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SCOPUS_ID:84947259110

"I am what i am": Multilingual identity and digital translanguaging

This paper presents a case study of the multilingual writing practices of a Serbian university student on Facebook, examining how he uses multiple varieties of English and Serbian, images, and video to shape his online identity and establish membership in local and global communities. Drawing on data from stimulated-recall interviews, online participant observation, and rhetorical analysis, this study shows how Aleksandar, a hip-hop artist, appropriates hip-hop codes and employs the "gate-keeping" function of posting links (Baek, Holton, Harp, & Yaschur, 2011) by embedding links to music videos in his own highly personal code-mixed text in order to establish himself as a distinctly Serbian member of the global hip-hop community. The findings suggest that Aleksandar's language practices and attitudes might be better understood as translingual (Canagarajah, 2011), as the student integrates diverse linguistic and semiotic resources into a unified expression of identity, relying on the multimodal affordances of digital writing to accomplish his communicative goals. However, these sophisticated textual practices go undervalued in his EFL writing courses, where formal, monolingual, non-digital literacy remains primary (Saxena, 2011). These findings suggest a need to re-evaluate what it means to have a second language-mediated identity, and to expand the focus of EFL writing pedagogy.

SCOPUS_ID:85149765247

"I dance Too": Girls Identity reflections with a social robot

Identity reflection is important in CS education to encourage learners to shape their environment as techno-social change agents and drive their innovation, but current curricula lack this emphasis. We develop a coding scheme to understand learners' identity reflections and hypothesize a dialogue design to foster identity reflections.

SCOPUS_ID:85042425005

"I do which the question": Students' innovative use of technology resources in the language classroom

Many reports suggest that the use of education technology can have a positive effect on language education. However, most of the research indicates that there is need for more detailed understanding of the pedagogical processes that support technology-enhanced language learning. This text takes a social semiotic perspective to examine multimodal interaction (Jewitt, Bezemer, & O'Halloran, 2016) of learners taking part in telecollaborative activities in a language classroom. The study aims to provide a detailed view of the ways in which the language teachers' task-as-workplan (Breen, 1987, 1989), designed around different technologies, dovetails (or not) into the task-as-process (i.e., the way in which the learners interpret and act upon the task instructions). Comparing the teachers' pedagogical design and intended purpose of different technology-supported tasks with the actual way in which the learners interact with the tools, the results show that the students often engage with the technology in unexpected, and at times, highly innovative ways that often diverge from the task-as-workplan.

SCOPUS_ID:85135051925

"I don't know what you mean by 'I am anxious'": A New Method for Evaluating Conversational Agent Responses to Standardized Mental Health Inputs for Anxiety and Depression

Conversational agents (CAs) are increasingly ubiquitous and are now commonly used to access medical information. However, we lack systematic data about the quality of advice such agents provide. This paper evaluates CA advice for mental health (MH) questions, a pressing issue given that we are undergoing a mental health crisis. Building on prior work, we define a new method to systematically evaluate mental health responses from CAs. We develop multi-utterance conversational probes derived from two widely used mental health diagnostic surveys, the PHQ-9 (Depression) and the GAD-7 (Anxiety). We evaluate the responses of two text-based chatbots and four voice assistants to determine whether CAs provide relevant responses and treatments. Evaluations were conducted both by clinicians and immersively by trained raters, yielding consistent results across all raters. Although advice and recommendations were generally low quality, they were better for Crisis probes and for probes concerning symptoms of Anxiety rather than Depression. Responses were slightly improved for text versus speech-based agents, and when CAs had access to extended dialogue context. Design implications include suggestions for improved responses through clarification sub-dialogues. Responses may also be improved by the incorporation of empathy although this needs to be combined with effective treatments or advice.

SCOPUS_ID:85136560722

"I don't think education is the answer": A corpus-assisted ecolinguistic analysis of plastics discourses in the UK

Ecosystems around the world are becoming engulfed in single-use plastics, the majority of which come from plastic packaging. Reusable plastic packaging systems have been proposed in response to this plastic waste crisis, but uptake of such systems in the UK is still very low. This article draws on a thematic corpus of 5.6 million words of UK English around plastics, packaging, reuse, and recycling to examine consumer attitudes towards plastic (re)use. Utilizing methods and insights from ecolinguistics, corpus linguistics, and cognitive linguistics, this article assesses to what degree consumer language differs from that of public-facing bodies such as supermarkets and government entities. A predefined ecosophy, prioritizing protection, rights, systems thinking, and fairness, is used to not only critically evaluate narratives in plastics discourse but also to recommend strategies for more effective and ecologically beneficial communications around plastics and reuse. This article recommends the adoption of ecosophy in multidisciplinary project teams, and argues that ecosophies are conducive to transparent and reproducible discourse analysis. The analysis also suggests that in order to make meaningful change in packaging reuse behaviors, it is highly likely that deeply ingrained cultural stories around power, rights, and responsibilities will need to be directly challenged.

SCOPUS_ID:84948124210

"I feel we don't really understand each other": Interpreting medication instructions for a Turkish-speaking diabetes patient

This paper is based on a videotaped diabetes consultation involving a German-speaking physician, a Turkish-speaking diabetes patient and a Turkish-German interpreter who has been working in medical settings for a number of years. In the course of the consultation, the physician focuses several times on the importance of the patient carefully maintaining a balance of food intake and insulin supply in order to control his diabetes. The discourse-based analysis indicates the cognitive task load of the interpreter in this encounter when confronted with medication instructions. The data indicate that the interaction could have been more efficient if the interpreter had acquired the necessary knowledge about diabetes prior to the consultation or if she had recognised the elements structuring the discourse. In fact, the interpreter cannot establish a successful communication pertaining to the blood glucose-insulin mechanism between the doctor and the patient. The patient himself seems to have more in-depth knowledge about diabetes as a result of his personal experience than the interpreter has. In this paper, we therefore argue that interpreters need a sound understanding of the specific medical situation (top-down process) in order to interpret interactions adequately in a complex case such as diabetes. If interpreters lack sufficient medical knowledge in one of their varied assignments, they could use their textual competence and their capacity for formal, logical reasoning to infer connections between propositions (bottom-up process). Thus, interpreters' cognitive-linguistic competence could to some extent compensate for their lack of domain-specific understanding. Nevertheless, the data shows that interpreters need specialized training not only in analysis of linguistic discourse but also in domain-specific knowledge and terminology.

SCOPUS_ID:84952306270

"I grade what i get but write what i think." inconsistency analysis in patients' reviews

Received medical services are increasingly discussed and recommended on physician rating websites (PRWs). The reviews and ratings on these platforms are valuable sources of information for patient opinion mining. In this paper, we have tackled three issues that come along with inconsistency analysis on PRWs: (1) Natural language processing of user-generated reviews, (2) the disagreement in polarity of review text and its corresponding numerical ratings (individual inconsistency) and (3) the differences in patients' rating behavior for the same service category (e.g. 'treatment') expressed by varying grades on the entire data set (collective inconsistency). Thus, the basic idea is first to identify relevant opinion phrases that describe service categories and to determine their polarity. Subsequently, the particular phrase has to be assigned to its corresponding numerical rating category before checking the (dis-)agreement of polarity values. For this purpose, several local grammars for the pattern-based analysis as well as domain-specific dictionaries for the recognition of entities, aspects and polarity were applied on 593,633 physician reviews from both German PRWs jameda.de and docinsider.de. Furthermore, our research contributes to content quality improvement of PRWs because we provide a technique to detect inconsistent reviews that could be ignored for the computation of average ratings.

SCOPUS_ID:84873975664

"I just wanted to make sure that everyone knew I was American": A critical discourse analysis of a dialogic speech event

Unpacking a dialogic speech event that took place in an ESOL teacher education class, this article explores an instance of struggle over ascribed, commonsense meanings that include some U.S. Americans and exclude others. The incident-what Fairclough (1992) has called a "moment of crisis" -turned out to be a powerful, transformative experience in which the notion of what it means to "be American" was problematized, deconstructed, and reconstructed to add diverse ethnicities to the White majority. Dialogic instances such as the one showcased confirm the potential of crucial questions, polarizing issues, and moments of conflict for pushing the boundaries of dialogue among participants in the classroom. By providing a step-by-step critical discourse analysis of the structure of a dialogic speech event, this article seeks to offer a contribution that illustrates, examines, and models dialogic practices associated with preparing ESOL pre-service teachers. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.

SCOPUS_ID:0030170846

"I only listen to one person at a time": Dissonance and resonance in talk about talk

Close examination of a segment of classroom discourse permits definition of a set of linguistic devices and rhetorical structures that characterize the primary speaker's repertoire. As the discourse moves from dialog to monolog, and the teacher's roles and ideological assumptions come into conflict, these discourse patterns are seen to reveal the shifting contexts of talk and social personae that the teacher must use language to reconcile. The analysis claims that, under such conditions of discourse stress, opposing contexts can be temporarily harmonized through discourse structure, even though propositional content is contradictory.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.05856v1

"I think this is the most disruptive technology": Exploring Sentiments of ChatGPT Early Adopters using Twitter Data

Large language models have recently attracted significant attention due to their impressive performance on a variety of tasks. ChatGPT developed by OpenAI is one such implementation of a large, pre-trained language model that has gained immense popularity among early adopters, where certain users go to the extent of characterizing it as a disruptive technology in many domains. Understanding such early adopters' sentiments is important because it can provide insights into the potential success or failure of the technology, as well as its strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, we conduct a mixed-method study using 10,732 tweets from early ChatGPT users. We first use topic modelling to identify the main topics and then perform an in-depth qualitative sentiment analysis of each topic. Our results show that the majority of the early adopters have expressed overwhelmingly positive sentiments related to topics such as Disruptions to software development, Entertainment and exercising creativity. Only a limited percentage of users expressed concerns about issues such as the potential for misuse of ChatGPT, especially regarding topics such as Impact on educational aspects. We discuss these findings by providing specific examples for each topic and then detail implications related to addressing these concerns for both researchers and users.

SCOPUS_ID:84891346858

"I'm Khmer and I'm not a gangster!": The problematization of Cambodian male youth in US schools

In response to a literature that has paid limited attention to the complex representations of Cambodian students, this article investigated the ways in which Cambodian male youth were problematized in school through Discourses that presented them as apathetic students and/or gang members at one California high school. In this study, the ways in which race, gender, and class collided in the school experiences of Cambodian boys manifested themselves in troubling representations that deflected attention away from the school's failure to teach these young men. For these negative representations to work, it was necessary to position Cambodian boys in contrast to more positive depictions of other students' racial (whites and "East Asians"), class (non-"ghetto"), and gender (good Cambodian girls) categories. Overall, this study contributes an important dimension for understanding the education of Asian American urban male students, particularly Cambodian youth. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

SCOPUS_ID:0036875413

"I'm Mommy and you're Natalie": Role-reversal and embedded frames in mother-child discourse

This study investigates framing in discourse while considering spontaneous role-play between a young child (age 2 years 11 months) and her mother, wherein the participants reverse roles from real life and reenact shared prior experiences. Data consist of two tape-recorded naturally occurring pretend-play episodes and the real-life interactions on which they are based, all of which took place at home. Analysis of the role-play episodes illustrates how framing occurs from moment to moment in interaction in this context, showing that the participants use both play and non-play utterances collaboratively to evoke, maintain, and embed multiple play frames with increasingly specific, and at times blended, metamessages. By linking the role-play interactions back to their real-life counterparts, I explore the relationship between framing and quot;prior text." This analysis adds to our understanding of framing by showing how frames are layered in discourse. Additionally, it links frames theory to the notion of intertextuality by illustrating how prior text can be used as a resource for framing.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.06511v2

"I'm Not Mad": Commonsense Implications of Negation and Contradiction

Natural language inference requires reasoning about contradictions, negations, and their commonsense implications. Given a simple premise (e.g., "I'm mad at you"), humans can reason about the varying shades of contradictory statements ranging from straightforward negations ("I'm not mad at you") to commonsense contradictions ("I'm happy"). Moreover, these negated or contradictory statements shift the commonsense implications of the original premise in nontrivial ways. For example, while "I'm mad" implies "I'm unhappy about something," negating the premise (i.e., "I'm not mad") does not necessarily negate the corresponding commonsense implications. In this paper, we present the first comprehensive study focusing on commonsense implications of negated statements and contradictions. We introduce ANION1, a new commonsense knowledge graph with 624K if-then rules focusing on negated and contradictory events. We then present joint generative and discriminative inference models for this new resource, providing novel empirical insights on how logical negations and commonsense contradictions reshape the commonsense implications of their original premises.

