaigh sé agus a chothaíonn an domhan. - Vern S. Poythress, Redeeming Mathematics: Cur chuige Dé-lárnaithe i leith matamaitice (Crossway, 2015). Tá sé ar fáil mar PDF saor in aisce ó shuíomh Gréasáin an údair. - Vern S. Poythress, A Biblical View of Mathematics in Gary North, ed., Foundations of Christian Scholarship (Ross House Books, 1979). - Vern S. Poythress, ailt éagsúla ar mhatamaitic. Ní argóint iomlán é seo ar an bpointe seo, a éilíonn i bhfad níos mó spáis ná mar atá ar fáil anseo. I gcás na ndaoine a bhfuil suim acu é a iniúchadh níos faide, cabhraíonn páirteanna I & II de Redeeming Mathematics leis an gceist sin a chur i ngleic go fad. Vern S. Poythress, Redeeming Mathematics (Crossway, 2015) p.20 (béim ar an bhunaidh). Wigner, E. P. The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 13.1 (1960), 114

The United States has the most significant number of giant stadiums globally, with capacities of over 100,000 people. These include the Michigan, Beaver, Ohio, Kyle Field, Neyland, Tiger, Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium, and the Bryant–Denny Stadium. However, the Narendra Modi Stadium is the largest stadium with a capacity of 132,000 in India. North Koreas' Rungrado 1st of May Stadium holds the second position with a capacity estimate of 114,000. Stadiums have a rich history ranging from the natural amphitheatres created thousands of years ago to improve the viewing of actual events. People can now join any gaming platform online and play free slots no download or watch a live game with a fantastic view of the giant stadiums online. It is one of the advantages of having a giant stadium while the cost of construction and materials and resources in use are some of the disadvantages. |Increase a country's revenue||Cost is very high| |Boosts the economy of the country|| Harmful to the environment |Source of Urban Power, Housing and Public Space||It consumes a lot of resources| Increase a Country's Revenue Mark Murphy highlights that stadiums today come with designs that allow multipurpose applications. These include but aren't limited to sports, concerts, community events, and private events or exhibitions. As a symbol of the country's civic pride, the stadiums can regenerate the amount invested. For instance, in the 1960s, festivals and musical artistry celebrations and launches often occur in giant stadiums. Today, the technology put into the development of the stadiums provide corporate organizers and clients room to create economic and revenue-generating events. The overall design comes with several features that ensure the application of the stadium in income and revenue-generating activities. Brett Downing highlights the presence of modern automation devices such as PA and VA systems as ensuring stadiums are more innovative, more capable, and flexible in their use. According to Davies, digitization, such as better communication and internet connectivity, makes an event more interesting and personalized for the viewer, especially if in a concert or music launch. Boosts the Economy of the Country Many advocates argue for the benefits of building giant stadiums. Most indicate that the stadiums will spur economic growth in the region's area, promoting the overall national economy. The highlight of the argument is that "Stadiums are self-financing." Any subsidies provided by the local government and other support companies are offset by the revenue generated in a single session, such as a sports season. For instance, the Kansas City Chiefs made revenue of $435 million in 2020. The stadium alone has a value of $263 million. Revenues from giant stadiums come from rentals or hire to private corporations, ticket sales during a sports season, and sales taxes from activities within and outside the stadium. However, an economics expert at Stanford, Roger Noll, highlights that stadiums do not spur local economic growth as many tend to advise during its construction to completion. He indicates that stadiums can only offset their costs if the government is ready to offer subsidies for teams and other events. Source of Urban Power, Housing and Public Space Stadiums are a perfect source of power as modern designs allow for power generation. Many modern and giant stadiums have a canopy composed of many different photovoltaic panels. Since the stadium designs rise high-up in the sky, they generate the perfect environment for micro wind turbines. For instance, in Taiwan, the Kaohsiung National Stadium has more than 8844 panels. Together, the panels generate approximately 1.14GWh in a single year. At the same time, the stadium is eco-friendly and contributes to reducing carbon dioxide by 660 tons. Proper housing is also becoming a part of modern stadium designs. For instance, London's Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park now holds around five residential developments. The idea is not the first as the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium has space allocated and developed housing 585 homes. The stadium also includes several schools and spaces for the community where everyone can discuss how to play their favourite games or get True Blue casino no deposit bonus, several cafes and stalls for food, and other merchandise. Plus, a community-based health center, in other words, the modern giant stadiums, is creating small economies that can sustain and develop over time remaining the engine that powers whole nations. Cost is Very High The US construction activities account for 60% of quality raw materials in use every year, and the percentage does not include food or fuel. The construction industry consumes approximately 50% of the steel products available globally. In addition, over 3 billion tons of building raw materials manufacture new building products every year. For instance, the Krestovsky Stadium, also known as the Saint Petersburg Stadium in Russia, construction costs back in 2018 were around $1.1 Billion. The stadiums do not hold such a large capacity as the most prominent stadiums globally, yet the Wembley Stadium, with a capacity of around 90,000, cost $1.4 billion to build. Harmful to the Environment The building of the giant stadiums results in the use of extensive amounts of adhesive and paint. Some of the construction paints contain harmful substances that are not eco-friendly such as lead and isocyanates. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), Isocyanates are elements/compounds that contain the isocyanate group or –NCO. It is a primary product present in various construction products, including paint, surface coatings, insulation materials, polyurethane rubber, polyurethane foam, and adhesives. Continuous exposure to the Isocyanates without protective gear can lead to cancer in animals, asthma, and lung conditions in humans. If it comes into contact with the skin, you may experience irritation in your eyes, throat, skin, and nose. It Consumes a Lot of Resources The construction industry, which includes giant stadiums and other indoor gaming facilities, accounts for the depletion of natural resources. The building consumes 16% of freshwater, leading to its withdrawal, 40% of the world's energy and natural materials, and approximately 20% of trees/wood that is not dedicated to use as fuel. For instance, the construction of the Michigan Stadium back in 1927 costs around $1 million, which is approximately $15 million today. Giant stadiums have a variety of benefits attached to them. These include an increase in revenue generation once the stadium is complete. During events, the stadiums create a mini-economy in the city or area. The stadium allows people to trade in varying products, including sporting gear, food, sleep, or accommodation services. However, giant stadiums also have significant negatives apart from the apple space and relocations of family homes. These include consuming many natural resources, the building costs come from the citizens, and some construction materials are not eco-friendly or safe for use without protective gear. In conclusion, the advantages override the disadvantages, and thus, giant stadiums are indeed advantageous to the community, country, and the world as a whole!

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Tá an líon is mó staidiam ollmhóra ar fud an domhain sna Stáit Aontaithe, le cumas os cionn 100,000 duine. I measc na gcluiche seo tá Michigan, Beaver, Ohio, Kyle Field, Neyland, Tiger, Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium, agus BryantDenny Stadium. Mar sin féin, is é Staidiam Narendra Modi an staidiam is mó le cumas 132,000 san India. Tá Staidiam Rungrado 1ú Bealtaine na Cóiré Thuaidh sa dara háit le cumas measta 114,000. Tá stair shaibhir ag staidiam ó na amfiteatraí nádúrtha a cruthaíodh na mílte bliain ó shin chun feabhas a chur ar amharc ar imeachtaí iarbhír. Is féidir le daoine anois a bheith páirteach in aon ardán cearrbhachais ar líne agus sliotáin saor in aisce a imirt gan íoslódáil nó féachaint ar chluiche beo le radharc iontach ar na staidiam ollmhór ar líne. Tá sé ar cheann de na buntáistí a bhaineann le staidiam ollmhór a bheith agat agus is cuid de na míbhuntáistí an costas a bhaineann le tógáil agus le hábhair agus acmhainní a úsáidtear. Tá costas an-ard ar ioncam na tíre a mhéadú Cuireann sé seo le geilleagar na tíre Daonmhar don chomhshaol Foinse Cumhachta, Tithíochta agus Spáis Phoiblí Cathrach Ioncam na tíre a mhéadú Cuireann Mark Murphy i bhfios go bhfuil dearadh ag staidiam inniu a cheadaíonn feidhmíochtaí ilchuspóireacha. Áirítear orthu seo, ach níl siad teoranta do spóirt, ceolchoirmeacha, imeachtaí pobail, agus imeachtaí nó taispeántais phríobháideacha. Mar shiombail de phribhléid shibhialta na tíre, is féidir leis na staidiam an méid a infheistíodh a athghiniúint. Mar shampla, sna 1960idí, is minic a tharlaíonn féilte agus ceiliúradh ealaíne ceoil agus seoladh i staidiam ollmhór. Sa lá atá inniu ann, cuireann an teicneolaíocht a chuirtear i bhforbairt na staidiam seomra ar fáil d'eagraithe corparáideacha agus do chliaint chun imeachtaí eacnamaíocha agus gnóthacha a chruthú. Tá roinnt gnéithe sa dearadh foriomlán a chinntíonn go gcuirfear an staidiam i bhfeidhm i ngníomhaíochtaí ioncaim agus ioncaim a ghiniúint. Cuireann Brett Downing béim ar láithreacht feistí uathoibrithe nua-aimseartha mar chórais PA agus VA mar a chinntiú go bhfuil staidiam níos nuálaíocha, níos cumasaí, agus níos solúbtha ina n-úsáid. De réir Davies, déanann digitiú, mar shampla cumarsáid níos fearr agus nascacht idirlín, imeacht níos suimiúla agus níos pearsanta don lucht féachana, go háirithe má tá sé i gconcert nó seoladh ceoil. Cuireann sé le geilleagar na tíre Tá go leor lucht tacaíochta ag argóint ar na buntáistí a bhaineann le staidiam ollmhóra a thógáil. Léiríonn an chuid is mó go spreagfaidh na staidiam fás eacnamaíoch i limistéar an réigiúin, ag cur le geilleagar náisiúnta ar fad. Is é an pointe is tábhachtaí sa argóint ná go bhfuil "Stadiums self-financing". Is é an t-aon thacaíocht a sholáthraíonn an rialtas áitiúil agus cuideachtaí tacaíochta eile ná an t-ioncam a ghineann seisiún amháin, mar shampla séasúr spóirt. Mar shampla, rinne na Kansas City Chiefs ioncam de $435 milliún in 2020. Tá luach $263 milliún ag an staidiam amháin. Tagann ioncam ó staidiam ollmhór ó chánacha nó ó chánacha do chorparáidí príobháideacha, díolacháin ticéid le linn séasúr spóirt, agus cánacha díolacháin ó ghníomhaíochtaí laistigh den staidiam agus lasmuigh de. Mar sin féin, leagann saineolaí eacnamaíochta ag Stanford, Roger Noll, béim ar an bhfíric nach spreagann staidiam fás eacnamaíoch áitiúil mar a bhíonn go leor ag tabhairt comhairle le linn a thógáil go dtí go mbeidh sé críochnaithe. Léiríonn sé nach féidir le staidiam a gcostas a chomhlíonadh ach amháin má tá an rialtas réidh chun fóirdheontas a thairiscint d'fhoirne agus d'imeachtaí eile. Foinse Cumhachta Bhaile, Tithíocht agus Spás Poiblí Is foinse cumhachta foirfe iad staidiam mar go gceadaíonn dearadh nua-aimseartha chun cumhachta a ghiniúint. Tá canóip ag go leor staidiam nua-aimseartha agus ollmhór atá comhdhéanta de go leor painéil fhóta-bholtacha éagsúla. Ós rud é go bhfuil na dearadh stáitse ag ardú go mór sa spéir, cruthaíonn siad an timpeallacht foirfe do thurbinaí gaoithe micre. Mar shampla, i Taiwan, tá níos mó ná 8844 painéal ag Staidiam Náisiúnta Kaohsiung. Le chéile, déanann na painéil thart ar 1.14GWh a ghiniúint in aon bhliain amháin. Ag an am céanna, tá an staidiam neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol agus cuireann sé le dé-ocsaíd charbóin a laghdú 660 tonna. Tá cóiríocht chuí ag teacht chun bheith mar chuid de dhearadh staidiam nua-aimseartha freisin. Mar shampla, tá thart ar chúig fhorbairt chónaithe ag Páirc Oilimpeach na Banríona Eilís Iolann i Londain. Ní hé an smaoineamh an chéad cheann mar tá spás leithdháilte ag Staidiam Tottenham Hotspur agus tá tithíocht 585 teach forbartha aige. Áirítear ar an staidiam roinnt scoileanna agus spásanna don phobal freisin inar féidir le gach duine plé a dhéanamh ar conas a gcuid cluichí is fearr leo a imirt nó bónas casino True Blue gan aon taisce a fháil, roinnt caiféanna agus stáillí le haghaidh bia, agus earraí eile. Ina theannta sin, tá lárionad sláinte pobail, i bhfocail eile, na staidiam ollmhór nua-aimseartha, ag cruthú geilleagair bheaga ar féidir leo a chothú agus a fhorbairt thar am agus iad fós mar an t-inneall a chuireann náisiúin ar fad i bhfeidhm. Tá an Chostas an-Arda Tá 60% de na hamhábhair ardchaighdeáin a úsáidtear gach bliain ar fáil ó ghníomhaíochtaí tógála na Stát Aontaithe, agus ní áirítear bia ná breosla sa chéatadán sin. Tá an tionscal tógála ag tomhaltú thart ar 50% de na táirgí cruach atá ar fáil ar fud an domhain. Ina theannta sin, déantar níos mó ná 3 billiún tonna amhábhair tógála a mhonarú gach bliain le táirgí tógála nua. Mar shampla, bhí costas tógála Staidiam Krestovsky, ar a dtugtar Staidiam Saint Petersburg sa Rúis freisin, thart ar $ 1.1 billiún in 2018. Níl an t-acmhainn chomh mór sin ag na staidiam mar na staidiam is suntasaí ar fud an domhain, ach costas $ 1.4 billiún le Staidiam Wembley, le cumas thart ar 90,000 a thógáil. Daonmhar don Chomhshaol Mar thoradh ar thógáil na staidiam ollmhór, úsáidtear méideanna móra greamaithe agus péinte. Tá substaintí díobhálacha nach bhfuil cairdiúil don chomhshaol, amhail luaidhe agus isocyanates, i roinnt de na péinteanna tógála. De réir an Achta um Shábháilteacht agus Sláinte Oibre (OSHA), is eilimintí/comhlachtaí iad Isocyanates a bhfuil an grúpa isocyanate nó NCO iontu. Is táirge príomhúil é atá i láthair i dtáirgí tógála éagsúla, lena n-áirítear péint, sciatháin dromchla, ábhair inslithe, rubair poléaréthan, scamh poléaréthan, agus greamaitheacha. Is féidir le nochtadh leanúnach do na hIsocyanates gan trealamh cosanta a bheith ina chúis le ailse in ainmhithe, asthma, agus galair scamhóg i ndaoine. Má thagann sé i dteagmháil le craiceann, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh irritation i do shúile, i do throat, i do chraiceann agus i do shrón. Tógann sé Go leor Acmhainní Tá an tionscal tógála, lena n-áirítear staidiam ollmhór agus áiseanna cearrbhachais faoi thalamh eile, freagrach as na hacmhainní nádúrtha a ídiú. Déantar 16% den uisce úr a chaitheamh sa fhoirgneamh, rud a fhágann go n-aisghairtear é, 40% den fhuinneamh agus de na hábhair nádúrtha ar domhan, agus thart ar 20% de chrainn/fhéamhacha nach bhfuil tiomanta le húsáid mar bhreosla. Mar shampla, an tógáil ar an Staidiam Michigan ar ais i 1927 costas thart ar $ 1 milliún, a bhfuil thart ar $ 15 milliún inniu. Tá buntáistí éagsúla ag staidiam ollmhór. Tá an t-airgead a bheidh le fáil ag an stáisiún i mbliain na bliana seo caite ag an mbliain seo caite. Le linn imeachtaí, cruthaíonn na staidiam geilleagar beag sa chathair nó sa cheantar. Ligeann an staidiam do dhaoine trádáil a dhéanamh i dtáirgí éagsúla, lena n-áirítear trealamh spóirt, bia, codladh, nó seirbhísí cóiríochta. Mar sin féin, tá drochbhuntáistí suntasacha ag staidiam ollmhór seachas an spás úll agus athlonnú tithe teaghlaigh. I measc na gcúiseanna sin tá go leor acmhainní nádúrtha a ithe, na costais tógála a thagann ó na saoránaigh, agus níl roinnt ábhair tógála neamh-chairdiúil don chomhshaol nó sábháilte le húsáid gan trealamh cosanta. Mar fhocal scoir, tá na buntáistí níos mó ná na míbhuntáistí, agus dá bhrí sin, tá staidiam ollmhór an-tairbheach don phobal, don tír, agus don domhan ina iomláine!

Syrian Smooth Cucumber Syrian Smooth Cucumbers are smooth, green, waxy, and mild. They are perfect for salads when harvested at about 3" long. In 1949, The Near East Foundation collected this variety in Homs, Syria and gave it to the USDA, who called it "Homs 6" and "PI 181940". Our friends at the Experimental Farm Network requested this variety (and shared it with us) as one of many from Homs and other regions around the world where farmers are being affected by war and natural disaster. Days to maturity: 57 from transplant Seeds per pack: 20 Germination rate: 93% on 09/20/2021 Planting / harvesting notes Seed indoors 2-3 weeks beforehand and transplant into warm soil (above 60 degrees at night). Space the plants at 12" apart. Vines grow 4-5', so allow them space to sprawl. Practice pest control, including covering the plants with row cover as they size up to keep off cucumber beetles, which can spread disease. Harvest 3" fruits daily. Seed keeping notes Cucumbers are insect pollinated and require about 1/2 a mile of isolation from other varieties of the same species, which in this case is Cucumis sativus. The seeds will be fully mature when the fruit turns yellowish orange, large, and bloated - harvest at this stage. Separate the seeds from the flesh, rinse them, and dry them on a screen or paper product away from direct sunlight in a ventilated place. The plumpest and hardest seeds will be most viable.

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Cucumber Shasanach Tá Cucumber Smooth Siria réidh, glas, ceallach, agus éadrom. Tá siad foirfe le haghaidh saladaí nuair a bhaintear iad ag thart ar 3 "de fhad. Sa bhliain 1949, bhail an Near East Foundation an éagsúlacht seo i Homs, sa tSiria agus thug sé é chuig an USDA, a thug "Homs 6" agus "PI 181940" air. D'iarr ár gcairde ag Líonra Feirme Taighde an éagsúlacht seo (agus roinn siad é linn) mar cheann de go leor ó Homs agus ó réigiúin eile ar fud an domhain ina bhfuil feirmeoirí ag fulaingt ó chogadh agus tubaiste nádúrtha. Laethanta go dtí aibíocht: 57 ó thrasplantaíocht Síolta in aghaidh an phacáiste: 20 Tá an t-ábhar seo ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin www.ecb.europa.eu. Nótaí síolta / fómhar Seeds indoors 2-3 seachtaine roimh ré agus trasplantaíocht i ithir te (os cionn 60 céim san oíche). Cuir na plandaí ar 12" óna chéile. Fásann fíonchaora 4-5 ', mar sin lig spás dóibh scaipeadh. Déan rialú lotnaid a chleachtadh, lena n-áirítear na plandaí a chlúdach le clúdach sreangacha de réir mar a bhíonn siad ag fás chun beithil cucumber a choinneáil ar shiúl, ar féidir leo galar a scaipeadh. Fuaim 3" torthaí go laethúil. Nótaí coimeádta síolta Tá cnámh inscne pollinated agus is gá thart ar 1/2 míle de leithscéal ó chineálacha eile den speiceas céanna, atá sa chás seo Cucumis sativus. Beidh na síolta aibí go hiomlán nuair a thiocfaidh an toradh oráiste buí, mór, agus bloated - a bhaint ag an gcéim seo. Déan na síolta a scaradh ón gcraiceann, sruthlú, agus iad a thriomú ar scáileán nó ar tháirge páipéir ar shiúl ó sholas díreach na gréine in áit aeráilte. Beidh na síolta is plump agus is crua an chuid is mó inmharthana.

I traveled to Hong Kong last week and was greeted by a layer of smog. The city’s famous skyline was marred by haze, and the pollution in the air exceeded World Health Organization guidelines four out of the five days I was there. I loved exploring the city, but I felt fortunate to leave before I got the so-called Hong Kong cough triggered by dirty air. Hong Kong isn’t the only metropolis struggling with air pollution. Harbin in Northeast China shut down schools, airports, and roads in October when smog reduced visibility to 10 yards. And last winter, 850 million people in Beijing and other Chinese cities experienced some of the worst air quality on record. I remember when New York City had filthy air too. Groups like NRDC worked hard to hold polluters accountable. We cleaned up our skies and our economy continued to grow. Yet some lawmakers are trying to gut the safeguards that protect our health. I urge them all to go to Hong Kong for a few days. Hong Kong’s hazy skies; pollution exceeded WHO guidelines 323 days this year. Because air pollution doesn’t just ruin the view; it makes people sick and costs money. Hong Kong’s air pollution was linked to 3,600 deaths in 2011 and left the city with $1.4 billion in health care and productivity losses over five years. The American Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong found that 40 percent of companies have trouble recruiting workers to the city because they don’t want to expose their families to polluted air. No one wants their loved ones breathing dangerous pollution, and that’s why NRDC and our local partners are working to clean up the air in Hong Kong and other cities in China. One of our main targets is dirty emissions from shipping. Hong Kong is the third busiest port in the world. Massive container ships account for Hong Kong’s largest source of particulate matter and nearly half of its sulfur dioxide—both linked to cancer, respiratory illness, and heart disease. More than 515 premature deaths a year have been directly attributed to sulfur dioxide pollution from oceangoing ships in the Pearl River Delta. Hong Kong sits right at the mouth of the Pearl River. NRDC has pioneered programs to reduce port pollution in the United States. We helped the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, for instance, cut sulfur emissions by more than 85 percent, reducing health risks for tens of thousands of people living nearby. We then pushed for similar breakthroughs across the country. Working with the government and private sector, we helped create an Emissions Control Area that will cut particulate pollution from ships at all U.S. ports and off U.S. coasts by more than 85 percent by 2020. Now we are sharing our experience with local partners to help Hong Kong clean up its port—and lead the way for neighboring ports in Shenzhen and Guangzhou. We plan to use a number of available solutions such as cleaner burning fuels and on-shore power to quickly curb pollution right now. But ultimately, we want to help the region establish an Emission Control Area to cover the entire Pearl River Delta, one of the most densely populated areas on earth. At the same time, we are also looking to China’s national efforts to clean up its air, like the recent Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Action Plan. With strong targets and consistent enforcement, these efforts can dramatically improve the health of the nation. We have seen it happen here in the United States. Our Clean Air Act saves tens of thousands of lives every year. House Republican efforts to roll back these standards would take us back to darker, dirtier days. I hope that each time I return to Hong Kong, the skies look more like New York City today and not the other way around. Photo credit: xlibber

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Thaistil mé go Hong Cong an tseachtain seo caite agus chuir sraith smog fáilte romham. Bhí an-ghloine ar shlí na cathrach, agus bhí an truailliú san aer níos mó ná na treoirlínte ó Eagraíocht Sláinte na Domhain ceithre lá as na cúig lá a bhí mé ann. Bhí grá agam an chathair a iniúchadh, ach bhraith mé go raibh áthas orm imeacht sula bhfuair mé an t-éadaí Hong Cong mar a thugtar air a spreagadh ag aer salach. Ní hé Hong Cong an t-aon mhéadarphóbal atá ag streachailt le truailliú aeir. Dúnadh scoileanna, aerfoirt agus bóithre i Harbin in Octobar nuair a laghdaigh smog an infheictheacht go 10 slat. Agus an gheimhreadh seo caite, d'fhulaing 850 milliún duine i mBeicín agus i gcathracha eile sa tSín cuid den cháilíocht aeir is measa a taifeadadh. Is cuimhin liom nuair a bhí aer salach i gCathair Nua Eabhrac freisin. D'oibrigh grúpaí cosúil le NRDC go crua chun truailleoirí a chur faoi dhliteanas. Glanamar ár n-aird agus lean ár ngeilleagar ag fás. Ach tá roinnt reachtóirí ag iarraidh na cosaintí a chosnaíonn ár sláinte a dhíothú. Iarrann mé orthu go léir dul go Hong Cong ar feadh cúpla lá. Tá spéartha hazy ag Hong Kong; sháraigh truailliú treoirlínte WHO 323 lá i mbliana. Toisc nach ndéanann truailliú aeir an radharc a mhilleadh ach amháin; déanann sé daoine a bheith tinn agus costas airgid. Bhí baint ag truailliú aeir Hong Cong le 3,600 bás i 2011 agus d'fhág sé $ 1.4 billiún sa chathair i gcaillteanas cúraim sláinte agus táirgiúlachta thar chúig bliana. Fuair an Cumann Tráchtála Mheiriceá i Hong Cong go bhfuil deacracht ag 40 faoin gcéad de na cuideachtaí oibrithe a earcú chuig an gcathair toisc nach dteastaíonn uathu a dteaghlaigh a nochtadh do aeir truaillithe. Níl aon duine ag iarraidh go n-éireoidh le truailliú contúirteach a gcuid daoine grá, agus sin an fáth go bhfuil NRDC agus ár gcomhpháirtithe áitiúla ag obair chun an t-aer a ghlanadh i Hong Cong agus i gcathracha eile sa tSín. Ceann de na príomhchuspóirí atá againn ná astaíochtaí salacha ón loingseoireacht. Is é Hong Cong an tríú calafort is gnóthaí ar domhan. Is iad longa coimeádáin ollmhóra an fhoinse is mó de phéirtíní agus beagnach leath dá dhia-ocsaíde sulfair - a bhaineann le hailse, galair riospráide agus galair croí - i Hong Cong. Tá níos mó ná 515 bás roimh am in aghaidh na bliana curtha i leith go díreach le truailliú dé-ocsaíd sulfair ó shoithí a théann ar muir i Delta Pearl River. Tá Hong Cong suite díreach ag béal Abhainn na bPéarla. Tá clár tosaithe ag an NRDC chun truailliú calafoirt sna Stáit Aontaithe a laghdú. Chabhraigh muid le calafoirt Los Angeles agus Long Beach, mar shampla, astaíochtaí sulfair a laghdú níos mó ná 85 faoin gcéad, ag laghdú rioscaí sláinte do na mílte daoine a bhí ina gcónaí in aice láimhe. Ansin, chuir muid brú ar thús chun cinn den chineál céanna ar fud na tíre. Ag obair leis an rialtas agus leis an earnáil phríobháideach, chabhraigh muid le Limistéar Rialú Eisiúna a chruthú a laghdóidh truailliú cáithníní ó shoithí ag gach calafort sna Stáit Aontaithe agus amach ó chóstaí na Stát Aontaithe níos mó ná 85 faoin gcéad faoi 2020. Anois táimid ag roinnt ár dtaithí le comhpháirtithe áitiúla chun cabhrú le Hong Cong a chalafort a ghlanadh agus an bealach a threorú do chalafoirt chomharsanacha i Shenzhen agus Guangzhou. Tá sé beartaithe againn roinnt réitigh atá ar fáil a úsáid, mar shampla breoslaí a dhó níos glaine agus cumhacht ar an gcósta chun cur síos tapa a dhéanamh ar thruailliú anois. Ach sa deireadh, ba mhaith linn cabhrú leis an réigiún Limistéar Rialú Eisiúna a bhunú chun an Delta Pearl River iomlán a chlúdach, ceann de na ceantair is dlúschlóite ar domhan. Ag an am céanna, táimid ag súil le hiarrachtaí náisiúnta na Síne chun a n-aer a ghlanadh, mar an Plean Gníomhaíochta um Chosc ar Thruailliú Atmaisféarach le déanaí. Le spriocanna láidre agus forfheidhmiú comhsheasmhach, is féidir leis na hiarrachtaí seo sláinte na náisiúin a fheabhsú go suntasach. Chonaic muid é a tharla anseo sna Stáit Aontaithe. Sábhálann ár nAcht Aer Glan na mílte beatha gach bliain. Ba mhaith leis na hiarrachtaí ag Poblachtánaigh an Tí na caighdeáin seo a chur ar ais a thabhairt ar ais go laethanta níos dorcha, níos salach. Tá súil agam go mbeidh an spéir níos mó cosúil le Cathair Nua Eabhrac inniu gach uair a fhillfidh mé go Hong Cong agus ní a mhalairt. Creidmheas grianghraf: xlibber

Sustainability is one of the latest buzzwords that seems to be on the tip of every executive and manager’s tongue in the engineer-to-order manufacturing industry. However, unlike other trendy jargon, such as “synergy” or “proactive,” implementing sustainable policies and practices – especially in your supply chain – go a long way to streamlining operations, cutting costs and ensuring the long-term viability of your enterprise. By building a more sustainable supply chain, engineer-to-order manufacturers can position their enterprises for long-term success. What is supply chain sustainability? Since the beginning of modern-day commerce, a supply chain has been crucial for companies that use raw materials and parts in the production process. For engineer-to-order job shops, the supply chain is the backbone, as these companies are reliant upon creating a finished good with items sourced from a wide range of locations across the country and world. This means maintaining such factors as cost effectiveness, delivery times, technical quality and overall reliability are important to ensuring sustainability in the supply chain. In partnership with UN Global Compact, Ernst & Young recently released the “The state of sustainable supply chains” which highlights the shifting view of more than 100 sustainability, supply chain and procurement specialists from 70 companies globally. “Now more than ever, companies are creating sustainable supply chains to minimizing risks.” Writing in the publication, Mathew Nelson, global climate change and sustainability services leader at EY, noted that, now more than ever, companies are creating sustainable supply chains by minimizing risks and adopting commitments to human rights, ethics, the environment and communities. “The result of the study show that leading companies are deriving numerous business benefits from embedding sustainability in their supply chains,” Nelson wrote in the report. “These benefits include product differentiation, increasing market share and growing consumer support.” After compiling the result of the survey, the publication identified six key themes that arose regarding sustainability in the supply chain: 1. Supply chain sustainability is a pressing matter According to the study by EY, executives across every industry and sector agree that improving supply chain sustainability is an urgent matter that can no longer be ignored. 2. Most sustainability efforts are primarily driven by risk mitigation While environmental and human rights are top priorities for executives and managers who want to create more sustainable supply chains, financial, operational and regulatory risks are the main motivators for implementing more sustainable measures. 3. Supply chain sustainability is reliant upon industry and sector Companies in different sectors and industries will naturally need to implement uniquely tailored strategies and key performance indicators to ensure they’re reaching their sustainability goals. 4. Creating partnerships ensures open communication Instead of attempting to single-handedly overhaul a supply chain, leading companies are increasingly partnering together with suppliers to shoulder the burden of establishing more sustainable supply chains. 5. Technology provides the tools necessary for implementing these changes The source noted that transparency and traceability were the two driving challenges companies needed to overcome to truly become more sustainable in their supply chains. Technological solutions offer the best options to reduce the inefficiencies and cost of procuring parts and materials. ETO sustainability best practices According to Industry Week, sustainability measures begin with the supply chain. The source recommended several best practices that engineer-to-order manufacturers can implement to create a more sustainable supply chain, including: - Aggregate all the supply chain intelligence into a single repository. Although this might be tough since a single supply chain can involve many different parties, using a specialized MRP system can make this much easier than it was even a few years ago. - Review and analyze the available information to eliminate the worst suppliers and focus on the best ones. - Introduce sustainability requirements and incentives into supplier contracts. - Track and monitor supplier performance, checking which ones are being compliant and which ones are approved and even preferred. - Utilize financial and operational data for a more informed decision-making process, using a customizable enterprise resource planning solution. EY noted that companies can implement several initiatives to create a more sustainable supply chain. As noted by the source, one of the most significant ways to boost sustainability in the custom-design supply chain is by employing the right technological solutions. One such answer is a specific enterprise resource planning system for engineer-to-order manufacturers. With greater access to the real-time financial data covering the costs, orders and arrivals of the various materials shipped through the supply chain, custom-design job shops can prioritize and expedite the delivery of these required goods. Total ETO provides managers at custom-design manufacturers with the real-time capabilities to align resources across the entire operation, which creates a better system for integrating sustainable criteria into the procurement process. In addition, Total ETO streamlines information between engineers and purchasing, minimizing the bottleneck between these two, often siloed, departments. This data allows for easy supplier performance reviews. With greater ability to share records and data, engineer-to-order manufacturers can keep track of where they are sourcing their materials from, which allows the companies to remain transparent and keeps their supply chain traceable.

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Tá inbhuanaitheacht ar cheann de na focail is mó a úsáidtear go minic sa tionscal déantúsaíochta a dhéanann innealtóirí a ordú. Mar sin féin, murab ionann agus seargon trendy eile, mar shampla sinergy nó proactive, cuirfidh beartais agus cleachtais inbhuanaithe go háirithe i do shlabhra soláthair i bhfeidhm go mór chun oibríochtaí a shruthlú, costais a ghearradh agus inbhuanaitheacht fhadtéarmach do ghnólachta a chinntiú. Trí shlabhra soláthair níos inbhuanaithe a thógáil, is féidir le déantúsóirí innealtóireachta-le-ordú a n-fhiontair a chur i láthair le haghaidh rath fadtéarmach. Cad é inbhuanaitheacht slabhra soláthair? Ó thús an trádála nua-aimseartha, tá slabhra soláthair ríthábhachtach do chuideachtaí a úsáideann amhábhair agus páirteanna sa phróiseas táirgthe. Maidir le siopaí oibre innealtóireachta-le-ordú, is é an slabhra soláthair an cnámh cnámha, toisc go bhfuil na cuideachtaí seo ag brath ar earraí críochnaithe a chruthú le míreanna a fhaightear ó raon leathan áiteanna ar fud na tíre agus ar fud an domhain. Is éard atá i gceist leis sin ná go bhfuil sé tábhachtach na fachtóirí sin a choimeád ar bun, amhail costéifeachtúlacht, amanna seachadta, cáilíocht theicniúil agus iontaofacht foriomlán chun inbhuanaitheacht a áirithiú sa slabhra soláthair. I gcomhpháirtíocht le Comhthoil Domhanda na Náisiún Aontaithe, d'eisigh Ernst & Young an tuarascáil "The state of sustainable supply chains" le déanaí, ina léirítear an dearcadh athraitheach atá ag níos mó ná 100 speisialtóir in inbhuanaitheacht, sa tslabhra soláthair agus soláthair ó 70 chuideachta ar fud an domhain. Tá cuideachtaí ag cruthú slabhraí soláthair inbhuanaithe anois níos mó ná riamh chun rioscaí a íoslaghdú. Ag scríobh sa fhoilseachán, thug Mathew Nelson, ceannaire seirbhísí domhanda maidir le hathrú aeráide agus inbhuanaitheacht ag EY, faoi deara go bhfuil cuideachtaí ag cruthú slabhraí soláthair inbhuanaithe anois níos mó ná riamh trí rioscaí a íoslaghdú agus tiomantais a ghlacadh do chearta an duine, don eitice, don chomhshaol agus do phobail. 'Taispeánann torthaí an staidéir go bhfuil cuideachtaí móra ag baint tairbhe ó ghnó go leor as inbhuanaitheacht a ionchorprú ina slabhraí soláthair,' a scríobh Nelson sa tuarascáil. Tá na buntáistí sin i measc idirdhealú táirgí, sciar margaidh méadaithe agus tacaíocht tomhaltóirí atá ag fás. Tar éis dó torthaí an suirbhé a thiomsú, d'aithin an foilseachán sé phríomhthéama a tháinig chun cinn maidir le hinbhuanaitheacht sa slabhra soláthair: 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Is ábhar práinneach é inbhuanaitheacht an slabhra soláthair De réir staidéir EY, aontaíonn feidhmeannaigh ó gach tionscal agus earnáil go bhfuil sé práinneach ábhar nach féidir neamhaird a dhéanamh a thuilleadh a bheith ann maidir le hinbhuanaitheacht slabhra soláthair a fheabhsú. 2. Seachadadh. Tá an chuid is mó de na hiarrachtaí inbhuanaitheachta tiomanta go príomha do mhaolú riosca Cé go bhfuil na cearta comhshaoil agus an duine ina thosaíochtaí is airde do cheannairí agus do bhainisteoirí ar mian leo slabhraí soláthair níos inbhuanaithe a chruthú, is iad rioscaí airgeadais, oibríochtúla agus rialála na príomh-mhodh chun bearta níos inbhuanaithe a chur i bhfeidhm. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá inbhuanaitheacht slabhra soláthair ag brath ar thionscal agus ar earnáil Ní mór do chuideachtaí i dtionscail agus i dtionscail éagsúla straitéisí agus príomhtháscairí feidhmíochta atá oiriúnaithe go hiontach a chur i bhfeidhm chun a chinntiú go bhfuil a spriocanna inbhuanaitheachta á mbaint amach acu. 4. Tá an t-am Cinntíonn comhpháirtíochtaí cumarsáid oscailte In ionad iarracht a dhéanamh ar shlabhra soláthair a athchóiriú ina n-aonar, tá cuideachtaí móra ag comhoibriú go méadaithe le soláthraithe chun an t-ualach a bheith acu slabhraí soláthair níos inbhuanaithe a bhunú. 5. Tá an t-am ann. Soláthraíonn an teicneolaíocht na huirlisí is gá chun na hathruithe seo a chur i bhfeidhm Ba cheart do na Ballstáit a áirithiú go mbeidh na bearta sin á gcur i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach agus go héifeachtach, agus go gcuirfear na bearta sin i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach agus go héifeachtach. Is iad na réitigh theicneolaíocha na roghanna is fearr chun na neamhéifeachtúlachtaí agus an costas a bhaineann le páirteanna agus ábhair a sholáthar a laghdú. Na dea-chleachtais in inbhuanaitheacht ó ETO De réir Seachtain na Tionscail, tosaíonn bearta inbhuanaitheachta leis an slabhra soláthair. Mol an fhoinse roinnt dea-chleachtais is féidir le monaróirí innealtóireachta-le-ordú a chur i bhfeidhm chun slabhra soláthair níos inbhuanaithe a chruthú, lena n-áirítear: - Comhcheangal an fhaisnéis uile slabhra soláthair i stór amháin. Cé go bhféadfadh sé seo a bheith deacair ós rud é gur féidir le slabhra soláthair amháin a bheith i gceist le go leor páirtithe éagsúla, is féidir le córas MRP speisialaithe a úsáid é seo a dhéanamh i bhfad níos éasca ná mar a bhí sé cúpla bliain ó shin. - Athbhreithniú agus anailís a dhéanamh ar an bhfaisnéis atá ar fáil chun na soláthraithe is measa a dhíchur agus díriú ar na soláthraithe is fearr. - ceanglais inbhuanaitheachta agus dreasachtaí a thabhairt isteach i gconarthaí soláthraithe. - Feidhmíocht soláthróirí a rianú agus a mhaoirsiú, ag seiceáil cé acu atá ag comhlíonadh agus cé acu atá ceadaithe agus fiú is fearr. - Sonraí airgeadais agus oibríochtúla a úsáid chun próiseas cinnteoireachta níos eolasaí a dhéanamh, ag baint úsáide as réiteach pleanála acmhainní gnóthais in-athnuaite. Thug EY faoi deara gur féidir le cuideachtaí roinnt tionscnaimh a chur i bhfeidhm chun slabhra soláthair níos inbhuanaithe a chruthú. Mar a thug an fhoinse faoi deara, is é ceann de na bealaí is suntasaí chun inbhuanaitheacht a threisiú sa slabhra soláthair deartha ar sainordú ná na réitigh theicneolaíocha cearta a úsáid. Ceann de na freagraí sin is ea córas sonrach pleanála acmhainní fiontair do mhonaróirí innealtóireachta-le-ordú. Le rochtain níos fearr ar na sonraí airgeadais fíor-ama a chlúdaíonn costais, orduithe agus teacht na n-ábhar éagsúla a sheoltar tríd an slabhra soláthair, is féidir le siopaí oibre saincheaptha tosaíocht a thabhairt do sheachadadh na n-earraí riachtanacha seo agus iad a luathú. Soláthraíonn Total ETO na cumas i bhfíor-am do bhainistithe ag déantúsóirí a dhéantar dearadh saincheaptha orthu chun acmhainní a ailíniú ar fud an oibríochta iomlán, rud a chruthaíonn córas níos fearr chun critéir inbhuanaithe a chomhtháthú sa phróiseas soláthair. Ina theannta sin, déanann Total ETO faisnéis idir innealtóirí agus ceannaigh a shruthlú, ag laghdú an bhothlaic idir an dá roinn seo, a bhíonn go minic i sillíní. Is féidir athbhreithnithe éasca ar fheidhmíocht soláthróirí a dhéanamh ar na sonraí seo. Le cumas níos mó chun taifid agus sonraí a roinnt, is féidir le monaróirí innealtóireachta-le-ordú súil a choinneáil ar an áit a bhfuil a gcuid ábhair á n-eisiúint acu, rud a ligeann do na cuideachtaí a bheith trédhearcach agus a slabhra soláthair a rianú.

warming; up; stretch; cooling; down; exercise; warm; jog; swim; cycle; dance; hitting; kicking; throwing; catching; dodging; high; energy; flex; muscle; cool; ; When your grandparents were young it could have been hard for their parents to start their car. The engine may not have started first time and then it needed to run for a little while to warm up before it could drive away. Of course some people may have driven off without warming the engine, but people who now love very old cars would never do that. Why? Because if you warm up the engine first, all the oil can get round the engine and there is less chance of doing any damage to it. Your body needs to warm up before exercise too. Warming up gets muscles moving slowly at first - like warming up the engine. Then the muscles are more elastic (stretchy) so they are able to move smoothly, work better together and help you to do your best with less chance of getting an injury. to get your muscles going Aim to spend about 15 minutes on this part of exercising. 1. Warming up your body These are some of the things that are good for warming up. - Jog for 2-3 minutes - just enough to raise a light sweat. - Walk quickly. - Swim slowly. - Cycle slowly. - Dance slowly. Do any activity which is going to warm the muscles that you are going to be using in your sport or activity, eg. a slow swim is a good warm up for swimming. Wear warm, loose fitting clothes if the weather is cool, to help your body warm up faster. You should aim to stretch all the muscles that you are going to use in your high-energy activity. Give yourself plenty of time and stretch slowly. Here are some good rules to follow, to make the most of your stretching and lessen the risk of injury. - Make sure you have warmed up properly. - Hold each stretch for 10-20 seconds (don't push any further than you can do comfortably!) - Breathe steadily while you stretch slowly. - Only stretch until the muscle feels tight, never until it hurts. - Also do a full body stretching session 3 times a week for flexible muscles. 3. Specific exercises - Practise skills which you are going to be using in your sport or other 'high energy' activity, eg. hitting, kicking, throwing, catching, dodging, dancing, jumping. Get your whole family involved and have some fun together! After your 'high energy' activity, you should spend some time 'cooling' down so that your muscles can go soft and relaxed again, and get rid of any waste products - when your body uses the energy that comes from glucose in your blood, ketones are made and your blood system needs to carry these away to your kidneys. Really it is a bit like your warm up and stretch routines, only the other way round. - Slow down your high level activity, eg. if you were running, then continue slowing down, don't just stop. - Go through the same stretches you did before your activity, making sure that you follow the same rules - gentle and slow - and never so hard that they hurt. - Hold the stretch for a bit longer this time, as your muscles are warm and this is a good time to improve their flexibility. - Put warm clothes on so that you don't cool down too fast. If you are sweaty from your exercise, the sweat could evaporate from your skin quickly if the weather is cold and windy, and you will feel cold. drinking water and have some snacks When you are exercising, it is really important to make sure that you drink plenty of water because you lose water in sweat and from breathing deeply and fast. Also, when your muscles are working hard they need water (in your blood) to carry all the chemicals they make away to your kidneys. It is even more important when the weather is hot and you are going to be playing your sport for a long time. When you should drink - An hour before your game or 'high energy' activity. 1-2 glasses of water - Every 20 minutes during a high activity game. 1 glass - After the game. 1-2 glasses - After you finish playing sport it can be a good idea to have some juice or other drink with sugar in it to recover more quickly. - A sports drink is only good if you are going to be exercising hard for longer than an hour, but unless you are training very hard, eg if you are in a State team, water is usually all you need. It is not a good idea to wait until you're thirsty before you drink when you are exercising. Feeling thirsty is your body's way of telling you that it needs water now! Get into the routine of regular drinks - tap temperature water is best (really cold water can make some people sick). Heat stroke or dehydration can happen to anyone, especially on hot days. - If someone who has been exercising hard seems to be acting strangely or has a bad headache, it might be due to not getting enough water. - Get that person to sit down in a shady place. Give him a drink of juice or a sports drink and if he does not feel better in 10 minutes, get him to a doctor. Have something to eat about an hour before you do hard exercise and have some snacks to eat during breaks to keep your energy levels up. Slip, slop, slap, seek and slide This is a slogan that we all know well. Slip on a shirt Slop on the sunscreen Slap on a hat Slide on sunglasses There is nothing cool about skin cancer or sunburn, so remember to follow these rules when you are outside playing sport or exercising. Wear sunglasses if you are able to wear them safely while you are playing your sport. The sun can damage eyes too. Protect your skin, Protect your eyes, Protect your body, It's a good idea to carry a backpack with you if you are skateboarding, riding a bike, going for a long walk or jogging. You can carry a few useful things with you such as water, a snack, face cloth (you can wet it to cool yourself down), sunscreen and a lightweight rain proof jacket. |My body and me| Here we are for ever. Ready to work together. We started out as friends Our friendship must never end. Make exercise and time for play A part of every single day. We eat fruit and vegies too, Drink water and sleep well, do you? We eat breakfast, lunch and tea, So we're as healthy as we can be. to know some more about being active? We've provided this information to help you to understand important things about staying healthy and happy. However, if you feel sick or unhappy, it is important to tell your mum or dad, a teacher or another grown-up.

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teas; suas; síneadh; fuaraithe; síos; aclaíocht; te; jog; snámh; rothaíocht; damhsa; bualadh; cíosadh; caitheamh; ghabháil; dodging; ard; fuinneamh; flex; muscle; cool; Nuair a bhí do sheantuismitheoirí óg d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair do a dtuismitheoirí a gcuid carr a thosú. B'fhéidir nár thosaigh an t-inneall den chéad uair agus ansin bhí gá leis rith ar feadh tamaill beag chun é a théamh sula bhféadfaí é a thiomáint ar shiúl. Ar ndóigh d'fhéadfadh roinnt daoine a thiomáint amach gan an t-inneall a théamh, ach daoine a bhfuil grá anois an-aois gluaisteáin riamh a dhéanamh. Cén fáth? Toisc má téann tú an t-inneall suas ar dtús, is féidir leis an ola go léir dul timpeall an inneall agus tá seans níos lú ann damáiste a dhéanamh dó. Ní mór do chorp a théamh suas roimh a fheidhmiú freisin. Nuair a bhíonn tú ag téamh suas, bogann na matáin go mall ar dtús - cosúil le gluaiseacht an innill a théamh suas. Ansin bíonn na matáin níos éelaistiúla (stréachmhar) ionas go mbeidh siad in ann gluaiseacht go réidh, oibriú níos fearr le chéile agus cabhrú leat do chuid is fearr a dhéanamh le seans níos lú díobhála a fháil. chun do chuid matáin a chur ag dul Déan iarracht thart ar 15 nóiméad a chaitheamh ar an gcuid seo den fheidhmiú. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Ag téamh do chorp Seo cuid de na rudaí atá go maith le haghaidh téamh suas. - Jog do 2-3 nóiméad - ach go leor chun a chur suas sweat éadrom. - Siúlóid go tapa. - Snámh go mall. - Rothaíocht go mall. - Damhsa go mall. Déan aon ghníomhaíocht a bheidh ag téamh na matáin a bheidh á n-úsáid agat i do spórt nó i do ghníomhaíocht, m.sh. Is é snámh mall teas maith le haghaidh snámha. Bain úsáid as éadaí te, scaoilte má tá an aimsir fuar, chun cabhrú le do chorp te níos tapúla. Ba chóir duit a bheith mar aidhm agat na matáin go léir a bheidh le húsáid agat i do ghníomhaíocht ardfhuinnimh a shíneadh. Tabhair go leor ama duit féin agus síneadh go mall. Seo roinnt rialacha maithe le leanúint, chun an chuid is mó de do shíneadh a dhéanamh agus an baol díobhála a laghdú. - Bí cinnte go bhfuil tú ag téamh suas i gceart. - Coinnigh gach síneadh ar feadh 10-20 soicind (ná brúigh níos faide ná mar is féidir leat a dhéanamh go compordach!) - Breathe go seasta agus tú ag síneadh go mall. - Ní shíneann tú ach go dtí go mbraitheann an matáin go géar, ní shíneann tú go dtí go mbraitheann sé go dona. - Déan seisiún síneadh iomlán an choirp 3 huaire sa tseachtain freisin chun matáin a bheith solúbtha. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Cleachtaí sonracha - Na scileanna a chleachtfaidh tú i do spórt nó i ngníomhaíocht eile 'ard-fhuinnimh', e.g. bualadh, cíos, caitheamh, gabháil, dodging, damhsa, léim. Cuir do theaghlach ar fad i gceist agus bíodh spraoi ag baint agaibh le chéile! Tar éis do ghníomhaíocht ' ardfhuinnimh', ba cheart duit am a chaitheamh ag ' fuaraithe ' síos ionas gur féidir le do chuid matáin a bheith bog agus scíth a ligean arís, agus fáil réidh le haon dramhaíola - nuair a úsáideann do chorp an fuinneamh a thagann ó ghlúcóis i do fhuil, déantar cetóin agus ní mór do chóras fola iad seo a iompar ar shiúl chuig do duáin. Go deimhin tá sé beagán cosúil le do routine te suas agus síneadh, ach an bealach eile timpeall. - Laghdaigh do ghníomhaíocht ardleibhéil, e.g. má bhí tú ag rith, ansin leanúint ag moilliú, ní stopann ach. - Déan na síneadh céanna a rinne tú roimh do ghníomhaíocht, ag cinntiú go leanann tú na rialacha céanna - go réidh agus go mall - agus nach ndéanann tú riamh iad chomh dian go ndéanann siad pian. - Coinnigh an síneadh ar feadh beagán níos faide an uair seo, mar go bhfuil do chuid matáin te agus is é seo an t-am maith chun a solúbthacht a fheabhsú. - Cuir éadaí te ar ionas nach mbeidh tú fuar síos ró-tapa. Má tá tú sweaty ó do fheidhmiú, d'fhéadfadh an sweat evaporate ó do chraiceann go tapa má tá an aimsir fuar agus gaoithe, agus beidh tú a bhraitheann fuar. uisce óil agus roinnt sneaiceanna a ithe Nuair a bhíonn tú ag cleachtadh, tá sé an-tábhachtach a chinntiú go n-ólann tú go leor uisce mar go gcaillfidh tú uisce trí thriomú agus trí anailís dhomhain agus tapa. Chomh maith leis sin, nuair a bhíonn do chuid matáin ag obair go crua, teastaíonn uisce uathu (i do fhuil) chun na ceimiceáin go léir a dhéanann siad a iompar chuig do liathróidí. Tá sé níos tábhachtaí fós nuair a bhíonn an aimsir te agus go mbeidh tú ag imirt do spórt ar feadh i bhfad. Nuair ba chóir duit ól - uair an chloig roimh do chluiche nó do ghníomhaíocht 'leibhir fuinnimh'. 1-2 gloine uisce - Gach 20 nóiméad le linn cluiche gníomhaíochta ard. 1 gloine - Tar éis an chluiche. 1-2 gloine - Tar éis duit deireadh a chur le spórt a imirt, is smaoineamh maith é sú nó deoch eile a bheith agat le siúcra ann chun é a ghnóthú níos tapúla. - Níl deoch spóirt maith ach amháin má tá tú ag dul a bheith ag cleachtadh go crua ar feadh níos mó ná uair an chloig, ach mura bhfuil tú ag oiliúint an-dona, mar shampla má tá tú i bhfoireann Stáit, is é uisce de ghnáth gach rud a theastaíonn uait. Ní smaoineamh maith é fanacht go dtí go mbeidh tart ort sula n-ólann tú nuair a bhíonn tú ag cleachtadh. Is é an mothú tart an bealach a thugann do chorp le fios duit go bhfuil uisce de dhíth air anois! Bíodh sé de ghnáth duit deochanna rialta a ól - is fearr uisce teochta an phláinéid a ól (is féidir le huisce an-fhuar daoine áirithe a dhéanamh tinn). Is féidir le stróc teasa nó díhiodráitiú a tharlaíonn do dhuine ar bith, go háirithe ar laethanta te. - Má tá duine a bhí ag feidhmiú go crua ag gníomhú go neamhghnách nó má tá tinneas cinn láidir aige, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith mar gheall ar nach bhfuil go leor uisce á fháil aige. - Faigh an duine sin a shuí síos i áit shady. Tabhair deoch sú nó deoch spóirt dó agus mura mbraitheann sé níos fearr i 10 nóiméad, téigh chuig dochtúir. Bíodh rud éigin le hithe agat uair an chloig roimh an obair chrua agus bíodh roinnt greimíní agat le hithe le linn na n-am sosanna chun do leibhéil fuinnimh a choinneáil suas. Slip, slop, slap, cuardach agus sleamhnán Is slogan é seo a bhfuil aithne mhaith againn go léir air. Slip ar léine Slop ar an sunscreen Slap ar hata Slide ar spéaclaí gréine Níl aon rud fionnuar faoi ailse craicinn nó faoi dhó sa ghrian, mar sin cuimhnigh na rialacha seo a leanúint nuair a bhíonn tú amuigh ag imirt spóirt nó ag cleachtadh. Bain úsáid as spéaclaí gréine má tá tú in ann iad a chaitheamh go sábháilte agus tú ag imirt do spórt. Is féidir leis an ghrian damáiste a dhéanamh do shúile freisin. Cosain do chraiceann, Cosc a chur ar do shúile, Cosc a chur ar do chorp, Is smaoineamh maith é mála cúl a iompar leat má tá tú ag scátáil ar scátála, ag marcaíocht ar rothar, ag dul ar shiúl fada nó ag rith. Is féidir leat cúpla rud úsáideach a thabhairt leat mar shampla uisce, greimní, clúdach aghaidh (is féidir leat é a mhilleadh chun tú féin a fhuaraithe), coscáin ghrian agus seaicéad léigear atá cosanta ó thitim. Mo chorp agus mé ag déanamh Anseo táimid go deo. Réidh chun oibriú le chéile. Thosaigh muid amach mar chairde Ní mór dúinn ár gcairdeas a chur i gcrích riamh. Déan aclaíocht agus am le haghaidh súgradh Cuid de gach lá amháin. Is féidir linn torthaí agus veggies a ithe freisin, Ól uisce agus codladh go maith, a dhéanann tú? Déanaimid bricfeasta, lón agus tae, Mar sin tá muid chomh sláintiúil agus is féidir linn a bheith. a bheith níos mó eolais agat faoi bheith gníomhach? Tá an fhaisnéis seo curtha ar fáil againn chun cabhrú leat rudaí tábhachtacha a thuiscint maidir le fanacht sláintiúil agus sona. Mar sin féin, má bhraitheann tú tinn nó míshásta, tá sé tábhachtach go n-insint do mháthair nó d'athair, do mhúinteoir nó do dhuine fásta eile.

High cholesterol levels do not usually cause any obvious symptoms. As a result, people are often not aware that they have high cholesterol until a screening test shows abnormal results. High cholesterol levels can have harmful effects on the body, but people can take steps to lower them. In some cases, doctors may also prescribe medications. Keep reading to learn about the effects of high cholesterol, as well as the causes and treatment options. Cholesterol is a fat-like substance that the liver makes. Its functions - being a component of bile acids, which aid in the digestion of fatty foods - being the precursor of steroid hormones - helping the skin make vitamin D when it has exposure to sunlight - playing a key role in cell membrane health As the body can make all of the cholesterol that it uses for these functions, people do not need to get it from their diet. As long as the body has cholesterol in the right amounts, this substance is beneficial. However, it becomes a risk factor for several conditions when there is too much of it. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol People sometimes refer to this as “bad” cholesterol. High LDL levels cause plaque to build up in the blood vessels, narrowing them. This narrowing can lead to stroke, heart attack, and other problems. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol People sometimes call this “good” cholesterol. Therefore, low HDL levels may also be a health concern. According to the However, the NHLBI note that some people with very high levels may experience grayish-white rings around the corneas in their eyes or fatty bumps on their skin. The CDC state that about In this condition, plaque accumulates in blood vessels throughout the body. Once the plaque buildup obstructs blood flow, it can lead to the following: Doctors will generally categorize a person’s total cholesterol according to these ranges: |Less than 200 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dl)||Desirable| |200–239 mg/dl||Borderline high| |240 mg/dl and above||High| The optimal levels of LDL cholesterol are less than 100 mg/dl, while HDL cholesterol levels should ideally be 60 mg/dl or higher. - Diet and lifestyle: These factors, which are the most common cause, include physical inactivity, smoking, and eating an imbalanced diet. - Certain medications: Some drugs can increase levels of LDL cholesterol or decrease levels of HDL cholesterol. Examples include chemotherapy drugs for cancer and beta-blockers for reducing high blood pressure. - Genes: People may inherit a tendency to have high levels of LDL cholesterol. In addition, some conditions are associated with abnormal levels of cholesterol. These conditions include: - Diabetes: High cholesterol is commonin people with this disease. - Hypothyroidism: This condition happens when the thyroid gland does not make enough hormones. Signs of the condition include high levels of LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol. - Metabolic syndrome: Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors that increase the likelihood of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. A low level of HDL cholesterol is one of the Eat a heart-healthy diet A heart-healthy diet includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, fish, poultry, low fat dairy products, and nontropical vegetable oils. It also involves The best dietary practice to lower cholesterol is to A sedentary lifestyle lowers HDL cholesterol — an effect that raises LDL cholesterol. Getting at least Quit smoking, if applicable When a person with high cholesterol smokes, it further As secondhand smoke is also Reach or maintain a moderate weight Overweight and obesity raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol. Losing as little as Doctors prescribe several types of medications to lower cholesterol. The - Statins: These drugs reduce the liver’s production of LDL cholesterol and increase its ability to remove this substance. - Niacin: This B vitamin increases HDL cholesterol while decreasing LDL cholesterol. - Bile acid sequestrants: These molecules remove bile acids, which helps decrease cholesterol. - Injectable medicines: Doctors mainly use these drugs for people with a genetic condition that causes very high levels of LDL cholesterol. Anyone with cholesterol levels that do not fall within the desirable range should see a doctor. The person’s treatment options will depend on how high their cholesterol levels are and whether they have other risk factors for heart attack or stroke. As there are no symptoms of high cholesterol, people may have it without being aware. The most common cause is unhealthy habits, so doctors typically recommend making certain lifestyle changes. These include practices such as eating a nutritious diet, getting regular exercise, and quitting smoking. Doctors also prescribe medications for certain individuals. A person with high cholesterol should visit their doctor to get a personalized treatment plan.

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Ní bhíonn aon chomharthaí soiléire ag leibhéil arda cholesterol de ghnáth. Mar thoradh air sin, is minic nach mbíonn daoine ar an eolas go bhfuil colesterol ard acu go dtí go léiríonn tástáil scagála torthaí neamhghnácha. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh éifeachtaí díobhálacha ag leibhéil arda cholesterol ar an gcomhlacht, ach is féidir le daoine céimeanna a ghlacadh chun iad a ísliú. I gcásanna áirithe, d'fhéadfadh dochtúirí cógais a fhorordú freisin. Lean ort ag léamh chun foghlaim faoi na héifeachtaí a bhaineann le colesterol ard, chomh maith leis na cúiseanna agus na roghanna cóireála. Is substaint cosúil le saill é colesterol a dhéanann an ae. A fheidhmeanna - mar chuid d'aigéid bile, a chabhraíonn le díleá bia sailleach - a bhfuil sé mar réamhtheachtaí do hormóin stéaróideacha - ag cabhrú leis an gcraiceann vitimín D a dhéanamh nuair a bhíonn sé nochtaithe do sholas na gréine - ag imirt ról lárnach i sláinte membrane cealla Ós rud é gur féidir leis an gcomhlacht an cholesterol go léir a úsáideann sé chun na feidhmeanna seo a dhéanamh, ní gá do dhaoine é a fháil óna n-aiste bia. Chomh fada agus a bhíonn an choilesterol sa chorp i gcainníochtaí ceart, tá an tsubstaint seo tairbheach. Mar sin féin, bíonn sé ina fhachtóir riosca do roinnt coinníollacha nuair a bhíonn an iomarca ann. Choilesterol lipoprotein íseal-dlúis (LDL) Uaireanta tugtar "droch-choilesterol" air seo. Déantar leibhéil ard LDL a chur faoi deara go mbunaíonn pláta sna soithigh fola, ag cur go dlúth iad. Is féidir leis an ngéibheann seo stróc, ionsaí croí, agus fadhbanna eile a chur i gcrích. Choilesterol lipopróitéine ard-dlúis (HDL) Uaireanta tugtar "choilesterol maith" air seo. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh leibhéil íseal HDL a bheith ina ábhar imní sláinte freisin. De réir na Mar sin féin, tugann an NHLBI faoi deara go bhféadfadh fáinní liath-bhána a bheith ag daoine áirithe a bhfuil leibhéil an-ard acu timpeall na corneaí ina súile nó cnámha sailleacha ar a gcraiceann. Deir an CDC go bhfuil thart ar Sa choinníoll seo, tiocfaidh plátaí le chéile i soithigh fola ar fud an choirp. Nuair a chuireann an plaic a thiomáint bac ar shreabhadh fola, is féidir leis an méid seo a leanas a bheith mar thoradh air: De ghnáth, déanfaidh dochtúirí cóilesterol iomlán duine a chatagóirithe de réir na raonta seo: Níos lú ná 200 milligram/deciliter (mg/dl) 200 239 mg/dl 240 mg/dl agus os cionn Is iad na leibhéil is fearr le haghaidh colesterol LDL ná níos lú ná 100 mg/dl, agus ba cheart go mbeadh leibhéil colesterol HDL 60 mg/dl nó níos airde. - Bia agus stíl mhaireachtála: I measc na ngnéithe seo, is iad na cúiseanna is coitianta, tá neamhoibriú fisiceach, caitheamh tobac, agus aiste bia neamhchothrom. - Leigheasanna áirithe: Is féidir le roinnt drugaí leibhéil cholesterol LDL a mhéadú nó leibhéil cholesterol HDL a laghdú. I measc na samplaí tá cógais cheimiteiripe le haghaidh ailse agus beta-bloicéirí chun brú fola ard a laghdú. - Gíní: D'fhéadfadh daoine claonadh a bheith acu chun leibhéil arda cholesterol LDL a bheith acu. Ina theannta sin, tá roinnt coinníollacha bainteach le leibhéil neamhghnácha colaistéaróil. I measc na gcoinníollacha sin tá: - Diaibéiteas: Is minic a bhíonn daoine a bhfuil an galar seo orthu. - Hypothyroidism: Tarlaíonn an coinníoll seo nuair nach ndéanann an gland thyroid go leor hormóin. I measc comharthaí an choinníoll seo tá leibhéil arda de chholesterol LDL agus de chholesterol iomlán. - Siondróm meitibileach: Is grúpa fachtóirí riosca é siondróm meitibileach a mhéadaíonn an dóchúlacht go dtarlóidh galar croí, stróc agus diaibéiteas. Tá leibhéal íseal cholesterol HDL ar cheann de na Biodh aiste bia sláintiúil ag do chroí I measc an aiste bia atá sláintiúil don chroí tá torthaí, glasraí, gráin iomlána, cnónna, iasc, éanlaith, táirgí déiríochta ísealchlóra, agus olaí glasraí neamh-trópaiceacha. Baineann sé freisin Is é an cleachtas aiste bia is fearr chun colesterol a ísliú ná Laghdaíonn stíl mhaireachtála shuíochánta cholesterol HDL éifeacht a ardóidh cholesterol LDL. Ag fáil ar a laghad Stopadh ag caitheamh tobac, más infheidhme Nuair a bhíonn duine a bhfuil colesterol ard aige ag caitheamh tobac, déanann sé níos mó Mar a bhfuil tobac paisinéadach Meáchan measartha a bhaint amach nó a choimeád Méadaíonn róthrom agus murtall colesterol LDL agus laghdaíonn sé colesterol HDL. Ag cailleadh chomh beag le Cuireann dochtúirí roinnt cineálacha cógais ar fáil chun an colaistéaról a ísliú. An - Stáitíin: Laghdaíonn na drugaí seo táirgeadh LDL- choilesterol ag an ae agus méadaíonn siad a chumas an tsubstaint seo a bhaint. - Niacin: méadaíonn an vitimín B seo cholesterol HDL agus laghdaíonn sé cholesterol LDL. - Seicstearantaí aigéid bile: Cuireann na móilíní seo aigéid bile amach, rud a chabhraíonn le colesterol a laghdú. - Leigheasanna in-insteallta: Úsáidtear na drugaí seo go príomha ag dochtúirí do dhaoine a bhfuil riocht géiniteach acu a chuireann leibhéil an-ard cholesterol LDL i bhfeidhm orthu. Ba cheart do dhuine ar bith a bhfuil leibhéil choilesterol aige nach bhfuil laistigh den raon inmhianaithe, dul i gcomhairle le dochtúir. Braitheann roghanna cóireála an duine ar cé chomh ard is atá a leibhéil choilesterol agus an bhfuil fachtóirí riosca eile aige le haghaidh ionsaí croí nó stróc. Toisc nach bhfuil aon chomharthaí de choilesterol ard ann, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sé ag daoine gan a bheith ar an eolas faoi. Is gnách go mbíonn cleachtais neamhshláintiúla mar chúis is coitianta, mar sin molann dochtúirí go ginearálta go ndéanfaí athruithe áirithe ar stíl mhaireachtála. I measc na gcleachtais sin tá aiste bia cothaitheach, aclaíocht rialta, agus stopadh le caitheamh tobac. Cuireann dochtúirí cógais ar fáil do dhaoine áirithe freisin. Ba cheart do dhuine a bhfuil colesterol ard aige dul chuig a dhochtúir chun plean cóireála pearsantaithe a fháil.

A White House task force issued new recommendations Tuesday to combat the growing problem of illegal fishing and to make it easier to tell if the fish on your plate was legally caught and imported. The recommendations are designed to block the import of illegally caught fish and to improve traceability and transparency in the $500 billion global seafood industry. The goal is to "level the playing field for legitimate fishers and businesses in the seafood industry and increase consumer confidence in seafood sold in the United States," said Catherine Novelli, Under Secretary of State. The agency is one of a dozen on the task force that issued the report Tuesday. A recent study found that 20 to 32 percent of wild-caught seafood imported into the U.S. is fished illegally. The U.S. seafood market is one of the world's largest and is valued at nearly $18 billion annually. (Learn more about illegal seafood.) "Consumers have no way to know they are buying stolen goods and so are unwittingly contributing to the problem," says Monica Medina, the senior director for international ocean policy at the National Geographic Society. The problem has implications for conservation, with the WWF's Michele Kuruc calling illegal fishing "the biggest obstacle to the world achieving sustainable fisheries." That's because illegal fishing undercuts efforts to enforce science-based catch quotas and protect sanctuaries. The task force recommends that Congress pass legislation to improve control of seafood at U.S. ports and to help develop guidance for electronic systems that could "collect catch information and that track data across harvest and transport vessels and fisheries management agencies." The new recommendations will be followed by a 30-day public comment period, before expected executive action from President Barack Obama, who in June asked for a plan to fight black-market fishing and seafood fraud. Call for New Technology Food products like meat and vegetables already have strong tracking systems in the U.S., but until now, seafood has been a largely unregulated Wild West. About 14 million pounds of seafood enter the U.S. every day, from more than 130 countries and in many different forms. Pirate fishing, as illegal fishing is often called, presents particular problems for the U.S. seafood industry, undercutting the U.S. fishing fleet, which experts say follows some of the most rigorous health and environmental rules in the world. Kuruc, the WWF's vice president for marine conservation, points to the example of crab. Recent analysis has shown four times as much crab labeled as coming from Russia than was legally caught in the Russian fishery. "That's a disadvantage to crabbers here, and I don't think most American consumers want to eat stolen crab," Kuruc says. The recommendations call for improving satellite monitoring of all fishing vessels, so authorities will be alerted about activity in restricted areas, such as marine sanctuaries. The task force also called for a reciprocal agreement among nations in which law enforcement from one country could board and inspect a fishing vessel that is flying the flag of another country if it was suspected of wrongdoing in the high seas. (Learn about how drones can also be used to fight illegal fishing.) In addition, the task force asks the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative to work on phasing out fisheries subsidies around the world that contribute to excess fishing capacity and overfishing. Technologies already exist to make seafood trackable, without slowing or hampering business, says Kuruc. They include barcodes, DNA field kits for identifying species, algorithms that suggest imports that need verification, and requirements for standard forms that record information such as when and where the fish was caught. (Learn about the rising role of aquaculture.) The European Union has required many of these measures since 2010, and several U.S. businesses, such as Whole Foods Market and Wegmans, require them in their own supply chains. (See National Geographic's seafood decision guide.) Still, "the task force recommendations are only a first step," says Beth Lowell, the senior fishing campaign director for the environmental group Oceana. "The president must now ensure that they are fully implemented."

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D'eisigh foireann tasc na hTaigh Bán moltaí nua Dé Máirt chun dul i ngleic leis an bhfadhb atá ag fás maidir le hiascaireacht neamhdhleathach agus chun a dhéanamh níos éasca a rá an raibh an t-iasc ar do phláta gabháil agus allmhairithe go dlíthiúil. Tá na moltaí ceaptha chun allmhairiú iasc a ghabhadh go neamhdhleathach a bhac agus chun inrianaitheacht agus trédhearcacht a fheabhsú sa tionscal bia mara domhanda $ 500 billiún. Is é an aidhm "cluiche cothrom a dhéanamh do iascairí agus do ghnólachtaí dlisteanacha sa tionscal bia mara agus muinín na dtomhaltóirí a mhéadú i bia mara a dhíoltar sna Stáit Aontaithe", a dúirt Catherine Novelli, Leas-Rúnaí Stáit. Tá an ghníomhaireacht ar cheann de dhúisín ar an ngrúpa tasc a d'eisigh an tuarascáil Dé Máirt. Fuair staidéar le déanaí go bhfuil 20 go 32 faoin gcéad de bhia mara fiáine a allmhairítear isteach sna Stáit Aontaithe iascach go neamhdhleathach. Tá margadh bia mara na Stát Aontaithe ar cheann de na margaí is mó ar domhan agus meastar go bhfuil luach beagnach $18 billiún ann gach bliain. (Féach tuilleadh faoi bhia mara neamhdhleathach.) "Ní féidir le tomhaltóirí a fhios go bhfuil siad ag ceannach earraí goidte agus mar sin tá siad ag cur leis an bhfadhb gan a fhios", a deir Monica Medina, an príomh-stiúrthóir le haghaidh beartas idirnáisiúnta aigéin ag an National Geographic Society. Tá impleachtaí ag an bhfadhb maidir le caomhnú, agus Michele Kuruc ó WWF ag glaoch ar iascaireacht neamhdhleathach "an bac is mó ar an domhan iascaireacht inbhuanaithe a bhaint amach". Tá sé sin toisc go gcuireann iascaireacht neamhdhleathach bac ar iarrachtaí cuótaí gabhála bunaithe ar eolaíocht a fhorfheidhmiú agus na hionchomharthaí a chosaint. Molann an fhoireann tasc go dtabharfadh an Comhdháil reachtaíocht chun rialú bia mara ag calafoirt na Stát Aontaithe a fheabhsú agus chun cabhrú le treoir a fhorbairt do chórais leictreonacha a d'fhéadfadh "fiosrúchán a bhailiú agus sonraí a rianú ar fud soithí fómhar agus iompair agus gníomhaireachtaí bainistíochta iascaigh". Beidh tréimhse 30 lá chun tuairimí poiblí a thabhairt ar na moltaí nua, sula mbeifear ag súil le gníomh feidhmiúcháin ón Uachtarán Barack Obama, a d'iarr i mí an Mheithimh plean chun iascaireacht an mhargaidh dhubh agus calaois mara a chomhrac. Éileamh ar Theicneolaíocht Nua Tá córais rianaithe láidir ag táirgí bia cosúil le feoil agus glasraí sna Stáit Aontaithe cheana féin, ach go dtí seo, bhí bia mara ar an Iarthar Fiáin neamhrialta den chuid is mó. Tagann thart ar 14 milliún punt de bhia mara isteach sna Stáit Aontaithe gach lá, ó níos mó ná 130 tír agus i go leor foirmeacha éagsúla. Tá fadhbanna ar leith ag an tionscal bia mara sna Stáit Aontaithe le hiascaireacht pirate, mar a thugtar ar iascaireacht neamhdhleathach go minic, ag cur faoi bhráid chabhlach iascaireachta na Stát Aontaithe, a deir saineolaithe go leanann cuid de na rialacha sláinte agus comhshaoil is déine ar domhan. Tugann Kuruc, leas-uachtarán an WWF le haghaidh caomhnú mara, an crab mar shampla. Léirigh anailís le déanaí go raibh ceithre huaire níos mó crab le lipéadú mar a thagann ó na Rúise ná mar a gabhadh go dlíthiúil sa iascaireacht na Rúise. "Is míbhuntáiste é sin do chrabhadóirí anseo, agus ní dóigh liom go dteastaíonn ó formhór na dtomhaltóirí Meiriceánach crab goidte a ithe", a deir Kuruc. Iarrann na moltaí go bhfeabhsófaí faireachán satailíte ar gach soitheach iascaireachta, ionas go gcuirfear údaráis ar an eolas faoi ghníomhaíocht i limistéir srianta, amhail na hionchomharthaí mara. D'iarr an tascfhórsa freisin go mbeadh comhaontú frithpháirteach idir náisiúin ina bhféadfaí forfheidhmiú an dlí ó thír amháin dul ar bord agus long iascaireachta a bhfuil bratach tíre eile ag eitilt a iniúchadh má bhí amhras ann go raibh sé ag déanamh mícheart ar na farraigí arda. (Féach conas is féidir drones a úsáid freisin chun iascaireacht neamhdhleathach a chomhrac.) Ina theannta sin, iarrann an tascfhórsa ar Oifig Ionadaí Trádála na Stát Aontaithe oibriú ar thacaíochtaí iascaigh a chur ar ceal go céimnitheach ar fud an domhain a chuireann le hacmhainní iascaireachta iomarcacha agus le ró-iascaireacht. Tá teicneolaíochtaí ann cheana féin chun bia mara a rianú, gan moill nó bac a chur ar ghnó, a deir Kuruc. Áirítear orthu cóid bharra, trealamh réimse DNA chun speicis a aithint, algartam a thugann le tuiscint go bhfuil gá le fíorú, agus ceanglais maidir le foirmeacha caighdeánacha a thaifeadann faisnéis amhail cathain agus cá háit a gabhadh an t-iasc. (Féach ar ról atá ag éirí níos mó ag dobharshaothraithe.) Tá go leor de na bearta seo ag teastáil ón Aontas Eorpach ó 2010, agus tá roinnt gnólachtaí sna Stáit Aontaithe, mar Whole Foods Market agus Wegmans, ag teastáil uathu ina slabhraí soláthair féin. (Féach treoir roghnú bia mara National Geographic.) Mar sin féin, "níl na moltaí ón ngrúpa tasc ach an chéad chéim", a deir Beth Lowell, an príomh-stiúrthóir feachtais iascaireachta don ghrúpa comhshaoil Oceana. "Ní mór don uachtarán a chinntiú anois go gcuirtear i bhfeidhm go hiomlán iad".