SCOPUS_ID:2142767033

"I'm a woman but I know God leads my way": Agency and Tzotzil evangelical discourse

For indigenous Tzotzil Protestants in Chiapas, the emergence of a new discourse about God is restructuring social interactions. Discourse data point to an arresting intersection of Protestant beliefs, discourse strategies, and gender. This case study supports recent theorizing in language and gender concerning the need to attend to shifting identities and contexts where gender can become less salient. The performance of a Protestant identity in which gender is transcended opens up new possibilities for agency, particularly for women who otherwise lack sanctioned authority. Strategic manipulation of Protestant discourse in verbal performances allows one woman to enact a position of moral authority that empowers her to pursue an innovative plan. As an important means through which Tzotzil Protestants dictate and create their lives, praying in the evangelical world provides a useful site for the study of unusual kinds of performative utterances.

SCOPUS_ID:83255165405

"I'm eating a sandwich in Glasgow": Modeling locations with tweets

Social media such as Twitter generate large quantities of data about what a person is thinking and doing in a particular location. We leverage this data to build models of locations to improve our understanding of a user's geographic context. Understanding the user's geographic context can in turn enable a variety of services that allow us to present information, recommend businesses and services, and place advertisements that are relevant at a hyper-local level. In this paper we create language models of locations using coordinates extracted from geotagged Twitter data. We model locations at varying levels of granularity, from the zip code to the country level. We measure the accuracy of these models by the degree to which we can predict the location of an individual tweet, and further by the accuracy with which we can predict the location of a user. We find that we can meet the performance of the industry standard tool for predicting both the tweet and the user at the country, state and city levels, and far exceed its performance at the hyper-local level, achieving a three- to ten-fold increase in accuracy at the zip code level. © 2011 ACM.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2205.09209v2

"I'm sorry to hear that": Finding New Biases in Language Models with a Holistic Descriptor Dataset

As language models grow in popularity, it becomes increasingly important to clearly measure all possible markers of demographic identity in order to avoid perpetuating existing societal harms. Many datasets for measuring bias currently exist, but they are restricted in their coverage of demographic axes and are commonly used with preset bias tests that presuppose which types of biases models can exhibit. In this work, we present a new, more inclusive bias measurement dataset, HolisticBias, which includes nearly 600 descriptor terms across 13 different demographic axes. HolisticBias was assembled in a participatory process including experts and community members with lived experience of these terms. These descriptors combine with a set of bias measurement templates to produce over 450,000 unique sentence prompts, which we use to explore, identify, and reduce novel forms of bias in several generative models. We demonstrate that HolisticBias is effective at measuring previously undetectable biases in token likelihoods from language models, as well as in an offensiveness classifier. We will invite additions and amendments to the dataset, which we hope will serve as a basis for more easy-to-use and standardized methods for evaluating bias in NLP models.

SCOPUS_ID:84857100505

"In pain waiting to die" : Everyday understandings of suffering

Objective: The notion of "suffering" is understood in very different ways in a variety of contexts. In palliative care, the relief and prevention of suffering is considered to be a fundamental goal (Pastrana et al., 2008). However, the avoidance of suffering has also been used as an argument by those campaigning for the legalization of euthanasia and assisted suicide (Finlay, 2009). In reflecting upon suffering in these two contexts, we were intrigued by Finlay's (2009) contention that to laypeople, the phrase "'unbearable suffering' conjures up images of patients on their deathbeds wracked with uncontrolled pain" (p. 1841).Method: This article explores how suffering is used and understood in an "everyday" discourse, by analyzing comments posted to a website debating assisted suicide in the context of the Canadian case of Sue Rodriguez.Results: Using a broad social approach to discourse analysis (Tonkiss, 2004), three themes emerged in our analysis: (1) when people suffer, (2) how people are understood to suffer, and (3) how suffering should be dealt with. We also examined what was not said in this discussion: there was little consideration of the more holistic goals of palliative care and how suffering might be understood and managed in ways other than within the frame of assisted suicide.Significance of results: Paying attention to the everyday discourse of suffering is important because, as members of society, we all play a role in negotiating the meaning of suffering. Such meaning has a significant impact upon patients and palliative care professionals alike. © 2012 Cambridge University Press.

SCOPUS_ID:84978388619

"In theory, it is perfect". The particle in theory: Assertive weakening, predictive argumentative markers, and discoursive patterns

In certain syntactic contexts, the adverbial expression in theory operates works as a modal discourse particle that weakens the assertion. It can also work as an argumentative operator, according to the Argumentation Theory's definition. Specifically, we argue that, as in principle and similar discourse particles with temporal origin, in theory may work in one of its uses as an argumentative weakening operator. The pragmatic value provided by this particle can be explained taking into account the relational meaning of the noun theory, which includes 'theory versus practice'. Considering this lexical meaning, the discourse particle in theory always calls up an alternative; i.e., another point of view. In particular, the fragment pointed by the discourse marker appears as contrasted with another alternative that refers to the practice or reality. This alternative can be either conveyed through an inference or be explicitly expressed. The latter gives rise to a recurrent discourse pattern, present both in oral and in written corpora: [in theory, A. But (in the practice) B]. Hence, the particle in theory can considered as a predictive counterargumentative marker.

SCOPUS_ID:84921984658

"Interactive" undergraduate students: UNIPD at iCLEF 2008

This is the first year of participation of the University of Padua to the interactive CLEF track. A group of students of Linguistics of the Faculty of Humanities were asked to participate in the experiment. An analysis of the questionnaires together with some log analysis is carried out with the aim of studying: the interaction of the user with a cross-lingual system, the solutions they find for a given task, and the tools that a system should provide in order to assist the user in the task.

SCOPUS_ID:33750497599

"Invandrarfilm" som ideologisk och kulturell praktik

The main objective of this Article is to summarise three theoretical perspectives in order to explain the most common way 'immigrants' are represented in Swedish films during the last 30 years - 1970-2000. On the one hand 'the immigrant' is represented as sympathetic, which I interpret as an anti-racist counter discourse. On the other hand most of the films also, in accordance with the dominant discourse, represent 'the immigrant' as fundamentally different. 'The immigrant' is used as a tool in different internal and historically specific political debates to embody the solution to the conflicts experienced in society at large. One main conclusion is that the films reproduce and challenge dominant discourses at the same time; they can be seen as both reproductive and subversive practices. When modern urban society is criticized, 'the immigrant's' role is to represent values belonging to the traditional society. 'The immigrant' can thereby be said to represent an utopian desire, insofar as s/he and his/her culture are constructed as the positive opposite of what is seen as negative in Swedish society during a specific historical period.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.00286v2

"Is Whole Word Masking Always Better for Chinese BERT?": Probing on Chinese Grammatical Error Correction

Whole word masking (WWM), which masks all subwords corresponding to a word at once, makes a better English BERT model. For the Chinese language, however, there is no subword because each token is an atomic character. The meaning of a word in Chinese is different in that a word is a compositional unit consisting of multiple characters. Such difference motivates us to investigate whether WWM leads to better context understanding ability for Chinese BERT. To achieve this, we introduce two probing tasks related to grammatical error correction and ask pretrained models to revise or insert tokens in a masked language modeling manner. We construct a dataset including labels for 19,075 tokens in 10,448 sentences. We train three Chinese BERT models with standard character-level masking (CLM), WWM, and a combination of CLM and WWM, respectively. Our major findings are as follows: First, when one character needs to be inserted or replaced, the model trained with CLM performs the best. Second, when more than one character needs to be handled, WWM is the key to better performance. Finally, when being fine-tuned on sentence-level downstream tasks, models trained with different masking strategies perform comparably.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.01222v1

"Is depression related to cannabis?": A knowledge-infused model for Entity and Relation Extraction with Limited Supervision

With strong marketing advocacy of the benefits of cannabis use for improved mental health, cannabis legalization is a priority among legislators. However, preliminary scientific research does not conclusively associate cannabis with improved mental health. In this study, we explore the relationship between depression and consumption of cannabis in a targeted social media corpus involving personal use of cannabis with the intent to derive its potential mental health benefit. We use tweets that contain an association among three categories annotated by domain experts - Reason, Effect, and Addiction. The state-of-the-art Natural Langauge Processing techniques fall short in extracting these relationships between cannabis phrases and the depression indicators. We seek to address the limitation by using domain knowledge; specifically, the Drug Abuse Ontology for addiction augmented with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders lexicons for mental health. Because of the lack of annotations due to the limited availability of the domain experts' time, we use supervised contrastive learning in conjunction with GPT-3 trained on a vast corpus to achieve improved performance even with limited supervision. Experimental results show that our method can significantly extract cannabis-depression relationships better than the state-of-the-art relation extractor. High-quality annotations can be provided using a nearest neighbor approach using the learned representations that can be used by the scientific community to understand the association between cannabis and depression better.

SCOPUS_ID:85060978579

"Is it useful to talk to other cancer patients?": A discourse study of lay perceptions of knowledge and expertise in an online support group

A growing body of research highlights how patients' use of the Internet, including constructing, sharing personal stories, and accessing knowledge online, gives rise to a new form of lay expertise, which may further challenge the expertise of medical professionals. Accentuating patients' perspectives, this paper investigates the variety of positions Chinese cancer patients articulate and adopt regarding knowledge and expertise within an online support group. My analyses demonstrate that, despite being highly proactive and reflexive, these patients actually reproduce and reinforce the dualistic positioning of doctor and patient within broader discourses of scientific knowledge and authoritarian hierarchies, which eventually disempower them. I then provide an explanation of this dualism by underlining the unique reality of China in terms of the co-existence of Western scientific medicine (WSM) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and doctor-patient hierarchies. Finally, I outline the implications of this positioning for cancer care and discuss possible solutions drawing on recent humanistic models from the West.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.03044v1

"Is there anything else I can help you with?": Challenges in Deploying an On-Demand Crowd-Powered Conversational Agent

Intelligent conversational assistants, such as Apple's Siri, Microsoft's Cortana, and Amazon's Echo, have quickly become a part of our digital life. However, these assistants have major limitations, which prevents users from conversing with them as they would with human dialog partners. This limits our ability to observe how users really want to interact with the underlying system. To address this problem, we developed a crowd-powered conversational assistant, Chorus, and deployed it to see how users and workers would interact together when mediated by the system. Chorus sophisticatedly converses with end users over time by recruiting workers on demand, which in turn decide what might be the best response for each user sentence. Up to the first month of our deployment, 59 users have held conversations with Chorus during 320 conversational sessions. In this paper, we present an account of Chorus' deployment, with a focus on four challenges: (i) identifying when conversations are over, (ii) malicious users and workers, (iii) on-demand recruiting, and (iv) settings in which consensus is not enough. Our observations could assist the deployment of crowd-powered conversation systems and crowd-powered systems in general.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.07878v1

"Is this an example image?" -- Predicting the Relative Abstractness Level of Image and Text

Successful multimodal search and retrieval requires the automatic understanding of semantic cross-modal relations, which, however, is still an open research problem. Previous work has suggested the metrics cross-modal mutual information and semantic correlation to model and predict cross-modal semantic relations of image and text. In this paper, we present an approach to predict the (cross-modal) relative abstractness level of a given image-text pair, that is whether the image is an abstraction of the text or vice versa. For this purpose, we introduce a new metric that captures this specific relationship between image and text at the Abstractness Level (ABS). We present a deep learning approach to predict this metric, which relies on an autoencoder architecture that allows us to significantly reduce the required amount of labeled training data. A comprehensive set of publicly available scientific documents has been gathered. Experimental results on a challenging test set demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07576v1

"It doesn't look good for a date": Transforming Critiques into Preferences for Conversational Recommendation Systems

Conversations aimed at determining good recommendations are iterative in nature. People often express their preferences in terms of a critique of the current recommendation (e.g., "It doesn't look good for a date"), requiring some degree of common sense for a preference to be inferred. In this work, we present a method for transforming a user critique into a positive preference (e.g., "I prefer more romantic") in order to retrieve reviews pertaining to potentially better recommendations (e.g., "Perfect for a romantic dinner"). We leverage a large neural language model (LM) in a few-shot setting to perform critique-to-preference transformation, and we test two methods for retrieving recommendations: one that matches embeddings, and another that fine-tunes an LM for the task. We instantiate this approach in the restaurant domain and evaluate it using a new dataset of restaurant critiques. In an ablation study, we show that utilizing critique-to-preference transformation improves recommendations, and that there are at least three general cases that explain this improved performance.

SCOPUS_ID:84865543204

"It is not my intention to be a killjoy...": Objecting to a Licence Application-The Complainers

This paper explores the constructed nature of legal complaints through the adoption of a socio-linguistic model with an emphasis upon pragmatics and elements of conversation analysis. When making a legal complaint, we posit that there is a conflict between effective communication and the uptake of politeness strategies. Furthermore, how complaints are 'worked up' in situ is a product of the arena in which such complaints are made. Through a textual analysis of the methods of complaining adopted by those who make representations to the licensing authority, for the purposes of objecting to a licence application, we show the tension between making oneself clear and being polite, and how complaints in different settings take different forms. We conclude by exploring the implications of our findings for legal processes-is it reasonable, for instance, to talk of 'consistency' in testimony if each complaint is worked up in situ-and for pragmatic theory more generally, i. e the applicability of Brown and Levinson's politeness model for legal processes. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

SCOPUS_ID:85130511653

"It's Kind of Like Code-Switching": Black Older Adults' Experiences with a Voice Assistant for Health Information Seeking

Black older adults from lower socioeconomic environments are often neglected in health technology interventions. Voice assistants have a potential to make healthcare more accessible to older adults, yet, little is known about their experiences with this type of health information seeking, especially Black older adults. Through a three-phase exploratory study, we explored health information seeking with 30 Black older adults in lower-income environments to understand how they ask health-related questions, and their perceptions of the Google Home being used for that purpose. Through our analysis, we identified the health information needs and common search topics, and discussed the communication breakdowns and types of repair performed. We contribute an understanding of cultural code-switching that has to be done by these older adults when interacting with voice assistants, and the importance of such phenomenon when designing for historically excluded groups.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15870v1

"It's Not Just Hate'': A Multi-Dimensional Perspective on Detecting Harmful Speech Online

Well-annotated data is a prerequisite for good Natural Language Processing models. Too often, though, annotation decisions are governed by optimizing time or annotator agreement. We make a case for nuanced efforts in an interdisciplinary setting for annotating offensive online speech. Detecting offensive content is rapidly becoming one of the most important real-world NLP tasks. However, most datasets use a single binary label, e.g., for hate or incivility, even though each concept is multi-faceted. This modeling choice severely limits nuanced insights, but also performance. We show that a more fine-grained multi-label approach to predicting incivility and hateful or intolerant content addresses both conceptual and performance issues. We release a novel dataset of over 40,000 tweets about immigration from the US and UK, annotated with six labels for different aspects of incivility and intolerance. Our dataset not only allows for a more nuanced understanding of harmful speech online, models trained on it also outperform or match performance on benchmark datasets.

SCOPUS_ID:85100279932

"It's Pure Panic": The Portrayal of Residential Care in American Newspapers during COVID-19

Background and Objectives: This study examines the discursive construction of residential care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 3 leading American newspapers: The New York Times, USA Today, and The New York Post. Research Design and Methods: A total of 54 news articles between January 21 and May 8, 2020 were identified from the LexisNexis academic database for analysis. The articles were analyzed using both a critical discourse analysis approach and a thematic analytical framework. Results: Findings indicate that residents' voices are excluded and superseded by others, namely their family members. Literary elements were used to portray residential care as shockingly dangerous, deceptive, and problematic. Blame was often assigned to an individual or group according to the political tendency of the newspaper. Discussion and Implications: A cultural model of panic and dishonesty begins to take shape through the COVID-19 pandemic. Fearmongering and the portrayal of residential care as lacking transparency will likely create future mistrust of the industry. The depiction of vulnerability and the illusion of resident inclusion in the news coverage enable paternalistic decision-making and care practices in the name of supposed protection.

SCOPUS_ID:84868693627

"It's just a clash of cultures": Emotional talk within medical students' narratives of professionalism dilemmas

Recent investigations into the UK National Health Service revealed doctors' failures to act with compassion and professionalism towards patients. The British media asked questions about what happens to students during their learning that influences such behaviour as doctors. We listened to 200 medical students' narratives of professionalism dilemmas during workplace learning (n = 833) to understand the range of dilemmas experienced and emotional reactions to them. 32 group and 22 individual interviews were held across three medical schools (England, Wales, Australia). Data were analysed thematically (Framework Analysis), for negative emotional content (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) and a narrative analysis of one exemplar narrative was also conducted. While a wider range of professionalism dilemmas than previously identified were found, most were classified to five main sub-themes. Within these sub-themes, clinical students' narratives contained more negative emotion words than pre-clinical students' narratives (p = 0. 046, r = -0.36). Narratives of 'patient safety and dignity breaches by students' contained fewer anger words (p = 0.003, r = -0.51), 'patient safety and dignity breaches by healthcare professionals' contained more anger words (p = 0.042, r = -0.37), 'identity' narratives contained fewer anxiety words (p = 0.034, r = 0.38), and 'abuse' narratives contained more sadness words (p = 0.013, r = -0.47). The narrative analysis revealed a complex interplay between identities, attribution of blame, narrated emotions and emotional residue. Analysing emotional talk within narratives suggests that medical students sometimes struggle with contradictory formal and informal learning experiences around professionalism arising from a cultural clash. We provide educational recommendations to facilitate students' coping with their emotional reactions to professionalism dilemmas and to facilitate cultural change. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

SCOPUS_ID:36549042369

"It's just the nature of the beast": Re-imagining the literacies of schooling in adult ESL education

With a view of standardized testing as a situated local practice that serves "global" agendas, I examine the specific ways that this bureaucratic mechanism receives, sorts, arranges and classifies adult learners of English; inspires certain pedagogical practices; and fosters identities desired by the new global economy. Relying on data gathered through participant observation in an adult ESL program and interviews with students, teachers and administrators, this study raises questions about how we might re-conceptualize theories of language learning, language teaching, and literacy in local communities across the developed world, particularly when economic conditions are driven by rapid technological advancements, the continued movement of goods and people across borders, and growing distinctions between the rich and poor. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:85150315457

"It's like asking for a necktie when you don't have underwear": Discourses on patient rights in southern Karnataka, India

BACKGROUND: Ensuring patient rights is an extension of applying human rights principles to health care. A critical examination of how the notion of patient rights is perceived and enacted by various actors through critical discourse analysis (CDA) can help understand the impediments to its realization in practice. METHODS: We studied the discourses and discursive practices on patient rights in subnational policies and in ten health facilities in southern Karnataka, India. We conducted interviews (78), focus group discussions (3) with care-seeking individuals, care-providers, health care administrators and public health officials. We also conducted participant observation in selected health facilities and examined subnational policy documents of Karnataka pertaining to patient rights. We analyzed the qualitative data for major and minor themes. RESULTS: Patient rights discourses were not based upon human rights notions. In the context of neoliberalism, they were predominantly embedded within the logic of quality of care, economic, and consumerist perspectives. Relatively powerful actors such as care-providers and health facility administrators used a panoply of discursive strategies such as emphasizing alternate discourses and controlling discursive resources to suppress the promotion of patient rights among care-seeking individuals in health facilities. As a result, the capacity of care-seeking individuals to know and claim patient rights was restricted. With neoliberal health policies promoting austerity measures on public health care system and weak implementation of health care regulations, patient rights discourses remained subdued in health facilities in Karnataka, India. CONCLUSIONS: The empirical findings on the local expression of patient rights in the discourses allowed for theoretical insights on the translation of conceptual understandings of patient rights to practice in the everyday lives of health system actors and care-seeking individuals. The CDA approach was helpful to identify the problematic aspects of discourses and discursive practices on patient rights where health facility administrators and care-providers wielded power to oppress care-seeking individuals. From the practical point of view, the study demonstrated the limitations of care-seeking individuals in the discursive realms to assert their agency as practitioners of (patient) rights in health facilities.

SCOPUS_ID:34948859441

"It's not necessarily the words you say...it's your presentation": Teaching the interactional text of the job interview

This article explores one institution's efforts to teach strategies for succeeding in a customer service job interview. The study takes place at Possibilities Inn, a work-training program aimed at preparing underemployed and unemployed African American adults for jobs in the hospitality industry. In this article, I explore the ways the teachers work not only to build students' competency in the interactional practices believed to be valued by interviewers, but also to change their perception of these practices. Using an analytic approach grounded in Contemporary Linguistic Anthropology, I examine multiple levels of text production in the teachers' interviewing lessons. Looking at long stretches of classroom discourse, I explore the ways the teachers work to socialize the students into valued interviewing behaviors without devaluing the students' means of self-expression. Mock interviews play an important role in the socialization efforts of the teachers. As the teachers and students participate in the event, they explore the various social positions, interactional texts and ideologies associated with the roles of interviewer and interviewee. Through the mock interviews, teachers (a) implicitly construct the interview as a hostile environment, and (b) coach students on how to present themselves as the "professional" person the interviewers will want to hire. The mock interview events also contribute to the teachers' positions as mentors on whom the students can rely for emotional and educational support in their efforts to succeed in their upcoming high stakes gatekeeping events. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:85102188275

"Iππος χλωρός (Rev 6.8): A methodology for the study of colour terms in the new testament

The meaning of χλωρός in Rev 6.8 has been given a variety of interpretations (green, yellow, pale, vigorous etc.) due to its polysemic character; that is, it possesses a chromatic as well as an achromatic meaning and, in addition, if it denotes colour, can express a wide spectrum of hues. From this arises the need for a methodology that offers not merely a gloss, but rather a ‘meaning’. This methodology is based on: an analysis of the text; the use of the term; the concept of colour that existed in antiquity and the entity in which the colour was embodied; and the use of various lexicographical tools provided by the field of cognitive linguistics.

SCOPUS_ID:85118576538

"Knock Knock, Here Is an Answer from Next Door": Designing a Knowledge Sharing Chatbot to Connect Residents: Community Chatbot Design Case Study

Our purpose is to investigate the potential use of chatbots for information sharing and social connection within a co-living space. To this end, we designed a chatbot for residents of a co-living space based on the following principles: (1) The range of shared information is limited to three areas derived from the similarities of the residents, and it takes a 'give-and-take QnA' structure, where one should answer a question from another resident after they ask a question. (2) Conversation is designed to resemble a human-like dialogue to reveal the presence of other residents. 19 residents of a co-living space used the chatbot for a week through the Wizard of Oz method, and six participants were asked about their chatbot experience through a semi-structured interview after the usage. A total of 58 interactions occurred, and the reply rate of the chatbot's question was 76%. The interview revealed that the users were satisfied with chatbot's provision of information that could only be given by fellow residents, and the chatbot increased the presence of other residents, creating a feeling of social connection. We conclude the paper by proposing design principles for chatbots in collective housing.