The British scientist was diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a rare form of motor neurone disease, the doctors said that people with such a diagnosis were unable to live longer than two years after being diagnosed but he lived more than 5 decades of a full and amazing life. The condition left him wheelchair-bound, able to speak only with a voice synthesiser, but his mind was free as he usually said and he traveled across the universe by means of his mind and took his watchers and readers with him, inspiring them to explore the mechanisms of the universe. People understood how small they were in comparison to the immense universe but they also understood how powerful they were because they were able to learn more about it. He was also an LGBT campaigner. In 2012, Hawking called on the government to pardon gay war hero Alan Turing, who was convicted of ‘gross indecency’ in 1952 after having sex with a man. Turing was chemically castrated, barred from working for GCHQ, and took his own life at 41-years-old. Hawking urged the British PM to forgive Turing, calling him a brilliant mind and a British hero of science. In a statement, his children, Lucy, Robert and Tim, said: “We are deeply saddened that our beloved father passed away today. He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy will live on for many years. He once said: ‘It would not be much of a universe if it wasn’t home to the people you love.’ We will miss him forever.”

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Fuair an eolaí Breataine sclerosis lateral Amyotrophic (ALS), cineál neamhchoitianta de ghalar neurone mótair, dúirt na dochtúirí nach raibh daoine a raibh diagnóis den sórt sin acu in ann maireachtáil níos faide ná dhá bhliain tar éis iad a dhearadh ach bhí níos mó ná 5 scór bliain aige de shaol iomlán agus iontach. D'fhág an staid é faoi cheangal ar chathaoir rothaí, in ann labhairt ach le sintéiseoir gutha, ach bhí a intinn saor mar a dúirt sé de ghnáth agus thaistil sé ar fud na cruinne trína intinn agus thóg sé a lucht féachana agus a léitheoirí leis, ag spreagadh iad chun meicníochtaí na cruinne a iniúchadh. Thuig daoine cé chomh beag is atá siad i gcomparáid leis an cruinne ollmhór ach thuig siad chomh maith cé chomh cumhachtach is atá siad toisc go raibh siad in ann níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi. Bhí sé ina fheachtóir LGBT freisin. I 2012, d'iarr Hawking ar an rialtas maithiúnas a thabhairt don laoch cogaidh aerach Alan Turing, a ciontaíodh as "gross indecency" i 1952 tar éis dó gnéas a bheith aige le fear. Bhí Turing castrated ceimiceach, toirmeasc ó bheith ag obair do GCHQ, agus thóg sé a shaol féin ag 41 bliain d'aois. D'iarr Hawking ar Phríomh-Aire na Breataine maithiúnas a thabhairt do Turing, ag glaoch air mar intinn bhréagach agus mar laoch na heolaíochta na Breataine. I ráiteas, dúirt a leanaí, Lucy, Robert agus Tim: Tá brón mór orainn gur d'éag ár n-athair beloved inniu. Bhí sé ina shaineolaí mór agus ina dhuine neamhghnách a mbeidh a chuid oibre agus a oidhreachta beo ar feadh blianta fada. Dúirt sé uair amháin: "Ní bheadh mórán de na cruinne mura mbeadh sé ina bhaile do na daoine a bhfuil grá agat dóibh.

Is the student studying Financial aspects? Youth entrepreneurship can educate your son or daughter the fundamentals of financial aspects and demanding skills/characteristics for his or her future. Learning financial aspects can be challenging, but it is also fun! Finding out how to start your personal clients are a terrific way to learn financial aspects. Parents might help fuel youth entrepreneurship with encouragement. Discuss what skills your student has they might be able to make money from. Enable them to produce a strategic business plan. Who’ll they offer to? How can they spread awareness? What services can they offer? Just how much can they charge? Discuss fundamental economic concepts of demand and supply. Make certain your student understands the private responsibility they need to meet their customer’s needs. All work ought to be a great reflection in your child’s business. The advantages of youth entrepreneurship are endless. Your son or daughter will love benefits for example: • Financial Independence • Money Skills • Elevated Responsibility • Improved Self-esteem • Communication Skills • Business Experience • Business prep Review your student’s economic textbook to determine the best way to tie that information to their business. Regular discussion by what your student is learning within the classroom as well as in their business could make learning financial aspects simpler. Entrepreneurship may even assist with your son or daughter’s resume. Employers are frequently much more impressed having a self-employed venture than the usual traditional retail or food service job. Before your son or daughter begins their business make certain they will be ready to undertake all of the responsibility. Your son or daughter ought to be mature enough to understand the significance of integrity and keeping the promises and obligations. There’s not really a set age at when it’s a great time to allow them to start their very own business. Rather, parents must decide when the youngster is able to begin their work. Parents also needs to consider the way the child can get around to get the job done. Could they be of sufficient age they are driving? Otherwise, will a parent or gaurdian have the ability to bring them? Or will the company you need to be marketed locally? Companies begun in a youthful age might have certain limitations, but nonetheless enable learning of finance and good characteristics. Be sure that your student’s success in financial aspects and later on with youth entrepreneurship. Youth which have begun developing good skills and characteristics have an improved chance of success later in existence due to their early start. Instilling values of confidence and intelligence inside your child is a huge help to them later on. Speak to your child about beginning their very own business today! Among the popular centres near you for your econs tuition needs, you should choose the one that would provide to your specific learning needs in the best manner possible. The centre should be able to provide to your specific needs.

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An bhfuil an mac léinn ag déanamh staidéir ar ghnéithe airgeadais? Is féidir le fiontraíocht óige do mhac nó do iníon a oideachas maidir le bunleibhéil na gnéithe airgeadais agus scileanna/tréithe éilitheacha a chur ar fáil dá chuid nó dá cuid sa todhchaí. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith dúshlánach gnéithe airgeadais a fhoghlaim, ach is spraoi é freisin! Is bealach iontach é chun gnéithe airgeadais a fhoghlaim ná a fháil amach conas do chliaint phearsanta a thosú. D'fhéadfadh tuismitheoirí cabhrú le fiontraíocht óige a spreagadh trí spreagadh a thabhairt. Déan plé ar na scileanna atá ag do dhalta a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann airgead a dhéanamh astu. Cuir ar a gcumas plean gnó straitéiseach a tháirgeadh. Cé a thairiscint dóibh? Conas is féidir leo feasacht a scaipeadh? Cad iad na seirbhísí is féidir leo a thairiscint? Cé mhéad is féidir leo a ghearradh? Pléigh coincheapa bunúsacha eacnamaíocha éilimh agus soláthair. Déan cinnte go dtuigeann do mhic léinn an fhreagracht phearsanta a theastaíonn uathu chun freastal ar riachtanais a gcustaiméirí. Ba cheart go mbeadh gach obair ina léiriú mór ar ghnó do pháiste. Tá buntáistí gan teorainn ag fiontraíocht óige. Is breá le do mhac nó le do iníon na buntáistí mar shampla: • Neamhspleáchas Airgeadais • Scileanna Airgeadais • Freagracht Mhór • Feabhas a chur ar an meas féin • Scileanna cumarsáide • Taithí Gnó • Ullmhú gnó Déan athbhreithniú ar theagascleabhar eacnamaíochta do mhic léinn chun an bealach is fearr a chinneadh chun an t-eolas sin a cheangal lena ngnó. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé níos éasca gnéithe airgeadais a fhoghlaim trí phlé rialta a dhéanamh ar an méid atá á fhoghlaim ag do mhic léinn sa seomra ranga agus ina ngnó. D'fhéadfadh fiontraíocht cabhrú le cur síos do mhac nó do iníon. Is minic a bhíonn an-tóir ar fhostóirí go bhfuil fiontar féinfhostaithe acu ná an gnáth-obair traidisiúnta miondíola nó seirbhíse bia. Sula dtosaíonn do mhac nó do iníon lena ngnó déan cinnte go mbeidh siad réidh chun an fhreagracht ar fad a ghlacadh. Ba chóir go mbeadh do mhac nó do iníon aibí go leor chun an tábhacht a bhaineann le hionracas a thuiscint agus na gealltanais agus na hoibleagáidí a choinneáil. Níl aon aois shocraithe ann i ndáiríre nuair is é an t-am is fearr é a ligean dóibh a ngnó féin a thosú. Ina áit sin, ní mór do thuismitheoirí a chinneadh cathain a bheidh an leanbh in ann tosú ar a gcuid oibre. Ní mór do thuismitheoirí smaoineamh freisin ar an mbealach a d'fhéadfadh an leanbh dul timpeall chun an obair a dhéanamh. An bhféadfadh siad a bheith d'aois go leor go bhfuil siad ag tiomáint? Seachas sin, an mbeidh tuismitheoir nó gaurdian in ann iad a thabhairt? Nó an mbeidh an chuideachta is gá duit a mhargú go háitiúil? D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh teorainneacha áirithe ag cuideachtaí a thosófar in aois óg, ach go fóill, cuireann siad ar chumas foghlaim airgeadais agus tréithe maithe. Bí cinnte go n-éireoidh le do mhic léinn i gcúinsí airgeadais agus ina dhiaidh sin i mbun fiontraíochta óige. Tá seans níos fearr ag daoine óga a bhfuil tús curtha leo le scileanna agus tréithe maithe a fhorbairt ina dhiaidh sin sa saol mar gheall ar a dtosaíocht go luath. Is cabhair mhór é luachanna muiníne agus intleacht a chur isteach i do leanbh ina dhiaidh sin. Labhair le do leanbh faoi a ghnó féin a thosú inniu! I measc na n-ionad tóir atá in aice leat do do riachtanais teagaisc eacnamaíochta, ba cheart duit an ceann a roghnú a fhreastalaíonn ar do chuid riachtanas foghlama ar an mbealach is fearr is féidir. Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-ionad in ann freastal ar do chuid riachtanas sonracha.

With the increasing interest of many consumers on healthy and nutritious foods, natural and organic foods have also seen a dramatic increase in their demands. However, many are not familiar with what makes natural and organic food. Many even believe that organic is the same as natural.So here are good organic food definitions that will help you understand what makes food organic. The Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing defined organic food as food grown or raised without the use of additives, coloring, synthetic chemicals, e.g., fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, radiation, or genetic manipulation and meeting criteria of the U.S.D.A. Standard National Organic Program. Another organic food definition by the Merriam Webster is food, relating to, yielding, or involving the use of food produced with the use of feed or fertilizer of plant or animal origin without employment of chemically formulated fertilizers, growth stimulants, antibiotics, or pesticides. These organic food definitions show that are certain standards that foods must meet in order to be classified as organic food. So, what are these standards? First, the definition of organic food was created in accordance to the Organic Foods Production Act of the 1990. The Act created a national standard for organic food. The Act also gave the United States Department of Agriculture National Organic Program to set these standards and to oversee the certification of the organic produce. Only the producers that meet the standards are then allowed to put on their products the label US Certified Organic. The definition of the United States Department of Agriculture on organic food is food produced by farmers who emphasized the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations. In other words, based on this definition the standards that producers must meet in order to be allowed to label their products US Certified Organic are to use renewable resources and to conserve the national environmental resources. Second, producers must therefore practice organic farming. Organic farming means the use of non synthetic fertilizers that maximizes biological activity and promotes long term soil health. Farmers or producers must use of biological control and other techniques in managing insects and the environment. They must promote biodiversity. They must not use synthetic pesticides, hormones and fertilizers. And they must use renewable resources and practice conservation. Third, there is a focus on different management practices in the production and handling of the produce or food. In order to meet the standard, it is not enough to simply do away with conventional farming methods, such as the use of chemicals and synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. It is necessary to promote biological diversity and promote the health of the environment, such as keeping the soil fertile. The farmers therefore use techniques that used by civilizations thousands of years ago, such as crop rotation and composts, and yet utilize modern advances in farming.

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De réir mar a mhéadaíonn suim an iomarca tomhaltóirí i mbianna sláintiúla agus cothaitheacha, tá méadú suntasach tagtha ar éilimh ar bhianna nádúrtha agus orgánacha. Mar sin féin, níl a lán daoine ar an eolas faoi na rudaí a dhéanann bia nádúrtha agus orgánach. Creideann go leor fiú go bhfuil orgánach mar an gcéanna le nádúrtha. Mar sin, tá sainmhínithe maith bia orgánach anseo a chabhróidh leat tuiscint a fháil ar cad a dhéanann bia orgánach. Sainmhíníonn an Tuairisceoir Leighis do na Gairmeacha Sláinte agus um Altráil bia orgánach mar bhia a fhásann nó a ardú gan úsáid a bhaint as breiseáin, dathanna, ceimiceáin sintéiseacha, e.g., leasacháin, pesticides, hormóin, radaíocht, nó ionramháil ghéiniteach agus ag comhlíonadh critéir U.S.D.A. Clár Náisiúnta Orgánach Caighdeánach. Is é sainmhíniú eile bia orgánach ag an Merriam Webster bia, a bhaineann le, a thugann, nó a chuimsíonn úsáid bia a tháirgtear le húsáid beatha nó leasacháin de bhunadh plandaí nó ainmhithe gan fhostaíocht leasacháin fhoirmlithe ceimiceach, spreagthaigh fáis, antaibheathaigh, nó lotnaidicídí. Léiríonn na sainmhínithe ar bhia orgánach seo go bhfuil caighdeáin áirithe ann nach mór do bhianna a chomhlíonadh d'fhonn a bheith aicmithe mar bhia orgánach. Mar sin, cad iad na caighdeáin seo? Ar an gcéad dul síos, cruthaíodh an sainmhíniú ar bhia orgánach de réir an Achta um Tháirgeadh Bia Orgánach an 1990. Cruthaíodh caighdeán náisiúnta le haghaidh bia orgánach leis an Acht. Thug an tAcht freisin do Chlár Náisiúnta Eacnamaíochta Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe na caighdeáin seo a shocrú agus maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar dheimhniú na dtáirgí orgánacha. Ní cheadaítear ansin ach na táirgeoirí a chomhlíonann na caighdeáin lipéad US Certified Organic a chur ar a gcuid táirgí. Is é sainmhíniú Roinn Talmhaíochta na Stát Aontaithe ar bhia orgánach bia a tháirgfeá ag feirmeoirí a chuir béim ar úsáid acmhainní in-athnuaite agus caomhnú ithir agus uisce chun cáilíocht an chomhshaoil a fheabhsú do ghlúin amach anseo. Is é sin le rá, bunaithe ar an sainmhíniú seo, is iad na caighdeáin a chaithfidh táirgeoirí a chomhlíonadh chun cead a bheith acu a gcuid táirgí a lipéadú mar U.S. Certified Organic ná acmhainní in-athnuaite a úsáid agus acmhainní comhshaoil na tíre a chaomhnú. Ar an dara dul síos, ní mór do tháirgeoirí feirmeoireacht orgánach a chleachtadh. Ciallaíonn feirmeoireacht orgánach go n-úsáidtear leasacháin neamh-sintéiseacha a uasmhéadóidh gníomhaíocht bhitheolaíoch agus a chuireann sláinte ithir fadtéarmach chun cinn. Ní mór d'fheirmeoirí nó d'fheirmeoirí rialú bitheolaíoch agus teicnící eile a úsáid chun na h-ionsaithe agus an timpeallacht a bhainistiú. Ní mór dóibh an bithéagsúlacht a chur chun cinn. Ní féidir leo lotnaidicídí, hormóin agus leasacháin shintéiseacha a úsáid. Agus ní mór dóibh acmhainní in-athnuaite a úsáid agus caomhnú a chleachtadh. Sa tríú háit, déantar díriú ar chleachtais bainistíochta éagsúla i dtáirgeadh agus i láimhseáil an táirge nó an bhia. Chun an caighdeán a chomhlíonadh, ní leor go gcuirfí deireadh go simplí le modhanna traidisiúnta feirmeoireachta, amhail úsáid cheimiceáin agus le hithithithíní sintéiseacha agus le lotnaidicídí. Tá sé riachtanach an éagsúlacht bhitheolaíoch a chur chun cinn agus sláinte an chomhshaoil a chur chun cinn, amhail an ithir a choinneáil torthúil. Dá bhrí sin, úsáideann na feirmeoirí teicnící a d'úsáid sibhialtachtaí na mílte bliain ó shin, mar shampla rothlú barra agus compost, agus fós úsáid a bhaint as dul chun cinn nua-aimseartha sa fheirmeoireacht.

Presentation on theme: "S TRESS AND HEALTH. S TRESSORS AND STRESS Stressors cause stress, could be a person, event, item etc. Stress involves physiological and psychological."— Presentation transcript: S TRESS AND HEALTH S TRESSORS AND STRESS Stressors cause stress, could be a person, event, item etc. Stress involves physiological and psychological arousal Stress involves a perception that they cannot cope or that the challenge exceeds ability P HYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE – FIGHT OR FLIGHT – SYMPATHETIC A ROUSAL The Autonomic Nervous System - connected to internal organs, not consciously controlled. Keeps us alive – automatically. Sympathetic branch controls arousal, fight or flight response / fires us up. Release of adrenaline, heart up, breathing up etc. Parasympathetic calms back down, keeps at stable level. Digestion resting etc. F IGHT OR F LIGHT – H YPOTHALAMUS P ITUITARY A XIS - HPA When a stressor is identified the hypothalamus is activated The hypothalamus then activates the pituitary gland which releases ACTH (adrenocprticotropic) ACTH then travels through the blood steam to the adrenal glands above the kidneys, this triggers the release of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol Cortisol and noradrenaline in high concentrations for prolonged time can effect immune function G ENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME How do most organisms deal with stress? Research used rats subjected to electric shocks and pailful tail pulling, prolonged heat or cold, physical restraint or bacterial infection Proposed that all organisms follow a similar pattern when dealing with stress G ENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME STAGE 1: Alarm Reaction First become aware of the stressor Organism goes into a temporary state of shock, and its ability to deal with the stressor falls to below its normal level Physiologically, the body reacts as if it were injured; for example, blood pressure and body temperature drop, and a temporary loss of muscle tone is experienced Then the body rebounds from this level with a reaction that Selye referred to as ‘countershock’. During countershock, the sympathetic nervous system is activated and the body’s resistance to the stressor increases. G ENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME STAGE 2: Resistance If the source of the stress is not dealt with immediately, and the state of stress continues, the organism goes into a stage of resistance. During the stage of resistance, the body’s resistance to the particular stressor rises above normal. G ENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME STAGE 3: Exhaustion If the stressor is not dealt with successfully during the resistance stage, and stress continues, the organism enters a stage of exhaustion. Signs of the alarm reaction may reappear, but the effects of the stressor can no longer be dealt with Resistance to disease is very weak, and it becomes vulnerable to physical and psychological illnesses. G ENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME – I HAVE GAS ! STAGE 1: Alarm Reaction … Oh no I have to break wind! STAGE 2: Resistance … Holding it in! STAGE 3: Exhaustion … Can’t hold it in anymore! E USTRESS AND DISTRESS Eustress – positive psychological response to a stressor Distress – negative psychological response to a stressor Some stress can be good for us Drive us to excel Raise our alertness, arousal, fire us up etc. P SYCHOLOGICAL R ESPONSE Behavioural changes – shaky voice, hand tremors, muscle stiffness Emotional changes – anxious, tense, depressed angry etc Cognitive changes – perception distorted, difficulty concentrating, making decisions, forgetful etc. L AZARUS AND FOLKMAN ’ S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING Stress involves a transaction between the individual and the external environment Coping will depend on the appraisal of the situation by the individual and their ability to cope Stress is in the eye of the beholder L AZARUS AND FOLKMAN ’ S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING Primary appraisal Judge the significance of the situation Is it irrelevant, benign-positive, stressful? Harm/loss – imminent Threat – might happen Challenge – potential for growth Secondary appraisal Evaluate our coping options and resources Internal and external resources L AZARUS AND FOLKMAN ’ S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING Reappraisal Going back over an earlier stressor to determine if it warrants further attention Coping Changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to meet stressors An attempt to manage Problem focused coping Fix the source of the stress Emotion focused coping Strategies to deal with emotional responses to stress S OCIAL F ACTORS Can influence the stress response Relationships, lack of social skills, lack of support, bullied, discrimination, etc. Social Readjustment – the amount of change in lifestyle after a specific event Large changes can cause stress Not all events are universally stressful It does depend on the persons perception and circumstances EG. Leaving an abusive marriage would be less stressful than remaining married C ULTURAL F ACTORS Immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers Acculturation – adapting the values customs and language of a new culture Entering a new culture at a lower socioeconomic level, trouble preserving old values Refugees – post traumatic stress Racism - clear link to mental health problems in targets E NVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Crowding linked to the stress response Crowding is a subjective experience Personal space is important - loved ones < 50cm - Good friends 50 – 150 cm - Strangers > 150 cm H OW INTIMATE C ALHOUN ’ S RESEARCH (1962) Mice in a large enclosure Plenty of space, water, food etc. Mice display normal social behaviour, mating etc. Population doubled every 55 days Mice in overcrowded enclosure showed maladaptive behaviours - Aggression and even canibalism - Hyperactivity or lethargy - Mothers attacked their young, stopped breeding C ROWDING AND HUMAN STRESS No clear link Difficult to control extraneous variables ethically Self report though does clearly show a correlation between overcrowding and stress Does depend on the situation and the individual involved Being mentally prepared for crowding seems to help some people A LLOSTASIS The bodies ability to maintain physiological stability changing to meet internal and external demands NOT homeostasis where balance is maintained by keeping internal functioning constant Emphasis that healthy functioning requires constant physiological fluctuation Achieved through the brain regulating the HPA, ANS and cardiovascular system HPA and sympathetic arousal most common response Turned on when needed turned off when the threat has passed A LLOSTATIC LOAD Prolonged arousal can lead to wear and tear on the body Increased secretion of adrenal hormones can damage cardiovascular and immune systems Frequent stressors or perhaps one stressor that is not alleviated See example Pg. 614 – biopsychosocial model and allostatatic load C OPING WITH STRESS Biofeedback – feedback on a bodily response, eg. Beep when heart beats Subjects can learn to control response using biofeedback and relaxation techniques Often doesn’t work outside of a lab setting Meditation Internal attempt to bring about deeply relaxed state Relaxation Any activity either physical of psychological that reduces tension C OPING WITH STRESS Exercise Social interaction Uses up stress hormones secreted by HPA Release tension in muscles Release of endorphins – pleasure related neurotransmitters S OCIAL SUPPORT Help or assistance from others…. Duh Appraisal support – improves understanding of the situation Tangible assistance – material support, financial, food, goods etc Information support – ideas on how to cope Emotional support – targets emotional reactions by the individual, cared for and valued

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Taispeántas ar an téama: "STRESS AND HEALTH. S TRESSORS AGUS STRESS Tuairimí a chuireann strus ar dhaoine, ar imeachtaí, ar earraí, etc. Baineann strus le fisiceolaíoch agus síceolaíoch. " Tras-scríbhinn an chur i láthair: S OIBH agus SÉGHAILTE S TRESSORS AGUS STRESS Tuairimí a chuireann strus ar dhaoine, ar imeachtaí, ar earraí, etc. Baineann strus le dúlagar fisiceolaíoch agus síceolaíoch Baineann strus le tuiscint nach féidir leo déileáil leis nó go bhfuil an dúshlán níos mó ná an cumas P GINCHÍOLÓGICLÍOSCH AISCE TÍOCHÁIN nó FÉIGHT SÍOMPATHÉITIC A ROUSAL An Córas Neirbhíse Uathrialach - atá nasctha le horgáin inmheánacha, gan rialú comhfhiosach. Coinníonn sé beo dúinn go huathoibríoch. Rialaíonn an brainse comhbháite éirí, freagairt troid nó teipe / ag lasadh orainn. Scaoileadh adrenaline, croí suas, anailís suas etc. Tá an parasympathetic ag socair síos, agus tá sé ag leibhéal cobhsaí. Saol díleá etc. F IGHT NÓ F ÉISCE H YPOTHALAMUS P ITUITARY A XIS - HPA Nuair a aithnítear strusóir, déantar an hipotalamus a ghníomhachtú Déantar an hipotalamus a ghníomhachtú ansin a scaoileann an gland pituitary a scaoileann ACTH (adrenocprticotropic) ACTH ansin taisteálann sé tríd an stoirm fola chuig na glúine adrenal os cionn na duáin, spreagann sé seo scaoileadh adrenaline, noradrenaline agus cortisol Is féidir le cortisol agus noradrenaline i tiúchan ard ar feadh tréimhse fada tionchar a imirt ar fheidhm imdhíonachta G SINDRÓM OIOMHÚNAS GINNÉIL Conas a dhéileálann formhór na n-orgánaigh le strus? Baineadh úsáid as radaigh a bhí faoi réir suaitheadh leictreach agus tarraingt eireaball buí, teas nó fuar fada, srianadh fisiciúil nó ionfhabhtú baictéarach Tograíodh go leanann gach orgánach patrún den chineál céanna nuair a bhíonn siad ag déileáil le strus G SINDRÓM OIOMHÁINNÍ GINNÉILIS CLAIMHÍONTAIS CÉIMH 1: Athbhliain Alarm Ar dtús a bheith ar an eolas faoin strus téann an t-orgánach i riocht turraing shealadach, agus titeann a chumas déileáil leis an strus faoi bhun a ghnáthleibhéal Fisiolaíoch, imoibríonn an corp amhail is dá mba ghortú é; mar shampla, titim brú fola agus teocht an choirp titim, agus tá caillteanas sealadach ton muscle ag dul i dtaithí Ansin téann an corp ar ais ón leibhéal seo le freagairt a thug Selye air mar countershock. Le linn an choicéad, déantar an córas néarógach comhchruinnithe a ghníomhachtú agus méadaíonn friotaíocht an chomhlachta don strusóir. G SINDRÓM OIOMHÚNAS GINNÉIL: Céim 2: Frithsheasmhacht Mura ndéileáiltear le foinse an strus láithreach, agus má leanann an staid strus, téann an t-orgánach isteach i gcéim frithsheasmhachta. Le linn na céime frithsheasmhachta, téann friotaíocht an chomhlachta don strusóir ar leith thar an gnáth. G SINDRÓM OIOMHÁNTAIS GINNEALACH GÁR 3: Éagothroime Mura ndéantar déileáil go rathúil leis an strusóir le linn na céime frithsheasmhachta, agus má leanann an strus, téann an t-orgánach isteach i gcéim easpa. D'fhéadfadh comharthaí an imoibrithe alarma a bheith ag teacht ar ais, ach ní féidir dul i ngleic le héifeachtaí an strus ag dul i ngleic leis an bhfreasúra a bheith an-lag, agus é a bheith so-ghabhálach do ghalair fisiciúla agus síceolaíocha. G GINDRÓM OILAIMÍOCHTA GINÉARLACH Tá GAS agam ! Céim 1: Freagairt Alarm ... Oh nach bhfuil mé chun briseadh gaoithe! Céim 2: Frithsheasmhacht... Céim 3: Éadóchas... Ní féidir é a choinneáil in anymore! E STRESS AGUS DISTRESS Eistress freagra síceolaíoch dearfach ar strusóir Distress freagra síceolaíoch diúltach ar strusóir Is féidir le roinnt strus a bheith go maith dúinn Spreagann muid chun feabhas a chur ar ár n-aigne, ar ár n-airíonna, ar ár n-áiteamh, etc. P SÍOSLACHTACH R RÁCHTÚ Athruithe i ngníomhartha guth crith, trémor lámha, stiffness muscle Athruithe mothúchánach imní, teannas, depressed feargach etc Athruithe cognaíocha tuiscint mhíchumaithe, deacracht ag díriú, cinntí a dhéanamh, dearmad etc. L AZARUS AGUS FOLKMAN S MODÉIL TRANSACTIONAL STRESS AGUS COOPING Baineann strus le hidirbheart idir an duine aonair agus an timpeallacht sheachtrach Beidh an t-aistriú ag brath ar mheasúnú an duine aonair ar an staid agus ar a gcumas dul i ngleic le strus L'Azarus And Folkman S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING Measúnú bunscoile Breithníonn sé tábhacht an staid An bhfuil sé neamhábhartha, neamhdhíobhálach, strusmhar? Damáiste/caillteanas bagairt atá ar tí tarlú d'fhéadfadh tarlú dúshlán féidearthacht fáis Measúnú thánaisteach Measúnú a dhéanamh ar ár roghanna agus acmhainní chun déileáil leis na hacmhainní inmheánacha agus seachtracha L AZARUS AGUS FOLKMAN S MODÉIL TRANSACTIONAL STRESS AGUS COOPING Athmheasúnú Ag dul ar ais ar strusóir níos luaithe chun a chinneadh an bhfuil sé de dhíth ar aird bhreise Coopáil Ag athrú iarrachtaí cognaíocha agus iompraíochta chun freastal ar strusóirí iarracht a dhéanamh bainistiú Díriú ar fhadhb ag déileáil le réiteach foinse na strus Díriú ar mhothúchán ag déileáil le straitéisí chun déileáil le freagraí mothúchánacha ar strus S OCHTAIRLE F FÉINTEÁL Is féidir tionchar a imirt ar an bhfreagairt ar strus Caidrimh, easpa scileanna sóisialta, easpa tacaíochta, bullying, idirdhealú, etc. Athshocrú Sóisialta méid an athraithe ar stíl mhaireachtála tar éis imeacht ar leith Is féidir le hathruithe móra strus a chur faoi deara Ní bhíonn gach imeacht strusach go hidirnáisiúnta Braitheann sé ar thuairim agus ar chúinsí an duine EG. Bheadh sé níos lú strus a bheith ag fágáil pósadh mí-úsáidte ná a bheith pósta C CULTURAL F ACTORS Inimircigh, dídeanaithe, iarrthóirí tearmainn Acculturation oiriúnú do luachanna nó do chustaim agus do theanga cultúr nua dul isteach i gcultúr nua ag leibhéal sóisia-eacnamaíoch níos ísle, deacracht ag caomhnú sean-luachanna dídeanaithe strus iar-thrámaíoch Racism - clear link to mental health problems in targets E FACTÓRNA TÍONLAIONNA Tá an líon mór daoine ceangailte leis an bhfreagairt ar strus Is eispéireas suibiachtúil é an líon mór daoine Tá spás pearsanta tábhachtach - daoine grá < 50cm - Cairde maithe 50 150 cm - Strainséirí > 150 cm H OW INTIMATE C ALHOUN S RESEARCH (1962) Na luch i gclos mór Go leor spáis, uisce, bia srl. Taispeánann na lucha iompar sóisialta gnáth, páirteadh, srl. D'éirigh le daonra an t-eitleán a dhúbailt gach 55 lá Bhí iompar mí-oiriúnaithe ag na lucha i gclos ró-chlúdach - Ionsaí agus fiú cannibalism - Hiperghníomhacht nó lethargy - Throid na máithreacha a gcuid óga, stopadh an t-airgead C ROWDING AGUS STRESS EATHÁINNEACH Níl aon nasc soiléir Is deacair athróg eachtrach a rialú go heiticiúil Tuairisc féin cé go léiríonn sé go soiléir comhghaol idir ró-chlúdach agus strus Braitheann sé ar an staid agus ar an duine aonair atá i gceist Is cosúil go gcuireann ullmhúchán meabhrach don chlúdach cabhair ar roinnt daoine A LLOSTASIS An cumas ag an gcomhlacht cobhsaíocht fiseolaíoch a choinneáil ag athrú chun freastal ar éilimh inmheánacha agus seachtracha NÍ homeostasis áit a gcoinnítear cothromaíocht trí fheidhmiú inmheánach a choinneáil seasmhach Emphasis go dteastaíonn luaineacht fisiceolaíoch leanúnach ó fheidhmiú sláintiúil A bhaint amach tríd an inchinn ag rialáil an HPA, ANS agus an chóras cardashoithíoch HPA agus arousal comhchlaonta is mó freagartha Athraigh nuair is gá a chasadh amach nuair a bheidh an bagairt imithe A LOADH LLOSTATIC Is féidir le dúlagar fada a bheith ina chúis le caitheamh agus le scriosadh ar an gcomhlacht Is féidir le secretion méadaithe hormóin adrenal damáiste a dhéanamh do chórais chártaithe agus imdhíonachta Tá brúitheanta coitianta nó b'fhéidir go bhfuil brúitheanta amháin nach bhfuil a mhaolú Féach sampla Pg. 614 samhail bith-pshiceasaíoch agus ualach uile-staitigh CÓR LE STRÉIS Biofeedback tuairisceán ar fhreagra coirp, e.g. Beep nuair a bhíonn croí ag bualadh Is féidir le hábhair foghlaim freagairt a rialú ag baint úsáide as teicnící biofeedback agus scíth a ligean Go minic ní oibríonn sé lasmuigh de shuíomh saotharlainne Measúnú Cuireadh inmheánach chun staid scíth a ligean a bhaint amach Scíth a ligean Aon ghníomhaíocht, bíodh sé fisiciúil nó síceolaíoch, a laghdaíonn teannas C CÚN STRÉIS Oibríonn sé le cleachtadh Idirghníomhaíocht shóisialta Úsáideann sé hormóin strus a scaipeann HPA Scaoileadh teannas i matáin Scaoileadh endorphins neurotransmitters a bhaineann le pléisiúr S CÓINNÍ SOCHÁIL Cabhair nó cúnamh ó dhaoine eile.... Duh Tacaíocht mheasúnaithe feabhsaíonn tuiscint ar an staid Tacaíocht inláimhsithe tacaíocht ábhartha, airgeadais, bia, earraí etc Tacaíocht faisnéise smaointe ar conas déileáil le Tacaíocht mhothúchánach dírithe ar imoibrithe mothúchánach an duine aonair, cúram agus luach

The Invisible Rainbow: A History of Electricity and Life vrijdag, 08 september 2017 - Categorie: Artikelen Een nieuw boek van Arthur Firstenberg, met de volgende toelichting THE STORY OF the invention and use of electricity has often been told before, but never from an environmental point of view. The assumption of safety, and the conviction that electricity has nothing to do with life, are by now so entrenched in the human psyche that new research, and testimony by those who are being injured, are not enough to change the course that society has set. Two increasingly isolated worlds—that inhabited by the majority, who embrace new electrical technology without question, and that inhabited by a growing minority, who are fighting for survival in an electrically polluted environment—no longer even speak the same language. In The Invisible Rainbow, Arthur Firstenberg bridges the two worlds. In a story that is rigorously scientific yet easy to read, he provides a surprising answer to the question, “How can electricity be suddenly harmful today when it was safe for centuries?” ARTHUR FIRSTENBERG is a scientist and journalist who is at the forefront of a global movement to tear down the taboo surrounding this subject. After graduating Phi Beta Kappa from Cornell University with a degree in mathematics, he attended the University of California, Irvine School of Medicine from 1978 to 1982. Injury by X-ray overdose cut short his medical career. For the past thirty-five years he has been a researcher, consultant, and lecturer on the health and environmental effects of electromagnetic radiation, as well as a practitioner of several healing arts. Lees verder in de categorie Artikelen | Terug naar homepage | Lees de introductie

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An Rainbow Invisible: Stair ar Leictreachas agus ar an Saol vrijdag, 08 september 2017 - Catagóir: Ailt Een nieuw boek van Arthur Firstenberg, le na léargas seo a leanas DÉANTAÍONT go minic an scéal faoin bhfuinneamh leictreach a bhí cruthaithe agus a bhí á úsáid, ach riamh ó thaobh an chomhshaoil de. Tá an glacadh le sábháilteacht, agus an chiontú nach bhfuil aon rud le déanamh ag leictreachas le saol, chomh craiceáilte anois i ndán an duine nach bhfuil taighde nua, agus fianaise ag na daoine atá ag fáil díobhála, go leor chun an cúrsa a shocraigh an tsochaí a athrú. Dhá shaol atá ag éirí níos leithne - an ceann ina bhfuil an tromlach ina gcónaí, a ghlacann le teicneolaíocht nua leictreach gan cheist, agus an ceann ina bhfuil mionlach atá ag fás, atá ag streachailt as maireachtáil i dtimpeallacht atá truaillithe go leictreach - ní labhraíonn siad an teanga chéanna a thuilleadh. Sa The Invisible Rainbow, déanann Arthur Firstenberg na dhá shaol a dhúnadh. I scéal atá go dian eolaíoch ach éasca le léamh, soláthraíonn sé freagra iontas ar an gceist, Conas a d'fhéadfadh leictreachas a bheith díobhálach go tobann inniu nuair a bhí sé sábháilte ar feadh na gcéadta bliain? Is eolaí agus iriseoir é Arthur Firstenberg atá i gceannas ar ghluaiseacht domhanda chun an tabú a bhaineann leis an ábhar seo a bhriseadh. Tar éis dó céim a bhaint amach Phi Beta Kappa ó Ollscoil Cornell le céim i matamaitic, d'fhreastail sé ar Ollscoil California, Scoil Leighis Irvine ó 1978 go 1982. Chuir gortaithe ó ródháileog r-ghatáin X gearr ar a shlí bheatha leighis. Le tríocha cúig bliana anuas tá sé ina thaighdeoir, ina chomhairleoir, agus ina léachtóir ar éifeachtaí radaíochta leictreamaighnéadacha ar shláinte agus ar an gcomhshaol, chomh maith le cleachtóir ar roinnt ealaíon leighis. Léigh tuilleadh in de categorie Artikelen Terug naar homepage Lees de introductie

Deflagration (Lat: de + flagrare, "to burn down") is subsonic combustion propagating through heat transfer; hot burning material heats the next layer of cold material and ignites it. Most "fires" found in daily life, from flames to explosions such as that of black powder, are deflagrations. This differs from detonation, which propagates supersonically through shock waves, decomposing a substance extremely quickly. In engineering applications, deflagrations are easier to control than detonations. Consequently, they are better suited when the goal is to move an object (a bullet in a gun, or a piston in an internal combustion engine) with the force of the expanding gas. Typical examples of deflagrations are the combustion of a gas-air mixture in a gas stove or a fuel-air mixture in an internal combustion engine, and the rapid burning of gunpowder in a firearm or of pyrotechnic mixtures in fireworks. Deflagration systems and products can also be used in mining, demolition and stone quarrying via gas pressure blasting as a beneficial alternative to high explosives. Oil/wax fire and waterEdit Adding water to a burning hydrocarbon such as oil or wax produces a deflagration. The water boils rapidly and ejects the burning material as a fine spray of droplets. A deflagration then occurs as the fine mist of oil ignites and burns extremely rapidly. These are particularly common in chip pan fires, which are responsible for one in five household fires in Britain. The underlying flame physics can be understood with the help of an idealized model consisting of a uniform one-dimensional tube of unburnt and burned gaseous fuel, separated by a thin transitional region of width in which the burning occurs. The burning region is commonly referred to as the flame or flame front. In equilibrium, thermal diffusion across the flame front is balanced by the heat supplied by burning. Two characteristic timescales are important here. The first is the thermal diffusion timescale , which is approximately equal to where is the activation barrier for the burning reaction and is the temperature developed as the result of burning; the value of this so-called "flame temperature" can be determined from the laws of thermodynamics. For a stationary moving deflagration front, these two timescales must be equal: the heat generated by burning is equal to the heat carried away by heat transfer. This makes it possible to calculate the characteristic width of the flame front: Now, the thermal flame front propagates at a characteristic speed , which is simply equal to the flame width divided by the burn time: This simplified model neglects the change of temperature and thus the burning rate across the deflagration front. This model also neglects the possible influence of turbulence. As a result, this derivation gives only the laminar flame speed -- hence the designation . Damage to buildings, equipment and people can result from a large-scale, short-duration deflagration. The potential damage is primarily a function of the total amount of fuel burned in the event (total energy available), the maximum flame velocity that is achieved, and the manner in which the expansion of the combustion gases is contained. In free-air deflagrations, there is a continuous variation in deflagration effects relative to the maximum flame velocity. When flame velocities are low, the effect of a deflagration is to release heat. Some authors use the term flash fire to describe these low-speed deflagrations. At flame velocities near the speed of sound, the energy released is in the form of pressure and the results resemble a detonation. Between these extremes, both heat and pressure are generated. When a low-speed deflagration occurs within a closed vessel or structure, pressure effects can produce damage due to expansion of gases as a secondary effect. The heat released by the deflagration causes the combustion gases and excess air to expand thermally. The net result is that the volume of the vessel or structure must expand to accommodate the hot combustion gases, or the vessel must be strong enough to withstand the additional internal pressure, or it fails, allowing the gases to escape. The risks of deflagration inside waste storage drums is a growing concern in storage facilities. |Look up deflagration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.| - UK Fire Service advice on chip pan fires - Williams, F. A. (2018). Combustion theory. CRC Press. - Landau, L. D. (1959). EM Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics. Course of Theoretical Physics, 6. - Linan, A., & Williams, F. A. (1993). Fundamental aspects of combustion. - Zeldovich, I. A., Barenblatt, G. I., Librovich, V. B., & Makhviladze, G. M. (1985). Mathematical theory of combustion and explosions.

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Is éard atá i dtimpeallacht (de + flagrare, "to burn down") dóiteán subsonic a scaipeann trí aistriú teasa; téann ábhar te dóiteáin an chéad sraith eile de ábhar fuar agus tugann sé dóiteán air. Is deflagrations an chuid is mó de na "teineacha" a fhaightear sa saol laethúil, ó lasracha go pléascain mar an púdar dubh. Tá sé seo difriúil ó dhétonáil, a scaipeann supersonically trí tonnta buille, ag dí-chruthú substainte go han-tapa. I bhfeidhmíochtaí innealtóireachta, tá sé níos éasca dífhágáil a rialú ná detonations. Dá bhrí sin, tá siad níos oiriúnaí nuair is é an sprioc rud a bhogadh (poll i gunna, nó písteán i inneall dóiteáin inmheánach) le fórsa an gháis atá ag leathnú. Is samplaí tipiciúla de dhífhágálacha é dóiteán meascán gáis-aer i stob gáis nó meascán breosla-aer i inneall dóiteáin inmheánach, agus dóiteán tapa púdar gunnaí i n-arm tine nó de mheascáin píoriteicniúla i dtimpeallachtaí. Is féidir córais agus táirgí dífhágála a úsáid freisin i mbainmhianta, i mbris agus i gcarraigeacha cloiche trí bhuilleáil brú gáis mar rogha eile tairbheach do mhéideanna spléideacha. Ola/Féine agus Uisce Déantar deflagration nuair a chuirtear uisce le hiodrocarbóin atá ag lasadh mar ola nó féasóg. Boilsíonn an t-uisce go tapa agus scaipeann sé an t-ábhar dóite mar spáráil fíneáil de thriománna. Tarlaíonn deflagration ansin mar a thiteann an smog fíneáil ola agus losnaíonn sé go han-tapa. Tá siad seo coitianta go háirithe i dtógálacha páipéar chip, atá freagrach as tine as gach cúigear teaghlaigh sa Bhreatain. Is féidir an fhisice lasrach atá faoi bhun a thuiscint le cabhair ó mhúnla idéalaithe ina bhfuil feadán aonmheánach aonfhoirmeach de bhreosla gásach neamhdhleathach agus dóite, arna scaradh ag réigiún transiúnach tanaí le leithead ina dtarlaíonn an dóite. Tugtar an fothrach nó an aghaidh lasair ar an réigiún dóite. I gcothromaíocht, déantar an scaipeadh teirmeach ar fud tosaigh an lasair a chothromú leis an teas a sholáthraítear trí dhó. Tá dhá scála ama saintréithúil tábhachtach anseo. Is é an chéad an scála ama scaipeadh teirmeach , atá thart ar comhionann le i gcás ina bhfuil an bacainn gníomhaithe don imoibriú dóite agus an teocht a fhorbraítear mar thoradh ar dhóite; is féidir luach an "teocht lasair" sin a chinneadh ó dhlíthe teirmodinimice. I gcás fronta dífhágála gluaiseachta seasta, ní mór na dhá scála ama seo a bheith comhionann: tá an teas a ghintear trí dhó comhionann leis an teas a iompraítear trí aistriú teasa. Is féidir leis seo leithead tréithúil an chomairnéil lasair a ríomh: Anois, an flame tosaigh teirmeach propages ag luas saintréithe , atá díreach comhionann le leathan an lasair roinnte ag an am dóiteáin: Tá an tsamhail shimpliúite seo ag neamhaird ar an athrú teocht agus dá bhrí sin ar an ráta dóite ar fud an chomair deflagration. Tá an tsamhail seo ag neamhaird freisin ar an tionchar a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag cur isteach ar thrioblóid. Mar thoradh air sin, ní thugann an díorthacht seo ach luas na lasair laimíneach - dá bhrí sin an ainmniúchán . D'fhéadfadh damáiste a dhéanamh do thograí, trealamh agus do dhaoine mar thoradh ar dhífhágáil ar scála mór, ar thréimhse ghearr. Tá an damáiste féideartha mar fheidhm den mhéid iomlán breosla a loscadh sa chás (fuinneamh iomlán atá ar fáil), an luas is mó lasair a baintear amach, agus an bealach a bhfuil leathnú na ngáis dóiteáin á choinneáil. I deflagrations saor-aer, tá éagsúlacht leanúnach i dtionchar deflagration i ndáil leis an luas is mó lasair. Nuair a bhíonn luasanna lasair íseal, is é éifeacht an dífhágála teas a scaoileadh. Úsáideann roinnt údar an téarma flash fire chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar na deflagrations íseal-luais seo. Ag luasanna lasair atá gar do luas an fhuaime, tá an fuinneamh a scaoiltear i bhfoirm brú agus is cosúil le detonation na torthaí. Idir na foircinn seo, déantar teas agus brú araon a ghiniúint. Nuair a tharlaíonn dífhágáil íseal-luais laistigh de shoitheach nó struchtúr dúnta, is féidir le héifeachtaí brú damáiste a tháirgeadh mar gheall ar leathnú gásaí mar iarmhairt thánaisteach. Déantar an teas a scaoiltear ag an deflagration a chur faoi deara go méadaíonn na gáis dóite agus an t-aer iomarcach go teirmeach. Is é an t-iomlán a thagann as sin ná go gcaithfidh toirte an choimeádáin nó an struchtúir a leathnú chun na gáis dóite te a chur isteach, nó caithfear an t-earraí a bheith láidir go leor chun seasamh leis an mbrú inmheánach breise, nó go ndéanann sé botún, ag ligean do na gáis éalú. Tá imní méadaitheach ag baint le rioscaí dífhágála taobh istigh de dhramha stórála dramhaíola i saoráidí stórála. Féach ar deflagration i Wiktionary, an foclóir saor in aisce. - Comhairle ó Sheirbhís Dóiteáin na Ríochta Aontaithe maidir le tineacha páipéar - Williams, F. A. (2018) a chur i bhfeidhm. Teoiric dóiteáin. CRC Press. - Landau, L. D. (1959). EM Lifshitz, Meicnic Fhluaid. Cúrsa um Fhisice Theoriticiúil, 6. - Linan, A., & Williams, F. A. (1993) agus Gnéithe bunúsacha dóiteáin. - Zeldovich, mé. A., Barenblatt, G. I., Librovich, V. B., & Makhviladze, G. M. (1985). Teoiric matamaiticiúil dóiteáin agus pléascáin.

Have you ever wondered, what is food safety? Well, it’s the discipline that’s responsible for ensuring food quality as far as microorganisms are concerned. One of the main dangers of consuming many foods is that harmful microorganisms can grow inside them. These microorganisms can reproduce, generate toxins and colonize the digestive tract. As a result, the person can suffer from diarrhea or other issues that can hurt their health. Therefore, to avoid those issues, it’s important to take certain measures regarding the handling of our foods. What else should you know about it? We’ll tell you below. What is food safety and why is food preservation so important? The most critical moment in food handling is its preservation. If it’s not kept at the proper temperature or the correct processes aren’t carried out, there’s a risk of microbial reproduction. A clear example is the case of mayonnaise in the summertime. During this season, high temperatures favor salmonella growth. This microorganism can cause diarrhea and vomiting, according to a study published in the British Veterinary Journal. Another example can be seen with tomato sauce containers. These products are excellent breeding grounds for clostridium botulinum reproduction. When you ingest these microorganisms, they cause progressive paralysis of the muscular and organic systems in the body. As a result, it could lead to death. Sterilization is a fundamental part of food safety Thermal processes are a great ally of food safety in general. These procedures ensure that pathogenic microorganisms are destroyed before they’re stored. Almost all of these processes are based on subjecting the food to high temperatures for a certain amount of time. Then, the food is packed in the most aseptic conditions possible to prevent cross-contamination. Subjecting foods to heat treatments is the best form of preservation. They can usually be kept at room temperature for a long period of time without any issues. However, once you open them, they become perishable products that you need to put in the refrigerator. Beware of cross-contamination Another danger in terms of food safety is cross-contamination. This is the result of sharing kitchen utensils or containers that haven’t been properly disinfected. Therefore, it’s important to keep in mind that the utensils you use to handle perishable, raw, or potentially risky foods shouldn’t be used for other foods before you wash them. Cross-contamination is common when you store different foods in the same container. Cooked and raw foods shouldn’t be mixed, so it’s best to store them separately. How to tell if you have food poisoning Generally, food poisoning causes gastrointestinal problems. For example, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are the most common. However, in some situations, the symptoms may vary or worsen, as is the case with Clostridium botulinum poisoning. This microorganism can be in poorly preserved processed foods. In addition, according to research published in the International Journal of Food Microbiology, it’s capable of causing gastrointestinal and even nervous disorders. It’s important to see your doctor as soon as you notice the first symptoms and you think it might be food poisoning. In this situation, it’s important to stay hydrated because it will help alleviate your symptoms. In the most acute cases, you may need to get an intravenous serum, especially if you’re not tolerating oral fluids. You mustn’t confuse food poisoning with allergies. That’s why it’s so important to see your doctor. If it turns out to be an allergic reaction, you’ll need to take medication to help. Food safety keeps us healthy Food safety is the discipline that’s responsible for keeping us healthy and for preventing intoxications caused by ingesting microorganisms in our foods. Every year, eating foods in poor condition results in cases of death. Therefore, it’s important to be very careful about the handling and preservation of your food. Be sure to keep it at the right temperature, sterilize your containers well, and avoid cross-contamination. These are the fundamental pillars of good food hygiene. In addition, if you think you’ve eaten something in poor condition or that has been contaminated, it’s important to see a doctor as soon as possible. They will tell you the next steps to take. Also, staying hydrated and alleviating your symptoms will make the process more bearable. In addition, these steps will help you avoid major complications that could compromise your health. It’s essential to pay attention to expiration dates and “sell by” dates on our foods. Additionally, you should pay attention to storage instructions from manufacturers once you’ve opened the containers. So, if you’ve ever wondered what is food safety, now you know how to protect yourself from the harmful microorganisms in your food!

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An ndearna tú smaoineamh riamh, cad é sábháilteacht bia? Bhuel, is é an smacht atá freagrach as cáilíocht bia a chinntiú a mhéid a bhaineann le micreorganisimh. Ceann de na príomh-bhaol a bhaineann le go leor bia a ithe ná go bhféadfadh miocróganamaigh díobhálacha fás ina n-intinn. Is féidir leis na micreorganismí seo atáirgeadh, tocsainí a ghiniúint agus an chonair díleá a choilíneáil. Mar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh an duine a bheith ag fulaingt ó dhiaire nó fadhbanna eile a d'fhéadfadh dochar a dhéanamh dá shláinte. Dá bhrí sin, chun na saincheisteanna sin a sheachaint, tá sé tábhachtach bearta áirithe a ghlacadh maidir le láimhseáil ár mbia. Cad eile ba chóir duit a fhios faoi? Inseoidh muid duit thíos. Cad é sábháilteacht bia agus cén fáth go bhfuil an-tábhachtach bia a chaomhnú? Is é an nóiméad is criticiúla i láimhseáil bia ná a chaomhnú. Má choinnítear é ag an teocht cheart nó mura ndéantar na próisis cheart, tá baol ann go ndéanfaidh microbial atáirgeadh. Is sampla soiléir é cás na maighnéise i rith an tsamhraidh. Le linn na séasúir seo, cuireann teochtaí ard le fás salmóine. Is féidir leis an miocráiniam seo diarrhea agus vomiting a chur faoi deara, de réir staidéir a foilsíodh in Iris na Breataine Féiceolaíoch. Is féidir sampla eile a fheiceáil le coimeádáin an tsósa toité. Is é an táirge seo talamh dúchais den scoth do clostridium botulinum atáirgeadh. Nuair a ingneann tú na miocrorgánaigh seo, déanann siad pailís a chur ar na córais mhúchasacha agus orgánacha sa chorp. Mar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh sé bás a bheith mar thoradh air. Tá an stéaráil ina chuid bhunúsach de shábháilteacht bia Is comhghuaillíocht mhór iad próisis theirmeacha maidir le sábháilteacht bia i gcoitinne. Cinntíonn na nósanna imeachta sin go ndéantar micreorganisimh phaitogánacha a scrios sula stóráiltear iad. Tá beagnach gach ceann de na próisis seo bunaithe ar an bhia a chur faoi réir teochtaí ard ar feadh tréimhse áirithe ama. Ansin, pacáistítear an bia i ndálaí is aseptic is féidir chun tras-thruailliú a chosc. Is é an modh is fearr chun bia a chaomhnú ná é a chur faoi chóireáil teasa. Is féidir iad a choinneáil ag teocht an tseomra ar feadh tréimhse fada gan aon fhadhbanna. Ach, nuair a osclaíonn tú iad, bíonn siad ina dtáirgí truaillithe a chaithfidh tú a chur sa chuisneoir. Bí cúramach le tras-thruailliú Baineann an riosca eile ó thaobh sábháilteachta bia le tras-thruailliú. Is é seo an toradh a bhaineann le huirlisí nó coimeádáin chistin a roinnt nach ndearnadh díghalrúchán ceart orthu. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé tábhachtach a choinneáil i gcuimhne nach féidir leis na huirlisí a úsáideann tú chun bianna atá in ann a bheith ag dul in éag, cruith, nó a d'fhéadfadh a bheith riosca a láimhseáil a úsáid le haghaidh bianna eile sula ndéanann tú iad a ní. Tá tras-thruailliú coitianta nuair a stórálann tú bia éagsúla sa choimeádán céanna. Níor cheart bia bruite agus bia amh a mheascadh, mar sin is fearr iad a stóráil ar leithligh. Conas a rá má tá tú ag meáchan bia De ghnáth, bíonn fadhbanna gastrointestinal ag meáchan bia. Mar shampla, is iad na tinneas is coitianta ná diarrhea, nausea, agus vomiting. Mar sin féin, i gcásanna áirithe, d'fhéadfadh na hairíonna a bheith éagsúil nó níos measa, mar atá i gcás póineasú botulinum Clostridium. Is féidir an mhicreorganasm seo a bheith i mbia próiseáilte a chaomhnófar go dona. Ina theannta sin, de réir taighde a foilsíodh in International Journal of Food Microbiology, tá sé in ann neamhoird gastrointestinal agus fiú néarógach a chur faoi deara. Tá sé tábhachtach dul chuig do dhochtúir a luaithe a thugann tú faoi deara na chéad chomharthaí agus má cheapann tú go bhféadfadh sé a bheith ina thit bia. Sa chás seo, tá sé tábhachtach go bhfanfaidh tú hidrithe toisc go gcabhróidh sé le do chuid comharthaí a mhaolú. I gcásanna is géire, b'fhéidir go mbeidh sé riachtanach serum intravenous a fháil, go háirithe mura bhfuil tú ag glacadh le leachtacha ó bhéal. Ní mór duit mearbhall a dhéanamh ar thit bia le hailléirgí. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil sé chomh tábhachtach go bhfeicfidh tú do dhochtúir. Má tá sé mar imoibriú ailléirgeach, beidh ort cógais a ghlacadh chun cabhrú. Coinníonn sábháilteacht bia muid sláintiúil Is é sábháilteacht bia an disciplín atá freagrach as sinn a choinneáil sláintiúil agus as meirgeadh a chosc de bharr micreorganismí a inghlaimtear inár mbia. Gach bliain, bíonn cásanna báis mar thoradh ar bhia atá i ndea-choinníoll a ithe. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé tábhachtach a bheith an-chúramach maidir le do bhia a láimhseáil agus a chaomhnú. Bí cinnte go gcoinníonn tú é ag an teocht ceart, go ndéanann tú do choimeádáin a steiriliú go maith, agus go seachnaíonn tú tras-thruailliú. Is iad seo na colúnna bunúsacha de shláinteachas bia maith. Ina theannta sin, má cheapann tú gur ith tú rud éigin atá i ndea-choinníoll nó atá truaillithe, tá sé tábhachtach dul i gcomhairle le dochtúir a luaithe is féidir. Inseoidh siad duit na chéad chéimeanna eile atá le déanamh. Chomh maith leis sin, beidh an próiseas níos inbhuanaithe má choinníonn tú uisce agus má mhaolann tú do chuid comharthaí. Ina theannta sin, cabhróidh na céimeanna seo leat deacrachtaí móra a d'fhéadfadh do shláinte a chur i mbaol a sheachaint. Tá sé ríthábhachtach aird a thabhairt ar dhátaí éaga agus ár mbia a dhíol faoi dhátaí. Chomh maith leis sin, tar éis duit na coimeádáin a oscailt, ba cheart duit aird a thabhairt ar na treoracha stórála ó mhonaróirí. Mar sin, má bhí tú ag smaoineamh riamh ar cad é sábháilteacht bia, tá a fhios agat anois conas tú féin a chosaint ar na miocrorgánaigh díobhálacha i do bhia!

If you read blogs about educational technology, you probably have seen a post somewhere in the past week about a new online application called Screencast-O-Matic. This new Web 2.0 product allows you to very easily create free screencasts, which are audio-narrated “tours” of what you see on your computer screen (they don’t have to narrated, but it works much better if they are). These would then be hosted by Screencast-O-Matic and easily accessed online. Screencasts that I have seen are primarily used to show how to use various computer applications. They are wonderful teaching tools, especially for technological dummies like myself. Seeing this new online tool got me wondering about how it could be adapted specifically to English Language Learners, and some experiments we could try during summer school. It seems to me that my students could use Screencast-O-Matic in a number of atypical ways. One way could be to “click” on a number of different pictures online, have them displayed on the screen, and then have the student describe them for a screencast. There’s another way that’s particularly intriguing to me because of my recent interest in using online video games for English language development. I’m going to have students play video games using “walkthroughs” (instructions and hints about how best to “win”) and create instructional screencast “walkthroughs” that would teach other students how to play the game. I don’t know if these ideas will fly, but I’ll give them a try. Let me know if you have additional suggestions.

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Má léann tú blaganna faoi theicneolaíocht oideachais, is dócha go bhfaca tú post áit éigin le seachtain anuas faoi iarratas nua ar líne ar a dtugtar Screencast-O-Matic. Ligeann an táirge nua Web 2.0 seo duit scáileáin scáileáin saor in aisce a chruthú go héasca, is "turas" éisteachta-scéalaithe iad ar an méid a fheiceann tú ar do scáileán ríomhaire (ní gá dóibh a bheith inscne, ach oibríonn sé i bhfad níos fearr má tá siad). D'óstáil Screencast-O-Matic iad ansin agus d'fhéadfaí rochtain éasca a fháil orthu ar líne. Úsáidtear na scáileáin a chonaic mé go príomha chun a thaispeáint conas feidhmchláir éagsúla ríomhaire a úsáid. Is uirlisí múinteoireachta iontach iad, go háirithe do dhúbaill teicneolaíochta cosúil liomsa féin. Nuair a chonaic mé an uirlis nua ar líne seo, chuir sé ceist orm conas a d'fhéadfaí é a oiriúnú go sonrach do Lucht Foghlaim Béarla, agus roinnt turgnaimh a d'fhéadfaimis a thriail le linn na scoile samhraidh. Is cosúil liomsa go bhféadfadh mo dhaltaí Screencast-O-Matic a úsáid ar roinnt bealaí neamhghnácha. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé ina bhealach chun "cliceáil" ar roinnt pictiúir éagsúla ar líne, iad a thaispeáint ar an scáileán, agus ansin an mac léinn a thuairisciú dóibh le haghaidh screencast. Tá bealach eile ann a bhfuil spéis mhór agam ann mar gheall ar mo spéis le déanaí i gcluichí físe ar líne a úsáid chun an Béarla a fhorbairt. Táim ag dul a bheith ar na mic léinn a imirt cluichí físeáin ag baint úsáide as walkthroughs (treoracha agus leideanna faoi conas is fearr a win) agus a chruthú screencasts teagaisc walkthroughs go mbeadh múineadh do mhic léinn eile conas a imirt an cluiche. Níl a fhios agam an rachaidh na smaointe seo ar aghaidh, ach déanfaidh mé iarracht orthu. Cuir in iúl dom má tá aon mholtaí breise agat.

Physiotherapy is a holistic treatment approach to help people who may have been affected by injury, disability or illness. There are several ways that physiotherapy can be used to help a person, depending on the nature of the problem and the part of the body affected. The aim is to help restore mobility, reduce or manage pain and facilitate recovery following an injury or operation or a specific illness. Anyone can benefit from physiotherapy, no matter what age they are. Education, awareness, empowerment and active participation of the patient are crucial elements of the physiotherapy process.

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Is cur chuige cóireála iomlánach é fisiceolaíocht chun cabhrú le daoine a d'fhéadfadh go raibh díobháil, míchumais nó tinneas orthu. Tá roinnt bealaí ann ar féidir fisiceolaíocht a úsáid chun cabhrú le duine, ag brath ar chineál an fhadhb agus ar an gcuid den chorp a bhfuil tionchar aige. Is é an aidhm atá leis an gcóireáil seo ná cabhrú le soghluaisteacht a athbhunú, pian a laghdú nó a bhainistiú agus aisghabháil a éascú tar éis díobhála nó oibríochta nó galar ar leith. Is féidir le duine ar bith tairbhe a bhaint as fisiceolaíocht, is cuma cén aois atá siad. Tá oideachas, feasacht, cumhachtú agus rannpháirtíocht ghníomhach an othair ina gnéithe ríthábhachtach den phróiseas fisiceolaíochta.

The term antioxidant is being bandied about in many wellness circles lately that it is impossible not to see any diet that doesn’t have foods that contain this ingredient. Why do you even need antioxidants in the first place? Well, it appears that antioxidants have the ability to prevent or at least slow down cell damage. Oxidants are free radicals that are being produced by our bodies to fight off any viruses or bacteria. Unfortunately, they can also appear because of the smoke, pollution, and other environmental factors that can cause a build-up of it in our system. This can lead to weaker immunity, accelerated aging, and even cellular damage. Fortunately, there are plenty of antioxidant sources that you can use nowadays from foods, to spices, to herbs. Herbs can be used in many dishes and beverages and should be included in your diet. If you want to get more antioxidants in your body, these herbs are worth trying out. This herb is rich in antioxidant content which you can mix into your dishes fresh or dried or even add to your drinks if you like. Adding this herb to your diet can protect you against various health issues by boosting your immune system. It is perfect for combating bacterial infections, parasites, inflammation, fungal infections, viruses, allergies, candida, and even tumors. Another herb that you can add to your diet to have more antioxidants in your system is parsley. This herb can actually be considered as a superfood because of the amount of benefits that you can get from it from antioxidants, nutrients, as well as essential oils. You can use it as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory agent, detox remedy, or even an antiseptic if you like. There are many studies proving that parsley has indeed plenty of health benefits to offer which you should take advantage of. We all know that basil is often added to many dishes because of its flavor but there is more to this herb than just giving your dish an extra kick to it. As a matter of fact, basil is one of the most used herbs with regards to medical use. Using basil in your diet can help you get a decent amount of antioxidants and other nutrients in your system that can help reduce inflammation, fever, and pain. It fights off cancer and stress too. It protects your liver and blood vessels which is why it is among the list of superfoods to try out. Don’t forget to include thyme in your list of herbs that are high in antioxidants because you can get a pretty decent amount from it. This herb is well-known for its ability to support your respiratory and immune systems including digestive and other body systems. It can fight off sore throats, protect you against food poisoning, and even reduce your cholesterol as well as blood pressure. The antioxidants that it contains can help improve your overall health too.

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Tá an téarma frithocsaídeach á úsáid i go leor ciorcail folláine le déanaí go bhfuil sé dodhéanta gan aon aiste bia a fheiceáil nach bhfuil bianna ann nach bhfuil an comhábhar seo iontu. Cén fáth a bhfuil gá agat le frithocsaídeoirí ar dtús? Bhuel, is cosúil go bhfuil an cumas ag frithocsaídeoirí damáiste cille a chosc nó a mhoilliú ar a laghad. Is radaicí saor iad ocsaídiúcháin a tháirgeann ár gcomhlachtaí chun dul i ngleic le haon víris nó baictéir. Ar an drochuair, is féidir leo teacht chun cinn mar gheall ar an deatach, ar thruailliú, agus ar fhachtóirí comhshaoil eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina gcúis le haontacht a dhéanamh inár gcóras. D'fhéadfadh sé seo go mbeadh imdhíonacht lag, dul in aois go tapaithe, agus damáiste ceallach fiú. Ar an dea-uair, tá go leor foinsí frith-ocsaídithe ann is féidir leat a úsáid sa lá atá inniu ann ó bhianna, go spíosraí, go luibheanna. Is féidir luibheanna a úsáid i go leor miasa agus deochanna agus ba cheart iad a chur san áireamh i do réim bia. Más mian leat níos mó frith-oxidants a fháil i do chorp, is fiú triail a bhaint as na luibheanna seo. Tá an luibhe seo saibhir i ábhar frith-ocsaídeach ar féidir leat a chur isteach i do mhias úr nó triomaithe nó fiú a chur le do dheochanna más mian leat. Is féidir leis an luibh seo a chur le do aiste bia cosaint a thabhairt duit i gcoinne fadhbanna sláinte éagsúla trí do chóras imdhíonachta a threisiú. Tá sé foirfe chun ionfhabhtuithe baictéaracha, paraisítí, athlasadh, ionfhabhtuithe fungacha, víris, ailléirgí, candida, agus fiú tomhúirí a chomhrac. Tá an pharsilín ina luibh eile is féidir leat a chur le do aiste bia chun go mbeidh níos mó frith-ionsaídeoirí i do chóras. Is féidir an luibh seo a mheas mar superfood i ndáiríre mar gheall ar an méid tairbhí is féidir leat a fháil uaidh ó antioxidants, cothaithigh, chomh maith le holaí riachtanacha. Is féidir leat é a úsáid mar diuretic, gníomhaire frith-athlasta, leigheas detox, nó fiú antiseptic más mian leat. Tá go leor staidéir ann a chruthaíonn go bhfuil go leor buntáistí sláinte ag an bparsley ar chóir duit leas a bhaint astu. Tá a fhios againn go léir go gcuirtear basil go minic le go leor miasa mar gheall ar a blas ach tá níos mó leis an luibh seo ná go dtugann sé léim bhreise do mhias dó. Go deimhin, is é basil ceann de na luibheanna is mó a úsáidtear maidir le húsáid leighis. Is féidir le húsáid basil i do réim bia cabhrú leat méid maith antioxidants agus cothaithigh eile a fháil i do chóras a chabhróidh le tinneas athlastaithe, teas agus pian a laghdú. Déanann sé dul i ngleic le hailse agus le strus freisin. Cosnaíonn sé do mbileog agus do shoithí fola agus is é sin an fáth go bhfuil sé i measc liosta na súper-chothaithe le triail a bhaint as. Ná déan dearmad an t-im a chur san áireamh i do liosta luibheanna atá ard in antioxidants mar is féidir leat méid maith a fháil uaidh. Tá an luibh seo ar eolas go maith mar gheall ar a chumas tacú le do chórais aerach agus imdhíonachta lena n-áirítear córais díleá agus córais eile den chorp. Is féidir leis dul i ngleic le tinneas throat, cosaint a thabhairt duit i gcoinne nimhiú bia, agus fiú do chholeistéaról a laghdú chomh maith le do bhrú fola. Is féidir leis na frithocsaídeoirí atá ann cabhrú le do shláinte fhoriomlán a fheabhsú freisin.