SCOPUS_ID:84963815144

"Koos says..." : A critical discourse analysis of the meta-capital of a prominent South African media tycoon

This article, "Koos says...": A critical discourse analysis of the meta-capital of a prominent South African media tycoon, engages the public statements of Koos Bekker, CEO of Africa's largest media company, Naspers. Bekker is renowned as a visionary entrepreneur and has made a personal fortune in the process of taking Naspers from a national and rather sectarian print-based media company to an international digital television and e-commerce concern. The aim of the article is to analyse and describe the discursive power relations in which Bekker is situated. In the last few decades, Bekker received much media coverage, and also contributed a number of opinion pieces to the newspapers owned by Naspers. The argument here is that he functions as an opinion leader by virtue of his influence and standing in the field of business, and the "meta-capital" (Bourdieu & Wacquant 1992; Couldry 2003) it affords him - in part due to media access and exposure -across other fields in society. In this regard the article refers to the discourse theory of Michel Foucault and the comparable work of Pierre Bourdieu on the link between language and power. According to this view, language is the medium of construction and circulation of knowledge/power in society. Those who have access to the media, are able to influence the construction of readers' reality. Flowing from this theoretical framework is the methodology of critical discourse analysis, as it was developed by Norman Fairclough and Teun van Dijk. Thus the analysis takes place on three levels - text, context of production, and the larger context of society. The analysis focused on a number of selected articles, in the main interviews with or opinion pieces written by Bekker, in which he commented on issues outside his primary field of interest, Naspers and the media. The following eight discursive themes emerged: (Koos Bekker as) supporter of Darwinian evolution theory, critical patriot, champion for Afrikaans, critic of some Afrikaners, honorary Chinese citizen, strategic opinion leader, informed casual writer, and youth "worshipper". It was noted that Bekker occasionally moved close to institutional power, for example as a member of the Board of Stellenbosch University, and the Bid and Local Organising Committee of the 2010 Fifa Soccer World Cup. Interestingly, on at least two occasions Bekker engaged critically with the views of two former National Party ministers, Naspers' former allies, in opinion pieces. In the first instance Bekker displayed relative conservative views on the maintenance of Afrikaans at South African universities, and in the second case he argued against conservative Afrikaners who tried to stop Stellenbosch University from awarding an honorary doctorate to deceased (Afrikaner Communist) freedom fighter Bram Fischer. Thus, the CDA found that Bekker displayed a complex positioning towards Afrikaans and Afrikaners. On the one hand he clearly identified with "white" and "brown" Afrikaans speakers of a younger generation. His argument was that they should not be blamed for the "sins" of apartheid because they were born after the fact. But Bekker had far less empathy for the older generation of white Afrikaners. He identified two "types", on the one hand those who had become bitter and reactionary about the loss of political power, and on the other those who had resigned themselves to an inferior position for their language and culture. Writing in English for a wider audience on some occasions, Bekker emphasised South African inclusiveness and diversity as the key to unlocking the potential of the country. He was generally optimistic about the "new" South Africa, but also cautioned against tendencies such as "cader deployment" and a devisive polarisation between black and white. It is argued in closing that his informed style and rhetoric displayed a sense of careful and strategic planning, dressed down by seeming nonchalance and a deliberate informal approach.

SCOPUS_ID:84902664279

"Language as calculus" in Beckett's writing: A new perspective on Beckett's conception of language

The issue of the conception of language in Beckett's works has given rise to many studies. The conceptual schemes that scholars have used to explicate Beckett's view on language range from modern language theories to post-structuralist ones, and have contributed to locating Beckett on the twentieth-century's cultural horizon. In this study I suggest a new perspective on Beckett's conception of language by employing a perspective on the historical genesis of possible-worlds semantics, suggested by the philosopher Jaakko Hintikka. The historical background of possible worlds semantics is tightly connected, according to Hintikka, to a gradual switch from one overall way of looking at language and its logic to a competing view. He calls the former the conception of "language as the universal medium" and the latter the conception of "language as calculus." I contend that although in his writings Beckett seems to subscribe to some version of the first position of language, various aspects of his dramatic works also appear implicitly to reflect some intuitive version of the competing idea. It is his conception of language as calculus - I argue - that offered Beckett the possibility of elaborating strategies by which to escape the "trap" of language.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.10952v1

"Laughing at you or with you": The Role of Sarcasm in Shaping the Disagreement Space

Detecting arguments in online interactions is useful to understand how conflicts arise and get resolved. Users often use figurative language, such as sarcasm, either as persuasive devices or to attack the opponent by an ad hominem argument. To further our understanding of the role of sarcasm in shaping the disagreement space, we present a thorough experimental setup using a corpus annotated with both argumentative moves (agree/disagree) and sarcasm. We exploit joint modeling in terms of (a) applying discrete features that are useful in detecting sarcasm to the task of argumentative relation classification (agree/disagree/none), and (b) multitask learning for argumentative relation classification and sarcasm detection using deep learning architectures (e.g., dual Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) with hierarchical attention and Transformer-based architectures). We demonstrate that modeling sarcasm improves the argumentative relation classification task (agree/disagree/none) in all setups.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01878v1

"LazImpa": Lazy and Impatient neural agents learn to communicate efficiently

Previous work has shown that artificial neural agents naturally develop surprisingly non-efficient codes. This is illustrated by the fact that in a referential game involving a speaker and a listener neural networks optimizing accurate transmission over a discrete channel, the emergent messages fail to achieve an optimal length. Furthermore, frequent messages tend to be longer than infrequent ones, a pattern contrary to the Zipf Law of Abbreviation (ZLA) observed in all natural languages. Here, we show that near-optimal and ZLA-compatible messages can emerge, but only if both the speaker and the listener are modified. We hence introduce a new communication system, "LazImpa", where the speaker is made increasingly lazy, i.e. avoids long messages, and the listener impatient, i.e.,~seeks to guess the intended content as soon as possible.

SCOPUS_ID:0037939790

"LentInfo" information - Providing system for the festival lent programme

This paper presents an application, "Lentlnfo", which is a system used to provide information about programmes for the Festival Lent in Slovenia. The Festival Lent consists of different open-air theatre and music performances and raws more than 400,000 visitors per year. This application is based on a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) speech recogniser, and the dialogue construction and management is done using the CSDP (Common Spoken Dialogue Platform) dialogue management system. It is represented as a finite-state structure. The dialogue can be specified in a script using simple syntax description. The dialogue manager is multi-application oriented, so it can easily be upgraded for new applications. If some new concepts are needed, only new actions need be added to the existing ones. Currently, prompt messages are prerecorded, but it is also possible to include a speech synthesis system depending on the needs of the application. Error recovery during the dialogue is done with user confirmation of the recognised input speech. The results are presented for tests performed in the year 2001. The results are analyzed according to the phone type (fixed/mobile), signal to noise ratio, dialogue path, etc. Although some calls where carried out using mobile phones from noisy festival places, the performance of the system decreased only slightly under these conditions.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03029v2

"Let's Eat Grandma": Does Punctuation Matter in Sentence Representation?

Neural network-based embeddings have been the mainstream approach for creating a vector representation of the text to capture lexical and semantic similarities and dissimilarities. In general, existing encoding methods dismiss the punctuation as insignificant information; consequently, they are routinely treated as a predefined token/word or eliminated in the pre-processing phase. However, punctuation could play a significant role in the semantics of the sentences, as in "Let's eat\hl{,} grandma" and "Let's eat grandma". We hypothesize that a punctuation-aware representation model would affect the performance of the downstream tasks. Thereby, we propose a model-agnostic method that incorporates both syntactic and contextual information to improve the performance of the sentiment classification task. We corroborate our findings by conducting experiments on publicly available datasets and provide case studies that our model generates representations with respect to the punctuation in the sentence.

SCOPUS_ID:73549122768

"Letosvet": A vulgar song or a folk-(socio) linguistic experiment?

The article explores the song Letosvet that represented Estonia in 2008 Eurovision Song Contest in Belgrad. The song is remarkable in several respects: 1) it is an imitation of Serbian, a language that Estonians have practically no contact and, therefore, ready-made imitation devices do not exist; 2) the song has generated controversial opinions that provide an excellent material for a research in folk linguistics; 3) the song raises the question, what kind of imitation is intelligible to the native speakers. The authors have skillfully drawn on the resources of Russian, a closely related Slavic language. The analysis demonstrates that despite negative attitudes expressed in Estonian media and claims that the language of the song is erroneous and unintelligible to the Serbs, the non-target forms are in fact not numerous. It is rather incoherence and divergence from the genre of Eurovision songs that might hinder comprehension. The authors of the song have tried to perform an alternative type of multilingualism that, contrary to the mainstream expectation, does not include English.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.00648v1

"Liar, Liar Pants on Fire": A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detection

Automatic fake news detection is a challenging problem in deception detection, and it has tremendous real-world political and social impacts. However, statistical approaches to combating fake news has been dramatically limited by the lack of labeled benchmark datasets. In this paper, we present liar: a new, publicly available dataset for fake news detection. We collected a decade-long, 12.8K manually labeled short statements in various contexts from PolitiFact.com, which provides detailed analysis report and links to source documents for each case. This dataset can be used for fact-checking research as well. Notably, this new dataset is an order of magnitude larger than previously largest public fake news datasets of similar type. Empirically, we investigate automatic fake news detection based on surface-level linguistic patterns. We have designed a novel, hybrid convolutional neural network to integrate meta-data with text. We show that this hybrid approach can improve a text-only deep learning model.

SCOPUS_ID:85086237681

"Lies", "dirty madness", "daylight robbery": How henryk sienkiewicz verbalised negative judgments and emotions (based on private correspondence)

This article is part of a stream of research on the language and style of private correspondence of Henryk Sienkiewicz. The article contains analysis of expressive lexis that the writer used to verbalise his negative judgments and feelings, which is complex, rich and diverse in terms of both form and meaning. The lexical material which relates to the second - unsuccessful - marriage of Sienkiewicz to Maria Wolodkowiczówna comes from selected letters by the writer addressed to his sister-in-law - Jadwiga Janczewska neé Szetkiewicz. The selected lexis encompasses, for example, words with explicit, implicit and evaluative expression, belonging to different categories of meaning.

SCOPUS_ID:85014740416

"Like having a really bad pa": The gulf between user expectation and experience of conversational agents

The past four years have seen the rise of conversational agents (CAs) in everyday life. Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Google and Facebook have all embedded proprietary CAs within their software and, increasingly, conversation is becoming a key mode of human-computer interaction. Whilst we have long been familiar with the notion of computers that speak, the investigative concern within HCI has been upon multimodality rather than dialogue alone, and there is no sense of how such interfaces are used in everyday life. This paper reports the findings of interviews with 14 users of CAs in an effort to understand the current interactional factors affecting everyday use. We find user expectations dramatically out of step with the operation of the systems, particularly in terms of known machine intelligence, system capability and goals. Using Norman's 'gulfs of execution and evaluation' [30] we consider the implications of these findings for the design of future systems.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.09704v3

"Listen, Understand and Translate": Triple Supervision Decouples End-to-end Speech-to-text Translation

An end-to-end speech-to-text translation (ST) takes audio in a source language and outputs the text in a target language. Existing methods are limited by the amount of parallel corpus. Can we build a system to fully utilize signals in a parallel ST corpus? We are inspired by human understanding system which is composed of auditory perception and cognitive processing. In this paper, we propose Listen-Understand-Translate, (LUT), a unified framework with triple supervision signals to decouple the end-to-end speech-to-text translation task. LUT is able to guide the acoustic encoder to extract as much information from the auditory input. In addition, LUT utilizes a pre-trained BERT model to enforce the upper encoder to produce as much semantic information as possible, without extra data. We perform experiments on a diverse set of speech translation benchmarks, including Librispeech English-French, IWSLT English-German and TED English-Chinese. Our results demonstrate LUT achieves the state-of-the-art performance, outperforming previous methods. The code is available at https://github.com/dqqcasia/st.

SCOPUS_ID:84963701835

"Long, boring, and tedious": Youths' experiences with complex, religious texts

Growing out of the renewed attention to text complexity in the United States and the large population of youth who are deeply committed to reading scripture, this study explores 16 Latter-day Saint and Methodist youths' experiences with complex, religious texts. The study took place in the Midwestern United States. Data consisted of an academic year of participant observations and 59 extensive, semi-structured interviews conducted over 2 years. Constant comparative analysis revealed two primary areas of struggle that participants had with the Book of Mormon and the Bible: scriptural language and contradictions with and within scripture. Struggles with the antiquated language of scripture included having difficulty with its diction, syntax and literacy devices. Struggles with text contradictions included the intratextual inconsistencies and youths' personal conflicts with what they believed scripture said. Similarities and differences were manifest across the two congregations within the aforementioned areas. This study raises important questions about the use of complex texts for instructional purposes, motivating youth to engage with complex texts, and the development of new lines of literacy research focused on religious texts and youths' experiences with these texts.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.2993v1

"Look Ma, No Hands!" A Parameter-Free Topic Model

It has always been a burden to the users of statistical topic models to predetermine the right number of topics, which is a key parameter of most topic models. Conventionally, automatic selection of this parameter is done through either statistical model selection (e.g., cross-validation, AIC, or BIC) or Bayesian nonparametric models (e.g., hierarchical Dirichlet process). These methods either rely on repeated runs of the inference algorithm to search through a large range of parameter values which does not suit the mining of big data, or replace this parameter with alternative parameters that are less intuitive and still hard to be determined. In this paper, we explore to "eliminate" this parameter from a new perspective. We first present a nonparametric treatment of the PLSA model named nonparametric probabilistic latent semantic analysis (nPLSA). The inference procedure of nPLSA allows for the exploration and comparison of different numbers of topics within a single execution, yet remains as simple as that of PLSA. This is achieved by substituting the parameter of the number of topics with an alternative parameter that is the minimal goodness of fit of a document. We show that the new parameter can be further eliminated by two parameter-free treatments: either by monitoring the diversity among the discovered topics or by a weak supervision from users in the form of an exemplar topic. The parameter-free topic model finds the appropriate number of topics when the diversity among the discovered topics is maximized, or when the granularity of the discovered topics matches the exemplar topic. Experiments on both synthetic and real data prove that the parameter-free topic model extracts topics with a comparable quality comparing to classical topic models with "manual transmission". The quality of the topics outperforms those extracted through classical Bayesian nonparametric models.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.00733v1

"Love is as Complex as Math": Metaphor Generation System for Social Chatbot

As the wide adoption of intelligent chatbot in human daily life, user demands for such systems evolve from basic task-solving conversations to more casual and friend-like communication. To meet the user needs and build emotional bond with users, it is essential for social chatbots to incorporate more human-like and advanced linguistic features. In this paper, we investigate the usage of a commonly used rhetorical device by human -- metaphor for social chatbot. Our work first designs a metaphor generation framework, which generates topic-aware and novel figurative sentences. By embedding the framework into a chatbot system, we then enables the chatbot to communicate with users using figurative language. Human annotators validate the novelty and properness of the generated metaphors. More importantly, we evaluate the effects of employing metaphors in human-chatbot conversations. Experiments indicate that our system effectively arouses user interests in communicating with our chatbot, resulting in significantly longer human-chatbot conversations.

SCOPUS_ID:80052685092

"Lucky Cloud" over the world: The journalistic discourse of nationalism beyond China in the Beijing olympics global torch relay

This study uses critical discourse analysis to explore the role journalism plays in the discursive formation of nationalism in an event of global visibility that lay outside the daily news making routine*the coverage of the Beijing Olympics global torch relay by newspapers in China. Taking Fairclough's analysis framework, at the text level, I noted the construction of "we" and "they" identities in the representations of the supportive and antagonist people involved in events in the torch host cities. At the discourse level, I investigated the major strategies used by the journalists in the construction of nationalism beyond the borders of China, including meaning substitution discourses and multiple articulations of voices, reinforcing a unitary meaning of collective belonging to a nation. At the social practice level, this study looked at how nationwide attention and the global relevance of this event, with its particular connection to the controversy over Tibet, led to structural constraints and self-censorship of journalism practices in the construction of three levels of "oneness" to understand Chinese nationalism*one China, one Chinese nation, and one world under China's leadership. © 2011 National Communication Association.

SCOPUS_ID:85079842482

"Machine translation and post-editing: Profiles and competences in translator training programmes"

Studies on the professional translation market show that employers increasingly demand translators who master tools related to machine translation. This fact compels translator training centers to consider what the new professional profiles are and what new competences students should acquire. In this article we reflect on these two aspects through a literature survey and an analysis of the web pages of undergraduate and master's degrees in translation taught at Spanish universities in academic year 2017-2018. Our analysis has focused on the presence of machine translation (MT) and post-editing (PE) in professional profiles, competencies and contents described in academic curricula. Our results indicate that the learning of this technology plays a marginal role in translator training programmes. The article concludes with a proposal of a general framework of competences which integrates both MT and PE.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02508v1

"Mama Always Had a Way of Explaining Things So I Could Understand'': A Dialogue Corpus for Learning to Construct Explanations

As AI is more and more pervasive in everyday life, humans have an increasing demand to understand its behavior and decisions. Most research on explainable AI builds on the premise that there is one ideal explanation to be found. In fact, however, everyday explanations are co-constructed in a dialogue between the person explaining (the explainer) and the specific person being explained to (the explainee). In this paper, we introduce a first corpus of dialogical explanations to enable NLP research on how humans explain as well as on how AI can learn to imitate this process. The corpus consists of 65 transcribed English dialogues from the Wired video series \emph{5 Levels}, explaining 13 topics to five explainees of different proficiency. All 1550 dialogue turns have been manually labeled by five independent professionals for the topic discussed as well as for the dialogue act and the explanation move performed. We analyze linguistic patterns of explainers and explainees, and we explore differences across proficiency levels. BERT-based baseline results indicate that sequence information helps predicting topics, acts, and moves effectively

SCOPUS_ID:84874762712

"Manual de linguística": Homonymous or polysemy in the history?

From theoretical and methodological principles of the Historiography of Linguistics (with the use of categories such as research programs, theory groups and the argument of influence), this paper presents an analysis of two moments of Brazilian production in linguistics, taking as its object, two handbooks published with the same title (Manual de linguística) in 1979 and 2009. The article tries to point out continuities (seen as polysemic phenomenon) and discontinuities (seen as a homonymic phenomenon) in the validation of knowledge in an interval of thirty years of study and teaching of linguistics in Brazil, checking to what extent there are similarities and contrasts between the two books with the same name. As a result of the analysis, the text shows that the historiographic interpretation might result from the viewpoint adopted by the historiographer.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08039v1

"Mask and Infill" : Applying Masked Language Model to Sentiment Transfer

This paper focuses on the task of sentiment transfer on non-parallel text, which modifies sentiment attributes (e.g., positive or negative) of sentences while preserving their attribute-independent content. Due to the limited capability of RNNbased encoder-decoder structure to capture deep and long-range dependencies among words, previous works can hardly generate satisfactory sentences from scratch. When humans convert the sentiment attribute of a sentence, a simple but effective approach is to only replace the original sentimental tokens in the sentence with target sentimental expressions, instead of building a new sentence from scratch. Such a process is very similar to the task of Text Infilling or Cloze, which could be handled by a deep bidirectional Masked Language Model (e.g. BERT). So we propose a two step approach "Mask and Infill". In the mask step, we separate style from content by masking the positions of sentimental tokens. In the infill step, we retrofit MLM to Attribute Conditional MLM, to infill the masked positions by predicting words or phrases conditioned on the context1 and target sentiment. We evaluate our model on two review datasets with quantitative, qualitative, and human evaluations. Experimental results demonstrate that our models improve state-of-the-art performance.

SCOPUS_ID:84900450244

"Maybe it was a joke"- Emotion detection in text-only communication by non-native English speakers

Previous studies have shown that people can effectively detect emotions in text-only messages written in their native languages. But is this the same for non-native speakers? In this paper, we conduct an experiment where native English speakers (NS) and Japanese non-native English speakers (NNS) rate the emotional valence in text-only messages written by native English-speaking authors. They also annotate all emotional cues (words, symbols and emoticons) that affected their rating. Accuracy of NS and NNS ratings and annotations are calculated by comparing their average correlations with author ratings and annotations used as a gold standard. Our results conclude that NNS are significantly less accurate at detecting the emotional valence of messages, especially when the messages include highly negative words. Although NNS are as accurate as NS at detecting emotional cues, they are not able to make use of symbols (exclamation marks) and emoticons to detect the emotional valence of text-only messages.

SCOPUS_ID:85049644879

"Memories of childhood" by ion creangǎ: Style and stylistics

The unrivalled virtue possessed by Ion Creangǎ is that of revealing and using the creative force of popular words. The writer creates in a popular style, keeping the regional phonetics, the easiness of the colloquial speech, the proverbs and sayings. The "spoken" character of Ion Creangǎ's language manifests itself with the greatest strength in idiomatic expressions. Any passage from Ion Creangǎ's work - be it a long or a short one - contains such stylistic particularities. The paper attempts to emphasize the relevance of the combination of the two stylistics: the so-called literary stylistics and the linguistic one, for the understanding of Ion Creangǎ's way of writing.

SCOPUS_ID:84897560828

"Mind your own esteemed business": Sarcastic honorifics use and impoliteness in Korean TV dramas

Honorifics have traditionally been analyzed as markers of "deference" and have been connected with positive values such as "respect", "dignity" and "elegance". However, in this paper, I demonstrate that these readings only apply to normative and stereotypical patterns of honorifics use. When applied in other contexts, where their use is not normally expected, honorifics take on different social meanings, including sarcasm. Through the analysis of Korean television dramas, I show that sarcastic applications of honorifics may be applied both for "mock" impoliteness and "genuine" face-threatening impoliteness. Although these sarcastic usages occur most frequently between intimates (i.e., where the use of honorifics is marked), there also exist devices for being sarcastic towards adult strangers (even though in such contexts honorifics may be considered unmarked and normative). Crucially, my examples demonstrate that honorifics may communicate sarcasm in and of themselves. This sarcastic meaning is strongest when honorifics are applied in ways that remains "relevant"; in other words, when they make reference to knowledge or social norms shared by the community of practice. The findings confirm once and for all that honorifics are not "deferential" in an absolute sense. More broadly, the paper clarifies the position of sarcasm and irony within impoliteness theory.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.01169v1

"More Than Words": Linking Music Preferences and Moral Values Through Lyrics

This study explores the association between music preferences and moral values by applying text analysis techniques to lyrics. Harvesting data from a Facebook-hosted application, we align psychometric scores of 1,386 users to lyrics from the top 5 songs of their preferred music artists as emerged from Facebook Page Likes. We extract a set of lyrical features related to each song's overarching narrative, moral valence, sentiment, and emotion. A machine learning framework was designed to exploit regression approaches and evaluate the predictive power of lyrical features for inferring moral values. Results suggest that lyrics from top songs of artists people like inform their morality. Virtues of hierarchy and tradition achieve higher prediction scores ($.20 \leq r \leq .30$) than values of empathy and equality ($.08 \leq r \leq .11$), while basic demographic variables only account for a small part in the models' explainability. This shows the importance of music listening behaviours, as assessed via lyrical preferences, alone in capturing moral values. We discuss the technological and musicological implications and possible future improvements.