Ensconce yourself within the ocean-inspired design of our rooms while looking out over the harbor and pools from your private balcony. “Key West Conch” is a common phrase in the Florida Keys and Key West. The conch lives under the sea, but it means much more to our island. We’re pretty sure you’ve seen a conch shell while taking a stroll through town, captured a view under the sea while snorkeling, tasted a fritter or two, attended parties in its honor, and met a conch and didn’t even know it. Welcome to the Conch Republic. Here’s everything you need to know about the conch life in Key West, what it is, and how and why we celebrate it. What is a Conch Conch (konk) is a common name of several different medium-to-large-sized marine mollusks. The most well-known, the queen conch (Strombus gigas), inhabits shallow waters in the Caribbean and western Atlantic, including the Florida Keys. The meat of the queen conch is a dietary staple for many Caribbean cultures, and heavy, thick, pink-lipped conch shells are valued among collectors. Reference to people The queen conch has become a symbol of the Florida Keys, particularly Key West, where natives affectionately refer to themselves as "conchs." The term originates with Anglo-Bahamians who were given the moniker because the shellfish was such a prominent part of their diet. When many of these Bahamians emigrated to Key West in the 19th and 20th centuries, the term carried over. Today, the name is so ingrained in the culture that the conch is even the Key West High School mascot, and a huge sculpture of a shell graces the campus entrance. To distinguish between natives and non-natives, the term "Saltwater Conch" describes those born in the Keys, while "Fresh Water Conch" indicates non-natives who have resided in the Keys for at least seven years. Shells outside the house It is common to see conch shells displayed outside of homes in Key West and the Florida Keys. Traditionally, this was for two reasons: to indicate that a “conch” family inhabits the home or that a baby has been born. Conch shells are also displayed to bring good luck. But a conch shell is better displayed outside the house – a conch shell kept within the house will bring a storm’s rising seas inside! Conch Shell Blowing Contest Queen conch shells are also used as a trumpet. The annual conch shell-blowing contest is held in the garden of the Oldest House on Duval Street. Contestants test their Conch Blowing prowess by creating music with a conch shell. The Conch Blowing contest is a Key West tradition that spans 60 years. Start practicing for next year. Photo credit: @curiostravelertv In 1982, the US Border Patrol set up a checkpoint where the Florida Keys meet mainland Florida. There, they stopped vehicles entering the mainland for drugs and illegal immigrants. This outraged Keys residents, who felt as if the islands were being treated as a foreign nation. To protest, the Keys seceded from the US on April 23, 1982, and declared themselves the “Conch Republic.” The new “nation” quickly declared war against the United States, surrendered after one minute, the asked for one billion dollars in foreign aid. Photo credit: Conch Republic Independence Celebration Today, the event is remembered every April with the Conch Republic Independence Celebration, where we celebrate our FUN-dependence. Despite the secession being firmly tongue-in-cheek, many in the Florida Keys still feel their islands are quite distinct from the rest of Florida and the US. The 41st Annual Conch Republic Independence Celebration is ten days of races, parties, food and fun scheduled for April 21-30, 2023. Enjoy the island breeze with our Bahamian-style recipe featuring Queen Conch and homemade Key Lime mustard. Photo credit: Conch Republic Seafood CompanyOn the menu at our Key West restaurants and bars is the Conch Fritter, perfectly battered, deep fried, and loaded with fresh conch meat and spices served with various dipping sauces. Who’s got the best on the island? We’re not sure, but we love the following Historic Seaport restaurant versions - The White Tarpon, Half Shell Raw Bar, and the Conch Republic Seafood Company. Long live the Conch Republic and cheers to conch life in Key West! #lovethemarker Rooms & Suites "Next door to marina-dock, bars, restaurants. Close to Duval Street. Great service all around." German V., Tripadvisor

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Cuir do chuid féin i ngleic le dearadh ár seomraí a spreag an fharraige agus tú ag breathnú amach ar an gcalafort agus ar na linnte ó do bhalcóin phríobháideach. Is abairt choitianta í Key West Conch i Florida Keys agus Key West. Tá an conch beo faoi na farraige, ach ciallaíonn sé i bhfad níos mó dár oileán. Tá muid cinnte go leor gur chonaic tú cnámh conch agus tú ag siúl tríd an gcathair, gur ghlac tú radharc faoi na farraige agus tú ag snorkeling, gur bhlaiseadh tú fritter nó dhó, gur ghlac tú páirt i gcluichí ina onóir, agus gur bhuail tú le conch agus nach raibh a fhios agat fiú. Fáilte go dtí Poblacht na Conch. Seo gach rud a theastaíonn uait a fháil faoi shaol na conch i Key West, cad é, agus conas agus cén fáth a cheiliúrann muid é. Cad é Conch Is ainm choitianta é Conch (konk) do roinnt molluscs mara éagsúla meánmhéide go mórmhéide. Tá an t-each is cáiliúla, an ríoga (Strombus gigas), ina chónaí in uiscí cluthacha sa Mhuir Chairib agus san Atlantaigh thiar, lena n-áirítear na Florida Keys. Is príomh-aiste bia é feoil an chonair banríon do go leor cultúr sa Mhuir Chairib, agus tá luach mór ag bailiúcháin ar shéile trom, tiubh, liopaí rósacha na chonair. Tagraíocht do dhaoine Tá an conch banríon ina siombail de na Florida Keys, go háirithe Key West, áit a dtagraíonn na dúchasaigh go grámhar orthu féin mar "conchs". Tosaíonn an téarma le hAngla-Bahamians a tugadh an moniker mar go raibh an muiceolaí mar chuid chomh suntasach dá n-aiste bia. Nuair a imir go leor de na Bahá'í seo go Clé Iarthar sna 19ú agus 20ú haois, d'fhan an téarma ar aghaidh. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá an t-ainm chomh craiceáilte sa chultúr go bhfuil an conch fiú mar mascot Key West High School, agus tá dealbh ollmhór de sheiceal ag cur glór ar iontráil an champais. Chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir dúchasaigh agus neamh-dúchasaigh, déantar cur síos ar an téarma "Saltwater Conch" ar na daoine a rugadh sna Keys, agus léiríonn "Fresh Water Conch" neamh-dúchasaigh a bhfuil cónaí orthu sna Keys ar feadh seacht mbliana ar a laghad. Cnáibí taobh amuigh den teach Is gnách go bhfeictear cnámha conch ar taispeáint lasmuigh de theachanna i gCéad Iarthar agus i gCéanna Florida. Go traidisiúnta, ba é seo ar dhá chúis: chun a léiriú go bhfuil teaghlach conch ina gcónaí sa bhaile nó go bhfuil leanbh tagtha ar an saol. Taispeántar cóncaigh conch freisin chun dea-ádh a thabhairt. Ach tá sé níos fearr seacláid conch a thaispeáint lasmuigh den teach seacláid conch a choinnítear laistigh den teach a thabharfaidh stoirm na farraigí ag ardú taobh istigh! Comórtas Blowing Shell Conch Úsáidtear cnámha na banríon-shéile mar thrománta freisin. Reáchtáiltear an comórtas bliantúil chun cnámh a shéideadh i gclár an Tithe is Sean ar Shráid Duval. Déanann comhaireamhóirí tástáil ar a n-aigne Blowing Conch trí cheol a chruthú le craiceann conch. Is traidisiún Key West é an comórtas Blowing Conch a shíneann 60 bliain. Tosaigh ag cleachtadh don bhliain seo chugainn. Creidmheas grianghraf: @curiostravelertv Sa bhliain 1982, bhunaigh Patróil Teorainneacha na Stát Aontaithe pointe seiceála nuair a bhuaileann na Florida Keys le mórthír Florida. Anseo, stop siad feithiclí ag dul isteach sa mhórthír le haghaidh drugaí agus inimircigh neamhdhleathacha. Chuir sé seo fearg ar chónaitheoirí na gCéise, a mhothaigh go raibh na hoileáin á gcaitheamh mar náisiún coigríche. Chun agóid a dhéanamh, d'éirigh na Keys as na Stáit Aontaithe ar an 23 Aibreán, 1982, agus dhearbhaigh siad féin mar Poblacht Conch. D'fhógair an náisiún nua cogadh go tapa i gcoinne na Stát Aontaithe, tar éis nóiméad amháin, d'iarr siad billiún dollar de chabhair eachtrach. Creidmheas grianghraf: Ceiliúradh Neamhspleáchas Phoblacht Conch Sa lá atá inniu ann, cuirtear i gcuimhne an ócáid gach Aibreán le Ceiliúradh Neamhspleáchais Phoblacht Conch, áit a cheiliúrann muid ár n-iontaofacht FUN. In ainneoin go bhfuil an t-eascairt go daingean i mbéal, is dóigh le go leor i Florida Keys go bhfuil a n-oileáin go leor ar leith ó chuid eile de Florida agus na SA. Is é an 41ú Ceiliúradh Bliantúil Saoirse Phoblacht Conch deich lá de rásaí, páirtithe, bia agus spraoi atá sceidealta ar 21-30 Aibreán, 2023. Bain taitneamh as an gaoth oileáin le ár oidis stíl Bahamian le banríon Conch agus homemade Key Lime mustard. Creidmheas grianghraf: Conch Republic Seafood CompanyAr an roghchlár ag ár Key West bialanna agus barraí is é an Conch Fritter, battered foirfe, friochta go domhain, agus a lastaithe le feoil conch úr agus spíosraí a sheirbheáil le saghas an dipping sauces. Cé a fuair an chuid is fearr ar an oileán? Níl muid cinnte, ach is breá linn na leaganacha bialanna Seapór Stairiúil seo a leanas - An Tarpon Bán, Barra Raw Half Shell, agus Cuideachta Bianna Mara Phoblacht Conch. Beo fada don Phoblacht Conch agus cheers chun saol conch i Key West! #loveethemarker Seomraí & Suíomhanna "Porta taobh le marina-dock, beáir, bialanna. In aice le Duval Sráid. Seirbhís iontach ar fud. " V. Gearmáinis, Tripadvisor

According to the results of a survey carried out by Kaspersky Lab and B2B International, female Internet users are less concerned about protecting themselves against online threats than men. Of course, this attitude can have dangerous consequences since there is no code of chivalry that would discourage a cybercriminal from preying on women. Only 19% of women believe they may fall victim to cybercriminals while every fourth man (25%) considers it possible. Kaspersky Lab’s survey also showed women generally know less about cyberthreats than men. For example, 27% of men and 38% of women are unaware of ransomware, 23% of men and 34% of women know little about mobile malware, 21% of men and 34% of women have a limited idea what an exploit is. This lack of awareness can cause women to pay less attention to protecting themselves against cyberthreats. When they allow other people (children, friends, colleagues, etc.) to use their main device, 36% of women do nothing to protect their data because they “see no risk”. Only 28% of men behave in the same way. 75% of men and by 68% of women make back-up copies. 13% of women have no security solutions on their devices, compared with 10% of men. At the same time, in the survey it appears that over a 12-month period more men than women faced malware incidents (35% vs 27%), and men were more likely to suffer financial consequences (22% vs 19%). Typically, men more often spend money on buying special programs designed to clean the system or to protect it in the future whereas women prefer to turn to IT professionals for help. There are some other threats that men face more often than women. For example, in 2014 cyberattacks targeting users’ financial data were encountered by 47% of men but just 39% of women. This may be because women are particularly concerned about the security of financial transactions compared with other online activities. As a result, 59% of men and 64% of women are worried about the risk of online fraud affecting their bank accounts while 46% of men and 51% women feel vulnerable when making online payments. In addition, female respondents are slightly more worried about someone spying on them via their webcam (41% vs 38%). “In real life people understand that it’s important to take sensible precautions to protect the things that they value as they go about their day-to-day activities. The same is true online. Following sensible web safety guidelines allows us to greatly reduce the risk of losing valuable data or falling victim to financial fraud,” said Elena Kharchenko, Head of Consumer Product Management, Kaspersky Lab. Kaspersky Internet Security – Multi-Device and Kaspersky Total Security – Multi-Device allow users to feel safe from all types of cyberattacks on all devices, whether they are Windows PCs, Macs or Android devices. In particular, the products integrate Safe Money, a special technology to protect online financial transactions, and a Webcam Protection module that informs the device owner about every attempt to connect to his or her webcam. In addition, the company's security solutions are easy to use even for inexperienced users.

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De réir thorthaí suirbhé a rinne Kaspersky Lab agus B2B International, tá úsáideoirí Idirlín mná níos lú imní orthu féin a chosaint i gcoinne bagairtí ar líne ná fir. Ar ndóigh, d'fhéadfadh iarmhairtí contúirteacha a bheith ag an dearcadh seo ós rud é nach bhfuil aon chód cavalry ann a chuirfeadh bac ar chibear-choiriúil ó mhná a shaothrú. Ní chreideann ach 19% de na mná go bhféadfadh siad a bheith ina n-íospartach do chibear-choiriúla agus measaíonn gach ceathrú fear (25%) go bhféadfadh sé. Léirigh suirbhé Kaspersky Lab freisin go bhfuil níos lú eolais ag mná i gcoitinne faoi chibearghéarúcháin ná mar a bhíonn ag fir. Mar shampla, níl 27% d'fhir agus 38% de mhná ar an eolas faoi ransomware, níl 23% d'fhir agus 34% d'mná ar an eolas faoi malware soghluaiste, agus níl tuairim teoranta ag 21% d'fhir agus 34% d'mná faoi cad is leas a bhaint as. Is féidir leis an easpa feasachta seo go gcuirfidh mná níos lú aird ar chosaint iad féin i gcoinne cibearghéardaithe. Nuair a cheadaíonn siad do dhaoine eile (clann, cairde, comhghleacaithe, srl.) Ní dhéanann 36% de na mná aon rud chun a gcuid sonraí a chosaint toisc nach bhfeiceann siad aon riosca. Ní fheidhmíonn ach 28% de na fir ar an mbealach céanna. 75% de na fir agus 68% de na mná a dhéanamh cóipeanna cúltaca. Níl aon réitigh slándála ag 13% de na mná ar a bhfeistí, i gcomparáid le 10% d'fhir. Ag an am céanna, is cosúil sa suirbhé gurbh é fir níos mó ná mná a bhí i ngleic le tionchair malware (35% i gcoinne 27%) thar thréimhse 12 mhí, agus go raibh fir níos mó seans ann go mbeadh iarmhairtí airgeadais orthu (22% i gcoinne 19%). De ghnáth, caitheann fir airgead níos minice ar chláir speisialta a cheannach a ceapadh chun an córas a ghlanadh nó chun é a chosaint sa todhchaí ach is fearr le mná dul chuig gairmithe TF le cabhair a fháil. Tá roinnt bagairtí eile ann a bhíonn ag fir níos minice ná mná. Mar shampla, i 2014 bhí 47% de na fir i dteagmháil le cibear-ionsaithe a bhí dírithe ar shonraí airgeadais úsáideoirí ach ní raibh ach 39% de na mná i dteagmháil leo. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith mar gheall go bhfuil imní ar leith ag mná faoi shábháilteacht idirbhearta airgeadais i gcomparáid le gníomhaíochtaí eile ar líne. Mar thoradh air sin, tá 59% de na fir agus 64% de na mná buartha faoi riosca calaoise ar líne a théann i bhfeidhm ar a gcuntas bainc agus bíonn 46% de na fir agus 51% de na mná ag mothú leochaileacht nuair a dhéanann siad íocaíochtaí ar líne. Ina theannta sin, tá imní beagán níos mó ag freagróirí baineann faoi dhuine ag casadh orthu trína gcámara gréasáin (41% i gcoinne 38%). Sa saol fíor, tuigeann daoine go bhfuil sé tábhachtach réamhchúraimí réasúnacha a dhéanamh chun na rudaí a bhfuil luach orthu a chosaint agus iad ag déanamh a ngníomhaíochtaí ó lá go lá. Tá an rud céanna fíor ar líne. Ag leanúint treoirlínte ciallmhar sábháilteachta gréasáin, is féidir linn an baol a bhaineann le sonraí luachmhara a chailleadh nó a bheith ina n-íospartach do chalaois airgeadais a laghdú go mór", a dúirt Elena Kharchenko, Ceann Bainistíochta Táirgí Tomhaltóra, Kaspersky Lab. Ligeann Kaspersky Internet Security Multi-Device agus Kaspersky Total Security Multi-Device d'úsáideoirí a bheith sábháilte ó gach cineál cibear-ionsaithe ar gach gléas, cibé acu is PCanna Windows, Macanna nó gléasanna Android iad. Go háirithe, tá Safe Money, teicneolaíocht speisialta chun idirbhearta airgeadais ar líne a chosaint, agus modúl Cosanta Webcam a chomhtháthú sna táirgí a thugann fógra do úinéir an ghléas faoi gach iarracht nasc a dhéanamh lena ceamara gréasáin. Ina theannta sin, tá réitigh slándála na cuideachta éasca le húsáid fiú d'úsáideoirí gan taithí.

Jefferson Peace Medal This large, silver Thomas Jefferson peace medal was donated to Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in 1964. According to the donors, the medal was believed to have been given to a Chippewa Native American chief in the Dakotas by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. However, that story is not likely for several reasons. Lewis and Clark took only three of the large Jefferson medals on their journey. They were never in the vicinity of the Chippewa homeland. Their daily journals described only one instance of giving out one of the large medals, to a chief of the Yankton Sioux. It is not known to whom they gave the second of the three medals, but it was probably a Mandan chief; the third was never given to a chief and returned with the explorers to St. Louis in 1806. The donor's grandfather traded goods from his general store in Aitkin, Minnesota, to the Chief of the Mille Lacs Chippewa tribe for the medal about 1900. The Chief claimed the medal had been given to his tribe during the Jefferson administration, which is probably accurate. The medal itself is unusual in that the original Jefferson medals were hollow rather than solid, the only peace medals of their kind ever issued. They were constructed in three parts, the obverse and the reverse being thin sheets of silver then united by a band or collar with a small air space between. A ring for suspension was placed at the top. There were many Jefferson medals made due to the fact that no Madison medals were minted during the first six years of his presidency. Madison medals were minted staring in 1814. Original Jefferson medals were given out between 1801 and 1814. It is possible that this medal was given to a Chippewa chief as a result of actions taken not by Lewis and Clark, but by contemporary explorer Zebulon Pike, who was in the Chippewa homeland during the winter of 1805-1806. Although Pike had no peace medals with him, he promised that American peace medals would be issued to the chiefs, from whom he confiscated British medals and flags. Katawabeda, the most important chief of the Chippewa tribe in 1805-1806, met with Pike twice, and U.S. Indian agents may have presented him with a Jefferson medal by 1811. History is a puzzle and many aspects of it may never be known.What we do know is that artifact JEFF 6229 is an original large Jefferson peace medal, only issued to the highest of chiefs. It is a fascinating piece of the past.

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Bonn Síochána Jefferson Tugadh an bonn síochána mór, airgid Thomas Jefferson seo do Chuimhneachán Forleathnaithe Náisiúnta Jefferson i 1964. De réir na ndaoine a thug an bonn, chreidtear gur thug an Lewis agus Clark Expedition an bonn do cheannasaí Meiriceánach Dúchasach Chippewa i Dakotas. Mar sin féin, ní dócha go bhfuil an scéal sin mar gheall ar roinnt cúiseanna. Ní thóg Lewis agus Clark ach trí cinn de na meideálacha móra Jefferson ar a gcuid turas. Níor tháinig siad riamh i dtuath na tíre Chippewa. Níor thuairiscigh a gcuid irisí laethúla ach cás amháin de cheann de na meideáin mhóra a thabhairt, do cheann de na Yankton Sioux. Níl a fhios cé a thug siad an dara ceann de na trí mheidáil, ach is dócha gur ceannaire Mandan é; níor tugadh an tríú ceann riamh do cheannaire agus d'fhill sé leis na taiscéalaithe go St. Louis i 1806. Rinne seanathair an t-aontaithe earraí a mhalartú óna stór ginearálta i Aitkin, Minnesota, chuig Príomhfheidhmeannach treibh Chippewa Mille Lacs ar son na meideala thart ar 1900. D'éiligh an Príomh-Aire go ndearnadh an bonn a thabhairt dá threibh le linn rialtas Jefferson, rud a bhfuil fíor dóchasach. Tá an bonn féin neamhghnách sa mhéid go raibh na bonn bunaidh Jefferson folctha seachas soladach, na hairmíní síochána amháin dá chineál a eisíodh riamh. Tógadh iad i dtrí chuid, an ceann tosaigh agus an taobh thiar de bheith ina sciatháin tanaí airgid ansin aontaithe ag banna nó collar le spás aer beag eatarthu. Cuireadh fáinne le haghaidh fionraí ag an mbarr. Bhí go leor bonn Jefferson déanta mar gheall ar an bhfíric nár mhol méideanna Madison le linn na chéad sé bliana dá uachtaránacht. Cuireadh bonn Madison i láthair i 1814. Tugadh meideálacha bunaidh Jefferson idir 1801 agus 1814. Is féidir go ndearnadh an bonn seo a thabhairt do phríomhfheidhmeannach Chippewa mar thoradh ar ghníomhartha a rinne ní Lewis agus Clark, ach an t-imscrúdaitheoir comhaimseartha Zebulon Pike, a bhí sa bhaile dúchais Chippewa le linn gheimhridh 1805-1806. Cé nach raibh aon mheidéal síochána ag Pike leis, gheall sé go dtabharfaí meidéal síochána Mheiriceá do na príomhfheidhmeannaigh, óna ndearna sé meidéal agus bratacha na Breataine a choigistiú. Bhuail Katawabeda, príomhfhear is tábhachtaí de threibh Chippewa i 1805-1806, le Pike dhá uair, agus b'fhéidir gur thug gníomhaithe Indiach na SA bonn Jefferson dó faoi 1811. Is é an stair a phléasc agus go leor gnéithe de d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith riamh ar eolas. Cad a fhios againn go bhfuil an artefact JEFF 6229 is é a bunaidh mór Jefferson bonn síochána, a eisíodh ach amháin chun an ceann is airde de na ceannairí. Is píosa suimiúil den am atá caite é.

B-Boying is a highly expressive dance developed in the Bronx of New York City, USA. However, B-Boying can be traced back to the early days of the 19th century when Folk, Tap, and Jazz were very popular. B-Boying is also known as Breaking or Breakdancing and the dancers are called B-Boys or B-Girls. It’s one of many dances that crossover with Street Dance and Hip Hop, but the key difference is dancing on the breakbeats or ‘Bs’. Why do we teach B-Boying? B-Boying is one of the cornerstones of Hip Hop and Street culture. B-Boying helps develop a whole new set of muscle groups, resulting in a fluidity of movement that is highly expressive and dynamic. As B-Boying is synonymous with Street and Hip Hop culture, it is often used in advertising campaigns and music videos. Knowing B-Boying will help you master Street, Hip Hop and Locking moves, too. B-Boying dance moves B-Boying has definitive Toprock, Footwork, and Freeze moves. B-Boying moves include: - Indian Step A basic Toprock (upright) move, the Indian Step is characterized by folding, opening, and finally crossing arms across the body in one fluid, expressive movement. - Back Spin The Back Spin is a Footwork (ground) move that requires lots of momentum and circular motion. The Back Spin involves spinning on your back with your legs held tight to your body. - Chair Freeze Freeze moves are often used to end a move. The Chair Freeze is characterized by being supported by one leg and one arm, while almost lying, frozen, on the floor.

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Is damhsa an-inbhrionglóideach é B-Boying a forbraíodh sa Bronx i gCathair Nua Eabhrac, SAM. Mar sin féin, is féidir B-Boying a rianú go dtí laethanta luatha an 19ú haois nuair a bhí an-tóir ar Folk, Tap, agus Jazz. Tugtar Breaking nó Breakdancing ar B-Boying agus tugtar B-Boys nó B-Girls ar na rinceoirí. Tá sé ar cheann de na damhsaí a théann trasna le Street Dance agus Hip Hop, ach is é an príomhdhifríocht ná damhsa ar na breakbeats nó Bs. Cén fáth a múineann muid B-Boying? Tá B-Boying ar cheann de na clocha chorn de Hip Hop agus cultúr Sráid. Cabhraíonn B-Boying le sraith iomlán nua grúpaí matáin a fhorbairt, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sreabhadh gluaiseachta atá an-iontasach agus dinimiciúil. Ós rud é go bhfuil B-Boying comhchiallach le cultúr Street agus Hip Hop, is minic a úsáidtear é i bhfeachtais fógraíochta agus i gclipí ceoil. Beidh a fhios ag B-Boying cabhrú leat máistreacht Sráid, Hip Hop agus ag dúnadh gluaiseachtaí, freisin. Siúlóidí damhsa B-Boying Tá gluaiseachtaí Toprock, Footwork, agus Freeze cinnte ag B-Boying. Áirítear ar ghluaiseachtaí B-Boying: - Céim Indiach Is gluaiseacht bunúsach Toprock (iardhearcach) í, tá an Céim Indiach tréithe ag fillte, ag oscailt, agus ag trasnú lámha ar fud an choirp sa deireadh i ngluaiseacht sreabhach, léiriúcháin. - Spin ar ais Is é an Spin Back an ghluaiseacht Footwork (talún) a éilíonn go leor luas agus gluaiseacht ciorclach. Baineann an Spin Back le spinning ar do chúl agus do chosa á gcoinneáil go daingean ar do chorp. - Suas an chathaoir Is minic a úsáidtear gluaiseachtaí reoite chun deireadh a chur le gluaiseacht. Tá an Cathaoirleach reoite le bheith tacaithe ag cos amháin agus lámh amháin, agus é beagnach ina luí, reoite, ar an urlár.

What is a PNG File? PNG stands for “Portable Graphics Format”. It is the most frequently used uncompressed raster image format on the internet. This lossless data compression format was created to replace the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF). PNG file format is an open format with no copyright limitations. Like GIF images, PNG also have the ability to display transparent backgrounds. In addition to that, PNG files are capable of containing 24bit RGB color palettes and greyscale images. Basically, this image format was designed to transfer images on the internet but with PaintShop Pro, PNG files can be applied with lots of editing effects. How to Open a PNG File? The default photo viewer program in Windows is often used to open PNG files because it’s included as part of a standard Windows installation, but there are many other ways to view one. All web browsers (like Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, etc.) will automatically view PNG files that you open from the internet, which means you don’t have to download every PNG file you want to look at online. You can also use the web browser to open PNG files from your computer, by using the Ctrl+O keyboard combination to browse for the file. Tip: Most browsers also support drag-and-drop, so you might be able to just drag the PNG file into the browser to open it. Considering the number of programs that open PNG files, and that you very likely have at least two installed right now, there’s a very real chance that the one that’s set to open them by default (i.e. when you double-click or double-tap on one) isn’t the one you’d like to use. Open PNG files in Windows windows 10, windows 9, windows 8

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Cad é File PNG? Is éard atá i PNG ná Formáid Grafaicí In-Iarráideach. Is é an formáid íomhá raster neamhchomhshúite is minice a úsáidtear ar an idirlíon. Cruthaíodh an formáid comhbhrúite sonraí gan chaillteanas seo chun an Formáid Idirmhéadaigh Grafach (GIF) a chur in ionad. Is formáid oscailte í formáid comhad PNG gan teorainneacha cóipchirt. Cosúil le híomhánna GIF, tá cumas ag PNG cúlraí trédhearcacha a thaispeáint freisin. Ina theannta sin, tá comhaid PNG in ann pailéid dathanna 24bit RGB agus íomhánna scála liath a bheith iontu. Go bunúsach, ceapadh an cruth íomhá seo chun íomhánna a aistriú ar an idirlíon ach le PaintShop Pro, is féidir comhaid PNG a chur i bhfeidhm le go leor éifeachtaí eagarthóireachta. Conas Comhad PNG a Oscailt? Is minic a úsáidtear an clár amharcóir grianghraf réamhshocraithe i Windows chun comhaid PNG a oscailt toisc go bhfuil sé san áireamh mar chuid d'uaslódáil chaighdeánach Windows, ach tá go leor bealaí eile ann chun ceann a fheiceáil. Gach brabhsálaí gréasáin (mar Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, etc.) Beidh tú a fheiceáil go huathoibríoch comhaid PNG a osclaíonn tú ón idirlíon, rud a chiallaíonn nach bhfuil tú a íoslódáil gach comhad PNG is mian leat a fheiceáil ar líne. Is féidir leat an brabhsálaí gréasáin a úsáid freisin chun comhaid PNG a oscailt ó do ríomhaire, trí úsáid a bhaint as an teaglaim eochairchlár Ctrl+O chun an comhad a bhrabhsáil. Leideanna: Tacaíonn an chuid is mó de na brabhsálaithe le sleamhnú agus scaoileadh freisin, mar sin b'fhéidir go mbeidh tú in ann an comhad PNG a tharraingt isteach sa bhrabhsálaí chun é a oscailt. Ag smaoineamh ar an líon na gclár a osclaíonn comhaid PNG, agus go bhfuil tú an-chinnte go bhfuil ar a laghad dhá suiteáilte anois, tá sé an-réalta seans go bhfuil an ceann a bhfuil a shocrú chun iad a oscailt de réir réamhshocraithe (i.e. Is é an t-aon cheann a úsáideann tú ná an ceann a úsáideann tú nuair a chliceálann tú nó a chliceálann tú ar cheann amháin. Comhaid PNG a oscailt i Windows fuinneoga 10, fuinneoga 9, fuinneoga 8

Teachers can assign students a Math path and a Reading/English Language Arts (ELA) path, and students still can work on both paths as they do now. However, students do not need to choose a goal area. The new sequencer prioritizes the work automatically so that students are only working in one goal, domain, or instructional area at a time. The work is sequenced based on a student's needs, and students no longer will see multiple goal folders to choose. Listed below are some guidelines of recommended usage and implementation for Students and Teachers. - Should plan to spend a minimum of 30 minutes per week per subject. - Students who are below grade level should spend 60-90 minutes per subject per week. - Should complete a minimum of 1 lesson per week per subject. - Should spend 15-20 minutes per session working in the program. - Can use both reading and math as determined by their teacher to best meet their needs. - Should spend approximately 30 minutes per week to review program data and plan next steps. - This can be either before students start work for the week, or after students have completed work for the week. More frequent/intermediate check-ins are possible, but optional. - Typical tasks include: - Checking that all students are meeting the minimum usage and completion goals. - Observing opportunities for small-group or whole-group follow up based on lesson performance.

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Is féidir le múinteoirí cosán Matamaitice agus cosán Léitheoireachta/Ealaíon Teanga Béarla (ELA) a shannadh do dhaltaí, agus is féidir le mic léinn fós oibriú ar an dá chosán mar a dhéanann siad anois. Mar sin féin, ní gá do mhic léinn réimse sprioc a roghnú. Déanann an seicheamhóir nua tosaíocht don obair go huathoibríoch ionas nach bhfuil na mic léinn ag obair ach ar chuspóir amháin, ar réimse amháin, nó ar réimse teagaisc amháin ag an am. Déantar an obair a ordú bunaithe ar riachtanais an mhic léinn, agus ní fheicfidh mic léinn níos mó foldair spriocanna éagsúla le roghnú. Tá roinnt treoirlínte maidir le húsáid agus cur i bhfeidhm molta do Mhic Léinn agus do Mhúinteoirí liostaithe thíos. - Ba cheart go mbeadh sé beartaithe ag gach duine a bheith ag caitheamh 30 nóiméad sa tseachtain ar a laghad leis an ábhar. - Ba cheart do mhic léinn atá faoi bhun leibhéal grád 60-90 nóiméad a chaitheamh in aghaidh na hábhar sa tseachtain. - Ba chóir go mbeadh ar a laghad 1 ceacht sa tseachtain ag gach ábhar. - Ba chóir 15-20 nóiméad a chaitheamh in aghaidh an seisiúin ag obair sa chlár. - Is féidir leo an dá léamh agus an matamaitic a úsáid de réir mar a chinnfidh a múinteoir chun freastal ar a gcuid riachtanas ar an mbealach is fearr. - Ba chóir go gcaithfeadh sé thart ar 30 nóiméad sa tseachtain chun sonraí an chláir a athbhreithniú agus na chéad chéimeanna eile a phleanáil. - Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh roimh thosú na hoideachais don tseachtain, nó tar éis dóibh an obair don tseachtain a chríochnú. Tá seiceálacha níos minice/idirmheánacha indéanta, ach is rogha iad. - I measc na gcúraimí tipiciúla tá: - Ag seiceáil go bhfuil na mic léinn go léir ag comhlíonadh na spriocanna íosta úsáide agus críochnaithe. - Deiseanna a fheiceáil le haghaidh leanúint ar aghaidh i ngrúpaí beaga nó i ngrúpaí ar fad bunaithe ar fheidhmíocht na ceachtanna.

For some regions, global warming means less rainfall. Battling desertification will be crucial in the Africa Sahel or parts of China. The photo shows farmers planting grass to stabilize sand dunes on the edge of the Mu Us Desert in Lingwu, northwest China. (Source: Reuters) Saving Water on the Farm Adapting to a hotter climate will be especially tough for the agricultural sector. Making better use of water for irrigation is an important step. The image shows a worker tending to a newly planted crop on an organic farm in Rancho Santa Fe, California. Organic farmers use plastic tenting covers to keep insects away from young plants and limit evaporation, while they water with more efficient drip irrigation. (Source: Reuters) 3. Securing Water Supplies Steadily rising water consumption and temperature increases also threaten freshwater supplies. Saltwater desalination provides an alternative for coastal regions. The picture shows a water desalination plant built offshore Argentina’s Patagonian village of Puerto Piramides. The plant produces about 175,000 liters of desalinated water suitable for urban use and irrigation every day. (Source: Reuters) 4. The Last Choice: Migration If adaptation fails, migration is often the last choice for those threatened by the impacts of climate change. If resources are stressed, local conflicts often erupt adding another danger to the situation. br>This aerial view shows an abandoned village in the desert of North Darfur, Sudan in November 2004. People where driven out after attacks by Arab militias. Experts say that a changing climate and scarce resources has been one of the underlying causes of the crisis. (Source: Reuters) 5. Stopping the Sea The Netherlands is among the countries most at risk to rising sea levels. After thousands lost their lives in a devastating flood in 1953, the country started fortifying seawalls, expanding canals, and constructing dikes, dams, and lock in a large-scale project called the “Delta Works.” The satellite image shows the Dutch region of Zeeland. Dikes are clearly visible. (Source: NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team) 6. The Delta Works The image shows one of the first storm surge barrier erected in Zeeland shortly after the storm disaster in 1953. The works were finished after almost fifty years in 1997. With over 10,250 miles (16,500 km) of dikes and 300 structures, the project is one of the most extensive engineering projects in the world. (Source: Shutterstock) 7. Protecting the Land While the “Delta Works” have helped prevent further flood catastrophes in the Netherlands, they wouldn’t be able to resist further rising sea levels. Dams and dikes will have to be made higher and wider. The Dutch parliament even commissioned a study on whether an artificial island in the shape of a tulip could help protect the most vulnerable parts of the Dutch coastline. The picture shows an artist’s rendition of the project. (Source: Reuters) Good ideas but how many of these can developing countries, most vulnerable to climate change afford? How much would cutting down emission at source cost developed nations? Share your thoughts.

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I gcás roinnt réigiún, ciallaíonn téamh domhanda níos lú báistí. Beidh sé ríthábhachtach dul i ngleic le dífhágáil san Afraic sa Sahel nó i gcodanna den tSín. Taispeánann an grianghraf feirmeoirí ag plandáil féar chun dúnna gaineamh a chobhsú ar imeall an fhásaigh Mu Us i Lingwu, iartharthuaisceart na Síne. (Foinse: Reuters) Uisce a Chaomhnú sa Feirm Beidh sé deacair go háirithe ar an earnáil talmhaíochta oiriúnú do chlima níos teo. Is céim thábhachtach é uisce a úsáid níos fearr le haghaidh uisciúcháin. Taispeánann an íomhá oibrí ag tabhairt aire do chothú nua ar fheirm orgánach i Rancho Santa Fe, California. Baineann feirmeoirí orgánacha le clúdach tentála plaisteacha chun na h-ionsaithe a choinneáil ar shiúl ó phlandaí óga agus chun an t-éapadóireacht a theorannú, agus bíonn siad ag uisce le huisceáil drip níos éifeachtaí. (Foinse: Reuters) 3. Tá an t-am ann. Soláthairtí Uisce a Slándáil Tá an tomhaltas uisce atá ag méadú go seasta agus an méadú ar an teocht ag bagairt ar sholáthar uisce milis freisin. Soláthraíonn díshalannú uisce salainn rogha eile do réigiúin chósta. Taispeánann an pictiúr gléasra díshalannúcháin uisce a tógadh amach ó chósta sráidbhaile Puerto Piramides i bPatagóine na hAirgintíne. Táirgeann an gléasra thart ar 175,000 lítear d'uisce díshalannta oiriúnach le húsáid uirbeach agus le huisceáil gach lá. (Foinse: Reuters) 4. Tá an t-am An Rogha Deireanach: Imirce Má theipeann ar oiriúnú, is minic gurb é imirce an rogha deireanach dóibh siúd atá faoi bhagairt ó thionchair an athraithe aeráide. Má bhíonn an t-acmhainn faoi bhrú, is minic a thosaíonn coinbhleachtaí áitiúla ag cur contúirtí eile leis an staid. Taispeánann an radharc ó aer sráidbhaile thréigthe i bhfásach Thuaisceart Darfur, an tSúdáin i mí na Samhna 2004. Bhí daoine á n-eagrú tar éis ionsaithe ag milisí Arabach. Deir saineolaithe gur cúiseanna bunúsacha na géarchéime iad athrú aeráide agus easpa acmhainní. (Foinse: Reuters) 5. Tá an t-am ann. Ag Stopadh na Mara Tá an Ísiltír i measc na dtíortha is mó a bhfuil an riosca ann go dtiocfaidh méadú ar leibhéil na farraige. Tar éis do na mílte a saol a chailleadh i dtuilte tubaisteacha i 1953, thosaigh an tír ag daingniú ballaí farraige, ag leathnú cainéal, agus ag tógáil dí, damha, agus cló i dtionscadal mórscála ar a dtugtar Delta Works. Léiríonn an íomhá satailíte réigiún na hÍsiltíre de Zeeland. Tá na díoga le feiceáil go soiléir. (Foinse: NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, agus Foireann Eolaíochta ASTER na SA/Spóna) 6. Ceacht. Oibríonn an Delta Taispeánann an íomhá ceann de na chéad bhac a thógadh i Zeeland i ndiaidh na tubaiste stoirme i 1953. Críochnaíodh na hoibreacha i 1997 tar éis beagnach cúig bliana déag. Le breis agus 10,250 míle (16,500 km) de dhiaigh agus 300 struchtúr, tá an tionscadal ar cheann de na tionscadail innealtóireachta is fairsinge ar domhan. (Foinse: Shutterstock) 7. Ceacht. An Talamh a Chosaint Cé gur chabhraigh na "Oibreacha Delta" le tubaistí tuilte eile a chosc san Ísiltír, ní bheadh siad in ann seasamh i gcoinne leibhéil na farraige a ardú tuilleadh. Beidh gá le damha agus le dí a dhéanamh níos airde agus níos leithne. D'ordaigh parlaimint na hÍsiltíre staidéar fiú ar an bhféadfaí oileán saorga i gcruth tulip cabhrú le na codanna is leochailí de chósta na hÍsiltíre a chosaint. Taispeánann an pictiúr léiriú ealaíontóra ar an tionscadal. (Foinse: Reuters) Smaointe maithe ach cé mhéad acu is féidir le tíortha i mbéal forbartha, is mó leochaileacha i leith athrú aeráide, a íoc? Cé mhéad a bheadh ag costais na náisiún forbartha as astaíochtaí a laghdú ag an bhfoinse? Déan do chuid smaointe a roinnt.

Throughout the ages, man has tried to better understand our closest celestial neighbor through myths and science. Our knowledge of the moon has changed over and over again as we learn more and more about the crater-covered satellite. And research is still changing what we believe. Earlier this month, a report was released, showing that the moon may be 200 million years younger than researchers previously believed, dating at about 4.36 billion years old. This information came from the detailed inspection of a moon rock that was brought back to Earth by the Apollo 16 astronauts back in 1972. The discovery only applies if the moon was in fact created when a Mars-sized rock crashed into the still molten Earth and shot debris into orbit around us. Since this is the current theory most scientists believe, it means that either the collision occurred much later than they thought, or that the moon was created some other way entirely. Of course, since the dawn of time, children have looked up at the moon and fantasized about being able to pluck it from the sky if only they had ladder tall enough. That’s why I love this playful series of images by photographer Laurent Lavender showing people interacting with the moon in all kinds of ways. We’ve featured some of his images before and while they may not be the strongest illusions featured here, they are stunning photos that truly capture the childhood feeling of being able to reach out to the moon and turn it in to a new toy!

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Ar feadh na mblianta, tá an duine iarracht a thuiscint níos fearr ár gcosantóir celestial is gaire trí miotais agus eolaíocht. Tá ár n-eolas ar an ghealach athraithe arís agus arís eile de réir mar a fhoghlaimímid níos mó agus níos mó faoin satailíte clúdaithe le crater. Agus tá taighde fós ag athrú an méid a chreideann muid. Go luath an mhí seo, scaoileadh tuarascáil, ag taispeáint go bhféadfadh an ghealach a bheith 200 milliún bliain níos óige ná mar a chreid taighdeoirí roimhe seo, ag dul thart ar 4.36 billiún bliain d'aois. Tháinig an fhaisnéis seo ó iniúchadh mionsonraithe ar charraig ghealach a thug spásairí Apollo 16 ar ais go dtí an Domhan ar ais i 1972. Ní bhaineann an fionnachtanas ach amháin má cruthaíodh an ghealach i ndáiríre nuair a thit carraig de mhéid na Mars isteach sa Domhan leáite fós agus scaoil sé scriosanna isteach i bhfithis timpeall orainn. Ós rud é go bhfuil an teoiric reatha is mó eolaithe creideann, ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil an timpiste tar éis tarlú i bhfad níos déanaí ná mar a cheap siad, nó go bhfuil an ghealach cruthaíodh ar bhealach éigin eile go hiomlán. Ar ndóigh, ó thús na ama, tá leanaí ag breathnú suas ar an ghealach agus fantasized faoi a bheith in ann a pluck sé as an spéir más rud é go raibh siad scála ard go leor. Sin an fáth gur breá liom an tsraith íomhánna seo ag an grianghrafadóir Laurent Lavender a léiríonn daoine ag idirghníomhú leis an ghealach ar gach cineál bealaí. Tá cuid dá chuid pictiúir le feiceáil againn roimhe seo agus cé nach iad na híomhánna is láidre atá le feiceáil anseo, is grianghraif iontacha iad a ghlacann go fírinneach an mothúchán óige a bheith in ann teacht amach go dtí an ghealach agus é a chasadh isteach i bréagán nua!

“Antibiotics and growth hormone are other additives being excessively pumped into the animals we are eating, which means we’re then consuming these excess antibiotics and hormones. And some processed foods actually contain toxic chemicals, often used to prevent spoilage and enhance flavour” Kristin Cavallari Have you ever wondered what goes into the food that we all eat on a regular basis? What makes all those bright colours and the sweet creamy taste? Well, quite simply it’s chemicals that are added as part of the manufacturing process and they are designed to make the food last longer, change its colour, flavour or texture; the question is why? Well, while it’s not true of all additives, some are included in processed or refined foods to make them more desirable to the consumer in much the same way as nicotine was added to cigarettes to make them more desirable or, in other words, addictive. There is even something called the Yale Food Addiction Scale which measures the predisposition for addiction to high fat and sugary foods. Unfortunately, as well as the addiction side of food additives there is also the ‘this can seriously damage your health side of things! For example, when manufacturers cottoned on to the fact that people were looking for a quick fix to weight gain, they introduced ‘diet’ sodas and used chemicals to produce the sweet taste that consumers craved. This is the ingredients list for one diet soda that’s drunk world-wide: Let’s break down some of these ingredients to see what they actually are: Caramel colour is, as it says, a food colouring and one that the State of California has classified as a potential carcinogen (i.e. a substance capable of causing cancer). This study concludes that “Given that a sizable fraction of the U.S. population consumes these beverages, and high consumption by some persons, a substantial cancer burden may persist even if exposures are reduced” Phosphoric acid is used to add the fizzy tang; as a chemical substance it’s not really something that you want to be coming into contact with as your skin, eyes and breathing can be adversely affected by the fumes. Added to that, studies have shown that one of the most popular sodas containing phosphoric acid can have a negative effect on bone density in older women. Potassium Benzoate is (apparently) used to protect the taste of the product; unfortunately this chemical is also a known mutagenic i.e. something that will cause mutations in our body’s cells which could then lead to the body producing tumours. Aspartame is an artificial sweetener which is found in thousands of so called ‘diet’ products. When aspartame is consumed over a long period and in quantity it has a toxic effect on the body as it elevates free radical levels. The authors of this study said “Since aspartame consumption is on the rise among people, it is essential to create awareness regarding the usage of this artificial sweetener” Acesulfame Potassium (also known as Acesulfame K and E950) is another artificial sweetener which, critics say, has the potential to cause cancer. The FDA looked at the chemical and declared that it is “safe up to an acceptable daily intake”; I don’t know about you but that doesn’t really fill me with confidence! If you think that drinks are bad, wait until you see what’s in the food that you eat. We had a look at the ingredients list for one of the burgers from a well-known fast food chain Boneless Skinless Chicken Breast with Rib Meat, Water, Salt, Sugar, Garlic Powder, Lemon Juice Concentrate, Honey, Onion Powder, Natural Flavor, Dried Vinegar, Rice Starch. Grilled with Clarified Butter (Pasteurized Milk [Butterfat]). Wheat Flour or Enriched Flour (Wheat Flour or Bleached Wheat Flour, Niacin, Iron, Thiamine Mononitrate, Riboflavin, Folic Acid), Dextrose, Salt, Contains 2% or Less: Natural Flavors, Corn Flour, Soybean Oil, Calcium Sulfate, Mono- and Diglycerides, Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate, Monocalcium Phosphate, Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Peroxide, Enzymes, Calcium Propionate (Preservative), Vegetable Proteins (Pea, Potato, Rice), Sunflower Oil, Turmeric, Paprika, Corn Starch, Wheat Starch, Acetic Acid. Pork Bellies Cured with Water, Salt, Sugar, Natural Smoke Flavor, Sodium Phosphate, Sodium Erythorbate, Sodium Nitrite. Water, Sugar, Corn Syrup, Tomato Paste, Distilled Vinegar, Onions, Modified Food Starch, Salt, Contains 2% Or Less; Chili Pepper, Soybean Oil, Onion Powder, Mustard Seed, Natural Flavor, Sodium Benzoate And Potassium Sorbate (Preservatives), Xanthan Gum, Spices, Citric Acid, Turmeric, Paprika, Garlic Powder. Milk, Water, Cheese Culture, Cream, Sodium Citrate, Contains 2% or Less: Salt, Citric Acid, Sorbic Acid (Preservative), May Contain One or More of: Sodium Phosphate, Sodium Pyrophosphate, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Enzymes, Acetic Acid, Soy Lecithin. Onions, Enriched Flour (Wheat Flour, Niacin, Iron, Thiamine Mononitrate, Riboflavin, Folic Acid), Sunflower, Safflower and/or Canola Oil, Salt. That’s a pretty impressive list for a bacon/cheeseburger isn’t it? Let’s have a look at a few of them to see what you are really eating: Monocalcium phosphate and sodium phosphate the addition of phosphates to our modern diets have been linked to kidney failure and heart problems (Have a look at the number of other ‘phosphates’ there are in this ingredients list.) Sodium Benzoate (E211) is a food preservative and, when it is mixed with vitamin C, something called benzene is formed which is a known carcinogen. Potassium Sorbate (E202) is another preservative. Recent studies at universities in Turkey concluded that it should be “labeled as a genotoxic and mutagenic compound because it damages white blood cells.” Xanthan Gum is an emulsifier and also a highly effective laxative! Calcium Peroxide (E930) is a flour bleaching agent and has also been labelled as a hazardous substance by the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. Sodium Nitrite (E250) is yet another preservative. According to this article, foods treated with sodium nitrite contain n-nitroso compounds which have been shown, in animal experiments to be “the most broadly acting and the most potent group of carcinogens” All in all there really is very little in this list that we can recognise as being natural or in its original state which is worrying. The ingredients we have looked at along with the risks that they present to our health are all contained within one meal – a burger and a soda – that’s it; we haven’t thought about the fries that might go with it or the donut that might come afterwards and the additives that they contain………

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en

Is iad frithbhiaclóirí agus hormóin fáis breiseáin eile a chuirtear isteach go ró-mhór sna hainmhithe atá á n-ithe againn, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuilimid ag ithe na frithbhiaclóirí agus na hormóin bhreise seo. Agus tá ceimiceáin tocsaineacha i roinnt bia próiseáilte, a úsáidtear go minic chun meath a chosc agus blas a fheabhsú Kristin Cavallari An ndearna tú smaoineamh riamh ar cad a théann isteach sa bhia a itheann muid go rialta? Cad a dhéanann na dathanna geal agus an blas milis creiméadach sin? Bhuel, go simplí, is ceimiceáin iad a chuirtear mar chuid den phróiseas déantúsaíochta agus tá siad deartha chun an bia a dhéanamh níos faide, a dath, a blas nó a uigeacht a athrú; is é an cheist cén fáth? Bhuel, cé nach bhfuil sé fíor maidir le gach breiseán, cuirtear cuid acu i mbia próiseáilte nó scagtha chun iad a dhéanamh níos inmhianaithe don tomhaltóir ar an mbealach céanna a chuireadh nicotine le toitíní chun iad a dhéanamh níos inmhianaithe nó, i bhfocail eile, addictive. Tá rud éigin ann fiú ar a dtugtar Scála um andúil bia Yale a thomhas an t-eagla chun andúil a dhéanamh ar bhia ard-saill agus siúcra. Ar an drochuair, chomh maith leis an taobh andúil de bhreiseáin bia tá an taobh sláinte a d'fhéadfadh do chuid rudaí a mhilleadh go mór ann freisin! Mar shampla, nuair a d'fhéach monaróirí ar an bhfíric go raibh daoine ag lorg réiteach tapa chun meáchan a fháil, chuir siad sodas "aiste" isteach agus úsáid siad ceimiceáin chun an blas milis a bhí ag tomhaltóirí a tháirgeadh. Seo liosta na gcomhábhar do soda aiste bia amháin a óltar ar fud an domhain: Déanaimis cuid de na comhábhair seo a bhriseadh síos chun a fheiceáil cad iad i ndáiríre: Is dath caramúil é, mar a deir sé, dath bia agus ceann a bhfuil Stát California aicmithe mar charsinógineach féideartha (i.e. substaint a d'fhéadfadh ailse a chur faoi deara). Tugann an staidéar seo le fios go bhfuil an méid sin ag teacht chun cinn, agus go n-itheann cuid mhór de dhaonra na Stát Aontaithe na deochanna seo, agus go n-itheann cuid de dhaoine go mór iad, d'fhéadfadh go leanfadh ualach mór ailse de dhíth fiú má laghdaítear na nochtadh. Úsáidtear aigéad fosfaric chun an tang spártha a chur leis; mar shubstaint cheimiceach ní rud é i ndáiríre gur mhaith leat a bheith i dteagmháil leis mar is féidir do chraiceann, do shúile agus do chuid anailís a bheith faoi thionchar diúltach ag na deataí. Ina theannta sin, léirítear i staidéir go bhféadfadh tionchar diúltach a bheith ag ceann de na sodas is mó a bhfuil aigéad fosfaric iontu ar dlús cnámh i measc mná níos sine. Tá an Benzoate Potaisiam (is cosúil) a úsáidtear chun blas an táirge a chosaint; ar an drochuair tá an ceimiceán seo muitéiginithe ar eolas freisin, i.e. rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le hathruithe i gcealla ár gcorp a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis leis an gcorp a tháirgeann tumors. Is milsitheoir saorga é aspartame a fhaightear i mílte táirge "dieta" mar a thugtar air. Nuair a dhéantar aspartame a ithe thar thréimhse fhada agus i gcainníocht, bíonn éifeacht thocsaineach aige ar an gcomhlacht toisc go dtarraingíonn sé leibhéil radacail shaor. Dúirt údar na staidéir seo Ós rud é go bhfuil tomhaltas aspartame ag méadú i measc daoine, tá sé riachtanach feasacht a chruthú maidir le húsáid an milsitheora saorga seo Is milseog saorga eile é Acesulfame Potassium (ar a dtugtar Acesulfame K agus E950) a deir na criticeoirí go bhféadfadh sé ailse a chur air. D'fhéach an FDA ar an ceimiceán agus dhearbhaigh sé go bhfuil sé "sábháilte suas go dtí tomhaltas incheadaithe laethúil"; níl a fhios agam faoi tú ach ní chuireann sé sin muinín orm i ndáiríre! Má cheapann tú go bhfuil deochanna dona, fan go dtí go bhfeiceann tú cad atá sa bhia a itheann tú. Bhí muid ag breathnú ar an liosta comhábhair le haghaidh ceann de na hamburgers ó lánúin bia tapa aitheanta Breast Chicken Skinless Boneless le Rib Meat, Uisce, Salann, Siúcra, Pólú Garlic, Clúdaigh Siúcra Lemon, Meala, Pólú Cealla, Flavour Nádúrtha, Vinegar Tiormaithe, Starch Rice. Grilled with Clarified Butter (Pasteurized Milk [Butterfat]). Blóg fíon nó blóg saibhrithe (Blóg fíon nó blóg fíon bleached, niacin, iarann, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, aigéad fólach), dextrose, salann, Contae 2% nó níos lú: Bláthanna nádúrtha, Blóg arbhair, ola soybean, sulfáit chálciam, mono- agus diglycerides, Lactylate Sodium Stearoyl, Monocalcium Phosphate, aigéad ascorbic, perócsíde chálciam, Enzymes, Propionate cailciam (chomhchothaitheach), Próitéiní glasraí (pionna, prátaí, ríse), ola sunflower, turmeric, paprika, clób clób, clób clób, aigéad stéiteach. Bailéar Próg a Chúradh le Uisce, Salann, Siúcra, Flaithíocht Deataigh Nádúrtha, Sóidiam Fósfait, Sóidiam Erythorbate, Sóidiam Nítríot. Uisce, Siúcra, Sioróip Corn, Pasta Tómaid, Vinegar dícheallach, Ceol, Starch Bia Modified, Salann, Contaíonn 2% nó níos lú; Peipéar Chili, Ola Soya, púdar Ceol, Síol Mustard, Flavor Nádúrtha, Binsóate Sóidiam agus Sorbate Potaisiam (Conservatives), Xanthan Gum, Spices, Aigéad Citric, Turmeric, Paprika, Púdar Garlic. Bainne, Uisce, Cultúr Síosa, Cruach, Sítreach sóidiam, Tá 2% nó níos lú ann: Salann, Aigéad Citreach, Aigéad Sorbic (Conservatif), D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ceann amháin nó níos mó de: Fosfáit Sóidiam, Píorófosfáit Sóidiam, Hexametafosfáit Sóidiam, Ensaimh, Aigéad Aisteic, Lecitín Sóise ann. Ceol, Blóg saibhrithe (Blóg cruithneachta, Niacin, Iarainn, Mónonitrát Thiamine, Riboflavin, Aigéad Folach), Grianlaoch, Safflower agus/nó Ola Canola, Salann. Is é sin liosta go leor suntasach le haghaidh bacon / cheeseburger nach bhfuil sé? Déanaimis féachaint ar roinnt acu chun a fheiceáil cad atá á ithe agat i ndáiríre: Tá nasc idir fosfáit mhonócalciam agus fosfáit sóidiam agus fosfáit a chur lenár n-aistí bia nua-aimseartha le teip ar na duáin agus fadhbanna croí (Féach ar líon na "fosfáití" eile atá sa liosta comhábhair seo.) Is coimhdeoir bia é Bhenseat Sóidiam (E211) agus, nuair a dhéantar é a mheascadh le vitimín C, cruthaítear rud ar a dtugtar binsín atá ina carcanaigineach ar a dtugtar. Is caomhnóir eile é Sorbate Potaisiam (E202). D'éirigh le staidéir le déanaí in ollscoileanna sa Tuirc gur chóir é a lipéadú mar chomhdhúil ghineatógasach agus muitéagineach toisc go ndéanann sé damáiste do chealla fola bána. Is é Xanthan Gum éillitheoir agus laxative an-éifeachtach freisin! Is gníomhaire bleachtaithe plúr é Peirócsaidic Cailciam (E930) agus tá sé lipéadaithe freisin mar shubstaint guaiseach ag Roinn Sláinte agus Seirbhísí Seanacha New Jersey. Is é Nitrite Sóidiam (E250) coimeádán eile. De réir an ailt seo, tá comhdhúile n-nitroso i mbia a chóireáiltear le nítríotáirge sóidiam a léiríodh, i dtrialacha ar ainmhithe, go bhfuil siad "an grúpa carcanaigineacha is mó a ghníomhaíonn go forleathan agus is mó a bhfuil cumhacht orthu" Ar an iomlán, níl ach an-bheagán sa liosta seo is féidir linn a aithint mar a bheith nádúrtha nó ina staid bunaidh, rud atá imníoch. Tá na comhábhair a d'fhéachamar orthu chomh maith leis na rioscaí a chuireann siad ar ár sláinte i ngach béile amháin - burgáir agus soda - sin é; níor smaoinigh muid ar na friochtaí a d'fhéadfadh dul leis nó ar an dornán a d'fhéadfadh teacht ina dhiaidh sin agus na breiseáin a bhfuil siad ann ............

The history of lotteries goes back to ancient times, when people would draw lots to determine ownership and rights. In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, it became widespread throughout Europe, where many countries still use lotteries today. The first lottery in the United States was created in 1612, when King James I of England used it to help fund the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. Soon after, it was used for public and private purposes to raise money for towns, wars, colleges, and public-works projects. Taxes on lottery winnings The tax rates on lottery winnings vary depending on the state where you live. For instance, the state of New York will tax you about 24% of your winnings, while New York City will only tax you about 1.477% of your winnings. The amount you pay in taxes depends on the tax bracket you fall into. You should check your state’s website to find out how much you owe. In general, lottery winnings should be treated as ordinary income. That means you will owe tax each time you receive your winnings. But in some cases, you will be able to spread out the payments to pay less. Locations where lottery winnings are tax-free If you’ve ever won the lottery, you’ll know that winning big has many tax implications. Luckily, there are a few locations where lottery winnings are tax-free. First, consider your state. Some states don’t charge state income taxes, while others do. For instance, the state of Texas does not charge any tax on lottery winnings. Other tax-free states include Florida, Washington, and Alaska. In California, lottery winnings are exempt from state and local income taxes. The IRS taxes lottery winnings as normal income. In other states, such as Canada, lottery winnings are tax-free. However, if you’re an American citizen, you’ll still have to pay taxes in your home state if you win a prize in Canada. Impact of lottery on African-Americans Historically, gambling in African-American communities was local and private. The money that was won was kept in the community. The lottery has changed all that. Now lottery money is redistributed to middle-class and upper-class communities. One study showed that in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, lottery players spent $1,274 per person in the past six years. While lottery players are largely white, African-Americans are also large lottery players. Historically, African-Americans have not gambled in public, but state lotteries are attracting large numbers of players. African-Americans spend an average of $1,274 each month on tickets. These players also contribute to middle-class neighborhoods. Social benefits of playing the lottery Lottery advertisements are often criticized for attracting the poor and luring them into purchasing lottery tickets. These advertisements often feature pictures of large sums of money and catchy slogans. However, these advertisements are a waste of money for the lottery promoters, who could better use this money to fund programs that benefit low-income citizens. The government invests billions in welfare programs and government-funded projects, and the lottery is an important source of funding for these efforts. Responsible lottery players help fund these programs and contribute to positive social change.

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en

Téann stair na lóistín ar ais go dtí amanna ársa, nuair a bhí daoine ag tarraingt lóistín chun úinéireacht agus cearta a chinneadh. Ag deireadh an chúigeamh déag agus an séú haois déag, tháinig sé go forleathan ar fud na hEorpa, áit a bhfuil go leor tíortha fós ag úsáid lottoí inniu. Cruthaíodh an chéad lottery sna Stáit Aontaithe i 1612, nuair a d'úsáid Rí Seumas I na Sasana é chun cabhrú le cistiú socrú Jamestown, Virginia. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, baineadh úsáid as chun críocha poiblí agus príobháideacha chun airgead a bhailiú do bhailte, do chogaí, do choláistí, agus do thionscadail oibreacha poiblí. Cánacha ar bhuaigh sa lothar Tá na rátaí cánach ar bhuaigh an lotto éagsúil ag brath ar an stát ina bhfuil cónaí ort. Mar shampla, beidh stát Nua-Eabhrac cáin tú thart ar 24% de do bhuaigh, agus beidh Nua-Eabhrac chathair ach cáin tú thart ar 1.477% de do bhuaigh. Braitheann an méid a íocann tú i gcánacha ar an gclaonadh cánach a thagann tú isteach ann. Ba chóir duit seiceáil ar shuíomh gréasáin do stáit chun a fháil amach cé mhéad atá agat. Go ginearálta, ba cheart bua na lóistín a chóireáil mar ioncam gnáth. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeidh ort cáin a íoc gach uair a gheobhaidh tú do bhuaigh. Ach i gcásanna áirithe, beidh tú in ann na híocaíochtaí a scaipeadh chun níos lú a íoc. Áiteanna ina bhfuil bua na lóistín saor ó cháin Má bhuaigh tú sa lotto riamh, beidh a fhios agat go bhfuil go leor impleachtaí cánach ag buachan mór. Ar an dea-uair, tá roinnt áiteanna ann ina bhfuil bua na lóistín saor ó cháin. Ar dtús, smaoinigh ar do staid. Ní ghearrann roinnt stáit cánacha ioncaim stáit, agus déanann cuid eile. Mar shampla, ní ghearrann stát Texas aon cháin ar bhuaigh an lotto. I measc na stáit eile nach bhfuil cáin orthu tá Florida, Washington, agus Alaska. I California, tá buaiteoirí an lóistín díolmhaithe ó cháin ioncaim stáit agus áitiúla. Cáiníonn an IRS bua na lóistín mar ioncam gnáth. I stáit eile, mar shampla Ceanada, tá bua na lóistín saor ó cháin. Ach má tá tú ina shaoránach Meiriceánach, beidh ort cáin a íoc i do stát baile má bhuaigh tú duais i gCeanada. Tionchar na lóistín ar Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha Go stairiúil, bhí cearrbhachas i bpobail Afracach-Mheiriceánach áitiúil agus príobháideach. Coinníodh an t-airgead a bhuaigh sa phobal. D'athraigh an lottery sin go léir. Anois, déantar airgead an lotaraí a athdháileadh ar phobail an mheán-aicme agus an aicme uachtarach. Léirigh staidéar amháin go ndearna imreoirí an lotto i gContae Orangeburg, Carolina Theas, $1,274 in aghaidh an duine a chaitheamh le sé bliana anuas. Cé go bhfuil imreoirí an lotto go mór bán, tá imreoirí mór lotto ag Meiriceánaigh Afracacha freisin. Go stairiúil, ní raibh Meiriceánaigh Afracacha ag cearrbhachas go poiblí, ach tá líon mór imreoirí á mealladh ag lotto stáit. Caitheann Meiriceánaigh Afracacha meán $1,274 gach mí ar thicéid. Cuireann na himreoirí seo le comharsanachtaí meánaicmeacha freisin. Tairbhí sóisialta a bhaineann le himreoireacht an lotaraí Is minic a dhéantar cáineadh ar fhógraí an lotaraí as na bochta a mhealladh agus iad a mhealladh chun ticéid lotaraí a cheannach. Is minic a léirítear ar na fógraí seo pictiúir de mhéideanna móra airgid agus sloigíní tarraingteach. Mar sin féin, is dramhaíl airgid iad na fógraí seo do na lucht cur chun cinn an lotto, a d'fhéadfadh an t-airgead seo a úsáid níos fearr chun cláir a mhaoiniú a thabharfadh tairbhe do shaoránaigh ar ioncam íseal. Infheistíonn an rialtas billiúin i gcláir leasa agus i dtionscadail a mhaoiníonn an rialtas, agus is foinse thábhachtach maoinithe do na hiarrachtaí seo an lottery. Cuidíonn imreoirí an lotaraí atá freagrach leis na cláir seo a mhaoiniú agus cuireann siad le hathrú sóisialta dearfach.

More than one billion people across 192 countries now participate in activities, with planting trees being one of the most popular ways to show support. Earth Day 2013 has been given a major boost thanks to Google featuring it as its doodle. This is Google’s 13th Earth Day doodle. Today’s elaborate animation shows the cycle of seasons represented by the rising and falling sun and moon. Users can play and pause the moon and sun on four different images. US senator Gaylord Nelson conceived the idea for the event in the wake of the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbara, California. The first Earth Day began in 1970 when 20 million Americans took to the streets to demand a sustainable environment and it is widely credited with launching the modern environmental movement. - The History of Earthday (winwinforacause.wordpress.com) - Earth Day – Every Day (ichoosecleanworld.wordpress.com) - Live: How Earth Day 2013 is being celebrated around the world (mirror.co.uk)

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Tá níos mó ná billiún duine ar fud 192 tír ag glacadh páirt sna gníomhaíochtaí anois, agus is é crainn a phlandaíocht ar cheann de na bealaí is coitianta chun tacú. Tugadh borradh mór do Lá na Talún 2013 a bhuíochas do Google a thaispeáint mar a doodle. Is é seo Google's 13ú Doodle Lá na Talún. Taispeánann an t-aistriúchán a d'eagraigh mé inniu timthriall na séasúir a léirítear le gréine agus gealach ag ardú agus ag titim. Is féidir le húsáideoirí an ghealach agus an ghrian a imirt agus a chur ar fionraí ar cheithre íomhá éagsúla. D'fhás an smaoineamh don ócáid ar an Seanadóir Gaylord Nelson tar éis na sceitheadh ola 1969 i Santa Barbara, California. Thosaigh an chéad Lá na Talún i 1970 nuair a chuaigh 20 milliún Meiriceánach ar na sráideanna chun timpeallacht inbhuanaithe a éileamh agus creidtear go forleathan go ndearna sé an gluaiseacht chomhshaoil nua-aimseartha a sheoladh. - An Stair de Lá na Talún (winwinforcause.wordpress.com) - Lá na Talún Gach Lá (ichoosecleanworld.wordpress.com) - Beo: Conas a cheiliúrtar Lá na Talún 2013 ar fud an domhain (mirror.co.uk)

The creation of Dalles Dam on the Columbia River was heralded by some as a symbol of a new era of hydropower, while for local Native Americans it assured the end of a 10,000 year-old way of life. Historical footage and eye-witness personal accounts captured in this documentary portray the effects felt by the local residents. If Celilo Falls was one of the most sacred places in the Pacific Northwest, was it's destruction worth the building of the dam? This film explores the dilemma that we face as a society, is so-called progress worth the devastation of natural and cultural resources? VIEW SHORT VIDEO CLIP: Play with Windows Media Player: 300k or 700k Length: 13 min. Producer: Spirit of the Salmon Fund / Steve Mital Producers Web site: http://www.critfc.org Distributor: The Video Project Distributor Web site: http://www.videoproject.com Copyright: (No information available) Festival Screenings and Awards: International Wildlife Film Festival, Missoula, Montana

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D'fhógair cuid acu go raibh Dam Dalles ar Abhainn Columbia cruthaithe mar shiombail de ré nua d'uiscechumhacht, agus do Mheiriceánaigh Dúchasacha áitiúla chinntigh sé deireadh le bealach maireachtála 10,000 bliain d'aois. Léiríonn scannáin stairiúla agus cuntas pearsanta finnéithe súl a gabhadh sa chlár faisnéise seo na héifeachtaí a mhothaigh na cónaitheoirí áitiúla. Má bhí Celilo Falls ar cheann de na háiteanna is naofa sa Tuaisceart an Aigéin Chiúin, an raibh sé ina scrios fiú an dam a thógáil? Déanann an scannán seo iniúchadh ar an dúshlán a bhíonn os comhair ár sochaí, an bhfuil an dul chun cinn mar a thugtar air fiú an scrios a dhéanamh ar acmhainní nádúrtha agus cultúrtha? TÁIRIGÍ VIDEO GÓIR: Seinn le Windows Media Player: 300k nó 700k Fad: 13 nóiméad. Táirgeoir: Spiorad an Chiste Sailme / Steve Mital Leathanach gréasáin na dtáirgeoirí: http://www.critfc.org Díoltóir: The Video Project Leathanach gréasáin dáileoir: http://www.videoproject.com Cóipcheart: (Ní bhíonn aon fhaisnéis ar fáil) Scannáin agus Gradaim na Féile: Féile Idirnáisiúnta Scannán Fiadhúlra, Missoula, Montana

This week has been Neurodiversity Week at Churchill, as we have been exploring together the variations and differences in our brains that help to make up our rich community. Neurodiversity is term adopted by sociologist Judy Singer in the late 1990s. She was frustrated that differences in the make-up of our brains were too often being seen as problems or challenges to be overcome, rather than part of the natural variations in our human makeup. She proposed that neurological differences – differences in our brains – should be recognised and respected as much as any other human variation. It’s a well-accepted fact that everyone’s brain is different. We are all unique. We recognise that our individual brain is “wired up” differently to anybody else’s. My brain, for example is wired up so that I am left handed. As a small child, I reached for objects with my left hand, and instinctively kicked a ball with my left foot. Despite the fact that everyone else in my family was right handed, it’s just the way my brain was made! There are many other differences in the ways our brains work. Some people are naturally more organised than others; some have better hand-eye coordination; some see colours differently; others have superb memories for names and faces. What Judy Singer recognised was that some differences in the ways our brains work were characterised with negative stereotypes. Labels such as dyspraxia, dyslexia, ADHD, dyscalculia, autistic spectrum disorder, Tourette’s Syndrome and others were seen as problems to be “fixed” or “cured;” Singer argued instead that they should be respected and recognised. Neurodivergent individuals may have many strengths that those without the differences lack: perseverance, creativity, problem solving, oral communication, resourcefulness, visualisation, and practical skills being just some examples. This may be why there are so many highly successful individuals who have neurodivergent qualities: This week students have been learning about neurodiversity. They have been discussing how we all need to value our differences, and not to see people who differ from us as “other.” How boring would life be if we were all identical? What can we learn from each other? And how can we celebrate our strengths? Above all, whilst we are all born with different strengths and weaknesses, what we also know is that our abilities and intelligence are not fixed. Through hard work, careful practice and determination, we can improve on all aspects of our natural ability – and that this process continues throughout our life, not just at school.

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Bhí an tseachtain seo ina Sheachtain Neurodiversity ag Churchill, agus muid ag iniúchadh le chéile na héagsúlachtaí agus na difríochtaí inár n-inchinn a chabhraíonn lenár bpobal saibhir a dhéanamh suas. Is téarma é neirodéagsúlacht a ghlac an socheolaí Judy Singer ag deireadh na 1990idí. Bhí frustrachas uirthi go raibh difríochtaí i gcreataí ár n-inchinn á bhfeiscint go minic mar fhadhbanna nó dúshláin le sárú, seachas mar chuid de na héagsúlachtaí nádúrtha inár gcreataí daonna. Mhol sí gur cheart idirdhealúcháin néareolaíocha - idirdhealúcháin inár n-inchinn - a aithint agus a urramú chomh mór le haon athrú daonna eile. Is fíric é go nglactar go maith go bhfuil gach duine ar a inchinn difriúil. Tá gach duine againn uathúil. Aithnímid go bhfuil ár n-inchinn aonair "caibrithe suas" go difriúil ó dhuine ar bith eile. Tá mo inchinn, mar shampla, ceangail suas ionas go bhfuil mé ar chlé. Mar leanbh beag, shroich mé rudaí le mo lámh chlé, agus bhuail mé liathróid go instinctach le mo chos chlé. In ainneoin go raibh gach duine eile i mo theaghlach ar dheis, is é sin an bealach a rinneadh mo inchinn! Tá go leor difríochtaí eile ann maidir leis an gcaoi a n-oibríonn ár n-inchinn. Tá daoine áirithe níos eagraithe ná daoine eile de réir a n-ainneoin a n-ainneoin; tá comhordú lámh-shúil níos fearr ag daoine áirithe; feiceann daoine eile dathanna ar bhealach difriúil; tá cuimhne iontach ag daoine eile ar ainmneacha agus ar fhéachtanna. Is é an rud a d'aithin Judy Singer ná go raibh roinnt difríochtaí i gcaoi a n-oibríonn ár n-inchinn tréithe ag steiréitíopaí diúltacha. Breathnaíodh ar lipéid mar dyspraxia, dyslexia, ADHD, dyscalculia, neamhoird speictrim autistic, Siondróm Tourette agus eile mar fhadhbanna le seoladh nó leigheas; D'áitigh Singer ina ionad sin gur chóir iad a urramú agus a aithint. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh go leor láidreachtaí ag daoine neurodivergent nach bhfuil ag daoine gan na difríochtaí: dícheall, cruthaitheacht, réiteach fadhbanna, cumarsáid ó bhéal, acmhainn, amharc, agus scileanna praiticiúla ach roinnt samplaí. B'fhéidir gurb é seo an fáth go bhfuil an oiread sin daoine an-rathúil a bhfuil cáilíochtaí néar-éagsúla acu: An tseachtain seo bhí mic léinn ag foghlaim faoi néar-éagsúlacht. Bhí siad ag plé ar an gcaoi a gcaithfimid gach duine luach a thabhairt ar ár n-idirdhealaithe, agus gan daoine a bhfuil difríocht acu linn a fheiceáil mar other. Cé chomh t-easpach a bheadh an saol dá mba muid go léir comhionann? Cad is féidir linn a fhoghlaim óna chéile? Agus conas is féidir linn ár láidreachtaí a cheiliúradh? Ar an gcéad dul síos, cé go bhfuil neart agus laigí éagsúla againn go léir, is eol dúinn freisin nach bhfuil ár gcumas agus ár n-intleacht socraithe. Trí bheith ag obair go crua, ag cleachtadh go cúramach agus ag cinneadh, is féidir linn feabhas a chur ar gach gné dár gcumas nádúrtha agus go leanann an próiseas seo ar feadh ár saol, ní amháin sa scoil.

Biceps tendinitis is inflammation of the tendon around the long head of the biceps muscle. Biceps tendinosis is caused by degeneration of the tendon from athletics requiring overhead motion or from the normal aging process. Inflammation of the biceps tendon in the bicipital groove, which is known as primary biceps tendinitis, occurs in 5 percent of patients with biceps tendinitis. Biceps tendinitis and tendinosis are commonly accompanied by rotator cuff tears or SLAP (superior labrum anterior to posterior) lesions. Patients with biceps tendinitis or tendinosis usually complain of a deep, throbbing ache in the anterior shoulder. Repetitive overhead motion of the arm initiates or exacerbates the symptoms. The most common isolated clinical finding in biceps tendinitis is bicipital groove point tenderness with the arm in 10 degrees of internal rotation. Pathology of the biceps tendon is most often found in patients 18 to 35 years of age who are involved in sports, including throwing and contact sports, swimming, gymnastics, and martial arts. These patients often have secondary impingement of the biceps tendon, which may be caused by scapular instability, shoulder ligamentous instability, anterior capsule laxity, or posterior capsule tightness. Secondary impingement may also be caused by soft tissue labral tears or rotator cuff tears that expose the biceps tendon to the coracoacromial arch. Biceps tendinitis may also refer to tendinosis, which is a syndrome of overuse and degeneration. Older patients (athletes older than 35 years or non-athletes older than 65 years) may have acute biceps tendinitis caused by sudden overuse, or biceps tendinosis caused by use over time. Primary impingement syndrome is considered the most common cause of biceps tendinosis or tenosynovitis ( inflammation of the tendon sheath). Primary impingement is a mechanical impingement under the coracoacromial arch caused by bone spur formation of the acromion, an unfused acromial apophyses, or thickening of the coracoacromial ligament. It may also be caused by osteoarthritic spurs impinging on the bicipital groove. Primary impingement in athletes older than 35 years leads to a higher incidence of rotator cuff tears than in younger athletes.