SCOPUS_ID:84863656809

"Move away so I can hear!"- American and Iranian male university students' responses to rudeness - A pilot study

Although speech acts are universal phenomena which occur in all languages, the realizations of speech acts are culturally-specific. Language learners should not only have linguistic competence, but they should also be aware of the appropriate use of a given function in the target language. In addition, unlike certain speech acts which have received a great deal of research (e.g. request, apology, complaint), certain other speech acts have attracted few researchers' attention (e.g. responding to rudeness) The objective of the present contrastive pragmatic study is to investigate pragmatic behavior of male native speakers of English and Farsi in response to situations in which they experience offensive and rude language directed toward them. Data were elicited through an open ended questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Task (DCT) from a sample of ten American and ten Iranian male university students. The data were coded based on Beebe and Zhang Waring's (2005) classification of responding to rudeness. This study is significant both in terms of the choice of the specific speech act (responding to rudeness) and the choice of a male student population (i.e. American and Iranian) as no previous study has addressed this speech act with this specific dyad. The findings of the study are anticipated to have useful insight for research in pragmatic competence as well as teaching speech acts. © Common Ground, Maryam Farnia, Lyn Buchheit, Majid Vedaei.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.06401v1

"My Way of Telling a Story": Persona based Grounded Story Generation

Visual storytelling is the task of generating stories based on a sequence of images. Inspired by the recent works in neural generation focusing on controlling the form of text, this paper explores the idea of generating these stories in different personas. However, one of the main challenges of performing this task is the lack of a dataset of visual stories in different personas. Having said that, there are independent datasets for both visual storytelling and annotated sentences for various persona. In this paper we describe an approach to overcome this by getting labelled persona data from a different task and leveraging those annotations to perform persona based story generation. We inspect various ways of incorporating personality in both the encoder and the decoder representations to steer the generation in the target direction. To this end, we propose five models which are incremental extensions to the baseline model to perform the task at hand. In our experiments we use five different personas to guide the generation process. We find that the models based on our hypotheses perform better at capturing words while generating stories in the target persona.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.13953v2

"My nose is running.""Are you also coughing?": Building A Medical Diagnosis Agent with Interpretable Inquiry Logics

With the rise of telemedicine, the task of developing Dialogue Systems for Medical Diagnosis (DSMD) has received much attention in recent years. Different from early researches that needed to rely on extra human resources and expertise to help construct the system, recent researches focused on how to build DSMD in a purely data-driven manner. However, the previous data-driven DSMD methods largely overlooked the system interpretability, which is critical for a medical application, and they also suffered from the data sparsity issue at the same time. In this paper, we explore how to bring interpretability to data-driven DSMD. Specifically, we propose a more interpretable decision process to implement the dialogue manager of DSMD by reasonably mimicking real doctors' inquiry logics, and we devise a model with highly transparent components to conduct the inference. Moreover, we collect a new DSMD dataset, which has a much larger scale, more diverse patterns and is of higher quality than the existing ones. The experiments show that our method obtains 7.7%, 10.0%, 3.0% absolute improvement in diagnosis accuracy respectively on three datasets, demonstrating the effectiveness of its rational decision process and model design. Our codes and the GMD-12 dataset are available at https://github.com/lwgkzl/BR-Agent.

SCOPUS_ID:35948986369

"No flips in the pool": Discursive practice in Hawai'i Creole

Linguistic: hybridity is the process of the authorial unmasking of another's speech, through a language that is double-accented and double-styled. The present study investigates how linguistic resources, especially code-switching is used for meaning making in local comedy shows in Hawai'i. Local comedy is inseparable from the use of carnivalistic act. This act deconstructs attempts at stabilizing social systems by being playfully and non-violently subversive. While there are many-studies of language and humor, there are much fewer studies on the use of code-switching in comedy. The present study is particularly interested in the latter and specifically addresses Bakhtin's work on carnival. It is often maintained that ethnic jokes marginalize those of Filipino origin as the Other. However, the present paper claims that both functions of comedy - marginalizing of the Other and disrupting of official views of reality - are inseparably intertwined. Andy Bumatai, a local comic, tactically achieves carnivalistic effects while negotiating and juggling his subjectivity. Given this, code-switching as well as language selection can be a powerful tool for doublevoicing. Little is known about the pragmatics of pidgin and creole languages. Hence, the present study provides a starting point for future projects on the discursive practice in Hawai'i Creole.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.02526v1

"No, they did not": Dialogue response dynamics in pre-trained language models

A critical component of competence in language is being able to identify relevant components of an utterance and reply appropriately. In this paper we examine the extent of such dialogue response sensitivity in pre-trained language models, conducting a series of experiments with a particular focus on sensitivity to dynamics involving phenomena of at-issueness and ellipsis. We find that models show clear sensitivity to a distinctive role of embedded clauses, and a general preference for responses that target main clause content of prior utterances. However, the results indicate mixed and generally weak trends with respect to capturing the full range of dynamics involved in targeting at-issue versus not-at-issue content. Additionally, models show fundamental limitations in grasp of the dynamics governing ellipsis, and response selections show clear interference from superficial factors that outweigh the influence of principled discourse constraints.

http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.01926v2

"None of the Above":Measure Uncertainty in Dialog Response Retrieval

This paper discusses the importance of uncovering uncertainty in end-to-end dialog tasks, and presents our experimental results on uncertainty classification on the Ubuntu Dialog Corpus. We show that, instead of retraining models for this specific purpose, the original retrieval model's underlying confidence concerning the best prediction can be captured with trivial additional computation.

SCOPUS_ID:84906674750

"Nous autres cest toujours bilingue anyways": Code-switching and linguistic displacement among bilingual Montréal students

Code-switching (CS) is a linguistic phenomenon in which a bilingual speaker switches freely between their languages (codes) within a single utterance, conversational turn, or conversation. Linguists can often pinpoint a "we" code and a "they" code based on the speakers respective comfort levels with the two languages. This categorization is more complex in bilingual Québec, where English and French could be either "we" or "they" codes depending on whether the speaker is natively Francophone or Anglophone, or on the speakers national or political identity. This article presents an examination of CS patterns among Francophone students enrolled in Anglophone institutions and Anglophone students enrolled in a Francophone institution. These students (voluntary) linguistic displacement illuminates the way this phenomenon manifests among speakers outside of their linguistic "comfort zone." This provides insight into more profound Québécois identity issues, such as the ways that English- versus French-speakers view their linguistic role in the provinces bilingual fabric. © 2014 ACSUS.

SCOPUS_ID:85041850045

"Now to my distress": Shame discourse in eighteenth-century English letters

It is argued that shame has become increasingly important as a mechanism of social control in Western societies while our awareness of shame has simultaneously decreased. This paper explores the functions of the lexemes shame, disgrace and ignominy in the eighteenth-century section of the Corpus of Early English Correspondence and investigates how shame-inducing situations were discussed in letter-writing. Direct expressions of shame emerge particularly as formulaic apologies and reflect breached social conventions, honour, inadequacy and immorality. Shame discourse in the two case studies, however, proved to be context-dependent, evasive and euphemistic, and shame was expressed through a range of negative emotions. An element of discomfort in eighteenth-century shame discourse indicates that shame had taboo connotations, but the formulaic presence of shame and its connection to the cultural keyword of honour underlines its role as a mechanism of social control.

SCOPUS_ID:83255165740

"Nut case: What does it mean?" Understanding semantic relationship between nouns in noun compounds through paraphrasing and ranking the paraphrases

A noun compound (NC) is a sequence of two or more nouns (entities) acting as a single noun entity that encodes implicit semantic relation between its noun constituents. Given an NC such as 'headache pills' and possible paraphrases such as: 'pills that induce headache' or 'pills that relieve head-ache' can we learn to choose which verb: 'induce' or 'relieve' that best describes the semantic relation encoded in 'headache pills'? In this paper, we describe our approaches to rank human-proposed paraphrasing verbs of NCs. Our contribution is a novel approach that uses two-step process of clustering similar NCs and then labeling the best paraphrasing verb as the most prototypical verb in the cluster. The approach performs the best with an average Spearman's rank correlation of 0.55. This approach, while being computationally simpler, gives a better ranking than the current state of the art. The result shows the potential of our approach for finding implicit relations between entities especially when the relations are not explicit in the context in which the entities appear, rather they are implicit in the relationship between its constituents. © 2011 ACM.

SCOPUS_ID:84864496039

"O Heiland reiß die Himmel auf" Zu Textkritik, Syntax und Semantik von Jes 45,8

Isa 45:8 presents various textcritical, syntactic and semantic difficulties. The problems with the numerus could be solved by a different syntactic structure of the sentences. To get a syntactically well-balanced verse, only a minor textcritical correction has to be done: "The earth will open, and relief and justice will break forth. It (= the earth) will let (them) sprout together". © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

SCOPUS_ID:84868649617

"Okay, My Rant is Over": The Language of Emotion in Computer-Mediated Communication

Even when instructors take steps to mitigate conflict between students, online discussions are likely to be more emotional than face-to-face discussions, and student posts frequently bear characteristics of ranting. This paper uses a model from the field of psycholinguistics to identify linguistic features that writers use to communicate emotion in CMC to substitute for the nonverbal emotional cues that speakers and listeners rely on in face-to-face conversation. Our analysis of the online forum for a course called Presidential Election Rhetoric illustrates not only that students use linguistic features to express emotion but also that they transmit emotion to one another through the use of these features. Additionally, we suggest that students' unfamiliarity expressing emotion subtly and accurately using linguistic features contributes to the quality of ranting in CMC. Finally, we recommend specific strategies to help students further hone their skills at expressing and perceiving emotion in CMC. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.

SCOPUS_ID:85107713550

"Omega-team is moving to another premise over my dead body..." Power as discursive-material practice in an is project

Using Foucault's (e.g., 1980) view on discourses and power, this Critical Discourse Analysis study examines how power circulates through material-discursive practices in IS development projects. The findings of this study indicate that one of the key power practices in IS development projects is what we call the 'guaranteeing of equality and rationality'-it sets up the technical-rational ideal and masks the presence of power and politics in the project. However, as projects progress, often this technical-rational ideal begins to crumble with practices such as 'selective ignoring', 'forbidding', 'hiding', and 'criticizing' emerging-each with their own characteristic linguistic moves and material objects mediating the practices. Each of these practices circulates power through what can be called 'power-resistance' cycles-in short, the same practice may be harnessed for achieving one effect (exercising power) or it may be employed for the achievement of an alternative effect (exercising resistance to power).

SCOPUS_ID:85074614265

"One must remember towards tomorrow": A pragmatic study of the expression of memory in the poetry of Juan Ramón Jiménez

Starting from temporality as the organizing principle of any communicative situation, the present study investigates the use of verbal paradigms in Spanish when expressing memory and forgetfulness in a fictional speech act, such as poetry. Every text, including poetic, is a pragmatic unit of interaction in which an enunciator transmits a linguistic fact in order to awaken certain effects in the addressee. Nevertheless, successful communication depends not only on what is actually said, but also and above all, on what a reader or listener can deduce from what is said. Linguistic communication is not only an encoding-decoding process, but mainly the complementary process of ostension and inference, as Sperber and Wilson (1986) show within the theory of relevance. The explicit and implicit meanings of statements can always be understood only through the context, which is constantly changing as the presumption in the process of communication. Subsequently, the presumption that poetic language provokes a specific implicit meaning in the reader enables the establishment of complex relations between the significance and plurality of contexts within the lyrical discourses. The study focuses on two collections of poems, Eternidades (1918) and Piedra y Cielo (1919), written by the great Spanish poet Juan Ramón Jiménez, and explores the possibilities of explicit and implicit meanings of time and memory that are incited by the verbal paradigms. Both collections, which represent the beginning of a new era in the poet's creation, are characterized by intense self-reflection. Time, forgetfulness and memory are, similar to the poetic word itself, the essential means that enable the poet to establish individual moments of eternity within the implications of lyrical communication.

SCOPUS_ID:84947869964

"Or so the government would have you believe": Uses of "you" in Guardian editorials

Although second person pronouns are relatively unusual in formal written genres, they are frequent in the editorials of some newspapers. This has been associated with ongoing trends towards a more informal style of public discourse, and with the construction of more equal relationships between writers and readers, which may be either ideologically or economically motivated. This analysis of all the instances of "you" in Guardian editorials for 2011 brings to light several different ways in which the writer employs the second person. Although the primary motivation appears to be epideictic, in that the writer seeks to forge strong bonds with the readership and thereby strengthen the sense of communion and shared values, some other uses are identified, including dramatisation and irony. This leads on to consideration of the type of reader constructed by these uses of "you", and the relationships projected between writer/newspaper, reader, and other entities.