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Is éard atá i tendinitis an bíceps ná athlasadh an tendon timpeall an cheann fhada de mhúscle an bíceps. Is é an tendinosis biceps a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar dhínitíocht an tendon ó lúthchleasaíocht a éilíonn gluaiseacht os cionn na cinn nó ó phróiseas gnáth ag dul in aois. Tarlaíonn athlasadh ar an tendon biceps sa groove bicipital, ar a dtugtar tendinitis biceps bunscoile, i 5 faoin gcéad de othair le tendinitis biceps. Is minic a bhíonn leannaigh tendinitis agus tendinosis biceps le deoraí cuff rotator nó SLAP (labrum uachtarach roimhe go cúlra) léasacha. De ghnáth, gearánann othair a bhfuil tendinitis nó tendinosis biceps acu faoi pian domhain, throbhlú ar an gcéadaoin roimhe. Tosaíonn nó déanann gluaiseacht athfhillteach os cionn na lámh na hairíonna a mhilleadh. Is é an t-athrú cliniciúil is coitianta agus aonair i tendinitis biceps ná tenderness pointe groove bicipital leis an lámh i 10 céim de rothlú inmheánach. Is minic a fhaightear paiteolaiceacht ar an tendon biceps i n-othair 18 go 35 bliain d'aois a bhfuil baint acu le spóirt, lena n-áirítear spóirt a chaitheamh agus teagmháil, snámh, giomnáistim, agus ealaíona comhraic. Is minic a bhíonn impingement tánaisteach ag na hothair seo ar an tendon biceps, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar thoradh ar éagobhsaíocht scapulara, éagobhsaíocht ligamentous scáileáin, laxity capsule tosaigh, nó teannas capsule iarmhara. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an t-impinging tharchú mar thoradh ar thréigean labrála fíochán bog nó ar thréigean cuff rotator a nochtann an tendon biceps don arch coracoacromial. Is féidir le tendinitis biceps tagairt a dhéanamh freisin do tendinosis, is siondróm é de ró-úsáid agus díghrádú. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tendinitis géarmhíochaine biceps ag othair aosta (ealaíontóirí os cionn 35 bliain d'aois nó daoine nach ealaíontóirí os cionn 65 bliain d'aois) mar gheall ar ró-úsáid tobann, nó tendinosis biceps mar gheall ar úsáid thar am. Meastar gurb é siondróm impingement bunscoile an chúis is coitianta le tendinosis biceps nó tenosynovitis (athlasadh an sheath tendon). Is éard atá i gceist le hiompú bunscoile ná hiompú meicniúil faoi na haird coracoacromial a tharlaíonn de bharr foirmiú spór cnámh an acromion, apophyses acromial neamh-fused, nó thiúchadh an ligamant coracoacromial. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh spurs osteoarthritic ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an groove bicipital. Mar thoradh ar chlúdach príomhúil i lúthchleasaithe atá níos sine ná 35 bliain d'aois bíonn minicíocht níos airde de chlúdach cuff rotator ná i lúthchleasaithe níos óige.

In modern mathematical logic this is a function that maps between the language and semantics associated with a logic. Also sometimes referred to as an assignment, but not to be confused with a valuation. (You confused yet?) The syntax of a formal language can contain the following kinds of objects variables, functional symbols and relational symbols. Each of the last two has associated with it an arity, which can be thought of as the number of arguments these symbols take. E.g. a symbol σ which has arity n can take n variables (x1,...,xn), so in the language it will generally be written as σ(x1,...,xn). Now here's the difference from how we are used to working with these things, this σ doesn't have a value yet, in fact none of the variables have values yet. That gets dealt with by the interpretation function. In mathematical jargon the language is called the domain of the interpretation function (let's use the symbol I for this function), i.e. where it maps "from". So where does it map "to", i.e. what is its range/codomain of I and how does it do the mapping? Well, it maps to some specified structure like a group, ring or Boolean algebra. So we need a language and a structure. As an example we will let our syntax S have the symbols +, - and id where + and - have arity 2 and id has arity 0, our syntax also contains the variables x and y. The semantic structure we're working with will be N, the integers. So our interpretation function I maps from S to N. Let's give some examples: Well that all very nice ! But what the hell is I (x) and I (y)?? Well let's make I (x)=2 and I (y)=3. Then we get (x-y)=2-3=-1 and I (x+id)=2+0=2. (Note that to be consistent we should have written I (+(x,y)) but I've decided used to + and - in this way since we're generally quite used to writing functions ininfix notation .) Obviously this language can have many different interpretation functions each assigning different values to x and y or even changing the "interpretation" of +, - and id The symbols +, - and id are very special in that we assume they have a single result given particular arguments when being interpreted (well id has no arguments, but it will always have one result anyway). Such symbols are called functional symbols. As mentioned above we also get relational symbols, one such example is < "less than", since in N we have want 1<2, 1<3, 1<4, etc. Sometimes the functional symbols that take no arguments (i.e. that have arity 0) are destinguished from the rest by referring to them asconstants or nullary functional symbols. This function gets used mostly in model theory, universal algebra, algebraic logic and modal logic. For nodes on the relation between formal languages and semantics see 1, 2 and 3.

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Sa loighic matamaiticiúil nua-aimseartha is feidhm é seo a léiríonn idir an teanga agus an séamaintíocht a bhaineann le loighic. Tagraítear dó uaireanta freisin mar shannadh, ach ní le mearbhall a dhéanamh air le luacháil. (Tá tú mearbhall fós?) Is féidir leis an sintéacs teanga foirmiúil na cineálacha seo a leanas de na hathróga rudaí, de na siombailí feidhmiúla agus de na siombailí gaolmhara a bheith ann. Tá arity ag gach ceann de na dhá cheann deireanach, is féidir a shamhlú mar líon na n-argóintí a ghlacann na siombailí seo. Mar shampla: is féidir le siombail σ a bhfuil arity n a bheith ann a ghlacann le n athróg (x1,...,xn), mar sin sa teanga scríofa go ginearálta é mar σ(x1,...,xn). Anois tá an difríocht ó conas a úsáidtear muid chun oibriú leis na rudaí seo, nach bhfuil seo luach fós, i ndáiríre aon cheann de na athróg a bhfuil luachanna fós. Déileálann an fheidhm léirmhínithe leis sin. I seargon matamaiticiúil, tugtar réimse an fheidhm léirmhínithe ar an teanga (ba mhaith linn an tsiombail I a úsáid don fheidhm seo), i.e. áit a léiríonn sé "ó". Mar sin, cá bhfuil sé mapáil "go", i.e. cad é a raon/codomain de I agus conas a dhéanann sé an mhapáil? Bhuel, léiríonn sé le roinnt struchtúr sonraithe cosúil le grúpa, fáinne nó algebra Boolean. Mar sin, ní mór dúinn teanga agus struchtúr. Mar shampla, ligfimid do ár sintéacs S na siombailí +, - agus id áit a bhfuil + agus - arity 2 agus id arity 0, tá ár sintéacs chomh maith leis na hathróga x agus y. Beidh an struchtúr séimeantach táimid ag obair le bheith N, na n-inteal. Mar sin, ár bhfeidhm léirmhínithe mé léarscáileanna ó S go N. Lig dúinn roinnt samplaí: Bhuel go léir go bhfuil an-deas Tá sé! Ach cad é an diabhal tá mé (x) agus I (y) Bhuel a ligean ar a dhéanamh mé (x) = 2 agus I (y) = 3. Ansin a fháil againn (x-y) =2-3=-1 agus I (x+id) =2+0=2. (Tabhair faoi deara go mbeadh sé de cheart againn I a scríobh chun a bheith comhsheasmhach (+(x,y)) ach shocraigh mé a úsáidtear chun + agus - ar an mbealach seo ós rud é go bhfuil muid go ginearálta go leor a úsáidtear chun feidhmeanna a scríobh i notation infix .) a chur ar ceal. Is léir gur féidir leis an teanga seo go leor feidhmeanna léirmhínithe éagsúla a bheith ag gach ceann acu luachanna éagsúla a shannadh do x agus y nó fiú an "mhíníocht" de +, - agus id a athrú Tá na siombailí +, - agus id an-speisialta toisc go gceapann muid go bhfuil toradh amháin acu ag argóintí ar leith nuair a dhéantar iad a léirmhíniú (níl argóintí ag id, ach beidh toradh amháin aige i gcónaí ar aon nós). Tugtar siombailí fheidhmiúla ar siombailí den sórt sin. Mar a luadh thuas faigheann muid siombailí gaolmhara freisin, is é < "níos lú ná", mar atá i N ba mhaith linn 1 < 2, 1 < 3, 1 < 4, srl. Uaireanta, ní ghlacann na siombailí feidhmiúla aon argóintí (i.e. Tá an t-aonfhocal a úsáidtear chun an t-aonfhocal a chur in iúl (ar a dtugtar an t-aonfhocal a bhfuil luach 0 aige) ar leith ó na hionfhocail eile trína n-ainmniú orthu mar chomhsheasmhach nó mar shiombailí feidhmiúla neamh-úsáideacha. Úsáidtear an fheidhm seo den chuid is mó i dteoiric mhúnla, algebra uilíoch, loighic algebraic agus loighic modal. Maidir le nóid ar an gcaidreamh idir teangacha foirmiúla agus séamaintice féach 1, 2 agus 3.

Banská Štiavnica (German: Schemnitz, Hungarian: Selmecbánya), located in Central Slovakia, is a unique town in the country with its completely preserved medieval town center and an unrepeatable atmosphere. There are 201 cultural heritage monuments and sites on the territory of the town. The old medieval mining centre grew into a town with Renaissance palaces, 16th-century churches, elegant squares and castles. The historical center of the town and technical sites in its surroundings containing important relics of the mining and metallurgical activities of the past, were inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1993. Over the centuries the history of Banská Štiavnica was closely connected with mining activity. From the 13th to the 18th century Banská Štiavnica’s ore region was in some periods the most productive out of all mining regions in Europe with regard to extraction of silver and among the most significant producers of gold. Its two renaissance fortresses, the Old Castle and the New Castle were transformed into museums. The heart of the town is the Holy Trinity square with its Holy Trinity statuary surrounded by burgher houses. It’s also worth mentioning the late gothic St Catherine church, the church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, the Town Hall, the Knocking Tower, the former Mining Academy and the Kammerhof – the former seat of the mining chamber. More photos: Banská Štiavnica Photo Gallery

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Is baile uathúil sa tír é Banská Štiavnica (Gearmáinis), atá suite i lár na Slóvaice, a bhfuil a lár baile meánaoiseach caomhnaithe go hiomlán agus atmaisféar neamh-ath-aithris aige. Tá 201 séadchomhartha agus láithreán oidhreachta cultúrtha ar chríoch an bhaile. D'fhás an t-aird mhianadóireachta ó shin go dtí baile le palaces Renaissance, eaglaisí ón 16ú haois, cearnóga agus caisleáin áille. Cuireadh lár stairiúil na cathrach agus suíomhanna teicniúla ina timpeallacht ina bhfuil relicí tábhachtacha de ghníomhaíochtaí mianadóireachta agus miotalúige san am atá thart, ar Liosta Oidhreachta Domhanda UNESCO i 1993. Le linn na gcéadta bliain bhí nasc dlúth ag stair Banská Štiavnica le gníomhaíocht mianadóireachta. Ón 13ú go dtí an 18ú haois bhí réigiún mianraí Banská Štiavnica ag amanna ar an réigiún mianadóireachta is táirgiúla san Eoraip maidir le báid airgid a bhaint amach agus bhí sé i measc na dtáirgeoirí is suntasaí óir. A dhá fortress Renaissance, an Sean-Castle agus an New Castle a bhí iompartha ina músaeim. Is é croí na cathrach cearnóg na Tríonóide Naofa lena dealbh na Tríonóide Naofa atá timpeallaithe ag tithe burgher. Is fiú an eaglais gotach déanach Naomh Catherine, eaglais an Fhéar-Mháire, Halla na Cathrach, an Túr Knocking, an t-iar-Acadéim Mianaigh agus an Kammerhof - iar-shuíomh an chamara mianadóireachta - a lua freisin. Tuilleadh grianghraif: Banská Štiavnica Photo Gallery

Our Educational Content is Not Meant or Intended for Medical Advice or Treatment Understanding Body Types There's a very commonly believed myth about weight loss -- that the sole reason for slow weight loss is because you eat too much and don't exercise enough. The truth, though, is that weight loss is all about hormones and metabolism. Hormones control metabolism, and metabolism determines how fast you are able to melt fat off of your body. There are four body types or shapes, and each is associated with a particular hormone-producing organ. Someone with a sagging belly has an adrenal type of body. The adrenal gland sits on top of the kidneys, and its purpose is to help you cope and deal with stress. The adrenal gland produces the hormone cortisol. When there's too much cortisol, the body tells the fat to go in and around your belly. That's because you have vital organs in your belly -- liver, kidney, pancreas -- and your body under stress uses fat as the main fuel source to keep these organs alive. Adrenal types suffer from an entire syndrome of related health issues, as do all of the four types. Someone who has a pot belly has a liver type of body. The liver leaks fluid into a sack around the belly, causing the belly to protrude. Someone who has saddle bags -- weight on their hips, thighs and a stomach pouch -- is an ovary body type. Ovaries can make estrogen, and estrogen creates a lining of fat as cellulite and deposits it around the pelvis. This type has problems associated with the menstrual cycle. In menopause, the ovary type can turn into the adrenal type. Someone with fat distributed equally all over their body is a thyroid type. The thyroid gland controls every cell in the body and regulates metabolic rate. Most important part of the video You've been taught obesity is a health risk. The truth is, it's just the opposite. Obesity is the result of an unhealthy body, not the cause of it. You have to get healthy to lose weight, not lose weight to get healthy. Learn more about Body Type from Dr. Berg Video Blog.

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Ní chuirtear ár n-ábhar oideachais chun comhairle nó cóireáil leighis a thabhairt nó a chur i gceist leis Tuiscint ar Théacsanna an Choirp Tá miotas coitianta ann maidir le meáchain caillteanas -- gurb é an chúis amháin le meáchain caillteanas mall ná go n-itheann tú ró-thapa agus nach ndéanann tú go leor aclaíochta. Is é an fhírinne, áfach, go bhfuil meáchain caillteanas go léir faoi hormóin agus meitibileacht. Rialaíonn hormóin meitibileacht, agus cinntíonn meitibileacht cé chomh tapa agus is féidir leat saill a leá as do chorp. Tá ceithre chineál comhlacht nó cruthanna ann, agus tá comhlacht ar leith ag gach ceann acu a tháirgeann hormóin. Tá comhlacht de chineál adrenal ag duine a bhfuil bolg sagging aige. Tá an gland adrenal suite ar bharr na mball, agus is é a chuspóir cabhrú leat dul i ngleic le strus agus déileáil leis. Tá an gland adrenal ag táirgeadh an hormóin cortisol. Nuair a bhíonn an iomarca cortisol ann, deir an corp leis an saill dul isteach agus timpeall do bholg. Tá sé sin toisc go bhfuil orgáin ríthábhachtacha agat i do bholg -- an ae, na duáin, an pancreas -- agus úsáideann do chorp faoi strus saill mar phríomhfhoinse breosla chun na horgáin seo a choinneáil beo. Bíonn siondróm iomlán de cheisteanna sláinte gaolmhara ag cineálacha adrenal, mar a bhíonn ag na ceithre chineál go léir. Tá comhlacht de chineál fíocháin ag duine a bhfuil bolg gránna aige. Tá sreabhán ag dul isteach sa liathróid sa chiseán timpeall an bholg, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an bholg ag dul amach. Tá duine a bhfuil málaí síoda aige -- meáchan ar a gcinn, a thighs agus a málaí boilg -- cineál comhlacht ovary. Is féidir le h-uibheacha estrogen a dhéanamh, agus cruthaíonn estrogen liathróid saille mar cellulite agus déanann sé é a thaisceadh timpeall an pelvis. Tá fadhbanna ag an gcineál seo a bhaineann leis an timthriall menstrual. I menopause, is féidir leis an gcineál ovarian dul isteach i gcineál adrenal. Is cineál thyroid é duine a bhfuil saill dáileadh go cothrom ar fud a chorp. Déanann an gland thyroid rialú ar gach cealla sa chorp agus déanann sé ráta meitibileach a rialáil. An chuid is tábhachtaí den físeán D'fhoghlaim tú go bhfuil murtall riosca sláinte. Is é an fhírinne, tá sé díreach a mhalairt. Is é an t-othar neamhshláintiúil a bhíonn mar thoradh ar murt, ní an chúis atá leis. Ní mór duit a bheith sláintiúil chun meáchan a chailleadh, ní meáchan a chailleadh chun a bheith sláintiúil. Foghlaim níos mó faoi chineál comhlacht ó Bhlog Físeán an Dr. Berg.

The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) wants people to check their blood pressure by May 17, World Hypertension Day, as part of their #CheckIt high blood pressure awareness campaign. May is National High Blood Pressure Education Month and American Stroke Month, and the AHA/ASA is joining other health organizations to reach 25 million blood pressure checks globally (5 million in the U.S.). Participants are encouraged to log their blood pressure check and learn about high blood pressure online. According to the American Heart Association, high blood pressure is usually preventable with simple steps, yet it kills more people worldwide than any other condition. One in three American adults has high blood pressure, which is a reading of 140/90 millimeters of mercury or higher. Uncontrolled, it can cause heart attack, stroke, heart failure, kidney disease, vision loss and dementia. But controlling high blood pressure could reduce deaths from heart disease and stroke by 30 percent in men and 38 percent in women, according to the AHA. Taking control starts with a simple action — getting your blood pressure checked. “Few severe health conditions are ignored as much as high blood pressure. It’s like having too much pressure in a pipe. It damages the pipe, but you often don’t see a problem until the pipe bursts or becomes clogged,” said Willie Lawrence, M.D., an interventional cardiologist for Midwest Heart & Vascular Specialists in Kansas City and an American Heart Association volunteer. “It is a symptomless disease, so the best way to combat it is to check it regularly to know if you need to start or change treatment.” Community groups, clinics, and workplaces can hold blood pressure checks for large groups through programs like the American Heart Association’s Check. Change. Control. Participants in this free, science-based program have seen an average drop in systolic blood pressure of 7 millimeters of mercury (mmHg), and one-third improved their level of blood pressure control. Such programs can be particularly important for those known to face higher risks. Nearly half of African-Americans have high blood pressure, dramatically increasing their chance of stroke. And blacks, along with Hispanic-Americans, are less likely to have their blood pressure under control, according to recent research. Healthcare providers may prescribe medication in addition to lifestyle changes — like limiting salt and alcohol, getting regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight.“It may take a few tries to find the right medicine, or combination of medicines, to fit your needs,” Lawrence said. “It’s important that you keep an open dialogue with your provider, and use tools like connected devices, mobile apps or web-based tracking programs to help gather the data you need about your condition and share it with your doctor.” Our mission is to be a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives. For nearly 100 years, we’ve been fighting heart disease and stroke, striving to save and improve lives. Heart disease is the No. 1 killer worldwide, and stroke ranks second globally. Even when those conditions don’t result in death, they cause disability and diminish quality of life. We want to see a world free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke.

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Tá an Cumann Sláinte Chroí Mheiriceá/Cumann Stróc Mheiriceá (AHA/ASA) ag iarraidh ar dhaoine a gcuid brú fola a sheiceáil faoin 17 Bealtaine, Lá Domhanda an Ardteannas, mar chuid dá bhfeachtas feasachta brú fola ard #CheckIt. Is Mí Oideachais Náisiúnta um Ard-Brú fola agus Mí Stróc Mheiriceá í Bealtaine, agus tá an AHA/ASA ag teacht le heagraíochtaí sláinte eile chun 25 milliún seiceáil brú fola a bhaint amach ar fud an domhain (5 milliún sna Stáit Aontaithe). Spreagtar rannpháirtithe chun a gcuid seiceáil brú fola a chlárú agus foghlaim faoi ardphréice ar líne. De réir Chumann an Chroí Mheiriceá, is féidir brú fola ard a chosc de ghnáth le céimeanna simplí, ach bíonn níos mó daoine ag bás as é ar fud an domhain ná mar a tharlaíonn le haon riocht eile. Tá brú fola ard ag duine amháin as gach triúr de dhaoine fásta Mheiriceá, rud a léiríonn 140/90 milliméadar de mhéarchúirí nó níos airde. Mura bhfuil sé á rialú, is féidir leis ionsaí croí, stróc, teip croí, galar duáin, caillteanas fís agus díomhaoin a chur faoi deara. Ach d'fhéadfadh rialú ar ardteannas fola bás ó ghalair croí agus stróc a laghdú 30 faoin gcéad i bhfear agus 38 faoin gcéad i mná, de réir an AHA. Tosaíonn tú ag glacadh smacht ar do chuid féin le gníomh simplí do bhrú fola a sheiceáil. Is beag cúinsí sláinte tromchúiseacha a dhéantar neamhaird orthu chomh mór le brú fola ard. Tá sé cosúil le bheith ró-dhlúth i bpíopa. Déanann sé damáiste don phíopa, ach is minic nach bhfeiceann tú fadhb go dtí go bristeann an píopa nó go dtógann sé, a dúirt Willie Lawrence, M.D., cardiologist idirghabhálach do Speisialtóirí Cárta agus Vascular Midwest i Kansas City agus deonach de Chumann an Chroí Mheiriceá. Is galar gan comharthaí é, agus mar sin is é an bealach is fearr chun é a chomhrac ná é a sheiceáil go rialta chun a fháil amach an gá duit cóireáil a thosú nó a athrú. Is féidir le grúpaí pobail, clinicí, agus áiteanna oibre seiceálacha brú fola a reáchtáil do ghrúpaí móra trí chláir mar Sceideal Cumann Sláinte an Chroí Mheiriceá. Athrú. Rialaithe. D'fhág rannpháirtithe sa chlár saor in aisce, eolaíoch seo go raibh laghdú meánmhéide 7 miliméadar de mhéarchúir (mmHg) ar an brú fola siostalach, agus tháinig feabhas ar an leibhéal rialaithe brú fola ag an tríú cuid. Is féidir le cláir den sórt sin a bheith tábhachtach go háirithe dóibh siúd a bhfuil a fhios acu go bhfuil rioscaí níos airde acu. Tá brú fola ard ag beagnach leath na Meiriceánaigh Afracacha, rud a mhéadaíonn go suntasach an seans go dtabharfaidh siad stróc. Agus is lú seans go mbeidh brú fola faoi rialú ag daoine dubha, chomh maith le Meiriceánaigh Hispanic, de réir taighde le déanaí. D'fhéadfadh go gcuirfeadh soláthraithe cúraim sláinte cógais i dteannta le hathruithe ar stíl mhaireachtála mar salann agus alcól a theorannú, gníomhaíocht choirp rialta a fháil agus meáchan sláintiúil a chothabháil. D'fhéadfadh sé go dtógfadh sé cúpla iarracht an leigheas ceart, nó meascán cógais, a aimsiú chun freastal ar do chuid riachtanas, dúirt Lawrence. Tá sé tábhachtach go gcoinníonn tú idirphlé oscailte le do sholáthraí, agus go n-úsáideann tú uirlisí cosúil le feistí ceangailte, aipeanna soghluaiste nó cláir rianaithe bunaithe ar an ngréasán chun cabhrú leat na sonraí a theastaíonn uait faoi do riocht a bhailiú agus iad a roinnt le do dhochtúir. Is é ár misean ná a bheith ina fhórsa gan staonadh do shaol níos faide, níos sláintiúla. Le beagnach 100 bliain, táimid ag troid i gcoinne galar croí agus stróc, ag iarraidh beatha a shábháil agus a fheabhsú. Is é galar croí an No. 1 mardaí ar fud an domhain, agus tá stróc sa dara háit ar fud an domhain. Fiú nuair nach dtagann bás as na coinníollacha sin, bíonn siad ina gcúis le míchumais agus laghdaíonn siad cáilíocht na beatha. Ba mhaith linn domhan a fheiceáil gan galair chardó-shlaodacha agus stróc.

Officials stock Moon Lake with bass On May 18, 2010, Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks fisheries biologists and hatchery workers stocked 125,000 juvenile largemouth bass in Moon Lake. The fish were reared at MDWFP’s North Mississippi Fish Hatchery in Enid. The stocked fish should supplement the natural spawn of bass in Moon Lake and lead to a greater abundance of this prized sport fish and better bass fishing in the future. Historically, bass populations have been low in Moon Lake, leading MDWFP to impose a limit of two bass per day. Biologist sampled Moon Lake in October of 2009 to determine the current fish community composition. Co. leaving big money in healthcare on the table Tunica County is... Blues legend James Cotton dead at 81 World-renowned blues... Local History: Typhoid fever panics Tunica Countians in 1952 This week continues a... Terror attack on U.S. soil defined the year 2001 [Editor’s note: The... Utility district sets March 25 deadline to collect past dues Approximately 500...

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Stór oifigigh Moon Lake le bass Ar 18 Bealtaine 2010, d'éirigh le baill de Roinn Fiadhúlra, Iascaigh agus Páirceanna Mississippi, le baill de na bitheolaithe iascaigh agus oibrithe na haiscéire 125,000 bass mór-mhéin óg a stocáil i Moon Lake. Bhí na hiasc ar ardú ag MDWFP's North Mississippi Fish Hatchery in Enid. Ba cheart go gcuirfeadh an t-iasc stocáilte le hiompar nádúrtha an bháis i Loch Moon agus go dtiocfadh le líon níos mó den iasc spóirt luachmhar seo agus le hiascaireacht níos fearr ar bháis sa todhchaí. Go stairiúil, bhí daonra na mbás íseal i Moon Lake, rud a thug ar MDWFP teorainn dhá bhás in aghaidh an lae a fhorchur. Rinne bitheolaí samplaí de Loch na Míonna i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2009 chun comhdhéanamh an phobail éisc reatha a chinneadh. Co. ag fágáil airgead mór i cúram sláinte ar an tábla Tá Contae Tunica... Blues legend James Cotton marbh ag 81 Blues domhanda-cháil... Stair Áitiúil: Tá eagla ar an teas taifead Tunica Countians i 1952 Leanann an tseachtain seo... Bhí ionsaí sceimhlitheoireachta ar ithir na SA mar threoir ar bhliain 2001 [Nóta an eagarthóra: An... Tá an t-imeacht ag an gceantar áisiúil a leagann an spriocdháta 25 Márta chun na dliteanais atá caite a bhailiú thart ar 500...

Home > Preview The flashcards below were created by user on FreezingBlue Flashcards. divides the market into segments based on variables such as age, life-cycle stage, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, ethnicity, and generation divides buyers into different segments based on social class, lifestyle, or personality characteristics divides buyers into segments based on their knowledge, attitudes, uses, or responses to a product - buyers can be grouped according to occasions when they get the ides to buy or use a product - - easter grouping buyers according to the different benefits that they seek form a product markets can be segmented into non-users, ex-users, potential users, first time users, and regular users. - markets can be segmented into light, medium, and heavy product users. - - Heavy users are often a small percentage of the market but account for a high - percentage of total consumption. divide the market by degree of consumer loyalty. (apple consumers are very loyal) also helps firms determine which companies are most competitive. Intermarket Segmentation / cross market formed of segments of consumers who have similar needs and buying behaviors in different countries. a firm goes after a large share of one or a few smaller segments or “niches” (ex: whole foods). the process of tailoring products and marketing programs to suit the tastes of specific individuals and locations. the extent that a company can differentiate and position itself as providing superior customer value. sums up the company and brand positioning. Ex: blackberry “to busy, mobile professionals who need to always be in the loop” a firm might decide to ignore market segment differences and target the whole market with one offer. a firm decides to target several market segments and designs separate offers for each - an extreme form of micromarketing; tailoring - products and marketing programs to the needs and preferences of individual customers. (car companies allowing customization, google customizing your ads based on your preferences)

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Príomhfhocal > Réamhamharc Cruthaigh an t-úsáideoir na cártaí flash thíos ar Flashcards FreezingBlue. roinntear an margadh ina chuidí bunaithe ar athróg amhail aois, céim den timthriall saoil, inscne, ioncam, gairm, oideachas, reiligiún, eitneachas agus glúin roinntear ceannaitheoirí i dtrí chatagóir éagsúla bunaithe ar rang sóisialta, stíl mhaireachtála nó tréithe pearsantachta roinntear ceannaitheoirí i dtrí chatagóir bunaithe ar a gcuid eolais, dearcadh, úsáidí nó freagraí ar tháirge - is féidir ceannaitheoirí a ghrúpaithe de réir na n-amanna nuair a fhaigheann siad na smaointe chun táirge a cheannach nó a úsáid - - an Chéasta ceannaitheoirí a ghrúpaí de réir na sochair éagsúla a bhíonn siad ag iarraidh a fháil ó tháirge Is féidir na margaí a roinnt ina n-úsáideoirí neamh-úsáideoirí, iar-úsáideoirí, úsáideoirí ionchasacha, úsáideoirí den chéad uair, agus úsáideoirí rialta. - is féidir na margaí a roinnt ina n-úsáideoirí táirgí éadroime, meánmhéide agus trom. - - Is minic nach bhfuil ach céatadán beag den mhargadh ag na húsáideoirí trom ach tá ardchuid den mhargadh ar a gcuntas - céatadán den tomhaltas iomlán. an margadh a roinnt de réir leibhéal dílseachta an tomhaltóra. (Tá tomhaltóirí úlla an-diúltacha) cuireann sé seo le cuideachtaí a chinneadh cé na cuideachtaí is iomaíche. Rannpháirtíocht idirmhargaidh / trasmhargadh Is é an t-ábhar is mó a bhaineann le cur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo ná an t-ábhar is mó a bhaineann le cur i bhfeidhm an Rialacháin seo. Téann gnólacht i ndiaidh sciar mór de chuid amháin nó de roinnt de shéasúr nó de "niches" níos lú (e.g. bianna iomlána). an próiseas chun táirgí agus cláir mhargaíochta a oiriúnú do bhlas daoine agus áiteanna ar leith. an méid a d'fhéadfadh cuideachta idirdhealú a dhéanamh agus seasamh a chur uirthi féin mar sholáthraí luach cliant níos fearr. cuimsíonn sé an chuideachta agus suíomh an bhranda. Ex: blackberry do ghairmithe gnóthacha, soghluaiste a dteastaíonn uathu a bheith i gcónaí ar an mbloc D'fhéadfadh gnólacht cinneadh a dhéanamh neamhaird a dhéanamh ar dhifríochtaí i gcodanna margaidh agus an margadh ar fad a dhíriú le tairiscint amháin. cinneadh a dhéanamh ag gnólacht díriú ar roinnt codanna margaidh agus tairiscintí ar leithligh a dhearadh do gach ceann acu - foirm mhór de mhicreamargaíocht; - táirgí agus cláir mhargaíochta a chur in oiriúint do riachtanais agus do roghanna na gcustaiméirí aonair. (Cuireann cuideachtaí gluaisteán cead do shaincheapadh, Google do fhógraí a shaincheapadh bunaithe ar do chuid roghanna)

IISG Environmental Social Scientist Caitie McCoy has been spending a lot of time working with communities, government, Sea Grant programs, and affiliated local and regional organizations to help clean up Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs). Recently she had the opportunity to spend some time visiting with students at two schools in northwest Indiana– sharing a number of interesting water facts with them, as well as getting them to participate hands-on in gathering data and learning about local water issues. Caitie shared some of her experiences and described the help that she’s had along the way. “Nishaat Yunus, ORISE Fellow for the Great Lakes National Program Office, and I have been working quite vigorously over the last month with the help of others to create educational programming for students in the Grand Calumet AOC. We’re working with Robin Goettel and Terri Hallesy to package the programming so it will be ready to apply at other Great Lakes Legacy Act (GLLA) sites, hopefully to work in conjunction with Sea Grants in other states. We visited two schools this week. On Wednesday we went to Hammond Academy of Science and Technology, where we had the chance to talk to and work with about 80 9th grade students from Amanda Miracle’s science classes. We went on a field trip to the Grand Calumet River and took water samples from stretches of the river that have been remediated under GLLA. Anne Remek from Indiana Department of Environmental Management helped lead the field trip. The purpose of the sampling was to monitor water quality; the results will be shared with our EPA and GLLA project partners (IDNR, IDEM, & USFWS). During the 2nd half of the day, students used a water testing kit with 12 analytes (copper, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, etc) to see what the water quality readings were and understand what they meant. We plan to take another field trip to the Grand Calumet River at some point to check out the restoration project and its progress. We will visit the classes at least twice more to do lessons on data analysis, data reporting, and using data to make project-level decisions. Thursday we headed to East Chicago Lighthouse Charter School, where we got to speak to and teach about 50 4th grade students from Andrea Bock’s science classes. The students are currently growing native plants provided by EPA in their classroom, and they’ve started sprouting! Nishaat and I will be visiting again and taking a field trip to Roxana Marsh when the plants are more fully grown, and students will get to plant the natives that they have been growing on the site. We also had a chance to give an interactive presentation and activity on habitats, and we will visit the classes at least twice more to talk about the cleanup at Roxana Marsh and how to design a habitat.”

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Tá an t-eolaí sóisialta comhshaoil IISG Caitie McCoy ag caitheamh go leor ama ag obair le pobail, rialtas, cláir Deontais na Mara, agus eagraíochtaí áitiúla agus réigiúnacha cleamhnaithe chun cabhrú le Limistéir na nLá Mór a bhfuil imní orthu (AOCanna) a ghlanadh. Le déanaí bhí deis aici roinnt ama a chaitheamh ag tabhairt cuairte ar mhic léinn i dhá scoil in iarthuaisceart Indiana, ag roinnt roinnt fíricí uisce suimiúla leo, chomh maith le iad a chur i mbun páirt a ghlacadh go praiticiúil i mbailiú sonraí agus foghlaim faoi shaincheisteanna uisce áitiúla. Chuir Caitie roinnt dá thaithí in iúl agus chuir sí síos ar an gcabhrach a bhí aici ar feadh an tslí. Tá Nishaat Yunus, Comhalta ORISE don Oifig Náisiúnta Clár na Lochanna Móra, agus mé ag obair go dian le mí anuas le cabhair ó dhaoine eile chun cláir oideachais a chruthú do mhic léinn i AOC Grand Calumet. Tá muid ag obair le Robin Goettel agus Terri Hallesy chun an clár a phacáil ionas go mbeidh sé réidh le cur i bhfeidhm ar shuíomhanna eile den Acht um Oidhreacht na Lochlanna Móra (GLLA), agus tá súil againn go n-oibreoidh sé i gcomhar le Deontais Mhuirí i stáit eile. Thugamar cuairt ar dhá scoil an tseachtain seo. Ar an Dé Céadaoin chuaigh muid go dtí Acadamh Eolaíochta agus Teicneolaíochta Hammond, áit ar thug an deis dúinn labhairt agus obair le thart ar 80 dalta de 9ú grád ó ranganna eolaíochta Amanda Miracle. Chuaigh muid ar thuras réimse chuig Abhainn Grand Calumet agus ghlac muid samplaí uisce ó shreathanna den abhainn a rinneadh leigheas faoi GLLA. Chabhraigh Anne Remek ó Roinn Bainistíochta Comhshaoil Indiana leis an turas réimse a stiúradh. Ba é cuspóir an bharánta ná cáilíocht an uisce a mhonatóireacht; roinnfear na torthaí lenár gcomhpháirtithe tionscadail EPA agus GLLA (IDNR, IDEM, & USFWS). Le linn an dara leath den lá, d'úsáid na mic léinn trealamh tástála uisce le 12 anailít (cupar, ocsaigin tuaslagtha, nítraí, srl.) chun a fheiceáil cad iad na léitheoireachtaí cáilíochta uisce agus a thuiscint cad a chiallaigh siad. Tá sé beartaithe againn turas eile a dhéanamh chuig Abhainn Grand Calumet ag pointe éigin chun an tionscadal athchóiriú agus a dhul chun cinn a sheiceáil. Tabharfaimid cuairt ar na ranganna dhá uair ar a laghad chun ceachtanna a dhéanamh ar anailís sonraí, tuairisciú sonraí, agus sonraí a úsáid chun cinntí a dhéanamh ar leibhéal tionscadail. Déardaoin chuaigh muid go Scoil Chairt East Chicago Lighthouse, áit ar labhair muid le thart ar 50 dalta 4ú grád ó ranganna eolaíochta Andrea Bock. Tá na mic léinn ag fás plandaí dúchasacha a sholáthraíonn an EPA ina seomra ranga faoi láthair, agus tá siad ag tosú ag sprouting! Beidh Nishaat agus mé ag tabhairt cuairte arís agus ag dul ar thuras sa réimse chuig Roxana Marsh nuair a bheidh na plandaí níos folláine, agus beidh deis ag mic léinn na cinn dúchasacha a bhí á bhfás acu ar an suíomh a phlandaí. Bhí deis againn freisin cur i láthair idirghníomhach agus gníomhaíocht a thabhairt ar ghnáthóga, agus tabharfaimid cuairt ar na ranganna dhá uair ar a laghad chun labhairt faoin glanadh ag Roxana Marsh agus conas gnáthóg a dhearadh.

Some chiropractors and other natural healing disciplines suggest fasting from time to time as a means to cleanse the body and rid it of toxins, so it functions better. Critics of fasting say that it starves the body and that regular sleeping and periods in between eating are enough to give the digestive system the rest it needs. So…whom do we believe? Fasting has been practiced for centuries, for both religious and therapeutic reasons and is well documented in biblical accounts. It involves the voluntary abstinence from all substances, except pure water, for a certain period. While most healthy individuals can tolerate a one to three day fast on their own, fasts of a longer duration should take place with the supervision of a trained health care professional to coach you through the process. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS? Benefits associated with fasting may include - Provides the digestive system with a rest from its daily activities, just as we need to take a vacation from our jobs. - Cleanses the body by eliminating harmful toxins. - Allows the body a period of rest for meditation and spiritual development. - Introduces a period of transition (i.e., weight loss, overcoming addictions, shift from meat eating to a vegetarian diet, etc.) to the body to gear up for it. Of course, fasting is not advised for pregnant or nursing women, those with a life-threatening illness (cancer, AIDS), and those with diabetes or liver disease. Individuals on prescription medications should check with their doctors prior to initiating a fast. WHAT ABOUT RESEARCH? Studies conducted by Mark P. Mattson at the National Institute on Aging on mice concluded that fasting has beneficial effects on the aging process as well. Mattson said an earlier study found that mice that fasted every other day had extended life spans. A new experiment found the mice also did better in factors involved in diabetes and nerve damage in the brain similar to Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers presented information at the 2014 American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions that fasting reduced cholesterol levels in prediabetic people over extended periods of time. Although more in-depth study is needed, these findings lay the groundwork for future study. Fasting may not be for everyone, but if you’re interested in discussing this or other options for cleansing your body, give us a call.

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Molann roinnt chiropractors agus disciplíní eile leighis nádúrtha go ndéanfaí fastadh ó am go ham mar mhodh chun an corp a ghlanadh agus a shaoradh ó thócsainní, ionas go bhfeidhmeoidh sé níos fearr. Deir lucht cáineadh an fánaíochta go ndéanann sé an corp a ghortú agus go bhfuil codladh rialta agus tréimhsí idir itheanna go leor chun an córas díleá a thabhairt don chuid eile a theastaíonn uaidh. Mar sin...Cé a chreideann muid? Tá an fasting curtha i bhfeidhm ar feadh na gcéadta bliain, ar chúiseanna reiligiúnacha agus teiripeacha araon agus tá sé go maith doiciméadú i gcuntas bíobla. Baineann sé le staonadh deonach ó gach substaint, ach amháin uisce íon, ar feadh tréimhse áirithe. Cé gur féidir leis an chuid is mó daoine sláintiúla gnáthlá a chaitheamh ar feadh lá amháin go trí lá, ba cheart go mbeadh gnáthlá níos faide i láthair faoi mhaoirseacht ghairmí cúraim sláinte oilte chun tú a threorú tríd an bpróiseas. CÉ AR BHEITH NA BHEITHE? Is féidir le sochair a bhaineann le fastaíocht a bheith ina measc - Soláthraíonn sé sos don chóras díleá óna ghníomhaíochtaí laethúla, díreach mar is gá dúinn saoire a thógáil óna gcuid oibre. - Glanann sé an corp trí tocsainí díobhálacha a dhíchur. - Ceadaíonn sé don chorp tréimhse scíthe le haghaidh machnaimh agus forbairt spioradálta. - Cuirtear tréimhse idirthréimhseach isteach (i.e., meáchain caillteanas, dídean a shárú, aistriú ó ithe feola go aiste bia glasraí, srl.) go dtí an comhlacht a gear suas ar a shon. Ar ndóigh, ní mholtar go ndéanfadh mná torracha nó mná atá ag cothú, daoine a bhfuil galar a chuireann beatha i mbaol (ailse, SEIF), agus daoine a bhfuil diaibéiteas nó galar ae acu, fastadh. Ba cheart do dhaoine a bhfuil cógais oideas orthu dul i gcomhairle lena gcuid dochtúirí sula dtosaíonn siad ar fhost. CÉ DÁ MÓR RANTAÍ? Tháinig staidéir a rinne Mark P. Mattson ag an Institiúid Náisiúnta um Sheanú ar fhuaimíní go bhfuil éifeachtaí tairbheacha ag an bhfostú ar an bpróiseas seandálaíochta freisin. Dúirt Mattson gur aimsíodh i staidéar níos luaithe go raibh fad saoil le fada ag lucha a bhí ag fasting gach lá eile. Fuair turgnamh nua amach go raibh na lucha níos fearr freisin i ngnéithe a bhaineann le diaibéiteas agus le damáiste néaróg sa inchinn cosúil le galar Alzheimer. Chuir taighdeoirí faisnéis i láthair ag Seisiúin Eolaíochta Chumann Diaibéiteas Mheiriceá 2014 go laghdaíonn an fasta leibhéil cholesterol i ndaoine réamh-diaibéiteas thar thréimhsí fada ama. Cé go bhfuil gá le staidéar níos doimhne, leagann na torthaí seo an bonn do staidéar amach anseo. B'fhéidir nach bhfuil an fást do gach duine, ach má tá suim agat i bplé a dhéanamh ar an rogha seo nó ar roghanna eile chun do chorp a ghlanadh, glaoigh orainn.

It remains invisible to the naked eye, but with the right technologies and equipment, you can track the airflows on a spinning wind turbine in real time. The latest developments at Professor Andreas Fischer’s institute at the University of Bremen make it possible. The name of the facility already shows what Professor Andreas Fischer at the Bremen Institute for Metrology, Automation and Quality Science (BIMAQ) is interested in. “Metrology is the beginning of the information society,” the institute director quickly makes clear – and explains the importance of his branch of research: “If I want to evaluate and interpret information, I have to have it first. And we get information – for example on the state of our environment or technical processes – from measurements.” Precise Measurements as a Service Executing high-precision measurements in the smallest of dimensions or under difficult conditions: truly not just anyone can do that. But BIMAQ can. As a research institute, it plays a leading role in many fields throughout Europe. The Bremen University institute in the Faculty of Production Engineering also offers its expertise as a service, as there is great demand in industry for measuring and testing that is as exact as possible. “From measurement technology directly in processes to the tactile or optical evaluation of surface quality and nondestructive and noncontact edge-zone analysis, our knowledge is in high demand,” says Fischer. The measurement technology expert had already been drawn to the specialization “automation, measurement, and control technology” during his main studies in electrical engineering at the TU Dresden. Among other things, he is interested in fundamental questions: “There are, after all, limits to measurement technology. It’s all about the quality of the measurements – and at some point, accuracy reaches its quantum-mechanical limits. Things like that fascinate me.” On the other hand, there are very specific applications in which high-precision measurement technology from BIMAQ is used. And in the process, Fischer and his team have achieved groundbreaking successes. For example, when it comes to thermographic flow visualization for wind turbines. Even before he came to the University of Bremen six years ago, Fischer was heavily involved with laser-optical flow-measurement technology. “We are currently trying to understand and improve flows in wind turbines,” explains the engineering scientist. “In the case of these systems, that specifically means that efficiency and reliability need to be optimized so that wind turbines provide a dependable yield over as many years as possible, meaning reliably produce electricity. The special challenge here: noncontact flow measurements from long distances on running equipment up to 200 meters high.” Ideal Exchange between Business and Science BIMAQ has established a very close partnership with Deutsche WindGuard – a company that as an accredited measurement service provider and independent consultant also takes care of the maintenance of wind turbines on land and at sea. “There are, for instance, joint measurement campaigns with the order: ‘We have a newly developed system; please measure the actual flow conditions on the prototype for us.’” Just recently, a team conducted a week-long measurement campaign in Denmark. “Our partner Deutsche WindGuard intends to use the data obtained to solve the problems that arise for customers with new turbines. We, in turn, can learn about the current challenges of the latest systems, research them, and enable solutions with our metrological knowledge. An ideal exchange between business and science – as it should be.” “We have achieved breakthrough success in thermographic flow visualization on wind turbines.” Professor Andreas Fischer, BIMAQ A very successful project, which even resulted in a powerful software, illustrates BIMAQ’s concrete work in flow visualization. “It was essentially about the aerodynamic optimization of rotor blades. To achieve that, we developed image-processing algorithms for thermographic images to make the flow around the rotor blades visible. Valuable experience gained from many joint measurement campaigns in the large wind tunnel in Bremerhaven, which is operated by Deutsche WindGuard, and on wind turbines in the open operated by well-known manufacturers was incorporated into the software,” says Fischer. This software is called “Transition Finder” and has since made the work of the company from northern Germany easier. Flow: Laminar, Turbulent, or Detached There are basically three different types of flow around an airfoil – regardless of whether it belongs to a wind turbine or an aircraft. The ideal condition is laminar or stratified flow: “The airflow passes undisturbed along the profile surface from front to back,” Fischer explains. Turbulent flow is less efficient because “the energy yield is lower as a result.” The worst, however, is detached flow, “which, of course, you don’t want to have at all. In the case of airplanes this is called a stall; they then crash because they no longer have lift. You can imagine that similar phenomena become a real problem with wind turbines as well. Local flow separation stresses the material, causes noise emissions, and the energy yield drops dramatically.” The so-called transition points are of great importance for the operation of a wind turbine. “These are the moments when the flow changes from laminar to turbulent, or from turbulent to detached,” says Fischer. Sometimes, he says, it is more effective to make minor modifications to create a defined transition from laminar to turbulent in order to make a system more efficient: “It’s not like a car you can just take to the shop. But rather a structure that is 200 meters high, possibly even located on the high seas.” Theoretically, the processes are already well researched – “but as they say in soccer: What matters is what happens on the field!” What works well in the laboratory or wind tunnel does not necessarily work well in the final location under real conditions. That is precisely the source of Fischer’s research interest: “We are developing measurement systems that will monitor an operating turbine in real time ‘on the fly.’” Because a wind turbine is very large, he says, you have to think about how to “arrange” a measurement. Measurements are either taken from a great distance, or the measurement technology is brought into the turbine – “but that is time-consuming and leads to expensive downtimes.” A technology for sensors directly in the rotor blades has even been developed but has not yet become established – as it is said to be too costly and too complex. The Infrared Range: Invisible Becomes Visible This leaves the noncontact approach from a great distance. “The human eye, however, does not see how the flow behaves on the turbine during operation. That’s why we have to go into a range that is invisible to us: the infrared range.” In this spectral range, the flow processes on the rotor blade suddenly become visible. With lighter and darker areas, the transitional area between laminar and turbulent flow becomes comprehensible in photos. This is made possible by temperature differences. “When there is turbulent flow – that is, vigorous mixing – the heat caused by sunlight can be released more easily. We therefore find areas with a higher heat transfer and those with a lower heat transfer. The resulting contrast then shows us where the flow transitions are.” The noncontact temperature measurement from a distance takes place with special cameras and with the help of infrared thermal radiation. “The challenge in a current research project is now to do all of that while the system is running. After all, the rotor blade doesn’t stay still but turns at considerable speeds at times – up to 300 km/h.” Fischer and his group are very successful and global leaders in this field. Several papers on this topic have recently been internationally reviewed and accepted – proof of the quality of scientific results in this field, which, by the way, are funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation – DFG) and federal ministries. Looking to the future, Fischer wants to further explore high-precision noncontact measurement in other contexts as well. He was recently awarded a consolidator grant from the European Research Council (ERC) to fund an interdisciplinary research team under his leadership for five years. In the Indirect Optical Geometry Measurement (InOGeM) project, he now wants to develop the fundamentals and the potential of a paradigm shift in the noncontact, precise measurement of component geometries. “Up to now, noncontact measurement in production has mostly been carried out with light, but the variety of geometries and materials that can be produced is pushing the classic optical measurement principles to their limits,” explains the BIMAQ boss. He has in mind the development of a method of component measurement using the surrounding air volume. Makes sense. After all, it’s the limits of measurement technology that Fischer wants to push.

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Tá sé fós dofheicthe don tsúil ghlan, ach leis na teicneolaíochtaí agus an trealamh ceart, is féidir leat na sruthanna aeir ar thurbina gaoithe rothlach a rianú i bhfíor-am. Is é an forbairt is déanaí a rinneadh ag Institiúid an Ollaimh Andreas Fischer in Ollscoil Bremen a chuireann ar chumas é. Léiríonn ainm an tsoláthraí cheana féin an rud a bhfuil suim ag an Ollamh Andreas Fischer ó Institiúid Bremen um Méadrú, Uathoibriú agus Eolaíocht Cáilíochta (BIMAQ). Is é an méadarlaíocht tús an tsochaí faisnéise, déanann an stiúrthóir institiúide soiléir go tapa agus míníonn sé tábhacht a chuid rannán taighde: Má tá mé ag iarraidh faisnéis a mheas agus a léiriú, ní mór dom a bheith agam ar dtús. Agus faigheann muid faisnéis mar shampla ar staid ár gcomhshaoil nó ar phróisis theicniúla ó thomhas. Measúcháin Glan mar Sheirbhís Measúcháin ardchruinnithe a dhéanamh i méideanna an-bheag nó faoi choinníollacha deacra: ní féidir le duine ar bith é sin a dhéanamh. Ach is féidir le BIMAQ. Mar institiúid taighde, tá ról ceannaireachta aici i go leor réimsí ar fud na hEorpa. Cuireann institiúid Ollscoil Bremen sa Choláiste Innealtóireachta Táirgthe a saineolas ar fáil mar sheirbhís freisin, mar go bhfuil éileamh mór san tionscal ar thomhas agus tástáil a bhfuil an cruinneas is mó is féidir. 'Ó theicneolaíocht tomhais go díreach i bpróisis go meastóireacht tactile nó optúil ar cháilíocht dromchla agus anailís neamhchriosmhar agus neamhchontactach ar an imeall, tá éileamh mór ar ár n-eolas,' a deir Fischer. Bhí an saineolaí teicneolaíochta tomhais tarraingthe cheana féin chuig an speisialtóireacht "teicneolaíocht uathoibrithe, tomhais agus rialaithe" le linn a chuid staidéir phríomh-innealtóireachta leictreachais ag TU Dresden. Tá suim aige i gceisteanna bunúsacha, i measc rudaí eile: Tá teorainneacha ann, tar éis an tsaoil, le teicneolaíocht tomhais. Tá sé ar fad faoi cháilíocht na tomhais agus ag pointe éigin, sroichann cruinneas a theorainneacha meicniúla uimhreacha. Is iad rudaí den sórt sin a spreagann mé. Ar an láimh eile, tá feidhmchláir an-sonracha ann ina n-úsáidtear teicneolaíocht tomhais ardchruinneas ó BIMAQ. Agus sa phróiseas, tá rath mór bainte amach ag Fischer agus a fhoireann. Mar shampla, nuair a thagann sé chun amharcáil sruthadh teirmagrafach do thurbinaí gaoithe. Fiú sula tháinig sé chuig Ollscoil Bremen sé bliana ó shin, bhí baint mhór ag Fischer le teicneolaíocht tomhais sreabhadh léasair-optaigh. Táimid ag iarraidh faoi láthair na sreafaí i tuirbíní gaoithe a thuiscint agus a fheabhsú, a mhíníonn an eolaí innealtóireachta. I gcás na gcóras seo, ciallaíonn sé sin go sonrach go gcaithfear éifeachtúlacht agus iontaofacht a bharrfheabhsú ionas go soláthróidh tuirbíní gaoithe toradh iontaofa thar an oiread blianta agus is féidir, rud a chiallaíonn go dtáirgeann siad leictreachas go iontaofa. An dúshlán speisialta anseo: tomhais sreabhadh neamh-imeachanta ó achar fada ar threalamh ag rith suas le 200 méadar ar airde. Malartaithe Idealacha idir Ghnó agus Eolaíocht Tá comhpháirtíocht an-dlúth bunaithe ag BIMAQ le Deutsche WindGuard cuideachta a thugann aire freisin do chothabháil tuirbíní gaoithe ar talamh agus ar muir mar sholáthraí seirbhíse tomhais creidiúnaithe agus mar chomhairleoir neamhspleách. Tá, mar shampla, comh-iomaitheoirí le haghaidh an ordú: Tá córas nua-fhorbartha againn; déan na coinníollacha sreafa iarbhír ar an bpróitéití a thomhas dúinn le do thoil. Go gairid ó shin, rinne foireann feachtas tomhais seachtaine sa Danmhairg. Tá sé i gceist ag ár gcomhpháirtí Deutsche WindGuard na sonraí a fhaightear a úsáid chun na fadhbanna a thagann chun cinn do chustaiméirí le turbíní nua a réiteach. Is féidir linn, ar a láimh, foghlaim faoi na dúshláin reatha a bhaineann leis na córais is déanaí, iad a thaighde, agus réitigh a chur ar fáil lenár n-eolas méadraíochta. Malartacht idéalach idir gnó agus eolaíocht mar ba chóir go mbeadh. Tá rath mór bainte amach againn ar fhísíochtíocht shreabhadh teirmagrafach ar thurbinaí gaoithe. An tOllamh Andreas Fischer, BIMAQ Léiríonn tionscadal an-rathúil, a d'fhág go raibh bogearraí cumhachtach ann, obair shonracha BIMAQ i léargas sreabhadh. Ba é an rud is mó a bhí i gceist ná uasmhéadú aerdainéimic na mblaod rotor. Chun é sin a bhaint amach, d'fhorbair muid algartam próiseála íomhá le haghaidh íomhánna teirmagrafacha chun an sreabhadh timpeall na mblaistí rotor a dhéanamh le feiceáil. Cuireadh taithí luachmhar a fuarthas ó go leor feachtais tomhais chomhpháirteacha sa thunail ghaoithe mór i Bremerhaven, a oibríonn Deutsche WindGuard, agus ar thurbinaí gaoithe san aer oscailte a oibríonn monaróirí aitheanta isteach sa bogearraí, a deir Fischer. Tugtar Transition Finder ar an bogearraí seo agus tá sé tar éis obair na cuideachta ó thuaidh na Gearmáine a dhéanamh níos éasca. Sliocht: Laminar, Turbulent, nó Dícheangailte Tá trí chineál éagsúla srutha ann timpeall aerfoil go bunúsach, is cuma cé acu a bhaineann sé le tuirbín gaoithe nó le hionad. Is é an coinníoll idéalach ná sreabhadh lamíneach nó stratified: "Is féidir leis an sreabhadh aeir dul gan bhriseadh ar feadh dromchla an phróifíle ó thaobh tosaigh go taobh thiar", a mhíníonn Fischer. Tá sreabhadh turbhlach níos lú éifeachtach toisc go bhfuil an toradh fuinnimh níos ísle mar thoradh air. Is é an sreabhadh neamhspleách, áfach, an ceann is measa, nach bhfuil tú ag iarraidh a bheith agat ar chor ar bith. I gcás eitleáin, tugtar stall ar an rud seo; thiteann siad ansin toisc nach bhfuil ardú acu a thuilleadh. Is féidir leat a shamhlú go bhfuil feiniméin den chineál céanna ina fhadhb fíor le turbinaí gaoithe freisin. Cuireann scaradh sruth áitiúil strus ar an ábhar, cuireann sé astaíochtaí torann ar fáil, agus titimíonn an toradh fuinnimh go suntasach. Tá na pointí a dtugtar pointí idirthréimhseacha an-tábhachtach d'oibriú turbín gaoithe. 'Is iad seo na hamanna nuair a athraíonn an sreabhadh ó lámíneach go turbúil, nó ó thurthuil go neamhspleách,' a deir Fischer. Uaireanta, a deir sé, is fearr modhanna beaga a dhéanamh chun aistriú sainithe a chruthú ó lamíneach go turbúil chun córas a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí: "Ní cosúil le carr is féidir leat a thabhairt chuig an siopa. Ach struchtúr atá 200 méadar ar airde, b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé suite ar na farraigí arda. Go teoiriciúil, tá na próisis taighde maith cheana féin ach mar a deir siad sa pheil: Is é an rud a tharlaíonn ar an bpáirc an rud is tábhachtaí! Ní gá go n-oibreoidh an rud a oibríonn go maith sa saotharlann nó i dtonnal gaoithe go maith sa suíomh deiridh faoi choinníollacha fíor. Is é sin go díreach foinse spéise taighde Fischer: "Táimid ag forbairt córais tomhais a dhéanfaidh monatóireacht ar thurbín oibriúcháin i bhfíor-am ar an eitilt". Ós rud é go bhfuil turbín gaoithe an-mhór, a deir sé, caithfidh tú smaoineamh ar conas "tomhas a shocrú". Tógtar tomhais ó achar mór, nó tugtar an teicneolaíocht tomhais isteach sa túirbín ach bíonn sé sin ag caitheamh ama agus bíonn sé ina chúis le huaireanta costasacha. Tá teicneolaíocht le haghaidh braiteoirí go díreach sna liopaí rotor forbartha fiú ach níl sé bunaithe go fóill mar a deirtear go bhfuil sé ró-chostasach agus ró-chasta. An Réimse Infridhearg: An Neamhfhacaine a Thit le feiceáil Fágann sé sin an cur chuige gan teagmháil ó achar mór. Ní fheiceann an tsúil daonna, áfach, conas a iomparann an sruth ar an turbín le linn oibriú. Sin é an fáth go gcaithfimid dul isteach i raon nach bhfuil le feiceáil dúinn: an raon infridhearg. Sa raon speictrúil seo, bíonn na próisis sreabha ar an mblaosc rotóir le feiceáil go tobann. Le limistéir níos soiléire agus níos dorcha, bíonn an limistéar idirthréimhseach idir sreabhadh lamíneach agus turbúil intuigthe i ngrianghraif. Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh de bharr difríochtaí teochta. Nuair a bhíonn sreabhadh turbúil ann is é sin, meascán láidir is féidir an teas a chruthaíonn solas na gréine a scaoileadh níos éasca. Mar sin, tá limistéir le haistriú teasa níos airde againn agus iad siúd a bhfuil haistriú teasa níos ísle acu. Léiríonn an t-idirdhealaithe a thagann as sin dúinn cá bhfuil na hidirthréithe sreabha. Déantar an tomhas teochta gan teagmháil ó chúl le ceamaraí speisialta agus le cabhair ó radaíocht theirmeach infra-dearg. Is é an dúshlán i dtionscadal taighde reatha anois é sin go léir a dhéanamh agus an córas ag rith. Tar éis an tsaoil, ní fhanann an léine rotor go fóill ach casann sé ag luasanna suntasacha uaireanta - suas le 300 km/h. Tá an-rath agus ceannairí domhanda sa réimse seo ag Fischer agus a ghrúpa. Tá roinnt páipéir ar an ábhar seo athbhreithnithe agus glactha go hidirnáisiúnta le déanaí - fianaise ar cháilíocht na dtorthaí eolaíochta sa réimse seo, a mhaoiníonn an Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Foundation Research German) agus na hairí ar an gcoimhlint. Ag féachaint go dtí an todhchaí, ba mhaith le Fischer tomhas neamh-chomharthana ardchruinneas a iniúchadh tuilleadh i gcomhthéacsanna eile freisin. Fuair sé deontas comhdhlúiteora ón gComhairle Eorpach um Thaighde (ERC) le déanaí chun foireann taighde idirdhisciplíneach a mhaoiniú faoi a cheannaireacht ar feadh cúig bliana. Sa tionscadal InOGeM (Measúnú Geoiméide Optaigh Indíreach), ba mhaith leis anois bunriachtanais agus acmhainn athrú paradigma a fhorbairt i thomhas beacht, beacht na geoiméide comhpháirteanna. Go dtí seo, ba é solas an príomh-mhéid a úsáidtear chun tomhas gan teagmháil a dhéanamh sa táirgeadh, ach tá na heoiméadair agus na hábhair éagsúla is féidir a tháirgeadh ag cur na prionsabail clasaiceacha tomhais optúla go dtí a gcuid teorainneacha, a mhíníonn an príomhfheidhmeannach BIMAQ. Tá sé i gceist aige modh tomhais comhpháirteanna a fhorbairt ag baint úsáide as an toirt aeir timpeall. Tá sé ciallmhar. Tar éis an tsaoil, is é teorainneacha na teicneolaíochta tomhais a theastaíonn ó Fischer a bhrú.

This week’s image is a scan of an old slide I shot in Chaco Canyon on a trip way back in the 1980’s — it’s of walls built using the McElmo (a.k.a. Type V) style of masonry: McElmo is the last of 5 styles of masonry found at Chaco. The masonry style got its name from a creek north of Mesa Verde, based on a belief that similarities between this style and that used in masonry at Mesa Verde showed immigration from the north during the later years of occupation in Chaco. In fact, it’s been shown subsequently that this masonry shares only some very broad similarities to the Mesa Verde techniques. In some sense McElmo masonry looks less refined than the earlier styles, but since this was all originally covered with mud plaster anyway, that may be beside the point. Oddly enough, this style of masonry was likely harder to build than the earlier styles. The earlier Chacoan masonry types used a hard, tabular type of sandstone found at the top of the canyon walls — it took some effort to obtain, but broke cleanly at right angles. McElmo masonry almost exclusively uses the softer sandstone found at the base of the canyon — far easier to get at, but much more difficult to get into shape for building purposes.

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Is í an íomhá an tseachtain seo scanáil de sheanshléim a d'imigh mé i Chaco Canyon ar thuras ar ais sna 1980idí - tá sé de bhallaí a tógadh ag baint úsáide as an McElmo (a.k.a. Cineál V) stíl na maisiúna: Is é McElmo an ceann deireanach de 5 stíl mhaisiúna a fuarthas ag Chaco. Fuair an stíl múnlaithe a ainm ó chraobh ó thuaidh de Mesa Verde, bunaithe ar chreideamh go raibh cosúlachtaí idir an stíl seo agus an stíl a úsáidtear i múnlaithe ag Mesa Verde ag léiriú inimirce ón tuaisceart le linn na mblianta níos déanaí de chogadh i Chaco. Go deimhin, léiríodh ina dhiaidh sin nach bhfuil ach roinnt cosúlachtaí an-leathan ag an mbonn seo le teicnící Mesa Verde. I roinnt ciall McElmo maisiú breathnú níos lú refined ná na stíleanna níos luaithe, ach ós rud é go raibh sé seo go léir clúdaithe le plástar muice ar dtús ar aon nós, go bhféadfadh a bheith taobh an phointe. Go hiontach, is dócha go raibh sé níos deacra an stíl seo de mhaisiú a thógáil ná na stíleanna níos luaithe. D'úsáid na cineálacha maisir Chacoan níos luaithe cineál gaineamh crua, táblach a fuarthas ag barr ballaí na gcanóin thóg sé roinnt iarrachta a fháil, ach bhris sé go glan ag uillinneacha ceart. Úsáideann maisiú McElmo beagnach go heisiach an gaineamh gaineamh níos bog a fhaightear ag bun an chanainn - i bhfad níos éasca teacht air, ach i bhfad níos deacra dul i gcruth chun críocha tógála.

HOUSTON, Nov. 9 (UPI) -- The answer to a 56-million-year-old climate change puzzle and extinction event may lie deep under the ocean floor, U.S. researchers say. A long-controversial scenario has suggested the release of massive amounts of carbon from methane hydrate frozen under the seafloor 56 million years ago caused the greatest change in global climate since a dinosaur-killing asteroid presumably hit Earth 9 million years earlier. Earth's temperature rose by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit, affecting the planet for up to 150,000 years until excess carbon in the oceans and atmosphere was reabsorbed into sediment. Many species went extinct during this so-called Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Now researchers at Rice University in Houston say their calculations show the controversial scenario is quite possible. Their numbers show the amount of frozen methane hydrate buried in undersea sediments was sufficient to create the warming event. "I've always thought of [the hydrate layer] as being like a capacitor in a circuit," Rice earth science Professor Gerald Dickens said. "It charges slowly and can release fast -- and warming is the trigger. It's possible that's happening right now." That makes it important to understand what occurred 56 million years ago, he said. "The amount of carbon released then is on the magnitude of what humans will add to the cycle by the end of, say, 2500. Compared to the geological timescale, that's almost instant."

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Houston, 9 Samhain (UPI) -- D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an freagra ar phraiseach 56 milliún bliain d'aois athrú aeráide agus imeacht extinction domhain faoi bhun na farraige, deir taighdeoirí na SA. Tuairiscíodh go ndearna cás conspóideach fada scaoileadh méideanna ollmhóra carbóin ó mheitine hidráit a bhí reoite faoi bhun na farraige 56 milliún bliain ó shin an t-athrú is mó ar an aeráid dhomhanda ó bhuail astaróid a mharaigh dineasáir an Domhan 9 milliún bliain roimhe sin. D'ardaigh teocht na Talún chomh mór le 10 céim Fahrenheit, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an bpláinéad ar feadh suas le 150,000 bliain go dtí go raibh an iomarca carbóin sna farraigí agus san atmaisféar ath-ionsú i sediment. D'éag go leor speiceas le linn an t-ainmneacha Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Anois deir taighdeoirí in Ollscoil Rice i Houston go léiríonn a gcuid ríomhanna go bhfuil an cás conspóideach indéanta go leor. Léiríonn a n-uimhir an méid hidráit mheitine reoite curtha i sediments faoi-mhuir a bhí leordhóthanach chun an ócáid téimh a chruthú. "Shíl mé i gcónaí go raibh [an ciseal hidráite] cosúil le tionscnóir i gcoróin", a dúirt Gerald Dickens, Ollamh na Saineolaíochtaí Talún Rice. "Láontar go mall agus scaoiltear go tapa é - agus is é téamh an t-aistriú. Is féidir go bhfuil sé ag tarlú anois. " Tá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint cad a tharla 56 milliún bliain ó shin, a dúirt sé. "Tá an méid carbóin a scaoiltear ansin ar mhéid na n-uimhreacha a chuirfidh daoine leis an timthriall faoi dheireadh, a rá, 2500. I gcomparáid leis an scála ama gheolaíoch, tá sé sin beagnach láithreach".

Guidance and Counseling teachers with services provided for the alleviation of the problems felt and experienced by students, especially in the field of learning. Everything is not necessarily able to run smoothly as expected, sometimes disturbances or obstacles come and can cause problems in the learning process, which results in learning outcomes that are not achieved well and satisfactorily according to set goals. That is the assistance given to students during or after he experiences problems or difficulties for the sake of solving or overcoming various problems experienced by students. Assistance was given by the teacher or counselor to students so that he is able to maintain something good in students and can develop himself optimally. Students are aware of their potential and try to make full use of this potential. It is assistance provided to students to grow, maintain and develop it steadily and sustainably. Guidance and Counseling services are defined as activities carried out by direct contact with students, with regard to certain interests or problems according to the needs of students. Try to do the guidance with Rattlesnake Coloring Page Various Pose. Rattlesnake Coloring Page Various Pose can be downloaded for free. You just need to click on the right and select save to download. The Rattlesnake Coloring Page Various Pose can be used quickly. Without any doubt, just ask your students to look for the worksheets on our site!

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Teagascóirí a chur ar fáil le seirbhísí chun na fadhbanna a bhraitheann agus a bhíonn ag mic léinn a mhaolú, go háirithe i réimse an fhoghlaim. Ní gá go mbeidh gach rud in ann rith go réidh mar a bhíothas ag súil leis, uaireanta tagann cur isteach nó constaicí agus is féidir leo fadhbanna a chruthú sa phróiseas foghlama, rud a fhágann nach mbaintear amach torthaí foghlama go maith agus go sásúil de réir na gcuspóirí atá leagtha síos. Is é sin an cúnamh a thugtar do mhic léinn le linn nó tar éis dó fadhbanna nó deacrachtaí a bheith aige chun fadhbanna éagsúla a bhíonn ag mic léinn a réiteach nó a shárú. Thug an múinteoir nó an comhairleoir cúnamh do mhic léinn ionas go mbeidh sé in ann rud éigin maith a choinneáil i gcúigeoirí agus go bhféadfaidh sé é féin a fhorbairt ar bhealach is fearr. Tá na mic léinn ar an eolas faoina gcumas agus déanann siad iarracht an acmhainn sin a úsáid go hiomlán. Is cabhair é a chuirtear ar fáil do mhic léinn chun é a fhás, a chothabháil agus a fhorbairt go seasta agus go hinbhuanaithe. Sainmhínítear seirbhísí treorach agus comhairleachais mar ghníomhaíochtaí a dhéantar trí theagmháil dhíreach le mic léinn, maidir le leasanna nó fadhbanna áirithe de réir riachtanais na mac léinn. Déan iarracht an treoir a dhéanamh le Rattlesnake Coloring Page Pose éagsúla. Rattlesnake Coloring Page Is féidir Pose éagsúla a íoslódáil saor in aisce. Ní gá duit ach cliceáil ar dheis agus roghnaigh a shábháil chun íoslódáil. Is féidir an Rattlesnake Coloring Page Various Pose a úsáid go tapa. Gan aon amhras, iarr ar do mhic léinn na bileoga oibre a lorg ar ár suíomh!

Those with diabetes have higher risk of bone breaks The data collected on more than 30,000 people living with Type 1 diabetes, ranging in ages from 0 to 89 years old, showed an increased risk for fractures compared to non-diabetics. For years, researchers and physicians have been aware that people with Type 1 diabetes have lower bone mineral density (BMD), which can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis. This new research ties Type 1 diabetes directly to fractures in the young and old. Researchers found that 19.6 percent of Type 1 diabetes patients had a history of broken bones compared to 17 percent of a control group of 300,000 non-diabetics. Similarly, 8.6 percent of diabetic participants had experienced incidental fractures – those caused by disease that led to weakness of the bone structure – compared to 6.1 percent of the control group. “The percentage difference between the two research groups doesn’t sound huge,” says Dr. Varsha Bhan, internal medicine specialist and medical director of the Diabetes Wellness Clinic at Advocate South Suburban Hospital in Hazel Crest, Ill. “But, when examining the data of over 300,000 people, a 2.6 percent difference includes a significant number of people affected.” “This research highlights the need to address potential bone density issues in our pediatric and young adult Type 1 patients to head off debilitating fractures at every age,” says Dr. Bhan. She also says that while lower BMD certainly is a prime factor in the increased rate of Type 1 diabetic bone fracture, there are also a number of other factors associated with the disease. Diabetic retinopathy, a group of eye problems associate with diabetes, causes poor vision that can contribute to bone-breaking trips, slips and falls. More severe diabetes is associated with an increased incidence of peripheral neuropathy, which is nerve damage that can lead to weakness, numbness and pain in the legs and feet. These symptoms can lead to fracturing falls. Type 1 diabetics, particularly those older adults who may be dealing with BMD issues, says Dr. Bhan, should take this new research to heart. She advises taking some practical precautions to avoid accidents that could put people at an increased risk for breaking bones. Dr. Bhan recommends wearing rubber-soled shoes both indoors and outdoors to prevent slipping, keeping all walkways clear of tripping hazards and maintaining adequate lighting in and around the house. In the bathroom, where many slips happen, it’s a good idea to have a grab bar and an anti-slip mat installed in the shower or bath. Type 1 diabetes, previously known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune condition that prevents the body from producing insulin. This is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. In order to manage the disease, Type 1 diabetics use insulin therapy and other treatments to regulate glucose in their blood. About the Author Nate Llewellyn, health enews contributor, is a manager of public affairs at Advocate Medical Group. Nate began his career as a journalist and builds daily on his nearly 20 years of writing experience. He spends most of his free time following his wife to their two sons’ various activities.

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Tá riosca níos airde cnámh a bhriseadh ag daoine le diaibéiteas Léirigh na sonraí a bailíodh ar níos mó ná 30,000 duine a bhí ina gcónaí le diaibéiteas Cineál 1, idir 0 agus 89 bliain d'aois, go raibh riosca méadaithe ann do bhristeanna i gcomparáid le daoine nach raibh diaibéiteas orthu. Le blianta fada, tá taighdeoirí agus dochtúirí ar an eolas go bhfuil dlús mianraí cnámh (BMD) níos ísle ag daoine le diaibéiteas Cineál 1, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le coinníollacha cosúil le osteoporosis. Tá nasc idir an taighde nua seo agus diaibéiteas Cineál 1 go díreach le briseadh i measc daoine óga agus sean. Fuair taighdeoirí go raibh cnámha briste ag 19.6 faoin gcéad de dhaoine a raibh diaibéiteas Cineál 1 orthu i gcomparáid le 17 faoin gcéad de ghrúpa rialaithe de 300,000 duine nach raibh diaibéiteas orthu. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, bhí frithruithe teagmhasacha ag 8. 6 faoin gcéad de na rannpháirtithe diaibéiteas - iad siúd a d'fhág galar a d'fhág go raibh struchtúr cnámh lag - i gcomparáid le 6.1 faoin gcéad den ghrúpa rialaithe. Ní fhuaimníonn an difríocht céatadáin idir an dá ghrúpa taighde mór, a deir an Dr. Varsha Bhan, speisialtóir leigheas inmheánach agus stiúrthóir leighis na Clinic Folláine Diaibéiteas ag Ospidéal Advocate South Suburban i Hazel Crest, Illinois. Ach, nuair a scrúdaítear sonraí níos mó ná 300,000 duine, cuimsíonn difríocht 2.6% líon suntasach daoine atá i gceist. "Tá an taighde seo ag cur béime ar an ngá atá le dul i ngleic le saincheisteanna dlúthdhlúth cnámh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann i measc ár n-othar páistí agus daoine fásta óga gnáth-Gcás 1 chun briseadh lag a sheachaint ag gach aois", a deir an Dr. Bhan. Deir sí freisin cé go bhfuil BMD níos ísle ina phríomhfhachtóir i líon méadaithe na gcroí a bhriseann diaibéiteas Cineál 1, tá roinnt fachtóirí eile ann a bhaineann leis an ngalar. Is éard atá i gceist le retinopathy diaibéiteach, grúpa fadhbanna súl a bhaineann le diaibéiteas, ná drochfhaisnéis a d'fhéadfadh cur le tréithe, sleamhnáin agus titim a bhriseann cnámh. Tá baint ag diaibéiteas níos déine le hiontráil mhéadaithe neuropathy imeallach, a bhfuil damáiste nerve a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le laige, numbness agus pian sna cosa agus na cosa. Is féidir le na hairíonna seo titim bhriste a bheith mar thoradh orthu. Ba cheart do dhaoine a bhfuil diaibéiteas cineál 1 acu, go háirithe na daoine fásta níos sine sin a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag déileáil le saincheisteanna BMD, a deir an Dr. Bhan, an taighde nua seo a chur ar a gcroí. Molann sí roinnt réamhchúraimí praiticiúla a ghlacadh chun timpistí a sheachaint a d'fhéadfadh daoine a chur i mbaol níos mó cnámha a bhriseadh. Molann an Dr. Bhan bróga a bhfuil sóil rubair acu a chaitheamh laistigh agus lasmuigh chun sleamhnú a chosc, gach cosán a choinneáil saor ó bhagairtí trioblóide agus solas leordhóthanach a choinneáil sa teach agus timpeall air. Sa seomra folctha, áit a mbíonn go leor sleamhnáin ann, is smaoineamh maith é barra greamaithe agus mat frithsleamhnaithe a bheith suiteáilte sa bhus nó sa bhainne. Is galar autoimmune é diaibéiteas cineál 1, ar a dtugtar diaibéiteas óige roimhe seo, a chuireann cosc ar an gcomhlacht inslin a tháirgeadh. Is hormóin é seo a theastaíonn chun siúcra, stéarch agus bia eile a thiontú ina fhuinneamh a theastaíonn don saol laethúil. Chun an galar a bhainistiú, úsáideann diaibéiteas Cineál 1 teiripe inslin agus cóireálacha eile chun glúcóis a rialú ina gcuid fola. Maidir leis an Údair Tá Nate Llewellyn, ranníocóir nuacht sláinte, ina bhainisteoir gnóthaí poiblí ag Grúpa Leighis Advocacy. Thosaigh Nate a ghairm bheatha mar iriseoir agus tógann sé go laethúil ar a thaithí scríbhneoireachta beagnach 20 bliain. Caitheann sé an chuid is mó dá chuid ama saor in aisce ag leanúint a bhean chéile chuig a dhá mhac gníomhaíochtaí éagsúla.

Hello, everyone, and welcome back for the nineteenth day of NaPoWriMo/GloPoWriMo! Today’s featured participant is angieinspired, where the “sound of home” poem for Day 18 evokes the speech of Kansas. Our featured poet in translation today is South Africa’s Isabella Motadinyane. Writing in Sotho, English, and other languages, Motadinyane was a member of the poetry performance group the Botsotho Jesters. Five of her poems can be found at the link above, and two more can be found here. And now for our prompt (optional, as always)! Many years ago, “didactic” poetry was very common – in other words, poetry that explicitly sought to instruct the reader in some kind of skill or knowledge, whether moral, philosophical, or practical. Today, I’d like to challenge you to write the latter kind of “how to” poem – a didactic poem that focuses on a practical skill. Hopefully, you’ll be able to weave the concrete details of the action into a compelling verse. Also, your “practical” skill could be somewhat mythological, imaginary, or funny, like “How to Capture a Mermaid” or “How to Get Your Teenager to Take Out the Garbage When He Is Supposed To.” Happy writing!

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Dia duit, a chách, agus fáilte roimh an 19ú lá de NaPoWriMo/GloPoWriMo! Tá rannpháirtí featured lá atá inniu ann angieinspired, áit a bhfuil an "fuaim na tí" dán do Lá 18 evokes an labhairt de Kansas. Is í an filíocht atá againn inniu i aistriúchán ná Isabella Motadinyane ó na hAfraice Theas. Scríobh sé i Sotho, i mBéarla agus i dteangacha eile, agus bhí Motadinyane ina bhall den ghrúpa léirithe filíochta na Botsotho Jesters. Is féidir cúig cheann dá dánta a fháil ar an nasc thuas, agus is féidir dhá cheann eile a fháil anseo. Agus anois le haghaidh ár prompt (roghnach, mar is gnách)! Roinnt blianta ó shin, bhí an-choitianta ag an bpáipéar didachtach i bhfocail eile, an bpáipéar a bhí ag iarraidh go sainráite an léitheoir a threorú i gcineál éigin scileanna nó eolais, bíodh sé morálta, fealsúnachta nó praiticiúil. Sa lá atá inniu ann, ba mhaith liom dúshlán a thabhairt duit an cineál deireanach seo de conas a dán a scríobh dán teagaisc a dhíríonn ar scileanna praiticiúla. Tá súil agam go mbeidh tú in ann sonraí nithiúla na ngníomhartha a fhéachaint i véarsa tarraingteach. Chomh maith leis sin, d'fhéadfadh do chuid scileanna phraiticiúla a bheith beagán miotaseolaíochta, samhlacha, nó greannmhar, mar Conas Mermaid a ghabháil nó Conas a fháil do dhéagóir chun an bruscar a thógáil amach nuair a bhíonn sé ceaptha. Scríobh go maith!

His strict discipline. probably put more officers under arrest than all other Confederate generals combined. He was probably sometimes too severe. I have reason to believe that General Lee thought that he was too severe both on Garnett and A. P. Hill But there can be little doubt that if there had been more stern discipline in the Confederate Army, it would have been more efficient. was always ready to obey himself orders from his superiors. once said of him: ‘I have only to intimate to him what I wish done, and he promptly obeys my wishes.’ My friend, Dr. James Power Smith , who served so heroically on Jackson 's staff and has twice appeared before this society, gives a striking incident illustrating this: General Lee , by Captain Smith , a message to the effect that he would be glad if he would call at his headquarters the first time he rode in that direction, but that it was a matter of no pressing importance, and he must not trouble himself about it. received this message he said: ‘I will go early in the morning, Captain Smith , and I wish you to go with me.’ The next morning when Captain Smith looked out he saw that a fearful snowstorm was raging, and took it for granted that Jackson would not undertake to ride fourteen miles to General Lee 's quarters through that blizzard. Very soon, however, Captain Smith 's servant came to say, ‘The general done got his breakfast, and is almost ready to start.’ Hurrying his preparations, the young aid galloped after his chief through the raging storm. On reaching Lee 's quarters, the general greeted him with, ‘Why, what is the matter, general; have those people crossed the river again?’ ‘No, sir; but you sent me word that you wished to see me.’ ‘But I hope that Captain Smith told you that I said it was not a matter of pressing importance, and that you must not trouble yourself about it. I had no idea of your coming such weather as this.’ Bowing his head, Jackson gave the amphatic reply: 's slightest wish is a supreme order to me, and I always try to obey it promptly.’ He certainly acted upon this principle. Attention to minute details was very characteristic of Jackson He had an interview with his quartermaster, commissary , chief of ordnance and surgeon-general every day, and kept minutely posted as to the condition of their departments. This was so well understood throughout the army, that I once heard a quartermaster say to his sergeant: ‘Have that horse shod immediately, or there will come an order down here from “Old Jack” wanting to know why the gray mare is allowed to go with a shoe off of her left hind foot.’ He kept the most minute knowledge of the topography of the country in which he was campaigning, and the roads over which he might move, and often when his men were asleep in their bivouack, he was riding to and fro inspecting the country and the roads. But when he began to ask me which side of certain creeks was the highest, and whether there was not a ‘blind road’ turning off at this point or that, and showed the most perfect familiarity with the country, and the roads, I had to interrupt him by saying: ‘Excuse me, General, I thought I knew not only every road, but every footpath in that region, but I find that you really know more about them than I do, and I can give you no information that would be valuable to you.’ I can never forget another interview I had with him on the Second Manassas His corps had crossed the South Fork of the Rappahannock River , General Ewell 's Division had been formed on the bank of the North Fork , and the rest of the corps were marching up between the two rivers to Warrenton White Sulphur Springs, where it was General Lee 's purpose to cross his whole army, and plant it in General Pope 's rear at Warrenton In bringing a wounded man of my regiment—the 13th Virginia—back from Ewell 's Division to our surgeon, and returning, I saw a skirmish line of the boys in Blue who had crossed at the forks of the river below, and were moving up in General Ewell 's rear between him and the moving column of Hill I waited to satisfy myself that they were real Blue Coats, and becoming fully satisfied by their firing at me, one of the bullets cutting off the extreme end of my horse's ear, I had, of course, important business elsewhere, and was galloping to find General Hill , who commanded that part of our column, when I ran up against old Stonewall himself; I approached him, trying to be as calm as possible, and the following colloquy ensued: ‘General, are you aware that the enemy have crossed at the forks of the river, and are now moving up in the rear of General Ewell , and between him and A. P. Hill ‘No! have they?’ ‘Yes, sir, I have seen them.’ ‘Are you certain they are the enemy?’ ‘Yes, sir, I am.’ ‘How close did you get to them?’ “I suppose about 1,000 yards, I could plainly see their blue uniforms and the United States flag which they carried. They shot at me, and cut the ear of my horse, as you see, and then I got away from there as fast as my horse would bring me.” I expected that he would now send staff officers in every direction with orders to meet this new movement, but Jackson coolly replied: ‘1 am very much obliged to you, sir, for the information you have given me, but General Trimble will attend to them. I expected this movement, and ordered Trimble posted there to meet it.’ He rode off, seemingly as unconcerned as if nothing had happened. did ‘attend to them,’ and after a severe fight drove them back. was prevented by a sudden rise of the river from a severe storm from crossing at Warrenton White Sulphur Springs, but the next day Jackson forded the river higher up, and made his famous movement to Pope 's flank and rear.

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A smacht dian. is dócha go raibh níos mó oifigeach faoi ghabháil ná na ginearail Chónaidhmeacha eile go léir le chéile. Is dócha go raibh sé ró-shrianta uaireanta. Tá cúis agam a chreidiúint go bhfuil Ginearálta Lee Shíl mé go raibh sé ró-trom ar an dá Garnett agus A. P. Hill Ach is féidir nach bhfuil mórán amhras go má bhí sé níos déine smacht sa Arm Confederate, bheadh sé a bheith níos éifeachtaí. Bhí sé i gcónaí réidh chun a n-ordú féin a chomhlíonadh óna chuid níos airde. uair amháin dúirt sé faoi: Ní gá dom ach a chur in iúl dó cad ba mhaith liom a dhéanamh, agus tá sé ag cloí go pras le mo mhianta. Mo chara, an Dr. James Power Smith , a bhí chomh heroically ar Jackson 's foirne agus tá dhá uair a bhí os comhair an tsochaí seo, tugann eachtra shuntasach a léiríonn seo: , ag an gCaptaín Smith , teachtaireacht ar an éifeacht go mbeadh sé sásta má d'iarr sé ar a cheanncheathrú an chéad uair a ritheann sé sa treo sin, ach go raibh sé ar ábhar nach bhfuil tábhacht práinneach, agus ní mór dó a bheith buartha féin faoi. fuair sé an teachtaireacht seo dúirt sé: Beidh mé ag dul go luath ar maidin, Captaen Smith , agus ba mhaith liom tú a dul liom. An mhaidin dár gcionn nuair a bhí an Captaen Smith d'fhéach sé amach chonaic sé go raibh stoirm sneachta eagla raging, agus ghlac sé mar a thugtar go Jackson Ní bheadh a dhéanamh chun marcaíocht ceithre mhíle déag go Ginearálta Lee 's cairteanna tríd an sneachta. Go luath, áfach, an Captaen Smith 'S a sheirbhíseach tháinig a rá, "Tá an ginearálta déanta a fuair a bhricfeasta, agus tá sé beagnach réidh chun tús a chur. " Ag hurrying a ullmhúcháin, an cúntóir óg galloped tar éis a cheannasaí tríd an stoirm raging. Ag teacht ar Lee 's cairteanna, an ginearálta fáilte a chur air le, "Cad é, cad é an t-ábhar, ginearálta; tá na daoine trasna na habhann arís? " Níl, a dhuine uasail; ach chuir tú teachtaireacht chugam gur theastaigh uait mé a fheiceáil. Ach tá súil agam go bhfuil an Captaen Smith Dúirt tú go raibh mé a dúirt nach raibh sé ina ábhar a bhfuil tábhacht práinneach, agus nach mór duit a bheith ag trioblóid féin faoi. Ní raibh aon smaoineamh agam go raibh tú ag teacht ar thitim den sórt sin. Ag cur a cheann síos, Jackson thug an freagra amphatic: Is é an t-éileamh is lú a ordú uachtarach dom, agus déanaim iarracht i gcónaí é a chomhlíonadh go pras. Is cinnte gur ghníomhaigh sé de réir an phrionsabail seo. Bhí aird ar mhionsonraí mion an-cháilíocht de Jackson Bhí agallamh aige lena quartermaster, commissary , ceannard na n-ordúchán agus máinliachta ginearálta gach lá, agus a choinneáil ar an eolas go mion mar gheall ar an staid a gcuid ranna. Bhí sé seo chomh maith a thuiscint ar fud an arm, go chuala mé uair amháin quartermaster a rá lena searmanas: Have sin capall shood láithreach, nó beidh teacht ordú anseo síos ó Old Jack ag iarraidh a fháil amach cén fáth go bhfuil an mare liath tá cead aici dul le bróga as a cois chlé ar chúl. Coinnigh sé an t-eolas is mionsonraithe ar an topagrafaíocht na tíre ina raibh sé ag feachtas, agus na bóithre ar a bhféadfadh sé bogadh, agus go minic nuair a bhí a chuid fir ina gcodladh ina bivouack, bhí sé ag marcaíocht ar ais agus ar ais ag iniúchadh na tíre agus na bóithre. Ach nuair a thosaigh sé ag iarraidh orm a bhfuil taobh de creeks áirithe an chuid is airde, agus cibé acu nach raibh aon "bhóthar dall" casadh amach ag pointe seo nó go, agus léirigh an familiarity is foirfe leis an tír, agus na bóithre, bhí mé a bhriseadh isteach dó ag rá: "Cuir maithiúnas dom, Ginearálta, shíl mé go raibh a fhios agam ní hamháin gach bóthar, ach gach cosán sa réigiún sin, ach tá a fhios agam go bhfuil tú i ndáiríre a fhios níos mó mar gheall orthu ná mar a dhéanaim, agus ní féidir liom a thabhairt duit aon fhaisnéis a bheadh luachmhar duit. " Ní féidir liom dearmad a dhéanamh riamh ar agallamh eile a bhí agam leis ar an Dara Manassas Bhí a chuid corp trasna an Fork Theas an Abhainn Rappahannock , Ginearálta Ewell Bhí Rannóg an Pháirtí na nAchtar i mbunú ar bhruach an Fhorca Thuaidh , agus bhí an chuid eile den chór ag dul suas idir an dá abhainní go Warrenton White Sulphur Springs, áit a raibh an Ginearálta Lee 'S cuspóir a thras arm ar fad, agus é a chur i an tSeanair Pope ' s tairseach ar Warrenton I thabhairt fear gortaithe de mo regiment - an 13ú Virginia - ar ais ó Ewell 'S Roinn dár máinliachta, agus ar ais, chonaic mé líne skirmish na buachaillí i Blue a bhí trasna ag na forcáin na habhann thíos, agus bhí ag bogadh suas i Ginearálta Ewell ' s ar chúl idir é agus an colún gluaiseacht Hill D'fhan mé chun mé féin a shásamh go raibh siad fíor Coats Gorm, agus ag éirí go hiomlán sásta ag a n-sparáil ar dom, ceann de na builleanna a ghearradh amach an deireadh is faide de chluas mo chapaill, bhí mé, ar ndóigh, gnó tábhachtach áit eile, agus bhí galloping a fháil Ginearálta Cnoc , a bhí i gceannas ar an chuid sin dár gcolún, nuair a rith mé suas i gcoinne sean Stonewall féin; chuaigh mé chuige, ag iarraidh a bheith chomh socair agus is féidir, agus an coloquium seo a leanas lean: Ginearálta, tá tú ar an eolas go bhfuil an namhaid tar éis trasna ag na forcáin na habhann, agus tá siad ag bogadh suas anois i gcúl an Ginearálta Ewell , agus idir é agus A. P. Hill Níl! An bhfuil siad? Sea, a dhuine uasail, tá mé a fheiceáil iad. An bhfuil tú cinnte go bhfuil siad an namhaid? Sea, a dhuine uasail, tá mé. Cé chomh gar a fuair tú dóibh? I mo thuairimse, thart ar 1,000 slat, d'fhéadfainn a fheiceáil go soiléir a n-aiseam gorm agus na Stáit Aontaithe an bhratach a bhí acu. Shoot siad ar dom, agus ghearradh an chluas mo chapaill, mar a fheiceann tú, agus ansin fuair mé ar shiúl ó ann chomh tapa agus a bheadh mo chapaill a thabhairt dom. Bhí mé ag súil go mbeadh sé a sheoladh anois oifigigh foirne i ngach treo le orduithe chun freastal ar an ghluaiseacht nua, ach Jackson coolly fhreagair: 1 Tá mé an-bhuíoch duit, a dhuine uasail, as an bhfaisnéis a thug tú dom, ach Ginearálta Trimble Beidh freastal orthu. Bhí mé ag súil leis an ghluaiseacht seo, agus d'ordaigh Trimble postáilte ann chun freastal air. Rith sé amach, cosúil chomh neamhchinnte mar má tharla rud ar bith. Rinne sé "a bheith i láthair dóibh", agus tar éis troid dian threoraigh sé ar ais iad. Bhí cosc ag ardú tobann an abhainn ó stoirm dian ó thrasnú ag Warrenton White Sulphur Springs, ach an lá dar gcionn Jackson forded an abhainn níos airde suas, agus rinne sé a ghluaiseacht cáiliúil a Pope 'S taobh agus cúl.

People on the autism spectrum may be an undervalued resource who get overlooked in the competitive jobs market but they also could be the key to filling unmet demand in vital sectors, including information technology and science-related positions. Researchers in the US have found that people with autism may have above average systemising skills and naturally gravitate towards jobs in science and technology. But they also can find it difficult to get work, leaving a largely untapped set of people on the spectrum who could help fill skill shortages in key science, technology, engineering and maths roles. Enter DXC Dandelion, a program that is giving people with autism four weeks of fully paid internships. The program was trialled at the University of South Australia last year and this year has been rolled out in Canberra across its three main tertiary institutions. Under the program, students identified as autistic who are studying IT or systems engineering are invited to enter a preselection program from which the most motivated, committed and talented are offered paid internships with DXC — formerly Hewlett Packard — and participating government departments. “There is obviously high unemployment among people with autism and so we put them through a preselection process to work out how motivated they are,” DXC Dandelion’s program executive Michael Fieldhouse said. With 30 autistic employees in Canberra alone, the program not only opened doors to students with autism but gave DXC first dibs on talented individuals who might otherwise be overlooked, he said. Nick Klomp, deputy vice-chancellor (academic) at the University of Canberra, said five students originally were identified for the initial workshop with one selected for an internship. Interns from University of Canberra, Australian National University and Canberra Institute of Technology worked with Caroline Chisholm School for autistic students to program a robot that met identified needs of the students and school. Among the interns was Stephen Hancock, 20, who is studying a certificate III in IT at CIT. Mr Hancock said he enjoyed working as a team on programming the robot. “We programmed it to do a bunch of different games and also for stress relief and emotional management,” Mr Hancock said. “It was really about giving people with Asperger’s experience in a corporate environment.” Professor Klomp said he was delighted by the program. “It’s kind of obvious — students on the autism spectrum will often have talents that go unrecognised because of the social challenges and so on. “So what a waste if you can’t harvest those talents which are often on the technical side,” Professor Klomp said.

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D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine ar an speictream uathachais ina n-acmhainn faoi-luacháilte a dhéantar dearmad orthu sa mhargadh fostaíochta iomaíoch ach d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ina gcúis freisin chun éileamh neamh-chomhlíonadh a chomhlíonadh i earnálacha ríthábhachtacha, lena n-áirítear teicneolaíocht faisnéise agus poist a bhaineann leis an eolaíocht. Fuair taighdeoirí sna Stáit Aontaithe go bhféadfadh scileanna córaisithe os cionn an meán a bheith ag daoine le huileagán agus go bhfuil siad ag tarraingt go nádúrtha i dtreo poist san eolaíocht agus sa teicneolaíocht. Ach is féidir leo a bheith deacair post a fháil freisin, ag fágáil sraith daoine nach bhfuil baint acu go mór leis an speictream a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le heasnaimh scileanna a líonadh i róil phríomh-eolaíochta, teicneolaíochta, innealtóireachta agus matamaitice. Cuir isteach DXC Dandelion, clár a thugann daoine le huile-aothamh ceithre seachtaine de stainsí láníoctha. Rinneadh triail den chlár in Ollscoil na hAstráile Theas an bhliain seo caite agus tá sé curtha i bhfeidhm i Canberra i rith na trí phríomhinstitiúid ardteangacha. Faoin gclár, tugtar cuireadh do mhic léinn a aithnítear mar autistic atá ag déanamh staidéir ar IT nó ar innealtóireacht chórais clár réamhroghnaithe a iontráil as a bhfuil na hinniúlachtaí is mó spreagtha, tiomanta agus cumasach a thairgtear intéirneachtaí íoctha le DXC roimhe seo Hewlett Packard agus ranna rialtais rannpháirteacha. "Is léir go bhfuil dífhostaíocht ard i measc daoine le huile agus mar sin chuir muid iad trí phróiseas réamhroghnaithe chun a fháil amach cé chomh spreagtha atá siad", a dúirt Michael Fieldhouse, feidhmiúcháin clár DXC Dandelion. Le 30 fostaí uathach i Canberra amháin, ní hamháin gur oscail an clár doirse do mhic léinn uathach ach thug sé DXC an chéad dibs ar dhaoine tallúnacha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith neamhaird orthu, a dúirt sé. Dúirt Nick Klomp, leas-aicme-chansalaire (acadaimíoch) in Ollscoil Canberra, gur aithníodh cúig scoláire ar dtús don cheardlann tosaigh agus gur roghnaíodh duine amháin le haghaidh intéirneachta. D'oibrigh iontrálaithe ó Ollscoil Canberra, Ollscoil Náisiúnta na hAstráile agus Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Canberra le Scoil Caroline Chisholm do mhic léinn uathach chun robot a chlárú a chomhlíonann riachtanais shainaitheanta na mac léinn agus na scoile. I measc na n-intéirneacha bhí Stephen Hancock, 20, atá ag déanamh staidéir ar theastas III in IT ag CIT. Dúirt an tUasal Hancock gur bhain sé taitneamh as obair mar fhoireann ar an róbat a chlárú. 'Phrógramaíomar é chun go leor cluichí éagsúla a dhéanamh agus freisin chun strus a mhaolú agus chun bainistíocht mhothúchánach a dhéanamh air,' a dúirt an tUasal Hancock. Ba é an rud a bhí i gceist i ndáiríre ná taithí a thabhairt do dhaoine le Asperger i dtimpeallacht corparáideach. Dúirt an tOllamh Klomp go raibh an clár áthas air. Is cineál soiléir é go mbíonn buanna ag mic léinn ar an speictream uathachais a théann gan aitheantas mar gheall ar na dúshláin shóisialta agus mar sin de. Cén dramhaíl atá ann, mar sin, mura féidir leat na buanna sin a bhaint amach a bhíonn go minic ar an taobh teicniúil, a dúirt an tOllamh Klomp.

The typical Western man is popularly conceived as a man of liberal ideas, of generous and hospitable instincts, imbued with a spirit of adventurous enterprise, and withal hardy and courageous. He is not punctilious in minor questions of etiquette or inclined to make much of mere forms and ceremonies. He is a friend to his friends, a man of sterling integrity and of firmness of character developed by habits of self-reliance. Such men are the State builders whose names and deeds are a part of the history of the newer States of the American Commonwealth. Every western community contains individuals approaching more or less near this ideal type. Throughout Oregon, genial and democratic “Governor” Thayer, as he is familiarly called, is recognized as an example of the typical western man. Personally known as he is in every section of the State, his friends are almost as numerous as his acquaintances. Although it has frequently become his duty during the course of his public career to oppose men and measures which seemed to him not in accord with the best interests of the State, and when such occasions have transpired his firm and decisive course show him a man earnest of purpose and unwavering in matters of judgment, he has nevertheless maintained the respect, nay, the affections of the citizens, so that even those who have experienced his opposition have recognized his purity and unselfishness of motive. William Wallace Thayer is a native of the Empire State, having been born at Lima, Livingston county, New York, on the 15th day of July, 1827. His father was a man of influence in Western New York, and is well remembered in the vicinity of his home, for his vigor and uprightness of character and as having taken an active part in local political affairs. Besides the subject of this sketch, he had several other sons, the eldest of whom, Judge A. J. Thayer, came to Oregon at an early day and died in July, 1873, while Judge of the Supreme Court of this State. The children received the usual education of the times and circumstances of Western New York at that period, consisting chiefly of spelling book and “Rule of Three” exercises in the winter at the neighborhood school. As the community increased in population, and farm products could be converted into money with greater facility, the family became prosperous and acquired some little property, and were enabled to live in comfort. The eldest son, Andrew J. Thayer, above mentioned, studied law and was admitted to practice, and his example was emulated by his young brother, William or “Wall,” as he was usually called. The latter evinced at an early age an aptitude for his books and indulged in an extensive course of reading, particularly in works of history, biography and travel. Devoting himself to his preparation for his adopted profession, he shaped his reading accordingly, and especially in constitutional history and the elementary principles of the common law, his study laid the foundation for the broad knowledge of the law that distinguished him in later years. He attended a few lectures at Rochester, New York, in the winter of 1851, although most of his legal study was done in the office of a local practitioner at Tonawanda, New York. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court, in March, 1851, at Rochester, and at once began to practice at Tonawanda. He was married there November 11, 1852, to Miss Samantha C. Vincent, having already gained a foothold in his profession, and to the congenial union thus formed no doubt his success in after years has been largely due. One son has been born to them, Charles Thayer, at present a lawyer and banker at Tillamook, Oregon. Desiring a wider field for his energies, young Thayer determined to remove from Tonawanda, and at first went to Buffalo, N. Y., where he practiced his profession for a short time, but probably owing to the example and invitation of his elder brother, he sold out his possessions in the spring of 1862, and as many a man of enterprise had done before, pushed out overland to Oregon. He joined his brother at Corvallis, Oregon, and for a time they were On’ partnership, but later he removed to Lewiston, Idaho. Here he was elected a member of the Territorial Legislature and served one term. Again in 1866, he was elected District Attorney of the Third Judicial District of the Territory. He did not complete his term in the latter office, for in 1867, he resigned and removed to Portland, where he has since made his home. On returning to Oregon he was in the prime of life and the full maturity of his powers. He was just forty years of age, and his varied experience, together with his habit of constant and unremitting study of his cases, thoroughly prepared him to compete with the best legal talent of the State. His abilities were at once recognized and his practice speedily assumed large proportions. He was always a staunch supporter of the Democratic party, though tolerant and little inclined to carry partisanship to excess in local affairs. In 1878, he was nominated by his party for the office of Governor of the State, and such was his popularity that he was elected over his opponent, although the remainder of his ticket was defeated. He was inaugurated September 11, 1878, and served the full term of four years. During this period the abilities of Governor Thayer had ample scope for their exercise, and he did not rest until the public service had been thoroughly reorganized, abuses corrected, reforms instituted and improvements effected in all of the State institutions. The penitentiary system was changed, so that instead of a source of heavy expense to the State, and an aid to the utter demoralization of the convicts therein, it was made self-supporting, and a credit to the State in a humanitarian as well as in a financial sense. Through his influence the asylum for the insane, the asylum for the blind and the. school funds were put on a more satisfactory basis. It was during his term that the judiciary system was altered and a statute enacted, providing for the electing of the judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts in separate classes, instead of the original arrangement by which the Circuit Judges sat as Judges of the Supreme Court, and in appointing the new Judges to serve until their successors were elected and qualified. In making appointments to office his fairness and liberality were illustrated by his appointment of men .irrespective of their political affiliations and wholly upon their merits and with a view to the public weal. Important legislation regarding the State swamp lands and tide lands was had during his administration, and as a member of the Board of Commissioners for the sale of school lands, Governor Thayer had occasion to construe and apply these statutes. In this as well as in all other matters his aim was to deal justly by both State and people and while he endeavored to act in all cases for the best interests of the State, he allowed no shallow desire for popularity to influence him in his decisions. The peculiar characteristics of his administration was its economy. He applied to the public service true business principles and he made use of the same unostentatious and upright methods that mark his private life. He resumed his practice at Portland at the close of his term, but he was the unanimous choice of the delegates to the State convention of his party in 1884 for the office of Judge of the Supreme Court, and was again triumphantly elected when few of the candidates of that party succeeded. He assumed the duties of that office July 1, 1884, and his term expires July 1, 1890. Since 1888, by virtue of the Constitution, he has been Chief Justice of the Court. A history of his life would be incomplete without a survey of the more important cases which have come before him for decision and a discussion of his opinions rendered therein. It is not possible here to do more than to state, in general, that while his term has covered the most important period of the legal growth of the State, and as new questions of prime importance become more numerous from term to term as the volume of business in the State increases, the high estimation which has heretofore been accorded to his legal abilities has not been diminished by his decisions on the bench. His untiring industry, coupled with his broad knowledge of principles and cases is manifest, while a certain equity of character and an innate love of justice temper his views of the law in the abstract and often intervenes to soften its asperities in its application to cases. He is little inclined to deny a remedy in a just cause on account of trivial mistakes in procedure, but laying aside niceties of practice so far as can properly be done, his aim is to seek the real point in controversy and do justice between man and man. Of his private character, his charity, his democratic tastes, his affability and sense of honor little need be said. His success at the bar, in so far as it may be ascribed to any one characteristic more than to his general ability and learning, may perhaps be said to lie in the singular clearness with which he discusses the proper legal remedy to the facts of his case, and as a Judge he is especially marked for his full and fair statement of the case before enunciating the principles of law to be applied thereto.

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Is é an fear tipiciúil an Iarthair a cheaptar go coitianta mar dhuine de smaointe liobrálacha, de instincts liobrálacha agus óstach, atá lán d'anam fiontar eachtrannach, agus a bhfuil a hardy agus misneach. Ní bhíonn sé punctilious i gcúrsaí beaga de etiquette nó ní bhíonn sé ag cur go mór ar fhoirmeacha agus searmanais simplí. Is cara é do a chairde, fear a bhfuil ionracas fíor agus daingean carachtair aige a d'fhorbair sé trí nósanna féin-chreidmheasa. Is iad na fir sin na tógálaithe Stáit a bhfuil a n-ainmneacha agus a ngníomhartha mar chuid de stair Stáit nua-aimseartha Chomh-Rannpháirtíochta Mheiriceá. Tá daoine aonair i ngach pobal san Iarthar a thagann níos mó nó níos lú gar don chineál idéalach seo. Ar fud Oregon, tá an "Ghobharnóir" daonlathach agus daonlathach "Thayer", mar a thugtar air go coitianta, aitheanta mar shampla den fhear tipiciúil thiar. Go pearsanta ar a dtugtar mar atá sé i ngach codán den Stát, tá a chairde beagnach chomh il il mar a fhios aige. Cé gur minic a bhí sé ina dhualgas aige le linn a shlí bheatha phoiblí a bheith i gcoinne fir agus bearta nach raibh i gcomhréir leis na leasanna is fearr an Stáit, agus nuair a léiríodh a chuid cúrsa daingean agus cinntitheach nuair a léiríodh sé mar dhuine a bhí díograiseach agus gan amhras i gcúrsaí breithiúnais, d'fhág sé go raibh meas, ná, grámhar na saoránach aige, ionas go dtuigfeadh fiú iad siúd a raibh a chuid freasúra acu go raibh a ghléine agus a múnla neamhéigneach. Is dúchasach de chuid an Stáit Impireacht é William Wallace Thayer, tar éis dó a bheith rugadh i Lima, contae Livingston, Nua-Eabhrac, ar an 15ú lá de Iúil, 1827. Bhí tionchar ag a athair i dTuaisceart Nua-Eabhrac, agus cuimhnítear go maith air i gceantar a bhaile, as a fhórsa agus a charachtar díre agus mar a ghlac sé páirt ghníomhach i gcúrsaí polaitiúla áitiúla. Chomh maith leis an ábhar an sceitse seo, bhí roinnt mac eile aige, an ceann is sine acu, an Breitheamh A. J. Thayer, a tháinig go Oregon ar maidin agus a fuair bás i mí Iúil, 1873, agus é ina Bhreitheamh ar Chúirt Uachtarach an Stáit seo. Fuair na páistí an t-oideachas is gnách de thréimhsí agus de chúinsí Iarthar Nua-Eabhrac ag an tréimhse sin, ina raibh leabhar litriú agus cleachtaí "Rule of Three" sa gheimhreadh ag scoil an cheantair. De réir mar a d'fhás an pobal sa phobal, agus gur féidir táirgí feirme a thiontú ina airgead le saoráid níos mó, tháinig an teaghlach rathúil agus fuair sé roinnt maoine beag, agus bhí siad in ann maireachtáil go compordach. D'fhoghlaim an mac is sine, Andrew J. Thayer, thuasluaite, dlí agus tugadh isteach é chun cleachtas a dhéanamh, agus rinne a dheartháir níos óige, William nó Wall, mar a bhíodh á glaoch air de ghnáth, a sampla. Léirigh an dara ceann go luath go raibh sé oilte do chuid leabhair agus thug sé féin do chúrsa leathan léitheoireachta, go háirithe i saothair staire, beathaisnéis agus taistil. Ag tabhairt féin do ullmhúchán don ghairm a ghlac sé, mhúnlaigh sé a chuid léitheoireachta dá réir sin, agus go háirithe i stair bunreachtúil agus prionsabail bhunúsacha an dlí coiteann, leag a chuid staidéir bunús don eolas leathan ar an dlí a d'eascair é sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin. D'fhreastail sé ar roinnt léachtaí i Rochester, Nua-Eabhrac, i rith gheimhridh 1851, cé gur rinne sé an chuid is mó dá staidéar dlí in oifig chleachtóra áitiúil i Tonawanda, Nua-Eabhrac. Ghlac sé isteach i mbarr na Cúirte Uachtaraí, i mí an Mhárta, 1851, i Rochester, agus thosaigh sé ag cleachtadh ag Tonawanda láithreach. Phós sé ann an 11 Samhain, 1852, le Miss Samantha C. Vincent, tar éis dó seasamh a fháil cheana féin ina ghairm, agus gan amhras gurbh é an t-aontas comhsheasmhach a cruthaíodh dá réir sin a rath i mblianta ina dhiaidh sin. Rugadh mac amháin dóibh, Charles Thayer, a bhfuil dlíodóir agus baincéir aige faoi láthair i Tillamook, Oregon. Ag iarraidh réimse níos leithne dá chuid fuinnimh, chinn Thayer óg a bhaint as Tonawanda, agus ar dtús chuaigh sé go Buffalo, NY, áit a chleacht sé a ghairm ar feadh tamaill ghearr, ach is dócha mar gheall ar shampla agus cuireadh a dheartháir níos sine, dhíol sé a chuid seilbh i earrach 1862, agus mar a rinne go leor fear fiontraíochta roimhe seo, bhrúigh sé amach thar talamh go Oregon. Chuaigh sé le a dheartháir i Corvallis, Oregon, agus ar feadh tamaill bhí siad ar chomhpháirtíocht, ach ina dhiaidh sin d'éirigh sé go Lewiston, Idaho. Anseo toghadh é mar bhall den reachtaíocht chríochach agus sheirbheáil sé téarma amháin. Arís i 1866, toghadh é mar Aturnae Dúiche den Tríú Dúiche Breithiúnach den Chríocha. Níor chríochnaigh sé a théarma san oifig dheireanach, mar i 1867, d'éirigh sé as agus bhog sé go Portland, áit a bhfuil a theach déanta aige ó shin. Ar ais go Oregon bhí sé i bpríomh-aimsir a shaol agus an aibíocht iomlán a chuid cumhachtaí. Bhí sé ach daichead bliain d'aois, agus a taithí éagsúla, mar aon lena nósanna a staidéir leanúnach agus unremitting a cháis, ullmhaithe go hiomlán dó chun dul san iomaíocht leis an is fearr dlí talant an Stáit. Aitheantaíodh a chuid cumas láithreach agus ghlac a chleachtas go tapa céimeanna móra. Bhí sé i gcónaí ina thacaí dílis don pháirtí Daonlathach, cé go raibh sé fhulaingte agus nach raibh sé ag iarraidh páirtíocht a iompar go hiontach i gcúrsaí áitiúla. Sa bhliain 1878, ainmníodh é ag a pháirtí le haghaidh oifig Gobharnóir an Stáit, agus bhí a tóir chomh mór sin gur toghadh é thar a chéile, cé gur bhuail an chuid eile dá thicéad. Cuireadh tús leis an 11 Meán Fómhair, 1878, agus sheirbheáil sé an téarma iomlán de cheithre bliana. Le linn na tréimhse seo bhí raon leathan ann do chumas an Rialtóra Thayer a fheidhmiú, agus níor chaith sé go dtí go raibh an tseirbhís phoiblí athstruchtú go hiomlán, mí-úsáidí ceartaithe, athchóirithe a thionscnaíodh agus feabhsuithe a rinneadh i ngach institiúid Stáit. Athraíodh an córas pionóis, ionas gur tháinig sé chun bheith ina chóras féin-chothaithe, agus chun bheith ina chreidmheas don Stát i dtéarmaí daonnachtacha chomh maith le sa mhéid airgeadais, seachas a bheith ina fhoinse costais mhóra don Stát, agus mar chabhair chun na coiriúnaithe a bhí ann a mhilleadh go hiomlán. Trí a thionchar an t-aisteoir do na mad, an t-aisteoir do na dall agus an. cuireadh cistí scoile ar bhonn níos sásúla. Bhí sé le linn a théarma go ndearnadh an córas breithiúnais a athrú agus go ndearnadh reacht a achtú, lena bhforáiltear do thoghadh breithiúna na gCúirteanna Uachtaracha agus na gCúirteanna Ceannais i gclasanna ar leithligh, in ionad an socrú bunaidh trína shuigh na Breithiúna Ceannais mar Bhreithiúna na Cúirte Uachtaraí, agus i gceapadh na Breithiúna nua chun freastal go dtí go ndéanfaí a n-iarmhairtí a thoghadh agus a gcáilíocht. Agus é ag ceapadh daoine chun oifigí, léiríodh a chothrom agus a liobrálacht trína cheapacháin a rinne sé ar dhaoine gan beann ar a gcuid polaitíochta agus go hiomlán ar a gcuid cáilíochtaí agus ag féachaint don leas poiblí. Bhí reachtaíocht thábhachtach maidir le talún muiceola an Stáit agus talún na tuilte a bhí le linn a riaracháin, agus mar bhall den Bhord Coimisinéirí le haghaidh talún scoile a dhíol, bhí deis ag an Rialtóir Thayer na reachtanna seo a léiriú agus a chur i bhfeidhm. Sa chás seo chomh maith le gach ábhar eile ba é a chuspóir déileáil go cóir leis an Stát agus leis na daoine araon agus cé go ndearna sé iarracht gníomhú i ngach cás ar mhaithe le leasanna is fearr an Stáit, níor lig sé d'aon mianta superficial do phobail tionchar a imirt air ina chinntí. Ba é an t-airgeadas a bhí ina ghnéithe speisialta dá riarachán. Chuir sé i bhfeidhm ar an tseirbhís phoiblí fíorphrionsabail ghnó agus rinne sé úsáid as na modhanna neamh-chomhthreomhar agus dílis céanna a shainaithníonn a shaol príobháideach. D'athghníomhaigh sé a chleachtas i Portland ag deireadh a théarma, ach ba é an rogha d'aon toil de na toscairí chuig coinbhinsiún Stáit a pháirtí i 1884 le haghaidh oifig Bhreitheamh na Cúirte Uachtaraí, agus toghadh é arís go triomfach nuair a d'éirigh le cúpla duine de na hiarrthóirí den pháirtí sin. Ghlac sé leis na dualgais a bhí aige ar an oifig sin an 1 Iúil, 1884, agus éiríonn a théarma as an 1 Iúil, 1890. Ó 1888, de bhua an Bhunreachta, bhí sé ina Cheann-Bhreitheamh ar an gCúirt. Ní bheadh stair a shaol iomlán gan suirbhé a dhéanamh ar na cásanna is tábhachtaí a tháinig os a chomhair chun cinntí a dhéanamh agus plé a dhéanamh ar a thuairimí a tugadh ann. Ní féidir a dhéanamh anseo ach a rá, go ginearálta, cé gur chumhdaigh a théarma an tréimhse is tábhachtaí d'fhás dlíthiúil an Stáit, agus de réir mar a bhíonn ceisteanna nua den chéad scoth ag éirí níos iomadúla ó théarma go teideal de réir mar a mhéadaíonn méid na ngnó sa Stát, ní laghdaigh a chinntí ar an mbinse an meas ard a tugadh go dtí seo ar a chumas dlíthiúla. Tá a chuid tionscail gan staonadh, mar aon lena eolas leathan ar phrionsabail agus ar chásanna, le feiceáil, agus tá cothromas áirithe carachtair agus grá dúchasach don cheartas ag cur a chuid tuairimí ar an dlí san achrann agus go minic bíonn sé ag idirghabháil chun a chuid asperities a mhaolú ina chur i bhfeidhm ar chásanna. Níl sé ag iarraidh leigheas a dhiúltú i gcúis cheart mar gheall ar earráidí triviala sa nós imeachta, ach ag cur na n-earráidí cleachtais ar leataobh a mhéid is féidir a dhéanamh i gceart, is é a chuspóir an fhíorphointe a lorg i gconspóid agus ceartas a dhéanamh idir fear agus fear. Ar a charachtar príobháideach, a charity, a chuid blasanna daonlathach, a cairdiúlacht agus ciall onóra beag gá a rá. A rath sa bhár, a mhéid is féidir é a chur i leith aon ghné amháin níos mó ná a chumas agus a fhoghlaim ghinearálta, d'fhéadfaí a rá go bhfuil sé soiléir go háirithe a phléann sé an leigheas dlíthiúil cuí ar fhíorais a chás, agus mar Bhreitheamh tá sé go háirithe ar a ráiteas iomlán agus cothrom ar an gcás sula ndéantar na prionsabail dlí a chur i bhfeidhm air a fhoilsiú.

Samuel Woodfill already had a lengthy career in the U.S. Army by the time the United States declared war on Germany in 1917. The son of a Mexican-American War and Civil War veteran, he enlisted in 1901 at the age of 18 and left his native Indiana. After basic training, Pvt. Woodfill found himself assigned to the 11th Infantry Regiment stationed in the Philippines. He saw action in various campaigns against the rebellious Moros and earned accolades as a crack shot and for his “honest and faithful service.” In 1910, Woodfill left the Philippines for a number of duty stations. Over the next seven years, he would see service in Alaska, Kentucky, and on the Mexican border. But he would not see any more combat in that time. Then, everything changed. America declared war on Germany. Woodfill, then a sergeant, attended an officer training course and received a temporary wartime rank of 2nd lieutenant. Soon after, he was given command of a machine gun company of the 60th Infantry Regiment, 5th Division. Finally, in April 1918 his unit sailed for France. However, the 5th Division stayed in the rear until October 1918 when they were sent to the front to take part in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Woodfill was leading his company in an attack near the village of Cunel when they came under heavy German machine gun fire from multiple positons. He ordered his company to take cover while he moved forward alone to scope out the situation. He quickly spotted three German machine gun nests that were firing on his men. Using the stalking skills he learned hunting in the backwoods of Indiana, he approached the Germans unseen and prepared to take them out. The three German positions were well concealed in some bushes, an old barn, and a derelict church, respectively. Woodfill took aim at the machine gunner firing on his men in the church tower about 300 yards away. Unable to make out the gunner, he simply took aim at a position behind the muzzle flash and pulled the trigger. The gun fell silent. This was repeated four more times, as each German crewmember stepped forward to take their place on the gun. Woodfill dropped another five-round clip in his Springfield and moved on to the next target. A single shot at the German in the barn put an end to the firing from that position. He next maneuvered on a third machine gun position. In doing so, he took cover in a shell hole filled with lingering mustard gas. He approached to within ten yards of the position. Then, in rapid succession, he dispatched three of the crew members with his rifle. A fourth, a German officer, charged Woodfill and engaged him in hand-to-hand combat. He overcame the officer and killed him with a M1911 pistol. With this line of machine guns silenced, Lt. Woodfill’s company continued their advance until they were again held up by a German machine gun nest. The officer once again raced forward to single-handedly attack the position. He killed the entire machine gun crew with his rifle before capturing three ammunition carriers from the position. As the advance continued, Woodfill’s men again ran into murderous German machine gun fire. And once again their leader charged forward to handle the situation. Woodfill dispatched this crew with five shots from his rifle before drawing his pistol and charging the position to take on the remaining men. He killed one man with his pistol before grabbing a nearby pick axe and bludgeoning the other to death. By this time, Woodfill was suffering heavily from exposure to mustard gas and was limping from a shrapnel wound. He was evacuated from the front lines and sent to Bordeaux to recover. On Jan. 22, 1919, Woodfill was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions the previous fall. The next month, Gen. John Pershing personally presented the award to the young lieutenant. In 1921, Gen. Pershing bestowed two more honors on Woodfill. When asked that year to name the outstanding American soldier of the Great War, Pershing surprised everyone by naming Lt. Samuel Woodfill, claiming he had always considered him “America’s Greatest Doughboy,” over the likes of Alvin York, Charles Wittlesey of the Lost Battalion, and even Eddie Rickenbacker. Pershing then named Woodfill as a pallbearer, this time along with Alvin York, for the internment of the first Unknown Soldier. The legendary soldier, having reverted to his pre-war enlisted status, retired from the Army as a Master Sergeant in 1923. However, he served his country again during World War II. Then commissioned a Major, he trained and inspired young officers as they prepared for the great challenges ahead. Woodfill’s final service to his country was to once again act as a pallbearer, this time for his former commanding officer and supporter, Gen. Pershing. Woodfill himself passed away at the age of 68 in August 1951.

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Bhí gairme fada ag Samuel Woodfill cheana féin in Arm na Stát Aontaithe faoin am a dhearbhaigh na Stáit Aontaithe cogadh ar an nGearmáin i 1917. Mac veteran Cogadh Mheicsiceo-Mheiriceánach agus Cogadh Cathartha, chláraigh sé i 1901 ag aois 18 agus d'fhág sé a Indiana dúchais. Tar éis an oiliúna bunúsach, Pvt. Fuair Woodfill féin a shannadh don 11ú Réadamh Infantry a bhí suite sna hOileáin Fhilipíneacha. Chonaic sé gníomh i bhfeachtais éagsúla i gcoinne na Moros rebellious agus thuill sé moladh mar shots crack agus as a chuid honest agus seirbhíse dílis. In 1910, d'fhág Woodfill na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha le haghaidh roinnt stáisiúin dualgais. Le seacht mbliana ina dhiaidh sin, bhí sé ag feidhmiú in Alasca, i Kentucky, agus ar theorainn Mheicsiceo. Ach ní bheadh sé a fheiceáil aon chomhrac níos mó i am sin. Ansin, athraigh gach rud. D'fhógair Meiriceá cogadh ar an nGearmáin. D'fhreastail Woodfill, a bhí ina shearant ag an am sin, ar chúrsa oiliúna oifigeach agus fuair sé rang sealadach cogaidh de 2ú leitneant. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, tugadh ordú dó ar chuideachta gunna meaisín den 60ú Rúnda Infantry, 5ú Rannóg. Faoi dheireadh, i mí Aibreáin 1918, seol a chuid aonaid go dtí an Fhrainc. Mar sin féin, d'fhan an 5ú Rannán sa chúl go dtí Deireadh Fómhair 1918 nuair a seoladh iad go dtí an tosaigh chun páirt a ghlacadh i gCuireadh i bhfeidhm Meuse-Argonne. Bhí Woodfill ag stiúradh a chuideachta i dtionscnamh in aice le sráidbhaile Cunel nuair a tháinig siad faoi lámhaigh throm gunnaí meaisín Gearmánach ó ilphóistíní. D'ordaigh sé a chuideachta a chur faoi chlúdach agus chuaigh sé ar aghaidh ina aonar chun an staid a scrúdú. Chonaic sé go tapa trí nideoige gunnaí meaisín Gearmánach a bhí ag lámhach ar a chuid fir. Ag baint úsáide as na scileanna stalking d'fhoghlaim sé ag fiach i bhfianaise Indiana, chuaigh sé i dteagmháil leis na Gearmánaigh gan a bheith le feiceáil agus d'ullmhaigh sé iad a thógáil amach. Bhí na trí sheasamh Gearmánach i bhfolach go maith i roinnt bushes, sean-bhalla, agus eaglais tréigthe, faoi seach. Thóg Woodfill a sprioc ar an gunner meaisín ag lámhach ar a chuid fir sa túr na heaglaise thart ar 300 slat ar shiúl. Ní raibh sé in ann an gunnaire a dhéanamh amach, ní raibh sé ach ag díriú ar shuíomh taobh thiar den flash muiceál agus tharraing sé an t-imreoir. Thit an gunna i sásamh. Athghéileadh é seo ceithre huaire eile, agus gach ball foirne Gearmánach ag dul chun cinn chun a n-áit a ghlacadh ar an ghunna. Woodfill thit eile cúig-round clipe ina Springfield agus bhog ar aghaidh go dtí an sprioc eile. Chuir shot amháin ar an Ghearmáinis sa stalla deireadh leis an tine óna seasamh sin. Ansin rinne sé beart ar an tríú seasamh gunna meaisín. Agus é sin á dhéanamh aige, ghlac sé clú i mbosca scála a bhí líonta le gáis mustard a bhí fós ann. D'fhág sé a dhúnadh laistigh de deich slat den seasamh. Ansin, i ndiaidh a chéile go tapa, chuir sé trí dhuine den fhoireann ar an mbóthar lena riffle. Chuir an ceathrú, oifigeach Gearmánach, cosc ar Woodfill agus chuir sé i ngleic leis i ngleic lámh-le- lámh. Bhuaigh sé an t-oifigeach agus mharaigh sé é le pistol M1911. Le líne na gcanóin meaisín seo a bheith ciúin, lean an coiste Lt. Woodfill ar aghaidh go dtí go raibh siad ar ais ag nead gunnaí meaisín Gearmánach arís. Rith an t-oifigeach arís chun tosaigh chun ionsaí a dhéanamh ar an seasamh ina n-aonar. D'éirigh sé leis an gclúdach gunnaí meaisín iomlán a mharú lena riffle sula raibh sé ag gabháil trí iompróir allamuigh ón seasamh. De réir mar a lean an dul chun cinn, chuaigh fir Woodfill arís i ngleic le tine meicníochta mharfach na Gearmáine. Agus arís eile a n-cheannaire charged ar aghaidh a láimhseáil an staid. Chuir Woodfill an criú seo ar ceal le cúig shots as a rifle sula ndearna sé a pistin a tharraingt agus an seasamh a mhuirearú chun na fir a bhí fágtha a ghlacadh. D'éirigh sé le fear amháin a mharú lena pistin sula raibh sé ag glacadh le haic pictiúr in aice láimhe agus ag bualadh an duine eile go bás. Ag an am seo, bhí Woodfill ag fulaingt go mór ó nochtadh do ghás mustard agus bhí sé ag cur báis ó ghortú shrapnel. Cuireadh é as na línte tosaigh agus cuireadh chuig Bordeaux é chun é a ghnóthú. Ar 22 Eanáir, 1919, bronnadh an Méid Óir ar Woodfill as a chuid gníomhartha an titim roimhe sin. An mhí ina dhiaidh sin, thug an Ginearálta John Pershing an dámhachtain don luitenant óg go pearsanta. Sa bhliain 1921, thug an Ginearál Pershing dhá onóir eile do Woodfill. Nuair a iarradh air an bhliain sin ainm a thabhairt ar shaighdiúir Mheiriceá den Chogadh Mór, chuir Pershing iontas ar gach duine trí Lt. Samuel Woodfill a ainmniú, ag éileamh go raibh sé i gcónaí air a mheas mar "Greatest Doughboy, America" thar Alvin York, Charles Wittlesey den Lost Battalion, agus fiú Eddie Rickenbacker. Ansin ainmníodh Pershing Woodfill mar iompróir coirce, an uair seo in éineacht le Alvin York, le haghaidh an chéad Shaighdiúir Neamhfhoghlaimithe a iontráil. D'fhill an saighdiúir finscéalta ar a stádas réamh-chogaidh, agus d'éirigh sé as an Arm mar Mháistir-Shargaint i 1923. Mar sin féin, d'fhóin sé a thír arís le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Ansin, chuir sé Mór i mbun oibre, d'oiliúnaigh sé agus spreag sé oifigigh óga agus iad ag ullmhú do na dúshláin mhóra atá rompu. Ba é an tseirbhís dheireanach a rinne Woodfill dá thír arís a bheith ina charbadóir, an uair seo dá iar-oifigeach ceannasaí agus tacaí, an Ginearál Pershing. Fuair Woodfill féin bás ag aois 68 i mí Lúnasa 1951.

Routledge Handbook of Water Economics and Institutions The Handbook consists of 23 chapters by internationally-established authors covering a wide variety of topics including private behavior and regulatory design, institutions and information, as well as water markets and institutions around the world. Growing scarcity of freshwater worldwide brings to light the need for sound water resource modeling and policy analysis. While a solid foundation has been established for many specific water management problems, combining those methods and principles in a unified framework remains an ongoing challenge. Editors Kimberly Burnett, Richard Howitt, James Roumasset and Christopher Wada aim to improve water management practice by formulating and applying a set of principles for efficient use over time and space, as well as integrating demand-management with supply-side substitutes. The Handbook consists of 23 chapters by internationally-established authors covering a wide variety of topics including private behavior and regulatory design, institutions and information, as well as water markets and institutions around the world. To illuminate the alignment of private decision making with social efficiency in the real world, mechanisms for improving efficiency in agricultural and municipal settings are described and illustrated. Inasmuch as real-world management makes use of imperfect and/or costly information, standard conceptual frameworks are extended to allow for coordination costs, games and cooperation, and risk allocation. For example, while water markets are commonly touted for their efficiency-enhancing effects, early attempts at water trading have run into many obstacles. Case studies from the United States, Australia, Europe, and Canada highlight the successes and remaining challenges of establishing efficient water markets. The Handbook provides numerous examples of both applied theoretical and empirical analysis to help guide the reader from problem conceptualization to application of sophisticated solution techniques. As such, it promises to be a valuable addition to water-management or environmental and resource economics courses, as well as an important resource for water managers and policymakers at the national, regional, or local levels. REPORTS AND PRODUCTS - Coming Soon

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Leabhrán Routledge um Eacnamaíocht agus Institiúidí Uisce Tá 23 chaibidil sa Chaibidil ó údair idirnáisiúnta a chlúdaíonn réimse leathan ábhar lena n-áirítear iompar príobháideach agus dearadh rialála, institiúidí agus faisnéis, chomh maith le margaí agus institiúidí uisce ar fud an domhain. Tá an easpa uisce úr atá ag méadú ar fud an domhain ag cur i bhfios go bhfuil gá le samhail agus anailís bheartais chlúdach ar acmhainní uisce. Cé go bhfuil bunús láidir bunaithe le haghaidh go leor fadhbanna sonracha bainistíochta uisce, tá sé fós ina dhúshlán leanúnach na modhanna agus na prionsabail sin a chur le chéile i gcreat aontaithe. Tá sé mar aidhm ag na heagarthóirí Kimberly Burnett, Richard Howitt, James Roumasset agus Christopher Wada cleachtas bainistíochta uisce a fheabhsú trí shraith prionsabail a fhoirmliú agus a chur i bhfeidhm chun úsáid éifeachtúil a bhaint as thar am agus spás, chomh maith le bainistíocht éilimh a chomhtháthú le hionadóirí taobh soláthair. Tá 23 chaibidil sa Chaibidil ó údair idirnáisiúnta a chlúdaíonn réimse leathan ábhar lena n-áirítear iompar príobháideach agus dearadh rialála, institiúidí agus faisnéis, chomh maith le margaí agus institiúidí uisce ar fud an domhain. Chun léargas a thabhairt ar an gcomhtháthú a bhíonn idir cinnteoireacht phríobháideach agus éifeachtúlacht shóisialta sa saol fíor, déantar meicníochtaí chun éifeachtúlacht a fheabhsú i suíomhanna talmhaíochta agus i suíomhanna cónaidhme a thuairisciú agus a léiriú. Ós rud é go n-úsáideann bainistíocht an domhain fíor faisnéis neamhiomlán agus/nó costasach, cuirtear creat coincheapacha caighdeánacha chun costais chomhordaithe, cluichí agus comhar, agus leithdháileadh riosca a cheadú. Mar shampla, cé go bhfuil margaí uisce á n-eisiúint go coitianta mar gheall ar a n-éifeachtaí a mhéadaíonn éifeachtúlacht, tá go leor constaicí tar éis teacht ar thrialacha luatha ar thrádáil uisce. Léiríonn cás-staidéir ó na Stáit Aontaithe, ón Astráil, ón Eoraip agus ón gCeanada na rath agus na dúshláin atá fós le bunú margaí uisce éifeachtacha. Soláthraíonn an Leabharlár go leor samplaí den anailís theoiriciúil agus empirical a úsáidtear chun cabhrú leis an léitheoir ó choincheapadh an fhadhb a threorú go dtí teicnící réitigh sofaisticiúla a chur i bhfeidhm. Mar sin, tá sé geallta a bheith ina bhreis luachmhar ar chúrsaí bainistíochta uisce nó eacnamaíochta comhshaoil agus acmhainní, chomh maith le hacmhainn thábhachtach do bhainisteoirí uisce agus do lucht déanta beartas ar an leibhéal náisiúnta, réigiúnach nó áitiúil. Tuairiscí agus TIRIONTÁL - Ag teacht go luath

Jamaica is situated in Caribbean Sea and surrounded by other countries such as Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti. Tainos are the indigenous inhabitants of the island who named this island 'Xaymaca' which means 'Land of Springs' or 'Land of Wood and Water'. Jamaica was under the control of Spanish people but in the year 1655, the island nation came under the control of Britain. In 1962, the island got full independence from the British. The nation is a Commonwealth realm in which the head of the state is Queen Elizabeth. The capital of the nation is Kingston and Kingston is the largest city of the country. Jamaica is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy in which the Governor-General represents the monarch. The Prime Minister nominates the Governor General and monarch will appoint the whole Cabinet. Governor-General appoints the Cabinet members up on the recommendation of Prime Minister. The Bicameral Parliament consists of Senate and House of Representatives. The population of Jamaica is 2.5 million with majority of the people are African descendants. Largest minority of people is of Chinese and Indian ancestry and other minorities are German, English, Lebanese, Syrian, Irish and Scottish. English is the official language of the country and major spoken language of the country is English-African Creole which is called as Jamaican Patois. The major religion of Jamaica is Christianity and the largest denomination is Church of God of Prophecy. Other religious practices of Jamaica are Hinduism, Buddhism and Bahai. Economy of Jamaica is mixed with both state and private businesses. The economy of Jamaica depends on mining, agriculture, finance, insurance, manufacturing and tourism. Tourism and mining are the major sources of income. Jamaica promises a variety of tourist spots such as national park, beaches, museums and nightclubs. Bob Marley Museum is one among the top most attractions of Jamaica as the museum is the memoriam of famous songwriter and singer Bob Marley. The museum consists of Marley’s memorabilia collections. Spanish Town was the capital of the country under the Spanish rule which shows the blend of both British Georgian and Spanish architecture. Dunn’s River Falls is another beautiful tourist destination where you can go for hiking down the waterfalls and then enjoy the beachside beauty where the sea and river meets. Dolphin Cove is another popular attraction where you can swim with the most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Do not miss the incredible colors of Blue Lagoon after going to Jamaica. Runaway Bay is a great spot for holidaying with some beautiful beaches and Green Grotto Caves. In Bellefield Great House, you can find some 300 years old plantations with large gardens and panoramic views of ocean. You can go for bamboo rafting tours in Rio Grande where you can enjoy scenic beauty offered by Portland area. Visit the Croydon coffee and pineapple plantation to watch the production of pineapple and coffee. Montego Bay Marine Park is a place where you can see the best of marine resources and coral reefs. Hope Botanical Gardens is a must see tourist attraction which consist of lawns, zoo, aviary and gardens that include orchid house, forest garden, cactus garden and ornamental pond.

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Tá an tIamáice suite i Muir na Cairibe agus tá tíortha eile mar an Cúba, an Phoblacht Dhoiminiceach agus an tHaití timpeall air. Is iad na Tainos ná áitritheoirí dúchasacha an oileáin a thug ainm ar an oileán seo 'Xaymaca' a chiallaíonn 'Tír na n-Earrach' nó 'Tír na Fiodh agus an Uisce'. Bhí an tIamáice faoi rialú na Spáinne ach sa bhliain 1655, tháinig an tír oileáin faoi rialú na Breataine. Sa bhliain 1962, fuair an t-oileán neamhspleáchas iomlán ó na Breataine. Is ríocht Comhchoiteann an náisiún ina bhfuil an Banríon Eilís Iobá ina cheann stáit. Is é príomhchathair na náisiúin Kingston agus is é Kingston an chathair is mó sa tír. Is monarcacht bhunreachtúil agus daonlathas parlaiminteach í an tSeamaic ina léiríonn an Gobharnóir Ginearálta an monarca. Ainmníonn an Príomh-Aire an Gobharnóir Ginearálta agus ceapfaidh an monarca an tAire Stáit ar fad. Ceapann an Gobharnóir Ginearálta comhaltaí an Chaibinéid ar mholadh an Phríomh-Aire. Tá an Pharlaimint Dhá-Chamaraithe comhdhéanta de Seanad agus Teach na nIonadaithe. Tá daonra na Jamaicá ag 2.5 milliún agus is sliocht na hAfraice formhór na ndaoine. Is iad na daoine is mó de shliocht na Síne agus na hIndia agus is iad na mionlaigh eile ná Gearmánach, Béarla, Liobáineach, Siriach, Éireannach agus Albainis. Is í an Béarla teanga oifigiúil na tíre agus is í an Ghaeilge Béarla-Afracach a labhraítear sa tír, ar a dtugtar Patois na Jamaicáine. Is é an Chríostaíocht an phríomhreiligiún i Jamaica agus is é Eaglais Dé na Prophecy an t-ainmníocht is mó. Is iad cleachtais reiligiúnacha eile na Jamaicá an Hindeachas, an Búdachas agus Bahai. Tá geilleagar na Jamaicé measctha le gnólachtaí stáit agus príobháideacha araon. Braitheann geilleagar na hIamáice ar mianadóireacht, talmhaíocht, airgeadas, árachas, déantúsaíocht agus turasóireacht. Is iad an turasóireacht agus mianadóireacht na príomhfhoinsí ioncaim. Geallann Iamáice réimse de phointí turasóireachta mar pháirc náisiúnta, tránna, músaeim agus clubanna oíche. Tá Músaem Bob Marley ar cheann de na nithe is mó a mheallann Jamaic mar is é an músaem an cuimhneachán ar an amhránaí agus an t-amhránaí cáiliúil Bob Marley. Tá bailiúcháin chuimhneacháin Marley san ionad músaem. Ba phríomhchathair na tíre í Cathair na Spáinne faoi riail na Spáinne a léiríonn meascán d'ailtireacht na Breataine Gearóige agus na Spáinne araon. Is é Dunn's River Falls ceann scríbe álainn eile do thurasóirí áit ar féidir leat dul ar siúl síos na waterfalls agus ansin taitneamh a bhaint as áilleacht an trá áit a mbuaileann an fharraige agus an abhainn. Is díol spéise tóir eile é Dolphin Cove áit ar féidir leat snámh leis na créatúir is cliste san aigéan. Ná caill na dathanna dochreidte de Blue Lagoon tar éis dul go Jamaica. Is áit iontach é Runaway Bay chun saoire a dhéanamh le roinnt tránna áille agus Green Grotto Caves. I Bellefield Great House, is féidir leat plandálacha 300 bliain d'aois a fháil le gairdíní móra agus radhairc phanoramach ar an aigéan. Is féidir leat dul ar thuras rafting bambú i Rio Grande áit ar féidir leat taitneamh a bhaint as áilleacht radharc a thairgeann ceantar Portland. Tabhair cuairt ar phlandaíocht caife agus anán Croydon chun féachaint ar tháirgeadh anán agus caife. Is é Páirc Mhuirí Mhuir Bhaile Mhontego áit inar féidir leat na hacmhainní muirí is fearr agus na criosanna corail a fheiceáil. Is mór-aimsir turasóireachta é Gairdíní Bótánacha Hope a chuimsíonn féilte, sú, éanlaith agus gairdíní lena n-áirítear teach orchid, gairdín foraoise, gairdín cactus agus loch ornáideach.

The best of EcoWatch, right in your inbox. Sign up for our email newsletter! A Zero Emissions Manifesto for the Climate Justice Movement "Zero emissions is an ambitious but achievable goal." —UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon Zero has become the most important number for humanity. Why? Any chance of stabilizing the climate hinges on transitioning to zero greenhouse gas emissions as quickly as humanly possible. Simply slowing the rise of emissions will not work. For the first time, the world's leading climate authority, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), has embraced a goal of near zero greenhouse gas emissions or below. Top military experts and government institutions like the U.S. Department of Defense and National Intelligence Council warn that climate destabilization threatens our national security, yet global emissions just keep going up. Leading biologists like E.O. Wilson warn that the sixth great extinction is now upon us, yet emissions keep going up. By heating the globe at such a relentless rate, we are playing a deadly game of planetary Russian roulette. In the words of Michael Mann, professor of meteorology at Penn State University: “There is no precedent for what we are doing to the atmosphere. It is an uncontrolled experiment." If you believe your own eyes that climate chaos has already gone too far, the only logical response is to stop making things worse. We are not suggesting ending the use of fossil fuels tomorrow. Decarbonizing our industries, homes, transportation, power generation and food production will take years of concerted effort and require every ounce of courage, ingenuity, patience and humility we possess. But intergenerational justice demands that we commit ourselves now as a nation to leading this green industrial revolution. Some will no doubt call this goal unrealistic, saying it cannot be achieved, but they would underestimate the creative genius of the American people. What is unrealistic is thinking we can continue with business as usual and leave a habitable planet for our children. Americans are a supremely resourceful people with a long history of meeting, and exceeding, monumental challenges. While we have never faced anything as daunting as the global climate crisis, there are precedents for the U.S. overcoming seemingly insurmountable odds. When destiny came knocking during World War II, we initially resisted, then answered by leading the allied forces to victory in three and a half short years. It took a Civil War to end the scourge of slavery, and a monumental civil rights struggle to outlaw segregation, Jim Crow laws and discrimination, but we not only overcame, we elected a person of color as President of the United States. When President John Kennedy boldly challenged America to land a man on the moon in less than a decade, our best and brightest responded by accomplishing this seemingly impossible task ahead of schedule. It is now time for our generation to do something great. Zero Emissions Bandwagon It may surprise you to learn that zero emissions has already been embraced as a goal by business leaders as well-known as Bill Gates, and world leaders as prominent as UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon; OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurria; UN climate chief Christiana Figueres; Prince Charles; and former President Jimmy Carter, former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, and Archbishop Desmond Tutu of The Elders. Again, even the conservative, consensus-based IPCC supports near zero emissions or below, albeit on a year 2100 timeline that belies the urgency of their August draft report, which warns of “irreversible impacts" from continued emissions. Major corporations, like Google, have embraced a zero carbon goal. Others like Microsoft and Deutsche Bank are moving in this direction by committing to net zero emissions, or carbon neutrality (using carbon offsets or carbon credits to balance out remaining emissions). 684 college and university presidents (and growing) have taken a similar climate neutrality pledge. And a fossil fuel divestment movement is picking up steam on college campuses (including Stanford University, Sydney University and historically black colleges and universities) and in houses of worship around the world. Sweden, Iceland, Costa Rica and the Maldives are among the nations vying for carbon neutrality. Denmark is committed to becoming fossil fuel free, with Copenhagen seeking to become the world's first carbon-neutral capital by 2025. In the U.S., cities like Austin and Boulder are striving for carbon neutrality, with San Francisco pledging to generate all of its electricity from renewables by 2020. Scotland is on track to generate 100 percent of its electricity from renewables by 2020. The Philippines aims to shift the country's fuel system to 100 percent renewables in ten years. The German state of Schleswig-Holstein is set to go 100 percent renewable this year. Munich's goal is 100 percent renewables by 2025. The British Labour Party wants to decarbonize the UK's electricity grid by 2030. And the island nation of Tokelau is already 100 percent renewable. In stark contrast, neither the U.S. President, nor a single member of the U.S. Congress, has yet publicly called for a zero emissions goal for America. 2ºC Wrong Target Just because the governments of the world accept 2° Celsius of heating above the preindustrial average as the agreed-upon target does not make it the right target. To the contrary, last December, preeminent climate scientist James Hansen and seventeen co-authors released a study in the scientific journal PLOS ONE revealing the UN-approved 2°C ceiling is based on politics, not science, and would unleash “disastrous consequences" beyond our control. Dr. Hansen, economist Jeffrey Sachs, and others argue that “morality" demands a rapid and dramatic cut in global carbon emissions to stay as close as possible to a 1°C ceiling (we are already at 0.85°C). Here's what they said about the urgency of dropping from the current level of 400 parts per million (a level not reached in at least 800,000 years) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere to 350 parts per million (ppm), the level many consider the uppermost safe limit for civilization: “It is instructive to see how fast atmospheric CO2 declines if fossil fuel emissions are instantly terminated. Halting emissions in 2015 causes CO2 to decline to 350 ppm at century's end. A 20 year delay in halting emissions has CO2 returning to 350 ppm at about 2300. With a 40 year delay, CO2 does not return to 350 ppm until after 3000. These results show how difficult it is to get back to 350 ppm if emissions continue to grow for even a few decades." We're obviously not going to achieve zero emissions by 2015. The point is we need to do it as soon as necessary to avoid catastrophe impacts from global climate change. Every day we delay buries us deeper in the climate hole. Failure of Moral Leadership The United Nations, Congress and the White House are all failing in their moral obligation to stem the tide of this gathering storm. The United Nations is not leading on this issue, as it must. Since 1990, when the IPCC issued its first report, CO2 emissions have increased by approximately sixty percent. Last year in Warsaw, after 19 successive sessions of the UN Conference of the Parties (COP) failed to achieve meaningful emissions reductions, labor and environmental groups walked out after deciding governments were performing so poorly they could no longer legitimize the climate cop-out with their presence. Congress is not leading on this issue, as it must. Since refusing to ratify the 1997 Kyoto protocol, the U.S. Congress has failed to enact any significant climate legislation. The closest they came was a Wall Street-friendly “cap and trade" bill passed by the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives in 2009. Described as an “unacceptable compromise" by Greenpeace and “a step backwards" by Friends of the Earth, it called for a modest 17 percent reduction of carbon emissions by 2020. Five years later, too few members of the Republican-controlled House of Representatives are even willing to admit humans are changing the climate. The White House is not leading on this issue, as it must. The EPA's proposed rules to limit carbon pollution from existing coal-fired power plants are a step in the right direction, but President Obama's widely heralded “climate action plan" will be more PR than plan, with no chance of stabilizing the climate, unless the White House takes bold action. In fact, the administration's attempt to please all during this climate crisis with its all-of-the-above energy strategy promises more climate chaos by promoting natural gas fracking; mountaintop removal mining; deepwater and Arctic oil drilling; tar sands mining; and deafening seismic oil and gas exploration off the Atlantic coast. That the President has not yet denounced a scheme as “absurdly reckless" as Keystone XL's northern leg speaks volumes. Even the renewable energy industry is not leading on this issue, as it must. Four years after it was first pointed out, America's largest wind, solar and geothermal trade associations continue to embrace incrementalism, when the times call for revolutionary change. Because the climate crisis threatens all life on Earth, it is first and foremost a moral issue. We have already seen how the poor and communities of color bear the brutal brunt of fossil fuel extraction and suffer the most from extreme weather disasters. Three out of four African Americans live within 30 miles of a coal-fired power plant. African-American children have an 80 percent higher rate of asthma, and are nearly three times more likely to die from asthma, than their white peers. The moral urgency of this crisis requires a rainbow coalition of people – reflecting the diversity of our great nation – coming together to solve it. Alarmingly, latest projections by the U.S. Energy Information Administration have fossil fuels supplying almost 80 percent of the world's energy use through 2040, with carbon dioxide emissions rising 46 percent from 2010 levels. If this perilous trend is not reversed, runaway climate change could cause most of life on Earth to go extinct, testing the survival of humanity itself. As the nation that historically contributed the most to global climate pollution, and is in the strongest position to respond, the U.S. has a moral imperative to lead this global charge. Making the Great Transition It is time for America to unleash its entrepreneurial can-do spirit through a wartime-like mobilization to help save America, and the world. Innovating to zero emissions will not only help ensure our collective survival, it is the key to revitalizing our ailing economy and putting America back to work. But we don't have until 2100, or even 2050, to transition off of fossil fuels. Scientists are calling for deep cuts in emissions now. Leaders showing us how to get there include: - The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, which in 2012 commissioned a Renewable Electricity Futures Study showing that 80% of all U.S. electricity demand can be met with currently commercially available renewable energy technologies at the hourly level every day of the year. - Former Vice President Al Gore, who in 2008 boldly called for 100% renewable electricity for the U.S. by 2018. - Lester Brown, who in 2008 mapped out how to achieve 80% carbon cuts worldwide by 2020 in his authoritative book Plan B. - Marc Jacobson and Mark Delucchi, who in 2009 released a plan to power the planet with 100 percent renewables by 2030, a vision that spawned The Solutions Project (a plan to transition all 50 states to 100 percent renewables). - The prestigious Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research in London, Zero Carbon Britain and Australia's Beyond Zero Emissions, all of which are working to achieve zero emissions. Zero Emissions Mandate We have solutions. They even have names: conservation; energy efficiency; solar power; wind power; geothermal power; standing forests; organic farms; industrial hemp; electric vehicles; bicycles; mass transit; wave energy; tidal power; zero waste … Here and there aggressive initiatives are underway. China is developing a single 38,000 MW wind project large enough to electrify a country the size of Poland. Four states in Germany already get more than 50 percent of their electricity from wind power, while in the U.S., Iowa and South Dakota are generating more than 25 percent of their electricity from wind farms. But progress is not being made at anything close to a speed and scale commensurate with the scope of the planetary emergency we face. On, Sept. 23, a UN Climate Summit is being held in New York City. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has challenged world leaders to bring their pledges to set the world on a low-carbon path. We entreat Mr. Ban, who calls zero emissions an “achievable goal," to challenge attendees of the UN Climate Summit to bring their zero emissions plans to COP20 in Peru this December and to COP21 in France in 2015. Anything less will show our governments are not serious about solving this existential threat. Our colleague Bill McKibben, who earlier this year called out the Obama administration for sabotaging the 2009 Copenhagen climate negotiations through NSA spying, has issued a “call to arms" inviting all who “give a damn about the biggest crisis our civilization has ever faced" to gather in New York City on Sept. 21 for a People's Climate March to demand bold climate action at the UN Summit. We ask, what could be bolder than zero emissions? Earth is the only known habitable planet in the universe, making the climate risks to humanity so great as to warrant the utmost precaution. Now is the time for the climate justice movement to rally around a goal of zero emissions, with the U.S. leading the way by enacting zero emissions policies at the local, state and federal levels. For the love of humanity, and our children, we must act now. Zero emissions: because the first step to making things better is to stop making things worse. YOU ALSO MIGHT LIKE EcoWatch Daily Newsletter By Whitney E. Akers - "The Game Changers" is a new documentary on Netflix that posits a vegan diet can improve athletic performance in professional athletes. - Limited studies available show that the type of diet — plant-based or omnivorous — doesn't give you an athletic advantage. - We talked to experts about what diet is the best for athletic performance. Packed with record-setting athletes displaying cut physiques and explosive power, "The Game Changers," a new documentary on Netflix, has a clear message: Vegan is best. By John R. Platt When it comes to solving problems related to wildlife trade, there are an awful lot of "sticky widgets." By Bijal Trivedi The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a report on Nov. 13 that describes a list of microorganisms that have become resistant to antibiotics and pose a serious threat to public health. Each year these so-called superbugs cause more than 2.8 million infections in the U.S. and kill more than 35,000 people.