SCOPUS_ID:84903625009

"Othering" agricultural biotechnology: Slovenian media representation of agricultural biotechnology

While studies on media representations of agricultural biotechnology mostly analyse media texts, this work is intended to fill a research gap with an analysis of journalistic interpretations of media representations. The purpose of this project was to determine how news media represent agricultural biotechnology and how journalists interpret their own representations. A content and critical discourse analysis of news texts published in the Slovenian media over two years and in-depth interviews with their authors were conducted. News texts results suggest that most of the news posts were "othering" biotechnology and biotechnologists: biotechnology as a science and individual scientists are represented as "they," who are socially irresponsible, ignorant, arrogant, and "our" enemies who produce unnatural processes and work for biotechnology companies, whose greed is destroying people, animals, and the environment. Most journalists consider these representations to be objective because they have published the biotechnologists' opinions, despite their own negative attitudes towards biotechnology. © The Author(s) 2012.

SCOPUS_ID:69849132088

"Our England": Discourses of "race" and class in party election leaflets

This article examines two election leaflets distributed in Bradford, UK as part of the May 2006 local election campaigns of the Labour Party and the British National Party. Drawing on critical discourse analysis, the article shows that prejudicial ethnicist discourse is not solely the purview of marginal far-right political parties, but is incorporated by mainstream British political communications. Specifically, I argue the two leaflets share similar ideological assumptions and arguments: first, of English exceptionalism; second, a representation of migrants as "things" that we have a right and a need to manage in the interests of "Our" nation; and third, the complete elision of class identity and conflict when examining who benefits from the exploitation of migrant workers. © 2008 Taylor & Francis.

SCOPUS_ID:60949214976

"Paleo-Siberian": Editorial note

In the following AREA SURVEY, complementing LANGUAGE PROFILES and FAMILY PORTRAITS as occasional features in Linguistic Typology, the focus is on languages which have often been dealt with collectively as forming the "Paleo-Siberian" or "Paleo-Asiatic" group. This first Area Survey takes the form of a set of reviews of four descriptive grammars from Tunguso-Sibirica, a series recently launched by Otto Harrassowitz Publishers (Wiesbaden) to provide a forum for Paleo-Siberian and related areal studies. © Walter de Gruyter 2001.

SCOPUS_ID:79955900604

"Paraphrase? - Oh, It entails something new!": A corpus-based study of learner talk on moodle

This study relates corpus-driven discourse analysis to the concept of collaborative knowledge construction. The fundamental assumption underlying this work is that knowledge is understood from a social epistemological perspective, and that incremental knowledge about an object of the discourse corresponds to continual change of meaning of the term that stands for it. This stance is based on the assumption of the discourse as a self-referential system that uses paraphrase as a key device to construct new knowledge. Knowledge is thus seen as the result of collaboration between the members of a discourse community. The study found that instead of replacing existing knowledge, via asynchronous communication on MOODLE, learners can create knowledge by assigning a meaning to the features of a discourse object repeatedly and in different ways that can be called as paraphrase. Attention also turns to adopting corpus methods as a valid approach to contribute to the study of the knowledgeconstruction process. This is followed by a discussion of a comprehensive categorisation of a wide range of paraphrase types, and overt and covert signs of intertextuality linking a new paraphrase to previous contributions. © Common Ground, Lisa Cheung.

SCOPUS_ID:85063086304

"Paronyms - Dynamic in Contrast". A cognitively-oriented, multifunctional, dynamic reference book

This paper shows the extent to which the Paronym Dictionary project has made use of corpus-linguistic and cognitive-semantic approaches in the development of a new online lexicographic resource. The successful combination of lexicological and lexicographic aspects has narrowed the gap between linguistic theory and editorial practice to a degree. Conceptually oriented details closely linking linguistic information with contextual structure, categorisation and encyclopaedic knowledge are extracted, interpreted and in parts abstracted from corpus material. Linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge can be stored together in the mental lexicon. By doing so, context-dependent linguistic information can be consulted together with conceptual realisations and discourse-oriented idiosynchracies. Furthermore, this paper also illustrates some important dynamic functionalities of the new dictionary "Paronyme - Dynamisch im Kontrast" with the help of an example. It shows how adaptable access to lexicographic details and a variety of search options offer users different foci and perspectives on linguistic information. The creation of this multifunctional resource, which is able to react flexibly to different consultation routines, allows user to look up different information according to specific interests, thus meeting their needs more appropriately.

SCOPUS_ID:26844437130

"People say it's a little uncomfortable": Prenatal genetic counselors' use of constructed dialogue to reference procedural pain

Prenatal genetic counseling involves an exchange of information between counselors and clients, including verbal descriptions of the potential pain of invasive prenatal diagnosis procedures such as amniocentesis. This paper describes the use of one linguistic feature in one context. It considers how two counselors describe procedural pain in 17 prenatal genetic counseling sessions, audiotaped as part of a larger data-driven study using sociolinguistic methodologies to characterize the discourse of genetic counseling. Analysis reveals that "constructed dialogue," or reporting something another person said, is a strategy used frequently by the counselors for describing procedural pain. Examination of the content and form of the constructed dialogue uncovered three recurring patterns that relate to its functions in the sessions: (1) inclusion of colloquial vocabulary; (2) references to common experiences through similes; and (3) explicit downplaying of pain. This analysis suggests that the naturally occurring phenomenon of quoting the words of others can be used in genetic counseling to impart information while simultaneously reassuring the client and creating counselor-client rapport. The complex relationship between the use of constructed dialogue and the enactment of genetic counseling principles through talk is also discussed. © 2002 National Society of Genetic Counselors, Inc.

SCOPUS_ID:85042781876

"Petersburg text" in a Clip "v Pitere - Pit'!", or Urbi et orbi by Sergey Shnurov

The article inscribes the song "In Petersburg - to drink!" in the traditionally understood "Petersburg text". The author works not only with poetry (verbal) material, but with the motives and images of the clip, embedding it in the cultural paradigm, revealing new meanings compared to traditional. Understanding of quotations and allusions from classical literature, poetry of modernism, and postmodernism is one of the tasks of the author.

SCOPUS_ID:34248880793

"Phonemia" a phoneme transcription system for speech synthesis in Modern Greek

This work gives a general presentation and classification of the various rules for text-to-phoneme transcription in Modern Greek. It is the outcome of a detailed study of Modern Greek based on more than 5000 words taken from everyday texts. We believe that this study is reasonably exhaustive, and that the rules formulated can accomodate not only texts from the Computer Science environment, but also specialized data bases referring to various subjects such as medicine, engineering etc. As this work is related to speech synthesis, the presentation has more of an engineering than a linguistic flavour. This means that the reader should not expect a strict linguistic rigour. The various rules found have led to the formulation of a computer program labelled PHONEMIA, which is the first module of a complete text-to-speech transcription project. This program has also been used in dealing with the diphones encountered in Greek. © 1987.

SCOPUS_ID:84937597330

"Picture the scene⋯" visually summarising social media events

Due to the advent of social media and web 2.0, we are faced with a deluge of information; recently, research efforts have focused on filtering out noisy, irrelevant information items from social media streams and in particular have attempted to automatically identify and summarise events. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of such social media streams, these efforts have not reached fruition. In this paper, we investigate how images can be used as a source for summarising events. Existing approaches have considered only textual summaries which are often poorly written, in a different language and slow to digest. Alternatively, images are "worth 1,000 words" and are able to quickly & easily convey an idea or scene. Since images in social media can also be noisy, irrelevant & repetitive, we propose new techniques for their automatic selection, ranking and presentation. We evaluate our approach on a recently created social media event data set containing 365k tweets and 50 events, for which we extend by collecting 625k related images. By conducting two crowdsourced evaluations, we firstly show how our approach overcomes the problems of automatically collecting relevant and diverse images from noisy microblog data, before highlighting the advantages of multimedia summarisation over text based approaches.

SCOPUS_ID:84903478120

"Playing With Fire" in a Pre-Election Period: Newspaper Coverage of 2007 Wildfires in Greece

Newspaper coverage of 2007 wildfires in Greece was examined within a pre-election period. Interpretative repertoires are presented that were employed by two newspapers, each aligned to one of the two leading parliamentary parties at that time. Media discourse was framed within the emergency character of the fire suppression paradigm, while fire was mistreated as unexpected and "unnatural," namely, not integral to Mediterranean ecosystem dynamics. Depiction of the government focused on dealing with fire episodes and was marked by newspaper partisanship. This might have obscured the responsibility of political leadership to account for long-term rural socioeconomic trends, such as agricultural abandonment and rural depopulation, which might have added to fire hazard. Newspaper content was marked by the interpretative repertoire of "asymmetric threat," launched by the government to shape wildfires as the result of a supposed conspiracy plan and, thereby, to overcome blame for its failures. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

SCOPUS_ID:84874975617

"Please don't be Turk, be Greek, be Armenian": Agency and deixis across virtualized Turkish imagined community

This article presents a critical discourse analysis of a Twitter discussion between Turkish nationalists and liberals that revolves around the assassination of Hrant Dink, a journalist who is a Turkish citizen of Armenian descent. Within the exchange, both sides attempt to establish, contest, and challenge definitions of the nation, citizenship, religion, and agency. This interaction raises important questions regarding the nature of resistance, the sociolinguistic location of agency and dominance, and hegemony. The article analyzes linguistic aspects of online interaction and touches on practical consequences of confronting dominant discourses. Beyond linguistic and theoretical questions, this study offers insights into the social aspects of talk-back. © 2013 (Ali Ersen Erol).

SCOPUS_ID:84875550038

"Pluto Has Been a Planet My Whole Life!" Emotions, Attitudes, and Conceptual Change in Elementary Students' Learning about Pluto's Reclassification

Learning about certain scientific topics has potential to spark strong emotions among students. We investigated whether emotions predicted students' attitudes after engaging in independent rereading and/or rereading plus discussion about Pluto's reclassification. Fifth and sixth grade students read a refutation text on Pluto's reclassification. Participants were randomly assigned to either the reread independently or the reread plus discussion group. Results showed that students in both groups experienced attitude change and that change was sustained over time. Students reported experiencing more negative than positive emotions at pretest. Emotions, which became more positive after intervention, were predictive of students' attitudes and attitude change. Implications for the role of emotions when learning about controversial topics are discussed. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

SCOPUS_ID:84901444317

"Potential significate" and "prototype": Two answers to an analogous problem?

The Psychomechanics of language (PL) and Cognitive Linguistics both deal with the relationship between language and mind. This paper compares several aspects of PL (in particular the notions of potential significate and subduction) and of Rosch's Prototype Theory (PT) in regard to lexicon and categorization. The respective advantages and disadvantages of the two frameworks are discussed and evaluated. We will argue that the views under discussion are commensurable to the extent that they deal with the same kind of problem. However, as we will show, there is no equivalent to the notion of prototype in Guillaume's work, which still contains structuralist characteristics, whereas PT is unable to deal as efficiently as PL with some aspects of polysemy, mainly because of its psychological origin. By contrast, PT claims to reach into the structure of concepts, and therefore does not confine itself to the linguistic level. It also offers a more convincing account of interlexical relations. © SHESL.

SCOPUS_ID:17444394430

"Preciser what we are": Emily Dickinson's poems in translation. A study in literary pragmatics

This article argues for an analysis of poetry in translation taking into account phonology, syntax and semantics, and pragmatics. Some poems by Emily Dickinson in three Spanish translations have been analysed in order to show how rhythm and rhyme, grammatical indeterminacy and difficulties in interpretation have been dealt with by the translators. Pragmatics offers a powerful tool when analysing poetry, due to the fact that it accounts for elements that are not present "on the face" of the utterance, but have to be inferred. When a poem is read in the source language, such lines of inference cross-cut the phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels. One of the difficulties in translating poetry, which by definition lacks redundant clues for interpretation, lies in the conservation of such 'inference lines'. When inference triggers are absent and lines of inference are severed, interpretation is hampered. In the case of the translated poems by Emily Dickinson, the failure in preserving prosodic elements, lexical mistranslation, and syntactic oddity in the target language coexist with the elimination of inference triggers, to the extent of seriously impairing understanding of the poems. The main aim is to show how the different levels present in a poem interact to produce a certain effect, and how the reduction or elimination of one of them affects the other levels. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:27544432850

"Qualitative" methods of social research in France: Reconstructing the actor, deconstructing the subject

This contribution gives an overview of the numerous tendencies of open non-standardised social research in France. For various reasons, the label "qualitative" seems to be less distinctive than in the Anglo-Saxon world and Germany. While the interpretive-hermeneutic (verstehend) approaches have recently come to play a certain role as a result of international reception, a strong tradition that does not fit into the quantitative-qualitative divide has to be noted: discourse analysis which I will label "quasi-qualitative". A comparison between the interpretive-hermeneutic tendencies of qualitative sociology and the semiologically informed strands of discourse analysis reveals fundamental differences as well as points of convergence. © 2005 FQS.