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An chuid is fearr de EcoWatch, díreach i do bhosca isteach. Clárú do ár nuachtlitir ríomhphoist! Manifesto Eisiúna Nille don ghluaiseacht um Cheartas Aeráide "Is sprioc uaillmhianach é astaíochtaí nialas ach is féidir é a bhaint amach". Ardrúnaí na Náisiún Aontaithe Ban Ki-moon Tá an núl ar an uimhir is tábhachtaí don chine daonna. Cén fáth? Is é an seans go seasfaidh an aeráid ná go rachaidh muid go dtí astaíochtaí gáis cheaptha teasa nialasa chomh tapa agus is féidir. Ní oibreoidh sé ach fás na n-astaíochtaí a luamhadh. Don chéad uair, ghlac údarás aeráide is mó ar domhan, an Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar Athrú Aeráide (IPCC), le sprioc de astaíochtaí gáis cheaptha teasa beagnach nialasach nó faoi bhun. Cuireann saineolaithe míleata agus institiúidí rialtais den scoth cosúil le Roinn Cosanta na Stát Aontaithe agus an Chomhairle Náisiúnta Faisnéise rabhadh ar an bhfíric go bhfuil an dístabiliú aeráide ina bhagairt ar ár slándáil náisiúnta, ach go bhfuil astaíochtaí domhanda ag dul i méid. Bitheolaithe tosaigh cosúil le E.O. Wilson a rabhadh go bhfuil an séú mór extinction anois ar ár, ach astaíochtaí a choinneáil ag dul suas. Trí an domhan a théamh ag ráta chomh gan staonadh, táimid ag imirt cluiche marbhtach de roulette Rúisis phláinéadach. De réir focail Michael Mann, ollamh meitéareolaíochta in Ollscoil Stáit Penn: "Níor tharla riamh roimhe seo an méid atá á dhéanamh againn leis an atmaisféar. Is turgnamh neamhrialta é". Má chreideann tú do shúile féin go bhfuil an chaos aeráide tar éis dul rófhada, is é an t-aon fhreagra loighciúil ná stop a chur le rudaí a dhéanamh níos measa. Nílimid ag moladh deireadh a chur le húsáid breoslaí iontaise amárach. Beidh blianta de iarrachtaí comhchoiteanta ag teastáil chun ár dtionscail, ár dtithe, ár iompar, ár dtáirgeadh cumhachta agus ár dtáirgeadh bia a dhícharbóineáil agus gach uasmhéid de misneach, de shlíneacht, de throid agus de íogaireacht atá againn. Ach éilíonn an ceartas idirghinealach go dtiomnaímid dúinn féin anois mar náisiún chun an réabhlóid thionsclaíoch glas seo a threorú. Is cinnte go n-iarrfaidh daoine ar an gcuspóir seo a bheith neamhrialasach, ag rá nach féidir é a bhaint amach, ach ní bheadh siad ag cur síos ar shinn chruthaitheach na ndaoine Mheiriceá. Is é an rud neamhréalaíoch ná smaoineamh gur féidir linn leanúint leis an ngnó mar is gnách agus pláinéad ináitithe a fhágáil dár leanaí. Is daoine an-sásta iad Meiriceánaigh a bhfuil stair fhada acu ag freastal ar dhúshláin mhóra agus ag dul thar iad. Cé nárbh fhéidir linn riamh rud a bheith chomh mór leis an ngéarchéim aeráide domhanda, tá réamhtheachtaí ann go bhfuil na Stáit Aontaithe tar éis dul thar na deacrachtaí is cosúil nach féidir a shárú. Nuair a tháinig an fhadhb ag bualadh le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, rinneamar friotaíocht ar dtús, ansin d'fhreagair muid trí na fórsaí comhghuaillithe a threorú go bua i dtrí bliana go leith go gairid. Thóg sé Cogadh Cathartha chun deireadh a chur le scoir na sclábhaíochta, agus streachailt mhóra um chearta sibhialta chun leithchealú, dlíthe Jim Crow agus idirdhealú a dhéanamh neamhdhleathach, ach ní hamháin go ndearna muid thar a bheith, roghnaigh muid duine d'ainneoin dath mar Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe. Nuair a d'iarr an tUachtarán John Kennedy go daingean ar Mheiriceá fear a chur ar an ghealach i níos lú ná deich mbliana, d'fhreagair ár gcuid is fearr agus is cliste trí an tasc a bhí cosúil le dodhéanta a chur i gcrích roimh an sceideal. Tá sé in am anois do ár n-ghlúin rud éigin mór a dhéanamh. An Fheachtas Eisiúna Nille D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith iontas ort a fháil amach go bhfuil ceannairí gnó chomh cáiliúil le Bill Gates, agus ceannairí domhanda chomh suntasacha le Rúnaí Ginearálta na Náisiún Aontaithe Ban Ki-moon; Rúnaí Ginearálta OECD Angel Gurria; príomhfheidhmeannach aeráide na Náisiún Aontaithe Christiana Figueres; Prionsa Charles; agus an t-iar-Uachtarán Jimmy Carter, iar-Rúnaí Ginearálta na Náisiún Aontaithe Kofi Annan, agus Ard-Easpag Desmond Tutu de The Elders, tar éis glacadh leis an sprioc seo cheana féin. Arís, fiú an IPCC coimeádach, bunaithe ar chomhthoil, tacaíonn sé le astaíochtaí gar do núl nó faoi bhun, cé go bhfuil sé ar amlíne 2100 a thugann bréag ar phráinn a dhréacht-tuarascála i mí Lúnasa, a thugann rabhadh faoi "thorthaí neamh-athraitheacha" ó astaíochtaí leanúnacha. Tá corparáidí móra, cosúil le Google, tar éis sprioc carbóin nialasach a ghlacadh. Tá daoine eile cosúil le Microsoft agus Deutsche Bank ag bogadh sa treo seo trína dtiomantas go mbeidh a n-astaíochtaí glan nialasach, nó neodracht charbóin (ag baint úsáide as cúiteamh carbóin nó creidmheasanna carbóin chun na hastaíochtaí atá fágtha a chothromú). Tá 684 uachtarán coláiste agus ollscoile (agus ag fás) tar éis gealltanas comhchosúil neodrachtachta aeráide a ghlacadh. Agus tá gluaiseacht dí-infheistíochta breosla iontaise ag tógáil gaile ar champais coláiste (lena n-áirítear Ollscoil Stanford, Ollscoil Sydney agus coláistí agus ollscoileanna a bhfuil dubh stairiúil acu) agus i dtithe adhartha ar fud an domhain. Tá an tSualainn, an Íoslainn, Cósta Rica agus na Maledives i measc na náisiún a bhfuil ag dul i ngleic leo chun neodracht charbóin a bhaint amach. Tá an Danmhairg tiomanta a bheith saor ó bhreoslaí iontaise, agus tá Copenhagen ag iarraidh a bheith ar an gcéad phríomhchathair neamhspleách ar charbóin ar domhan faoi 2025. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá cathracha mar Austin agus Boulder ag streachailt chun neodracht charbóin a bhaint amach, agus gealladh ag San Francisco a leictreachas go léir a ghiniúint ó fhuinneamh in-athnuaite faoi 2020. Tá an Albain ar an mbóthar chun 100 faoin gcéad dá leictreachas a ghiniúint ó fhoinsí in-athnuaite faoi 2020. Tá sé mar aidhm ag na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha córas breosla na tíre a aistriú go 100 faoin gcéad de fhoinsí in-athnuaite i gceann deich mbliana. Tá stát na Gearmáine Schleswig-Holstein le dul 100 faoin gcéad in-athnuaite i mbliana. Is é sprioc München ná 100 faoin gcéad de fhuinneamh in-athnuaite faoi 2025. Tá Páirtí Oibre na Breataine ag iarraidh líonra leictreachais na Ríochta Aontaithe a dhí-charbóinú faoi 2030. Agus tá an tír oileáin Tokelau 100% in-athnuaite cheana féin. I gcodarsnacht mhór, ní iarrann Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe, ná comhalta amháin de Chongress na Stát Aontaithe, go poiblí go fóill sprioc astaíochtaí núl do Mheiriceá. 2oC an sprioc mícheart Ní chiallaíonn an rud go nglacann rialtais an domhain le 2° Celsius de théamh os cionn an meán réamh-thréimhseach mar sprioc comhaontaithe go bhfuil sé an sprioc ceart. Ar a mhalairt, i mí na Nollag seo caite, d'eisigh an eolaí aeráide is suntasaí James Hansen agus seachtú comh-údar staidéar sa iris eolaíoch PLOS ONE ag nochtadh go bhfuil an uasteorainn 2 ° C ceadaithe ag an EO bunaithe ar pholaitíocht, ní ar eolaíocht, agus go gcuirfeadh sé "conarthaí tubaisteacha" as ár gcumhacht. Arís, tá an Dr. Hansen, an geilleagarthóir Jeffrey Sachs, agus daoine eile ag argóint go n-éileamh "morail" go laghdófaí astaíochtaí carbóin domhanda go tapa agus go suntasach chun fanacht chomh gar agus is féidir le huasteorainn 1°C (tá 0.85°C againn cheana féin). Seo a dúirt siad faoin práinn atá ann an leibhéal reatha de 400 cuid in aghaidh na milliún (leibhéal nach bhfuil bainte amach aige le 800,000 bliain ar a laghad) de dhia-ocsaíde carbóin (CO2) san atmaisféar a laghdú go 350 cuid in aghaidh na milliún (ppm), an leibhéal a mheasann go leor mar an teorainn shláintiúil uachtarach don tsibhialtacht: Tá sé teagaisc a fheiceáil cé chomh tapa agus a laghdaíonn CO2 san atmaisféar má chuirfear deireadh láithreach le hastaíochtaí breoslaí iontaise. Trí astaíochtaí a stopadh in 2015 laghdófar CO2 go 350 ppm faoi dheireadh na haoise. Má dhéantar moill 20 bliain ar astaíochtaí a stopadh, beidh an CO2 ag filleadh ar 350 ppm ag thart ar 2300. Le moill 40 bliain, ní fhilleann an CO2 ar 350 ppm go dtí tar éis 3000. Léiríonn na torthaí seo cé chomh deacair is atá sé teacht ar ais go 350 ppm má leanann na astaíochtaí ag fás fiú ar feadh cúpla scór bliain". Is léir nach mbeidh aon astaíochtaí againn faoi 2015. Is é an pointe go gcaithfimid é a dhéanamh chomh luath agus is gá chun tionchair tubaiste ó athrú aeráide domhanda a sheachaint. Gach lá a dhéanaimid moill ar an gcúrsa, bíonn muid ag dul níos doimhne sa pholl aeráide. Teip ar Cheannaireacht Mhóra Tá na Náisiúin Aontaithe, an Comhdháil agus an Teach Bán ag teip ar a ndualgas morálta chun an t-airgead seo a bhailiú a chosc. Níl na Náisiúin Aontaithe ag tabhairt tosaigh ar an gceist seo, mar ba cheart dóibh. Ó 1990, nuair a d'eisigh an IPCC a chéad tuarascáil, tá astaíochtaí CO2 tar éis méadú thart ar seasca faoin gcéad. An bhliain seo caite i Varsó, tar éis 19 seisiún as a chéile de Chomhdháil na bPáirtithe na Náisiún Aontaithe (COP) a bheith ag teip ar laghdú suntasach ar astaíochtaí, d'fhág grúpaí saothair agus comhshaoil amach tar éis dóibh a chinneadh go raibh rialtas ag feidhmiú chomh dona nach bhféadfadh siad an cop-out aeráide a dhlíthiú lena láithreacht. Níl an Comhdháil ag tabhairt tosaigh ar an gceist seo, mar ba cheart. Ó dhiúltaigh sé an prótacal Kyoto a dhaingniú i 1997, níor éirigh le Comhdháil na Stát Aontaithe aon reachtaíocht aeráide suntasach a fhorchur. Ba é an rud is gaire a tháinig siad ná bille "cap agus trádáil" atá cairdiúil do Wall Street a rith Teach na nIonadaithe faoi rialú na nDaonlathach i 2009. Déantar cur síos air mar "comhréitíocht neamhghlactha" ag Greenpeace agus "chéim siar" ag Cairde na Talún, d'iarr sé laghdú measartha 17 faoin gcéad ar astaíochtaí carbóin faoi 2020. Cúig bliana ina dhiaidh sin, níl ach an iomarca baill den Teach Ionadaithe atá faoi rialú na nPhoblachtánach sásta a admháil go bhfuil daoine ag athrú an aeráide. Níl an Teach Bán ag tabhairt tosaigh ar an gceist seo, mar ba cheart dó. Tá rialacha molta an EPA chun truailliú carbóin ó ghléasraí cumhachta guail atá ann cheana a theorannú céim sa treo ceart, ach beidh "plean gníomhaíochta aeráide" an Uachtaráin Obama a fógraíodh go forleathan níos mó ná plean PR, gan aon seans an aeráid a chobhsú, mura nglacfaidh an Teach Bán gníomh láidir. Go deimhin, tá iarracht an riaracháin chun gach duine a mhealladh le linn na géarchéime aeráide seo lena straitéis fuinnimh uile-ar-a-sráid ag gealladh níos mó caos aeráide trí bhrú a chur chun cinn gás nádúrtha fracking; mianadóireacht ídiú ar bharr na sléibhte; tochailt ola uisce domhain agus san Ard-Mhír; mianadóireacht gaineamh tar; agus iniúchadh seismic ola agus gáis a chur i gcló amach ó chósta an Atlantaigh. Go bhfuil an tUachtarán nach bhfuil fós denounced scéim mar "absurdly reckless" mar Keystone XL an chos ó thuaidh labhraíonn méideanna. Ní fiú an tionscal fuinnimh in-athnuaite a bheith i gceannas ar an gceist seo, mar ba cheart. Ceithre bliana tar éis é a lua den chéad uair, leanann comhlachais trádála gaoithe, gréine agus geothermal is mó i Meiriceá ag glacadh le hionstraimíocht, nuair a éilíonn na hamanna athrú réabhlóideach. Toisc go gcuireann an ghéarchéim aeráide bagairt ar gach saol ar an Domhan, is ceist mhorálta í ar dtús agus go háirithe. Tá a fhios againn cheana féin conas a bhíonn na pobail bochta agus na pobail d'ainneoin a gcraiceann ag fulaingt go crua de dheasca na n-earraí a bhaintear as breoslaí iontaise agus an chuid is mó a fhulaingíonn ó thubaistí aimsire iomarcacha. Tá trí as gach ceathrar Meiriceánach Afracach ina gcónaí laistigh de 30 míle de ghléasra cumhachta guail. Tá ráta asthma 80 faoin gcéad níos airde ag leanaí Afraic-Mheiriceánach, agus tá siad beagnach trí huaire níos dóchúla bás a fháil as asthma, ná a gcomhghleacaithe bána. Éilíonn práinn mhórtha na géarchéime seo comhghuaillíocht rainbow daoine ag léiriú éagsúlacht ár náisiún mór ag teacht le chéile chun é a réiteach. Go hionraic, tá réamh-mheastacháin is déanaí ó Riarachán Faisnéise Fuinnimh na Stát Aontaithe ag rá go soláthróidh breoslaí iontaise beagnach 80 faoin gcéad de úsáid fuinnimh an domhain faoi 2040, agus go dtiocfaidh méadú 46 faoin gcéad ar astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin ó leibhéil 2010. Mura ndéantar an treocht contúirteach seo a aisiompú, d'fhéadfadh athrú aeráide a bheith ag imeacht go mór go dtiocfadh an chuid is mó den saol ar an Domhan chun éirí as, ag tástáil maireachtáil an chine daonna féin. Mar an náisiún a chuir leis an truailliú aeráide domhanda go mór, agus atá sa seasamh is láidre chun freagairt, tá éigeandáil mhorálta ag na Stáit Aontaithe chun an muirear domhanda seo a threorú. An Tarraingthe Mór a dhéanamh Tá sé in am do Mheiriceá a scaoileadh a fiontraíochta is féidir-a dhéanamh spiorad trí am cogaidh cosúil le soghluaisteacht chun cabhrú le shábháil Mheiriceá, agus an domhan. Ní amháin go gcabhróidh nuálaíocht chun astaíochtaí nialasacha lenár maireachtáil chomhchoiteann a chinntiú, is é an eochair é chun ár ngeilleagar atá ag fulaingt a athbheochan agus Meiriceá a chur ar ais ag obair. Ach níl go dtí 2100 againn, nó fiú 2050, chun aistriú ó bhreoslaí iontaise. Tá eolaithe ag iarraidh go ndéanfaí gearradh mór ar astaíochtaí anois. I measc na gceannairí a léiríonn dúinn conas dul ann tá: - An Saotharlann Náisiúnta um Fuinneamh In-athnuaite, a choimisiúnaigh Staidéar maidir le Todhchaí an Leictreachais In-athnuaite i 2012 a léiríonn gur féidir 80% de éileamh leictreachais na Stát Aontaithe a chomhlíonadh le teicneolaíochtaí fuinnimh in-athnuaite atá ar fáil go tráchtála faoi láthair ag an leibhéal uair an chloig gach lá den bhliain. - An Iar-Uachtarán Al Gore, a d'iarr go mór i 2008 go mbeadh 100% de leictreachas in-athnuaite ag na Stáit Aontaithe faoi 2018. - Lester Brown, a léirigh sa bhliain 2008 conas 80% de charbóin a ghearradh ar fud an domhain faoi 2020 ina leabhar údarásach Plean B. - Marc Jacobson agus Mark Delucchi, a d'eisigh plean in 2009 chun an phláinéid a chumhachtú le 100 faoin gcéad in-athnuaite faoi 2030, fís a chruthaigh an Tionscadal Réitigh (plean chun na 50 stát go léir a aistriú go 100 faoin gcéad in-athnuaite). - An Ionad Tyndall clúiteach um Thaighde ar Athrú Aeráide i Londain, Zero Carbon Britain agus Beyond Zero Emissions na hAstráile, atá ag obair go léir chun astaíochtaí nialasacha a bhaint amach. Mandát Eisiúna Null Tá réitigh againn. Tá ainmneacha acu fiú: caomhnú; éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh; cumhacht gréine; cumhacht gaoithe; cumhacht geothermal; foraoisí seasamh; feirmeacha orgánacha; cnáib thionsclaíoch; feithiclí leictreacha; rothair; iompar mais; fuinneamh tonn; cumhacht tuilte; aon dramhaíl ... Tá tionscnaimh ionsaitheach á ndéanamh anseo agus ansin. Tá tionscadal amháin gaoithe 38,000 MW á fhorbairt ag an tSín atá mór go leor chun tír chomh mór le Pholainn a leictreadh. Faigheann ceithre stát sa Ghearmáin níos mó ná 50 faoin gcéad dá leictreachas ó chumhacht gaoithe, agus sna Stáit Aontaithe, tá Iowa agus Dakota Theas ag táirgeadh níos mó ná 25 faoin gcéad dá leictreachas ó fheirmeacha gaoithe. Ach ní dhéantar dul chun cinn ar aon rud atá gar do luas agus scála comhréireach le raon feidhme na héigeandála pláinéadaí atá romhainn. Ar an 23 Meán Fómhair, tá Cruinniú Mullaigh Aeráide na Náisiún Aontaithe á reáchtáil i gCathair Nua Eabhrac. D'iarr Rúnaí Ginearálta na Náisiún Aontaithe Ban Ki-moon ar cheannairí an domhain a ngealltanas a chur i bhfeidhm chun an domhan a chur ar bhealach carbóin íseal. Iarraimid ar an Uasal Ban, a thugann 'sprioc inrochtana' do dhiúltacha astaíochtaí, "déileáil le rannpháirtithe i gCruinniú Mullaigh na Náisiún Aontaithe ar an Aeráid chun a gcuid pleananna diúltacha astaíochtaí a thabhairt chuig COP20 sa Phéiru i mí na Nollag seo agus chuig COP21 sa Fhrainc i 2015. Léireoidh aon rud níos lú ná sin nach bhfuil ár rialtais dáiríre maidir leis an mbagairt atá ann do shaolré an tsaoil seo a réiteach. D'eisigh ár gcomhghleacaí Bill McKibben, a thug ar an riarachán Obama níos luaithe i mbliana as idirbheartaíochtaí aeráide 2009 Copenhagen a sabóideáil trí shpionadh NSA, "glao ar arm" ag tabhairt cuireadh do gach duine "a bhfuil cúram acu faoin ngéarchéim is mó a d'fhulaing ár sibhialtacht riamh" chun teacht le chéile i gCathair Nua Eabhrac an 21 Meán Fómhair le haghaidh Márta Aeráide na Daoine chun gníomh aeráide a éileamh go láidir ag Cruinniú Mullaigh na Náisiún Aontaithe. Iarrann muid, cad a d'fhéadfadh a bheith níos mó mó ná astaíochtaí nialasacha? Is é an Domhan an t-aon phláinéid ináitithe ar a dtugtar sa chruinne, rud a fhágann go bhfuil na rioscaí aeráide don chine daonna chomh mór sin go bhfuil an réamhchúram is mó riachtanach. Tá sé in am anois don ghluaiseacht ceartais aeráide teacht le chéile timpeall sprioc astaíochtaí nialasacha, agus na Stáit Aontaithe ag tabhairt an bealach trí bheartais astaíochtaí nialasacha a fhorchur ag na leibhéil áitiúla, stáit agus cónaidhme. Ar son an chine daonna, agus ár gcuid leanaí, ní mór dúinn gníomhú anois. Eisiúintí Níl: toisc gurb é an chéad chéim chun rudaí a dhéanamh níos fearr ná stop a chur le rudaí a dhéanamh níos measa. B'fhéidir go mbainfidh tú taitneamh as freisin Nuachtlitir Laethúil EcoWatch Le Whitney E. Akers - "The Game Changers" Is clár faisnéise nua ar Netflix a posits a aiste bia vegan is féidir feabhas a chur ar fheidhmíocht lúthchleasaíochta i lúthchleasaithe gairmiúla. - Léiríonn staidéir theoranta atá ar fáil nach dtugann an cineál aiste bia plandaíbhunaithe nó uilebhéasach buntáiste spóirt duit. - Labhair muid le saineolaithe faoi cad é an aiste bia is fearr le haghaidh feidhmíocht spóirt. Packed le lúthchleasaithe taifead-setiú a thaispeáint gearradh physiques agus cumhacht pléasctha, "The Game Changers", clár faisnéise nua ar Netflix, tá teachtaireacht shoiléir: Vegan is fearr. Le John R. Platt Nuair a thagann sé chun fadhbanna a bhaineann le trádáil fiadhúlra a réiteach, tá go leor "dhuidnéithe greamaitheacha" ann. Le Bijal Trivedi D'eisigh na hIonaid um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair (CDC) tuarascáil ar an 13 Samhain ina ndéantar cur síos ar liosta de mhicreorganisimh a tháinig chun bheith frithsheasmhach in aghaidh antaibheathaigh agus a chuireann bagairt thromchúiseach ar shláinte an phobail. Gach bliain bíonn na superbacteria sin mar a thugtar orthu ina gcúis le níos mó ná 2.8 milliún ionfhabhtaithe sna Stáit Aontaithe agus mar a mharaíonn siad níos mó ná 35,000 duine.

5.0 Heat Sink Considerations 5.1 Rather than being a heat absorber that consumes heat by magic, a thermoelectric cooler is a heat pump which moves heat from one location to another. When electric power is applied to a TE module, one face becomes cold while the other is heated. In accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, heat from the (warmer) area being cooled will pass from the cold face to the hot face. To complete the thermal system, the hot face of the TE cooler must be attached to a suitable heat sink that is capable of dissipating both the heat pumped by the module and Joule heat created as a result of supplying electrical power to the module. A heat sink is an integral part of a thermoelectric cooling system and its importance to total system performance must be emphasized. Since all operational characteristics of TE devices are related to heat sink temperature, heat sink selection and design should be considered carefully. A perfect heat sink would be capable of absorbing an unlimited quantity of heat without exhibiting any increase in temperature. Since this is not possible in practice, the designer must select a heat sink that will have an acceptable temperature rise while handling the total heat flow from the TE device(s). The definition of an acceptable increase in heat sink temperature necessarily is dependent upon the specific application, but because a TE module’s heat pumping capability decreases with increasing temperature differential, it is highly desirable to minimize this value. A heat sink temperature rise of 5 to 15°C above ambient (or cooling fluid) is typical for many thermoelectric applications. Several types of heat sinks are available including natural convection, forced convection, and liquid-cooled. Natural convection heat sinks may prove satisfactory for very low power applications especially when using small TE devices operating at 2 amperes or less. For the majority of applications, however, natural convection heat sinks will be unable to remove the required amount of heat from the system, and forced convection or liquid-cooled heat sinks will be needed. Heat sink performance usually is specified in terms of thermal resistance (Q): Ts – Ta Qs = Thermal Resistance in Degrees C per Watt Ts = Heat Sink Temperature in Degrees C Ta = Ambient or Coolant Temperature in Degrees C Q = Heat Input to Heat Sink in Watts 5.2 Each thermoelectric cooling application will have a unique heat sink requirement and frequently there will be various mechanical constraints that may complicate the overall design. Because each case is different, it is virtually impossible to suggest one heat sink configuration suitable for most situations. We have several off the shelf heat sinks and liquid heat exchangers appropriate for many applications but encourage you to contact our engineering department. Note that when combining thermoelectric cooling modules and heat sinks into a total thermal system, it normally is NOT necessary to take into account heat loss or temperature rise at the module to heat sink junctions. Module performance data presented herein already includes such losses based on the use of thermal grease at both hot and cold interfaces. When using commercially available heat sinks for thermoelectric cooler applications, it is important to be aware that some off-the-shelf units do not have adequate surface flatness. A flatness of 1mm/m (0.001 in/in) or better is recommended for satisfactory thermal performance and it may be necessary to perform an additional lapping, flycutting, or grinding operation to meet this flatness specification. 5.2.1 NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT SINKS: Natural convection heat sinks normally are useful only for low power applications where very little heat is involved. Although it is difficult to generalize, most natural convection heat sinks have a thermal resistance (Qs) greater than 0.5°C/watt and often exceeding 10°C/watt. A natural convection heat sink should be positioned so that (a) the long dimension of the fins is in the direction of normal air flow, vertical operation improves natural convection and (b) there are no significant physical obstructions to impede air flow. It also is important to consider that other heat generating components located near the heat sink may increase the ambient air temperature, thereby affecting overall performance. 5.2.2 FORCED CONVECTION HEAT SINKS: Probably the most common heat-sinking method used with thermoelectric coolers is forced convection. When compared to natural convection heat sinks, substantially better performance can be realized. The thermal resistance of quality forced convection systems typically falls within a range of 0.02 to 0.5°C/watt. Many standard heat sink extrusions are available that, when coupled with a suitable fan, may be used to form the basis of a complete cooling assembly. Cooling air may be supplied from a fan or blower and may either be passed totally through the length of the heat sink or may be directed at the center of the fins and pass out both open ends. This second air flow pattern, illustrated in Figure (5.l), generally provides the best performance since the air blown into the face of the heat sink creates greater turbulence resulting in improved heat transfer. For optimum performance, the housing of an axial fan should be mounted a distance of 8-20mm (0.31-0.75″) from the fins. Other configurations may be considered depending on the application. The thermal resistance of heat sink extrusions often is specified at an air flow rate stated in terms of velocity whereas the output of most fans is given in terms of volume. The conversion from volume to velocity is: Velocity = Volume / Cross-sectional Area of Air Passage or: Linear Feet per Minute = Cubic Feet per Minute / Area in Square Feet or: Linear Meters per Minute = Cubic Meters per Minute / Area in Square Meters 5.2.3 LIQUID COOLED HEAT SINKS: Liquid cooled heat sinks provide the highest thermal performance per unit volume and, when optimally designed, can exhibit a very low thermal resistance. Although there are many exceptions, the thermal resistance of liquid cooled heat sinks typically falls between 0.01 and 0.1°C/watt. Simple liquid heat sinks can be constructed by soldering copper tubing onto a flat copper plate or by drilling holes in a metal block through which water may pass. With greater complexity (and greater thermal performance), an elaborate serpentine water channel may be milled in a copper or aluminum block that later is sealed-off with a cover plate. We offer several liquid-type heat sinks that may be used advantageously in thermoelectric systems. With other commercial heat sinks, always check the surface flatness prior to installation. While liquid cooling may be considered undesirable and/or unsatisfactory for many applications, it may be the only viable approach in specific situations.

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5.0 Smaointeanna maidir le Scaipthe Teasa 5.1 Seachas a bheith ina ionsapóir teasa a itheann teas trí mheall, is caidéil teasa é an fuaraitheoir teirmeileictreach a ghluaiseann teas ó áit amháin go háit eile. Nuair a chuirtear chumhacht leictreach i bhfeidhm ar mhódúl TE, bíonn ceann de na faillí fuar agus an ceann eile téite. De réir dhlíthe na teirmodinimice, rachaidh teas ón limistéar (níos teo) atá á fhuaraithe ón gcodladh fuar go dtí an gcodladh te. Chun an córas teiriúil a chomhlánú, ní mór an t-aghaidh te de fhuaraitheoir TE a cheangal le siombail teasa oiriúnach atá in ann an teas a chuirtear isteach ag an modúl agus an teas Joule a cruthaítear mar thoradh ar chumhacht leictreach a sholáthar don mhódúl a dhíspreagadh. Is cuid dhílis de chóras fuaraithe teirmeileictreach é an t-aistriú teasa agus ní mór a thábhacht do fheidhmíocht iomlán an chórais a chur i bhfios. Ós rud é go bhfuil na tréithe oibriúcháin uile de na feistí TE bainteach le teocht an loighc teasa, ba cheart roghnú agus dearadh an loighc teasa a mheas go cúramach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sé de chumas ag an teas-shínitheoir foirfe méid neamhtheoranta teasa a ionsú gan aon ardú teochta a léiriú. Ós rud é nach féidir é seo a dhéanamh i gcleachtas, ní mór don dearthóir siúlóid teasa a roghnú a mbeidh ardú teocht inghlactha aige agus é ag láimhseáil an sruth teasa iomlán ón gléas TE ((s). Tá an sainmhíniú ar ardú inghlactha ar theochla an loighc teasa ag brath go riachtanach ar an iarratas sonrach, ach toisc go laghdaíonn cumas caidéil teasa modúl TE le difríocht teochta ag méadú, is mór an t-am é an luach seo a íoslaghdú. Tá ardú teocht an loingseoireachta teasa 5 go 15°C os cionn an timpeallachta (nó an sreabhach fuaraithe) tipiciúil do go leor feidhmchláir teirmeileictreacha. Tá roinnt cineálacha solais teasa ar fáil lena n-áirítear comhghabháil nádúrtha, comhghabháil éigeantach, agus fuaraithe le leacht. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sé sásúil go mbeadh soithneoirí teasa comhghabhála nádúrtha in úsáid le haghaidh feidhmchláir ísealchumhachta go háirithe nuair a úsáidtear feistí TE beaga a oibríonn ag 2 ampéar nó níos lú. I gcás formhór na n-iarratais, áfach, ní bheidh na siombailí teasa comhghabhála nádúrtha in ann an méid teasa is gá a bhaint as an gcóras, agus beidh gá le siombailí teasa comhghabhála éigeantacha nó le fuaraithe le leacht. Is gnách go sonraítear feidhmíocht an loighc teasa i dtéarmaí friotaíochta teasa (Q): T Ta Qs = Freasúra Teirmeach i gCéimeanna C in aghaidh an Watt Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh. Ta = Teochta an chomhshaoil nó teochta an fhuíolluisce i ngrá C Q = Teas a iontráil chuig an Sink Teasa i Watts 5.2 Beidh riachtanais uathúla ag gach feidhmchlár fuaraithe teirmeileictreach maidir le siombail teasa agus go minic beidh srianta meicniúla éagsúla ann a d'fhéadfadh an dearadh foriomlán a chastacht. Toisc go bhfuil gach cás difriúil, tá sé beagnach dodhéanta cumraíocht amháin do thimpiste teasa a mholadh atá oiriúnach do chuid is mó de na cásanna. Tá roinnt sincí teasa agus malartóirí teasa leachtach againn atá oiriúnach do go leor feidhmchláir ach molaimid duit teagmháil a dhéanamh lenár roinn innealtóireachta. Tabhair faoi deara, nuair a dhéantar modúl fuaraithe teirmeileictreach agus siombail teasa a chomhcheangal i gcóras teirmeach iomlán, nach gá de ghnáth caillteanas teasa nó ardú teochta a chur san áireamh ag an modúl chun nascanna siombail teasa a chur san áireamh. Tá sonraí feidhmíochta an mhódúil a chuirtear i láthair anseo cheana féin ina measc caillteanais den sórt sin bunaithe ar úsáid ghréas teiriúil ag comhéadan te agus fuar araon. Nuair a úsáidtear sincí teasa atá ar fáil go tráchtála le haghaidh feidhmchláir fuaraithe teirmeo-leictreacha, tá sé tábhachtach a bheith ar an eolas nach bhfuil an t-uasmhéid leordhóthanach ag roinnt aonaid atá réidh le scagaire. Moltar plánacht 1mm/m (0.001 in/in) nó níos fearr chun feidhmíocht theirmeach sásúil a fháil agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith riachtanach oibríocht bhreise lapping, flycutting nó grinding a dhéanamh chun an sonraíocht plánachta seo a chomhlíonadh. 5.2.1 SOBHAIRLEÁN THEARMA CÓNNNÁMH: De ghnáth ní bhíonn soibhlai teasa comhghabhála nádúrtha úsáideach ach amháin le haghaidh feidhmchláir ísealchumhachta ina bhfuil an-bheag teas i gceist. Cé go bhfuil sé deacair a ghinearáil, tá friotaíocht theirmeach (Qs) níos mó ná 0.5 °C / watt ag an gcuid is mó de na siúlóidí teasa comhghabhála nádúrtha agus is minic a sháraíonn siad 10 °C / watt. Ba cheart an t-aistriú teasa a bheith suite i gcás ina bhfuil an t-aistriú teasa ag an aerfort agus an t-aistriú teasa ag an aerfort ag an aerfort. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin a mheas go bhféadfadh comhpháirteanna eile a ghineann teas atá suite in aice leis an scioból teasa teocht an aeir chomhthimpeallachta a mhéadú, rud a dhéanfaidh difear dá bharr sin ar fheidhmíocht fhoriomlán. 5.2.2 SINCÍONNA TEACHTA A IARRAÍOCHTÍ: Is dócha gurb é an modh is coitianta le haghaidh síonú teasa a úsáidtear le fuaraitheoirí teirmeileictreacha ná an t-aistriú éigeantach. Nuair a dhéantar iad a chur i gcomparáid le siúlóidí teasa comhghabhála nádúrtha, is féidir feidhmíocht i bhfad níos fearr a bhaint amach. Is gnách go mbíonn friotaíocht theirmeach córais chómhchlúdaithe éigeantacha de chineál maith laistigh de raon 0.02 go 0.5°C/watt. Tá go leor extrúis scagaire teasa caighdeánacha ar fáil a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid, nuair a chuirtear lucht leanúna oiriúnach leis, chun bunús a dhéanamh d'aonad cóireála iomlán. D'fhéadfadh aer fuaraithe a bheith ar fáil ó mheán nó ó bhlower agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ar siúl go hiomlán tríd an fhad an locht a chaitheamh nó d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith dírithe ar lár na fins agus dul amach an dá cheann oscailte. Is é an dara patrún sreabhadh aer, a léirítear sa phictiúr (5.1) an feidhmíocht is fearr de ghnáth ós rud é go gcruthóidh an t-aer a shreabtar isteach i gcodladh an loighc teasa níos mó suaitheadh agus go bhfeabhsófar aistriú teasa. Chun feidhmíocht is fearr a fháil, ba cheart go gcuirfí teach lucht leanúna achomair ar achar 8-20mm (0.31-0.75 ") ó na fins. Féadfar cumraíochtaí eile a mheas ag brath ar an bhfeidhmchlár. Is minic a shonraítear friotaíocht theirmeach extrusions tionta teasa ag ráta sreabhadh aeir a luaitear i dtéarmaí luas cé go dtugtar toradh an chuid is mó de lucht leanúna i dtéarmaí toirte. Is é an t-athrú ó imleabhar go luas: luas = tomhas / limistéar trasghearrtha na haer-choire nó: Peataí líneacha in aghaidh an nóiméid = Peataí ciúbacha in aghaidh an nóiméid / Limistéar i Peataí Cearnacha nó: Méadar Líneach in aghaidh an Mionóta = Méadar Ciúbach in aghaidh an Mionóta / Limistéar i Méadar Cearnach 5.2.3 SINCÍÓIR TEARMA LE COILÍÍ LÍOCHA: Soláthraíonn na sincí teasa le cúlú le leacht an fheidhmíocht theirmeach is airde in aghaidh an aonaid toirte agus, nuair a dhéantar iad a dhearadh go huathoibríoch, is féidir leo friotaíocht theirmeach an-íseal a bheith acu. Cé go bhfuil go leor eisceachtaí ann, is gnách go dtagann friotaíocht theirmeach na n-imdhíoltóirí teasa fuarú le leacht idir 0.01 agus 0.1°C/watt. Is féidir solais theasa leachtacha simplí a thógáil trí thábla copar a soláthar ar phláta copar cothrom nó trí thréithe a phollú i mbloc miotail inar féidir le huisce dul tríd. Le níos mó castachta (agus feidhmíocht theirmeach níos fearr), is féidir cainéal uisce serpentine forleathan a mhiotailt i mbloc copair nó alúmanaim a shéalaítear ina dhiaidh sin le pláta clúdaigh. Cuirimid roinnt siúlóidí teasa den chineál leachtacha ar fáil a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid go buntáisteach i gcórais teirmeileictreacha. Le hionad teasa tráchtála eile, seiceáil an dromchla ar an dromchla i gcónaí sula gcuirtear isteach é. Cé go bhféadfaí fuaraithe leachtach a mheas mar nach bhfuil inmhianaithe agus/nó nach bhfuil sásúil i gcás go leor iarratais, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ar an gcur chuige inmharthana amháin i gcásanna sonracha.

Data stewards are the first point of reference for data and serve as an entry point for data access. They have the technical and business knowledge of data, which is why they are often called the “masters of data” within an organization! As the true guardians of data, let’s discover their role, missions & responsibilities. Faced with the challenges of data exploitation and optimization, organizations are in need of specialists who can combine their actions with their knowledge of data. In a recent article, we discussed the prerogatives and differences between Data Engineers and Data Architects. We also deciphered the missions of a Data Analyst, a Data Product Manager, and a Chief Data Officer. All of these specialists have the mission of making data speak, of giving it life, either by organizing it, by defining a strategy, or by manipulating it. To do so, they all have a common requirement: to work with quality data. This is the essential mission of the Data Steward, which is responsible for the quality of their data, which ultimately conditions all of the processes and decisions from a company’s data strategy. The Data Steward’s multiple skills To do so, a Data Steward must have strong communication skills and be able to distinguish the different types and formats of data. Acting as a point of convergence for all the data generated and used in the company, they must also ensure constant vigilance over the quality of their data in order to identify the priority data that needs to be cleaned or standardized. Versatile and multi-skilled, the Data Steward is considered the key contact for an organization in terms of data. So much so that they are often called the “master of data”. In order to live up to Data Stewardship requirements, this expert must be present on all fronts, as he or she plays a central role in the proper implementation of a data strategy. What is the role of the Data Steward in the company? Companies are reorganizing around their data to produce value and finally innovate from this raw material. Data Stewards are there to orchestrate the data in the company’s information systems. They must ensure the proper documentation of the data and facilitate their availability to their users such as Data Scientists or Project Managers, for example. The essential role of the Data Steward is to supervise the life cycle of all available data, to ensure that its quality remains optimal. Behind the notion of data quality, there is also that of availability. The Data Steward, through his data quality missions, also contributes to ensuring that business teams can easily access the data they need. To give the notion of Data Stewardship its full meaning and scope, the “master of data” must be able to play the role of the bridge between the data and business teams. Working closely with the business lines and in constant partnership with the IT teams, the Data Steward not only helps to identify and collect data but also to validate and structure it. Their communication skills enable them to identify the people responsible for and knowledgeable about the data, to collect the associated information in order to centralize it and perpetuate this knowledge within the company. More specifically, Data Stewards provide metadata knowledge; a structured set of information describing a dataset. They transform this abstract data into concrete assets for the business. Although there is no specific training for the Data Steward profession, the most commonly sought-after profile is that of an expert business user, familiar with data management techniques and data processing. What are the Data Steward’s responsibilities? The Data Steward must fulfill a wide range of missions. In particular, they must deal with the day-to-day management of data in the broadest sense of the term, ensuring that the processes for collecting and processing information are fluid. Finding and knowing the data, imposing a certain discipline in the management of metadata, and facilitating their availability to employees – These are just some of the issues that Data Stewards must address. Once the data is collected, it is the Data Steward who is responsible for optimizing its storage and transmission to the business teams, after having created the conditions for indexing the data. As one of the key players in ensuring data quality, the Data Steward has another critical task: cleaning up the data by removing duplicates and eliminating useless information. To accomplish this, the Data Steward must ensure that the documentation of the data they manage is up-to-date. Finally, as the Data Steward is also responsible for providing data access for all of your teams, they are constantly monitoring the security of their data assets, both with regard to external threats and internal dangers (particularly to the blunders of certain employees). Operational supervision of data, coordination of data documentation, compliance, and risk management, the Data Steward is a multi-faceted player who contributes to optimized data governance.

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Is iad stiúrthóirí sonraí an chéad phointe tagartha le haghaidh sonraí agus is iad a fheidhmíonn mar phointe iontrála le haghaidh rochtana ar shonraí. Tá eolas teicniúil agus gnó acu ar shonraí, agus is é sin an fáth go dtugtar "mháistir sonraí" orthu go minic laistigh d'eagraíocht! Mar fhírghabhálaithe sonraí, déanaimis a ról, a misean agus a gcuid freagrachtaí a fháil amach. Agus iad ag tabhairt aghaidh ar dhúshláin na n-úsáide agus na n-uasghrádú sonraí, tá speisialtóirí ag teastáil ó eagraíochtaí ar féidir leo a ngníomhartha a chomhcheangal lena n-eolas ar shonraí. I d'ailt le déanaí, phléamar na cearta agus na difríochtaí idir Innealtóirí Sonraí agus Ailtire Sonraí. Rinneamar míniú freisin ar mhisean anailísithe sonraí, bainisteoir táirge sonraí, agus príomh-oifigeach sonraí. Tá sé de chúram ag na speisialtóirí seo go léir sonraí a chur in iúl, a thabhairt beo, trína n-eagraíocht, trí straitéis a shainiú nó trína n-imní a dhéanamh orthu. Chun é sin a dhéanamh, tá ceanglas coiteann ag gach ceann acu: oibriú le sonraí cáilíochta. Is é seo an misean bunúsach atá ag an Stiúrthóir Sonraí, atá freagrach as cáilíocht a gcuid sonraí, a chuireann na próisis agus na cinntí go léir ó straitéis sonraí cuideachta i gcrích. Tá scileanna il-leibhéil ag an Stiúrthóir Sonraí Chun é sin a dhéanamh, ní mór go mbeadh scileanna cumarsáide láidre ag Stiúrthóir Sonraí agus go mbeadh sé in ann idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir na cineálacha agus na formáidí éagsúla sonraí. Ag gníomhú mar phointe comhtháthaithe do na sonraí go léir a ghintear agus a úsáidtear sa chuideachta, ní mór dóibh freisin faireachán leanúnach a dhéanamh ar cháilíocht a gcuid sonraí d'fhonn na sonraí tosaíochta a chaithfidh a ghlanadh nó a chaighdeánú a aithint. Is é an Stiúrthóir Sonraí an príomh-chonraitheoir d'eagraíocht i dtéarmaí sonraí. Go leor go bhfuil siad a dtugtar go minic an máistir sonraí . Chun freastal ar riachtanais an Chúram Sonraí, ní mór don saineolaí seo a bheith i láthair ar gach taobh, toisc go bhfuil ról lárnach aige nó aici i gcur chun feidhme ceart straitéis sonraí. Cad é ról an Stiúrthóra Sonraí sa chuideachta? Tá cuideachtaí ag ath-eagraíocht timpeall ar a gcuid sonraí chun luach a tháirgeadh agus nuálaíocht a dhéanamh sa deireadh as an mbia-ábhar seo. Tá Stiúrthóirí Sonraí ann chun na sonraí a eagrú i gcórais faisnéise na cuideachta. Ní mór dóibh doiciméadú cuí na sonraí a áirithiú agus a n-infheistíocht a éascú dá n-úsáideoirí, amhail Eolaithe Sonraí nó Bainisteoirí Tionscadail, mar shampla. Is é ról lárnach an Stiúrthóra Sonraí maoirseacht a dhéanamh ar shaolré na sonraí uile atá ar fáil, chun a chinntiú go bhfanann a gcáilíocht is fearr is féidir. Tá an nochtadh maidir le cáilíocht na sonraí mar thoradh ar an nochtadh maidir le infhaighteacht freisin. Tá an Stiúrthóir Sonraí, trína misean cáilíochta sonraí, ag cur lena chinntiú go mbeidh rochtain éasca ag foirne gnó ar na sonraí a theastaíonn uathu. Chun an coincheap "Stiúrthóireacht ar Shonraí" a chiall agus a raon feidhme iomlán a thabhairt dó, ní mór don "mháistir sonraí" a bheith in ann ról na droichead a imirt idir na foirne sonraí agus na foirne gnó. Ag obair go dlúth leis na línte gnó agus i gcomhpháirtíocht leanúnach leis na foirne TF, ní hamháin go gcabhróidh an Stiúrthóir Sonraí le sonraí a shainaithint agus a bhailiú ach freisin le fíoraithe agus struchtúrú a dhéanamh orthu. Cuireann a scileanna cumarsáide ar a gcumas na daoine atá freagrach as na sonraí agus a bhfuil eolas acu orthu a shainaithint, an fhaisnéis a bhaineann leo a bhailiú chun í a láidriú agus an t-eolas seo a shaothrú laistigh den chuideachta. Níos sonrach, soláthraíonn Stiúrthóirí Sonraí eolas meiteadat; sraith struchtúrtha faisnéise a chuireann síos ar shraith sonraí. Déantar na sonraí seo a athrú go sócmhainní nithiúla don ghnó. Cé nach bhfuil aon oiliúint shonrach ann don ghairm Stiúrthóir Sonraí, is é an próifíl is coitianta a chuirtear i ngátar ná próifíl úsáideoir gnó saineolach, atá eolach ar theicnící bainistíochta sonraí agus próiseáil sonraí. Cad iad na freagrachtaí atá ar an Stiúrthóir Sonraí? Ní mór don Stiúrthóir Sonraí raon leathan de mhisean a chomhlíonadh. Ba cheart go mbeadh na sonraí sin á gcur i láthair go rialta i gcásanna áirithe, go háirithe i gcásanna ina bhfuil an t-ábhar a bhaineann le sonraí a bhailiú agus a phróiseáil go rialta. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh na sonraí ar fáil agus go mbeadh eolas acu, go mbeadh smacht áirithe á gcur ar bhainistíocht na meiteadat, agus go mbeadh na sonraí ar fáil do na fostaithe. Nuair a bhailítear na sonraí, is é an Stiúrthóir Sonraí atá freagrach as a stóráil agus a tharchur chuig na foirne gnó a bharrfheabhsú, tar éis na dálaí a chruthú chun na sonraí a innéacsú. Mar cheann de na príomhghníomhaithe i gcáilíocht na sonraí a chinntiú, tá cúram ríthábhachtach eile ar an Stiúrthóir Sonraí: na sonraí a ghlanadh trí dhúbailte a bhaint agus faisnéis neamhúsáideach a dhíchur. Chun é seo a bhaint amach, ní mór don Stiúrthóir Sonraí a chinntiú go bhfuil doiciméadú na sonraí a bhainistíonn siad cothrom le dáta. Ar deireadh, toisc go bhfuil an Stiúrthóir Sonraí freagrach freisin as rochtain ar shonraí a sholáthar do do fhoirne go léir, déanann siad monatóireacht leanúnach ar shlándáil a gcuid sócmhainní sonraí, maidir le bagairtí seachtracha agus contúirtí inmheánacha araon (go háirithe maidir le botúin fostaithe áirithe). Faoin mbliain 2015, tá an t-údarás bainistíochta sonraí tar éis a chuid oibre a dhéanamh ar an mbonneagar sonraí, agus tá sé ag cur leis an mbonneagar sonraí a bheith ina ghníomhaire atá freagrach as an mbonneagar sonraí a bhailiú agus a chur ar fáil.

Several months before they even disappeared, concerns had been raised by the school about the relationship between Sussex schoolgirl Megan Stammers and her maths teacher Jeremy Forrest. But what guidance is given to teachers to protect pupils and ensure that their relationships with teachers are always proper? Schools are responsible for the safety and wellbeing of all children in their care. And every adult working in a school is responsible and accountable for their own behaviour. All teachers receive basic training in safeguarding and the welfare of children as part of their initial training. What we at Notts County Council do is provide additional training for headteachers and those nominated in schools to take care of students. If schools do suspect that a relationship is developing or improper conduct has taken place, then we also give advice and guidance. All schools know that they should be contacting us where an incident has taken place that their designated officer from the local authority needs to know about. But what’s key is that all schools and teachers know there are proper boundaries between themselves and all pupils irrespective of their age and gender. Good advice is that teachers shouldn’t do anything that could lead any reasonable person to doubt their motives. If they keep to this, then their behaviour won’t give rise to any suspicions. Teachers shouldn’t flirt, misconduct themselves or allow themselves to be tempted to do anything that is illegal and ruinous to their career. It’s important to keep professional distance and know your boundaries. And teachers should understand that young people are vulnerable and that they’re in a position of trust and responsibility that should never be abused. All children under 18 are protected in law and no teacher should ever take advantage. If a teacher observes anything in school which gives them cause for doubt, they should always report it to their line manager. And if the school feels that a situation is untoward, they’re under a duty to contact us.

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Cúpla mí sula ndeachaigh siad ar iarraidh, d'ardaigh an scoil imní faoi chaidreamh idir Megan Stammers, dalta scoile Sussex, agus a múinteoir matamaitice Jeremy Forrest. Ach cén treoir a thugtar do mhúinteoirí chun daltaí a chosaint agus a chinntiú go bhfuil a gcaidreamh le múinteoirí ceart i gcónaí? Tá na scoileanna freagrach as sábháilteacht agus dea-cháilíocht na leanaí go léir atá faoina gcúram. Agus tá gach duine fásta a oibríonn i scoil freagrach agus cuntasach as a iompar féin. Faoin gcéad oiliúint, faigheann gach múinteoir oiliúint bhunúsach maidir le cosaint agus leas leanaí. Is é an méid a dhéanaimid ag Comhairle Contae Notts ná oiliúint bhreise a chur ar fáil do phríomhoide agus do na daoine a ainmnítear i scoileanna chun aire a thabhairt do mhic léinn. Má tá amhras ag scoileanna go bhfuil caidreamh ag forbairt nó go bhfuil iompar míchuí tagtha i gcrích, ansin tugann muid comhairle agus treoir freisin. Tá a fhios ag gach scoil gur chóir dóibh teagmháil a dhéanamh linn nuair a tharla eachtra a bhfuil gá le fios ag a n-oifigeach ainmnithe ón údarás áitiúil. Ach is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná go bhfuil a fhios ag gach scoil agus múinteoir go bhfuil teorainneacha cuí idir iad féin agus gach dalta, gan beann ar a n-aois agus a n-inscne. Is comhairle mhaith é nach ndéanfadh múinteoirí aon rud a d'fhéadfadh aon duine réasúnta a bheith ag amhras faoina gcuspóirí. Má choinníonn siad seo, ní bheidh a n-iompar ina chúis le haon amhras. Níor cheart do mhúinteoirí flirtáil, mí-iompar a dhéanamh orthu féin ná ligean dóibh féin a bheith tempted chun aon rud a dhéanamh atá mídhleathach agus a d'fhéadfadh a gcuid gairme a scriosadh. Tá sé tábhachtach go gcoinníonn tú do chúlra gairmiúil agus go bhfuil a fhios agat do theorainneacha. Agus ba cheart do mhúinteoirí a thuiscint go bhfuil daoine óga leochaileacha agus go bhfuil siad i riocht iontaofa agus freagrachta nach ba cheart a mhí-úsáid riamh. Tá gach leanbh faoi 18 cosanta sa dlí agus níor cheart d'oideas a bhaint as aon mhúinteoir riamh. Má thugann múinteoir faoi deara aon rud sa scoil a thugann cúis amhras dóibh, ba cheart dóibh é a thuairisciú i gcónaí dá mbainisteoir líne. Agus má bhraitheann an scoil go bhfuil cás neamhshuntasach, tá dualgas orthu teagmháil a dhéanamh linn.

Support and training There's support and training available to foster carers, so you know what to do, and who to talk to when you need help. As we develop over the coming years, the amount of support and training we offer will grow. Talking about traumatic events It’s tough but important to have conversations about traumatic events. A child’s brain has not yet learned to calm their fears, and may continue to experience reactions beyond a traumatic event. Here are some tips to take care of the tamariki in your care. 1. Explain what happened Children don’t benefit from being told not to think about it or to put it out of their minds. Give them information appropriate to their age and developmental stage. Explain what you and others are doing to keep them safe. 2. Keep things simple and listen Use simple, short words so they can understand what you are saying. Spend time listening to how they feel. Let them know what they are feeling is normal and okay. Answer questions, and provide comfort and support. Not avoiding the conversation or overreacting to the situation, will have a long-lasting, positive effect. Don’t minimise the event or their reaction. Give clear, truthful information repeatedly, even when it is emotionally difficult. If you don't know the answer yourself, tell them that. Be honest and open as this will help them develop trust. 3. Be a role model Model the behaviour you want to see the children in your care display by remaining calm even when you’re not feeling calm. Let them see your concern, compassion and empathy, as well as your resilience and ability to cope with traumatic events. Remind them of the good things in the world. Provide extra stability, order and routine so they feel safe and secure. 4. Monitor access to news and social media News and social media may contain distressing images, posts and rumours after major events. Viewing these posts may cause significant trauma and anxiety. Monitor their access to social media and the internet. Ensure they only have access to appropriate sites. Provide support and comfort if they have seen something distressing online. You may want to remind them of their responsibility to be good digital citizens and encourage the sharing of positive messages. 5. Be patient All children are different and will react and express emotions in different ways. Changes in your child’s behaviour could continue for some time. It’s important to understand and support them. Try to comfort and be tolerant of their emotions and behaviours. Remember to take care of yourself, as well as the children in your care. If you have questions, ask for help. Take advantage of resources in your community. Get help from your social worker, doctors, district nurses, teachers, psychologists, professionals, and church representatives to get help on a practical and emotional level. It’s important for you to talk about the event as well. Lean on trusted family and friends for support. Remember that you can call us on 0508 CARERS (0508 227 377) at any time.

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Tacaíocht agus oiliúint Tá tacaíocht agus oiliúint ar fáil do chaomhnóirí maireachtála, ionas go mbeidh a fhios agat cad atá le déanamh, agus cé leis a labhraíonn tú nuair a bhíonn cabhair uait. De réir mar a fhásfaimid sna blianta amach romhainn, méadóidh méid na tacaíochta agus na hoiliúna a thabharfaimid. Ag caint faoi imeachtaí traumatacha Tá sé deacair ach tábhachtach comhrá a dhéanamh faoi imeachtaí traumatacha. Ní d'fhoghlaim inchinn an linbh a eagla a shlaonadh go fóill, agus d'fhéadfadh sé go leanfadh sé ag mothú frithghníomhartha thar ócáid chontúirteach. Seo roinnt leideanna chun aire a thabhairt do na tamariki atá i do chúram. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Mínigh cad a tharla Ní thabharfaidh sé leas do leanaí má deirtear leo gan smaoineamh air nó é a chur as a n-intinn. Cuir faisnéis chuí ar fáil dóibh a bheidh oiriúnach dá aois agus dá chéim forbartha. Mínigh dóibh cad atá á dhéanamh agat féin agus ag daoine eile chun iad a choinneáil sábháilte. 2. Seachadadh. Coinnigh rudaí simplí agus éist Úsáid focail simplí, gearr ionas gur féidir leo a thuiscint cad atá á rá agat. Caith am ag éisteacht le conas a mhothaíonn siad. Lig dóibh a fhios go bhfuil an méid atá á mhothú acu gnáth agus ceart go leor. Freagra a thabhairt ar cheisteanna, agus comhghairdeas agus tacaíocht a thabhairt. Ní bheidh éifeacht dheonach buan ag gan an comhrá a sheachaint nó ag dul thar a bheith i ngníomh leis an staid. Ná déan an t-imeacht nó a bhfreagairt a íoslaghdú. Cuir faisnéis shoiléir, fíor i láthair arís agus arís eile, fiú nuair a bhíonn sé deacair go mothúchánach. Mura bhfuil an freagra ar eolas agat féin, inis dóibh sin. Bí macánta agus oscailte mar cuideoidh sé seo leo muinín a fhorbairt. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Bí mar shampla Déan an t-iompar a theastaíonn uait a fheiceáil ag na páistí atá i do chúram a mhodhnú trí bheith ciúin fiú nuair nach bhfuil tú ag mothú ciúin. Lig dóibh do chúram, do thrócaire agus do chomhbhá a fheiceáil, chomh maith le do resilience agus do chumas déileáil le himeachtaí traumatacha. Cuimhnigh orthu na rudaí maithe ar domhan. Cuir cobhsaíocht, ord agus gnáthamh breise ar fáil ionas go mbraitheann siad sábháilte agus slán. 4. Tá an t-am Monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar rochtain ar nuacht agus ar na meáin shóisialta D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh íomhánna, postanna agus ráflaí imníoch ar na nuachtáin agus ar na meáin shóisialta tar éis imeachtaí móra. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh trauma agus imní suntasach mar thoradh ar na hiontais seo a fheiceáil. Monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar a rochtain ar na meáin shóisialta agus ar an idirlíon. Déan cinnte nach mbeidh rochtain acu ach ar shuíomhanna cuí. Tabhair tacaíocht agus comhghairdeas dóibh má chonaic siad rud éigin imní ar líne. B'fhéidir gur mhaith leat a mheabhrú dóibh a gcuid freagrachta a bheith ina saoránaigh digiteacha maithe agus a spreagadh chun teachtaireachtaí dearfacha a roinnt. 5. Tá an t-am ann. Bí foighneach Tá gach leanbh difriúil agus beidh siad ag freagairt agus ag léiriú mothúchán ar bhealaí éagsúla. D'fhéadfadh athruithe i ngníomh do pháiste a bheith ann ar feadh tamaill. Tá sé tábhachtach iad a thuiscint agus tacú leo. Déan iarracht a n-imoibriú agus a n-iompar a bheith tuisceanach agus a bheith comhfhurtail. Cuimhnigh aire a thabhairt duit féin, chomh maith leis na páistí atá i do chúram. Má tá ceisteanna agat, iarr cabhair. Bain leas as acmhainní i do phobal. Faigh cabhair ó do oibrí sóisialta, dochtúirí, altraí réigiúnacha, múinteoirí, síceolaithe, gairmithe, agus ionadaithe eaglais chun cabhair a fháil ar leibhéal praiticiúil agus mothúchánach. Tá sé tábhachtach duit labhairt faoin ócáid freisin. Lean ar theaghlach agus cairde iontaofa le haghaidh tacaíochta. Cuimhnigh gur féidir leat glaoch orainn ar 0508 CARERS (0508 227 377) ag am ar bith.

Skip to 0 minutes and 10 secondsDark clouds gather over the English country house this week as we begin to chart its decline and decay. We're now dealing with a darker house, a bleaker house. In Ann Radcliffe's Gothic novel, 'The Mysteries of Udolpho', the country house becomes strange and threatening, a prison-like space of terror and suspense. Taking his inspiration from the Gothic novelists, Charles Dickens imagined a country house suspended in time. In 'Great Expectations', Satis House is the rotting home of Miss Havisham, his ghastly corpse bride. Skip to 0 minutes and 45 secondsAnd if you need to steady your nerve, I'll be discussing one of the many domestic economies that operated within the English country house, teaching us about the fascinating history of country house brewing and rounding the week off with a trip to the pub. So here are some key questions to think about this week. How is the English country house depicted in Gothic literature? How do ideas of decay affect depictions of the country house? And what is the domestic economy of the English country house? So steel your nerves and prepared to be frightened as we explore the darker side of the English country house. Welcome to Week 5 This week we emerge from the genteel world of Jane Austen to take a look at the somewhat darker side of country house life with country house owners who are reclusive or downright malevolent. We are joined this week by Dr Angela Wright, who will examine a malevolent country house (or rather castle!) owner in Ann Radcliffe’s Gothic novel, ‘The Mysteries of Udolpho’ and Dr Amber Regis who will be examining one of the most famous characters in English literature, the reclusive Miss Havisham from ‘Great Expectations’. Here are some questions to think about as we work through this week: - How is the country house depicted in Gothic literature? - How do ideas of decay effect depictions of the country house? - What is the domestic economy of the English country house? A date for your diary At the end of this week, two of our educators: Joe and Amber will be available to answer questions relating to Weeks 4 and 5 during a live Google Hangout on 30th July 2015 from 7pm until 8pm BST (GMT + 1). If you think of any questions you would like to ask as you work through this week, you can either leave a comment in Step 5.16, use the course hashtag #FLHouseLit on Twitter, or submit them in the Google Hangout chat window (if you have a Google account). © The University of Sheffield

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Skip go 0 nóiméad agus 10 soicind: Tá scamaill dorcha ag bailiú os cionn an tí tíre Shasana an tseachtain seo agus muid ag tosú ag léarscáileadh a laghdú agus a dí-dísheacht. Táimid ag déileáil anois le teach níos dorcha, teach níos dorcha. I úrscéal gotach Ann Radcliffe, 'The Mysteries of Udolpho', bíonn an teach tíre aisteach agus bagairt, spás sceimhlitheoireachta agus amhras cosúil le príosún. Ag glacadh a inspioráid ó na úrscéalaí Gotach, shamhlaigh Charles Dickens teach tíre a bhí ar fionraí in am. I 'Great Expectations', is é Teach Satis teach rotha na Miss Havisham, a bhean chéile corp uafásach. Skip go 0 nóiméad agus 45 soicind Agus má tá tú ag teastáil chun do nerves a shocrú, beidh mé ag plé ar cheann de na geilleagair baile go leor a oibrigh laistigh den teach tíre Béarla, múineadh dúinn faoi stair suimiúil an teach tíre brewing agus rounding an tseachtain amach le turas chuig an pub. Mar sin, seo roinnt ceisteanna tábhachtacha le smaoineamh orthu an tseachtain seo. Conas a léirítear teach tuaithe na Sasana i litríocht Ghotach? Conas a théann smaointe na dífhillteachta i bhfeidhm ar léaráidí an tí tíre? Agus cad é an geilleagar intíre an teach tíre Béarla? Mar sin, glac do néaróga agus bí réidh le bheith eagla orainn agus muid ag iniúchadh an taobh níos dorcha den teach tuaithe Béarla. Fáilte go Seachtain 5 An tseachtain seo, téann muid amach as domhan uasal Jane Austen chun breathnú ar an taobh rud éigin níos dorcha de shaol an tí tíre le úinéirí tí tíre atá ina n-aisghabhálaithe nó go hiomlán droch-mheas. Tá an Dr. Angela Wright inár dteannta an tseachtain seo, a scrúdóidh teach tuaithe olc (nó caisleán níos fearr!) Beidh an t-údar agus an Dr Amber Regis ag scrúdú ceann de na carachtair is cáiliúla i litríocht na Breataine, an Miss Havisham scoite ó "Great Expectations". Seo roinnt ceisteanna le smaoineamh orthu agus muid ag obair tríd an tseachtain seo: - Conas a léirítear an teach tíre i litríocht Ghotach? - Conas a dhéanann smaointe na dílseacht léiriú na teach tíre? - Cad é an geilleagar intíre an teach tíre Béarla? Dáta do do dhiagnóis Ag deireadh na seachtaine seo, beidh beirt dár n-oideachasóirí: Joe agus Amber ar fáil chun ceisteanna a fhreagairt a bhaineann le Seachtainí 4 agus 5 le linn Hangout Google beo ar an 30 Iúil 2015 ó 7pm go dtí 8pm BST (GMT + 1). Má tá aon cheist agat ar mhaith leat a chur nuair a bheidh tú ag obair tríd an tseachtain seo, is féidir leat trácht a fhágáil i Céim 5.16, úsáid a bhaint as an hashtag cúrsa #FLHouseLit ar Twitter, nó iad a chur isteach sa fhuinneog comhrá Google Hangout (más tá cuntas Google agat). © Ollscoil Sheffield

December 5, 2016 By Siri Elise Dybal Aquaculture experts from the UK’s University of Stirling and the Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA) in Catalonia, Spain have found that the way fish cope with stress is determined by their personality and remains consistent regardless of the situation they are in. They hope that the first study to test stress-coping in mature Senegalese sole will lead farmers to screening fish from a young age to help them reproduce in captivity and improve aquaculture production. Scientists found that when faced with confinement, restraint or a new environment, younger fish and older fish had similar behavioral patterns and levels of activity, showing consistent responses in animals of different ages. There was also a correlation between how individuals with the same sort of personality acted across the various tests, suggesting that those who are reactive and fearful or proactive and curious, maintain this behavior. Dr Sonia Rey Planellas, Research Fellow at the Institute of Aquaculture, said: “Senegalese sole is a very valuable fish farmed across Europe, however first generation males’ failure to reproduce is still a problem affecting production of the species. Animals which are proactive, and try to explore, are likely to reproduce in captivity so it’s important these fish can be identified at a young age.” “The three tests we used to simulate life in captivity was easy to apply and required no special equipment. We hope this can be replicated by fish farmers, large and small, to help establish selection-based breeding programmes and easily identify fish that deal best with stress and will be able to reproduce more successfully in a variety of environments.” “These Operational Behavioral Screening tests (OBST) can be used for other species of interest facing similar problems on domestication and production.” The research, which also involved researchers from the Spanish Institute of Oceanography, was published in Royal Society Open Science. Around 120 Senegalese sole took part in five individual behavioral tests and two grouping tests. Cortisol, glucose and lactate in the blood was measured at the end of the tests to measure the stress response. The study formed part of Zohar Ibarra-Zatarain’s PhD thesis who is now working in the Nayarit Centre of Technology Innovation and Transfer (CENIT2) in Tepic, México. Print this page

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December 5, 2016 By Siri Elise Dybal Tá sé tugtha faoi deara ag saineolaithe dobharshaothraithe ó Ollscoil Stirling sa Ríocht Aontaithe agus ón Institiúid um Thaighde agus Teicneolaíocht Bia agus Talmhaíochta (IRTA) i gcatalún na Spáinne go bhfuil an bealach a ndéanann iasc déileáil le strus a chinneadh ag a phearsantacht agus go bhfanann sé comhsheasmhach is cuma cén cás a bhíonn siad ann. Tá súil acu go gcuirfidh an chéad staidéar chun déileáil le strus a thástáil i seola Senegalese aibí ar thús le feirmeoirí iasc a scagadh ó aois óg chun cabhrú leo atáirgeadh i bpríosún agus táirgeadh dobharshaothraithe a fheabhsú. Fuair eolaithe amach go raibh patrún iompair agus leibhéil ghníomhaíochta den chineál céanna ag iasc níos óige agus ag iasc níos sine nuair a bhí siad i gcoinne coinneála, srianadh nó timpeallacht nua, ag léiriú freagraí comhsheasmhacha in ainmhithe de aoiseanna éagsúla. Bhí comhghaol ann freisin idir conas a ghníomhaigh daoine aonair leis an gcineál céanna pearsantachta ar fud na dtástálacha éagsúla, ag moladh go gcoinníonn na daoine atá imoibritheach agus eagla nó réamhghníomhach agus fiosrach an iompar seo. Dúirt an Dr Sonia Rey Planellas, Comhalta Taighde in Institiúid na nUisceailteoireachta: "Is é an t-iasc an-luachmhar é a fheirmeofar ar fud na hEorpa, ach tá easpa atáirgthe na bhfear den chéad ghlúin fós ina fhadhb a théann i bhfeidhm ar tháirgeadh na speiceas. Is dócha go ndéanfaidh ainmhithe atá réamhghníomhach, agus a dhéanann iarracht iniúchadh a dhéanamh, atáirgeadh i ngábh, mar sin tá sé tábhachtach go bhféadfar na hiasc seo a aithint ag aois óg. Ba é an triúr tástáil a d'úsáid muid chun saol i ngábhála a shamhlú éasca le cur i bhfeidhm agus ní raibh gá le trealamh speisialta. Tá súil againn go bhféadfaidh feirmeoirí éisc, mór agus beag, é seo a athdhéanamh chun cabhrú le cláir atáirgthe roghnaithe a bhunú agus iasc a aithint go héasca a dhéileálann is fearr le strus agus a bheidh in ann atáirgeadh níos rathúla a dhéanamh i dtimpeallachtaí éagsúla. Is féidir na tástálacha Screening Iompair Oibritheach (OBST) seo a úsáid le haghaidh speicis eile a bhfuil spéis iontu a bhfuil fadhbanna den chineál céanna acu maidir le maolú agus táirgeadh. Foilsíodh an taighde, a raibh taighdeoirí ó Institiúid na Mara-eolaíochta na Spáinne rannpháirteach ann freisin, i Royal Society Open Science. Ghlac thart ar 120 seola Senegalese páirt i gcúig thástáil iompair aonair agus dhá thástáil ghrúpa. Rinneadh cortisol, glúcóis agus laictéat sa fhuil a thomhas ag deireadh na dtástálacha chun an freagra ar an strus a thomhas. Bhí an staidéar mar chuid de shaotharlann PhD Zohar Ibarra-Zatarain, atá ag obair anois i Lárionad Nuálaíochta agus Aistrithe Teicneolaíochta Nayarit (CENIT2) i Tepic, Meicsiceo. Cló an leathanaigh seo

Height: 25 in. (63.5 cm) Diameter: 11 in. (27.9 cm) The Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments, 1889 Not on view In Japanese ceremonies, suspended cast-iron bells are used for signaling during prayer and for calling Buddhists to worship. The densho, or hansho, incorporates many symbolic motifs found in the Far East. The suspension loop (ryuzo) is formed by two dragon heads and a flame; the upper third contains nipples (nyu), a symbol of fertility, and the barren field below (ikenomachi) provides a place for poetry or iconography. The chrysanthemums, a symbol of longevity and happiness, form the striking surface (shuza). This densho, intended for trade, has an additional element—a dramatic confrontation between dragon and eagle—that is atypical. The densho is occasionally heard in the kabuki theater's off-stage ensembles. Mary Elizabeth Adams Brown "Musical Instruments in The Metropolitan Museum." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (1978), Vol. XXXV, No. 3, pg. 30-31, ill. Catalogue of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments: Asia, Gallery 27. 2. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1903, vol. II, pg. 38. Catalogue of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments: Gallery 27. 1. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1901, vol. I, pg. 38. Date: late 18th centuryMedium: Leaded bronze with trace of antimony Material analyzed by Conservation Department, 20 August 1976. Tested by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectometryAccession: 89.4.1681On view in:Not on view

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Ardacht: 25 in. (i.e. 63.5 cm) Tromla: 11 in. (27.9 cm) Bailiúchán Ceoltóirí Crosby Brown, 1889 Níl sé le feiceáil I searmanais na Seapáine, úsáidtear cloganna cruach dhosmálta ar fionraí chun comhartha a thabhairt le linn na guí agus chun Búdaigh a ghlaoch chun adhradh. Tá go leor móitíf siombalach san Fhar-Oirthear san densho, nó hansho. Tá an lúb fionraí (ryuzo) déanta as dhá cheann dráma agus lasair; tá nipples (nyu), siombail na torthúlachta, sa tríú cuid uachtarach, agus soláthraíonn an réimse neamhtháirgiúil thíos (ikenomachi) áit do bhéal nó íonagrafaíocht. Is iad na chrysanthemums, siombail na fad saoil agus na sonachta, an dromchla suntasach (shuza). Tá gné bhreise ag an denshō seo, atá ceaptha le haghaidh trádála - comhthroid drámatúil idir dráma agus eireaball - atá neamhghnách. Is minic a chloiseann an densho i gcomhdhéanta taobh amuigh den stáitse amharclainne kabuki. Mary Elizabeth Adams Brown "Instrumental ceoil sa Músaem Metropolitan". An Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (1978), Vol. XXXV, Níl. 3, pg. 30-31, tinn. Catalóg de Chruinniú Crosby Brown d'Institiúidí Ceoil: An Áise, Gailearaí 27. 2. Seachadadh. Músaem Ealaíne na Cathrach. Nua-Eabhrac, 1903, vol. II, pg. 38. - Tá sé. Catalóg de Chruinniú Crosby Brown d'Institiúidí Ceoil: Gailearaí 27. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Músaem Ealaíne na Cathrach. Nua-Eabhrac, 1901, vol. I, pg. 38. - Tá sé. Dáta: deireadh an 18ú haoisMeán: Bronce luaidhe le rian de antóimín Ábhar a rinne an Roinn Coimirce anailís air, 20 Lúnasa 1976. Tástáil trí speictometrí fluaraiseachta r-ghathach fuinnimhAccession: 89.4.1681On view in:Not on view

It seems that many products/services that are environmentally friendly would generate high consideration from consumers. Is that the only factor for people’s decision to buy? This article argues that without user friendly design, even if the product/service is green, it becomes difficult to market it. The article continues to discusses how a milk processing company hired a design team to produce a jug that was able to reduce costs to the consumer while simultaneously increase the efficiency of its supply chain and create a green product. It took a regular one gallon jug, transformed it, and made it into a boxy jug, which compared to a regular jug was easier to stack on top of each other. Therefore efficiencies were realized during the bottling, transportation, and stocking process. Since there were fewer trips involved in transportation, the savings in fuel and air pollution helped make this product green. The supplier was able to identify and understand the problem facing both the consumer and supply chain. Sounds perfect, right? Well, the problem is that the design of the jug made it difficult to pour milk without spilling due to the absence of a spout. Instead of lifting the jug and pouring, this design required rocking the jug forward. This is certainly not intuitive to the consumer. From a supply-side sustainability perspective, this is a success. But from a demand-side sustainability perspective, improvements are much This article summarizes what factors are needed to ensure that both the supply and demand-side sustainability perspectives are met. Here is a graphic from below. It also states that from the supply-side, results are easily quantifiable in the form of cost savings. From the demand-side, it is being able to identify with the needs of the customer, design a product around them, and making it desirable and green at the same time. Market share and sales are the two identifiable metrics from the demand side. By ensuring both the demand and supply side sustainability are met, the design of a product/service becomes a win/win proposition for both the suppliers and consumers. Demand would increase as a result of user-friendly design, costs would be minimized as a result of the efficiencies gained from an optimal supply-side sustainability solution.

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Is cosúil go mbeadh aird mhór ag tomhaltóirí ar go leor táirgí/seirbhísí atá neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol. An é sin an t-aon fhachtóir a chuireann cinneadh ceannaigh ar dhaoine? Sa t-alt seo, déantar a mhaíomh go bhfuil sé deacair an táirge/seirbhís a mhargú gan dearadh atá éasca le húsáid, fiú má tá sé glas. Leanann an t-alt ag plé ar an gcaoi a d'fhostaigh cuideachta próiseála bainne foireann dearadh chun crann a tháirgeadh a bhí in ann costais a laghdú don tomhaltóir agus ag an am céanna éifeachtúlacht a slabhra soláthair a mhéadú agus táirge glas a chruthú. Ghlac sé cnap galún rialta, d'athraigh sé é, agus rinne sé é ina cnap boxy, a bhí níos éasca a chur ar a chéile i gcomparáid le cnap rialta. Dá bhrí sin, baineadh éifeachtúlacht amach le linn an phróisis buidéilithe, iompair agus stoic. Ós rud é go raibh níos lú turais i gceist le hiompar, chabhraigh an coigiltis i gualach agus i truailliú aeir leis an táirge seo a dhéanamh glas. Bhí an soláthraí in ann an fhadhb a bhí os comhair an tomhaltóra agus an slabhra soláthair araon a aithint agus a thuiscint. Fuaime foirfe, ceart? Bhuel, is é an fhadhb ná go raibh sé deacair, de bharr dearaidh an channa, bainne a dhoirteadh gan a bheith ag titim mar gheall ar easpa spout. In ionad an cúnóg a ardú agus a dhoirteadh, bhí gá leis an dearadh seo an cúnóg a shuaitheadh ar aghaidh. Is cinnte nach bhfuil sé seo intuitive don tomhaltóir. Ó thaobh inbhuanaitheacht an tsoláthair de, is rath é seo. Ach ó thaobh inbhuanaitheacht ó thaobh an éilimh de, tá feabhsuithe i bhfad níos mó ná mar a bhí ag an mbliain 2000. Tá an t-alt seo ag cur síos ar na tosca a theastaíonn chun a chinntiú go gcomhlíontar na hionchais inbhuanaitheachta ar thaobh an tsoláthair agus an éilimh araon. Seo grafach ón mbun. Deirtear ann freisin go bhfuil na torthaí ó thaobh an tsoláthair de in-uimhir in acmhainn a chainníochtú go héasca i bhfoirm coigiltis costais. Ó thaobh an éilimh de, tá sé in ann a bheith in ann a aithint le riachtanais an chustaiméara, táirge a dhearadh timpeall orthu, agus é a dhéanamh inmhianaithe agus glas ag an am céanna. Is iad an sciar margaidh agus an díolachán an dá mheatríocht atá inrochtana ó thaobh an éilimh de. Trí a chinntiú go gcomhlíontar inbhuanaitheacht an éilimh agus an tsoláthair araon, bíonn dearadh táirge/seirbhíse ina tairiscint bhua/bhuanna do sholáthraithe agus do thomhaltóirí araon. D'fhéadfadh an t-éileamh méadú mar thoradh ar dhearadh atá éasca le húsáid, agus laghdófaí costais mar thoradh ar na héifeachtúlachtaí a fhaightear as réiteach inbhuanaitheachta is fearr ar thaobh an tsoláthair.

Al sh'loshah d'varim haolam omed: Al haTorah, v'al ha-avodah, v'al g'milut chasadim. The world depends on three things: on Torah, on worship and on loving deeds. - Pirkei Avot 1:2 This year each issue of Vshinantam will focus on adolescents and applications for our Jewish educational and youth settings. In this third issue, we look at teens and technology and begin to answer the questions of how does teen use of technology impact their learning and our teaching and how can we embrace the technology available to enhance teaching and learning. Todays teens are digital natives; They study, work, write, and interact with each other in ways that are very different from the ways you did growing up Theyre connected to one another by a common culture. Major aspects of their lives-social interactions, friendships, civic activitiesare mediated by digital technologies. And they have never known another way of life. (Palfrey and Gasser, 2) On the other hand, many teachers are digital immigrants, having adopted the Internet and related technologies, but who were born prior to the digital age and often playing catch-up to their digital native students. This issue of Vshinantam will focus on the affects that the digital age have on adolescent development and the challenges and opportunities it holds for Jewish education. The widespread use of technology has an impact in almost every aspect of a teenagers life. It affects their brain, social/emotional, identity and moral development as well as how they learn. According to Dr. David Walsh, author of Why Do They Act that Way?: A Survival Guide to the Adolescent Brain for You and Your Teen, technology is changing the way we live and communicate as electronic media becomes integrated into the daily lives of teens. Adolescents spend more time engaging with these media than in any other activity, including school. All this media access and use affects our teens. As teachers and trusted adults in the lives of teenagers, we need to be aware of the effects and the ways we can help teenagers Jewishly navigate their digital world. Jewish education, like all education, needs to adjust to the rapid flow of technological advances that will replace our traditional methodology in the classroom. With the aid of the world at their fingertips, adolescents will no longer tolerate a learning environment out of the last century. (Philip, 4) In this section, we take a look at a few areas of adolescent development and how we might use technology in our learning environments. Brain Development The teen brain is under construction. The frontal lobes, the area responsible for abstract thinking, reason, language, and decision-making is developing significantly during adolescence. Therefore, unlike the adult brain, the teen brain relies heavily on the amygdala, the center of emotion. This explains why teens make poor decisions and highly have emotional responses to ordinary situations, questions, or requests. Experience also plays a significant role in brain development, shaping what parts of the brain will be pruned and what will become hardwired. Evaluating content is also difficult for teenagers because the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in selection, interpretation and evaluation, is not fully developed. Due to their shorter attention spans they often do not evaluate information thoroughly and have fewer experiences against which to compare the information. Neurology and technology together impact the teen brain in ways we are just discovering. Technology tool: Journaling is a good habit for teens because it requires them to reflect on their experiences. Weblogs, or blogs, are easily created and updateable websites that allow the author to publish instantly to the Internet. Blogging engages in the processes of thinking, writing, and reflection. Ask students to create blogs about the lessons in the weekly Torah portion, ethical dilemmas in the news, or volunteer experiences. Teachers, parents and other students can post comments and engage students in the process of reflecting on their experiences. Social Development As with any new technology (telephone, tv, etc.) its introduction influences society and the way people interact with each other. The advent of so many new technologies developing so rapidly and available relatively inexpensively is having a profound impact on teenagers. Teens have adopted this technology very aggressively everything a teenager does is about being mobile and untethered its a newer way of connecting socially. (Philip, 75) Social connections for teens occur through the Internet, instant messaging, texting, and via cell phone. They can be anywhere at anytime and be connected to each other. Technology tool: Because learning is no longer primarily fixed in time and space; it can happen anytime and anywhere that we are connected it forces us to rethink our physical teaching and learning spaces and our roles in students lives. (Richardson, Educational Leadership, 28) New technologies can expand the contact hours we have with our students and how we get to know them. Social bookmarking sites allow one to save links, organize them through annotating them with tags, and sharing them with all those who have the same tag. Social bookmarking lets us read and connect what others read. You can use sites like delicious.com to form Jewish special interest groups among students in different grades, schools or towns. Try joining a social networking site like Facebook to communicate with and get to know your students. Identity Formation Technology is also impacting identity formation in teens. There is more experimentation and reinvention of identity and different modes of expression. However, studies of online identity formation consistently suggest that young people tend to express their personal and social identities online much as people always have in real space and in ways that are consistent with their identities in real space (Palfrey and Gasser, 21) Greater exploration offers terrific possibilities for personal development. Technology tool: Allow students to create and share photo essays that represent their Jewish identities using online photo galleries like Photobucket or Flickr. Moral Development We often hear the difficulty students sometimes have in finding ways Judaism and Jewish values are relevant to the modern world. What more relevant conversation to have with teens than on how the ways we use technology can exhibit or conflict with Jewish values? There are rich discussions that can be had on making good choices about technology use such as: downloading materially legally; resisting violent or sexually inappropriate material online or in video games; limiting time online to have time for community, family, and self; the downside of multitasking and warning signs of addiction; and guarding against inappropriate ways of relating to others like sexting or cyber-bullying. Our ancient rabbis confronted the societal issues that are facing our teens today even though they could not have foreseen the digital age. Our role as teachers can be the pathfinders for our teens and their parents to help them Jewishly navigate the digital world. Technology tool: A wiki is practically an online Talmud pagea collaborative webspace where anyone can add content or edit what has already been published. Wikis use skills of creation, collaboration, and contribution. Pose an ethical challenge from the real world and task students with finding relevant Jewish sources as well as posting their own commentary. Multitasking and Down Time Multitasking for a digital native is using more than one type of media at a time. It is not uncommon to find teens on a social networking site instant messaging friends, listening to downloaded music and doing homework. Multitasking takes different forms. Parallel processing is when we do more than one thing at exactly the same timereading while listening to music. Task-switching occurs when we rapidly change from one task to anotherreading a book and responding to instant messages as they appear. (Gasser and Palfrey, Educational Leadership, 17). It is task-switching that teens engage in most often. Research suggests that multitasking does not make learning impossible, but it does increase the amount of time needed to finish a task. In addition, the loss of attention and the time spent switching tasks may have an adverse effect on digital natives ability to learn complex new facts and concepts. (Gasser and Palfrey, Educational Leadership, 18) Technology tool: Experiment with different environments in your classroom. Allow students to select and listen to relevant music while they study with a partner. Alternatively, declare some time or classroom space quiet or unplugged and teach students that there are appropriate times to focus and turn our digital devices off. Tie in to the idea of Shabbat and teach that we all need a break; practice quiet time and meditation.

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Al sh'loshah d'varim haolam omed: Al haTorah, v'al ha-avodah, v'al g'milut chasadim. Braitheann an domhan ar thrí rud: ar Torah, ar adhradh agus ar ghníomhartha grá. - Pirkei Avot 1: 2 I mbliana beidh gach uimhir de Vshinantam dírithe ar dhéagóirí agus iarratais ar ár suíomhanna oideachais agus óige Giúdach. Sa tríú heagrán seo, féachfaimid ar dhéagóirí agus teicneolaíocht agus tosaímid ag freagairt na gceisteanna maidir le conas a dhéanann úsáid teicneolaíochta óige tionchar ar a gcuid foghlama agus ar ár dteagasc agus conas is féidir linn glacadh leis an teicneolaíocht atá ar fáil chun teagasc agus foghlaim a fheabhsú. Tá déagóirí lá atá inniu ann dúchasach digiteach; staidéar a dhéanamh, obair, scríobh, agus idirghníomhú lena chéile ar bhealaí atá an-difriúil ó na bealaí a rinne tú ag fás suas Tá siad ceangailte le chéile ag cultúr coiteann. Tá gnéithe móra dá saol - idirghníomhaíochtaí sóisialta, cairdeas, gníomhaíochtaí sibhialta - idirghabhálaithe ag teicneolaíochtaí digiteacha. Agus ní raibh a fhios acu riamh ar bhealach eile den saol. (Palfrey agus Gasser, 2) Ar an láimh eile, is imircigh dhigiteacha iad go leor múinteoirí, a ghlac leis an Idirlíon agus teicneolaíochtaí gaolmhara, ach a rugadh roimh an aois dhigiteach agus a imríonn go minic a gcuid mac léinn dúchasacha dhigiteacha. Díríonn an uimhir seo de Vshinantam ar na héifeachtaí a bhíonn ag an aois dhigiteach ar fhorbairt na n-óige agus na dúshláin agus na deiseanna a thugann sé do oideachas Giúdach. Tá tionchar ag an úsáid forleathan teicneolaíochta ar beagnach gach gné de shaol na n-óige. Bíonn tionchar aige ar a n-inchinn, ar a bhforbairt shóisialta/mhothúchánach, ar a n-aitheantas agus ar a n-iompar morálta chomh maith leis an gcaoi a fhoghlaimíonn siad. De réir an Dr. David Walsh, údar an leabhair Why Do They Act That Way? : A Survival Guide to the Adolescent Brain for You and Your Teen, tá an teicneolaíocht ag athrú an tslí ina mairimid agus ina labhraímid de réir mar a bhíonn na meáin leictreonacha comhtháite i saol laethúil na n-óige. Caitheann déagóirí níos mó ama ag baint úsáide as na meáin seo ná aon ghníomhaíocht eile, lena n-áirítear an scoil. Bíonn tionchar ag na meáin agus ar an úsáid a bhíonn acu ar na meáin seo ar ár n-óige. Mar mhúinteoirí agus daoine fásta iontaofa i saol na n-óige, ní mór dúinn a bheith ar an eolas faoi na héifeachtaí agus na bealaí is féidir linn cabhrú le déagóirí dul ar aghaidh go Giúdach ina saol digiteach. Ní mór oideachas Giúdach, cosúil le gach oideachas, a chur in oiriúint do shreabhadh tapa na n-ardú teicneolaíochta a thiocfaidh in ionad ár modheolaíocht thraidisiúnta sa seomra ranga. Le cabhair an domhain atá ar fáil dóibh, ní thabharfaidh daoine óga go leor timpeallacht foghlama a thagann ón gcéad bliain seo caite. (Philippi, 4) Sa chuid seo, déanaimid breathnú ar roinnt réimsí d'fhorbairt óige agus ar an gcaoi a bhféadfaimis teicneolaíocht a úsáid inár dtimpeallachtaí foghlama. Forbairt na hinchinne Tá an inchinn óige á thógáil. Tá na lobes frontal, an limistéar atá freagrach as smaointeoireacht shonraithe, réasún, teanga, agus cinnteoireacht ag forbairt go suntasach le linn na déagóirí. Dá bhrí sin, murab ionann agus an inchinn aosach, tá an inchinn óg ag brath go mór ar an amygdala, an t-ionad mothúchán. Míníonn sé seo cén fáth a ndéanann déagóirí cinntí mícheart agus go mbíonn freagairtí mothúchánach acu go mór do chásanna, ceisteanna nó iarratais gnáth. Tá ról suntasach ag taithí freisin i bhforbairt na hinchinne, ag cruthú cé na codanna den inchinn a ghearrfar agus cé na codanna a bheidh crua-chláraithe. Tá sé deacair freisin ar dhéagóirí ábhar a mheas toisc nach bhfuil an cortex réamh-chinn, a bhfuil baint aige le roghnú, léirmhíniú agus meastóireacht, forbartha go hiomlán. Mar gheall ar a gcuid ama aird níos giorra, is minic nach ndéanann siad meastóireacht chuimsitheach ar fhaisnéis agus tá níos lú taithí acu chun an fhaisnéis a chur i gcomparáid leis. Bíonn tionchar ag néarolaíocht agus teicneolaíocht le chéile ar an inchinn óige ar bhealaí nach bhfuil againn ach a fháil amach. Uirlis Teicneolaíochta: Is dea-chleachtas é do dhéagóirí leabhar a scríobh mar go n-éilíonn sé orthu smaoineamh ar a dtaithí. Is láithreáin ghréasáin é Weblogs, nó blogs, a chruthaítear go héasca agus a nuashonraítear a ligeann don údar a fhoilsiú láithreach ar an Idirlíon. Bíonn blagáil ag baint le próisis smaointeoireachta, scríbhneoireachta agus machnaimh. Iarr ar dhaltaí blóga a chruthú faoi na ceachtanna sa chuid Torah seachtainiúil, faoi dhúshláin eiticiúla sna nuachtáin, nó faoi thaithí deonacha. Is féidir le múinteoirí, tuismitheoirí agus daltaí eile tuairimí a phostáil agus daltaí a chur i mbun an phróisis a bhaineann lena dtaithí a léiriú. Forbairt Shóisialta Mar a tharla le haon teicneolaíocht nua (teilifín, teilifís, etc.) Bíonn tionchar ag a thabhairt isteach ar an tsochaí agus ar an mbealach a n-idirghníomhaíonn daoine lena chéile. Tá tionchar mór ag an teacht chun cinn ar an oiread sin teicneolaíochtaí nua atá ag forbairt chomh tapa agus atá ar fáil go réasúnta saor ar dhéagóirí. Tá déagóirí glacadh leis an teicneolaíocht seo an-ionsaitheach gach rud a dhéanann déagóir faoi bheith soghluaiste agus untethered a bhealach níos nuaí a nascadh go sóisialta. (Philip, 75) Is trí an Idirlíon, trí theachtaireachtaí láithreach, trí theachtaireachtaí teachtaireachta, agus trí fhón póca a tharlaíonn naisc shóisialta do dhéagóirí. Is féidir leo a bheith in áit ar bith ag am ar bith agus a bheith nasctha lena chéile. uirlis theicneolaíochta: Toisc nach bhfuil foghlaim socraithe go príomha in am agus in spás a thuilleadh; is féidir é a tharlóidh ag am ar bith agus in áit ar bith go bhfuil muid nasctha, cuireann sé iallach orainn ár spásanna teagaisc agus foghlama fisiciúla agus ár róil i saol na scoláirí a athmhachnamh. (Richardson, Educational Leadership, 28) Is féidir le teicneolaíochtaí nua na huaireanta teagmhála atá againn lenár gcuid mac léinn a leathnú agus an chaoi a bhfaighimid aithne orthu. Ligeann suíomhanna marcála sóisialta do dhuine naisc a shábháil, iad a eagrú trí naisc a chur leo le lipéid, agus iad a roinnt leis na daoine go léir a bhfuil an lipéad céanna acu. Ligeann marcáil shóisialta dúinn a léamh agus a nascadh le rud a léann daoine eile. Is féidir leat suíomhanna cosúil le delicious.com a úsáid chun grúpaí spéise Giúdach a fhoirmiú i measc daltaí i gráid, scoile nó i mbailte éagsúla. Déan iarracht dul isteach i suíomh líonraithe sóisialta mar Facebook chun cumarsáid a dhéanamh le do dhaltaí agus aithne a chur orthu. Tá tionchar ag Teicneolaíocht Foirmiú Aitheantais ar fhoirmiú aitheantais i measc déagóirí freisin. Tá níos mó tástála agus athfhiontair ar shainaithint agus ar mhodhanna éagsúla léiriú. Mar sin féin, tugann staidéir ar fhoirmiú féiniúlachta ar líne le fios go leanann daoine óga a gcuid féiniúlachtaí pearsanta agus sóisialta a chur in iúl ar líne i bhfad mar a bhíonn daoine i gcónaí i spás fíor agus ar bhealaí atá ag teacht lena gcuid féiniúlachtaí i spás fíor (Palfrey agus Gasser, 21) Cuireann iniúchadh níos mó féidearthachtaí iontach ar fáil d'fhorbairt phearsanta. Uirlis teicneolaíochta: Lig do mhic léinn aisteanna grianghraf a chruthú agus a roinnt a léiríonn a n-aitheantais Giúdacha ag baint úsáide as gailearaí grianghraf ar líne mar Photobucket nó Flickr. Forbairt Mhorálta Is minic a chloiseann muid an deacracht a bhíonn ag mic léinn uaireanta i gcaoi a bhfuil Iúdáchas agus luachanna Giúdacha ábhartha don domhan nua-aimseartha. Cad is mó a bheadh i gceist le comhrá a dhéanamh le déagóirí ná conas a d'fhéadfadh na bealaí a n-úsáidimid teicneolaíocht a thaispeáint nó a bheith contrártha le luachanna Giúdach? Tá plé saibhir ann a d'fhéadfaí a dhéanamh maidir le roghanna maithe a dhéanamh maidir le húsáid teicneolaíochta mar: ábhar a íoslódáil go dlíthiúil; ag cur in aghaidh ábhar foréigneach nó neamh-oiriúnach go gnéasach ar líne nó i gcluichí físe; teorainn a chur le ham ar líne chun am a bheith agat don phobal, don teaghlach, agus duit féin; an míbhuntáiste a bhaineann le iltascáil agus comharthaí rabhaidh andúil; agus faireachán a dhéanamh ar bhealaí neamh-oiriúnach maidir le daoine eile mar sexting nó cyber-bullying. Bhí ár rabíin ársa ag tabhairt aghaidh ar na saincheisteanna sochaíocha a bhfuil ár n-óigeoirí ag tabhairt aghaidh orthu inniu cé nach bhféadfadh siad ré digiteach a shamhlú. Is féidir lenár ról mar mhúinteoirí a bheith mar threoirí bealaí dár n-óige agus dá dtuismitheoirí chun cabhrú leo dul ar aghaidh go Giúdach sa domhan digiteach. Uirlis theicneolaíochta: Is é wiki go praiticiúil spás gréasáin comhoibritheach ar líne de chuid an Talmadaigh áit ar féidir le duine ar bith ábhar a chur leis nó a chur in eagar ar an méid atá foilsithe cheana féin. Úsáideann Wiki scileanna cruthaitheachta, comhoibrithe agus cur isteach. Cuir dúshlán eiticiúil ar fáil ón saol fíor agus cuir iallach ar na mic léinn foinsí ábhartha Giúdacha a aimsiú chomh maith lena gcuid tuairimí féin a phostáil. Is é iltascadh do dhúchasach digiteach níos mó ná cineál amháin meán a úsáid ag an am céanna. Ní haon rud é go bhfaigheann daoine óga ar shuíomh líonraithe sóisialta cairde a chur ar an teachtaireacht láithreach, ceol íoslódáilte a éisteacht agus obair bhaile a dhéanamh. Tá cineálacha éagsúla iltascaireachta ann. Is é próiseáil chomhthreomhar nuair a dhéanaimid níos mó ná rud amháin ag an am céanna ag léamh agus ag éisteacht le ceol. Tarlaíonn athlonnú tasc nuair a athraíonn muid go tapa ó tasc amháin go tasc eile ag léamh leabhar agus ag freagairt do theachtaireachtaí láithreach de réir mar a thagann siad. (Gasser agus Palfrey, Educational Leadership, 17). Is é an t-athrú tasc is mó a dhéanann déagóirí. Tugann taighde le fios nach ndéanann iltascáil an fhoghlaim a dhéanamh dodhéanta, ach go gcuireann sé leis an méid ama a theastaíonn chun tasc a chríochnú. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh drochthionchar ag caillteanas aird agus an t-am a chaitear ag athrú tascanna ar chumas na ndaoine a rugadh digiteach fíricí agus coincheapa nua casta a fhoghlaim. (Gasser agus Palfrey, Educational Leadership, 18) Uirlis teicneolaíochta: Déan triail as timpeallachtaí éagsúla i do sheomra ranga. Lig do dhaltaí ceol iomchuí a roghnú agus a éisteacht agus iad ag staidéar le comhpháirtí. Ina ionad sin, cuir am éigin nó spás sa seomra ranga ciúin nó neamhplugáilte agus múin do dhaltaí go bhfuil amanna cuí ann chun díriú agus ár bhfeistí digiteacha a mhúchadh. Ceangail leis an smaoineamh ar Shabbat agus múineadh go bhfuil gá againn go léir le sos; cleachtadh am ciúin agus machnamh.

You’ve harvested the last of your squash, beans, and tomatoes. And now you are thinking about your more cold hardy crops. You may have heard that you can store carrots in the ground over winter – and perhaps you could use some pointers on how best to do this. While keeping them in the garden isn’t the only way to store this crop, it is a useful method for those of us with cold winters who are low on cool-storage space. And if you’ve followed our guide to growing carrots, you’ll more than likely have a bumper crop by now! We link to vendors to help you find relevant products. If you buy from one of our links, we may earn a commission. After all, ideal storage for your carrot harvest involves covering them with sand and storing them at 32-40°F with a relative humidity of 90-95%. If these recommended conditions sound an awful lot like what’s going on in your garden soil during the winter, it may make good sense for you to leave this root vegetable in the ground until you need it. In this article, we’ll get to the root of storing carrots in this way. Here’s what we’ll cover: What You’ll Learn This Method Is Not for You If… In some cases, storing this root vegetable in the garden through the winter may not be advisable. I’ll save you some time by going over those cases first. You may want to harvest your carrots instead of leaving them in the garden if: - Your winter soil temperatures do not stay below 40°F – it needs to be cold enough to stop all growth. - Your winters are very rainy, or your soil is not well-draining – in these cases your crop may rot in the ground. - Your area is prone to carrot rust flies – this pest will thrive if roots are left in the soil over winter. - You have planted a variety that is not designed for winter storage, such as a coreless cultivar. If storing this vegetable in the ground turns out not to be the best method for your situation, harvest your carrots and keep them in your fridge, a root cellar, or a cool basement. And don’t forget these other things to do in the garden before winter. On the other hand, if leaving them where they are sounds perfect, there are a few steps you’ll want to take to store them successfully. But before you get started, you’ll need to know the best time to store your carrots for winter. When to Put Your Crop to Bed It will be time to get busy preparing your crops after you have had a couple of frosts – which will make your carrots sweeter – but before the ground freezes. How do you know when your ground is frozen? According to the Western Regional Climate Center, when air temperatures reach 24°F or lower, the ground begins to freeze. Whether the soil stays frozen and how deeply it freezes will depend on many factors, including “the duration and severity of the freeze, soil moisture, and soil type.” So don’t wait for a hard freeze, keep your eye on the weather report, and be ready to start preparing your carrots after a couple of light freezes. To learn more about how varying degrees of cold will affect your plants, read our article on frost damage. Mark Your Crop Your light frosts have come and gone, and now you’re ready to put your carrots to bed. And for that, they’ll need covering. But before you start covering them up, there’s an important step to take so that you can find exactly where they are when you are ready to harvest them. You will be covering them with mulch, so make sure you have a way of finding them again first. Mark your carrot patch with a sign, stick, or some other means to remind yourself that there is a crop of root vegetables there for later eating. In my garden, I use sticks for this purpose. If you get lots of snow in your region, make sure your marker is tall enough to exceed than your expected snowfall, in case you want to dig some of your carrots up before the snow melts. Lop the Tops Off After marking your beds, the next step is to cut off the greens. There are a couple of reasons why you should do this: First, when carrot greens are left on, they continue to draw up energy from the roots. This results in vegetables that are not as sweet as they would have been otherwise. And because you are covering them, in more humid climates, your buried carrot greens will likely rot – ruining your crop. When you cut the green tops back, leave about 1/4 to 1/2 inch of green stem intact. Cover Your Roots Now that you have marked your beds and trimmed off your greens, you are ready to cover your carrots. There are different materials you can choose from to use as an insulating mulch for your crop: straw, hay, or leaves. Use the material that is most accessible to you, as you’ll need quite a lot of it. Compost, bark, woodchips, and other decorative mulches are not suitable, as the covering that we are going for here is intended to insulate, not to preserve moisture. Make sure your mulch is dry, as a soggy mulch can result in a moldy crop. If you wish, you can add a layer of soil over the carrot crowns before mulching to help insulate them. Cover your carrots with a 12-inch-thick layer of your preferred mulch, making sure to cover the ground out to a perimeter of at least 12-18 inches either side of each plant. Some gardeners put a row cover – or even an old bed sheet – over the top of the mulch layer to keep it from blowing away in windy areas. If you live in a climate where snow covers the ground for most or all of the winter, a blanket of snow can also provide extra insulation for your carrot beds. Can It Be Too Cold For Ground Storage? Most extension offices recommend harvesting carrots from the ground before the soil freezes. So does that mean if you live somewhere where the soil freezes in winter that you cannot store these root vegetables in the garden? Not necessarily. Many gardeners, including Jim Hole at the Edmonton Journal, claim that well-mulched carrot patches can resist even sub-zero air temperatures. This has also been my personal experience in USDA Hardiness Zone 5a. Last year, some of my unmulched carrots survived air temperatures at least as low as -16°F. These were protected by only a layer of snow. For those of us with average winter air temperatures below 24°F – the ideal soil temperature for storage of 32-40°F – keeping these root vegetables in the soil is certainly worth a try when they are mulched and protected with a blanket of snowfall, even in climates where the ground is frozen throughout winter. Underground, the temperature of the soil will always be slightly higher than the ambient air and ground temperature. When to Harvest If your carrot beds are well mulched, the soil in these beds should not be as cold as the surrounding soil, and you can harvest the roots throughout the winter, as needed. Unless you are overwintering your crop for seed production (a process known as vernalization), you’ll want to harvest your carrots before spring, when they’ll start growing again Once spring starts, the carrots will resume sending energy into the greens, which will grow back. Energy spent on carrot tops means less energy saved in the roots, which will result in a loss of sweetness, and a woody and tough texture. Leaf Them in the Ground Now that your carrots are put to bed for the winter, their beds well marked, their greens removed, and their roots resting sweetly under a thick insulating mulch, it’s time to curl up, do some winter garden planning, and dream of next year’s carrot varieties. Will you be leaving your carrots in the ground this winter? Let us know in the comments – and make sure to tell us what region you’re in so that your experience can help others. For more guidance on harvesting and storing root vegetables, check out these articles next: - When and How To Harvest Homegrown Potatoes - How to Harvest and Store Rutabaga - How to Harvest and Store Sweet Potatoes © Ask the Experts, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. See our TOS for more details. Uncredited photos: Shutterstock. Additional writing and editing by Clare Groom and Allison Sidhu.

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Tá an chuid deireanach de do squash, pónairí, agus trátaí á gclárú agat. Agus anois tá tú ag smaoineamh ar do níos mó fuar barra hardy. B'fhéidir gur chuala tú gur féidir leat carróidí a stóráil sa talamh thar an gheimhreadh agus b'fhéidir go mbeadh roinnt leideanna á úsáid agat maidir leis an mbealach is fearr chun é seo a dhéanamh. Cé nach é an t-aon bhealach chun an barra seo a stóráil iad a choinneáil sa ghairdín, is modh úsáideach é do na daoine againn a bhfuil geimhreadh fuar acu agus nach bhfuil go leor spáis stórála fionnuar acu. Agus má lean tú ár dtreoir maidir le carróidí a fhás, is dócha go mbeidh barra mór agat anois! Déanaimid nasc le díoltóirí chun cabhrú leat táirgí ábhartha a aimsiú. Má cheannaíonn tú ó cheann dár nascanna, d'fhéadfadh go bhfaighimid coimisiún. Tar éis an tsaoil, is é an stóráil idéalach do d'fhómhar cairéid ná iad a chlúdach le gaineamh agus iad a stóráil ag 32-40°F le taise coibhneasta de 90-95%. Má tá na coinníollacha molta seo cosúil go mór leis an méid atá ag tarlú i d'fhoraois i rith an gheimhridh, b'fhéidir go mbeadh sé ciallmhar duit an glasraí fréamhacha seo a fhágáil sa talamh go dtí go mbeidh gá agat leis. Sa t-alt seo, rachaidh muid go bunúsach le carróga a stóráil ar an mbealach seo. Seo an méid a chlúdóimid: Cad a Foghlaimfidh Tú Níl an modh seo oiriúnach duit má... I gcásanna áirithe, b'fhéidir nach mbeadh sé inmholta an glasraí fréamhacha seo a stóráil sa ghairdín tríd an gheimhreadh. Sábhálfaidh mé roinnt ama duit trí na cásanna sin a rith ar dtús. B'fhéidir gur mhaith leat do choróin a bhaint seachas iad a fhágáil sa ghairdín má: - Ní bhíonn teocht na talún i rith an gheimhridh faoi bhun 40°F ní mór go mbeadh sé fuar go leor chun stop a chur le fás ar fad. - Tá do gheimhreadh an-fhuartha, nó níl do thalamh go maith draenála sna cásanna seo d'fhéadfadh do chultúr rot sa talamh. - Tá do cheantar buailteach le eitiltí rudaí caróite beidh an pláist seo ag fás go maith má fhágtar fréamhacha sa ithir thar an gheimhreadh. - Tá cineálacha a fhás tú nach bhfuil deartha le haghaidh stórála sa gheimhreadh, amhail cineálacha neamh-chór. Má bhíonn sé ina fhírinne nach é an modh is fearr é an glasraí seo a stóráil sa talamh i do chás, bain do choróin agus coinnigh iad i do chuisneoir, i seilf fréamhacha, nó i bhfolach fuar. Agus ná déan dearmad ar na rudaí eile seo le déanamh sa ghairdín roimh an gheimhreadh. Ar an láimh eile, má bhraitheann sé foirfe iad a fhágáil mar atá, tá cúpla céim ar mhaith leat a ghlacadh chun iad a stóráil go rathúil. Ach sula dtosaíonn tú, beidh ort a fháil amach an t-am is fearr chun do choróin a stóráil don gheimhreadh. Nuair a Chuirtear do Chraobh i Suí Beidh sé in am dul i ngleic le do thorthaí a ullmhú tar éis duit cúpla frost a bheith agat rud a fhágfaidh go mbeidh do choróin níos milis ach sula ndéanann an talamh reo. Conas a fhios agat nuair a bhfuil do thalamh reoite? De réir an Ionaid Aeráide Réigiúnaigh an Iarthair, nuair a shroich teochtaí an aeir 24°F nó níos ísle, tosaíonn an talamh ag reo. Braitheann an méid a fhanann an ithir reoite agus cé chomh domhain a reoitear é ar go leor fachtóirí, lena n-áirítear fad agus déine an reoite, taise an ithir, agus cineál an ithir. Mar sin ná bí ag fanacht le fuarú crua, bí ag faire ar an tuairisc aimsire, agus bí réidh chun do choróin a ullmhú tar éis cúpla fuarú éadrom. Chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim faoi conas a dhéanfaidh leibhéil éagsúla fuar difear do do phlandaí, léigh ár n-alt faoi damáiste frost. Marcaigh Do Chothú Tá do frosts éadrom tar éis teacht agus imithe, agus anois tá tú réidh chun do carróga a chur ar an leaba. Agus chun sin, beidh siad gá clúdach. Ach sula dtosaíonn tú ag clúdach orthu, tá céim thábhachtach le déanamh ionas gur féidir leat a fháil go díreach cá bhfuil siad nuair a bhíonn tú réidh chun iad a bhaint. Beidh tú a bheith clúdaithe leo le mulch, mar sin a dhéanamh cinnte go bhfuil tú ar bhealach a aimsiú arís iad ar dtús. Marcaigh do phlásaire cairéid le comhartha, le bata, nó le bealach éigin eile chun cuimhneamh ort féin go bhfuil barra glasraí fréamhacha ann le hithe níos déanaí. I mo ghairdín, bainim úsáid as bataí chun na críche seo. Má fhaigheann tú go leor sneachta i do réigiún, déan cinnte go bhfuil do mharcóir ard go leor chun an sneachta a bhfuil súil agat a shárú, i gcás go dteastaíonn uait cuid de do choróin a dhúnadh sula dtéann an sneachta. Clúdaigh na Tops Off Tar éis do leaba a mharcáil, is é an chéad chéim eile na glasraí a ghearradh. Tá cúpla cúis ann ar chóir duit é seo a dhéanamh: Ar dtús, nuair a fhágtar glasán na gcarróige ar bun, leanann siad ag tarraingt fuinnimh ó na fréamhacha. Mar thoradh air sin ní bhíonn glasraí chomh milis agus a bheadh siad ar shlí eile. Agus toisc go bhfuil tú ag clúdach iad, i gclimaí níos taise, is dócha go mbeidh do ghreannán carróite curtha faoi bhrón ag scriosadh do thorthaí. Nuair a ghearrann tú na barr glas ar ais, fág thart ar 1/4 go 1/2 orlach de stéim glas slán. Clúdaigh Do Fhréamhacha Anois go bhfuil do leabaí marcáilte agat agus do ghlasraí gearrtha, tá tú réidh chun do choróin a chlúdach. Tá ábhair éagsúla ann ar féidir leat a roghnú chun iad a úsáid mar mulch inslithe do do thorthaí: straw, féar, nó duilleoga. Bain úsáid as an ábhar is inrochtana duit, mar go mbeidh go leor de dhíth ort. Níl compost, craiceann, sciatháin adhmaid, agus mulchaí maisiúcháin eile oiriúnach, toisc go bhfuil an clúdach atá á úsáid againn anseo chun insliú, ní chun taise a chaomhnú. Déan cinnte go bhfuil do mulch tirim, mar is féidir le mulch soggy toradh moldy a bheith aige. Más mian leat, is féidir leat sraith talún a chur thar na coróin caróige sula ndéantar iad a mulcadh chun cabhrú leo iad a inslithe. Clúdaigh do choróin le sraith 12-orlach tiubh de do mulch is fearr leat, ag déanamh cinnte go gcumhdaíonn an talamh amach go dtí imlíne ar a laghad 12-18 orlach ar gach taobh de gach plandaí. Cuireann roinnt gairdíní clúdach sreangach nó fiú sean-leacán leaba thar an tsraith mulch chun a choinneáil ó bheith ag gaoth amach i gceantair gaoithe. Má tá tú i do chónaí i gclima ina gcumhdaítear an talamh le sneachta don chuid is mó den gheimhreadh nó don gheimhreadh ar fad, is féidir le clúdach sneachta inslithe breise a sholáthar do do leaba carot. An Féidir go Bheadh sé Ró-Fuar le Coimeád i gCúlra? Molann an chuid is mó d'oifigí forlíonta carróidí a bhailiú ón talamh sula ndéanann an ithir reo. Ciallaíonn sé sin, má tá cónaí ort in áit ina bhfuil an ithir ag reo sa gheimhreadh, nach féidir leat na glasraí fréamhacha seo a stóráil sa ghairdín? Ní gá go mbeadh. Éilíonn go leor gairdíní, lena n-áirítear Jim Hole ag Edmonton Journal, gur féidir le plátaí caróige a bhfuil an-mhaolú orthu teochtaí aeir faoi bhun na scíthe a sheasamh fiú. Ba é seo mo thaithí phearsanta freisin i gCeantar Dúrthlaíochta USDA 5a. An bhliain seo caite, d'éirigh le cuid de mo choróin neamh-mhúchadh teocht aer a bheith chomh ísle le -16°F ar a laghad. Ní raibh siad seo faoi chosaint ach le ciseal sneachta. I gcás na ndaoine againn a bhfuil teocht mheán aer an gheimhridh faoi bhun 24 ° F an teocht ithir idéalach le haghaidh stórála 32-40 ° F is cinnte gur fiú iarracht na glasraí fréamhacha seo a choinneáil sa ithir nuair a bhíonn siad mulched agus cosanta le clúdach sneachta, fiú i gclimaí ina bhfuil an talamh reoite i rith an gheimhridh. Faoi thalamh, beidh teocht na talún beagán níos airde i gcónaí ná teocht an aeir agus na talún timpeallachta. Am chun Fhionnachtú Má tá do leaba carróidí mulched go maith, níor chóir go mbeadh an ithir sna leaba seo chomh fuar leis an ithir timpeall, agus is féidir leat na fréamhacha a bhaint i rith an gheimhridh, de réir mar is gá. Mura bhfuil tú ag gearradh do chultúr le haghaidh táirgeadh síolta (próiseas ar a dtugtar vernalization), ba mhaith leat do choróin a bhaint roimh an earrach, nuair a thosaíonn siad ag fás arís Nuair a thosaíonn an earrach, leanfaidh na carróga ag cur fuinnimh isteach sna glasraí, a fhásfaidh ar ais. Ciallaíonn fuinneamh a chaitear ar bharr na gcaróige níos lú fuinnimh a shábháil sna fréamhacha, rud a fhágfaidh go gcaillfear milis, agus struchtúr adhmaid agus crua. Fág iad sa Tír Anois go bhfuil do choróin curtha i leaba don gheimhreadh, a leabaí marcáilte go maith, a gcuid glasanna a bhaint, agus a gcuid fréamhacha ag fanacht go milis faoi mulch inslitheach tiubh, tá sé in am cur curl suas, roinnt pleanáil gairdín gheimhridh a dhéanamh, agus aisling a dhéanamh ar chineálacha carot na bliana seo chugainn. An mbeidh tú ag fágáil do choróin sa talamh an gheimhreadh seo? Cuir in iúl dúinn sna tuairimí agus bí cinnte a rá linn cén réigiún a bhfuil tú ionas gur féidir le do thaithí cabhrú le daoine eile. Le haghaidh tuilleadh treoracha maidir le glasraí fréamhacha a bhailiú agus a stóráil, féach na hailt seo a leanas: - Cén uair agus conas prátaí baile a bhaint - Conas Rutabaga a Chlos agus a Stóráil - Conas Buntáiste a dhéanamh agus Buntáiste a dhéanamh © Ask the Experts, LLC. Gach Ceart Coimeádta. Féach ár TOS le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí. Grianghraf gan chreidiúint: Shutterstock. Scríbhneoireacht agus eagarthóireacht bhreise ag Clare Groom agus Allison Sidhu.

Sandakan Death Marches The Sandakan Death Marches were a series of forced marches in Borneo from Sandakan to Ranau which resulted in the deaths of 2,345 Allied prisoners of war held captive by the Empire of Japan during the Pacific campaign of World War II in the Sandakan POW Camp. By the end of the war, of all the prisoners who had been incarcerated at Sandakan and Ranau, only six Australians survived, all of whom had escaped. It is widely considered to be the single worst atrocity suffered by Australian servicemen during the Second World War. |This section does not cite any sources. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)| In 1942 and 1943, Australian and British POWs who had been captured at the Battle of Singapore in February 1942 were shipped to North Borneo to construct a military airstrip and prisoner-of-war camps at Sandakan, North Borneo (Sabah). As on the Burma Railway the prisoners were forced to work at gunpoint, and were often beaten whilst also receiving very little food or medical attention. In August 1943, with the intention of controlling the enlisted men by removing any commanders, most officer prisoners were moved from Sandakan to the Batu Lintang camp at Kuching. Conditions for the remaining prisoners deteriorated sharply following the officers' removal. Any rations given were further reduced, and sick prisoners were also forced to work on the airstrip. After construction was completed the prisoners initially remained at the camp. In January 1945, with only 1,900 prisoners still alive, the advancing Allies managed to successfully bomb and destroy the airfield. It was at this time with Allied landings anticipated shortly that camp commandant Captain Hoshijima Susumu decided to move the remaining prisoners westward into the mountains to the town of Ranau, a distance of approximately 260 kilometres (160 mi). He claimed that this was an order of Lt Gen Baba Masao, commanding officer of the 37th Japanese Army. The former military airstrip is now known as Sandakan Airport, which serves Sandakan town. The first marches The first phase of marches across wide marshland, dense jungle, and then up the eastern slope of Mount Kinabalu occurred between January and March 1945. The Japanese had selected 470 prisoners who were thought to be fit enough to carry baggage and supplies for the accompanying Japanese battalions relocating to the western coast. In several groups the POWs, all of whom were either malnourished or suffering serious illness, started the journey originally under the intention of reaching Jesselton (Kota Kinabalu). Although the route took nine days, they were given enough rations for only four days. As on the Bataan Death March, any POWs who were not fit enough or collapsed from exhaustion were either killed or left to die en route. Upon reaching Ranau, the survivors were halted and ordered to construct a temporary camp. As one historian later commented: "Those who survived... were herded into insanitary and crowded huts to then die from dysentery. By 26 June, only five Australians and one British soldier were still alive." The second marches A second series of marches began on 29 May 1945 with approximately 536 prisoners. The new Sandakan camp commander, Captain Takakuwa Takuo, ordered the prisoners towards Ranau in groups of about fifty with accompanying Japanese guards. The march lasted for twenty-six days, with prisoners even less fit than those in the first marches had been, provided with fewer rations and often forced to forage for food. Compound No. 1 of the Sandakan camp was destroyed in an attempt to erase any evidence of its existence. Only 183 prisoners managed to reach Ranau. Upon their arrival on 24 June 1945, participants of the second marches discovered that only six prisoners from the first series of marches during January were still alive. The final march Approximately 250 people were left at Sandakan after the second march departed. Most prisoners were so ill that the Japanese initially intended to let them starve to death forcing many to scavenge in the surrounding forest for food. However, on 9 June 1945 it was decided to send another group of 75 men on a final march. The remaining men were so weak that none survived beyond 50 kilometres (31 mi). As each man collapsed from exhaustion, that man was shot by a Japanese guard. All remaining prisoners left at Sandakan who could not walk either were killed or died from a combination of starvation and sickness before the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945. However it was not just the POW who suffered, with many Japanese soldiers also dying of starvation with some even turning to cannibalism in order to preserve their fighting effectiveness. Due to a combination of a lack of food and brutal treatment at the hands of the Japanese, there were only 38 prisoners left alive at Ranau by the end of July. All were too unwell and weak to do any work, and it was ordered that any remaining survivors should be shot. They were killed by the guards during August, possibly up to 12 days after the end of the war on 14 August. Furthermore, it has been estimated that 16% of the population of Sabah were killed during the three years of Japanese occupation, a reflection of the sheer brutality. In total, only six Australian servicemen managed to escape. During the second marches, Gunner Owen Campbell and Bombardier Richard Braithwaite managed to escape into the jungle, where they were assisted by locals and eventually rescued by Allied units. During July, Private Nelson Short, Warrant Officer William Sticpewich, Private Keith Botterill and Lance Bombardier William Moxham managed to escape from Ranau and were also helped by the local people, who fed them and hid them from the Japanese until the end of the war. Of the six survivors, only four (Sticpewich, Botterill, Short, & Campbell) survived the lingering effects of their ordeal to give evidence at various war crimes trials in both Tokyo and Rabaul. The world was able to receive eyewitness accounts of the crimes and atrocities committed. Captain Hoshijima was found guilty of war crimes and hanged on 6 April 1946. Capt Takakuwa and his second-in-charge, Capt Watanabe Genzo, were found guilty of causing the murders and massacres of prisoners-of-war and were hanged and shot on 6 April 1946 and 16 March 1946 respectively. The Sandakan Death Marches have been dramatised in the 2004 oratorio Sandakan Threnody — a threnody being a hymn of mourning, composed as a memorial to a dead person. The oratorio was written by Australian composer Jonathan Mills, whose father survived a term of imprisonment at Sandakan in 1942–43. In 2011, Year 9 and 10 Drama Students at Toodyay District High School, in Western Australia, re-dramatised an updated version of the original 1947 ABC Radio play 'Six From Borneo' with help from the Toodyay community, including Toodyay Community Radio, the Shire of Toodyay and Toodyay RSL. The launch of the Six From Borneo Project was attended by the Malaysian Consul General Puan Hamidah Ashari, Member for Moore Grant Woodhams MLA, Military Historian Lynette Silver, relatives of Sandakan POWs and Toodyay community members. On 9 September 2011, audio excerpts of the original recording were played on ABC radio (WA Perth 720) for the first time since 1947, along with audio excerpts of the rerecording. The play was due to be broadcast on Toodyay Community Radio in late 2011 and was then to be offered to other community radio stations across Australia. A copy of the rerecording has been submitted to the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia and to the ABC library in Perth, Western Australia. The "POW Route" during the three death marches series was documented in 1945 by British and Australian military. The route begins in Sandakan and ends at the "Last Camp" at Ranau. The stations of the route are now marked with a sign board. - Bataan Death March - Batu Lintang camp - Berhala Island, Sandakan - Borneo campaign, 1945 - Tatsuji Suga - Frederick Campling - Operation Kingfisher (World War II) - Digger History Sandakan Death March: Japanese Inhumanity - The Marches Australia's War, 1939–1945 - Sandakan Death March The Pacific War Historical Society - Laden, Fevered, Starved Sandakan POW Camp, 1942–1944 - Remembering Sandakan: 1945–1999 "Captain Hoshijima Susumi was able to reveal from his knowledge of the war crimes interrogation documents that the last POWs had been killed at Ranau on 27 August 1945, well after the Japanese surrender. They had undoubtedly been killed, in Moffitt's view, to stop them being able to testify to the atrocities committed by the guards." - "Stolen Years: The War Crimes Trials". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 14 August 2013. - Sabah Tourism Board. "Kundasang War Memorial – Destinations, Sabah Tourism Board Official Website (Sabah Malaysian Borneo)". Sabahtourism.com. Retrieved 14 August 2013. - Prime Minister of Japan and his cabinet webpage Remarks By Prime Minister Abe to the Australian Parliament Tuesday, 8 July 2014 Retrieved 8 March 2015 - The Australian Shinzo Abe’s ‘Sincere condolences’ for Kokoda and Sandakan 9 July 2015 Retrieved 8 March 2015 - Sydney Morning Herald Shinzo Abe's condolences for those lost at Sandakan: a horror from the past, a moment to stop time 9 July 2014 Retrieved 8 March 2015 - Hansard ADDRESS BY THE PRIME MINISTER OF JAPAN Tuesday 8 July 2014 Retrieved 8 March 2015 |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandakan Death Marches.| - The Sandakan Track – Sandakan-Ranau Death March (1942–1945) Sandakan-Ranau Death March - Sandakan Memorial Park Lynette Silver, who began assisting the Office of Australian War Graves (OAWG) with the development of the Sandakan Memorial Park in 1995, has been involved in a number of initiatives since that time. - Fraudulent Military Service: Investigating suspect claims made by various individuals in regard to war service and so on. - Prisoners of War Name List A large amount of information regarding the fate of Australian and British prisoners sent to, or destined for, the Sandakan POW Camp, has been collated. - The Sandakan Memorial Foundation - Laden, Fevered, Starved: Remembering Sandakan - Stolen Years Australian War Memorial. Australian Prisoners of War-Prisoners of the Japanese - Australian Prisoners of War of the Japanese Reading List - Behind the Wire Australia's War: 1939–1945 - History of the War Memorial Park next to Sibuga FR Sabah Forestry Department - Commemorating the Sandakan Death March ABC Western Australia Monday, 13 June 2005 - Sandakan Death March: Japanese Inhumanity Digger History: Unofficial history of the Australian & New Zealand Armed Services - What happened on the Sandakan Death March? ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Qld) - The Sandakan Death March Pacific War Historical Society - Defense Exhibits Japanese War Crime Tribunal Documents 1946–1948 - Inventory of the Japanese War Crime Tribunal Documents, 1946–1948 The University of New Mexico, University Libraries, Center for Southwest Research. Box 18, Folder 73:No. 1671A. 26 October 1945. War Crimes. Sandakan Area. Joint Statement by Chen Kay, Chin Kin, and Lo Tong against Sgt. Naoji Rosotani, Kempei Tai. Box 20, Folder 57: No. 3211. IMTFE, sworn deposition of Takakura, Tadashi, 9-8-47. Captain Takakura Tadashi was the commander of the Sandakan Camp when the POWs were marched from Sandakan to Ranau, on the Second Death March, 29 May 1945 - Tourism and the Sandakan Death Marches - Construction of the secret radio at Sandakan camp: interview with Lt-Col R. G. Wells

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Mártaí Báis Sandakan Ba iad na Mártaí Báis Sandakan sraith de mhártaí éigeantacha i Borneo ó Sandakan go Ranau a d'fhág go bhfuair 2,345 príosúnach cogaidh Allied a bhí i bpríosún ag Impireacht na Seapáine le linn feachtas an Aigéin Chiúin den Dara Cogadh Domhanda i gCampa POW Sandakan. Faoi dheireadh an chogaidh, de na príosúnaigh go léir a bhí i bpríosún i Sandakan agus i Ranau, níor chaill ach sé Astrálach, a bhí slán go léir. Meastar go forleathan gurb é an atrocity is measa a d'fhulaing saighdiúirí na hAstráile le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda é. Níl aon fhoinsí luaite sa chuid seo. (Lúnasa 2013) (Féach conas agus cathain a ba chóir an teimpléad teachtaireacht seo a bhaint) I 1942 agus 1943, seoladh príosúnaigh POA na hAstráile agus na Breataine a gabhadh ag Cath Singeapór i mí Feabhra 1942 go Borneo Thuaidh chun aerthréimhse míleata agus campaí príosúnach cogaidh a thógáil ag Sandakan, Borneo Thuaidh (Sabah). Mar a tharla ar Iarnród na mBurmá, cuireadh ar na príosúnaigh obair a dhéanamh faoi dhún gunna, agus bhuail siad go minic iad agus gan mórán bia nó cúraim leighis a fháil. I mí Lúnasa 1943, le rún na bhfear a bhí ag gabháil leis a rialú trí aon cheannasaigh a bhaint, aistríodh an chuid is mó de phríosúnaigh oifigeach ó Sandakan go dtí campa Batu Lintang i Kuching. Tháinig meath mór ar choinníollacha na bpríosúnaigh a bhí fágtha tar éis na hoifigigh a bhaint. Laghdaíodh aon raonta a tugadh tuilleadh, agus cuireadh príosúnaigh tinn chun obair ar an aerfort. Tar éis an tógáil a bheith críochnaithe d'fhan na príosúnaigh sa champa ar dtús. I mí Eanáir 1945, agus ní raibh ach 1,900 príosúnach fós beo, d'éirigh leis na Comhghuaillithe a bhí ag dul chun cinn an aerfort a bhuamáil agus a scriosadh go rathúil. Bhí sé ag an am seo le tuirlingtí na gcomhghuaillithe a bhí ag súil go gairid gur chinn ceannasaí an champa an Captaen Hoshijima Susumu na príosúnaigh a bhí fágtha a bhogadh siar isteach sna sléibhte go baile Ranau, fad thart ar 260 ciliméadar (160 míle). Dúirt sé gur ordú ó Lt Gen Baba Masao, oifigeach ceannasaí an 37ú Arm Seapánach a bhí ann. Tá an t-aerfort míleata a bhí ann ar a dtugtar Aerfort Sandakan anois, a fhreastalaíonn ar bhaile Sandakan. Na chéad mhargaí Tharla an chéad chéim de mharthálacha ar fud marshland leathan, jungle tiubh, agus ansin suas an sliabh thoir de Mount Kinabalu idir Eanáir agus Márta 1945. Roghnaigh na Seapáine 470 príosúnach a meastar a bheith oiriúnach go leor chun bagáiste agus soláthairtí a iompar do na bataillíní Seapánacha a bhí ag gabháil leo ag athlonnú go dtí an chósta thiar. I roinnt grúpaí, thosaigh na POWanna, a bhí go léir mí-chothú nó ag fulaingt ó ghalair thromchúiseacha, ar an turas ar dtús leis an rún a bheith ag teacht ar Jesselton (Kota Kinabalu). Cé gur thóg sé naoi lá ar an mbealach, ní raibh ach ceithre lá de rásanna acu. Cosúil le Márta an Bháis Bataan, aon POWs nach raibh fit go leor nó thit as an tuirse a bhí mar a maraíodh nó a fhágáil chun bás a fháil ar an mbealach. Nuair a shroich siad Ranau, stopadh na mairbh agus d'ordaigh siad campa sealadach a thógáil. Mar a dúirt staraí amháin ina dhiaidh sin: "Cé a mhair... cuireadh i mball i mball neamhshláintiúil agus plódaithe chun bás a fháil ó dhísintire. Faoi 26 Meitheamh, ní raibh ach cúig Astrálach agus saighdiúir Breataine amháin fós beo. " An dara Márta Thosaigh an dara sraith imeachtaí ar an 29 Bealtaine 1945 le thart ar 536 príosúnach. D'ordaigh an ceannasaí nua campa Sandakan, an Captaen Takakuwa Takuo, na príosúnaigh i dtreo Ranau i ngrúpaí de thart ar chúig a haon le gardaí Seapánacha a bhí ag gabháil leo. Mhair an máirseáil ar feadh fiche sé lá, agus bhí na príosúnaigh níos lú fásta ná mar a bhí na príosúnaigh sna chéad máirseálacha, a bhí ar fáil le níos lú ráisíní agus a bhí iallach orthu bia a lorg. Comhdhéanamh Uimh. 1 de champa Sandakan a scriosadh i iarracht aon fhianaise a scriosadh ar a bheith ann. Níor éirigh ach le 183 príosúnach teacht ar Ranau. Nuair a tháinig siad ar 24 Meitheamh 1945, fuair rannpháirtithe an dara máirseála amach nach raibh ach sé phríosúnach ón gcéad shraith máirseála i mí Eanáir fós beo. An Máirseáil Deiridh D'fhág thart ar 250 duine i Sandakan tar éis don dara Márta imeacht. Bhí an chuid is mó de na príosúnaigh chomh tinn sin go raibh sé i gceist ag na Seapáinigh ar dtús iad a fhágáil chun báis ó fhulangas ag cur iallach ar go leor acu scavenge sa choille timpeall orthu le haghaidh bia. Ar 9 Meitheamh 1945, áfach, chinntear grúpa eile de 75 fear a sheoladh ar mháras deiridh. Bhí na fir a bhí fágtha chomh lag sin nach maireann aon duine níos faide ná 50 ciliméadar (31 míle). De réir mar a thit gach fear as an díothacht, bhí an fear sin shot ag garda Seapánach. Gach príosúnaigh a bhí fágtha ag Sandakan nach raibh in ann siúl a bhí maraithe nó fuair bás ó chomhcheangal de ocras agus tinneas roimh an tSeapáinis a thabhairt suas ar 15 Lúnasa 1945. Mar sin féin ní raibh sé ach an POW a d'fhulaing, le go leor saighdiúirí Seapánacha ag fáil bháis ó ghortaíocht agus cuid acu ag casadh go cannibalism d'fhonn a n-éifeachtúlacht troid a chaomhnú. Mar gheall ar chothú bia agus cóireáil thromchúiseach ó na Seapáinis, ní raibh ach 38 príosúnach beo ag Ranau faoi dheireadh mhí Iúil. Bhí siad uile ró-mhiotail agus ró-lag chun aon obair a dhéanamh, agus ordaíodh go ndéanfaí aon duine a bhí fágtha a lámhach. Maraíodh na gardaí iad i mí Lúnasa, b'fhéidir suas le 12 lá tar éis dheireadh na cogaidh ar 14 Lúnasa. Ina theannta sin, meastar go maraíodh 16% de dhaonra Sabah le linn na dtrí bliana de shaothrú na Seapáine, léargas ar an bhréagúlacht iomlán. Ar an iomlán, ní fhéadfadh ach sé shaoránaigh Astrálacha éalú. Le linn an dara imeachtaí, d'éirigh leis an Gunner Owen Campbell agus an Bombardier Richard Braithwaite éalú isteach sa damhsa, áit ar chabhraigh áitiúla leo agus ar shlánú iad ag aonad na gcomhghuaillithe sa deireadh. I mí Iúil, d'éirigh leis an Saor Nelson Short, an tUasal Warrant William Sticpewich, an Saor Keith Botterill agus an Bombardier Lance William Moxham éalú ó Ranau agus chabhraigh na daoine áitiúla leo freisin, a thug bia dóibh agus a choinnigh iad ó na Seapáineacha go dtí deireadh an chogaidh. As na sé mhaireachtála, níor éirigh ach le ceathrar (Sticpewich, Botterill, Short, & Campbell) le héifeachtaí leanúnacha a n-eaglais chun fianaise a thabhairt ag trialacha coireanna cogaidh éagsúla i dTóiceo agus i Rabaul araon. Bhí an domhan in ann a fháil ar thuairiscí finnéithe súl na coireanna agus na heagla a rinneadh. Fuarthas an Captaen Hoshijima ciontach i gcoireanna cogaidh agus crochta é ar 6 Aibreán 1946. Fuair an Captaen Takakuwa agus a dara ceann, an Captaen Watanabe Genzo, ciontach i dúnmharú agus i mascóir príosúnaigh cogaidh a chur i gcrích agus crochta agus lámhaigh iad an 6 Aibreán 1946 agus an 16 Márta 1946 faoi seach. Dramatizáilte na Mártacha Bás Sandakan sa oratorio Sandakan Threnody 2004 is é an threnody an t-amhrán báis, a chumadh mar chuimhneachán ar dhuine marbh. Scríobh an t-aisteoir Astrálach Jonathan Mills an t-oratóire, a raibh a athair slán ó théarma príosúnachta i Sandakan i 1942-1943. In 2011, rinne mic léinn Drámaíochta na bliana 9 agus 10 in Ard-Scoil Dúiche Toodyay, san Astráil Thiar, leagan nuashonraithe den drámaíocht bunaidh 1947 ABC Radio 'Six From Borneo' a ath-dramatisú le cabhair ó phobal Toodyay, lena n-áirítear Toodyay Community Radio, Shire of Toodyay agus Toodyay RSL. Bhí an t-Ard-Consúl na Malaeisia Puan Hamidah Ashari, Comhalta do Moore Grant Woodhams MLA, an Staircheolaí Míleata Lynette Silver, gaolta na bPríosúnach Cogadh Sandakan agus baill phobail Toodyay i láthair ag seoladh an Tionscadail Six From Borneo. Ar 9 Meán Fómhair 2011, bhí sliocht fuaime den taifeadadh bunaidh a bhí ag ABC raidió (WA Perth 720) don chéad uair ó 1947, mar aon le sliocht fuaime an ath-taifeadadh. Bhí an dráma le craoladh ar Raidió Pobail Toodyay i ndeireadh 2011 agus bhí sé le tairiscint ansin do stáisiúin raidió pobail eile ar fud na hAstráile. Cuireadh cóip den athchraoladh isteach i gCartlann Náisiúnta Scannán agus Fuaime na hAstráile agus i leabharlann ABC i Perth, Iarthar na hAstráile. Chláraigh míleata na Breataine agus na hAstráile an "Rúta POW" le linn na sraithe de thrí mhárta báis i 1945. Tosaíonn an bealach i Sandakan agus críochnaíonn sé ag an "Campa Deireanach" ag Ranau. Tá stáisiúin an bhealaigh marcáilte anois le bord comhartha. - Bataan Death March - Camp Batu Lintang - Oileán Berhala, Sandakan - Campaign Borneo, 1945 - Tatsuji Suga - Frederick Campling - Oibríocht Kingfisher (An Dara Cogadh Domhanda) - Digger History Sandakan Death March: Inhumanity Seapánach - The Marches Cogadh na hAstráile, 19391945 - Sandakan Death March Comhlacht Stairiúil Chogaidh an Aigéin Chiúin - Ládáin, Fiúbartha, Fómhar Sandakan POW Camp, 19421944 - Remembering Sandakan: 19451999 "Bhí an Captaen Hoshijima Susumi in ann a nochtadh óna eolas ar na doiciméid fiosrúcháin coireanna cogaidh gur maraíodh na POWanna deireanach ag Ranau ar 27 Lúnasa 1945, go maith tar éis an tSeapáinis a thabhairt suas. Bhí siad gan amhras maraíodh, i dtuairim Moffitt, chun stop a chur orthu a bheith in ann a fhógairt na atrocities a rinne na gardaí. " - "Bíosanna Stoilte: Na Trialacha Coireanna Cogaidh". Awm.gov.au Faighte ar 14 Lúnasa 2013. - Bord Turasóireachta Sabah. "Memorial Cogadh Kundasang Áiteanna, Suíomh Gréasáin Oifigiúil an Bhoird Turasóireachta Sabah (Sabah Malaeisiach Borneo)". Sabahtourism.com. Faighte ar 14 Lúnasa 2013. - Príomh-Aire na Seapáine agus a leathanach gréasáin cábla a ráiteas ag an bPríomh-Aire Abe chuig Parlaimint na hAstráile Dé Máirt, 8 Iúil 2014 Ar ais 8 Márta 2015 - An Astráil Shinzo Abe's Sincere condolences for Kokoda and Sandakan 9 Iúil 2015 Ar ais 8 Márta 2015 - Sydney Morning Herald Comhbhrón Shinzo Abe do na daoine a cailleadh ag Sandakan: uafás ón am atá caite, nóiméad chun stop a chur le himeacht ama 9 Iúil 2014 Athchóirithe 8 Márta 2015 - Hansard ADDRESS BY THE PRIME MINISTER OF JAPAN Dé Máirt 8 Iúil 2014 Athghabháil 8 Márta 2015 Tá meáin ag Wikimedia Commons a bhaineann le Sandakan Death Marches. - The Sandakan Track Sandakan-Ranau Death March (19421945) Sandakan-Ranau Death March - Páirc Cuimhneacháin Sandakan Tá Lynette Silver, a thosaigh ag cabhrú le hOifig na nGamhrán Cogaidh na hAstráile (OAWG) le forbairt Pháirc Cuimhneacháin Sandakan i 1995, páirteach i roinnt tionscnaimh ó shin. - Seirbhís mhíleata calaoiseach: Éileamh amhrasach a rinne daoine éagsúla maidir le seirbhís chogaidh a imscrúdú agus mar sin de. - Liosta Ainmneacha Príosúnach Cogaidh Tá méid mór faisnéise curtha le chéile maidir le deartha príosúnaigh Astrálacha agus Breataine a cuireadh chuig, nó a bhí beartaithe dóibh, Camp POW Sandakan. - Fondúireacht Chuimhneacháin Sandakan - Ládh, Fivered, Starved: Cuimhneacháin Sandakan - Comórtas Oidhreachta Bliain Ostráile. Priosúnaigh Chogaidh na hAstráile - Priosúnaigh na Seapáine - Príosúnaigh Chogaidh na hAstráile ar Liosta Léitheoireachta na Seapáine - Taobh thiar den Charraig Chogadh na hOstaire: 19391945 - Stair an Pháirc Cuimhneacháin Chogaidh in aice le Sibuga FR Sabah Roinn Foraoiseachta - Comóradh ar an Márta Bás Sandakan ABC Western Australia Dé Luain, 13 Meitheamh 2005 - Sandakan Death March: Japanese Inhumanity Digger History: Stair neamhoifigiúil na Seirbhísí Armda na hAstráile agus na Nua-Shéalainne - Cad a tharla ar an Sandakan bás Márta? Coiste Comóradh Lá ANZAC (Qld) - An Sandakan Death March Comhlachas Stairiúil Chogaidh an Aigéin Chiúin - Léiríonn Cosanta doiciméid Chúirt Choiriúil Chogaidh na Seapáine 19461948 - Inventory of the Japanese War Crime Tribunal Documents, 19461948 Ollscoil New Mexico, Leabharlanna Ollscoile, Ionad Taighde an Iarthair Theas. Cásca 18, Foldair 73:Níl. 1671A. 26 Deireadh Fómhair 1945. Coireanna Cogaidh. Limistéar Sandakan. Ráiteas Comhpháirteach ag Chen Kay, Chin Kin, agus Lo Tong i gcoinne Sgt. Naoji Rosotani, Kempei Tai. Cásca 20, Foldair 57: Níl. 3211. Táim ag iarraidh. IMTFE, deimhniú faoi mhionn Takakura, Tadashi, 9-8-47. Ba é an Captaen Takakura Tadashi ceannasaí Champa Sandakan nuair a bhí na POWs ag imeacht ó Sandakan go Ranau, ar an Dara Márta Bás, 29 Bealtaine 1945 - Turasóireacht agus na Mártaí Báis Sandakan - Tógáil an raidió rúnda i gcampa Sandakan: agallamh le Lt-Coll R. G. Wells

|Noah Webster's Dictionary| 1. (a.) Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibility; having capacity; of sufficient size or strength; as, a room capable of holding a large number; a castle capable of resisting a long assault. 2. (a.) Possessing adequate power; qualified; able; fully competent; as, a capable instructor; a capable judge; a mind capable of nice investigations. 3. (a.) Possessing legal power or capacity; as, a man capable of making a contract, or a will. 4. (a.) Capacious; large; comprehensive. Capable (10 Occurrences) Genesis 47:6 The land of Egypt is before you. Make your father and your brothers dwell in the best of the land. Let them dwell in the land of Goshen. If you know any able men among them, then put them in charge of my livestock." (See NAS) Exodus 18:21 But for the rest, take from among the people able men, such as have the fear of God, true men hating profits wrongly made; and put such men over them, to be captains of thousands, captains of hundreds and of fifties and of tens; (See NIV) Exodus 18:25 And he made selection of able men out of all Israel, and made them heads over the people, captains of thousands, captains of hundreds and of fifties and of tens. (See NIV) 1 Chronicles 26:6 Also to Shemaiah his son were sons born, who ruled over the house of their father; for they were mighty men of valor. (See NIV) 1 Chronicles 26:8 All these were of the sons of Obed-Edom: they and their sons and their brothers, able men in strength for the service; sixty-two of Obed-Edom. (See NIV) 1 Chronicles 26:30 Of the Hebronites, Hashabiah and his brothers, men of valor, one thousand seven hundred, had the oversight of Israel beyond the Jordan westward, for all the business of Yahweh, and for the service of the king. (See NAS) 1 Chronicles 26:31 Of the Hebronites was Jerijah the chief, even of the Hebronites, according to their generations by fathers' houses. In the fortieth year of the reign of David they were sought for, and there were found among them mighty men of valor at Jazer of Gilead. (See NIV) 1 Chronicles 26:32 His brothers, men of valor, were two thousand seven hundred, heads of fathers' houses, whom king David made overseers over the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half-tribe of the Manassites, for every matter pertaining to God, and for the affairs of the king. Ezra (See NAS) Ezra 8:18 According to the good hand of our God on us they brought us a man of discretion, of the sons of Mahli, the son of Levi, the son of Israel; and Sherebiah, with his sons and his brothers, eighteen; (See NIV) Hosea 8:5 Let Samaria throw out his calf idol! My anger burns against them! How long will it be until they are capable of purity? (WEB DBY YLT NAS NIV)

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Nóa Webster's Dictionary 1. an t-am a bhí ann. (a.) a bheith Cumas, cáilíocht nó ingne a bheith aige; cumas a bheith aige; de mhéid nó neart leordhóthanach; mar, seomra atá in ann líon mór a shealbhú; caisleán atá in ann seasamh in aghaidh ionsaí fada. 2. Seachadadh. (a.) a bheith Ag a bhfuil cumhacht leordhóthanach; cáilithe; in ann; go hiomlán inniúil; mar, teagascóir cumasach; breitheamh cumasach; intinn in ann imscrúduithe deas. 3. Tá an t-am ann. (a.) a bheith Cumhacht nó cumas dlíthiúil a bheith aige; mar, fear atá in ann conradh, nó toil a dhéanamh. 4. Tá an t-am (a.) a bheith Capacity; mór; cuimsitheach. Comhoibrithe (10 Uaireanta) Genesis 47:6 Tá talamh na hÉigipte os do chomhair. Cuir do athair agus do dheartháireacha ina gcónaí sa chuid is fearr den tír. Lig dóibh cónaí i dtír Goshen. Má tá a fhios agat ar aon duine cumasach a bhfuil acu, cuir iad i gceannas ar mo bheatha". (Féach NAS) Ecsodus 18:21 Ach don chuid eile, roghnaigh ó na daoine daoine cumasacha, mar atá eagla Dé, fir fíor a bhfuil fuath acu le brabús mícheart; agus cuir na fir sin os a gcionn, mar cheannairí míle, ceannairí céad, ceannairí caoga agus ceannairí deich; Ecsodus 18:25 Agus roghnaigh sé fir cumasacha as Iosrael go léir, agus chuir sé ceannairí orthu ar an bpobal, ceannairí míle, ceannairí céad, ceannairí caoga agus ceannairí deich. (Féach NIV) 1 Chronicles 26:6 Rugadh mic do Shemaiah a mhac freisin, a bhí ina rialtóirí ar theach a n-athair; óir bhí siad ina bhfear daingean. (Féach NIV) 1 Chronicles 26:8 Bhí na daoine seo go léir de chlann Óbéd Édom: iad féin agus a mic agus a bhráithre, daoine cumhachtach agus cumhachtach don tseirbhís; dhá cheann agus seasca déag ó Óbéd Édom. (Féach NIV) 1 Chronicles 26:30 Ó na Heibróinigh, Hasabiah agus a dheartháireacha, fir daingean, míle seacht gcéad, a bhí i gceannas ar Iosrael thar Iordáin siar, i ngach gnó an Tiarna agus i seirbhís an rí. (Féach NAS) 1 Chronicles 26:31 I gcás na Héabróinigh, bhí Jerijah ina cheann, is é sin, na Héabróinigh de réir a gclann de réir tí na n‐aithreacha. Sa fhichead bliain de ríocht Dháiví, rinneadh cuardach orthu, agus fuair siad fir daingean agus daingean i Jazer Ghileád. (Féach NIV) 1 Chronicles 26:32 Bhí a dheartháireacha, fir daingean, dhá mhíle agus seacht gcéad, ceannairí teaghlaigh, a chuir an rí Dáiví ina gcúramóirí ar na Rúibíníigh, na Gádíteacha, agus ar leath-threibh na Manasáite, i ngach ábhar a bhaineann le Dia agus le gnóthaí an rí. Ezra (Féach NAS) Esdras 8:18 De réir an láimhe mhaith dár nDia orainn thug siad chugainn fear cliste, de shliocht Mahli, mac Léiví, mac Iosrael; agus Sherebiah, lena mhac agus lena dheartháireacha, ocht mbliana déag; Hosea 8:5 Lig do Shámaría a ídhlean déithe a chaitheamh amach! Mo fearg ardaíonn i gcoinne iad! Cé chomh fada a bheidh sé go dtí go bhfuil siad in ann íonachta? (WEB DBY YLT NAS NIV)

Human beings are the only species that is capable of thought. Homo sapiens is the only species capable of thought. Human beings belong to the only species that is capable of thought. 'Human beings' aren't a species as such; they are members of a species, or even a genus. They are people. Even "The human is the only species capable of thought" sounds odd, especially given that it's the genus Homo that determines hominids. Was Homo erectus human? The sentence in the original post indicates that human beings (are)(constitute)(belong to) a species........capable of thought. That's what we have to work with. Homo erectus is irrelevant here; we are talking about present-day people. And we are focussed on English, not on evolutionary biology and its classification. "people" can be referred to as 'who', but the operative word is "species", which is singular, and a "species" is not a "who". That's why I would say 'Human beings are the only species (that is) capable of thought.' Other thoughts are welcome. :-D

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Is iad daoine an t-aon speiceas atá in ann smaoineamh. Is é Homo sapiens an t-aon speiceas atá in ann smaoineamh. Is iad daoine an t-aon speiceas atá in ann smaoineamh. Ní speiceas mar sin é 'daoine daonna'; is baill de speiceas iad, nó fiú de ghineas. Is daoine iad. Fiú amháin "Is é an duine an t-aon speiceas atá in ann smaoineamh" is cosúil aisteach, go háirithe ag cur san áireamh go bhfuil sé an ghéineas Homo a chinneadh hominids. An raibh Homo erectus ina dhuine? Léiríonn an abairt sa phost bunaidh go bhfuil daoine (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) (ag) ()) Sin an rud a chaithfimid a bheith ag obair leis. Tá Homo erectus neamhábhartha anseo; táimid ag caint faoi dhaoine an lae inniu. Agus táimid dírithe ar an mBéarla, ní ar bith-eolaíocht éabhlóideach agus a aicmiú. Is féidir "people" a chur in iúl mar 'who', ach is é an focal oibríochtúil "species", atá singil, agus ní "species" é "who". Sin é an fáth a deirim 'Is iad daoine an t-aon speiceas (atá) in ann smaoineamh.' Tá fáilte roimh smaointe eile. :-D

This activity requires students to both match images and terms to their definition and sort them as a cause, event, or effect of the War of 1812. I use this when I do station activities. Students repeat the match correctly until the timer goes off for rotation. This activity hits multiple TEKS or Standards and builds a foundation for the industrialization unit! Want to see it in action? Check it out the video on my Instagram @ALittleHistoryLesson!