SCOPUS_ID:85136299631

"Querido compadre; no podrá Ud. imajinarse el gram placer que tuvimos al recibir su cariñoza cartita". Pronoun and noun forms of address in private letters from the Saltpeter Pampa

In this article we have described and analyzed the use of pronoun and noun forms of address in a corpus of private letters written in the Saltpeter Pampa at the beginning of the 20th century. Our analysis integrates different theoretical models that explain the use and variation of address forms according to linguistic, sociopragmatic, discursive and stylistic factors. Our findings show the existence of a tripartite pronoun system including usted, tú and vos, which co-appear with noun adress forms integrated as deictic anchorage, and as reinforcement of the contact and type of relationship between adresser and adressee. Likewise, one of the most salient features in the corpus is pronoun alternation among tú/vos and tú/usted, especially in affective contexts. This interparadigmatic variation could be interpreted as a communicative strategy related with stylistic and emotional factors.

SCOPUS_ID:7044249317

"Questions" in argument sequences in Japanese

The present study reports on the use of a linguistic category "interrogative," which has been traditionally associated with the act of questioning, and its use in argument talk in Japanese. Based on the observation that interrogative utterances in argument data are regularly followed by non-answers, it is argued that interrogative utterances in argument sequences may not be designed/interpreted as doing questioning. Such use of interrogatives can become an orderly practice to which participants orient themselves in social activities recognizable as arguments. However, though an answer is not expected, the recipient invariably provides some form of response, or the initial speaker seeks such a response when none is provided. Thus the nature of interrogatives as a grammatical category seems to reside in the basic structural unit of social interaction [recipient-oriented action]-[response]. hi general, this study is intended to show the dynamically interlocking relationship between grammar and interaction by exploring the intricate interplay between a local action for which interrogative grammar is employed, and the sequential environment and activity framework in which the action takes place. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

SCOPUS_ID:85027957866

"Quick-chatting", "smart dogs", and how to "say without saying": Small talk and pragmatic learning in the community

In this paper we focus on the perspectives and practical needs of a group of adult immigrants from language backgrounds other than English as they encounter the pragmatic demands of communicating in the workplace and in the community. Drawing on a subset of data from a large-scale longitudinal study of recent adult immigrants with low levels of English, we explore what they notice about the pragmatics of communication in Australia and the sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic skills they need to 'fit in' and function successfully through English. The pragmatic issues they identify encompass a range of sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic issues not normally addressed in interlanguage research, including the importance of small talk and how to participate in it, the role and interpretation of informality and indirectness, different perceptions of sociability and the 'need to be nice', recognition of the need to be pragmatically flexible, and differences between the language taught in the classroom and that used every day in the community. We consider the implications for language classes in an ESL setting and suggest some activities designed to help immigrants prepare for the transition from classroom language learner to competent language user in the community.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00741v1

"Read My Lips": Using Automatic Text Analysis to Classify Politicians by Party and Ideology

The increasing digitization of political speech has opened the door to studying a new dimension of political behavior using text analysis. This work investigates the value of word-level statistical data from the US Congressional Record--which contains the full text of all speeches made in the US Congress--for studying the ideological positions and behavior of senators. Applying machine learning techniques, we use this data to automatically classify senators according to party, obtaining accuracy in the 70-95% range depending on the specific method used. We also show that using text to predict DW-NOMINATE scores, a common proxy for ideology, does not improve upon these already-successful results. This classification deteriorates when applied to text from sessions of Congress that are four or more years removed from the training set, pointing to a need on the part of voters to dynamically update the heuristics they use to evaluate party based on political speech. Text-based predictions are less accurate than those based on voting behavior, supporting the theory that roll-call votes represent greater commitment on the part of politicians and are thus a more accurate reflection of their ideological preferences. However, the overall success of the machine learning approaches studied here demonstrates that political speeches are highly predictive of partisan affiliation. In addition to these findings, this work also introduces the computational tools and methods relevant to the use of political speech data.

SCOPUS_ID:60149094040

"Reciprocity": An NSM approach to linguistic typology and social universals

This paper develops a semantic approach to the study of "reciprocity" - an area increasingly seen as central to linguistic typology. "Reciprocal" and "reflexive-reciprocal" constructions from five languages - English, Russian, Polish, French and Japanese - are analyzed in considerable detail. The different, though interrelated, meanings of these constructions are explicated, and the proposed explications are supported with linguistic evidence. The paper challenges current approaches which tend to lump formally and semantically distinct constructions under one arbitrary label such as "recip" and it seeks to show how linguistic typology can be transformed by joining forces with rigorous cross-linguistic semantics. It also challenges the Nijmegen School approach, which privileges extensionalist "video-clipping" over conceptual analysis. The analysis presented in the paper demonstrates the descriptive and explanatory power of the NSM methodology. The results achieved through semantic analysis are shown to be convergent with hypotheses about "shared intentionality" put forward by Michael Tomasello and colleagues in the context of evolutionary psychology, and to throw new light on social universals ("human sociality"). © John Benjamins Publishing Company.

SCOPUS_ID:80051902257

"Reported speech" and the relationship between linguistics and pragmatics

The article points out epistemological questions arising when one attempts to articulate the Bakhtinian conception of reported speech within the scholarly disciplines dealing with language. It focuses on the aspects that question the neo-positivist formulation of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics.

SCOPUS_ID:84876324858

"Republika Srpska will have a referendum": the rhetorical politics of Milorad Dodik

The theory and practice of referenda played an important role in the break-up of Yugoslavia, especially in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH), where two divisive referenda preceded the Bosnian War of 1992-1995. After the failure of constitutional reforms in April 2006, Milorad Dodik, then Republika Srpska's prime minister, suggested that Republika Srpska had the right to hold its own referendum, with separation from Bosnia an unstated (yet soon openly discussed) aspiration. This paper presents an account of the emergence of Republika Srpska referendum discourse and how it was articulated by Milorad Dodik to establish his SNSD party as the dominant force in Republika Srpska. It documents the dialogical context and rhetorical gambits used by Dodik to articulate the discourse, tracing how it evolved in response to regional events and elections. The paper concludes by considering the limits of interpreting Dodik as a demagogue and of a discourse-centered approach to political rhetoric. © 2013 Copyright Association for the Study of Nationalities.

SCOPUS_ID:84903616077

"School" text of the XIX century: A.P. Chekhov

The article deals with the peculiarities of depiction of "school" in the creative work of the most outstanding author of Russian literature of the end of XIX century - A.P. Chekhov. It is shown that A.P. Chekhov, as distinct from such authors of the XIX century, as N.G. Pomyalovsky, F.M. Dostoevsky, N.G. Gagarin-Mikhailovsky, depicted all, what happened in the educational institution, not from the viewpoint of students, but in the outlook of the character-teacher: the school becomes the sphere, where the personality of many characters is revealed. The analysis of stories "The Teacher", "The Teacher of Literature", "The Man, who Keeps Himself in a Cotton Wool", the play "Three Sisters" helps to reveal negative dominating pathos in Chekhov's depiction of school. Stable component of "school" text, the opposition "school-house" supplements the creation of the image of pre-revolutionary school, as a space of bondage, in the creative work of the classicist. It is underlined, that Chekhov continues the tendency, which clearly outlined in the literature of the XIX century, to depict school negatively.

SCOPUS_ID:82455237263

"Schwedis he can't even say Swedish"-subverting and reproducing institutionalized norms for language use in multilingual peer groups

The present study explores how minority schoolchildren in multilingual peer group interactions act upon dominant educational and linguistic ideologies as they organize their everyday emerging peer culture. The data draw from ethnographies combined with detailed analysis (CA) of video recordings in two primary monolingual school settings in Sweden. Bakhtin's processual view of how linguistic norms are used for overcoming the heteroglossia of language is used as a framework for understanding how monolingualism is talked-into-being in multilingual peer groups. As will be demonstrated, the children recurrently participate in corrective practices in which they playfully exploit multiple linguistic resources (syntactic, lexical and phonetic features) and the turn structure of varied activities (conflicts, accusations, insults, classroom discourse) to play with and consolidate a collective critical view of not-knowing correct Swedish. Moreover, they transform faulty talk (repeating structural elements, recycling arguments, using parodic imitations, joint laughter, code-switching) to display their language competence, assert powerful positions and strengthen alliances in the peer group. It is argued that such forms of playful heteroglossic peer group practices are highly ambiguous and paradoxically tend to enforce power hierarchies and values associated with different social languages and codes, thus co-constructing the monolingual ideology.

SCOPUS_ID:51349167363

"Selbstbewusst" und "stolz". Das außenpolitische vokabular der berliner republik als fährte einer neuorientierung

The article sketches a newly developed analytical approach ("vocabulary analysis") inspired by philosophy of language. Without engaging in the debate as to whether Germany's foreign policy is best characterised either in terms of continuity or change, the article reconstructs the development of the German foreign policy practice between 1986 and 2002 on the basis of the foreign policy elite's discourse. In an exemplary fashion it illustrates the use of the key concepts Germany, Europe, power, responsibility, self-confidence and pride. We conclude that vocabulary analysis reveals astonishing shifts in the semantic web of which German foreign policy discourse is "woven" - shifts which will also leave traces in Germany's foreign policy identity.

SCOPUS_ID:42749088092

"She is just stupid"-Analyzing user-agent interactions in emotional game situations

A multiplayer dice game was realized which is played by two users and one embodied conversational agent. During the game, the players have to lie to each other to win the game and the longer the game commences the more probable it is that someone is lying, which creates highly emotional situations. We ran a number of evaluation studies with the system. The specific setting allows us to compare user-user interactions directly with user-agent interactions in the same game. So far, the users' gaze behavior and the users' verbal behavior towards one another and towards the agent have been analyzed. Gaze and verbal behavior towards the agent partly resembles patterns found in the literature for human-human interactions, partly the behavior deviates from these observations and could be interpreted as rude or impolite like continuous staring, insulting, or talking about the agent. For most of these seemingly abusive behaviors, a more thorough analysis reveals that they are either acceptable or present some interesting insights for improving the interaction design between users and embodied conversational agents. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

SCOPUS_ID:84876449394

"She speaks as if she really were Czech": The construction of nationality/ethnicity in children's speech

In focus groups, ninth graders from ethnically and nationally diverse classrooms (Vietnamese, Ukrainian/Russian, Roma) discussed in-class relationships among the different groups. My analysis combines discursive methods of conversation analysis and interpretive repertoires (Wetherell) in order to understand the ways in which nationality and ethnicity are constructed. Three key topics emerge: (1) language as a tool of inclusion and exclusion; (2) the construction of in-groups and out-groups; and (3) culture as it is construed in the context of sameness/difference. I argue that speakers identify mastery of the majority language as the main tool of inclusion while the native tongue remains a marker of the "essential truth" of one's identity. While attempting to be included in the in-group, nationally/ethnically "Others" mobilize discursive strategies of their normality and similarity to the majority. The "natives" deploy discourses of individualization in order to position themselves as tolerant individuals while at the same time identifying the "good" and "bad" individuals of "other" ethnicities and nationalities. Culture as well as biology serves to explicate the differences between people. An interesting discursive space is opened by the category of the psychic "interior" which might be used to think of similarities and equality of all.