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Éilíonn an ghníomhaíocht seo ar mhic léinn íomhánna agus téarmaí a mheaitseáil lena sainmhíniú agus iad a shocrú mar chúis, imeacht nó éifeacht de Chogadh 1812. Bainim úsáid as seo nuair a dhéanaim gníomhaíochtaí stáisiúin. Athraíonn na daltaí an cluiche go ceart go dtí go dtéann an t-amam chun rothlú. Baineann an ghníomhaíocht seo le TEKS nó Caighdeáin iolra agus tógann sí bunús don aonad tionsclaíochta! Ar mhaith leat é a fheiceáil i ngníomh? Seiceáil amach ar an físeán ar mo Instagram @ALittleHistoryLesson!

The cotton M3 bandoleer had seven pockets that were each designed to contain a cardboard sleeve that held a 10-round clip of 5.56mm ammunition for the M16 rifle. In Vietnam troops would often carry a 20-round M16 magazine in each of the bandoleer's seven pockets and would frequently strap two, and sometimes even three, bandoleers across their chests. Not only were the bandoleers lighter than the standard issue magazine pouches, they were also less bulky and allowed faster rifle reloading. Though limited testing in 1968 proved that nylon bandoleers were more durable and lighter when wet than the standard cotton version, they were never officially adopted.1 1. Jungle Snafus...and Remedies by Cresson H. Kearny (Oregon Institute Of Science And Medicine 1996)

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Bhí seacht bpóca ag an bandoleer cadáis M3 a ceapadh gach ceann acu chun sleeve cártaí a bheith ann a raibh clipe 10 raidhse de shreangla 5.56mm le haghaidh an riffle M16 ann. Sa Vítneam, is minic a bhí 20 carraig M16 i ngach ceann de sheacht bpócaí an bandoleera ag trúpaí agus go minic a bhí dhá, agus uaireanta fiú trí, bandoleers ar a gcorp. Ní amháin go raibh na bandúiliúir níos éadroime ná na málaí iris stádaracha, bhí siad níos lú trom agus lig siad athluchtaithe gunna níos gasta. Cé gur léirigh tástáil teoranta i 1968 go raibh bannaí nailon níos buan agus níos éadroime nuair a bhí siad fliuch ná an leagan caighdeánach cadáis, níor glacadh leo go hoifigiúil riamh.1 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Snafus Jungle...and Remedies le Cresson H. Kearny (Institiúid Eolaíochta agus Leighis Oregon 1996)

The process of Human Resources Management |✅ Paper Type: Free Essay||✅ Subject: Business| |✅ Wordcount: 5508 words||✅ Published: 1st Jan 2015| Human resource management (HRM) is the process of obtaining, managing, and training human talents to achieve an organisation’s objectives. According to scribd.com, HRM is based on four basic principles. Firstly, human resources are the most valuable assets to an organisation and to manage the human talents effectively is the key to success. Next, an organisation is more likely to accomplish its objectives if the personnel policies and procedures of the organisation are closely related to its goals and strategies. Thirdly, the corporate culture and values in an organisation have a major effect on the accomplishment of excellence. Lastly, the function of HRM is to bring all the members in an organisation to get involved and work together with a set of common goals. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!Essay Writing Service Human resource management (HRM) are attached to three meanings (scribd.com, 2010). Firstly, members in an organisation are the most important assets and therefore there is a need to invest time and effort to develop them so that the organisation’s objectives that are set can be achieved. Next, HRM focuses on introducing human values in an organisation as human resources are unique and cannot be treated like material resources. Finally, HRM do not only focus on each member in the organisation as individuals, but also the connection between the members with other units, departments, and the organisation as a whole. The role of human resource management is to hire, manage, and develop the human talents in an organisation effectively so that the goals and objectives of an organisation can be achieved. HRM is therefore given responsibility in four major areas which are planning, staffing, employee development, and employee maintenance (scribd.com, 2010). According to Gaynor Borade in his article entitled “Functions of Human Resource Management”, the HRM department is accountable for executing resource strategies to create and maintaining a competitive advantage, recruiting a desirable workforce, managing human resources effectively to achieve organisational goals, and to develop a positive interaction between workers and departments so that the organisation as a whole can achieve successes. Besides planning and managing human resources to achieve organisational goals, human resource management (HRM) is also closely related to strategic management. According to the online business dictionary, strategic management is the systematic analysis of the factors related to the external environment like customers and the internal environment such as the organisation itself to make positive changes in the current management system. In this ever changing environment, it is important for an organisation to change its systems and processes according to the external and internal environment to stay ahead of its competitors. Therefore, one of the aims of HRM is to give an organization a competitive edge. To do this, many HR managers combines strategic planning, a set of processes to set long-term organisational goals and methods to achieve them, and human resource planning (HRP), the strategic movement of human resources in an organisation to achieve organisational objectives (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Synthesised together, the two elements together are known as strategic human resources management or SHRM. SHRM, which is a combination of strategic planning and HR planning, is best described as setting long-term organisational goals and the methods to effectively manage the human resources to achieve the organisational objectives. According to Margo Upson in his article called “What is Strategic Human Resource Management?”, SHRM requires thinking ahead, and planning ways for a company to better meet the needs of its employees, and for the employees to better meet the needs of the company. According to Scott Snell and George Bohlander, the authors of “Human Resource Management”, human resource planning (HRP) and strategic planning are most effective when there is a reciprocal relationship between the two processes. Without a strategy plan, HR managers would not accomplish organisational goals; without a pool of human talents, a strategy plan would not succeed. Therefore, the mutual relationship between strategic planning and HR planning is very important in an organisation to accomplish its various objectives. There are a few steps to incorporate strategic planning and HRP. Firstly, the mission, vision, and values of an organisation must be identified (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). After that, the managers of the organisation would have to conduct an environmental scanning on both the external and the internal environment of the organisation (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Next, managers would have to formulate and implement various strategies according to the organisational goals before evaluating the strategies used and implement changes to the strategies when changes in the environment occurs (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Every organisation, from the small home businesses to the large corporations like IBM and Microsoft has their own mission, vision, and values. It is one of the basic foundations before an organisation starts its businesses. Therefore, establishing the mission, vision, and values of an organisation is the first step in strategic planning, one of the elements of strategic human resource management (SHRM). A mission or mission statement is a clear representation of an organisation’s reason of existence. According to Business Resource Software, Inc, a mission statement should include socially meaningful and measurable criteria addressing concepts such as the moral or ethical position of the organisation, public image, the target market, products and services, the geographic domain and expectations of growth and profitability. For example, the mission statement of Air Asia, a Malaysia-based low-cost airline is as follows: To be the best company to work for whereby employees are treated as part of a big family. Create a globally recognized ASEAN brand. To attain the lowest cost so that everyone can fly with AirAsia. Maintain the highest quality product, embracing technology to reduce cost and enhance service levels. The strategic vision, or a vision statement, on the other hand is a picture of the organization in the future. According to Susan Ward in her article called “Mission Statement”, the difference between a mission statement and a vision statement is that a mission statement focuses on a company’s present state while a vision statement focuses on a company’s future state. On the contrary, the core values of an organisation are the beliefs and principles that an organisation uses as a foundation in its various decision making processes (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). For instance, the core values of Microsoft are as follows: We act with integrity and honesty. We are passionate about our customers and partners, and about technology. We are open and respectful with others and dedicated to making them better. We are willing to take on big challenges and see them through. We are self-critical, questioning, and committed to personal excellence and self-improvement. We are accountable for commitments, results, and quality to customers, shareholders, partners, and employees. After the mission, vision, and core values of an organisation have been established, an organisation would have to analyze the environment, both internally and externally. Since the external environment that either appears as an opportunity or as a threat can have a major impact on an organisation, accurate and meticulous analysis of the external environment is essential to give the organisation a competitive advantage. To do this, a thorough environmental scanning, the systematic monitoring of the major external forces that can influence the organisation is required (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Although there are many external factors that can have a major impact on an organisation, the competitive environment such as customers and rival firms are the most common factors that affect an organisation. Customers are one of the most important stakeholders of an organisation because without customers, an organisation would not make profits. Therefore, many organisations strive to satisfy their target markets with unique products or high quality services that gives value to customers. For example, Air Asia with their tagline “Now Everyone Can Fly” provide airline services with low fares that gives them a competitive edge. While customers proved to be opportunities for organisations, rival firms on the other hand are threats to organisations. Therefore, organisations must identify its rival competitors in order to stay ahead of the competition. After the competitors have been identified, the organisation would have to make changes in its strategy and managing the human resources effectively according to the new strategy to stay ahead of its competitors. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.View our services Besides customers and rival firms, new entrants are also one of the factors in the competitive environment. When new companies enter an industry, it can change the “rules of the game” (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). For instance, when it seems like Malaysia Airlines is dominating the local airline industry here in Malaysia, Air Asia came into the industry by offering low fares airline tickets to various destinations around the world. In the example given, Air Asia has changed the rules of the game by offering low fares airline tickets to customers. This can have an impact on labor costs, productivity, skills required, and work design which are important considerations in both strategic planning and human resources planning (HRP) (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). In addition, substitutes are also one of the factors in the competitive environment. According to Scott Snell and George Bohlander, substitutes offer the same service or function as traditional firms, but through a different method. For example, smart phones are starting to act as substitutes to laptops which are once substitutes to the desktop computers. To further support the example, below is a quote from Nick Wingfield in his article entitled “Time to Leave the Laptop Behind”. Nick said: “For years, mobile workers have been ditching their desktop computers for laptops that they can take wherever they go. Now road warriors are starting to realize that they can get even more portability and lots of computing punch from smart phones” (Wingfield, 2009). Lastly, suppliers are also part of the competitive environment. An organisation does not stand on its own, but instead, organisations have suppliers to provide raw materials, information, or people. People or labor has a central role in both strategic planning and HRP and has direct implications for strategic human resource management (SHRM) (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). At an operational level, changes in labor supply directly influences hiring plans that must take into account the demographic composition of the population in the area where the organisation is located (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). On the other hand, from the strategic standpoint, the change in labor supply can limit the strategies available to firms (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Therefore, organisations are always on the lookout for changes in the labor force supply using environmental scanning and information from the internet and published documents to make changes in their strategy to give them a competitive advantage. After the external environment has been analysed, organisations then conduct analysis on the internal environment such as the organisations’ strengths and weaknesses. In the context of human resources planning (HRP) which is one of the elements of strategic human resources management (SHRM), internal analysis focuses especially on the “the three Cs” of the organisation which are culture, competencies, and composition (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Since human talents are the most important resources for an organisation to gain a competitive edge against its competitors, organisations often conduct cultural audits to study the culture among its employees. According to ITAP International, cultural audits examine current practices, programs and processes to identify how culturally appropriate an organisation may be for multi-cultural or global audiences. The goal of cultural audit is to build employees’ loyalty and enhance their productivity, increase the client base adherence and attract more new clients, and thus driving the company’s overall competitive advantage (ITAP International, 2011). Cultural audit is very important for an organisation because it can assess the attitudes and beliefs of its employees and therefore make appropriate decisions in its business especially in HR planning. The second “C” of the “three Cs” is competencies. Every successful organisation has its own core competencies that set itself apart from its rival competitors in the same industry. Core competencies, according to Net Industries, are the key activities and skills present within an organisation that provide the source of its competitive advantage. For example, McDonald’s core competencies are management efficiency and training (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). According to Scott Snell and George Bohlander, the two authors of “Human Resource Management”, organisations can achieve a sustained competitive advantage through people if they are able to meet the four criteria below. First, the resources that an organisation has must be valuable. Human talents in an organisation are a source of competitive advantage because they improve the efficiency of the organisation and work to achieve organisational goals. The value of the human resources increases when employees find ways to cut costs, provide something unique to customers, or some combination of the two (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Second, the resources of the organisation have must be rare. Human resources are a source of competitive advantage because the set of skills and knowledge that each employee has are unique to each organisation. Therefore, many companies such as Microsoft and IBM hire and train their employees according to their strategy in order to gain a competitive edge. Next, the resources that the organisation has must be difficult to imitate. When an organisation has a pool of human resources that its competitors cannot imitate or hard to imitate, the organisation will surely be at an advantage position. Lastly, the resources that an organisation has must be organised. To meet this last criterion, the role of HR department is very important. The managers must foresee the future of the organisation and implement strategies to achieve the desired goal. At the same time, the HR department would have to organise and manage the human resources available to the organisation to be in line with the strategies that are set by the managers to achieve the target objectives. Composition is the last “C” of the “three Cs”. Once the composition of the human resources in an organisation has been analysed, the managers can then make strategies that can help an organisation to achieve the target goals. To accomplish this, managers rely on human resource planning (HRP) to compare and contrast the different approaches to employment. There are four types of workers that an organisation usually employs (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). The first type of workers is core knowledge workers. This group of workers usually have a set of specific skills that are directly related to the organisation. Therefore, companies usually employ this type of workers for a long-term period and give them training so that the organisation’s objectives can be met. The second type of workers is traditional job-based workers. This type of workers is usually employed for a short-term basis as the skills of the workers are not so much valuable to the organisation such as salespeople. The third type of workers is contract labor. Clerks and accountants fall into this category. This type of employees is usually employed on a contract basis and the scope of their duties tends to be limited (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). The last type of workers is alliance partners. This group of employees has unique skills but the skills that they possess are not usually in line with the organisations’ strategy. Therefore, companies tend to build a long-term alliance with them and nurture an ongoing relationship focused on mutual learning (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Besides analysing the “three Cs”, managers must also forecast the demand and supply of labors. In this fast pace and ever changing environment, managers must make changes to the strategies according to the environment. To accommodate the change in strategy, managers must work hand in hand with the HR department as changes in the strategy may require additional workforces. Therefore, forecasting the demand and supply of labor is a critical element to put the organisation in an advantage position. There are two methods to forecast the demand for employees which are quantitative and qualitative approach. Quantitative approaches involve the use of statistical or mathematical techniques to forecast the demand for labor (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Trend analysis is one of the most common techniques in quantitative approach. According to the online business dictionary, trend analysis is a method of time series data (information in sequence over time) analysis involving comparison of the same item over a significantly long period to detect the general pattern of relationship between associated factors or variables, and to project the future direction of this pattern. In qualitative approaches however, forecasting are done not by mathematical methods but by instinct and experiences. One of the widely used qualitative methods is management forecasts. According to Scott Snell and George Bohlander, the authors of “Human Resource Management”, management forecasts are the opinions or judgments of supervisors, department managers, and experts that are knowledgeable about the organisation’s future employment needs. Another familiar quantitative approach technique is the Delphi technique. According to Duncan Haughey, the Delphi technique involves a group of experts to exchange views, and each individual gives estimates and assumptions to a facilitator who reviews the data and issues a summary report. Once the forecast demand for labor is known, an organisation must also forecast the supply of employees to ensure that there are sufficient numbers and types of workers available. Staffing tables and Markov analysis are widely used to analyse the internal supply of employees. According to the authors of “Human Resource Management”, Snell and Bohlander stated that staffing tables are graphic representations of all organisational jobs, along with the numbers of employees currently occupying those jobs. On the other hand, Markov analysis shows the percentage of employees who remain in each job from one year to the next, as well as the percentage of those who are promoted, demoted, or transferred, or exit the computing turnover and absenteeism rates (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Unlike staffing tables and Markov analysis that are used to forecast the number of employees, skill inventories, on the other hand are used to identify the types of employees available. According to the online business dictionary, skills inventory are the listing of abilities, capacities, qualifications, and career goals of the employees to identify suitable candidates for internal recruitment or promotions. While the above data are gathered on the employees, the same data that are gathered on managers are called management inventories. By combining both skill inventories and management inventories, an organisation can create replacement charts. A replacement chart, according to Nicholas J. Mathys, is a human resource forecasting technique that describes a firm’s organisation structure in terms of individuals who occupy various managerial and professional positions. The replacement chart provides information on the current job performance and promotability of possible replacements and is usually used for succession planning, which is the process of identifying, developing, and tracking specific employees so that they may eventually assume higher-level positions in the organisation (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). After the organisation had established their mission and vision, scanned the external and internal environment, and forecasted the supply and demand for labor, it is time for managers and HR departments to formulate strategies for the organisation to achieve its organisational goals. SWOT analysis, an investigation and comparison of the organisation’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats that exists in the market serves as a reference for managers to formulate strategies for the organisation. In corporate strategy, firms decide where or which industry they will compete in the market (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). For example, Sony decided to focus only on selling electronic products such as televisions, digital cameras, and notebooks to name a few. On the other hand, companies like Wal-Mart sells a wide array of products ranging from apparels to electronics. As companies grow, they will usually choose to expand their product line-up or expand their business internationally. But to do the above two things, an organisation is usually hindered by three important factors. They are increased productivity, a greater number of employees, and developing or acquiring new skills (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). In order to overcome the limitations above, companies such as IBM contracted with other firms such as Microsoft to enter a new market while other companies such as General Electric Company or commonly known as GE diversified its products and services by investing heavily in human resources. Besides growth and diversification, organisations also choose to merge or acquire other companies to expand beyond its original base in the market. For example, Google acquired Youtube in 2006 for $1.65 billion to provide a better, more comprehensive experience for users interested in uploading, watching and sharing videos, and to offer new opportunities for professional content owners to distribute their work to reach a vast new audience (Google Press Center, 2006). Although there are many mergers and acquisitions among companies, there are many that failed. To illustrate this, Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) and Compaq Computer Corporation (Compaq) announced their merger on September 4th 2001 (ICMR, 2006). However, in just two days after their announcement, HP and Compaq share prices declined by 21.5% and 15.7% respectively and together, the pair lost US$ 13 billion in market capitalization in just a couple of days (ICMR, 2006). There are a few reasons for mergers and acquisitions to fail such as conflict among the companies and cultural inconsistencies in the firms. Therefore, the role of HR department is vital to make sure mergers and acquisitions succeed. In addition to mergers and acquisitions, companies also form strategic alliances and joint ventures with other firms. One popular example of this is Sony Ericsson. According to Thor Olavsrud in his article entitled “Sony, Ericsson Link Up for Joint Venture”, Japanese electronics giant Sony Corp. and Swedish telecom equipment maker Ericsson sealed a pact to merge their worldwide mobile phone businesses in an effort to unseat reigning mobile monarch Nokia and take on Motorola. Whether it is the growth and diversification strategy, mergers and acquisition, or forming strategic alliances and joint ventures, the HR department of an organisation plays a vital role in accessing the compatibility of cultures of the target firm and finding ways to overcome the HR problems that might occur so that whichever strategy that an organisation choose to take can work out in the long run. While corporate strategy is where an organisation will compete in the market, business strategy on the other hand is how an organisation will compete against its rival competitors in the same industry to create value for customers (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Value creation, therefore is the focal aim of all businesses. Value creation can be said as the final value of a product or services perceived by the consumers after weighing the benefits and costs of a product or a service (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Therefore, to create the best value in the consumers’ minds, organisations either decrease the cost of a product or service, or increase the benefits of the product and services, or a combination of the two elements. To implement a low-cost strategy, managers must work with HR department to achieve successes. According to Scott and Bohlander in their book called “Human Resource Management”, many people thought that to achieve successes in the low-cost strategy, companies usually cut down the number of labors or cutting down the wages of the employees but it is not always the case. For example, Starbucks is often-recognized for paying high wages to its employees yet still able to sell its products at a very low price compared to its competitors in the same industry such as the Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf. This is because highly motivated employees can often work more efficiently, ensure a better quality, eliminate waste, and provide better services (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Besides motivating the employees by paying high wages, organisations can also choose to outsource to other countries to cut down the labor costs. Many companies now outsource to China as it has one of the lowest labor costs in the world. Although by implementing a low-cost strategy, an organisation usually can deliver products and services that are perceived as valuable to consumers, it does not always work. As Gordon Bethune, CEO of Continental Airlines, put it, “You can make a pizza so cheap that no one will buy it.” (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). In this case, it would be appropriate for an organisation to implement differentiation strategy. To do this, an organisation need to offer either products that have unique functions, provide excellent customer service, or to sell high quality products to consumers. For example, Apple offers products that catch the attention of tech-savvy consumers and at the same time provide excellent customer service to deliver values to customers that are unique to its competitors. To maximize the results of differentiation strategy, human resource management (HRM) plays an important role. For instance, Mc Donald’s is popular for providing speedy services to its consumers. Therefore, the HR department must make sure that the employees are motivated to provide satisfactory services to its customers and at the same time, to manage the employees effectively according to their different tasks so that the food can be served to the customers in the shortest amount of time. Besides devising corporate strategies and business-level strategies, managers must also make sure that the strategies are disseminated and aligned to all the departments in the organisation especially the HR department as without the needed workforce, the strategies that are formulated cannot be carried out effectively. There are two types of fit to align the HR department with the devised strategies. The first is called the external fit or the external alignment. This type of alignment focuses on the connection between the business objectives and the major initiatives in HR (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). For example, if a company decides to implement a low-cost strategy, then the HR policies and practices need to reinforce the idea by reinforcing efficient and reliable behaviour, enhanced productivity, and so on; while on the other hand, if the company devised a differentiation strategy, then the HR policies and practices would be aligned to enable more creativity and flexibility (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). The second fit is called internal fit and it is used to ensure that the HR policies and practices are all aligned internally so that there would not be clashes among its practices. All the HR practices, from job designing, staffing, training, performance appraisal, to compensation all need to focus on the same workforce objectives such as efficiency or creativity (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). If both the two alignments are carried out successfully, an organisation can carry out its strategies effectively and at the same time, there would be no clashes or disharmony among its departments which is the key to success. After the strategies are formulated and all the departments especially the HR department has been aligned, it is time for the organisation to carry out its strategies. During this process, the McKinsey 7-S framework is used effectively with human resources management (HRM) to determine the best way to implement the strategies that were created. The 7-S framework can be divided into both hard elements and soft elements. According to Mind Tools Ltd, the hard elements are easier to define or identify and management can directly influence them while the soft elements can be more difficult to describe, and are less tangible and are more influenced by culture. All the seven elements of the 7-S framework: structure, strategy, systems, shared values, style, skills, and staff are interdependent and are important for an organisation to achieve successes. The structure of an organisation is the framework for all the activities while strategy lays a plan where the organisation will head in the future (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Systems are the formal and informal procedures that govern daily activities while style refers to the leadership approach of the managers and the way which employees present themselves to the outside world such as customers and suppliers (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). According to the online business dictionary, shared values are the explicit or implicit fundamental beliefs, concepts, and principles that underlie the culture of an organization, and which guide decisions and behaviour of its employees, management, and members. The remaining two Ss, skills and staff relate directly to the role of HR on reconciling human resources demanded and human resources available (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). To hire additional workforces to carry out various planned strategies, organisations have several staffing possibilities such as hiring full-time employees, having current employees to work overtime, recalling laid-off workers or use temporary employees (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). However, when there is a surplus of human resources or when the global economy calls for a reduction in the number of employees to cut costs, the HR department may restrict hiring, layoff or terminating employees. After the strategies are being carried out, it is important for an organisation to evaluate and assess its performance. Benchmarking, the process of identifying various aspects of a company such as productivity or brand management, and then comparing the performance of the particular aspect with other companies in the same industry is therefore used to evaluate and assess how well the company performs in that aspect compared to other companies. Besides that, a Balanced Scorecard (BSC), according to the Balanced Scorecard Institute, is used to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. The BSC acts as a performance measurement framework that helps managers translate strategic goals into operational objectives (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Lastly, organisations commonly use HRP to increase the organisational capability, the ability of the organisation to continuously act and change according to the environment both externally and internally to achieve a competitive edge, which is one of the aims of human resource management (HRM) (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Strategic human resources management (SHRM) which consists of strategic planning and human resou rces planning (HRP) is significant for an organisation to stay ahead of the game and give the org Cite This Work To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: Related ServicesView all DMCA / Removal Request If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please:

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An próiseas bainistíochta acmhainní daonna │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ✅ Wordcount: 5508 focail Is éard atá i mbainistíocht acmhainní daonna (BAE) ná an próiseas chun tallann daonna a fháil, a bhainistiú agus a oiliúint chun cuspóirí eagraíochta a bhaint amach. De réir scribd.com, tá GCF bunaithe ar cheithre phrionsabal bunúsach. Ar an gcéad dul síos, is iad acmhainní daonna na sócmhainní is luachmhaire d'eagraíocht agus is é an eochair chun rath a bheith ann ná an t-ionchas daonna a bhainistiú go héifeachtach. Ar an dara dul síos, tá seans níos mó ann go gcomhlíonfaidh eagraíocht a chuspóirí má tá beartais agus nósanna imeachta pearsanra na heagraíochta nasctha go dlúth lena spriocanna agus lena straitéisí. Ar an tríú dul síos, tá tionchar mór ag an gcultúr corparáideach agus ag na luachanna atá ag eagraíocht ar an sármhaitheas a bhaint amach. Ar deireadh, is é feidhm an GHR ná na baill uile in eagraíocht a thabhairt chun páirt a ghlacadh agus oibriú le chéile le sraith spriocanna coiteanna. Má theastaíonn cúnamh uait chun do aiste a scríobh, tá ár seirbhís scríbhneoireachta aiste gairmiúil anseo chun cabhrú!Seirbhís Scríbhneoireachta aiste Tá trí chiall ag bainistíocht acmhainní daonna (HRM) (scribd.com, 2010). Ar an gcéad dul síos, is iad baill eagraíochta na sócmhainní is tábhachtaí agus dá bhrí sin is gá am agus iarracht a infheistiú chun iad a fhorbairt ionas gur féidir cuspóirí an eagraíochta a leagtar amach a bhaint amach. Ina dhiaidh sin, díreoidh Bainistíocht SDT ar luachanna daonna a thabhairt isteach in eagraíocht mar go bhfuil acmhainní daonna uathúil agus nach féidir iad a chóireáil mar acmhainní ábhartha. Ar deireadh, ní amháin go ndíríonn HRM ar gach ball san eagraíocht mar dhaoine aonair, ach freisin ar an nasc idir na baill le haonaid, ranna agus an eagraíocht ina iomláine. Is é ról bainistíochta acmhainní daonna ná an t-ionchas daonna a fhostú, a bhainistiú agus a fhorbairt go héifeachtach i heagraíocht ionas gur féidir spriocanna agus cuspóirí eagraíochta a bhaint amach. Dá bhrí sin, tugtar freagracht do GCF i gceithre phríomhcháil atá i bpleanáil, foirne, forbairt fostaí, agus cothabháil fostaí (scribd.com, 2010). De réir Gaynor Borade ina alt dar teideal "Fúnsaí Bainistíochta Acmhainní Daonna", tá an roinn Bainistíochta Acmhainní Daonna freagrach as straitéisí acmhainní a chur i bhfeidhm chun buntáiste iomaíoch a chruthú agus a chothabháil, lucht oibre inmhianaithe a earcú, acmhainní daonna a bhainistiú go héifeachtach chun spriocanna eagraíochta a bhaint amach, agus idirghníomhaíocht dhearfach a fhorbairt idir oibrithe agus ranna ionas gur féidir leis an eagraíocht ina iomláine rath a bhaint amach. Chomh maith le acmhainní daonna a phleanáil agus a bhainistiú chun spriocanna eagraíochta a bhaint amach, tá bainistíocht acmhainní daonna (BAO) nasctha go dlúth le bainistíocht straitéiseach. De réir an foclóir ghnó ar líne, is é bainistíocht straitéiseach anailís chórasach ar na tosca a bhaineann leis an timpeallacht sheachtrach mar chustaiméirí agus an timpeallacht inmheánach mar an eagraíocht féin chun athruithe dearfacha a dhéanamh ar an gcóras bainistíochta reatha. Sa timpeallacht seo atá ag athrú go leanúnach, tá sé tábhachtach do eagraíocht a chórais agus a próisis a athrú de réir an chomhshaoil sheachtraigh agus inmheánaigh chun fanacht ar aghaidh óna iomaitheoirí. Dá bhrí sin, is é ceann de chuspóirí GCF ná buntáiste iomaíoch a thabhairt d'eagraíocht. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, déanann go leor bainisteoirí SD pleanáil straitéiseach a chomhcheangal, sraith próisis chun spriocanna eagraíochta fadtéarmacha a shocrú agus modhanna chun iad a bhaint amach, agus pleanáil acmhainní daonna (HRP), gluaiseacht straitéiseach acmhainní daonna in eagraíocht chun cuspóirí eagraíochta a bhaint amach (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Nuair a dhéantar iad a shintisiú le chéile, tugtar bainistíocht straitéiseach acmhainní daonna nó SHRM ar an dá ghné le chéile. Is é an sainmhíniú is fearr ar SHRM, a bhfuil meascán de phleanáil straitéiseach agus de phleanáil FP, ná spriocanna eagraíochta fadtéarmacha a leagan síos agus na modhanna chun na hacmhainní daonna a bhainistiú go héifeachtach chun na cuspóirí eagraíochta a bhaint amach. De réir Margo Upson ina alt dar teideal What is Strategic Human Resource Management?, éilíonn SHRM smaoineamh ar aghaidh, agus bealaí a phleanáil d'fhiontar chun freastal níos fearr ar riachtanais a chuid fostaithe, agus d'fhostaithe chun freastal níos fearr ar riachtanais na cuideachta. De réir Scott Snell agus George Bohlander, údar na leabhar "Bainistíocht Acmhainní Daonna", is fearr pleanáil acmhainní daonna (HRP) agus pleanáil straitéiseach a dhéanamh nuair a bhíonn gaol idir an dá phróiseas. Gan plean straitéise, ní dhéanfadh bainisteoirí SDT spriocanna eagraíochta a bhaint amach; gan slua de thailte daonna, ní bheadh plean straitéise rathúil. Dá bhrí sin, tá an caidreamh frithpháirteach idir pleanáil straitéiseach agus pleanáil FPanna an-tábhachtach d'eagraíocht chun a cuspóirí éagsúla a bhaint amach. Tá cúpla céim ann chun pleanáil straitéiseach agus HRP a ionchorprú. Ar an gcéad dul síos, ní mór misean, fís agus luachanna eagraíochta a shainaithint (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Ba cheart go mbeadh na baill sin ag obair ar an gcineál oibre a bhfuil an t-eagraíocht ag iarraidh a chur i bhfeidhm. Ina dhiaidh sin, bheadh ar bhainisteoirí straitéisí éagsúla a fhoirmiú agus a chur i bhfeidhm de réir na gcuspóirí eagraíochta sula ndéantar na straitéisí a úsáidtear a mheas agus athruithe ar na straitéisí a chur i bhfeidhm nuair a tharlaíonn athruithe san timpeallacht (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Tá a misean, a fhís agus a luachanna féin ag gach eagraíocht, ó ghnólachtaí beaga baile go corparáidí móra mar IBM agus Microsoft. Tá sé ar cheann de na bunscoileanna a bhíonn ag eagraíocht sula dtosaíonn sí lena ghnó. Dá bhrí sin, is é a bheith in ann misean, fís agus luachanna eagraíochta a bhunú an chéad chéim i bpleanáil straitéiseach, ceann de na heilimintí a bhaineann le bainistíocht straitéiseach acmhainní daonna (BHRM). Is léiriú soiléir é misean nó ráiteas misean ar chúis na heagraíochta a bheith ann. De réir Business Resource Software, Inc, ba cheart go mbeadh critéir atá ciallmhar ó thaobh na sochaí de agus in-am measartha ann a thugann aghaidh ar choincheapa amhail seasamh morálta nó eitice na heagraíochta, íomhá an phobail, an spriocmhargadh, táirgí agus seirbhísí, an réimse geografach agus ionchais fáis agus brabúsachta. Mar shampla, tá an ráiteas misean Air Asia, aerlíne ísealchostas atá lonnaithe sa Mhalaeisia mar seo a leanas: An chuideachta is fearr a bheith againn le bheith ag obair ann, áit a gcaithfear le fostaithe mar chuid de theaghlach mór. Bain úsáid as an gcineál seo chun a chruthú branda ASEAN aitheanta go domhanda. Chun an costas is ísle a bhaint amach ionas gur féidir le gach duine eitilt le AirAsia. Coinnigh an táirge is airde cáilíochta, ag glacadh le teicneolaíocht chun costais a laghdú agus leibhéil seirbhíse a fheabhsú. Is í an fís straitéiseach, nó ráiteas fís, ar an láimh eile, pictiúr den eagraíocht sa todhchaí. De réir Susan Ward ina alt dar teideal Statement Mission, is é an difríocht idir ráiteas misean agus ráiteas fís ná go ndíríonn ráiteas misean ar staid reatha cuideachta agus go ndíríonn ráiteas fís ar staid todhchaí cuideachta. Is iad luachanna croí eagraíochta, ar a mhalairt, na creidimh agus na prionsabail a úsáideann eagraíocht mar bhunús ina phróisis éagsúla cinnteoireachta (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Mar shampla, is iad seo a leanas croíluach Microsoft: Gníomhaímid le sláine agus le hionracas. Tá paisean againn faoi ár gcustaiméirí agus comhpháirtithe, agus faoi theicneolaíocht. Táimid oscailte agus measúil le daoine eile agus tiomanta iad a dhéanamh níos fearr. Tá muid sásta dúshláin mhóra a ghlacadh agus iad a chur i gcrích. Táimid féin-chríocha, ag ceistiú, agus tiomanta do fheabhas pearsanta agus féin-fheabhsú. Tá muid freagrach as gealltanais, torthaí agus cáilíocht do chustaiméirí, scairshealbhóirí, comhpháirtithe agus fostaithe. Tar éis misean, fís agus croíluach eagraíochta a bhunú, bheadh ar eagraíocht anailís a dhéanamh ar an gcomhshaol, go hinmheánach agus go seachtrach. Ós rud é gur féidir go mbeadh tionchar mór ag an timpeallacht sheachtrach a fheictear mar dheis nó mar bhagairt ar eagraíocht, tá anailís chruinn agus mionsonraithe ar an timpeallacht sheachtrach riachtanach chun buntáiste iomaíoch a thabhairt don eagraíocht. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, tá gá le scanadh cuimsitheach ar an gcomhshaol, faireachán córais ar na mórfhórsaí seachtracha a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a imirt ar an eagraíocht (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Cé go bhfuil go leor fachtóirí seachtracha ann a d'fhéadfadh tionchar mór a bheith acu ar eagraíocht, is iad na fachtóirí is coitianta a mbíonn tionchar acu ar eagraíocht ná an timpeallacht iomaíoch, amhail custaiméirí agus gnólachtaí iomaíocha. Is iad custaiméirí ceann de na páirtithe leasmhara is tábhachtaí d'eagraíocht toisc nach mbeadh brabús ag eagraíocht gan custaiméirí. Dá bhrí sin, déanann go leor eagraíochtaí iarracht a spriocmhargaí a shásamh le táirgí uathúla nó seirbhísí ardchaighdeáin a thugann luach do chustaiméirí. Mar shampla, soláthraíonn Air Asia lena ngléas 'Now Everyone Can Fly' seirbhísí aerlíne le rátaí íseal a thugann buntáiste iomaíoch dóibh. Cé gur cruthaíodh gur deiseanna iad custaiméirí do eagraíochtaí, is bagairtí iad gnólachtaí iomaíocha ar an láimh eile do eagraíochtaí. Ní mór do eagraíochtaí a n-iomaitheoirí iomaíocha a shainaithint chun fanacht ar aghaidh ar an gcomórtas. Tar éis na hiomaitheoirí a shainaithint, bheadh ar an eagraíocht athruithe a dhéanamh ar a straitéis agus ar bhainistiú na n-acmhainní daonna go héifeachtach de réir na straitéise nua chun fanacht ar aghaidh ar a iomaitheoirí. Tá ár saineolaithe acadúla réidh agus ag fanacht chun cabhrú le haon tionscadal scríbhneoireachta a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat. Ó phleananna aiste simplí, go dtí dírscéalta iomlána, is féidir leat a ráthú go bhfuil seirbhís againn a oireann go foirfe do do chuid riachtanas. Féach ar ár seirbhísí Chomh maith le custaiméirí agus gnólachtaí iomaíocha, tá iontrálaithe nua ar cheann de na tosca sa timpeallacht iomaíoch. Nuair a thagann cuideachtaí nua isteach i dtionscal, is féidir leis an "rialacha an chluiche" a athrú (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Mar shampla, nuair a bhí an chuma air go raibh Malaysia Airlines ag smachtú ar an tionscal aerlíne áitiúil anseo sa Mhalaeisia, tháinig Air Asia isteach sa tionscal trí thiceadáin aerlíne ísealphraghas a thairiscint chuig áiteanna éagsúla ar fud an domhain. Sa sampla a tugadh, d'athraigh Air Asia rialacha an chluiche trí thiceadáin aerlíne ísealphraghas a thairiscint do chustaiméirí. Is féidir leis seo tionchar a imirt ar chostais saothair, ar tháirgiúlacht, ar scileanna a theastaíonn, agus ar dhearadh oibre atá ina gcúinsí tábhachtacha i bpleanáil straitéiseach agus i bpleanáil acmhainní daonna (HRP) araon (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Ina theannta sin, tá ionadaithe ar cheann de na tosca sa timpeallacht iomaíoch. De réir Scott Snell agus George Bohlander, cuireann ionadaithe an tseirbhís nó an fheidhm chéanna ar fáil le gnólachtaí traidisiúnta, ach trí mhodh difriúil. Mar shampla, tá fón cliste ag tosú ag gníomhú mar ionad do ríomhaire glúine a bhí ina ionad do ríomhairí deisce uair amháin. Chun tacú leis an sampla, tá luachan thíos ó Nick Wingfield ina alt dar teideal "Am chun an ríomhaire glúine a fhágáil taobh thiar de". Dúirt Nick: Le blianta fada, tá oibrithe soghluaiste ag díbirt a gcuid ríomhairí deisce le haghaidh ríomhairí glúine is féidir leo a thógáil cibé áit a théann siad. Anois tá na cogairí bóthair ag tosú ag tabhairt faoi deara gur féidir leo níos mó in-iompartachta agus go leor punch ríomhaireachta a fháil ó fhóin chliste (Wingfield, 2009). Ar deireadh, tá soláthraithe mar chuid den timpeallacht iomaíoch freisin. Ní sheasann eagraíocht ar a shon féin, ach ina ionad sin, tá soláthraithe ag eagraíochtaí chun amhábhair, faisnéis nó daoine a sholáthar. Tá ról lárnach ag daoine nó saothair i bpleanáil straitéiseach agus i GPR araon agus tá impleachtaí díreacha aige ar bhainistiú straitéiseach acmhainní daonna (SHRM) (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Ag leibhéal oibríochtúil, bíonn tionchar díreach ag athruithe ar thairiscint saothair ar phleananna fostaíochta nach mór a chur san áireamh i gcomhdhéanamh déimeagrafach an daonra sa cheantar ina bhfuil an eagraíocht lonnaithe (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Ar an láimh eile, ó thaobh na straitéise de, d'fhéadfadh an t-athrú ar thairiscint saothair teorainn a chur leis na straitéisí atá ar fáil do ghnólachtaí (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Dá bhrí sin, tá eagraíochtaí i gcónaí ag lorg athruithe ar thairiscint na fórsa saothair ag baint úsáide as scanadh comhshaoil agus faisnéis ón idirlíon agus ó dhoiciméid foilsithe chun athruithe a dhéanamh ar a straitéis chun buntáiste iomaíoch a thabhairt dóibh. Tar éis anailís a dhéanamh ar an timpeallacht sheachtrach, déanann eagraíochtaí anailís ar an timpeallacht inmheánach, amhail láidreachtaí agus laigí na heagraíochta. I gcomhthéacs pleanála acmhainní daonna (HRM) ar cheann de na heilimintí de bhainistíocht straitéiseach acmhainní daonna (BHRM), díreofar anailís inmheánach go háirithe ar na trí C den eagraíocht is iad sin cultúr, inniúlachtaí agus comhdhéanamh (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Ós rud é gur daoine is fearr iad na hacmhainní is tábhachtaí d'eagraíocht chun buntáiste iomaíoch a fháil i gcoinne a iomaitheoirí, is minic a dhéanann eagraíochtaí iniúchtaí cultúrtha chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar an gcultúr i measc a gcuid fostaithe. De réir ITAP International, déanann iniúchtaí cultúrtha iniúchadh ar chleachtais, cláir agus próisis reatha chun a aithint cé chomh oiriúnach is féidir le heagraíocht a bheith ó thaobh cultúrtha de do lucht féachana ilchultúrtha nó domhanda. Is é aidhm an iniúchóireachta cultúrtha dílseacht fostaithe a thógáil agus a dtáirgeacht a fheabhsú, cloí leis an mbonn cliant a mhéadú agus níos mó cliant nua a mhealladh, agus mar sin buntáiste iomaíoch foriomlán na cuideachta a threisiú (ITAP International, 2011). Tá iniúchadh cultúrtha an-tábhachtach d'eagraíocht toisc gur féidir leis dearcadh agus creideamh a chuid fostaithe a mheas agus, dá bhrí sin, cinntí cuí a dhéanamh ina ghnó go háirithe i bpleanáil FP. Is é an dara C den triúr Canna ná inniúlachtaí. Tá a cuid inniúlachtaí bunúsacha féin ag gach eagraíocht rathúil a chuireann sí ar leith óna iomaitheoirí iomaíocha sa tionscal céanna. Is iad na príomh-inniúlachtaí, de réir Net Industries, na príomhghníomhaíochtaí agus na scileanna atá i láthair laistigh d'eagraíocht a sholáthraíonn foinse a buntáiste iomaíoch. Mar shampla, is iad príomhchompetencies McDonald's éifeachtúlacht bainistíochta agus oiliúint (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). De réir Scott Snell agus George Bohlander, an dá údair ar "Bainistíocht Acmhainní Daonna", is féidir le heagraíochtaí buntáiste iomaíoch leanúnach a bhaint amach trí dhaoine má tá siad in ann na ceithre chritéar thíos a chomhlíonadh. Ar dtús, ní mór go mbeadh luach ag na hacmhainní atá ag eagraíocht. Is foinse buntáiste iomaíoch iad tallann daonna in eagraíocht toisc go bhfeabhsaíonn siad éifeachtúlacht na heagraíochta agus go n-oibríonn siad chun spriocanna eagraíochta a bhaint amach. Méadaíonn luach na n-acmhainní daonna nuair a fhaigheann fostaithe bealaí chun costais a ghearradh, rud éigin uathúil a sholáthar do chustaiméirí, nó roinnt teaglaim den dá rud (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Ar an dara dul síos, ní mór go mbeadh acmhainní an eagraíochta gann. Is foinse buntáiste iomaíoch iad acmhainní daonna toisc go bhfuil an tacar scileanna agus eolais atá ag gach fostaí uathúil do gach eagraíocht. Dá bhrí sin, cuireann go leor cuideachtaí mar Microsoft agus IBM a gcuid fostaithe ar fáil agus oiliúint a thabhairt dóibh de réir a straitéise chun buntáiste iomaíoch a fháil. Ansin, ní mór go mbeadh sé deacair na hacmhainní atá ag an eagraíocht a shamhlú. Nuair a bhíonn acmhainní daonna ag eagraíocht nach féidir lena iomaitheoirí a shamhlú nó nach féidir leo a shamhlú go deacair, is cinnte go mbeidh an eagraíocht i riocht buntáisteach. Ar deireadh, ní mór na hacmhainní atá ag eagraíocht a eagrú. Chun an critéar deireanach seo a chomhlíonadh, tá ról an roinn FPanna an-tábhachtach. Ní mór do na bainisteoirí todhchaí na heagraíochta a fhógairt agus straitéisí a chur i bhfeidhm chun an sprioc atá ag teastáil a bhaint amach. Ag an am céanna, bheadh ar an roinn FPanna na hacmhainní daonna atá ar fáil don eagraíocht a eagrú agus a bhainistiú chun a bheith ag teacht leis na straitéisí a leagann na bainisteoirí chun na spriocspriocanna a bhaint amach. Is é an comhdhéanamh an C deireanach de na thrí Cs. Nuair a bheidh comhdhéanamh na n-acmhainní daonna in eagraíocht anailíse déanta, is féidir leis na bainisteoirí straitéisí a dhéanamh a chabhróidh le heagraíocht na spriocspriocanna a bhaint amach. Chun é seo a bhaint amach, tá bainisteoirí ag brath ar phleanáil acmhainní daonna (HRP) chun cur chuige éagsúla maidir le fostaíocht a chur i gcomparáid agus a chur i gcodarsnacht. Tá ceithre chineál oibrithe ann a fhostaíonn eagraíocht de ghnáth (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Is iad na hoibrithe ar an gcéad chineál oibrithe bunúsacha eolais. De ghnáth bíonn scileanna sonracha ag an ngrúpa oibrithe seo a bhaineann go díreach leis an eagraíocht. Dá bhrí sin, is gnách go bhfostaíonn cuideachtaí an cineál seo oibrithe ar feadh tréimhse fhadtéarma agus go dtugann siad oiliúint dóibh ionas gur féidir cuspóirí na heagraíochta a bhaint amach. Is iad an dara cineál oibrithe oibrithe traidisiúnta atá bunaithe ar phost. De ghnáth, fostaítear an cineál seo oibrithe ar bhonn gearrthéarmach mar nach bhfuil scileanna na n-oibrithe chomh luachmhar don eagraíocht agus atá scileanna na ndíoltóirí. Is é an tríú cineál oibrithe saothar ar conradh. Baineann clerks agus cuntasaithe leis an gcatagóir seo. De ghnáth, fostaítear an cineál seo fostaithe ar bhonn conartha agus bíonn raon feidhme a ndualgais teoranta (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Is iad na hoibrithe den chineál deireanach comhpháirtithe comhghuaillíochta. Tá scileanna uathúla ag an ngrúpa fostaithe seo ach ní bhíonn na scileanna atá acu de ghnáth i gcomhréir le straitéis na heagraíochta. Dá bhrí sin, bíonn na cuideachtaí claonadh chun comhghuaillíocht fhadtéarmach a thógáil leo agus caidreamh leanúnach a chothú atá dírithe ar fhoghlaim fhrithpháirteach (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Chomh maith le anailís a dhéanamh ar na "thrí C", ní mór do bhainisteoirí soláthar agus éileamh saothair a thuar freisin. Sa timpeallacht seo a bhíonn ag athrú go tapa agus go leanúnach, ní mór do bhainisteoirí athruithe a dhéanamh ar na straitéisí de réir an chomhshaoil. Chun freastal ar an athrú ar straitéis, ní mór do bhainisteoirí oibriú i gcomhar leis an roinn FÁ mar d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh forálacha breise ar fhórsaí oibre ag teastáil ó athruithe ar an straitéis. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé ríthábhachtach go ndéanfaí réamhaisnéis ar éileamh agus ar thairiscint saothair chun an eagraíocht a chur i riocht buntáiste. Tá dhá mhodh ann chun an t-éileamh ar fhostaithe a thuar, is iad sin cur chuige cainníochtúil agus cáilíochtúil. Baineann cur chuige cainníochtúil le teicnící staidrimh nó matamaiticiúla a úsáid chun an t-éileamh ar fhostaíocht a thuar (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Is é anailís treochta ceann de na teicnící is coitianta i gcur chuige cainníochtúil. De réir an foclóir ghnó ar líne, is modh anailíse treochta é chun anailís a dhéanamh ar shraith ama sonraí (faisnéis i seicéad thar am) lena mbaineann comparáid a dhéanamh ar an mír chéanna thar thréimhse shuntasach fada chun an patrún ginearálta caidrimh idir fachtóirí nó athróga gaolmhara a bhrath, agus treo na patrúine seo a dhearadh sa todhchaí. I gcur chuige cáilíochtúil, áfach, ní dhéantar réamhaisnéisí trí mhodhanna matamaiticiúla ach trí instinct agus taithí. Ceann de na modhanna cáilíochtúla a úsáidtear go forleathan ná réamhaisnéisí bainistíochta. De réir Scott Snell agus George Bohlander, údair "Bainistíocht Acmhainní Daonna", is iad réamh-mheastacháin bainistíochta tuairimí nó breithiúnais mhaoirseoirí, bainisteoirí roinnte agus saineolaithe atá eolach ar riachtanais fhostaíochta na heagraíochta sa todhchaí. Teicníc eile a bhfuil aithne uirthi maidir le cur chuige cainníochtúil is ea teicníc Delphi. De réir Duncan Haughey, baineann an teicníc Delphi le grúpa saineolaithe chun tuairimí a mhalartú, agus tugann gach duine meastacháin agus toimhdeanna do chaomhnóir a athbhreithníonn na sonraí agus a eisiúint tuarascáil achoimre. Nuair a bhíonn an t-éileamh réamh-mheasta ar fhostaíocht ar eolas, ní mór d'eagraíocht soláthar fostaithe a réamh-mheasta freisin chun a chinntiú go bhfuil líon agus cineálacha oibrithe leordhóthanacha ar fáil. Úsáidtear táblaí foirne agus anailís Markov go forleathan chun soláthar inmheánach fostaithe a anailísiú. De réir na n-údar "Bainistíocht Acmhainní Daonna", dúirt Snell agus Bohlander go bhfuil táblaí foirne ina léiriú grafach ar gach post eagraíochta, mar aon leis an líon fostaithe atá ag glacadh na bpost sin faoi láthair. Ar an láimh eile, léiríonn anailís Markov céatadán na bhfostaithe a fhanann i ngach post ó bhliain amháin go ceann eile, chomh maith leis an céatadán de na daoine a ardú, a dhíscaoileadh, nó a aistrítear, nó a fhágann an láimhdeachas ríomhaireachta agus rátaí easnamh (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). I gcodarsnacht le táblaí foirne agus anailís Markov a úsáidtear chun líon na bhfostaithe a thuar, úsáidtear suímh scileanna, ar an láimh eile, chun na cineálacha fostaithe atá ar fáil a aithint. De réir an foclóir ghnó ar líne, is é an fardal scileanna liosta na gcumas, na gcumas, na cáilíochtaí agus na gcuspóirí gairme na bhfostaithe chun iarrthóirí oiriúnacha a aithint le haghaidh earcaíochta inmheánacha nó ardú céime. Cé go mbailítear na sonraí thuas ar na fostaithe, is éard atá i gceist leis na sonraí céanna a bhailítear ar bhainistithe ná stocanna bainistíochta. Trí na suímh-suímh scileanna agus na suímh-suímh bainistíochta a chur le chéile, is féidir le heagraíocht cairteacha athsholáthair a chruthú. Is teicníc réamhaisnéis acmhainní daonna é cairt athsholáthair, de réir Nicholas J. Mathys, a chuireann struchtúr eagraíochta na cuideachta i dtéarmaí daoine aonair a bhfuil poist bainistíochta agus gairmiúla éagsúla acu. Soláthraíonn an cairt athsholáthair faisnéis maidir le feidhmíocht poist reatha agus ardú céime d'athsholáthair féideartha agus is gnách go n-úsáidtear é le haghaidh pleanála aistrithe, is é sin an próiseas chun fostaithe ar leith a shainaithint, a fhorbairt agus a rianú ionas gur féidir leo poist níos airde a ghlacadh sa eagraíocht sa deireadh (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Tar éis don eagraíocht a misean agus a fís a bhunú, an timpeallacht sheachtrach agus inmheánach a scanadh, agus an soláthar agus an t-éileamh ar fhostaíocht a thuar, tá sé in am do bhainisteoirí agus do ranna FPÁ straitéisí a fhoirmiú chun go mbainfidh an eagraíocht a spriocanna eagraíochta a bhaint amach. Is éard atá i anailís SWOT, taighde agus comparáid a dhéanamh ar láidreachtaí agus laigí an eagraíochta chomh maith leis na deiseanna agus na bagairtí atá ann sa mhargadh, tagartha do bhainisteoirí chun straitéisí a fhoirmiú don eagraíocht. Sa straitéis chorparáideach, déanann gnólachtaí cinneadh cén earnáil nó cén tionscal a mbeidh siad ag dul san iomaíocht sa mhargadh (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Mar shampla, chinn Sony díriú ar tháirgí leictreonacha a dhíol ach amháin mar theilifíseáin, ceamaraí digiteacha, agus nótaí glúine, chun cúpla ceann a ainmniú. Ar an láimh eile, soláthraíonn cuideachtaí mar Wal-Mart réimse leathan táirgí ó éadaí go leictreonaic. De réir mar a fhásann cuideachtaí, is gnách go roghnaíonn siad a líne táirge a leathnú nó a ngnó a leathnú go hidirnáisiúnta. Ach chun an dá rud thuasluaite a dhéanamh, is gnách go gcuireann trí fhachtóir tábhachtach bac ar eagraíocht. Is iad sin táirgiúlacht méadaithe, líon níos mó fostaithe, agus scileanna nua a fhorbairt nó a fháil (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Chun na teorainneacha thuas a shárú, rinne cuideachtaí mar IBM conradh le gnólachtaí eile mar Microsoft chun dul isteach i margadh nua agus rinne cuideachtaí eile mar General Electric Company nó ar a dtugtar GE go coitianta a gcuid táirgí agus seirbhísí a éagsúlú trí infheistíocht mhór a dhéanamh in acmhainní daonna. Chomh maith le fás agus éagsúlú, roghnaíonn eagraíochtaí comhcheangal nó a fháil ar chuideachtaí eile chun leathnú thar a mbonn bunaidh sa mhargadh. Mar shampla, fuair Google Youtube i 2006 ar $ 1.65 billiún chun eispéireas níos fearr, níos cuimsithí a sholáthar d'úsáideoirí a bhfuil suim acu físeáin a uaslódáil, a fheiceáil agus a roinnt, agus deiseanna nua a thairiscint d'úinéirí ábhar gairmiúla a gcuid oibre a dháileadh chun lucht féachana ollmhór nua a bhaint amach (Lár na nImeachtaí Preasa Google, 2006). Cé go bhfuil go leor cumasc agus éadáil idir cuideachtaí, tá go leor acu a d'fhás. Chun é seo a léiriú, d'fhógair Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) agus Compaq Computer Corporation (Compaq) a gcomhcheangal ar an 4 Meán Fómhair 2001 (ICMR, 2006). Mar sin féin, i gceann dhá lá tar éis a bhfógra, thit praghsanna scaireanna HP agus Compaq 21.5% agus 15.7% faoi seach agus le chéile, chaill an péire US $ 13 billiún i gcaipitliú margaidh i gceann cúpla lá (ICMR, 2006). Tá roinnt cúiseanna ann go dtéann cumasc agus éadáil ar fad ar ceal, amhail coinbhleacht idir na cuideachtaí agus neamhréireachtaí cultúrtha sna gnólachtaí. Dá bhrí sin, tá ról an roinn FPanna ríthábhachtach chun a chinntiú go n-éireoidh le cumasc agus le haighneachtaí. Chomh maith le cumasc agus éadáil, cruthaíonn cuideachtaí comhghuaillíochtaí straitéiseacha agus gnóthais chomhpháirteacha le gnólachtaí eile. Sampla coitianta de seo is ea Sony Ericsson. De réir Thor Olavsrud ina alt dar teideal Sony, Ericsson Link Up for Joint Venture, shínigh an ollmhór leictreonaic Seapánach Sony Corp. agus déantóir trealaimh teileachumarsáide na Sualainne Ericsson comhaontú chun a gcuid gnóthaí teileafóin soghluaiste ar fud an domhain a chumasc i iarracht Nokia a chur as a suíochán agus Motorola a ghlacadh. Cibé an straitéis fáis agus éagsúlú, cumasc agus éadáil, nó comhghuaillíochtaí straitéiseacha agus gnóthais chomhpháirteacha a fhoirmiú, tá ról ríthábhachtach ag roinn FHR eagraíochta chun teacht ar chomhoiriúnacht chultúir an ghnólachta sprioc agus bealaí a aimsiú chun na fadhbanna FHR a d'fhéadfadh tarlú a shárú ionas gur féidir leis an straitéis a roghnaíonn eagraíocht a ghlacadh a bheith ag obair amach san fhadtréimhse. Cé go bhfuil straitéis chorparáideach ina bhfuil eagraíocht ag dul san iomaíocht sa mhargadh, is é straitéis ghnó ar an láimh eile an chaoi a mbeidh eagraíocht ag dul san iomaíocht i gcoinne a iomaitheoirí iomaíocha sa tionscal céanna chun luach a chruthú do chustaiméirí (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Is é an cuspóir lárnach atá ag gach gnó ná luach a chruthú. Is féidir a rá go gcruthófar luach mar luach deiridh táirge nó seirbhísí a fheiceann tomhaltóirí tar éis dóibh buntáistí agus costais táirge nó seirbhíse a mheá (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Dá bhrí sin, chun an luach is fearr a chruthú i gcuimhne na dtomhaltóirí, laghdaíonn eagraíochtaí costas táirge nó seirbhíse, nó méadaíonn siad buntáistí an táirge agus na seirbhísí, nó an dá eilimint a chomhcheangal. Chun straitéis ísealchostais a chur i bhfeidhm, ní mór do bhainisteoirí oibriú le roinn HR chun rath a bhaint amach. De réir Scott agus Bohlander ina leabhar ar a dtugtar "Bainistíocht Acmhainní Daonna", cheap go leor daoine go raibh cuideachtaí ag laghdú líon na n-oibrithe nó ag laghdú pá na bhfostaithe chun rath a bhaint amach sa straitéis ísealchostais, ach ní mar sin a tharlaíonn sé i gcónaí. Mar shampla, is minic a aithnítear Starbucks as pá ard a íoc lena chuid fostaithe ach fós in ann a tháirgí a dhíol ar phraghas an-íseal i gcomparáid lena iomaitheoirí sa tionscal céanna amhail an Coffee Bean agus an Tea Leaf. Tá sé seo toisc go mbíonn fostaithe a bhfuil spreagadh ard acu in ann oibriú go héifeachtach, cáilíocht níos fearr a chinntiú, dramhaíl a dhíchur, agus seirbhísí níos fearr a sholáthar (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Chomh maith le fostaithe a spreagadh trí thuarastail arda a íoc, is féidir le heagraíochtaí a roghnú freisin chun foinse amach chuig tíortha eile chun costais saothair a laghdú. Tá go leor cuideachtaí ag dílseacht anois go dtí an tSín mar go bhfuil ceann de na costais saothair is ísle ar domhan ann. Cé gur féidir le heagraíocht táirgí agus seirbhísí a chur ar fáil a mheastar a bheith luachmhar do thomhaltóirí de ghnáth trí straitéis ísealchostais a chur i bhfeidhm, ní oibríonn sé i gcónaí. Mar a dúirt Gordon Bethune, POF Continental Airlines, "Is féidir leat pizza a dhéanamh chomh saor sin nach gceannaíonn aon duine é". (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). I gcásanna den sórt sin, ba cheart go gcuirfeadh eagraíocht straitéis idirdhealaithe i bhfeidhm. Chun é seo a dhéanamh, ní mór d'eagraíocht táirgí a bhfuil feidhmeanna uathúla acu a thairiscint, seirbhís chustaiméara den scoth a sholáthar, nó táirgí ardchaighdeáin a dhíol le tomhaltóirí. Tá an t-airgead seo á úsáid ag an mbunachar sonraí a sholáthraíonn Apple, agus tá sé á úsáid ag an mbunachar sonraí a sholáthraíonn Apple. Chun torthaí straitéis na difríochta a uasmhéadú, tá ról tábhachtach ag bainistíocht acmhainní daonna (HRM). Mar shampla, tá McDonalds tóir ar a sheirbhísí tapa a sholáthar dá thomhaltóirí. Dá bhrí sin, ní mór don roinn HR a chinntiú go bhfuil na fostaithe spreagtha chun seirbhísí sásúla a sholáthar dá chustaiméirí agus ag an am céanna, chun na fostaithe a bhainistiú go héifeachtach de réir a gcuid tascanna éagsúla ionas gur féidir an bia a sheirbheáil chuig na custaiméirí sa tréimhse ama is giorra. Chomh maith le straitéisí corparáideacha agus straitéisí ar leibhéal gnó a cheapadh, ní mór do bhainisteoirí a chinntiú freisin go scaiptear na straitéisí agus go bhfuil siad ailínithe le gach roinn san eagraíocht go háirithe leis an roinn FÁ mar gan an lucht oibre is gá, ní féidir na straitéisí a fhoirmítear a chur i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach. Tá dhá chineál oiriúnaithe ann chun an roinn FÁ a ailíniú leis na straitéisí atá ceaptha. Tugtar an chéad cheann ar an oiriúnú seachtrach nó ar an ailíniú seachtrach. Tá an cineál seo ailíniú dírithe ar an nasc idir na cuspóirí gnó agus na príomh-iarsmaí in FHR (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Mar shampla, má chinneann cuideachta straitéis ísealchostais a chur i bhfeidhm, ansin ní mór do na beartais agus na cleachtais FPanna an smaoineamh a threisiú trí iompar éifeachtach agus iontaofa, táirgiúlacht mhéadaithe, agus mar sin de a threisiú; agus ar an láimh eile, má cheap an chuideachta straitéis dhifreála, ansin déantar na beartais agus na cleachtais FPanna a ailíniú chun níos mó cruthaitheachta agus solúbthachta a chumasú (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Tugtar an dara oiriúnú ar oiriúnú inmheánach agus úsáidtear é chun a chinntiú go bhfuil na beartais agus na cleachtais FHR go léir ailínithe go hinmheánach ionas nach mbeadh troid idir a cleachtais. Ní mór do na cleachtais uile de chuid na HR, ó dhearadh poist, foirne, oiliúint, measúnú feidhmíochta, go cúiteamh, díriú ar na cuspóirí céanna maidir le fórsa oibre amhail éifeachtúlacht nó cruthaitheacht (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Má dhéantar an dá chomhtháthú go rathúil, is féidir le heagraíocht a straitéisí a chur i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach agus ag an am céanna, ní bheadh aon chathrú nó mí-aird idir a ranna, rud atá mar phríomhchúis le rath. Tar éis na straitéisí a fhoirmiú agus gach roinn, go háirithe an roinn FP, a ailíniú, tá sé in am don eagraíocht a straitéisí a chur i bhfeidhm. Le linn an phróisis seo, úsáidtear creat McKinsey 7-S go héifeachtach le bainistíocht acmhainní daonna (HRM) chun an bealach is fearr a chinneadh chun na straitéisí a cruthaíodh a chur i bhfeidhm. Is féidir an creat 7-S a roinnt ina n-eilimintí crua agus ina n-eilimintí bog araon. De réir Mind Tools Ltd, is é is éasca na heilimintí crua a shainiú nó a shainaithint agus is féidir leis an mbainistíocht tionchar díreach a imirt orthu, agus is féidir go mbeadh sé níos deacra na heilimintí bog a chur in iúl, agus go bhfuil siad níos lú inláimhsithe agus go bhfuil tionchar níos mó ag an gcultúr orthu. Tá na seacht n-eilimint uile den chreat 7-S: struchtúr, straitéis, córais, luachanna comhroinnte, stíl, scileanna agus foireann ag brath ar a chéile agus tá siad tábhachtach d'eagraíocht chun rath a bhaint amach. Is é struchtúr eagraíochta an creat do na gníomhaíochtaí go léir agus leagann straitéis plean ar an áit a mbeidh an eagraíocht ag dul sa todhchaí (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Is iad na córais na nósanna imeachta foirmiúla agus neamhfhoirmiúla a rialaíonn gníomhaíochtaí laethúla agus tagraíonn stíl do chur chuige ceannaireachta na mbainisteoirí agus an bealach a chuireann fostaithe iad féin i láthair an domhain lasmuigh mar chustaiméirí agus soláthraithe (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). De réir an foclóir ghnó ar líne, is iad na luachanna comhroinnte na creideamh, na coincheapa agus na prionsabail bhunúsacha, atá soiléir nó i bhfolach, atá mar bhunús do chultúr eagraíochta, agus a threoraíonn cinntí agus iompar a chuid fostaithe, a bhainistíochta agus a chomhaltaí. Tá an dá Ss eile, scileanna agus foireann, bainteach go díreach le ról na HR maidir le hacmhainní daonna a éilítear a chomhtháthú le hacmhainní daonna atá ar fáil (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Chun fórsa oibre breise a fhostú chun straitéisí éagsúla pleanáilte a chur i gcrích, tá roinnt féidearthachtaí foirne ag eagraíochtaí, amhail fostaithe lánaimseartha a fhostú, fostaithe reatha a bheith ag obair thar am, oibrithe a scaoileadh ar ais nó fostaithe sealadacha a úsáid (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Mar sin féin, nuair a bhíonn níos mó acmhainní daonna ann nó nuair a éilíonn an geilleagar domhanda laghdú ar líon na bhfostaithe chun costais a ghearradh, féadfaidh an roinn Fostaíochta srianta a chur ar fhostaíocht, ar fhostú nó ar fhostaithe a chur ar ceal. Tar éis na straitéisí a chur i bhfeidhm, tá sé tábhachtach do eagraíocht a fheidhmíocht a mheas agus a mheas. Is éard atá i gceist le benchmarking, an próiseas chun gnéithe éagsúla de chuideachta a shainaithint, amhail táirgiúlacht nó bainistíocht branda, agus ansin feidhmíocht na gnéithe áirithe a chur i gcomparáid le cuideachtaí eile sa tionscal céanna, agus é sin a úsáid chun measúnú a dhéanamh agus a mheas cé chomh maith agus a fheidhmíonn an chuideachta sa ghné sin i gcomparáid le cuideachtaí eile. Ina theannta sin, úsáidtear Cárta Scór Comhréireach (BSC), de réir Institiúid Cárta Scór Comhréireach, chun gníomhaíochtaí gnó a ailíniú le fís agus straitéis na heagraíochta, cumarsáid inmheánacha agus seachtracha a fheabhsú, agus feidhmíocht na heagraíochta a mhonatóireacht i gcoinne spriocanna straitéiseacha. Feidhmíonn an BSC mar chreat tomhais feidhmíochta a chabhraíonn le bainisteoirí cuspóirí straitéiseacha a aistriú go cuspóirí oibríochtúla (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Ar deireadh, is gnách go n-úsáideann eagraíochtaí HRP chun an cumas eagraíochta a mhéadú, cumas na heagraíochta gníomhú agus athrú go leanúnach de réir an chomhshaoil go seachtrach agus go hinmheánach chun buntáiste iomaíoch a bhaint amach, rud atá ar cheann de chuspóirí bainistíochta acmhainní daonna (HRM) (Snell & Bohlander, 2007). Tá bainistíocht straitéiseach acmhainní daonna (SHRM) a chuimsíonn pleanáil straitéiseach agus pleanáil acmhainní daonna (HRP) tábhachtach d'eagraíocht chun fanacht ar thús an chluiche agus an org Luaigh an t-Oibre seo Chun tagairt don alt seo a onnmhairiú, roghnaigh an tagairt thíos: Seirbhísí gaolmhara Féach ar gach rud DMCA / Iarratais ar Scaitheadh Má tá tú an scríbhneoir bunaidh an aiste seo agus nach mian leat a thuilleadh a bheith do chuid oibre a fhoilsiú ar UKEssays.com ansin le do thoil: