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cj07

cj07 |@word poynting:5 robertson:6 effect:8 1937:1 wyatt:1 whipple:6 1950:1 retardation:1 orbital:2 motion:2 particle:18 relativistic:1 aberration:1 repulsive:2 force:3 impinge:1 solar:7 radiation:6 cause:6 dust:15 spiral:2 sun:8 time:7 much:4 short:1 age:1 earth:22 radial:1 velocity:8 vary:3 inversely:2 size:8 diameter:2 near:5 orbit:10 mars:1 would:4 reach:3 60:1 million:2 year:2 1955:3 extend:1 include:1 corpuscular:3 pressure:3 increase:7 minimum:1 drag:1 wind:1 proton:1 must:4 sputter:1 away:1 surface:3 atom:1 slow:1 diminution:1 resultant:1 ratio:1 gravitational:2 semi:3 major:2 axis:2 diminish:1 rapidly:1 minor:1 axi:1 consequent:1 tendency:1 toward:2 circular:3 move:1 also:6 planetary:1 attraction:1 concentration:5 plane:2 ecliptic:2 approach:1 one:9 astronomical:1 unit:3 distance:4 probably:1 nearly:1 case:2 within:1 af:25 relative:1 kinetic:2 energy:4 less:7 potential:1 capture:2 de:1 jager:1 calculate:2 require:1 atmosphere:3 influence:1 become:1 eccentric:1 without:1 change:2 give:10 rise:1 blanket:3 micrometeorite:13 around:2 since:2 continual:2 loss:1 micrometeoritic:2 material:10 space:9 replenishment:1 otherwise:1 disappear:1 interplanetary:3 several:3 possible:2 source:4 accord:1 cometary:1 debris:1 sufficient:1 replenish:1 maintain:1 fairly:1 steady:1 state:1 asteroidal:1 collision:1 think:1 contribute:2 vicinity:1 originate:1 meteoritic:6 impact:11 upon:2 moon:1 direct:3 measurement:2 flux:20 make:1 satisfactory:1 guess:1 even:2 neighborhood:2 information:4 obtain:6 directly:2 indirectly:1 derive:11 value:6 least:1 four:2 order:4 magnitude:13 large:8 discrepancy:1 demonstrate:1 inadequacy:1 experimental:2 method:1 lack:1 understanding:1 various:1 phenomenon:2 involve:1 beyond:1 kilometer:1 still:2 region:5 prediction:1 unreliable:2 great:6 situation:1 certain:1 evidence:6 environment:2 rocket:2 satellite:3 equip:1 sensor:7 addition:1 distribution:7 visual:5 radar:5 observation:2 meteor:6 may:7 extrapolate:3 domain:1 brightness:2 f:1 component:2 corona:1 zodiacal:2 light:3 estimate:7 spatial:1 another:1 important:1 recently:1 receive:1 attention:1 analysis:2 atmospheric:1 core:1 deep:2 sea:2 sediment:3 content:3 collector:1 remote:2 valuable:1 category:1 datum:15 provide:2 measure:2 total:3 mass:24 cosmic:1 incident:4 piezoelectric:2 essentially:1 microphone:2 wire:1 gage:1 instrument:2 instal:1 probe:3 statistically:1 significant:1 collect:3 1958:9 alpha:5 explorer:1 1:4 delta:2 2:2 sputnik:1 3:2 1959:5 eta:4 vanguard:1 vehicle:3 sensitive:5 area:2 long:1 enough:1 reliable:2 rate:7 period:2 exposure:2 many:3 small:6 product:1 153:2 event:3 dubin:1 1960:5 threshold:7 detector:3 calibration:2 assumed:1 show:1 daily:1 diurnal:3 variation:4 ninety:1 per:5 cent:3 record:2 occur:2 midnight:1 noon:1 day:7 conclude:1 detected:1 concentrate:1 stream:2 intersect:1 contradictory:1 report:1 quote:2 believe:2 15:1 next:3 two:2 nine:1 nazarova:1 first:1 indicate:4 high:4 lead:1 preliminary:1 average:4 masse:3 1000:1 lagow:1 alexander:1 factor:3 yet:1 analyze:1 note:2 fifth:2 assume:3 curve:1 relate:3 radius:4 inverse:2 power:2 yield:1 little:1 pioneer:1 decrease:3 basis:3 11:1 count:2 9:1 hour:1 three:1 interval:1 base:4 second:1 third:2 russian:3 detect:1 result:2 dubious:1 validity:1 term:1 parameter:1 uncertain:1 worker:1 response:1 proportional:3 momentum:7 relation:1 deduce:1 laboratory:1 linearly:2 however:2 expect:3 vaporization:1 ejection:2 hypervelocity:1 deviation:1 linear:1 relationship:2 united:1 states:1 calibrate:1 drop:1 sphere:3 experimenter:1 claim:1 fraction:2 impulse:1 remainder:1 eject:1 apparatus:1 40:1 difference:1 arrangement:1 attach:1 skin:2 isolate:1 assumption:4 mean:1 work:2 correspond:1 density:6 conversion:2 photographic:2 fluffy:1 loosely:1 bind:1 meteorite:8 structure:1 low:2 extent:1 apply:2 unknown:1 use:4 open:1 question:1 substantial:1 mention:1 gegenschein:1 trend:1 visible:1 observe:1 partly:1 due:1 dependence:1 sensitivity:1 extrapolation:3 summary:1 prepare:1 table:3 5:2 25:1 g:2 zero:2 except:1 remain:1 system:1 presence:1 number:2 accordance:1 opinion:1 range:3 constant:1 agree:1 figure:5 last:2 column:2 50:1 shielding:1 hence:1 immediately:1 unshielded:1 constitute:1 good:2 course:1 scale:4 previously:1 example:1 jacchia:1 1948:1 old:1 theoretical:1 efficiency:1 glowing:1 trail:2 transfer:1 permit:1 calculation:1 know:1 cook:1 fifteenth:2 manning:1 eshleman:1 thirtieth:1 cover:1 approximate:1 equation:1 n:2 electron:1 line:1 equal:1 q:1 therefore:1 cube:1 fair:1 agreement:1 twenty:1 error:2 reason:1 observational:1 determine:1 magnify:1 extension:1 associate:1 effectiveness:1 modify:1 limit:1 micron:1 suggest:1 part:1 indirect:1 indication:1 accretion:2 pettersson:1 reduce:1 spherule:1 ablate:1 passage:1 nickel:2 terrestrial:1 determination:1 influx:1 present:1 ton:1 entire:1 globe:1

The/at Poynting-Robertson/np effect/nn (/( Robertson/np ,/, 1937/cd ;/. ;/. Wyatt/np and/cc Whipple/np ,/, 1950/cd )/) ,/, which/wdt is/bez a/at retardation/nn of/in the/at orbital/jj motion/nn of/in particles/nns by/in the/at relativistic/jj aberration/nn of/in the/at repulsive/jj force/nn of/in the/at impinging/vbg solar/jj radiation/nn ,/, causes/vbz the/at dust/nn to/to spiral/vb into/in the/at sun/nn in/in times/nns much/ql shorter/jjr than/cs the/at age/nn of/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ./. The/at radial/jj velocity/nn varies/vbz inversely/rb as/cs the/at particle/nn size/nn --/-- a/at 1000-m-diameter/nn particle/nn near/in the/at orbit/nn of/in Mars/np would/md reach/vb the/at sun/nn in/in about/rb 60/cd million/cd years/nns ./. Whipple/np (/( 1955/cd )/) extends/vbz the/at effects/nns to/to include/vb the/at solar-corpuscular-radiation/nn pressure/nn ,/, which/wdt increases/vbz both/abx the/at minimum/jj particle/nn size/nn and/cc the/at drag/nn ./. Further/rbr ,/, the/at corpuscular/jj radiation/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, the/at solar-wind/nn protons/nns ,/, must/md sputter/vb away/rb the/at surface/jj atoms/nns of/in the/at dust/nn and/cc cause/vb a/at slow/jj diminution/nn in/in size/nn ,/, with/in a/at resultant/jj increase/nn in/in both/abx the/at Poynting-Robertson/np effect/nn and/cc the/at ratio/nn of/in the/at repulsive/jj force/nn to/in the/at gravitational/jj force/nn ./. The/at Poynting-Robertson/np effect/nn causes/vbz the/at semi-major/jj axis/nn of/in orbits/nns to/to diminish/vb more/ql rapidly/rb than/cs the/at semi-minor/jj axis/nn ,/, with/in a/at consequent/jj tendency/nn toward/in circular/jj orbits/nns as/cs the/at particles/nns move/vb toward/in the/at sun/nn ./. Also/rb ,/, planetary/jj gravitational/jj attraction/nn increases/vbz the/at dust/nn concentration/nn near/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at ecliptic/nn as/cs the/at sun/nn is/bez approached/vbn ./. At/in one/cd astronomical/jj unit/nn from/in the/at sun/nn (/( the/at Earth's/nn$-tl distance/nn )/) the/at dust/nn orbits/nns are/ber probably/rb nearly/ql circular/jj ./. If/cs such/jj is/bez the/at case/nn ,/, the/at particles/nns within/in a/at distance/nn of/in about/rb Af/nn of/in the/at Earth/nn-tl will/md have/hv ,/, relative/jj to/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ,/, a/at kinetic/jj energy/nn less/ap than/cs their/pp$ potential/jj energy/nn and/cc they/ppss will/md be/be captured/vbn into/in orbits/nns about/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ./. De/np Jager/np (/( 1955/cd )/) has/hvz calculated/vbn the/at times/nns required/vbn for/in these/dts particles/nns to/to reach/vb the/at atmosphere/nn under/in the/at influence/nn of/in the/at Poynting-Robertson/np effect/nn ,/, which/wdt in/in this/dt case/nn causes/vbz the/at orbits/nns to/to become/vb more/ql and/cc more/ql eccentric/jj without/in changing/vbg the/at semi-major/jj axis/nn ./. This/dt effect/nn can/md give/vb rise/nn to/in a/at blanket/nn of/in micrometeorites/nns around/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ./. Since/cs there/ex is/bez a/at continual/jj loss/nn of/in micrometeoritic/jj material/nn in/in space/nn because/rb of/in the/at radiation/nn effects/nns ,/, there/ex must/md be/be a/at continual/jj replenishment/nn :/: otherwise/rb ,/, micrometeorites/nns would/md have/hv disappeared/vbn from/in interplanetary/jj space/nn ./. There/ex are/ber several/ap possible/jj sources/nns ./. According/in to/in Whipple/np (/( 1955/cd )/) ,/, cometary/jj debris/nn is/bez sufficient/jj to/to replenish/vb the/at material/nn spiraling/vbg into/in the/at sun/nn ,/, maintaining/vbg a/at fairly/ql steady/jj state/nn ./. Asteroidal/jj collisions/nns are/ber also/rb thought/vbn to/to contribute/vb material/nn ./. It/pps is/bez also/rb possible/jj that/cs some/dti of/in the/at dust/nn in/in the/at vicinity/nn of/in the/at Earth/nn-tl originated/vbd from/in meteoritic/jj impacts/nns upon/in the/at moon/nn ./. 5.3/cd-hl direct/jj-hl measurements/nns-hl of/in-hl micrometeorite/nn-hl flux/nn-hl One/pn cannot/md* make/vb a/at very/ql satisfactory/jj guess/nn about/in the/at micrometeorite/nn flux/nn in/in space/nn ./. Even/rb in/in the/at neighborhood/nn of/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb information/nn has/hvz been/ben obtained/vbn both/abx directly/rb and/cc indirectly/rb ,/, the/at derived/vbn flux/nn values/nns vary/vb by/in at/in least/ap four/cd orders/nns of/in magnitude/nn ./. This/dt large/jj discrepancy/nn demonstrates/vbz the/at inadequacies/nns of/in the/at experimental/jj methods/nns and/cc the/at lack/nn of/in understanding/nn of/in the/at various/ap phenomena/nns involved/vbn ./. Beyond/in a/at few/ap million/cd kilometers/nns from/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ,/, but/cc still/rb in/in the/at region/nn of/in the/at Earth's/nn$-tl orbit/nn ,/, a/at prediction/nn of/in the/at flux/nn of/in dust/nn is/bez even/ql more/ql unreliable/jj ./. At/in greater/jjr distances/nns from/in the/at sun/nn ,/, the/at situation/nn is/bez still/rb less/ql certain/jj ./. There/ex are/ber several/ap sources/nns of/in evidence/nn on/in the/at micrometeorite/nn environment/nn ./. Direct/jj information/nn has/hvz been/ben obtained/vbn from/in rockets/nns and/cc satellites/nns equipped/vbn with/in impact/nn sensors/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at size/nn distribution/nn obtained/vbn from/in visual/jj and/cc radar/nn observations/nns of/in meteors/nns may/md be/be extrapolated/vbn to/in the/at micrometeorite/nn domain/nn ./. From/in the/at brightness/nn of/in the/at F/nn component/nn of/in the/at solar/jj corona/nn and/cc the/at brightness/nn of/in the/at zodiacal/jj light/nn ,/, an/at estimate/nn of/in the/at particle/nn sizes/nns ,/, concentrations/nns ,/, and/cc spatial/jj distribution/nn can/md be/be derived/vbn for/in regions/nns of/in space/nn near/in the/at ecliptic/nn plane/nn ./. Another/dt important/jj source/nn of/in evidence/nn only/rb recently/rb receiving/vbg much/ap attention/nn is/bez the/at analysis/nn of/in atmospheric/jj dust/nn for/in a/at meteoritic/jj component/nn ./. The/at cores/nns of/in deep-sea/jj sediments/nns and/cc content/nn of/in collectors/nns in/in remote/jj regions/nns are/ber valuable/jj in/in this/dt category/nn ./. The/at data/nns provide/vb a/at measure/nn of/in the/at total/jj mass/nn of/in cosmic/jj material/nn incident/jj upon/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ./. The/at direct/jj evidence/nn on/in the/at micrometeorite/nn environment/nn near/in the/at Earth/nn-tl is/bez obtained/vbn from/in piezoelectric/jj sensors/nns (/( essentially/rb microphones/nns )/) and/cc from/in wire/nn gages/nns ;/. ;/. these/dts instruments/nns are/ber installed/vbn on/in rockets/nns ,/, satellites/nns ,/, and/cc space/nn probes/nns ./. Statistically/rb ,/, the/at most/ql significant/jj data/nns have/hv been/ben collected/vbn from/in the/at sensors/nns on/in 1958/cd Alpha/np (/( Explorer/nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ,/, 1958/cd Delta/np 2/cd (/( Sputnik/nn-tl 3/cd )/) ,/, and/cc 1959/cd Eta/np (/( Vanguard/nn-tl 3/cd )/) ./. These/dts vehicles/nns ,/, with/in large/jj sensitive/jj areas/nns ,/, have/hv collected/vbn data/nn for/in long/jj enough/qlp times/nns to/to give/vb reliable/jj impact/nn rates/nns for/in the/at periods/nns of/in exposure/nn ./. Many/ap other/ap vehicles/nns with/in smaller/jjr sensitive-area/nn exposure-time/nn products/nns contribute/vb some/dti information/nn ./. The/at impact/nn rate/nn on/in 1958/cd Alpha/np for/in 153/cd events/nns was/bedz Af/nn for/in particles/nns of/in mass/nn greater/jjr than/cs Af/nn (/( Dubin/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) ;/. ;/. this/dt mass/nn threshold/nn was/bedz derived/vbn from/in the/at detector/nn calibration/nn and/cc an/at assumed/vbn impact/nn velocity/nn of/in Af/nn ./. The/at data/nns show/vb daily/jj and/cc diurnal/jj variations/nns ./. Ninety/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at 153/cd recorded/vbn impacts/nns occurred/vbd between/in midnight/nn and/cc noon/nn ,/, and/cc from/in day/nn to/in day/nn the/at variation/nn of/in the/at rate/nn was/bedz as/ql much/ap as/cs an/at order/nn of/in magnitude/nn ./. One/pn may/md conclude/vb that/cs most/ap of/in the/at detected/vbn micrometeoritic/jj material/nn is/bez concentrated/vbn in/in orbital/jj streams/nns which/wdt intersect/vb the/at Earth's/nn$-tl orbit/nn ./. There/ex have/hv been/ben contradictory/jj reports/nns from/in 1958/cd Delta/np 2/cd ,/, and/cc the/at data/nns quoted/vbn here/rb are/ber believed/vbn to/to be/be the/at more/ql reliable/jj ./. On/in May/np 15/cd ,/, a/at very/ql large/jj increase/nn occurred/vbd with/in Af/nn of/in mass/nn between/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ;/. ;/. for/in the/at next/ap two/cd days/nns ,/, the/at impact/nn rate/nn was/bedz Af/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc for/in the/at next/ap nine/cd days/nns ,/, the/at impact/nn rate/nn was/bedz less/ap than/in Af/nn (/( Nazarova/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) ./. The/at data/nns for/in the/at first/od day/nn indicate/vb a/at meteor/nn stream/nn with/in a/at very/ql high/jj concentration/nn of/in particles/nns and/cc may/md have/hv led/vbn to/in the/at high/jj estimates/nns of/in micrometeorite/nn flux/nn ./. Preliminary/jj data/nns from/in 1959/cd Eta/np give/vb an/at average/jj impact/nn rate/nn of/in Af/nn for/in masses/nns larger/jjr than/cs Af/nn for/in about/rb 1000/cd events/nns in/in a/at 22-day/jj period/nn (/( LaGow/np and/cc Alexander/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) ./. The/at day-to-day/jj rate/nn varied/vbd by/in less/ap than/cs a/at factor/nn of/in 4.5/cd ./. The/at data/nns have/hv not/* yet/rb been/ben analyzed/vbn for/in diurnal/jj variations/nns ./. Note/vb that/cs the/at mass/nn threshold/nn is/bez four/cd times/nns that/dt of/in 1958/cd Alpha/np and/cc that/cs the/at flux/nn is/bez one/cd fifth/od as/cs large/jj ./. If/cs one/pn assumes/vbz that/cs the/at average/jj flux/nn did/dod not/* change/vb between/in measurements/nns ,/, a/at mass-distribution/nn curve/nn is/bez obtained/vbn which/wdt relates/vbz the/at flux/nn of/in particles/nns larger/jjr than/cs a/at given/vbn radius/nn to/in the/at inverse/jj 7/2/cd power/nn of/in the/at radius/nn ./. Space/nn probes/nns have/hv yielded/vbn little/ap information/nn ./. Pioneer/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, recorded/vbd a/at decrease/nn in/in flux/nn with/in distance/nn from/in the/at Earth/nn-tl on/in the/at basis/nn of/in 11/cd counts/nns in/in 9/cd hours/nns ./. With/in detectors/nns sensitive/jj to/in three/cd mass/nn intervals/nns and/cc based/vbn on/in a/at few/ap counts/nns ,/, the/at second/od and/cc third/od Russian/jj space/nn probes/nns indicate/vb that/cs the/at flux/nn of/in the/at smallest/jjt particles/nns detected/vbn is/bez less/ap than/cs that/dt of/in larger/jjr ones/nns ./. Being/beg based/vbn on/in so/ql few/ap events/nns ,/, these/dts results/nns are/ber of/in dubious/jj validity/nn ./. The/at calibration/nn of/in piezoelectric/jj sensors/nns in/in terms/nns of/in the/at particle/nn parameters/nns is/bez very/ql uncertain/jj ./. Many/ap workers/nns believe/vb that/cs the/at response/nn is/bez proportional/jj to/in the/at incident/jj momentum/nn of/in the/at particles/nns ,/, a/at relation/nn deduced/vbn from/in laboratory/nn results/nns linearly/rb extrapolated/vbn to/in meteoritic/jj velocities/nns ./. However/rb ,/, one/pn must/md expect/vb that/cs vaporization/nn and/cc ejection/nn of/in material/nn by/in hypervelocity/nn impacts/nns would/md cause/vb a/at deviation/nn from/in a/at linear/jj relationship/nn ./. In/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, most/ap of/in the/at sensors/nns are/ber calibrated/vbn by/in dropping/vbg small/jj spheres/nns on/in their/pp$ sensitive/jj surfaces/nns ./. The/at Russian/np experimenters/nns claim/vb that/cs only/rb a/at small/jj fraction/nn of/in the/at impulse/nn from/in the/at sensors/nns is/bez caused/vbn by/in the/at incident/jj momentum/nn with/in the/at remainder/nn being/beg momentum/nn of/in ejected/vbn material/nn from/in the/at sensor/nn ./. This/dt ``/`` ejection/nn ''/'' momentum/nn is/bez linearly/rb related/vbn to/in the/at particle/nn energy/nn ./. They/ppss quote/vb about/rb the/at same/ap mass/nn threshold/nn as/cs that/dt of/in the/at U.S./np apparatus/nn ,/, but/cc a/at momentum/nn threshold/nn about/rb 40/cd times/nns greater/jjr ./. There/ex is/bez a/at difference/nn in/in the/at experimental/jj arrangement/nn ,/, in/in that/cs the/at U.S./np microphones/nns are/ber attached/vbn directly/rb to/in the/at vehicle/nn skin/nn while/cs the/at Russian/jj instruments/nns are/ber isolated/vbn from/in the/at skin/nn ./. The/at threshold/nn mass/nn is/bez derived/vbn from/in the/at momentum/nn threshold/nn with/in the/at assumption/nn of/in a/at mean/jj impact/nn velocity/nn of/in Af/nn in/in the/at U.S./np work/nn and/cc Af/nn in/in the/at U.S.S.R./np work/nn ./. The/at threshold/nn mass/nn of/in about/rb Af/nn corresponds/vbz to/in a/at 10-M-diameter/nn sphere/nn of/in density/nn Af/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at conversion/nn from/in mass/nn to/in size/nn is/bez unreliable/jj ,/, since/cs many/ap photographic/jj meteors/nns give/vb evidence/nn of/in a/at fluffy/jj ,/, loosely/rb bound/vbn meteorite/nn structure/nn with/in densities/nns as/ql low/jj as/cs Af/nn ./. To/in what/wdt extent/nn such/ql low/jj density/nn applies/vbz to/in micrometeorites/nns is/bez unknown/jj ./. The/at velocity/nn value/nn used/vbn is/bez also/rb open/jj to/in some/dti question/nn ;/. ;/. if/cs a/at substantial/jj fraction/nn of/in the/at dust/nn is/bez orbiting/vbg about/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ,/, only/rb about/rb one/cd third/od the/at above-mentioned/jj average/jj velocity/nn should/md be/be used/vbn in/in deriving/vbg the/at mass/nn ./. Zodiacal/jj light/nn and/cc the/at gegenschein/fw-nn give/vb some/dti evidence/nn for/in such/abl a/at dust/nn blanket/nn ,/, a/at phenomenon/nn also/rb to/to be/be expected/vbn if/cs the/at dust/nn before/in capture/nn is/bez in/in circular/jj orbits/nns about/in the/at sun/nn ,/, as/cs indicated/vbn by/in the/at trend/nn of/in the/at smaller/jjr visible/jj meteors/nns ./. The/at diurnal/jj variation/nn in/in the/at observed/vbn flux/nn may/md be/be partly/rb due/jj to/in the/at dependence/nn of/in the/at detector/nn sensitivity/nn on/in the/at incident/jj velocity/nn ./. The/at flux/nn of/in micrometeorites/nns in/in the/at neighborhood/nn of/in the/at Earth/nn-tl can/md be/be estimated/vbn by/in extrapolation/nn from/in radar/nn and/cc visual/jj meteor/nn data/nn ./. A/at summary/nn of/in meteorite/nn data/nn ,/, prepared/vbn by/in Whipple/np (/( 1958/cd )/) on/in the/at basis/nn of/in photographic/jj ,/, visual/jj ,/, and/cc radar/nn evidence/nn ,/, is/bez given/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 5-1/cd-tl ./. From/in an/at estimated/vbn mass/nn of/in 25/cd g/nn for/in a/at zero-magnitude/nn meteorite/nn ,/, the/at other/ap masses/nns are/ber derived/vbn with/in the/at assumption/nn of/in a/at mass/nn decrease/nn by/in a/at factor/nn of/in 2.512/cd for/in each/dt unit/nn increase/nn in/in magnitude/nn ./. The/at radius/nn is/bez calculated/vbn from/in the/at mass/nn by/in assuming/vbg spheres/nns of/in density/nn Af/nn except/in for/in the/at smallest/jjt particles/nns ,/, which/wdt must/md have/hv a/at higher/jjr mass/nn density/nn to/to remain/vb in/in the/at solar/jj system/nn in/in the/at presence/nn of/in solar-radiation/nn pressure/nn ./. The/at flux/nn values/nns are/ber for/in all/abn particles/nns with/in masses/nns greater/jjr than/cs the/at given/vbn mass/nn and/cc are/ber based/vbn on/in an/at estimate/nn of/in the/at numbers/nns of/in visual/jj meteors/nns ./. It/pps is/bez assumed/vbn that/cs the/at flux/nn values/nns increase/vb by/in a/at factor/nn of/in 2.512/cd per/in magnitude/nn ,/, in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at opinion/nn that/cs the/at total/jj mass/nn flux/nn in/in each/dt unit/nn range/nn in/in magnitude/nn is/bez constant/jj ./. The/at values/nns agree/vb with/in the/at data/nns from/in 1958/cd Alpha/np and/cc 1959/cd Eta/np ./. The/at figures/nns in/in the/at next-to-last/ap column/nn are/ber derived/vbn with/in the/at assumption/nn of/in 50/cd per/in cent/nn shielding/nn by/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ;/. ;/. hence/rb ,/, these/dts figures/nns apply/vb immediately/ql above/in the/at Earth's/nn$-tl atmosphere/nn ./. The/at unshielded/jj flux/nn is/bez given/vbn in/in the/at last/ap column/nn ;/. ;/. these/dts figures/nns constitute/vb the/at best/jjt estimate/nn for/in the/at flux/nn in/in interplanetary/jj space/nn near/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, if/cs there/ex is/bez a/at dust/nn blanket/nn around/in the/at Earth/nn-tl ,/, the/at fluxes/nns in/in interplanetary/jj space/nn should/md be/be less/ap than/cs the/at figures/nns given/vbn here/rb ./. Note/vb that/cs the/at mass/nn scale/nn is/bez one/cd to/in two/cd orders/nns of/in magnitude/nn greater/jjr than/cs some/dti previously/rb used/vbn ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn ,/, Jacchia/np (/( 1948/cd )/) derived/vbn a/at scale/nn of/in 0.15/cd g/nn for/in a/at Af/nn ,/, zero-magnitude/nn meteorite/nn ./. The/at older/jjr scales/nns were/bed based/vbn on/in theoretical/jj estimates/nns of/in the/at conversion/nn efficiency/nn of/in kinetic/jj energy/nn into/in light/nn ./. The/at mass/nn scale/nn used/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 5-1/cd-tl was/bedz derived/vbn on/in the/at assumption/nn that/cs the/at motion/nn of/in the/at glowing/vbg trail/nn is/bez related/vbn to/in the/at momentum/nn transfer/nn to/in the/at trail/nn by/in the/at meteorite/nn ,/, permitting/vbg the/at calculation/nn of/in the/at mass/nn if/cs the/at velocity/nn is/bez known/vbn (/( Cook/np and/cc Whipple/np ,/, 1958/cd )/) ./. A/at concentration/nn distribution/nn has/hvz been/ben derived/vbn from/in radar/nn observations/nns sensitive/jj to/in the/at fifteenth/od magnitude/nn (/( Manning/np and/cc Eshleman/np ,/, 1959/cd )/) ./. Extrapolation/nn of/in this/dt relationship/nn through/in the/at thirtieth/od magnitude/nn covers/vbz the/at range/nn of/in micrometeorites/nns ./. The/at approximate/jj equation/nn is/bez Af/nn ,/, where/wrb N/np is/bez the/at number/nn of/in Af/nn with/in electron/nn line-density/nn greater/jjr than/cs or/cc equal/jj to/in Af/nn ,/, and/cc Q/np is/bez proportional/jj to/in the/at mass/nn of/in the/at meteorite/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, N/np is/bez inversely/rb proportional/jj to/in the/at radius/nn cubed/vbn and/cc in/in fair/jj agreement/nn with/in the/at inverse/jj 7/2/cd power/nn derived/vbn from/in 1958/cd Alpha/np and/cc 1959/cd Eta/np data/nns ./. At/in the/at fifteenth/od magnitude/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, and/cc at/in the/at twenty-fifth/od magnitude/nn ,/, Af/nn ./. These/dts extrapolated/vbn fluxes/nns are/ber about/rb an/at order/nn of/in magnitude/nn less/ap than/cs the/at values/nns from/in the/at satellite/nn data/nn and/cc the/at figures/nns in/in Whipple's/np$ table/nn ./. The/at extrapolation/nn may/md be/be in/in error/nn for/in several/ap reasons/nns ./. The/at observational/jj data/nns determining/vbg the/at concentration/nn distribution/nn have/hv a/at range/nn of/in error/nn which/wdt is/bez magnified/vbn in/in the/at extension/nn into/in the/at micrometeorite/nn region/nn ./. The/at solar-electromagnetic-/jj and/cc corpuscular-radiation/nn pressure/nn and/cc the/at associated/vbn Poynting-Robertson/np effect/nn increase/vb in/in effectiveness/nn as/cs the/at particle/nn size/nn decreases/vbz and/cc modify/vb the/at distribution/nn and/cc limit/vb sizes/nns to/in larger/jjr than/cs a/at few/ap microns/nns ./. Also/rb ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben suggested/vbn that/cs the/at source/nn of/in all/abn or/cc part/nn of/in the/at dust/nn may/md not/* be/be the/at same/ap as/cs that/dt for/in visual/jj or/cc radar/nn meteorites/nns (/( Best/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) ,/, and/cc the/at same/ap distribution/nn would/md not/* be/be expected/vbn ./. 5.4/cd-hl ./.-hl Indirect/jj-hl indications/nns-hl of/in-hl micrometeorite/nn-hl flux/nn-hl A/at measure/nn of/in the/at total/jj mass/nn accretion/nn of/in meteoritic/jj material/nn by/in the/at Earth/nn-tl is/bez obtained/vbn from/in analyses/nns of/in deep-sea/jj sediments/nns and/cc dust/nn collected/vbn in/in remote/jj regions/nns (/( Pettersson/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) ./. Most/ap meteoritic/jj material/nn ,/, by/in the/at time/nn it/pps reaches/vbz the/at Earth's/nn$-tl surface/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben reduced/vbn to/in dust/nn or/cc to/in spherules/nns of/in ablated/vbn material/nn in/in its/pp$ passage/nn through/in the/at atmosphere/nn ./. For/in all/abn meteorites/nns ,/, the/at average/jj nickel/nn content/nn is/bez about/rb 2.5/cd per/in cent/nn ./. This/dt is/bez much/ql higher/jjr than/cs the/at nickel/nn content/nn of/in terrestrial/jj dusts/nns and/cc sediments/nns and/cc provides/vbz a/at basis/nn for/in the/at determination/nn of/in the/at meteoritic/jj mass/nn influx/nn ./. Present/jj data/nns indicate/vb an/at accretion/nn of/in about/rb Af/nn tons/nns per/in year/nn over/in the/at entire/jj globe/nn ,/, or/cc about/rb Af/nn ./.

cj08

cj08 |@word biological:11 warfare:3 intentional:1 use:5 living:1 microorganism:3 toxic:3 product:4 purpose:3 destroy:2 reduce:1 military:5 effectiveness:2 man:4 exploitation:1 inherent:1 potential:2 infectious:11 disease:10 agent:21 scientific:1 research:3 development:1 result:7 production:3 bw:5 weapon:5 systems:1 may:15 also:3 injure:1 secondarily:1 damage:1 food:4 crop:1 domestic:1 animal:4 consider:4 primarily:1 strategic:1 major:4 reason:1 quick:1 kill:1 effect:4 incubation:2 period:6 plus:1 variable:1 illness:1 even:4 lethal:1 render:1 unsuitable:1 hand:3 encounter:1 effective:2 fighting:1 machine:1 throughout:1 thus:1 enemy:8 would:11 probably:1 attack:8 static:1 population:4 center:1 large:5 city:6 important:1 operational:1 procedure:2 create:3 areosol:1 cloud:7 target:4 area:8 concept:1 stimulate:1 much:7 basic:1 concern:2 behavior:3 particulate:1 material:2 pathogenesis:1 respiratory:5 infection:4 medical:3 management:2 defense:7 occurrence:1 physical:2 property:4 particle:14 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square:2 cover:4 increase:5 source:2 strength:1 case:4 scale:2 specific:3 conduct:2 non:1 pathogenic:1 aqueous:1 spore:2 subtilis:1 var:1 niger:1 generally:1 know:3 bacillus:1 globigii:1 aerosolize:2 commercially:1 available:1 nozzle:2 satisfactory:2 produce:4 though:1 5:2 per:4 cent:2 efficient:1 initial:3 test:1 130:1 gallon:1 count:1 af:3 ml:1 total:2 approximately:2 spray:2 operation:2 rear:1 deck:1 naval:1 vessel:1 cruise:1 two:4 vertical:4 sure:1 breeze:1 continue:1 start:1 last:1 29:1 minute:1 slight:1 moderate:1 fog:1 100:2 network:1 station:1 set:1 locate:1 home:1 government:3 employee:1 office:2 reservation:1 within:2 rough:1 attempt:1 make:6 characterize:1 profile:2 sample:3 outside:1 window:1 ninth:1 fifteenth:1 floor:1 build:1 sampler:1 operate:2 hour:4 except:1 one:7 instance:2 562:1 1980:1 fold:2 suggest:1 particularly:2 distant:1 location:1 extensive:1 23:1 quite:1 likely:2 great:2 three:1 level:1 enough:1 give:3 description:1 problem:5 route:3 rather:1 portal:2 entry:1 show:1 botulinal:1 toxin:1 several:1 thousand:1 os:1 clinical:1 picture:1 diagnosis:1 difficult:2 tularemia:2 expect:3 find:1 classical:1 ulcer:1 rabbit:1 fever:3 finger:1 obviously:2 choose:2 believe:1 cause:3 frequent:1 among:1 laboratory:1 worker:1 q:1 brucellosis:1 glanders:1 coccidioidomycosis:1 belong:1 category:1 possess:1 sufficient:1 viability:1 virulence:1 stability:1 realistic:1 minimal:2 logistic:1 proper:1 goal:1 improve:1 without:1 excessive:1 destruction:1 fastidious:1 growth:1 militarily:1 significant:1 improbable:1 aggressor:1 naturally:2 acquire:1 artificially:1 induce:1 immunity:4 solid:2 circumstance:1 whereby:1 neutralize:1 remember:1 partial:1 low:1 grade:1 break:1 appropriate:2 broad:1 spectrum:1 selection:1 acutely:1 debilitate:1 chronic:1 producer:1 high:2 rate:1 lethality:1 possible:5 mutational:1 form:1 antibiotic:1 resistant:1 strain:1 mutant:1 change:1 biochemical:1 identification:1 host:1 true:1 explosive:1 override:1 objective:2 question:2 epidemic:9 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Biological/jj-hl warfare/nn-hl Biological/jj warfare/nn is/bez the/at intentional/jj use/nn of/in living/vbg microorganisms/nns or/cc their/pp$ toxic/jj products/nns for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in destroying/vbg or/cc reducing/vbg the/at military/jj effectiveness/nn of/in man/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at exploitation/nn of/in the/at inherent/jj potential/nn of/in infectious/jj disease/nn agents/nns by/in scientific/jj research/nn and/cc development/nn ,/, resulting/vbg in/in the/at production/nn of/in BW/nn weapons/nns systems/nns ./. Man/nn may/md also/rb be/be injured/vbn secondarily/rb by/in damage/nn to/in his/pp$ food/nn crops/nns or/cc domestic/jj animals/nns ./. Biological/jj warfare/nn is/bez considered/vbn to/to be/be primarily/rb a/at strategic/jj weapon/nn ./. The/at major/jj reason/nn for/in this/dt is/bez that/cs it/pps has/hvz no/at quick-kill/nn effect/nn ./. The/at incubation/nn period/nn of/in infectious/jj disease/nn ,/, plus/in a/at variable/jj period/nn of/in illness/nn even/rb before/in a/at lethal/jj effect/nn ,/, render/vb this/dt weapon/nn unsuitable/jj for/in hand-to-hand/jj encounter/nn ./. A/at man/nn can/md be/be an/at effective/jj fighting/vbg machine/nn throughout/in the/at incubation/nn period/nn of/in most/ap infectious/jj diseases/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, an/at enemy/nn would/md probably/rb use/vb this/dt weapon/nn for/in attack/nn on/in static/jj population/nn centers/nns such/jj as/cs large/jj cities/nns ./. An/at important/jj operational/jj procedure/nn in/in BW/nn for/in an/at enemy/nn would/md be/be to/to create/vb an/at areosol/nn or/cc cloud/nn of/in agent/nn over/in the/at target/nn area/nn ./. This/dt concept/nn has/hvz stimulated/vbn much/ap basic/jj research/nn concerning/in the/at behavior/nn of/in particulate/jj biological/jj materials/nns ,/, the/at pathogenesis/nn of/in respiratory/jj infections/nns ,/, the/at medical/jj management/nn of/in such/jj diseases/nns and/cc defense/nn against/in their/pp$ occurrence/nn ./. The/at biological/jj and/cc physical/jj properties/nns of/in infectious/jj particles/nns have/hv been/ben studied/vbn intensively/rb during/in the/at past/ap fifteen/cd years/nns ./. Much/ap new/jj equipment/nn and/cc many/ap unique/jj techniques/nns have/hv been/ben developed/vbn for/in the/at quantitative/jj exposure/nn of/in experimental/jj animals/nns to/in aerosols/nns of/in infectious/jj agents/nns contained/vbn in/in particles/nns of/in specified/vbn dimensional/jj characteristics/nns ./. Much/ap information/nn has/hvz been/ben gathered/vbn relative/jj to/in quantitative/jj sampling/nn and/cc assesment/nn techniques/nns ./. Much/ap of/in the/at older/jjr experimental/jj work/nn on/in respiratory/jj infections/nns was/bedz accomplished/vbn by/in very/ql artificial/jj procedures/nns ./. The/at intranasal/jj instillation/nn of/in a/at fluid/nn suspension/nn of/in infectious/jj agent/nn in/in an/at anesthetized/vbn animal/nn is/bez far/ql different/jj from/in exposure/nn ,/, through/in natural/jj respiration/nn ,/, to/in aerosolized/vbn organisms/nns ./. The/at importance/nn of/in particle/nn size/nn in/in such/jj aerosols/nns has/hvz been/ben thoroughly/rb demonstrated/vbn ./. The/at natural/jj anatomical/jj and/cc physiological/jj defensive/jj features/nns of/in the/at upper/jjr respiratory/jj tract/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at turbinates/nns of/in the/at nose/nn and/cc the/at cilia/nns of/in the/at trachea/nn and/cc larger/jjr bronchi/nns ,/, are/ber capable/jj of/in impinging/vbg out/rp the/at larger/jjr particles/nns to/in which/wdt we/ppss are/ber ordinarily/rb exposed/vbn in/in our/pp$ daily/jj existence/nn ./. Very/ql small/jj particles/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, in/in a/at size/nn range/nn of/in 1/cd to/in 4/cd microns/nns in/in diameter/nn are/ber capable/jj of/in passing/vbg these/dts impinging/vbg barriers/nns and/cc entering/vbg the/at alveolar/jj bed/nn of/in the/at lungs/nns ./. This/dt area/nn is/bez highly/ql susceptible/jj to/in infection/nn ./. The/at entrance/nn and/cc retention/nn of/in infectious/jj particles/nns in/in the/at alveoli/nns amounts/vbz almost/rb to/in an/at intratissue/jj inoculation/nn ./. The/at relationship/nn between/in particle/nn size/nn and/cc infectious/jj dose/nn is/bez illustrated/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. In/in considering/vbg BW/nn defense/nn ,/, it/pps must/md be/be recognized/vbn that/cs a/at number/nn of/in critical/jj meterological/jj parameters/nns must/md be/be met/vbn for/cs an/at aerosol/nn to/to exhibit/vb optimum/jj effect/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, bright/jj sunlight/nn is/bez rapidly/rb destructive/jj for/in living/vbg microorganisms/nns suspended/vbn in/in air/nn ./. There/ex are/ber optimal/jj humidity/nn requirements/nns for/in various/jj agents/nns when/wrb airborne/jj ./. Neutral/jj or/cc inversion/nn meteorological/jj conditions/nns are/ber necessary/jj for/cs a/at cloud/nn to/to travel/vb along/in the/at surface/nn ./. It/pps will/md rise/vb during/in lapse/nn conditions/nns ./. There/ex are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, certain/ap times/nns during/in the/at 24-hour/jj daily/jj cycle/nn when/wrb most/ap of/in these/dts conditions/nns will/md be/be met/vbn ./. Certain/ap other/ap properties/nns of/in small/jj particles/nns ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in those/dts already/rb mentioned/vbn in/in connection/nn with/in penetration/nn of/in the/at respiratory/jj tract/nn ,/, are/ber noteworthy/jj in/in defense/nn considerations/nns ./. The/at smaller/jjr the/at particle/nn the/at further/rbr it/pps will/md travel/vb downwind/rb before/cs settling/vbg out/rp ./. An/at aerosol/nn of/in such/ql small/jj particles/nns ,/, moreover/rb ,/, diffuses/vbz through/in structures/nns in/in much/ap the/at same/ap manner/nn as/cs a/at gas/nn ./. There/ex may/md be/be a/at number/nn of/in secondary/jj effects/nns resulting/vbg from/in diffusion/nn through/in buildings/nns such/jj as/cs widespread/jj contamination/nn of/in kitchens/nns ,/, restaurants/nns ,/, food/nn stores/nns ,/, hospitals/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. Depending/in on/in the/at organism/nn ,/, there/ex may/md be/be multiplication/nn in/in some/dti food/nn or/cc beverage/nn products/nns ,/, i.e./rb ,/, in/in milk/nn for/in example/nn ./. The/at secondary/jj consequences/nns from/in this/dt could/md be/be very/ql serious/jj and/cc must/md be/be taken/vbn into/in consideration/nn in/in planning/vbg for/in defense/nn ./. Something/pn of/in the/at behavior/nn of/in clouds/nns of/in small/jj particles/nns can/md be/be illustrated/vbn by/in the/at following/vbg field/nn trials/nns :/: In/in the/at first/od trial/nn an/at inert/jj substance/nn was/bedz disseminated/vbn from/in a/at boat/nn travelling/vbg some/rb ten/cd miles/nns off/in shore/nn under/in appropriately/rb selected/vbn meteorological/jj conditions/nns ./. Zinc/nn cadmium/nn sulfide/nn in/in particles/nns of/in 2/cd microns/nns in/in size/nn were/bed disseminated/vbn ./. This/dt material/nn fluoresces/vbz under/in ultraviolet/jj light/nn which/wdt facilitates/vbz its/pp$ sampling/nn and/cc assessment/nn ./. Four/cd hundred/cd and/cc fifty/cd pounds/nns was/bedz disseminated/vbn while/cs the/at ship/nn was/bedz traveling/vbg a/at distance/nn of/in 156/cd miles/nns ./. Figure/nn 1/cd describes/vbz the/at results/nns obtained/vbn in/in this/dt trial/nn ./. The/at particles/nns traveled/vbd a/at maximum/jj detected/vbn distance/nn of/in some/rb 450/cd miles/nns ./. From/in these/dts dosage/nn isopleths/nns it/ppo can/md be/be seen/vbn that/cs an/at area/nn of/in over/rp 34,000/cd square/jj miles/nns was/bedz covered/vbn ./. These/dts dosages/nns could/md have/hv been/ben increased/vbn by/in increasing/vbg the/at source/nn strength/nn which/wdt was/bedz small/jj in/in this/dt case/nn ./. The/at behavior/nn of/in a/at biological/jj aerosol/nn ,/, on/in a/at much/ql smaller/jjr scale/nn ,/, is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in a/at specific/jj field/nn trial/nn conducted/vbn with/in a/at non-pathogenic/jj organism/nn ./. An/at aqueous/jj suspension/nn of/in the/at spores/nns of/in B./np subtilis/np ,/, var./nn niger/np ,/, generally/rb known/vbn as/cs Bacillus/np globigii/np ,/, was/bedz aerosolized/vbn using/vbg commercially/rb available/jj nozzles/nns ./. A/at satisfactory/jj cloud/nn was/bedz produced/vbn even/rb though/cs these/dts nozzles/nns were/bed only/rb about/rb 5/cd per/in cent/nn efficient/jj in/in producing/vbg an/at initial/jj cloud/nn in/in the/at size/nn range/nn of/in 1/cd to/in 5/cd microns/nns ./. In/in this/dt test/nn ,/, 130/cd gallons/nns of/in a/at suspension/nn ,/, having/hvg a/at count/nn of/in Af/nn organisms/nns per/in ml/nn ,/, or/cc a/at total/nn of/in approximately/rb Af/nn spores/nns ,/, was/bedz aerosolized/vbn ./. The/at spraying/vbg operation/nn was/bedz conducted/vbn from/in the/at rear/jj deck/nn of/in a/at small/jj Naval/jj-tl vessel/nn ,/, cruising/vbg two/cd miles/nns off-shore/rb and/cc vertical/jj to/in an/at on-sure/jj breeze/nn ./. Spraying/vbg continued/vbd along/in a/at two-mile/jj course/nn ./. This/dt operation/nn was/bedz started/vbn at/in 5:00/cd p.m./rb and/cc lasted/vbd for/in 29/cd minutes/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at slight/jj lapse/nn condition/nn ,/, a/at moderate/jj fog/nn ,/, and/cc 100/cd per/in cent/nn relative/jj humidity/nn ./. A/at network/nn of/in sampling/vbg stations/nns had/hvd been/ben set/vbn up/rp on/in shore/nn ./. These/dts were/bed located/vbn at/in the/at homes/nns of/in Government/nn-tl employees/nns ,/, in/in Government/nn-tl Offices/nns-tl ,/, buildings/nns and/cc reservations/nns within/in the/at trial/nn area/nn ./. A/at rough/jj attempt/nn was/bedz made/vbn to/to characterize/vb the/at vertical/jj profile/nn of/in the/at cloud/nn by/in taking/vbg samples/nns from/in outside/in the/at windows/nns on/in the/at first/od ,/, ninth/od ,/, and/cc fifteenth/od floors/nns of/in a/at Government/nn-tl office/nn building/nn ./. All/abn samplers/nns were/bed operated/vbn for/in a/at period/nn of/in two/cd hours/nns except/in one/cd ,/, which/wdt was/bedz operated/vbn for/in four/cd hours/nns ./. In/in this/dt instance/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz a/at dosage/nn of/in 562/cd during/in the/at first/od two/cd hours/nns and/cc a/at total/jj dosage/nn of/in 1980/cd for/in the/at four-hour/jj period/nn ,/, a/at four-fold/jj increase/nn ./. This/dt suggests/vbz that/cs the/at sampling/vbg period/nn ,/, particularly/rb at/in the/at more/ql distant/jj locations/nns ,/, should/md have/hv been/ben increased/vbn ./. As/cs can/md be/be seen/vbn from/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, an/at extensive/jj area/nn was/bedz covered/vbn by/in this/dt aerosol/nn ./. The/at maximum/jj distance/nn sampled/vbn was/bedz 23/cd miles/nns from/in the/at source/nn ./. As/cs can/md be/be seen/vbn from/in these/dts dosage/nn isopleths/nns ,/, approximately/rb 100/cd square/jj miles/nns was/bedz covered/vbn within/in the/at area/nn sampled/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez quite/ql likely/jj that/cs an/at even/ql greater/jjr area/nn was/bedz covered/vbn ,/, particularly/rb downwind/rb ./. The/at dosages/nns in/in the/at three/cd levels/nns of/in the/at vertical/jj profile/nn were/bed :/: Af/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz not/* ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, enough/ap sampling/nn to/to give/vb a/at satisfactory/jj description/nn of/in the/at vertical/jj diffusion/nn of/in the/at aerosol/nn ./. A/at number/nn of/in unique/jj medical/jj problems/nns might/md be/be created/vbn when/wrb man/nn is/bez exposed/vbn to/in an/at infectious/jj agent/nn through/in the/at respiratory/jj route/nn rather/rb than/cs by/in natural/jj portal/nn of/in entry/nn ./. Some/dti agents/nns have/hv been/ben shown/vbn to/to be/be much/ql more/ql toxic/jj or/cc infectious/jj to/in experimental/jj animals/nns when/wrb exposed/vbn to/in aerosols/nns of/in optimum/jj particle/nn size/nn than/cs by/in the/at natural/jj portal/nn ./. Botulinal/jj toxin/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, is/bez several/ap thousand-fold/nn more/ql toxic/jj by/in this/dt route/nn than/cs when/wrb given/vbn per/in os/nn ./. In/in some/dti instances/nns a/at different/jj clinical/jj disease/nn picture/nn may/md result/vb from/in this/dt route/nn of/in exposure/nn ,/, making/vbg diagnosis/nn difficult/jj ./. In/in tularemia/nn produced/vbn by/in aerosol/nn exposure/nn ,/, one/pn would/md not/* expect/vb to/to find/vb the/at classical/jj ulcer/nn of/in ``/`` rabbit/nn fever/nn ''/'' on/in a/at finger/nn ./. An/at enemy/nn would/md obviously/rb choose/vb an/at agent/nn that/wps is/bez believed/vbn to/to be/be highly/ql infectious/jj ./. Agents/nns that/wps are/ber known/vbn to/to cause/vb frequent/jj infections/nns among/in laboratory/nn workers/nns such/jj as/cs those/dts causing/vbg Q/nn fever/nn ,/, tularemia/nn ,/, brucellosis/nn ,/, glanders/nns ,/, coccidioidomycosis/nn ,/, etc./rb ,/, belong/vb in/in this/dt category/nn ./. An/at agent/nn would/md likely/rb be/be selected/vbn which/wdt would/md possess/vb sufficient/jj viability/nn and/cc virulence/nn stability/nn to/to meet/vb realistic/jj minimal/jj logistic/jj requirements/nns ./. It/pps is/bez ,/, obviously/rb ,/, a/at proper/jj goal/nn of/in research/nn to/to improve/vb on/in this/dt property/nn ./. In/in this/dt connection/nn it/pps should/md be/be capable/jj of/in being/beg disseminated/vbn without/in excessive/jj destruction/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, it/pps should/md not/* be/be so/ql fastidious/jj in/in its/pp$ growth/nn requirements/nns as/cs to/to make/vb production/nn on/in a/at militarily/rb significant/jj scale/nn improbable/jj ./. An/at aggressor/nn would/md use/vb an/at agent/nn against/in which/wdt there/ex was/bedz a/at minimal/jj naturally/rb acquired/vbn or/cc artificially/rb induced/vbn immunity/nn in/in a/at target/nn population/nn ./. A/at solid/jj immunity/nn is/bez the/at one/cd effective/jj circumstance/nn whereby/wrb attack/nn by/in a/at specific/jj agent/nn can/md be/be neutralized/vbn ./. It/pps must/md be/be remembered/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap agents/nns for/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez no/at solid/jj immunity/nn and/cc a/at partial/jj or/cc low-grade/nn immunity/nn may/md be/be broken/vbn by/in an/at appropriate/jj dose/nn of/in agent/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at broad/jj spectrum/nn of/in organisms/nns from/in which/wdt selection/nn for/in a/at specified/vbn military/jj purpose/nn might/md be/be made/vbn ./. An/at enemy/nn might/md choose/vb an/at acutely/ql debilitating/jj microorganism/nn ,/, a/at chronic/jj disease/nn producer/nn or/cc one/cd causing/vbg a/at high/jj rate/nn of/in lethality/nn ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs certain/ap mutational/jj forms/nns may/md be/be produced/vbn such/jj as/cs antibiotic/nn resistant/jj strains/nns ./. Mutants/nns may/md also/rb be/be developed/vbn with/in changes/nns in/in biochemical/jj properties/nns that/wps are/ber of/in importance/nn in/in identification/nn ./. All/abn of/in these/dts considerations/nns are/ber of/in critical/jj importance/nn in/in considering/vbg defense/nn and/cc medical/jj management/nn ./. Biological/jj agents/nns are/ber ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, highly/ql host-specific/jj ./. They/ppss do/do not/* destroy/vb physical/jj structures/nns as/cs is/bez true/jj of/in high/jj explosives/nns ./. This/dt may/md be/be of/in overriding/vbg importance/nn in/in considering/vbg military/jj objectives/nns ./. The/at question/nn of/in epidemic/nn disease/nn merits/vbz some/dti discussion/nn ./. Only/rb a/at limited/vbn effort/nn has/hvz been/ben devoted/vbn to/in this/dt problem/nn ./. Some/dti of/in those/dts who/wps question/vb the/at value/nn of/in BW/nn have/hv assumed/vbn that/cs the/at only/ap potential/nn would/md be/be in/in the/at establishment/nn of/in epidemics/nns ./. They/ppss then/rb point/vb out/rp that/cs with/in our/pp$ present/jj lack/nn of/in knowledge/nn of/in all/abn the/at factors/nns concerned/vbn in/in the/at rise/nn and/cc fall/nn of/in epidemics/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez unlikely/jj that/cs a/at planned/vbn episode/nn could/md be/be initiated/vbn ./. They/ppss argue/vb further/rbr (/( and/cc somewhat/ql contradictorily/rb )/) that/cs our/pp$ knowledge/nn and/cc resources/nns in/in preventive/jj medicine/nn would/md make/vb it/ppo possible/jj to/to control/vb such/abl an/at outbreak/nn of/in disease/nn ./. This/dt is/bez why/wrb this/dt approach/nn to/in BW/nn defense/nn has/hvz not/* been/ben given/vbn major/jj attention/nn ./. Our/pp$ major/jj problem/nn is/bez what/wdt an/at enemy/nn might/md accomplish/vb in/in an/at initial/jj attack/nn on/in a/at target/nn ./. This/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, does/doz not/* eliminate/vb from/in consideration/nn for/in this/dt purpose/nn agents/nns that/wps are/ber associated/vbn naturally/rb with/in epidemic/nn disease/nn ./. A/at hypothetical/jj example/nn will/md illustrate/vb this/dt point/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo assume/vb that/cs it/pps would/md be/be possible/jj for/cs an/at enemy/nn to/to create/vb an/at aerosol/nn of/in the/at causative/jj agent/nn of/in epidemic/nn typhus/nn (/( Rickettsia/np prowazwki/np )/) over/in City/nn-tl A/np-tl and/cc that/cs a/at large/jj number/nn of/in cases/nns of/in typhus/nn fever/nn resulted/vbd therefrom/rb ./. No/at epidemic/nn was/bedz initiated/vbn nor/cc was/bedz one/cd expected/vbn because/cs the/at population/nn in/in City/nn-tl A/np-tl was/bedz not/* lousy/jj ./. Lousiness/nn is/bez a/at prerequisite/nn for/in epidemic/nn typhus/nn ./. In/in this/dt case/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, the/at military/jj objective/nn was/bedz accomplished/vbn with/in an/at epidemic/nn agent/nn solely/rb through/in the/at results/nns secured/vbn in/in the/at initial/jj attack/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz done/vbn with/in full/jj knowledge/nn that/cs there/ex would/md be/be no/at epidemic/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, a/at similar/jj attack/nn might/md have/hv been/ben made/vbn on/in City/nn-tl B/nn whose/wp$ population/nn was/bedz known/vbn to/to be/be lousy/jj ./. One/pn might/md expect/vb some/dti spread/nn of/in the/at disease/nn in/in this/dt case/nn resulting/vbg in/in increased/vbn effectiveness/nn of/in the/at attack/nn ./. The/at major/jj defensive/jj problems/nns are/ber concerned/vbn with/in the/at possibility/nn of/in overt/jj military/jj delivery/nn of/in biological/jj agents/nns from/in appropriate/jj disseminating/vbg devices/nns ./. It/pps should/md be/be no/ql more/ql difficult/jj to/to deliver/vb such/jj devices/nns than/cs other/ap weapons/nns ./. The/at same/ap delivery/nn vehicles/nns --/-- whether/cs they/ppss be/be airplanes/nns ,/, submarines/nns or/cc guided/vbn missiles/nns --/-- should/md be/be usable/jj ./. If/cs it/pps is/bez possible/jj for/cs an/at enemy/nn to/to put/vb an/at atomic/jj bomb/nn on/in a/at city/nn ,/, it/pps should/md be/be equally/ql possible/jj to/to put/vb a/at cloud/nn of/in biological/jj agent/nn over/in that/dt city/nn ./. Biological/jj agents/nns are/ber ,/, moreover/rb ,/, suitable/jj for/in delivery/nn through/in enemy/nn sabotage/nn which/wdt imposes/vbz many/ap problems/nns in/in defense/nn ./. A/at few/ap obvious/jj target/nn areas/nns of/in great/jj importance/nn might/md be/be mentioned/vbn ./. The/at air/nn conditioning/nn and/cc ventilating/vbg systems/nns of/in large/jj buildings/nns are/ber subject/jj to/in attack/nn ./. America/np is/bez rapidly/rb becoming/vbg a/at nation/nn that/wps uses/vbz processed/vbn ,/, precooked/vbn and/cc even/rb predigested/vbn foods/nns ./. This/dt is/bez an/at enormous/jj industry/nn that/wps is/bez subject/jj to/in sabotage/nn ./. One/pn must/md include/vb the/at preparation/nn of/in soft/jj drinks/nns and/cc the/at processing/nn of/in milk/nn and/cc milk/nn products/nns ./. Huge/jj industries/nns are/ber involved/vbn also/rb in/in the/at production/nn of/in biological/jj products/nns ,/, drugs/nns and/cc cosmetics/nns which/wdt are/ber liable/jj to/in this/dt type/nn of/in attack/nn ./.

cj09

cj09 |@word variety:1 technique:4 direct:1 toward:1 isolation:1 study:3 blood:4 group:19 antibodie:1 include:1 low:6 temperature:6 ethanol:1 cohn:2 fractionation:2 electrophoresis:4 ultracentrifugation:5 column:6 chromatography:7 ion:1 exchange:1 cellulose:9 modification:1 last:1 apply:2 several:3 investigator:1 abelson:1 rawson:1 use:26 stepwise:1 elution:4 scheme:1 fractionate:3 whole:7 sera:11 contain:10 abo:5 rh:6 antibody:19 diethylaminoethyl:1 deae:4 carboxymethyl:1 speer:1 coworker:1 similar:2 series:2 gradient:12 aj:3 fahey:1 morrison:1 single:2 continuous:2 constant:1 ph:5 anti:11 b:8 agglutinin:8 preisolated:1 yg:1 globulin:1 sample:16 present:3 work:1 describe:8 sober:3 peterson:3 certain:1 chemical:1 serological:2 property:1 fraction:16 system:1 material:6 method:7 serum:12 obtain:5 normal:1 donor:6 three:6 take:1 recently:1 sensitize:2 individual:1 one:9 complete:6 titer:6 1:29 512:2 saline:19 second:1 incomplete:5 show:7 256:3 albumin:9 2048:1 indirect:6 coomb:6 test:16 third:2 mixed:2 type:6 1024:1 addition:1 6:2 year:2 previously:1 exhibit:2 16:2 determine:2 reaction:1 homozygous:5 af:19 red:4 cell:20 activity:25 follow:2 tube:6 agglutination:4 drop:2 add:2 2:16 suspension:2 small:3 instance:1 also:1 control:2 within:2 day:2 donation:1 wash:4 large:1 amount:4 mixture:3 plus:1 allow:4 stand:2 room:4 centrifuge:8 1000:3 rpm:4 min:5 examine:2 macroscopically:1 equal:3 volume:4 30:2 bovine:1 suspend:3 hr:7 containing:1 heterozygous:2 however:1 interest:1 clarity:1 conciseness:1 result:4 perform:1 except:2 incubate:1 c:8 centrifugation:1 save:1 manner:1 time:2 human:3 resuspend:3 prepare:1 inject:1 rabbit:1 antisera:1 immunoelectrophoresis:1 broad:1 spectrum:1 select:1 3:5 draw:2 glycerolize:1 store:1 approximately:4 thaw:1 deglycerolize:1 alternately:1 mix:1 descend:1 concentration:5 glycerol:1 solution:2 20:1 18:2 10:1 8:2 4:3 clot:1 remove:1 measure:1 volumetrically:1 subsequently:1 dialyze:3 cold:2 least:3 24:1 four:1 change:1 750:1 ml:8 start:8 buffer:13 tris:2 dialysis:12 supernatant:1 place:1 cm:1 eeae:1 equilibrate:1 meq:1 n:1 g:1 prepared:1 laboratory:2 7:1 powder:1 100:1 230:1 mesh:1 insoluble:6 precipitate:3 5:1 isotonic:4 essentially:1 accord:1 deep:1 concave:2 employ:1 fig:13 nine:1 chamber:3 device:1 varigrad:1 reference:1 elsewhere:1 shallow:1 produce:2 call:1 cone:4 sphere:4 apparatus:3 erlenmeyer:1 flask:2 round:1 bottom:1 initially:1 1700:1 final:1 flow:1 rate:1 72:1 12:2 collect:1 165:1 read:1 280:1 beckman:1 model:4 du:1 spectrophotometer:1 paper:4 protein:8 identification:1 concentrate:6 pervaporation:1 stream:1 air:1 negative:6 pressure:6 permit:2 simultaneous:1 latter:3 procedure:3 maintain:2 surround:1 ice:1 give:3 well:1 recovery:1 detection:1 dilute:2 gentle:1 early:3 experiment:2 carry:3 concentrated:1 spinco:4 r:1 barbital:1 ionic:2 strength:2 whatman:1 mm:1 filter:1 five:1 milliampere:1 strip:6 stain:3 bromphenol:1 blue:1 densitometry:1 analytrol:1 preparation:1 eight:1 chromatographic:2 run:3 condition:1 end:1 sixth:1 position:2 dry:2 horizontal:1 unstained:1 mark:1 guide:1 cut:1 transversely:1 separate:3 various:2 band:1 section:1 pool:1 elute:1 eluate:2 subject:2 analytical:1 500:1 phosphate:1 pm:1 35:1 80:1 e:1 ultracentrifuge:2 sedimentation:1 coefficient:1 compute:1 value:1 relative:1 component:1 calculate:1 schlieren:1 pattern:1 preparative:1 less:1 transfer:1 l:1 125:1 150:1 refrigeration:1 throughout:1 successive:1 hypodermic:1 syringe:1 top:1 experimental:1 always:2 intense:1 regardless:2 either:2 region:14 extremely:2 anionic:7 bind:7 capacity:7 high:3 label:1 respectively:2 part:3 flatten:1 become:1 establish:1 slowly:1 could:5 sometimes:2 two:2 area:4 rise:1 active:2 peak:1 1a:1 15:1 intermediate:1 detect:4 moreover:1 designate:1 2a:1 agglutinating:1 evidence:1 extent:1 case:3 lie:1 particularly:1 noticeable:1 usually:1 detectable:1 without:1 prior:1 occasionally:1 appear:2 difference:1 distribution:1 though:1 donors:1 find:5 citrate:1 plasma:3 et:1 al:1 ab:1 expect:1 slight:1 see:1 dissolve:1 similarly:1 reveal:1 generally:1 wide:2 chromatogram:1 spread:1 comparison:1 strong:1 fact:1 later:1 know:1 minute:1 original:1

A/at variety/nn of/in techniques/nns have/hv been/ben directed/vbn toward/in the/at isolation/nn and/cc study/nn of/in blood/nn group/nn antibodies/nns ./. These/dts include/vb low-temperature/nn ethanol/nn (/( Cohn/np )/) fractionation/nn ,/, electrophoresis/nn ,/, ultracentrifugation/nn and/cc column/nn chromatography/nn on/in ion/nn exchange/nn celluloses/nns ./. Modifications/nns of/in the/at last/ap technique/nn have/hv been/ben applied/vbn by/in several/ap groups/nns of/in investigators/nns ./. Abelson/np and/cc Rawson/np ,/, using/vbg a/at stepwise/jj elution/nn scheme/nn ,/, fractionated/vbd whole/jj sera/nns containing/vbg ABO/nn and/cc Rh/nn antibodies/nns on/in diethylaminoethyl/nn DEAE/nn cellulose/nn and/cc carboxymethyl/nn cellulose/nn ./. Speer/np and/cc coworkers/nns ,/, in/in a/at similar/jj study/nn of/in blood/nn group/nn antibodies/nns of/in whole/jj sera/nns ,/, used/vbd a/at series/nn of/in gradients/nns for/in elution/nn from/in Aj/nn ./. Fahey/np and/cc Morrison/np used/vbd a/at single/ap ,/, continuous/jj gradient/nn at/in constant/jj pH/nn for/in the/at fractionation/nn of/in anti-A/jj and/cc anti-B/jj agglutinins/nns from/in preisolated/vbn **yg-globulin/nn samples/nns ./. In/in the/at present/jj work/nn whole/jj sera/nns have/hv been/ben fractionated/vbn by/in chromatography/nn on/in DEAE-cellulose/nn using/vbg single/ap gradients/nns similar/jj to/in those/dts described/vbn by/in Sober/np and/cc Peterson/np ,/, and/cc certain/ap chemical/jj and/cc serological/jj properties/nns of/in the/at fractions/nns containing/vbg antibodies/nns of/in the/at ABO/nn and/cc Rh/nn systems/nns have/hv been/ben described/vbn ./. Materials/nns-hl and/cc-hl methods/nns-hl samples/nns-hl ./.-hl Serum/nn samples/nns were/bed obtained/vbn from/in normal/jj group/nn A/nn ,/, group/nn B/nn and/cc group/nn O/nn donors/nns ./. Three/cd of/in the/at anti-Rh/jj sera/nns used/vbn were/bed taken/vbn from/in recently/rb sensitized/vbn individuals/nns ./. One/cd contained/vbd complete/jj antibody/nn and/cc had/hvd a/at titer/nn of/in 1/cd :/in 512/cd in/in saline/nn ./. The/at second/od contained/vbd incomplete/jj antibody/nn and/cc showed/vbd titers/nns of/in 1/cd :/in 256/cd in/in albumin/nn and/cc 1/cd :/in 2048/cd by/in the/at indirect/jj Coombs/np test/nn ./. The/at third/od ,/, containing/vbg the/at mixed/vbn type/nn of/in complete/jj and/cc incomplete/jj antibodies/nns ,/, had/hvd titers/nns of/in 1/cd :/in 256/cd in/in saline/nn ,/, 1/cd :/in 512/cd in/in albumin/nn and/cc 1/cd :/in 1024/cd by/in the/at indirect/jj Coombs/np test/nn ./. In/in addition/nn one/cd serum/nn was/bedz obtained/vbn from/in a/at donor/nn (/( R./np E./np )/) who/wps had/hvd been/ben sensitized/vbn 6/cd years/nns previously/rb ./. This/dt serum/nn exhibited/vbd titers/nns of/in 1/cd :/in 16/cd in/in albumin/nn and/cc 1/cd :/in 256/cd by/in the/at indirect/jj Coombs/np test/nn ./. These/dts antibody/nn titers/nns were/bed determined/vbn by/in reaction/nn with/in homozygous/jj Af/nn red/jj cells/nns ./. Serological/jj-hl technique/nn-hl ./.-hl Anti-A/jj and/cc anti-B/jj activities/nns were/bed determined/vbn in/in fractions/nns from/in the/at sera/nns of/in group/nn A/nn ,/, group/nn B/nn or/cc group/nn O/nn donors/nns by/in the/at following/vbg tube/nn agglutination/nn methods/nns ./. One/cd drop/nn of/in each/dt sample/nn was/bedz added/vbn to/in one/cd drop/nn of/in a/at 2%/nn suspension/nn of/in group/nn Af/nn or/cc group/nn B/nn red/jj cells/nns in/in a/at small/jj Af/nn test/nn tube/nn ./. In/in several/ap instances/nns group/vb O/nn cells/nns were/bed also/rb used/vbn as/cs controls/nns ./. The/at red/jj cells/nns were/bed used/vbn within/in 2/cd days/nns after/in donation/nn and/cc were/bed washed/vbn with/in large/jj amounts/vbz of/in saline/nn before/in use/nn ./. The/at mixtures/nns of/in sample/nn plus/in cell/nn suspension/nn were/bed allowed/vbn to/to stand/vb at/in room/nn temperature/nn for/in 1/cd Aj/nn ./. The/at tubes/nns were/bed then/rb centrifuged/vbn at/in 1000/cd rpm/nn for/in 1/cd min/nn and/cc examined/vbn macroscopically/rb for/in agglutination/nn ./. For/in the/at albumin/nn method/nn ,/, equal/jj volumes/nns of/in 30%/nn bovine/nn albumin/nn ,/, sample/nn and/cc 2%/nn cells/nns suspended/vbn in/in saline/nn were/bed allowed/vbn to/to stand/vb at/in room/nn temperature/nn for/in 1/cd hr/nn and/cc then/rb were/bed centrifuged/vbn at/in 1000/cd rpm/nn for/in 1/cd Aj/nn ./. All/abn samples/nns were/bed tested/vbn by/in both/abx the/at saline/nn and/cc albumin/nn methods/nns ./. The/at activities/nns of/in fractions/nns of/in sera/nns containing/vbg Rh/nn antibodies/nns were/bed tested/vbn by/in the/at saline/nn ,/, albumin/nn and/cc indirect/jj Coombs/np techniques/nns ./. Homozygous/jj and/cc heterozygous/jj Af/nn cells/nns ,/, Af/nn and/cc homozygous/jj and/cc heterozygous/jj Af/nn cells/nns were/bed used/vbn to/to test/vb each/dt sample/nn ;/. ;/. however/rb ,/, in/in the/at interest/nn of/in clarity/nn and/cc conciseness/nn only/rb the/at results/nns obtained/vbn with/in homozygous/jj Af/nn and/cc homozygous/jj Af/nn cells/nns will/md be/be presented/vbn here/rb ./. The/at saline/nn and/cc albumin/nn tests/nns were/bed performed/vbn as/cs described/vbn for/in the/at ABO/nn samples/nns except/in that/cs the/at mixture/nn was/bedz incubated/vbn for/in 1/cd hr/nn at/in 37-degrees-C/nns before/in centrifugation/nn ./. The/at saline/nn tubes/nns were/bed saved/vbn and/cc used/vbn for/in the/at indirect/jj Coombs/np test/nn in/in the/at following/vbg manner/nn ./. The/at cells/nns were/bed washed/vbn three/cd times/nns with/in saline/nn ,/, anti-human/jj serum/nn was/bedz added/vbn ,/, the/at cells/nns were/bed resuspended/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at mixture/nn was/bedz centrifuged/vbn at/in 1000/cd rpm/nn for/in 1/cd min/nn and/cc examined/vbn for/in agglutination/nn ./. The/at anti-human/jj sera/nns used/vbn were/bed prepared/vbn by/in injecting/vbg whole/jj human/jj serum/nn into/in rabbits/nns ./. Those/dts antisera/nns shown/vbn by/in immunoelectrophoresis/nn to/to be/be of/in the/at ``/`` broad/jj spectrum/nn ''/'' type/nn were/bed selected/vbn for/in use/nn in/in the/at present/jj study/nn ./. The/at red/jj cells/nns for/in the/at Rh/nn antibody/nn tests/nns were/bed used/vbn within/in 3/cd days/nns after/in drawing/vbg except/in for/in the/at Af/nn cells/nns ,/, which/wdt had/hvd been/ben glycerolized/vbn and/cc stored/vbn at/in -20-degrees-C/nns for/in approximately/rb 1/cd year/nn ./. These/dts cells/nns were/bed thawed/vbn at/in 37-degrees-C/nns for/in 30/cd min/nn and/cc were/bed deglycerolized/vbn by/in alternately/rb centrifuging/vbg and/cc mixing/vbg with/in descending/vbg concentrations/nns of/in glycerol/nn solutions/nns (/( 20/cd ,/, 18/cd ,/, 10/cd ,/, 8/cd ,/, 4/cd and/cc 2%/nn )/) ./. The/at cells/nns were/bed then/rb washed/vbn three/cd times/nns with/in saline/nn and/cc resuspended/vbn to/in 2%/nn in/in saline/nn ./. Chromatography/nn-hl ./.-hl Blood/nn samples/nns were/bed allowed/vbn to/to clot/vb at/in room/nn temperature/nn for/in 3/cd hr/nn ,/, centrifuged/vbn and/cc the/at serum/nn was/bedz removed/vbn ./. The/at serum/nn was/bedz measured/vbn volumetrically/rb and/cc subsequently/rb dialyzed/vbn in/in the/at cold/jj for/in at/in least/ap 24/cd hr/nn against/in three/cd to/in four/cd changes/nns ,/, approximately/rb 750/cd ml/nn each/dt ,/, of/in ``/`` starting/vbg buffer/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt buffer/nn ,/, pH/nn 8.6/cd ,/, was/bedz 0.005/cd M/nn in/in Af/nn and/cc 0.039/cd M/nn in/in tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminometha/nn (/( Tris/np )/) ./. After/in dialysis/nn the/at sample/nn was/bedz centrifuged/vbn and/cc the/at supernatant/nn placed/vbn on/in a/at Af/nn cm/nn column/nn of/in EEAE-cellulose/nn equilibrated/vbn with/in starting/vbg buffer/nn ./. The/at DEAE-cellulose/nn ,/, containing/vbg 0.78/cd mEq/nn of/in N/g/nn ,/, was/bedz prepared/vbn in/in our/pp$ laboratory/nn by/in the/at method/nn of/in Peterson/np and/cc Sober/np (/( 7/cd )/) from/in powdered/vbn cellulose/nn ,/, 100/cd -/in 230/cd mesh/nn ./. The/at small/jj amount/nn of/in insoluble/jj material/nn which/wdt precipitated/vbd during/in dialysis/nn was/bedz suspended/vbn in/in approximately/rb 5/cd ml/nn of/in starting/vbg buffer/nn ,/, centrifuged/vbn ,/, resuspended/vbn in/in 2.5/cd ml/nn of/in isotonic/jj saline/nn and/cc tested/vbn for/in antibody/nn activity/nn ./. The/at chromatography/nn was/bedz done/vbn at/in 6-degrees-C/nns using/vbg gradient/nn elution/nn ,/, essentially/rb according/in to/in Sober/np and/cc Peterson/np ./. The/at deep/jj concave/jj gradient/nn employed/vbn (/( fig./nn 2/cd )/) was/bedz obtained/vbn with/in a/at nine-chambered/jj gradient/nn elution/nn device/nn (/( ``/`` Varigrad/np ''/'' ,/, reference/nn (/( 8/cd )/) )/) and/cc has/hvz been/ben described/vbn elsewhere/rb ./. The/at other/ap ,/, a/at shallow/jj concave/jj gradient/nn (/( Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ,/, was/bedz produced/vbn with/in a/at so-called/jj ``/`` cone-sphere/nn ''/'' apparatus/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` cone/nn ''/'' being/beg a/at 2-liter/jj Erlenmeyer/np flask/nn and/cc the/at ``/`` sphere/nn ,/, ''/'' a/at 2-liter/jj round-bottom/nn flask/nn ./. Each/dt initially/rb contained/vbd 1700/cd ml/nn of/in buffer/nn ;/. ;/. in/in the/at sphere/nn was/bedz starting/vbg buffer/nn and/cc in/in the/at cone/nn was/bedz final/jj buffer/nn ,/, 0.50/cd M/nn in/in both/abx Af/nn and/cc Tris/np ,/, pH/nn 4.1/cd ./. A/at flow/nn rate/nn of/in 72/cd Af/nn was/bedz used/vbn and/cc 12/cd ml/nn fractions/nns were/bed collected/vbn ./. Approximately/rb 165/cd fractions/nns were/bed obtained/vbn from/in each/dt column/nn ./. These/dts were/bed read/vbn at/in 280/cd m**ym/nn in/in a/at Beckman/np model/nn DU/nn spectrophotometer/nn and/cc tested/vbn for/in antibody/nn activity/nn as/cs described/vbn above/rb ./. Paper/nn-hl electrophoresis/nn-hl ./.-hl For/in protein/nn identification/nn ,/, fractions/nns from/in the/at column/nn were/bed concentrated/vbn by/in pervaporation/nn against/in a/at stream/nn of/in air/nn at/in 5-degrees-C/nns or/cc by/in negative/jj pressure/nn dialysis/nn in/in an/at apparatus/nn which/wdt permitted/vbd simultaneous/jj concentration/nn of/in the/at protein/nn and/cc dialysis/nn against/in isotonic/jj saline/nn ./. During/in the/at latter/ap procedure/nn the/at temperature/nn was/bedz maintained/vbn at/in 2-degrees-C/nns by/in surrounding/vbg the/at apparatus/nn with/in ice/nn ./. Because/cs negative/jj pressure/nn dialysis/nn gave/vbd better/jjr recovery/nn of/in proteins/nns ,/, permitted/vbd detection/nn of/in proteins/nns concentrated/vbn from/in very/ql dilute/jj solutions/nns and/cc was/bedz a/at gentler/jjr procedure/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz used/vbn in/in all/abn but/in the/at earliest/jjt experiments/nns ./. Paper/nn electrophoresis/nn was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp on/in the/at concentrated/vbn samples/nns in/in a/at Spinco/np model/nn R/nn cell/nn using/vbg barbital/nn buffer/nn ,/, pH/nn 8.6/cd ,/, ionic/jj strength/nn 0.075/cd ,/, at/in room/nn temperature/nn on/in Whatman/np 3MM/nn filter/nn paper/nn ./. Five/cd milliamperes/cell/nns were/bed applied/vbn for/in 18/cd hr/nn ,/, after/in which/wdt the/at strips/nns were/bed stained/vbn with/in bromphenol/nn blue/nn and/cc densitometry/nn was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp using/vbg a/at Spinco/np Analytrol/np ./. When/wrb paper/nn electrophoresis/nn was/bedz to/to be/be used/vbn for/in preparation/nn ,/, eight/cd strips/nns of/in a/at whole/jj serum/nn sample/nn or/cc a/at chromatographic/jj fraction/nn concentrated/vbn by/in negative/jj pressure/nn dialysis/nn were/bed run/chamber/vbn under/in the/at conditions/nns described/vbn above/rb ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at run/nn ,/, the/at strips/nns in/in the/at third/od and/cc sixth/od positions/nns in/in each/dt chamber/nn were/bed dried/vbn ,/, stained/vbn for/in 1/cd hr/nn ,/, washed/vbn and/cc dried/vbn ,/, while/cs the/at other/ap strips/nns were/bed maintained/vbn in/in a/at horizontal/jj position/nn at/in 1-degree-C/nn ./. The/at unstained/jj strips/nns were/bed then/rb marked/vbn ,/, using/vbg the/at stained/vbn ones/nns as/cs a/at guide/nn ,/, and/cc cut/vbn transversely/rb so/cs as/cs to/to separate/vb the/at various/jj protein/nn bands/nns ./. The/at strip/nn sections/nns containing/vbg a/at given/vbn protein/nn were/bed pooled/vbn ,/, eluted/vbn with/in 0.5/cd ml/nn of/in isotonic/jj saline/nn ,/, and/cc the/at eluates/nns were/bed tested/vbn for/in antibody/nn activity/nn ./. Ultracentrifugation/nn-hl ./.-hl Fractions/nns from/in the/at column/nn which/wdt were/bed to/to be/be subjected/vbn to/in analytical/jj ultracentrifugation/nn were/bed concentrated/vbn by/in negative/jj pressure/nn dialysis/nn and/cc dialyzed/vbn for/in 16/cd hr/nn in/in the/at cold/nn against/in at/in least/ap 500/cd volumes/nns of/in phosphate-buffered/jj saline/nn ,/, pH/nn 7.2/cd ,/, ionic/jj strength/nn 0.154/cd ./. They/ppss were/bed then/rb centrifuged/vbn at/in 59,780/cd Pm/nn for/in 35/cd to/in 80/cd min/nn at/in 20-degrees-C/nns in/in a/at Spinco/np model/nn E/nn ultracentrifuge/nn at/in a/at protein/nn concentration/nn of/in 1.00/cd to/in 1.25%/nn ./. Sedimentation/nn coefficients/nns were/bed computed/vbn as/cs Af/nn values/nns and/cc relative/jj amounts/nns of/in the/at various/jj components/nns were/bed calculated/vbn from/in the/at Schlieren/np patterns/nns ./. For/in preparative/jj ultracentrifugation/nn ,/, fractions/nns from/in the/at column/nn were/bed concentrated/vbn by/in negative/jj pressure/nn dialysis/nn to/in volumes/nns of/in 1/cd ml/nn or/cc less/ap ,/, transferred/vbn to/in cellulose/nn tubes/nns and/cc diluted/vbn to/in 12/cd ml/nn with/in isotonic/jj saline/nn ./. Ultracentrifugation/nn was/bedz then/rb carried/vbn out/rp in/in a/at Spinco/np model/nn L/nn ultracentrifuge/nn at/in 40,000/cd rpm/nn for/in 125/cd to/in 150/cd min/nn ,/, refrigeration/nn being/beg used/vbn throughout/in the/at run/nn ./. Successive/jj 1-ml/nn fractions/nns were/bed then/rb drawn/vbn off/rp with/in a/at hypodermic/jj syringe/nn ,/, starting/vbg at/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at tube/nn ,/, and/cc tested/vbn for/in agglutinin/nn activity/nn ./. Other/ap methods/nns will/md be/be described/vbn below/rb ./. Experimental/jj-hl and/cc-hl results/nns-hl The/at insoluble/jj material/nn which/wdt precipitated/vbd during/in dialysis/nn against/in starting/vbg buffer/nn always/rb showed/vbd intense/jj agglutinin/nn activity/nn ,/, regardless/rb of/in the/at blood/nn group/nn of/in the/at donor/nn ./. With/in either/dtx of/in the/at gradients/nns described/vbn ,/, chromatography/nn on/in DEAE-cellulose/nn separated/vbn agglutinins/nns of/in the/at ABO/nn series/nn into/in at/in least/ap three/cd regions/nns (/( Figs./nns-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc 2/cd-tl )/) :/: one/cd of/in extremely/ql low/jj anionic/jj binding/nn capacity/nn ,/, one/cd of/in low/jj anionic/jj binding/nn capacity/nn and/cc one/cd of/in high/jj anionic/jj binding/nn capacity/nn ./. These/dts have/hv been/ben labeled/vbn Regions/nns-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, 2/cd-tl ,/, and/cc 4/cd ,/, respectively/rb ,/, in/in Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. When/wrb the/at early/jj part/nn of/in the/at gradient/nn was/bedz flattened/vbn ,/, either/cc by/in using/vbg the/at gradient/nn shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 2/cd-tl or/cc by/in allowing/vbg the/at ``/`` cone-sphere/nn ''/'' gradient/nn to/to become/vb established/vbn more/ql slowly/rb ,/, Region/nn-tl 2/cd-tl activity/nn could/md sometimes/rb be/be separated/vbn into/in two/cd areas/nns (/( donors/nns P./np J./np and/cc R./np S./np ,/, Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc E./np M./np ,/, Fig./nn-tl 2/cd )/) ./. The/at latter/ap procedure/nn gave/vbd rise/nn to/in a/at small/jj active/jj protein/nn peak/nn (/( Region/nn-tl 1a/cd-tl )/) between/in Regions/nns-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc 2/cd-tl ./. In/in 2/cd of/in 15/cd experiments/nns on/in whole/jj serum/nn a/at region/nn of/in agglutinin/nn activity/nn with/in intermediate/jj anionic/jj binding/nn capacity/nn was/bedz detected/vbn (/( Region/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ./. Moreover/rb ,/, after/in concentration/nn using/vbg negative/jj pressure/nn dialysis/nn ,/, agglutinin/nn activity/nn could/md sometimes/rb be/be detected/vbn in/in the/at region/nn designated/vbn 2a/cd (/( donors/nns P./np J./np ,/, D./np A./np ,/, and/cc J./np F./np ,/, Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ./. Not/* all/abn these/dts regions/nns exhibited/vbd equal/jj agglutinating/vbg activity/nn ,/, as/cs evidenced/vbn by/in titer/nn and/cc the/at extent/nn of/in the/at active/jj areas/nns ./. In/in all/abn cases/nns ,/, most/ap of/in the/at activity/nn lay/vbd in/in the/at region/nn of/in high/jj anionic/jj binding/nn capacity/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz particularly/ql noticeable/jj in/in group/nn A/nn and/cc group/nn B/nn sera/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt cases/nns activity/nn in/in Regions/nns-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc 2/cd-tl was/bedz usually/rb not/* detectable/jj without/in prior/jj concentration/nn and/cc occasionally/rb could/md not/* be/be detected/vbn at/in all/abn ./. There/ex appeared/vbd to/to be/be no/at difference/nn in/in the/at distribution/nn of/in anti-A/jj and/cc anti-B/jj activity/nn in/in group/nn O/nn serum/nn ,/, though/cs in/in two/cd group/nn O/nn donors/nns (/( J./np F./np and/cc E./np M./np )/) only/rb one/cd type/nn of/in agglutinin/nn was/bedz found/vbn in/in the/at regions/nns of/in low/jj anionic/jj binding/nn capacity/nn (/( Figs./nns-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc 2/cd-tl )/) ./. Several/ap samples/nns of/in citrated/jj plasma/nn were/bed fractionated/vbn in/in our/pp$ laboratory/nn by/in Method/nn-tl 6/cd-tl of/in Cohn/np et/fw-cc al/fw-nns ./. These/dts fractions/nns were/bed tested/vbn for/in ABO/nn agglutinin/nn activity/nn ,/, using/vbg fractions/nns from/in group/nn AB/nn plasma/nn as/cs a/at control/nn ./. As/cs expected/vbn ,/, most/ap of/in the/at activity/nn was/bedz found/vbn in/in Fraction/nn-tl Af/nn-tl ,/, with/in slight/jj activity/nn seen/vbn in/in Fraction/nn-tl 4-1/cd-tl ./. A/at sample/nn of/in Fraction/nn-tl Af/nn-tl from/in group/nn O/nn plasma/nn was/bedz dissolved/vbn in/in starting/vbg buffer/nn ,/, dialyzed/vbn against/in this/dt buffer/nn and/cc subjected/vbn to/in chromatography/nn using/vbg the/at gradient/nn shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Once/rb again/rb ,/, both/abx anti-A/jj and/cc anti-B/jj activities/nns were/bed found/vbn in/in the/at insoluble/jj material/nn precipitated/vbn during/in dialysis/nn ./. Similarly/rb ,/, both/abx types/nns of/in antibodies/nns were/bed found/vbn in/in three/cd regions/nns of/in the/at chromatographic/jj eluate/nn ,/, having/hvg extremely/ql low/jj ,/, low/jj ,/, and/cc high/jj anionic/jj binding/nn capacity/nn ,/, respectively/rb (/( Fig./nn-tl 3/cd-tl )/) ./. Chromatography/nn of/in whole/jj sera/nns revealed/vbd that/cs the/at areas/nns of/in Rh/nn antibody/nn activity/nn were/bed generally/rb continuous/jj and/cc wide/jj ./. The/at incomplete/jj antibody/nn activity/nn appeared/vbd in/in the/at early/jj part/nn of/in the/at chromatogram/nn ;/. ;/. the/at complete/jj ,/, in/in the/at latter/ap part/nn ./. The/at serum/nn containing/vbg the/at mixed/vbn type/nn of/in complete/jj and/cc incomplete/jj antibodies/nns showed/vbd activity/nn in/in both/abx regions/nns (/( Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ./. In/in all/abn cases/nns the/at activity/nn against/in Af/nn cells/nns was/bedz spread/vbn over/in a/at wider/jjr area/nn than/cs that/dt with/in Af/nn cells/nns ,/, regardless/rb of/in the/at type/nn of/in test/nn (/( saline/nn ,/, albumin/nn ,/, indirect/jj Coombs/np )/) used/vbn for/in comparison/nn ./. The/at insoluble/jj material/nn resulting/vbg from/in dialysis/nn against/in starting/vbg buffer/nn always/rb showed/vbd strong/jj activity/nn ./. In/in fact/nn agglutination/nn of/in Af/nn cells/nns in/in saline/nn could/md be/be produced/vbn by/in the/at insoluble/jj material/nn from/in sera/nns containing/vbg ``/`` only/ap ''/'' incomplete/jj antibody/nn activity/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz later/rbr known/vbn to/to be/be the/at result/nn of/in concentrating/vbg the/at minute/jj amount/nn of/in complete/jj antibody/nn found/vbn in/in these/dts sera/nns ;/. ;/. when/wrb the/at insoluble/jj fraction/nn was/bedz suspended/vbn in/in a/at volume/nn of/in saline/nn equal/jj to/in that/dt of/in the/at original/jj serum/nn sample/nn ,/, no/at complete/jj antibody/nn activity/nn could/md be/be detected/vbn ./.

cj10

cj10 |@word apart:3 honeybee:5 practically:1 bee:18 bumblebee:13 hibernate:2 state:2 torpor:1 occasionally:1 may:7 come:1 across:1 one:12 two:6 cold:2 season:3 turn:1 sod:1 garden:1 really:2 keen:1 observer:1 see:3 keep:5 wing:1 foot:1 press:1 tightly:1 body:1 spite:1 often:4 colorful:2 attire:1 well:2 mistake:1 lump:1 dirt:1 must:5 add:2 animal:3 call:5 queen:16 young:7 female:12 mate:6 previous:1 summer:6 autumn:1 alone:3 future:1 race:1 depend:1 relative:2 mother:4 husband:1 brother:1 unmated:1 sister:1 perish:1 arrival:1 weather:2 even:1 die:2 winter:4 fall:3 prey:1 enemy:1 disease:1 survivor:1 emerge:3 nice:2 sunny:1 day:3 march:1 april:1 temperature:2 close:3 much:6 wind:2 thing:2 find:5 couple:1 wonderful:1 flowering:2 currant:1 red:2 ribes:1 sanguineum:1 pacific:1 northwest:1 otherwise:1 good:4 sloe:2 tree:1 perhaps:1 pussy:1 willow:7 bloom:2 preferably:1 male:7 staminate:2 catkin:7 ribe:1 place:7 large:3 number:6 early:2 insect:2 assemble:1 honeybees:1 wild:2 also:4 various:2 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development:2 smooth:1 fashion:1 describe:1 member:1 family:1 idler:2 social:2 live:1 expense:2 hardworke:1 thus:2 suffer:1 severely:1 onslaught:1 psithyrus:5 cuckoo:1 european:1 country:1 look:3 deceptively:1 victimize:1 sure:1 tell:1 victim:1 villain:1 examine:1 hind:1 leg:2 lack:2 basket:2 naturally:1 effort:1 host:3 succeed:1 usually:2 slip:1 unobtrusively:1 complete:1 seal:2 never:1 recognize:1 something:1 amiss:1 normally:1 intruder:1 develop:1 rightful:1 inhabitant:1 store:2 worse:1 claim:1 kill:1 return:1 gruesome:1 interlude:1 spring:3 command:1 attention:1 almost:3 trifle:1 andrena:11 mining:1 200:1 different:1 europe:1 favorite:1 armata:2 common:1 england:1 sometimes:2 refer:1 lawn:2 burrow:5 turf:1 mound:2 earth:1 hundred:3 equal:1 size:2 beautiful:1 color:1 least:1 rich:1 velvety:1 rusty:1 duller:1 straight:1 ground:2 lead:1 pencil:1 bottom:1 part:2 side:1 tunnel:1 plus:1 rapid:1 end:1 adult:3 enclose:1 larval:1 remain:2 throughout:1 appearance:1 next:1 coincide:1 uncanny:1 plant:3 sacramento:1 valley:1 california:1 observe:1 difference:1 emergence:1 opening:1 due:1 identical:1 response:1 cycle:2 repeat:1 gregarious:1 together:1 solitary:1 history:3 simple:1 truly:1 colonial:1 serve:1 example:2 means:2 general:1 certainly:2 striking:1 feature:1 basis:1 think:1 primitive:1 transport:1 perfect:1 either:2 possess:1 long:1 branch:1 hair:1 grain:2 reasonably:1 job:1 load:1 gay:1 piece:1 float:1 closely:1 relate:1 nomias:1 alkali:3 nomia:2 melanderi:1 tremendous:1 west:1 great:1 plain:1 utah:2 central:1 washington:2 department:1 agriculture:2 yearbook:1 1952:1 devote:1 entirely:1 george:1 bohart:1 mention:1 site:1 estimate:1 contain:1 inch:1 city:2 cover:1 acre:1 similar:1 activity:1 prepupal:1 year:1 second:1 late:1 plead:1 guilty:1 special:1 sympathy:1 pride:1 adopt:1 love:2 visit:1 near:1 yakima:1 prosser:1 july:1 active:1 indicate:1 inhospitable:1 indeed:1 alkaline:1 fine:1 soil:1 moist:1 yet:1 water:2 stagnant:1 dislike:1 dense:1 vegetation:1 condition:1 chance:1 course:1 offer:1 gently:1 slope:1 terrain:1 surface:1 air:1 evaporation:1 salty:1 permit:1 sparse:1 growth:1

Apart/rb from/in the/at honeybee/nn ,/, practically/rb all/abn bees/nns and/cc bumblebees/nns hibernate/vb in/in a/at state/nn of/in torpor/nn ./. Occasionally/rb ,/, you/ppss may/md come/vb across/in one/cd or/cc two/cd bumblebees/nns in/in the/at cold/jj season/nn ,/, when/wrb you/ppss are/ber turning/vbg over/rp sods/nns in/in your/pp$ garden/nn ,/, but/cc you/ppss have/hv to/to be/be a/at really/ql keen/jj observer/nn to/to see/vb them/ppo at/in all/abn ./. They/ppss keep/vb their/pp$ wings/nns and/cc feet/nns pressed/vbn tightly/rb against/in their/pp$ bodies/nns ,/, and/cc in/in spite/nn of/in their/pp$ often/rb colorful/jj attire/nn you/ppss may/md very/ql well/rb mistake/vb them/ppo for/in lumps/nns of/in dirt/nn ./. I/ppss must/md add/vb at/in once/rb that/cs these/dts animals/nns are/ber what/wdt we/ppss call/vb ``/`` queens/nns ''/'' ,/, young/jj females/nns that/wps have/hv mated/vbn in/in the/at previous/jj summer/nn or/cc autumn/nn ./. It/pps is/bez on/in them/ppo alone/rb that/cs the/at future/nn of/in their/pp$ race/nn depends/vbz ,/, for/cs all/abn their/pp$ relatives/nns (/( mothers/nns ,/, husbands/nns ,/, brothers/nns ,/, and/cc unmated/jj sisters/nns )/) have/hv perished/vbn with/in the/at arrival/nn of/in the/at cold/jj weather/nn ./. Even/rb some/dti of/in the/at queens/nns will/md die/vb before/cs the/at winter/nn is/bez over/rp ,/, falling/vbg prey/nn to/in enemies/nns or/cc disease/nn ./. The/at survivors/nns emerge/vb on/in some/dti nice/jj ,/, sunny/jj day/nn in/in March/np or/cc April/np ,/, when/wrb the/at temperature/nn is/bez close/rb to/in 50-degrees/nns and/cc there/ex is/bez not/* too/ql much/ap wind/nn ./. Now/rb the/at thing/nn for/cs us/ppo to/to do/do is/bez to/to find/vb ourselves/ppls a/at couple/nn of/in those/dts wonderful/jj flowering/vbg currants/nns such/jj as/cs the/at red/jj Ribes/np sanguineum/np of/in our/pp$ Pacific/jj-tl Northwest/nn-tl ,/, or/cc otherwise/rb a/at good/jj sloe/nn tree/nn ,/, or/cc perhaps/rb some/dti nice/jj pussy/nn willow/nn in/in bloom/nn ,/, preferably/rb one/cd with/in male/jj or/cc staminate/jj catkins/nns ./. The/at blooms/nns of/in Ribes/np and/cc of/in the/at willow/nn and/cc sloe/nn are/ber the/at places/nns where/wrb large/jj numbers/nns of/in our/pp$ early/jj insects/nns will/md assemble/vb :/: honeybees/nns ,/, bumblebees/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap wild/jj bees/nns ,/, and/cc also/rb various/jj kinds/nns of/in flies/nns ./. It/pps is/bez a/at happy/jj ,/, buzzing/vbg crowd/nn ./. Each/dt male/jj willow/nn catkin/nn is/bez composed/vbn of/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in small/jj flowers/nns ./. It/pps is/bez not/* difficult/jj to/to see/vb that/cs the/at stamens/nns of/in the/at catkin/nn are/ber always/rb arranged/vbn in/in pairs/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs each/dt individual/jj flower/nn is/bez nothing/pn but/in one/cd such/jj pair/nn standing/vbg on/in a/at green/jj ,/, black-tipped/jj little/jj scale/nn ./. By/in scrutinizing/vbg the/at flowers/nns ,/, one/pn can/md also/rb notice/vb that/cs the/at scale/nn bears/vbz one/cd or/cc two/cd tiny/jj warts/nns ./. Those/dts are/ber the/at nectaries/nns or/cc honey/nn glands/nns (/( Fig./nn-tl 26/cd-tl ,/, page/nn 74/cd )/) ./. The/at staminate/jj willow/nn catkins/nns ,/, then/rb ,/, provide/vb their/pp$ visitors/nns with/in both/abx nectar/nn and/cc pollen/nn ;/. ;/. a/at marvelous/jj arrangement/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps provides/vbz exactly/rb what/wdt the/at bee/nn queens/nns need/vb to/to make/vb their/pp$ beebread/nn ,/, a/at combination/nn of/in honey/nn and/cc pollen/nn with/in which/wdt the/at young/jj of/in all/abn species/nns are/ber fed/vbn ./. The/at only/ap exception/nn to/in this/dt is/bez certain/ap bees/nns that/wps have/hv become/vbn parasites/nns ./. I/ppss will/md deal/vb with/in these/dts later/rbr on/rp ./. Quite/ql often/rb ,/, honeybees/nns form/vb a/at majority/nn on/in the/at willow/nn catkins/nns ./. As/cs we/ppss have/hv already/rb seen/vbn in/in the/at first/od chapter/nn ,/, bumblebees/nns are/ber bigger/jjr ,/, hairier/jjr ,/, and/cc much/ql more/ql colorful/jj than/cs honeybees/nns ,/, exhibiting/vbg various/jj combinations/nns of/in black/nn ,/, yellow/nn ,/, white/nn and/cc orange/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo not/* try/vb to/to key/vb them/ppo out/rp at/in this/dt stage/nn of/in the/at game/nn ,/, and/cc let/vb us/ppo just/rb call/vb them/ppo Bombus/nn-tl ./. There/ex must/md be/be several/ap dozen/nn species/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl alone/rb ./. If/cs you/ppss really/rb insist/vb on/in knowing/vbg their/pp$ names/nns ,/, an/at excellent/jj book/nn on/in the/at North/jj-tl American/jj-tl species/nn is/bez Bumblebees/nns-tl And/cc-tl Their/pp$-tl Ways/nns-tl by/in O./np E./np Plath/np ./. If/cs we/ppss manage/vb to/to keep/vb track/nn of/in a/at Bombus/nn-tl queen/nn after/cs she/pps has/hvz left/vbn her/pp$ feeding/vbg place/nn ,/, we/ppss may/md discover/vb the/at snug/jj little/jj hideout/nn which/wdt she/pps has/hvz fixed/vbn up/rp for/in herself/ppl when/wrb she/pps woke/vbd up/rp from/in her/pp$ winter/nn sleep/nn ./. As/cs befits/vbz a/at queen/nn ,/, a/at bumblebee/nn female/nn is/bez rather/ql choosy/jj and/cc may/md spend/vb considerable/jj time/nn searching/vbg for/in a/at suitable/jj nesting/vbg place/nn ./. Most/ap species/nns seem/vb to/to prefer/vb a/at ready-made/jj hollow/nn such/jj as/cs a/at deserted/vbn mouse/nn nest/nn ,/, a/at bird/nn house/nn ,/, or/cc the/at hole/nn made/vbn by/in a/at woodpecker/nn ;/. ;/. some/dti show/vb a/at definite/jj liking/nn for/in making/vbg their/pp$ nest/nn in/in moss/nn ./. Once/cs she/pps has/hvz made/vbn up/rp her/pp$ mind/nn ,/, the/at queen/nn starts/vbz out/rp by/in constructing/vbg ,/, in/in her/pp$ chosen/vbn abode/nn ,/, a/at small/jj ``/`` floor/nn ''/'' of/in dried/vbn grass/nn or/cc some/dti woolly/jj material/nn ./. On/in this/dt ,/, she/pps builds/vbz an/at ``/`` egg/nn compartment/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` egg/nn cell/nn ''/'' which/wdt is/bez filled/vbn with/in that/dt famous/jj pollen-and-nectar/nn mixture/nn called/vbn beebread/nn ./. She/pps also/rb builds/vbz one/cd or/cc two/cd waxen/jj cups/nns which/wdt she/pps fills/vbz with/in honey/nn ./. Then/rb ,/, a/at group/nn of/in eggs/nns is/bez deposited/vbn in/in a/at cavity/nn in/in the/at beebread/nn loaf/nn and/cc the/at egg/nn compartment/nn is/bez closed/vbn ./. The/at queen/nn afterward/rb keeps/vbz incubating/vbg and/cc guarding/vbg her/pp$ eggs/nns like/cs a/at mother/nn hen/nn ,/, taking/vbg a/at sip/nn from/in time/nn to/in time/nn from/in the/at rather/ql liquid/jj honey/nn in/in her/pp$ honey/nn pots/nns ./. When/wrb the/at larvae/nns hatch/vb ,/, they/ppss feed/vb on/in the/at beebread/nn ,/, although/cs they/ppss also/rb receive/vb extra/jj honey/nn meals/nns from/in their/pp$ mother/nn ./. She/pps continues/vbz to/to add/vb to/in the/at pollen/nn supply/nn as/cs needed/vbn ./. The/at larvae/nns ,/, kept/vbn warm/jj by/in the/at queen/nn ,/, are/ber full/rb grown/vbn in/in about/rb ten/cd days/nns ./. Each/dt now/rb makes/vbz a/at tough/jj ,/, papery/jj cocoon/nn and/cc pupates/vbz ./. After/in another/dt two/cd weeks/nns ,/, the/at first/od young/nn emerge/vb ,/, four/cd to/in eight/cd small/jj daughters/nns that/wps begin/vb to/to play/vb the/at role/nn of/in worker/nn bees/nns ,/, collecting/vbg pollen/nn and/cc nectar/nn in/in the/at field/nn and/cc caring/vbg for/in the/at new/jj young/jj generation/nn while/cs the/at queen/nn retires/vbz to/in a/at life/nn of/in egg/nn laying/nn ./. The/at first/od worker/nn bees/nns do/do not/* mate/vb or/cc lay/vb eggs/nns ;/. ;/. males/nns and/cc mating/vbg females/nns do/do not/* emerge/vb until/in later/rbr in/in the/at season/nn ./. The/at broods/nns of/in workers/nns that/wps appear/vb later/rbr tend/vb to/to be/be bigger/jjr than/cs the/at first/od ones/nns ,/, probably/rb because/cs they/ppss are/ber better/rbr fed/vbn ./. By/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at summer/nn ,/, many/ap of/in the/at larvae/nns apparently/rb receive/vb such/abl a/at good/jj diet/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez ``/`` optimal/jj ''/'' ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez then/rb that/cs young/jj queens/nns begin/vb to/to appear/vb ./. Simultaneously/rb ,/, males/nns or/cc drones/nns are/ber produced/vbn ,/, mostly/rb from/in the/at unfertilized/jj eggs/nns of/in workers/nns ,/, although/cs a/at few/ap may/md be/be produced/vbn by/in the/at queen/nn ./. The/at young/jj queens/nns and/cc drones/nns leave/vb the/at nest/nn and/cc mate/vb ,/, and/cc after/in a/at short/jj period/nn of/in freedom/nn ,/, the/at fertilized/vbn young/jj queens/nns will/md begin/vb to/to dig/vb in/rp for/in the/at winter/nn ./. It/pps is/bez an/at amazing/jj fact/nn that/cs in/in some/dti species/nns this/dt will/md happen/vb while/cs the/at summer/nn is/bez still/rb in/in full/jj swing/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, in/in August/np ./. The/at temperature/nn then/rb is/bez still/rb very/ql high/jj ./. At/in the/at old/jj nest/nn ,/, the/at queen/nn will/md in/in the/at early/jj fall/nn cease/vb to/to lay/vb the/at fertilized/vbn eggs/nns that/wps will/md produce/vb females/nns ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, the/at proportion/nn of/in males/nns (/( which/wdt leave/vb the/at nest/nn )/) increases/vbz ,/, and/cc eventually/rb the/at old/jj colony/nn will/md die/vb out/rp completely/rb ./. The/at nest/nn itself/ppl ,/, the/at structure/nn that/wps in/in some/dti cases/nns housed/vbd about/rb 2,000/cd individuals/nns when/wrb the/at season/nn was/bedz at/in its/pp$ peak/nn ,/, is/bez now/rb rapidly/rb destroyed/vbn by/in the/at scavenging/vbg larvae/nns of/in certain/jj beetles/nns and/cc moths/nns ./. Not/* always/rb ,/, though/rb ,/, does/doz the/at development/nn of/in a/at bumblebee/nn colony/nn take/vb place/nn in/in the/at smooth/jj fashion/nn we/ppss have/hv just/rb described/vbn ./. Some/dti members/nns of/in the/at bee/nn family/nn have/hv become/vbn idlers/nns ,/, social/jj parasites/nns that/wps live/vb at/in the/at expense/nn of/in their/pp$ hardworking/jj relatives/nns ./. Bumblebees/nns can/md thus/rb suffer/vb severely/rb from/in the/at onslaughts/nns of/in Psithyrus/np ,/, the/at ``/`` cuckoo-bumblebee/nn ''/'' as/cs it/pps is/bez called/vbn in/in some/dti European/jj countries/nns ./. Female/jj individuals/nns of/in Psithyrus/np look/vb deceptively/rb like/cs the/at workers/nns and/cc queens/nns of/in the/at bumblebees/nns they/ppss victimize/vb ./. The/at one/cd sure/jj way/nn to/to tell/vb victim/nn and/cc villain/nn apart/rb is/bez to/to examine/vb the/at hind/jj legs/nns which/wdt in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at idler/nn ,/, Psithyrus/np ,/, lack/vb the/at pollen/nn baskets/nns --/-- naturally/rb !/. !/. The/at female/jj parasite/nn spends/vbz much/ap time/nn in/in her/pp$ efforts/nns to/to find/vb a/at nest/nn of/in her/pp$ host/nn ./. When/wrb she/pps succeeds/vbz ,/, she/pps usually/rb manages/vbz to/to slip/vb in/rp unobtrusively/rb ,/, to/to deposit/vb an/at egg/nn on/in a/at completed/vbn loaf/nn of/in beebread/nn before/cs the/at bumblebees/nns seal/vb the/at egg/nn compartment/nn ./. The/at hosts/nns never/rb seem/vb to/to recognize/vb that/cs something/pn is/bez amiss/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at compartment/nn afterward/rb is/bez sealed/vbn normally/rb ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at larvae/nns of/in the/at intruder/nn can/md develop/vb at/in the/at expense/nn of/in the/at rightful/jj inhabitants/nns and/cc the/at store/nn of/in beebread/nn ./. Later/rbr on/rp ,/, they/ppss and/cc the/at mother/nn Psithyrus/np are/ber fed/vbn by/in the/at Bombus/nn workers/nns ./. Worse/jjr still/rb ,/, in/in a/at number/nn of/in cases/nns it/pps has/hvz been/ben claimed/vbn that/cs the/at Psithyrus/np female/nn kills/vbz the/at Bombus/nn queen/nn ./. But/cc let/vb us/ppo return/vb ,/, after/in this/dt gruesome/jj interlude/nn ,/, to/in our/pp$ willow/nn catkins/nns in/in the/at spring/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex are/ber other/ap wild/jj bees/nns that/wps command/vb our/pp$ attention/nn ./. It/pps is/bez almost/ql certain/jj that/cs some/dti of/in these/dts ,/, usually/rb a/at trifle/nn smaller/jjr than/cs the/at honeybees/nns ,/, are/ber andrenas/nns or/cc mining/vbg bees/nns ./. There/ex are/ber about/rb 200/cd different/jj kinds/nns of/in Andrena/np in/in Europe/np alone/rb ./. One/cd of/in my/pp$ favorites/nns is/bez A./np armata/np ,/, a/at species/nn very/ql common/jj in/in England/np ,/, where/wrb it/pps is/bez sometimes/rb referred/vbn to/in as/cs the/at lawn/nn bee/nn ./. The/at females/nns like/vb to/to burrow/vb in/in the/at short/jj turf/nn of/in well-kept/jj lawns/nns ,/, where/wrb their/pp$ little/jj mounds/nns of/in earth/nn often/rb appear/vb by/in the/at hundreds/nns ./. Almost/ql equal/jj in/in size/nn to/in a/at honeybee/nn ,/, A./np armata/np is/bez much/ql more/ql beautiful/jj in/in color/nn ,/, at/in least/ap in/in the/at female/nn of/in the/at species/nn :/: a/at rich/jj ,/, velvety/jj ,/, rusty/jj red/nn ./. The/at males/nns are/ber much/ql duller/jjr ./. After/cs having/hvg mated/vbn ,/, an/at Andrena/np female/nn digs/vbz a/at hole/nn straight/rb down/rp into/in the/at ground/nn ,/, forming/vbg a/at burrow/nn about/rb the/at size/nn of/in a/at lead/nn pencil/nn ./. The/at bottom/nn part/nn of/in a/at burrow/nn has/hvz a/at number/nn of/in side/nn tunnels/nns or/cc ``/`` cells/nns ''/'' ,/, each/dt of/in which/wdt is/bez provided/vbn with/in an/at egg/nn plus/cc a/at store/nn of/in beebread/nn ./. The/at development/nn of/in the/at Andrena/np larvae/nns is/bez very/ql rapid/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs by/in the/at end/nn of/in spring/nn they/ppss have/hv already/rb pupated/vbn and/cc become/vbn adults/nns ./. But/cc they/ppss are/ber still/rb enclosed/vbn in/in their/pp$ larval/jj cells/nns and/cc remain/vb there/rb throughout/in the/at summer/nn ,/, fall/nn ,/, and/cc winter/nn ./. Their/pp$ appearance/nn ,/, next/ap spring/nn ,/, coincides/vbz in/in an/at almost/ql uncanny/jj way/nn with/in the/at flowering/nn of/in their/pp$ host/nn plants/nns ./. In/in the/at Sacramento/np valley/nn in/in California/np ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben observed/vbn that/cs there/ex was/bedz not/* one/cd day's/nn$ difference/nn between/in the/at emergence/nn of/in the/at andrenas/nns and/cc the/at opening/nn of/in the/at willow/nn catkins/nns ./. This/dt must/md be/be due/jj to/in a/at completely/ql identical/jj response/nn to/in the/at weather/nn ,/, in/in the/at plant/nn and/cc the/at animal/nn ./. After/cs the/at male/jj and/cc female/jj andrenas/nns have/hv mated/vbn ,/, the/at cycle/nn is/bez repeated/vbn ./. Although/cs Andrena/np is/bez gregarious/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs we/ppss may/md find/vb hundreds/nns and/cc hundreds/nns of/in burrows/nns together/rb ,/, we/ppss must/md still/rb call/vb it/ppo a/at solitary/jj bee/nn ./. Its/pp$ life/nn history/nn is/bez much/ql simpler/jjr than/cs that/dt of/in the/at truly/rb colonial/jj bumblebees/nns and/cc can/md serve/vb as/cs an/at example/nn of/in the/at life/nn cycle/nn of/in many/ap other/ap species/nns ./. After/in all/abn ,/, social/jj life/nn in/in the/at group/nn of/in the/at bees/nns is/bez by/in no/at means/nns general/jj ,/, although/cs it/pps certainly/rb is/bez a/at striking/jj feature/nn ./. On/in the/at basis/nn of/in its/pp$ life/nn history/nn ,/, we/ppss like/vb to/to think/vb that/cs Andrena/np is/bez more/ql primitive/jj than/cs the/at bumblebees/nns ./. The/at way/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps transports/vbz its/pp$ pollen/nn is/bez not/* so/ql perfect/jj ,/, either/rb ./. It/pps lacks/vbz pollen/nn baskets/nns and/cc possesses/vbz only/rb a/at large/jj number/nn of/in long/jj ,/, branched/vbn hairs/nns on/in its/pp$ legs/nns ,/, on/in which/wdt the/at pollen/nn grains/nns will/md collect/vb ./. Still/rb Andrena/np will/md do/do a/at reasonably/ql good/jj job/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs an/at animal/nn with/in a/at full/jj pollen/nn load/nn looks/vbz like/cs a/at gay/jj little/jj piece/nn of/in yellow/jj down/nn floating/vbg in/in the/at wind/nn ./. Closely/rb related/vbn to/in the/at andrenas/nns are/ber the/at nomias/nns or/cc alkali/nn bees/nns ./. Nomia/np melanderi/np can/md be/be found/vbn in/in tremendous/jj numbers/nns in/in certain/ap parts/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl west/nr of/in the/at Great/jj-tl Plains/nns-tl ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, in/in Utah/np and/cc central/jj Washington/np ./. In/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Agriculture's/nn$-tl Yearbook/nn-tl Of/in-tl Agriculture/nn-tl ,/, 1952/cd ,/, which/wdt is/bez devoted/vbn entirely/rb to/in insects/nns ,/, George/np E./np Bohart/np mentions/vbz a/at site/nn in/in Utah/np which/wdt was/bedz estimated/vbn to/to contain/vb 200,000/cd nesting/vbg females/nns ./. Often/rb the/at burrows/nns are/ber only/rb an/at inch/nn or/cc two/cd apart/rb ,/, and/cc the/at bee/nn cities/nns cover/vb several/ap acres/nns ./. The/at life/nn history/nn of/in the/at alkali/nn bee/nn is/bez similar/jj to/in that/dt of/in Andrena/nn ,/, but/cc the/at first/od activity/nn of/in the/at adults/nns does/doz not/* take/vb place/nn until/in summer/nn ,/, and/cc the/at individuals/nns hibernate/vb in/in the/at prepupal/jj stage/nn ./. In/in most/ap places/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber two/cd generations/nns a/at year/nn ,/, a/at second/od brood/nn of/in adults/nns appearing/vbg late/rb in/in the/at summer/nn ./. I/ppss must/md plead/vb guilty/jj to/in a/at special/jj sympathy/nn for/in nomias/nns ./. This/dt may/md just/rb be/be pride/nn in/in my/pp$ adopted/vbn State/nn-tl of/in-tl Washington/np-tl ,/, but/cc certainly/rb I/ppss love/vb to/to visit/vb their/pp$ mound/nn cities/nns near/in Yakima/np and/cc Prosser/np in/in July/np or/cc August/np ,/, when/wrb the/at bees/nns are/ber in/in their/pp$ most/ql active/jj period/nn ./. The/at name/nn ``/`` alkali/nn bee/nn ''/'' indicates/vbz that/cs one/pn has/hvz to/to look/vb for/in them/ppo in/in rather/ql inhospitable/jj places/nns ./. Sometimes/rb ,/, although/cs by/in no/at means/nns always/rb ,/, these/dts are/ber indeed/rb alkaline/jj ./. The/at thing/nn is/bez that/cs these/dts bees/nns love/vb a/at fine-grained/jj soil/nn that/wps is/bez moist/jj ;/. ;/. yet/cc the/at water/nn in/in the/at ground/nn should/md not/* be/be stagnant/jj either/rb ./. They/ppss dislike/vb dense/jj vegetation/nn ./. Where/wrb does/doz one/pn find/vb such/jj conditions/nns ?/. ?/. The/at best/jjt chance/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez offered/vbn by/in gently/rb sloping/vbg terrain/nn where/wrb the/at water/nn remains/vbz close/rb to/in the/at surface/nn and/cc where/wrb the/at air/nn is/bez dry/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs a/at high/jj evaporation/nn leaves/vbz salty/jj deposits/nns which/wdt permit/vb only/ap sparse/jj plant/nn growth/nn ./.

cj11

cj11 |@word many:6 probably:2 nearly:3 snake:23 maturity:15 already:2 half:3 final:2 length:23 laurence:1 klauber:2 put:1 two:9 third:3 ultimate:2 rattlesnake:3 charles:1 carpenter:2 datum:10 michigan:2 garter:2 ribbon:2 thamnophis:1 show:4 small:5 gravid:2 female:10 long:7 big:1 adult:1 felix:1 kopstein:1 state:2 reach:7 maximal:1 go:1 cite:1 reticulate:3 python:14 exception:1 maximum:10 approximately:2 three:7 time:6 hard:2 understand:1 conclude:3 grow:3 appreciably:1 attain:3 work:1 specie:3 java:1 perhaps:2 tropical:2 unusual:2 respect:1 certain:3 individual:5 giant:8 record:10 later:1 fail:1 reasonable:1 difference:4 impossible:1 know:2 whether:1 due:1 captive:2 condition:2 additional:1 slow:1 growth:12 omit:1 possible:4 make:6 generalization:2 six:4 seem:4 rough:1 correlation:4 initial:1 start:3 boa:7 constrictor:7 end:1 large:7 anaconda:18 former:3 scanty:1 little:6 doubt:2 latter:2 sometimes:1 bear:9 great:3 thereby:1 lend:1 support:1 belief:2 indeed:1 four:5 amethystine:4 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han:1 schweizer:1 19:1 5:1 quelch:1 4:2 10:1 unlikely:1 normal:2 1948:1 afranio:1 amaral:1 note:1 brazilian:1 write:2 technical:1 paper:1 12:1 13:1 meter:2 approximate:1 39:1 42:1 slightly:2 46:1 thus:1 lie:1 suggestion:1 intimate:1 convincing:1 recent:1 eastern:1 colombia:1 roberto:1 lamon:1 petroleum:1 geologist:1 richmond:1 oil:1 company:1 1944:1 emmett:1 dunn:1 however:3 question:1 partly:1 base:3 accept:1 probable:1 remain:1 skeptical:1 prefer:1 tentative:1 especially:1 belong:1 area:1 characteristic:1 colombian:1 sixteen:1 staten:1 island:2 typical:1 thirteen:1 newly:2 collate:1 distribution:1 detect:1 somewhat:1 central:2 american:1 see:1 lay:1 hatching:1 certainly:1 newborn:1 take:1 tentatively:1 await:1 locality:1 alphonse:1 hoge:1 several:1 specimen:1 brazil:1 suggest:1 surprisingly:1 carl:1 kauffeld:1 activity:1 february:1 1943:1 march:1 1940:1 collect:1 coast:1 nicaragua:1 measure:1 8:1 snout:1 vent:1 tail:1 7:1 11:1 indicate:1 considerable:1 variation:1 unfortunately:1 whereas:1 short:1 allow:1

Many/ap other/ap (/( probably/rb nearly/ql all/abn )/) snakes/nns at/in maturity/nn are/ber already/rb more/ap than/cs half/abn their/pp$ final/jj length/nn ./. Laurence/np M./np Klauber/np put/vbd length/nn at/in maturity/nn at/in two/cd thirds/nns the/at ultimate/jj length/nn for/in some/dti rattlesnakes/nns ,/, and/cc Charles/np C./np Carpenter's/np$ data/nns on/in Michigan/np garter/nn and/cc ribbon/nn snakes/nns (/( Thamnophis/np )/) show/vb that/cs the/at smallest/jjt gravid/jj females/nns are/ber more/ap than/cs half/abn as/cs long/jj as/cs the/at biggest/jjt adults/nns ./. Felix/np Kopstein/np states/vbz that/cs ``/`` when/wrb the/at snake/nn reaches/vbz its/pp$ maturity/nn it/pps has/hvz already/rb reached/vbn about/rb its/pp$ maximal/jj length/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc goes/vbz on/rp to/to cite/vb the/at reticulate/jj python/nn as/cs an/at exception/nn ,/, with/in maximum/jj length/nn approximately/rb three/cd times/nns that/dt at/in maturity/nn ./. It/pps is/bez hard/jj to/to understand/vb how/wrb he/pps concluded/vbd that/cs most/ap snakes/nns do/do not/* grow/vb appreciably/rb after/cs attaining/vbg maturity/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps was/bedz working/vbg with/in species/nns of/in Java/np ,/, so/rb perhaps/rb some/dti tropical/jj snakes/nns are/ber unusual/jj in/in this/dt respect/nn ./. Certain/ap individual/jj giants/nns recorded/vbn later/rbr did/dod fail/vb to/to show/vb a/at reasonable/jj difference/nn after/in maturity/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez impossible/jj to/to know/vb whether/cs this/dt is/bez due/jj to/in captive/jj conditions/nns ./. Additional/jj records/nns of/in slow/jj growth/nn have/hv been/ben omitted/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to make/vb a/at few/ap generalizations/nns about/in the/at six/cd giants/nns themselves/ppls ./. There/ex seems/vbz to/to be/be a/at rough/jj correlation/nn between/in the/at initial/jj and/cc ultimate/jj lengths/nns ,/, starting/vbg with/in the/at smallest/jjt (/( boa/nn constrictor/nn )/) and/cc ending/vbg with/in the/at largest/jjt (/( anaconda/nn )/) ./. Data/nns on/in the/at former/ap are/ber scanty/jj ,/, but/cc there/ex can/md be/be little/ap doubt/nn that/cs the/at latter/ap is/bez sometimes/rb born/vbn at/in a/at length/nn greater/jjr than/cs that/dt of/in any/dti of/in the/at others/nns ,/, thereby/rb lending/vbg support/nn to/in the/at belief/nn that/cs the/at anaconda/nn does/doz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, attain/vb the/at greatest/jjt length/nn ./. For/in four/cd of/in the/at six/cd (/( the/at anaconda/nn and/cc the/at amethystine/nn python/nn cannot/md* be/be included/vbn for/in lack/nn of/in data/nn )/) there/ex is/bez also/rb a/at correlation/nn between/in size/nn at/in maturity/nn and/cc maximum/jj length/nn ,/, the/at boa/nn constrictor/nn being/beg the/at smallest/jjt and/cc the/at Indian/jj python/nn the/at next/ap in/in size/nn at/in the/at former/ap stage/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo speculate/vb a/at little/jj on/in the/at maximum/jj size/nn of/in the/at anaconda/nn ./. If/cs ,/, in/in a/at certain/ap part/nn of/in the/at range/nn ,/, it/pps starts/vbz life/nn 1/cd foot/nn longer/jjr than/cs do/do any/dti of/in the/at other/ap (/( relatively/ql large/jj )/) giants/nns ,/, and/cc reaches/vbz maturity/nn at/in ,/, let/vb us/ppo guess/vb ,/, 18/cd inches/nns longer/jjr than/cs the/at others/nns ,/, a/at quadrupling/nn of/in the/at maturity/nn length/nn would/md result/vb in/in a/at maximum/jj of/in (/( nearly/rb )/) 40/cd feet/nns ./. When/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in rate/nn of/in early/jj growth/nn ,/, the/at Indian/jj python/nn leads/vbz with/in a/at figure/nn of/in about/rb 3/cd feet/nns 6/cd inches/nns per/in year/nn for/in the/at first/od two/cd years/nns ,/, more/ap or/cc less/ap ./. The/at African/jj rock/nn python/nn ,/, a/at close/jj second/od ,/, is/bez followed/vbn in/in turn/nn by/in the/at reticulate/jj python/nn ./. There/ex are/ber few/ap data/nns on/in the/at boa/nn constrictor/nn ,/, those/dts for/in the/at anaconda/nn are/ber unconvincing/jj ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez nothing/pn at/in all/abn on/in the/at amethystine/nn python/nn ./. It/pps seems/vbz likely/jj that/cs the/at Indian/jj python/nn comes/vbz out/rp ahead/rb because/cs records/nns of/in its/pp$ growth/nn have/hv been/ben made/vbn more/ql carefully/rb and/cc frequently/rb ;/. ;/. it/pps responds/vbz exceptionally/ql well/rb to/in captivity/nn and/cc does/doz not/* reach/vb proportions/nns that/wps make/vb it/ppo hard/jj to/to keep/vb ./. I/ppss cannot/md* make/vb sense/nn out/rp of/in the/at figures/nns for/in post/in maturity/nn growth/nn ;/. ;/. at/in best/jjt the/at annual/jj increase/nn appears/vbz to/to be/be a/at matter/nn of/in inches/nns rather/rb than/in feet/nns ./. Until/cs better/jjr records/nns have/hv been/ben kept/vbn over/in longer/jjr periods/nns of/in time/nn and/cc much/ql more/ap is/bez known/vbn about/in the/at maximum/jj dimensions/nns ,/, it/pps will/md be/be wise/jj to/to refrain/vb from/in drawing/vbg conclusions/nns ./. It/pps is/bez often/rb stated/vbn that/cs the/at largest/jjt snakes/nns require/vb five/cd years/nns to/to attain/vb maturity/nn ,/, but/cc this/dt apparently/rb is/bez an/at overestimation/nn ./. The/at best/jjt way/nn to/to determine/vb the/at correct/jj figure/nn (/( in/in captives/nns )/) is/bez by/in direct/jj observation/nn of/in pairs/nns isolated/vbn from/in birth/nn ,/, a/at method/nn that/wps produced/vbd surprising/vbg results/nns :/: maturing/vbg of/in a/at male/jj Indian/jj python/nn in/in less/ap than/in two/cd years/nns ,/, his/pp$ mate/nn in/in less/ap than/in three/cd ;/. ;/. data/nns on/in the/at boa/nn constrictor/nn about/rb match/vb this/dt ./. Another/dt approach/nn is/bez to/to estimate/vb from/in the/at rate/nn of/in growth/nn and/cc the/at smallest/jjt size/nn at/in maturity/nn ./. Results/nns from/in this/dt approach/nn amply/rb confirm/vb the/at direct/jj observations/nns :/: about/rb three/cd years/nns are/ber required/vbn ,/, there/ex being/beg a/at possible/jj slight/jj difference/nn between/in males/nns and/cc females/nns in/in the/at time/nn required/vbn ./. Only/rb the/at amethystine/nn python/nn and/cc the/at anaconda/nn must/md be/be excluded/vbn for/in lack/nn or/cc paucity/nn of/in data/nn ./. The/at following/vbg information/nn on/in snakes/nns varying/vbg greatly/rb in/in size/nn (/( but/cc all/abn with/in less/ap than/in a/at 10-foot/jj maximum/nn )/) shows/vbz ,/, when/wrb considered/vbn with/in the/at foregoing/nn ,/, that/cs there/ex is/bez probably/rb no/at correlation/nn between/in the/at length/nn of/in a/at snake/nn and/cc the/at time/nn required/vbn for/in it/ppo to/to mature/vb ./. Oliver/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ summary/nn of/in the/at habits/nns of/in the/at snakes/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, could/md supply/vb data/nn on/in the/at maturing/vbg period/nn for/in only/rb three/cd species/nns in/in addition/nn to/in the/at rattlers/nns ,/, which/wdt I/ppss shall/md consider/vb separately/rb ./. These/dts three/cd were/bed much/ql alike/jj :/: lined/vbn snake/nn (/( Tropidoclonion/nn )/) ,/, one/cd year/nn and/cc nine/cd months/nns ;/. ;/. red-bellied/jj snake/nn (/( Storeria/np )/) ,/, two/cd years/nns ;/. ;/. cottonmouth/nn (/( Ancistrodon/np )/) ,/, two/cd years/nns ./. Klauber/np investigated/vbd the/at rattlesnakes/nns carefully/rb himself/ppl and/cc also/rb summarized/vbd what/wdt others/nns have/hv found/vbn ./. He/pps concluded/vbd that/cs in/in the/at southern/jj species/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber rapidly/rb growing/vbg types/nns ,/, females/nns mate/vb at/in the/at age/nn of/in two/cd and/cc a/at half/abn and/cc bear/vb the/at first/od young/jj when/wrb they/ppss are/ber three/cd ./. Other/ap herpetologists/nns have/hv ascertained/vbn that/cs in/in the/at northern/jj United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl the/at prairie/nn rattlesnake/nn may/md not/* give/vb first/od birth/nn until/cs it/pps is/bez four/cd or/cc even/rb five/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at young/jj may/md be/be born/vbn every/at other/ap year/nn ,/, rather/rb than/in annually/rb ./. Carpenter's/np$ study/nn showed/vbd that/cs female/jj common/jj garter/nn and/cc ribbon/nn snakes/nns of/in Michigan/np mature/vb at/in about/rb the/at age/nn of/in two/cd ./. Maximum/jj-hl length/nn-hl Oversized/jj monsters/nns are/ber never/rb brought/vbn home/nr either/cc alive/jj or/cc preserved/vbn ,/, and/cc field/nn measurements/nns are/ber obviously/rb open/jj to/in doubt/nn because/rb of/in the/at universal/jj tendency/nn to/to exaggerate/vb dimensions/nns ./. Measurements/nns of/in skins/nns are/ber of/in little/ap value/nn ;/. ;/. every/at snake/nn hide/nn is/bez noticeably/rb longer/jjr than/cs its/pp$ carcass/nn and/cc intentional/jj stretching/nn presents/vbz no/at difficulty/nn to/in the/at unscrupulous/jj explorer/nn ./. In/in spite/nn of/in all/abn the/at pitfalls/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at certain/ap amount/nn of/in agreement/nn on/in some/dti of/in the/at giants/nns ./. The/at anaconda/nn proves/vbz to/to be/be the/at fly/nn in/in the/at ointment/nn ,/, but/cc the/at reason/nn for/in this/dt is/bez not/* clear/jj ;/. ;/. the/at relatively/ql wild/jj conditions/nns still/rb found/vbn in/in tropical/jj South/jj-tl America/np-tl might/md be/be responsible/jj ./. There/ex are/ber three/cd levels/nns on/in which/wdt to/to treat/vb the/at subject/nn ./. The/at first/od is/bez the/at strictly/ql scientific/jj ,/, which/wdt demands/vbz concrete/jj proof/nn and/cc therefore/rb may/md err/vb on/in the/at conservative/jj side/nn by/in waiting/vbg for/in evidence/nn in/in the/at flesh/nn ./. This/dt approach/nn rejects/vbz virtually/rb all/abn field/nn measurements/nns ./. The/at next/ap level/nn attempts/vbz to/to weigh/vb varied/vbn evidence/nn and/cc come/vb to/in a/at balanced/vbn ,/, sensible/jj conclusion/nn ;/. ;/. field/nn measurements/nns by/in experienced/vbn explorers/nns are/ber not/* rejected/vbn ,/, and/cc even/rb reports/nns of/in a/at less/ql scientific/jj nature/nn are/ber duly/rb evaluated/vbn ./. The/at third/od level/nn leans/vbz on/in a/at belief/nn that/cs a/at lot/nn of/in smoke/nn means/vbz some/dti fire/nn ./. The/at argument/nn against/in this/dt last/ap approach/nn is/bez comparable/jj to/in that/dt which/wdt rejects/vbz stories/nns about/in hoop/nn snakes/nns ,/, about/in snakes/nns that/wps break/vb themselves/ppls into/in many/ap pieces/nns and/cc join/vb up/rp again/rb ,/, or/cc even/rb of/in ghosts/nns that/wps chase/vb people/nns out/rp of/in graveyards/nns ;/. ;/. the/at mere/jj piling/vbg up/rp of/in testimony/nn does/doz not/* prove/vb ,/, to/in the/at scientific/jj mind/nn ,/, the/at existence/nn of/in hoop/nn snakes/nns ,/, joint/nn snakes/nns ,/, or/cc ghosts/nns ./. Oliver/np has/hvz recently/rb used/vbn the/at second-level/nn approach/nn with/in the/at largest/jjt snakes/nns ,/, and/cc has/hvz come/vbn to/in these/dts conclusions/nns :/: the/at anaconda/nn reaches/vbz a/at length/nn of/in at/in least/ap 37/cd feet/nns ,/, the/at reticulate/jj python/nn 33/cd ,/, the/at African/jj rock/nn python/nn 25/cd ,/, the/at amethystine/nn python/nn at/in least/ap 22/cd ,/, the/at Indian/jj python/nn 20/cd ,/, and/cc the/at boa/nn constrictor/nn 18-1/2/cd ./. Bernard/np Heuvelmans/np also/rb treats/vbz of/in the/at largest/jjt snakes/nns ,/, but/cc on/in the/at third/od level/nn ,/, and/cc is/bez chiefly/rb concerned/vbn with/in the/at anaconda/nn ./. He/pps reasons/vbz that/cs as/cs anacondas/nns 30/cd feet/nns long/jj are/ber often/rb found/vbn ,/, some/dti might/md be/be 38/cd ,/, and/cc occasional/jj ``/`` monstrous/jj freaks/nns ''/'' over/in 50/cd ./. He/pps rejects/vbz dimensions/nns of/in 70/cd feet/nns and/cc more/ap ./. His/pp$ thirteenth/od chapter/nn includes/vbz many/ap exciting/jj accounts/nns of/in huge/jj serpents/nns with/in prodigious/jj strength/nn ,/, but/cc these/dts seem/vb to/to be/be given/vbn to/to complete/vb his/pp$ picture/nn ,/, not/* to/to be/be believed/vbn ./. Detailed/vbn information/nn on/in record/nn lengths/nns of/in the/at giants/nns is/bez given/vbn in/in the/at section/nn that/wps follows/vbz ./. Growth/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl six/cd-hl giants/nns-hl Discussions/nns of/in the/at giants/nns one/cd by/in one/cd will/md include/vb ,/, as/ql far/rb as/cs possible/jj ,/, data/nns on/in these/dts aspects/nns of/in growth/nn :/: size/nn at/in which/wdt life/nn is/bez started/vbn and/cc at/in which/wdt sexual/jj maturity/nn is/bez reached/vbn ;/. ;/. time/nn required/vbn to/to reach/vb maturity/nn ;/. ;/. rate/nn of/in growth/nn both/abx before/in and/cc after/in this/dt crucial/jj stage/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc maximum/jj length/nn ,/, with/in confirmation/nn or/cc amplification/nn of/in Oliver's/np$ figures/nns ./. Definite/jj information/nn on/in the/at growth/nn of/in senile/jj individuals/nns is/bez lacking/vbg ./. Anaconda/nn-hl :/:-hl At/in birth/nn ,/, this/dt species/nn varies/vbz considerably/rb in/in size/nn ./. A/at brood/nn of/in twenty-eight/cd born/vbn at/in Brookfield/np-tl Zoo/nn-tl ,/, near/in Chicago/np ,/, ranged/vbd in/in length/nn from/in 22/cd to/in 33-1/2/cd inches/nns and/cc averaged/vbd 29/cd inches/nns ./. Lawrence/np E./np Griffin/np gives/vbz measurements/nns of/in nineteen/cd young/jj anacondas/nns ,/, presumably/rb members/nns of/in a/at brood/nn ,/, from/in ``/`` South/jj-tl America/np-tl ''/'' ;/. ;/. the/at extreme/jj measurements/nns of/in these/dts fall/vb between/in the/at lower/jjr limit/nn of/in the/at Brookfield/np brood/nn and/cc its/pp$ average/nn ./. Raymond/np L./np Ditmars/np had/hvd two/cd broods/nns that/wps averaged/vbd 27/cd inches/nns ./. R./np R./np Mole/np and/cc F./np W./np Urich/np give/vb approximately/rb 20/cd inches/nns as/cs the/at average/jj length/nn of/in a/at brood/nn of/in thirty/cd from/in the/at region/nn of/in the/at Orinoco/np estuaries/nns ./. William/np Beebe/np reports/vbz 26/cd inches/nns and/cc 2.4/cd ounces/nns (/( this/dt snake/nn must/md have/hv been/ben emaciated/jj )/) for/in the/at length/nn and/cc the/at weight/nn of/in a/at young/jj anaconda/nn from/in British/jj-tl Guiana/np-tl ./. In/in contrast/nn ,/, Ditmars/np recorded/vbd the/at average/jj length/nn of/in seventy-two/cd young/jj of/in a/at 19-foot/jj female/nn as/cs 38/cd inches/nns ,/, and/cc four/cd young/jj were/bed born/vbn in/in London/np at/in a/at length/nn of/in 35/cd or/cc 36/cd inches/nns and/cc a/at weight/nn of/in from/in 14/cd to/in 16/cd ounces/nns ./. Beebe/np had/hvd a/at 3-foot/jj anaconda/nn that/wps weighed/vbd only/rb 9.8/cd ounces/nns ./. A/at difference/nn between/in subspecies/nns might/md explain/vb the/at great/jj range/nn in/in size/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv little/ap information/nn on/in the/at anaconda's/nn$ rate/nn of/in growth/nn ./. Hans/np Schweizer/np had/hvd one/cd that/wps increased/vbd from/in 19-1/2/cd inches/nns to/in 5/cd feet/nns 3/cd inches/nns in/in five/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc J./np J./np Quelch/np records/vbz a/at growth/nn of/in from/in less/ap than/in 4/cd feet/nns to/in nearly/rb 10/cd in/in about/rb six/cd years/nns ./. It/pps is/bez very/ql unlikely/jj that/cs either/dtx of/in these/dts anacondas/nns was/bedz growing/vbg at/in a/at normal/jj rate/nn ./. In/in 1948/cd ,/, Afranio/np Do/np Amaral/np ,/, the/at noted/vbn Brazilian/jj herpetologist/nn ,/, wrote/vbd a/at technical/jj paper/nn on/in the/at giant/jj snakes/nns ./. He/pps concluded/vbd that/cs the/at anaconda's/nn$ maximum/jj length/nn is/bez 12/cd or/cc 13/cd (/( perhaps/rb 14/cd )/) meters/nns ,/, which/wdt would/md approximate/vb from/in 39/cd to/in 42/cd feet/nns (/( 14/cd meters/nns is/bez slightly/rb less/ap than/in 46/cd feet/nns )/) ./. Thus/rb ,/, his/pp$ estimate/nn lies/vbz between/in Oliver's/np$ suggestion/nn of/in at/in least/ap 37/cd feet/nns and/cc the/at 50-foot/jj ``/`` monstrous/jj freaks/nns ''/'' intimated/vbn by/in Heuvelmans/np ./. The/at most/ql convincing/jj recent/jj measurement/nn of/in an/at anaconda/nn was/bedz made/vbn in/in eastern/jj Colombia/np by/in Roberto/np Lamon/np ,/, a/at petroleum/nn geologist/nn of/in the/at Richmond/np-tl Oil/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, and/cc reported/vbn in/in 1944/cd by/in Emmett/np R./np Dunn/np ./. However/rb ,/, as/cs a/at field/nn measurement/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez open/jj to/in question/nn ./. Oliver's/np$ 37-1/2/cd feet/nns is/bez partly/rb based/vbn on/in this/dt report/nn and/cc can/md be/be accepted/vbn as/cs probable/jj ./. However/rb ,/, many/ap herpetologists/nns remain/vb skeptical/jj and/cc would/md prefer/vb a/at tentative/jj maximum/nn of/in about/rb 30/cd feet/nns ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs especially/ql large/jj anacondas/nns will/md prove/vb to/to belong/vb to/in subspecies/nns limited/vbn to/in a/at small/jj area/nn ./. In/in snakes/nns difference/nn in/in size/nn is/bez a/at common/jj characteristic/nn of/in subspecies/nns ./. Boa/nn-hl constrictor/nn-hl :/:-hl A/at Colombian/jj female's/nn$ brood/nn of/in sixteen/cd boa/nn constrictors/nns born/vbn in/in the/at Staten/np-tl Island/nn-tl Zoo/nn-tl averaged/vbd 20/cd inches/nns ./. This/dt birth/nn length/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be typical/jj ./. When/wrb some/rb thirteen/cd records/nns of/in newly/rb and/cc recently/rb born/vbn individuals/nns are/ber collated/vbn ,/, little/ap or/cc no/at correlation/nn between/in length/nn and/cc distribution/nn can/md be/be detected/vbn ./. The/at range/nn is/bez from/in 14/cd to/in 25/cd inches/nns ;/. ;/. the/at former/ap figure/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in a/at somewhat/ql unusual/jj birth/nn of/in four/cd by/in a/at Central/jj-tl American/jj-tl female/nn (/( see/vb chapter/nn on/in Laying/nn-tl ,/, Brooding/vbg-tl ,/, Hatching/vbg-tl ,/, and/cc Birth/nn-tl )/) ,/, the/at latter/ap on/in a/at ``/`` normal/jj ''/'' newly/rb born/vbn individual/nn ./. However/rb ,/, as/cs so/ql many/ap of/in the/at records/nns are/ber not/* certainly/rb based/vbn on/in newborn/jj snakes/nns ,/, these/dts data/nns must/md be/be taken/vbn tentatively/rb ;/. ;/. final/jj conclusions/nns will/md have/hv to/to await/vb the/at measurements/nns of/in broods/nns from/in definite/jj localities/nns ./. Alphonse/np R./np Hoge's/np$ measurements/nns of/in several/ap very/ql young/jj specimens/nns from/in Brazil/np suggest/vb that/cs at/in birth/nn the/at female/nn is/bez slightly/ql larger/jjr than/cs the/at male/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv surprisingly/rb little/ap information/nn on/in the/at size/nn and/cc age/nn at/in maturity/nn ./. Carl/np Kauffeld/np has/hvz written/vbn to/in me/ppo of/in sexual/jj activity/nn in/in February/np 1943/cd of/in young/jj born/vbn in/in March/np 1940/cd ./. One/cd female/nn ,/, collected/vbn on/in an/at island/nn off/in the/at coast/nn of/in Nicaragua/np ,/, was/bedz gravid/jj and/cc measured/vbd 4/cd feet/nns 8/cd inches/nns from/in snout/nn to/in vent/nn (/( her/pp$ tail/nn should/md be/be between/in 6/cd and/cc 7/cd inches/nns long/jj )/) ./. The/at female/nn from/in Central/jj-tl America/np-tl which/wdt gave/vbd birth/nn to/in four/cd was/bedz only/rb 3/cd feet/nns 11/cd inches/nns long/jj ./. What/wdt data/nns there/ex are/ber on/in growth/nn indicate/vb considerable/jj variation/nn in/in rate/nn ;/. ;/. unfortunately/rb ,/, no/at one/pn has/hvz kept/vbn complete/jj records/nns of/in one/cd individual/nn ,/, whereas/cs many/ap have/hv been/ben made/vbn for/in a/at very/ql short/jj period/nn of/in time/nn ./. The/at results/nns are/ber too/ql varied/vbn to/to allow/vb generalization/nn ./.

cj12

cj12 |@word bronchus:4 pulmonary:32 artery:47 lung:15 type:31 maintain:5 close:2 relationship:4 throughout:2 vein:10 however:6 without:1 limit:2 supportive:5 tissue:7 septa:6 1:17 follow:7 direct:4 path:2 hilum:5 fig:12 8:2 22:1 another:3 mark:1 difference:6 note:10 addition:4 supply:11 distal:6 portion:1 respiratory:7 bronchiole:13 alveolar:8 duct:2 alveoli:2 continue:1 directly:3 thin:2 pleura:6 bronchial:29 except:1 small:3 number:3 short:2 branch:5 contribute:1 none:1 pleural:6 blood:7 hilar:4 lymph:2 node:1 bronchi:2 terminate:2 common:2 capillary:4 bed:4 level:5 anastomosis:7 group:2 3:11 degree:2 composite:1 2:11 characterize:1 presence:4 incompletely:1 develop:7 secondary:2 lobule:3 well:5 define:1 haphazardly:1 arrange:1 interlobular:8 thick:2 remarkably:2 vascular:2 9:2 airways:3 similar:2 find:9 compose:1 numerous:1 apparently:2 true:3 terminal:5 occasional:1 poorly:2 14:2 15:1 instance:1 incomplete:1 septation:1 constitute:1 appear:3 individual:1 air:3 drift:2 one:10 area:2 therefore:4 conceivable:1 distally:1 situate:2 side:1 24:3 centrally:2 draw:1 away:1 independent:2 course:3 23:2 distribution:5 differ:1 somewhat:1 mammal:3 see:3 nodes:1 vasa:2 vasorum:2 provide:4 arterial:6 extremely:3 rich:1 anastomotic:1 10:1 derive:2 dual:1 derivation:1 strikingly:1 demonstrate:6 injection:2 process:1 initial:1 filling:1 would:8 occur:7 several:1 isolate:1 vessel:4 obviously:1 fill:4 along:2 surface:1 completion:1 net:1 like:2 present:8 separately:1 unusual:1 increase:3 within:3 substance:1 account:1 primarily:4 closely:2 diameter:2 much:2 large:2 mere:2 16:1 region:2 fourth:1 fifth:1 could:1 parenchyma:2 17:2 18:2 also:7 three:3 pathway:1 via:1 19:1 arteriolar:4 bronchiolar:1 26:1 discussion:1 evident:1 many:3 marked:4 striking:1 exist:3 inter:1 species:4 comparison:2 make:1 significance:1 study:7 existence:5 correspond:1 physiologic:2 determine:1 dynamic:1 airflow:1 morphologic:1 consideration:1 alone:1 may:10 conceivably:1 different:2 monkey:5 horse:10 volume:1 perhaps:1 even:1 characteristic:1 flow:3 dog:11 nonexistent:1 cow:3 probably:1 human:7 contrast:1 relatively:2 immense:1 segmental:1 basis:2 absent:3 van:1 allen:1 lindskog:1 31:1 reason:1 wide:2 variation:2 morphology:1 entirely:2 lack:2 certain:3 anatomy:2 dictates:1 function:1 permit:2 speculate:1 potential:1 pathology:2 include:1 statement:1 example:1 susceptibility:1 infection:1 relate:1 delicate:1 long:1 protective:1 barrier:2 wonder:1 capable:3 bronchiolitis:1 know:3 man:4 difficult:2 imagine:2 chronic:1 generalize:2 emphysema:3 consider:2 lobular:1 development:1 conversely:1 occurring:1 anatomically:2 insofar:1 ascertain:1 finding:3 birnbaum:1 54:1 major:1 disagreement:1 matter:1 regard:2 early:2 1858:1 le:1 fort:1 claim:2 1951:1 reaffirm:2 cudkowicz:1 opposition:1 point:1 view:3 staunch:1 support:2 work:3 miller:5 50:3 rely:1 heavily:1 cat:4 criticize:1 use:2 pathologic:1 material:1 normal:3 loosli:1 38:1 although:2 1907:1 animal:3 nowhere:1 publish:1 comparative:3 intrapulmonary:1 feature:3 various:3 mammalian:2 13:2 25:1 meaning:1 clear:1 nutrient:1 proximal:1 airway:1 diffuse:2 theoretically:1 extract:1 require:1 oxygen:1 either:2 surround:1 ghoreyeb:2 karsner:2 comroe:1 58:3 explanation:1 nutritive:1 requirement:1 amount:1 nature:1 alveolus:1 possibility:2 occlusive:1 lesion:1 cause:1 widespread:1 degeneration:1 expect:1 event:1 possess:1 normally:2 first:3 1721:1 ruysch:1 thereafter:1 nakamura:3 verloop:3 48:3 marchand:1 gilroy:1 watson:1 von:1 hayek:1 53:1 tobin:1 52:2 nonfunctional:1 principal:1 antagonist:1 viewpoint:2 criticism:1 latter:1 conclusion:2 base:1 upon:1 channel:1 solution:1 pressure:5 inject:3 sized:1 colored:1 particle:1 design:1 stop:1 1913:1 perfusion:1 remain:1 constant:1 low:1 response:1 relative:1 drop:1 berry:1 brailsford:1 daly:1 1931:1 1958:1 accomplish:1 afterwards:1 distinctly:1 possible:1 simultaneous:1 render:1 shunt:5 inoperable:1 hence:1 uninjectable:1 demonstration:1 thicken:1 muscular:1 coat:1 act:1 valve:1 word:1 functional:1 demand:1 little:1 49:1 unable:3 rat:2 ellis:1 grindlay:1 edwards:1 anatomic:1 method:1 absence:1 dependent:1 infer:1 certainly:1 fact:1 fail:2 conclusively:1 deny:1 highly:1 suggestive:1 agree:1 specie:2 especially:2 suggest:2 need:1 physiology:1 histology:1 detailed:1 interspecie:1 survey:1 incidence:1 generalized:1 interesting:1 pertinent:1 great:1 caution:1 exercise:1 choice:1 experimental:1 apply:1 anatomical:2 finally:1 respect:1 comparable:1 presently:1 summary:1 main:1 subgross:2 tabulation:1 distinctive:1 represent:1 sheep:1 pig:1 lobularity:1 imperfectly:1 share:1 comprise:1 frequent:1 form:2 take:2 hand:1 periphery:1 due:1 heavy:1 connective:1 general:1 peripherally:1 case:1

The/at bronchus/nn and/cc pulmonary/jj artery/nn in/in this/dt lung/nn type/nn maintain/vb a/at close/jj relationship/nn throughout/rb ./. The/at pulmonary/jj vein/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, without/in the/at limiting/vbg supportive/jj tissue/nn septa/nns as/cs in/in type/nn 1/cd ,/, ,/, follows/vbz a/at more/ql direct/jj path/nn to/in the/at hilum/nn and/cc does/doz not/* maintain/vb this/dt close/jj relationship/nn (/( figs./nns 8/cd ,/, 22/cd )/) ./. Another/dt marked/vbn difference/nn is/bez noted/vbn here/rb ./. The/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in supplying/vbg the/at distal/jj portion/nn of/in the/at respiratory/jj bronchiole/nn ,/, the/at alveolar/jj duct/nn ,/, and/cc the/at alveoli/nns ,/, continues/vbz on/rp and/cc directly/rb supplies/vbz the/at thin/jj pleura/nn (/( fig./nn 8/cd )/) ./. The/at bronchial/jj artery/nn ,/, except/in for/in a/at small/jj number/nn of/in short/jj branches/nns in/in the/at hilum/nn ,/, contributes/vbz none/pn of/in the/at pleural/jj blood/nn supply/nn ./. It/pps does/doz ,/, as/cs in/in type/nn 1/cd ,/, ,/, supply/vb the/at hilar/jj lymph/nn nodes/nns ,/, the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn ,/, the/at pulmonary/jj vein/nn ,/, the/at bronchi/nns ,/, and/cc the/at bronchioles/nns --/-- terminating/vbg in/in a/at common/jj capillary/nn bed/nn with/in the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn at/in the/at level/nn of/in the/at respiratory/jj bronchiole/nn ./. No/at bronchial/jj artery-pulmonary/nn artery/nn anastomoses/nns were/bed noted/vbn in/in this/dt group/nn ./. Lung/nn type/nn 3/cd (/( (/( fig./nn 3/cd )/) is/bez to/in some/dti degree/nn a/at composite/nn of/in types/nns 1/cd ,/, and/cc 2/cd ./. It/pps is/bez characterized/vbn by/in the/at presence/nn of/in incompletely/rb developed/vbn secondary/jj lobules/nns ;/. ;/. well/rb defined/vbn ,/, but/cc haphazardly/rb arranged/vbn ,/, interlobular/jj septa/nns and/cc a/at thick/jj ,/, remarkably/rb vascular/jj pleura/nn (/( fig./nn 9/cd )/) ./. The/at most/ql distal/jj airways/nns are/ber similar/jj to/in those/dts found/vbn in/in type/nn 1/cd ,/, ,/, being/beg composed/vbn of/in numerous/jj ,/, apparently/rb true/jj terminal/jj bronchioles/nns and/cc occasional/jj ,/, poorly/rb developed/vbn respiratory/jj bronchioles/nns (/( figs./nns 14/cd ,/, 15/cd )/) ./. In/in this/dt instance/nn ,/, because/rb of/in incomplete/jj septation/nn ,/, the/at secondary/jj lobule/nn does/doz not/* constitute/vb in/in itself/ppl what/wdt appears/vbz to/to be/be a/at small/jj individual/jj lung/nn as/cs in/in type/nn 1/cd ./. Air-drifts/nns from/in one/cd area/nn to/in another/dt are/ber ,/, therefore/rb ,/, conceivable/jj ./. Distally/rb the/at bronchus/nn is/bez situated/vbn between/in a/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn on/in one/cd side/nn and/cc a/at pulmonary/jj vein/nn on/in the/at other/ap ,/, as/cs in/in type/nn 1/cd (/( (/( fig./nn 24/cd )/) ./. This/dt relationship/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez not/* maintained/vbn centrally/rb ./. Here/rb the/at pulmonary/jj vein/nn ,/, as/cs in/in type/nn 2/cd ,/, ,/, is/bez noted/vbn to/to draw/vb away/rb from/in the/at bronchus/nn ,/, and/cc to/to follow/vb a/at more/ql direct/jj ,/, independent/jj course/nn to/in the/at hilum/nn (/( figs./nns 23/cd ,/, 24/cd )/) ./. The/at bronchial/jj artery/nn in/in its/pp$ course/nn and/cc distribution/nn differs/vbz somewhat/rb from/in that/dt found/vbn in/in other/ap mammals/nns ./. As/cs seen/vbn in/in types/nns 1/cd ,/, and/cc 2/cd ,/, ,/, it/pps supplies/vbz the/at hilar/jj lymph/nn nodes/nns ,/, vasa/nn vasorum/nn to/in the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn and/cc vein/nn ,/, the/at bronchi/nns and/cc the/at terminal/jj bronchioles/nns ./. As/cs in/in type/nn 1/cd ,/, ,/, it/pps provides/vbz arterial/jj blood/nn to/in the/at interlobular/jj septa/nns ,/, and/cc an/at extremely/ql rich/jj anastomotic/jj pleural/jj supply/nn is/bez seen/vbn (/( figs./nns 9/cd ,/, 10/cd )/) ./. This/dt pleural/jj supply/nn is/bez derived/vbn both/abx from/in hilar/jj and/cc interlobular/jj bronchial/jj artery/nn branches/nns ./. Such/abl a/at dual/jj derivation/nn was/bedz strikingly/rb demonstrated/vbn during/in the/at injection/nn process/nn where/wrb initial/jj filling/vbg would/md be/be noted/vbn to/to occur/vb in/in several/ap isolated/vbn pleural/jj vessels/nns at/in once/rb ./. Some/dti of/in these/dts were/bed obviously/rb filling/vbg from/in interlobular/jj branches/nns of/in the/at bronchial/jj arteries/nns while/cs others/nns were/bed filling/vbg from/in direct/jj hilar/jj branches/nns following/vbg along/in the/at pleural/jj surface/nn ./. With/in completion/nn of/in filling/vbg ,/, net-like/jj anastomoses/nns were/bed noted/vbn to/to be/be present/jj between/in these/dts separately/rb derived/vbn branches/nns ./. An/at unusual/jj increase/nn in/in the/at number/nn of/in bronchial/jj arteries/nns present/rb within/in the/at substance/nn of/in the/at lung/nn was/bedz noted/vbn ./. This/dt was/bedz accounted/vbn for/in primarily/rb by/in the/at presence/nn of/in a/at bronchial/jj artery/nn closely/rb following/vbg the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn ./. The/at diameter/nn of/in this/dt bronchial/jj artery/nn was/bedz much/ql too/ql large/jj for/in it/ppo to/to be/be a/at mere/jj vasa/nn vasorum/nn (/( figs./nns 16/cd ,/, 23/cd ,/, 24/cd )/) ./. In/in distal/jj regions/nns its/pp$ diameter/nn would/md be/be one-fourth/nn to/in one-fifth/nn that/dt of/in the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn ./. This/dt vessel/nn could/md be/be followed/vbn to/in the/at parenchyma/nn where/wrb it/pps directly/rb provided/vbd bronchial/jj arterial/jj blood/nn to/in the/at alveolar/jj capillary/nn bed/nn (/( figs./nns 17/cd ,/, 18/cd )/) ./. Also/rb three/cd other/ap direct/jj pathways/nns of/in alveolar/jj bronchial/jj arterial/jj supply/nn were/bed noted/vbn :/: via/in the/at pleura/nn ;/. ;/. through/in the/at interlobular/jj septa/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc along/in the/at terminal/jj bronchiole/nn (/( figs./nns 14/cd ,/, 17/cd ,/, 18/cd ,/, 19/cd )/) ./. One/cd bronchial/jj arteriolar-pulmonary/jj arteriolar/jj anastomosis/nn was/bedz noted/vbn at/in the/at terminal/jj bronchiolar/jj level/nn (/( fig./nn 26/cd )/) ./. Discussion/nn-hl It/pps is/bez evident/jj that/cs many/ap marked/vbn and/cc striking/jj differences/nns exist/vb between/in lungs/nns when/wrb an/at inter-species/jj comparison/nn is/bez made/vbn ./. The/at significance/nn of/in these/dts differences/nns has/hvz not/* been/ben studied/vbn nor/cc has/hvz the/at existence/nn of/in corresponding/jj physiologic/jj differences/nns been/ben determined/vbn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at dynamics/nns of/in airflow/nn ,/, from/in morphologic/jj considerations/nns alone/rb ,/, may/md conceivably/rb be/be different/jj in/in the/at monkey/nn than/cs in/in the/at horse/nn ./. The/at volume/nn and/cc ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, even/rb the/at characteristics/nns of/in bronchial/jj arterial/jj blood/nn flow/nn might/md be/be different/jj in/in the/at dog/nn than/cs in/in the/at horse/nn ./. Also/rb ,/, interlobular/jj air/nn drifts/nns may/md be/be all/abn but/in nonexistent/jj in/in the/at cow/nn ;/. ;/. probably/rb occur/vb in/in the/at horse/nn much/rb as/cs in/in the/at human/jj being/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc ,/, in/in contrast/nn ,/, are/ber present/jj to/in a/at relatively/ql immense/jj degree/nn on/in a/at segmental/jj basis/nn in/in the/at dog/nn where/wrb lobules/nns are/ber absent/jj (/( Van/np Allen/np and/cc Lindskog/np ,/, '31/cd )/) ./. A/at reason/nn for/in such/ql wide/jj variation/nn in/in the/at pulmonary/jj morphology/nn is/bez entirely/rb lacking/vbg at/in present/nn ./. Within/in certain/ap wide/jj limits/nns anatomy/nn dictates/vbz function/nn and/cc ,/, if/cs one/pn is/bez permitted/vbn to/to speculate/vb ,/, potential/jj pathology/nn should/md be/be included/vbn in/in this/dt statement/nn as/ql well/rb ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at marked/vbn susceptibility/nn of/in the/at monkey/nn to/in respiratory/jj infection/nn might/md be/be related/vbn to/in its/pp$ delicate/jj ,/, long/jj alveolar/jj ducts/nns and/cc short/jj ,/, large/jj bronchioles/nns situated/vbn within/in a/at parenchyma/nn entirely/rb lacking/vbg in/in protective/jj supportive/jj tissue/nn barriers/nns such/jj as/cs those/dts found/vbn in/in types/nns 1/cd ,/, and/cc 3/cd ./. One/pn might/md also/rb wonder/vb if/cs monkeys/nns are/ber capable/jj of/in developing/vbg bronchiolitis/nn as/cs we/ppss know/vb it/ppo in/in man/nn or/cc the/at horse/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, it/pps would/md be/be difficult/jj to/to imagine/vb chronic/jj generalized/vbn emphysema/nn occurring/vbg in/in a/at cow/nn ,/, considering/in its/pp$ marked/vbn lobular/jj development/nn but/cc ,/, conversely/rb ,/, not/* difficult/jj to/to imagine/vb this/dt occurring/vbg in/in the/at horse/nn or/cc the/at dog/nn ./. Anatomically/rb ,/, the/at horse/nn lung/nn appears/vbz to/to be/be remarkably/rb like/jj that/dt of/in man/nn ,/, insofar/rb as/cs this/dt can/md be/be ascertained/vbn from/in comparison/nn of/in our/pp$ findings/nns in/in the/at horse/nn with/in those/dts of/in others/nns (/( Birnbaum/np ,/, '54/cd )/) in/in the/at human/jj being/nn ./. The/at only/ap area/nn in/in which/wdt one/pn might/md find/vb major/jj disagreement/nn in/in this/dt matter/nn is/bez in/in regard/nn to/in the/at alveolar/jj distribution/nn of/in the/at bronchial/jj arteries/nns ./. As/ql early/rb as/cs 1858/cd ,/, Le/np Fort/np claimed/vbd an/at alveolar/jj distribution/nn of/in the/at bronchial/jj arteries/nns in/in human/jj beings/nns ./. In/in 1951/cd ,/, this/dt was/bedz reaffirmed/vbn by/in Cudkowicz/np ./. The/at opposition/nn to/in this/dt point/nn of/in view/nn has/hvz its/pp$ staunchest/jjt support/nn in/in the/at work/nn of/in Miller/np (/( '50/cd )/) ./. Apparently/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, Miller/np has/hvz relied/vbn heavily/rb on/in the/at anatomy/nn in/in dogs/nns and/cc cats/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps has/hvz been/ben criticized/vbn for/in using/vbg pathologic/jj human/jj material/nn in/in his/pp$ normal/jj study/nn (/( Loosli/np ,/, '38/cd )/) ./. Although/cs Miller/np noted/vbd in/in 1907/cd that/cs a/at difference/nn in/in the/at pleural/jj blood/nn supply/nn existed/vbd between/in animals/nns ,/, nowhere/rb in/in his/pp$ published/vbn works/nns is/bez it/pps found/vbn that/cs he/pps did/dod a/at comparative/jj study/nn of/in the/at intrapulmonary/jj features/nns of/in various/jj mammalian/jj lungs/nns other/ap than/cs in/in the/at dog/nn and/cc cat/nn (/( Miller/np ,/, '13/cd ;/. ;/. '25/cd )/) ./. The/at meaning/nn of/in this/dt variation/nn in/in distribution/nn of/in the/at bronchial/jj artery/nn as/cs found/vbn in/in the/at horse/nn is/bez not/* clear/jj ./. However/rb ,/, this/dt artery/nn is/bez known/vbn to/to be/be a/at nutrient/jj vessel/nn with/in a/at distribution/nn primarily/rb to/in the/at proximal/jj airways/nns and/cc supportive/jj tissues/nns of/in the/at lung/nn ./. The/at alveoli/nns and/cc respiratory/jj bronchioles/nns are/ber primarily/rb diffusing/vbg tissues/nns ./. Theoretically/rb ,/, they/ppss are/ber capable/jj of/in extracting/vbg their/pp$ required/vbn oxygen/nn either/dtx from/in the/at surrounding/vbg air/nn (/( Ghoreyeb/np and/cc Karsner/np ,/, '13/cd )/) or/cc from/in pulmonary/jj arterial/jj blood/nn (/( Comroe/np ,/, '58/cd )/) ./. Therefore/rb ,/, an/at explanation/nn of/in this/dt alveolar/jj bronchial/jj artery/nn supply/nn might/md be/be the/at nutritive/jj requirement/nn of/in an/at increased/vbn amount/nn of/in supportive/jj tissue/nn ,/, not/* primarily/rb diffusing/vbg in/in nature/nn ,/, in/in the/at region/nn of/in the/at alveolus/nn ./. If/cs this/dt be/be true/jj ,/, the/at possibility/nn exists/vbz that/cs an/at occlusive/jj lesion/nn of/in the/at bronchial/jj arteries/nns might/md cause/vb widespread/jj degeneration/nn of/in supportive/jj tissue/nn similar/jj to/in that/dt seen/vbn in/in generalized/vbn emphysema/nn ./. One/pn would/md not/* expect/vb such/abl an/at event/nn to/to occur/vb in/in animals/nns possessing/vbg lungs/nns of/in types/nns 1/cd ,/, or/cc 2/cd ./. The/at presence/nn of/in normally/rb occurring/vbg bronchial/jj artery-pulmonary/jj artery/nn anastomoses/nns was/bedz first/rb noted/vbn in/in 1721/cd by/in Ruysch/np ,/, and/cc thereafter/rb by/in many/ap others/nns ./. Nakamura/np (/( '58/cd )/) ,/, Verloop/np (/( '48/jj )/) ,/, Marchand/np ,/, Gilroy/np and/cc Watson/np (/( '50/cd )/) ,/, Von/np Hayek/np (/( '53/cd )/) ,/, and/cc Tobin/np (/( '52/cd )/) have/hv all/abn claimed/vbn their/pp$ normal/jj but/cc relatively/ql nonfunctional/jj existence/nn in/in the/at human/jj being/nn ./. Miller/np (/( '50/cd )/) is/bez the/at principal/jjs antagonist/nn of/in this/dt viewpoint/nn ./. In/in criticism/nn of/in the/at latter's/nn$ views/nns ,/, his/pp$ conclusions/nns were/bed based/vbn upon/in dog/nn lung/nn injection/nn studies/nns in/in which/wdt all/abn of/in the/at vascular/jj channels/nns were/bed first/rb filled/vbn with/in a/at solution/nn under/in pressure/nn and/cc then/rb were/bed injected/vbn with/in various/jj sized/jj colored/vbn particles/nns designed/vbn to/to stop/vb at/in the/at arteriolar/jj level/nn ./. As/ql early/rb as/cs 1913/cd Ghoreyeb/np and/cc Karsner/np demonstrated/vbd with/in perfusion/nn studies/nns in/in dogs/nns that/cs bronchial/jj artery/nn flow/nn would/md remain/vb constant/jj at/in a/at certain/ap low/jj level/nn when/wrb pressure/nn was/bedz maintained/vbn in/in the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn and/cc vein/nn ,/, but/cc that/cs increases/nns in/in bronchial/jj artery/nn flow/nn would/md occur/vb in/in response/nn to/in a/at relative/jj drop/nn in/in pulmonary/jj artery/nn pressure/nn ./. Berry/np ,/, Brailsford/np and/cc Daly/np in/in 1931/cd and/cc Nakamura/np in/in 1958/cd reaffirmed/vbd this/dt ./. Our/pp$ own/jj studies/nns in/in which/wdt bronchial/jj artery-pulmonary/jj artery/nn anastomoses/nns were/bed demonstrated/vbn ,/, were/bed accomplished/vbn by/in injecting/vbg the/at bronchial/jj artery/nn first/rb with/in no/at pressure/nn on/in the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn or/cc vein/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb by/in injecting/vbg the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn and/cc vein/nn afterwards/rb ./. It/pps is/bez distinctly/rb possible/jj ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/cs simultaneous/jj pressures/nns in/in all/abn three/cd vessels/nns would/md have/hv rendered/vbn the/at shunts/nns inoperable/jj and/cc hence/rb ,/, uninjectable/jj ./. This/dt viewpoint/nn is/bez further/rbr supported/vbn by/in Verloop's/np$ (/( '48/cd )/) demonstration/nn of/in thickened/vbn bronchial/jj artery/nn and/cc arteriolar/jj muscular/jj coats/nns which/wdt are/ber capable/jj of/in acting/vbg as/cs valves/nns ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, the/at anastomoses/nns between/in the/at bronchial/jj artery/nn and/cc pulmonary/jj artery/nn should/md be/be considered/vbn as/cs functional/jj or/cc demand/nn shunts/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, little/ap work/nn has/hvz been/ben done/vbn on/in a/at comparative/jj basis/nn in/in regard/nn to/in the/at normal/jj existence/nn of/in bronchial/jj artery-pulmonary/jj artery/nn anastomoses/nns ./. Verloop/np (/( '48/cd ;/. ;/. '49/cd )/) found/vbn these/dts shunts/nns in/in the/at human/jj being/nn but/cc was/bedz unable/jj to/to find/vb them/ppo in/in rats/nns ./. Ellis/np ,/, Grindlay/np and/cc Edwards/np (/( '52/cd )/) also/rb were/bed unable/jj to/to find/vb them/ppo in/in rats/nns ./. Nakamura/np (/( '58/cd )/) was/bedz unable/jj to/to demonstrate/vb their/pp$ existence/nn ,/, either/cc by/in anatomic/jj or/cc physiologic/jj methods/nns ,/, in/in dogs/nns ./. The/at possibility/nn that/cs the/at absence/nn or/cc presence/nn of/in these/dts shunts/nns is/bez species-dependent/jj is/bez therefore/rb inferred/vbn ./. Certainly/rb ,/, the/at mere/jj fact/nn of/in failing/vbg to/to demonstrate/vb them/ppo in/in one/cd or/cc another/dt species/nn does/doz not/* conclusively/rb deny/vb their/pp$ existence/nn in/in that/dt species/nn ./. It/pps is/bez ,/, however/rb ,/, highly/ql suggestive/jj and/cc agrees/vbz well/rb with/in our/pp$ own/jj findings/nns in/in which/wdt we/ppss also/rb failed/vbd to/to demonstrate/vb normally/rb occurring/vbg bronchial/jj artery-pulmonary/jj artery/nn shunts/nns in/in certain/ap species/nns ,/, especially/rb the/at dog/nn ./. In/in conclusion/nn ,/, these/dts findings/nns suggest/vb the/at need/nn for/in a/at comparative/jj physiology/nn ,/, pathology/nn ,/, and/cc histology/nn of/in mammalian/jj lungs/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, a/at detailed/vbn interspecies/jj survey/nn of/in the/at incidence/nn of/in generalized/vbn pulmonary/jj emphysema/nn in/in mammals/nns would/md be/be interesting/jj and/cc pertinent/jj ./. Also/rb ,/, for/in the/at present/nn ,/, great/jj caution/nn should/md be/be exercised/vbn in/in the/at choice/nn of/in an/at experimental/jj animal/nn for/in pulmonary/jj studies/nns if/cs they/ppss are/ber to/to be/be applied/vbn to/to man/vb ./. This/dt is/bez especially/rb so/rb if/cs the/at dog/nn ,/, cat/nn or/cc monkey/nn are/ber to/to be/be used/vbn ,/, in/in view/nn of/in their/pp$ marked/vbn anatomical/jj differences/nns from/in man/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez suggested/vbn that/cs in/in many/ap respects/nns the/at horse/nn lung/nn may/md be/be anatomically/rb more/ql comparable/jj to/in that/dt of/in the/at human/jj than/cs any/dti other/ap presently/rb known/vbn species/nn ./. Summary/nn-hl The/at main/jjs subgross/jj anatomical/jj features/nns of/in the/at lungs/nns of/in various/jj mammals/nns are/ber presented/vbn ./. A/at tabulation/nn of/in these/dts features/nns permits/vbz the/at lungs/nns to/to be/be grouped/vbn into/in three/cd distinctive/jj subgross/jj types/nns ./. Type/nn 1/cd ,/, is/bez represented/vbn by/in the/at cow/nn ,/, sheep/nn ,/, and/cc pig/nn ;/. ;/. type/nn 2/cd ,/, ,/, by/in the/at dog/nn ,/, cat/nn ,/, and/cc monkey/nn ;/. ;/. type/nn 3/cd ,/, ,/, by/in the/at horse/nn ./. Lobularity/nn is/bez extremely/ql well/rb developed/vbn in/in type/nn 1/cd ;/. ;/. absent/jj in/in type/nn 2/cd ;/. ;/. imperfectly/rb developed/vbn in/in type/nn 3/cd ./. The/at pleura/nn and/cc interlobular/jj septa/nns are/ber thick/jj in/in types/nns 1/cd and/cc 3/cd ./. The/at pleura/nn is/bez extremely/ql thin/jj in/in type/nn 2/cd and/cc septa/nns are/ber absent/jj ./. Arterial/jj supply/nn to/in the/at pleura/nn in/in types/nns 1/cd and/cc 3/cd is/bez provided/vbn by/in the/at bronchial/jj artery/nn ,/, and/cc in/in type/nn 2/cd ,/, by/in the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn ./. In/in types/nns 1/cd ,/, 2/cd and/cc 3/cd the/at bronchial/jj artery/nn terminates/vbz in/in a/at capillary/nn bed/nn shared/vbn in/in common/jj with/in the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn at/in the/at level/nn of/in the/at distal/jj bronchiole/nn ./. In/in type/nn 3/cd the/at bronchial/jj artery/nn also/rb provides/vbz blood/nn directly/rb to/in the/at alveolar/jj capillary/nn bed/nn ./. True/jj terminal/jj bronchioles/nns comprise/vb the/at most/ql frequent/jj form/nn taken/vbn by/in the/at distal/jj airways/nns in/in types/nns 1/cd and/cc 3/cd ,/, although/cs small/jj numbers/nns of/in poorly/rb developed/vbn respiratory/jj bronchioles/nns are/ber present/rb ./. Well/rb developed/vbn respiratory/jj bronchioles/nns ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, appear/vb to/to be/be the/at only/ap form/nn taken/vbn by/in the/at distal/jj airways/nns in/in type/nn 2/cd ./. In/in type/nn 1/cd the/at pulmonary/jj vein/nn closely/rb follows/vbz the/at course/nn of/in the/at bronchus/nn and/cc the/at pulmonary/jj artery/nn from/in the/at periphery/nn to/in the/at hilum/nn ./. This/dt may/md be/be due/jj to/in the/at heavy/jj interlobular/jj connective/jj tissue/nn barriers/nns present/rb ./. In/in type/nn 3/cd ,/, this/dt general/jj relationship/nn is/bez maintained/vbn peripherally/rb but/cc not/* centrally/rb where/wrb the/at pulmonary/jj vein/nn follows/vbz a/at more/ql independent/jj path/nn to/in the/at hilum/nn as/cs is/bez the/at case/nn throughout/in the/at lung/nn in/in type/nn 2/cd ./.

cj13

cj13 |@word feature:1 top:2 portion:13 figure:27 1:10 2:14 mention:1 discuss:1 table:12 first:2 onset:41 profile:8 spread:3 across:1 approximately:2 12:1 year:3 boy:18 10:1 girl:24 contrast:2 20:1 21:7 line:7 completion:35 exclude:1 center:25 5:8 4:7 bunch:1 extend:2 much:2 short:7 period:4 30:2 month:8 40:1 maturity:11 chart:4 sex:3 demonstrate:2 clearly:1 phenomenon:2 infancy:3 early:7 childhood:3 whereas:2 later:4 adolescence:3 second:4 transverse:3 vary:1 individual:4 although:1 standard:5 deviation:6 value:7 base:3 relatively:2 large:1 begin:3 ossify:1 considerable:1 difference:9 closely:1 time:2 third:2 process:1 calcification:1 see:1 continue:2 long:4 fact:1 confirm:1 datum:6 group:3 child:12 construct:4 serve:1 norm:2 convenient:2 classify:5 age:42 advanced:4 moderate:4 modal:1 delay:8 accord:5 whether:1 equivalent:1 dot:9 appear:9 left:1 upon:4 right:1 appropriate:3 close:2 end:2 rating:6 may:12 position:2 respect:4 vertical:1 marking:1 denote:5 mean:18 classification:3 call:1 somewhat:5 case:1 reserve:1 low:9 skeletal:12 hand:7 34:13 similarly:1 middle:3 one:11 three:1 curve:7 series:4 upper:5 plus:2 represent:2 minus:1 thus:5 immediately:2 summarize:2 purpose:2 contain:1 two:5 kind:1 show:3 quite:2 different:3 method:3 depict:2 developmental:4 level:7 growth:18 require:1 film:2 every:1 consist:1 elbow:2 shoulder:2 knee:2 foot:2 necessitate:2 permit:2 comparison:2 equal:2 number:4 round:2 bone:6 five:1 region:3 predominantly:1 since:3 include:3 wrist:1 deal:1 indicator:8 utilize:1 full:1 complement:1 intermediate:1 well:3 fourth:1 part:1 widely:1 separate:1 chronologically:1 extensive:2 gap:1 occur:5 provide:3 stage:5 adulthood:1 directly:1 compare:1 use:5 assume:1 due:2 selection:1 specific:2 body:2 small:1 exist:1 throughout:1 accordingly:3 respectively:2 similar:3 assessment:1 dependent:1 clear:2 substantial:1 agreement:1 make:2 seem:2 choice:1 wish:1 study:3 aspect:1 progress:2 state:2 earlier:2 paper:3 particularly:1 former:1 tool:1 expectancy:1 osseous:2 development:1 within:1 limited:1 need:1 recognize:1 analysis:2 variability:2 beyond:1 approach:1 3:6 corresponding:3 bring:1 juxtaposition:1 arrow:16 system:1 indicate:6 extent:2 tip:4 alignment:1 direction:1 point:2 change:2 coincide:1 schedule:6 length:4 amount:1 slowing:2 acceleration:1 read:1 roughly:1 refer:3 scale:1 along:1 precisely:2 original:2 sequence:3 ossification:6 govern:1 readily:1 clarify:1 example:6 17:2 portray:2 proximal:1 radial:1 epiphysis:5 18:3 markedly:1 near:4 span:3 shorten:1 ability:1 catch:1 slightly:1 obviously:1 slow:1 prepubescent:1 shaft:3 evaluate:1 attempt:1 simplify:1 task:1 analyze:2 1700:1 entire:1 together:1 6:7 result:1 forty:1 construction:2 monograph:1 appendix:2 principle:1 apply:1 distal:2 phalanx:3 finger:2 choose:2 discussion:1 primarily:1 epiphyseal:2 diaphyseal:2 fusion:2 menarche:4 comparable:1 pubescent:3 become:1 dietary:1 pattern:1 health:1 follow:1 summary:1 way:1 interpret:1 42:2 range:2 draw:2 array:1 list:1 fifth:1 seven:2 average:2 133:1 correlation:1 consideration:1 limit:1 precision:1 assess:1 expect:1 rate:2 know:1 variation:1 describe:1 precede:1 supplement:1 four:2 less:1 select:1 particular:1 31:2 29:1 33:1 26:1 13:1 14:1 32:2 24:2 25:1 23:2 15:1 22:1 16:1 say:1 counter:1 balanced:1 shape:1 late:2 forecast:2 rather:1 interpretation:1 exceed:1 conjunction:1 interest:1 would:2 conclusion:1 predictive:1 attainment:1 19:1 forecasting:1 possible:1 like:2 cross:1

Some/dti of/in the/at features/nns of/in the/at top/jjs portions/nns of/in Figure/nn-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl were/bed mentioned/vbn in/in discussing/vbg Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. First/rb ,/, the/at Onset/nn-tl Profile/nn-tl spreads/vbz across/in approximately/rb 12/cd years/nns for/in boys/nns and/cc 10/cd years/nns for/in girls/nns ./. In/in contrast/nn ,/, 20/cd of/in the/at 21/cd lines/nns in/in the/at Completion/nn-tl Profile/nn-tl (/( excluding/in center/jj 5/cd for/in boys/nns and/cc 4/cd for/in girls/nns )/) are/ber bunched/vbn and/cc extend/vb over/in a/at much/ql shorter/jjr period/nn ,/, approximately/rb 30/cd months/nns for/in boys/nns and/cc 40/cd months/nns for/in girls/nns ./. The/at Maturity/nn-tl Chart/nn-tl for/in each/dt sex/nn demonstrates/vbz clearly/rb that/cs Onset/nn-tl is/bez a/at phenomenon/nn of/in infancy/nn and/cc early/jj childhood/nn whereas/cs Completion/nn-tl is/bez a/at phenomenon/nn of/in the/at later/jjr portion/nn of/in adolescence/nn ./. Second/rb ,/, for/in both/abx sexes/nns ,/, the/at 21/cd transverse/jj lines/nns in/in the/at Onset/nn-tl Profile/nn-tl vary/vb more/rbr in/in individual/jj spread/nn than/cs those/dts in/in the/at Completion/nn-tl Profile/nn-tl ./. Although/cs the/at standard/jj deviation/nn values/nns on/in which/wdt spread/nn of/in the/at lines/nns is/bez based/vbn are/ber relatively/ql larger/jjr for/in those/dts centers/nns which/wdt begin/vb to/to ossify/vb early/rb (/( Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ,/, there/ex are/ber considerable/jj differences/nns in/in this/dt value/nn between/in centers/nns having/hvg the/at closely/rb timed/vbn Onsets/nns-tl ./. Third/rb ,/, the/at process/nn of/in calcification/nn is/bez seen/vbn to/to begin/vb later/rbr and/cc to/to continue/vb much/ql longer/jjr for/in these/dts boys/nns than/cs for/in the/at girls/nns ,/, a/at fact/nn which/wdt confirms/vbz data/nn for/in other/ap groups/nns of/in children/nns ./. The/at Onset/nn-tl Profile/nn-tl and/cc Completion/nn-tl Profile/nn-tl are/ber constructed/vbn to/to serve/vb as/cs norms/nns for/in children/nns ./. It/pps is/bez convenient/jj to/to classify/vb a/at child's/nn$ onset/nn ages/nns and/cc completion/nn ages/nns as/cs ``/`` advanced/vbn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` moderate/jj ''/'' (/( modal/jj )/) ,/, or/cc ``/`` delayed/vbn ''/'' according/in to/in whether/cs the/at child's/nn$ age/nn equivalent/nn ``/`` dots/nns ''/'' appeared/vbd to/in the/at left/nr of/in ,/, upon/in ,/, or/cc to/in the/at right/nr of/in the/at appropriate/jj short/jj transverse/jj line/nn ./. When/wrb a/at dot/nn appears/vbz close/rb to/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at transverse/jj line/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` moderate/jj ''/'' rating/nn may/md be/be further/rbr classified/vbn according/in to/in the/at position/nn of/in the/at dot/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at vertical/jj marking/nn denoting/vbg the/at mean/jj age/nn ./. Such/jj classifications/nns may/md be/be called/vbn ``/`` somewhat/ql advanced/vbn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` somewhat/ql delayed/vbn ''/'' ,/, as/cs the/at case/nn may/md be/be ,/, reserving/vbg ``/`` moderate/jj ''/'' for/in dots/nns upon/in or/cc close/rb to/in the/at mean/nn ./. In/in the/at lower/jjr portion/nn of/in each/dt Chart/nn-tl ,/, the/at Skeletal/jj-tl Age/nn-tl (/( Hand/nn-tl )/) of/in boy/nn 34/cd and/cc girl/nn 2/cd may/md be/be similarly/rb classified/vbn ./. There/rb the/at middle/jj one/cd of/in the/at three/cd curves/nns denotes/vbz ``/`` mean/jj Skeletal/jj-tl Age/nn-tl ''/'' for/in the/at Maturity/nn-tl Series/nn-tl boys/nns and/cc girls/nns ./. The/at upper/jjr curve/nn denotes/vbz the/at mean/nn plus/in one/cd standard/jj deviation/nn ,/, and/cc the/at lower/jjr curve/nn represents/vbz the/at mean/nn minus/in one/cd standard/jj deviation/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, a/at child's/nn$ Skeletal/jj-tl Age/nn-tl ``/`` dots/nns ''/'' may/md be/be classified/vbn as/cs ``/`` advanced/vbn ''/'' when/wrb they/ppss appear/vb above/in the/at middle/jj curve/nn ,/, ``/`` moderate/jj ''/'' when/wrb they/ppss appear/vb immediately/ql above/in or/cc below/in the/at middle/jj curve/nn ,/, and/cc ``/`` delayed/vbn ''/'' when/wrb they/ppss appear/vb below/in the/at lower/jjr curve/nn ./. To/to summarize/vb the/at purpose/nn of/in the/at Skeletal/jj-tl Maturity/nn-tl Chart/nn-tl :/: each/dt contains/vbz two/cd kinds/nns of/in skeletal/jj maturity/nn norms/nns which/wdt show/vb two/cd quite/ql different/jj methods/nns of/in depicting/vbg developmental/jj level/nn of/in growth/nn centers/nns ./. First/rb ,/, the/at upper/jjr portion/nn requires/vbz series/nns of/in films/nns for/in every/at child/nn ,/, consisting/vbg of/in those/dts from/in Hand/nn-tl ,/, Elbow/nn-tl ,/, Shoulder/nn ,/, Knee/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Foot/nn-tl ./. The/at lower/jjr portion/nn necessitates/vbz only/ap films/nns of/in Hand/nn-tl ./. Second/rb ,/, the/at upper/jjr portion/nn permits/vbz comparison/nn of/in maturity/nn levels/nns of/in an/at equal/jj number/nn of/in growth/nn centers/nns from/in the/at long/jj ,/, short/jj ,/, and/cc round/jj bones/nns of/in the/at five/cd regions/nns ./. The/at lower/jjr portion/nn permits/vbz comparison/nn of/in maturity/nn levels/nns of/in short/jj and/cc round/jj bones/nns predominantly/rb ,/, since/cs only/rb two/cd long/jj bones/nns are/ber included/vbn in/in Hand/nn-tl and/cc Wrist/nn-tl as/cs a/at region/nn ./. Third/rb ,/, the/at upper/jjr portion/nn deals/vbz with/in only/rb two/cd indicators/nns of/in developmental/jj level/nn ,/, Onset/nn-tl and/cc Completion/nn-tl ./. The/at lower/jjr portion/nn utilizes/vbz the/at full/jj complement/nn of/in intermediate/jj maturity/nn indicators/nns of/in each/dt Hand/nn-tl center/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs their/pp$ Onset/nn-tl and/cc Completion/nn-tl ./. Fourth/rb ,/, the/at two/cd indicators/nns are/ber for/in the/at most/ap part/nn widely/rb separated/vbn chronologically/rb ,/, with/in the/at extensive/jj age/nn gap/nn occurring/vbg during/in childhood/nn for/in all/abn but/in one/cd growth/nn center/nn ./. The/at lower/jjr portion/nn provides/vbz a/at rating/nn at/in any/dti stage/nn between/in infancy/nn and/cc adulthood/nn ./. Onsets/nns-tl ,/, Completions/nns-tl ,/, and/cc Skeletal/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl (/( Hand/nn-tl )/) of/in boy/nn 34/cd and/cc girl/nn 2/cd may/md be/be directly/rb compared/vbn and/cc classified/vbn ,/, using/vbg only/rb those/dts Skeletal/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl which/wdt appear/vb immediately/ql below/in the/at Onset/nn-tl Profile/nn-tl and/cc the/at Completion/nn-tl Profile/nn-tl ./. It/pps may/md be/be assumed/vbn that/cs differences/nns in/in ratings/nns due/jj to/in selection/nn of/in growth/nn centers/nns from/in specific/jj regions/nns of/in the/at body/nn will/md be/be small/jj ,/, according/in to/in existing/vbg tables/nns of/in onset/nn age/nn and/cc completion/nn age/nn for/in centers/nns throughout/in the/at body/nn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, maturity/nn level/nn ratings/nns by/in means/nns of/in the/at upper/jjr portion/nn and/cc lower/jjr portion/nn of/in the/at Chart/nn-tl ,/, respectively/rb ,/, should/md be/be somewhat/ql similar/jj since/cs Skeletal/jj-tl Age/nn-tl assessments/nns are/ber dependent/jj upon/in Onsets/nns-tl during/in infancy/nn and/cc upon/in Completions/nns-tl during/in adolescence/nn ./. It/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs there/ex are/ber some/dti differences/nns in/in the/at ratings/nns ,/, but/cc there/ex is/bez substantial/jj agreement/nn ./. Since/cs a/at Skeletal/jj-tl Age/nn-tl rating/nn can/md be/be made/vbn at/in any/dti age/nn during/in growth/nn ,/, from/in Elbow/nn-tl ,/, Shoulder/nn ,/, Knee/nn-tl ,/, or/cc Foot/nn-tl as/ql well/rb as/cs Hand/nn-tl ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/to be/be the/at method/nn of/in choice/nn when/wrb one/pn wishes/vbz to/to study/vb most/ap aspects/nns of/in skeletal/jj developmental/jj progress/nn during/in childhood/nn ./. As/cs stated/vbn earlier/rbr in/in the/at paper/nn ,/, Onsets/nns-tl and/cc Completions/nns-tl --/-- particularly/rb the/at former/ap --/-- provide/vb a/at different/jj tool/nn or/cc indicator/nn of/in expectancy/nn in/in osseous/jj development/nn ,/, each/dt within/in a/at limited/vbn age/nn period/nn ./. Such/abl an/at indicator/nn ,/, or/cc indicators/nns ,/, are/ber needed/vbn as/cs means/nns of/in recognizing/vbg specific/jj periods/nns of/in delay/nn in/in skeletal/jj developmental/jj progress/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz stated/vbn earlier/rbr that/cs one/cd purpose/nn of/in this/dt study/nn was/bedz to/to extend/vb the/at analysis/nn of/in variability/nn of/in Onset/nn-tl and/cc Completion/nn-tl in/in each/dt of/in the/at 21/cd growth/nn centers/nns somewhat/ql beyond/in that/dt provided/vbn by/in the/at data/nns in/in Tables/nns-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc 2/cd-tl ./. As/cs one/cd approach/nn to/in doing/vbg this/dt ,/, Figures/nns-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc 4/cd-tl have/hv be/be constructed/vbn from/in the/at mean/jj ages/nns and/cc the/at individual/jj onset/nn and/cc completion/nn ages/nns for/in boy/nn 34/cd and/cc girl/nn 2/cd ./. The/at differences/nns between/in onset/nn age/nn and/cc completion/nn age/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at corresponding/jj mean/jj age/nn have/hv been/ben brought/vbn into/in juxtaposition/nn by/in means/nn of/in a/at series/nn of/in arrows/nns ./. The/at data/nns for/in boy/nn 34/cd appear/vb in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, and/cc for/in girl/nn 2/cd in/in Figure/nn-tl 4/cd-tl ./. The/at numbering/vbg system/nn used/vbn in/in Tables/nns-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc 2/cd-tl and/cc Figures/nns-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc 2/cd-tl was/bedz continued/vbn for/in the/at 21/cd growth/nn centers/nns ./. The/at ``/`` dot/nn ''/'' on/in one/cd end/nn of/in each/dt arrow/nn indicates/vbz extent/nn of/in difference/nn in/in months/nns between/in the/at child's/nn$ onset/nn age/nn and/cc the/at corresponding/jj mean/jj age/nn for/in the/at growth/nn center/nn ./. The/at ``/`` tip/nn ''/'' of/in the/at arrow/nn represents/vbz extent/nn of/in difference/nn between/in the/at child's/nn$ completion/nn age/nn and/cc the/at corresponding/jj mean/jj age/nn for/in the/at growth/nn center/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at alignment/nn of/in the/at ``/`` dots/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` tips/nns ''/'' ,/, respectively/rb ,/, indicate/vb individual/jj variability/nn of/in the/at 21/cd growth/nn centers/nns of/in each/dt child/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at mean/jj values/nns for/in these/dts boys/nns and/cc girls/nns ./. The/at direction/nn in/in which/wdt the/at arrow/nn points/vbz shows/vbz how/wrb the/at maturity/nn level/nn of/in the/at growth/nn center/nn was/bedz changed/vbn at/in Completion/nn-tl from/in the/at level/nn at/in Onset/nn-tl ./. When/wrb the/at ``/`` dot/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` tip/nn ''/'' coincide/vb ,/, the/at classification/nn used/vbn in/in this/dt paper/nn is/bez ``/`` Same/ap-tl schedule/nn ''/'' ./. The/at length/nn of/in the/at arrow/nn indicates/vbz amount/nn of/in slowing/vbg or/cc acceleration/nn at/in Completion/nn-tl over/in that/dt at/in Onset/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at difference/nn in/in months/nns can/md be/be read/vbn roughly/rb by/in referring/vbg the/at arrow/nn to/in the/at age/nn scale/nn along/in the/at base/nn of/in each/dt figure/nn ,/, or/cc more/ql precisely/rb by/in referring/vbg to/in the/at original/jj data/nn in/in the/at appropriate/jj tables/nns ./. The/at difference/nn between/in the/at sequence/nn of/in Onset/nn-tl of/in ossification/nn for/in the/at sexes/nns governs/vbz the/at numbering/vbg sequence/nn in/in Figures/nns-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc 4/cd-tl ./. This/dt difference/nn is/bez readily/rb clarified/vbn by/in referring/vbg to/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. For/in example/nn ,/, arrow/nn 17/cd in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl portrays/vbz the/at proximal/jj radial/jj epiphysis/nn for/in boy/nn 34/cd ,/, whereas/cs the/at same/ap epiphysis/nn for/in girl/nn 2/cd is/bez portrayed/vbn by/in arrow/nn 18/cd in/in Figure/nn-tl 4/cd-tl ./. For/in the/at boy/nn ,/, this/dt epiphysis/nn was/bedz markedly/rb delayed/vbn at/in Onset/nn-tl but/cc near/in the/at mean/nn at/in Completion/nn-tl ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at Span/nn of/in its/pp$ ossification/nn was/bedz shortened/vbn and/cc the/at center's/nn$ ability/nn to/to ``/`` catch/vb up/rp ''/'' in/in ossification/nn is/bez demonstrated/vbn ./. In/in contrast/nn ,/, for/in the/at girl/nn the/at epiphysis/nn was/bedz slightly/rb advanced/vbn at/in Onset/nn-tl and/cc delayed/vbn at/in Completion/nn-tl ./. Obviously/rb ,/, the/at slowing/nn for/in her/ppo may/md have/hv occurred/vbn at/in any/dti point/nn between/in Onset/nn-tl and/cc Completion/nn-tl ./. The/at Skeletal/jj-tl Age/nn-tl curve/nn in/in the/at lower/jjr portion/nn of/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl shows/vbz that/cs slowing/vbg may/md have/hv occurred/vbn for/in her/ppo during/in the/at prepubescent/jj period/nn ./. Length/nn of/in the/at shaft/nn of/in these/dts arrows/nns may/md be/be evaluated/vbn according/in to/in the/at standard/jj deviation/nn values/nns for/in each/dt center/nn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. We/ppss have/hv attempted/vbn to/to simplify/vb the/at extensive/jj task/nn of/in analyzing/vbg onset/nn ages/nns and/cc completion/nn ages/nns of/in each/dt child/nn --/-- more/ap than/in 1700/cd values/nns for/in the/at entire/jj group/nn --/-- by/in constructing/vbg figures/nns for/in each/dt of/in the/at 21/cd centers/nns so/cs that/cs the/at data/nns for/in all/abn 34/cd boys/nns and/cc 34/cd of/in the/at girls/nns will/md appear/vb together/rb for/in each/dt growth/nn center/nn ./. Figures/nns-tl 5/cd-tl and/cc 6/cd-tl are/ber examples/nns of/in our/pp$ method/nn of/in analyzing/vbg the/at results/nns for/in each/dt growth/nn center/nn ./. Forty/cd other/ap figures/nns similar/jj to/in 5/cd and/cc 6/cd and/cc the/at original/jj data/nns used/vbn in/in the/at construction/nn of/in all/abn figures/nns and/cc tables/nns in/in this/dt monograph/nn have/hv been/ben included/vbn in/in the/at Appendix/nn-tl ./. The/at principles/nns used/vbn in/in making/vbg each/dt arrow/nn for/in Figures/nns-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc 4/cd-tl were/bed applied/vbn to/in the/at construction/nn of/in Figures/nns-tl 5/cd-tl and/cc 6/cd-tl as/ql well/rb as/cs all/abn figures/nns in/in the/at Appendix/nn-tl ./. One/cd growth/nn center/nn in/in a/at short/jj bone/nn --/-- distal/jj phalanx/nn of/in the/at second/od finger/nn --/-- was/bedz chosen/vbn as/cs an/at example/nn for/in discussion/nn here/rb ,/, primarily/rb because/cs epiphyseal-diaphyseal/jj fusion/nn ,/, the/at maturity/nn indicator/nn for/in Completion/nn-tl in/in long/jj and/cc short/jj bones/nns ,/, occurs/vbz in/in this/dt center/nn for/in girls/nns near/vb the/at menarche/nn and/cc for/in boys/nns near/vb their/pp$ comparable/jj pubescent/jj stage/nn ./. Its/pp$ Completion/nn-tl thus/rb becomes/vbz one/cd of/in the/at convenient/jj maturity/nn indicators/nns to/to include/vb in/in studies/nns of/in growth/nn ,/, dietary/jj patterns/nns ,/, and/cc health/nn during/in adolescence/nn ./. The/at following/vbg summary/nn ,/, based/vbn on/in Figures/nns-tl 5/cd-tl and/cc 6/cd-tl ,/, is/bez an/at example/nn of/in one/cd way/nn of/in interpreting/vbg the/at 42/cd figures/nns constructed/vbn from/in onset/nn ages/nns and/cc completion/nn ages/nns of/in individual/jj children/nns with/in respect/nn to/in the/at appropriate/jj mean/jj age/nn for/in each/dt growth/nn center/nn ./. At/in the/at top/nn of/in Figure/nn-tl 5/cd-tl ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, the/at Onset/nn-tl range/nn and/cc Completion/nn-tl range/nn lines/nns for/in the/at chosen/vbn growth/nn center/nn have/hv been/ben drawn/vbn for/in girls/nns according/in to/in their/pp$ mean/nn and/cc standard/jj deviation/nn values/nns in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. The/at 34/cd arrows/nns ,/, denoting/vbg onset/nn age/nn plus/in completion/nn age/nn deviations/nns ,/, have/hv been/ben arrayed/vbn in/in an/at Onset/nn-tl sequence/nn which/wdt begins/vbz with/in girl/nn 18/cd who/wps had/hvd the/at earliest/jjt Onset/nn-tl of/in the/at 34/cd girls/nns ./. The/at growth/nn center/nn depicted/vbn here/rb ,/, in/in the/at distal/jj phalanx/nn of/in the/at second/od finger/nn ,/, is/bez listed/vbn as/cs the/at fifth/od of/in those/dts in/in the/at seven/cd short/jj bones/nns ./. The/at mean/jj onset/nn age/nn was/bedz 25.3/cd months/nns (/( Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ,/, and/cc the/at average/jj Span/nn of/in the/at osseous/jj stage/nn was/bedz 133/cd months/nns ./. The/at correlation/nn (/( Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl )/) between/in onset/nn age/nn and/cc completion/nn age/nn was/bedz -.50/cd ,/, and/cc that/dt between/in onset/nn age/nn and/cc Span/nn was/bedz -.10/cd ./. With/in due/jj consideration/nn for/in the/at limits/nns of/in precision/nn in/in assessing/vbg ,/, expected/vbn rate/nn of/in change/nn in/in ossification/nn of/in girls/nns age/vb 2/cd years/nns ,/, and/cc the/at known/vbn variations/nns in/in rate/nn of/in ossification/nn of/in these/dts children/nns as/cs described/vbn in/in our/pp$ preceding/vbg paper/nn in/in the/at Supplement/nn-tl ,/, each/dt arrow/nn with/in a/at ``/`` shaft/nn length/nn ''/'' of/in four/cd months/nns or/cc less/ap was/bedz selected/vbn as/cs indicating/vbg ``/`` same/ap schedule/nn ''/'' at/in Onset/nn-tl and/cc Completion/nn-tl ,/, for/in this/dt particular/nn epiphysis/nn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, girls/nns 31/cd ,/, 29/cd ,/, 33/cd ,/, 21/cd ,/, 26/cd ,/, 13/cd ,/, 3/cd ,/, 4/cd ,/, 14/cd ,/, 32/cd ,/, 24/cd ,/, 25/cd ,/, 34/cd ,/, 23/cd ,/, 6/cd ,/, 15/cd ,/, 22/cd ,/, and/cc 16/cd may/md be/be said/vbn to/to have/hv the/at ``/`` same/ap schedule/nn ''/'' at/in Onset/nn-tl and/cc Completion/nn-tl ./. It/pps seems/vbz clear/jj ,/, from/in the/at counter-balanced/jj shape/nn of/in the/at series/nn of/in arrows/nns in/in Figure/nn-tl 5/cd-tl that/cs there/ex was/bedz about/rb an/at equal/jj number/nn of/in early/jj and/cc late/jj Onsets/nns-tl and/cc Completions/nns-tl for/in the/at 34/cd girls/nns ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, if/cs epiphyseal-diaphyseal/jj fusion/nn occurs/vbz in/in this/dt phalanx/nn near/in menarche/nn ,/, early/jj and/cc late/jj menarches/nns might/md have/hv been/ben forecast/vbn rather/ql precisely/rb at/in the/at time/nn of/in Onset/nn-tl of/in ossification/nn for/in the/at 18/cd girls/nns with/in ``/`` same/ap schedule/nn ''/'' ./. As/cs an/at example/nn of/in the/at interpretation/nn of/in an/at arrow/nn in/in the/at figure/nn which/wdt exceeds/vbz four/cd months/nns in/in shaft/nn length/nn in/in conjunction/nn with/in its/pp$ position/nn in/in the/at figure/nn :/: girl/nn 2/cd had/hvd a/at delayed/vbn Onset/nn-tl and/cc further/rbr delayed/vbn Completion/nn-tl ./. It/pps is/bez of/in interest/nn that/cs her/pp$ menarche/nn was/bedz somewhat/ql later/rbr than/cs the/at average/nn for/in the/at girls/nns in/in this/dt group/nn ./. A/at similar/jj analysis/nn of/in Figure/nn-tl 6/cd-tl for/in the/at 34/cd boys/nns would/md necessitate/vb quite/abl a/at different/jj conclusion/nn about/in the/at predictive/jj value/nn of/in onset/nn age/nn in/in forecasting/vbg their/pp$ attainment/nn of/in the/at pubescent/jj stage/nn ./. Boys/nns 32/cd ,/, 23/cd ,/, 31/cd ,/, 17/cd ,/, 30/cd ,/, 19/cd ,/, and/cc 24/cd had/hvd ``/`` same/ap schedule/nn ''/'' at/in Onset/nn-tl and/cc Completion/nn-tl ;/. ;/. thus/rb early/jj forecasting/nn of/in the/at pubescent/jj stage/nn would/md appear/vb possible/jj for/in only/rb seven/cd boys/nns ./. Boy/nn 34/cd ,/, like/jj girl/nn 2/cd ,/, did/dod not/* have/hv ``/`` same/ap schedule/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. his/pp$ arrow/nn crosses/vbz the/at line/nn denoting/vbg the/at mean/nn ./. The/at ``/`` dot/nn ''/'' on/in his/pp$ arrow/nn indicates/vbz early/jj Onset/nn-tl and/cc the/at ``/`` tip/nn ''/'' indicates/vbz relatively/ql later/rbr Completion/nn-tl ./. After/cs the/at 42/cd figures/nns had/hvd been/ben drawn/vbn like/cs Figures/nns-tl 5/cd-tl and/cc 6/cd-tl ,/, classifications/nns of/in the/at onset/nn ages/nns and/cc completion/nn ages/nns were/bed summarized/vbn from/in them/ppo ./.

cj14

cj14 |@word interestingly:1 enough:4 effect:3 digitalis:1 glycoside:1 inhibit:3 high:2 concentration:7 potassium:2 incubation:1 medium:1 enhance:1 absence:3 wolff:2 1960:4 b:2 organification:5 iodine:16 precise:2 mechanism:10 thyroid:36 yet:2 completely:2 understand:1 however:3 formation:4 organically:1 bind:3 mainly:1 mono:3 iodotyrosine:9 accomplish:1 cell:6 free:6 system:8 addition:4 homogenate:2 product:1 form:8 iodinate:11 particulate:1 protein:5 fawcett:1 kirkwood:2 1953:1 taurog:2 potter:2 chaikoff:2 1955:3 tong:1 1956:3 serif:1 1958:4 de:7 groot:1 carvalho:1 iodoprotein:1 appear:9 normally:1 present:5 evidence:4 far:2 thyroglobulin:17 vitro:3 iodoamino:1 acid:3 large:6 quantity:3 intact:2 di:5 tyrosine:3 generate:2 hydrogen:1 peroxide:2 add:1 alexander:1 1959:3 clear:2 whether:2 bear:1 resemblance:1 vivo:3 iodinating:3 identify:3 tissue:2 chemical:6 ground:1 seem:2 likely:1 iodide:7 first:3 convert:2 af:6 active:5 specie:2 gland:8 chiefly:1 thyronine:1 iodination:3 synthesis:7 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member:1 brassica:1 family:1 goitrogen:4 play:2 role:2 development:3 tasmania:1 australia:1 clements:1 wishart:1 ingest:1 dairy:1 inactive:1 secrete:1 milk:1 f:1 influence:2 level:5 major:1 govern:1 experimental:1 man:2 gross:1 deficiency:2 hyperplasia:1 hypertrophy:2 money:1 rawson:1 1952:3 brownell:1 riggs:1 perinetti:1 itoiz:1 del:1 castillo:1 normal:5 necessary:2 prevent:1 100:2 ymg:1 per:1 day:1 low:2 flow:1 enable:1 accumulate:1 proportion:1 daily:1 intake:2 able:1 use:3 fraction:1 peripherally:1 label:2 correspondingly:1 result:6 substrate:1 rapid:1 newly:1 persist:1 reasonable:1 suppose:1 reflect:1 distribution:1 expect:1 pathological:1 condition:1 limit:1 trapping:1 accelerate:1 stimulate:4 name:1 substance:3 test:1 also:1 call:1 thyrotrophin:1 thyrotrophic:1 biochemical:1 bio:2 assay:3 number:1 property:4 estimate:1 include:1 weight:1 height:1 follicular:1 thyroidal:1 uptake:1 shall:1 restrict:1 discussion:2 method:3 sufficiently:1 sensitive:1 determine:1 brown:1 review:2 generally:1 various:1 reader:1 refer:1 paper:1 information:2 subject:1 1:1 constitution:1 physical:2 ago:1 1851:2 point:1 niepce:1 connection:2 clarify:1 smith:2 1922:1 saline:1 extract:1 fresh:1 bovine:1 activate:1 atrophy:1 hypophysectomise:1 tadpole:1 attempt:1 come:1 decade:1 later:1 janssen:1 loeser:1 1931:2 trichloroacetic:1 separate:1 soluble:1 insoluble:1 impurity:1 investigator:3 apply:1 salt:1 fractionation:2 technique:2 problem:3 well:1 organic:1 solvent:1 acetone:1 albert:2 1949:2 conclude:1 preparation:4 make:3 1945:1 probably:1 300:1 potent:1 starting:1 material:1 much:1 white:1 1944:1 sonenberg:1 last:1 year:1 application:1 chromatographic:1 modern:1 lead:1 purification:1 bates:1 condliffe:1 pierce:1 carsten:1 wynston:1 obtain:3 potency:1 composition:1 consider:2 circulate:1 synthesise:1 store:1 second:1 circumstance:2 depart:1 direction:1 therefore:1 fragmentary:1 rationally:1 importance:2 accentuate:1 recent:1 observation:1 abnormally:1 draw:1 many:1 thyrotoxic:1 adam:1 abnormal:1 differ:1 chemically:1 alternatively:1 effectiveness:1 modify:1 constituent:1 decide:1 without:1 comparison:2 responsible:1 aj:1 evaluate:1 datum:1 examine:1 critically:1 introduction:3 united:1 states:1 pharmacopoeia:1 reference:3 standard:4 redefinition:1 equating:1 usp:3 international:5 unit:7 possible:2 compare:1 publish:1 different:2 like:1 emphasise:1 state:1 solely:1 term:1 avoid:1 biological:1 part:1 confine:1 adopt:2 laboratory:1 mussett:1 perry:1 define:2 mg:2 equipotent:1 20:1

Interestingly/rb enough/qlp ,/, the/at effect/nn of/in the/at digitalis/nn glycosides/nns is/bez inhibited/vbn by/in a/at high/jj concentration/nn of/in potassium/nn in/in the/at incubation/nn medium/nn and/cc is/bez enhanced/vbn by/in the/at absence/nn of/in potassium/nn (/( Wolff/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) ./. B/np-hl ./.-hl Organification/nn-hl of/in-hl iodine/nn-hl The/at precise/jj mechanism/nn for/in organification/nn of/in iodine/nn in/in the/at thyroid/nn is/bez not/* as/ql yet/rb completely/rb understood/vbn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at formation/nn of/in organically/rb bound/vbn iodine/nn ,/, mainly/rb mono-iodotyrosine/nn ,/, can/md be/be accomplished/vbn in/in cell-free/jj systems/nns ./. In/in the/at absence/nn of/in additions/nns to/in the/at homogenate/nn ,/, the/at product/nn formed/vbn is/bez an/at iodinated/vbn particulate/jj protein/nn (/( Fawcett/np and/cc Kirkwood/np ,/, 1953/cd ;/. ;/. Taurog/np ,/, Potter/np and/cc Chaikoff/np ,/, 1955/cd ;/. ;/. Taurog/np ,/, Potter/np ,/, Tong/np ,/, and/cc Chaikoff/np ,/, 1956/cd ;/. ;/. Serif/np and/cc Kirkwood/np ,/, 1958/cd ;/. ;/. De/np Groot/np and/cc Carvalho/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) ./. This/dt iodoprotein/nn does/doz not/* appear/vb to/to be/be the/at same/ap as/cs what/wdt is/bez normally/rb present/rb in/in the/at thyroid/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at evidence/nn so/ql far/rb that/cs thyroglobulin/nn can/md be/be iodinated/vbn in/in vitro/nn by/in cell-free/jj systems/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at iodoamino/nn acid/nn formed/vbn in/in largest/jjt quantity/nn in/in the/at intact/jj thyroid/nn is/bez di-iodotyrosine/nn ./. If/cs tyrosine/nn and/cc a/at system/nn generating/vbg hydrogen/nn peroxide/nn are/ber added/vbn to/in a/at cell-free/jj homogenate/nn of/in the/at thyroid/nn ,/, large/jj quantities/nns of/in free/jj mono-iodotyrosine/nn can/md be/be formed/vbn (/( Alexander/np ,/, 1959/cd )/) ./. It/pps is/bez not/* clear/jj whether/cs this/dt system/nn bears/vbz any/dti resemblance/nn to/in the/at in/in vivo/nn iodinating/vbg mechanism/nn ,/, and/cc a/at system/nn generating/vbg peroxide/nn has/hvz not/* been/ben identified/vbn in/in thyroid/nn tissue/nn ./. On/in chemical/jj grounds/nns it/pps seems/vbz most/ql likely/jj that/cs iodide/nn is/bez first/rb converted/vbn to/in Af/nn and/cc then/rb to/in Af/nn as/cs the/at active/jj iodinating/vbg species/nn ./. In/in the/at thyroid/nn gland/nn it/pps appears/vbz that/cs proteins/nns (/( chiefly/rb thyroglobulin/nn )/) are/ber iodinated/vbn and/cc that/cs free/jj tyrosine/nn and/cc thyronine/nn are/ber not/* iodinated/vbn ./. Iodination/nn of/in tyrosine/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez not/* enough/ap for/in the/at synthesis/nn of/in hormone/nn ./. The/at mono-/jj and/cc di-iodotyrosine/nn must/md be/be coupled/vbn to/to form/vb tri-iodothyronine/nn and/cc thyroxine/nn ./. The/at mechanism/nn of/in this/dt coupling/nn has/hvz been/ben studied/vbn in/in some/dti detail/nn with/in non-enzymatic/jj systems/nns in/in vitro/nn and/cc can/md be/be simulated/vbn by/in certain/jj di-iodotyrosine/nn analogues/nns (/( Pitt-Rivers/np and/cc James/np ,/, 1958/cd )/) ./. There/ex is/bez so/ql far/rb no/at evidence/nn to/to indicate/vb conclusively/rb that/cs this/dt coupling/nn is/bez under/in enzymatic/jj control/nn ./. The/at chemical/jj nature/nn of/in the/at iodocompounds/nns is/bez discussed/vbn below/rb (/( pp./nns 76/cd et/fw-cc seq./fw-vbg )/) ./. C/np-hl ./.-hl Thyroglobulin/nn-hl synthesis/nn-hl Little/ap is/bez known/vbn of/in the/at synthetic/jj mechanisms/nns for/in formation/nn of/in thyroglobulin/nn ./. Its/pp$ synthesis/nn has/hvz not/* been/ben demonstrated/vbn in/in cell-free/jj systems/nns ,/, nor/cc has/hvz its/pp$ synthesis/nn by/in systems/nns with/in intact/jj thyroid/nn cells/nns in/in vitro/nn been/ben unequivocally/rb proven/vbn ./. There/ex is/bez some/dti reason/nn to/to think/vb that/cs thyroglobulin/nn synthesis/nn may/md proceed/vb independently/rb of/in iodination/nn ,/, for/cs in/in certain/ap transplantable/jj tumours/nns of/in the/at rat/nn thyroid/nn containing/vbg essentially/rb no/at iodinated/vbn thyroglobulin/nn ,/, a/at protein/nn that/wps appears/vbz to/to be/be thyroglobulin/nn has/hvz been/ben observed/vbn in/in ultracentrifuge/nn experiments/nns (/( Wolff/np ,/, Robbins/np and/cc Rall/np ,/, 1959/cd )/) ./. Similar/jj findings/nns have/hv been/ben noted/vbn in/in a/at patient/nn with/in congenital/jj absence/nn of/in the/at organification/nn enzymes/nns ,/, whose/wp$ thyroid/nn tissue/nn could/md only/rb concentrate/vb iodide/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, depending/in on/in availability/nn of/in dietary/jj iodine/nn ,/, thyroglobulin/nn may/md contain/vb varying/vbg quantities/nns of/in iodine/nn ./. D/np-hl ./.-hl Secretion/nn-hl Since/cs the/at circulating/vbg thyroid/nn hormones/nns are/ber the/at amino/nn acids/nns thyroxine/nn and/cc tri-iodothyronine/nn (/( cf./vb Section/nn-tl C/np-tl )/) ,/, it/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs some/dti mechanism/nn must/md exist/vb in/in the/at thyroid/nn gland/nn for/in their/pp$ release/nn from/in proteins/nns before/in secretion/nn ./. The/at presence/nn of/in several/ap proteases/nns and/cc peptidases/nns has/hvz been/ben demonstrated/vbn in/in the/at thyroid/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at proteases/nns has/hvz pH/nn optimum/nn of/in about/rb 3.7/cd and/cc another/dt of/in about/rb 5.7/cd (/( McQuillan/np ,/, Stanley/np and/cc Trikojus/np ,/, 1954/cd ;/. ;/. Alpers/np ,/, Robbins/np and/cc Rall/np ,/, 1955/cd )/) ./. The/at finding/nn that/cs the/at concentration/nn of/in one/cd of/in these/dts proteases/nns is/bez increased/vbn in/in thyroid/nn glands/nns from/in TSH-treated/nn animals/nns suggests/vbz that/cs this/dt protease/nn may/md be/be active/jj in/in vivo/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at conclusive/jj evidence/nn yet/rb that/cs either/dtx of/in the/at proteases/nns has/hvz been/ben prepared/vbn in/in highly/ql purified/vbn form/nn nor/cc is/bez their/pp$ specificity/nn known/vbn ./. A/at study/nn of/in their/pp$ activity/nn on/in thyroglobulin/nn has/hvz shown/vbn that/dt thyroxine/nn is/bez not/* preferentially/rb released/vbn and/cc that/cs the/at degradation/nn proceeds/vbz stepwise/rb with/in the/at formation/nn of/in macromolecular/jj intermediates/nns (/( Alpers/np ,/, Petermann/np and/cc Rall/np ,/, 1956/cd )/) ./. Besides/in proteolytic/jj enzymes/nns the/at thyroid/nn possesses/vbz de-iodinating/vbg enzymes/nns ./. A/at microsomal/jj de-iodinase/nn with/in a/at pH/nn optimum/nn of/in around/rb 8/cd ,/, and/cc requiring/vbg reduced/vbn triphosphopyridine/nn nucleotide/nn for/in activity/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben identified/vbn in/in the/at thyroid/nn (/( Stanbury/np ,/, 1957/cd )/) ./. This/dt de-iodinating/vbg enzyme/nn is/bez effective/jj against/in mono-/jj and/cc di-iodotyrosine/nn ,/, but/cc does/doz not/* de-iodinate/vb thyroxine/nn or/cc tri-iodothyronine/nn ./. It/pps is/bez assumed/vbn that/cs the/at iodine/nn released/vbn from/in the/at iodotyrosines/nns remains/vbz in/in the/at iodide/nn pool/nn of/in the/at thyroid/nn ,/, where/wrb it/pps is/bez oxidised/vbn and/cc re-incorporated/vbn into/in thyroglobulin/nn ./. The/at thyroxine/nn and/cc tri-iodothyronine/nn released/vbn by/in proteolysis/nn and/cc so/rb escaping/vbg de-iodination/nn presumably/rb diffuse/vb into/in the/at blood/nn stream/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben shown/vbn that/cs thyroglobulin/nn binds/vbz thyroxine/nn ,/, but/cc the/at binding/nn does/doz not/* appear/vb to/to be/be particularly/ql strong/jj ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben suggested/vbn that/cs the/at plasma/nn thyroxine-binding/jj proteins/nns ,/, which/wdt have/hv an/at extremely/ql high/jj affinity/nn for/in thyroxine/nn ,/, compete/vb with/in thyroglobulin/nn for/in thyroxine/nn (/( Ingbar/np and/cc Freinkel/np ,/, 1957/cd )/) ./. E/np-hl ./.-hl Antithyroid/jj-hl drugs/nns-hl Antithyroid/jj drugs/nns are/ber of/in two/cd general/jj types/nns ./. One/cd type/nn has/hvz a/at small/jj univalent/jj anion/nn of/in the/at thiocyanate-perchlorate-fluoro/nn type/nn ./. This/dt ion/nn inhibits/vbz thyroid/nn hormone/nn synthesis/nn by/in interfering/vbg with/in iodide/nn concentration/nn in/in the/at thyroid/nn ./. It/pps does/doz not/* appear/vb to/to affect/vb the/at iodinating/vbg mechanism/nn as/cs such/jj ./. The/at other/ap group/nn of/in antithyroid/jj agents/nns or/cc drugs/nns is/bez typified/vbn by/in thiouracil/nn ./. These/dts drugs/nns have/hv no/at effect/nn on/in the/at iodide/nn concentrating/vbg mechanism/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss inhibit/vb organification/nn ./. The/at mechanism/nn of/in action/nn of/in these/dts drugs/nns has/hvz not/* been/ben completely/rb worked/vbn out/rp ,/, but/cc certain/ap of/in them/ppo appear/vb to/to act/vb by/in reducing/vbg the/at oxidised/vbn form/nn of/in iodine/nn before/cs it/pps can/md iodinate/vb thyroglobulin/nn (/( Astwood/np ,/, 1954/cd )/) ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at few/ap antithyroid/jj drugs/nns of/in this/dt same/ap general/jj type/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs resorcinol/nn ,/, possessing/vbg no/at reducing/vbg activity/nn and/cc possibly/rb acting/vbg through/in formation/nn of/in a/at complex/nn with/in molecular/jj iodine/nn ./. Any/dti of/in the/at antithyroid/jj drugs/nns ,/, of/in either/dtx type/nn ,/, if/cs given/vbn in/in large/jj enough/qlp doses/nns for/in a/at long/jj period/nn of/in time/nn will/md cause/vb goitre/nn ,/, owing/vbg to/in inhibition/nn of/in thyroid/nn hormone/nn synthesis/nn ,/, with/in production/nn of/in hypothyroidism/nn ./. The/at anterior/jj lobe/nn of/in the/at pituitary/nn then/rb responds/vbz by/in an/at increased/vbn output/nn of/in TSH/nn ,/, causing/vbg the/at thyroid/nn to/to enlarge/vb ./. The/at effect/nn of/in drugs/nns that/wps act/vb on/in the/at iodide-concentrating/jj mechanism/nn can/md be/be counteracted/vbn by/in addition/nn of/in relatively/ql large/jj amounts/nns of/in iodine/nn to/in the/at diet/nn ./. The/at antithyroid/jj drugs/nns of/in the/at thiouracil/nn type/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, are/ber not/* antagonised/vbn by/in such/jj means/nns ./. Besides/in those/dts of/in the/at thiouracil/nn and/cc resorcinol/nn types/nns ,/, certain/ap antithyroid/jj drugs/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn in/in naturally/rb occurring/vbg foods/nns ./. The/at most/ql conclusively/rb identified/vbn is/bez L-5-vinyl-2-thio-oxazolidone/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz isolated/vbn from/in rutabaga/nn (/( Greer/np ,/, 1950/cd )/) ./. It/pps is/bez presumed/vbn to/to occur/vb in/in other/ap members/nns of/in the/at Brassica/np family/nn ./. There/ex is/bez some/dti evidence/nn that/cs naturally/rb occurring/vbg goitrogens/nns may/md play/vb a/at role/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in goitre/nn ,/, particularly/rb in/in Tasmania/np and/cc Australia/np (/( Clements/np and/cc Wishart/np ,/, 1956/cd )/) ./. There/rb it/pps seems/vbz that/cs the/at goitrogen/nn ingested/vbn by/in dairy/nn animals/nns is/bez itself/ppl inactive/jj but/cc is/bez converted/vbn in/in the/at animal/nn to/in an/at active/jj goitrogen/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez then/rb secreted/vbn in/in the/at milk/nn ./. F/np-hl ./.-hl Dietary/jj-hl influences/nns-hl Besides/in the/at presence/nn of/in goitrogens/nns in/in the/at diet/nn ,/, the/at level/nn of/in iodine/nn itself/ppl in/in the/at diet/nn plays/vbz a/at major/jj role/nn in/in governing/vbg the/at activity/nn of/in the/at thyroid/nn gland/nn ./. In/in the/at experimental/jj animal/nn and/cc in/in man/nn gross/jj deficiency/nn in/in dietary/jj iodine/nn causes/vbz thyroid/nn hyperplasia/nn ,/, hypertrophy/nn and/cc increased/vbn thyroid/nn activity/nn (/( Money/nn ,/, Rall/np and/cc Rawson/np ,/, 1952/cd ;/. ;/. Stanbury/np ,/, Brownell/np ,/, Riggs/np ,/, Perinetti/np ,/, Itoiz/np ,/, and/cc Del/np Castillo/np ,/, 1954/cd )/) ./. In/in man/nn the/at normal/jj level/nn of/in iodine/nn in/in the/at diet/nn and/cc the/at level/nn necessary/jj to/to prevent/vb development/nn of/in goitre/nn is/bez about/rb 100/cd **ymg/nn per/in day/nn ./. With/in lower/jjr levels/nns ,/, thyroid/nn hypertrophy/nn and/cc increased/vbn thyroid/nn blood-flow/nn enable/vb the/at thyroid/nn to/to accumulate/vb a/at larger/jjr proportion/nn of/in the/at daily/jj intake/nn of/in iodine/nn ./. Further/rbr ,/, the/at gland/nn is/bez able/jj to/to re-use/vb a/at larger/jjr fraction/nn of/in the/at thyroid/nn hormone/nn de-iodinated/vbn peripherally/rb ./. In/in the/at presence/nn of/in a/at low/jj iodine/nn intake/nn ,/, thyroglobulin/nn labelled/vbn in/in vivo/nn with/in Af/nn is/bez found/vbn to/to contain/vb more/ap mono-iodotyrosine/nn than/cs normal/jj ,/, the/at amounts/nns of/in di-iodotyrosine/nn and/cc iodothyronines/nns being/beg correspondingly/rb reduced/vbn ./. This/dt appears/vbz to/to result/vb from/in both/abx a/at reduced/vbn amount/nn of/in the/at iodine/nn substrate/nn and/cc a/at more/ql rapid/jj secretion/nn of/in newly/rb iodinated/vbn thyroglobulin/nn ./. If/cs the/at deficiency/nn persists/vbz long/rb enough/qlp ,/, it/pps is/bez reasonable/jj to/to suppose/vb that/cs the/at Af/nn label/nn will/md reflect/vb the/at Af/nn distribution/nn in/in the/at thyroglobulin/nn ./. Similar/jj results/nns might/md be/be expected/vbn from/in the/at influence/nn of/in drugs/nns or/cc pathological/jj conditions/nns that/wps limit/vb iodide/nn trapping/vbg ,/, or/cc organification/nn ,/, or/cc accelerate/vb thyroglobulin/nn proteolysis/nn ./. B/np-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl thyroid-stimulating/jj-hl hormone/nn-hl The/at name/nn thyroid-stimulating/jj hormone/nn (/( TSH/np )/) has/hvz been/ben given/vbn to/in a/at substance/nn found/vbn in/in the/at anterior/jj pituitary/jj gland/nn of/in all/abn species/nns of/in animal/nn so/rb tested/vbn for/in its/pp$ presence/nn ./. The/at hormone/nn has/hvz also/rb been/ben called/vbn thyrotrophin/np or/cc thyrotrophic/jj hormone/nn ./. At/in the/at present/jj time/nn we/ppss do/do not/* know/vb by/in what/wdt biochemical/jj mechanism/nn TSH/nn acts/vbz on/in the/at thyroid/nn ,/, but/cc for/in bio-assay/nn of/in the/at hormone/nn there/ex are/ber a/at number/nn of/in properties/nns by/in which/wdt its/pp$ activity/nn may/md be/be estimated/vbn ,/, including/in release/nn of/in iodine/nn from/in the/at thyroid/nn ,/, increase/nn in/in thyroid/nn weight/nn ,/, increase/nn in/in mean/jj height/nn of/in the/at follicular/jj cells/nns and/cc increase/nn in/in the/at thyroidal/jj uptake/nn of/in Af/nn ./. Here/rb we/ppss shall/md restrict/vb discussion/nn to/in those/dts methods/nns that/wps appear/vb sufficiently/ql sensitive/jj and/cc precise/jj for/in determining/vbg the/at concentration/nn of/in TSH/nn in/in blood/nn ./. Brown/np (/( 1959/cd )/) has/hvz reviewed/vbn generally/rb the/at various/jj methods/nns of/in assaying/vbg TSH/nn ,/, and/cc the/at reader/nn is/bez referred/vbn to/in her/pp$ paper/nn for/in further/ap information/nn on/in the/at subject/nn ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Chemical/nn-hl constitution/nn-hl and/cc-hl physical/jj-hl properties/nns-hl of/in-hl pituitary/jj-hl tsh/nn-hl As/ql long/rb ago/rb as/cs 1851/cd it/pps was/bedz pointed/vbn out/rp by/in Niepce/np (/( 1851/cd )/) that/cs there/ex is/bez a/at connection/nn between/in the/at pituitary/nn and/cc the/at thyroid/nn ./. This/dt connection/nn was/bedz clarified/vbn by/in Smith/np and/cc Smith/np (/( 1922/cd )/) ,/, who/wps showed/vbd that/cs saline/nn extracts/nns of/in fresh/jj bovine/jj pituitary/jj glands/nns could/md re-activate/vb the/at atrophied/vbn thyroids/nns of/in hypophysectomised/vbn tadpoles/nns ./. The/at first/od attempts/nns to/to isolate/vb TSH/nn came/vbd a/at decade/nn later/rbr ,/, when/wrb Janssen/np and/cc Loeser/np (/( 1931/cd )/) used/vbn trichloroacetic/jj acid/nn to/to separate/vb the/at soluble/jj TSH/nn from/in insoluble/jj impurities/nns ./. After/cs their/pp$ work/nn other/ap investigators/nns applied/vbd salt-fractionation/nn techniques/nns to/in the/at problem/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs fractionation/nn with/in organic/jj solvents/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs acetone/nn ./. Albert/np (/( 1949/cd )/) has/hvz concluded/vbn that/cs the/at most/ql active/jj preparations/nns of/in TSH/nn made/vbn during/in this/dt period/nn ,/, from/in 1931/cd to/in 1945/cd ,/, were/bed probably/rb about/rb 100/cd to/in 300/cd times/nns as/ql potent/jj as/cs the/at starting/vbg material/nn ./. Much/ap of/in this/dt work/nn has/hvz been/ben reviewed/vbn by/in White/np (/( 1944/cd )/) and/cc by/in Albert/np (/( 1949/cd )/) ./. Developments/nns up/rp to/in about/rb 1957/cd have/hv been/ben discussed/vbn by/in Sonenberg/np (/( 1958/cd )/) ./. In/in the/at last/ap few/ap years/nns ,/, the/at application/nn of/in chromatographic/jj and/cc other/ap modern/jj techniques/nns to/in the/at problem/nn of/in isolating/vbg TSH/nn has/hvz led/vbn to/in further/ap purification/nn (/( Bates/np and/cc Condliffe/np ,/, 1960/cd ;/. ;/. Pierce/np ,/, Carsten/np and/cc Wynston/np ,/, 1960/cd )/) ./. The/at most/ql active/jj preparations/nns obtained/vbn by/in these/dts two/cd groups/nns of/in investigators/nns appear/vb to/to be/be similar/jj in/in potency/nn ,/, composition/nn and/cc physical/jj properties/nns ./. Two/cd problems/nns present/vb themselves/ppls in/in considering/vbg any/dti hormone/nn in/in blood/nn ./. First/rb ,/, is/bez the/at circulating/vbg form/nn of/in the/at hormone/nn the/at same/ap as/cs that/dt found/vbn in/in the/at gland/nn where/wrb it/pps is/bez synthesised/vbn and/cc stored/vbn ?/. ?/. Second/rb ,/, what/wdt is/bez its/pp$ concentration/nn in/in normal/jj circumstances/nns and/cc in/in what/wdt circumstances/nns will/md this/dt concentration/nn depart/vb from/in the/at normal/jj level/nn and/cc in/in which/wdt direction/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez therefore/rb necessary/jj to/to consider/vb the/at properties/nns of/in pituitary/jj TSH/nn if/cs the/at fragmentary/jj chemical/nn information/nn about/in blood/nn TSH/nn is/bez to/to be/be discussed/vbn rationally/rb ./. The/at importance/nn of/in knowing/vbg in/in what/wdt chemical/nn forms/nns the/at hormone/nn may/md exist/vb is/bez accentuated/vbn by/in the/at recent/jj observation/nn that/cs there/ex exists/vbz an/at abnormally/ql long-acting/jj TSH/nn in/in blood/nn drawn/vbn from/in many/ap thyrotoxic/jj patients/nns (/( Adams/np ,/, 1958/cd )/) ./. Whether/cs this/dt abnormal/jj TSH/nn differs/vbz chemically/rb from/in pituitary/jj TSH/nn ,/, or/cc is/bez ,/, alternatively/rb ,/, normal/jj TSH/nn with/in its/pp$ period/nn of/in effectiveness/nn modified/vbn by/in some/dti other/ap blood/nn constituent/nn ,/, cannot/md* be/be decided/vbn without/in chemical/nn study/nn of/in the/at activity/nn in/in the/at blood/nn of/in these/dts patients/nns and/cc a/at comparison/nn of/in the/at substance/nn responsible/jj for/in the/at blood/nn activity/nn with/in pituitary/jj Aj/nn ./. In/in evaluating/vbg data/nn on/in the/at concentration/nn of/in TSH/nn in/in blood/nn ,/, one/pn must/md examine/vb critically/rb the/at bio-assay/nn methods/nns used/vbn to/to obtain/vb them/ppo ./. The/at introduction/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Pharmacopoeia/nn-tl reference/nn standard/nn in/in 1952/cd and/cc the/at redefinition/nn and/cc equating/nn of/in the/at USP/nn and/cc international/jj units/nns of/in thyroid-stimulating/jj activity/nn have/hv made/vbn it/ppo possible/jj to/to compare/vb results/nns published/vbn by/in different/jj investigators/nns since/in that/dt time/nn ./. We/ppss should/md like/vb to/to re-emphasise/vb the/at importance/nn of/in stating/vbg results/nns solely/rb in/in terms/nns of/in international/jj units/nns of/in TSH/nn activity/nn and/cc of/in avoiding/vbg the/at re-introduction/nn of/in biological/jj units/nns ./. For/in the/at most/ap part/nn ,/, this/dt discussion/nn will/md be/be confined/vbn to/in results/nns obtained/vbn since/in the/at introduction/nn of/in the/at reference/nn standard/nn ./. A/np-hl ./.-hl Standard/jj-hl preparations/nns-hl and/cc-hl units/nns-hl of/in-hl thyroid-stimulating/jj-hl activity/nn-hl The/at international/jj unit/nn (/( u./nn )/) ,/, adopted/vbn to/to make/vb possible/jj the/at comparison/nn of/in results/nns from/in different/jj laboratories/nns (/( Mussett/np and/cc Perry/np ,/, 1955/cd )/) ,/, has/hvz been/ben defined/vbn as/cs the/at amount/nn of/in activity/nn present/rb in/in 13.5/cd mg/nn of/in the/at International/jj-tl Standard/jj-tl Preparation/nn-tl ./. The/at international/jj unit/nn is/bez equipotent/jj with/in the/at USP/nn unit/nn adopted/vbn in/in 1952/cd ,/, which/wdt was/bedz defined/vbn as/cs the/at amount/nn of/in activity/nn present/rb in/in 20/cd mg/nn of/in the/at USP/nn reference/nn substance/nn ./.

cj15

cj15 |@word introduction:1 muscle:16 weakness:14 recognize:1 uncommon:1 though:2 serious:1 complication:1 steroid:4 therapy:2 synthetic:1 adrenal:1 corticosteroid:1 clinical:2 use:1 although:1 biopsy:3 show:18 structural:1 change:9 report:2 case:4 induce:1 provide:1 example:1 know:1 necropsy:2 afford:1 opportunity:1 extensive:5 study:2 multiple:1 group:2 describe:2 paper:1 old:2 man:2 develop:5 disable:2 muscular:2 receive:1 variety:1 refractory:1 anemia:5 patient:9 white:3 male:1 accountant:1 enter:1 new:2 york:2 hospital:4 fourth:1 terminal:2 admission:4 june:3 26:2 1959:9 general:1 debility:2 1953:1 unexplained:1 15:2 blood:1 transfusion:2 give:3 period:2 4:3 year:1 splenomegaly:1 first:3 note:1 1956:1 sternal:1 marrow:3 time:7 scatter:1 foci:1 fibrosis:6 suggestive:1 myelofibrosis:1 additional:2 necessary:2 institution:1 prednisone:3 july:3 1957:1 initial:1 dose:1 40:2 mg:10 daily:10 gradual:1 tapering:1 10:3 medication:1 continue:4 february:3 1958:10 suffer:1 myocardial:3 infarction:1 complicate:2 pulmonary:1 edema:2 finding:2 include:2 cardiomegaly:1 peripheral:1 arteriosclerosis:1 obliterans:1 cholelithiasis:1 hemoglobin:4 gm:10 digitalization:1 anticoagulation:1 later:2 chlorothiazide:2 salt:1 restriction:1 become:2 control:2 chronic:1 congestive:1 failure:1 increase:4 triamcinolone:4 8:2 start:2 feb:4 23:1 september:1 generalize:1 fatigue:1 concurrent:1 exacerbation:2 attempt:2 reverse:1 downhill:1 trend:1 stimulate:1 bone:2 hemolytic:1 component:1 16:2 begin:1 sept:1 18:2 feel:1 strong:1 rise:2 oct:1 20:2 complain:1 cave:1 knee:1 nov:2 specifically:1 involve:2 pelvic:3 thigh:1 musculature:1 pronounce:1 common:2 complaint:2 difficulty:1 step:1 curbs:1 30:2 substitute:1 22:1 dec:2 1:4 without:1 improvement:1 serum:3 potassium:2 meq:1 per:3 liter:1 quadriceps:1 appreciably:1 bad:1 difficult:1 unaided:1 sit:1 recline:1 position:1 resume:1 maintain:2 omit:1 detail:1 neuromuscular:1 examination:1 reveal:3 diffuse:1 atrophy:4 moderate:1 hand:1 foot:1 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reaction:1 interpret:1 manifestation:1 hypoadrenocorticism:1 severe:2 back:1 pain:2 prompt:1 third:1 osteoporosis:1 partial:1 collapse:1 d8:1 high:1 diet:1 calcium:1 lactate:1 supplement:1 norethandrolone:1 fail:3 skeletal:1 27:1 necessitate:1 urinary:1 painful:1 thrombosed:1 hemorrhoid:1 x:1 ray:1 film:1 vertebral:3 column:1 progression:1 demineralization:1 abdominal:2 distension:1 go:1 shock:1 die:1 body:3 somewhat:3 debilitate:1 weigh:6 108:1 lb:1 bilateral:1 pterygia:1 arcus:1 senilis:1 mouth:1 edentulous:1 heart:2 510:1 outflow:1 tract:1 right:7 ventricle:3 measure:6 19:1 mm:2 respectively:1 coronary:3 artery:8 sclerotic:1 diffusely:1 narrow:1 throughout:4 course:2 virtually:2 occlude:3 yellow:4 atheromatous:1 plaque:3 cm:7 distal:1 origin:1 myocardium:1 posterior:2 base:2 gray:2 scar:2 tissue:4 area:10 valve:1 except:2 thin:1 inferior:1 surface:7 mitral:1 leaflet:1 microscopically:6 large:9 replacement:2 fibrous:3 addition:2 contain:13 focal:3 recent:1 necrosis:3 infiltrate:2 neutrophil:5 many:7 hypertrophy:1 irregular:2 basophilic:2 intima:2 thicken:2 fusiform:1 cleft:1 mononuclear:1 cell:8 intimal:1 aorta:1 cover:1 confluent:1 brown:6 hard:1 friable:2 along:1 entire:1 narrowing:1 orifice:2 major:2 visceral:1 particular:1 renal:1 celiac:1 calcify:1 iliac:1 completely:1 lung:3 together:1 950:1 emphysematous:1 blebs:1 diameter:4 parenchyma:2 slightly:1 hyperemic:2 apex:1 firm:3 fibrocalcific:1 nodule:1 emphysema:1 vascular:1 congestion:1 macrophage:1 laden:1 pigment:2 see:2 alveoli:1 small:13 red:2 spleen:1 410:1 mottle:2 discrete:1 patch:1 material:2 endothelial:1 line:1 sinusoid:2 prominent:4 quantity:1 hemosiderin:2 number:6 nucleated:1 granulocytic:1 series:2 slight:1 arteriolosclerosis:2 liver:2 color:1 cut:1 pale:5 hyperemia:2 central:1 vein:1 adjacent:2 cord:1 vacuolate:1 cytoplasm:1 amount:1 gallbladder:1 cc:2 green:3 bile:1 smooth:1 dark:1 calculus:1 mucosa:5 stomach:2 atrophic:3 irregularly:1 blacken:1 14:1 intestine:2 fill:3 gas:1 jejunum:3 dilate:1 2:6 circumference:1 colon:2 approximately:1 300:1 foul:1 smell:1 sanguineous:1 mottled:1 careful:1 search:1 occlusion:1 mesenteric:1 vessel:2 cytolysis:1 gram:1 negative:1 bacterial:1 rod:1 submucosa:2 focally:1 ileum:1 similar:1 edematous:1 considerable:1 fibrin:2 thrombi:1 interstitial:2 hemorrhage:1 intense:1 ulceration:1 associate:1 much:1 culture:1 take:1 monilia:1 albicans:1 pseudomonas:1 pyocanea:1 aerobacter:1 aerogenes:1 streptococcus:1 anhemolyticus:1 kidney:5 110:1 leave:1 230:1 coarsely:1 finely:1 granular:2 punctuate:1 clear:1 cyst:1 also:2 raise:1 cortical:1 glomerular:2 tubular:1 infiltration:1 lymphocyte:1 plasma:1 occasional:1 tubule:1 hyaline:1 cast:1 admix:1 hyalinization:1 afferent:1 arteriole:2 marked:1 papillary:1 adenoma:1 ribs:1 sternum:1 soft:2 easily:1 compress:1 fatty:1 hypercellularity:1 alternate:1 hypocellularity:1 erythroid:1 myeloid:1 megakaryocytic:1 extremity:1 chest:1 wall:2 neck:1 microscopic:1 pectoralis:2 transversus:2 abdominis:1 bicep:3 brachii:1 diaphragm:2 vary:1 degree:1 injury:1 range:1 swelling:1 vacuolization:2 less:1 evident:1 swollen:2 homogeneous:1 necrotic:1 figure:3 deeply:1 eosinophilic:1 pyknotic:2 loss:1 cross:2 striation:2 obliteration:1 myofibril:1 often:1 portion:1 length:1 usually:3 immediately:1 protoplasm:1 flocculate:1 invade:1 phagocyte:1 inflammatory:1 strikingly:1 absent:1 association:1 alteration:1 size:1 nucleolus:2 distribute:1 fig:2 5:2 contrast:1 nuclear:1 another:1 occur:1 distinct:1 myofibrilla:2 remarkable:1 proliferation:1 closely:2 approximate:1 form:1 chainlike:1 structure:1 center:1 periphery:1 individual:1 oval:1 round:1 occasionally:2 elongate:1 frequently:1 clump:1 pack:1 observe:1 devoid:1 vesicular:1 think:1 represent:1 regenerate:1 trichrome:1 stain:1 involved:1 examine:1 essentially:1

Introduction/nn-hl Muscle/nn weakness/nn is/bez now/rb recognized/vbn as/cs an/at uncommon/jj though/cc serious/jj complication/nn of/in steroid/nn therapy/nn ,/, with/in most/ap of/in the/at synthetic/jj adrenal/jj corticosteroids/nns in/in clinical/jj use/nn ./. Although/cs biopsies/nns have/hv shown/vbn structural/jj changes/nns in/in some/dti of/in the/at reported/vbn cases/nns of/in steroid-induced/jj weakness/nn ,/, this/dt case/nn provides/vbz the/at only/ap example/nn known/vbn to/in us/ppo in/in which/wdt necropsy/nn afforded/vbd the/at opportunity/nn for/in extensive/jj study/nn of/in multiple/jj muscle/nn groups/nns ./. The/at case/nn described/vbn in/in this/dt paper/nn is/bez that/dt of/in an/at older/jjr man/nn who/wps developed/vbd disabling/vbg muscular/jj weakness/nn while/cs receiving/vbg a/at variety/nn of/in steroids/nns for/in a/at refractory/jj anemia/nn ./. Report/nn-hl of/in-hl case/nn-hl This/dt patient/nn was/bedz a/at 65-year-old/jj white/jj male/jj accountant/nn who/wps entered/vbd the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl Hospital/nn-tl for/in his/pp$ fourth/od and/cc terminal/jj admission/nn on/in June/np 26/cd ,/, 1959/cd ,/, because/rb of/in disabling/vbg weakness/nn and/cc general/jj debility/nn ./. In/in 1953/cd the/at patient/nn developed/vbd an/at unexplained/jj anemia/nn for/in which/wdt 15/cd blood/nn transfusions/nns were/bed given/vbn over/in a/at period/nn of/in 4/cd years/nns ./. Splenomegaly/nn was/bedz first/rb noted/vbn in/in 1956/cd ,/, and/cc a/at sternal/jj marrow/nn biopsy/nn at/in that/dt time/nn showed/vbd ``/`` scattered/vbn foci/nns of/in fibrosis/nn ''/'' suggestive/jj of/in myelofibrosis/nn ./. No/at additional/jj transfusions/nns were/bed necessary/jj after/in the/at institution/nn of/in prednisone/nn in/in July/np ,/, 1957/cd ,/, in/in an/at initial/jj dose/nn of/in 40/cd mg./nns daily/rb with/in gradual/jj tapering/vbg to/in 10/cd mg./nns daily/rb ./. This/dt medication/nn was/bedz continued/vbn until/in February/np ,/, 1958/cd ./. In/in February/np ,/, 1958/cd ,/, the/at patient/nn suffered/vbd a/at myocardial/jj infarction/nn complicated/vbn by/in pulmonary/jj edema/nn ./. Additional/jj findings/nns at/in this/dt time/nn included/vbd cardiomegaly/nn ,/, peripheral/jj arteriosclerosis/nn obliterans/fw-vbg-tl ,/, and/cc cholelithiasis/nn ./. The/at hemoglobin/nn was/bedz 11.6/cd gm./nns ./. Therapy/nn included/vbd digitalization/nn and/cc anticoagulation/nn ./. Later/rbr ,/, chlorothiazide/nn and/cc salt/nn restriction/nn became/vbd necessary/jj to/to control/vb the/at edema/nn of/in chronic/jj congestive/jj failure/nn ./. Because/rb of/in increasing/vbg anemia/nn ,/, triamcinolone/nn ,/, 8/cd mg./nns daily/rb ,/, was/bedz started/vbn on/in Feb./np 23/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, and/cc was/bedz continued/vbn until/in July/np ,/, 1958/cd ./. In/in September/np ,/, 1958/cd ,/, the/at patient/nn developed/vbd generalized/vbn weakness/nn and/cc fatigue/nn which/wdt was/bedz concurrent/jj with/in exacerbation/nn of/in his/pp$ anemia/nn ;/. ;/. the/at hemoglobin/nn was/bedz 10.6/cd gm./nns ./. In/in an/at attempt/nn to/to reverse/vb the/at downhill/jj trend/nn by/in stimulating/vbg the/at bone/nn marrow/nn and/cc controlling/vbg any/dti hemolytic/jj component/nn ,/, triamcinolone/nn ,/, 16/cd mg./nns daily/rb ,/, was/bedz begun/vbn on/in Sept./np 26/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, and/cc continued/vbn until/in Feb./np 18/cd ,/, 1959/cd ./. At/in first/rb the/at patient/nn felt/vbd stronger/jjr ,/, and/cc the/at hemoglobin/nn rose/vbd to/in 13.8/cd gm./nns ,/, but/cc on/in Oct./np 20/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, he/pps complained/vbd of/in ``/`` caving/vbg in/rp ''/'' in/in his/pp$ knees/nns ./. By/in Nov./np 8/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, weakness/nn ,/, specifically/rb involving/vbg the/at pelvic/jj and/cc thigh/nn musculature/nn ,/, was/bedz pronounced/vbn ,/, and/cc a/at common/jj complaint/nn was/bedz ``/`` difficulty/nn in/in stepping/vbg up/rp on/rp to/in curbs/nns ''/'' ./. Prednisone/nn ,/, 30/cd mg./nns daily/rb ,/, was/bedz substituted/vbn for/in triamcinolone/nn from/in Nov./np 22/cd until/in Dec./np 1/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, without/in any/dti improvement/nn in/in the/at weakness/nn ./. Serum/nn potassium/nn at/in this/dt time/nn was/bedz 3.8/cd mEq./nn per/in liter/nn ,/, and/cc the/at hemoglobin/nn was/bedz 13.9/cd gm./nns By/in Dec./np 1/cd ,/, 1958/cd ,/, the/at weakness/nn in/in the/at pelvic/jj and/cc quadriceps/nn muscle/nn groups/nns was/bedz appreciably/ql worse/jjr ,/, and/cc it/pps became/vbd difficult/jj for/in the/at patient/nn to/to rise/vb unaided/jj from/in a/at sitting/vbg or/cc reclining/vbg position/nn ./. Triamcinolone/nn ,/, 16/cd mg./nns daily/rb ,/, was/bedz resumed/vbn and/cc maintained/vbn until/in Feb./np 18/cd ,/, 1959/cd ./. Chlorothiazide/nn was/bedz omitted/vbn for/in a/at 2-week/jj period/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at change/nn in/in the/at muscle/nn weakness/nn ./. At/in this/dt time/nn a/at detailed/vbn neuromuscular/jj examination/nn revealed/vbd diffuse/jj muscle/nn atrophy/nn that/wps was/bedz moderate/jj in/in the/at hands/nns and/cc feet/nns ,/, but/cc marked/vbn in/in the/at shoulders/nns ,/, hips/nns ,/, and/cc pelvic/jj girdle/nn ,/, with/in hypoactive/jj deep-tendon/nn reflexes/nns ./. No/at fasciculations/nns or/cc sensory/jj defects/nns were/bed found/vbn ./. Electromyography/nn revealed/vbd no/at evidence/nn of/in lower/jjr motor/nn neuron/nn disease/nn ./. Thyroid/nn function/nn tests/nns yielded/vbd normal/jj results/nns ./. The/at protein-bound/jj iodine/nn was/bedz 6.6/cd mg./nns ,/, and/cc the/at radioactive/jj iodine/nn uptake/nn over/in the/at thyroid/nn gland/nn was/bedz 46%/nn in/in 24/cd hours/nns ,/, with/in a/at conversion/nn ratio/nn of/in 12%/nn ./. A/at Schilling/np test/nn demonstrated/vbd normal/jj absorption/nn of/in vitamin/nn Af/nn ./. In/in February/np ,/, 1959/cd ,/, during/in the/at second/od admission/nn to/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl Hospital/nn-tl ,/, a/at biopsy/nn specimen/nn of/in the/at left/jj gastrocnemius/nn showed/vbd striking/jj increase/nn in/in the/at sarcolemmal/jj sheath/nn nuclei/nns and/cc shrunken/vbn muscle/nn fibers/nns in/in several/ap sections/nns ./. Serial/nn serum/nn potassium/nn levels/nns remained/vbd normal/jj ;/. ;/. the/at serum/nn glutamic/jj oxaloacetic/jj transaminase/nn was/bedz 10/cd units/nns per/in ml./nn per/in min./nn ./. The/at clinical/jj impression/nn at/in this/dt time/nn was/bedz either/cc muscular/jj dystrophy/nn or/cc polymyositis/nn ./. On/in Feb./np 12/cd ,/, 1959/cd ,/, purified/vbn corticotropin/nn (/( ACTH/np Gel/nn-tl )/) ,/, 20/cd units/nns daily/rb intramuscularly/rb ,/, was/bedz started/vbn but/cc had/hvd to/to be/be discontinued/vbn 3/cd weeks/nns later/rbr because/rb of/in excessive/jj fluid/nn retention/nn ./. From/in March/np 3/cd to/in May/np 1/cd ,/, 1949/cd ,/, the/at patient/nn was/bedz maintained/vbn on/in dexamethasone/nn ,/, 3/cd to/in 6/cd mg./nns daily/rb ./. In/in May/np 1959/cd ,/, prednisone/nn ,/, 30/cd mg./nns daily/rb ,/, replaced/vbd the/at dexamethasone/nn ./. Muscle/nn weakness/nn did/dod not/* improve/vb ,/, and/cc the/at patient/nn needed/vbd first/rb a/at cane/nn ,/, then/rb crutches/nns ./. In/in spite/nn of/in normal/jj thyroid/nn function/nn tests/nns ,/, a/at trial/nn of/in propylthiouracil/nn ,/, 400/cd mg./nns daily/rb for/in one/cd week/nn ,/, was/bedz given/vbn but/cc served/vbd only/rb to/to intensify/vb muscle/nn weakness/nn ./. Repeated/vbn attempts/nns to/to withdraw/vb steroids/nns entirely/rb were/bed unsuccessful/jj because/cs increased/vbn muscle/nn weakness/nn resulted/vbd ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs fever/nn ,/, malaise/nn ,/, anorexia/nn ,/, anxiety/nn ,/, and/cc an/at exacerbation/nn of/in the/at anemia/nn ./. These/dts reactions/nns were/bed interpreted/vbn as/cs being/beg manifestations/nns of/in hypoadrenocorticism/nn ./. Severe/jj back/nn pain/nn in/in June/np ,/, 1959/cd ,/, prompted/vbd a/at third/od hospital/nn admission/nn ./. Extensive/jj osteoporosis/nn with/in partial/jj collapse/nn of/in D8/nn was/bedz found/vbn ./. A/at high-protein/nn diet/nn ,/, calcium/nn lactate/nn supplements/nns ,/, and/cc norethandrolone/nn failed/vbd to/to change/vb the/at skeletal/jj complaint/nn or/cc the/at severe/jj muscle/nn weakness/nn ./. The/at terminal/jj hospital/nn admission/nn on/in June/np 27/cd ,/, 1959/cd ,/, was/bedz necessitated/vbn by/in continued/vbn weakness/nn and/cc debility/nn complicated/vbn by/in urinary/jj retention/nn and/cc painful/jj thrombosed/jj hemorrhoids/nns ./. X-ray/nn films/nns of/in the/at vertebral/jj column/nn showed/vbd progression/nn of/in the/at demineralization/nn ./. On/in July/np 4/cd ,/, 1959/cd ,/, the/at patient/nn developed/vbd marked/vbn abdominal/jj pain/nn and/cc distension/nn ,/, went/vbd into/in shock/nn ,/, and/cc died/vbd ./. Findings/nns-hl at/in-hl necropsy/nn-hl The/at body/nn was/bedz that/dt of/in a/at well-developed/jj ,/, somewhat/ql debilitated/vbn white/jj man/nn weighing/vbg 108/cd lb./nns ./. There/ex were/bed bilateral/jj pterygia/nn and/cc arcus/nn senilis/jj ,/, and/cc the/at mouth/nn was/bedz edentulous/jj ./. The/at heart/nn weighed/vbd 510/cd gm./nns ,/, and/cc at/in the/at outflow/nn tracts/nns the/at left/jj and/cc right/jj ventricles/nns measured/vbd 19/cd and/cc 3/cd mm./nns ,/, respectively/rb ./. The/at coronary/jj arteries/nns were/bed sclerotic/jj and/cc diffusely/rb narrowed/vbn throughout/in their/pp$ courses/nns ,/, and/cc the/at right/jj coronary/jj artery/nn was/bedz virtually/rb occluded/vbn by/in a/at yellow/jj atheromatous/jj plaque/nn 1.5/cd cm./nns distal/jj to/in its/pp$ origin/nn ./. The/at myocardium/nn of/in the/at posterior/jj base/nn of/in the/at left/jj ventricle/nn was/bedz replaced/vbn by/in gray/jj scar/nn tissue/nn over/in a/at 7.5/cd cm./nn area/nn ./. The/at valves/nns were/bed normal/jj except/in for/in thin/jj yellow/jj plaques/nns on/in the/at inferior/jj surface/nn of/in the/at mitral/jj leaflets/nns ./. Microscopically/rb ,/, sections/nns from/in the/at posterior/jj base/nn of/in the/at left/jj ventricle/nn of/in the/at heart/nn showed/vbd several/ap large/jj areas/nns of/in replacement/nn of/in muscle/nn by/in fibrous/jj tissue/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, other/ap sections/nns contained/vbd focal/jj areas/nns of/in recent/jj myocardial/jj necrosis/nn that/wps were/bed infiltrated/vbn with/in neutrophils/nns ./. Many/ap of/in the/at myocardial/jj fibers/nns were/bed hypertrophied/vbn and/cc had/hvd large/jj ,/, irregular/jj ,/, basophilic/jj nuclei/nns ./. The/at intima/nn of/in the/at larger/jjr coronary/jj arteries/nns was/bedz thickened/vbn by/in fibrous/jj tissue/nn containing/vbg fusiform/jj clefts/nns and/cc mononuclear/jj cells/nns ./. The/at intimal/jj surface/nn of/in the/at aorta/nn was/bedz covered/vbn with/in confluent/jj ,/, yellow-brown/jj ,/, hard/jj ,/, friable/jj plaques/nns along/in its/pp$ entire/jj course/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz a/at marked/vbn narrowing/nn of/in the/at orifices/nns of/in the/at large/jj major/jj visceral/jj arteries/nns ./. In/in particular/jj ,/, the/at orifices/nns of/in the/at right/jj renal/jj and/cc celiac/jj arteries/nns were/bed virtually/ql occluded/vbn ,/, and/cc both/abx calcified/vbn common/jj iliac/jj arteries/nns were/bed completely/ql occluded/vbn ./. The/at lungs/nns weighed/vbd together/rb 950/cd gm./nns ./. On/in the/at surfaces/nns of/in both/abx lungs/nns there/ex were/bed emphysematous/jj blebs/nns measuring/vbg up/rp to/in 3/cd cm./nns in/in diameter/nn ./. The/at parenchyma/nn was/bedz slightly/ql hyperemic/jj in/in the/at apex/nn of/in the/at left/jj lung/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex were/bed several/ap firm/jj ,/, gray/jj ,/, fibrocalcific/jj nodules/nns measuring/vbg as/ql large/jj as/cs 3/cd mm./nns ./. Microscopically/rb ,/, there/ex was/bedz emphysema/nn ,/, fibrosis/nn ,/, and/cc vascular/jj congestion/nn ./. Macrophages/nns laden/jj with/in brown/jj pigment/nn were/bed seen/vbn in/in some/dti of/in the/at alveoli/nns ,/, and/cc the/at intima/nn of/in some/dti of/in the/at small/jj arteries/nns was/bedz thickened/vbn by/in fibrous/jj tissue/nn ./. The/at firm/jj red/jj spleen/nn weighed/vbd 410/cd gm./nns ,/, and/cc its/pp$ surface/nn was/bedz mottled/vbn by/in discrete/jj ,/, small/jj patches/nns of/in white/jj material/nn ./. The/at endothelial/jj cells/nns lining/vbg the/at sinusoids/nns were/bed prominent/jj ,/, and/cc many/ap contained/vbn large/jj quantities/nns of/in hemosiderin/nn ./. Some/dti of/in the/at sinusoids/nns contained/vbd large/jj numbers/nns of/in nucleated/vbn red/jj cells/nns ,/, and/cc cells/nns of/in the/at granulocytic/jj series/nns were/bed found/vbn in/in small/jj numbers/nns ./. There/ex were/bed slight/jj fibrosis/nn and/cc marked/vbn arteriolosclerosis/nn ./. The/at liver/nn weighed/vbd 2,090/cd gm./nns ,/, was/bedz brown/jj in/in color/nn ,/, and/cc the/at cut/vbn surface/nn was/bedz mottled/vbn by/in irregular/jj pale/jj areas/nns ./. Microscopically/rb ,/, there/ex was/bedz hyperemia/nn of/in the/at central/jj veins/nns ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz some/dti atrophy/nn of/in adjacent/jj parenchyma/nn ./. Some/dti liver/nn cord/nn cells/nns contained/vbd vacuolated/vbn cytoplasm/nn ,/, while/cs others/nns had/hvd small/jj amounts/nns of/in brown/jj hemosiderin/nn pigment/nn ./. The/at gallbladder/nn contained/vbd about/rb 40/cd cc./nns of/in green-brown/jj bile/nn and/cc 3/cd smooth/jj ,/, dark-green/jj calculi/nns measuring/vbg up/rp to/in 1/cd cm./nn in/in diameter/nn ./. The/at mucosa/nn of/in the/at stomach/nn was/bedz atrophic/jj and/cc irregularly/rb blackened/vbn over/in a/at 14/cd cm./nn area/nn ./. The/at small/jj and/cc large/jj intestines/nns were/bed filled/vbn with/in gas/nn ,/, and/cc the/at jejunum/nn was/bedz dilated/vbn to/in about/rb 2/cd times/nns its/pp$ normal/jj circumference/nn ./. The/at small/jj intestine/nn and/cc colon/nn contained/vbd approximately/rb 300/cd cc./nns of/in foul-smelling/jj ,/, sanguineous/jj material/nn ,/, and/cc the/at mucosa/nn throughout/rb was/bedz hyperemic/jj and/cc mottled/vbn green-brown/jj ./. A/at careful/jj search/nn failed/vbd to/to show/vb occlusion/nn of/in any/dti of/in the/at mesenteric/jj vessels/nns ./. Microscopically/rb ,/, the/at mucosa/nn of/in the/at stomach/nn showed/vbd extensive/jj cytolysis/nn and/cc contained/vbd large/jj numbers/nns of/in Gram-negative/jj bacterial/jj rods/nns ./. The/at submucosa/nn was/bedz focally/rb infiltrated/vbn with/in neutrophils/nns ./. The/at mucosa/nn of/in the/at jejunum/nn and/cc ileum/nn showed/vbd similar/jj changes/nns ,/, and/cc in/in some/dti areas/nns the/at submucosa/nn was/bedz edematous/jj and/cc contained/vbd considerable/jj numbers/nns of/in neutrophils/nns ./. Some/dti of/in the/at small/jj vessels/nns were/bed filled/vbn with/in fibrin/nn thrombi/nns ,/, and/cc there/ex was/bedz extensive/jj interstitial/jj hemorrhage/nn ./. A/at section/nn of/in the/at colon/nn revealed/vbd intense/jj hyperemia/nn and/cc extensive/jj focal/jj ulcerations/nns of/in the/at mucosa/nn ,/, associated/vbn with/in much/ap fibrin/nn and/cc many/ap neutrophils/nns ./. Cultures/nns taken/vbn from/in the/at jejunum/nn yielded/vbd Monilia/np albicans/np ,/, Pseudomonas/np pyocanea/np ,/, Aerobacter/np aerogenes/np ,/, and/cc Streptococcus/np anhemolyticus/np ./. The/at kidneys/nns were/bed pale/jj and/cc weighed/vbd right/jj ,/, 110/cd gm./nns ,/, and/cc left/jj ,/, 230/cd gm./nns ./. The/at surfaces/nns were/bed coarsely/rb and/cc finely/rb granular/jj and/cc punctuated/vbn by/in clear/jj ,/, fluid-filled/jj cysts/nns measuring/vbg up/rp to/in 3/cd cm./nns in/in diameter/nn ./. On/in the/at surface/nn of/in the/at right/jj kidney/nn there/ex were/bed also/rb 2/cd yellow/jj ,/, firm/jj ,/, friable/jj raised/vbn areas/nns measuring/vbg up/rp to/in 2/cd cm./nns in/in diameter/nn ./. Microscopically/rb ,/, both/abx kidneys/nns showed/vbd many/ap small/jj cortical/jj scars/nns in/in which/wdt there/ex was/bedz glomerular/jj and/cc interstitial/jj fibrosis/nn ,/, tubular/jj atrophy/nn ,/, and/cc an/at infiltration/nn of/in lymphocytes/nns and/cc plasma/nn cells/nns ./. Occasional/jj tubules/nns contained/vbd hyaline/nn casts/nns admixed/vbn with/in neutrophils/nns ./. Throughout/rb ,/, there/ex were/bed marked/vbn arteriolosclerosis/nn and/cc hyalinization/nn of/in afferent/jj glomerular/jj arterioles/nns ./. These/dts changes/nns were/bed more/ql marked/vbn in/in the/at atrophic/jj right/jj kidney/nn than/cs in/in the/at left/nr ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed 2/cd small/jj papillary/jj adenomas/nns in/in the/at right/jj kidney/nn ./. The/at bone/nn of/in the/at vertebral/jj bodies/nns ,/, ribs/nns ,/, and/cc sternum/nn was/bedz soft/jj and/cc was/bedz easily/rb compressed/vbn ./. The/at marrow/nn of/in the/at vertebral/jj bodies/nns was/bedz pale/jj and/cc showed/vbd areas/nns of/in fatty/jj replacement/nn ./. Microscopically/rb ,/, there/ex were/bed many/ap areas/nns of/in hypercellularity/nn alternating/vbg with/in areas/nns of/in hypocellularity/nn ./. The/at cells/nns of/in the/at erythroid/jj ,/, myeloid/jj ,/, and/cc megakaryocytic/jj series/nns were/bed normal/jj except/in for/in their/pp$ numbers/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at evidence/nn of/in fibrosis/nn ./. The/at muscles/nns of/in the/at extremities/nns ,/, chest/nn wall/nn ,/, neck/nn ,/, and/cc abdominal/jj wall/nn were/bed soft/jj ,/, pale/jj ,/, and/cc atrophic/jj ./. Microscopic/jj studies/nns of/in the/at gastrocnemius/nn ,/, pectoralis/nn major/jj ,/, transversus/nn abdominis/nn ,/, biceps/nn brachii/nn$ ,/, and/cc diaphragm/nn showed/vbd atrophy/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs varying/vbg degrees/nns of/in injury/nn ranging/vbg from/in swelling/vbg and/cc vacuolization/nn to/in focal/jj necrosis/nn of/in the/at muscle/nn fibers/nns ./. These/dts changes/nns were/bed most/ql marked/vbn in/in the/at gastrocnemius/nn and/cc biceps/nn and/cc less/ql evident/jj in/in the/at pectoralis/nn ,/, diaphragm/nn ,/, and/cc transversus/nn ./. In/in the/at gastrocnemius/nn and/cc biceps/nn there/ex were/bed many/ap swollen/jj and/cc homogeneous/jj necrotic/jj fibers/nns such/jj as/cs that/dt shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Such/jj swollen/jj fibers/nns were/bed deeply/rb eosinophilic/jj ,/, contained/vbd a/at few/ap pyknotic/jj nuclei/nns ,/, and/cc showed/vbd loss/nn of/in cross-striations/nns ,/, obliteration/nn of/in myofibrils/nns ,/, and/cc prominent/jj vacuolization/nn ./. The/at necrosis/nn often/rb involved/vbd only/rb a/at portion/nn of/in the/at length/nn of/in a/at given/vbn fiber/nn ,/, and/cc usually/rb the/at immediately/rb adjacent/jj fibers/nns were/bed normal/jj ./. As/cs shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, the/at protoplasm/nn of/in other/ap fibers/nns was/bedz pale/jj ,/, granular/jj ,/, or/cc flocculated/vbn and/cc invaded/vbn by/in phagocytes/nns ./. Inflammatory/jj cells/nns were/bed strikingly/rb absent/jj ./. In/in association/nn with/in these/dts changes/nns in/in the/at fibers/nns ,/, there/ex were/bed striking/jj alterations/nns in/in the/at muscle/nn nuclei/nns ./. These/dts were/bed increased/vbn both/abx in/in number/nn and/cc in/in size/nn ,/, contained/vbd prominent/jj nucleoli/nns ,/, and/cc were/bed distributed/vbn throughout/in the/at fiber/nn (/( Figs./nns-tl 2/cd-tl -/in 5/cd-tl )/) ./. In/in contrast/nn to/in the/at nuclear/jj changes/nns described/vbn above/rb ,/, another/dt change/nn in/in muscle/nn nuclei/nns was/bedz seen/vbn ,/, usually/rb occurring/vbg in/in fibers/nns that/wps were/bed somewhat/ql smaller/jjr than/cs normal/jj but/cc that/wps showed/vbd distinct/jj cross-striations/nns and/cc myofibrillae/nns ./. The/at nuclei/nns of/in these/dts fibers/nns ,/, as/cs is/bez shown/vbn in/in Figures/nns-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc 4/cd-tl ,/, showed/vbd remarkable/jj proliferation/nn and/cc were/bed closely/rb approximated/vbn ,/, forming/vbg a/at chainlike/jj structure/nn at/in either/cc the/at center/nn or/cc the/at periphery/nn of/in the/at fiber/nn ./. Individual/jj nuclei/nns were/bed usually/rb oval/jj to/in round/jj ,/, though/cs occasionally/rb elongated/vbn ,/, and/cc frequently/rb small/jj and/cc somewhat/ql pyknotic/jj ./. At/in times/nns ,/, clumps/nns of/in 10/cd to/in 15/cd closely-packed/jj nuclei/nns were/bed also/rb observed/vbn ./. Occasionally/rb there/ex were/bed small/jj basophilic/jj fibers/nns that/wps were/bed devoid/jj of/in myofibrillae/nns and/cc contained/vbd many/ap vesicular/jj nuclei/nns with/in prominent/jj nucleoli/nns (/( Fig./nn-tl 5/cd-tl )/) ./. These/dts were/bed thought/vbn to/to represent/vb regenerating/vbg fibers/nns ./. Trichrome/jj stains/nns failed/vbd to/to show/vb fibrosis/nn in/in the/at involved/vbn muscles/nns ./. In/in all/abn of/in the/at sections/nns examined/vbn ,/, the/at arterioles/nns and/cc small/jj arteries/nns were/bed essentially/ql normal/jj ./.

cj16

cj16 |@word purification:1 conjugate:29 attempt:2 improve:5 specificity:7 stain:32 fluorescein:2 label:2 antisera:1 use:5 direct:7 indirect:10 method:12 treat:15 one:1 several:2 way:1 1:12 pass:13 twice:7 acetone:3 insoluble:1 powder:11 coon:3 1958:2 prepare:2 mouse:3 liver:3 healthy:7 sweet:17 clover:17 stem:10 crown:7 gall:7 tissue:23 produce:1 agrobacterium:1 tumefaciens:1 smith:1 townsend:1 2:4 well:1 intermediate:5 sera:6 absorb:4 30:14 minute:20 20:1 50:5 mg:6 protein:4 extract:3 3:5 volume:2 af:52 give:2 nearly:1 neutral:3 precipitate:2 80:2 saturation:1 wash:8 saturate:1 solution:2 dissolve:1 small:3 quantity:1 phosphate:3 buffer:4 dialyze:1 cold:2 distil:1 water:1 till:1 free:1 ammonium:1 ion:1 lyophilize:1 liquid:3 nitrogen:2 experiment:6 ethyl:3 acetate:3 recommend:1 dineen:1 ade:1 1957:1 4:3 diethylaminoethyl:1 deae:8 cellulose:8 column:5 equilibrate:1 pbs:9 contain:3 potassium:1 preparation:1 frozen:2 section:31 technique:2 cut:2 essentially:1 describe:3 et:2 al:2 1951:1 root:3 tumor:16 plant:3 infect:2 wtv:13 quick:1 embed:1 ice:1 6:1 ym:1 cryostat:1 maintain:1 mount:4 slide:2 smear:1 haupt:1 adhesive:2 johansen:1 1940:1 early:1 later:2 different:1 mixture:1 component:1 report:2 schramm:2 rottger:2 1959:2 latter:3 find:1 much:2 satisfactory:1 thaw:1 place:2 finger:1 dry:4 fan:2 store:1 long:1 week:1 fix:2 15:9 cover:2 drop:2 moist:1 chamber:1 40:1 control:2 similarly:6 aj:2 blot:2 saline:4 around:2 layer:3 allow:1 react:1 glycerine:4 7:1 part:2 undiluted:1 unless:1 mention:1 otherwise:1 5:2 antiserum:4 new:1 york:1 strain:1 potato:3 yellow:5 dwarf:3 virus:9 wolcyrz:1 black:5 1956:1 buffered:2 fluorescence:12 microscopy:1 unstained:2 examine:1 dark:2 field:1 illumination:1 zeiss:2 microscope:2 equip:1 mercury:1 vapor:1 lamp:2 osram:1 hbo:1 200:1 light:5 beam:1 filter:6 half:2 standard:1 thickness:1 corn:1 1840:1 eyepiece:1 wratten:1 b:1 residual:1 ultra:1 violet:1 red:1 barrier:1 code:1 schott:1 designation:1 bg:1 23:1 also:4 ocular:1 lens:1 assembly:1 contrast:1 specific:14 nonspecific:19 result:2 first:4 100:2 10:4 show:6 bright:3 green:7 cell:12 pseudophloem:6 lee:1 1955:1 readily:1 distinguish:1 consecutive:1 dilution:5 ns:6 alone:1 either:2 however:1 consider:1 enough:1 confuse:1 staining:20 amount:4 antigen:12 two:2 absorption:2 treatment:8 greatly:3 reduce:5 especially:1 dilute:3 procedure:4 appreciably:1 whereas:1 500:1 rinse:1 reaction:1 addition:1 normal:2 sheep:1 serum:2 hour:1 could:2 satisfactorily:5 remove:4 ml:1 second:2 milliliter:2 fraction:4 collect:1 little:1 case:5 additional:1 faint:1 easily:2 distinguishable:3 purify:2 good:3 consist:2 absence:1 indicate:4 fitc:3 per:3 gram:3 globulin:3 various:1 manner:1 disturbing:2 still:3 present:2 although:2 8:1 less:1 previous:1 similar:2 eliminate:3 washing:1 establish:1 follow:1 specifically:2 incite:1 titer:2 antibody:1 passage:1 precipitin:1 ring:1 test:1 whitcomb:1 mere:1 increase:1 merely:1 due:1 clearly:1 autofluorescence:3 photograph:1 difference:1 spite:1 many:1 white:2 color:1 photography:1 chiefly:1 bluish:1 wall:1 xylem:4 particularly:1 brilliant:1 distribution:3 localization:2 certain:3 concentrate:2 frequently:1 isolate:1 thick:2 walled:2 rarely:1 group:1 region:2 epidermis:1 cortex:1 ray:1 pith:1 within:2 irregular:1 cytoplasm:3 detectable:3 spherical:2 area:2 think:1 represent:1 nucleus:1 body:2 possibly:1 inclusion:1 littau:1 1952:1 intensely:1 rest:1 probably:1 study:2 develop:1 discussion:1 nonspecifically:3 evident:1 fact:1 even:1 comparable:1 substance:2 usually:1 successful:1 system:2 isocyanate:1 tobacco:1 mosaic:1 reason:1 failure:1 know:1 work:1 cause:1 order:2 obtain:1 irregularly:1 distribute:1 wound:1 leafhopper:1 transmit:1 transmissible:1 mechanical:1 inoculation:1 1944:1 brakke:1 1954:1 concentration:1 apparent:1 may:2 preferentially:1 multiply:1 phloem:1 need:1 directly:1

Purification/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl conjugates/nns-hl In/in attempting/vbg to/to improve/vb specificity/nn of/in staining/vbg ,/, the/at fluorescein-labeled/jj antisera/nns used/vbn in/in both/abx direct/jj and/cc indirect/jj methods/nns were/bed treated/vbn in/in one/cd of/in several/ap ways/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) They/ppss were/bed passed/vbn through/in Dowex-2-chloride/np twice/rb and/cc treated/vbn with/in acetone/nn insoluble/jj powders/nns (/( Coons/np ,/, 1958/cd )/) prepared/vbn from/in mouse/nn liver/nn or/cc from/in healthy/jj sweet/jj clover/nn stems/nns or/cc crown/nn gall/nn tissue/nn produced/vbn by/in Agrobacterium/np tumefaciens/np (/( E./np F./np Smith/np &/cc Townsend/np )/) on/in sweet/jj clover/nn stems/nns ./. (/( 2/cd )/) The/at conjugates/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at intermediate/jj sera/nns were/bed absorbed/vbn for/in 30/cd minutes/nns with/in 20/cd -/in 50/cd mg/nn of/in proteins/nns extracted/vbn from/in healthy/jj sweet/jj clover/nn stems/nns ./. The/at proteins/nns were/bed extracted/vbn with/in 3/cd volumes/nns of/in Af/nn in/in Af/nn to/to give/vb a/at nearly/ql neutral/jj extract/nn and/cc precipitated/vbn by/in 80%/nn saturation/nn with/in Af/nn ./. The/at precipitate/nn was/bedz washed/vbn twice/rb with/in an/at 80%/nn saturated/vbn solution/nn of/in Af/nn ,/, dissolved/vbn in/in a/at small/jj quantity/nn of/in 0.1/cd M/nn neutral/jj phosphate/nn buffer/nn ,/, dialyzed/vbn against/in cold/jj distilled/vbn water/nn till/cs free/jj from/in ammonium/nn ions/nns ,/, and/cc lyophilized/vbn using/vbg liquid/jj nitrogen/nn ./. (/( 3/cd )/) In/in other/ap experiments/nns the/at indirect/jj conjugate/nn was/bedz treated/vbn with/in 3/cd volumes/nns of/in ethyl/nn acetate/nn as/cs recommended/vbn by/in Dineen/np and/cc Ade/np (/( 1957/cd )/) ./. (/( 4/cd )/) The/at conjugates/nns were/bed passed/vbn through/in a/at diethylaminoethyl/nn (/( DEAE/np )/) cellulose/nn column/nn equilibrated/vbn with/in neutral/jj phosphate/nn buffer/nn (/( PBS/np )/) containing/vbg Af/nn potassium/nn phosphate/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. Preparation/nn-hl of/in-hl frozen/vbn-hl sections/nns-hl The/at technique/nn of/in cutting/vbg sections/nns was/bedz essentially/rb the/at same/ap as/cs that/dt described/vbn by/in Coons/np et/fw-cc al/fw-nns (/( 1951/cd )/) ./. Root/nn and/cc stem/nn tumors/nns from/in sweet/jj clover/nn plants/nns infected/vbn with/in WTV/nn were/bed quick-frozen/vbn in/in liquid/jj nitrogen/nn ,/, embedded/vbn in/in ice/nn ,/, and/cc cut/vbn at/in 3/cd -/in 6/cd **ym/nn in/in a/at cryostat/nn maintained/vbn at/in -16-degrees/nns to/in -20-degrees/nns ./. The/at sections/nns were/bed mounted/vbn on/in cold/jj slides/nns smeared/vbn with/in Haupts'/np$ adhesive/nn (/( Johansen/np ,/, 1940/cd )/) in/in earlier/jjr experiments/nns ,/, and/cc in/in later/jjr experiments/nns with/in a/at different/jj mixture/nn of/in the/at same/ap components/nns reported/vbn by/in Schramm/np and/cc Rottger/np (/( 1959/cd )/) ./. The/at latter/ap adhesive/nn was/bedz found/vbn to/to be/be much/ql more/ql satisfactory/jj ./. The/at sections/nns were/bed then/rb thawed/vbn by/in placing/vbg a/at finger/nn under/in the/at slide/nn and/cc dried/vbn under/in a/at fan/nn for/in 30/cd minutes/nns ;/. ;/. until/cs used/vbn they/ppss were/bed stored/vbn for/in as/ql long/rb as/cs 2/cd weeks/nns ./. Staining/vbg-hl technique/nn-hl indirect/jj-hl method/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at sections/nns were/bed fixed/vbn in/in acetone/nn for/in 15/cd minutes/nns and/cc dried/vbn at/in 37-degrees/nns for/in 30/cd minutes/nns ./. Some/dti of/in them/ppo were/bed then/rb covered/vbn with/in a/at drop/nn of/in Af/nn in/in a/at moist/jj chamber/nn at/in 24-degrees/nns for/in 30/cd -/in 40/cd minutes/nns ./. As/cs controls/nns other/ap sections/nns were/bed similarly/rb covered/vbn with/in Aj/nn ./. Sections/nns were/bed then/rb washed/vbn with/in PBS/nn for/in 15/cd -/in 30/cd minutes/nns ./. After/cs blotting/vbg out/rp most/ap of/in the/at saline/nn around/in the/at sections/nns ,/, a/at drop/nn of/in Af/nn was/bedz layered/vbn over/in each/dt of/in the/at sections/nns ,/, allowed/vbn to/to react/vb for/in 30/cd minutes/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb washed/vbn with/in PBS/nn for/in 15/cd -/in 30/cd minutes/nns ./. After/cs blotting/vbg out/rp most/ap of/in the/at liquid/nn around/in the/at sections/nns ,/, the/at latter/ap were/bed mounted/vbn in/in buffered/vbn glycerine/nn (/( 7/cd parts/nns glycerine/nn to/in 3/cd parts/nns of/in PBS/nn )/) ./. Direct/jj-hl method/nn-hl ./.-hl After/cs drying/vbg the/at sections/nns under/in the/at fan/nn ,/, fixing/vbg in/in acetone/nn ,/, and/cc drying/vbg at/in 37-degrees/nns as/cs in/in the/at indirect/jj method/nn ,/, the/at sections/nns were/bed treated/vbn with/in conjugated/vbn Af/nn or/cc Af/nn (/( undiluted/jj unless/cs mentioned/vbn otherwise/rb )/) for/in 5/cd -/in 30/cd minutes/nns ./. As/cs controls/nns ,/, other/ap sections/nns were/bed similarly/rb treated/vbn with/in Af/nn or/cc conjugated/vbn antiserum/nn to/in the/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl strain/nn of/in potato/nn yellow-dwarf/nn virus/nn (/( Wolcyrz/np and/cc Black/np ,/, 1956/cd )/) ./. The/at sections/nns were/bed then/rb washed/vbn with/in PBS/nn for/in 15/cd -/in 30/cd minutes/nns and/cc mounted/vbn in/in buffered/vbn glycerine/nn ./. Fluorescence/nn-hl microscopy/nn-hl Stained/vbn or/cc unstained/jj sections/nns were/bed examined/vbn under/in dark/jj field/nn illumination/nn in/in a/at Zeiss/np fluorescence/nn microscope/nn equipped/vbn with/in a/at mercury/nn vapor/nn lamp/nn (/( Osram/np HBO/nn 200/cd )/) ./. The/at light/nn beam/nn from/in the/at lamp/nn was/bedz filtered/vbn through/in a/at half-standard/jj thickness/nn Corning/np 1840/cd filter/nn ./. In/in the/at eyepiece/nn a/at Wratten/np-tl 2/cd-tl B/nn filter/nn was/bedz used/vbn to/to filter/vb off/rp residual/jj ultra-violet/jj light/nn ./. A/at red/jj filter/nn ,/, Zeiss/np barrier/nn filter/nn with/in the/at code/nn (/( Schott/np )/) designation/nn BG/nn 23/cd ,/, was/bedz also/rb used/vbn in/in the/at ocular/jj lens/nn assembly/nn as/cs it/pps improved/vbd the/at contrast/nn between/in specific/jj and/cc nonspecific/jj fluorescence/nn ./. Results/nns-hl specificity/nn-hl of/in-hl staining/vbg-hl indirect/jj-hl method/nn-hl ./.-hl In/in the/at first/od few/ap experiments/nns Af/nn was/bedz passed/vbn through/in Dowex-2-chloride/np twice/rb and/cc absorbed/vbn twice/rb with/in 50/cd -/in 100/cd mg/nn sweet/jj clover/nn tissue/nn powder/nn ./. The/at intermediate/jj sera/nns were/bed also/rb similarly/rb absorbed/vbn with/in tissue/nn powder/nn ./. Sections/nns of/in sweet/jj clover/nn stem/nn and/cc root/nn tumors/nns were/bed treated/vbn with/in 1/cd :/in 10/cd solution/nn of/in Af/nn for/in 30/cd minutes/nns ,/, washed/vbn in/in buffered/vbn saline/nn for/in 15/cd minutes/nns ,/, stained/vbn with/in Af/nn for/in 30/cd minutes/nns ,/, and/cc washed/vbn for/in 15/cd minutes/nns in/in Aj/nn ./. Such/jj sections/nns showed/vbd bright/jj yellow-green/jj specific/jj fluorescence/nn in/in the/at cells/nns of/in the/at pseudophloem/nn tissue/nn (/( Lee/np and/cc Black/np ,/, 1955/cd )/) ./. This/dt specific/jj fluorescence/nn was/bedz readily/rb distinguished/vbn from/in the/at light/jj green/jj nonspecific/jj fluorescence/nn in/in consecutive/jj sections/nns stained/vbn with/in 1/cd :/in 10/cd dilution/nn of/in NS/nn and/cc Af/nn or/cc with/in Af/nn alone/rb ./. Unstained/jj sections/nns mounted/vbn in/in buffered/vbn glycerine/nn or/cc sections/nns treated/vbn only/rb with/in NS/nn or/cc Af/nn did/dod not/* show/vb such/jj green/jj fluorescence/nn ./. Sections/nns of/in crown/nn gall/nn tissue/nn similarly/rb stained/vbn with/in either/cc Af/nn and/cc Af/nn or/cc NS/nn and/cc Af/nn also/rb showed/vbd only/rb the/at light/jj green/jj nonspecific/jj fluorescence/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at nonspecific/jj staining/nn by/in the/at Af/nn in/in tumor/nn sections/nns was/bedz considered/vbn bright/jj enough/qlp to/to be/be confused/vbn with/in the/at staining/nn of/in small/jj amounts/nns of/in WTV/nn antigen/nn ./. Two/cd absorptions/nns of/in Af/nn with/in ethyl/nn acetate/nn or/cc two/cd absorptions/nns of/in Af/nn (/( which/wdt had/hvd been/ben passed/vbn through/in Dowex-2-chloride/np )/) ,/, NS/nn and/cc Af/nn with/in crown/nn gall/nn tissue/nn powder/nn ,/, or/cc mouse/nn liver/nn powder/nn did/dod not/* further/rbr improve/vb the/at specificity/nn of/in staining/vbg ./. Treatment/nn of/in all/abn the/at sera/nns with/in sweet/jj clover/nn proteins/nns greatly/rb reduced/vbd nonspecific/jj fluorescence/nn ,/, especially/rb when/wrb the/at treated/vbn conjugate/nn was/bedz diluted/vbn to/in 1/cd :/in 2/cd with/in 0.85%/nn saline/nn ./. In/in all/abn the/at above/jj procedures/nns ,/, when/wrb the/at intermediate/jj sera/nns were/bed diluted/vbn to/in 1/cd :/in 10/cd or/cc 1/cd :/in 100/cd with/in 0.85%/nn saline/jj ,/, the/at specific/jj and/cc nonspecific/jj fluorescence/nn were/bed not/* appreciably/rb reduced/vbn ,/, whereas/cs ,/, a/at dilution/nn of/in the/at intermediate/jj sera/nns to/in 1/cd :/in 500/cd or/cc diluting/vbg the/at Af/nn to/in 1/cd :/in 5/cd greatly/rb reduced/vbd specific/jj fluorescence/nn ./. Rinsing/vbg the/at sections/nns with/in PBS/nn before/in layering/vbg the/at intermediate/jj sera/nns did/dod not/* improve/vb the/at staining/vbg reaction/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in other/ap treatments/nns ,/, treating/vbg the/at sections/nns with/in normal/jj sheep/nn serum/nn for/in half/abn an/at hour/nn before/in layering/vbg Af/nn did/dod not/* reduce/vb nonspecific/jj staining/nn ./. The/at only/ap treatment/nn by/in which/wdt nonspecific/jj staining/nn could/md be/be satisfactorily/rb removed/vbn was/bedz by/in passing/vbg the/at conjugate/nn through/in a/at DEAE-cellulose/nn column/nn ./. When/wrb 1/cd ml/nn of/in conjugate/nn was/bedz passed/vbn through/in a/at column/nn (/( Af/nn )/) ,/, the/at first/od and/cc second/od milliliter/nn fractions/nns collected/vbn were/bed the/at most/ql specific/jj and/cc gave/vbd no/at nonspecific/jj staining/nn in/in some/dti experiments/nns ,/, and/cc very/ql little/ap in/in others/nns ./. In/in the/at latter/ap cases/nns an/at additional/jj treatment/nn of/in the/at DEAE-cellulose-treated/nn Af/nn with/in 50/cd mg/nn of/in sweet/jj clover/nn stem/nn tissue/nn powder/nn further/rbr improved/vbd the/at specificity/nn ./. After/in these/dts treatments/nns the/at conjugate/nn did/dod not/* stain/vb healthy/jj or/cc crown/nn gall/nn sweet/jj clover/nn tissues/nns or/cc stained/vbd them/ppo a/at very/ql faint/jj green/nn which/wdt was/bedz easily/rb distinguishable/jj from/in the/at bright/jj yellow-green/jj specific/jj staining/nn ./. With/in this/dt purified/vbn conjugate/nn the/at best/jjt staining/vbg procedure/nn consisted/vbd of/in treating/vbg the/at sections/nns with/in 1/cd :/in 10/cd dilution/nn of/in Af/nn for/in 30/cd minutes/nns ,/, washing/vbg with/in PBS/nn for/in 15/cd minutes/nns ,/, staining/vbg with/in Af/nn for/in 30/cd minutes/nns ,/, and/cc washing/vbg with/in PBS/nn for/in 15/cd minutes/nns ./. The/at specificity/nn of/in staining/vbg in/in WTV/nn tumors/nns with/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn but/cc not/* with/in NS/nn and/cc Af/nn or/cc with/in antiserum/nn to/in potato/nn yellow-dwarf/nn virus/nn and/cc Af/nn ,/, and/cc the/at absence/nn of/in such/jj staining/nn in/in crown/nn gall/nn tumor/nn tissue/nn from/in sweet-clover/nn ,/, indicate/vb that/cs an/at antigen/nn of/in WTV/nn was/bedz being/beg stained/vbn ./. Direct/jj-hl method/nn-hl ./.-hl Af/nn was/bedz first/rb conjugated/vbn with/in 50/cd mg/nn of/in FITC/nn per/in gram/nn of/in globulin/nn ./. This/dt conjugate/nn was/bedz passed/vbn twice/rb through/in Dowex-2-chloride/np and/cc treated/vbn with/in various/jj tissue/nn powders/nns in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn as/cs described/vbn for/in the/at indirect/jj method/nn ./. In/in all/abn cases/nns a/at disturbing/jj amount/nn of/in nonspecific/jj staining/nn was/bedz still/rb present/rb although/cs it/pps was/bedz still/rb distinguishable/jj from/in specific/jj fluorescence/nn ./. In/in later/jjr experiments/nns ,/, Af/nn and/cc Af/nn were/bed prepared/vbn by/in conjugating/vbg 8/cd mg/nn of/in FITC/nn per/in gram/nn of/in globulin/nn ./. These/dts conjugates/nns Af/nn had/hvd much/ql less/ap nonspecific/jj staining/nn than/cs the/at previous/jj conjugate/nn (/( with/in 50/cd mg/nn FITC/nn per/in gram/nn of/in globulin/nn )/) while/cs the/at specific/jj staining/nn was/bedz similar/jj in/in both/abx cases/nns ./. Nonspecific/jj staining/nn could/md be/be satisfactorily/rb eliminated/vbn by/in passing/vbg these/dts conjugates/nns through/in a/at DEAE-cellulose/nn column/nn as/cs described/vbn for/in Af/nn ./. The/at best/jjt staining/vbg procedure/nn with/in this/dt purified/vbn Af/nn consisted/vbd of/in staining/vbg with/in the/at conjugate/nn for/in 30/cd minutes/nns and/cc washing/vbg in/in PBS/nn for/in 15/cd minutes/nns ./. The/at specificity/nn of/in staining/vbg with/in Af/nn was/bedz established/vbn as/cs follows/vbz :/: Af/nn specifically/rb stained/vbn tumor/nn sections/nns but/cc not/* sections/nns of/in healthy/jj sweet/jj clover/nn stems/nns or/cc of/in crown/nn gall/nn tumor/nn tissue/nn from/in sweet/jj clover/nn ./. Sections/nns of/in tumors/nns incited/vbn by/in WTV/nn were/bed not/* similarly/rb stained/vbn with/in conjugated/vbn normal/jj serum/nn or/cc conjugated/vbn antiserum/nn to/in potato/nn yellow-dwarf/nn virus/nn ./. After/in passing/vbg Af/nn through/in DEAE-cellulose/nn ,/, the/at titer/nn of/in antibodies/nns to/in WTV/nn in/in the/at specific/jj fraction/nn was/bedz 1/cd :/in 4/cd of/in the/at titer/nn before/in such/jj passage/nn (/( precipitin/nn ring/nn tests/nns by/in R./np F./np Whitcomb/np )/) ;/. ;/. but/cc mere/jj dilution/nn of/in the/at conjugate/nn to/in 1/cd :/in 4/cd did/dod not/* satisfactorily/rb remove/vb nonspecific/jj staining/nn ./. This/dt indicates/vbz that/cs increase/nn in/in specificity/nn of/in Af/nn after/in passing/vbg it/ppo through/in DEAE-cellulose/nn was/bedz not/* merely/rb due/jj to/in dilution/nn ./. Specific/jj staining/nn by/in DEAE-cellulose/nn treated/vbn Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ,/, although/cs clearly/rb distinguishable/jj under/in the/at microscope/nn from/in either/cc nonspecific/jj staining/nn or/cc autofluorescence/nn of/in cells/nns ,/, was/bedz not/* satisfactorily/rb photographed/vbn to/to show/vb such/jj differences/nns in/in spite/nn of/in many/ap attempts/nns with/in black/jj and/cc white/jj and/cc color/nn photography/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz chiefly/rb because/rb of/in the/at bluish/jj white/jj autofluorescence/nn from/in the/at cells/nns ./. The/at autofluorescence/nn from/in the/at walls/nns of/in the/at xylem/nn cells/nns was/bedz particularly/ql brilliant/jj ./. Distribution/nn-hl of/in-hl virus/nn-hl antigen/nn-hl Results/nns of/in specific/jj staining/nn by/in the/at direct/jj and/cc the/at indirect/jj methods/nns were/bed similar/jj and/cc showed/vbd the/at localization/nn of/in WTV/nn antigen/nn in/in certain/ap tissues/nns of/in tumors/nns ./. The/at virus/nn antigen/nn was/bedz concentrated/vbn in/in the/at pseudophloem/nn tissue/nn ./. Frequently/rb a/at few/ap isolated/vbn thick-walled/jj cells/nns or/cc ,/, rarely/rb ,/, groups/nns of/in such/jj cells/nns in/in the/at xylem/nn region/nn ,/, were/bed also/rb specifically/rb stained/vbn ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at such/jj staining/nn in/in epidermis/nn ,/, cortex/nn ,/, most/ap xylem/nn cells/nns ,/, ray/nn cells/nns ,/, or/cc pith/nn ./. Within/in the/at pseudophloem/nn cells/nns the/at distribution/nn of/in WTV/nn antigen/nn was/bedz irregular/jj in/in the/at cytoplasm/nn ./. No/at antigen/nn was/bedz detectable/jj in/in certain/ap dark/jj spherical/jj areas/nns in/in most/ap cells/nns ./. These/dts areas/nns are/ber thought/vbn to/to represent/vb the/at nuclei/nns ./. In/in some/dti tumor/nn sections/nns small/jj spherical/jj bodies/nns ,/, possibly/rb inclusion/nn bodies/nns (/( Littau/np and/cc Black/np ,/, 1952/cd )/) stained/vbd more/ql intensely/rb than/cs the/at rest/nn of/in cytoplasm/nn and/cc probably/rb contained/vbd more/ap antigen/nn ./. In/in all/abn cases/nns studied/vbn tissues/nns of/in the/at stem/nn on/in which/wdt the/at tumor/nn had/hvd developed/vbn did/dod not/* contain/vb detectable/jj amounts/vbz of/in WTV/nn antigen/nn ./. Discussion/nn-hl In/in both/abx the/at direct/jj and/cc indirect/jj methods/nns of/in staining/vbg ,/, the/at conjugates/nns had/hvd nonspecifically/rb staining/vbg fractions/nns ./. In/in the/at indirect/jj method/nn ,/, this/dt was/bedz evident/jj from/in the/at fact/nn that/cs tumor/nn sections/nns were/bed stained/vbn light/jj green/jj even/rb when/wrb stained/vbn with/in NS/nn and/cc Af/nn or/cc with/in Af/nn only/rb ./. In/in the/at direct/jj method/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, not/* further/rbr treated/vbn ,/, stained/vbd certain/ap tissues/nns of/in healthy/jj sweet/jj clover/nn stems/nns nonspecifically/rb and/cc WTV/nn tumor/nn sections/nns were/bed similarly/rb stained/vbn by/in comparable/jj Af/nn ./. After/cs Af/nn and/cc Af/nn were/bed passed/vbn through/in Dowex-2-chloride/np twice/rb and/cc treated/vbn twice/rb with/in healthy/jj sweet/jj clover/nn tissue/nn powder/nn ,/, nonspecific/jj staining/nn was/bedz greatly/rb reduced/vbn but/cc a/at disturbing/jj amount/nn of/in such/jj staining/nn was/bedz still/rb present/rb ./. Treatment/nn of/in the/at conjugates/nns with/in ethyl/nn acetate/nn ,/, and/cc the/at conjugates/nns (/( which/wdt had/hvd been/ben passed/vbn through/in Dowex-2-chloride/np )/) with/in mouse/nn liver/nn powder/nn ,/, sweet/jj clover/nn crown/nn gall/nn tissue/nn powder/nn ,/, or/cc healthy/jj sweet/jj clover/nn proteins/nns did/dod not/* satisfactorily/rb remove/vb nonspecifically/rb staining/vbg substances/nns in/in the/at conjugates/nns ./. Such/jj treatments/nns of/in the/at conjugates/nns have/hv usually/rb been/ben successful/jj in/in eliminating/vbg nonspecific/jj staining/nn in/in several/ap other/ap systems/nns (/( Coons/np ,/, 1958/cd )/) ./. Schramm/np and/cc Rottger/np (/( 1959/cd )/) did/dod not/* report/vb any/dti such/jj nonspecific/jj staining/nn of/in plant/nn tissues/nns with/in fluorescein/nn isocyanate-labeled/jj antiserum/nn to/in tobacco/nn mosaic/nn virus/nn ./. The/at reason/nn for/in the/at failure/nn of/in these/dts treatments/nns to/to eliminate/vb nonspecific/jj staining/nn in/in the/at conjugates/nns in/in our/pp$ system/nn is/bez not/* known/vbn ./. In/in our/pp$ work/nn the/at best/jjt procedure/nn for/in removing/vbg substances/nns causing/vbg nonspecific/jj staining/nn in/in order/nn to/to obtain/vb specific/jj conjugates/nns was/bedz to/to pass/vb the/at conjugates/nns through/in a/at DEAE-cellulose/nn column/nn and/cc in/in some/dti cases/nns to/to absorb/vb the/at first/od and/cc second/od milliliter/nn fractions/nns with/in sweet/jj clover/nn tissue/nn powder/nn ./. The/at specific/jj staining/nn by/in both/abx direct/jj and/cc indirect/jj methods/nns showed/vbd that/cs WTV/nn antigen/nn was/bedz concentrated/vbn in/in the/at pseudophloem/nn tissue/nn and/cc in/in a/at few/ap thick-walled/jj cells/nns in/in the/at xylem/nn region/nn ,/, but/cc was/bedz not/* detectable/jj in/in any/dti other/ap tissues/nns of/in the/at root/nn and/cc stem/nn tumors/nns ./. A/at study/nn of/in the/at distribution/nn of/in WTV/nn antigen/nn within/in the/at pseudophloem/nn cells/nns indicates/vbz that/cs it/pps is/bez irregularly/rb distributed/vbn in/in the/at cytoplasm/nn ./. Wound-tumor/nn virus/nn is/bez a/at leafhopper/nn transmitted/vbn virus/nn not/* easily/rb transmissible/jj by/in mechanical/jj inoculation/nn (/( Black/np ,/, 1944/cd ;/. ;/. Brakke/np et/fw-cc al/fw-nns ,/, 1954/cd )/) ./. The/at concentration/nn and/cc apparent/jj localization/nn of/in the/at WTV/nn antigen/nn in/in pseudophloem/nn tissue/nn of/in the/at tumor/nn may/md indicate/vb that/cs the/at virus/nn preferentially/rb multiplies/vbz in/in the/at phloem/nn and/cc may/md need/vb to/to be/be directly/rb placed/vbn in/in this/dt tissue/nn in/in order/nn to/to infect/vb plants/nns ./.

cj17

cj17 |@word since:3 emotional:16 reaction:10 high:2 vertebrate:1 depend:1 individual:3 experience:2 arouse:1 man:4 addition:2 complex:2 symbol:2 one:5 would:4 expect:3 hypothalamus:18 could:3 excite:1 cortex:6 experiment:6 topical:2 application:5 strychnine:3 cerebral:3 transmission:1 impulse:1 demonstrate:3 moreover:2 responsiveness:2 nociceptive:2 stimulation:3 greatly:1 increase:7 condition:17 even:4 obviously:3 cortically:1 induce:6 form:3 arousal:1 elicit:4 monkey:3 see:3 b:1 rabbit:1 stress:3 previously:3 extinguish:1 restore:3 associate:4 typical:1 sign:2 excitement:2 include:2 sympathetic:12 discharge:11 seem:4 follow:3 large:1 antagonism:6 exist:5 neocortex:5 far:2 reactivity:9 concern:1 balance:19 two:1 system:7 determine:2 organism:2 neocortical:2 hypothalamic:30 relation:5 play:5 great:2 role:5 primate:1 mirsky:1 interesting:1 communication:1 affect:1 relatively:2 primitive:1 laboratory:1 animal:4 rat:1 sex:1 activity:3 closely:2 identify:1 visceral:3 brain:4 enhance:1 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Since/cs emotional/jj reactions/nns in/in the/at higher/jjr vertebrates/nns depend/vb on/in individual/jj experience/nn and/cc are/ber aroused/vbn in/in man/nn ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, by/in complex/jj symbols/nns ,/, one/pn would/md expect/vb that/cs the/at hypothalamus/nn could/md be/be excited/vbn from/in the/at cortex/nn ./. In/in experiments/nns with/in topical/jj application/nn of/in strychnine/nn on/in the/at cerebral/jj cortex/nn ,/, the/at transmission/nn of/in impulses/nns from/in the/at cortex/nn to/in the/at hypothalamus/nn was/bedz demonstrated/vbn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at responsiveness/nn of/in the/at hypothalamus/nn to/in nociceptive/jj stimulation/nn is/bez greatly/rb increased/vbn under/in these/dts conditions/nns ./. Even/rb more/ql complex/jj and/cc obviously/rb cortically/rb induced/vbn forms/nns of/in emotional/jj arousal/nn could/md be/be elicited/vbn in/in monkey/nn A/nn on/in seeing/vbg monkey/nn B/nn (/( but/cc not/* a/at rabbit/nn )/) in/in emotional/jj stress/nn ./. A/at previously/rb extinguished/vbn conditioned/vbn reaction/nn was/bedz restored/vbn in/in monkey/nn A/nn and/cc was/bedz associated/vbn with/in typical/jj signs/nns of/in emotional/jj excitement/nn including/in sympathetic/jj discharges/nns ./. It/pps seems/vbz to/to follow/vb that/cs by/rb and/cc large/rb an/at antagonism/nn exists/vbz between/in the/at paleo-/jj and/cc the/at neocortex/nn as/ql far/rb as/cs emotional/jj reactivity/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at balance/nn between/in the/at two/cd systems/nns determines/vbz the/at emotional/jj responsiveness/nn of/in the/at organism/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at neocortical-hypothalamic/jj relations/nns play/vb a/at great/jj role/nn in/in primates/nns ,/, as/cs Mirsky's/np$ interesting/jj experiment/nn on/in the/at ``/`` communication/nn of/in affect/nn ''/'' demonstrates/vbz ./. But/cc even/rb in/in relatively/ql primitive/jj laboratory/nn animals/nns such/jj as/cs the/at rat/nn ,/, sex/nn activity/nn closely/rb identified/vbn with/in the/at hypothalamus/nn and/cc the/at visceral/jj brain/nn is/bez enhanced/vbn by/in the/at neocortex/nn ./. MacLean/np stressed/vbd correctly/rb the/at importance/nn of/in the/at visceral/jj brain/nn for/in preservation/nn of/in the/at individual/nn and/cc the/at species/nn ,/, as/cs evidenced/vbn by/in the/at influence/nn of/in the/at limbic/jj brain/nn (/( including/in the/at hypothalamus/nn )/) on/in emotions/nns related/vbn to/in fight/nn and/cc flight/nn and/cc also/rb on/in sexual/jj functions/nns ./. It/pps should/md be/be added/vbn that/cs in/in man/nn neocortical-hypothalamic/jj interrelations/nns probably/rb play/vb a/at role/nn in/in the/at fusion/nn of/in emotional/jj processes/nns with/in those/dts underlying/vbg perception/nn ,/, memory/nn ,/, imagination/nn ,/, and/cc creativity/nn ./. Previous/jj experiences/nns are/ber obviously/rb of/in great/jj importance/nn for/in the/at qualitative/jj and/cc quantitative/jj emotional/jj response/nn ./. The/at visceral/jj brain/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at neocortex/nn is/bez known/vbn to/to contribute/vb to/in memory/nn ,/, but/cc this/dt topic/nn is/bez beyond/in the/at scope/nn of/in this/dt paper/nn ./. 13/cd-hl ./.-hl Hypothalamic/jj-hl balance/nn-hl and/cc-hl its/pp$-hl significance/nn-hl After/in this/dt brief/jj discussion/nn of/in neo-/jj ,/, paleocortical/jj ,/, and/cc cortico-hypothalamic/jj relations/nns ,/, let/vb us/ppo return/vb once/rb more/rbr to/in the/at problem/nn of/in hypothalamic/jj balance/nn and/cc its/pp$ physiological/jj and/cc pathological/jj significance/nn ./. Facilitatory/jj processes/nns take/vb place/nn between/in neocortex/nn and/cc hypothalamus/nn via/in ascending/vbg and/cc descending/vbg pathways/nns ./. Thus/rb cortico-fugal/jj discharges/nns induced/vbn by/in topical/jj application/nn of/in strychnine/nn to/in a/at minute/jj area/nn in/in the/at neocortex/nn summate/vb with/in spikes/nns present/rb in/in the/at hypothalamus/nn and/cc cause/vb increased/vbn convulsive/jj discharges/nns ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at temporary/jj reduction/nn in/in hypothalamic/jj excitability/nn through/in the/at injection/nn of/in a/at barbiturate/nn into/in the/at posterior/jj hypothalamus/nn causes/vbz a/at lessening/nn in/in frequency/nn and/cc amplitude/nn of/in cortical/jj strychnine/nn spikes/nns until/cs the/at hypothalamic/jj excitability/nn is/bez restored/vbn ./. Apparently/rb ,/, a/at positive/jj feedback/nn exists/vbz between/in the/at posterior/jj hypothalamus/nn and/cc the/at cerebral/jj cortex/nn ./. Consequently/rb ,/, if/cs for/in any/dti reason/nn the/at hypothalamic/jj excitability/nn falls/vbz below/in the/at physiological/jj level/nn ,/, the/at lessened/vbn hypothalamic-cortical/jj discharges/nns lead/vb to/in a/at diminished/vbn state/nn of/in activity/nn in/in the/at cortex/nn with/in consequent/jj reduction/nn in/in the/at cortico-fugal/jj discharges/nns ./. Obviously/rb ,/, a/at vicious/jj cycle/nn develops/vbz ./. This/dt tendency/nn can/md be/be broken/vbn either/cc by/in restoring/vbg hypothalamic/jj excitability/nn directly/rb or/cc via/in cortico-hypothalamic/jj pathways/nns ./. It/pps is/bez believed/vbn that/cs drug/nn therapy/nn and/cc electroshock/nn involve/vb the/at former/ap and/cc psychotherapy/nn the/at latter/ap mechanism/nn ./. Before/cs we/ppss comment/vb further/rbr on/in these/dts pathological/jj conditions/nns ,/, we/ppss should/md remember/vb that/cs changes/nns in/in the/at state/nn of/in the/at hypothalamus/nn within/in physiological/jj limits/nns distinguish/vb sleep/nn from/in wakefulness/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, a/at low/jj intensity/nn of/in hypothalamic-cortical/jj discharges/nns prevails/vbz in/in sleep/nn and/cc a/at high/jj one/cd during/in wakefulness/nn ,/, resulting/vbg in/in synchronous/jj EEG/nn potentials/nns in/in the/at former/ap and/cc asynchrony/nn in/in the/at latter/ap condition/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at dominance/nn in/in parasympathetic/jj action/nn (/( with/in reciprocal/jj inhibition/nn of/in the/at sympathetic/jj )/) at/in the/at hypothalamic/jj level/nn induces/vbz ,/, by/in its/pp$ peripheral/jj action/nn ,/, the/at autonomic/jj symptoms/nns of/in sleep/nn and/cc ,/, by/in its/pp$ action/nn on/in the/at cortex/nn ,/, a/at lessening/nn in/in the/at reactivity/nn of/in the/at sensory/jj and/cc motor/nn apparatus/nn of/in the/at somatic/jj nervous/jj system/nn ./. With/in the/at dominance/nn of/in the/at sympathetic/jj division/nn of/in the/at hypothalamus/nn ,/, the/at opposite/jj changes/nns occur/vb ./. Since/cs electrical/jj stimulation/nn of/in the/at posterior/jj hypothalamus/nn produces/vbz the/at effects/nns of/in wakefulness/nn while/cs stimulation/nn of/in the/at anterior/jj hypothalamus/nn induces/vbz sleep/nn ,/, it/pps may/md be/be said/vbn that/cs the/at reactivity/nn of/in the/at whole/jj organism/nn is/bez altered/vbn by/in a/at change/nn in/in the/at autonomic/jj reactivity/nn of/in the/at hypothalamus/nn ./. Similar/jj effects/nns can/md be/be induced/vbn reflexly/rb via/in the/at baroreceptor/nn reflexes/nns in/in man/nn and/cc animals/nns ./. Of/in particular/jj importance/nn is/bez the/at study/nn of/in the/at actions/nns of/in drugs/nns in/in this/dt respect/nn ./. Although/cs no/at drugs/nns act/vb exclusively/rb on/in the/at hypothalamus/nn or/cc a/at part/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, there/ex is/bez sufficient/jj specificity/nn to/to distinguish/vb drugs/nns which/wdt shift/vb the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn to/in the/at sympathetic/jj side/nn from/in those/dts which/wdt produce/vb a/at parasympathetic/jj dominance/nn ./. The/at former/ap comprise/vb analeptic/jj and/cc psychoactive/jj drugs/nns ,/, the/at latter/ap the/at tranquilizers/nns ./. Specific/jj differences/nns exist/vb in/in the/at action/nn of/in different/jj drugs/nns belonging/vbg to/in the/at same/ap group/nn as/cs ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, between/in reserpine/nn and/cc chlorpromazine/nn ./. Important/jj as/cs these/dts differences/nns are/ber ,/, they/ppss should/md not/* obscure/vb the/at basic/jj fact/nn that/cs by/in shifting/vbg the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn sufficiently/rb to/in the/at parasympathetic/jj side/nn ,/, we/ppss produce/vb depressions/nns ,/, whereas/cs a/at shift/nn in/in the/at opposite/jj direction/nn causes/vbz excitatory/jj effects/nns and/cc ,/, eventually/rb ,/, maniclike/jj changes/nns ./. The/at emotional/jj states/nns produced/vbn by/in drugs/nns influence/vb the/at cortical/jj potentials/nns in/in a/at characteristic/jj manner/nn ;/. ;/. synchrony/nn prevails/vbz in/in the/at EEG/nn of/in the/at experimental/jj animal/nn after/in administration/nn of/in tranquilizers/nns ,/, but/cc asynchrony/nn after/in application/nn of/in analeptic/jj and/cc psychoactive/jj drugs/nns ./. The/at shock/nn therapies/nns act/vb likewise/rb on/in the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn ./. Physiological/jj experiments/nns and/cc clinical/jj observations/nns have/hv shown/vbn that/cs these/dts procedures/nns influence/vb the/at hypothalamically/rb controlled/vbn hypophyseal/jj secretions/nns and/cc increase/vb sympathetic/jj discharges/nns ./. They/ppss shift/vb the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn to/in the/at sympathetic/jj side/nn ./. This/dt explains/vbz the/at beneficial/jj effect/nn of/in electroshock/nn therapy/nn in/in certain/ap depressions/nns and/cc a/at shift/nn in/in the/at reaction/nn from/in hypo-/jj to/in normal/jj reactivity/nn of/in the/at sympathetic/jj system/nn as/cs shown/vbn by/in the/at Mecholyl/np test/nn ./. Some/dti investigators/nns have/hv found/vbn a/at parallelism/nn between/in remissions/nns and/cc return/nn of/in the/at sympathetic/jj reactivity/nn of/in the/at hypothalamus/nn to/in the/at normal/jj level/nn as/cs indicated/vbn by/in the/at Mecholyl/np test/nn and/cc ,/, conversely/rb ,/, between/in clinical/jj impairment/nn and/cc increasing/vbg deviation/nn of/in this/dt test/nn from/in the/at norm/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, the/at theory/nn that/cs the/at determining/vbg influence/nn of/in the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn has/hvz a/at profound/jj influence/nn on/in the/at clinical/jj behavior/nn of/in neuropsychiatric/jj patients/nns has/hvz not/* yet/rb been/ben tested/vbn on/in an/at adequate/jj number/nn of/in patients/nns ./. The/at Mecholyl/np and/cc noradrenalin/nn tests/nns applied/vbn with/in certain/ap precautions/nns are/ber reliable/jj indicators/nns of/in this/dt central/jj autonomic/jj balance/nn ,/, but/cc for/in the/at sake/nn of/in correlating/vbg autonomic/jj and/cc clinical/jj states/nns ,/, and/cc of/in studying/vbg the/at effect/nn of/in certain/ap therapeutic/jj procedures/nns on/in central/jj autonomic/jj reactions/nns ,/, additional/jj tests/nns seem/vb to/to be/be desirable/jj ./. It/pps was/bedz assumed/vbn that/cs the/at shift/nn in/in autonomic/jj hypothalamic/jj balance/nn occurring/vbg spontaneously/rb in/in neuropsychiatric/jj patients/nns from/in the/at application/nn of/in certain/ap therapeutic/jj procedures/nns follows/vbz the/at pattern/nn known/vbn from/in the/at sleep-wakefulness/nn cycle/nn ./. A/at change/nn in/in the/at balance/nn to/in the/at parasympathetic/jj side/nn leads/vbz in/in the/at normal/jj individual/nn to/in sleep/nn or/cc ,/, in/in special/jj circumstances/nns ,/, to/in cardiovascular/jj collapse/nn or/cc nausea/nn and/cc vomiting/vbg ./. In/in both/abx conditions/nns the/at emotional/jj and/cc perceptual/jj sensitivity/nn is/bez diminished/vbn ,/, but/cc no/at depression/nn occurs/vbz such/jj as/cs is/bez seen/vbn clinically/rb or/cc may/md be/be produced/vbn in/in normal/jj persons/nns by/in drugs/nns ./. The/at fundamental/jj differences/nns between/in physiological/jj and/cc pathological/jj states/nns of/in parasympathetic/jj (/( and/cc also/rb of/in sympathetic/jj )/) dominance/nn remain/vb to/to be/be elucidated/vbn ./. Perhaps/rb a/at clue/nn to/in these/dts and/cc related/vbn problems/nns lies/vbz in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs changes/nns in/in the/at intensity/nn of/in hypothalamic/jj discharges/nns which/wdt are/ber associated/vbn with/in changes/nns in/in its/pp$ balance/nn lead/vb also/rb to/in qualitative/jj alterations/nns in/in reactivity/nn ./. A/at state/nn of/in parasympathetic/jj ``/`` tuning/nn ''/'' of/in the/at hypothalamus/nn induced/vbn experimentally/rb causes/vbz not/* only/rb an/at increase/nn in/in the/at parsympathetic/jj reactivity/nn of/in this/dt structure/nn to/in direct/jj and/cc reflexly/rb induced/vbn stimuli/nns ,/, but/cc leads/vbz also/rb to/in an/at autonomic/jj reversal/nn :/: a/at stimulus/nn acting/vbg sympathetically/rb under/in control/nn conditions/nns elicits/vbz in/in this/dt state/nn of/in tuning/vbg a/at parasympathetic/jj response/nn !/. !/. Furthermore/rb ,/, conditioned/vbn reactions/nns are/ber fundamentally/rb altered/vbn when/wrb the/at hypothalamic/jj sympathetic/jj reactivity/nn is/bez augmented/vbn beyond/in a/at critical/jj level/nn ,/, and/cc several/ap types/nns of/in behavioral/jj changes/nns probably/rb related/vbn to/in the/at degree/nn of/in central/jj autonomic/jj ``/`` tuning/nn ''/'' are/ber observed/vbn ./. If/cs ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, such/abl a/at change/nn is/bez produced/vbn by/in one/cd or/cc a/at few/ap insulin/nn comas/nns or/cc electroshocks/nns ,/, previously/rb inhibited/vbn conditioned/vbn reactions/nns reappear/vb ./. However/rb ,/, if/cs these/dts procedures/nns are/ber applied/vbn more/ql often/rb ,/, conditioned/vbn emotional/jj responses/nns are/ber temporarily/rb abolished/vbn ./. In/in other/ap studies/nns ,/, loss/nn of/in differentiation/nn in/in previously/rb established/vbn conditioned/vbn reflexes/nns resulted/vbd from/in repeated/vbn convulsive/jj (/( metrazol/nn )/) treatments/nns ,/, suggesting/vbg a/at fundamental/jj disturbance/nn in/in the/at balance/nn between/in excitatory/jj and/cc inhibitory/jj cerebral/jj processes/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz further/rbr been/ben shown/vbn that/cs :/: (/( 1/cd )/) an/at experimental/jj neurosis/nn in/in its/pp$ initial/jj stages/nns is/bez associated/vbn with/in a/at reversible/jj shift/nn in/in the/at central/jj autonomic/jj balance/nn ;/. ;/. (/( 2/cd )/) drugs/nns altering/vbg the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn alter/vb conditioned/vbn reactions/nns ;/. ;/. (/( 3/cd )/) in/in a/at state/nn of/in depression/nn ,/, the/at positive/jj conditioned/vbn stimulus/nn may/md fail/vb to/to elicit/vb a/at conditioned/vbn reaction/nn but/cc cause/vb an/at increased/vbn synchrony/nn instead/rb of/in the/at excitatory/jj desynchronizing/vbg (/( alerting/vbg )/) effect/nn on/in the/at Aj/nn ./. These/dts are/ber few/ap and/cc seemingly/rb disjointed/vbn data/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss illustrate/vb the/at important/jj fact/nn that/cs fundamental/jj alterations/nns in/in conditioned/vbn reactions/nns occur/vb in/in a/at variety/nn of/in states/nns in/in which/wdt the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn has/hvz been/ben altered/vbn by/in physiological/jj experimentation/nn ,/, pharmacological/jj action/nn ,/, or/cc clinical/jj processes/nns ./. 14/cd-hl ./.-hl On/in-hl the/at-hl physiological/jj-hl basis/nn-hl of/in-hl some/dti-hl form/nn-hl of/in-hl psychotherapy/nn-hl The/at foregoing/vbg remarks/nns imply/vb that/cs the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn plays/vbz a/at crucial/jj role/nn at/in the/at crossroads/nns between/in physiological/jj and/cc pathological/jj forms/nns of/in emotion/nn ./. If/cs this/dt is/bez the/at case/nn ,/, one/pn would/md expect/vb that/cs not/* only/rb the/at various/jj procedures/nns just/rb mentioned/vbn which/wdt alter/vb the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn would/md influence/vb emotional/jj state/nn and/cc behavior/nn but/cc that/dt emotion/nn itself/ppl would/md act/vb likewise/rb ./. We/ppss pointed/vbd out/rp that/cs emotional/jj excitement/nn may/md lead/vb to/in psychosomatic/jj disorders/nns and/cc neurotic/jj symptoms/nns ,/, particularly/rb in/in certain/ap types/nns of/in personality/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez also/rb known/vbn that/cs the/at reliving/nn of/in a/at strong/jj emotion/nn (/( ``/`` abreaction/nn ''/'' )/) may/md cure/vb a/at battle/nn neurosis/nn ./. This/dt phenomenon/nn raises/vbz the/at question/nn whether/cs the/at guidance/nn of/in the/at emotions/nns for/in therapeutic/jj ends/nns may/md not/* have/hv an/at even/rb wider/jjr application/nn in/in the/at area/nn of/in the/at neuroses/nns ./. Being/beg a/at strictly/ql physiological/jj procedure/nn ,/, one/pn may/md expect/vb from/in such/abl a/at study/nn additional/jj information/nn on/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at emotional/jj process/nn itself/ppl ./. Wolpe's/np$ experiments/nns and/cc therapeutic/jj work/nn lie/vb in/in this/dt area/nn ./. He/pps showed/vbd convincingly/rb that/cs anxiety/nn is/bez a/at learned/vbn (/( conditioned/vbn )/) reaction/nn and/cc is/bez the/at basis/nn of/in experimental/jj and/cc clinical/jj neuroses/nns and/cc assumed/vbd ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/cs the/at neuronal/jj changes/nns which/wdt underlie/vb the/at neuroses/nns are/ber functional/jj and/cc reversible/jj ./. An/at important/jj observation/nn of/in Pavlov/np served/vbd as/cs a/at guide/nn post/nn to/to achieve/vb such/abl a/at reversibility/nn by/in physiological/jj means/nns ./. In/in a/at conditioning/vbg experiment/nn ,/, he/pps demonstrated/vbd the/at antagonism/nn between/in feeding/vbg and/cc pain/nn ./. A/at mild/jj electrical/jj shock/nn served/vbd as/cs a/at conditioned/vbn stimulus/nn and/cc was/bedz followed/vbn by/in feeding/vbg ./. The/at pain/nn became/vbd thus/rb the/at symbol/nn for/in food/nn and/cc elicited/vbd salivary/jj secretion/nn (/( conditioned/vbn reflex/nn )/) ./. Even/rb when/wrb the/at intensity/nn of/in the/at shocks/nns was/bedz increased/vbn gradually/rb ,/, it/pps failed/vbd to/to evoke/vb any/dti signs/nns of/in pain/nn ./. Since/cs strong/jj nociceptive/jj stimuli/nns produce/vb an/at experimental/jj neurosis/nn during/in which/wdt the/at animals/nns fail/vb to/to eat/vb in/in the/at experimental/jj situation/nn ,/, Wolpe/np thought/vbd that/cs he/pps could/md utilize/vb the/at feeding-pain/nn antagonism/nn to/to inhibit/vb the/at neurotic/jj symptoms/nns through/in feeding/vbg ./. Appropriate/jj experiments/nns showed/vbd that/cs this/dt is/bez ,/, indeed/rb ,/, possible/jj ./. He/pps then/rb applied/vbd this/dt principle/nn of/in reciprocal/jj inhibition/nn to/in human/jj neuroses/nns ./. He/pps took/vbd advantage/nn of/in the/at antagonism/nn between/in aggressive/jj assertiveness/nn and/cc anxiety/nn and/cc found/vbd a/at relatively/ql rapid/jj disappearance/nn of/in anxiety/nn when/wrb the/at former/ap attitude/nn was/bedz established/vbn ./. For/in the/at interpretation/nn of/in these/dts significant/jj investigations/nns ,/, it/pps should/md be/be remembered/vbn that/cs reciprocal/jj relations/nns exist/vb in/in the/at hypothalamus/nn with/in respect/nn to/in autonomic/jj and/cc somatic/jj functions/nns which/wdt are/ber closely/rb associated/vbn with/in the/at emotions/nns ./. The/at feeding-pain/nn antagonism/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be based/vbn on/in this/dt reciprocal/jj relation/nn between/in the/at tropho-/jj and/cc ergotropic/jj systems/nns ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, a/at functional/jj antagonism/nn exists/vbz between/in an/at aggressive/jj attitude/nn and/cc a/at state/nn of/in anxiety/nn ./. Although/cs in/in both/abx emotions/nns sympathetic/jj symptoms/nns are/ber present/rb ,/, different/jj autonomic-somatic/jj patterns/nns underlie/vb aggression/nn and/cc anxiety/nn ,/, respectively/rb ,/, as/cs indicated/vbn by/in the/at rate/nn of/in the/at excretion/nn of/in the/at catecholamines/nns ,/, the/at state/nn of/in the/at muscle/nn tone/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Mecholyl/np test/nn ./. The/at psychological/jj incompatibility/nn of/in these/dts emotional/jj states/nns seems/vbz to/to be/be reflected/vbn in/in ,/, or/cc based/vbn on/in ,/, this/dt marked/vbn difference/nn ./. 15/cd-hl ./.-hl Concluding/vbg-hl remarks/nns-hl In/in our/pp$ attempt/nn to/to interpret/vb the/at emotions/nns in/in their/pp$ physiological/jj and/cc pathological/jj range/nn ,/, we/ppss emphasized/vbd the/at importance/nn of/in the/at degree/nn of/in activity/nn of/in the/at parasympathetic/jj and/cc sympathetic/jj divisions/nns of/in the/at hypothalamic/jj system/nn and/cc their/pp$ influence/nn on/in the/at inhibitory/jj and/cc excitatory/jj systems/nns ,/, respectively/rb ./. We/ppss stressed/vbd the/at reciprocal/jj relation/nn of/in these/dts systems/nns with/in respect/nn to/in the/at autonomic-somatic/jj downward/jj discharge/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs regarding/in the/at hypothalamic-cortical/jj discharge/nn ./. Although/cs we/ppss are/ber still/rb far/rb from/in a/at complete/jj understanding/nn of/in these/dts problems/nns ,/, as/cs a/at first/od approximation/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez suggested/vbn that/cs alterations/nns in/in the/at hypothalamic/jj balance/nn with/in consequent/jj changes/nns in/in the/at hypothalamic-cortical/jj discharges/nns account/vb for/in major/jj changes/nns in/in behavior/nn seen/vbn in/in various/jj moods/nns and/cc states/nns of/in emotions/nns in/in man/nn and/cc beast/nn under/in physiological/jj circumstances/nns ,/, in/in experimental/jj and/cc clinical/jj neurosis/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs the/at result/nn of/in psychopharmacological/jj agents/nns ./. In/in view/nn of/in the/at important/jj role/nn which/wdt emotional/jj disturbances/nns play/vb in/in the/at genesis/nn of/in neurotic/jj and/cc psychotic/jj disorders/nns and/cc the/at parallelism/nn observed/vbn between/in autonomic/jj states/nns and/cc psychological/jj behavior/nn in/in several/ap instances/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez further/rbr suggested/vbn that/cs a/at hypothalamic/jj imbalance/nn may/md play/vb an/at important/jj role/nn in/in initiating/vbg mental/jj changes/nns ./.

cj18

cj18 |@word primary:7 decomposition:10 theorem:15 try:2 study:6 linear:13 operator:37 finite:5 dimensional:6 space:30 v:18 decompose:3 direct:4 sum:5 sense:1 elementary:1 characteristic:7 value:5 vector:13 certain:1 special:5 case:6 minimal:16 polynomial:38 factor:3 scalar:2 field:9 f:15 product:4 distinct:5 monic:3 degree:6 1:4 general:5 use:2 confront:1 two:2 problem:3 first:4 may:3 single:1 really:1 deficiency:2 namely:1 algebraically:4 close:3 second:3 even:2 completely:1 enough:4 span:5 clearly:1 situation:1 illustrate:2 af:161 represent:1 standard:1 basis:2 plainly:1 also:4 thus:10 diagonalizable:14 one:7 see:6 happen:1 null:9 dimension:1 hand:1 together:1 former:1 subspace:8 latter:1 less:2 method:2 remember:1 assumption:1 element:1 shall:7 show:4 prove:2 describe:3 since:10 work:1 whether:1 prime:4 enter:1 reader:2 find:3 helpful:1 think:2 particularly:1 proof:8 10:2 12:4 let:15 p:9 irreducible:1 positive:3 integer:3 b:5 invariant:3 c:1 induce:2 idea:2 valid:2 get:1 hold:1 projection:5 associate:2 identity:2 zero:4 etc:2 relatively:1 8:1 chapter:2 4:1 note:1 divisible:4 contain:1 behave:1 manner:1 paragraph:1 divide:4 correspond:1 wish:1 range:6 exactly:1 clear:2 ya:3 conversely:2 suppose:3 immediate:1 complete:1 statement:1 certainly:1 evidently:1 definition:2 0:5 g:3 easily:1 hence:3 corollary:2 accordingly:2 u:3 commute:12 notation:1 take:2 look:2 form:6 put:1 call:1 part:3 familiar:1 n:21 say:4 nilpotent:12 r:4 13:1 uniquely:2 determine:1 observe:1 write:3 another:2 four:1 simultaneously:2 fact:3 sufficiently:1 large:3 every:2 term:1 expression:2 actually:1 must:4 power:1 follow:1 obvious:1 obviously:1 repeat:1 root:1 simply:2 x:1 complex:5 number:3 unique:1 result:1 essentially:1 reduce:2 non:1 closed:1 still:1 need:2 substitute:1 interesting:1 handle:1 next:1 conclude:1 section:2 like:1 give:3 example:2 choose:1 end:1 deal:1 differential:7 equation:8 purely:1 algebra:2 11:1 necessary:2 arbitrary:1 time:2 continuously:2 differentiable:3 function:9 real:1 line:1 satisfy:2 fix:1 constant:1 denote:2 solution:6 differentiation:1 regard:1 discuss:1 word:1 satisfie:2 expressible:1 reduction:1 accomplish:1 know:3 something:2 however:1 much:1 easy:1 establish:1 induction:1 linearly:1 independent:1 exponential:1

6.4/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl primary/jj-hl decomposition/nn-hl theorem/nn-hl We/ppss are/ber trying/vbg to/to study/vb a/at linear/jj operator/nn T/nn on/in the/at finite-dimensional/jj space/nn V/nn ,/, by/in decomposing/vbg T/nn into/in a/at direct/jj sum/nn of/in operators/nns which/wdt are/ber in/in some/dti sense/nn elementary/jj ./. We/ppss can/md do/do this/dt through/in the/at characteristic/jj values/nns and/cc vectors/nns of/in T/nn in/in certain/ap special/jj cases/nns ,/, i.e./rb ,/, when/wrb the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in T/nn factors/nns over/in the/at scalar/jj field/nn F/nn into/in a/at product/nn of/in distinct/jj monic/jj polynomials/nns of/in degree/nn 1/cd ./. What/wdt can/md we/ppss do/do with/in the/at general/jj T/nn ?/. ?/. If/cs we/ppss try/vb to/to study/vb T/nn using/vbg characteristic/jj values/nns ,/, we/ppss are/ber confronted/vbn with/in two/cd problems/nns ./. First/od ,/, T/nn may/md not/* have/hv a/at single/ap characteristic/jj value/nn ;/. ;/. this/dt is/bez really/rb a/at deficiency/nn in/in the/at scalar/jj field/nn ,/, namely/rb ,/, that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* algebraically/rb closed/vbn ./. Second/od ,/, even/rb if/cs the/at characteristic/jj polynomial/nn factors/vbz completely/rb over/in F/nn into/in a/at product/nn of/in polynomials/nns of/in degree/nn 1/cd ,/, there/ex may/md not/* be/be enough/ap characteristic/jj vectors/nns for/in T/nn to/to span/vb the/at space/nn V/nn ./. This/dt is/bez clearly/rb a/at deficiency/nn in/in T/nn ./. The/at second/od situation/nn is/bez illustrated/vbn by/in the/at operator/nn T/nn on/in Af/nn (/( F/nn any/dti field/nn )/) represented/vbn in/in the/at standard/jj basis/nn by/in Af/nn ./. The/at characteristic/jj polynomial/nn for/in A/nn is/bez Af/nn and/cc this/dt is/bez plainly/rb also/rb the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in A/nn (/( or/cc for/in T/nn )/) ./. Thus/rb T/nn is/bez not/* diagonalizable/jj ./. One/pn sees/vbz that/cs this/dt happens/vbz because/cs the/at null/jj space/nn of/in Af/nn has/hvz dimension/nn 1/cd only/rb ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at null/jj space/nn of/in Af/nn and/cc the/at null/jj space/nn of/in Af/nn together/rb span/vb V/nn ,/, the/at former/ap being/beg the/at subspace/nn spanned/vbn by/in Af/nn and/cc the/at latter/ap the/at subspace/nn spanned/vbn by/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. This/dt will/nn be/be more/ap or/cc less/ap our/pp$ general/jj method/nn for/in the/at second/od problem/nn ./. If/cs (/( remember/vb this/dt is/bez an/at assumption/nn )/) the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in T/nn decomposes/vbz Af/nn where/wrb Af/nn are/ber distinct/jj elements/nns of/in F/nn ,/, then/rb we/ppss shall/md show/vb that/cs the/at space/nn V/nn is/bez the/at direct/jj sum/nn of/in the/at null/jj spaces/nns of/in Af/nn ./. The/at diagonalizable/jj operator/nn is/bez the/at special/jj case/nn of/in this/dt in/in which/wdt Af/nn for/in each/dt i/nn ./. The/at theorem/nn which/wdt we/ppss prove/vb is/bez more/ql general/jj than/cs what/wdt we/ppss have/hv described/vbn ,/, since/cs it/pps works/vbz with/in the/at primary/jj decomposition/nn of/in the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn ,/, whether/cs or/cc not/* the/at primes/nns which/wdt enter/vb are/ber all/abn of/in first/od degree/nn ./. The/at reader/nn will/md find/vb it/ppo helpful/jj to/to think/vb of/in the/at special/jj case/nn when/wrb the/at primes/nns are/ber of/in degree/nn 1/cd ,/, and/cc even/rb more/ql particularly/rb ,/, to/to think/vb of/in the/at proof/nn of/in Theorem/nn-tl 10/cd-tl ,/, a/at special/jj case/nn of/in this/dt theorem/nn ./. Theorem/nn-tl-hl 12/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl (/(-hl primary/jj-hl decomposition/nn-hl theorem/nn-hl )/)-hl ./.-hl Let/vb T/nn be/be a/at linear/jj operator/nn on/in the/at finite-dimensional/jj vector/nn space/nn V/np over/in the/at field/nn F/np ./. Let/vb p/nn be/be the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in T/np ,/, Af/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at Af/nn ,/, are/ber distinct/jj irreducible/jj monic/jj polynomials/nns over/in F/np and/cc the/at Af/nn are/ber positive/jj integers/nns ./. Let/vb Af/nn be/be the/at null/jj space/nn of/in Af/nn ./. Then/rb (/( A/np )/) Af/nn ;/. ;/. (/( B/np )/) each/dt Af/nn is/bez invariant/jj under/in T/np ;/. ;/. (/( C/np )/) if/cs Af/nn is/bez the/at operator/nn induced/vbn on/in Af/nn by/in T/np ,/, then/rb the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in Af/nn is/bez Af/nn ./. Proof/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at idea/nn of/in the/at proof/nn is/bez this/dt ./. If/cs the/at direct-sum/nn decomposition/nn (/( A/at-tl )/) is/bez valid/jj ,/, how/wrb can/md we/ppss get/vb hold/nn of/in the/at projections/nns Af/nn associated/vbn with/in the/at decomposition/nn ?/. ?/. The/at projection/nn Af/nn will/md be/be the/at identity/nn on/in Af/nn and/cc zero/nn on/in the/at other/ap Af/nn ./. We/ppss shall/md find/vb a/at polynomial/nn Af/nn such/jj that/cs Af/nn is/bez the/at identity/nn on/in Af/nn and/cc is/bez zero/nn on/in the/at other/ap Af/nn ,/, and/cc so/cs that/cs Af/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. For/in each/dt i/nn ,/, let/vb Af/nn ./. Since/cs Af/nn are/ber distinct/jj prime/jj polynomials/nns ,/, the/at polynomials/nns Af/nn are/ber relatively/rb prime/jj (/( Theorem/nn-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, Chapter/nn-tl 4/cd-tl )/) ./. Thus/rb there/ex are/ber polynomials/nns Af/nn such/jj that/cs Af/nn ./. Note/vb also/rb that/cs if/cs Af/nn ,/, then/rb Af/nn is/bez divisible/jj by/in the/at polynomial/nn p/nn ,/, because/cs Af/nn contains/vbz each/dt Af/nn as/cs a/at factor/nn ./. We/ppss shall/md show/vb that/cs the/at polynomials/nns Af/nn behave/vb in/in the/at manner/nn described/vbn in/in the/at first/od paragraph/nn of/in the/at proof/nn ./. Let/vb Af/nn ./. Since/cs Af/nn and/cc P/np divides/vbz Af/nn for/in Af/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv Af/nn ./. Thus/rb the/at Af/nn are/ber projections/nns which/wdt correspond/vb to/in some/dti direct-sum/nn decomposition/nn of/in the/at space/nn V/nn ./. We/ppss wish/vb to/to show/vb that/cs the/at range/nn of/in Af/nn is/bez exactly/rb the/at subspace/nn Af/nn ./. It/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs each/dt vector/nn in/in the/at range/nn of/in Af/nn is/bez in/in Af/nn for/cs if/cs **ya/nn is/bez in/in the/at range/nn of/in Af/nn ,/, then/rb Af/nn and/cc so/rb Af/nn because/cs Af/nn is/bez divisible/jj by/in the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn P/np ./. Conversely/rb ,/, suppose/vb that/cs **ya/nn is/bez in/in the/at null/jj space/nn of/in Af/nn ./. If/cs Af/nn ,/, then/jj Af/nn is/bez divisible/jj by/in Af/nn and/cc so/rb Af/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, Af/nn ./. But/cc then/rb it/pps is/bez immediate/jj that/dt Af/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, that/cs **ya/nn is/bez in/in the/at range/nn of/in Af/nn ./. This/dt completes/vbz the/at proof/nn of/in statement/nn (/( A/np )/) ./. It/pps is/bez certainly/rb clear/jj that/cs the/at subspaces/nns Af/nn are/ber invariant/jj under/in T/nn ./. If/cs Af/nn is/bez the/at operator/nn induced/vbn on/in Af/nn by/in T/nn ,/, then/rb evidently/rb Af/nn ,/, because/cs by/in definition/nn Af/nn is/bez 0/cd on/in the/at subspace/nn Af/nn ./. This/dt shows/vbz that/cs the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in Af/nn divides/vbz Af/nn ./. Conversely/rb ,/, let/vb G/np be/be any/dti polynomial/nn such/jj that/cs Af/nn ./. Then/rb Af/nn ./. Thus/rb Af/nn is/bez divisible/jj by/in the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn P/np of/in T/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, Af/nn divides/vbz Af/nn ./. It/pps is/bez easily/rb seen/vbn that/cs Af/nn divides/vbz G/np ./. Hence/rb the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in Af/nn is/bez Af/nn ./. Corollary/nn-hl ./.-hl If/cs Af/nn are/ber the/at projections/nns associated/vbn with/in the/at primary/jj decomposition/nn of/in T/np ,/, then/rb each/dt Af/nn is/bez a/at polynomial/nn in/in T/np ,/, and/cc accordingly/rb if/cs a/at linear/jj operator/nn U/np commutes/vbz with/in T/np then/rb U/nn commutes/vbz with/in each/dt of/in the/at Af/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, each/dt subspace/nn Af/nn is/bez invariant/jj under/in U/np ./. In/in the/at notation/nn of/in the/at proof/nn of/in Theorem/nn-tl 12/cd-tl ,/, let/vb us/ppo take/vb a/at look/nn at/in the/at special/jj case/nn in/in which/wdt the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in T/nn is/bez a/at product/nn of/in first-degree/nn polynomials/nns ,/, i.e./rb ,/, the/at case/nn in/in which/wdt each/dt Af/nn is/bez of/in the/at form/nn Af/nn ./. Now/rb the/at range/nn of/in Af/nn is/bez the/at null/jj space/nn Af/nn of/in Af/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo put/vb Af/nn ./. By/in Theorem/nn-tl 10/cd-tl ,/, D/nn is/bez a/at diagonalizable/jj operator/nn which/wdt we/ppss shall/md call/vb the/at diagonalizable/jj part/nn of/in T/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo look/vb at/in the/at operator/nn Af/nn ./. Now/rb Af/nn Af/nn so/rb Af/nn ./. The/at reader/nn should/md be/be familiar/jj enough/qlp with/in projections/nns by/in now/rb so/cs that/cs he/pps sees/vbz that/cs Af/nn and/cc in/in general/jj that/cs Af/nn ./. When/wrb Af/nn for/in each/dt i/nn ,/, we/ppss shall/md have/hv Af/nn ,/, because/cs the/at operator/nn Af/nn will/md then/rb be/be 0/cd on/in the/at range/nn of/in Af/nn ./. Definition/nn-hl ./.-hl Let/vb N/nn be/be a/at linear/jj operator/nn on/in the/at vector/nn space/nn V/np ./. We/ppss say/vb that/cs N/nn-tl is/bez nilpotent/jj if/cs there/ex is/bez some/dti positive/jj integer/nn R/np such/jj that/cs Af/nn ./. Theorem/nn-hl 13/cd-hl ./.-hl Let/vb T/nn be/be a/at linear/jj operator/nn on/in the/at finite-dimensional/jj vector/nn space/nn V/np over/in the/at field/nn F/np ./. Suppose/vb that/cs the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in T/np decomposes/vbz over/in F/np into/in a/at product/nn of/in linear/jj polynomials/nns ./. Then/rb there/ex is/bez a/at diagonalizable/jj operator/nn D/np on/in V/nn and/cc a/at nilpotent/jj operator/nn N/nn in/in V/nn such/jj that/cs (/( A/np )/) Af/nn ,/, (/( b/nn )/) Af/nn ./. The/at diagonalizable/jj operator/nn D/np and/cc the/at nilpotent/jj operator/nn N/nn-tl are/ber uniquely/rb determined/vbn by/in (/( A/np )/) and/cc (/( B/np )/) and/cc each/dt of/in them/ppo is/bez a/at polynomial/nn in/in T/np ./. Proof/nn-hl ./.-hl We/ppss have/hv just/rb observed/vbn that/cs we/ppss can/md write/vb Af/nn where/wrb D/nn is/bez diagonalizable/jj and/cc N/nn is/bez nilpotent/jj ,/, and/cc where/wrb D/nn and/cc N/nn not/* only/rb commute/vb but/cc are/ber polynomials/nns in/in T/nn ./. Now/rb suppose/vb that/cs we/ppss also/rb have/hv Af/nn where/wrb D'/nn is/bez diagonalizable/jj ,/, N'/nn is/bez nilpotent/jj ,/, and/cc Af/nn ./. We/ppss shall/md prove/vb that/cs Af/nn ./. Since/cs D'/nn and/cc N'/nn commute/vb with/in one/cd another/dt and/cc Af/nn ,/, we/ppss see/vb that/cs D'/nn and/cc N'/nn commute/vb with/in T/nn ./. Thus/rb D'/nn and/cc N'/nn commute/vb with/in any/dti polynomial/nn in/in T/nn ;/. ;/. hence/rb they/ppss commute/vb with/in D/nn and/cc with/in N/nn ./. Now/rb we/ppss have/hv Af/nn or/cc Af/nn and/cc all/abn four/cd of/in these/dts operators/nns commute/vb with/in one/cd another/dt ./. Since/cs D/nn and/cc D'/nn are/ber both/abx diagonalizable/jj and/cc they/ppss commute/vb ,/, they/ppss are/ber simultaneously/rb diagonalizable/jj ,/, and/cc Af/nn is/bez diagonalizable/jj ./. Since/cs N/nn and/cc N'/nn are/ber both/abx nilpotent/jj and/cc they/ppss commute/vb ,/, the/at operator/nn Af/nn is/bez nilpotent/jj ;/. ;/. for/cs ,/, using/vbg the/at fact/nn that/dt N/nn and/cc N'/nn commute/vb Af/nn and/cc so/rb when/wrb R/np is/bez sufficiently/ql large/jj every/at term/nn in/in this/dt expression/nn for/in Af/nn will/md be/be 0/cd ./. (/( Actually/rb ,/, a/at nilpotent/jj operator/nn on/in an/at n-dimensional/nn space/nn must/md have/hv its/pp$ T/np power/nn 0/cd ;/. ;/. if/cs we/ppss take/vb Af/nn above/rb ,/, that/dt will/md be/be large/jj enough/qlp ./. It/pps then/rb follows/vbz that/cs Af/nn is/bez large/jj enough/qlp ,/, but/cc this/dt is/bez not/* obvious/jj from/in the/at above/jj expression/nn ./. )/) Now/rb Af/nn is/bez a/at diagonalizable/jj operator/nn which/wdt is/bez also/rb nilpotent/jj ./. Such/abl an/at operator/nn is/bez obviously/rb the/at zero/nn operator/nn ;/. ;/. for/cs since/cs it/pps is/bez nilpotent/jj ,/, the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in this/dt operator/nn is/bez of/in the/at form/nn Af/nn for/in some/dti Af/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc then/rb since/cs the/at operator/nn is/bez diagonalizable/jj ,/, the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn cannot/md* have/hv a/at repeated/vbn root/nn ;/. ;/. hence/rb Af/nn and/cc the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn is/bez simply/rb x/nn ,/, which/wdt says/vbz the/at operator/nn is/bez 0/cd ./. Thus/rb we/ppss see/vb that/cs Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. Corollary/nn-hl ./.-hl Let/vb V/nn be/be a/at finite-dimensional/jj vector/nn space/nn over/in an/at algebraically/rb closed/vbn field/nn F/nn ,/, e.g./rb ,/, the/at field/nn of/in complex/jj numbers/nns ./. Then/rb every/at linear/jj operator/nn T/np in/in V/nn can/md be/be written/vbn as/cs the/at sum/nn of/in a/at diagonalizable/jj operator/nn D/np and/cc a/at nilpotent/jj operator/nn N/nn-tl which/wdt commute/vb ./. These/dts operators/nns D/nn and/cc N/nn are/ber unique/jj and/cc each/dt is/bez a/at polynomial/nn in/in T/np ./. From/in these/dts results/nns ,/, one/pn sees/vbz that/cs the/at study/nn of/in linear/jj operators/nns on/in vector/nn spaces/nns over/in an/at algebraically/rb closed/vbn field/nn is/bez essentially/rb reduced/vbn to/in the/at study/nn of/in nilpotent/jj operators/nns ./. For/in vector/nn spaces/nns over/in non-algebraically/rb closed/vbn fields/nns ,/, we/ppss still/rb need/vb to/to find/vb some/dti substitute/nn for/in characteristic/jj values/nns and/cc vectors/nns ./. It/pps is/bez a/at very/ql interesting/jj fact/nn that/cs these/dts two/cd problems/nns can/md be/be handled/vbn simultaneously/rb and/cc this/dt is/bez what/wdt we/ppss shall/md do/do in/in the/at next/ap chapter/nn ./. In/in concluding/vbg this/dt section/nn ,/, we/ppss should/md like/vb to/to give/vb an/at example/nn which/wdt illustrates/vbz some/dti of/in the/at ideas/nns of/in the/at primary/jj decomposition/nn theorem/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv chosen/vbn to/to give/vb it/ppo at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at section/nn since/cs it/pps deals/vbz with/in differential/jj equations/nns and/cc thus/rb is/bez not/* purely/rb linear/jj algebra/nn ./. Example/nn-hl 11/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in the/at primary/jj decomposition/nn theorem/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* necessary/jj that/cs the/at vector/nn space/nn V/nn be/be finite/jj dimensional/jj ,/, nor/cc is/bez it/pps necessary/jj for/in parts/nns (/( A/np )/) and/cc (/( B/np )/) that/cs P/np be/be the/at minimal/jj polynomial/nn for/in T/nn ./. If/cs T/nn is/bez a/at linear/jj operator/nn on/in an/at arbitrary/jj vector/nn space/nn and/cc if/cs there/ex is/bez a/at monic/jj polynomial/nn P/np such/jj that/cs Af/nn ,/, then/rb parts/nns (/( A/np )/) and/cc (/( B/np )/) of/in Theorem/nn-tl 12/cd-tl are/ber valid/jj for/in T/nn with/in the/at proof/nn which/wdt we/ppss gave/vbd ./. Let/vb N/nn-tl be/be a/at positive/jj integer/nn and/cc let/vb V/nn be/be the/at space/nn of/in all/abn N/nn-tl times/nns continuously/rb differentiable/jj functions/nns F/np on/in the/at real/jj line/nn which/wdt satisfy/vb the/at differential/jj equation/nn Af/nn where/wrb Af/nn are/ber some/dti fixed/vbn constants/nns ./. If/cs Af/nn denotes/vbz the/at space/nn of/in N/nn-tl times/nns continuously/rb differentiable/jj functions/nns ,/, then/rb the/at space/nn V/nn of/in solutions/nns of/in this/dt differential/jj equation/nn is/bez a/at subspace/nn of/in Af/nn ./. If/cs D/nn denotes/vbz the/at differentiation/nn operator/nn and/cc P/np is/bez the/at polynomial/nn Af/nn then/rb V/nn is/bez the/at null/jj space/nn of/in the/at operator/nn p/nn (/( ,/, )/) ,/, because/cs Af/nn simply/rb says/vbz Af/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo now/rb regard/vb D/nn as/cs a/at linear/jj operator/nn on/in the/at subspace/nn V/nn ./. Then/rb Af/nn ./. If/cs we/ppss are/ber discussing/vbg differentiable/jj complex-valued/jj functions/nns ,/, then/jj Af/nn and/cc V/nn are/ber complex/jj vector/nn spaces/nns ,/, and/cc Af/nn may/md be/be any/dti complex/jj numbers/nns ./. We/ppss now/rb write/vb Af/nn where/wrb Af/nn are/ber distinct/jj complex/jj numbers/nns ./. If/cs Af/nn is/bez the/at null/jj space/nn of/in Af/nn ,/, then/rb Theorem/nn-tl 12/cd-tl says/vbz that/cs Af/nn ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, if/cs F/np satisfies/vbz the/at differential/jj equation/nn Af/nn ,/, then/rb F/np is/bez uniquely/rb expressible/jj in/in the/at form/nn Af/nn where/wrb Af/nn satisfies/vbz the/at differential/jj equation/nn Af/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at study/nn of/in the/at solutions/nns to/in the/at equation/nn Af/nn is/bez reduced/vbn to/in the/at study/nn of/in the/at space/nn of/in solutions/nns of/in a/at differential/jj equation/nn of/in the/at form/nn Af/nn ./. This/dt reduction/nn has/hvz been/ben accomplished/vbn by/in the/at general/jj methods/nns of/in linear/jj algebra/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, by/in the/at primary/jj decomposition/nn theorem/nn ./. To/to describe/vb the/at space/nn of/in solutions/nns to/in Af/nn ,/, one/pn must/md know/vb something/pn about/in differential/jj equations/nns ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, one/pn must/md know/vb something/pn about/in D/nn other/ap than/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez a/at linear/jj operator/nn ./. However/rb ,/, one/pn does/doz not/* need/vb to/to know/vb very/ql much/ap ./. It/pps is/bez very/ql easy/jj to/to establish/vb by/in induction/nn on/in R/np that/cs if/cs F/np is/bez in/in Af/nn then/rb Af/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, Af/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. Thus/rb Af/nn if/cs and/cc only/rb if/cs Af/nn ./. A/at function/nn G/np such/jj that/cs Af/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, Af/nn ,/, must/md be/be a/at polynomial/jj function/nn of/in degree/nn Af/nn or/cc less/ap :/: Af/nn ./. Thus/rb F/np satisfies/vbz Af/nn if/cs and/cc only/rb if/cs F/np has/hvz the/at form/nn Af/nn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, the/at '/' functions/nns '/' Af/nn span/vb the/at space/nn of/in solutions/nns of/in Af/nn ./. Since/cs Af/nn are/ber linearly/rb independent/jj functions/nns and/cc the/at exponential/jj function/nn has/hvz no/at zeros/nns ,/, these/dts R/np functions/nns Af/nn ,/, form/vb a/at basis/nn for/in the/at space/nn of/in solutions/nns ./.

cj19

cj19 |@word 7:3 1:14 example:19 binomial:36 experiment:33 compose:5 repetition:3 independent:10 trial:48 two:12 possible:6 outcome:14 probability:24 distribution:9 may:9 describe:3 variation:1 occur:1 one:17 set:6 another:2 devote:1 chapter:5 mathematical:1 model:5 enormous:1 variety:1 real:1 life:1 phenomenon:3 also:2 important:1 property:6 recur:1 many:3 begin:1 marksmanship:2 train:1 marksman:7 shoot:2 five:9 round:6 target:3 practically:1 condition:2 hit:1 eye:14 0:13 5:7 time:7 repeat:3 shot:8 number:23 vary:1 say:1 different:4 inheritance:1 mouse:8 litter:2 eight:2 similar:2 parent:1 straight:4 instead:1 wavy:2 hair:2 integer:1 8:1 attach:1 ace:11 three:12 dice:7 toss:11 repeatedly:1 2:8 3:7 general:6 problem:3 generally:1 suppose:1 consist:7 result:3 either:5 success:27 non:1 failure:7 remain:1 constant:2 occurrence:2 haired:3 could:1 call:6 choose:3 label:3 major:1 question:2 exactly:3 x:8 n:7 4:4 answer:1 like:2 usually:1 count:1 point:2 sample:1 space:1 fortunately:1 formula:3 wide:1 applicability:1 solve:1 kind:2 derive:1 explain:1 mean:3 often:3 several:4 identical:3 sometimes:3 none:1 regard:1 super:1 die:6 amount:1 thing:1 form:1 mathematically:1 shall:2 distinguish:1 illustrative:1 use:4 word:4 quite:1 flexible:1 well:2 restrict:2 narrowly:1 student:3 football:2 manager:6 ten:1 act:1 high:1 school:1 team:1 proportion:1 p:10 license:1 driver:4 friday:3 lot:2 stay:2 late:1 load:1 equipment:1 truck:1 coach:2 need:2 consider:2 discussion:2 note:2 interest:1 random:14 nondriver:1 since:1 choice:3 week:2 af:23 generalize:1 idea:1 qualify:1 must:6 four:2 fix:4 early:1 illustrate:2 give:3 absent:1 language:1 notation:1 introduce:1 standard:1 throughout:1 study:3 attention:1 without:2 appear:2 variable:12 convenient:1 category:2 talk:1 expressive:1 natural:1 viewpoint:1 mice:1 arbitrary:1 correspond:1 name:2 term:3 usage:1 apply:1 work:1 first:2 second:1 represent:1 single:3 group:1 class:3 arbitrarily:1 construct:1 classify:1 hairless:1 escape:1 difficulty:1 rule:1 animal:1 constitute:1 solution:1 always:3 satisfactory:1 produce:6 perhaps:1 make:2 know:2 value:9 practice:2 sun:1 come:1 behind:1 cloud:1 dazzle:1 lower:1 chance:1 strictly:1 speak:1 compute:1 multiply:1 together:3 thus:3 independence:6 assumption:1 imply:2 fall:1 order:1 experimentally:1 expect:1 nothing:1 fail:1 family:4 plan:1 go:2 beach:1 mountain:2 coin:1 decide:1 want:2 people:2 view:2 member:1 obviously:2 indeed:1 better:1 entire:2 following:1 less:1 extreme:1 dependence:1 couple:8 visit:2 art:1 museum:2 person:2 vote:5 pair:4 picture:5 receive:1 popular:1 prize:1 voting:5 probably:1 agree:3 would:4 likely:2 taste:1 draw:1 population:1 visitor:1 table:3 show:2 boy:1 girl:1 therefore:2 cast:2 b:1 performance:1 whole:1 function:2 interested:1 get:3 take:3 score:2 constancy:1 trouble:1 slight:2 change:2 much:1 lack:1 appreciable:1 difference:1 instance:1 see:1 section:1 red:1 card:1 hand:2 even:2 physical:1 still:1 baseline:1 comparative:1 purpose:1 discuss:1 departure:1 summarize:1 yield:1 briefly:1 find:1 determine:1 uniquely:1 except:1 expression:1 shorten:1 context:1 clear:1 treat:1 james:1 bernoulli:2 1700:1 reason:1 think:1 associate:2 q:1 respectively:1 new:1 total:2 sum:2 third:1 fifth:1 individual:1

7-1/cd-hl ./.-hl Examples/nns-hl of/in-hl binomial/jj-hl experiments/nns-hl Some/dti experiments/nns are/ber composed/vbn of/in repetitions/nns of/in independent/jj trials/nns ,/, each/dt with/in two/cd possible/jj outcomes/nns ./. The/at binomial/jj probability/nn distribution/nn may/md describe/vb the/at variation/nn that/wps occurs/vbz from/in one/cd set/nn of/in trials/nns of/in such/abl a/at binomial/jj experiment/nn to/in another/dt ./. We/ppss devote/vb a/at chapter/nn to/in the/at binomial/jj distribution/nn not/* only/rb because/cs it/pps is/bez a/at mathematical/jj model/nn for/in an/at enormous/jj variety/nn of/in real/jj life/nn phenomena/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb because/cs it/pps has/hvz important/jj properties/nns that/wps recur/vb in/in many/ap other/ap probability/nn models/nns ./. We/ppss begin/vb with/in a/at few/ap examples/nns of/in binomial/jj experiments/nns ./. Marksmanship/nn-hl example/nn-hl ./.-hl A/at trained/vbn marksman/nn shooting/vbg five/cd rounds/nns at/in a/at target/nn ,/, all/abn under/in practically/rb the/at same/ap conditions/nns ,/, may/md hit/vb the/at bull's-eye/nn from/in 0/cd to/in 5/cd times/nns ./. In/in repeated/vbn sets/nns of/in five/cd shots/nns his/pp$ numbers/nns of/in bull's-eyes/nns vary/vb ./. What/wdt can/md we/ppss say/vb of/in the/at probabilities/nns of/in the/at different/jj possible/jj numbers/nns of/in bull's-eyes/nns ?/. ?/. Inheritance/nn-hl in/in-hl mice/nns-hl ./.-hl In/in litters/nns of/in eight/cd mice/nns from/in similar/jj parents/nns ,/, the/at number/nn of/in mice/nns with/in straight/jj instead/rb of/in wavy/jj hair/nn is/bez an/at integer/nn from/in 0/cd to/in 8/cd ./. What/wdt probabilities/nns should/md be/be attached/vbn to/in these/dts possible/jj outcomes/nns ?/. ?/. Aces/nns-hl (/(-hl ones/nns-hl )/)-hl with/in-hl three/cd-hl dice/nns-hl ./.-hl When/wrb three/cd dice/nns are/ber tossed/vbn repeatedly/rb ,/, what/wdt is/bez the/at probability/nn that/cs the/at number/nn of/in aces/nns is/bez 0/cd (/( or/cc 1/cd ,/, or/cc 2/cd ,/, or/cc 3/cd )/) ?/. ?/. General/jj-hl binomial/jj-hl problem/nn-hl ./.-hl More/ql generally/rb ,/, suppose/vb that/cs an/at experiment/nn consists/vbz of/in a/at number/nn of/in independent/jj trials/nns ,/, that/cs each/dt trial/nn results/vbz in/in either/cc a/at ``/`` success/nn ''/'' or/cc a/at ``/`` non-success/nn ''/'' (/( ``/`` failure/nn ''/'' )/) ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at probability/nn of/in success/nn remains/vbz constant/jj from/in trial/nn to/in trial/nn ./. In/in the/at examples/nns above/rb ,/, the/at occurrence/nn of/in a/at bull's-eye/nn ,/, a/at straight-haired/jj mouse/nn ,/, or/cc an/at ace/nn could/md be/be called/vbn a/at ``/`` success/nn ''/'' ./. In/in general/jj ,/, any/dti outcome/nn we/ppss choose/vb may/md be/be labeled/vbn ``/`` success/nn ''/'' ./. The/at major/jj question/nn in/in this/dt chapter/nn is/bez :/: What/wdt is/bez the/at probability/nn of/in exactly/rb X/np successes/nns in/in N/np trials/nns ?/. ?/. In/in Chapters/nns-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc 4/cd-tl we/ppss answered/vbd questions/nns like/cs those/dts in/in the/at examples/nns ,/, usually/rb by/in counting/vbg points/nns in/in a/at sample/nn space/nn ./. Fortunately/rb ,/, a/at general/jj formula/nn of/in wide/jj applicability/nn solves/vbz all/abn problems/nns of/in this/dt kind/nn ./. Before/cs deriving/vbg this/dt formula/nn ,/, we/ppss explain/vb what/wdt we/ppss mean/vb by/in ``/`` problems/nns of/in this/dt kind/nn ''/'' ./. Experiments/nns are/ber often/rb composed/vbn of/in several/ap identical/jj trials/nns ,/, and/cc sometimes/rb experiments/nns themselves/ppls are/ber repeated/vbn ./. In/in the/at marksmanship/nn example/nn ,/, a/at trial/nn consists/vbz of/in ``/`` one/cd round/nn shot/vbn at/in a/at target/nn ''/'' with/in outcome/nn either/cc one/cd bull's-eye/nn (/( success/nn )/) or/cc none/pn (/( failure/nn )/) ./. Further/rbr ,/, an/at experiment/nn might/md consist/vb of/in five/cd rounds/nns ,/, and/cc several/ap sets/nns of/in five/cd rounds/nns might/md be/be regarded/vbn as/cs a/at super-experiment/nn composed/vbn of/in several/ap repetitions/nns of/in the/at five-round/jj experiment/nn ./. If/cs three/cd dice/nns are/ber tossed/vbn ,/, a/at trial/nn is/bez one/cd toss/nn of/in one/cd die/nn and/cc the/at experiment/nn is/bez composed/vbn of/in three/cd trials/nns ./. Or/cc ,/, what/wdt amounts/vbz to/in the/at same/ap thing/nn ,/, if/cs one/cd die/nn is/bez tossed/vbn three/cd times/nns ,/, each/dt toss/nn is/bez a/at trial/nn ,/, and/cc the/at three/cd tosses/nns form/vb the/at experiment/nn ./. Mathematically/rb ,/, we/ppss shall/md not/* distinguish/vb the/at experiment/nn of/in three/cd dice/nns tossed/vbn once/rb from/in that/dt of/in one/cd die/nn tossed/vbn three/cd times/nns ./. These/dts examples/nns are/ber illustrative/jj of/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at words/nns ``/`` trial/nn-nc ''/'' and/cc ``/`` experiment/nn-nc ''/'' as/cs they/ppss are/ber used/vbn in/in this/dt chapter/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss are/ber quite/ql flexible/jj words/nns and/cc it/pps is/bez well/rb not/* to/to restrict/vb them/ppo too/ql narrowly/rb ./. Example/nn-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Student/nn-hl football/nn-hl managers/nns-hl ./.-hl Ten/cd students/nns act/vb as/cs managers/nns for/in a/at high-school/nn football/nn team/nn ,/, and/cc of/in these/dts managers/nns a/at proportion/nn P/np are/ber licensed/vbn drivers/nns ./. Each/dt Friday/nr one/cd manager/nn is/bez chosen/vbn by/in lot/nn to/to stay/vb late/rb and/cc load/vb the/at equipment/nn on/in a/at truck/nn ./. On/in three/cd Fridays/nrs the/at coach/nn has/hvz needed/vbn a/at driver/nn ./. Considering/in only/rb these/dts Fridays/nrs ,/, what/wdt is/bez the/at probability/nn that/cs the/at coach/nn had/hvd drivers/nns all/abn 3/cd times/nns ?/. ?/. Exactly/rb 2/cd times/nns ?/. ?/. 1/cd time/nn ?/. ?/. 0/cd times/nns ?/. ?/. Discussion/nn-hl ./.-hl Note/vb that/cs there/ex are/ber 3/cd trials/nns of/in interest/nn ./. Each/dt trial/nn consists/vbz of/in choosing/vbg a/at student/nn manager/nn at/in random/nn ./. The/at 2/cd possible/jj outcomes/nns on/in each/dt trial/nn are/ber ``/`` driver/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` nondriver/nn ''/'' ./. Since/cs the/at choice/nn is/bez by/in lot/nn each/dt week/nn ,/, the/at outcomes/nns of/in different/jj trials/nns are/ber independent/jj ./. The/at managers/nns stay/vb the/at same/ap ,/, so/cs that/cs Af/nn is/bez the/at same/ap for/in all/abn weeks/nns ./. We/ppss now/rb generalize/vb these/dts ideas/nns for/in general/jj binomial/jj experiments/nns ./. For/in an/at experiment/nn to/to qualify/vb as/cs a/at binomial/jj experiment/nn ,/, it/pps must/md have/hv four/cd properties/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) there/ex must/md be/be a/at fixed/vbn number/nn of/in trials/nns ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) each/dt trial/nn must/md result/vb in/in a/at ``/`` success/nn ''/'' or/cc a/at ``/`` failure/nn ''/'' (/( a/at binomial/jj trial/nn )/) ,/, (/( 3/cd )/) all/abn trials/nns must/md have/hv identical/jj probabilities/nns of/in success/nn ,/, (/( 4/cd )/) the/at trials/nns must/md be/be independent/jj of/in each/dt other/ap ./. Below/rb we/ppss use/vb our/pp$ earlier/jjr examples/nns to/to describe/vb and/cc illustrate/vb these/dts four/cd properties/nns ./. We/ppss also/rb give/vb ,/, for/in each/dt property/nn ,/, an/at example/nn where/wrb the/at property/nn is/bez absent/jj ./. The/at language/nn and/cc notation/nn introduced/vbn are/ber standard/jj throughout/in the/at chapter/nn ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl There/ex-hl must/md-hl be/be-hl a/at-hl fixed/vbn-hl number/nn-hl n/nn-hl of/in-hl repeated/vbn-hl trials/nns-hl ./.-hl For/in the/at marksman/nn ,/, we/ppss study/vb sets/nns of/in five/cd shots/nns (/( Af/nn )/) ;/. ;/. for/in the/at mice/nns ,/, we/ppss restrict/vb attention/nn to/in litters/nns of/in eight/cd (/( Af/nn )/) ;/. ;/. and/cc for/in the/at aces/nns ,/, we/ppss toss/vb three/cd dice/nns (/( Af/nn )/) ./. Experiment/nn-hl without/in-hl a/at-hl fixed/vbn-hl number/nn-hl of/in-hl trials/nns-hl ./.-hl Toss/vb a/at die/nn until/cs an/at ace/nn appears/vbz ./. Here/rb the/at number/nn of/in trials/nns is/bez a/at random/jj variable/nn ,/, not/* a/at fixed/vbn number/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Binomial/jj-hl trials/nns-hl ./.-hl Each/dt of/in the/at N/nn-tl trials/nns is/bez either/cc a/at success/nn or/cc a/at failure/nn ./. ``/`` Success/nn-nc ''/'' and/cc ``/`` failure/nn-nc ''/'' are/ber just/rb convenient/jj labels/nns for/in the/at two/cd categories/nns of/in outcomes/nns when/wrb we/ppss talk/vb about/in binomial/jj trials/nns in/in general/jj ./. These/dts words/nns are/ber more/ql expressive/jj than/cs labels/nns like/vb ``/`` A/np ''/'' and/cc ``/`` not-A/np ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez natural/jj from/in the/at marksman's/nn$ viewpoint/nn to/in call/nn a/at bull's-eye/nn a/at success/nn ,/, but/cc in/in the/at mice/nns example/nn it/pps is/bez arbitrary/jj which/wdt category/nn corresponds/vbz to/in straight/jj hair/nn in/in a/at mouse/nn ./. The/at word/nn ``/`` binomial/jj-nc ''/'' means/vbz ``/`` of/in two/cd names/nns ''/'' or/cc ``/`` of/in two/cd terms/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc both/abx usages/nns apply/vb in/in our/pp$ work/nn :/: the/at first/od to/in the/at names/nns of/in the/at two/cd outcomes/nns of/in a/at binomial/jj trial/nn ,/, and/cc the/at second/od to/in the/at terms/nns P/np and/cc Af/nn that/wps represent/vb the/at probabilities/nns of/in ``/`` success/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` failure/nn ''/'' ./. Sometimes/rb when/wrb there/ex are/ber many/ap outcomes/nns for/in a/at single/ap trial/nn ,/, we/ppss group/vb these/dts outcomes/nns into/in two/cd classes/nns ,/, as/cs in/in the/at example/nn of/in the/at die/nn ,/, where/wrb we/ppss have/hv arbitrarily/rb constructed/vbn the/at classes/nns ``/`` ace/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` not-ace/nn ''/'' ./. Experiment/nn-hl without/in-hl the/at-hl two-class/jj-hl property/nn-hl ./.-hl We/ppss classify/vb mice/nns as/cs ``/`` straight-haired/jj ''/'' or/cc ``/`` wavy-haired/jj ''/'' ,/, but/cc a/at hairless/jj mouse/nn appears/vbz ./. We/ppss can/md escape/vb from/in such/abl a/at difficulty/nn by/in ruling/vbg out/rp the/at animal/nn as/cs not/* constituting/vbg a/at trial/nn ,/, but/cc such/abl a/at solution/nn is/bez not/* always/rb satisfactory/jj ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl All/abn-hl trials/nns-hl have/hv-hl identical/jj-hl probabilities/nns-hl of/in-hl success/nn-hl ./.-hl Each/dt die/nn has/hvz probability/nn Af/nn of/in producing/vbg an/at ace/nn ;/. ;/. the/at marksman/nn has/hvz some/dti probability/nn p/nn ,/, perhaps/rb 0.1/cd ,/, of/in making/vbg a/at bull's-eye/nn ./. Note/vb that/cs we/ppss need/md not/* know/vb the/at value/nn of/in p/nn ,/, for/cs the/at experiment/nn to/to be/be binomial/jj ./. Experiment/nn-hl where/wrb-hl p/nn-hl is/bez-hl not/*-hl constant/jj-hl ./.-hl During/in a/at round/nn of/in target/nn practice/nn the/at sun/nn comes/vbz from/in behind/in a/at cloud/nn and/cc dazzles/vbz the/at marksman/nn ,/, lowering/vbg his/pp$ chance/nn of/in a/at bull's-eye/nn ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl trials/nns-hl are/ber-hl independent/jj-hl ./.-hl Strictly/rb speaking/vbg ,/, this/dt means/vbz that/cs the/at probability/nn for/in each/dt possible/jj outcome/nn of/in the/at experiment/nn can/md be/be computed/vbn by/in multiplying/vbg together/rb the/at probabilities/nns of/in the/at possible/jj outcomes/nns of/in the/at single/ap binomial/jj trials/nns ./. Thus/rb in/in the/at three-dice/nn example/nn Af/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, and/cc the/at independence/nn assumption/nn imply/vb that/cs the/at probability/nn that/cs the/at three/cd dice/nns fall/vb ace/nn ,/, not-ace/nn ,/, ace/nn in/in that/dt order/nn is/bez Af/nn ./. Experimentally/rb ,/, we/ppss expect/vb independence/nn when/wrb the/at trials/nns have/hv nothing/pn to/to do/do with/in one/cd another/dt ./. Examples/nns-hl where/wrb-hl independence/nn-hl fails/vbz-hl ./.-hl A/at family/nn of/in five/cd plans/vbz to/to go/vb together/rb either/cc to/in the/at beach/nn or/cc to/in the/at mountains/nns ,/, and/cc a/at coin/nn is/bez tossed/vbn to/to decide/vb ./. We/ppss want/vb to/to know/vb the/at number/nn of/in people/nns going/vbg to/in the/at mountains/nns ./. When/wrb this/dt experiment/nn is/bez viewed/vbn as/cs composed/vbn of/in five/cd binomial/jj trials/nns ,/, one/cd for/in each/dt member/nn of/in the/at family/nn ,/, the/at outcomes/nns of/in the/at trials/nns are/ber obviously/rb not/* independent/jj ./. Indeed/rb ,/, the/at experiment/nn is/bez better/rbr viewed/vbn as/cs consisting/vbg of/in one/cd binomial/jj trial/nn for/in the/at entire/jj family/nn ./. The/at following/vbg is/bez a/at less/ql extreme/jj example/nn of/in dependence/nn ./. Consider/vb couples/nns visiting/vbg an/at art/nn museum/nn ./. Each/dt person/nn votes/vbz for/in one/cd of/in a/at pair/nn of/in pictures/nns to/to receive/vb a/at popular/jj prize/nn ./. Voting/vbg for/in one/cd picture/nn may/md be/be called/vbn ``/`` success/nn ''/'' ,/, for/in the/at other/ap ``/`` failure/nn ''/'' ./. An/at experiment/nn consists/vbz of/in the/at voting/nn of/in one/cd couple/nn ,/, or/cc two/cd trials/nns ./. In/in repetitions/nns of/in the/at experiment/nn from/in couple/nn to/in couple/nn ,/, the/at votes/nns of/in the/at two/cd persons/nns in/in a/at couple/nn probably/rb agree/vb more/ql often/rb than/cs independence/nn would/md imply/vb ,/, because/cs couples/nns who/wps visit/vb the/at museum/nn together/rb are/ber more/ql likely/jj to/to have/hv similar/jj tastes/nns than/cs are/ber a/at random/jj pair/nn of/in people/nns drawn/vbn from/in the/at entire/jj population/nn of/in visitors/nns ./. Table/nn-tl 7-1/cd-tl illustrates/vbz the/at point/nn ./. The/at table/nn shows/vbz that/cs 0.6/cd of/in the/at boys/nns and/cc 0.6/cd of/in the/at girls/nns vote/vb for/in picture/nn A/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, under/in independent/jj voting/nn ,/, Af/nn or/cc 0.36/cd of/in the/at couples/nns would/md cast/vb two/cd votes/nns for/in picture/nn A/nn ,/, and/cc Af/nn or/cc 0.16/cd would/md cast/vb two/cd votes/nns for/in picture/nn B/nn ./. Thus/rb in/in independent/jj voting/nn ,/, Af/nn or/cc 0.52/cd of/in the/at couples/nns would/md agree/vb ./. But/cc Table/nn-tl 7-1/cd-tl shows/vbz that/dt Af/nn or/cc 0.70/cd agree/vb ,/, too/ql many/ap for/in independent/jj voting/nn ./. Each/dt performance/nn of/in an/at n-trial/nn binomial/jj experiment/nn results/vbz in/in some/dti whole/jj number/nn from/in 0/cd through/in N/np as/cs the/at value/nn of/in the/at random/jj variable/nn X/nn ,/, where/wrb Af/nn ./. We/ppss want/vb to/to study/vb the/at probability/nn function/nn of/in this/dt random/jj variable/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, we/ppss are/ber interested/vbn in/in the/at number/nn of/in bull's-eyes/nns ,/, not/* which/wdt shots/nns were/bed bull's-eyes/nns ./. A/at binomial/jj experiment/nn can/md produce/vb random/jj variables/nns other/ap than/cs the/at number/nn of/in successes/nns ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at marksman/nn gets/vbz 5/cd shots/nns ,/, but/cc we/ppss take/vb his/pp$ score/nn to/to be/be the/at number/nn of/in shots/nns before/in his/pp$ first/od bull's-eye/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, 0/cd ,/, 1/cd ,/, 2/cd ,/, 3/cd ,/, 4/cd (/( or/cc 5/cd ,/, if/cs he/pps gets/vbz no/at bull's-eye/nn )/) ./. Thus/rb we/ppss do/do not/* score/vb the/at number/nn of/in bull's-eyes/nns ,/, and/cc the/at random/jj variable/nn is/bez not/* the/at number/nn of/in successes/nns ./. The/at constancy/nn of/in P/np and/cc the/at independence/nn are/ber the/at conditions/nns most/ql likely/jj to/to give/vb trouble/nn in/in practice/nn ./. Obviously/rb ,/, very/ql slight/jj changes/nns in/in P/np do/do not/* change/vb the/at probabilities/nns much/rb ,/, and/cc a/at slight/jj lack/nn of/in independence/nn may/md not/* make/vb an/at appreciable/jj difference/nn ./. (/( For/in instance/nn ,/, see/vb Example/nn-tl 2/cd-tl of/in Section/nn-tl 5-5/cd-tl ,/, on/in red/jj cards/nns in/in hands/nns of/in 5/cd ./. )/) On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb the/at binomial/jj model/nn does/doz not/* describe/vb well/rb the/at physical/jj phenomenon/nn being/beg studied/vbn ,/, the/at binomial/jj model/nn may/md still/rb be/be used/vbn as/cs a/at baseline/nn for/in comparative/jj purposes/nns ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, we/ppss may/md discuss/vb the/at phenomenon/nn in/in terms/nns of/in its/pp$ departures/nns from/in the/at binomial/jj model/nn ./. To/to-hl summarize/vb-hl :/:-hl A/at binomial/jj experiment/nn consists/vbz of/in Af/nn independent/jj binomial/jj trials/nns ,/, all/abn with/in the/at same/ap probability/nn Af/nn of/in yielding/vbg a/at success/nn ./. The/at outcome/nn of/in the/at experiment/nn is/bez X/nn successes/nns ./. The/at random/jj variable/nn X/nn takes/vbz the/at values/nns Af/nn with/in probabilities/nns Af/nn or/cc ,/, more/ql briefly/rb Af/nn ./. We/ppss shall/md find/vb a/at formula/nn for/in the/at probability/nn of/in exactly/rb X/np successes/nns for/in given/vbn values/nns of/in P/np and/cc N/np ./. When/wrb each/dt number/nn of/in successes/nns X/np is/bez paired/vbn with/in its/pp$ probability/nn of/in occurrence/nn Af/nn ,/, the/at set/nn of/in pairs/nns Af/nn ,/, is/bez a/at probability/nn function/nn called/vbn a/at binomial/jj distribution/nn ./. The/at choice/nn of/in P/np and/cc N/np determines/vbz the/at binomial/jj distribution/nn uniquely/rb ,/, and/cc different/jj choices/nns always/rb produce/vb different/jj distributions/nns (/( except/in when/wrb Af/nn ;/. ;/. then/rb the/at number/nn of/in successes/nns is/bez always/rb 0/cd )/) ./. The/at set/nn of/in all/abn binomial/jj distributions/nns is/bez called/vbn the/at family/nn of/in binomial/jj distributions/nns ,/, but/cc in/in general/jj discussions/nns this/dt expression/nn is/bez often/rb shortened/vbn to/in ``/`` the/at binomial/jj distribution/nn ''/'' ,/, or/cc even/rb ``/`` the/at binomial/jj ''/'' when/wrb the/at context/nn is/bez clear/jj ./. Binomial/jj distributions/nns were/bed treated/vbn by/in James/np Bernoulli/np about/rb 1700/cd ,/, and/cc for/in this/dt reason/nn binomial/jj trials/nns are/ber sometimes/rb called/vbn Bernoulli/np trials/nns ./. Random/jj-hl variables/nns-hl ./.-hl Each/dt binomial/jj trial/nn of/in a/at binomial/jj experiment/nn produces/vbz either/cc 0/cd or/cc 1/cd success/nn ./. Therefore/rb each/dt binomial/jj trial/nn can/md be/be thought/vbn of/in as/cs producing/vbg a/at value/nn of/in a/at random/jj variable/nn associated/vbn with/in that/dt trial/nn and/cc taking/vbg the/at values/nns 0/cd and/cc 1/cd ,/, with/in probabilities/nns Q/np and/cc P/np respectively/rb ./. The/at several/ap trials/nns of/in a/at binomial/jj experiment/nn produce/vb a/at new/jj random/jj variable/nn X/nn ,/, the/at total/nn number/nn of/in successes/nns ,/, which/wdt is/bez just/rb the/at sum/nn of/in the/at random/jj variables/nns associated/vbn with/in the/at single/ap trials/nns ./. Example/nn-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at marksman/nn gets/vbz two/cd bull's-eyes/nns ,/, one/cd on/in his/pp$ third/od shot/nn and/cc one/cd on/in his/pp$ fifth/od ./. The/at numbers/nns of/in successes/nns on/in the/at five/cd individual/jj shots/nns are/ber ,/, then/rb ,/, 0/cd ,/, 0/cd ,/, 1/cd ,/, 0/cd ,/, 1/cd ./. The/at number/nn of/in successes/nns on/in each/dt shot/nn is/bez a/at value/nn of/in a/at random/jj variable/nn that/wps has/hvz values/nns 0/cd or/cc 1/cd ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber 5/cd such/jj random/jj variables/nns here/rb ./. Their/pp$ sum/nn is/bez X/nn ,/, the/at total/nn number/nn of/in successes/nns ,/, which/wdt in/in this/dt experiment/nn has/hvz the/at value/nn Af/nn ./.

cj20

cj20 |@word consider:4 simple:1 close:3 plane:20 curve:17 c:52 real:2 analytic:10 image:1 unit:2 circle:1 give:4 af:83 periodic:1 function:22 period:1 follow:4 paper:1 show:5 certain:4 definite:1 sense:1 exactly:3 odd:7 number:16 square:17 inscribe:4 every:8 contain:3 infinite:2 inscribed:1 theorem:3 similar:1 kakutani:1 exist:3 circumscribe:1 cube:2 around:1 closed:2 bound:2 convex:1 set:11 latter:1 generalize:1 yamabe:1 yujobo:1 cairn:1 family:1 case:1 remove:1 restriction:1 convexity:1 result:4 mean:1 four:1 corner:15 point:52 though:1 may:4 lie:2 entirely:3 interior:6 indeed:1 spiral:1 two:8 endpoint:1 connect:1 straight:3 line:3 possess:2 one:11 segment:2 p:5 q:15 construct:2 chord:2 upon:1 side:7 erect:2 way:3 approach:2 zero:3 inside:1 increase:3 free:2 adjacent:2 respectively:3 outside:1 therefore:4 must:10 cross:6 time:1 vary:2 also:5 touch:1 without:2 suppose:3 three:3 middle:1 call:5 vertex:13 diagonal:4 finite:6 correspond:5 construction:1 pair:1 unique:1 forward:3 reach:1 first:5 proceed:1 along:2 direction:2 left:1 move:2 find:3 obtain:3 rotate:3 clockwise:1 intersection:13 original:1 consist:3 plus:3 note:1 coincide:3 otherwise:3 would:3 impossible:1 since:3 near:7 associate:1 numerical:1 value:32 namely:2 positive:2 difference:6 parameter:1 corresponding:5 denote:3 define:9 multi:2 graph:13 refer:1 aj:5 component:13 different:1 abscissa:1 represent:2 type:1 depend:1 essentially:1 whether:1 ordinary:10 neighborhood:10 meet:1 exterior:1 tangent:18 terminology:1 apply:2 prove:1 several:1 lemmas:1 lemma:7 1:3 f:13 single:6 continuous:4 proof:4 assume:1 parametric:2 location:1 coordinate:2 know:2 rectangular:1 cartesian:1 u:3 v:1 origin:1 slope:2 furthermore:1 monotone:3 extrema:1 interval:13 need:1 translate:2 rotation:2 small:2 arc:3 always:1 thus:4 e:3 sufficiently:1 see:2 change:4 accomplish:1 translation:2 turn:1 isolated:2 fact:1 limit:1 except:2 argument:5 use:1 either:2 prevent:1 occurrence:1 sequence:1 isolate:1 2:2 say:1 double:2 occur:2 another:1 amount:1 possibility:2 remain:2 b:6 away:1 intersect:1 cut:1 across:1 end:2 fall:1 category:3 second:1 third:1 remark:2 analyticity:1 guarantee:1 make:1 clear:1 total:1 even:4 start:1 could:1 finally:1 return:1 center:1 equal:1 definition:1 multiplicity:6 3:1 least:2 whose:3 support:2 entire:2 sub:3 extend:1 beyond:1 integ:1 true:1 bounded:1 contradiction:1 inverse:1 complete:1 incomplete:1 proper:1 opposite:1 fix:2 variable:1 pq:1 4:1 backward:1 among:1 root:1 equation:1 ordinate:1 introduce:1 oblique:1

Consider/vb a/at simple/jj ,/, closed/vbn ,/, plane/nn curve/nn C/nn which/wdt is/bez a/at real-analytic/jj image/nn of/in the/at unit/nn circle/nn ,/, and/cc which/wdt is/bez given/vbn by/in Af/nn ./. These/dts are/ber real/jj analytic/jj periodic/jj functions/nns with/in period/nn T/nn ./. In/in the/at following/vbg paper/nn it/pps is/bez shown/vbn that/cs in/in a/at certain/ap definite/jj sense/nn ,/, exactly/rb an/at odd/jj number/nn of/in squares/nns can/md be/be inscribed/vbn in/in every/at such/jj curve/nn which/wdt does/doz not/* contain/vb an/at infinite/jj number/nn of/in inscribed/vbn squares/nns ./. This/dt theorem/nn is/bez similar/jj to/in the/at theorem/nn of/in Kakutani/np that/cs there/ex exists/vbz a/at circumscribing/vbg cube/nn around/in any/dti closed/vbn ,/, bounded/vbn convex/jj set/nn in/in Af/nn ./. The/at latter/ap theorem/nn has/hvz been/ben generalized/vbn by/in Yamabe/np and/cc Yujobo/np ,/, and/cc Cairns/np to/to show/vb that/cs in/in Af/nn there/ex are/ber families/nns of/in such/jj cubes/nns ./. Here/rb ,/, for/in the/at case/nn of/in squares/nns inscribed/vbn in/in plane/nn curves/nns ,/, we/ppss remove/vb the/at restriction/nn to/in convexity/nn and/cc give/vb certain/ap other/ap results/nns ./. A/at square/nn inscribed/vbn in/in a/at curve/nn C/nn means/vbz a/at square/nn with/in its/pp$ four/cd corner/nn points/nns on/in the/at curve/nn ,/, though/cs it/pps may/md not/* lie/vb entirely/rb in/in the/at interior/nn of/in C/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, the/at spiral/nn Af/nn ,/, with/in the/at two/cd endpoints/nns connected/vbn by/in a/at straight/jj line/nn possesses/vbz only/rb one/cd inscribed/vbn square/nn ./. The/at square/nn has/hvz one/cd corner/nn point/nn on/in the/at straight/jj line/nn segment/nn ,/, and/cc does/doz not/* lie/vb entirely/rb in/in the/at interior/nn ./. On/in C/nn ,/, from/in the/at point/nn P/nn at/in Af/nn to/in the/at point/nn Q/nn at/in Af/nn ,/, we/ppss construct/vb the/at chord/nn ,/, and/cc upon/in the/at chord/nn as/cs a/at side/nn erect/vb a/at square/nn in/in such/abl a/at way/nn that/cs as/cs S/np approaches/vbz zero/cd the/at square/nn is/bez inside/in C/nn ./. As/cs S/np increases/vbz we/ppss consider/vb the/at two/cd free/jj corner/nn points/nns of/in the/at square/nn ,/, Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ,/, adjacent/jj to/in P/nn and/cc Q/nn respectively/rb ./. As/cs S/np approaches/vbz T/nn the/at square/nn will/md be/be outside/in C/nn and/cc therefore/rb both/abx Af/nn and/cc Af/nn must/md cross/vb C/nn an/at odd/jj number/nn of/in times/nns as/cs S/np varies/vbz from/in zero/cd to/in T/nn ./. The/at points/nns may/md also/rb touch/vb C/nn without/in crossing/vbg ./. Suppose/vb Af/nn crosses/vbz C/nn when/wrb Af/nn ./. We/ppss now/rb have/hv certain/ap squares/nns with/in three/cd corners/nns on/in C/nn ./. For/in any/dti such/jj square/nn the/at middle/jj corner/nn of/in these/dts will/md be/be called/vbn the/at vertex/nn of/in the/at square/nn and/cc the/at corner/nn not/* on/in the/at curve/nn will/md be/be called/vbn the/at diagonal/jj point/nn of/in the/at square/nn ./. Each/dt point/nn on/in C/nn ,/, as/cs a/at vertex/nn ,/, may/md possess/vb a/at finite/jj number/nn of/in corresponding/jj diagonal/jj points/nns by/in the/at above/jj construction/nn ./. To/in each/dt paired/vbn vertex/nn and/cc diagonal/jj point/nn there/ex corresponds/vbz a/at unique/jj forward/jj corner/nn point/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, the/at corner/nn on/in C/nn reached/vbn first/rb by/in proceeding/vbg along/in C/nn from/in the/at vertex/nn in/in the/at direction/nn of/in increasing/vbg T/np ./. If/cs the/at vertex/nn is/bez at/in Af/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs the/at interior/nn of/in C/nn is/bez on/in the/at left/nr as/cs one/pn moves/vbz in/in the/at direction/nn of/in increasing/vbg t/nn ,/, then/rb every/at such/jj corner/nn can/md be/be found/vbn from/in the/at curve/nn obtained/vbn by/in rotating/vbg C/nn clockwise/rb through/in 90-degrees/nns about/in the/at vertex/nn ./. The/at set/nn of/in intersections/nns of/in Af/nn ,/, the/at rotated/vbn curve/nn ,/, with/in the/at original/jj curve/nn C/nn consists/vbz of/in just/rb the/at set/nn of/in forward/jj corner/nn points/nns on/in C/nn corresponding/vbg to/in the/at vertex/nn at/in Af/nn ,/, plus/in the/at vertex/nn itself/ppl ./. We/ppss note/vb that/cs two/cd such/jj curves/nns C/nn and/cc Af/nn ,/, cannot/md* coincide/vb at/in more/ap than/in a/at finite/jj number/nn of/in points/nns ;/. ;/. otherwise/rb ,/, being/beg analytic/jj ,/, they/ppss would/md coincide/vb at/in all/abn points/nns ,/, which/wdt is/bez impossible/jj since/cs they/ppss do/do not/* coincide/vb near/in Af/nn ./. With/in each/dt vertex/nn we/ppss associate/vb certain/ap numerical/jj values/nns ,/, namely/rb the/at set/nn of/in positive/jj differences/nns in/in the/at parameter/nn T/np between/in the/at vertex/nn and/cc its/pp$ corresponding/jj forward/jj corner/nn points/nns ./. For/in the/at vertex/nn at/in Af/nn ,/, these/dts values/nns will/md be/be denoted/vbn by/in Af/nn ./. The/at function/nn f{t}/nn defined/vbn in/in this/dt way/nn is/bez multi-valued/jj ./. We/ppss consider/vb now/rb the/at graph/nn of/in the/at function/nn f{t}/nn on/in Af/nn ./. We/ppss will/md refer/vb to/in the/at plane/nn of/in C/nn and/cc Af/nn as/cs the/at C-plane/nn and/cc to/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at graph/nn as/cs the/at Aj/nn ./. The/at graph/nn ,/, as/cs a/at set/nn ,/, may/md have/hv a/at finite/jj number/nn of/in components/nns ./. We/ppss will/md denote/vb the/at values/nns of/in f{t}/nn on/in different/jj components/nns by/in Af/nn ./. Each/dt point/nn with/in abscissa/nn T/np on/in the/at graph/nn represents/vbz an/at intersection/nn between/in C/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. There/ex are/ber two/cd types/nns of/in such/jj intersections/nns ,/, depending/in essentially/rb on/in whether/cs the/at curves/nns cross/vb at/in the/at point/nn of/in intersection/nn ./. An/at ordinary/jj point/nn will/md be/be any/dti point/nn of/in intersection/nn A/nn such/jj that/cs in/in every/at neighborhood/nn of/in A/nn in/in the/at C-plane/nn ,/, Af/nn meets/vbz both/abx the/at interior/nn and/cc the/at exterior/nn of/in C/nn ./. Any/dti other/ap point/nn of/in intersection/nn between/in C/nn and/cc Af/nn will/md be/be called/vbn a/at tangent/jj point/nn ./. This/dt terminology/nn will/md also/rb be/be applied/vbn to/in the/at corresponding/jj points/nns in/in the/at Aj/nn ./. We/ppss can/md now/rb prove/vb several/ap lemmas/nns ./. Lemma/nn-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in some/dti neighborhood/nn in/in the/at f-plane/nn of/in any/dti ordinary/jj point/nn of/in the/at graph/nn ,/, the/at function/nn f/nn is/bez a/at single-valued/jj ,/, continuous/jj function/nn ./. Proof/nn-hl ./.-hl We/ppss first/rb show/vb that/cs the/at function/nn is/bez single-valued/jj in/in some/dti neighborhood/nn ./. With/in the/at vertex/nn at/in Af/nn in/in the/at C-plane/nn we/ppss assume/vb that/cs Af/nn is/bez the/at parametric/jj location/nn on/in C/nn of/in an/at ordinary/jj intersection/nn Q/nn between/in C/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. In/in the/at f-plane/nn the/at coordinates/nns of/in the/at corresponding/jj point/nn are/ber Af/nn ./. We/ppss know/vb that/cs in/in the/at C-plane/nn both/abx C/nn and/cc Af/nn are/ber analytic/jj ./. In/in the/at C-plane/nn we/ppss construct/vb a/at set/nn of/in rectangular/jj Cartesian/jj coordinates/nns u/nn ,/, V/np with/in the/at origin/nn at/in Q/nn and/cc such/jj that/cs both/abx C/nn and/cc Af/nn have/hv finite/jj slope/nn at/in Q/nn ./. Near/in Q/nn ,/, both/abx curves/nns can/md be/be represented/vbn by/in analytic/jj functions/nns of/in U/np ./. In/in a/at neighborhood/nn of/in Q/nn the/at difference/nn between/in these/dts functions/nns is/bez also/rb a/at single-valued/jj ,/, analytic/jj function/nn of/in U/np ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, one/pn can/md find/vb a/at neighborhood/nn of/in Q/nn in/in which/wdt the/at difference/nn function/nn is/bez monotone/jj ,/, for/cs since/cs it/pps is/bez analytic/jj it/pps can/md have/hv only/rb a/at finite/jj number/nn of/in extrema/nns in/in any/dti interval/nn ./. Now/rb ,/, to/to find/vb Af/nn ,/, one/pn needs/vbz the/at intersection/nn of/in C/nn and/cc Af/nn near/in Q/nn ./. But/cc Af/nn is/bez just/rb the/at curve/nn Af/nn translated/vbn without/in rotation/nn through/in a/at small/jj arc/nn ,/, for/cs Af/nn is/bez always/rb obtained/vbn by/in rotating/vbg C/nn through/in exactly/rb 90-degrees/nns ./. The/at arc/nn is/bez itself/ppl a/at segment/nn of/in an/at analytic/jj curve/nn ./. Thus/rb if/cs E/np is/bez sufficiently/ql small/jj ,/, there/ex can/md be/be only/rb one/cd intersection/nn of/in C/nn and/cc Af/nn near/in Q/nn ,/, for/cs if/cs there/ex were/bed more/ap than/in one/cd intersection/nn for/in every/at E/np then/rb the/at difference/nn between/in C/nn and/cc Af/nn near/in Q/nn would/md not/* be/be a/at monotone/jj function/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, Af/nn is/bez single-valued/jj near/in Q/nn ./. It/pps is/bez also/rb seen/vbn that/cs Af/nn ,/, since/cs the/at change/nn from/in Af/nn to/in Af/nn is/bez accomplished/vbn by/in a/at continuous/jj translation/nn ./. Thus/rb Af/nn is/bez also/rb continuous/jj at/in Af/nn ,/, and/cc in/in a/at neighborhood/nn of/in Af/nn which/wdt does/doz not/* contain/vb a/at tangent/jj point/nn ./. We/ppss turn/vb now/rb to/in the/at set/nn of/in tangent/jj points/nns on/in the/at graph/nn ./. This/dt set/nn must/md consist/vb of/in isolated/vbn points/nns and/cc closed/vbn intervals/nns ./. The/at fact/nn that/cs there/ex can/md not/* be/be any/dti limit/nn points/nns of/in the/at set/nn except/in in/in closed/vbn intervals/nns follows/vbz from/in the/at argument/nn used/vbn in/in Lemma/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, namely/rb ,/, that/cs near/in any/dti tangent/jj point/nn in/in the/at C-plane/nn the/at curves/nns C/nn and/cc Af/nn are/ber analytic/jj ,/, and/cc therefore/rb the/at difference/nn between/in them/ppo must/md be/be a/at monotone/jj function/nn in/in some/dti neighborhood/nn on/in either/dtx side/nn of/in the/at tangent/jj point/nn ./. This/dt prevents/vbz the/at occurrence/nn of/in an/at infinite/jj sequence/nn of/in isolated/vbn tangent/jj points/nns ./. Lemma/nn-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in some/dti neighborhood/nn of/in an/at isolated/vbn tangent/jj point/nn in/in the/at f-plane/nn ,/, say/uh Af/nn ,/, the/at function/nn Af/nn is/bez either/cc double-valued/jj or/cc has/hvz no/at values/nns defined/vbn ,/, except/in at/in the/at tangent/jj point/nn itself/ppl ,/, where/wrb it/pps is/bez single-valued/jj ./. Proof/nn-hl ./.-hl A/at tangent/jj point/nn Q/nn in/in the/at C-plane/nn occurs/vbz when/wrb C/nn and/cc Af/nn are/ber tangent/jj to/in one/cd another/dt ./. A/at continuous/jj change/nn in/in T/np through/in an/at amount/nn E/np results/vbz in/in a/at translation/nn along/in an/at analytic/jj arc/nn of/in the/at curve/nn Af/nn ./. There/ex are/ber three/cd possibilities/nns :/: (/( A/np )/) Af/nn remains/vbz tangent/jj to/in C/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez translated/vbn ;/. ;/. (/( B/np )/) Af/nn moves/vbz away/rb from/in C/nn and/cc does/doz not/* intersect/vb it/ppo at/in all/abn for/in Af/nn ;/. ;/. (/( C/np )/) Af/nn cuts/vbz across/in C/nn and/cc there/ex are/ber two/cd ordinary/jj intersections/nns for/in every/at T/np in/in Af/nn ./. The/at first/od possibility/nn results/vbz in/in a/at closed/vbn interval/nn of/in tangent/jj points/nns in/in the/at f-plane/nn ,/, the/at end/nn points/nns of/in which/wdt fall/vb into/in category/nn (/( B/np )/) or/cc (/( C/np )/) ./. In/in the/at second/od category/nn the/at function/nn Af/nn has/hvz no/at values/nns defined/vbn in/in a/at neighborhood/nn Af/nn ./. In/in the/at third/od category/nn the/at function/nn is/bez double-valued/jj in/in this/dt interval/nn ./. The/at same/ap remarks/nns apply/vb to/in an/at interval/nn on/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in Af/nn ./. Again/rb ,/, the/at analyticity/nn of/in the/at two/cd curves/nns guarantees/vbz that/cs such/jj intervals/nns exist/vb ./. In/in the/at neighborhood/nn of/in an/at end/nn point/nn of/in an/at interval/nn of/in tangent/jj points/nns in/in the/at f-plane/nn the/at function/nn is/bez two-valued/jj or/cc no-valued/jj on/in one/cd side/nn ,/, and/cc is/bez a/at single-valued/jj function/nn consisting/vbg entirely/rb of/in tangent/jj points/nns on/in the/at other/ap side/nn ./. With/in the/at above/jj results/nns we/ppss can/md make/vb the/at following/vbg remarks/nns about/in the/at graph/nn of/in F/np ./. First/rb ,/, for/in any/dti value/nn of/in T/np for/in which/wdt all/abn values/nns of/in f{t}/nn are/ber ordinary/jj points/nns the/at number/nn of/in values/nns of/in f{t}/nn must/md be/be odd/jj ./. For/cs it/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs the/at total/nn number/nn of/in ordinary/jj intersections/nns of/in C/nn and/cc Af/nn must/md be/be even/jj (/( otherwise/rb ,/, starting/vbg in/in the/at interior/nn of/in C/nn ,/, Af/nn could/md not/* finally/rb return/vb to/in the/at interior/nn )/) ,/, and/cc the/at center/nn of/in rotation/nn at/in T/np is/bez the/at argument/nn of/in the/at function/nn ,/, not/* a/at value/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, for/in any/dti value/nn of/in T/np the/at number/nn of/in values/nns of/in f{t}/nn is/bez equal/jj to/in the/at (/( finite/jj )/) number/nn of/in tangent/jj points/nns corresponding/vbg to/in the/at argument/nn T/np plus/in an/at odd/jj number/nn ./. Definition/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at number/nn of/in ordinary/jj values/nns of/in the/at function/nn f{t}/nn at/in T/np will/md be/be called/vbn its/pp$ multiplicity/nn at/in T/np ./. Lemma/nn-tl-hl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at graph/nn of/in f/nn has/hvz at/in least/ap one/cd component/nn whose/wp$ support/nn is/bez the/at entire/jj interval/nn Aj/nn ./. Proof/nn-hl ./.-hl We/ppss suppose/vb not/* ./. Then/rb every/at component/nn of/in the/at graph/nn of/in F/np must/md be/be defined/vbn over/in a/at bounded/vbn sub-interval/nn ./. Suppose/vb Af/nn is/bez defined/vbn in/in the/at sub-interval/nn Af/nn ./. Now/rb Af/nn and/cc Af/nn must/md both/abx be/be tangent/jj points/nns on/in the/at T/np component/nn in/in the/at f-plane/nn ;/. ;/. otherwise/rb by/in Lemma/nn-tl 1/cd-tl the/at component/nn would/md extend/vb beyond/in these/dts points/nns ./. Further/rbr ,/, we/ppss see/vb by/in Lemma/nn-tl 2/cd-tl that/cs the/at multiplicity/nn of/in F/np can/md only/rb change/vb at/in a/at tangent/jj point/nn ,/, and/cc at/in such/abl a/at point/nn can/md only/rb change/vb by/in an/at even/jj integer/nn ./. Thus/rb the/at multiplicity/nn of/in Af/nn for/in a/at given/vbn T/np must/md be/be an/at even/jj number/nn ./. This/dt is/bez true/jj of/in all/abn components/nns which/wdt have/hv such/abl a/at bounded/vbn support/nn ./. But/cc this/dt is/bez a/at contradiction/nn ,/, for/cs we/ppss know/vb that/cs the/at multiplicity/nn of/in f{t}/nn is/bez odd/jj for/in every/at T/np ./. We/ppss have/hv shown/vbn that/cs the/at graph/nn of/in F/np contains/vbz at/in least/ap one/cd component/nn whose/wp$ inverse/nn is/bez the/at entire/jj interval/nn {0,T}/nn ,/, and/cc whose/wp$ multiplicity/nn is/bez odd/jj ./. There/ex must/md be/be an/at odd/jj number/nn of/in such/jj components/nns ,/, which/wdt will/md be/be called/vbn complete/jj components/nns ./. The/at remaining/vbg (/( incomplete/jj )/) components/nns all/abn have/hv an/at even/jj number/nn of/in ordinary/jj points/nns at/in any/dti argument/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber defined/vbn only/rb on/in a/at proper/jj sub-interval/nn of/in Aj/nn ./. We/ppss must/md now/rb show/vb that/cs on/in some/dti component/nn of/in the/at graph/nn there/ex exist/vb two/cd points/nns for/in which/wdt the/at corresponding/jj diagonal/jj points/nns in/in the/at C-plane/nn are/ber on/in opposite/jj sides/nns of/in C/nn ./. We/ppss again/rb consider/vb a/at fixed/vbn point/nn P/nn at/in Af/nn and/cc a/at variable/jj point/nn Q/nn at/in Af/nn on/in C/nn ./. We/ppss erect/vb a/at square/nn with/in PQ/nn as/cs a/at side/nn and/cc with/in free/jj corners/nns Af/nn and/cc Af/nn adjacent/jj to/in P/nn and/cc Q/nn respectively/rb ./. As/cs S/np varies/vbz from/in zero/cd to/in T/nn ,/, the/at values/nns of/in S/np for/in which/wdt Af/nn and/cc Af/nn cross/vb C/nn will/md be/be denoted/vbn by/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn respectively/rb ./. We/ppss have/hv Af/nn ,/, plus/in tangent/jj points/nns ./. These/dts s-values/nn are/ber just/rb the/at ordinary/jj values/nns of/in Af/nn ./. Lemma/nn-tl-hl 4/cd-tl-hl ./.-hl The/at values/nns Af/nn are/ber the/at ordinary/jj values/nns at/in Af/nn of/in a/at multi-valued/jj function/nn g{t}/nn which/wdt has/hvz components/nns corresponding/vbg to/in those/dts of/in f{t}/nn ./. Proof/nn-hl ./.-hl We/ppss first/rb define/vb a/at function/nn b{t}/nn as/cs follows/vbz :/: given/vbn the/at set/nn of/in squares/nns such/jj that/cs each/dt has/hvz three/cd corners/nns on/in C/nn and/cc vertex/nn at/in t/nn ,/, b{t}/nn is/bez the/at corresponding/jj set/nn of/in positive/jj parametric/jj differences/nns between/in T/np and/cc the/at backward/jj corner/nn points/nns ./. The/at functions/nns F/np and/cc B/np have/hv exactly/rb the/at same/ap multiplicity/nn at/in every/at argument/nn T/np ./. Now/rb with/in P/nn fixed/vbn at/in Af/nn ,/, Af-values/nns occur/vb when/wrb the/at corner/nn Af/nn crosses/vbz C/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber among/in the/at values/nns of/in S/np such/jj that/cs Af/nn ./. The/at roots/nns of/in this/dt equation/nn are/ber just/rb the/at ordinates/nns of/in the/at intersections/nns of/in the/at graph/nn of/in B/nn-tl with/in a/at straight/jj line/nn of/in unit/nn slope/nn through/in Af/nn in/in the/at b-plane/nn (/( the/at plane/nn of/in the/at graph/nn of/in b/nn )/) ./. We/ppss define/vb these/dts values/nns as/cs Af/nn ,/, and/cc define/vb g{t}/nn in/in the/at same/ap way/nn for/in each/dt T/np ./. Thus/rb we/ppss obtain/vb g{t}/nn by/in introducing/vbg an/at oblique/jj g{t}-axis/nn in/in the/at Aj/nn ./.

cj21

cj21 |@word introduction:1 1:9 investigate:1 new:1 series:1 line:71 involution:12 projective:1 space:2 three:3 dimension:2 field:3 complex:11 number:1 define:1 simple:3 involutorial:3 transformation:4 point:38 general:9 meet:27 nonsingular:3 quadric:7 surface:8 bear:2 curve:22 symbol:4 af:90 2:2 show:3 property:1 invariant:10 b:2 singular:7 form:1 consist:4 exclusively:3 twist:1 necessarily:3 type:2 discuss:1 generalization:1 result:1 far:1 find:2 possible:1 let:3 q:23 reguli:1 zg:32 order:21 k:5 l:13 two:18 pass:7 unique:4 generator:14 regulus:9 whose:4 secant:28 aj:9 respectively:1 harmonic:1 conjugate:1 respect:1 correspond:2 image:31 clearly:2 observe:3 first:5 except:1 one:5 intersection:11 plane:17 would:3 contain:5 impossible:2 moreover:6 definitive:1 intercept:1 clear:3 hence:7 totality:1 congruence:11 since:12 arbitrary:4 class:5 follow:8 formula:1 various:1 set:1 exceptional:4 obvious:1 quadratic:2 tangent:14 transform:14 entire:4 pencil:23 tangency:3 give:1 thus:2 interesting:1 correspondence:3 establish:1 sense:1 actually:2 assign:1 yp:2 meeting:2 conic:2 c:14 particular:2 intersect:5 p:15 free:3 must:9 coincide:1 common:2 think:1 yl:3 also:1 every:4 obviously:2 single:2 therefore:2 final:1 identifiable:1 consideration:1 word:2 fix:4 way:1 family:1 bundle:6 vertex:6 second:4 lie:3 determine:3 bilinear:1 directrice:1 already:1 points:1 finally:2 namely:5 precede:3 observation:3 make:2 exist:1 great:1 twisted:1 shall:1 characteristic:1 describe:1 see:1 consider:3 rule:3 cut:1 rational:1 coincidence:1 imply:1 however:2 avoid:1 contradiction:1 necessary:1 composite:1 component:2 case:7 concurrent:2 n:2 cone:4 assert:1 effect:1 whole:1 remark:1 fashion:1 within:3 perspective:1 de:1 jonquieres:1 locus:1 multiple:12 multiplicity:1 either:4 possibility:2 require:2 element:2 join:3 course:1 similar:1 fold:3 alternatively:1 high:1 plus:1 additional:2 account:1 precisely:2 contradict:1 assumption:1 paper:1 reject:1 continue:1 ya:2 yb:2

Introduction/nn-hl ./.-hl In/in 1/cd we/ppss investigate/vb a/at new/jj series/nn of/in line/nn involutions/nns in/in a/at projective/jj space/nn of/in three/cd dimensions/nns over/in the/at field/nn of/in complex/jj numbers/nns ./. These/dts are/ber defined/vbn by/in a/at simple/jj involutorial/jj transformation/nn of/in the/at points/nns in/in which/wdt a/at general/jj line/nn meets/vbz a/at nonsingular/jj quadric/jj surface/nn bearing/vbg a/at curve/nn of/in symbol/nn Af/nn ./. Then/rb in/in 2/cd we/ppss show/vb that/cs any/dti line/nn involution/nn with/in the/at properties/nns that/cs (/( A/np )/) It/pps has/hvz no/at complex/nn of/in invariant/jj lines/nns ,/, and/cc (/( B/np )/) Its/pp$ singular/jj lines/nns form/vb a/at complex/nn consisting/vbg exclusively/rb of/in the/at lines/nns which/wdt meet/vb a/at twisted/vbn curve/nn ,/, is/bez necessarily/rb of/in the/at type/nn discussed/vbn in/in 1/cd ./. No/at generalization/nn of/in these/dts results/nns to/in spaces/nns of/in more/ap than/in three/cd dimensions/nns has/hvz so/ql far/rb been/ben found/vbn possible/jj ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Let/vb Q/nn be/be a/at nonsingular/jj quadric/jj surface/nn bearing/vbg reguli/nns Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ,/, and/cc let/vb **zg/nn be/be a/at Af/nn curve/nn of/in order/nn K/np on/in Q/nn ./. A/at general/jj line/nn L/np meets/vbz Q/nn in/in two/cd points/nns ,/, Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ,/, through/in each/dt of/in which/wdt passes/vbz a/at unique/jj generator/nn of/in the/at regulus/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, whose/wp$ lines/nns are/ber simple/jj secants/nns of/in Aj/nn ./. On/in these/dts generators/nns let/vb Af/nn and/cc Af/nn be/be ,/, respectively/rb ,/, the/at harmonic/jj conjugates/nns of/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at two/cd points/nns in/in which/wdt the/at corresponding/jj generator/nn meets/vbz Aj/nn ./. The/at line/nn Af/nn is/bez the/at image/nn of/in L/np ./. Clearly/rb ,/, the/at transformation/nn is/bez involutorial/jj ./. We/ppss observe/vb first/rb that/cs no/at line/nn ,/, l/nn ,/, can/md meet/vb its/pp$ image/nn except/in at/in one/cd of/in its/pp$ intersections/nns with/in Q/nn ./. For/cs if/cs it/pps did/dod ,/, the/at plane/nn of/in L/np and/cc l'/nn would/md contain/vb two/cd generators/nns of/in Af/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez impossible/jj ./. Moreover/rb ,/, from/in the/at definitive/jj transformation/nn of/in intercepts/nns on/in the/at generators/nns of/in Af/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs the/at only/ap points/nns of/in Q/nn at/in which/wdt a/at line/nn can/md meet/vb its/pp$ image/nn are/ber the/at points/nns of/in Aj/nn ./. Hence/rb the/at totality/nn of/in singular/jj lines/nns is/bez the/at T/np order/nn complex/nn of/in lines/nns which/wdt meet/vb Aj/nn ./. The/at invariant/jj lines/nns are/ber the/at lines/nns of/in the/at congruence/nn of/in secants/nns of/in **zg/nn ,/, since/cs each/dt of/in these/dts meets/nns Q/nn in/in two/cd points/nns which/wdt are/ber invariant/jj ./. The/at order/nn of/in this/dt congruence/nn is/bez Af/nn ,/, since/cs Af/nn secants/nns of/in a/at curve/nn of/in symbol/nn (/( B/np )/) on/in a/at quadric/jj surface/nn pass/vb through/in an/at arbitrary/jj point/nn ./. The/at class/nn of/in the/at congruence/nn is/bez Af/nn ,/, since/cs an/at arbitrary/jj plane/nn meets/vbz **zg/nn in/in K/np points/nns ./. Since/cs the/at complex/nn of/in singular/jj lines/nns is/bez of/in order/nn K/np and/cc since/cs there/ex is/bez no/at complex/nn of/in invariant/jj lines/nns ,/, it/pps follows/vbz from/in the/at formula/nn Af/nn that/cs the/at order/nn of/in the/at involution/nn is/bez Af/nn ./. There/ex are/ber various/jj sets/nns of/in exceptional/jj lines/nns ,/, or/cc lines/nns whose/wp$ images/nns are/ber not/* unique/jj ./. The/at most/ql obvious/jj of/in these/dts is/bez the/at quadratic/jj complex/nn of/in tangents/nns to/in Q/nn ,/, each/dt line/nn of/in which/wdt is/bez transformed/vbn into/in the/at entire/jj pencil/nn of/in lines/nns tangent/jj to/in Q/nn at/in the/at image/nn of/in the/at point/nn of/in tangency/nn of/in the/at given/vbn line/nn ./. Thus/rb pencils/nns of/in tangents/nns to/in Q/nn are/ber transformed/vbn into/in pencils/nns of/in tangents/nns ./. It/pps is/bez interesting/jj that/cs a/at 1/cd :/in 1/cd correspondence/nn can/md be/be established/vbn between/in the/at lines/nns of/in two/cd such/jj pencils/nns ,/, so/cs that/cs in/in a/at sense/nn a/at unique/jj image/nn can/md actually/rb be/be assigned/vbn to/in each/dt tangent/nn ./. For/cs the/at lines/nns of/in any/dti plane/nn ,/, **yp/nn ,/, meeting/vbg Q/nn in/in a/at conic/nn C/nn ,/, are/ber transformed/vbn into/in the/at congruence/nn of/in secants/nns of/in the/at curve/nn C'/nn into/in which/wdt C/nn is/bez transformed/vbn in/in the/at point/nn involution/nn on/in Q/nn ./. In/in particular/jj ,/, tangents/nns to/in C/nn are/ber transformed/vbn into/in tangents/nns to/in C'/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, if/cs Af/nn and/cc Af/nn are/ber two/cd planes/nns intersecting/vbg in/in a/at line/nn l/nn ,/, tangent/jj to/in Q/nn at/in a/at point/nn P/nn ,/, the/at two/cd free/jj intersections/nns of/in the/at image/nn curves/nns Af/nn and/cc Af/nn must/md coincide/vb at/in P'/nn ,/, the/at image/nn of/in P/nn ,/, and/cc at/in this/dt point/nn Af/nn and/cc Af/nn must/md have/hv a/at common/jj tangent/nn l'/nn ./. Hence/rb ,/, thought/vbn of/in as/cs a/at line/nn in/in a/at particular/jj plane/nn **yp/nn ,/, any/dti tangent/nn to/in Q/nn has/hvz a/at unique/jj image/nn and/cc moreover/rb this/dt image/nn is/bez the/at same/ap for/in all/abn planes/nns through/in L/np ./. Each/dt generator/nn ,/, **yl/nn ,/, of/in Af/nn is/bez also/rb exceptional/jj ,/, for/cs each/dt is/bez transformed/vbn into/in the/at entire/jj congruence/nn of/in secants/nns of/in the/at curve/nn into/in which/wdt that/dt generator/nn is/bez transformed/vbn by/in the/at point/nn involution/nn on/in Q/nn ./. This/dt curve/nn is/bez of/in symbol/nn Af/nn since/cs it/pps meets/vbz **yl/nn ,/, and/cc hence/rb every/at line/nn of/in Af/nn in/in the/at Af/nn invariant/jj points/nns on/in **yl/nn and/cc since/cs it/pps obviously/rb meets/vbz every/at line/nn of/in Af/nn in/in a/at single/ap point/nn ./. The/at congruence/nn of/in its/pp$ secants/nns is/bez therefore/rb of/in order/nn Af/nn and/cc class/nn Af/nn ./. A/at final/jj class/nn of/in exceptional/jj lines/nns is/bez identifiable/jj from/in the/at following/vbg considerations/nns :/: Since/cs no/at two/cd generators/nns of/in Af/nn can/md intersect/vb ,/, it/pps follows/vbz that/cs their/pp$ image/nn curves/nns can/md have/hv no/at free/jj intersections/nns ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, these/dts curves/nns have/hv only/rb fixed/vbn intersections/nns common/jj to/in them/ppo all/abn ./. Now/rb the/at only/ap way/nn in/in which/wdt all/abn curves/nns of/in the/at image/nn family/nn of/in Af/nn can/md pass/vb through/in a/at fixed/vbn point/nn is/bez to/to have/hv a/at generator/nn of/in Af/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* a/at secant/nn but/cc a/at tangent/nn of/in **zg/nn ,/, for/cs then/rb any/dti point/nn on/in such/abl a/at generator/nn will/md be/be transformed/vbn into/in the/at point/nn of/in tangency/nn ./. Since/cs two/cd curves/nns of/in symbol/nn Af/nn on/in Q/nn intersect/vb in/in Af/nn points/nns ,/, it/pps follows/vbz that/cs there/ex are/ber Af/nn lines/nns of/in Af/nn which/wdt are/ber tangent/jj to/in Aj/nn ./. Clearly/rb ,/, any/dti line/nn ,/, l/nn ,/, of/in any/dti bundle/nn having/hvg one/cd of/in these/dts points/nns of/in tangency/nn ,/, T/nn ,/, as/cs vertex/nn will/md be/be transformed/vbn into/in the/at entire/jj pencil/nn having/hvg the/at image/nn of/in the/at second/od intersection/nn of/in L/np and/cc Q/nn as/cs vertex/nn and/cc lying/vbg in/in the/at plane/nn determined/vbn by/in the/at image/nn point/nn and/cc the/at generator/nn of/in Af/nn which/wdt is/bez tangent/jj to/in **zg/nn at/in T/nn ./. A/at line/nn through/in two/cd of/in these/dts points/nns ,/, Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ,/, will/md be/be transformed/vbn into/in the/at entire/jj bilinear/jj congruence/nn having/hvg the/at tangents/nns to/in **zg/nn at/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn as/cs directrices/nns ./. A/at conic/nn ,/, C/nn ,/, being/beg a/at (/( 1/cd ,/, 1/cd )/) curve/nn on/in Q/nn ,/, meets/vbz the/at image/nn of/in any/dti line/nn of/in Af/nn ,/, which/wdt we/ppss have/hv already/rb found/vbn to/to be/be a/at Af/nn curve/nn on/in Q/nn ,/, in/in Af/nn points/nns ./. Hence/rb its/pp$ image/nn ,/, C'/nn ,/, meets/vbz any/dti line/nn of/in Af/nn in/in Af/nn points/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, C'/nn obviously/rb meets/vbz any/dti line/nn Af/nn in/in a/at single/ap point/nn ./. Hence/rb C'/nn is/bez a/at Af/nn curve/nn on/in Q/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, the/at congruence/nn of/in its/pp$ secants/nns ,/, that/dt is/bez the/at image/nn of/in a/at general/jj plane/nn field/nn of/in lines/nns ,/, is/bez of/in order/nn Af/nn and/cc class/nn Af/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, the/at image/nn of/in a/at general/jj bundle/nn of/in lines/nns is/bez a/at congruence/nn whose/wp$ order/nn is/bez the/at order/nn of/in the/at congruence/nn of/in invariant/jj lines/nns ,/, namely/rb Af/nn and/cc whose/wp$ class/nn is/bez the/at order/nn of/in the/at image/nn congruence/nn of/in a/at general/jj plane/nn field/nn of/in lines/nns ,/, namely/rb Af/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at preceding/vbg observations/nns make/vb it/ppo clear/jj that/cs there/ex exist/vb line/nn involutions/nns of/in all/abn orders/nns greater/jjr than/in 1/cd with/in no/at complex/nn of/in invariant/jj lines/nns and/cc with/in a/at complex/nn of/in singular/jj lines/nns consisting/vbg exclusively/rb of/in the/at lines/nns which/wdt meet/vb a/at twisted/vbn curve/nn Aj/nn ./. We/ppss now/rb shall/md show/vb that/cs any/dti involution/nn with/in these/dts characteristics/nns is/bez necessarily/rb of/in the/at type/nn we/ppss have/hv just/rb described/vbn ./. To/to do/do this/dt we/ppss must/md first/rb show/vb that/cs every/at line/nn which/wdt meets/vbz **zg/nn in/in a/at point/nn P/nn meets/vbz its/pp$ image/nn at/in P/nn ./. To/to see/vb this/dt ,/, consider/vb a/at general/jj pencil/nn of/in lines/nns containing/vbg a/at general/jj secant/nn of/in Aj/nn ./. By/in (/( 1/cd )/) ,/, the/at image/nn of/in this/dt pencil/nn is/bez a/at ruled/vbn surface/nn of/in order/nn Af/nn which/wdt is/bez met/vbn by/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at pencil/nn in/in a/at curve/nn ,/, C/nn ,/, of/in order/nn Af/nn ./. On/in C/nn there/ex is/bez a/at Af/nn correspondence/nn in/in which/wdt the/at Af/nn points/nns cut/vbn from/in C/nn by/in a/at general/jj line/nn ,/, l/nn ,/, of/in the/at pencil/nn correspond/vb to/in the/at point/nn of/in intersection/nn of/in the/at image/nn of/in L/np and/cc the/at plane/nn of/in the/at pencil/nn ./. Since/cs C/nn is/bez rational/jj ,/, this/dt correspondence/nn has/hvz K/np coincidences/nns ,/, each/dt of/in which/wdt implies/vbz a/at line/nn of/in the/at pencil/nn which/wdt meets/vbz its/pp$ image/nn ./. However/rb ,/, since/cs the/at pencil/nn contains/vbz a/at secant/nn of/in **zg/nn it/pps actually/rb contains/vbz only/rb Af/nn singular/jj lines/nns ./. To/to avoid/vb this/dt contradiction/nn it/pps is/bez necessary/jj that/cs C/nn be/be composite/jj ,/, with/in the/at secant/nn of/in **zg/nn and/cc a/at curve/nn of/in order/nn Af/nn as/cs components/nns ./. Thus/rb it/pps follows/vbz that/cs the/at secants/nns of/in **zg/nn are/ber all/abn invariant/jj ./. But/cc if/cs this/dt is/bez the/at case/nn ,/, then/rb an/at arbitrary/jj pencil/nn of/in lines/nns having/hvg a/at point/nn ,/, P/nn ,/, of/in **zg/nn as/cs vertex/nn is/bez transformed/vbn into/in a/at ruled/vbn surface/nn of/in order/nn Af/nn having/hvg Af/nn generators/nns concurrent/jj at/in P/nn ./. Since/cs a/at ruled/vbn surface/nn of/in order/nn N/np with/in N/np concurrent/jj generators/nns is/bez necessarily/rb a/at cone/nn ,/, it/pps follows/vbz finally/rb that/cs every/at line/nn through/in a/at point/nn ,/, P/nn ,/, of/in **zg/nn meets/vbz its/pp$ image/nn at/in P/nn ,/, as/cs asserted/vbn ./. Now/rb consider/vb the/at transformation/nn of/in the/at lines/nns of/in a/at bundle/nn with/in vertex/nn ,/, P/nn ,/, on/in **zg/nn which/wdt is/bez effected/vbn by/in the/at involution/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./. From/in the/at preceding/vbg remarks/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs such/abl a/at bundle/nn is/bez transformed/vbn into/in itself/ppl in/in an/at involutorial/jj fashion/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, in/in this/dt involution/nn there/ex is/bez a/at cone/nn of/in invariant/jj lines/nns of/in order/nn Af/nn ,/, namely/rb the/at cone/nn of/in secants/nns of/in **zg/nn which/wdt pass/vb through/in P/nn ./. Hence/rb it/pps follows/vbz that/cs the/at involution/nn within/in the/at bundle/nn must/md be/be a/at perspective/nn De/np Jonquieres/np involution/nn of/in order/nn Af/nn and/cc the/at invariant/jj locus/nn must/md have/hv a/at multiple/jj line/nn of/in multiplicity/nn either/cc Af/nn or/cc Af/nn ./. The/at first/od possibility/nn requires/vbz that/cs there/ex be/be a/at line/nn through/in P/nn which/wdt meets/vbz **zg/nn in/in Af/nn points/nns ;/. ;/. the/at second/od requires/vbz that/cs there/ex be/be a/at line/nn through/in P/nn which/wdt meets/vbz **zg/nn in/in Af/nn points/nns ./. In/in each/dt case/nn ,/, lines/nns of/in the/at bundles/nns are/ber transformed/vbn by/in involutions/nns within/in the/at pencils/nns they/ppss determine/vb with/in the/at multiple/jj secant/nn ./. In/in the/at first/od case/nn the/at fixed/vbn elements/nns within/in each/dt pencil/nn are/ber the/at multiple/jj secant/nn and/cc the/at line/nn joining/vbg the/at vertex/nn ,/, P/nn ,/, to/in the/at intersection/nn of/in **zg/nn and/cc the/at plane/nn of/in the/at pencil/nn which/wdt does/doz not/* lie/vb on/in the/at multiple/jj secant/nn ./. In/in the/at second/od ,/, the/at fixed/vbn elements/nns are/ber the/at lines/nns which/wdt join/vb the/at vertex/nn ,/, P/nn ,/, to/in the/at two/cd intersections/nns of/in **zg/nn and/cc the/at plane/nn of/in the/at pencil/nn which/wdt do/do not/* lie/vb on/in the/at multiple/jj secant/nn ./. The/at multiple/jj secants/nns ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, are/ber exceptional/jj and/cc in/in each/dt case/nn are/ber transformed/vbn into/in cones/nns of/in order/nn Af/nn ./. Observations/nns similar/jj to/in these/dts can/md be/be made/vbn at/in each/dt point/nn of/in Aj/nn ./. Hence/rb **zg/nn must/md have/hv either/cc a/at regulus/nn of/in Af-fold/nn secants/nns or/cc a/at regulus/nn of/in Af-fold/nn secants/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, if/cs Af/nn ,/, no/at two/cd of/in the/at multiple/jj secants/nns can/md intersect/vb ./. For/cs if/cs such/jj were/bed the/at case/nn ,/, either/cc the/at plane/nn of/in the/at two/cd lines/nns would/md meet/vb **zg/nn in/in more/ap than/in K/np points/nns or/cc ,/, alternatively/rb ,/, the/at order/nn of/in the/at image/nn regulus/nn of/in the/at pencil/nn determined/vbn by/in the/at two/cd lines/nns would/md be/be too/ql high/jj ./. But/cc if/cs no/at two/cd lines/nns of/in the/at regulus/nn of/in multiple/jj secants/nns of/in **zg/nn can/md intersect/vb ,/, then/rb the/at regulus/nn must/md be/be quadratic/jj ,/, or/cc in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, **zg/nn must/md be/be either/cc a/at Af/nn or/cc a/at Af/nn curve/nn on/in a/at nonsingular/jj quadric/jj surface/nn ./. We/ppss now/rb observe/vb that/cs the/at case/nn in/in which/wdt **zg/nn is/bez a/at Af/nn curve/nn on/in a/at quadric/nn is/bez impossible/jj if/cs the/at complex/nn of/in singular/jj lines/nns consists/vbz exclusively/rb of/in the/at lines/nns which/wdt meet/vb Aj/nn ./. For/cs any/dti pencil/nn in/in a/at plane/nn containing/vbg a/at Af-fold/nn secant/nn of/in **zg/nn has/hvz an/at image/nn regulus/nn which/wdt meets/vbz the/at plane/nn of/in the/at pencil/nn in/in Af/nn lines/nns ,/, namely/rb the/at images/nns of/in the/at lines/nns of/in the/at pencil/nn which/wdt pass/vb through/in the/at intersection/nn of/in **zg/nn and/cc the/at multiple/jj secant/nn ,/, plus/in an/at additional/jj component/nn to/to account/vb for/in the/at intersections/nns of/in the/at images/nns of/in the/at general/jj lines/nns of/in the/at pencil/nn ./. However/rb ,/, if/cs there/ex is/bez no/at additional/jj complex/nn of/in singular/jj lines/nns ,/, the/at order/nn of/in the/at image/nn regulus/nn of/in a/at pencil/nn is/bez precisely/rb Af/nn ./. This/dt contradicts/vbz the/at preceding/vbg observations/nns ,/, and/cc so/rb ,/, under/in the/at assumption/nn of/in this/dt paper/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md reject/vb the/at possibility/nn that/cs **zg/nn is/bez a/at Af/nn curve/nn on/in a/at quadric/jj surface/nn ./. Continuing/vbg with/in the/at case/nn in/in which/wdt **zg/nn is/bez a/at Af/nn curve/nn on/in a/at quadric/jj Q/nn ,/, we/ppss first/rb observe/vb that/cs the/at second/od regulus/nn of/in Q/nn consists/vbz precisely/rb of/in the/at lines/nns which/wdt join/vb the/at two/cd free/jj intersections/nns of/in **zg/nn and/cc the/at planes/nns through/in any/dti one/cd of/in the/at multiple/jj secants/nns ./. For/cs each/dt of/in these/dts lines/nns meets/nns Q/nn in/in three/cd points/nns ,/, namely/rb two/cd points/nns on/in **zg/nn and/cc one/cd point/nn on/in one/cd of/in the/at multiple/jj secants/nns ./. Now/rb consider/vb an/at arbitrary/jj line/nn ,/, l/nn ,/, meeting/vbg Q/nn in/in two/cd points/nns ,/, Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. If/cs **ya/nn is/bez the/at multiple/jj secant/nn of/in **zg/nn which/wdt passes/vbz through/in Af/nn and/cc **yb/nn is/bez the/at simple/jj secant/nn of/in **zg/nn which/wdt passes/vbz through/in Af/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs Af/nn are/ber the/at points/nns in/in which/wdt **ya/nn meets/vbz **zg/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs Af/nn is/bez the/at image/nn of/in Af/nn on/in the/at generator/nn **yb/nn ,/, it/pps follows/vbz that/cs the/at image/nn of/in the/at line/nn Af/nn is/bez Af/nn ./.

cj22

cj22 |@word society:17 expect:2 face:5 difficult:1 time:8 historic:1 process:3 modernization:7 gradually:1 gain:2 momentum:1 cohesion:2 threaten:1 divisive:1 force:1 gap:1 ruler:2 subject:1 town:1 country:19 widen:1 new:4 aspirant:1 power:4 emerge:3 whose:2 ambition:1 far:1 exceed:1 competence:2 old:1 may:6 lose:2 nerve:1 sense:3 direction:1 national:11 leader:5 display:1 high:1 skill:1 statesmanship:1 guide:2 people:7 uncertainty:1 confusion:1 destroy:2 man:5 identity:1 feeling:1 community:8 interest:2 recreate:1 nation:3 indeed:1 must:14 build:1 first:2 basis:1 look:2 toward:6 future:1 rely:1 share:2 memory:1 past:1 nevertheless:2 foresight:1 careful:1 planning:3 disruptive:2 dangerous:1 consequence:2 social:7 change:5 trouble:1 pass:1 stage:9 escape:1 united:2 states:2 help:1 communicate:3 genuine:1 concern:1 problem:7 readiness:1 provide:5 technical:6 appropriate:1 form:1 assistance:10 possible:1 central:4 goal:4 greatest:1 positive:1 incentive:2 tackle:1 boldly:1 task:4 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These/dts societies/nns can/md expect/vb to/to face/vb difficult/jj times/nns ./. As/cs the/at historic/jj processes/nns of/in modernization/nn gradually/rb gain/vb momentum/nn ,/, their/pp$ cohesion/nn will/md be/be threatened/vbn by/in divisive/jj forces/nns ,/, the/at gaps/nns between/in rulers/nns and/cc subjects/nns ,/, town/nn and/cc country/nn ,/, will/md widen/vb ;/. ;/. new/jj aspirants/nns for/in power/nn will/md emerge/vb whose/wp$ ambitions/nns far/rb exceed/vb their/pp$ competence/nn ;/. ;/. old/jj rulers/nns may/md lose/vb their/pp$ nerve/nn and/cc their/pp$ sense/nn of/in direction/nn ./. National/jj leaders/nns will/md have/hv to/to display/vb the/at highest/jjt skills/nns of/in statesmanship/nn to/to guide/vb their/pp$ people/nns through/in times/nns of/in uncertainty/nn and/cc confusion/nn which/wdt destroy/vb men's/nns$ sense/nn of/in identity/nn ./. Feelings/nns of/in a/at community/nn of/in interest/nn will/md have/hv to/to be/be recreated/vbn --/-- in/in some/dti of/in the/at new/jj nations/nns ,/, indeed/rb ,/, they/ppss must/md be/be built/vbn for/in the/at first/od time/nn --/-- on/in a/at new/jj basis/nn which/wdt looks/vbz toward/in the/at future/nn and/cc does/doz not/* rely/vb only/rb on/in shared/vbn memories/nns of/in the/at past/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, with/in foresight/nn and/cc careful/jj planning/nn ,/, some/dti of/in the/at more/ql disruptive/jj and/cc dangerous/jj consequences/nns of/in social/jj change/nn which/wdt have/hv troubled/vbn other/ap countries/nns passing/vbg through/in this/dt stage/nn can/md be/be escaped/vbn ./. The/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl can/md help/vb by/in communicating/vbg a/at genuine/jj concern/nn with/in the/at problems/nns these/dts countries/nns face/vb and/cc a/at readiness/nn to/to provide/vb technical/jj and/cc other/ap appropriate/jj forms/nns of/in assistance/nn where/wrb possible/jj ./. Our/pp$ central/jj goal/nn should/md be/be to/to provide/vb the/at greatest/jjt positive/jj incentive/nn for/cs these/dts societies/nns to/to tackle/vb boldly/rb the/at tasks/nns which/wdt they/ppss face/vb ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, we/ppss should/md recognize/vb that/cs the/at obstacles/nns to/to change/vb and/cc the/at lack/nn of/in cohesion/nn and/cc stability/nn which/wdt characterize/vb these/dts countries/nns may/md make/vb them/ppo particularly/ql prone/jj to/in diversions/nns and/cc external/jj adventures/nns of/in all/abn sorts/nns ./. It/pps may/md seem/vb to/in some/dti of/in them/ppo that/cs success/nn can/md be/be purchased/vbn much/ql less/ql dearly/rb by/in fishing/vbg in/in the/at murky/jj waters/nns of/in international/jj politics/nn than/cs by/in facing/vbg up/rp to/in the/at intractable/jj tasks/nns at/in home/nn ./. We/ppss should/md do/do what/wdt we/ppss can/md to/to discourage/vb this/dt conclusion/nn ,/, both/abx by/in offering/vbg assistance/nn for/in their/pp$ domestic/jj needs/nns and/cc by/in reacting/vbg firmly/rb to/in irresponsible/jj actions/nns on/in the/at world/nn scene/nn ./. When/wrb necessary/jj ,/, we/ppss should/md make/vb it/ppo clear/jj that/cs countries/nns which/wdt choose/vb to/to derive/vb marginal/jj advantages/nns from/in the/at cold/jj war/nn or/cc to/to exploit/vb their/pp$ potential/nn for/in disrupting/vbg the/at security/nn of/in the/at world/nn will/md not/* only/rb lose/vb our/pp$ sympathy/nn but/cc also/rb risk/vb their/pp$ own/jj prospects/nns for/in orderly/jj development/nn ./. As/cs a/at nation/nn ,/, we/ppss feel/vb an/at obligation/nn to/to assist/vb other/ap countries/nns in/in their/pp$ development/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc this/dt obligation/nn pertains/vbz only/rb to/in countries/nns which/wdt are/ber honestly/rb seeking/vbg to/to become/vb responsible/jj members/nns of/in a/at stable/jj and/cc forward-moving/jj world/nn community/nn ./. Transitional/jj-hl societies/nns-hl When/wrb we/ppss look/vb at/in countries/nns like/cs Iran/np ,/, Iraq/np ,/, Pakistan/np ,/, and/cc Burma/np ,/, where/wrb substantial/jj progress/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn in/in creating/vbg a/at minimum/jj supply/nn of/in modern/jj men/nns and/cc of/in social/jj overhead/nn capital/nn ,/, and/cc where/wrb institutions/nns of/in centralized/vbn government/nn exist/vb ,/, we/ppss find/vb a/at second/od category/nn of/in countries/nns with/in a/at different/jj set/nn of/in problems/nns and/cc hence/rb different/jj priorities/nns for/in policy/nn ./. The/at men/nns in/in power/nn are/ber committed/vbn in/in principle/nn to/in modernization/nn ,/, but/cc economic/jj and/cc social/jj changes/nns are/ber proceeding/vbg only/rb erratically/rb ./. Isolated/vbn enterprises/nns have/hv been/ben launched/vbn ,/, but/cc they/ppss are/ber not/* yet/rb related/vbn to/in each/dt other/ap in/in a/at meaningful/jj pattern/nn ./. The/at society/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be characterized/vbn by/in having/hvg a/at fairly/ql modernized/vbn urban/jj sector/nn and/cc a/at relatively/ql untouched/jj rural/jj sector/nn ,/, with/in very/ql poor/jj communications/nns between/in the/at two/cd ./. Progress/nn is/bez impeded/vbn by/in psychological/jj inhibitions/nns to/in effective/jj action/nn among/in those/dts in/in power/nn and/cc by/in a/at failure/nn on/in their/pp$ part/nn to/to understand/vb how/wrb local/jj resources/nns ,/, human/jj and/cc material/nn ,/, can/md be/be mobilized/vbn to/to achieve/vb the/at national/jj goals/nns of/in modernization/nn already/rb symbolically/rb accepted/vbn ./. Most/ap countries/nns in/in this/dt second/od category/nn share/vb the/at difficulty/nn of/in having/hvg many/ap of/in the/at structures/nns of/in a/at modern/jj political/jj and/cc social/jj system/nn without/in the/at modern/jj standards/nns of/in performance/nn required/vbn to/to make/vb them/ppo effective/jj ./. In/in these/dts rapidly/rb changing/vbg societies/nns there/ex is/bez also/rb too/ql little/ap appreciation/nn of/in the/at need/nn for/in effort/nn to/to achieve/vb goals/nns ./. The/at colonial/jj period/nn has/hvz generally/rb left/vbn people/nns believing/vbg that/dt government/nn can/md ,/, if/cs it/pps wishes/vbz ,/, provide/vb all/abn manner/nn of/in services/nns for/in them/ppo --/-- and/cc that/cs with/in independence/nn free/jj men/nns do/do not/* have/hv to/to work/vb to/to realize/vb the/at benefits/nns of/in modern/jj life/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at fashion/nn of/in the/at times/nns ,/, most/ap transitional/jj societies/nns have/hv announced/vbn economic/jj development/nn plans/nns of/in varying/vbg numbers/nns of/in years/nns ;/. ;/. such/abl is/bez the/at mystique/nn of/in planning/vbg that/cs people/nns expect/vb that/cs fulfillment/nn of/in the/at plan/nn will/md follow/vb automatically/rb upon/in its/pp$ announcement/nn ./. The/at civil/jj services/nns in/in such/jj societies/nns are/ber generally/rb inadequate/jj to/to deal/vb competently/rb with/in the/at problems/nns facing/vbg them/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc their/pp$ members/nns often/rb equate/vb a/at government/nn career/nn with/in security/nn and/cc status/nn rather/rb than/cs with/in sacrifice/nn ,/, self-discipline/nn ,/, and/cc competence/nn ./. American/jj policy/nn should/md press/vb constantly/rb the/at view/nn that/cs until/cs these/dts governments/nns demand/vb efficiency/nn and/cc effectiveness/nn of/in their/pp$ bureaucracies/nns there/ex is/bez not/* the/at slightest/jjt hope/nn that/cs they/ppss will/md either/cc modernize/vb of/in democratize/vb their/pp$ societies/nns ./. We/ppss should/md spread/vb the/at view/nn that/cs planning/vbg and/cc national/jj development/nn are/ber serious/jj matters/nns which/wdt call/vb for/in effort/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs enthusiasm/nn ./. Above/in all/abn ,/, we/ppss should/md seek/vb to/to encourage/vb the/at leaders/nns of/in these/dts societies/nns to/to accept/vb the/at unpleasant/jj fact/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber responsible/jj for/in their/pp$ fates/nns ./. Only/rb within/in the/at framework/nn of/in a/at mature/jj relationship/nn characterized/vbn by/in honest/jj appraisals/nns of/in performance/nn can/md we/ppss provide/vb telling/jj assistance/nn ./. With/in respect/nn to/in those/dts countries/nns whose/wp$ leaders/nns prefer/vb to/to live/vb with/in their/pp$ illusions/nns ,/, we/ppss can/md afford/vb to/to wait/vb ,/, for/cs in/in time/nn their/pp$ comparative/jj lack/nn of/in progress/nn will/md become/vb clear/jj for/in all/abn to/to see/vb ./. Our/pp$ technical/jj assistance/nn to/in these/dts countries/nns should/md place/vb special/jj emphasis/nn on/in inducing/vbg the/at central/jj governments/nns to/to assume/vb the/at role/nn of/in advisor/nn and/cc guide/nn which/wdt at/in an/at earlier/jjr stage/nn foreign/jj experts/nns assumed/vbd in/in dealing/vbg with/in the/at central/jj governments/nns ./. We/ppss should/md encourage/vb the/at governments/nns to/to develop/vb their/pp$ own/jj technical/jj assistance/nn to/in communities/nns ,/, state/nn and/cc provincial/jj governments/nns ,/, rural/jj communities/nns ,/, and/cc other/ap smaller/jjr groups/nns ,/, making/vbg certain/jj that/cs no/at important/jj segment/nn of/in the/at economy/nn is/bez neglected/vbn ./. Simultaneously/rb we/ppss should/md be/be underlining/vbg the/at interrelationships/nns of/in technical/jj progress/nn in/in various/ap fields/nns ,/, showing/vbg how/wrb agricultural/jj training/nn can/md be/be introduced/vbn into/in education/nn ,/, how/wrb health/nn affects/vbz labor/nn productivity/nn ,/, how/wrb small/jj business/nn can/md benefit/vb the/at rural/jj farm/nn community/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, above/in all/abn ,/, how/wrb progress/nn in/in each/dt field/nn relates/vbz to/in national/jj progress/nn ./. Efforts/nns such/jj as/cs the/at Community/nn-tl Development/nn-tl Program/nn-tl in/in the/at Philippines/nps have/hv demonstrated/vbn that/cs transitional/jj societies/nns can/md work/vb toward/in balanced/vbn national/jj development/nn ./. To/to achieve/vb this/dt goal/nn of/in balanced/vbn development/nn ,/, communications/nns between/in the/at central/jj government/nn and/cc the/at local/jj communities/nns must/md be/be such/jj that/cs the/at needs/nns and/cc aspirations/nns of/in the/at people/nns themselves/ppls are/ber effectively/rb taken/vbn into/in account/nn ./. If/cs modernization/nn programs/nns are/ber imposed/vbn from/in above/rb ,/, without/in the/at understanding/nn and/cc cooperation/nn of/in the/at people/nns ,/, they/ppss will/md encounter/vb grave/jj difficulties/nns ./. Land/nn reform/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be a/at pressing/vbg issue/nn in/in many/ap of/in these/dts countries/nns ./. It/pps should/md be/be American/jj policy/nn not/* only/rb to/to encourage/vb effective/jj land/nn reform/nn programs/nns but/cc also/rb to/to underline/vb the/at relation/nn of/in such/jj reforms/nns to/in the/at economic/jj growth/nn and/cc modernization/nn of/in the/at society/nn ./. As/cs an/at isolated/vbn policy/nn ,/, land/nn reform/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be politically/rb disruptive/jj ;/. ;/. as/cs part/nn of/in a/at larger/jjr development/nn effort/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, it/pps may/md gain/vb wide/jj acceptance/nn ./. It/pps should/md also/rb be/be recognized/vbn that/cs the/at problem/nn of/in rural/jj tenancy/nn cannot/md* be/be solved/vbn by/in administrative/jj decrees/nns alone/rb ./. Land/nn reform/nn programs/nns need/vb to/to be/be supplemented/vbn with/in programs/nns for/in promoting/vbg rural/jj credits/nns and/cc technical/jj assistance/nn in/in agriculture/nn ./. Lastly/rb ,/, governmental/jj and/cc private/jj planners/nns will/md at/in this/dt stage/nn begin/vb to/to see/vb large/jj capital/nn requirements/nns looming/vbg ahead/rb ./. By/in holding/vbg out/rp prospects/nns for/in external/jj capital/nn assistance/nn ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl can/md provide/vb strong/jj incentives/nns to/to prepare/vb for/in the/at concerted/jj economic/jj drive/nn necessary/jj to/to achieve/vb self-sustaining/jj growth/nn ./. Actively/rb-hl modernizing/vbg-hl societies/nns-hl At/in a/at third/od stage/nn in/in the/at modernization/nn process/nn are/ber such/jj countries/nns as/cs India/np ,/, Brazil/np ,/, the/at Philippines/nps ,/, and/cc Taiwan/np ,/, which/wdt are/ber ready/jj and/cc committed/vbn to/to move/vb into/in the/at stage/nn of/in self-sustaining/jj growth/nn ./. They/ppss must/md continue/vb to/to satisfy/vb basic/jj capital/nn needs/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc there/ex persists/vbz the/at dual/jj problem/nn of/in maintaining/vbg operational/jj unity/nn around/in a/at national/jj program/nn of/in modernization/nn while/cs simultaneously/rb decentralizing/vbg participation/nn in/in the/at program/nn to/in wider/jjr and/cc wider/jjr groups/nns ./. But/cc these/dts countries/nns have/hv made/vbn big/jj strides/nns toward/in developing/vbg the/at necessary/jj human/jj and/cc social/jj overhead/nn capital/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss have/hv established/vbn reasonably/ql stable/jj and/cc effective/jj governmental/jj institutions/nns at/in national/jj and/cc local/jj levels/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc they/ppss have/hv begun/vbn to/to develop/vb a/at capacity/nn to/to deal/vb realistically/rb and/cc simultaneously/rb with/in all/abn the/at major/jj sectors/nns of/in their/pp$ economies/nns ./. On/in the/at economic/jj front/nn ,/, the/at first/od priority/nn of/in these/dts countries/nns is/bez to/to mobilize/vb a/at vastly/ql increased/vbn volume/nn of/in resources/nns ./. Several/ap related/vbn tasks/nns must/md be/be carried/vbn out/rp if/cs self-sustaining/jj growth/nn is/bez to/to be/be achieved/vbn ./. These/dts countries/nns must/md formulate/vb a/at comprehensive/jj ,/, long-term/nn program/nn covering/vbg the/at objectives/nns of/in both/abx the/at private/jj and/cc the/at public/jj sectors/nns of/in the/at economy/nn ./. They/ppss must/md in/in their/pp$ planning/nn be/be able/jj to/to count/vb on/in at/in least/ap tentative/jj commitments/nns of/in foreign/jj capital/nn assistance/nn over/in periods/nns of/in several/ap years/nns ./. Capital/nn imports/nns drawn/vbn from/in a/at number/nn of/in sources/nns must/md be/be employed/vbn and/cc combined/vbn skillfully/rb enough/qlp to/to permit/vb domestic/jj investment/nn programming/vbg to/to go/vb forward/rb ./. Capital/nn flows/nns must/md be/be coordinated/vbn with/in national/jj needs/nns and/cc planning/vbg ./. Finally/rb ,/, a/at balance/nn must/md be/be effected/vbn among/in project/nn finance/nn ,/, utilization/nn of/in agricultural/jj surpluses/nns ,/, and/cc general/jj balance/nn of/in payments/nns support/vb ./. Thus/rb ,/, although/cs the/at agenda/nns of/in external/jj assistance/nn in/in the/at economic/jj sphere/nn are/ber cumulative/jj ,/, and/cc many/ap of/in the/at policies/nns suggested/vbn for/in nations/nns in/in the/at earlier/jjr stages/nns remain/vb relevant/jj ,/, the/at basic/jj purpose/nn of/in American/jj economic/jj policy/nn during/in the/at later/jjr stages/nns of/in development/nn should/md be/be to/to assure/vb that/cs movement/nn into/in a/at stage/nn of/in self-sustaining/jj growth/nn is/bez not/* prevented/vbn by/in lack/nn of/in foreign/jj exchange/nn ./. There/ex remain/vb many/ap political/jj and/cc administrative/jj problems/nns to/to be/be solved/vbn ./. For/in one/cd thing/nn ,/, although/cs considerable/jj numbers/nns of/in men/nns have/hv been/ben trained/vbn ,/, bureaucracies/nns are/ber still/rb deficient/jj in/in many/ap respects/nns ;/. ;/. even/rb the/at famed/jj Indian/jj-tl Civil/jj-tl Service/nn-tl is/bez not/* fully/ql adequate/jj to/in the/at tremendous/jj range/nn of/in tasks/nns it/pps has/hvz undertaken/vbn ./. Technical/jj assistance/nn in/in training/vbg middle-/jj and/cc upper-level/nn management/nn personnel/nns is/bez still/rb needed/vbn in/in many/ap cases/nns ./. There/ex are/ber also/rb more/ql basic/jj problems/nns ./. This/dt is/bez the/at stage/nn at/in which/wdt democratic/jj developments/nns must/md take/vb place/nn if/cs the/at society/nn is/bez to/to become/vb an/at open/jj community/nn of/in creative/jj people/nns ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, impulses/nns still/rb exist/vb among/in the/at ruling/vbg elite/jj to/to rationalize/vb and/cc thus/rb to/to perpetuate/vb the/at need/nn for/in centralized/vbn and/cc authoritarian/jj practices/nns ./. Another/dt great/jj danger/nn is/bez that/cs the/at emerging/vbg middle/jj class/nn will/md feel/vb itself/ppl increasingly/ql alienated/vbn from/in the/at political/jj leaders/nns who/wps still/rb justify/vb their/pp$ dominance/nn by/in reference/nn to/in the/at struggle/nn for/in independence/nn or/cc the/at early/jj phase/nn of/in nationalism/nn ./. The/at capacity/nn of/in intellectuals/nns and/cc members/nns of/in the/at new/jj professional/jj classes/nns to/to contribute/vb creatively/rb to/in national/jj development/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be destroyed/vbn by/in a/at constraining/vbg sense/nn of/in inferiority/nn toward/in both/abx their/pp$ own/jj political/jj class/nn and/cc their/pp$ colleagues/nns and/cc professional/jj counterparts/nns in/in the/at West/nr-tl ./. Particularly/rb when/wrb based/vbn upon/in a/at single/ap dominant/jj party/nn ,/, governments/nns may/md respond/vb to/in such/abl a/at situation/nn by/in claiming/vbg a/at monopoly/nn of/in understanding/vbg about/in the/at national/jj interest/nn ./. Convinced/vbn of/in the/at wisdom/nn of/in their/pp$ own/jj actions/nns ,/, and/cc reassured/vbn by/in the/at promises/nns of/in their/pp$ economic/jj development/nn programs/nns ,/, governments/nns may/md fail/vb to/to push/vb outward/rb to/to win/vb more/ap and/cc more/ap people/nns to/in the/at national/jj effort/nn ,/, becoming/vbg instead/rb more/ql rigid/jj and/cc inflexible/jj in/in their/pp$ policies/nns ./. American/jj policy/nn toward/in such/jj societies/nns should/md stress/vb our/pp$ sympathy/nn for/in the/at emerging/vbg social/jj and/cc professional/jj classes/nns ./. It/pps should/md attempt/vb to/to communicate/vb both/abx an/at appreciation/nn of/in professional/jj standards/nns and/cc an/at understanding/nn of/in the/at tremendous/jj powers/nns and/cc potentialities/nns of/in genuinely/ql open/jj and/cc pluralistic/jj societies/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv every/at obligation/nn to/to take/vb seriously/rb their/pp$ claims/nns to/in being/beg democratic/jj and/cc free/jj countries/nns ;/. ;/. we/ppss also/rb have/hv ,/, in/in consequence/nn ,/, the/at duty/nn to/to appraise/vb realistically/rb and/cc honestly/rb their/pp$ performance/nn and/cc to/to communicate/vb our/pp$ judgments/nns to/in their/pp$ leaders/nns in/in frank/jj but/cc friendly/jj ways/nns ./. The/at-hl time/nn-hl factor/nn-hl We/ppss have/hv emphasized/vbn that/cs the/at modernizing/vbg process/nn in/in each/dt society/nn will/md take/vb a/at considerable/jj period/nn of/in time/nn ./. With/in the/at exception/nn of/in treaty-making/nn ,/, foreign/jj relations/nns were/bed historically/rb concerned/vbn for/in the/at most/ap part/nn with/in conditions/nns of/in short/jj or/cc at/in least/ap measurable/jj duration/nn ./. Foreign/jj policy/nn now/rb takes/vbz on/rp a/at different/jj perspective/nn and/cc must/md become/vb skilled/jj not/* merely/rb at/in response/nn but/cc also/rb at/in projection/nn ./. American/jj and/cc free-world/nn policies/nns can/md marginally/rb affect/vb the/at pace/nn of/in transition/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc basically/rb that/dt pace/nn depends/vbz on/in changes/nns in/in the/at supply/nn of/in resources/nns and/cc in/in the/at human/jj attitudes/nns ,/, political/jj institutions/nns ,/, and/cc social/jj structure/nn which/wdt each/dt society/nn must/md generate/vb ./. It/pps follows/vbz that/cs any/dti effective/jj policy/nn toward/in the/at underdeveloped/jj countries/nns must/md have/hv a/at realistically/ql long/jj working/vbg horizon/nn ./. It/pps must/md be/be marked/vbn by/in a/at patience/nn and/cc persistence/nn which/wdt have/hv not/* always/rb been/ben its/pp$ trademark/nn ./. This/dt condition/nn affects/vbz not/* only/rb the/at conception/nn but/cc also/rb the/at legislative/jj and/cc financial/jj support/nn of/in foreign/jj policy/nn ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at context/nn of/in economic/jj aid/nn ./.

cj23

cj23 |@word 2:1 major:2 function:15 religion:48 place:4 simple:1 preliterate:1 society:10 quite:1 definite:1 complex:2 fit:2 whole:2 social:16 organization:2 dominantly:1 every:3 part:3 like:1 however:1 less:6 clear:1 diversity:1 religious:24 viewpoint:1 difference:1 opinion:2 essential:2 feature:1 different:2 nevertheless:1 population:1 heterogeneous:1 advanced:1 though:4 portion:1 perform:3 certain:2 modal:1 individual:10 although:1 inner:5 direct:2 significance:1 important:3 indirect:1 consequence:1 compose:1 order:2 motivated:1 emotionally:1 secure:2 associate:1 greatly:1 frustrated:1 anomic:1 better:1 life:8 among:3 fellow:1 several:1 closely:3 relate:4 last:1 analysis:1 mean:2 induce:2 formulate:1 express:2 enhance:1 implement:1 perpetuate:1 man:11 deep:1 experience:6 first:1 instrumentality:1 follow:1 seek:2 satisfy:2 human:4 need:3 great:10 pertinence:1 significant:2 thing:2 high:7 level:1 emotional:3 mental:1 spiritual:2 occurrence:1 fill:1 press:1 self:5 preservation:1 pacification:1 completion:1 chief:1 sensing:1 communion:2 harmonious:1 relationship:1 supernatural:4 power:1 fact:4 define:1 universe:3 give:7 feeling:3 relatively:1 ordered:1 dependable:1 helpfully:2 ally:1 fully:1 understand:1 coordinate:1 mysterious:1 energy:4 movement:1 safe:1 permanent:2 home:1 number:1 also:13 many:3 link:1 ultimate:6 eternal:2 death:2 defeat:2 disappearance:1 second:1 chance:1 lose:1 abyss:1 endless:2 time:4 good:4 offer:2 fulfillment:2 invite:1 realm:1 spirit:1 summate:1 epitomize:1 conserve:3 ideal:2 value:20 ethical:2 aesthetic:1 form:4 culture:1 possibility:1 consistent:1 meaning:3 enjoy:1 guidance:2 expansiveness:1 kind:1 modern:3 provide:7 clarifie:1 yearning:1 purpose:1 facility:1 incitement:1 development:1 personality:1 sociality:1 creativeness:1 impulse:1 whether:1 theistic:1 humanistic:1 joy:1 live:2 lead:3 somewhere:1 front:1 ever:1 beckon:1 lippman:1 put:1 mobilize:1 scatter:1 one:5 triumphant:1 sense:2 infinite:1 importance:2 bind:2 cosmic:1 peace:2 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well:2 sympathetic:1 fellowship:1 share:1 opportunity:1 act:3 vent:1 emotion:1 undertake:1 behalf:1 mind:1 service:1 institution:2 addition:1 within:1 always:3 outer:1 community:5 two:1 never:1 separable:1 vitally:1 necessary:1 societal:1 maintenance:1 regulation:1 system:8 correlate:1 degree:1 dependent:1 upon:1 shared:1 conviction:1 support:3 enforce:3 reaffirm:1 maintain:1 fundamental:1 united:2 states:2 freedom:1 vast:1 denominational:1 differentiation:1 general:2 consensus:1 regard:2 basic:1 christian:3 demonstrate:1 especially:2 awareness:1 radically:1 orientation:1 elsewhere:1 example:6 americans:1 rally:1 vis:2 atheistic:1 communism:1 america:1 body:4 officially:1 sanction:3 universalistic:1 ethic:1 reflective:1 common:4 non:1 church:1 member:3 freewheeler:1 marginal:1 religionist:1 civilization:1 internalize:1 furthermore:1 tend:2 integrate:3 range:1 intermediary:1 subordinate:1 material:1 object:1 pragmatic:1 end:8 finally:2 sanctity:1 legitimacy:1 super:1 empirical:1 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behavior:3 devotee:1 together:2 jointly:1 participate:1 significantly:1 symbolize:1 standardize:1 sanctify:1 mechanism:1 training:1 uniform:1 interaction:1 continually:1 publicly:1 reassert:1 solidarity:1 note:1 long:1 ago:1 practice:2 relative:1 sacred:3 unite:1 single:1 adhere:1 view:1 pertain:1 conversely:1 unit:2 bring:2 ethos:1 denominationally:1 diverse:1 audience:1 secular:2 semi:1 public:2 occasion:1 evidence:1 frequent:1 allusion:1 confirmation:1 ground:1 unifying:1 effect:2 historically:2 people:4 cling:1 cultural:1 dominant:1 spatially:1 disperse:1 politically:1 organize:1 jews:1 2500:1 year:1 prime:1 adherent:1 interpeople:1 case:1 may:1 often:1 identify:1 political:1 nationality:1 language:1 class:1 racial:1 sociability:1 economic:1 exercise:3 stabilize:1 anchor:1 marked:1 tendency:1 firmly:1 establish:1 resist:1 change:1 policy:1 affair:1 relevance:1 thus:1 conservation:1 measure:1 obstacle:1 creation:1 diffusion:1 new:1 longstanding:1 precious:1 sentiment:1 traditional:1 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2/cd-hl :/.-hl :/.-hl Some/dti-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl major/jj-hl functions/nns-hl of/in-hl religion/nn-hl The/at place/nn of/in religion/nn in/in the/at simple/jj ,/, preliterate/jj societies/nns is/bez quite/ql definite/jj ;/. ;/. as/cs a/at complex/nn it/pps fits/vbz into/in the/at whole/jj social/jj organization/nn and/cc functions/vbz dominantly/rb in/in every/at part/nn of/in it/ppo ./. In/in societies/nns like/cs ours/pp$$ ,/, however/rb ,/, its/pp$ place/nn is/bez less/ql clear/jj and/cc more/ql complex/jj ./. With/in the/at diversity/nn of/in religious/jj viewpoints/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber differences/nns of/in opinion/nn as/in to/in the/at essential/jj features/nns of/in religion/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc there/ex are/ber different/jj opinions/nns as/in to/in the/at essential/jj functions/nns of/in religion/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, for/in most/ap of/in the/at population/nn of/in heterogeneous/jj advanced/vbn societies/nns ,/, though/cs less/ap for/in the/at less/ql religious/jj portion/nn ,/, religion/nn does/doz perform/vb certain/jj modal/jj individual/jj and/cc social/jj functions/nns ./. Although/cs the/at inner/jj functions/nns of/in religion/nn are/ber not/* of/in direct/jj significance/nn in/in social/jj organization/nn ,/, they/ppss have/hv important/jj indirect/jj consequences/nns ./. If/cs the/at inner/jj functions/nns of/in religion/nn are/ber performed/vbn ,/, the/at individual/nn is/bez a/at composed/vbn ,/, ordered/vbn ,/, motivated/vbn ,/, and/cc emotionally/rb secure/jj associate/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez not/* greatly/rb frustrated/vbn ,/, and/cc he/pps is/bez not/* anomic/jj ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez better/rbr fitted/vbn to/to perform/vb his/pp$ social/jj life/nn among/in his/pp$ fellows/nns ./. There/ex are/ber several/ap closely/rb related/vbn inner/jj functions/nns ./. In/in the/at last/ap analysis/nn ,/, religion/nn is/bez the/at means/nn of/in inducing/vbg ,/, formulating/vbg ,/, expressing/vbg ,/, enhancing/vbg ,/, implementing/vbg ,/, and/cc perpetuating/vbg man's/nn$ deepest/jjt experience/nn --/-- the/at religious/jj ./. Man/nn is/bez first/rb religious/jj ;/. ;/. the/at instrumentalities/nns follow/vb ./. Religion/nn seeks/vbz to/to satisfy/vb human/jj needs/nns of/in great/jj pertinence/nn ./. The/at significant/jj things/nns in/in it/ppo ,/, at/in the/at higher/jjr religious/jj levels/nns ,/, are/ber the/at inner/jj emotional/jj ,/, mental/jj ,/, and/cc spiritual/jj occurrences/nns that/wps fill/vb the/at pressing/vbg human/jj needs/nns of/in self-preservation/nn ,/, self-pacification/nn ,/, and/cc self-completion/nn ./. The/at chief/jjs experience/nn is/bez the/at sensing/nn of/in communion/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at higher/jjr religions/nns ,/, of/in a/at harmonious/jj relationship/nn with/in the/at supernatural/jj power/nn ./. Related/vbn to/in this/dt is/bez the/at fact/nn that/cs most/ap of/in the/at higher/jjr religions/nns define/vb for/in the/at individual/nn his/pp$ place/nn in/in the/at universe/nn and/cc give/vb him/ppo a/at feeling/nn that/cs he/pps is/bez relatively/ql secure/jj in/in an/at ordered/vbn ,/, dependable/jj universe/nn ./. Man/nn has/hvz the/at experience/nn of/in being/beg helpfully/rb allied/vbn with/in what/wdt he/pps cannot/md* fully/rb understand/vb ;/. ;/. he/pps is/bez a/at coordinate/jj part/nn of/in all/abn of/in the/at mysterious/jj energy/nn and/cc being/beg and/cc movement/nn ./. The/at universe/nn is/bez a/at safe/jj and/cc permanent/jj home/nn ./. A/at number/nn of/in religions/nns also/rb satisfy/vb for/in many/ap the/at need/nn of/in being/beg linked/vbn with/in the/at ultimate/jj and/cc eternal/jj ./. Death/nn is/bez not/* permanent/jj defeat/nn and/cc disappearance/nn ;/. ;/. man/nn has/hvz a/at second/od chance/nn ./. He/pps is/bez not/* lost/vbn in/in the/at abyss/nn of/in endless/jj time/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps has/hvz endless/jj being/nn ./. Religion/nn at/in its/pp$ best/jjt also/rb offers/vbz the/at experience/nn of/in spiritual/jj fulfillment/nn by/in inviting/vbg man/nn into/in the/at highest/jjt realm/nn of/in the/at spirit/nn ./. Religion/nn can/md summate/vb ,/, epitomize/vb ,/, relate/vb ,/, and/cc conserve/vb all/abn the/at highest/jjt ideals/nns and/cc values/nns --/-- ethical/jj ,/, aesthetic/jj ,/, and/cc religious/jj --/-- of/in man/nn formed/vbn in/in his/pp$ culture/nn ./. There/ex is/bez also/rb the/at possibility/nn ,/, among/in higher/jjr religions/nns ,/, of/in experiencing/vbg consistent/jj meaning/nn in/in life/nn and/cc enjoying/vbg guidance/nn and/cc expansiveness/nn ./. The/at kind/nn of/in religious/jj experience/nn that/wpo most/ap moderns/nns seek/vb not/* only/rb provides/vbz ,/, clarifies/vbz ,/, and/cc relates/vbz human/jj yearnings/nns ,/, values/nns ,/, ideals/nns ,/, and/cc purposes/nns ;/. ;/. it/pps also/rb provides/vbz facilities/nns and/cc incitements/nns for/in the/at development/nn of/in personality/nn ,/, sociality/nn ,/, and/cc creativeness/nn ./. Under/in the/at religious/jj impulse/nn ,/, whether/cs theistic/jj or/cc humanistic/jj ,/, men/nns have/hv joy/nn in/in living/vbg ;/. ;/. life/nn leads/vbz somewhere/rb ./. Religion/nn at/in its/pp$ best/jjt is/bez out/rp in/in front/nn ,/, ever/rb beckoning/vbg and/cc leading/vbg on/rp ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs Lippman/np put/vbd it/ppo ,/, ``/`` mobilizing/vbg all/abn man's/nn$ scattered/vbn energies/nns in/in one/cd triumphant/jj sense/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj infinite/jj importance/nn ''/'' ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs religion/nn binds/vbz the/at individual/nn helpfully/rb to/in the/at supernatural/jj and/cc gives/vbz him/ppo cosmic/jj peace/nn and/cc a/at sense/nn of/in supreme/jj fulfillment/nn ,/, it/pps also/rb has/hvz great/jj therapeutic/jj value/nn for/in him/ppo ./. It/pps gives/vbz him/ppo aid/nn ,/, comfort/nn ,/, even/rb solace/nn ,/, in/in meeting/vbg mundane/jj life/nn situations/nns where/wrb his/pp$ own/jj unassisted/jj practical/jj knowledge/nn and/cc skill/nn are/ber felt/vbn by/in him/ppo to/to be/be inadequate/jj ./. He/pps is/bez confronted/vbn with/in the/at recurrent/jj crises/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs great/jj natural/jj catastrophes/nns and/cc the/at great/jj transitions/nns of/in life/nn --/-- marriage/nn ,/, incurable/jj disease/nn ,/, widowhood/nn ,/, old/jj age/nn ,/, the/at certainty/nn of/in death/nn ./. He/pps has/hvz to/to cope/vb with/in frustration/nn and/cc other/ap emotional/jj disturbance/nn and/cc anomie/nn ./. His/pp$ religious/jj beliefs/nns provide/vb him/ppo with/in plausible/jj explanations/nns for/in many/ap conditions/nns which/wdt cause/vb him/ppo great/jj concern/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ religious/jj faith/nn makes/vbz possible/jj fortitude/nn ,/, equanimity/nn ,/, and/cc consolation/nn ,/, enabling/vbg him/ppo to/to endure/vb colossal/jj misfortune/nn ,/, fear/nn ,/, frustration/nn ,/, uncertainty/nn ,/, suffering/vbg ,/, evil/nn ,/, and/cc danger/nn ./. Religion/nn usually/rb also/rb includes/vbz a/at principle/nn of/in compensation/nn ,/, mainly/rb in/in a/at promised/vbn perfect/jj future/jj state/nn ./. The/at belief/nn in/in immortality/nn ,/, where/wrb held/vbn ,/, functions/vbz as/cs a/at redress/nn for/in the/at ills/nns and/cc disappointments/nns of/in the/at here/rb and/cc now/rb ./. The/at tensions/nns accompanying/vbg a/at repressive/jj consciousness/nn of/in wrongdoing/nn or/cc sinning/vbg or/cc some/dti tormenting/vbg secret/nn are/ber relieved/vbn for/in the/at less/ql self-contained/jj or/cc self-sufficient/jj by/in confession/nn ,/, repentance/nn ,/, and/cc penance/nn ./. The/at feeling/nn of/in individual/jj inferiority/nn ,/, defeat/nn ,/, or/cc humilation/nn growing/vbg out/rp of/in various/jj social/jj situations/nns or/cc individual/jj deficiencies/nns or/cc failures/nns is/bez compensated/vbn for/in by/in communion/nn in/in worship/nn or/cc prayer/nn with/in a/at friendly/jj ,/, but/cc all-victorious/jj Father-God/np ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs by/in sympathetic/jj fellowship/nn with/in others/nns who/wps share/vb this/dt faith/nn ,/, and/cc by/in opportunities/nns in/in religious/jj acts/nns for/in giving/vbg vent/nn to/in emotions/nns and/cc energies/nns ./. In/in providing/vbg for/in these/dts inner/jj individual/jj functions/nns ,/, religion/nn undertakes/vbz in/in behalf/nn of/in individual/jj peace/nn of/in mind/nn and/cc well-being/nn services/nns for/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez no/at other/ap institution/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at functions/nns of/in religion/nn within/in man/nn ,/, there/ex have/hv always/rb been/ben the/at outer/jj social/jj functions/nns for/in the/at community/nn and/cc society/nn ./. The/at two/cd have/hv never/rb been/ben separable/jj ./. Religion/nn is/bez vitally/ql necessary/jj in/in both/abx societal/jj maintenance/nn and/cc regulation/nn ./. The/at value-system/nn of/in a/at community/nn or/cc society/nn is/bez always/rb correlated/vbn with/in ,/, and/cc to/in a/at degree/nn dependent/jj upon/in ,/, a/at more/ql or/cc less/ql shared/vbn system/nn of/in religious/jj beliefs/nns and/cc convictions/nns ./. The/at religion/nn supports/vbz ,/, re-enforces/vbz ,/, reaffirms/vbz ,/, and/cc maintains/vbz the/at fundamental/jj values/nns ./. Even/rb in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, with/in its/pp$ freedom/nn of/in religious/jj belief/nn and/cc worship/nn and/cc its/pp$ vast/jj denominational/jj differentiation/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at general/jj consensus/nn regarding/in the/at basic/jj Christian/jj values/nns ./. This/dt is/bez demonstrated/vbn especially/rb when/wrb there/ex is/bez awareness/nn of/in radically/ql different/jj value/nn orientation/nn elsewhere/rb ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn Americans/nps rally/vb to/in Christian/jj values/nns vis-a-vis/in those/dts of/in atheistic/jj communism/nn ./. In/in America/np also/rb all/abn of/in our/pp$ major/jj religious/jj bodies/nns officially/rb sanction/vb a/at universalistic/jj ethic/nn which/wdt is/bez reflective/jj of/in our/pp$ common/jj religion/nn ./. Even/rb the/at non-church/nn members/nns --/-- the/at freewheelers/nns ,/, marginal/jj religionists/nns and/cc so/rb on/rp --/-- have/hv the/at values/nns of/in Christian/jj civilization/nn internalized/vbn in/in them/ppo ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, religion/nn tends/vbz to/to integrate/vb the/at whole/jj range/nn of/in values/nns from/in the/at highest/jjt or/cc ultimate/jj values/nns of/in God/np to/in the/at intermediary/jj and/cc subordinate/jj values/nns ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn ,/, those/dts regarding/in material/nn objects/nns and/cc pragmatic/jj ends/nns ./. Finally/rb ,/, it/pps gives/vbz sanctity/nn ,/, more/ap than/cs human/jj legitimacy/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb ,/, through/in super-empirical/jj reference/nn ,/, transcendent/jj and/cc supernatural/jj importance/nn to/in some/dti values/nns ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn ,/, marriage/nn as/cs a/at sacrament/nn ,/, much/ap law-breaking/nn as/cs sinful/jj ,/, occasionally/rb the/at state/nn as/cs a/at divine/jj instrument/nn ./. It/pps places/vbz certain/ap values/nns at/in least/ap beyond/in questioning/vbg and/cc tampering/vbg ./. Closely/rb related/vbn to/in this/dt function/nn is/bez the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at religious/jj system/nn provides/vbz a/at body/nn of/in ultimate/jj ends/nns for/in the/at society/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber compatible/jj with/in the/at supreme/jj eternal/jj ends/nns ./. This/dt something/pn leads/vbz to/in a/at conception/nn of/in an/at over-all/jj Social/jj-tl Plan/nn-tl with/in a/at meaning/nn interpretable/jj in/in terms/nns of/in ultimate/jj ends/nns ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn ,/, a/at plan/nn that/wps fulfills/vbz the/at will/nn of/in God/np ,/, which/wdt advances/vbz the/at Kingdom/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, which/wdt involves/vbz social/jj life/nn as/cs part/nn of/in the/at Grand/jj-tl Design/nn-tl ./. This/dt explains/vbz some/dti group/nn ends/nns and/cc provides/vbz a/at justification/nn of/in their/pp$ primacy/nn ./. It/pps gives/vbz social/jj guidance/nn and/cc direction/nn and/cc makes/vbz for/in programs/nns of/in social/jj action/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, it/pps gives/vbz meaning/nn to/in much/ap social/jj endeavor/nn ,/, and/cc logic/nn ,/, consistency/nn ,/, and/cc meaning/nn to/in life/nn ./. In/in general/jj ,/, there/ex is/bez no/at society/nn so/ql secularized/vbn as/cs to/to be/be completely/rb without/in religiously/rb inspired/vbn transcendental/jj ends/nns ./. Religion/nn integrates/vbz and/cc unifies/vbz ./. Some/dti of/in the/at oldest/jjt ,/, most/ql persistent/jj ,/, and/cc most/ql cohesive/jj forms/nns of/in social/jj groupings/nns have/hv grown/vbn out/rp of/in religion/nn ./. These/dts groups/nns have/hv varied/vbn widely/rb from/in mere/jj families/nns ,/, primitive/jj ,/, totemic/jj groups/nns ,/, and/cc small/jj modern/jj cults/nns and/cc sects/nns ,/, to/in the/at memberships/nns of/in great/jj denominations/nns ,/, and/cc great/jj ,/, widely/rb dispersed/vbn world/nn religions/nns ./. Religion/nn fosters/vbz group/nn life/nn in/in various/ap ways/nns ./. The/at common/jj ultimate/jj values/nns ,/, ends/nns and/cc goals/nns fostered/vbn by/in religion/nn are/ber a/at most/ql important/jj factor/nn ./. Without/in a/at system/nn of/in values/nns there/ex can/md be/be no/at society/nn ./. Where/wrb such/abl a/at value/nn system/nn prevails/vbz ,/, it/pps always/rb unifies/vbz all/abn who/wps possess/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/. it/pps enables/vbz members/nns of/in the/at society/nn to/to operate/vb as/cs a/at system/nn ./. The/at beliefs/nns of/in a/at religion/nn also/rb reflecting/vbg the/at values/nns are/ber expressed/vbn in/in creeds/nns ,/, dogmas/nns ,/, and/cc doctrines/nns ,/, and/cc form/vb what/wdt Durkheim/np calls/vbz a/at credo/nn ./. As/cs he/pps points/vbz out/rp ,/, a/at religious/jj group/nn cannot/md* exist/vb without/in a/at collective/jj credo/nn ,/, and/cc the/at more/ql extensive/jj the/at credo/nn ,/, the/at more/ql unified/vbn and/cc strong/jj is/bez the/at group/nn ./. The/at credo/nn unifies/vbz and/cc socializes/vbz men/nns by/in attaching/vbg them/ppo completely/rb to/in an/at identical/jj body/nn of/in doctrine/nn ;/. ;/. the/at more/ql extensive/jj and/cc firm/jj the/at body/nn of/in doctrine/nn ,/, the/at firmer/jjr the/at group/nn ./. The/at religious/jj symbolism/nn ,/, and/cc especially/rb the/at closely/rb related/vbn rites/nns and/cc worship/nn forms/nns ,/, constitute/vb a/at powerful/jj bond/nn for/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at particular/ap faith/nn ./. The/at religion/nn ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, is/bez an/at expression/nn of/in the/at unity/nn of/in the/at group/nn ,/, small/jj or/cc large/jj ./. The/at common/jj codes/nns ,/, for/in religious/jj action/nn as/cs such/jj and/cc in/in their/pp$ ethical/jj aspects/nns for/in everyday/jj moral/jj behavior/nn ,/, bind/vb the/at devotees/nns together/rb ./. These/dts are/ber ways/nns of/in jointly/rb participating/vbg in/in significantly/ql symbolized/vbn ,/, standardized/vbn ,/, and/cc ordered/vbn religiously/rb sanctified/vbn behavior/nn ./. The/at codes/nns are/ber mechanism/nn for/in training/vbg in/in ,/, and/cc directing/vbg and/cc enforcing/vbg ,/, uniform/jj social/jj interaction/nn ,/, and/cc for/in continually/rb and/cc publicly/rb reasserting/vbg the/at solidarity/nn of/in the/at group/nn ./. Durkheim/np noted/vbd long/rb ago/rb that/cs religion/nn as/cs ``/`` a/at unified/vbn system/nn of/in beliefs/nns and/cc practices/nns relative/jj to/in sacred/jj things/nns unites/vbz into/in one/cd single/ap moral/jj community/nn all/abn those/dts who/wps adhere/vb to/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. His/pp$ view/nn is/bez that/cs every/at religion/nn pertains/vbz to/in a/at community/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, conversely/rb ,/, every/at community/nn is/bez in/in one/cd aspect/nn a/at religious/jj unit/nn ./. This/dt is/bez brought/vbn out/rp in/in the/at common/jj religious/jj ethos/nn that/wps prevails/vbz even/rb in/in the/at denominationally/rb diverse/jj audiences/nns at/in many/ap secular/jj semi-public/jj and/cc public/jj occasions/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps is/bez evidenced/vbn in/in the/at prayers/nns offered/vbn ,/, in/in the/at frequent/jj religious/jj allusions/nns ,/, and/cc in/in the/at confirmation/nn of/in points/nns on/in religious/jj grounds/nns ./. The/at unifying/vbg effect/nn of/in religion/nn is/bez also/rb brought/vbn out/rp in/in the/at fact/nn that/cs historically/rb peoples/nns have/hv clung/vbn together/rb as/cs more/ql or/cc less/ql cohesive/jj cultural/jj units/nns ,/, with/in religion/nn as/cs the/at dominant/jj bond/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs spatially/rb dispersed/vbn and/cc not/* politically/rb organized/vbn ./. The/at Jews/nps for/in 2500/cd years/nns have/hv been/ben a/at prime/jj example/nn ,/, though/cs the/at adherents/nns of/in any/dti world/nn or/cc interpeople/jj religion/nn are/ber cases/nns in/in point/nn ./. It/pps might/md be/be pointed/vbn out/rp that/cs the/at integrating/vbg function/nn of/in religion/nn ,/, for/in good/jj or/cc ill/jj ,/, has/hvz often/rb supported/vbn or/cc been/ben identified/vbn with/in other/ap groupings/nns --/-- political/jj ,/, nationality/nn ,/, language/nn ,/, class/nn ,/, racial/jj ,/, sociability/nn ,/, even/ql economic/jj ./. Religion/nn usually/rb exercises/vbz a/at stabilizing-conserving/jj function/nn ./. As/cs such/jj it/pps acts/vbz as/cs an/at anchor/nn for/in the/at people/nns ./. There/ex is/bez a/at marked/vbn tendency/nn for/cs religions/nns ,/, once/rb firmly/rb established/vbn ,/, to/to resist/vb change/nn ,/, not/* only/rb in/in their/pp$ own/jj doctrines/nns and/cc policies/nns and/cc practices/nns ,/, but/cc also/rb in/in secular/jj affairs/nns having/hvg religious/jj relevance/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz thus/rb been/ben a/at significant/jj factor/nn in/in the/at conservation/nn of/in social/jj values/nns ,/, though/cs also/rb in/in some/dti measure/nn ,/, an/at obstacle/nn to/in the/at creation/nn or/cc diffusion/nn of/in new/jj ones/nns ./. It/pps tends/vbz to/to support/vb the/at longstanding/jj precious/jj sentiments/nns ,/, the/at traditional/jj ways/nns of/in thinking/vbg ,/, and/cc the/at customary/jj ways/nns of/in living/vbg ./. As/cs Yinger/np has/hvz pointed/vbn out/rp ,/, the/at ``/`` reliance/nn on/in symbols/nns ,/, on/in tradition/nn ,/, on/in sacred/jj writings/nns ,/, on/in the/at cultivation/nn of/in emotional/jj feelings/nns of/in identity/nn and/cc harmony/nn with/in sacred/jj values/nns ,/, turns/vbz one/pn to/in the/at past/nn far/ql more/rbr than/cs to/in the/at future/nn ''/'' ./. Historically/rb ,/, religion/nn has/hvz also/rb functioned/vbn as/cs a/at tremendous/jj engine/nn of/in vindication/nn ,/, enforcement/nn ,/, sanction/nn ,/, and/cc perpetuation/nn of/in various/ap other/ap institutions/nns ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs religion/nn exercises/vbz a/at conserving/vbg influence/nn ,/, it/pps also/rb energizes/vbz and/cc motivates/vbz both/abx individuals/nns and/cc groups/nns ./. Much/ap of/in the/at important/jj individual/jj and/cc social/jj action/nn has/hvz been/ben owing/vbg to/in religious/jj incentives/nns ./. The/at great/jj ultimate/jj ends/nns of/in religion/nn have/hv served/vbn as/cs magnificent/jj beacon/nn lights/nns that/wps lured/vbd people/nns toward/in them/ppo with/in an/at almost/ql irresistible/jj force/nn ,/, mobilizing/vbg energies/nns and/cc inducing/vbg sacrifices/nns ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn ,/, the/at Crusades/nns-tl ,/, mission/nn efforts/nns ,/, just/rb wars/nns ./. Much/ap effort/nn has/hvz been/ben expended/vbn in/in the/at sincere/jj effort/nn to/to apply/vb the/at teaching/nn and/cc admonitions/nns of/in religion/nn ./. The/at insuperable/jj reward/nn systems/nns that/wpo most/ap religions/nns embody/vb have/hv great/jj motivating/vbg effects/nns ./. Religion/nn provides/vbz the/at most/ql attractive/jj rewards/nns ,/, either/cc in/in this/dt world/nn or/cc the/at next/ap ,/, for/in those/dts who/wps not/* merely/rb abide/vb by/in its/pp$ norms/nns ,/, but/cc who/wps engage/vb in/in good/jj works/nns ./. Religion/nn usually/rb acts/vbz as/cs a/at powerful/jj aid/nn in/in social/jj control/nn ,/, enforcing/vbg what/wdt men/nns should/md or/cc should/md not/* do/do ./. Among/in primitive/jj peoples/nns the/at sanctions/nns and/cc dictates/nns of/in religion/nn were/bed more/ql binding/jj than/cs any/dti of/in the/at other/ap controls/nns exercised/vbn by/in the/at group/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in modern/jj societies/nns such/jj influence/nn is/bez still/rb great/jj ./. Religion/nn has/hvz its/pp$ own/jj supernatural/jj prescriptions/nns that/wps are/ber at/in the/at same/ap time/nn codes/nns of/in behavior/nn for/in the/at here/rb and/cc now/rb ./.

cj24

cj24 |@word overwhelmed:1 care:8 five:1 young:2 child:9 concerned:1 persistent:2 economic:2 difficulty:2 due:1 husband:1 marginal:1 income:1 defense:2 denial:4 excessively:1 strong:1 thus:3 lack:2 effective:2 recognition:1 responsibility:1 involve:3 two:1 baby:5 show:1 sign:1 become:1 disable:1 problem:10 result:2 dramatically:1 visible:1 matter:1 day:4 family:17 disrupt:1 daily:1 functioning:2 phobic:1 like:1 fear:4 terrible:1 harm:1 would:1 befall:1 second:2 twin:5 whose:1 birth:1 anticipate:1 soon:2 mrs:4 threaten:2 burst:1 full:1 blown:1 panic:1 concern:3 welfare:3 entire:1 inability:1 feed:1 seem:1 colicky:1 bone:1 weary:1 fatigue:1 repeat:1 cry:1 episode:1 short:10 temper:1 reflect:1 helplessness:3 cope:2 stressful:2 situation:5 clearly:1 crisis:7 compare:3 feeling:6 weakness:2 time:10 mother:1 death:3 eight:1 well:4 subsequent:1 anger:3 father:3 remarry:1 previous:1 traumatic:1 experience:6 flash:1 mind:1 happen:1 yesterday:1 anniversary:1 pour:1 agonized:1 tear:1 guilt:4 attend:1 funeral:1 word:1 third:1 twelve:2 visit:3 reach:2 peak:1 either:1 give:2 break:1 direct:2 confrontation:1 acceptance:1 dissipate:1 annihilation:2 abreaction:1 anxiety:3 parent:2 link:2 current:2 loss:1 abandonment:1 produce:1 relief:2 tension:2 joint:1 interview:7 mr:1 help:7 understand:1 meaning:2 son:1 wander:1 away:2 home:2 term:7 displacement:1 reaction:3 arrival:1 accurately:1 perceive:1 need:8 respect:1 worthy:1 attention:1 immediately:3 satisfy:1 take:2 lap:2 along:1 say:1 big:1 room:1 johnnie:1 simultaneously:1 variety:4 environmental:1 support:5 calm:1 motherly:1 homemaker:2 referral:2 temporary:1 aid:2 intelligent:1 use:11 nurse:2 accompaniment:2 clinic:3 medical:2 advice:1 feeding:1 combine:3 prevent:2 development:1 predictable:1 pathological:1 mechanism:2 follow:3 social:8 worker:10 indicate:2 continued:1 success:2 new:3 marked:1 improvement:2 mental:2 health:2 see:2 must:8 attempt:2 client:7 develop:4 conscious:1 awareness:2 especially:3 absence:1 formal:1 request:2 assistance:1 usually:3 spring:1 deep:1 disguised:1 often:2 assume:1 superficial:1 guise:1 know:1 unhealthy:3 initial:4 stress:5 handle:1 medium:1 positive:2 control:1 transference:2 general:1 approach:5 active:1 passive:1 reflective:1 regression:3 inevitable:1 discourage:1 rather:6 encourage:3 stage:4 plan:2 associate:2 certain:2 casework:13 adaptation:4 psychoanalytic:1 model:2 insight:1 therapy:2 establish:2 emotionally:2 meaningful:1 relationship:5 demonstrate:1 actual:2 potential:1 helpfulness:1 preferably:1 within:1 first:3 meet:1 specific:4 reduction:1 therapeutic:1 purely:2 exploratory:1 information:1 seek:1 sense:2 building:1 communicate:1 confidence:2 ability:1 deal:3 implicitly:1 offer:1 contagion:1 hope:1 kind:1 maturational:1 dynamic:2 counteract:1 hopelessness:1 generally:1 impact:2 receive:2 enough:1 ego:4 engage:1 constructive:2 effort:8 behalf:1 preventive:9 component:1 apply:1 generalized:1 avert:2 pathogenic:1 phenomenon:1 undue:1 suppression:2 repression:1 excessive:1 crippling:1 turn:1 self:1 necessary:2 healthy:2 clinical:3 knowledge:1 determine:1 shift:2 defensive:1 bring:1 change:1 effectively:1 steer:1 toward:1 adaptive:1 maladaptive:1 response:2 honor:2 focus:2 technique:5 emotional:1 clarification:1 anticipatory:1 guidance:4 relatively:1 period:2 four:1 week:1 able:1 back:1 forth:1 immediate:5 external:1 exigency:1 precipitate:2 key:2 relevant:1 issue:2 underlie:1 dramatic:1 preconscious:1 breakthrough:1 reactivate:1 hence:1 amenable:1 resolution:1 though:2 obviously:3 nothing:1 challenge:1 skill:2 articulate:1 precisely:1 spot:1 basis:2 quick:2 accurate:1 diagnostic:3 assessment:1 utmost:1 flexibility:1 judiciously:1 carefully:1 orient:2 single:1 group:2 office:2 appropriate:1 telephone:1 call:2 genuinely:1 accessible:1 predict:1 outcome:2 actually:1 accordance:1 principle:1 intervention:5 addition:1 many:4 case:3 concrete:1 resource:3 financial:1 reasonably:1 available:2 reality:1 bolster:1 individual:1 collective:1 coping:1 integrative:1 critical:2 sound:1 reason:1 may:2 important:4 accompany:1 member:2 solve:1 behavior:1 defeat:1 expensive:1 great:3 part:2 willingness:2 leave:1 sanctity:1 enter:1 actively:1 life:1 find:1 tremendous:1 value:2 service:13 objective:1 finally:1 whatever:1 goal:1 common:1 cushion:1 reduce:1 force:2 mobilize:1 capacity:1 outline:1 theory:1 practice:1 address:1 final:1 question:1 place:3 brief:5 occupy:1 total:1 spectrum:2 recognize:1 tendency:1 hierarchy:1 locate:1 treatment:12 bottom:1 long:1 intensive:2 top:1 instead:1 continuum:1 right:1 perhaps:2 old:1 almost:1 three:1 decade:1 ago:1 bertha:1 reynolds:1 undertake:1 study:3 contact:3 interviewing:2 conviction:1 neglected:1 network:1 conclusion:1 bear:1 practitioner:1 neither:1 truncated:1 telescoped:1 essential:2 quality:2 work:1 limited:1 number:5 still:1 regard:1 render:1 quantity:1 expend:1 upsurge:1 interest:1 formulation:1 evident:2 even:1 small:1 sampling:1 literature:2 noteworthy:1 levinger:1 finding:1 length:1 per:1 se:1 reliable:1 indicator:1 successful:1 accord:1 predictor:1 nature:1 management:1 accessibility:1 person:1 example:3 level:3 note:1 recent:1 experiment:2 course:1 favorably:1 report:4 typical:1 hour:2 spend:1 equal:1 exceed:1 devote:1 experimental:2 project:1 startling:1 significance:1 assertion:1 possible:1 carry:1 program:3 6:1 percent:2 attrition:1 rate:2 59:1 comparable:1 traditionally:1 operate:1 refer:1 secondary:2 prevention:2 customary:1 route:1 voluntary:1 professional:2 people:2 similarity:1 describe:1 prompt:1 establishment:2 appraisal:1 mobilization:1 interplay:1 inner:1 outer:1 different:1 possibility:1 timing:1 recently:1 traditional:3 setting:2 point:1 importance:1 concentrate:1 flexible:1 spacing:1 experimentally:1 apparent:1 risk:1 early:1 interpretation:2 proviso:1 withdraw:1 another:1 prominent:1 feature:1 aim:1 mention:1 factor:1 license:1 wild:1 already:3 possess:1 precision:1 pride:1 continue:1 experimentation:2 various:1 type:1 operational:1 definition:1 instance:1 primary:1 document:1 investigator:1 wide:1 woodward:1 emphasize:1 broad:1 include:2 connection:1 ideally:1 arrive:1 choice:1 chance:1 moreover:1 shortage:2 chronically:1 manpower:1 innovate:1 additional:1 refinement:1 make:1 widely:1 research:1 consumer:1 typology:1 structure:1 differential:1 imperative:1 command:1 good:1 caseworker:1 collaboration:1 community:1 planner:1 replete:1 fantastic:1 suggestion:1 agency:2 programming:1 range:2 practical:1 globally:1 utopian:2 probably:1 future:2 settle:1 middle:1 fall:1 increase:1 multipurpose:1 afresh:1 function:1 hold:1 rich:1 promise:1 abound:1 parental:1 substitute:1 event:1 meaningfully:1 fundamental:1 unresolved:1

Overwhelmed/vbn with/in the/at care/nn of/in five/cd young/jj children/nns and/cc concerned/vbn about/in persistent/jj economic/jj difficulties/nns due/jj to/in her/pp$ husband's/nn$ marginal/jj income/nn ,/, her/pp$ defense/nn of/in denial/nn was/bedz excessively/ql strong/jj ./. Thus/rb the/at lack/nn of/in effective/jj recognition/nn of/in the/at responsibilities/nns involved/vbn in/in caring/vbg for/in two/cd babies/nns showed/vbd signs/nns of/in becoming/vbg a/at disabling/vbg problem/nn ./. The/at result/nn ,/, dramatically/rb visible/jj in/in a/at matter/nn of/in days/nns in/in the/at family's/nn$ disrupted/vbn daily/jj functioning/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at phobic-like/jj fear/nn that/cs some/dti terrible/jj harm/nn would/md befall/vb the/at second/od twin/nn ,/, whose/wp$ birth/nn had/hvd not/* been/ben anticipated/vbn ./. Soon/rb Mrs./np B.'s/np$ fears/nns threatened/vbd to/to burst/vb into/in a/at full-blown/jj panic/nn concerning/in the/at welfare/nn of/in the/at entire/jj family/nn ./. Inability/nn to/to care/vb for/in the/at other/ap children/nns ,/, difficulty/nn in/in feeding/vbg the/at babies/nns ,/, who/wps seemed/vbd colicky/jj ,/, bone-weary/jj fatigue/nn ,/, repeated/vbn crying/vbg episodes/nns ,/, and/cc short/jj tempers/nns reflected/vbd the/at family's/nn$ helplessness/nn in/in coping/vbg with/in the/at stressful/jj situation/nn ./. Clearly/rb ,/, this/dt was/bedz a/at family/nn in/in crisis/nn ./. Mrs./np B./np compared/vbd her/pp$ feelings/nns of/in weakness/nn to/in her/pp$ feelings/nns of/in weakness/nn and/cc helplessness/nn at/in the/at time/nn of/in her/pp$ mother's/nn$ death/nn when/wrb she/pps was/bedz eight/cd ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs her/pp$ subsequent/jj anger/nn at/in her/pp$ father/nn for/in remarrying/vbg ./. Her/pp$ previous/jj traumatic/jj experiences/nns flashed/vbd through/in her/pp$ mind/nn as/cs if/cs they/ppss had/hvd happened/vbn yesterday/nr ./. On/in the/at anniversary/nn of/in her/pp$ father's/nn$ death/nn she/pps poured/vbd out/rp with/in agonized/vbn tears/nns her/pp$ feelings/nns of/in guilt/nn about/in not/* having/hvg attended/vbn his/pp$ funeral/nn ./. In/in the/at family's/nn$ own/jj words/nns (/( during/in the/at third/od of/in twelve/cd visits/nns )/) ,/, they/ppss had/hvd ``/`` reached/vbn the/at crisis/nn peak/nn --/-- either/cc the/at situation/nn will/md give/vb or/cc we/ppss will/md break/vb ''/'' !/. !/. Direct/jj confrontation/nn and/cc acceptance/nn of/in Mrs./np B.'s/np$ anger/nn against/in the/at second/od baby/nn soon/rb dissipated/vbd her/pp$ fears/nns of/in annihilation/nn ./. Abreaction/nn of/in her/pp$ anxiety/nn and/cc guilt/nn concerning/in the/at death/nn of/in her/pp$ parents/nns ,/, when/wrb linked/vbn up/rp with/in her/pp$ current/jj feelings/nns of/in anger/nn and/cc her/pp$ fears/nns of/in loss/nn ,/, abandonment/nn ,/, and/cc annihilation/nn ,/, produced/vbd further/ap relief/nn of/in tension/nn ./. In/in a/at joint/jj interview/nn Mr./np and/cc Mrs./np B./np were/bed helped/vbn to/to understand/vb the/at meaning/nn of/in a/at younger/jjr son's/nn$ wandering/nn away/rb from/in home/nn in/in terms/nns of/in his/pp$ feelings/nns of/in displacement/nn in/in reaction/nn to/in the/at arrival/nn of/in the/at twins/nns ./. The/at father/nn ,/, accurately/rb perceiving/vbg the/at child's/nn$ needs/nns ,/, not/* only/rb respected/vbd them/ppo as/cs worthy/jj of/in his/pp$ attention/nn ,/, but/cc immediately/rb satisfied/vbd them/ppo by/in taking/vbg him/ppo on/in his/pp$ lap/nn along/rb with/in the/at twins/nns ,/, saying/vbg ,/, ``/`` I/ppss have/hv a/at big/jj lap/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez room/nn for/in you/ppo ,/, too/rb ,/, Johnnie/np ''/'' ./. Simultaneously/rb ,/, a/at variety/nn of/in environmental/jj supports/nns --/-- a/at calm/jj but/cc not/* too/ql motherly/jj homemaker/nn ,/, referral/nn for/in temporary/jj economic/jj aid/nn ,/, intelligent/jj use/nn of/in nursing/vbg care/nn ,/, accompaniment/nn to/in the/at well-baby/nn clinic/nn for/in medical/jj advice/nn on/in the/at twins'/nns$ feeding/vbg problem/nn --/-- combined/vbd to/to prevent/vb further/ap development/nn of/in predictable/jj pathological/jj mechanisms/nns ./. Follow-up/jj visits/nns of/in the/at nurse/nn and/cc social/jj worker/nn indicated/vbd continued/vbn success/nn in/in the/at care/nn of/in the/at new/jj babies/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs a/at marked/vbn improvement/nn in/in the/at family's/nn$ day-to-day/jj mental/jj health/nn and/cc social/jj functioning/nn ./. As/cs seen/vbn in/in the/at B./np family/nn ,/, there/ex must/md be/be an/at attempt/nn to/to help/vb the/at client/nn develop/vb conscious/jj awareness/nn of/in the/at problem/nn ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at absence/nn of/in a/at formal/jj request/nn for/in assistance/nn ./. The/at lack/nn of/in awareness/nn usually/rb springs/vbz from/in deep/jj but/cc disguised/vbn anxiety/nn ,/, often/rb assuming/vbg the/at superficial/jj guise/nn of/in ``/`` not/* knowing/vbg ''/'' or/cc ``/`` not/* caring/vbg ''/'' ./. The/at unhealthy/jj use/nn of/in denial/nn in/in the/at initial/jj reaction/nn to/in a/at stress/nn must/md be/be handled/vbn through/in the/at medium/nn of/in a/at positive/jj controlled/vbn transference/nn ./. In/in general/jj ,/, the/at approach/nn is/bez more/ql active/jj than/cs passive/jj ,/, more/ql out-reaching/jj than/cs reflective/jj ./. While/cs some/dti regression/nn is/bez inevitable/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez discouraged/vbn rather/rb than/cs encouraged/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at transference/nn does/doz not/* follow/vb the/at stages/nns of/in planned/vbn regression/nn associated/vbn with/in certain/ap casework/nn adaptations/nns of/in the/at psychoanalytic/jj model/nn for/in insight/nn therapy/nn ./. To/to establish/vb an/at emotionally/rb meaningful/jj relationship/nn the/at worker/nn must/md demonstrate/vb actual/jj or/cc potential/jj helpfulness/nn immediately/rb ,/, preferably/rb within/in the/at first/od interview/nn ,/, by/in meeting/vbg the/at client's/nn$ specific/jj needs/nns ./. These/dts needs/nns usually/rb concern/vb the/at reduction/nn of/in guilt/nn and/cc some/dti relief/nn of/in tension/nn ./. The/at initial/jj interview/nn must/md be/be therapeutic/jj rather/rb than/cs purely/rb exploratory/jj in/in an/at information-seeking/jj sense/nn ./. In/in this/dt relationship-building/jj stage/nn the/at worker/nn must/md communicate/vb confidence/nn in/in the/at client's/nn$ ability/nn to/to deal/vb with/in the/at problem/nn ./. In/in so/rb doing/vbg he/pps implicitly/rb offers/vbz the/at positive/jj contagion/nn of/in hope/nn as/cs a/at kind/nn of/in maturational/jj dynamic/nn to/to counteract/vb feelings/nns of/in helplessness/nn and/cc hopelessness/nn generally/rb associated/vbn with/in the/at first/od stages/nns of/in stress/nn impact/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at client/nn receives/vbz enough/ap ego/nn support/nn to/to engage/vb in/in constructive/jj efforts/nns on/in his/pp$ own/jj behalf/nn ./. Here/rb there/ex is/bez a/at specific/jj preventive/jj component/nn which/wdt applies/vbz in/in a/at more/ql generalized/vbn sense/nn to/in any/dti casework/nn situation/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber preventing/vbg or/cc averting/vbg pathogenic/jj phenomena/nns such/jj as/cs undue/jj regression/nn ,/, unhealthy/jj suppression/nn and/cc repression/nn ,/, excessive/jj use/nn of/in denial/nn ,/, and/cc crippling/vbg guilt/nn turned/vbn against/in the/at self/nn ./. While/cs some/dti suppression/nn and/cc some/dti denial/nn are/ber not/* only/rb necessary/jj but/cc healthy/jj ,/, the/at worker's/nn$ clinical/jj knowledge/nn must/md determine/vb how/wrb these/dts defenses/nns are/ber being/beg used/vbn ,/, what/wdt healthy/jj shifts/nns in/in defensive/jj adaptation/nn are/ber indicated/vbn ,/, and/cc when/wrb efforts/nns at/in bringing/vbg about/rb change/nn can/md be/be most/ql effectively/rb timed/vbn ./. In/in steering/vbg the/at family/nn toward/in ego-adaptive/jj and/cc away/rb from/in maladaptive/jj responses/nns ,/, the/at worker/nn uses/vbz time-honored/jj focused/vbn casework/nn techniques/nns of/in specific/jj emotional/jj support/nn ,/, clarification/nn ,/, and/cc anticipatory/jj guidance/nn ./. Over/in a/at relatively/ql short/jj period/nn of/in time/nn ,/, usually/rb about/rb four/cd to/in twelve/cd weeks/nns ,/, the/at worker/nn must/md be/be able/jj to/to shift/vb the/at focus/nn ,/, back/rb and/cc forth/rb ,/, between/in immediate/jj external/jj stressful/jj exigencies/nns (/( ``/`` precipitating/vbg stress/nn ''/'' )/) and/cc the/at key/jjs ,/, emotionally/rb relevant/jj issues/nns (/( ``/`` underlying/vbg problem/nn ''/'' )/) which/wdt are/ber ,/, often/rb in/in a/at dramatic/jj preconscious/jj breakthrough/nn ,/, reactivated/vbn by/in the/at crisis/nn situation/nn ,/, and/cc hence/rb once/rb again/rb amenable/jj to/in resolution/nn ./. Though/cs there/ex is/bez obviously/rb nothing/pn new/jj about/in these/dts techniques/nns ,/, they/ppss do/do challenge/vb the/at worker's/nn$ skill/nn to/to articulate/vb them/ppo precisely/rb on/in the/at spot/nn and/cc on/in the/at basis/nn of/in quick/jj and/cc accurate/jj diagnostic/nn assessments/nns ./. Then/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, the/at utmost/jjs clinical/jj flexibility/nn is/bez necessary/jj in/in judiciously/rb combining/vbg carefully/rb timed/vbn family-oriented/jj home/nr visits/nns ,/, single/ap and/cc group/nn office/nn interviews/nns ,/, and/cc appropriate/jj telephone/nn follow-up/jj calls/nns ,/, if/cs the/at worker/nn is/bez to/to be/be genuinely/ql accessible/jj and/cc if/cs the/at predicted/vbn unhealthy/jj outcome/nn is/bez to/to be/be actually/rb averted/vbn in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at principles/nns of/in preventive/jj intervention/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, in/in many/ap cases/nns ,/, a/at variety/nn of/in concrete/jj social/jj resources/nns --/-- homemaker/nn ,/, day/nn care/nn ,/, medical/jj and/cc financial/jj aid/nn --/-- must/md be/be reasonably/rb available/jj for/in the/at reality/nn support/nn needed/vbn to/to bolster/vb the/at family/nn in/in its/pp$ individual/jj and/cc collective/jj coping/vbg and/cc integrative/jj efforts/nns ./. At/in certain/ap critical/jj stages/nns ,/, and/cc only/rb for/in sound/jj diagnostic/jj reasons/nns ,/, it/pps may/md be/be important/jj to/to accompany/vb family/nn members/nns in/in their/pp$ use/nn of/in these/dts resources/nns if/cs their/pp$ problem-solving/jj behavior/nn is/bez to/to be/be constructive/jj rather/rb than/cs defeating/vbg ./. While/cs expensive/jj in/in time/nn and/cc involving/vbg a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in adaptation/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at worker/nn (/( in/in terms/nns of/in his/pp$ willingness/nn to/to leave/vb the/at sanctity/nn of/in his/pp$ office/nn and/cc enter/vb actively/rb into/in the/at client's/nn$ life/nn )/) ,/, techniques/nns of/in accompaniment/nn were/bed found/vbn to/to be/be of/in tremendous/jj value/nn when/wrb in/in the/at service/nn of/in specific/jj preventive/jj objectives/nns ./. Finally/rb ,/, whatever/wdt the/at techniques/nns used/vbn ,/, a/at twin/nn goal/nn is/bez common/jj to/in all/abn preventive/jj casework/nn service/nn :/: to/to cushion/vb or/cc reduce/vb the/at force/nn of/in the/at stress/nn impact/nn while/cs at/in the/at same/ap time/nn to/to encourage/vb and/cc support/vb family/nn members/nns to/to mobilize/vb and/cc use/vb their/pp$ ego/nn capacities/nns ./. Having/hvg outlined/vbn an/at approach/nn to/in the/at theory/nn and/cc practice/nn of/in preventive/jj casework/nn ,/, we/ppss now/rb address/vb ourselves/ppls to/in our/pp$ final/jj question/nn :/: What/wdt place/nn should/md brief/jj ,/, crisis-oriented/jj preventive/jj casework/nn occupy/vb in/in our/pp$ total/nn spectrum/nn of/in services/nns ?/. ?/. We/ppss should/md first/rb recognize/vb our/pp$ tendency/nn to/to develop/vb a/at hierarchy/nn of/in values/nns ,/, locating/vbg brief/jj treatment/nn at/in the/at bottom/nn and/cc long-term/nn intensive/jj service/nn at/in the/at top/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in seeing/vbg the/at services/nns as/cs part/nn of/in a/at continuum/nn ,/, each/dt important/jj in/in its/pp$ own/jj right/nn ./. This/dt problem/nn is/bez perhaps/rb as/ql old/jj as/cs social/jj casework/nn itself/ppl ./. Almost/rb three/cd decades/nns ago/rb Bertha/np Reynolds/np undertook/vbd a/at study/nn of/in short-contact/nn interviewing/nn because/rb of/in her/pp$ conviction/nn that/cs short-term/nn casework/nn had/hvd an/at important/jj but/cc neglected/vbn place/nn in/in our/pp$ network/nn of/in social/jj services/nns ./. Her/pp$ conclusion/nn has/hvz been/ben borne/vbn out/rp in/in the/at experience/nn of/in many/ap practitioners/nns :/: ``/`` short-contact/nn interviewing/nn is/bez neither/cc a/at truncated/vbn nor/cc a/at telescoped/vbn experience/nn but/cc is/bez of/in the/at same/ap essential/jj quality/nn as/cs the/at so-called/jj intensive/jj case/nn work/nn ''/'' ./. Thus/rb ,/, casework/nn involving/vbg a/at limited/vbn number/nn of/in interviews/nns is/bez still/rb to/to be/be regarded/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in the/at quality/nn of/in service/nn rendered/vbn rather/rb than/in of/in the/at quantity/nn of/in time/nn expended/vbn ./. That/cs we/ppss are/ber experiencing/vbg an/at upsurge/nn of/in interest/nn in/in the/at many/ap formulations/nns and/cc preventive/jj adaptations/nns of/in brief/jj treatment/nn in/in social/jj casework/nn is/bez evident/jj from/in even/rb a/at small/jj sampling/nn of/in current/jj literature/nn ./. Especially/rb noteworthy/jj is/bez Levinger's/np$ finding/nn that/cs the/at length/nn of/in treatment/nn per/in se/fw-ppl is/bez not/* a/at reliable/jj indicator/nn of/in successful/jj outcome/nn ./. According/in to/in a/at number/nn of/in studies/nns ,/, the/at important/jj predictors/nns are/ber the/at nature/nn and/cc management/nn of/in the/at client's/nn$ anxiety/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at accessibility/nn of/in the/at helping/vbg person/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at level/nn of/in improvement/nn noted/vbn in/in a/at recent/jj experiment/nn with/in a/at short/jj course/nn of/in immediate/jj treatment/nn for/in parent-child/nn relationship/nn problems/nns compared/vbd favorably/rb with/in the/at results/nns reported/vbn by/in typical/jj child/nn guidance/nn clinics/nns where/wrb the/at hours/nns spent/vbn in/in purely/ql diagnostic/jj study/nn may/md equal/vb or/cc exceed/vb the/at number/nn of/in hours/nns devoted/vbn to/in actual/jj treatment/nn interviews/nns in/in the/at experimental/jj project/nn ./. Of/in startling/jj significance/nn ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez the/at assertion/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz possible/jj to/to carry/vb out/rp this/dt program/nn with/in only/rb a/at 6/cd percent/nn attrition/nn rate/nn as/cs compared/vbn with/in a/at rate/nn of/in 59/cd percent/nn reported/vbn for/in a/at comparable/jj group/nn of/in families/nns who/wps were/bed receiving/vbg help/nn in/in traditionally/rb operated/vbn child/nn guidance/nn services/nns ./. These/dts reports/nns refer/vb to/in a/at level/nn of/in secondary/jj prevention/nn in/in a/at child/nn guidance/nn clinic/nn approached/vbn by/in the/at customary/jj route/nn of/in voluntary/jj referral/nn by/in the/at family/nn or/cc by/in other/ap professional/jj people/nns ./. Similarities/nns to/in the/at approach/nn which/wdt I/ppss have/hv described/vbn are/ber evident/jj in/in the/at prompt/jj establishment/nn of/in a/at helping/vbg relationship/nn ,/, quick/jj appraisal/nn of/in key/jjs issues/nns ,/, and/cc the/at immediate/jj mobilization/nn of/in treatment/nn plans/nns as/cs the/at essential/jj dynamics/nns in/in helping/vbg to/to further/vb the/at ego's/nn$ coping/vbg efforts/nns in/in dealing/vbg with/in the/at interplay/nn of/in inner/jj and/cc outer/jj stresses/nns ./. While/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap different/jj possibilities/nns for/in the/at timing/nn of/in casework/nn intervention/nn ,/, the/at experiments/nns recently/rb reported/vbn from/in a/at variety/nn of/in traditional/jj settings/nns all/abn point/vb up/rp the/at importance/nn of/in an/at immediate/jj response/nn to/in the/at client's/nn$ initial/jj need/nn for/in help/nn ./. In/in some/dti programs/nns ,/, treatment/nn is/bez concentrated/vbn over/in a/at short/jj period/nn of/in time/nn ,/, while/cs in/in others/nns ,/, after/cs the/at initial/jj contact/nn is/bez established/vbn ,/, flexible/jj spacing/nn of/in interviews/nns has/hvz been/ben experimentally/rb used/vbn with/in apparent/jj success/nn ./. Willingness/nn to/to take/vb the/at risk/nn of/in early/jj and/cc direct/jj interpretation/nn (/( with/in the/at proviso/nn that/cs if/cs the/at interpretation/nn is/bez too/ql threatening/jj ,/, the/at worker/nn can/md withdraw/vb )/) is/bez another/dt prominent/jj feature/nn in/in these/dts efforts/nns ./. My/pp$ aim/nn in/in mentioning/vbg this/dt factor/nn obviously/rb is/bez not/* to/to give/vb license/nn to/in ``/`` wild/jj therapy/nn ''/'' but/in rather/rb to/to encourage/vb us/ppo to/to use/vb the/at time-honored/jj clinical/jj casework/nn skills/nns we/ppss already/rb possess/vb ,/, and/cc to/to use/vb them/ppo with/in greater/jjr confidence/nn ,/, precision/nn ,/, and/cc professional/jj pride/nn ./. Though/cs there/ex is/bez obviously/rb great/jj need/nn for/in continued/vbn experimentation/nn with/in various/jj types/nns of/in short-term/nn intervention/nn to/to further/vb efforts/nns in/in developing/vbg an/at operational/jj definition/nn of/in prevention/nn at/in the/at secondary/jj --/-- or/cc perhaps/rb ,/, in/in some/dti instances/nns ,/, primary/jj --/-- level/nn ,/, the/at place/nn of/in short-term/nn intervention/nn has/hvz already/rb been/ben documented/vbn by/in a/at number/nn of/in investigators/nns in/in a/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in settings/nns ./. Woodward/np ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, has/hvz emphasized/vbn the/at ``/`` need/nn for/in a/at broad/jj spectrum/nn of/in services/nns ,/, including/in very/ql brief/jj services/nns in/in connection/nn with/in critical/jj situations/nns ''/'' ./. Ideally/rb ,/, brief/jj treatment/nn should/md be/be arrived/vbn at/in as/cs a/at treatment/nn of/in choice/nn rather/rb than/in as/cs a/at treatment/nn of/in chance/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at shortage/nn of/in treatment/nn resources/nns and/cc the/at chronically/ql persistent/jj shortage/nn of/in mental/jj health/nn manpower/nn force/vb us/ppo to/to innovate/vb additional/jj refinements/nns of/in preventive/jj intervention/nn techniques/nns to/to make/vb services/nns more/ql widely/rb available/jj --/-- and/cc on/in a/at more/ql effective/jj basis/nn to/in more/ap people/nns ./. Further/ap research/nn in/in the/at meaning/nn of/in crises/nns as/cs experienced/vbn by/in the/at consumers/nns of/in traditional/jj social/jj casework/nn services/nns --/-- including/in attempts/nns to/to develop/vb a/at typology/nn of/in family/nn structures/nns ,/, crisis/nn problems/nns ,/, reaction/nn mechanisms/nns ,/, and/cc differential/jj treatment/nn approaches/nns --/-- and/cc the/at establishment/nn of/in new/jj experimental/jj programs/nns are/ber imperative/jj social/jj needs/nns which/wdt should/md command/vb the/at best/jjt efforts/nns of/in caseworkers/nns in/in collaboration/nn with/in community/nn planners/nns ./. Our/pp$ literature/nn is/bez already/rb replete/jj with/in a/at fantastic/jj number/nn of/in suggestions/nns for/in preventive/jj agency/nn programming/vbg ranging/vbg from/in the/at immediately/rb practical/jj to/in the/at globally/rb utopian/jj ./. Probably/rb ,/, in/in the/at immediate/jj future/nn ,/, we/ppss will/md have/hv to/to settle/vb for/in middle-range/nn efforts/nns that/wps fall/vb short/rb of/in utopian/jj models/nns ./. Increased/vbn experimentation/nn with/in multipurpose/jj agencies/nns ,/, especially/rb those/dts that/wps combine/vb afresh/rb the/at traditional/jj functions/nns of/in family/nn and/cc child/nn welfare/nn services/nns ,/, holds/vbz rich/jj promise/nn for/in the/at future/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, child/nn welfare/nn experience/nn abounds/vbz with/in cases/nns in/in which/wdt the/at parental/jj request/nn for/in substitute/nn care/nn is/bez precipitated/vbn by/in a/at crisis/nn event/nn which/wdt is/bez meaningfully/rb linked/vbn with/in a/at fundamental/jj unresolved/jj problem/nn of/in family/nn relationships/nns ./.

cj25

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occasion:1 view:1 unit:1

Sentiment/nn-hl ./.-hl Tension/nn management/nn and/cc communication/nn of/in sentiment/nn are/ber the/at processes/nns involved/vbn in/in the/at functioning/nn of/in the/at element/nn of/in sentiment/nn or/cc feeling/vbg ./. One/cd of/in the/at devices/nns for/in tension/nn management/nn is/bez preferential/jj mating/vbg ./. The/at preferential/jj mating/vbg of/in this/dt particular/jj population/nn has/hvz been/ben analyzed/vbn in/in a/at separate/jj study/nn ./. The/at relative/jj geographical/jj isolation/nn of/in the/at Brandywine/np population/nn makes/vbz for/in a/at limited/vbn choice/nn in/in mating/vbg ./. It/pps would/md seem/vb necessary/jj that/cs members/nns of/in this/dt population/nn provide/vb support/nn for/in one/cd another/dt since/cs it/pps is/bez not/* provided/vbn by/in the/at larger/jjr society/nn ./. The/at supportive/jj relations/nns can/md apparently/rb be/be achieved/vbn in/in geographical/jj and/cc social/jj isolation/nn ./. The/at newlyweds/nns building/vbg homes/nns on/in the/at same/ap land/nn with/in either/dtx set/nn of/in parents/nns ,/, and/cc the/at almost/ql exclusive/jj use/nn of/in members/nns of/in the/at population/nn as/cs sponsors/nns for/in baptisms/nns and/cc weddings/nns illustrate/vb this/dt supportive/jj relationship/nn ./. As/cs Loomis/np remarks/vbz ,/, ``/`` In/in the/at internal/jj pattern/nn the/at chief/jjs reason/nn for/in interacting/vbg is/bez to/to communicate/vb liking/vbg ,/, friendship/nn ,/, and/cc love/nn among/in those/dts who/wps stand/vb in/in supporting/vbg relations/nns to/in one/cd another/dt and/cc corresponding/jj negative/jj sentiments/nns to/in those/dts who/wps stand/vb in/in antagonistic/jj relations/nns ''/'' ./. Achieving/vbg-hl ./.-hl Maintenance/nn of/in the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt might/md seem/vb to/to be/be the/at appropriate/jj goal/nn or/cc objective/nn of/in this/dt population/nn today/nr ./. Yet/rb ,/, the/at object/nn of/in the/at element/nn of/in achieving/vbg through/in the/at process/nn of/in goal/nn attaining/vbg for/in this/dt population/nn appears/vbz to/to have/hv been/ben changed/vbn by/in circumstances/nns brought/vbn about/rb by/in the/at war/nn ./. Prior/rb to/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, there/ex was/bedz a/at higher/jjr percentage/nn of/in endogamous/jj marriages/nns than/cs after/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Norms/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at norms/nns ,/, as/cs elements/nns ,/, refer/vb to/in ``/`` all/abn criteria/nns for/in judging/vbg the/at character/nn or/cc conduct/nn of/in both/abx individual/jj and/cc group/nn actions/nns in/in any/dti social/jj system/nn ''/'' ./. The/at process/nn of/in evaluation/nn assigns/vbz varying/vbg positive/jj and/cc negative/jj priorities/nns or/cc values/nns to/in elements/nns ./. The/at elements/nns and/cc processes/nns become/vb evident/jj in/in a/at study/nn of/in mate/nn selection/nn in/in this/dt population/nn ./. From/in the/at evidence/nn ``/`` it/pps may/md be/be conjectured/vbn that/cs core/nn -/in core/nn marriages/nns are/ber the/at preferred/vbn unions/nns for/in core/nn males/nns and/cc females/nns ;/. ;/. core/nn -/in marginal/jj marriages/nns still/rb belong/vb in/in the/at category/nn of/in permissive/jj unions/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc core/nn -/in Negro/np marriages/nns are/ber proscribed/vbn for/in core/nn members/nns ''/'' ./. Status-roles/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at element/nn of/in status-roles/nns and/cc associated/vbn processes/nns have/hv not/* been/ben sufficiently/rb investigated/vbn for/in this/dt population/nn to/to permit/vb any/dti type/nn of/in conjectures/nns about/in them/ppo ./. Power/nn-hl ./.-hl There/ex is/bez some/dti indication/nn from/in a/at limited/vbn number/nn of/in interviews/nns with/in members/nns of/in the/at population/nn that/cs the/at element/nn of/in power/nn ,/, primarily/rb the/at voluntary/jj influence/nn of/in non-authoritative/jj power/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben exerted/vbn on/in actors/nns in/in the/at system/nn ,/, particularly/rb in/in regard/nn to/in mate/nn selection/nn ./. This/dt would/md seem/vb to/to vary/vb from/in family/nn to/in family/nn ,/, depending/in somewhat/rb on/in the/at core/nn or/cc marginal/jj ``/`` status/nn ''/'' of/in that/dt family/nn ./. Again/rb ,/, size/nn of/in the/at group/nn may/md have/hv some/dti influence/nn on/in the/at strength/nn of/in group/nn controls/nns ./. Ranking/vbg-hl ./.-hl Interviews/nns with/in members/nns of/in the/at Brandywine/np population/nn were/bed attempted/vbn in/in order/nn to/to discover/vb the/at ranking/nn of/in the/at various/jj families/nns in/in the/at population/nn ./. The/at large/jj majority/nn of/in the/at interviewees/nns placed/vbd core/nn families/nns in/in the/at upper/jjr positions/nns ./. Loomis/np considers/vbz ranking/vbg a/at product/nn of/in the/at evaluation/nn process/nn ./. ``/`` The/at standing/nn or/cc rank/nn of/in an/at actor/nn in/in a/at given/vbn social/jj system/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in the/at evaluation/nn placed/vbn upon/in the/at actor/nn and/cc his/pp$ acts/nns in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at norms/nns and/cc standards/nns of/in the/at system/nn ''/'' ./. Despite/in the/at increasing/vbg rate/nn of/in exogamous/jj marriages/nns ,/, the/at population/nn has/hvz been/ben able/jj to/to sustain/vb ,/, at/in least/ap to/in some/dti degree/nn ,/, the/at consciousness/nn of/in its/pp$ intermediate/jj status/nn in/in society/nn ./. To/in some/dti extent/nn the/at system/nn can/md be/be considered/vbn a/at Gemeinschaft/fw-nn in/in which/wdt ``/`` social-role/nn occupancies/nns are/ber determined/vbn by/in birth/nn ,/, by/in attributes/nns such/jj as/cs sex/nn or/cc caste/nn ,/, which/wdt are/ber biologically/rb or/cc socially/rb immutable/jj ''/'' ./. The/at adherence/nn of/in many/ap in/in the/at population/nn to/in the/at Indian/jj background/nn in/in their/pp$ pedigree/nn ,/, and/cc emphasis/nn upon/in the/at fact/nn that/cs their/pp$ ancestors/nns had/hvd never/rb been/ben slaves/nns ,/, becomes/vbz of/in prime/jj interest/nn in/in determining/vbg how/wql far/rb these/dts elements/nns promote/vb the/at self-image/nn of/in the/at intermediate/jj status/nn of/in the/at group/nn in/in society/nn ./. Sanctions/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at negative/jj sanctions/nns applied/vbn to/in core/nn -/in Negro/np marriages/nns for/in core/nn members/nns act/vb as/cs indicators/nns of/in expected/vbn adherence/nn to/in group/nn norms/nns ./. However/rb ,/, because/rb of/in Church/nn-tl laws/nns ,/, lately/rb more/ql stringently/rb enforced/vbn ,/, which/wdt forbid/vb the/at marriage/nn of/in cousins/nns closely/rb related/vbn consanguineously/rb ,/, a/at means/nn of/in facilitating/vbg the/at goal/nn of/in in-group/nn relations/nns may/md be/be that/dt of/in recourse/nn to/in illegitimate/jj unions/nns ./. A/at cursory/jj survey/nn of/in available/jj material/nn indicates/vbz a/at high/jj rate/nn of/in illegitimate/jj births/nns occurring/vbg to/in parents/nns who/wps have/hv a/at close/jj consanguineous/jj relationship/nn ./. Subsystems/nns-hl The/at comprehensive/jj or/cc master/nn processes/nns activate/vb all/abn or/cc some/dti of/in the/at elements/nns within/in the/at social/jj system/nn and/cc subsystems/nns ./. Within/in the/at larger/jjr social/jj system/nn are/ber the/at structural/jj and/cc functional/jj subsystems/nns ./. The/at structural/jj subsystem/nn ,/, consisting/vbg of/in relatively/ql stable/jj inter-relationships/nns among/in its/pp$ parts/nns ,/, includes/vbz :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Subgroups/nns of/in various/ap types/nns ,/, interconnected/vbn by/in relational/jj norms/nns ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Roles/nns of/in various/ap types/nns ,/, within/in the/at larger/jjr system/nn and/cc within/in the/at subgroups/nns 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Regulative/jj norms/nns governing/vbg subgroups/nns and/cc roles/nns ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Cultural/jj values/nns ./. In/in the/at study/nn of/in marriage/nn patterns/nns for/in this/dt group/nn ,/, consanguinity/nn produces/vbz the/at structural/jj system/nn --/-- a/at system/nn of/in affinities/nns --/-- which/wdt ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, maintains/vbz the/at system/nn of/in consanguinity/nn ./. Subgroups/nns of/in various/ap types/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn within/in this/dt system/nn ./. Each/dt family/nn line/nn can/md be/be considered/vbn a/at substructure/nn ./. There/ex seems/vbz to/to be/be an/at implied/vbn cultural/jj value/nn attached/vbn to/in the/at fact/nn of/in core/nn status/nn within/in the/at group/nn ./. Additionally/rb ,/, the/at proscription/nn of/in core/nn -/in Negro/np marriages/nns for/in core/nn families/nns ,/, discussed/vbn above/rb ,/, would/md seem/vb to/to act/vb as/cs a/at regulative/jj norm/nn governing/vbg subgroups/nns and/cc roles/nns ./. The/at scope/nn of/in this/dt study/nn does/doz not/* provide/vb for/in the/at study/nn of/in roles/nns of/in various/ap types/nns within/in the/at larger/jjr system/nn or/cc within/in the/at subgroups/nns ./. However/rb ,/, it/pps cannot/md* be/be presumed/vbn ,/, informal/jj though/cs the/at structure/nn of/in the/at population/nn seems/vbz ,/, that/cs there/ex are/ber not/* well-defined/jj roles/nns within/in the/at system/nn ./. The/at present/jj study/nn relates/vbz to/in the/at theory/nn of/in functional/jj systems/nns ./. It/pps is/bez hypothesized/vbn that/dt fertility/nn is/bez a/at function/nn of/in the/at social/jj system/nn when/wrb the/at population/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn is/bez considered/vbn and/cc a/at function/nn of/in the/at subsystems/nns when/wrb the/at two-fold/jj division/nn of/in core/nn families/nns and/cc marginal/jj families/nns is/bez considered/vbn ./. The/at four/cd functional/jj problems/nns of/in a/at social/jj system/nn are/ber ,/, to/in some/dti extent/nn ,/, solved/vbn by/in the/at subsystems/nns within/in this/dt population/nn ./. By/in means/nns of/in geographical/jj isolation/nn and/cc high/jj fertility/nn rates/nns ,/, inbreeding/vbg can/md be/be fostered/vbn and/cc the/at pattern/nn of/in isolation/nn from/in the/at greater/jjr society/nn maintained/vbn ./. In/in order/nn to/to attain/vb the/at goal/nn of/in group/nn solidarity/nn and/cc to/to relieve/vb tension/nn ,/, the/at high/jj fertility/nn rate/nn provides/vbz more/ap group/nn members/nns for/in mate/nn selection/nn ,/, and/cc the/at clustering/nn of/in members/nns in/in groups/nns fosters/vbz acceptance/nn of/in group/nn controls/nns ./. To/to maintain/vb their/pp$ intermediate/jj position/nn in/in the/at larger/jjr society/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* only/rb necessary/jj that/cs members/nns of/in this/dt population/nn be/be ``/`` visible/jj ''/'' ,/, but/cc that/cs their/pp$ numbers/nns be/be great/jj enough/qlp to/to be/be recognized/vbn as/cs a/at separate/jj ,/, distinct/jj grouping/vbg or/cc system/nn in/in society/nn ./. As/cs mentioned/vbn above/rb ,/, where/wrb families/nns are/ber concentrated/vbn in/in larger/jjr numbers/nns ,/, group/nn controls/nns seem/vb strongest/jjt and/cc most/ql effective/jj ./. Adaptation/nn to/in the/at social/jj and/cc non-social/jj environment/nn through/in the/at economy/nn has/hvz been/ben met/vbn to/in a/at degree/nn through/in a/at type/nn of/in occupational/jj segregation/nn ./. This/dt provides/vbz the/at necessary/jj contact/nn with/in the/at larger/jjr society/nn ,/, while/cs supporting/vbg a/at type/nn of/in control/nn over/in members/nns in/in terms/nns of/in social/jj contacts/nns ./. Integration/nn ``/`` has/hvz to/to do/do with/in the/at inter-relation/nn of/in parts/nns ''/'' ./. The/at problem/nn of/in solidarity/nn and/cc morale/nn again/rb involves/vbz the/at concept/nn of/in values/nns ./. The/at values/nns placed/vbn by/in the/at Brandywine/np population/nn ,/, upon/in maintaining/vbg a/at certain/ap homogeneity/nn ,/, a/at certain/ap separate/jj racial/jj identity/nn ,/, and/cc therefore/rb a/at certain/ap separate/jj social/jj status/nn ,/, are/ber important/jj for/in the/at morale/nn of/in the/at system/nn ./. Since/cs morale/nn is/bez closely/rb related/vbn to/in pattern/nn maintenance/nn and/cc integration/nn ,/, the/at higher/jjr the/at morale/nn and/cc solidarity/nn ,/, the/at better/jjr the/at system/nn can/md solve/vb the/at problems/nns of/in the/at system/nn ./. In/in this/dt respect/nn it/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs the/at greater/jjr the/at social/jj distance/nn between/in the/at Brandywine/np population/nn and/cc the/at white/jj and/cc Negro/np populations/nns within/in the/at same/ap general/jj locality/nn ,/, the/at greater/jjr the/at possibility/nn for/in higher/jjr morale/nn and/cc solidarity/nn within/in the/at Brandywine/np population/nn ./. It/pps is/bez conceived/vbn that/cs one/cd of/in the/at means/nns to/to attain/vb this/dt social/jj distance/nn is/bez that/dt of/in physical/jj and/cc social/jj isolation/nn ./. In/in turn/nn ,/, higher/jjr fertility/nn rates/nns for/in this/dt population/nn provide/vb a/at means/nn of/in increasing/vbg the/at numerical/jj quantity/nn of/in the/at population/nn ,/, allowing/vbg for/in the/at possibility/nn of/in greater/jjr stability/nn and/cc unity/nn ./. The/at population/nn can/md thereby/rb replenish/vb itself/ppl and/cc actually/rb grow/vb larger/jjr ./. Master/nn-hl processes/nns-hl Of/in particular/jj utility/nn in/in the/at analysis/nn of/in the/at development/nn ,/, persistence/nn ,/, and/cc change/nn of/in social/jj systems/nns has/hvz been/ben the/at use/nn of/in the/at master/nn or/cc comprehensive/jj processes/nns ./. Loomis/np considers/vbz six/cd such/jj processes/nns in/in his/pp$ paradigm/nn ./. 1/cd ./. Communication/nn 2/cd ./. Boundary/nn maintenance/nn 3/cd ./. Systemic/jj linkage/nn 4/cd ./. Socialization/nn 5/cd ./. Social/jj control/nn 6/cd ./. Institutionalization/nn Though/cs undoubtedly/rb all/abn six/cd processes/nns are/ber operative/jj within/in the/at whole/jj social/jj system/nn and/cc its/pp$ subsystems/nns ,/, two/cd processes/nns that/wps are/ber of/in crucial/jj importance/nn to/in this/dt study/nn will/md be/be singled/vbn out/rp for/in particular/jj emphasis/nn ./. Communication/nn-hl ./.-hl In/in discussing/vbg the/at process/nn of/in communication/nn ,/, Loomis/np defines/vbz it/ppo as/cs ``/`` the/at process/nn by/in which/wdt information/nn ,/, decisions/nns ,/, and/cc directives/nns are/ber transmitted/vbn among/in actors/nns and/cc the/at ways/nns in/in which/wdt knowledge/nn ,/, opinions/nns ,/, and/cc attitudes/nns are/ber formed/vbn ,/, or/cc modified/vbn by/in interaction/nn ''/'' ./. Communication/nn may/md be/be facilitated/vbn by/in means/nns of/in the/at high/jj visibility/nn within/in the/at larger/jjr community/nn ./. Intense/jj interaction/nn is/bez easier/jjr where/wrb segregated/vbn living/nn and/cc occupational/jj segregation/nn mark/vb off/rp a/at group/nn from/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at community/nn ,/, as/cs in/in the/at case/nn of/in this/dt population/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at factor/nn of/in physical/jj isolation/nn is/bez not/* a/at static/jj situation/nn ./. Although/cs the/at Brandywine/np population/nn is/bez still/rb predominantly/ql rural/jj ,/, ``/`` there/ex are/ber indications/nns of/in a/at consistent/jj and/cc a/at statistically/ql significant/jj trend/nn away/rb from/in the/at older/jjr and/cc relatively/ql isolated/vbn rural/jj communities/nns ./. Urbanization/nn appears/vbz to/to be/be an/at important/jj factor/nn in/in the/at disintegration/nn of/in this/dt group/nn ./. This/dt conclusion/nn is/bez ,/, however/rb ,/, an/at over-simplification/nn ./. A/at more/ql realistic/jj analysis/nn must/md take/vb into/in account/nn the/at fact/nn that/cs Brandywine/np people/nns in/in the/at urban-fringe/nn area/nn are/ber ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, less/ql segregated/vbn locally/rb than/cs group/nn members/nns in/in rural/jj areas/nns ./. In/in the/at urban/jj area/nn ,/, in/in other/ap words/nns ,/, they/ppss ,/, unlike/in some/dti urban/jj ethnic/jj groups/nns ,/, do/do not/* concentrate/vb in/in ghetto/nn colonies/nns ./. Group/nn pressures/nns toward/in conformity/nn are/ber slight/jj or/cc non-existent/jj ,/, and/cc deviant/jj behavior/nn in/in mate/nn selection/nn incurs/vbz few/ap if/cs any/dti social/jj sanctions/nns ./. In/in such/abl a/at setting/nn social/jj contacts/nns and/cc associations/nns are/ber likely/jj to/to be/be heterogamous/jj ,/, resulting/vbg in/in a/at change/nn of/in values/nns and/cc ,/, almost/ql necessarily/rb ,/, in/in mate/nn selection/nn behavior/nn ./. To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs urban/jj life/nn contributes/vbz to/in the/at breakdown/nn of/in the/at group/nn patterns/nns of/in residential/jj isolation/nn ,/, to/in that/dt extent/nn it/pps contributes/vbz directly/rb to/in increased/vbn exogamy/nn ''/'' ./. Social/jj-hl control/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at process/nn of/in social/jj control/nn is/bez operative/jj insofar/rb as/cs sanctions/nns play/vb a/at part/nn in/in the/at individual's/nn$ behavior/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at group's/nn$ behavior/nn ./. By/in means/nns of/in this/dt social/jj control/nn ,/, deviance/nn is/bez either/cc eliminated/vbn or/cc somehow/rb made/vbn compatible/jj with/in the/at function/nn of/in the/at social/jj group/nn ./. Examples/nns from/in this/dt population/nn indicate/vb that/cs deviance/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be sanctioned/vbn by/in ostracism/nn from/in the/at group/nn ./. Socialization/nn-hl ./.-hl There/ex is/bez an/at oral/jj tradition/nn among/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at population/nn in/in regard/nn to/in the/at origin/nn and/cc subsequent/jj separate/jj status/nn of/in the/at group/nn in/in the/at larger/jjr society/nn ./. Confused/vbn and/cc divided/vbn though/cs this/dt tradition/nn may/md be/be ,/, it/pps is/bez an/at important/jj part/nn of/in the/at social/jj and/cc cultural/jj heritage/nn of/in the/at group/nn ,/, and/cc acts/vbz as/cs a/at means/nns of/in socialization/nn ,/, particularly/rb for/in members/nns of/in the/at rural/jj community/nn ./. The/at fact/nn of/in Indian/jj ancestry/nn and/cc ``/`` free/jj ''/'' status/nn during/in the/at days/nns of/in slavery/nn ,/, are/ber important/jj distinctions/nns made/vbn by/in members/nns of/in the/at group/nn ./. Boundary/nn-hl maintenance/nn-hl ./.-hl ``/`` Culturally/rb induced/vbn social/jj cohesion/nn resulting/vbg from/in common/jj norms/nns and/cc values/nns internalized/vbn by/in members/nns of/in the/at group/nn ''/'' is/bez operative/jj in/in the/at boundary/nn maintenance/nn of/in the/at group/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in the/at process/nn of/in socialization/nn ./. The/at process/nn of/in boundary/nn maintenance/nn identifies/vbz and/cc preserves/vbz the/at social/jj system/nn or/cc subsystems/nns ,/, and/cc the/at characteristic/jj interaction/nn is/bez maintained/vbn ./. As/cs the/at threat/nn of/in encroachment/nn on/in the/at system/nn increases/vbz ,/, the/at ``/`` probability/nn of/in applied/vbn boundary/nn maintenance/nn mechanisms/nns increases/vbz ''/'' ./. The/at fertility/nn rate/nn pattern/nn would/md seem/vb to/to be/be a/at function/nn ,/, though/cs a/at latent/jj one/cd ,/, of/in the/at process/nn of/in maintaining/vbg the/at boundary/nn ./. ``/`` Increased/vbn boundary/nn maintenance/nn may/md be/be achieved/vbn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, by/in assigning/vbg a/at higher/jjr primacy/nn or/cc evaluation/nn to/in activities/nns characteristic/jj of/in the/at external/jj pattern/nn ./. ''/'' The/at external/jj pattern/nn or/cc external/jj system/nn can/md be/be considered/vbn as/cs ``/`` group/nn behavior/nn that/wps enables/vbz the/at group/nn to/to survive/vb in/in its/pp$ environment/nn ./. ''/'' Boundary/nn maintenance/nn for/in this/dt group/nn would/md seem/vb to/to be/be primarily/rb social/jj ,/, as/cs is/bez the/at preference/nn for/in endogamy/nn ./. It/pps is/bez also/rb expressed/vbn in/in the/at proscription/nn against/in deviants/nns in/in the/at matter/nn of/in endogamy/nn ,/, particularly/rb in/in rural/jj areas/nns ./. By/in their/pp$ pattern/nn of/in endogamy/nn and/cc exogamy/nn ,/, the/at core/nn families/nns and/cc the/at marginal/jj families/nns show/vb distinct/jj limits/nns to/in the/at intergroup/jj contact/nn they/ppss maintain/vb ./. Systemic/jj-hl linkage/nn-hl ./.-hl Where/wrb boundary/nn maintenance/nn describes/vbz the/at boundaries/nns or/cc limits/nns of/in the/at group/nn ,/, systemic/jj linkage/nn is/bez defined/vbn ``/`` as/cs the/at process/nn whereby/wrb one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in the/at elements/nns of/in at/in least/ap two/cd social/jj systems/nns is/bez articulated/vbn in/in such/abl a/at manner/nn that/cs the/at two/cd systems/nns in/in some/dti ways/nns and/cc on/in some/dti occasions/nns may/md be/be viewed/vbn as/cs a/at single/ap unit/nn ./.

cj26

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statistical:2 assign:1 planning:1 analysis:2 bureau:1 demographie:1 romaniuk:1 form:2 close:1 section:1 statistique:1 secretariat:1 eventually:1 transfer:2 central:1 1952:2 direct:1 neesen:1 member:2 though:5 auspex:1 continue:1 van:1 walle:1 recently:1 delegate:1 initiation:1 sample:8 census:9 1955:3 57:3 advance:1 deal:1 first:2 later:1 radical:1 nature:2 innovation:1 emphasize:1 announcement:1 enquete:1 demographique:1 previously:1 supplementary:2 difference:1 fundamental:1 follow:3 1:2 personnel:1 primarily:2 engage:1 task:1 specially:1 train:1 team:4 full:1 investigator:1 three:3 province:1 successively:1 2:2 strictly:1 application:1 calculable:1 limit:1 scientific:1 introduce:1 subjective:1 stratify:1 type:2 community:3 rural:3 mixed:2 appropriate:1 ethnic:1 affiliation:1 economy:1 unit:1 house:1 city:1 draw:1 systematically:1 strata:1 high:1 proportion:1 11:1 cover:1 compare:1 previous:1 4:1 question:3 definition:2 uniform:1 enforce:1 resident:2 b:2 c:2 visitor:1 summary:2 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A/at royal/jj decree/nn issued/vbn in/in 1910/cd ,/, two/cd years/nns after/cs the/at Belgian/jj government/nn assumed/vbd authority/nn for/in the/at administration/nn of/in the/at Congo/np ,/, prescribed/vbd the/at registration/nn of/in all/abn adult/nn males/nns by/in chiefdoms/nns ./. Further/jjr decrees/nns along/in this/dt line/nn were/bed issued/vbn in/in 1916/cd and/cc 1919/cd ./. In/in 1922/cd a/at continuous/jj registration/nn of/in the/at whole/jj indigenous/jj population/nn was/bedz instituted/vbn by/in ordinance/nn of/in the/at Governor-General/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at periodic/jj compilation/nn of/in these/dts records/nns was/bedz ordered/vbn ./. But/cc specific/jj procedures/nns for/in carrying/vbg out/rp this/dt plan/nn were/bed left/vbn to/in the/at discretion/nn of/in the/at provincial/jj governors/nns ./. A/at unified/vbn set/nn of/in regulations/nns ,/, applicable/jj to/in all/abn areas/nns ,/, was/bedz issued/vbn in/in 1929/cd ,/, and/cc a/at complementary/jj series/nn of/in demographic/jj inquiries/nns in/in selected/vbn areas/nns was/bedz instituted/vbn at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./. The/at whole/jj system/nn was/bedz again/rb reviewed/vbn and/cc reorganized/vbn in/in 1933/cd ./. General/jj responsibility/nn for/in its/pp$ administration/nn rested/vbd with/in a/at division/nn of/in the/at colonial/jj government/nn concerned/vbn with/in labor/nn supply/nn and/cc native/nn affairs/nns ,/, Service/fw-nn-tl des/fw-in+at-tl Affaires/fw-nns-tl Indigenes/fw-jj-tl et/fw-cc-tl de/fw-in-tl la/fw-at-tl Main-d'Oeuvre/fw-nn-tl (/( AIMO/np ,/, Af/nn Direction/nn-tl ,/, Af/nn Direction/fw-nn-tl Generale/fw-jj-tl ,/, Gouvernement/fw-nn-tl Generale/fw-jj-tl )/) ./. Tribal/jj authorities/nns ,/, the/at chiefs/nns and/cc their/pp$ secretaries/nns ,/, were/bed held/vbn responsible/jj for/in maintaining/vbg the/at registers/nns of/in indigenous/jj persons/nns within/in their/pp$ territories/nns ,/, under/in the/at general/jj supervision/nn of/in district/nn officials/nns ./. The/at district/nn officials/nns ,/, along/rb with/in their/pp$ other/ap duties/nns ,/, were/bed obliged/vbn to/to organize/vb special/jj demographic/jj inquiries/nns in/in selected/vbn areas/nns and/cc to/to supervise/vb the/at annual/jj tabulations/nns of/in demographic/jj statistics/nns ./. The/at regulations/nns require/vb the/at inscription/nn of/in each/dt individual/nn (/( male/nn or/cc female/nn ,/, adult/nn or/cc child/nn )/) on/in a/at separate/jj card/nn (/( fiche/fw-nn )/) ./. The/at cards/nns ,/, filed/vbn by/in circonscription/fw-nn (/( sub-chiefdom/nn ,/, or/cc village/nn )/) ,/, are/ber kept/vbn in/in the/at headquarters/nn of/in each/dt territoire/fw-nn (/( chiefdom/nn )/) ./. Each/dt card/nn is/bez expected/vbn to/to show/vb certain/ap information/nn about/in the/at individual/nn concerned/vbn ,/, including/in his/pp$ or/cc her/pp$ date/nn of/in birth/nn (/( or/cc age/nn at/in a/at specified/vbn time/nn )/) ,/, spouses/nns ,/, and/cc children/nns ./. Additional/jj entries/nns must/md be/be made/vbn from/in time/nn to/in time/nn ./. Different/jj cards/nns are/ber used/vbn for/in males/nns and/cc females/nns ,/, and/cc a/at corner/nn is/bez clipped/vbn from/in the/at cards/nns of/in adults/nns ,/, and/cc of/in children/nns when/wrb they/ppss reach/vb puberty/nn ./. So/rb a/at quick/jj count/nn could/md be/be made/vbn at/in any/dti time/nn ,/, even/rb by/in an/at illiterate/jj clerk/nn ,/, of/in the/at number/nn of/in registered/vbn persons/nns in/in four/cd age-and-sex/nn classes/nns ./. Personal/jj identification/nn cards/nns are/ber issued/vbn to/in all/abn adult/nn males/nns on/in which/wdt tax/nn payments/nns ,/, inoculations/nns ,/, periods/nns of/in employment/nn ,/, and/cc changes/nns of/in residence/nn are/ber recorded/vbn ./. Similar/jj identification/nn cards/nns were/bed issued/vbn in/in 1959/cd to/in all/abn adult/nn females/nns ./. Each/dt adult/nn is/bez held/vbn personally/rb responsible/jj for/in assuring/vbg his/pp$ inscription/nn and/cc obtaining/vbg an/at identification/nn card/nn which/wdt must/md be/be shown/vbn on/in demand/nn ./. The/at registration/nn card/nn of/in a/at person/nn leaving/vbg his/pp$ home/nn territory/nn for/in a/at short/jj period/nn is/bez put/vbn into/in a/at special/jj file/nn for/in absent/jj persons/nns ./. The/at cards/nns of/in permanent/jj out-migrants/nns are/ber ,/, in/in theory/nn ,/, sent/vbn to/in an/at office/nn in/in the/at place/nn of/in new/jj residence/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, the/at registration/nn of/in births/nns and/cc deaths/nns by/in nearest/jjt relatives/nns was/bedz made/vbn compulsory/jj in/in most/ap regions/nns ./. Numbers/nns of/in registered/vbn persons/nns in/in four/cd age-and-sex/nn classes/nns were/bed counted/vbn each/dt year/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, demographic/jj inquiries/nns ,/, supposedly/rb involving/vbg field/nn investigations/nns ,/, were/bed conducted/vbn in/in selected/vbn minor/jj divisions/nns (/( circonscriptions/fw-nns )/) containing/vbg about/rb 3/cd percent/nn of/in the/at total/nn population/nn ./. The/at results/nns of/in these/dts inquiries/nns were/bed used/vbn to/to adjust/vb compilations/nns of/in data/nn from/in the/at registers/nns and/cc to/to provide/vb various/ap ratios/nns and/cc rates/nns by/in districts/nns ,/, including/in birth/nn and/cc death/nn rates/nns ,/, general/jj fertility/nn rates/nns ,/, distributions/nns by/in marital/jj status/nn ,/, fertility/nn of/in wives/nns separately/rb in/in polygynous/jj and/cc non-polygynous/jj households/nns ,/, infant/nn mortality/nn ,/, and/cc migration/nn ./. The/at areas/nns to/to be/be examined/vbn in/in these/dts inquiries/nns were/bed selected/vbn by/in local/jj officials/nns ,/, supposedly/rb as/cs representative/jj of/in a/at larger/jjr population/nn ./. Averages/nns of/in the/at ratios/nns obtained/vbn in/in a/at few/ap selected/vbn areas/nns were/bed applied/vbn to/in the/at larger/jjr population/nn ./. The/at scheme/nn ,/, in/in theory/nn ,/, is/bez an/at ingenious/jj adaptation/nn of/in European/jj registration/nn systems/nns to/in the/at conditions/nns of/in African/jj life/nn ./. But/cc it/pps places/vbz a/at severe/jj strain/nn on/in the/at administrative/jj resources/nns (/( already/rb burdened/vbn in/in other/ap ways/nns )/) of/in a/at widely/rb dispersed/vbn ,/, poor/jj and/cc largely/ql illiterate/jj population/nn ./. The/at sampling/vbg program/nn was/bedz instituted/vbn before/cs the/at principles/nns of/in probability/nn sampling/nn were/bed widely/rb recognized/vbn in/in population/nn studies/nns ./. The/at system/nn was/bedz not/* well/rb adapted/vbn to/in conditions/nns of/in life/nn in/in urban/jj centers/nns ./. The/at distinction/nn between/in domiciled/vbn (/( de/fw-in jure/fw-nn )/) and/cc present/jj (/( de/fw-in facto/fw-nn )/) population/nn was/bedz not/* clearly/rb defined/vbn ./. So/cs the/at results/nns are/ber subject/jj to/in considerable/jj confusion/nn ./. The/at system/nn tended/vbd to/to break/vb down/rp during/in the/at war/nn ,/, but/cc was/bedz reactivated/vbn ;/. ;/. it/pps had/hvd reached/vbn the/at pre-war/jj level/nn of/in efficiency/nn by/in 1951/cd ./. In/in spite/nn of/in the/at defects/nns in/in this/dt system/nn ,/, the/at figures/nns on/in total/nn population/nn during/in the/at late/jj 1930's/nns and/cc again/rb in/in the/at early/jj 1950's/nns seem/vb to/to have/hv represented/vbn actual/jj conditions/nns in/in most/ap districts/nns with/in approximate/jj fidelity/nn ./. But/cc the/at information/nn on/in the/at dynamics/nns of/in population/nn was/bedz often/rb quite/ql misleading/jj ./. The/at same/ap system/nn ,/, with/in minor/jj modifications/nns ,/, was/bedz developed/vbn in/in Ruanda-Urundi/np under/in Belgian/jj administration/nn ./. Here/rb again/rb it/pps seems/vbz that/cs useful/jj approximations/nns of/in the/at size/nn and/cc geographical/jj distribution/nn of/in the/at population/nn were/bed obtained/vbn in/in this/dt way/nn in/in the/at late/jj pre-war/jj and/cc early/jj post-war/jj periods/nns ./. Before/cs considering/vbg more/ql recent/jj activities/nns ,/, we/ppss should/md note/vb another/dt important/jj aspect/nn of/in demography/nn in/in Belgian/jj Africa/np ./. A/at number/nn of/in strong/jj independent/jj agencies/nns ,/, established/vbn in/in some/dti cases/nns with/in governmental/jj or/cc royal/jj support/nn ,/, have/hv conducted/vbn large/jj medical/jj ,/, social/jj ,/, educational/jj and/cc research/nn operations/nns in/in particular/jj parts/nns of/in the/at Congo/np and/cc Ruanda-Urundi/np ./. The/at work/nn of/in Fonds/fw-nn-tl Reine/fw-nn-tl Elisabeth/np-tl pour/fw-in-tl l'Assistance/fw-at+nn-tl Medicale/fw-jj-tl aux/fw-in+at-tl Indigenes/fw-nns-tl Du/fw-in+at-tl Congo/np-tl Belge/fw-jj-tl (/( FOREAMI/np )/) has/hvz special/jj interest/nn with/in respect/nn to/in demography/nn ./. This/dt agency/nn accepted/vbd responsibility/nn for/in medical/jj services/nns to/in a/at population/nn ranging/vbg from/in 638,560/cd persons/nns in/in 1941/cd to/in 840,503/cd in/in 1956/cd in/in the/at Kwango/np-tl District/nn-tl and/cc adjacent/jj areas/nns east/nr of/in Leopoldville/np ./. Each/dt year/nn from/in 1941/cd on/rp ,/, its/pp$ medical/jj staff/nn had/hvd conducted/vbn intensive/jj field/nn investigations/nns to/to determine/vb changes/nns in/in population/nn structure/nn and/cc vital/jj rates/nns and/cc ,/, as/cs its/pp$ primary/jj objective/nn ,/, the/at incidence/nn of/in major/jj diseases/nns ./. Its/pp$ findings/nns are/ber reported/vbn each/dt year/nn in/in its/pp$ Rapport/fw-nn-tl Sur/fw-in-tl l'activite/fw-at+nn-tl Pendant/fw-in-tl annee/fw-nn-tl (/( Bruxelles/np )/) ./. Somewhat/ql similar/jj investigations/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn by/in medical/jj officers/nns in/in other/ap areas/nns ./. Other/ap independent/jj ,/, or/cc partially/ql independent/jj agencies/nns ,/, have/hv promoted/vbn investigations/nns on/in topics/nns directly/rb or/cc indirectly/rb related/vbn to/in demography/nn ./. These/dts studies/nns vary/vb widely/rb in/in scope/nn and/cc precision/nn ./. L'Institut/fw-at+nn-tl pour/fw-in-tl La/fw-at-tl Recherche/fw-nn-tl Scientifique/fw-jj-tl En/fw-in-tl Afrique/fw-np-tl Centrale/fw-jj-tl (/( IRSAC/np )/) has/hvz sponsored/vbn well-designed/jj field/nn investigations/nns and/cc has/hvz cooperated/vbn closely/rb with/in the/at government/nn of/in Ruanda-Urundi/np in/in the/at development/nn of/in its/pp$ official/jj statistics/nns ./. A/at massive/jj investigation/nn of/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in in-migrants/nns and/cc prospective/jj out-migrants/nns in/in Ruanda-Urundi/np is/bez being/beg carried/vbn on/rp by/in J./np J./np Maquet/np ,/, former/ap Director/nn-tl of/in the/at Social/jj-tl Science/nn-tl branch/nn of/in IRSAC/nn ,/, now/rb a/at professor/nn at/in l'Universite/fw-at+nn-tl Officielle/fw-jj-tl Du/fw-in+at-tl Congo/np-tl Belge/fw-jj-tl et/fw-cc-tl Du/fw-in+at-tl Ruanda-Urundi/np-tl ./. Some/rb 30,000/cd completed/vbn schedules/nns with/in 20/cd items/nns (/( collected/vbn by/in sub-chiefs/nns in/in 1,100/cd circumscriptions/nns )/) have/hv been/ben tabulated/vbn ./. The/at results/nns are/ber now/rb being/beg analyzed/vbn ./. Statistics/nns have/hv been/ben recognized/vbn as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in strategic/jj importance/nn in/in the/at Congo/np and/cc in/in Ruanda-Urundi/np during/in the/at post-war/jj years/nns in/in connection/nn with/in long-term/nn economic/jj and/cc social/jj programs/nns ./. The/at AIMO/nn organizations/nns of/in both/abx countries/nns ,/, which/wdt maintain/vb administrative/jj services/nns throughout/in the/at territories/nns ,/, retained/vbd immediate/jj responsibility/nn for/in the/at collection/nn and/cc publication/nn of/in demographic/jj information/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at statistical/jj offices/nns of/in both/abx governments/nns were/bed assigned/vbn responsibility/nn for/in the/at planning/nn and/cc analysis/nn of/in these/dts statistics/nns ./. A/at Bureau/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in-tl La/fw-at-tl Demographie/fw-nn-tl (/( A./np Romaniuk/np ,/, Director/nn-tl )/) was/bedz formed/vbn under/in AIMO/nn in/in the/at Congo/np ,/, to/to work/vb in/in close/jj rapport/nn with/in the/at Section/fw-nn-tl Statistique/fw-jj-tl of/in the/at Secretariat/nn-tl General/jj-tl ./. Eventually/rb responsibility/nn for/in demographic/jj inquiries/nns in/in the/at Congo/np was/bedz transferred/vbn to/in the/at demographic/jj division/nn of/in the/at Central/jj-tl Statistical/jj-tl Office/nn-tl ./. The/at 1952/cd demographic/jj inquiry/nn in/in Ruanda-Urundi/np was/bedz directed/vbn by/in V./np Neesen/np ,/, a/at member/nn of/in the/at IRSAC/nn staff/nn ,/, though/cs the/at inquiry/nn was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp under/in the/at auspices/nns of/in AIMO/nn ,/, which/wdt has/hvz continuing/vbg responsibility/nn for/in demographic/jj statistics/nns in/in this/dt territory/nn ./. A/at member/nn of/in the/at IRSAC/nn staff/nn (/( E./np Van/np De/np Walle/np )/) was/bedz recently/rb delegated/vbn to/to cooperate/vb with/in AIMO/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in demographic/jj statistics/nns in/in this/dt territory/nn ./. The/at initiation/nn of/in sampling/vbg censuses/nns in/in Ruanda-Urundi/np (/( 1952/cd )/) and/cc in/in the/at Congo/np (/( 1955/cd -/in 57/cd )/) were/bed major/jj advances/nns ./. We/ppss will/md deal/vb first/rb with/in the/at program/nn in/in the/at Congo/np though/cs this/dt was/bedz put/vbn into/in operation/nn later/rbr than/cs the/at other/ap ./. The/at radical/jj nature/nn of/in the/at innovation/nn in/in the/at Congo/np was/bedz not/* emphasized/vbn in/in the/at official/jj announcements/nns ./. The/at term/nn enquetes/fw-nns-nc demographiques/fw-jj-nc ,/, previously/rb used/vbn for/in the/at supplementary/jj investigations/nns carried/vbn out/rp in/in connection/nn with/in the/at administrative/jj censuses/nns ,/, was/bedz used/vbn for/in the/at new/jj investigations/nns ./. However/rb ,/, the/at differences/nns in/in procedure/nn are/ber fundamental/jj ./. These/dts are/ber as/ql follows/vbz :/: (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl field/nn-hl work/nn-hl procedures/nns-hl ./.-hl Field/nn operations/nns were/bed transferred/vbn from/in administrative/jj personnel/nns primarily/rb engaged/vbn in/in other/ap tasks/nns to/in specially/rb trained/vbn teams/nns of/in full-time/jj African/jj investigators/nns (/( three/cd teams/nns ,/, each/dt working/vbg in/in two/cd provinces/nns )/) ./. These/dts teams/nns carried/vbd out/rp the/at same/ap operations/nns successively/rb in/in different/jj areas/nns ./. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl nature/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl sample/nn-hl ./.-hl Sample/nn areas/nns in/in the/at new/jj investigations/nns were/bed selected/vbn strictly/rb by/in application/nn of/in the/at principles/nns of/in probability/nn theory/nn ,/, so/cs as/cs to/to be/be representative/jj of/in the/at total/nn population/nn of/in defined/vbn areas/nns within/in calculable/jj limits/nns ./. In/in short/jj ,/, scientific/jj sampling/nn was/bedz introduced/vbn in/in place/nn of/in subjective/jj sampling/nn ./. The/at populations/nns of/in the/at various/ap districts/nns ,/, or/cc other/ap major/jj divisions/nns ,/, were/bed stratified/vbn by/in type/nn of/in community/nn (/( rural/jj ,/, urban/jj ,/, mixed/vbn )/) and/cc ,/, where/wrb appropriate/jj ,/, by/in ethnic/jj affiliation/nn and/cc by/in type/nn of/in economy/nn ./. Sample/nn units/nns (/( villages/nns in/in rural/jj areas/nns ,/, houses/nns in/in cities/nns )/) were/bed drawn/vbn systematically/rb within/in these/dts strata/nns ./. (/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl size/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl sample/nn-hl ./.-hl Different/jj sampling/vbg ratios/nns were/bed applied/vbn under/in different/jj conditions/nns ./. Higher/jjr proportions/nns were/bed sampled/vbn in/in urban/jj and/cc mixed/vbn communities/nns than/cs in/in rural/jj areas/nns ./. About/rb 11/cd percent/nn of/in the/at total/nn population/nn was/bedz covered/vbn in/in the/at new/jj investigation/nn ,/, as/cs compared/vbn with/in about/rb 3/cd percent/nn in/in the/at previous/jj inquiries/nns ./. (/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl questions/nns-hl and/cc-hl definitions/nns-hl ./.-hl Uniform/jj questions/nns ,/, definitions/nns ,/, and/cc procedures/nns were/bed enforced/vbn throughout/in the/at whole/jj country/nn ./. Data/nns were/bed obtained/vbn ,/, separately/rb ,/, on/in three/cd classes/nns of/in persons/nns :/: (/( A/np )/) residents/nns ,/, present/jj ;/. ;/. (/( B/np )/) residents/nns ,/, absent/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc (/( C/np )/) visitors/nns ./. In/in the/at reports/nns ,/, summary/nn results/nns are/ber given/vbn for/in both/abx the/at de/fw-in facto/fw-nn (/( A/np and/cc C/np )/) and/cc de/fw-in jure/fw-nn (/( A/np and/cc B/np )/) populations/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at subsequent/jj analysis/nn of/in characteristics/nns is/bez reported/vbn only/rb for/in the/at de/fw-in jure/fw-nn population/nn (/( or/cc ,/, in/in some/dti districts/nns ,/, only/rb the/at de/fw-in facto/fw-nn population/nn )/) ./. These/dts changes/nns represent/vb ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, a/at shift/nn from/in (/( 1/cd )/) an/at administrative/jj compilation/nn of/in data/nns obtained/vbn through/in procedures/nns designed/vbn primarily/rb to/to serve/vb political/jj and/cc economic/jj objectives/nns to/in (/( 2/cd )/) a/at systematic/jj sampling/vbg census/nn of/in the/at whole/jj African/jj population/nn ./. The/at population/nn registration/nn system/nn still/rb has/hvz important/jj functions/nns ./. It/pps supplies/vbz local/jj data/nns which/wdt are/ber useful/jj in/in administration/nn and/cc which/wdt can/md be/be used/vbn as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in intensive/jj studies/nns in/in particular/jj situations/nns ./. It/pps provides/vbz a/at frame/nn for/in the/at sampling/vbg census/nn ./. It/pps also/rb provides/vbz a/at frame/nn within/in which/wdt the/at registration/nn of/in vital/jj events/nns is/bez gradually/rb gaining/vbg force/nn (/( though/cs one/pn cannot/md* expect/vb to/to obtain/vb reliable/jj vital/jj statistics/nns in/in most/ap parts/nns of/in the/at Congo/np from/in this/dt source/nn in/in the/at near/jj future/nn )/) ./. It/pps is/bez still/rb used/vbn in/in making/vbg current/jj population/nn estimates/nns in/in post-census/jj years/nns ,/, though/cs the/at value/nn of/in these/dts estimates/nns is/bez open/jj to/in question/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, it/pps may/md have/hv certain/ap very/ql important/jj ,/, less/ql obvious/jj values/nns ./. Even/rb though/cs the/at registers/nns may/md have/hv an/at incomplete/jj record/nn of/in persons/nns present/rb in/in a/at particular/jj area/nn or/cc include/vb persons/nns no/ql longer/rbr living/vbg there/rb ,/, they/ppss contain/vb precise/jj information/nn on/in ages/nns ,/, by/in date/nn of/in birth/nn ,/, for/in some/dti of/in the/at persons/nns present/rb (/( especially/rb children/nns in/in relatively/ql stable/jj communities/nns )/) and/cc supplementary/jj information/nn (/( such/jj as/cs records/nns of/in marital/jj status/nn )/) for/in many/ap others/nns ./. The/at quality/nn of/in the/at census/nn data/nn can/md ,/, therefore/rb ,/, be/be greatly/rb improved/vbn by/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at registration/nn records/nns in/in conjunction/nn with/in the/at field/nn inquiries/nns ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, it/pps may/md be/be possible/jj to/to estimate/vb the/at error/nn due/jj to/in bias/nn in/in method/nn (/( as/cs distinguished/vbn from/in sampling/vbg error/nn )/) in/in each/dt of/in these/dts sources/nns ,/, on/in such/jj subjects/nns as/cs fertility/nn ,/, mortality/nn ,/, and/cc migration/nn during/in a/at given/vbn interval/nn by/in using/vbg information/nn from/in two/cd largely/ql independent/jj sources/nns in/in conjunction/nn ./. The/at first/od sampling/vbg census/nn in/in the/at Congo/np extended/vbd over/in a/at three-year/jj period/nn ,/, 1955/cd -/in 57/cd ;/. ;/. the/at results/nns were/bed still/rb being/beg processed/vbn in/in 1959/cd ./. It/pps is/bez planned/vbn to/to double/vb the/at number/nn of/in teams/nns and/cc to/to make/vb use/nn of/in improved/vbn equipment/nn in/in a/at second/od demographic/jj inquiry/nn in/in 1960/cd ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at inquiry/nn can/md be/be carried/vbn through/rp in/in one/cd year/nn and/cc the/at results/nns published/vbn more/ql expeditiously/rb ./. It/pps is/bez proposed/vbn that/cs in/in the/at future/nn complete/jj sampling/vbg censuses/nns be/be carried/vbn out/rp at/in five-year/jj intervals/nns ./. Reports/nns already/rb issued/vbn on/in the/at sampling/vbg census/nn ,/, 1955/cd -/in 57/cd ,/, in/in various/ap areas/nns run/vb as/cs follows/vbz (/( using/vbg only/rb the/at French/jj and/cc omitting/vbg corresponding/jj Flemish/jj titles/nns )/) ./. This/dt report/nn contains/vbz preliminary/jj notes/nns and/cc 35/cd tables/nns ./. Other/ap reports/nns in/in identical/jj form/nn ,/, but/cc with/in somewhat/ql varying/jj content/nn ,/, have/hv been/ben issued/vbn ./. These/dts area/nn reports/nns will/md be/be followed/vbn ,/, according/in to/in present/jj plans/nns ,/, by/in a/at summary/nn report/nn ,/, which/wdt will/md include/vb a/at detailed/vbn statement/nn on/in methods/nns ./.

cj27

cj27 |@word evidence:1 mind:1 writer:13 begin:5 plan:1 may:13 effectively:2 educate:1 married:13 student:21 functional:4 class:18 toward:1 end:3 semester:5 work:2 interview:2 every:3 member:9 great:7 length:1 find:3 suspect:1 general:2 consensus:1 perhaps:4 half:1 present:1 functionally:1 design:2 course:13 really:1 however:1 admit:1 hindsight:3 altogether:1 lose:2 word:1 aid:1 get:5 clear:2 picture:1 marriage:9 obtain:1 insight:1 certain:3 trouble:1 appear:3 time:10 fact:6 go:3 far:3 caution:1 attempt:1 section:23 exclusively:2 beginning:4 study:3 hasten:1 add:2 certainly:1 less:3 need:3 presently:1 spend:2 feel:6 compelling:1 coverage:1 area:9 could:6 lightly:1 touch:1 upon:2 survey:2 doubtful:1 merit:2 exclusive:1 one:21 express:1 world:1 good:2 listen:1 naive:1 question:2 comment:2 yet:1 marry:5 people:1 better:1 see:2 process:2 provoke:1 action:2 past:1 would:2 miss:1 believe:1 single:2 aspect:1 personal:2 value:1 similar:1 seem:2 indicate:2 possible:3 justification:1 continue:2 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advance:1 know:2 example:2 announce:1 topic:1 additional:1 still:1 untouched:1 establish:1 democratic:1 procedure:1 along:1 decision:2 whether:1 unwise:1 come:1 coordinate:1 often:4 context:1 nevertheless:1 spontaneity:1 discussion:8 showing:1 though:1 known:1 nucleus:1 meet:1 evening:1 carry:1 forward:1 fully:1 enough:1 gradually:1 fourth:1 officially:1 outsider:1 well:1 although:2 intimately:1 acquaint:1 report:6 dear:1 close:1 friendship:1 revamp:1 social:1 activity:1 previously:3 unknown:2 supplemental:1 outside:4 reading:1 handle:1 major:1 noticeably:1 deep:1 level:1 read:4 article:3 popular:1 magazine:1 choose:2 journal:1 noticeable:1 considerable:1 book:2 whereas:1 expect:2 text:1 plow:1 ground:1 little:1 whole:1 specific:3 detail:1 interest:1 notice:1 characteristic:1 scatter:1 throughout:1 experiment:1 matter:1 conclude:1 something:1 contagious:1 cause:1 occur:1 main:1 follow:1 directional:1 road:1 deal:2 solve:1 search:1 magic:1 formula:1 rather:2 examination:1 basic:1 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examiantion:1 early:1 safe:1 side:1 spontaneous:1 abortion:1

With/in this/dt evidence/nn in/in mind/nn ,/, the/at writer/nn began/vbd to/to plan/vb how/wrb he/pps might/md more/ql effectively/rb educate/vb the/at married/vbn students/nns in/in his/pp$ functional/jj classes/nns ./. Toward/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at semester's/nn$ work/nn ,/, he/pps interviewed/vbd every/at married/vbn class/nn member/nn at/in great/jj length/nn ./. He/pps found/vbd ,/, as/cs he/pps had/hvd suspected/vbn ,/, a/at general/jj consensus/nn that/cs perhaps/rb over/rp half/abn of/in the/at present/jj functionally/rb designed/vbn course/nn was/bedz not/* really/ql functional/jj for/in these/dts students/nns ./. However/rb ,/, all/abn admitted/vbd that/cs the/at ``/`` hindsight/nn ''/'' was/bedz not/* altogether/rb lost/vbn ./. In/in their/pp$ own/jj words/nns ,/, it/pps had/hvd aided/vbn them/ppo to/to get/vb a/at clearer/jjr picture/nn of/in how/wrb they/ppss had/hvd gotten/vbn into/in their/pp$ marriages/nns ,/, and/cc perhaps/rb they/ppss had/hvd obtained/vbn some/dti insights/nns on/in why/wrb certain/ap troubles/nns appeared/vbd from/in time/nn to/in time/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, they/ppss went/vbd so/ql far/rb as/cs to/to caution/vb the/at writer/nn that/cs if/cs he/pps attempted/vbd to/to design/vb a/at section/nn exclusively/rb for/in married/vbn students/nns there/ex should/md be/be ,/, at/in the/at beginning/nn ,/, some/dti ``/`` hindsight/nn ''/'' study/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc they/ppss all/abn hastened/vbd to/to add/vb that/cs certainly/rb less/ap time/nn was/bedz needed/vbn on/in it/ppo than/cs presently/rb spent/vbn ./. All/abn of/in them/ppo felt/vbd a/at compelling/jj need/nn for/in more/ap coverage/nn on/in areas/nns that/wps could/md be/be only/rb lightly/rb touched/vbn upon/in in/in a/at general/jj survey/nn functional/jj course/nn ./. A/at few/ap were/bed doubtful/jj about/in the/at merits/nns of/in an/at exclusive/jj section/nn for/in married/vbn students/nns ./. As/cs one/cd of/in them/ppo expressed/vbn it/ppo ,/, ``/`` It/pps has/hvz done/vbn me/ppo a/at world/nn of/in good/jj to/to listen/vb to/in the/at naive/jj questions/nns and/cc comments/nns of/in these/dts not-yet-married/jj people/nns ./. I/ppss can/md now/rb better/rbr see/vb just/rb what/wdt processes/nns provoked/vbd certain/ap actions/nns from/in me/ppo in/in the/at past/nn ./. Had/hvd I/ppss been/ben in/in an/at all-married/jj section/nn I/ppss would/md have/hv missed/vbn this/dt ,/, and/cc I/ppss believe/vb that/cs this/dt single/ap aspect/nn has/hvz been/ben of/in great/jj personal/jj value/nn to/in me/ppo ''/'' ./. This/dt comment/nn and/cc others/nns similar/jj to/in it/ppo ,/, would/md seem/vb to/to indicate/vb a/at possible/jj justification/nn for/in continuing/vbg the/at status/nn quo/fw-wdt ./. But/cc the/at weight/nn of/in feeling/vbg was/bedz heavily/rb in/in the/at opposite/jj direction/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at writer/nn decided/vbd to/to hold/vb one/cd experimental/jj section/nn of/in the/at functional/jj preparation/nn for/in marriage/nn course/nn in/in the/at spring/nn semester/nn of/in 1960/cd exclusively/rb for/in persons/nns already/rb married/vbn --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, prerequisite/nn :/: ``/`` marriage/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt did/dod not/* mean/vb that/cs married/vbn students/nns could/md not/* enroll/vb in/in other/ap ``/`` mixed/vbn ''/'' sections/nns ,/, and/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo ,/, largely/rb because/rb of/in scheduling/vbg difficulties/nns ,/, did/dod ./. But/cc only/rb those/dts already/rb married/vbn could/md enroll/vb in/in this/dt one/cd section/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, two/cd other/ap differences/nns in/in the/at two/cd types/nns of/in sections/nns must/md be/be noted/vbn ./. (/( 1/cd )/) The/at regular/jj sections/nns do/do not/* allow/vb freshmen/nns ;/. ;/. this/dt one/cd did/dod ./. This/dt action/nn was/bedz rationalized/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in a/at small/jj survey/nn which/wdt indicated/vbd that/cs a/at high/jj percentage/nn of/in married/vbn freshmen/nns women/nns on/in our/pp$ campus/nn never/rb become/vb sophomores/nns ./. Many/ap of/in them/ppo appear/vb to/to drop/vb out/rp ,/, for/in one/cd reason/nn or/cc another/dt ./. By/in permitting/vbg freshman/nn students/nns we/ppss might/md extend/vb the/at opportunity/nn for/in such/abl a/at course/nn to/in some/dti individuals/nns who/wps otherwise/rb might/md never/rb get/vb to/to take/vb it/ppo ./. This/dt has/hvz subsequently/rb been/ben verified/vbn by/in the/at experience/nn ./. (/( 2/cd )/) Auditors/nns were/bed encouraged/vbn ./. In/in the/at regular/jj sections/nns they/ppss have/hv always/rb been/ben more/ql or/cc less/ql discouraged/vbn ./. The/at philosophy/nn has/hvz been/ben that/cs if/cs they/ppss could/md find/vb the/at time/nn to/to attend/vb class/nn why/wrb not/* encourage/vb them/ppo to/to get/vb the/at credit/nn and/cc perhaps/rb provide/vb an/at incentive/nn to/to do/do the/at work/nn more/ql effectively/rb ./. Besides/rb ,/, auditors/nns do/do not/* count/vb on/in faculty/nn load/nn with/in the/at same/ap weight/nn as/cs regularly/rb enrolled/vbn students/nns ./. But/cc in/in this/dt one/cd section/nn we/ppss welcomed/vbd auditors/nns ./. Why/wrb ?/. ?/. For/in no/at particular/jj reason/nn ,/, other/ap than/cs that/cs the/at writer/nn felt/vbd it/ppo might/md --/-- just/rb might/md --/-- encourage/vb both/abx mates/nns to/to be/be in/in attendance/nn ./. Many/ap of/in the/at men/nns on/in our/pp$ campus/nn have/hv a/at pretty/ql set/vbn curriculum/nn ,/, especially/rb in/in the/at various/ap engineering/vbg fields/nns ,/, with/in few/ap electives/nns till/in the/at senior/jj year/nn ./. Incidentally/rb ,/, it/pps needs/vbz to/to be/be noted/vbn that/cs because/cs auditors/nns were/bed permitted/vbn the/at section/nn began/vbd increasing/vbg in/in numbers/nns each/dt week/nn ,/, until/cs at/in last/ap it/pps swelled/vbd to/in such/jj proportions/nns that/cs this/dt ``/`` free/jj ''/'' auditing/vbg policy/nn had/hvd to/to be/be retracted/vbn ./. After/in that/dt ,/, we/ppss began/vbd to/to get/vb ``/`` visitors/nns ''/'' to/in class/nn ./. This/dt experimental/jj class/nn represented/vbd quite/abl a/at variety/nn of/in students/nns ./. It/pps ranged/vbd from/in a/at freshman/nn woman/nn ,/, just/rb married/vbn ,/, through/in the/at various/ap academic/jj growth/nn stages/nns ,/, including/in one/cd senior-graduate/jj student/nn ,/, to/in a/at young/jj faculty/nn member/nn recently/rb married/vbn to/in a/at senior/jj man/nn who/wps also/rb attended/vbd ./. It/pps ranged/vbd from/in those/dts with/in no/at children/nns ,/, through/in students/nns in/in various/ap stages/nns of/in pregnancy/nn ,/, to/in one/cd 44-year-old/jj male/nn with/in four/cd children/nns ,/, three/cd of/in whom/wpo were/bed teenagers/nns ./. It/pps ranged/vbd from/in two/cd women/nns members/nns who/wps had/hvd experienced/vbn premarital/jj pregnancy/nn to/in one/cd couple/nn twelve/cd years/nns married/vbn and/cc seemingly/rb unable/jj to/to conceive/vb ./. One/pn might/md digress/vb at/in this/dt point/nn and/cc speculate/vb that/cs if/cs it/pps is/bez ``/`` wise/jj ''/'' to/to create/vb special/jj sections/nns for/in special/jj status/nn ,/, then/rb why/wrb not/* a/at special/jj section/nn for/in women/nns pregnant/jj before/in marriage/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd for/in 44-year-old/jj men/nns with/in teenage/jj children/nns ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ./. Some/dti of/in these/dts speculations/nns may/md have/hv some/dti merit/nn ,/, others/nns are/ber somewhat/ql ambiguous/jj ./. But/cc few/ap who/wps have/hv experienced/vbn marriage/nn can/md dispute/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at focus/nn of/in interpersonal/jj relationships/nns is/bez different/jj in/in marriage/nn than/cs in/in a/at pre-marital/jj situation/nn ./. The/at writer/nn began/vbd this/dt special/jj class/nn by/in explaining/vbg his/pp$ background/nn thinking/nn for/in creating/vbg such/abl a/at section/nn in/in the/at first/od place/nn ./. He/pps made/vbd it/ppo clear/jj from/in the/at beginning/nn that/cs this/dt was/bedz the/at students'/nns$ opportunity/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at future/jj destiny/nn of/in such/jj groups/nns depended/vbd on/in favorable/jj results/nns from/in this/dt one/cd ./. He/pps did/dod build/vb a/at framework/nn of/in academic/jj ``/`` respectability/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc one/cd which/wdt did/dod not/* encroach/vb upon/in the/at ``/`` sacred/jj sovereignty/nn ''/'' of/in any/dti other/ap existing/vbg campus/nn course/nn ./. This/dt is/bez to/to say/vb that/cs this/dt was/bedz not/* a/at course/nn in/in wise/jj buying/nn or/cc money/nn spending/nn methods/nns ,/, nor/cc a/at course/nn in/in how/wrb to/to raise/vb children/nns ./. We/ppss already/rb have/hv courses/nns covering/vbg those/dts problems/nns ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ./. But/cc within/in that/dt framework/nn he/pps allowed/vbd for/in as/ql much/ap flexibility/nn as/cs possible/jj ./. A/at steering/vbg committee/nn of/in students/nns was/bedz organized/vbn on/in the/at first/od day/nn whose/wp$ duty/nn it/pps was/bedz to/to be/be alert/jj and/cc constantly/rb evaluate/vb and/cc re-evaluate/vb the/at direction/nn and/cc pace/nn the/at class/nn was/bedz taking/vbg ./. The/at writer/nn ,/, being/beg cognizant/jj through/in his/pp$ interviews/nns of/in the/at reactions/nns of/in previous/jj married/vbn students/nns ,/, did/dod insist/vb on/in there/ex being/beg included/vbn some/dti ``/`` hindsight/nn ''/'' material/nn ./. But/cc the/at greater/jjr part/nn of/in semester/nn time/nn was/bedz actually/rb centered/vbn around/in the/at attitudes/nns :/: ``/`` So/rb we/ppss are/ber married/vbn --/-- now/rb how/wrb do/do we/ppss make/vb the/at best/jjt of/in it/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. Or/cc ``/`` How/wrb do/do we/ppss enrich/vb our/pp$ already/rb fine/jj marriage/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Films/nns were/bed used/vbn ,/, as/cs with/in all/abn sections/nns ,/, but/cc with/in one/cd big/jj difference/nn ./. Our/pp$ campus/nn ,/, unfortunately/rb ,/, owns/vbz no/at films/nns ./. Since/cs they/ppss are/ber all/abn either/cc rented/vbn or/cc borrowed/vbn ,/, the/at requested/vbn dates/nns for/in their/pp$ use/nn have/hv to/to be/be far/rb in/in advance/nn ./. The/at writer/nn never/rb knew/vbd from/in week/nn to/in week/nn just/rb where/wrb the/at section/nn might/md be/be ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at steering/vbg committee/nn might/md announce/vb that/cs the/at group/nn felt/vbd a/at topic/nn under/in study/nn should/md not/* be/be dropped/vbn for/in an/at additional/jj week/nn as/cs there/ex was/bedz still/rb too/ql much/ap of/in it/ppo untouched/jj ./. Since/cs the/at writer/nn had/hvd established/vbn this/dt democratic/jj procedure/nn in/in the/at beginning/nn he/pps had/hvd to/to go/vb along/rb with/in their/pp$ decision/nn --/-- after/cs ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, pointing/vbg out/rp whether/cs he/pps thought/vbd their/pp$ decision/nn was/bedz a/at wise/jj or/cc an/at unwise/jj one/cd ./. Thus/rb the/at films/nns seen/vbn as/cs they/ppss came/vbd in/rp (/( coordinated/vbn for/in the/at regular/jj sections/nns )/) ,/, were/bed often/rb out/rp of/in context/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, the/at writer/nn has/hvz never/rb experienced/vbn such/jj spontaneity/nn of/in discussion/nn after/in film/nn showings/nns ./. Though/cs it/pps did/dod not/* become/vb known/vbn to/in the/at writer/nn for/in some/dti time/nn ,/, a/at nucleus/nn group/nn had/hvd sprung/vbn up/rp within/in the/at class/nn ./. They/ppss began/vbd to/to meet/vb in/in the/at evenings/nns and/cc carry/vb forward/rb various/ap discussions/nns they/ppss felt/vbd not/* fully/rb enough/qlp covered/vbn in/in class/nn ./. From/in a/at few/ap students/nns this/dt group/nn gradually/rb increased/vbd to/to include/vb over/rp three-fourths/nns of/in those/dts officially/rb enrolled/vbn in/in the/at class/nn ,/, and/cc many/ap outsiders/nns as/ql well/rb ./. Also/rb ,/, although/cs only/rb a/at few/ap of/in the/at students/nns were/bed intimately/rb acquainted/vbn with/in each/dt other/ap in/in the/at beginning/nn ,/, most/ap reported/vbd that/cs when/wrb the/at semester/nn ended/vbd their/pp$ dearest/jjt and/cc closest/jjt campus/nn friendships/nns were/bed with/in members/nns of/in that/dt class/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, they/ppss often/rb revamped/vbd their/pp$ social/jj activities/nns to/to include/vb class/nn members/nns previously/rb unknown/jj ./. Supplemental/jj outside/jj reading/vbg reports/nns were/bed handled/vbn just/rb as/cs in/in the/at other/ap sections/nns ,/, the/at major/jj difference/nn being/beg that/cs there/ex was/bedz a/at noticeably/rb deeper/jjr level/nn in/in the/at reported/vbn outside/jj reading/nn by/in the/at married/vbn group/nn ./. These/dts students/nns ,/, although/cs they/ppss might/md read/vb various/ap articles/nns in/in popular/jj magazines/nns ,/, more/ql often/rb chose/vbd to/to report/vb on/in articles/nns found/vbn in/in the/at journals/nns ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at noticeable/jj difference/nn in/in outside/jj articles/nns ,/, there/ex was/bedz a/at considerable/jj difference/nn in/in the/at outside/jj books/nns they/ppss read/vbd ./. Whereas/cs a/at high/jj percentage/nn of/in the/at regular/jj students/nns can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to read/vb other/ap texts/nns which/wdt more/rbr or/cc less/rbr plow/vb the/at same/ap ground/nn in/in a/at little/ql different/jj direction/nn ,/, the/at married/vbn students/nns chose/vbd whole/jj books/nns on/in specific/jj areas/nns and/cc went/vbd into/in much/ql greater/jjr detail/nn in/in their/pp$ areas/nns of/in interest/nn ./. Since/cs the/at writer/nn had/hvd not/* noticed/vbn this/dt characteristic/nn in/in married/vbn students/nns scattered/vbn throughout/in the/at various/ap sections/nns previous/rb to/in this/dt experiment/nn ,/, nor/cc ,/, as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, in/in those/dts who/wps were/bed continuing/vbg in/in ``/`` single/ap sections/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps can/md only/rb conclude/vb that/cs there/ex must/md have/hv been/ben something/pn ``/`` contagious/jj ''/'' within/in the/at specific/jj group/nn which/wdt caused/vbd this/dt to/to occur/vb ./. In/in the/at main/jjs ,/, this/dt course/nn took/vbd the/at following/vbg directional/jj high/jj roads/nns ./. (/( 1/cd )/) A/at great/jj deal/nn of/in time/nn was/bedz spent/vbn on/in processes/nns for/in solving/vbg marital/jj differences/nns ./. This/dt was/bedz not/* a/at search/nn for/in a/at ``/`` magic/jj formula/nn ''/'' ,/, but/cc rather/rb an/at examination/nn of/in basic/jj principles/nns pertaining/vbg especially/rb to/in all/abn types/nns of/in communication/nn in/in marriage/nn ./. In/in short/jj ,/, it/pps was/bedz centered/vbn around/in learning/vbg how/wrb to/to develop/vb a/at more/ql sensitive/jj empathy/nn ./. Not/* until/cs the/at group/nn was/bedz satisfied/vbn in/in this/dt area/nn were/bed they/ppss willing/jj to/to venture/vb further/rbr to/in (/( 2/cd )/) ,/, Specific/jj adjustment/nn areas/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs sex/nn ,/, in-laws/nns ,/, religion/nn ,/, finance/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ./. From/in here/rb they/ppss proceeded/vbd to/in (/( 3/cd )/) These/dts same/ap areas/nns in/in relation/nn to/in their/pp$ own/jj future/jj family/nn life/nn stages/nns ,/, developing/vbg these/dts to/in the/at extent/nn of/in examining/vbg various/ap crises/nns which/wdt could/md be/be expected/vbn to/to confront/vb them/ppo at/in some/dti time/nn or/cc other/ap ./. As/cs an/at example/nn of/in this/dt last/ap facet/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed some/dti lengthy/jj discussions/nns centered/vbn around/in bereavement/nn ./. Mainly/rb these/dts were/bed concerned/vbn with/in the/at possibility/nn of/in the/at death/nn of/in one/cd parent/nn and/cc the/at complication/nn of/in living/vbg with/in the/at survivor/nn afterward/rb ,/, but/cc the/at possible/jj death/nn of/in one's/pn$ own/jj spouse/nn was/bedz not/* overlooked/vbn ./. Since/in the/at course/nn ,/, one/cd member/nn has/hvz lost/vbn her/pp$ husband/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz not/* a/at particularly/ql shocking/jj or/cc unexpected/jj thing/nn --/-- it/pps was/bedz previously/rb known/vbn to/in her/ppo that/cs it/pps might/md happen/vb ./. But/cc just/rb when/wrb was/bedz an/at unknown/nn ,/, and/cc of/in course/nn the/at longer/jjr it/pps did/dod not/* happen/vb ,/, the/at stronger/jjr her/pp$ wish/nn and/cc belief/nn that/cs it/pps might/md not/* ./. Since/in her/pp$ bereavement/nn this/dt individual/nn has/hvz reported/vbn to/in the/at writer/nn on/in numerous/jj occasions/nns about/in how/wql helpful/jj the/at class/nn discussions/nns were/bed to/in her/ppo in/in this/dt adjustment/nn crisis/nn ./. Quite/ql frequently/rb class/nn members/nns brought/vbd questions/nns from/in their/pp$ mates/nns at/in home/nn ./. These/dts were/bed often/rb carefully/rb written/vbn out/rp with/in a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in thought/nn behind/in them/ppo ./. This/dt added/vbd a/at personal/jj zest/nn to/in class/nn discussions/nns and/cc participation/nn ./. Both/abx sexes/nns reported/vbd that/cs the/at discussions/nns on/in sex/nn adjustment/nn within/in marriage/nn were/bed extremely/ql enlightening/jj ./. The/at writer/nn sensed/vbd a/at much/ql freer/jjr and/cc more/ql frank/jj discussion/nn ,/, especially/rb of/in this/dt one/cd area/nn ,/, than/cs ever/rb before/rb ./. He/pps felt/vbd certain/jj for/in the/at first/od time/nn in/in his/pp$ teaching/vbg experience/nn that/cs the/at men/nns in/in the/at class/nn understood/vbd that/cs orgasm/nn ,/, as/cs a/at criterion/nn ,/, is/bez not/* nearly/rb so/ql essential/jj for/in a/at satisfying/vbg female/jj sexual/jj experience/nn as/cs most/ap males/nns might/md think/vb ./. This/dt was/bedz probably/rb much/ql more/ql meaningful/jj because/cs all/abn the/at women/nns in/in the/at class/nn emphasized/vbd it/ppo time/nn and/cc again/rb ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at women/nns class/vb members/nns appeared/vbd to/to reach/vb a/at far/ql greater/jjr understanding/nn than/cs have/hv women/nns members/nns in/in other/ap sections/nns that/cs it/pps is/bez more/ql natural/jj for/cs males/nns as/cs a/at group/nn to/to view/vb sex/nn as/cs sex/nn rather/rb than/cs always/rb associating/vbg it/ppo with/in love/nn as/cs most/ap women/nns seem/vb to/to do/do ./. In/in the/at reproductive/jj area/nn it/pps could/md be/be readily/rb observed/vbn that/cs all/abn felt/vbd freer/jjr to/to discuss/vb things/nns than/cs students/nns had/hvd previously/rb in/in ``/`` mixed/vbn ''/'' marital/jj status/nn sections/nns ./. Perhaps/rb this/dt was/bedz related/vbn to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs all/abn were/bed in/rp on/in it/ppo to/in some/dti extent/nn ./. Never/rb in/in other/ap sections/nns has/hvz there/ex been/ben the/at opportunity/nn for/in the/at genuine/jj down-to-earth/jj discussions/nns about/in the/at feelings/nns of/in both/abx spouses/nns during/in various/jj stages/nns of/in pregnancy/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at particularly/ql marvelous/jj opportunity/nn for/in study/nn in/in this/dt area/nn since/cs almost/rb every/at stage/nn of/in pregnancy/nn was/bedz represented/vbn ,/, from/in a/at childless/jj couple/nn to/in and/cc including/in every/at trimester/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, we/ppss had/hvd one/cd birth/nn before/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at course/nn ,/, and/cc another/dt student/nn had/hvd to/to take/vb the/at final/jj examiantion/nn a/at week/nn early/rb ,/, just/rb to/to be/be on/in the/at safe/jj side/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz also/rb one/cd spontaneous/jj abortion/nn during/in the/at semester/nn ./.

cj28

cj28 |@word thus:2 reasonable:1 believe:1 significant:2 difference:7 two:7 group:8 performance:1 task:1 brief:1 structure:1 experience:15 predict:2 kohnstamm:35 negative:10 subject:48 would:5 adhere:1 liberal:1 concretistic:1 report:2 ambiguous:2 figure:2 look:1 like:1 reflect:1 hesitancy:1 take:1 chance:1 true:1 mostly:1 perceive:5 people:8 action:1 response:3 rope:2 loop:1 piece:1 quite:2 characteristic:1 guilford:4 martin:3 personality:6 inventory:3 three:1 fill:1 12:2 positive:18 19:1 give:17 rorschach:1 test:5 prediction:2 make:5 concern:2 factor:9 r:1 n:1 co:2 appear:2 directly:1 relate:1 control:18 security:2 aspect:1 functioning:1 hypothesize:1 importance:1 differential:2 reactivity:8 differentiate:1 less:4 5:1 level:3 af:1 one:13 self:1 confidence:1 shift:6 inform:8 nonreactor:2 separate:1 assumption:1 presumably:1 secure:2 reactor:3 use:3 comparative:1 study:4 differ:2 significantly:2 investigator:1 refer:1 inferiority:1 define:2 purpose:1 compare:1 condition:7 3:1 4:1 shifter:1 nonshifter:1 value:1 tail:1 discussion:2 individual:2 situation:9 find:1 among:2 27:1 11:1 reaction:26 completely:2 naive:7 phenomenon:2 49:1 20:1 even:4 normalcy:2 demonstration:2 24:2 10:2 reassure:2 latter:1 also:6 amount:1 kind:2 information:6 necessary:2 occur:2 change:8 something:4 happen:4 arm:22 relax:9 five:2 tell:4 four:2 need:1 additional:2 elevation:6 circumstance:1 perfectly:1 normal:11 reflex:1 show:2 time:1 imply:3 experimenter:3 initial:2 deviant:1 possibility:5 respond:3 state:5 react:6 fashion:1 accept:2 frequent:1 interpretation:3 person:2 levitation:3 must:2 prevent:5 could:5 rise:7 try:2 1:3 adequately:1 explain:5 concept:1 suggestibility:3 influence:2 behavior:4 verbal:1 cue:1 way:2 either:1 verbally:1 behaviorally:1 indicate:1 preferred:2 mode:2 voluntary:5 contraction:2 moreover:1 uninfluenced:1 subsequent:1 continue:1 invoke:1 failure:1 yet:2 attribute:2 suggestion:2 autosuggestibility:1 conform:1 expectation:2 outcome:1 pressure:1 exert:1 knowledge:3 every:1 equal:1 opposite:1 seem:6 inadequate:2 explanation:4 follow:2 reason:1 apparently:1 genuine:1 surprise:1 2:1 manifestation:1 despite:1 anticipation:1 else:1 become:1 dizzy:1 maybe:2 fall:1 spontaneously:3 volunteer:1 hypothesis:4 different:1 differently:2 implication:1 absence:2 presence:1 tenable:1 add:1 increase:1 familiarity:1 total:1 possible:1 guard:1 since:2 acceptable:2 examiner:1 therefore:1 view:1 inhibit:1 free:2 interpersonal:1 observer:1 guide:1 instruction:1 spontaneous:1 immediately:1 whatever:1 impulse:1 may:5 sufficiently:2 idea:1 effective:1 bring:1 immobility:2 mobility:2 common:1 capacity:1 induce:1 attitude:1 enable:1 divorce:1 temporarily:2 feeling:1 responsibility:1 alcohol:2 ingestion:1 succeed:1 strikingly:1 pilot:1 technique:1 undergo:1 psychoanalytic:1 psychotherapy:1 year:1 standardized:1 experiment:1 sober:1 drink:1 contain:1 fly:1 upward:2 freely:1 evident:1 delight:2 part:1 freedom:1 movement:2 describe:4 irresponsible:1 feel:6 hypnosis:1 ascribe:1 effect:1 remove:1 compulsively:1 maintain:1 appropriate:1 many:1 degree:1 subjective:2 involuntary:2 suggest:2 vivid:1 exercise:1 basis:1 intervention:1 counteract:1 effort:1 initially:1 associate:2 inability:1 relinquish:4 voluntarily:1 ask:1 finally:1 suppose:3 unconsciously:1 keep:1 another:1 say:2 go:5 first:6 let:2 think:2 second:1 trial:3 want:1 consciously:1 nonreactivity:3 comment:2 see:2 contrast:1 offer:1 much:1 present:2 unconscious:1 mean:1 abeyance:1 rather:2 diminish:1 interfere:1 stage:1 right:1 difficulty:1 however:1 able:3 yield:1 moment:1 hesitant:1 allow:1 actor:1 belief:1 readiness:2 evidence:2 experimental:1 discuss:1 general:2 aniseikonic:2 illusion:2 unusual:1 seemingly:1 impossible:1 external:1 world:1 great:1 number:1 desk:2 tilted:1 position:1 tennis:1 ball:3 rest:1 remain:1 stationary:1 incline:1 spite:1 rational:1 awareness:1 downhill:1 know:1 perceptual:1 objective:1 reality:1 prior:1 put:1 lense:1 bind:1 past:2 constriction:2 deny:1 immediate:1 perception:2 dominate:1 guardedness:1 strange:1 unknown:1 term:1 conventionality:1 various:1 uniqueness:1 postulate:1 unduly:1 afraid:1 wrong:1 new:1 internal:1 environmental:1 threaten:1 prove:1 otherwise:1 inference:1 gain:1 support:1 following:1 tilt:1

Thus/rb it/pps is/bez reasonable/jj to/to believe/vb that/cs there/ex is/bez a/at significant/jj difference/nn between/in the/at two/cd groups/nns in/in their/pp$ performance/nn on/in this/dt task/nn after/in a/at brief/jj ``/`` structuring/vbg ''/'' experience/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz predicted/vbn that/cs Kohnstamm-negative/jj subjects/nns would/md adhere/vb to/in more/ql liberal/jj ,/, concretistic/jj reports/nns of/in what/wdt the/at ambiguous/jj figure/nn ``/`` looked/vbd like/cs ''/'' as/cs reflecting/vbg their/pp$ hesitancy/nn about/in taking/vbg chances/nns ./. This/dt was/bedz true/jj mostly/rb of/in those/dts Kohnstamm-negative/jj subjects/nns who/wps did/dod not/* perceive/vb the/at ambiguous/jj figure/nn as/cs people/nns in/in action/nn ./. Responses/nns such/jj as/cs ``/`` rope/nn with/in a/at loop/nn in/in it/ppo ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` two/cd pieces/nns of/in rope/nn ''/'' ,/, were/bed quite/ql characteristic/jj ./. Guilford-Martin/np-hl personality/nn-hl inventories/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at three/cd personality/nn inventories/nns (/( Guilford/np ;/. ;/. Guilford-Martin/np ;/. ;/. Guilford-Martin/np )/) were/bed filled/vbn out/rp by/in 12/cd of/in the/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj subjects/nns and/cc 19/cd of/in the/at Kohnstamm-negative/jj subjects/nns ./. These/dts were/bed the/at same/ap subjects/nns who/wps were/bed given/vbn the/at Rorschach/np test/nn ./. Some/dti predictions/nns had/hvd been/ben made/vbn concerning/in factors/nns R/nn ,/, N/nn ,/, I/nn and/cc Co/nn on/in these/dts inventories/nns which/wdt appeared/vbd to/to be/be directly/rb related/vbn to/in control/nn and/cc security/nn aspects/nns of/in personality/nn functioning/nn which/wdt were/bed hypothesized/vbn as/cs being/beg of/in importance/nn in/in differential/jj Kohnstamm/np reactivity/nn ./. Only/rb Co/nn differentiated/vbd between/in the/at two/cd groups/nns at/in less/ap than/cs the/at 5%/nn level/nn (/( Af/nn )/) ./. One/cd prediction/nn had/hvd been/ben made/vbn about/in the/at difference/nn in/in security/nn or/cc self-confidence/nn between/in those/dts subjects/nns who/wps shifted/vbd their/pp$ Kohnstamm/np reactivity/nn when/wrb informed/vbn and/cc those/dts who/wps did/dod not/* ./. The/at nonreactors/nns had/hvd been/ben separated/vbn into/in two/cd groups/nns on/in this/dt assumption/nn with/in the/at presumably/rb ``/`` secure/jj ''/'' nonreactors/nns and/cc ``/`` secure/jj ''/'' reactors/nns being/beg used/vbn as/cs the/at groups/nns for/in comparative/jj personality/nn studies/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz predicted/vbn that/cs those/dts who/wps shifted/vbd in/in their/pp$ Kohnstamm/np reactivity/nn would/md differ/vb significantly/rb from/in those/dts who/wps did/dod not/* on/in the/at factor/nn I/nn which/wdt the/at investigators/nns refer/vb to/in as/cs the/at ``/`` Inferiority/nn-tl ''/'' factor/nn ./. All/abn of/in the/at subjects/nns in/in the/at Kohnstamm-negative/jj and/cc Kohnstamm-positive/jj groups/nns (/( as/cs defined/vbn for/in purposes/nns of/in the/at personality/nn studies/nns )/) were/bed compared/vbn with/in those/dts subjects/nns who/wps shifted/vbd in/in Conditions/nns-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, or/cc 4/cd-tl ./. A/at t/nn test/nn on/in these/dts two/cd groups/nns ,/, shifters/nns vs./in nonshifters/nns ,/, gave/vbd a/at ``/`` t/nn ''/'' value/nn of/in 2.405/cd which/wdt is/bez significant/jj on/in the/at two-tail/jj test/nn at/in the/at level/nn ./. Discussion/nn individual/jj-hl differences/nns-hl Individual/jj differences/nns in/in Kohnstamm/np reactivity/nn to/in controlled/vbn Kohnstamm/np situations/nns were/bed found/vbn among/in the/at subjects/nns used/vbn in/in the/at study/nn ./. Only/rb 27%/nn (/( 11/cd subjects/nns )/) gave/vbd a/at positive/jj Kohnstamm/np reaction/nn when/wrb completely/ql naive/jj concerning/in the/at phenomenon/nn ./. There/ex were/bed 49%/nn (/( 20/cd subjects/nns )/) who/wps did/dod not/* give/vb a/at positive/jj reaction/nn even/rb after/cs they/ppss were/bed informed/vbn of/in the/at normalcy/nn of/in such/abl a/at reaction/nn and/cc had/hvd been/ben given/vbn a/at demonstration/nn ./. There/ex were/bed 24%/nn (/( 10/cd subjects/nns )/) who/wps shifted/vbd from/in a/at negative/jj to/in a/at positive/jj reaction/nn after/cs they/ppss were/bed reassured/vbn as/in to/in the/at normalcy/nn of/in the/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj reaction/nn ./. Among/in this/dt latter/ap group/nn there/ex were/bed also/rb differences/nns in/in the/at amount/nn and/cc kind/nn of/in information/nn necessary/jj before/cs a/at shift/nn in/in reaction/nn occurred/vbd ./. One/cd subject/nn changed/vbd when/wrb given/vbn only/rb the/at information/nn that/cs some/dti people/nns have/hv something/pn happen/vb to/in their/pp$ arm/nn when/wrb they/ppss relax/vb ./. Five/cd subjects/nns (/( 12%/nn )/) did/dod not/* change/vb until/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben told/vbn that/cs some/dti people/nns have/hv something/pn happen/vb to/in their/pp$ arm/nn ,/, what/wdt that/dt something/pn was/bedz ,/, and/cc also/rb were/bed given/vbn a/at demonstration/nn ./. Four/cd subjects/nns (/( 10%/nn )/) did/dod not/* change/vb even/rb then/rb but/cc needed/vbd the/at additional/jj information/nn that/cs an/at arm-elevation/nn under/in these/dts circumstances/nns was/bedz a/at perfectly/ql normal/jj reflex/nn reaction/nn which/wdt some/dti people/nns showed/vbd while/cs others/nns did/dod not/* ./. At/in no/at time/nn was/bedz it/pps implied/vbn by/in the/at experimenter/nn that/cs the/at subject's/nn$ initial/jj reaction/nn was/bedz deviant/jj ./. The/at subjects/nns were/bed only/rb given/vbn information/nn about/in other/ap possibilities/nns of/in ``/`` normal/jj ''/'' reaction/nn ./. Those/dts who/wps responded/vbd with/in an/at arm-elevation/nn in/in the/at naive/jj state/nn did/dod not/* change/vb their/pp$ reaction/nn when/wrb told/vbn that/cs there/ex were/bed some/dti normal/jj people/nns who/wps did/dod not/* react/vb in/in this/dt fashion/nn ./. This/dt information/nn was/bedz accepted/vbn with/in the/at frequent/jj interpretation/nn that/cs those/dts persons/nns who/wps did/dod not/* show/vb arm-levitation/nn must/md be/be preventing/vbg it/ppo ./. These/dts subjects/nns implied/vbd that/cs they/ppss too/rb could/md prevent/vb their/pp$ arms/nns from/in rising/vbg if/cs they/ppss tried/vbd ./. The/at positive/jj Kohnstamm/np reactivity/nn in/in Condition/nn-tl 1/cd-tl (/( (/( the/at naive/jj state/nn )/) is/bez not/* adequately/rb explained/vbn by/in such/abl a/at concept/nn as/cs suggestibility/nn (/( if/cs suggestibility/nn is/bez defined/vbn as/cs the/at influence/nn on/in behavior/nn by/in verbal/jj cues/nns )/) ./. In/in no/at way/nn ,/, either/cc verbally/rb or/cc behaviorally/rb ,/, did/dod the/at experimenter/nn indicate/vb to/in the/at subjects/nns any/dti preferred/vbn mode/nn of/in responding/vbg to/in the/at voluntary/jj contraction/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, when/wrb the/at experimenter/nn did/dod inform/vb those/dts subjects/nns that/cs there/ex were/bed some/dti normal/jj people/nns who/wps did/dod not/* have/hv their/pp$ arm/nn rise/vb once/cs they/ppss relaxed/vbd ,/, the/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj subjects/nns were/bed uninfluenced/jj in/in their/pp$ subsequent/jj reactions/nns to/in the/at Kohnstamm/np situation/nn ./. They/ppss continued/vbd to/to give/vb an/at arm-elevation/nn ./. A/at differential/jj suggestibility/nn would/md have/hv to/to be/be invoked/vbn to/to explain/vb the/at failure/nn of/in this/dt additional/jj information/nn to/to influence/vb the/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj reactors/nns and/cc yet/rb attribute/vb their/pp$ naive/jj Kohnstamm/np reactivity/nn to/in suggestion/nn ./. Autosuggestibility/nn ,/, the/at reaction/nn of/in the/at subject/nn in/in such/abl a/at way/nn as/cs to/to conform/vb to/in his/pp$ own/jj expectations/nns of/in the/at outcome/nn (/( i.e./rb ,/, that/cs the/at arm-rise/nn is/bez a/at reaction/nn to/in the/at pressure/nn exerted/vbn in/in the/at voluntary/jj contraction/nn ,/, because/rb of/in his/pp$ knowledge/nn that/cs ``/`` to/in every/at reaction/nn there/ex is/bez an/at equal/jj and/cc opposite/jj reaction/nn ''/'' )/) also/rb seems/vbz inadequate/jj as/cs an/at explanation/nn for/in the/at following/vbg reasons/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) the/at subjects'/nns$ apparently/ql genuine/jj experience/nn of/in surprise/nn when/wrb their/pp$ arms/nns rose/vbd ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) manifestations/nns of/in the/at phenomenon/nn despite/in anticipations/nns of/in something/pn else/rb happening/vbg (/( e.g./rb ,/, of/in becoming/vbg dizzy/jj and/cc maybe/rb falling/vbg ,/, an/at expectation/nn spontaneously/rb volunteered/vbn by/in one/cd of/in the/at subjects/nns )/) ./. A/at suggestion/nn Hypothesis/nn-tl also/rb seems/vbz inadequate/jj as/cs an/at explanation/nn for/in those/dts who/wps shifted/vbd their/pp$ reactions/nns after/cs they/ppss were/bed informed/vbn of/in the/at possibilities/nns of/in ``/`` normal/jj ''/'' reactions/nns different/jj from/in those/dts which/wdt they/ppss gave/vbd ./. While/cs they/ppss were/bed told/vbn that/cs there/ex were/bed some/dti normal/jj people/nns who/wps reacted/vbd differently/rb than/cs they/ppss had/hvd ,/, they/ppss were/bed also/rb informed/vbn that/cs there/ex were/bed other/ap normals/nns who/wps reacted/vbd as/cs they/ppss had/hvd ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at implication/nn made/vbn that/cs their/pp$ initial/jj reaction/nn (/( absence/nn of/in an/at arm-elevation/nn )/) was/bedz less/ql preferred/vbn than/cs the/at presence/nn of/in levitation/nn ./. A/at more/ql tenable/jj explanation/nn for/in the/at change/nn in/in reactions/nns is/bez that/cs the/at added/vbn knowledge/nn and/cc increased/vbn familiarity/nn with/in the/at total/nn situation/nn made/vbd it/ppo possible/jj for/cs these/dts subjects/nns to/to be/be less/ql guarded/vbn and/cc to/to relax/vb ,/, since/cs any/dti reaction/nn seemed/vbd acceptable/jj to/in the/at examiner/nn as/cs ``/`` normal/jj ''/'' ./. The/at naive/jj state/nn ,/, Condition/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, could/md therefore/rb be/be viewed/vbn as/cs an/at inhibiting/vbg one/cd for/in 24%/nn of/in the/at subjects/nns in/in this/dt study/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed not/* free/jj to/to be/be themselves/ppls in/in this/dt situation/nn ,/, an/at interpersonal/jj one/cd ,/, where/wrb there/ex was/bedz an/at observer/nn of/in their/pp$ reactions/nns and/cc they/ppss had/hvd no/at guide/nn for/in acceptable/jj behavior/nn ./. Instructions/nns to/to relax/vb ,/, i.e./rb ,/, to/to be/be ``/`` spontaneous/jj ''/'' ,/, and/cc react/vb immediately/rb to/in whatever/wdt impulse/nn they/ppss might/md have/hv ,/, was/bedz not/* sufficiently/ql reassuring/jj until/cs some/dti idea/nn of/in the/at possibilities/nns of/in normal/jj reactions/nns had/hvd been/ben given/vbn ./. While/cs other/ap conditions/nns might/md be/be even/ql more/ql effective/jj in/in bringing/vbg about/rp a/at change/nn from/in immobility/nn to/in mobility/nn in/in Kohnstamm/np reactivity/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez our/pp$ hypothesis/nn that/cs all/abn such/jj conditions/nns would/md have/hv as/cs a/at common/jj factor/nn the/at capacity/nn to/to induce/vb an/at attitude/nn in/in the/at subject/nn which/wdt enabled/vbd him/ppo to/to divorce/vb himself/ppl temporarily/rb from/in feelings/nns of/in responsibility/nn for/in his/pp$ behavior/nn ./. Alcohol/nn ingestion/nn succeeded/vbd in/in changing/vbg immobility/nn to/in mobility/nn quite/ql strikingly/rb in/in one/cd pilot/nn subject/nn (/( the/at only/ap one/cd with/in whom/wpo this/dt technique/nn was/bedz tried/vbn )/) ./. This/dt subject/nn ,/, who/wps has/hvz been/ben undergoing/vbg psychoanalytic/jj psychotherapy/nn for/in five/cd years/nns ,/, did/dod not/* give/vb a/at positive/jj Kohnstamm/np reaction/nn under/in any/dti of/in the/at four/cd standardized/vbn conditions/nns used/vbn in/in this/dt experiment/nn while/cs sober/jj ./. After/in two/cd drinks/nns containing/vbg alcohol/nn ,/, her/pp$ arm/nn flew/vbd upward/rb very/ql freely/rb ./. There/ex was/bedz evident/jj delight/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at subject/nn in/in response/nn to/in her/pp$ experience/nn of/in the/at freedom/nn of/in movement/nn ./. She/pps described/vbd herself/ppl as/cs having/hvg the/at same/ap kind/nn of/in ``/`` irresponsible/jj ''/'' feeling/nn as/cs she/pps had/hvd once/rb experienced/vbn under/in hypnosis/nn ./. She/pps ascribed/vbd her/pp$ delight/nn with/in both/abx experiences/nns to/in the/at effect/nn they/ppss seemed/vbd to/to have/hv of/in temporarily/rb removing/vbg from/in her/ppo the/at controls/nns which/wdt she/pps felt/vbd so/ql compulsively/rb necessary/jj to/to maintain/vb even/rb when/wrb it/pps might/md seem/vb appropriate/jj to/to relax/vb these/dts controls/nns ./. Many/ap subjects/nns attributed/vbd differences/nns in/in Kohnstamm/np reactivity/nn to/in differences/nns in/in degrees/nns of/in subjective/jj control/nn --/-- voluntary/jj as/cs the/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj subjects/nns perceived/vbd it/ppo and/cc involuntary/jj as/cs the/at Kohnstamm-negative/jj subjects/nns perceived/vbd it/ppo ./. These/dts suggested/vbn interpretations/nns were/bed given/vbn by/in the/at subjects/nns spontaneously/rb when/wrb they/ppss were/bed told/vbn that/cs there/ex were/bed people/nns who/wps reacted/vbd differently/rb than/cs they/ppss had/hvd ./. The/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj subjects/nns described/vbd the/at vivid/jj experience/nn of/in having/hvg their/pp$ arms/nns rise/vb as/cs one/cd in/in which/wdt they/ppss exercised/vbd no/at control/nn ./. They/ppss explained/vbd its/pp$ absence/nn in/in others/nns on/in the/at basis/nn of/in an/at intervention/nn of/in control/nn factors/nns ./. They/ppss felt/vbd that/cs they/ppss too/rb could/md counteract/vb the/at upward/jj arm/nn movement/nn by/in a/at voluntary/jj effort/nn after/cs they/ppss had/hvd once/rb experienced/vbn the/at reaction/nn ./. Some/dti of/in those/dts who/wps did/dod not/* initially/rb react/vb with/in an/at arm-elevation/nn also/rb associated/vbd their/pp$ behavior/nn in/in the/at situation/nn with/in control/nn factors/nns --/-- an/at inability/nn to/to relinquish/vb control/nn voluntarily/rb ./. One/cd subject/nn spontaneously/rb asked/vbd (/( after/cs her/pp$ arm/nn had/hvd finally/rb risen/vbn )/) ,/, ``/`` Do/do you/ppss suppose/vb I/ppss was/bedz unconsciously/rb keeping/vbg it/ppo down/rp before/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. Another/dt said/vbd that/cs her/pp$ arm/nn did/dod not/* go/vb up/rp at/in first/rb ``/`` because/cs I/ppss wouldn't/md* let/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/. I/ppss thought/vbd it/pps wasn't/bedz* supposed/vbn to/to ''/'' ./. This/dt subject/nn was/bedz one/cd who/wps gave/vbd an/at arm-elevation/nn on/in the/at second/od trial/nn in/in the/at naive/jj state/nn but/cc not/* in/in the/at first/od ./. She/pps had/hvd felt/vbn that/cs her/pp$ arm/nn wanted/vbd to/to go/vb up/rp in/in the/at first/od trial/nn ,/, but/cc had/hvd consciously/rb prevented/vbn it/ppo from/in so/rb doing/vbg ./. She/pps explained/vbd nonreactivity/nn of/in others/nns by/in saying/vbg that/cs they/ppss were/bed ``/`` not/* letting/vbg themselves/ppls relax/vb ''/'' ./. When/wrb informed/vbn that/cs there/ex were/bed some/dti persons/nns who/wps did/dod not/* have/hv their/pp$ arm/nn go/vb up/rp ,/, she/pps commented/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* see/vb how/wrb they/ppss can/md prevent/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. In/in contrast/nn to/in this/dt voluntary-control/nn explanation/nn for/in nonreactivity/nn given/vbn by/in the/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj subjects/nns ,/, the/at Kohnstamm-negative/jj subjects/nns offered/vbd an/at involuntary-control/nn hypothesis/nn to/to explain/vb nonreactivity/nn ./. They/ppss felt/vbd that/cs they/ppss were/bed relaxing/vbg as/ql much/rb as/cs they/ppss could/md and/cc that/cs any/dti control/nn factors/nns which/wdt might/md be/be present/rb to/to prevent/vb response/nn must/md be/be on/in an/at unconscious/jj level/nn ./. The/at above/jj discussion/nn does/doz not/* mean/vb to/to imply/vb that/cs control/nn factors/nns were/bed completely/rb in/in abeyance/nn in/in the/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj subjects/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc rather/rb that/cs they/ppss could/md be/be diminished/vbn sufficiently/rb not/* to/to interfere/vb with/in arm-levitation/nn ./. One/cd Kohnstamm-positive/jj subject/nn who/wps had/hvd both/abx arms/nns rise/vb while/cs being/beg tested/vbn in/in the/at naive/jj condition/nn described/vbd her/pp$ subjective/jj experience/nn as/cs follows/vbz :/: ``/`` You/ppss feel/vb they're/ppss+ber going/vbg up/rp and/cc you're/ppss+ber on/in a/at stage/nn and/cc it's/pps+bez not/* right/jj for/cs them/ppo to/to do/do so/rb and/cc then/rb you/ppss think/vb maybe/rb that's/dt+bez what's/wdt+bez supposed/vbn to/to happen/vb ''/'' ./. She/pps then/rb described/vbd her/pp$ experience/nn as/cs one/cd in/in which/wdt she/pps first/rb had/hvd difficulty/nn accepting/vbg for/in herself/ppl a/at state/nn of/in being/beg in/in which/wdt she/pps relinquished/vbd control/nn ./. However/rb ,/, she/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to relax/vb and/cc yield/vb to/in the/at moment/nn ./. It/pps is/bez our/pp$ hypothesis/nn that/cs Kohnstamm-positive/jj subjects/nns are/ber less/ql hesitant/jj about/in relinquishing/vbg control/nn than/cs are/ber Kohnstamm-negative/jj subjects/nns ;/. ;/. that/cs they/ppss can/md give/vb up/rp their/pp$ control/nn and/cc allow/vb themselves/ppls to/to be/be reactors/nns rather/rb than/cs actors/nns ./. It/pps is/bez our/pp$ belief/nn that/cs this/dt readiness/nn to/to relinquish/vb some/dti control/nn was/bedz evidenced/vbn by/in the/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj subjects/nns in/in some/dti of/in the/at other/ap experimental/jj situations/nns to/to be/be discussed/vbn below/rb ./. Thus/rb ,/, this/dt readiness/nn to/to relax/vb controls/nns ,/, evidenced/vbn in/in the/at Kohnstamm/np situation/nn ,/, appears/vbz to/to be/be a/at more/ql general/jj personality/nn factor/nn ./. Aniseikonic/jj-hl illusion/nn-hl The/at Kohnstamm-positive/jj subjects/nns seemed/vbd to/to be/be freer/jjr to/to experience/vb the/at unusual/jj and/cc seemingly/rb impossible/jj in/in the/at external/jj world/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at significantly/ql greater/jjr number/nn in/in this/dt group/nn who/wps reported/vbd a/at desk/nn as/cs being/beg in/in a/at tilted/vbn position/nn while/cs a/at tennis/nn ball/nn resting/vbg on/in it/ppo remained/vbd stationary/jj on/in the/at incline/nn ./. This/dt occurred/vbd in/in spite/nn of/in the/at rational/jj awareness/nn that/cs the/at ball/nn should/md be/be going/vbg downhill/rb ./. They/ppss knew/vbd that/cs their/pp$ perceptual/jj experience/nn differed/vbd from/in objective/jj reality/nn since/cs they/ppss had/hvd seen/vbn the/at desk/nn and/cc ball/nn prior/rb to/in putting/vbg on/in the/at aniseikonic/jj lenses/nns ./. Yet/cc they/ppss were/bed not/* so/ql bound/vbn by/in past/jj experience/nn and/cc constriction/nn as/cs to/to deny/vb their/pp$ immediate/jj perceptions/nns and/cc to/to be/be dominated/vbn by/in their/pp$ knowledge/nn of/in what/wdt the/at experience/nn should/md be/be ./. The/at change/nn in/in perceptions/nns by/in some/dti of/in the/at Kohnstamm-negative/jj subjects/nns ,/, after/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben informed/vbn of/in the/at possibilities/nns of/in normal/jj reactions/nns ,/, suggests/vbz that/cs their/pp$ constriction/nn and/cc guardedness/nn is/bez associated/vbn with/in their/pp$ general/jj mode/nn of/in responding/vbg to/in strange/jj or/cc unknown/jj situations/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed able/jj to/to experience/vb at/in first/rb ,/, in/in terms/nns of/in past/jj conventionality/nn ./. When/wrb informed/vbn as/in to/in the/at various/jj possibilities/nns of/in normal/jj reactions/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed then/rb able/jj to/to experience/vb the/at uniqueness/nn of/in the/at present/nn ./. It/pps might/md be/be postulated/vbn that/cs these/dts subjects/nns are/ber unduly/ql afraid/jj of/in being/beg wrong/jj ;/. ;/. that/cs they/ppss perceive/vb new/jj internal/jj and/cc environmental/jj situations/nns as/cs ``/`` threatening/jj ''/'' until/cs they/ppss are/ber tested/vbn and/cc proved/vbn otherwise/rb ./. While/cs the/at interpretations/nns that/wps have/hv been/ben given/vbn are/ber inferences/nns only/rb ,/, they/ppss gain/vb support/nn from/in such/jj comments/nns as/cs the/at following/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz made/vbn by/in one/cd of/in the/at Kohnstamm-negative/jj subjects/nns who/wps did/dod not/* ,/, on/in the/at first/od trial/nn ,/, perceive/vb the/at tilt/nn illusion/nn ./.

cj29

cj29 |@word control:3 socioeconomic:3 status:3 would:7 desirable:1 two:5 community:2 differ:1 respect:2 variable:4 investigate:1 degree:3 structure:4 teaching:5 method:6 school:33 industrial:2 city:3 three:2 family:1 tenement:1 house:2 typical:2 residential:1 area:4 one:11 rather:1 sizable:1 section:1 middle:3 class:3 home:3 unstructured:12 large:1 suburban:1 predominantly:1 upper:2 fringe:1 order:1 equate:1 sample:8 choose:2 basis:4 neighborhood:4 principal:1 guidance:1 worker:3 make:5 rating:5 various:1 research:2 team:1 independent:1 observation:1 dwell:1 objective:1 scale:9 develop:2 rate:2 datum:2 equal:1 proportion:1 child:40 draw:1 low:9 subject:3 individual:5 difference:4 maturation:1 development:1 readiness:1 learn:4 read:7 indicate:1 third:9 grade:10 ample:1 opportunity:2 demonstrate:3 capacity:1 achievement:25 therefore:4 study:7 purpose:2 selection:3 test:15 give:2 later:2 obtain:1 group:4 score:22 intelligence:5 record:5 entire:1 population:2 system:4 randomly:1 select:1 stratified:1 distribution:4 underachiever:1 medium:2 achiever:3 whose:1 reading:5 least:3 standard:4 deviation:2 regression:3 line:2 total:2 consider:1 final:2 significantly:5 different:3 normal:1 regard:1 twenty:1 four:1 classroom:5 twelve:1 furnish:2 156:1 case:5 87:1 boy:2 69:1 girl:2 eight:1 structured:11 72:1 36:2 administrative:1 restriction:1 necessitate:1 small:1 size:1 assume:1 sampling:1 procedure:1 purely:1 random:1 personality:2 investigation:3 compulsivity:13 interview:2 schedule:1 open:1 end:1 question:2 multiple:1 choice:1 questionnaire:1 prepared:1 parent:3 see:3 ask:2 describe:2 behavior:5 certain:1 situation:4 observe:1 tendency:1 toward:2 perfectionism:1 demand:2 upon:2 self:1 irrational:1 conformity:2 rule:2 orderliness:1 punctuality:1 need:2 certainty:1 interviewer:1 instruct:1 suggest:1 answer:1 much:2 possible:1 actual:4 word:4 construct:1 first:4 peruse:1 categorize:1 evidence:4 relate:1 arrange:1 information:1 apart:1 point:1 assign:1 weight:1 value:1 type:1 deviant:1 discover:2 norm:2 high:9 tension:1 emotionality:1 lack:3 organization:1 expectation:1 exaggerated:1 effort:1 achieve:4 goal:1 compulsive:12 appear:2 relatively:2 unconcerned:1 matter:1 instance:1 follow:2 statement:1 naturally:1 quite:1 neat:1 thing:1 bother:1 room:1 get:1 messy:1 clean:1 well:8 remind:1 measurement:3 anxiety:19 castaneda:2 et:3 al:3 revise:1 taylor:3 use:6 adapt:1 minnesota:1 multiphastic:1 inventory:1 item:2 base:1 clinical:2 definition:1 validate:1 instrument:1 differentiate:1 likely:1 manifest:1 vary:1 reliability:1 validation:1 work:2 result:5 closely:1 similar:2 finding:1 adult:1 although:4 design:1 device:1 individually:1 administer:3 psychologically:1 train:1 establish:3 rapport:1 assist:1 relationship:2 may:6 raise:1 whether:1 deal:1 common:1 factor:4 yield:1 correlation:1 zero:1 measure:2 characteristic:1 theory:2 way:1 diminish:1 expect:4 negative:1 association:1 except:2 possibility:1 many:1 obsessive:1 defense:1 sufficient:1 quell:1 amount:1 suffer:4 issue:1 interaction:8 take:1 criterion:3 primary:1 permeate:1 almost:1 every:1 aspect:2 progress:1 early:1 experience:1 success:3 failure:3 often:1 set:1 pattern:2 endure:1 throughout:1 year:3 think:2 best:2 broaden:1 scope:1 beyond:1 act:1 predict:3 effect:2 potent:2 extend:1 influence:1 academic:2 stanford:1 form:1 j:1 teacher:3 consist:1 battery:2 six:1 sub:3 paragraph:1 meaning:2 spelling:1 language:1 arithmetic:3 computation:2 reasoning:1 involve:1 state:2 equivalent:3 national:1 median:1 data:1 analysis:4 wechsl:1 fact:2 af:5 present:5 hypothesis:2 necessary:1 statistical:3 index:1 discrepancy:3 attain:2 example:1 equation:1 120:2 earn:2 represent:2 98:1 manner:2 allow:1 interpret:1 table:2 1:2 2:2 descriptive:1 figure:2 portray:1 mean:3 graphically:1 surmise:1 highly:5 setting:5 better:1 contrast:2 level:3 within:3 significant:3 find:2 support:3 difficulty:1 compare:2 surprised:1 whole:1 begin:1 favorably:1 indeed:1 somewhat:1 absolute:1 speculate:1 great:1 strain:1 systemization:1 organize:1 comfort:1 intense:1 struggle:1 induce:1 phonic:1 spite:1 direction:1 environment:2 interesting:1 note:1 possibly:1 strong:1 enough:1 cause:1 build:1 conjecture:1 regardless:1 lesson:4 teach:1 accentuate:1 element:3 aid:1 systematize:1 help:1 presentation:1 unusual:1 relation:1 3:1 4:1 graph:1 anxious:6 poorly:1 less:1 average:2 striking:1 marked:1 decrement:2 performance:3 accord:1 propose:1 consequence:1 severe:1 condition:1 perceive:1 threat:4 persist:1 unabated:1 ambiguous:1 sort:1 beginning:1 vital:1 continue:1 exhibit:1 direct:2 release:1 energy:2 distress:1 severely:1 reduce:2 ability:1 discrimination:3 memorization:1 complex:1 symbol:2 fail:1 initial:1 attempt:1 master:1 problem:2 confirm:2 intensity:1 increase:2 require:1 learning:1 become:2 difficult:1 time:2 reach:1 pronounce:1 approach:1 task:1 lower:1 power:2 simple:2 show:1 earlier:1 superior:1 memorizing:1 prospect:1 improve:1 attack:1 completely:1 familiar:1 ease:1 apparently:1 challenge:1 create:1 optimum:1 stress:1 able:1 arouse:1 energetic:1 without:1 confused:1 panic:1 sarason:1 like:1 impair:1 unless:1 receive:1 accept:2 treatment:1 replication:1 conclusion:1 observer:1 judge:2 impersonal:1 atmosphere:1 yet:1 tremendous:1 disadvantage:1 perform:1

Control/nn-hl of/in-hl socioeconomic/jj-hl status/nn-hl It/pps would/md have/hv been/ben desirable/jj for/in the/at two/cd communities/nns to/to have/hv differed/vbn only/rb in/in respect/nn to/in the/at variable/jj being/beg investigated/vbn :/: the/at degree/nn of/in structure/nn in/in teaching/vbg method/nn ./. The/at structured/vbn schools/nns were/bed in/in an/at industrial/jj city/nn ,/, with/in three-family/jj tenement/nn houses/nns typical/jj of/in the/at residential/jj areas/nns ,/, but/cc with/in one/cd rather/ql sizable/jj section/nn of/in middle-class/nn homes/nns ./. The/at unstructured/jj schools/nns were/bed in/in a/at large/jj suburban/jj community/nn ,/, predominantly/rb middle-/jj to/in upper-middle/jj class/nn ,/, but/cc fringed/vbn by/in an/at industrial/jj area/nn ./. In/in order/nn to/to equate/vb the/at samples/nns on/in socioeconomic/jj status/nn ,/, we/ppss chose/vbd schools/nns in/in both/abx cities/nns on/in the/at basis/nn of/in socioeconomic/jj status/nn of/in the/at neighborhoods/nns ./. School/nn principals/nns and/cc guidance/nn workers/nns made/vbd ratings/nns of/in the/at various/jj neighborhoods/nns and/cc the/at research/nn team/nn made/vbd independent/jj observations/nns of/in houses/nns and/cc dwelling/vbg areas/nns ./. An/at objective/jj scale/nn was/bedz developed/vbn for/in rating/vbg school/nn neighborhoods/nns from/in these/dts data/nns ./. Equal/jj proportions/nns of/in children/nns in/in each/dt city/nn were/bed drawn/vbn from/in upper-lower/jj and/cc lower-middle/jj class/nn neighborhoods/nns ./. Subjects/nns-hl Individual/jj differences/nns in/in maturation/nn and/cc the/at development/nn of/in readiness/nn for/in learning/vbg to/to read/vb indicate/vb that/cs not/* until/in the/at third/od grade/nn have/hv most/ap children/nns had/hvd ample/jj opportunity/nn to/to demonstrate/vb their/pp$ capacity/nn for/in school/nn achievement/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, third-grade/nn children/nns were/bed chosen/vbn as/cs subjects/nns for/in this/dt study/nn ./. For/in purposes/nns of/in sample/nn selection/nn only/rb (/( individual/jj tests/nns were/bed given/vbn later/rbr )/) we/ppss obtained/vbd group/nn test/nn scores/nns of/in reading/vbg achievement/nn and/cc intelligence/nn from/in school/nn records/nns of/in the/at entire/jj third-grade/nn population/nn in/in each/dt school/nn system/nn ./. The/at subjects/nns for/in this/dt study/nn were/bed randomly/rb selected/vbn from/in stratified/vbn areas/nns of/in the/at distribution/nn ,/, one-third/nn as/cs underachievers/nns ,/, one-third/nn medium/jj ,/, and/cc one-third/nn over-achievers/nns ./. Children/nns whose/wp$ reading/vbg scores/nns were/bed at/in least/ap one/cd standard/jj deviation/nn below/in the/at regression/nn line/nn of/in each/dt total/nn third-grade/nn school/nn population/nn were/bed considered/vbn under-achievers/nns for/in the/at purposes/nns of/in sample/nn selection/nn ./. Over-achievers/nns were/bed at/in least/ap one/cd standard/jj deviation/nn above/in the/at regression/nn line/nn in/in their/pp$ school/nn system/nn ./. The/at final/jj sample/nn was/bedz not/* significantly/ql different/jj from/in a/at normal/jj distribution/nn in/in regard/nn to/in reading/vbg achievement/nn or/cc intelligence/nn test/nn scores/nns ./. Twenty-four/cd classrooms/nns in/in twelve/cd unstructured/jj schools/nns furnished/vbd 156/cd cases/nns ,/, 87/cd boys/nns and/cc 69/cd girls/nns ./. Eight/cd classrooms/nns in/in three/cd structured/vbn schools/nns furnished/vbd 72/cd cases/nns ,/, 36/cd boys/nns and/cc 36/cd girls/nns ./. Administrative/jj restrictions/nns necessitated/vbd the/at smaller/jjr sample/nn size/nn in/in the/at structured/vbn schools/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz assumed/vbn that/cs the/at sampling/vbg procedure/nn was/bedz purely/ql random/jj with/in respect/nn to/in the/at personality/nn variables/nns under/in investigation/nn ./. Rating/vbg-hl scale/nn-hl of/in-hl compulsivity/nn-hl An/at interview/nn schedule/nn of/in open-ended/jj questions/nns and/cc a/at multiple-choice/nn questionnaire/nn were/bed prepared/vbn ,/, and/cc one/cd parent/nn of/in each/dt of/in the/at sample/nn children/nns was/bedz seen/vbn in/in the/at home/nn ./. The/at parent/nn was/bedz asked/vbn to/to describe/vb the/at child's/nn$ typical/jj behavior/nn in/in certain/ap standard/jj situations/nns in/in which/wdt there/ex was/bedz an/at opportunity/nn to/to observe/vb tendencies/nns toward/in perfectionism/nn in/in demands/nns upon/in self/nn and/cc others/nns ,/, irrational/jj conformity/nn to/in rules/nns ,/, orderliness/nn ,/, punctuality/nn ,/, and/cc need/nn for/in certainty/nn ./. The/at interviewers/nns were/bed instructed/vbn not/* to/to suggest/vb answers/nns and/cc ,/, as/ql much/rb as/cs possible/jj ,/, to/to record/vb the/at parents'/nns$ actual/jj words/nns as/cs they/ppss described/vbd the/at child's/nn$ behavior/nn in/in home/nn situations/nns ./. The/at rating/vbg scale/nn of/in compulsivity/nn was/bedz constructed/vbn by/in first/rb perusing/vbg the/at interview/nn records/nns ,/, categorizing/vbg all/abn evidence/nn related/vbn to/in compulsivity/nn ,/, then/rb arranging/vbg a/at distribution/nn of/in such/jj information/nn apart/rb from/in the/at case/nn records/nns ./. Final/jj ratings/nns were/bed made/vbn on/in the/at basis/nn of/in a/at point/nn system/nn which/wdt was/bedz developed/vbn after/in studying/vbg the/at distributions/nns of/in actual/jj behaviors/nns recorded/vbn and/cc assigning/vbg weight/nn values/nns to/in each/dt type/nn of/in behavior/nn that/wps was/bedz deviant/jj from/in the/at discovered/vbn norms/nns ./. Children/nns scoring/vbg high/rb in/in compulsivity/nn were/bed those/dts who/wps gave/vbd evidence/nn of/in tension/nn or/cc emotionality/nn in/in situations/nns where/wrb there/ex was/bedz lack/nn of/in organization/nn or/cc conformity/nn to/in standards/nns and/cc expectations/nns ,/, or/cc who/wps made/vbd exaggerated/vbn efforts/nns to/to achieve/vb these/dts goals/nns ./. The/at low/jj compulsive/jj child/nn was/bedz one/cd who/wps appeared/vbd relatively/ql unconcerned/jj about/in such/jj matters/nns ./. For/in instance/nn ,/, the/at following/vbg statement/nn was/bedz rated/vbn low/jj in/in compulsivity/nn ,/, ``/`` She's/pps+bez naturally/rb quite/ql neat/jj about/in things/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps doesn't/doz* bother/vb her/ppo at/in all/abn if/cs her/pp$ room/nn gets/vbz messy/jj ./. But/cc she/pps cleans/vbz it/ppo up/rp very/ql well/rb when/wrb I/ppss remind/vb her/ppo ''/'' ./. Measurement/nn-hl of/in-hl anxiety/nn-hl Castaneda/np ,/, et/fw-cc al/fw-nns revised/vbd the/at Taylor/np-tl Anxiety/nn-tl Scale/nn-tl for/in use/nn with/in children/nns ./. The/at Taylor/np-tl Scale/nn-tl was/bedz adapted/vbn from/in the/at Minnesota/np-tl Multiphastic/jj-tl Personality/nn-tl Inventory/nn-tl ,/, with/in item/nn selection/nn based/vbn upon/in clinical/jj definitions/nns of/in anxiety/nn ./. There/ex is/bez much/ap research/nn evidence/nn to/to validate/vb the/at use/nn of/in the/at instrument/nn in/in differentiating/vbg individuals/nns who/wps are/ber likely/jj to/to manifest/vb anxiety/nn in/in varying/vbg degrees/nns ./. Reliability/nn and/cc validation/nn work/nn with/in the/at Children's/nns$-tl Anxiety/nn-tl Scale/nn-tl by/in Castaneda/np ,/, et/fw-cc al/fw-nns demonstrated/vbd results/nns closely/ql similar/jj to/in the/at findings/nns with/in the/at adult/nn scale/nn ./. Although/cs the/at Taylor/np-tl Scale/nn-tl was/bedz designed/vbn as/cs a/at group/nn testing/nn device/nn ,/, in/in this/dt study/nn it/pps was/bedz individually/rb administered/vbn by/in psychologically/rb trained/vbn workers/nns who/wps established/vbd rapport/nn and/cc assisted/vbd the/at children/nns in/in reading/vbg the/at items/nns ./. Relationship/nn-hl of/in-hl Anxiety/nn-tl-hl to/in-hl compulsivity/nn-hl The/at question/nn may/md be/be raised/vbn whether/cs or/cc not/* we/ppss are/ber dealing/vbg with/in a/at common/jj factor/nn in/in anxiety/nn and/cc compulsivity/nn ./. The/at two/cd ratings/nns yield/vb a/at correlation/nn of/in ,/, which/wdt is/bez not/* significantly/ql different/jj from/in zero/cd ;/. ;/. therefore/rb ,/, we/ppss have/hv measured/vbn two/cd different/jj characteristics/nns ./. In/in theory/nn ,/, compulsive/jj behavior/nn is/bez a/at way/nn of/in diminishing/vbg anxiety/nn ,/, and/cc one/pn might/md expect/vb a/at negative/jj association/nn except/in for/in the/at possibility/nn that/cs for/in many/ap children/nns the/at obsessive-compulsive/jj defenses/nns are/ber not/* sufficient/jj to/to quell/vb the/at amount/nn of/in anxiety/nn they/ppss suffer/vb ./. The/at issue/nn of/in interaction/nn between/in anxiety/nn and/cc compulsivity/nn will/md be/be taken/vbn up/rp later/rbr ./. Criterion/nn-hl measurement/nn-hl In/in the/at primary/jj grades/nns ,/, reading/vbg permeates/vbz almost/rb every/at aspect/nn of/in school/nn progress/nn ,/, and/cc the/at children's/nns$ early/jj experiences/nns of/in success/nn or/cc failure/nn in/in learning/vbg to/to read/vb often/rb set/vb a/at pattern/nn of/in total/nn achievement/nn that/wps is/bez relatively/ql enduring/vbg throughout/in the/at following/vbg years/nns ./. In/in establishing/vbg criterion/nn measurements/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz therefore/rb thought/vbn best/jjt to/to broaden/vb the/at scope/nn beyond/in the/at reading/vbg act/nn itself/ppl ./. The/at predicted/vbn interaction/nn effect/nn should/md ,/, if/cs potent/jj ,/, extend/vb its/pp$ influence/nn over/in all/abn academic/jj achievement/nn ./. The/at Stanford/np-tl Achievement/nn-tl Test/nn-tl ,/, Form/nn-tl J/np-tl ,/, was/bedz administered/vbn by/in classroom/nn teachers/nns ,/, consisting/vbg of/in a/at battery/nn of/in six/cd sub-tests/nns :/: Paragraph/nn-tl Meaning/nn-tl ,/, Word/nn-tl Meaning/nn-tl ,/, Spelling/nn-tl ,/, Language/nn-tl ,/, Arithmetic/nn-tl Computation/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Arithmetic/nn-tl Reasoning/nn-tl ./. All/abn of/in these/dts sub-tests/nns involve/vb reading/vbg except/in Arithmetic/nn-tl Computation/nn-tl ./. Scores/nns are/ber stated/vbn in/in grade-equivalents/nns on/in a/at national/jj norm/nn ./. The/at battery/nn median/nn grade-equivalent/nn was/bedz used/vbn in/in data/nn analysis/nn in/in this/dt study/nn ./. The/at Wechsler/np-tl Intelligence/nn-tl Scale/nn-tl For/in-tl Children/nns-tl was/bedz administered/vbn to/in each/dt sample/nn third-grade/nn child/nn by/in a/at clinical/jj worker/nn ./. The/at relationship/nn of/in intelligence/nn test/nn scores/nns to/in school/nn achievement/nn is/bez a/at well-established/jj fact/nn (/( in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, Af/nn )/) ;/. ;/. therefore/rb ,/, in/in the/at investigation/nn of/in the/at present/jj hypothesis/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz necessary/jj to/to control/vb this/dt factor/nn ./. The/at criterion/nn score/nn used/vbn in/in the/at statistical/jj analysis/nn is/bez an/at index/nn of/in over-/jj or/cc under-achievement/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at discrepancy/nn between/in the/at actual/jj attained/vbn achievement/nn test/nn score/nn and/cc the/at score/nn that/wps would/md be/be predicted/vbn by/in the/at I.Q./np ./. For/in example/nn ,/, on/in the/at basis/nn of/in the/at regression/nn equation/nn ,/, a/at child/nn with/in an/at I.Q./np of/in 120/cd in/in this/dt sample/nn would/md be/be expected/vbn to/to earn/vb an/at achievement/nn test/nn score/nn of/in 4.8/cd (/( grade/nn equivalent/nn )/) ./. If/cs a/at child/nn with/in an/at I.Q./np of/in 120/cd scored/vbd 5.5/cd in/in achievement/nn ,/, his/pp$ discrepancy/nn score/nn would/md be/be ,/, representing/vbg of/in one/cd year/nn of/in over-achievement/nn ./. A/at child/nn with/in an/at I.Q./np of/in 98/cd would/md be/be expected/vbn to/to earn/vb an/at achievement/nn test/nn score/nn of/in 3.5/cd ./. If/cs such/abl a/at child/nn scored/vbd 3.0/cd ,/, his/pp$ discrepancy/nn score/nn would/md be/be -.5/cd ,/, representing/vbg of/in one/cd year/nn of/in under-achievement/nn ./. In/in this/dt manner/nn ,/, the/at factors/nns measured/vbn by/in the/at intelligence/nn test/nn were/bed controlled/vbn ,/, allowing/vbg discovered/vbn differences/nns in/in achievement/nn to/to be/be interpreted/vbn as/cs resulting/vbg from/in other/ap variables/nns ./. Results/nns-hl test/nn-hl of/in-hl interaction/nn-hl of/in-hl compulsivity/nn-hl and/cc-hl teaching/vbg-hl methods/nns-hl Tables/nns 1/cd and/cc 2/cd present/vb the/at results/nns of/in the/at statistical/jj analysis/nn of/in the/at data/nns when/wrb compulsivity/nn is/bez used/vbn as/cs the/at descriptive/jj variable/nn ./. Figure/nn 1/cd portrays/vbz the/at mean/jj achievement/nn scores/nns of/in each/dt sub-group/nn graphically/rb ./. First/rb of/in all/abn ,/, as/cs we/ppss had/hvd surmised/vbn ,/, the/at highly/ql compulsive/jj children/nns in/in the/at structured/vbn setting/nn score/nn significantly/ql better/rbr (/( Af/nn )/) on/in achievement/nn than/cs do/do similar/jj children/nns in/in the/at unstructured/jj schools/nns ./. It/pps can/md be/be seen/vbn too/rb that/cs when/wrb we/ppss contrast/vb levels/nns of/in compulsivity/nn within/in the/at structured/vbn schools/nns ,/, the/at high/jj compulsive/jj children/nns do/do better/rbr (/( Af/nn )/) ./. No/at significant/jj difference/nn was/bedz found/vbn in/in achievement/nn between/in high/jj and/cc low/jj compulsive/jj children/nns within/in the/at unstructured/jj school/nn ./. The/at hypothesis/nn of/in there/ex being/beg an/at interaction/nn between/in compulsivity/nn and/cc teaching/vbg method/nn was/bedz supported/vbn ,/, in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, at/in the/at level/nn ./. While/cs we/ppss had/hvd expected/vbn that/cs compulsive/jj children/nns in/in the/at unstructured/jj school/nn setting/nn would/md have/hv difficulty/nn when/wrb compared/vbn to/in those/dts in/in the/at structured/vbn ,/, we/ppss were/bed surprised/vbn to/to find/vb that/cs the/at achievement/nn of/in the/at high/jj compulsives/nns within/in the/at schools/nns where/wrb the/at whole-word/nn method/nn is/bez used/vbn in/in beginning/vbg reading/nn compares/vbz favorably/rb with/in that/dt of/in the/at low/jj compulsives/nns ./. Indeed/rb their/pp$ achievement/nn scores/nns were/bed somewhat/ql better/jjr on/in an/at absolute/jj basis/nn although/cs the/at difference/nn was/bedz not/* significant/jj ./. We/ppss speculate/vb that/cs compulsives/nns in/in the/at unstructured/jj schools/nns are/ber under/in greater/jjr strain/nn because/rb of/in the/at lack/nn of/in systemization/nn in/in their/pp$ school/nn setting/nn ,/, but/cc that/cs their/pp$ need/nn to/to organize/vb (/( for/in comfort/nn )/) is/bez so/ql intense/jj that/cs they/ppss struggle/vb to/to induce/vb the/at phonic/jj rules/nns and/cc achieve/vb in/in spite/nn of/in the/at lack/nn of/in direction/nn from/in the/at environment/nn ./. It/pps is/bez interesting/jj to/to note/vb that/cs medium/jj compulsives/nns in/in the/at unstructured/jj schools/nns made/vbd the/at lowest/jjt achievement/nn scores/nns (/( although/cs not/* significantly/ql lower/jjr )/) ./. Possibly/rb their/pp$ compulsivity/nn was/bedz not/* strong/jj enough/qlp to/to cause/vb them/ppo to/to build/vb their/pp$ own/jj structure/nn ./. Our/pp$ conjecture/nn is/bez ,/, then/rb ,/, that/cs regardless/rb of/in the/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt school/nn lessons/nns are/ber taught/vbn ,/, the/at compulsive/jj child/nn accentuates/vbz those/dts elements/nns of/in each/dt lesson/nn that/wps aid/vb him/ppo in/in systematizing/vbg his/pp$ work/nn ./. When/wrb helped/vbn by/in a/at high/jj degree/nn of/in structure/nn in/in lesson/nn presentation/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, and/cc only/rb then/rb ,/, does/doz such/abl a/at child/nn attain/vb unusual/jj success/nn ./. Test/nn-hl of/in-hl interaction/nn-hl of/in-hl anxiety/nn-hl and/cc-hl teaching/vbg-hl methods/nns-hl The/at statistical/jj analyses/nns of/in achievement/nn in/in relation/nn to/in anxiety/nn and/cc teaching/vbg methods/nns and/cc the/at interactions/nns of/in the/at two/cd are/ber presented/vbn in/in Tables/nns-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc 4/cd-tl ./. Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl is/bez a/at graph/nn of/in the/at mean/jj achievement/nn scores/nns of/in each/dt group/nn ./. As/cs predicted/vbn ,/, the/at highly/ql anxious/jj children/nns in/in the/at unstructured/jj schools/nns score/vb more/ql poorly/rb (/( Af/nn )/) than/cs those/dts in/in the/at structured/vbn schools/nns ./. The/at interaction/nn effect/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez significant/jj at/in the/at level/nn ,/, can/md be/be seen/vbn best/rbt in/in the/at contrast/nn of/in mean/jj scores/nns ./. While/cs high/jj anxiety/nn children/nns achieve/vb significantly/rb less/ql well/rb (/( Af/nn )/) in/in the/at unstructured/jj school/nn than/cs do/do low/jj anxiety/nn children/nns ,/, they/ppss appear/vb to/to do/do at/in least/ap as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at average/nn in/in the/at structured/vbn classroom/nn ./. The/at most/ql striking/jj aspect/nn of/in the/at interaction/nn demonstrated/vbn is/bez the/at marked/vbn decrement/nn in/in performance/nn suffered/vbn by/in the/at highly/ql anxious/jj children/nns in/in unstructured/jj schools/nns ./. According/in to/in the/at theory/nn proposed/vbn ,/, this/dt is/bez a/at consequence/nn of/in the/at severe/jj condition/nn of/in perceived/vbn threat/nn that/wps persists/vbz unabated/jj for/in the/at anxious/jj child/nn in/in an/at ambiguous/jj sort/nn of/in school/nn environment/nn ./. The/at fact/nn that/cs such/jj threat/nn is/bez potent/jj in/in the/at beginning/vbg reading/nn lessons/nns is/bez thought/vbn to/to be/be a/at vital/jj factor/nn in/in the/at continued/vbn pattern/nn of/in failure/nn or/cc under-achievement/nn these/dts children/nns exhibit/vb ./. The/at child/nn with/in high/jj anxiety/nn may/md first/rb direct/vb his/pp$ anxiety-released/jj energy/nn toward/in achievement/nn ,/, but/cc because/cs his/pp$ distress/nn severely/rb reduces/vbz the/at abilities/nns of/in discrimination/nn and/cc memorization/nn of/in complex/jj symbols/nns ,/, the/at child/nn may/md fail/vb in/in his/pp$ initial/jj attempts/nns to/to master/vb the/at problem/nn ./. Failure/nn confirms/vbz the/at threat/nn ,/, and/cc the/at intensity/nn of/in anxiety/nn is/bez increased/vbn as/cs the/at required/vbn learning/nn becomes/vbz more/ql difficult/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs by/in the/at time/nn the/at child/nn reaches/vbz the/at third/od grade/nn the/at decrement/nn in/in performance/nn is/bez pronounced/vbn ./. The/at individual/nn with/in high/jj anxiety/nn in/in the/at structured/vbn classroom/nn may/md approach/vb the/at learning/vbg task/nn with/in the/at same/ap increased/vbn energy/nn and/cc lowered/vbn powers/nns of/in discrimination/nn ./. But/cc the/at symbols/nns he/pps is/bez asked/vbn to/to learn/vb are/ber simple/jj ./. As/cs shown/vbn earlier/rbr ,/, the/at highly/ql anxious/jj individual/nn may/md be/be superior/jj in/in his/pp$ memorizing/nn of/in simple/jj elements/nns ./. Success/nn reduces/vbz the/at prospect/nn of/in threat/nn and/cc his/pp$ powers/nns of/in discrimination/nn are/ber improved/vbn ./. By/in the/at time/nn the/at child/nn first/rb attacks/vbz the/at actual/jj problem/nn of/in reading/vbg ,/, he/pps is/bez completely/ql familiar/jj and/cc at/in ease/nn with/in all/abn of/in the/at elements/nns of/in words/nns ./. Apparently/rb academic/jj challenge/nn in/in the/at structured/vbn setting/nn creates/vbz an/at optimum/nn of/in stress/nn so/cs that/cs the/at child/nn with/in high/jj anxiety/nn is/bez able/jj to/to achieve/vb because/cs he/pps is/bez aroused/vbn to/in an/at energetic/jj state/nn without/in becoming/vbg confused/vbn or/cc panicked/vbn ./. Sarason/np et/fw-cc al/fw-nns present/vb evidence/nn that/cs the/at anxious/jj child/nn will/md suffer/vb in/in the/at test-like/jj situation/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs his/pp$ performance/nn will/md be/be impaired/vbn unless/cs he/pps receives/vbz supporting/vbg and/cc accepting/vbg treatment/nn from/in the/at teacher/nn ./. Although/cs the/at present/jj study/nn was/bedz not/* a/at direct/jj replication/nn of/in their/pp$ investigations/nns ,/, the/at results/nns do/do not/* confirm/vb their/pp$ conclusion/nn ./. Observers/nns ,/, in/in the/at two/cd school/nn systems/nns studied/vbn here/rb ,/, judged/vbd the/at teachers/nns in/in the/at structured/vbn schools/nns to/to be/be more/ql impersonal/jj and/cc demanding/vbg ,/, while/cs the/at atmosphere/nn in/in the/at unstructured/jj schools/nns was/bedz judged/vbn to/to be/be more/ql supporting/vbg and/cc accepting/jj ./. Yet/cc the/at highly/ql anxious/jj child/nn suffered/vbd a/at tremendous/jj disadvantage/nn only/rb in/in the/at unstructured/jj school/nn ,/, and/cc performed/vbd as/ql well/rb or/cc better/rbr than/cs average/jj in/in the/at structured/vbn setting/nn ./.

cj30

cj30 |@word analysis:13 mean:1 evaluation:7 subpart:1 comparative:1 rating:1 part:3 comprehension:1 meaning:1 isolate:1 element:2 roleplay:15 usually:1 purpose:4 understand:2 strong:1 weak:2 point:3 individual:5 process:1 eliminate:1 strengthen:1 good:3 impersonal:1 stress:1 place:2 term:1 quite:2 different:4 evaluate:3 procedure:9 regardless:1 example:3 sale:1 presentation:4 analyze:1 let:1 put:1 flesh:1 theoretical:1 bone:1 assemble:1 give:3 illustration:2 use:10 one:20 keep:2 mind:2 many:2 exciting:1 possiblitie:1 largely:1 unexplored:1 industry:1 extent:2 military:1 area:3 president:5 small:1 firm:5 sell:1 restaurant:2 product:2 considerable:1 difficulty:2 find:5 suitable:1 salesman:12 business:1 interview:3 check:5 reference:2 train:3 go:3 experienced:1 expensive:1 rate:3 attrition:1 due:1 resignation:1 unsatisfactory:2 performance:2 high:4 experience:2 every:3 seven:4 hire:4 roleplaying:2 offer:1 solution:1 work:10 follow:3 candidate:1 invite:1 hotel:1 conference:1 room:4 explain:4 unnecessary:1 seem:3 people:4 ask:6 fill:1 questionnaire:1 try:2 tell:3 would:3 prefer:1 test:4 person:2 enter:2 testing:5 carry:1 suitcase:1 sample:1 read:1 sheet:1 contain:1 description:1 make:12 successively:1 three:5 veteran:1 serve:2 antagonist:6 handle:1 friendly:1 manner:4 another:3 rough:1 third:2 hesitating:1 purchase:1 material:1 feel:5 like:1 come:2 time:6 see:11 hear:1 write:4 judgment:3 observer:5 consist:1 psychologist:1 ten:2 morning:1 afternoon:1 repeat:1 day:3 month:2 four:1 batting:1 average:1 success:3 increase:1 calculating:1 expense:1 alone:1 cost:1 drop:2 half:2 selection:1 improve:1 hundred:1 per:1 cent:1 reason:2 value:1 simply:1 applicant:4 situation:8 number:7 expert:1 could:4 conduct:1 typical:3 owner:1 manager:16 sense:2 realistic:1 view:2 less:1 waste:1 get:2 meal:1 well:4 insight:1 illustrate:1 real:1 life:4 without:1 special:2 equipment:1 assistant:1 daily:2 course:4 position:4 receptionist:5 open:1 large:1 office:2 announcement:1 girl:3 already:1 apply:3 job:4 prestige:1 slightly:1 salary:1 type:2 clerk:1 generally:1 familiar:1 end:1 personnel:3 man:2 take:1 sit:2 behind:2 desk:1 play:6 role:4 may:8 query:1 independently:1 director:4 somewhat:2 surprise:1 never:1 consider:4 since:4 appear:2 mousy:1 also:2 relatively:2 short:2 outstanding:2 showing:1 wit:1 sparkle:1 aplomb:1 entirely:2 satisfactory:1 eight:2 hour:1 complex:2 longer:1 deal:1 simple:1 decision:2 rather:2 examination:1 dynamic:1 function:1 case:4 evidence:1 help:2 engineer:5 supplant:1 retire:1 employee:1 outstandingly:2 successful:3 year:1 hard:1 worker:1 respect:1 fellow:1 technical:1 competence:1 regard:2 comer:1 however:2 turn:2 complete:1 failure:1 new:5 antagonize:1 everyone:1 turnover:1 production:1 morale:1 visibly:1 reduce:1 despite:1 fact:1 poor:1 administrator:1 although:1 know:3 wrong:2 insistence:1 supervisor:3 enrol:1 design:1 develop:1 leader:1 note:1 detail:3 think:3 concerned:1 efficiency:1 merciless:1 criticize:4 mistake:2 condemn:1 great:2 really:2 listen:1 little:1 interest:1 idea:2 want:2 way:6 right:1 entire:1 group:2 human:2 relation:2 error:9 discuss:1 reject:1 accept:3 admit:1 behavior:5 defend:2 refuse:4 change:3 approach:2 instead:1 attack:1 low:1 official:1 back:1 subordinate:1 laxness:1 stupidity:1 stubbornness:1 diagnosing:1 leave:1 convinced:1 say:5 problem:2 diagnose:1 treatment:1 particular:5 attitude:2 foolish:1 learn:3 skill:1 commendable:1 show:2 independence:1 refusal:1 adjust:1 opinion:1 implication:1 need:1 employment:1 intensive:1 supermarket:1 operator:1 district:3 recently:1 appoint:1 store:1 supervise:1 difficult:1 jury:1 peer:1 characteristic:1 display:1 superiority:1 answer:4 suppose:1 curtness:1 abruptness:1 become:2 popular:1 arbitrary:1 frequently:1 happen:1 threaten:1 lead:3 necessary:1 step:7 diagnosis:1 training:6 acceptance:1 validity:2 criticism:1 accomplish:1 describe:2 sometimes:1 crucial:1 tailor:1 list:1 various:1 sentence:1 comment:2 collect:1 blackboard:2 condense:1 similar:1 eighteen:2 locate:1 vote:3 whether:1 true:2 false:1 certain:1 count:1 hand:1 voting:1 result:1 look:1 af:1 first:2 statement:1 receive:1 least:1 duplicate:1 form:1 checklist:1 member:1 item:1 prevent:1 deliberately:2 control:1 session:2 lengthy:1 twenty:1 minute:1 imperfectly:1 expect:1 bring:1 scene:1 unexpectedly:1 instruct:1 behave:1 upset:1 operate:2 previously:1 mark:1 total:1 graph:1 progress:1 chart:1 summary:1 freeze:1 pattern:1 habitual:1 aware:1 clearly:1 better:1 improvement:1 second:1 practice:1 guide:1 supervision:1 constant:1 feedback:1 fourth:1 last:1 general:1 evaluative:1 set:1 concern:1 estimate:2 engage:1 spontaneous:1 watch:1 totalistic:1 fashion:1 veridical:1 quick:1 accurate:1 functioning:1 present:1 represent:1 major:1 chapter:2 10:1 spontaneity:3 objective:1 clarify:1 distinction:1 theory:2 concept:1 addition:1 basic:1 utilize:1 review:1 goal:1 provide:1 reader:1 integrate:1 rationale:1 aid:1 technique:1 unique:2 extract:1 application:1 previous:1 discussion:1 twofold:1 1:1

Analysis/nn-hl Analysis/nn means/vbz the/at evaluation/nn of/in subparts/nns ,/, the/at comparative/jj ratings/nns of/in parts/nns ,/, the/at comprehension/nn of/in the/at meaning/nn of/in isolated/vbn elements/nns ./. Analysis/nn in/in roleplaying/nn is/bez usually/rb done/vbn for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in understanding/vbg strong/jj and/cc weak/jj points/nns of/in an/at individual/nn or/cc as/cs a/at process/nn to/to eliminate/vb weak/jj parts/nns and/cc strengthen/vb good/jj parts/nns ./. Impersonal/jj-hl purposes/nns-hl Up/rp to/in this/dt point/nn stress/nn has/hvz been/ben placed/vbn on/in roleplaying/nn in/in terms/nns of/in individuals/nns ./. Roleplaying/nn can/md be/be done/vbn for/in quite/abl a/at different/jj purpose/nn :/: to/to evaluate/vb procedures/nns ,/, regardless/rb of/in individuals/nns ./. For/in example/nn :/: a/at sales/nns presentation/nn can/md be/be analyzed/vbn and/cc evaluated/vbn through/in roleplaying/nn ./. Examples/nns-hl Let/vb us/ppo now/rb put/vb some/dti flesh/nn on/in the/at theoretical/jj bones/nns we/ppss have/hv assembled/vbn by/in giving/vbg illustrations/nns of/in roleplaying/nn used/vbn for/in evaluation/nn and/cc analysis/nn ./. One/pn should/md keep/vb in/in mind/nn that/cs many/ap of/in the/at exciting/jj possiblities/nns of/in roleplaying/nn are/ber largely/ql unexplored/jj and/cc have/hv not/* been/ben used/vbn in/in industry/nn to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs they/ppss have/hv been/ben in/in military/jj and/cc other/ap areas/nns ./. Evaluation/nn-hl The/at president/nn of/in a/at small/jj firm/nn selling/vbg restaurant/nn products/nns ,/, had/hvd considerable/jj difficulty/nn in/in finding/vbg suitable/jj salesmen/nns for/in his/pp$ business/nn ./. Interviewing/vbg ,/, checking/vbg references/nns ,/, training/vbg the/at salesmen/nns ,/, having/hvg them/ppo go/vb with/in more/ql experienced/vbn salesmen/nns was/bedz expensive/jj --/-- and/cc the/at rate/nn of/in attrition/nn due/jj to/in resignations/nns or/cc unsatisfactory/jj performance/nn was/bedz too/ql high/jj ./. It/pps was/bedz his/pp$ experience/nn that/cs only/rb one/cd good/jj salesman/nn was/bedz found/vbn out/rp of/in every/at seven/cd hired/vbn --/-- and/cc only/rb one/cd was/bedz hired/vbn out/rp of/in every/at seven/cd interviewed/vbn ./. Roleplaying/nn was/bedz offered/vbn as/cs a/at solution/nn --/-- and/cc the/at procedure/nn worked/vbd as/cs follows/vbz :/: all/abn candidates/nns were/bed invited/vbn to/in a/at hotel/nn conference/nn room/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at president/nn explained/vbd the/at difficulty/nn he/pps had/hvd ,/, and/cc how/wql unnecessary/jj it/pps seemed/vbd to/in him/ppo to/to hire/vb people/nns who/wps just/rb did/dod not/* work/vb out/rp ./. In/in place/nn of/in asking/vbg salesmen/nns to/to fill/vb questionnaires/nns ,/, checking/vbg their/pp$ references/nns ,/, interviewing/vbg them/ppo ,/, asking/vbg them/ppo to/to be/be tried/vbn out/rp ,/, he/pps told/vbd them/ppo he/pps would/md prefer/vb to/to test/vb them/ppo ./. Each/dt person/nn was/bedz to/to enter/vb the/at testing/vbg room/nn ,/, carrying/vbg a/at suitcase/nn of/in samples/nns ./. Each/dt salesman/nn was/bedz to/to read/vb a/at sheet/nn containing/vbg a/at description/nn of/in the/at product/nn ./. In/in the/at testing/vbg room/nn he/pps was/bedz to/to make/vb ,/, successively/rb ,/, three/cd presentations/nns to/in three/cd different/jj people/nns ./. In/in the/at testing/vbg room/nn ,/, three/cd of/in the/at veteran/jj salesmen/nns served/vbd as/cs antagonists/nns ./. One/cd handled/vbd the/at salesman/nn in/in a/at friendly/jj manner/nn ,/, another/dt in/in a/at rough/jj manner/nn ,/, and/cc the/at third/od in/in a/at hesitating/vbg manner/nn ./. Each/dt was/bedz told/vbn to/to purchase/vb material/nn if/cs he/pps felt/vbd like/cs it/pps ./. The/at antagonists/nns came/vbd in/rp ,/, one/cd at/in a/at time/nn ,/, and/cc did/dod not/* see/vb or/cc hear/vb the/at other/ap presentations/nns ./. After/in each/dt presentation/nn ,/, the/at antagonist/nn wrote/vbd his/pp$ judgment/nn of/in the/at salesmen/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc so/rb did/dod the/at observers/nns consisting/vbg of/in the/at president/nn ,/, three/cd of/in his/pp$ salesmen/nns and/cc a/at psychologist/nn ./. Ten/cd salesmen/nns were/bed tested/vbn in/in the/at morning/nn and/cc ten/cd more/ap in/in the/at afternoon/nn ./. This/dt procedure/nn was/bedz repeated/vbn one/cd day/nn a/at month/nn for/in four/cd months/nns ./. The/at batting/vbg average/nn of/in one/cd success/nn out/rp of/in seven/cd increased/vbd to/in one/cd out/rp of/in three/cd ./. The/at president/nn of/in the/at firm/nn ,/, calculating/vbg expenses/nns alone/rb ,/, felt/vbd his/pp$ costs/nns had/hvd dropped/vbn one-half/nn while/cs success/nn in/in selection/nn had/hvd improved/vbn over/rp one/cd hundred/cd per/in cent/nn ./. The/at reason/nn for/in the/at value/nn of/in this/dt procedure/nn was/bedz simply/rb that/cs the/at applicants/nns were/bed tested/vbn ``/`` at/in work/nn ''/'' in/in different/jj situations/nns by/in the/at judgment/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in experts/nns who/wps could/md see/vb how/wrb the/at salesmen/nns conducted/vbd themselves/ppls with/in different/jj ,/, but/cc typical/jj restaurant/nn owners/nns and/cc managers/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed ,/, in/in a/at sense/nn ,/, ``/`` tried/vbn out/rp ''/'' in/in realistic/jj situations/nns ./. From/in the/at point/nn of/in view/nn of/in the/at applicants/nns ,/, less/ap time/nn was/bedz wasted/vbn in/in being/beg evaluated/vbn --/-- and/cc they/ppss got/vbd a/at meal/nn out/rp of/in it/ppo as/ql well/rb as/cs some/dti insights/nns into/in their/pp$ performances/nns ./. Another/dt use/nn of/in roleplaying/nn for/in evaluation/nn illustrates/vbz how/wrb this/dt procedure/nn can/md be/be used/vbn in/in real/jj life/nn situations/nns without/in special/jj equipment/nn or/cc special/jj assistants/nns during/in the/at daily/jj course/nn of/in work/nn ./. The/at position/nn of/in receptionist/nn was/bedz opened/vbn in/in a/at large/jj office/nn and/cc an/at announcement/nn was/bedz made/vbn to/in the/at other/ap girls/nns already/rb working/vbg that/cs they/ppss could/md apply/vb for/in this/dt job/nn which/wdt had/hvd higher/jjr prestige/nn and/cc slightly/ql higher/jjr salary/nn than/cs typing/vbg and/cc clerking/vbg positions/nns ./. All/abn applicants/nns were/bed generally/ql familiar/jj with/in the/at work/nn of/in the/at receptionist/nn ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in work/nn one/cd day/nn ,/, the/at personnel/nns man/nn took/vbd the/at applicants/nns one/cd at/in a/at time/nn ,/, asked/vbd them/ppo to/to sit/vb behind/in the/at receptionist's/nn$ desk/nn and/cc he/pps then/rb played/vbd the/at role/nn of/in a/at number/nn of/in people/nns who/wps might/md come/vb to/in the/at receptionist/nn with/in a/at number/nn of/in queries/nns and/cc for/in a/at number/nn of/in purposes/nns ./. Each/dt girl/nn was/bedz independently/rb ``/`` tested/vbn ''/'' by/in the/at personnel/nns man/vb ,/, and/cc he/pps served/vbd not/* only/rb as/cs the/at director/nn ,/, but/cc as/cs the/at antagonist/nn and/cc the/at observer/nn ./. Somewhat/rb to/in his/pp$ surprise/nn he/pps found/vbd that/cs one/cd girl/nn ,/, whom/wpo he/pps would/md never/rb have/hv considered/vbn for/in the/at job/nn since/cs she/pps had/hvd appeared/vbn somewhat/ql mousy/jj and/cc also/rb had/hvd been/ben in/in the/at office/nn a/at relatively/ql short/jj time/nn ,/, did/dod the/at most/ql outstanding/jj job/nn of/in playing/vbg the/at role/nn of/in receptionist/nn ,/, showing/vbg wit/nn ,/, sparkle/nn ,/, and/cc aplomb/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz hired/vbn and/cc was/bedz found/vbn to/to be/be entirely/ql satisfactory/jj when/wrb she/pps played/vbd the/at role/nn eight/cd hours/nns a/at day/nn ./. Analysis/nn-hl In/in considering/vbg roleplaying/nn for/in analysis/nn we/ppss enter/vb a/at more/ql complex/jj area/nn ,/, since/cs we/ppss are/ber now/rb no/ql longer/rbr dealing/vbg with/in a/at simple/jj over-all/jj decision/nn but/cc rather/rb with/in the/at examination/nn and/cc evaluation/nn of/in many/ap elements/nns seen/vbn in/in dynamic/jj functioning/nn ./. Some/dti cases/nns in/in evidence/nn of/in the/at use/nn of/in roleplaying/nn for/in analysis/nn may/md help/vb explain/vb the/at procedure/nn ./. An/at engineer/nn had/hvd been/ben made/vbn the/at works/nns manager/nn of/in a/at firm/nn ,/, supplanting/vbg a/at retired/vbn employee/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben considered/vbn outstandingly/ql successful/jj ./. The/at engineer/nn had/hvd more/ap than/in seven/cd years/nns of/in experience/nn in/in the/at firm/nn ,/, was/bedz well/rb trained/vbn ,/, was/bedz considered/vbn a/at hard/jj worker/nn ,/, was/bedz respected/vbn by/in his/pp$ fellow/nn engineers/nns for/in his/pp$ technical/jj competence/nn and/cc was/bedz regarded/vbn as/cs a/at ``/`` comer/nn ''/'' ./. However/rb ,/, he/pps turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be a/at complete/jj failure/nn in/in his/pp$ new/jj position/nn ./. He/pps seemed/vbd to/to antagonize/vb everyone/pn ./. Turnover/nn rates/nns of/in personnel/nns went/vbd up/rp ,/, production/nn dropped/vbd ,/, and/cc morale/nn was/bedz visibly/rb reduced/vbn ./. Despite/in the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps was/bedz regarded/vbn as/cs an/at outstanding/jj engineer/nn ,/, he/pps seemed/vbd to/to be/be a/at very/ql poor/jj administrator/nn ,/, although/cs no/at one/pn quite/rb knew/vbd what/wdt was/bedz wrong/jj with/in him/ppo ./. At/in the/at insistence/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj supervisor/nn --/-- the/at president/nn of/in the/at firm/nn --/-- he/pps enrolled/vbd in/in a/at course/nn designed/vbn to/to develop/vb leaders/nns ./. He/pps played/vbd a/at number/nn of/in typical/jj situations/nns before/in observers/nns ,/, other/ap supervisors/nns who/wps kept/vbd notes/nns and/cc then/rb explained/vbd to/in him/ppo in/in detail/nn what/wdt he/pps did/dod they/ppss thought/vbd was/bedz wrong/jj ./. Entirely/rb concerned/vbn with/in efficiency/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz merciless/jj in/in criticizing/vbg people/nns who/wps made/vbd mistakes/nns ,/, condemning/vbg them/ppo to/in too/ql great/jj an/at extent/nn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* really/rb listen/vb to/in others/nns ,/, had/hvd little/ap interest/nn in/in their/pp$ ideas/nns ,/, and/cc wanted/vbd to/to have/hv his/pp$ own/jj way/nn --/-- which/wdt was/bedz the/at only/ap right/jj way/nn ./. The/at entire/jj group/nn of/in managers/nns explained/vbd ,/, in/in great/jj detail/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in human/jj relations/nns errors/nns that/cs he/pps made/vbd ./. One/cd by/in one/cd ,/, these/dts errors/nns were/bed discussed/vbn and/cc one/cd by/in one/cd he/pps rejected/vbd accepting/vbg them/ppo as/cs errors/nns ./. He/pps admitted/vbd his/pp$ behavior/nn ,/, and/cc defended/vbd it/ppo ./. He/pps refused/vbd to/to change/vb his/pp$ approach/nn ,/, and/cc instead/rb he/pps attacked/vbd high/nn and/cc low/rb --/-- the/at officials/nns for/in their/pp$ not/* backing/vbg him/ppo ,/, and/cc subordinates/nns for/in their/pp$ laxness/nn ,/, stupidity/nn ,/, and/cc stubbornness/nn ./. After/in the/at diagnosing/nn ,/, he/pps left/vbd the/at course/nn ,/, convinced/vbn that/cs it/pps could/md do/do him/ppo no/at good/nn ./. We/ppss may/md say/vb that/cs his/pp$ problem/nn was/bedz diagnosed/vbn but/cc that/cs he/pps refused/vbd treatment/nn ./. The/at engineer/nn turned/vbn works/nns manager/nn had/hvd a/at particular/jj view/nn of/in life/nn --/-- and/cc refused/vbd to/to change/vb it/ppo ./. We/ppss may/md say/vb that/cs his/pp$ attitude/nn was/bedz foolish/jj ,/, since/cs he/pps may/md have/hv been/ben a/at success/nn had/hvd he/pps learned/vbn some/dti human/jj relations/nns skills/nns ;/. ;/. or/cc we/ppss may/md say/vb that/cs his/pp$ attitude/nn was/bedz commendable/jj ,/, showing/vbg his/pp$ independence/nn of/in mind/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ refusal/nn to/to adjust/vb to/in the/at opinions/nns of/in others/nns ./. In/in any/dti case/nn ,/, he/pps refused/vbd to/to accept/vb the/at implications/nns of/in the/at analysis/nn ,/, that/cs he/pps needed/vbd to/to be/be made/vbn over/rp ./. Another/dt case/nn may/md be/be given/vbn in/in illustration/nn of/in a/at successful/jj use/nn of/in analysis/nn ,/, and/cc also/rb of/in the/at employment/nn of/in a/at procedure/nn for/in intensive/jj analysis/nn ./. In/in a/at course/nn for/in supermarket/nn operators/nns ,/, a/at district/nn manager/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben recently/rb appointed/vbn to/in his/pp$ position/nn after/cs being/beg outstandingly/ql successful/jj as/cs a/at store/nn manager/nn ,/, found/vbd that/cs in/in supervising/vbg other/ap managers/nns he/pps was/bedz having/hvg a/at difficult/jj time/nn ./. On/in playing/vbg some/dti typical/jj situations/nns before/in a/at jury/nn of/in his/pp$ peers/nns he/pps showed/vbd some/dti characteristics/nns rated/vbn as/cs unsatisfactory/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz told/vbn he/pps displayed/vbd ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, a/at sense/nn of/in superiority/nn --/-- and/cc he/pps answered/vbd :/: ``/`` Well/uh ,/, I/ppss am/bem supposed/vbn to/to know/vb all/abn the/at answers/nns ,/, aren't/ber* I/ppss ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps was/bedz criticized/vbn for/in his/pp$ curtness/nn and/cc abruptness/nn --/-- and/cc he/pps answered/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem not/* working/vbg to/to become/vb popular/jj ''/'' ./. On/in being/beg criticized/vbn for/in his/pp$ arbitrary/jj behavior/nn --/-- he/pps answered/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss have/hv to/to make/vb decisions/nns ./. That's/dt+bez my/pp$ job/nn ''/'' ./. In/in short/jj ,/, as/cs frequently/rb happens/vbz in/in analyses/nns ,/, the/at individual/nn feels/vbz threatened/vbn and/cc defends/vbz himself/ppl ./. However/rb ,/, in/in this/dt case/nn the/at district/nn manager/nn was/bedz led/vbn to/to see/vb the/at errors/nns of/in his/pp$ ways/nns ./. The/at necessary/jj step/nn between/in diagnosis/nn and/cc training/nn is/bez acceptance/nn of/in the/at validity/nn of/in the/at criticisms/nns ./. How/wrb this/dt was/bedz accomplished/vbn may/md be/be described/vbn ,/, since/cs this/dt sometimes/rb is/bez a/at crucial/jj problem/nn ./. The/at director/nn helped/vbd tailor-make/vb a/at check/nn list/nn of/in the/at district/nn manager's/nn$ errors/nns by/in asking/vbg various/ap observers/nns to/to write/vb out/rp sentences/nns commenting/vbg on/in the/at mistakes/nns they/ppss felt/vbd he/pps made/vbd ./. These/dts errors/nns were/bed then/rb collected/vbn and/cc written/vbn on/in a/at blackboard/nn ,/, condensing/vbg similar/jj ideas/nns ./. Eighteen/cd errors/nns were/bed located/vbn ,/, and/cc then/rb the/at director/nn asked/vbd each/dt individual/nn to/to vote/vb whether/cs or/cc not/* they/ppss felt/vbd that/cs this/dt manager/nn had/hvd made/vbn the/at particular/jj errors/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed asked/vbn to/to vote/vb ``/`` true/jj-nc ''/'' if/cs they/ppss thought/vbd they/ppss had/hvd seen/vbn him/ppo make/vb the/at error/nn ,/, ``/`` false/jj-nc ''/'' if/cs they/ppss thought/vbd he/pps had/hvd not/* ;/. ;/. and/cc ``/`` cannot/md* say/vb-nc ''/'' if/cs they/ppss were/bed not/* certain/jj ./. The/at manager/nn sat/vbd behind/in the/at group/nn so/cs he/pps could/md see/vb and/cc count/vb the/at hands/nns that/wps went/vbd up/rp ,/, and/cc the/at director/nn wrote/vbd the/at numbers/nns on/in the/at blackboard/nn ./. No/at comments/nns were/bed made/vbn during/in the/at voting/nn ./. The/at results/nns looked/vbd as/cs follows/vbz :/: Af/nn ./. The/at first/od eight/cd of/in these/dts eighteen/cd statements/nns ,/, which/wdt received/vbd at/in least/ap one-half/nn of/in the/at votes/nns ,/, were/bed duplicated/vbn to/to form/vb an/at analysis/nn checklist/nn for/in the/at particular/jj manager/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb this/dt particular/jj manager/nn roleplayed/vbd in/in other/ap situations/nns ,/, the/at members/nns checked/vbd any/dti items/nns that/wps appeared/vbd ./. To/to prevent/vb the/at manager/nn from/in deliberately/rb controlling/vbg himself/ppl only/rb during/in the/at sessions/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed rather/ql lengthy/jj (/( about/rb twenty/cd minutes/nns )/) ,/, the/at situations/nns were/bed imperfectly/rb described/vbn to/in the/at manager/nn so/cs that/cs he/pps would/md not/* know/vb what/wdt to/to expect/vb ,/, new/jj antagonists/nns were/bed brought/vbn on/in the/at scene/nn unexpectedly/rb ,/, and/cc the/at antagonists/nns were/bed instructed/vbn to/to deliberately/rb behave/vb in/in such/jj ways/nns as/cs to/to upset/vb the/at manager/nn and/cc get/vb him/ppo to/to operate/vb in/in a/at manner/nn for/in which/wdt he/pps had/hvd been/ben previously/rb criticized/vbn ./. After/in every/at session/nn ,/, the/at check/nn marks/nns were/bed totaled/vbn up/rp and/cc graphed/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in this/dt way/nn the/at supervisor's/nn$ progress/nn was/bedz charted/vbn ./. Summary/nn-hl In/in life/nn we/ppss learn/vb to/to play/vb our/pp$ roles/nns and/cc we/ppss ``/`` freeze/vb ''/'' into/in patterns/nns which/wdt become/vb so/ql habitual/jj that/cs we/ppss are/ber not/* really/ql aware/jj of/in what/wdt we/ppss do/do ./. We/ppss can/md see/vb others/nns more/ql clearly/rb than/cs we/ppss can/md see/vb ourselves/ppls ,/, and/cc others/nns can/md see/vb us/ppo better/rbr than/cs we/ppss see/vb ourselves/ppls ./. To/to learn/vb what/wdt we/ppss do/do is/bez the/at first/od step/nn for/in improvement/nn ./. To/to accept/vb the/at validity/nn of/in the/at judgments/nns of/in others/nns is/bez the/at second/od step/nn ./. To/to want/vb to/to change/vb is/bez the/at third/od step/nn ./. To/to practice/vb new/jj procedures/nns under/in guided/vbn supervision/nn and/cc with/in constant/jj feedback/nn is/bez the/at fourth/od step/nn ./. To/to use/vb these/dts new/jj ways/nns in/in daily/jj life/nn is/bez the/at last/ap step/nn ./. Roleplaying/nn used/vbn for/in analysis/nn follows/vbz these/dts general/jj steps/nns leading/vbg to/in training/vbg ./. When/wrb an/at evaluative/jj situation/nn is/bez set/vbn up/rp ,/, and/cc no/at concern/nn is/bez with/in the/at details/nns that/wps lead/vb to/in an/at over-all/jj estimate/nn ,/, we/ppss say/vb that/cs roleplaying/nn is/bez used/vbn for/in evaluation/nn ./. Observers/nns can/md see/vb a/at person/nn engaged/vbn in/in spontaneous/jj behavior/nn ,/, and/cc watch/vb him/ppo operating/vbg in/in a/at totalistic/jj fashion/nn ./. This/dt behavior/nn is/bez more/ql ``/`` veridical/jj ''/'' --/-- or/cc true/jj --/-- than/cs other/ap testing/vbg behavior/nn for/in some/dti types/nns of/in evaluation/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb can/md give/vb quick/jj and/cc accurate/jj estimates/nns of/in complex/jj functioning/nn ./. While/cs roleplaying/nn for/in testing/vbg is/bez not/* too/ql well/rb understood/vbn at/in the/at present/jj time/nn ,/, it/pps represents/vbz one/cd of/in the/at major/jj uses/nns of/in this/dt procedure/nn ./. Chapter/nn-tl-hl 10/cd-tl-hl ,/, spontaneity/nn training/nn the/at objective/nn of/in this/dt chapter/nn is/bez to/to clarify/vb the/at distinctions/nns between/in spontaneity/nn theory/nn and/cc other/ap training/vbg concepts/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at basic/jj approach/nn utilized/vbn in/in applying/vbg roleplaying/nn will/md be/be reviewed/vbn ./. The/at goal/nn will/md be/be to/to provide/vb the/at reader/nn with/in an/at integrated/vbn rationale/nn to/to aid/vb him/ppo in/in applying/vbg roleplaying/nn techniques/nns in/in this/dt unique/jj training/vbg area/nn ./. The/at reasons/nns for/in extracting/vbg this/dt particular/jj roleplaying/nn application/nn from/in the/at previous/jj discussion/nn of/in training/vbg are/ber twofold/jj ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Spontaneity/nn training/vbg theory/nn is/bez unique/jj and/cc relatively/ql new/jj ./.

cj31

cj31 |@word easy:2 therapist:9 discern:1 patient:18 communicate:1 introject:6 appear:1 hold:2 sway:1 one:25 learn:2 become:10 alert:1 change:1 vocal:1 tone:2 voice:4 suddenly:1 shift:1 quality:2 like:10 usual:2 sound:5 somehow:2 artificial:1 instance:2 parrot:2 content:1 word:7 may:5 lapse:1 back:1 monotonous:1 repetition:1 phonograph:1 needle:1 stick:1 groove:3 seldom:1 simple:2 matter:3 obviously:1 timeworn:1 axiom:1 common:2 culture:2 evidently:1 hear:2 parent:1 experience:5 part:4 hebephrenic:7 woman:8 often:6 submerged:1 feel:6 phony:1 pseudo:1 emotion:4 despite:3 wracking:1 sobs:1 streaming:1 cheek:1 cold:2 annoyance:1 eventually:3 incident:2 sporadic:2 sharply:1 demarcate:1 day:3 behavior:5 particular:1 session:7 several:3 minute:1 go:2 without:2 accompany:1 ask:3 eagerly:1 see:5 granny:2 first:3 know:1 mean:2 think:2 must:1 come:4 grandmother:1 distant:1 home:2 city:1 realize:2 deliberately:1 show:5 time:8 reply:3 spirit:1 corroborate:1 hunch:1 another:6 phase:1 therapy:3 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It/pps is/bez not/* easy/jj for/cs the/at therapist/nn to/to discern/vb when/wrb ,/, in/in the/at patient's/nn$ communicating/nn ,/, an/at introject/nn has/hvz appeared/vbn and/cc is/bez holding/vbg sway/nn ./. One/pn learns/vbz to/to become/vb alert/jj to/in changes/nns in/in his/pp$ vocal/jj tone/nn --/-- to/in his/pp$ voice's/nn$ suddenly/rb shifting/vbg to/in a/at quality/nn not/* like/cs his/pp$ usual/jj one/cd ,/, a/at quality/nn which/wdt sounds/vbz somehow/rb artificial/jj or/cc ,/, in/in some/dti instances/nns ,/, parrot-like/jj ./. The/at content/nn of/in his/pp$ words/nns may/md lapse/vb back/rb into/in monotonous/jj repetition/nn ,/, as/cs if/cs a/at phonograph/nn needle/nn were/bed stuck/vbn in/in one/cd groove/nn ;/. ;/. only/rb seldom/rb is/bez it/pps so/ql simple/jj as/cs to/to be/be a/at matter/nn of/in his/pp$ obviously/rb parroting/vbg some/dti timeworn/jj axiom/nn ,/, common/jj to/in our/pp$ culture/nn ,/, which/wdt he/pps has/hvz evidently/rb heard/vbn ,/, over/rp and/cc over/rp ,/, from/in a/at parent/nn until/cs he/pps experiences/vbz it/ppo as/cs part/nn of/in him/ppo ./. One/cd hebephrenic/jj woman/nn often/rb became/vbd submerged/vbn in/in what/wdt felt/vbd to/in me/ppo like/cs a/at somehow/rb phony/jj experience/nn of/in pseudo-emotion/nn ,/, during/in which/wdt ,/, despite/in her/ppo wracking/vbg sobs/nns and/cc streaming/vbg cheeks/nns ,/, I/ppss felt/vbd only/rb a/at cold/jj annoyance/nn with/in her/ppo ./. Eventually/rb such/jj incidents/nns became/vbd more/ql sporadic/jj ,/, and/cc more/ql sharply/rb demarcated/vbn from/in her/pp$ day-after-day/jj behavior/nn ,/, and/cc in/in one/cd particular/jj session/nn ,/, after/in several/ap minutes/nns of/in such/jj behavior/nn --/-- which/wdt ,/, as/cs usual/jj ,/, went/vbd on/rp without/in any/dti accompanying/vbg words/nns from/in her/ppo --/-- she/pps asked/vbd ,/, eagerly/rb ,/, ``/`` Did/dod you/ppss see/vb Granny/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. At/in first/rb I/ppss did/dod not/* know/vb what/wdt she/pps meant/vbd ;/. ;/. I/ppss thought/vbd she/pps must/md be/be seeing/vbg me/ppo as/cs some/dti one/pn who/wps had/hvd just/rb come/vbn from/in seeing/vbg her/pp$ grandmother/nn ,/, in/in their/pp$ distant/jj home-city/nn ./. Then/rb I/ppss realized/vbd that/cs she/pps had/hvd been/ben deliberately/rb showing/vbg me/ppo ,/, this/dt time/nn ,/, what/wdt Granny/np was/bedz like/cs ;/. ;/. and/cc when/wrb I/ppss replied/vbd in/in this/dt spirit/nn ,/, she/pps corroborated/vbd my/pp$ hunch/nn ./. At/in another/dt phase/nn in/in the/at therapy/nn ,/, when/wrb a/at pathogenic/jj mother-introject/nn began/vbd to/to emerge/vb more/rbr and/cc more/rbr upon/in the/at investigative/jj scene/nn ,/, she/pps muttered/vbd in/in a/at low/jj but/cc intense/jj voice/nn ,/, to/in herself/ppl ,/, ``/`` I/ppss hate/vb that/dt woman/nn inside/in me/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. I/ppss could/md evoke/vb no/at further/jjr elaboration/nn from/in her/ppo about/in this/dt ;/. ;/. but/cc a/at few/ap seconds/nns later/rbr she/pps was/bedz standing/vbg directly/rb across/in the/at room/nn from/in me/ppo ,/, looking/vbg me/ppo in/in the/at eyes/nns and/cc saying/vbg in/in a/at scathingly/ql condemnatory/jj tone/nn ,/, ``/`` Your/pp$ father/nn despises/vbz you/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. Again/rb ,/, I/ppss at/in first/rb misconstrued/vbd this/dt disconcertingly/ql intense/jj communication/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss quickly/rb cast/vbd through/in my/pp$ mind/nn to/to account/vb for/in her/pp$ being/beg able/jj to/to speak/vb ,/, with/in such/ql utter/jj conviction/nn ,/, of/in an/at opinion/nn held/vbn by/in my/pp$ father/nn ,/, now/rb several/ap years/nns deceased/jj ./. Then/rb I/ppss replied/vbd ,/, coldly/rb ,/, ``/`` If/cs you/ppss despise/vb me/ppo ,/, why/wrb don't/do* you/ppss say/vb so/rb ,/, directly/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. She/pps looked/vbd confused/vbn at/in this/dt ,/, and/cc I/ppss felt/vbd sure/jj it/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at wrong/jj response/nn for/cs me/ppo to/to make/vb ./. It/pps then/rb occurred/vbd to/in me/ppo to/to ask/vb ,/, ``/`` Is/bez that/dt what/wdt that/dt woman/nn told/vbd you/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. She/pps clearly/rb agreed/vbd that/cs this/dt had/hvd been/ben the/at case/nn ./. I/ppss realized/vbd ,/, now/rb ,/, that/cs she/pps had/hvd been/ben showing/vbg me/ppo ,/, in/in what/wdt impressed/vbd me/ppo as/cs being/beg a/at very/ql accurate/jj way/nn ,/, something/pn her/pp$ mother/nn had/hvd once/rb said/vbn to/in her/ppo ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz as/cs if/cs she/pps was/bedz showing/vbg me/ppo one/cd of/in the/at reasons/nns why/wrb she/pps hated/vbd that/dt woman/nn inside/in her/ppo ./. What/wdt had/hvd been/ben an/at unmanageably/ql powerful/jj introject/nn was/bedz now/rb ,/, despite/in its/pp$ continuing/vbg charge/nn of/in energy/nn disconcerting/jj to/in me/ppo ,/, sufficiently/rb within/in control/nn of/in her/pp$ ego/nn that/cs she/pps could/md use/vb it/ppo to/to show/vb me/ppo what/wdt this/dt introjected/vbn mother/nn was/bedz like/cs ./. Earlier/rbr ,/, this/dt woman/nn had/hvd been/ben so/ql filled/vbn with/in a/at chaotic/jj variety/nn of/in introjects/nns that/cs at/in times/nns ,/, when/wrb she/pps was/bedz in/in her/pp$ room/nn alone/rb ,/, it/pps would/md sound/vb to/in a/at passerby/nn as/cs though/cs there/ex were/bed several/ap different/jj persons/nns in/in the/at room/nn ,/, as/cs she/pps would/md vocalize/vb in/in various/ap kinds/nns of/in voice/nn ./. A/at somewhat/ql less/ql fragmented/vbn hebephrenic/jj patient/nn of/in mine/pp$$ ,/, who/wps used/vbd to/to often/rb seclude/vb herself/ppl in/in her/pp$ room/nn ,/, often/rb sounded/vbd through/in the/at closed/vbn door/nn --/-- as/cs I/ppss would/md find/vb on/in passing/vbg by/rb ,/, between/in our/pp$ sessions/nns --/-- for/in all/abn the/at world/nn like/cs two/cd persons/nns ,/, a/at scolding/vbg mother/nn and/cc a/at defensive/jj child/nn ./. Particularly/ql hard/jj for/in the/at therapist/nn to/in grasp/nn are/ber those/dts instances/nns in/in which/wdt the/at patient/nn is/bez manifesting/vbg an/at introject/nn traceable/jj to/in something/pn in/in the/at therapist/nn ,/, some/dti aspect/nn of/in the/at therapist/nn of/in which/wdt the/at latter/ap is/bez himself/ppl only/ql poorly/ql aware/jj ,/, and/cc the/at recognition/nn of/in which/wdt ,/, as/cs a/at part/nn of/in himself/ppl ,/, he/pps finds/vbz distinctly/rb unwelcome/jj ./. I/ppss have/hv found/vbn ,/, time/nn and/cc again/rb ,/, that/cs some/dti bit/nn of/in particularly/ql annoying/jj and/cc intractable/jj behavior/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in a/at patient/nn rests/vbz ,/, in/in the/at final/jj analysis/nn ,/, on/in this/dt basis/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc only/rb when/wrb I/ppss can/md acknowledge/vb this/dt ,/, to/in myself/ppl ,/, as/cs being/beg indeed/rb an/at aspect/nn of/in my/pp$ personality/nn ,/, does/doz it/pps cease/vb to/to be/be a/at prominently/ql troublesome/jj aspect/nn of/in the/at patient's/nn$ behavior/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, one/cd hebephrenic/jj man/nn used/vbd to/to annoy/vb me/ppo ,/, month/nn after/in month/nn ,/, by/in saying/vbg ,/, whenever/wrb I/ppss got/vbd up/rp to/to leave/vb and/cc made/vbd my/pp$ fairly/ql steoreotyped/vbn comment/nn that/cs I/ppss would/md be/be seeing/vbg him/ppo on/in the/at following/vbg day/nn ,/, or/cc whenever/wrb ,/, ``/`` You're/ppss+ber welcome/jj ''/'' ,/, in/in a/at notably/ql condescending/vbg fashion/nn --/-- as/cs though/cs it/pps were/bed his/pp$ due/nn for/in me/ppo to/to thank/vb him/ppo for/in the/at privilege/nn of/in spending/vbg the/at hour/nn with/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps were/bed thus/rb pointing/vbg up/rp my/pp$ failure/nn to/to utter/vb a/at humbly/ql grateful/jj ,/, ``/`` thank/vb-nc you/ppo-nc ''/'' to/in him/ppo at/in the/at end/nn of/in each/dt session/nn ./. Eventually/rb it/pps became/vbd clear/jj to/in me/ppo ,/, partly/rb with/in the/at aid/nn of/in another/dt schizophrenic/jj patient/nn who/wps could/md point/vb out/rp my/pp$ condescension/nn to/in me/ppo somewhat/ql more/ql directly/rb ,/, that/cs this/dt man/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ condescending/vbg ,/, ``/`` You're/ppss+ber-n welcome/jj-nc ''/'' ,/, was/bedz very/ql accurately/rb personifying/vbg an/at element/nn of/in obnoxious/jj condescension/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben present/rb in/in my/pp$ own/jj demeanor/nn ,/, over/in these/dts months/nns ,/, on/in each/dt of/in these/dts occasions/nns when/wrb I/ppss had/hvd bid/vbn him/ppo good-bye/uh with/in the/at consoling/vbg note/nn ,/, each/dt time/nn ,/, that/cs the/at healing/vbg Christ/np would/md be/be stooping/vbg to/to dispense/vb this/dt succor/nn to/in the/at poor/jj sufferer/nn again/rb on/in the/at morrow/nn ./. Another/dt patient/nn ,/, a/at paranoid/jj woman/nn ,/, for/in many/ap months/nns infuriated/vbd not/* only/rb me/ppo but/cc the/at ward-personnel/nns and/cc her/pp$ fellow/nn patients/nns by/in arrogantly/rb behaving/vbg as/cs though/cs she/pps owned/vbd the/at whole/jj building/nn ,/, as/cs though/cs she/pps were/bed the/at only/ap person/nn in/in it/ppo whose/wp$ needs/nns were/bed to/to be/be met/vbn ./. This/dt behavior/nn on/in her/pp$ part/nn subsided/vbd only/rb after/cs I/ppss had/hvd come/vbn to/to see/vb the/at uncomfortably/ql close/jj similarity/nn between/in ,/, on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, her/pp$ arranging/vbg the/at ventilation/nn of/in the/at common/jj living/vbg room/nn to/in her/pp$ own/jj liking/nn ,/, or/cc turning/vbg the/at television/nn off/rp or/cc on/rp without/in regard/nn to/in the/at wishes/nns of/in the/at others/nns ,/, and/cc on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, my/pp$ own/jj coming/nn stolidly/rb into/in her/pp$ room/nn despite/in her/pp$ persistent/jj and/cc vociferous/jj objections/nns ,/, bringing/vbg my/pp$ big/jj easy/jj chair/nn with/in me/ppo ,/, usually/rb shutting/vbg the/at windows/nns of/in her/pp$ room/nn which/wdt she/pps preferred/vbd to/to keep/vb in/in a/at very/ql cold/jj state/nn ,/, and/cc plunking/vbg myself/ppl down/rp in/in my/pp$ chair/nn --/-- in/in short/jj ,/, behaving/vbg as/cs if/cs I/ppss owned/vbd her/pp$ room/nn ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Condensation/nn-hl ./.-hl Here/rb a/at variety/nn of/in meanings/nns and/cc emotions/nns are/ber concentrated/vbn ,/, or/cc reduced/vbn ,/, in/in their/pp$ communicative/jj expression/nn ,/, to/in some/dti comparatively/ql simple-seeming/jj verbal/jj or/cc nonverbal/jj statement/nn ./. One/pn finds/vbz ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, that/cs a/at terse/jj and/cc stereotyped/vbn verbal/jj expression/nn ,/, seeming/vbg at/in first/rb to/to be/be a/at mere/jj hollow/jj convention/nn ,/, reveals/vbz itself/ppl over/in the/at months/nns of/in therapy/nn as/cs the/at vehicle/nn for/in expressing/vbg the/at most/ql varied/vbn and/cc intense/jj feelings/nns ,/, and/cc the/at most/ql unconventional/jj of/in meanings/nns ./. More/ap than/cs anything/pn ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at therapist's/nn$ intuitive/jj sensing/nn of/in these/dts latent/jj meanings/nns in/in the/at stereotype/nn which/wdt helps/vbz these/dts meanings/nns to/to become/vb revealed/vbn ,/, something/pn like/cs a/at spread-out/jj deck/nn of/in cards/nns ,/, on/in sporadic/jj occasions/nns over/in the/at passage/nn of/in the/at patient's/nn$ and/cc his/pp$ months/nns of/in work/nn together/rb ./. One/pn cannot/md* assume/vb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, that/cs all/abn these/dts accumulated/vbn meanings/nns were/bed inherent/jj in/in the/at stereotype/nn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at therapy/nn ,/, or/cc at/in any/dti one/cd time/nn later/rbr on/rp when/wrb the/at stereotype/nn was/bedz uttered/vbn ;/. ;/. probably/rb it/pps is/bez correct/jj to/to think/vb of/in it/ppo as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in a/at well-grooved/jj ,/, stereotyped/vbn mode/nn of/in expression/nn --/-- and/cc no/at ,/, or/cc but/rb a/at few/ap ,/, other/ap communicational/jj grooves/nns ,/, as/ql yet/rb --/-- being/beg there/rb ,/, available/jj for/in the/at patient's/nn$ use/nn ,/, as/cs newly-emerging/jj emotions/nns and/cc ideas/nns well/vb up/rp in/in him/ppo over/in the/at course/nn of/in months/nns ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs the/at therapist/nn can/md sense/vb ,/, when/wrb he/pps hears/vbz this/dt stereotype/nn ,/, that/cs there/ex are/ber at/in this/dt moment/nn many/ap emotional/jj determinants/nns at/in work/nn in/in it/ppo ,/, a/at blurred/vbn babel/nn of/in indistinct/jj voices/nns which/wdt have/hv yet/rb to/to become/vb clearly/rb delineated/vbn from/in one/cd another/dt ./. Sometimes/rb it/pps is/bez not/* a/at verbal/jj stereotype/nn --/-- a/at ``/`` How/wrb-nc are/ber-nc you/ppss-nc now/rb-nc ''/'' ?/. ?/. Or/cc an/at ``/`` I/ppss-nc want/vb-nc to/to-nc go/vb-nc home/nr-nc ''/'' ,/, or/cc whatever/wdt --/-- but/cc a/at nonverbal/jj one/cd which/wdt reveals/vbz itself/ppl ,/, gradually/rb ,/, as/cs the/at condensed/vbn expression/nn of/in more/ap than/in one/cd latent/jj meaning/nn ./. A/at hebephrenic/jj man/nn used/vbd to/to give/vb a/at repetitious/jj wave/nn of/in his/pp$ hand/nn a/at number/nn of/in times/nns during/in his/pp$ largely-silent/jj hours/nns with/in his/pp$ therapist/nn ./. When/wrb the/at therapist/nn came/vbd to/to feel/vb on/in sufficiently/ql sure/jj ground/nn with/in him/ppo to/to ask/vb him/ppo ,/, ``/`` What/wdt is/bez that/dt ,/, Bill/np --/-- hello/uh-nc or/cc farewell/uh-nc ''/'' ?/. ?/. ,/, the/at patient/nn replied/vbd ,/, ``/`` Both/abx ,/, Dearie/np --/-- two/cd in/in one/cd ''/'' ./. Of/in all/abn the/at possible/jj forms/nns of/in nonverbal/jj expression/nn ,/, that/dt which/wdt seems/vbz best/jjt to/to give/vb release/nn ,/, and/cc communicational/jj expression/nn ,/, to/in complex/jj and/cc undifferentiated/jj feelings/nns is/bez laughter/nn ./. It/pps is/bez no/at coincidence/nn that/cs the/at hebephrenic/jj patient/nn ,/, the/at most/ql severely/rb dedifferentiated/vbn of/in all/abn schizophrenic/jj patients/nns ,/, shows/vbz ,/, as/cs one/cd of/in his/pp$ characteristic/jj symptoms/nns ,/, laughter/nn --/-- laughter/nn which/wdt now/rb makes/vbz one/pn feel/vb scorned/vbn or/cc hated/vbn ,/, which/wdt now/rb makes/vbz one/pn feel/vb like/cs weeping/vbg ,/, or/cc which/wdt now/rb gives/vbz one/pn a/at glimpse/nn of/in the/at bleak/jj and/cc empty/jj expanse/nn of/in man's/nn$ despair/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc which/wdt ,/, more/ql often/rb than/cs all/abn these/dts ,/, conveys/vbz a/at welter/nn of/in feelings/nns which/wdt could/md in/in no/at way/nn be/be conveyed/vbn by/in any/dti number/nn of/in words/nns ,/, words/nns which/wdt are/ber so/ql unlike/in this/dt welter/nn in/in being/beg formed/vbn and/cc discrete/jj from/in one/cd another/dt ./. To/in a/at much/ql less/ql full/jj extent/nn ,/, the/at hebephrenic/jj person's/nn$ belching/nn or/cc flatus/nn has/hvz a/at comparable/jj communicative/jj function/nn ;/. ;/. in/in working/vbg with/in these/dts patients/nns the/at therapist/nn eventually/rb gets/vbz to/to do/do some/dti at/in least/ap private/jj mulling/nn over/rp of/in the/at possible/jj meaning/nn of/in a/at belch/nn ,/, or/cc the/at passage/nn of/in flatus/nn ,/, not/* only/rb because/cs he/pps is/bez reduced/vbn to/in this/dt for/in lack/nn of/in anything/pn else/rb to/to analyze/vb ,/, but/cc also/rb because/cs he/pps learns/vbz that/cs even/rb these/dts animal-like/jj sounds/nns constitute/vb forms/nns of/in communication/nn in/in which/wdt ,/, from/in time/nn to/in time/nn ,/, quite/ql different/jj things/nns are/ber being/beg said/vbn ,/, long/rb before/cs the/at patient/nn can/md become/vb sufficiently/ql aware/jj of/in these/dts ,/, as/cs distinct/jj feelings/nns and/cc concepts/nns ,/, to/to say/vb them/ppo in/in words/nns ./. As/cs I/ppss have/hv been/ben intimating/vbg ,/, in/in the/at schizophrenic/nn --/-- and/cc perhaps/rb also/rb in/in the/at dreams/nns of/in the/at neurotic/nn ;/. ;/. this/dt is/bez a/at question/nn which/wdt I/ppss have/hv no/at wish/nn to/to take/vb up/rp --/-- condensation/nn is/bez a/at phenomenon/nn in/in which/wdt one/pn finds/vbz not/* a/at condensed/vbn expression/nn of/in various/ap feelings/nns and/cc ideas/nns which/wdt are/ber ,/, at/in an/at unconscious/jj level/nn ,/, well/rb sorted/vbn out/rp ,/, but/cc rather/rb a/at condensed/vbn expression/nn of/in feelings/nns and/cc ideas/nns which/wdt ,/, even/rb in/in the/at unconscious/nn ,/, have/hv yet/rb to/to become/vb well/ql differentiated/vbn from/in one/cd another/dt ./. Freeman/np ,/, Cameron/np and/cc McGhie/np ,/, in/in their/pp$ description/nn of/in the/at disturbances/nns of/in thinking/vbg found/vbn in/in chronic/jj schizophrenic/jj patients/nns ,/, say/vb ,/, in/in regard/nn to/in condensation/nn ,/, that/cs ``/`` the/at lack/nn of/in adequate/jj discrimination/nn between/in the/at self/nn and/cc the/at environment/nn ,/, and/cc the/at objects/nns contained/vbn therein/rb in/in itself/ppl is/bez the/at prototypical/jj condensation/nn ''/'' ./. In/in my/pp$ experience/nn ,/, a/at great/ql many/ap of/in the/at patient's/nn$ more/ql puzzling/jj verbal/jj communications/nns are/ber so/rb for/in the/at reason/nn that/cs concrete/jj meanings/nns have/hv not/* become/vbn differentiated/vbn from/in figurative/jj meanings/nns in/in his/pp$ subjective/jj experience/nn ./. Thus/rb he/pps may/md be/be referring/vbg to/in some/dti concrete/jj thing/nn ,/, or/cc incident/nn ,/, in/in his/pp$ immediate/jj environment/nn by/in some/dti symbolic-sounding/jj ,/, hyperbolic/jj reference/nn to/in transcendental/jj events/nns on/in the/at global/jj scene/nn ./. Recently/rb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, a/at paranoid/jj woman's/nn$ large-scale/nn philosophizing/vbg ,/, in/in the/at session/nn ,/, about/in the/at intrusive/jj curiosity/nn which/wdt has/hvz become/vbn ,/, in/in her/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, a/at deplorable/jj characteristic/nn of/in mid-twentieth-century/nn human/jj culture/nn ,/, developed/vbd itself/ppl ,/, before/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at session/nn ,/, into/in a/at suspicion/nn that/cs I/ppss was/bedz surreptitiously/rb peeking/vbg at/in her/pp$ partially/rb exposed/vbn breast/nn ,/, as/cs indeed/rb I/ppss was/bedz ./. Or/cc ,/, equally/rb often/rb ,/, a/at concretistic-seeming/jj ,/, particularistic-seeming/jj statement/nn may/md consist/vb ,/, with/in its/pp$ mundane/jj exterior/nn ,/, in/in a/at form/nn of/in poetry/nn --/-- may/md be/be full/jj of/in meaning/nn and/cc emotion/nn when/wrb interpreted/vbn as/cs a/at figurative/jj expression/nn :/: a/at metaphor/nn ,/, a/at smile/nn ,/, an/at allegory/nn ,/, or/cc some/dti other/ap symbolic/jj mode/nn of/in speaking/vbg ./. Of/in such/jj hidden/vbn meanings/nns the/at patient/nn himself/ppl is/bez ,/, more/ql often/rb than/cs not/* ,/, entirely/ql unaware/jj ./. His/pp$ subjective/jj experience/nn may/md be/be a/at remarkably/ql concretistic/jj one/cd ./. One/cd hebephrenic/jj women/nns confided/vbd to/in me/ppo ,/, ``/`` I/ppss live/vb in/in a/at world/nn of/in words/nns ''/'' ,/, as/cs if/cs ,/, to/in her/ppo ,/, words/nns were/bed fully/ql concrete/jj objects/nns ;/. ;/. Burnham/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ excellent/jj article/nn (/( 1955/cd )/) concerning/in schizophrenic/jj communication/nn ,/, includes/vbz mention/nn of/in similar/jj clinical/jj material/nn ./. A/at borderline/nn schizophrenic/jj young/jj man/nn told/vbd me/ppo that/cs to/in him/ppo the/at various/ap theoretical/jj concepts/nns about/in which/wdt he/pps had/hvd been/ben expounding/vbg ,/, in/in a/at most/ql articulate/jj fashion/nn ,/, during/in session/nn after/in session/nn with/in me/ppo ,/, were/bed like/cs great/jj cubes/nns of/in almost/ql tangibly/ql solid/jj matter/nn up/rp in/in the/at air/nn above/in him/ppo ;/. ;/. as/cs he/pps spoke/vbd I/ppss was/bedz reminded/vbn of/in the/at great/jj bales/nns of/in cargo/nn which/wdt are/ber swung/vbn ,/, high/rb in/in the/at air/nn ,/, from/in a/at docked/vbn steamship/nn ./.

cj32

cj32 |@word many:2 linguistic:1 technique:3 reduce:3 amount:4 dictionary:53 information:49 propose:2 organize:1 content:3 around:2 prefix:1 stem:2 suffix:1 etc:1 significant:1 reduction:3 voume:1 store:14 thus:3 realize:1 especially:1 highly:1 inflected:1 language:3 russian:1 english:1 size:1 less:1 strike:1 approach:1 require:10 1:1 text:51 word:8 separate:3 small:1 element:2 establish:1 correspondence:1 occurrence:21 entry:12 2:1 retrieve:7 several:1 synthesize:1 description:11 particular:2 logical:1 scheme:2 use:7 accomplish:2 former:2 influence:1 placement:1 file:6 implementation:1 latter:2 storage:4 need:2 synthesis:1 suggest:1 application:2 certain:1 data:1 processing:1 solution:1 problem:1 first:4 must:4 define:1 two:6 term:1 meaning:1 clearly:1 understand:1 form:91 unique:1 sequence:3 alphabetic:1 character:1 appear:1 precede:2 follow:1 space:1 instance:1 method:2 select:3 translate:1 means:1 pass:1 directly:2 compile:3 list:21 read:7 computer:4 random:4 base:1 spelling:1 provide:1 economical:1 way:3 find:3 match:11 mark:3 location:3 also:5 name:2 finally:1 stage:2 translation:2 process:3 grammatical:6 sentence:1 structure:1 determination:1 equivalent:5 choice:1 semantic:1 analysis:3 target:1 output:2 construction:1 least:2 sense:1 complete:5 basis:1 divide:1 part:2 pertain:3 detailed:1 operation:4 lookup:8 modification:1 give:2 clear:1 picture:1 describe:2 consist:1 three:2 step:5 assign:9 cell:52 replace:2 memory:4 region:14 w:5 x:5 reserve:1 af:48 isolate:1 address:21 compute:5 let:2 denote:1 previously:1 next:7 available:5 beginning:1 number:4 write:4 save:5 represent:6 reading:4 continue:3 assume:1 identical:4 situation:2 exist:1 equal:2 produce:1 routine:1 detect:1 compare:2 case:1 third:2 possible:2 formula:1 distinct:3 one:5 lead:2 chain:10 create:1 accommodate:1 even:1 though:1 extend:2 become:1 second:2 add:5 another:1 similarly:2 contain:5 except:1 last:3 absence:1 link:2 indicate:3 end:1 hence:3 inspect:1 determine:2 whether:2 already:1 representation:1 terminate:1 pre:1 determined:1 initiate:1 glossary:2 connect:1 look:3 time:4 skip:2 since:1 piece:1 constitute:1 table:5 usage:5 identify:1 appropriate:2 action:1 handle:1 take:2 new:1 lie:1 within:2 mention:1 earlier:1 th:2 potentially:1 matching:1 make:2 conclude:1 essentially:1 final:1 merely:1 record:2 order:3 attach:3 longer:1 assignment:1 important:1 structural:1 input:1 permit:2 serve:1 illustrate:1 type:1 ordering:2 selection:1 rejection:1 place:1 aj:1 supply:1 requirement:1 leave:1 variable:1 plus:1 useful:2 modify:2 addition:1 paradigm:4 rather:2 single:2 change:1 intend:1 decrease:2 work:2 necessary:1 coverage:1 improve:1 apply:2 develop:1 harvard:1 generate:1 representative:1 classification:1 extension:1 principle:1 would:1 enter:2 could:1 either:1 study:1 context:1 think:1 group:1 together:1 considerable:1 example:1 inflect:1 insofar:1 regular:1 inflection:1 allow:1 set:3 ending:3 indeed:1 full:1 derive:1 prior:1 vary:1 indication:1 system:1 dependent:1 upon:1 summarization:1 design:1 irregularity:1 variation:1 prevent:1 summarize:2 detail:1 retain:1

The/at many/ap linguistic/jj techniques/nns for/in reducing/vbg the/at amount/nn of/in dictionary/nn information/nn that/wps have/hv been/ben proposed/vbn all/abn organize/vb the/at dictionary's/nn$ contents/nns around/in prefixes/nns ,/, stems/nns ,/, suffixes/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. A/at significant/jj reduction/nn in/in the/at voume/nn of/in store/nn information/nn is/bez thus/rb realized/vbn ,/, especially/rb for/in a/at highly/ql inflected/vbn language/nn such/jj as/cs Russian/np ./. For/in English/np the/at reduction/nn in/in size/nn is/bez less/ql striking/jj ./. This/dt approach/nn requires/vbz that/cs :/: (/( 1/cd )/) each/dt text/nn word/nn be/be separated/vbn into/in smaller/jjr elements/nns to/to establish/vb a/at correspondence/nn between/in the/at occurrence/nn and/cc dictionary/nn entries/nns ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) the/at information/nn retrieved/vbn from/in several/ap entries/nns in/in the/at dictionary/nn be/be synthesized/vbn into/in a/at description/nn of/in the/at particular/jj word/nn ./. The/at logical/jj scheme/nn used/vbn to/to accomplish/vb the/at former/ap influences/vbz the/at placement/nn of/in information/nn in/in the/at dictionary/nn file/nn ./. Implementation/nn of/in the/at latter/ap requires/vbz storage/nn of/in information/nn needed/vbn only/rb for/in synthesis/nn ./. We/ppss suggest/vb the/at application/nn of/in certain/ap data-processing/nn techniques/nns as/cs a/at solution/nn to/in the/at problem/nn ./. But/cc first/rb ,/, we/ppss must/md define/vb two/cd terms/nns so/cs that/cs their/pp$ meaning/nn will/md be/be clearly/rb understood/vbn :/: form/nn-nc --/-- any/dti unique/jj sequence/nn of/in alphabetic/jj characters/nns that/wps can/md appear/vb in/in a/at language/nn preceded/vbn and/cc followed/vbn by/in a/at space/nn ;/. ;/. occurrence/nn-nc --/-- an/at instance/nn of/in a/at form/nn in/in text/nn ./. We/ppss propose/vb a/at method/nn for/in selecting/vbg only/ap dictionary/nn information/nn required/vbn by/in the/at text/nn being/beg translated/vbn and/cc a/at means/nn for/in passing/vbg the/at information/nn directly/rb to/in the/at occurrences/nns in/in text/nn ./. We/ppss accomplish/vb this/dt by/in compiling/vbg a/at list/nn of/in text/nn forms/nns as/cs text/nn is/bez read/vbn by/in the/at computer/nn ./. A/at random-storage/nn scheme/nn ,/, based/vbn on/in the/at spelling/nn of/in forms/nns ,/, provides/vbz an/at economical/jj way/nn to/to compile/vb this/dt text-form/nn list/nn ./. Dictionary/nn forms/nns found/vbn to/to match/vb forms/nns in/in the/at text/nn list/nn are/ber marked/vbn ./. A/at location/nn in/in the/at computer/nn store/nn is/bez also/rb named/vbn for/in each/dt marked/vbn form/nn ;/. ;/. dictionary/nn information/nn about/in the/at form/nn stored/vbn at/in this/dt location/nn can/md be/be retrieved/vbn directly/rb by/in occurrences/nns of/in the/at form/nn in/in text/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, information/nn is/bez retrieved/vbn from/in the/at dictionary/nn as/cs required/vbn by/in stages/nns of/in the/at translation/nn process/nn --/-- the/at grammatical/jj description/nn for/in sentence-structure/nn determination/nn ,/, equivalent-choice/nn information/nn for/in semantic/jj analysis/nn ,/, and/cc target-language/nn equivalents/nns for/in output/nn construction/nn ./. The/at dictionary/nn is/bez a/at form/nn dictionary/nn ,/, at/in least/ap in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs complete/jj forms/nns are/ber used/vbn as/cs the/at basis/nn for/in matching/vbg text/nn occurrences/nns with/in dictionary/nn entries/nns ./. Also/rb ,/, the/at dictionary/nn is/bez divided/vbn into/in at/in least/ap two/cd parts/nns :/: the/at list/nn of/in dictionary/nn forms/nns and/cc the/at file/nn of/in information/nn that/wps pertains/vbz to/in these/dts forms/nns ./. A/at more/ql detailed/vbn description/nn of/in dictionary/nn operations/nns --/-- text/nn lookup/nn and/cc dictionary/nn modification/nn --/-- gives/vbz a/at clearer/jjr picture/nn ./. Text/nn lookup/nn ,/, as/cs we/ppss will/md describe/vb it/ppo ,/, consists/vbz of/in three/cd steps/nns ./. The/at first/od is/bez compiling/vbg a/at list/nn of/in text/nn forms/nns ,/, assigning/vbg an/at information/nn cell/nn to/in each/dt ,/, and/cc replacing/vbg text/nn occurrences/nns with/in the/at information/nn cell/nn assigned/vbn to/in the/at form/nn of/in each/dt occurrence/nn ./. For/in this/dt step/nn the/at computer/nn memory/nn is/bez separated/vbn into/in three/cd regions/nns :/: cells/nns in/in the/at W-region/nn are/ber used/vbn for/in storage/nn of/in the/at forms/nns in/in the/at text-form/nn list/nn ;/. ;/. cells/nns in/in the/at X-region/nn and/cc Y/nn region/nn are/ber reserved/vbn as/cs information/nn cells/nns for/in text/nn forms/nns ./. When/wrb an/at occurrence/nn Af/nn is/bez isolated/vbn during/in text/nn reading/nn ,/, a/at random/jj memory/nn address/nn Af/nn ,/, the/at address/nn of/in a/at cell/nn in/in the/at X-region/nn ,/, is/bez computed/vbn from/in the/at form/nn of/in Af/nn ./. Let/vb Af/nn denote/vb the/at form/nn of/in Af/nn ./. If/cs cell/nn Af/nn has/hvz not/* previously/rb been/ben assigned/vbn as/cs the/at information/nn cell/nn of/in a/at form/nn in/in the/at text-form/nn list/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez now/rb assigned/vbn as/cs the/at information/nn cell/nn of/in Af/nn ./. The/at form/nn itself/ppl is/bez stored/vbn in/in the/at next/ap available/jj cells/nns of/in the/at W-region/nn ,/, beginning/vbg in/in cell/nn Af/nn ./. The/at address/nn Af/nn and/cc the/at number/nn of/in cells/nns required/vbn to/to store/vb the/at form/nn are/ber written/vbn in/in Af/nn ;/. ;/. the/at information/nn cell/nn Af/nn is/bez saved/vbn to/to represent/vb the/at text/nn occurrence/nn ./. Text/nn reading/nn continues/vbz with/in the/at next/ap occurrence/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo assume/vb that/cs Af/nn is/bez identical/jj to/in the/at form/nn of/in an/at occurrence/nn Af/nn which/wdt preceded/vbd Af/nn in/in the/at text/nn ./. When/wrb this/dt situation/nn exists/vbz ,/, the/at address/nn Af/nn will/md equal/vb Af/nn which/wdt was/bedz produced/vbn from/in Af/nn ./. If/cs Af/nn was/bedz assigned/vbn as/cs the/at information/nn cell/nn for/in Af/nn ,/, the/at routine/nn can/md detect/vb that/dt Af/nn is/bez identical/jj to/in Af/nn by/in comparing/vbg Af/nn with/in the/at form/nn stored/vbn at/in location/nn Af/nn ./. The/at address/nn Af/nn is/bez stored/vbn in/in the/at cell/nn Af/nn ./. When/wrb ,/, as/cs in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, the/at two/cd forms/nns match/vb ,/, the/at address/nn Af/nn is/bez saved/vbn to/to represent/vb the/at occurrence/nn Af/nn ./. Text/nn reading/nn continues/vbz with/in the/at next/ap occurrence/nn ./. A/at third/od situation/nn is/bez possible/jj ./. The/at formula/nn for/in computing/vbg random/jj addresses/nns from/in the/at form/nn of/in each/dt occurrence/nn will/md not/* give/vb a/at distinct/jj address/nn for/in each/dt distinct/jj form/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, when/wrb more/ap than/in one/cd distinct/jj form/nn leads/vbz to/in a/at particular/jj cell/nn in/in the/at X-region/nn ,/, a/at chain/nn of/in information/nn cells/nns must/md be/be created/vbn to/to accommodate/vb the/at forms/nns ,/, one/cd cell/nn in/in the/at chain/nn for/in each/dt form/nn ./. If/cs Af/nn leads/vbz to/in an/at address/nn Af/nn that/wps is/bez equal/jj to/in the/at address/nn computed/vbn from/in Af/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs Af/nn does/doz not/* match/vb Af/nn ,/, the/at chain/nn of/in information/nn cells/nns is/bez extended/vbn from/in Af/nn by/in storing/vbg the/at address/nn of/in the/at next/ap available/jj cell/nn in/in the/at Y-region/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, in/in Af/nn ./. The/at cell/nn Af/nn becomes/vbz the/at second/od information/nn cell/nn in/in the/at chain/nn and/cc is/bez assigned/vbn as/cs the/at information/nn cell/nn of/in Af/nn ./. A/at third/od cell/nn can/md be/be added/vbn by/in storing/vbg the/at address/nn of/in another/dt Y-cell/nn in/in Af/nn ;/. ;/. similarly/rb ,/, as/ql many/ap cells/nns are/ber added/vbn as/cs are/ber required/vbn ./. Each/dt information/nn cell/nn in/in the/at chain/nn contains/vbz the/at address/nn of/in the/at Y-cell/nn where/wrb the/at form/nn to/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez assigned/vbn is/bez stored/vbn ./. Each/dt cell/nn except/in the/at last/ap in/in the/at chain/nn also/rb contains/vbz the/at address/nn of/in the/at Y-cell/nn that/wps is/bez the/at next/ap element/nn of/in the/at chain/nn ;/. ;/. the/at absence/nn of/in such/abl a/at link/nn in/in the/at last/ap cell/nn indicates/vbz the/at end/nn of/in the/at chain/nn ./. Hence/rb ,/, when/wrb the/at address/nn Af/nn is/bez computed/vbn from/in Af/nn ,/, the/at cell/nn Af/nn and/cc all/abn Y-cells/nn in/in its/pp$ chain/nn must/md be/be inspected/vbn to/to determine/vb whether/cs Af/nn is/bez already/rb in/in the/at form/nn list/nn or/cc whether/cs it/pps should/md be/be added/vbn to/in the/at form/nn list/nn and/cc the/at chain/nn ./. When/wrb the/at information/nn cell/nn for/in Af/nn has/hvz been/ben determined/vbn ,/, it/pps is/bez saved/vbn as/cs a/at representation/nn of/in Af/nn ./. Text/nn reading/nn continues/vbz with/in the/at next/ap occurrence/nn ./. Text/nn reading/nn is/bez terminated/vbn when/wrb a/at pre-determined/vbn number/nn of/in forms/nns have/hv been/ben stored/vbn in/in the/at text-form/nn list/nn ./. This/dt initiates/vbz the/at second/od step/nn of/in glossary/nn lookup/nn --/-- connecting/vbg the/at information/nn cell/nn of/in forms/nns in/in the/at text-form/nn list/nn to/in dictionary/nn forms/nns ./. Each/dt form/nn represented/vbn by/in the/at dictionary/nn is/bez looked/vbn up/rp in/in the/at text-form/nn list/nn ./. Each/dt time/nn a/at dictionary/nn form/nn matches/vbz a/at text/nn form/nn ,/, the/at information/nn cell/nn of/in the/at matching/vbg text/nn form/nn is/bez saved/vbn ./. The/at number/nn of/in dictionary/nn forms/nns skipped/vbn since/in the/at last/ap one/cd matched/vbn is/bez also/rb saved/vbn ./. These/dts two/cd pieces/nns of/in information/nn for/in each/dt dictionary/nn form/nn that/wps is/bez matched/vbn by/in a/at text/nn form/nn constitute/vb the/at table/nn of/in dictionary/nn usage/nn ./. If/cs each/dt text/nn form/nn is/bez marked/vbn when/wrb matched/vbn with/in a/at dictionary/nn form/nn ,/, the/at text/nn forms/nns not/* contained/vbn in/in the/at dictionary/nn can/md be/be identified/vbn when/wrb all/abn dictionary/nn forms/nns have/hv been/ben read/vbn ./. The/at appropriate/jj action/nn for/in handling/vbg these/dts forms/nns can/md be/be taken/vbn at/in that/dt time/nn ./. Each/dt dictionary/nn form/nn is/bez looked/vbn up/rp in/in the/at text-form/nn list/nn by/in the/at same/ap method/nn used/vbn to/to look/vb up/rp a/at new/jj text/nn occurrence/nn in/in the/at form/nn list/nn during/in text/nn reading/nn ./. A/at random/jj address/nn Af/nn that/wps lies/vbz within/in the/at X-region/nn of/in memory/nn mentioned/vbn earlier/rbr is/bez computed/vbn from/in the/at i-th/nn dictionary/nn form/nn ./. If/cs cell/nn Af/nn is/bez an/at information/nn cell/nn ,/, it/pps and/cc any/dti information/nn cells/nns in/in the/at Y-region/nn that/wps have/hv been/ben linked/vbn to/in Af/nn each/dt contain/vb an/at address/nn in/in the/at W-region/nn where/wrb a/at potentially/rb matching/jj form/nn is/bez stored/vbn ./. The/at dictionary/nn form/nn is/bez compared/vbn with/in each/dt of/in these/dts text/nn forms/nns ./. When/wrb a/at match/nn is/bez found/vbn ,/, an/at entry/nn is/bez made/vbn in/in the/at table/nn of/in dictionary/nn usage/nn ./. If/cs cell/nn Af/nn is/bez not/* an/at information/nn cell/nn we/ppss conclude/vb that/cs the/at i-th/nn dictionary/nn form/nn is/bez not/* in/in the/at text/nn list/nn ./. These/dts two/cd steps/nns essentially/rb complete/vb the/at lookup/nn operation/nn ./. The/at final/jj step/nn merely/rb uses/vbz the/at table/nn of/in dictionary/nn usage/nn to/to select/vb the/at dictionary/nn information/nn that/wps pertains/vbz to/in each/dt form/nn matched/vbn in/in the/at text-form/nn list/nn ,/, and/cc uses/vbz the/at list/nn of/in information/nn cells/nns recorded/vbn in/in text/nn order/nn to/to attach/vb the/at appropriate/jj information/nn to/in each/dt occurrence/nn in/in text/nn ./. The/at list/nn of/in text/nn forms/nns in/in the/at W-region/nn of/in memory/nn and/cc the/at contents/nns of/in the/at information/nn cells/nns in/in the/at X/nn and/cc Y-regions/nn are/ber no/ql longer/rbr required/vbn ./. Only/rb the/at assignment/nn of/in the/at information/nn cells/nns is/bez important/jj ./. The/at first/od stage/nn of/in translation/nn after/in glossary/nn lookup/nn is/bez structural/jj analysis/nn of/in the/at input/nn text/nn ./. The/at grammatical/jj description/nn of/in each/dt occurrence/nn in/in the/at text/nn must/md be/be retrieved/vbn from/in the/at dictionary/nn to/to permit/vb such/abl an/at analysis/nn ./. A/at description/nn of/in this/dt process/nn will/md serve/vb to/to illustrate/vb how/wrb any/dti type/nn of/in information/nn can/md be/be retrieved/vbn from/in the/at dictionary/nn and/cc attached/vbn to/in each/dt text/nn occurrence/nn ./. The/at grammatical/jj descriptions/nns of/in all/abn forms/nns in/in the/at dictionary/nn are/ber recorded/vbn in/in a/at separate/jj part/nn of/in the/at dictionary/nn file/nn ./. The/at order/nn is/bez identical/jj to/in the/at ordering/nn of/in the/at forms/nns they/ppss describe/vb ./. When/wrb entries/nns are/ber being/beg retrieved/vbn from/in this/dt file/nn ,/, the/at table/nn of/in dictionary/nn usage/nn indicates/vbz which/wdt entries/nns to/to skip/vb and/cc which/wdt entries/nns to/to store/vb in/in the/at computer/nn ./. This/dt selection-rejection/nn process/nn takes/vbz place/nn as/cs the/at file/nn is/bez read/vbn ./. Each/dt entry/nn that/wps is/bez selected/vbn for/in storage/nn is/bez written/vbn into/in the/at next/ap available/jj cells/nns of/in the/at Aj/nn ./. The/at address/nn of/in the/at first/od cell/nn and/cc the/at number/nn of/in cells/nns used/vbn is/bez written/vbn in/in the/at information/nn cell/nn for/in the/at form/nn ./. (/( The/at address/nn of/in the/at information/nn cell/nn is/bez also/rb supplied/vbn by/in the/at table/nn of/in dictionary/nn usage/nn ./. )/) When/wrb the/at complete/jj file/nn has/hvz been/ben read/vbn ,/, the/at grammatical/jj descriptions/nns for/in all/abn text/nn forms/nns found/vbn in/in the/at dictionary/nn have/hv been/ben stored/vbn in/in the/at W-region/nn ;/. ;/. the/at information/nn cell/nn assigned/vbn to/in each/dt text/nn form/nn contains/vbz the/at address/nn of/in the/at grammatical/jj description/nn of/in the/at form/nn it/pps represents/vbz ./. Hence/rb ,/, the/at description/nn of/in each/dt text/nn occurrence/nn can/md be/be retrieved/vbn by/in reading/vbg the/at list/nn of/in text-ordered/jj information-cell/nn addresses/nns and/cc outputting/vbg the/at description/nn indicated/vbn by/in the/at information/nn cell/nn for/in each/dt occurrence/nn ./. The/at only/ap requirements/nns on/in dictionary/nn information/nn made/vbn by/in the/at text-lookup/nn operation/nn are/ber that/cs each/dt form/nn represented/vbn by/in the/at dictionary/nn be/be available/jj for/in lookup/nn in/in the/at text-form/nn list/nn and/cc that/cs information/nn for/in each/dt form/nn be/be available/jj in/in a/at sequence/nn identical/jj with/in the/at sequence/nn of/in the/at forms/nns ./. This/dt leaves/vbz the/at ordering/nn of/in entries/nns variable/jj ./. (/( Here/rb an/at entry/nn is/bez a/at form/nn plus/in the/at information/nn that/wps pertains/vbz to/in it/ppo ./. )/) Two/cd very/ql useful/jj ways/nns for/in modifying/vbg a/at form-dictionary/nn are/ber the/at addition/nn to/in the/at dictionary/nn of/in complete/jj paradigms/nns rather/rb than/cs single/ap forms/nns and/cc the/at application/nn of/in a/at single/ap change/nn to/in more/ap than/in one/cd dictionary/nn form/nn ./. The/at former/ap is/bez intended/vbn to/to decrease/vb the/at amount/nn of/in work/nn necessary/jj to/to extend/vb dictionary/nn coverage/nn ./. The/at latter/ap is/bez useful/jj for/in modifying/vbg information/nn about/in some/dti or/cc all/abn forms/nns of/in a/at word/nn ,/, hence/rb reducing/vbg the/at work/nn required/vbn to/to improve/vb dictionary/nn contents/nns ./. Applying/vbg the/at techniques/nns developed/vbn at/in Harvard/np for/in generating/vbg a/at paradigm/nn from/in a/at representative/jj form/nn and/cc its/pp$ classification/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md add/vb all/abn forms/nns of/in a/at word/nn to/in the/at dictionary/nn at/in once/rb ./. An/at extension/nn of/in the/at principle/nn would/md permit/vb entering/vbg a/at grammatical/jj description/nn of/in each/dt form/nn ./. Equivalents/nns could/md be/be assigned/vbn to/in the/at paradigm/nn either/cc at/in the/at time/nn it/pps is/bez added/vbn to/in the/at dictionary/nn or/cc after/cs the/at word/nn has/hvz been/ben studied/vbn in/in context/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, one/pn can/md think/vb of/in a/at dictionary/nn entry/nn as/cs a/at word/nn rather/rb than/cs a/at form/nn ./. If/cs all/abn forms/nns of/in a/at paradigm/nn are/ber grouped/vbn together/rb within/in the/at dictionary/nn ,/, a/at considerable/jj reduction/nn in/in the/at amount/nn of/in information/nn required/vbn is/bez possible/jj ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at inflected/vbn forms/nns of/in a/at word/nn can/md be/be represented/vbn ,/, insofar/rb as/cs regular/jj inflection/nn allows/vbz ,/, by/in a/at stem/nn and/cc a/at set/nn of/in endings/nns to/to be/be attached/vbn ./. (/( Indeed/rb ,/, the/at set/nn of/in endings/nns can/md be/be replaced/vbn by/in the/at name/nn of/in a/at set/nn of/in endings/nns ./. )/) The/at full/jj forms/nns can/md be/be derived/vbn from/in such/jj information/nn just/ql prior/rb to/in the/at lookup/nn of/in the/at form/nn in/in the/at text-form/nn list/nn ./. Similarly/rb ,/, if/cs the/at equivalents/nns for/in the/at forms/nns of/in a/at word/nn do/do not/* vary/vb ,/, the/at equivalents/nns need/md be/be entered/vbn only/ql once/rb with/in an/at indication/nn that/cs they/ppss apply/vb to/in each/dt form/nn ./. The/at dictionary/nn system/nn is/bez in/in no/at way/nn dependent/jj upon/in such/jj summarization/nn or/cc designed/vbn around/in it/ppo ./. When/wrb irregularity/nn and/cc variation/nn prevent/vb summarizing/vbg ,/, information/nn is/bez written/vbn in/in complete/jj detail/nn ./. Entries/nns are/ber summarized/vbn only/rb when/wrb by/in doing/vbg so/rb the/at amount/nn of/in information/nn retained/vbn in/in the/at dictionary/nn is/bez reduced/vbn and/cc the/at time/nn required/vbn for/in dictionary/nn operations/nns is/bez decreased/vbn ./.

cj33

cj33 |@word sentence:8 pattern:4 stress:70 determine:1 complex:1 combination:2 influence:1 suggest:1 tendency:2 toward:1 put:2 dominant:32 end:2 parallel:2 assignment:1 time:5 long:3 know:6 hymn:3 tune:2 thus:8 first:10 line:2 one:7 charles:1 wesley:1 follow:5 charge:1 keep:1 god:1 glorify:2 often:2 sing:1 boylston:1 syllable:9 fy:1 twice:1 course:2 extended:1 duration:1 normally:8 center:6 would:9 primary:1 phrase:1 word:7 unit:4 part:3 speak:2 alone:1 give:1 rather:4 last:2 significant:1 answer:3 wrong:1 bill:1 break:3 chair:2 usually:4 complement:15 point:4 view:3 syntactic:1 analysis:1 head:2 statement:1 predicator:2 mean:4 seem:4 trouble:1 breaking:1 assign:1 exceptional:2 version:1 thing:8 small:2 town:3 people:8 friendly:3 generally:4 double:1 subject:4 linguist:4 luggage:4 adverbial:1 second:6 however:2 likely:5 terminate:1 noise:2 george:10 cat:2 ordinarily:5 final:2 adjunct:4 may:8 read:3 news:1 emotionally:2 prepositional:3 divide:1 look:3 lose:1 context:10 extreme:1 importance:1 new:4 make:8 prominent:3 discussion:3 snow:8 mention:4 local:2 condition:1 probably:6 rarely:2 weather:1 personal:2 pronoun:4 substitute:2 unstresse:3 refer:1 immediate:1 go:8 prominently:1 trip:6 say:2 preposition:2 gesture:1 accompany:1 previously:1 piece:1 information:1 idea:1 tell:6 particular:1 also:3 fairly:1 obvious:2 light:3 unstressed:1 get:2 significance:1 use:4 nothing:1 many:1 young:4 neighborhood:1 modifi:1 take:1 away:1 fact:2 creature:2 interest:1 woman:2 replace:1 little:1 real:4 contribution:2 meaning:5 weak:1 work:1 exact:1 semantically:2 pale:1 child:1 pretty:3 imply:2 still:1 almost:1 insult:1 write:8 language:5 underline:1 italicize:1 guide:1 reader:4 much:3 simply:4 depend:1 alertness:1 careless:1 back:1 reread:1 indicate:3 centering:1 attention:2 emotion:1 incredible:2 boy:1 eat:2 strong:20 notion:1 store:1 antipathy:1 paint:2 garage:1 job:1 painting:1 effort:1 comparison:2 contrast:4 operate:1 friend:3 strange:2 sister:4 normal:3 hurt:2 chinese:2 japanese:2 desire:1 alike:1 component:1 produce:1 disregard:1 sometimes:3 serve:1 focus:1 important:1 secondary:1 relationship:1 mary:5 account:4 marks:1 series:3 mark:1 writing:1 action:1 concerned:1 later:1 speech:1 example:3 hunger:5 stimulate:2 man:3 situation:1 similar:1 treat:1 additional:3 stimulus:1 treats:2 stimulation:2 effect:1 respond:1 possible:1 help:2 right:1 underlining:1 italic:1 reliance:1 understanding:1 represent:8 large:1 construction:3 express:2 fully:1 yes:1 response:1 finish:2 paper:2 quite:1 mack:2 leader:3 camp:2 jack:3 main:1 declarative:1 therefore:1 deprive:1 clause:2 suggestion:2 silly:1 possessive:1 equivalent:8 martinique:1 boat:1 board:1 omission:1 subordinator:2 result:1 increase:1 adverb:1 object:2 conclusion:2 come:7 consciousness:1 moment:2 similarly:1 want:1 afraid:1 lightly:2 instruction:4 leave:4 place:1 sequence:1 clear:3 show:1 unambiguously:1 spoken:2 without:6 ambiguous:1 tuesday:4 happy:1 drink:4 water:9 drinking:5 gerundial:2 roughly:1 unless:1 noun:1 modifying:1 undermine:1 distinction:1 always:1 unambiguous:1 steiner:1 busy:1 life:1 visit:4 relative:4 whether:1 pay:1 number:3 chimney:2 syntactically:1 syllabification:1 linguistic:1 peak:1 vocalic:1 note:1 consonantal:1 certain:1 circumstance:1 combine:1 precede:1 consonant:2 genuine:1 division:1 present:1 great:1 difficulty:1 even:1 doubt:1 formation:1 expect:1 two:2 historically:1 formative:1 employ:1 republic:1 al:1 common:1 suffix:1 ity:1 add:1 clearly:1 every:1 reason:1 regard:1 deal:3 monosyllable:1 commonly:1 quality:1 vowel:1 sound:1 perfectly:1 satisfactory:1 rhyme:1

In/in sentences/nns ,/, patterns/nns of/in stress/nn are/ber determined/vbn by/in complex/jj combinations/nns of/in influences/nns that/wps can/md only/rb be/be suggested/vbn here/rb ./. The/at tendency/nn is/bez toward/in putting/vbg dominant/jj stress/nn at/in the/at end/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at parallel/nn to/in this/dt tendency/nn in/in the/at assignment/nn of/in time/nn in/in long-known/jj hymn/nn tunes/nns ./. Thus/rb the/at first/od lines/nns of/in one/cd of/in Charles/np Wesley's/np$ hymns/nns are/ber as/cs follows/vbz ./. ``/`` A/at-nc charge/nn-nc to/to-nc keep/vb-nc I/ppss-nc have/hv-nc ,/,-nc A/at God/np to/to glorify/vb ''/'' ./. In/in the/at tune/nn to/in which/wdt this/dt hymn/nn is/bez most/ql often/rb sung/vbn ,/, ``/`` Boylston/np ''/'' ,/, the/at syllables/nns have/hv-nc and/cc fy/nn-nc ,/, ending/vbg their/pp$ lines/nns ,/, have/hv twice/rb the/at time/nn any/dti other/ap syllables/nns have/hv ./. Dominant/jj stress/nn is/bez of/in course/nn more/ap than/cs extended/vbn duration/nn ,/, and/cc normally/rb centers/vbz on/in syllables/nns that/wps would/md have/hv primary/jj stress/nn or/cc phrase/nn stress/nn if/cs the/at words/nns or/cc longer/jjr units/nns they/ppss are/ber parts/nns of/in were/bed spoken/vbn alone/rb :/: a/at dominant/jj stress/nn given/vbn to/in glorify/vb-nc would/md normally/rb center/vb on/in its/pp$ first/od syllable/nn rather/rb than/cs its/pp$ last/ap ./. But/cc the/at parallel/nn is/bez significant/jj ./. When/wrb the/at answer/nn to/in what's/wdt+bez-nc wrong/jj-nc now/rb-nc ?/.-nc ?/.-nc Is/bez Bill's/np+hvz-nc broken/vbn-nc a/at-nc chair/nn-nc ,/, dominant/jj stress/nn will/md usually/rb be/be on/in the/at complement/nn a/at-nc chair/nn-nc ./. From/in the/at point/nn of/in view/nn of/in syntactic/jj analysis/nn the/at head/nn word/nn in/in the/at statement/nn is/bez the/at predicator/nn has/hvz-nc broken/vbn-nc ,/, and/cc from/in the/at point/nn of/in view/nn of/in meaning/nn it/pps would/md seem/vb that/cs the/at trouble/nn centers/vbz in/in the/at breaking/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc dominant/jj stress/nn will/md be/be assigned/vbn to/in broken/vbn-nc only/rb in/in rather/ql exceptional/jj versions/nns of/in the/at sentence/nn ./. In/in I/ppss-nc know/vb-nc one/cd-nc thing/nn-nc dominant/jj stress/nn will/md usually/rb be/be on/in the/at complement/nn one/cd-nc thing/nn-nc ;/. ;/. in/in one/cd-nc thing/nn-nc I/ppss-nc know/vb-nc it/pps will/md usually/rb be/be on/in the/at predicator/nn know/vb-nc ./. In/in small-town/nn-nc people/nns-nc are/ber-nc very/ql-nc friendly/jj-nc dominant/jj stress/nn will/md generally/rb be/be on/in the/at complement/nn very/ql-nc friendly/jj-nc ;/. ;/. in/in the/at double/jj sentence/nn the/at-nc smaller/jjr-nc the/at-nc town/nn-nc ,/,-nc the/at-nc friendlier/jjr-nc the/at-nc people/nns-nc it/pps will/md generally/rb be/be on/in the/at subjects/nns the/at-nc town/nn-nc and/cc the/at-nc people/nns-nc ./. In/in what's/wdt+bez-nc a/at-nc linguist/nn-nc ?/. ?/. dominant/jj stress/nn will/md generally/rb be/be on/in the/at subject/nn a/at-nc linguist/nn-nc ;/. ;/. in/in who's/wps+bez-nc a/at-nc linguist/nn-nc ?/nil it/pps will/md generally/rb be/be on/in the/at complement/nn a/at-nc linguist/nn-nc ./. Dominant/jj stress/nn is/bez on/in her/pp$-nc luggage/nn-nc both/abx in/in that's/dt+bez-nc her/pp$-nc luggage/nn-nc ,/, where/wrb her/pp$-nc luggage/nn-nc is/bez the/at complement/nn ,/, and/cc in/in there's/rb+bez-nc her/pp$-nc luggage/nn-nc ,/, where/wrb it/pps is/bez the/at subject/nn ./. Adverbial/jj second/od complements/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, are/ber likely/jj not/* to/to have/hv dominant/jj stress/nn when/wrb they/ppss terminate/vb sentences/nns ./. If/cs the/at answer/nn to/in what/wdt-nc was/bedz-nc that/dt-nc noise/nn-nc ?/.-nc ?/.-nc Is/bez George/np-nc put/vbd-nc the/at-nc cat/nn-nc out/rp-nc ,/, dominant/jj stress/nn will/md ordinarily/rb be/be on/in the/at first/od complement/nn ,/, the/at-nc cat/nn-nc ,/, not/* the/at second/od complement/nn out/rp-nc ./. Final/jj adjuncts/nns may/md or/cc may/md not/* have/hv dominant/jj stress/nn ./. If/cs the/at answer/nn to/in what/wdt-nc was/bedz-nc that/dt-nc noise/nn-nc ?/.-nc ?/.-nc Is/bez George/np-nc reads/vbz-nc the/at-nc news/nn-nc emotionally/rb-nc ,/, dominant/jj stress/nn may/md or/cc may/md not/* be/be on/in the/at adjunct/nn emotionally/rb-nc ./. When/wrb prepositional/jj complements/nns are/ber divided/vbn as/cs in/in what/wdt-nc are/ber-nc you/ppss-nc looking/vbg-nc for/in-nc ?/.-nc ?/.-nc They/ppss are/ber likely/jj to/to lose/vb dominant/jj stress/nn ./. Context/nn is/bez of/in extreme/jj importance/nn ./. What/wdt is/bez new/jj in/in the/at context/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be made/vbn more/ql prominent/jj than/cs what/wdt is/bez not/* ./. Thus/rb in/in a/at context/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex has/hvz been/ben discussion/nn of/in snow/nn but/cc mention/nn of/in local/jj conditions/nns is/bez new/jj ,/, dominant/jj stress/nn will/md probably/rb be/be on/in here/rb-nc in/in it/pps-nc rarely/rb-nc snows/vbz-nc here/rb-nc ,/, but/cc in/in a/at context/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex has/hvz been/ben discussion/nn of/in local/jj weather/nn but/cc no/at mention/nn of/in snow/nn ,/, dominant/jj stress/nn will/md probably/rb be/be on/in snows/vbz-nc ./. The/at personal/jj pronouns/nns and/cc substitute/jj one/pn-nc are/ber normally/rb unstressed/jj because/cs they/ppss refer/vb to/in what/wdt is/bez prominent/jj in/in the/at immediate/jj context/nn ./. In/in I'll/ppss+md-nc go/vb-nc with/in-nc George/np-nc dominant/jj stress/nn is/bez probably/rb on/in George/np-nc ;/. ;/. but/in if/cs George/np has/hvz just/rb been/ben mentioned/vbn prominently/rb (/( and/cc the/at trip/nn to/to be/be made/vbn has/hvz been/ben under/in discussion/nn )/) ,/, what/wdt is/bez said/vbn is/bez probably/rb I'll/ppss+md-nc go/vb-nc with/in-nc him/ppo-nc ,/, and/cc dominant/jj stress/nn is/bez probably/rb on/in the/at preposition/nn with/in-nc ./. When/wrb a/at gesture/nn accompanies/vbz who's/wps+bez-nc he/pps-nc ?/. ?/. the/at personal/jj pronoun/nn has/hvz dominant/jj stress/nn because/cs ``/`` he/pps-nc ''/'' has/hvz not/* been/ben mentioned/vbn previously/rb ./. If/cs both/abx George/np and/cc a/at piece/nn of/in information/nn George/np does/doz not/* have/hv are/ber prominent/jj in/in the/at context/nn ,/, but/cc the/at idea/nn of/in telling/vbg George/np is/bez new/jj ,/, then/rb dominant/jj stress/nn will/md probably/rb be/be on/in tell/vb-nc in/in why/wrb-nc not/*-nc tell/vb-nc George/np-nc ?/.-nc ?/.-nc But/cc when/wrb what/wdt is/bez new/jj in/in a/at particular/jj context/nn is/bez also/rb fairly/ql obvious/jj ,/, there/ex is/bez normally/rb only/rb light/jj stress/nn or/cc no/at stress/nn at/in all/abn ./. Thus/rb the/at unstressed/jj it/pps-nc of/in it/pps-nc rarely/rb-nc snows/vbz-nc here/rb-nc gets/vbz its/pp$ significance/nn from/in its/pp$ use/nn with/in snows/vbz-nc :/: nothing/pn can/md snow/vb snow/nn but/in ``/`` it/ppo ''/'' ./. In/in there/ex-nc aren't/ber*-nc many/ap-nc young/jj-nc people/nns-nc in/in-nc the/at-nc neighborhood/nn-nc the/at modifier/nn young/jj-nc takes/vbz dominant/jj stress/nn away/rb from/in its/pp$ head/nn people/nns-nc :/: the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at young/jj creatures/nns of/in interest/nn are/ber people/nns seems/vbz rather/ql obvious/jj ./. If/cs women/nns-nc replaced/vbd people/nns-nc ,/, it/pps would/md normally/rb have/hv dominant/jj stress/nn ./. In/in I/ppss-nc have/hv-nc things/nns-nc to/to-nc do/do-nc the/at word/nn things/nns-nc makes/vbz little/ap real/jj contribution/nn to/in meaning/nn and/cc has/hvz weaker/jjr stress/nn than/cs do/do-nc ./. If/cs work/nn-nc is/bez substituted/vbn for/in things/nns-nc (/( with/in more/ql exact/jj contribution/nn to/in meaning/nn )/) ,/, it/pps will/md have/hv dominant/jj stress/nn ./. In/in I/ppss-nc know/vb-nc one/cd-nc thing/nn-nc dominant/jj stress/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to go/vb to/in one/cd-nc rather/rb than/cs to/in semantically/rb pale/jj thing/nn-nc ./. In/in I/ppss-nc knew/vbd-nc you/ppo-nc when/wrb-nc you/ppss-nc were/bed-nc a/at-nc child/nn-nc ,/, and/cc-nc you/ppss-nc were/bed-nc pretty/jj-nc then/rb-nc dominant/jj stress/nn on/in then/rb-nc implies/vbz that/cs the/at young/jj woman/nn spoken/vbn to/in is/bez still/rb pretty/jj ./. Dominant/jj stress/nn on/in pretty/jj-nc would/md be/be almost/ql insulting/jj here/rb ./. In/in the/at written/vbn language/nn then/rb-nc can/md be/be underlined/vbn or/cc italicized/vbn to/to guide/vb the/at reader/nn here/rb ,/, but/cc much/ap of/in the/at time/nn the/at written/vbn language/nn simply/rb depends/vbz on/in the/at reader's/nn$ alertness/nn ,/, and/cc a/at careless/jj reader/nn will/md have/hv to/to back/vb up/rp and/cc reread/vb ./. Often/rb ,/, dominant/jj stress/nn simply/rb indicates/vbz a/at centering/nn of/in attention/nn or/cc emotion/nn ./. Thus/rb in/in it's/pps+bez-nc incredible/jj-nc what/wdt-nc that/dt-nc boy/nn-nc can/md-nc eat/vb-nc dominant/jj stress/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be on/in incredible/jj-nc ,/, and/cc eat/vb-nc will/md have/hv strong/jj stress/nn also/rb ./. In/in she/pps-nc has/hvz-nc it/ppo-nc in/rp-nc for/in-nc George/np-nc dominant/jj stress/nn will/md ordinarily/rb be/be on/in in/rp-nc ,/, where/wrb the/at notion/nn of/in stored-up/jj antipathy/nn seems/vbz to/to center/vb ./. In/in we're/ppss+ber-nc painting/vbg-nc at/in-nc our/pp$-nc garage/nn-nc strong/jj stress/nn on/in at/in-nc indicates/vbz that/cs the/at job/nn being/beg done/vbn is/bez not/* real/jj painting/nn but/cc simply/rb an/at effort/nn at/in painting/vbg ./. Where/wrb there/ex is/bez comparison/nn or/cc contrast/nn ,/, dominant/jj stresses/nns normally/rb operate/vb to/to center/vb attention/nn ./. Thus/rb in/in his/pp$-nc friends/nns-nc are/ber-nc stranger/jjr-nc than/cs-nc his/pp$-nc sisters'/nns$-nc strong/jj stresses/nns are/ber normal/jj for/in his/pp$-nc and/cc sisters'/nns$-nc ,/, but/cc in/in his/pp$-nc friends/nns-nc are/ber-nc stranger/jjr-nc than/in-nc his/pp$-nc sisters/nns-nc strong/jj stresses/nns are/ber normal/jj for/in friends/nns-nc and/cc sisters/nns-nc ./. In/in he's/pps+bez-nc hurting/vbg-nc himself/ppl-nc more/rbr-nc than/cs-nc he's/pps+bez-nc hurting/vbg-nc you/ppo-nc both/abx himself/ppl-nc and/cc you/ppo-nc have/hv stronger/jjr stress/nn than/cs they/ppss would/md ordinarily/rb have/hv if/cs there/ex were/bed no/at contrast/nn ./. In/in is/bez-nc she/pps-nc Chinese/jj-nc or/cc-nc Japanese/jj-nc ?/.-nc ?/.-nc The/at desire/nn to/to contrast/vb the/at first/od parts/nns of/in words/nns which/wdt are/ber alike/jj in/in their/pp$ last/ap components/nns produces/vbz an/at exceptional/jj disregard/nn of/in the/at normal/jj patterns/nns of/in stress/nn of/in Chinese/np-nc and/cc Japanese/jj-nc ./. Sometimes/rb strong/jj stress/nn serves/vbz to/to focus/vb an/at important/jj secondary/jj relationship/nn ./. Thus/rb in/in Mary/np-nc wrote/vbd-nc an/at-nc account/nn-nc of/in-nc the/at-nc trip/nn-nc first/od-nc strong/jj stress/nn on/in Mary/np-nc marks/vbz Mary/np-nc as/cs the/at first/od in/in a/at series/nn of/in people/nns who/wps wrote/vbd accounts/nns of/in the/at trip/nn ,/, strong/jj stress/nn on/in wrote/vbd-nc marks/vbz the/at writing/nn as/cs the/at first/od of/in a/at series/nn of/in actions/nns of/in Mary's/np$ concerned/vbn with/in an/at account/nn of/in her/pp$ trip/nn (/( about/in which/wdt she/pps may/md later/rbr have/hv made/vbn speeches/nns ,/, for/in example/nn )/) ,/, and/cc strong/jj stress/nn on/in trip/nn-nc makes/vbz the/at trip/nn the/at first/od of/in a/at series/nn of/in subjects/nns about/in which/wdt Mary/np wrote/vbd accounts/nns ./. In/in hunger/nn-nc stimulates/vbz-nc man/nn-nc too/rb-nc the/at situation/nn is/bez very/ql similar/jj ./. Strong/jj stress/nn on/in hunger/nn-nc treats/vbz hunger/nn as/cs an/at additional/jj stimulus/nn ,/, strong/jj stress/nn on/in stimulates/vbz-nc treats/nns stimulation/nn as/cs an/at additional/jj effect/nn of/in hunger/nn ,/, strong/jj stress/nn on/in man/nn-nc treats/vbz man/nn as/cs an/at additional/jj creature/nn who/wps responds/vbz to/in the/at stimulation/nn of/in hunger/nn ./. Here/rb again/rb ,/, in/in the/at written/vbn language/nn it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to help/vb the/at reader/nn get/vb his/pp$ stresses/nns right/jj by/in using/vbg underlining/vbg or/cc italics/nns ,/, but/cc much/ap of/in the/at time/nn there/ex is/bez simply/rb reliance/nn on/in his/pp$ understanding/nn in/in the/at light/nn of/in context/nn ./. When/wrb a/at word/nn represents/vbz a/at larger/jjr construction/nn of/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez the/at only/ap expressed/vbn part/nn ,/, it/pps normally/rb has/hvz more/ap stress/nn than/cs it/pps would/md have/hv in/in fully/ql expressed/vbn construction/nn ./. Thus/rb when/wrb yes/rb-nc ,/, I/ppss-nc have/hv-nc is/bez the/at response/nn to/in have/hv-nc you/ppss-nc finished/vbn-nc reading/vbg-nc the/at-nc paper/nn-nc ?/.-nc ?/.-nc The/at stress/nn on/in have/hv-nc ,/, which/wdt here/rb represents/vbz have/hv-nc finished/vbn-nc reading/vbg-nc the/at-nc paper/nn-nc ,/, is/bez quite/ql strong/jj ./. In/in Mack's/np+bez-nc the/at-nc leader/nn-nc at/in-nc camp/nn-nc ,/, but/cc-nc Jack/np-nc is/bez-nc here/rb-nc the/at is/bez-nc of/in the/at second/od main/jjs declarative/nn represents/vbz is/bez-nc the/at-nc leader/nn-nc and/cc therefore/rb has/hvz stress/nn ./. Mack's/np+bez-nc the/at-nc leader/nn-nc at/in-nc camp/nn-nc ,/,-nc but/cc-nc Jack's/np+bez-nc here/rb-nc ,/, with/in this/dt is/bez-nc deprived/vbn of/in stress/nn ,/, makes/vbz here/rb-nc the/at complement/nn in/in the/at clause/nn ./. In/in of/in-nc all/abn-nc the/at-nc suggestions/nns-nc that/wps-nc were/bed-nc made/vbn-nc ,/,-nc his/pp$-nc was/bedz-nc the/at-nc silliest/jjt-nc the/at possessive/nn his/pp$-nc represents/vbz his/pp$-nc suggestion/nn-nc and/cc is/bez stressed/vbn ./. When/wrb go/vb-nc represents/vbz itself/ppl and/cc a/at complement/nn (/( being/beg equivalent/jj ,/, say/uh ,/, to/in go/vb-nc to/in-nc Martinique/np-nc )/) in/in which/wdt-nc boat/nn-nc did/dod-nc Jack/np-nc go/vb-nc on/in-nc ?/.-nc ?/.-nc It/pps has/hvz strong/jj stress/nn ;/. ;/. when/wrb it/pps represents/vbz only/rb itself/ppl and/cc on/in-nc which/wdt-nc is/bez its/pp$ complement/nn (/( so/cs that/cs go/vb-nc on/in-nc is/bez semantically/rb equivalent/jj to/in board/vb-nc )/) ,/, on/in-nc has/hvz stronger/jjr stress/nn than/cs go/vb-nc does/doz ./. Omission/nn of/in a/at subordinator/nn pronoun/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, does/doz not/* result/vb in/in an/at increase/nn in/in stress/nn on/in a/at prepositional/jj adverb/nn for/in which/wdt the/at subordinator/nn pronoun/nn would/md be/be object/nn ./. Thus/rb to/in-nc has/hvz light/jj stress/nn both/abx in/in that/dt-nc was/bedz-nc the/at-nc conclusion/nn-nc that/wpo-nc I/ppss-nc came/vbd-nc to/in-nc and/cc in/in that/dt-nc was/bedz-nc the/at-nc conclusion/nn-nc I/ppss-nc came/vbd-nc to/in-nc ./. But/cc when/wrb to/to-nc represents/vbz to/in-nc consciousness/nn-nc in/in that/wps-nc was/bedz-nc the/at-nc moment/nn-nc that/cs-nc I/ppss-nc came/vbd-nc to/in-nc ,/, and/cc similarly/rb in/in that/wps-nc was/bedz-nc the/at-nc moment/nn-nc I/ppss-nc came/vbd-nc to/in-nc ,/, there/ex is/bez much/ql stronger/jjr stress/nn on/in to/in-nc ./. In/in I/ppss-nc wanted/vbd-nc to/to-nc tell/vb-nc him/ppo-nc ,/,-nc but/cc-nc I/ppss-nc was/bedz-nc afraid/jj-nc to/to-nc the/at final/jj to/to-nc is/bez lightly/rb stressed/vbn because/cs it/pps represents/vbz to/to-nc tell/vb-nc him/ppo-nc ./. In/in to/to-nc tell/vb-nc him/ppo-nc ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, to/to-nc is/bez normally/rb unstressed/jj ./. When/wrb I/ppss-nc have/hv-nc instructions/nns-nc to/to-nc leave/vb-nc is/bez equivalent/jj in/in meaning/nn to/in I/ppss-nc have/hv-nc instructions/nns-nc that/cs-nc I/ppss-nc am/bem-nc to/to-nc leave/vb-nc this/dt-nc place/nn-nc ,/, dominant/jj stress/nn is/bez ordinarily/rb on/in leave/vb-nc ./. When/wrb the/at same/ap sequence/nn is/bez equivalent/jj in/in meaning/nn to/in I/ppss-nc have/hv-nc instructions/nns-nc which/wdt-nc I/ppss-nc am/bem-nc to/to-nc leave/vb-nc ,/, dominant/jj stress/nn is/bez ordinarily/rb on/in instructions/nns-nc ./. It/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs patterns/nns of/in stress/nn sometimes/rb show/vb construction/nn unambiguously/rb in/in the/at spoken/vbn language/nn where/wrb without/in the/at help/nn of/in context/nn it/pps would/md be/be ambiguous/jj in/in the/at written/vbn ./. Other/ap examples/nns follow/vb ./. ``/`` I'll/ppss+md come/vb by/rb Tuesday/nr ./. I/ppss can't/md* be/be happy/jj long/rb without/in drinking/vbg water/nn ''/'' ./. In/in the/at first/od of/in these/dts sentences/nns if/cs by/in-nc is/bez the/at complement/nn of/in come/vb-nc and/cc Tuesday/nr-nc is/bez an/at adjunct/nn of/in time/nn equivalent/jj to/in on/in-nc Tuesday/nr-nc ,/, there/ex will/md be/be strong/jj stress/nn on/in by/in-nc in/in the/at spoken/vbn language/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc if/cs a/at complement/nn for/in come/vb-nc is/bez implied/vbn and/cc by/in-nc Tuesday/nr-nc is/bez a/at prepositional/jj unit/nn used/vbn as/cs an/at adjunct/nn ,/, by/in-nc will/md be/be unstressed/jj or/cc lightly/rb stressed/vbn at/in most/ap ./. In/in the/at second/od sentence/nn if/cs drinking/vbg-nc water/nn-nc is/bez a/at gerundial/jj clause/nn and/cc without/in-nc drinking/vbg-nc water/nn-nc is/bez roughly/ql equivalent/jj in/in meaning/nn to/in unless/cs-nc I/ppss-nc drink/vb-nc water/nn-nc ,/, there/ex will/md be/be stronger/jjr stress/nn on/in water/nn-nc than/cs on/in drinking/vbg-nc ;/. ;/. but/cc if/cs drinking/vbg-nc is/bez a/at gerundial/jj noun/nn modifying/vbg water/nn-nc and/cc without/in-nc drinking/vbg-nc water/nn-nc is/bez equivalent/jj to/in without/in-nc water/nn-nc for/in-nc drinking/vbg-nc ,/, there/ex will/md be/be stronger/jjr stress/nn on/in drinking/vbg-nc than/cs on/in water/nn-nc ./. But/cc the/at use/nn of/in stress/nn in/in comparison/nn and/cc contrast/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, can/md undermine/vb distinctions/nns such/jj as/cs these/dts ./. And/cc patterns/nns of/in stress/nn are/ber not/* always/rb unambiguous/jj by/in any/dti means/nns ./. In/in the/at-nc Steiners/nps-nc have/hv-nc busy/jj-nc lives/nns-nc without/in-nc visiting/vbg-nc relatives/nns-nc only/ap context/nn can/md indicate/vb whether/cs visiting/vbg-nc relatives/nns-nc is/bez equivalent/jj in/in meaning/nn to/in paying/vbg visits/nns to/in relatives/nns or/cc to/in relatives/nns who/wps are/ber visiting/vbg them/ppo ,/, and/cc in/in I/ppss-nc looked/vbd-nc up/rp-nc the/at-nc number/nn-nc and/cc I/ppss-nc looked/vbd-nc up/in-nc the/at-nc chimney/nn-nc only/rb the/at meanings/nns of/in number/nn-nc and/cc chimney/nn-nc make/vb it/ppo clear/jj that/cs up/in-nc is/bez syntactically/rb a/at second/od complement/nn in/in the/at first/od sentence/nn and/cc a/at preposition/nn followed/vbn by/in its/pp$ object/nn in/in the/at second/od ./. Syllabification/nn-hl ./.-hl --/-- Syllables/nns are/ber linguistic/jj units/nns centering/vbg in/in peaks/nns which/wdt are/ber usually/rb vocalic/jj but/cc ,/, as/cs has/hvz been/ben noted/vbn ,/, are/ber consonantal/jj under/in certain/ap circumstances/nns ,/, and/cc which/wdt may/md or/cc may/md not/* be/be combined/vbn with/in preceding/vbg and/or/cc following/vbg consonants/nns or/cc combinations/nns of/in consonants/nns ./. Syllables/nns are/ber genuine/jj units/nns ,/, but/cc division/nn of/in words/nns and/cc sentences/nns into/in them/ppo presents/vbz great/jj difficulties/nns ./. Sometimes/rb even/rb the/at number/nn of/in syllables/nns is/bez not/* clear/jj ./. Doubt/nn on/in this/dt point/nn is/bez strongest/jjt before/in /l//nn and/cc AAb//nn or/cc /r//nn ./. From/in the/at point/nn of/in view/nn of/in word/nn formation/nn real/jj-nc might/md be/be expected/vbn to/to have/hv two/cd syllables/nns ./. Historically/rb re/nn is/bez the/at formative/nn that/wps is/bez employed/vbn also/rb in/in republic/nn-nc ,/, and/cc al/nn is/bez the/at common/jj suffix/nn ./. When/wrb ity/nn is/bez added/vbn ,/, real/jj-nc clearly/rb has/hvz two/cd syllables/nns ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez every/at reason/nn to/to regard/vb deal/vb-nc as/cs a/at monosyllable/nn ,/, and/cc because/rb of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs /l//nn commonly/rb has/hvz the/at quality/nn of/in AAb//nn when/wrb it/pps follows/vbz vowel/nn sounds/nns ,/, deal/vb-nc seems/vbz to/to be/be a/at perfectly/ql satisfactory/jj rhyme/nn with/in deal/vb-nc ./.

cj34

cj34 |@word obvious:2 enough:2 linguist:8 general:6 less:4 successful:2 cope:1 tone:29 system:30 consonant:4 vowel:7 single:2 explanation:5 adequate:2 account:3 improvement:2 however:5 urgent:1 least:3 three:1 thing:4 need:4 first:1 wide:2 range:3 sample:1 tonal:6 analysis:12 even:6 begin:2 student:2 linguistic:7 make:4 familiar:1 appreciable:1 variety:2 outline:1 many:7 specific:2 detail:4 advanced:1 read:2 considerable:1 number:6 description:2 consonantal:8 include:1 unusual:1 type:3 contrast:5 experienced:1 commonly:4 know:2 possibility:3 simple:5 distinction:2 register:1 contour:1 language:11 limited:1 familiarity:1 possible:5 phenomenon:2 severely:1 hamper:1 work:6 continue:1 difficult:5 unsatisfactory:1 representative:1 selection:1 familar:1 every:1 practice:2 field:6 paper:8 like:1 four:2 widely:2 contribute:3 importantly:1 analytic:3 second:3 well:6 technique:6 great:7 majority:1 present:1 day:1 fall:1 one:15 overlap:3 convinced:2 analyse:2 personally:1 scared:1 generally:1 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subject:1 comment:1 briefer:1 whiteley:1 verbal:1 radical:1 iraqw:2 consider:1 primarily:1 amendment:1 supplement:1 early:1 short:1 item:1 category:1 exhibit:1 descriptive:1 open:1 criticism:1 unnecessarily:1 loose:1 jointed:1 lax:1 never:1 push:1 satisfactory:1 consistent:1 stopping:1

It/pps is/bez obvious/jj enough/qlp that/cs linguists/nns in/in general/jj have/hv been/ben less/ql successful/jj in/in coping/vbg with/in tone/nn systems/nns than/cs with/in consonants/nns or/cc vowels/nns ./. No/at single/ap explanation/nn is/bez adequate/jj to/to account/vb for/in this/dt ./. Improvement/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez urgent/jj ,/, and/cc at/in least/ap three/cd things/nns will/md be/be needed/vbn ./. The/at first/od is/bez a/at wide-ranging/jj sample/nn of/in successful/jj tonal/jj analyses/nns ./. Even/rb beginning/vbg students/nns in/in linguistics/nn are/ber made/vbn familiar/jj with/in an/at appreciable/jj variety/nn of/in consonant/nn systems/nns ,/, both/abx in/in their/pp$ general/jj outlines/nns and/cc in/in many/ap specific/jj details/nns ./. An/at advanced/vbn student/nn has/hvz read/vbn a/at considerable/jj number/nn of/in descriptions/nns of/in consonantal/jj systems/nns ,/, including/in some/dti of/in the/at more/ql unusual/jj types/nns ./. By/in contrast/nn ,/, even/rb experienced/vbn linguists/nns commonly/rb know/vb no/ql more/ap of/in the/at range/nn of/in possibilities/nns in/in tone/nn systems/nns than/cs the/at over-simple/jj distinction/nn between/in register/nn and/cc contour/nn languages/nns ./. This/dt limited/vbn familiarity/nn with/in the/at possible/jj phenomena/nns has/hvz severely/rb hampered/vbn work/nn with/in tone/nn ./. Tone/nn analysis/nn will/md continue/vb to/to be/be difficult/jj and/cc unsatisfactory/jj until/cs a/at more/ql representative/jj selection/nn of/in systems/nns is/bez familar/jj to/in every/at practicing/vbg field/nn linguist/nn ./. Papers/nns like/cs these/dts four/cd ,/, if/cs widely/rb read/vbn ,/, will/md contribute/vb importantly/rb to/in improvement/nn of/in our/pp$ analytic/jj work/nn ./. The/at second/od need/nn is/bez better/jjr field/nn techniques/nns ./. The/at great/jj majority/nn of/in present-day/jj linguists/nns fall/vb into/in one/cd or/cc more/ap of/in a/at number/nn of/in overlapping/vbg types/nns :/: those/dts who/wps are/ber convinced/vbn that/cs tone/nn cannot/md* be/be analysed/vbn ,/, those/dts who/wps are/ber personally/rb scared/vbn of/in tone/nn and/cc tone/nn languages/nns generally/rb ,/, those/dts who/wps are/ber convinced/vbn that/cs tone/nn is/bez merely/rb an/at unnecessary/jj marginal/jj feature/nn in/in those/dts languages/nns where/wrb it/pps occurs/vbz ,/, those/dts who/wps have/hv no/at idea/nn how/wrb to/to proceed/vb with/in tone/nn analysis/nn ,/, those/dts who/wps take/vb a/at simplistic/jj view/nn of/in the/at whole/jj matter/nn ./. The/at result/nn has/hvz been/ben neglect/nn ,/, fumbling/vbg efforts/nns ,/, or/cc superficial/jj treatment/nn ./. As/cs these/dts maladies/nns overlap/vb ,/, so/rb must/md the/at cure/nn ./. Analyses/nns such/jj as/cs these/dts four/cd will/md simultaneously/rb combat/vb the/at assumptions/nns that/cs tone/nn is/bez impossible/jj and/cc that/cs it/pps is/bez simple/jj ./. They/ppss will/md give/vb suggestions/nns that/wps can/md be/be worked/vbn up/rp into/in field/nn procedures/nns ./. Good/jj field/nn techniques/nns will/md not/* only/rb equip/vb linguists/nns for/in better/jjr work/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb help/vb them/ppo overcome/vb negative/jj attitudes/nns ./. Actually/rb ,/, none/pn of/in these/dts papers/nns says/vbz much/ap directly/rb about/in field/nn techniques/nns ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez worth/jj pondering/vbg that/cs very/ql little/ap has/hvz been/ben published/vbn on/in any/dti phase/nn of/in field/nn techniques/nns in/in linguistics/nn ./. These/dts things/nns have/hv been/ben disseminated/vbn by/in other/ap means/nns ,/, but/cc always/rb in/in the/at wake/nn of/in extensive/jj publication/nn of/in analytic/jj results/nns ./. The/at third/od need/nn is/bez for/in better/jjr theory/nn ./. We/ppss should/md expect/vb that/cs general/jj phonologic/jj theory/nn should/md be/be as/ql adequate/jj for/in tone/nn as/cs for/in consonants/nns and/cc vowels/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps has/hvz not/* been/ben ./. This/dt can/md only/rb be/be for/in one/cd of/in two/cd reasons/nns :/: either/cc the/at two/cd are/ber quite/ql different/jj and/cc will/md require/vb totally/ql different/jj theory/nn (/( and/cc hence/rb techniques/nns )/) ,/, or/cc our/pp$ existing/vbg theories/nns are/ber insufficiently/rb general/jj ./. If/cs ,/, as/cs I/ppss suspect/vb ,/, the/at problem/nn is/bez largely/rb of/in the/at second/od sort/nn ,/, then/rb development/nn of/in a/at theory/nn better/ql able/jj to/to handle/vb tone/nn will/md result/vb automatically/rb in/in better/jjr theory/nn for/in all/abn phonologic/jj subsystems/nns ./. One/cd issue/nn that/wps must/md be/be faced/vbn is/bez the/at relative/jj difficulty/nn of/in analysis/nn of/in different/jj phonologic/jj subsystems/nns ./. Since/cs tone/nn systems/nns typically/rb comprise/vb fewer/ap units/nns than/cs either/cc consonant/nn or/cc vowel/nn systems/nns ,/, we/ppss might/md expect/vb that/cs they/ppss would/md be/be the/at easiest/jjt part/nn of/in a/at phonologic/jj analysis/nn ./. Actual/jj practice/nn does/doz not/* often/rb work/vb out/rp this/dt way/nn ./. Tone/nn systems/nns are/ber certainly/rb more/ql complex/jj than/cs the/at number/nn of/in units/nns would/md suggest/vb ,/, and/cc often/rb analytically/rb more/ql difficult/jj than/cs much/ql larger/jjr consonantal/jj systems/nns ./. Welmers/np has/hvz suggested/vbn one/cd explanation/nn ./. Tone/nn languages/nns use/vb for/in linguistic/jj contrasts/nns speech/nn parameters/nns which/wdt also/rb function/vb heavily/rb in/in nonlinguistic/jj use/nn ./. This/dt may/md both/abx divert/vb the/at attention/nn of/in the/at uninitiate/nn and/cc cause/vb confusion/nn for/in the/at more/ql knowledgeable/jj ./. The/at problem/nn is/bez to/to disentangle/vb the/at linguistic/jj features/nns of/in pitch/nn from/in the/at co-occurring/vbg nonlinguistic/jj features/nns ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, something/pn of/in the/at same/ap sort/nn occurs/vbz with/in other/ap sectors/nns of/in the/at phonology/nn :/: consonantal/jj articulations/nns have/hv both/abx a/at linguistic/jj and/cc an/at individual/jj component/nn ./. But/cc in/in general/jj the/at individual/jj variation/nn is/bez a/at small/jj thing/nn added/vbn onto/in basic/jj linguistic/jj features/nns of/in greater/jjr magnitude/nn ./. With/in tone/nn ,/, individual/jj differences/nns may/md be/be greater/jjr than/cs the/at linguistic/jj contrasts/nns which/wdt are/ber superimposed/vbn on/in them/ppo ./. Pitch/nn differences/nns from/in one/cd speaker/nn to/in another/dt ,/, or/cc from/in one/cd emotional/jj state/nn to/in another/dt ,/, may/md far/rb exceed/vb the/at small/jj differences/nns between/in tones/nns ./. However/rb ,/, any/dti such/jj suggestion/nn accounts/vbz for/in only/rb some/dti of/in the/at difficulties/nns in/in hearing/vbg tone/nn ,/, or/cc in/in developing/vbg a/at realistic/jj attitude/nn about/in tone/nn ,/, but/cc not/* for/in the/at analytic/jj difficulties/nns that/wps occur/vb even/rb when/wrb tone/nn is/bez meticulously/rb recorded/vbn ./. A/at second/od explanation/nn is/bez suggested/vbn by/in the/at material/nn described/vbn in/in Rowlands'/np$ paper/nn ./. Tone/nn and/cc intonation/nn often/rb become/vb seriously/rb intermeshed/vbn ./. Neither/dtx can/md be/be adequately/rb systematized/vbn until/cs we/ppss are/ber able/jj to/to separate/vb the/at two/cd and/cc assign/vb the/at observed/vbn phenomena/nns individually/rb to/in one/cd or/cc the/at other/ap ./. Other/ap pairs/nns of/in phonologic/jj subsystems/nns also/rb interact/vb or/cc overlap/vb in/in this/dt way/nn ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn ,/, duration/nn sometimes/rb figures/vbz in/in both/abx the/at vowel/nn system/nn and/cc the/at intonation/nn ./. Some/dti phonetic/jj features/nns ,/, for/in example/nn glottal/jj catch/nn or/cc murmur/nn ,/, are/ber sometimes/rb to/to be/be assigned/vbn to/in segmental/jj phonemics/nn and/cc sometimes/rb to/in accentual/jj systems/nns ./. But/cc no/at other/ap two/cd phonologic/jj systems/nns are/ber as/ql difficult/jj to/to disentangle/vb as/cs are/ber tone/nn and/cc intonation/nn in/in some/dti languages/nns ./. This/dt explanation/nn of/in tone/nn difficulties/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, does/doz not/* apply/vb in/in all/abn languages/nns ./. In/in some/dti (/( the/at Ewe/np type/nn mentioned/vbn above/rb )/) interaction/nn of/in tone/nn and/cc intonation/nn is/bez restricted/vbn to/in the/at ends/nns of/in intonation/nn spans/nns ./. In/in many/ap of/in the/at syllables/nns ,/, intonation/nn can/md be/be safely/rb ignored/vbn ,/, and/cc much/ap of/in the/at tonal/jj analysis/nn can/md be/be done/vbn without/in any/dti study/nn of/in intonation/nn ./. Still/rb ,/, even/rb in/in such/jj languages/nns tone/nn analysis/nn has/hvz not/* been/ben as/ql simple/jj as/cs one/pn might/md expect/vb ./. A/at third/od explanation/nn is/bez suggested/vbn by/in Richardson's/np$ analysis/nn of/in Sukuma/np tone/nn ./. There/rb we/ppss see/vb a/at basically/ql simple/jj phonemic/jj system/nn enmeshed/vbn in/in a/at very/ql complex/jj and/cc puzzling/jj morphophonemic/jj system/nn ./. While/cs the/at phonemes/nns can/md be/be very/ql easily/rb stated/vbn ,/, no/at one/pn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be satisfied/vbn with/in the/at statement/nn until/cs phonemic/jj occurrences/nns can/md be/be related/vbn in/in some/dti way/nn to/in morphemic/jj units/nns ,/, i.e./rb until/cs the/at morphophonemics/nn is/bez worked/vbn out/rp ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap far/rb enough/qlp that/cs it/pps seems/vbz reasonable/jj to/to expect/vb success/nn ./. In/in the/at ``/`` typical/jj tone/nn language/nn ''/'' ,/, tonal/jj morphophonemics/nn is/bez of/in the/at same/ap order/nn of/in complexity/nn as/cs consonantal/jj morphophonemics/nn ./. The/at phonemic/jj systems/nns which/wdt must/md support/vb these/dts morphophonemic/jj systems/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, are/ber very/ql different/jj ./. The/at inventory/nn of/in tones/nns is/bez much/ql smaller/jjr ,/, and/cc commonly/rb the/at contrasts/nns range/vb along/in one/cd single/ap dimension/nn ,/, pitch/nn level/nn ./. Consonantal/jj systems/nns are/ber not/* merely/rb larger/jjr ,/, they/ppss are/ber multidimensional/jj ./. Morphophonemic/jj rules/nns may/md be/be thought/vbn of/in as/cs joining/vbg certain/ap points/nns in/in the/at system/nn ./. The/at possibilities/nns in/in the/at consonantal/jj system/nn are/ber very/ql numerous/jj ,/, and/cc only/rb a/at small/jj portion/nn of/in them/ppo are/ber actually/rb used/vbn ./. Phonemes/nns connected/vbn by/in a/at morphophonemic/jj rule/nn commonly/rb show/vb a/at good/jj bit/nn of/in phonetic/jj similarity/nn ,/, possible/jj because/rb of/in the/at several/ap dimensions/nns of/in contrast/nn in/in the/at system/nn ./. Tonal/jj morphophonemics/nn ,/, in/in a/at common/jj case/nn ,/, can/md do/do nothing/pn but/in either/cc raise/vb or/cc lower/vb the/at tone/nn ./. The/at possibilities/nns are/ber few/ap ,/, and/cc the/at total/nn number/nn of/in rules/nns may/md be/be considerably/ql greater/jjr ./. Often/rb ,/, therefore/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at number/nn of/in rules/nns having/hvg the/at same/ap effect/nn ,/, and/cc commonly/rb other/ap sets/nns of/in rules/nns as/ql well/rb ,/, having/hvg the/at opposite/jj effect/nn ./. Tonal/jj morphophonemics/nn is/bez much/ql more/ql confusing/jj to/in the/at beginning/vbg analyst/nn than/cs consonantal/jj morphophonemics/nn ,/, even/rb when/wrb the/at total/nn number/nn of/in rules/nns is/bez no/ql greater/jjr ./. The/at difficulty/nn of/in analysis/nn of/in any/dti subsystem/nn in/in the/at phonology/nn is/bez an/at inverse/jj function/nn of/in the/at size/nn --/-- smaller/jjr systems/nns are/ber more/ql troublesome/jj --/-- for/in any/dti given/vbn degree/nn of/in morphophonemic/jj complexity/nn ./. This/dt hypothesis/nn will/md account/vb for/in a/at large/jj part/nn of/in the/at difficulties/nns of/in tonal/jj analysis/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at fact/nn that/cs vowel/nn systems/nns are/ber often/rb more/ql puzzling/jj than/cs consonantal/jj systems/nns ./. The/at statement/nn of/in the/at system/nn is/bez a/at different/jj matter/nn ./. Smaller/jjr systems/nns can/md of/in course/nn be/be stated/vbn much/ql more/ql succinctly/rb ./. A/at phonemic/jj system/nn can/md be/be stated/vbn without/in reference/nn to/in morphophonemics/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps cannot/md* always/rb be/be found/vbn without/in morphophonemics/nn ./. And/cc the/at more/ql complex/jj the/at morphophonemic/jj system/nn is/bez in/in relation/nn to/in the/at phonemic/jj base/nn ,/, the/at less/ql easily/rb a/at phonemic/jj system/nn will/md be/be analysed/vbn without/in close/jj attention/nn to/in the/at morphophonemics/nn --/-- at/in least/ap ,/, the/at less/ql satisfying/jj will/md a/at phonemic/jj statement/nn be/be if/cs it/pps cannot/md* be/be related/vbn through/in morphophonemic/jj rules/nns to/in grammatically/rb meaningful/jj structures/nns ./. The/at design/nn of/in orthographies/nns has/hvz received/vbn much/ql less/ap attention/nn from/in linguists/nns than/cs the/at problem/nn deserves/vbz ./. There/ex has/hvz been/ben a/at tendency/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in many/ap American/jj linguists/nns to/to assume/vb that/cs a/at phonemic/jj transcription/nn will/md automatically/rb be/be the/at best/jjt possible/jj orthography/nn and/cc that/cs the/at only/ap real/jj problem/nn will/md then/rb be/be the/at social/jj one/cd of/in securing/vbg acceptance/nn ./. This/dt seems/vbz naive/jj ./. Most/ap others/nns have/hv been/ben content/jj to/to give/vb only/rb the/at most/ql general/jj attention/nn to/in the/at broadest/jjt and/cc most/ql obvious/jj features/nns of/in the/at phonology/nn when/wrb designing/vbg orthographies/nns ./. Apparently/rb the/at feeling/nn is/bez that/cs anything/pn more/ap would/md be/be involvement/nn in/in technical/jj abstrusenesses/nns of/in possible/jj pedantic/jj interest/nn but/cc of/in no/at visible/jj significance/nn in/in practical/jj affairs/nns ./. The/at result/nn of/in this/dt attitude/nn has/hvz been/ben the/at domination/nn of/in many/ap orthography/nn conferences/nns by/in such/jj considerations/nns as/cs typographic/jj '/' esthetics/nn '/' ,/, which/wdt usually/rb turns/vbz out/rp to/to be/be nothing/pn more/ap than/cs certain/ap prejudices/nns carried/vbn over/rp from/in European/jj languages/nns ./. Many/ap of/in the/at suggested/vbn systems/nns seem/vb to/to have/hv only/rb the/at most/ql tenuous/jj relationship/nn to/in the/at language/nn structures/nns that/wpo they/ppss purport/vb to/to represent/vb ./. Linguists/nns have/hv not/* always/rb been/ben more/ql enlightened/vbn than/cs ``/`` practical/jj people/nns ''/'' and/cc sometimes/rb have/hv insisted/vbn on/in incredibly/ql trivial/jj points/nns while/cs neglecting/vbg things/nns of/in much/ql greater/jjr significance/nn ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, many/ap people/nns have/hv been/ben confirmed/vbn in/in their/pp$ conviction/nn that/cs orthography/nn design/nn is/bez not/* an/at activity/nn to/in which/wdt experts/nns can/md contribute/vb anything/pn but/in confusion/nn ./. A./np E./np Sharp/np ,/, in/in Vowel-Length/nn-tl And/cc-tl Syllabicity/nn-tl In/in-tl Kikuyu/np-tl ,/, examines/vbz one/cd set/nn of/in related/vbn orthographic/jj questions/nns and/cc its/pp$ phonologic/jj background/nn in/in detail/nn ./. His/pp$ objective/nn is/bez merely/rb to/to determine/vb ``/`` what/wdt distinctions/nns of/in length/nn and/cc syllabicity/nn it/pps may/md be/be desirable/jj to/to make/vb explicit/jj in/in a/at Kikuyu/np orthography/nn ''/'' (/( 59/cd )/) ./. To/to do/do so/rb ,/, he/pps finds/vbz it/ppo necessary/jj to/to examine/vb the/at relevant/jj parts/nns of/in the/at phonology/nn thoroughly/rb and/cc in/in detail/nn ./. In/in the/at process/nn ,/, he/pps develops/vbz some/dti very/ql significant/jj observations/nns about/in problems/nns of/in a/at sort/nn that/wps are/ber often/rb difficult/jj ./. A/at few/ap of/in his/pp$ examples/nns are/ber of/in very/ql great/jj interest/nn ,/, and/cc the/at whole/jj discussion/nn of/in some/dti importance/nn for/in theory/nn ./. His/pp$ orthographic/jj recommendations/nns are/ber no/at simplistic/jj acceptance/nn of/in phonemics/nn on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn or/cc of/in superficiality/nn on/in the/at other/ap ./. Rather/rb he/pps weighs/vbz each/dt phonologic/jj fact/nn in/in the/at light/nn of/in its/pp$ orthographic/jj usefulness/nn ./. He/pps concludes/vbz that/cs some/dti changes/nns can/md be/be made/vbn in/in the/at current/jj orthography/nn which/wdt will/md appreciably/rb improve/vb its/pp$ usefulness/nn ,/, but/cc hesitates/vbz to/to suggest/vb precise/jj graphic/jj devices/nns to/to effect/vb these/dts changes/nns ./. I/ppss hope/vb his/pp$ suggestions/nns are/ber given/vbn the/at consideration/nn they/ppss deserve/vb in/in Kikuyu/np circles/nns ./. This/dt ,/, however/rb ,/, will/md not/* exhaust/vb their/pp$ practical/jj usefulness/nn ,/, as/cs they/ppss rather/ql clearly/rb indicate/vb what/wdt thorough/jj phonologic/jj investigation/nn can/md contribute/vb to/in orthography/nn design/nn ./. We/ppss need/vb many/ql more/ap studies/nns of/in this/dt sort/nn if/cs the/at design/nn of/in written/vbn languages/nns is/bez to/to be/be put/vbn on/in a/at sound/jj basis/nn ./. One/cd other/ap paper/nn deals/vbz with/in a/at phonologic/jj problem/nn :/: Vowel/nn-tl Harmony/nn-tl In/in-tl Igbo/np ,/, by/in J./np Carnochan/np ./. This/dt restates/vbz the/at already/rb widely/rb known/vbn facts/nns in/in terms/nns of/in prosodies/nns ./. As/cs a/at restatement/nn it/pps makes/vbz only/rb a/at small/jj contribution/nn to/in knowledge/nn of/in Igbo/np ./. But/cc it/pps would/md seem/vb more/ql intended/vbn as/cs a/at tract/nn advocating/vbg the/at prosodic/jj theory/nn than/cs a/at paper/nn directed/vbn to/in the/at specific/jj problems/nns of/in Igbo/np phonology/nn ./. The/at paper/nn has/hvz a/at certain/ap value/nn as/cs a/at comparatively/ql easy/jj introduction/nn to/in this/dt approach/nn ,/, particularly/rb since/cs it/pps treats/vbz a/at fairly/ql simple/jj and/cc straightforward/jj phenomenon/nn where/wrb it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to compare/vb it/ppo with/in a/at more/ql traditional/jj (/( though/cs not/* structural/jj )/) statement/nn ./. It/pps does/doz show/vb one/cd feature/nn of/in the/at system/nn that/wps has/hvz not/* been/ben previously/rb described/vbn ./. But/cc it/pps does/doz not/* ,/, as/cs it/pps claims/vbz ,/, demonstrate/vb that/cs this/dt could/md not/* be/be treated/vbn by/in traditional/jj methods/nns ./. It/pps seems/vbz to/in me/ppo that/cs it/pps rather/ql easily/rb can/md ./. Five/cd of/in the/at papers/nns deal/vb with/in grammatical/jj problems/nns ./. On/in the/at whole/jj they/ppss maintain/vb much/rb the/at same/ap high/jj standard/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss are/ber much/ql more/ql difficult/jj to/to discuss/vb in/in detail/nn because/rb of/in their/pp$ wider/jjr variety/nn of/in subject/nn matter/nn ./. My/pp$ comments/nns must/md be/be briefer/jjr than/cs the/at papers/nns deserve/vb ./. W./np H./np Whiteley/np writes/vbz on/in The/at-tl Verbal/jj-tl Radical/nn-tl In/in-tl Iraqw/np-tl ./. This/dt must/md be/be considered/vbn primarily/rb an/at amendment/nn and/cc supplement/nn to/in his/pp$ early/jj A/at-tl Short/jj-tl Description/nn-tl Of/in-tl Item-Categories/nns-tl In/in-tl Iraqw/np-tl ./. It/pps exhibits/vbz much/rb the/at same/ap descriptive/jj technique/nn and/cc is/bez open/jj to/in much/rb the/at same/ap criticisms/nns ./. The/at treatment/nn seems/vbz unnecessarily/rb loose-jointed/jj and/cc complex/jj ,/, largely/rb because/cs the/at method/nn is/bez lax/jj and/cc the/at analysis/nn seems/vbz never/rb to/to be/be pushed/vbn to/in a/at satisfactory/jj or/cc even/rb a/at consistent/jj stopping-point/nn ./.

cj35

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There/ex are/ber more/ap stems/nns per/in item/nn in/in Athabascan/np ,/, which/wdt expresses/vbz the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Athabascan/np languages/nns have/hv undergone/vbn somewhat/ql more/ap change/nn in/in diverging/vbg from/in proto-Athabascan/np than/cs the/at Yokuts/np languages/nns from/in proto-Yokuts/np ./. This/dt may/md be/be because/cs the/at Athabascan/np divergence/nn began/vbd earlier/rbr ;/. ;/. or/cc again/rb because/cs the/at Athabascan/np languages/nns spread/vb over/in a/at very/ql much/ql larger/jjr territory/nn (/( including/in three/cd wholly/rb separated/vbn areas/nns )/) ;/. ;/. or/cc both/abx ./. The/at differentiation/nn ,/, however/wrb ,/, is/bez not/* very/ql much/ql greater/jjr ,/, as/cs shown/vbn by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs Athabascan/np shows/vbz 3.46/cd stems/nns per/in meaning/nn slot/nn as/cs against/in 2.75/cd for/in Yokuts/np ,/, with/in a/at slightly/ql greater/jjr number/nn of/in languages/nns represented/vbn in/in our/pp$ sample/nn :/: 24/cd as/cs against/in 21/cd ./. (/( On/in deduction/nn of/in one-eighth/nn from/in 3.46/cd ,/, the/at stem/nn //in item/nn rate/nn becomes/vbz 3.03/cd against/in 2.75/cd in/in equivalent/jj number/nn of/in languages/nns ./. )/) These/dts general/jj facts/nns are/ber mentioned/vbn to/to make/vb clear/jj that/cs the/at total/nn situation/nn in/in the/at two/cd families/nns is/bez similar/jj enough/qlp to/to warrant/vb comparison/nn ./. The/at greatest/jjt difference/nn in/in the/at two/cd sets/nns of/in figures/nns is/bez due/jj to/in differences/nns in/in the/at two/cd sets/nns of/in lists/nns used/vbn ./. These/dts differences/nns in/in turn/nn result/vb from/in the/at fact/nn that/cs my/pp$ Yokuts/np vocabularies/nns were/bed built/vbn up/rp of/in terms/nns selected/vbn mainly/rb to/to insure/vb unambiguity/nn of/in English/np meaning/nn between/in illiterate/jj informants/nns and/cc myself/ppl ,/, within/in a/at compact/jj and/cc uniform/jj territorial/jj area/nn ,/, but/cc that/cs Hoijer's/np$ vocabulary/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in Swadesh's/np$ second/od glottochronological/jj list/nn which/wdt aims/vbz at/in eliminating/vbg all/abn items/nns which/wdt might/md be/be culturally/rb or/cc geographically/rb determined/vbn ./. Swadesh/np in/in short/jj was/bedz trying/vbg to/to develop/vb a/at basic/jj list/nn that/wps was/bedz universal/jj ;/. ;/. I/ppss ,/, one/cd that/wps was/bedz specifically/rb adapted/vbn to/in the/at San/np-tl Joaquin/np-tl Valley/nn-tl ./. The/at result/nn is/bez that/cs I/ppss included/vbd 70/cd animal/nn names/nns ,/, but/cc Swadesh/np only/rb 4/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc somewhat/ql similarly/jj for/in plants/nns ,/, 16/cd as/cs against/in 4/cd ./. Swadesh/np ,/, and/cc therefore/rb Hoijer/np ,/, felt/vbd compelled/vbn to/to omit/vb all/abn terms/nns denoting/vbg species/nns or/cc even/rb genera/nns (/( ox/nn ,/, vulture/nn ,/, salmon/nn ,/, yellow/jj pine/nn ,/, manzanita/nn )/) ;/. ;/. their/pp$ classes/nns of/in animal/nn and/cc plant/nn terms/nns are/ber restricted/vbn to/in generalizations/nns or/cc recurrent/jj parts/nns (/( fish/nn ,/, bird/nn ,/, tree/nn ,/, grass/nn ,/, horn/nn ,/, tail/nn ,/, bark/nn ,/, root/nn )/) ./. The/at groups/nns are/ber therefore/rb really/rb non-comparable/jj in/in content/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs in/in size/nn ./. Other/ap classes/nns are/ber included/vbn only/rb by/in myself/ppl (/( interrogatives/nns ,/, adverbs/nns )/) or/cc only/rb by/in Swadesh/np and/cc Hoijer/np (/( pronouns/nns ,/, demonstratives/nns )/) ./. What/wdt we/ppss have/hv left/vbn as/cs reasonably/ql comparable/jj are/ber four/cd classes/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) body/nn parts/nns and/cc products/nns ,/, which/wdt with/in a/at proportionally/rb nearly/ql even/jj representation/nn (/( 51/cd terms/nns out/rp of/in 253/cd ,/, 25/cd out/rp of/in 100/cd )/) come/vb out/rp with/in nearly/ql even/jj ratios/nns ;/. ;/. 2.6/cd and/cc 2.7/cd ;/. ;/. (/( 2/cd )/) Nature/nn-tl (/( 29/cd terms/nns against/in 17/cd )/) ,/, ratios/nns 3.3/cd versus/in 4.1/cd ;/. ;/. (/( 3/cd )/) adjectives/nns (/( 16/cd ,/, 15/cd terms/nns )/) ,/, ratios/nns 3.9/cd versus/in 4.7/cd ;/. ;/. (/( 4/cd )/) verbs/nns (/( 9/cd ,/, 22/cd terms/nns )/) ,/, ratios/nns 4.0/cd versus/in 3.4/cd ./. It/pps will/md be/be seen/vbn that/cs where/wrb the/at scope/nn is/bez similar/jj ,/, the/at Athabascan/np ratios/nns come/vb out/rp somewhat/ql higher/jjr (/( as/cs indeed/rb they/ppss ought/md to/to with/in a/at total/nn ratio/nn of/in 2.8/cd as/cs against/in 3.5/cd or/cc 4/cd :/in 5/cd )/) except/in for/in verbs/nns ,/, where/wrb alone/rb the/at Athabascan/np ratio/nn is/bez lower/jjr ./. This/dt exception/nn may/md be/be connected/vbn with/in Hoijer's/np$ use/nn of/in a/at much/ql higher/jjr percentage/nn of/in verbs/nns :/: 22%/nn of/in his/pp$ total/nn list/nn as/cs against/in 3.5%/nn in/in mine/pp$$ ./. Or/cc the/at exception/nn may/md be/be due/jj to/in a/at particular/jj durability/nn peculiar/jj to/in the/at Athabascan/np verb/nn ./. More/ap word/nn class/nn ratios/nns determined/vbn in/in more/ap languages/nns will/md no/at doubt/nn ultimately/rb answer/vb the/at question/nn ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl If/cs word/nn classes/nns differ/vb in/in their/pp$ resistance/nn or/cc liability/nn to/in stem/nn replacement/nn within/in meaning/nn slot/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez conceivable/jj that/cs individual/jj meanings/nns also/rb differ/vb with/in fair/jj consistence/nn trans-lingually/rb ./. Hoijer's/np$ Athabascan/np and/cc my/pp$ Yokuts/np share/vb 71/cd identical/jj meanings/nns (/( with/in allowance/nn for/in several/ap near-synonyms/nns like/cs stomach-belly/nn+nn-nc ,/, big-large/jj+jj-nc ,/, long-far/jj+jj-nc ,/, many-much/ap+ap-nc ,/, die-dead/vb+jj-nc ,/, say-speak/vb+vb-nc )/) ./. For/in Yokuts/np ,/, I/ppss tabulated/vbd these/dts 71/cd items/nns in/in five/cd columns/nns ,/, according/rb as/cs they/ppss were/bed expressed/vbn by/in 1/cd ,/, 2/cd ,/, 3/cd ,/, 4/cd ,/, and/cc more/ap than/in 4/cd stems/nns ./. The/at totals/nns for/in these/dts five/cd categories/nns are/ber not/* too/ql uneven/jj ,/, namely/rb 20/cd ,/, 15/cd ,/, 11/cd ,/, 16/cd ,/, 9/cd respectively/rb ./. For/in Athabascan/np ,/, with/in a/at greater/jjr range/nn of/in stems/nns ,/, the/at first/od two/cd of/in five/cd corresponding/jj columns/nns were/bed identical/jj ,/, 1/cd and/cc 2/cd stems/nns ;/. ;/. the/at three/cd others/nns had/hvd to/to be/be spread/vbn somewhat/rb ,/, and/cc are/ber headed/vbn respectively/rb Af/nn ;/. ;/. Af/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc Af/nn stems/nns ./. While/cs the/at particular/jj limits/nns of/in these/dts groupings/nns may/md seem/vb artificially/rb arbitrary/jj ,/, they/ppss do/do fairly/rb express/vb a/at corresponding/jj grouping/vbg of/in more/ql variable/jj material/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss eventuate/vb also/rb in/in five/cd classes/nns ,/, along/in a/at similar/jj scale/nn ,/, containing/vbg approximately/ql equal/jj numbers/nns of/in cases/nns ,/, namely/rb 19/cd ,/, 14/cd ,/, 15/cd ,/, 11/cd ,/, 12/cd in/in Athabascan/np ./. When/wrb now/rb we/ppss count/vb the/at frequency/nn of/in the/at 71/cd items/nns in/in the/at two/cd language/nn families/nns appearing/vbg in/in the/at same/ap column/nn or/cc grade/nn ,/, or/cc one/cd column/nn or/cc grade/nn apart/rb ,/, or/cc two/cd or/cc three/cd or/cc four/cd ,/, we/ppss find/vb these/dts differences/nns :/: Af/nn ./. This/dt distribution/nn can/md be/be summarized/vbn by/in averaging/vbg the/at distance/nn in/in grades/nns apart/rb :/: Af/nn ;/. ;/. which/wdt ,/, divided/vbn by/in Af/nn gives/vbz a/at mean/nn of/in 1.07/cd grades/nns apart/rb ./. If/cs the/at distribution/nn of/in the/at 71/cd items/nns were/bed wholly/ql concordant/jj in/in the/at two/cd families/nns ,/, the/at distance/nn would/md of/in course/nn be/be 0/cd ./. If/cs it/pps were/bed wholly/rb random/jj and/cc unrelated/jj ,/, it/pps would/md be/be 2.0/cd ,/, assuming/vbg the/at five/cd classes/nns were/bed equal/jj in/in n/nn ,/, which/wdt approximately/rb they/ppss are/ber ./. The/at actual/jj mean/nn of/in 1.07/cd being/beg about/rb halfway/rb between/in 0/cd of/in complete/jj correlation/nn and/cc 2.0/cd of/in no/at correlation/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez evident/jj that/cs there/ex is/bez a/at pretty/ql fair/jj degree/nn of/in similarity/nn in/in the/at behavior/nn even/rb of/in particular/jj individual/jj items/nns of/in meaning/nn as/cs regards/vbz long-term/nn stem/nn displacement/nn ./. 6/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in 1960/cd ,/, David/np D./np Thomas/np published/vbd Basic/jj-tl Vocabulary/nn-tl In/in-tl some/dti-tl Mon-Khmer/np-tl Languages/nns-tl (/( AL/np-tl 2/cd ,/, No./nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, pp./nns 7/cd -/in 11/cd )/) ,/, which/wdt compares/vbz 8/cd Mon-Khmer/np languages/nns with/in the/at I-E/nn language/nn data/nn on/in which/wdt Swadesh/np based/vbd the/at revised/vbn retention/nn rate/nn (/( Af/nn )/) in/in place/nn of/in original/jj (/( Af/nn )/) ,/, and/cc his/pp$ revised/vbn 100/cd word/nn basic/jj glottochronological/jj list/nn in/in Towards/in-tl Greater/jjr-tl Accuracy/nn-tl (/( IJAL/np 21/cd :/. :/. 121/cd -/in 137/cd )/) ./. Thomas'/np$ findings/nns are/ber ,/, first/rb ,/, ``/`` that/cs the/at individual/jj items/nns vary/vb greatly/rb and/cc unpredictably/rb in/in their/pp$ persistence/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. but/cc ,/, second/rb ,/, ``/`` that/cs the/at semantic/jj groups/nns are/ber surprisingly/ql unvarying/jj in/in their/pp$ average/jj persistence/nn ''/'' (/( as/cs between/in M-K/nn and/cc I-E/nn )/) ./. His/pp$ first/od conclusion/nn ,/, on/in behavior/nn of/in individual/jj items/nns ,/, is/bez negative/jj ,/, whereas/cs mine/pp$$ (/( on/in Ath./np and/cc Yok./np )/) was/bedz partially/ql positive/jj ./. His/pp$ second/od conclusion/nn ,/, on/in semantic/jj word/nn classes/nns ,/, agrees/vbz with/in mine/pp$$ ./. This/dt second/od conclusion/nn ,/, independently/rb arrived/vbn at/in by/in independent/jj study/nn of/in material/nn from/in two/cd pairs/nns of/in language/nn families/nns as/ql different/jj and/cc remote/jj from/in one/cd another/dt as/cs these/dts four/cd are/ber ,/, cannot/md* be/be ignored/vbn ./. Thomas/np also/rb presents/vbz a/at simple/jj equation/nn for/in deriving/vbg an/at index/nn of/in persistence/nn ,/, which/wdt weights/vbz not/* only/rb the/at number/nn of/in stems/nns (/( '/' roots/nns '/' )/) per/in meaning/nn ,/, but/cc their/pp$ relative/jj frequency/nn ./. Thus/rb his/pp$ persistence/nn values/nns for/in some/dti stem/nn frequencies/nns per/in meaning/nn are/ber :/: stem/nn identical/jj in/in 8/cd languages/nns ,/, 100%/nn ;/. ;/. stem/nn frequencies/nns 7/cd and/cc 1/cd ,/, 86%/nn ;/. ;/. stem/nn frequencies/nns 4/cd and/cc 4/cd ,/, 64%/nn ;/. ;/. stem/nn frequencies/nns 4/cd ,/, 3/cd ,/, and/cc 1/cd ,/, 57%/nn ./. His/pp$ formula/nn will/md have/hv to/to be/be weighed/vbn ,/, may/md be/be altered/vbn or/cc improved/vbn ,/, and/cc it/pps should/md be/be tested/vbn on/in additional/jj bodies/nns of/in material/nn ./. But/cc consideration/nn of/in the/at frequency/nn of/in stems/nns per/in constant/jj meaning/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be established/vbn as/cs having/hvg significance/nn in/in comparative/jj situations/nns with/in diachronic/jj and/cc classificatory/jj relevance/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc Gleason/np presumably/rb is/bez on/in the/at way/nn with/in a/at further/jjr contribution/nn in/in this/dt area/nn ./. As/in to/in relative/jj frequencies/nns of/in competing/vbg roots/nns (/( 7/cd -/in 1/cd vs./in 4/cd -/in 4/cd ,/, etc./rb )/) ,/, Thomas/np with/in his/pp$ '/' weighting/nn '/' seems/vbz to/to be/be the/at first/od to/to have/hv considered/vbn the/at significance/nn this/dt might/md have/hv ./. The/at problem/nn needs/vbz further/jjr exploration/nn ./. I/ppss was/bedz at/in least/ap conscious/jj of/in the/at distinction/nn in/in my/pp$ full/jj Yokuts/np presentation/nn that/wps awaits/vbz publication/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt ,/, in/in listing/vbg '/' Two-Stem/jj-tl Meanings/nns-tl '/' ,/, I/ppss set/vb off/rp by/in asterisks/nns those/dts forms/nns in/in which/wdt N/np of/in stem/nn B/nn was/bedz Af/nn of/in stem/nn A/3/nn ,/, the/at unasterisked/jj ones/nns standing/vbg for/in Af/nn ;/. ;/. or/cc under/in '/' Four/cd-tl Stems/nns-tl '/' ,/, I/ppss set/vb off/rp by/in asterisks/nns cases/nns where/wrb the/at combined/vbn N/np of/in stems/nns Af/nn was/bedz Af/nn ./. 7/cd-hl ./.-hl These/dts findings/nns ,/, and/cc others/nns which/wdt will/md in/in time/nn be/be developed/vbn ,/, will/md affect/vb the/at method/nn of/in glottochronological/jj inquiry/nn ./. If/cs adjectival/jj meanings/nns show/vb relatively/ql low/jj retentiveness/nn of/in stems/nns ,/, as/cs I/ppss am/bem confident/jj will/md prove/vb to/to be/be the/at case/nn in/in most/ap languages/nns of/in the/at world/nn ,/, why/wrb should/md our/pp$ basic/jj lists/nns include/vb 15/cd per/in cent/nn of/in these/dts unstable/jj forms/nns ,/, but/cc only/rb 8/cd per/in cent/nn of/in animals/nns and/cc plants/nns which/wdt replace/vb much/ql more/ql slowly/rb ?/. ?/. Had/hvd Hoijer/np substituted/vbn for/in his/pp$ 15/cd adjectival/jj slots/nns 15/cd good/jj animal/nn and/cc plant/nn items/nns ,/, his/pp$ rate/nn of/in stem/nn replacement/nn would/md have/hv been/ben lower/jjr and/cc the/at age/nn of/in Athabascan/np language/nn separation/nn smaller/jjr ./. And/cc irrespective/jj of/in the/at outcome/nn in/in centuries/nns elapsed/vbn since/in splitting/vbg ,/, calculations/nns obviously/rb carry/vb more/ql concordant/jj and/cc comparable/jj meaning/nn if/cs they/ppss deal/vb with/in the/at most/ql stable/jj units/nns than/cs with/in variously/rb unstable/jj ones/nns ./. It/pps is/bez evident/jj that/cs Swadesh/np has/hvz not/* only/rb had/hvn much/ap experience/nn with/in basic/jj vocabulary/nn in/in many/ap languages/nns but/cc has/hvz acquired/vbn great/jj tact/nn and/cc feeling/vbg for/in the/at expectable/jj behavior/nn of/in lexical/jj items/nns ./. Why/wrb then/rb this/dt urge/nn to/to include/vb unstable/jj items/nns in/in his/pp$ basic/jj list/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez the/at urge/nn to/to obtain/vb a/at list/nn as/ql free/jj of/in geographical/jj and/cc cultural/jj conditioning/nn as/cs possible/jj ./. And/cc why/wrb that/dt insistence/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez the/at hope/nn of/in attaining/vbg a/at list/nn of/in items/nns of/in universal/jj occurrence/nn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez becoming/vbg increasingly/ql evident/jj that/cs such/abl a/at hope/nn is/bez a/at snare/nn ./. Not/* that/cs such/abl a/at list/nn cannot/md* be/be constructed/vbn ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at nearer/rbr it/pps comes/vbz to/in attaining/vbg universality/nn ,/, the/at less/ql significant/jj will/md it/pps be/be linguistically/rb ./. Its/pp$ terms/nns will/md tend/vb to/to be/be labile/jj or/cc vague/jj ,/, and/cc they/ppss will/md fit/vb actual/jj languages/nns more/ql and/cc more/ql badly/rb ./. The/at practical/jj operational/jj problem/nn of/in lexicostatistics/nn is/bez the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at basic/jj list/nn of/in items/nns of/in meaning/nn against/in which/wdt the/at particular/jj forms/nns or/cc terms/nns of/in languages/nns can/md be/be matched/vbn as/cs the/at medium/nn of/in comparison/nn ./. The/at most/ql important/jj quality/nn of/in the/at meanings/nns is/bez that/cs they/ppss should/md be/be as/ql definable/jj as/cs possible/jj ./. In/in proportion/nn as/cs meanings/nns are/ber concrete/jj ,/, we/ppss can/md better/rbr rely/vb on/in their/pp$ being/beg insulated/vbn and/cc distinctive/jj ./. An/at elephant/nn or/cc a/at fox/nn or/cc a/at swan/nn or/cc a/at cocopalm/nn or/cc a/at banana/nn possess/vb in/in unusually/ql high/jj degree/nn this/dt quality/nn of/in obvious/jj ,/, common-sense/nn ,/, indubitable/jj identity/nn ,/, as/cs do/do an/at eye/nn or/cc tooth/nn or/cc nail/nn ./. They/ppss isolate/vb out/rp easily/rb ,/, naturally/rb ,/, and/cc unambiguously/rb from/in the/at continuum/nn of/in nature/nn and/cc existence/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc they/ppss should/md be/be given/vbn priority/nn in/in the/at basic/jj list/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs they/ppss continue/vb to/to show/vb these/dts qualities/nns ./. With/in the/at universal/jj list/nn as/cs his/pp$ weapon/nn ,/, Swadesh/np has/hvz extended/vbn his/pp$ march/nn of/in conquest/nn farther/rbr and/cc farther/rbr into/in the/at past/nn ,/, eight/cd ,/, ten/cd ,/, twelve/cd millennia/nns back/rb ./. And/cc he/pps has/hvz proclaimed/vbn greater/jjr or/cc less/ap affiliation/nn between/in all/abn Western/jj-tl hemisphere/nn languages/nns ./. Some/dti of/in this/dt may/md prove/vb to/to be/be true/jj ,/, or/cc even/rb considerable/jj of/in it/ppo ,/, whether/cs by/in genetic/jj ramification/nn or/cc by/in diffusion/nn and/cc coalescence/nn ./. But/cc the/at farther/ql out/rp he/pps moves/vbz ,/, the/at thinner/jjr will/md be/be his/pp$ hold/nn on/in conclusive/jj evidence/nn ,/, and/cc the/at larger/jjr the/at speculative/jj component/nn in/in his/pp$ inferences/nns ./. He/pps has/hvz traversed/vbn provinces/nns and/cc kingdoms/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps has/hvz not/* consolidated/vbn them/ppo behind/in him/ppo ,/, nor/cc does/doz he/pps control/vb them/ppo ./. He/pps has/hvz announced/vbn results/nns on/in Hokan/np ,/, Penutian/np ,/, Uto-Aztecan/np ,/, and/cc almost/ql all/abn other/ap American/jj families/nns and/cc phyla/nns ,/, and/cc has/hvz diagrammed/vbn their/pp$ degree/nn of/in interrelation/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc he/pps has/hvz not/* worked/vbn out/rp by/in lexicostatistics/nn one/cd comprehensively/ql complete/jj classification/nn of/in even/rb a/at single/ap family/nn other/ap than/cs Salish/np ./. That/dt is/bez his/pp$ privilege/nn ./. The/at remote/jj ,/, cloudy/jj ,/, possible/jj has/hvz values/nns of/in its/pp$ own/jj --/-- values/nns of/in scope/nn ,/, stimulus/nn ,/, potential/nn ,/, and/cc imagination/nn ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez also/rb a/at firm/jj aspect/nn to/in lexicostatistics/nn :/: the/at aspect/nn of/in learning/vbg the/at internal/jj organization/nn of/in obvious/jj natural/jj genetic/jj groups/nns of/in languages/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs their/pp$ more/ql remote/jj and/cc elusive/jj external/jj links/nns ;/. ;/. of/in classification/nn first/rb ,/, with/in elapsed/vbn age/nn merely/rb a/at by-product/nn ;/. ;/. of/in acquiring/vbg evidential/jj knowledge/nn of/in what/wdt happened/vbd in/in Athabascan/np ,/, in/in Yokuts/np ,/, in/in Uto-Aztecan/np in/in the/at last/ap few/ap thousand/cd years/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs forecasting/vbg what/wdt more/ql anciently/rb may/md have/hv happened/vbn between/in them/ppo ./. This/dt involves/vbz step-by-step/jj progress/nn ,/, and/cc such/jj will/md have/hv to/to be/be the/at day-by-day/jj work/nn of/in lexicostatistics/nn as/cs a/at growing/vbg body/nn of/in scientific/jj inquiry/nn ./. If/cs of/in the/at founders/nns of/in glottochronology/nn Swadesh/np has/hvz escaped/vbn our/pp$ steady/jj plodding/nn ,/, and/cc Lees/np has/hvz repudiated/vbn his/pp$ own/jj share/nn in/in the/at founding/vbg ,/, that/dt is/bez no/at reason/nn why/wrb we/ppss should/md swerve/vb ./. 8/cd-hl ./.-hl There/ex is/bez no/at apparent/jj reason/nn why/wrb we/ppss should/md feel/vb bound/vbn by/in Swadesh's/np$ rules/nns and/cc procedure/nn since/cs his/pp$ predilections/nns and/cc aims/nns have/hv grown/vbn so/ql vast/jj ./. It/pps seems/vbz time/nn to/to consider/vb a/at revision/nn of/in operational/jj procedures/nns for/in lexicostatistic/jj studies/nns on/in a/at more/ql humble/jj ,/, solid/jj ,/, and/cc limited/vbn basis/nn ./. I/ppss would/md propose/vb ,/, first/rb ,/, an/at abandonment/nn of/in attempts/nns at/in a/at universal/jj lexical/jj list/nn ,/, as/cs intrinsically/rb unachievable/jj ,/, and/cc operationally/rb inadequate/jj in/in proportion/nn as/cs it/pps is/bez achieved/vbn ./. I/ppss would/md propose/vb ,/, next/rb ,/, as/cs the/at prime/jj requirement/nn for/in constitution/nn of/in new/jj basic/jj lists/nns ,/, items/nns whose/wp$ forms/nns show/vb as/ql high/jj an/at empirical/jj retention/nn rate/nn as/cs possible/jj ./. There/ex would/md be/be no/at conceivable/jj sense/nn in/in going/vbg to/in the/at opposite/jj extreme/nn of/in selecting/vbg items/nns whose/wp$ forms/nns are/ber the/at most/ql unstable/jj ./. An/at attempted/vbn middle/jj course/nn might/md lead/vb to/in devices/nns like/vb a/at 5000-word/jj alphabetized/vbn dictionary/nn from/in which/wdt every/at fiftieth/od word/nn was/bedz selected/vbn ./.

cj36

cj36 |@word doubtless:1 inevitable:3 difference:2 opinion:1 arise:1 method:1 apply:3 policy:2 nevertheless:1 almost:1 incredible:1 four:1 year:4 yalta:12 complete:2 split:1 germany:7 hot:1 head:1 side:3 plan:2 use:2 germans:7 former:1 ally:4 nazi:2 minded:1 expect:4 recover:1 power:5 fight:2 one:3 5:2 poland:21 frontier:1 conference:7 open:2 american:1 postpone:1 discussion:2 russia:14 western:10 boundary:4 peace:4 break:1 start:1 great:6 force:2 late:1 december:1 line:8 stretch:1 east:9 prussia:2 budapest:1 red:3 army:4 sweep:1 two:2 hundred:2 mile:3 across:1 oder:4 thirty:2 berlin:1 upper:2 danube:1 region:3 rapidly:1 overrun:1 yet:5 occupy:1 left:1 bank:1 rhine:1 long:5 delay:1 second:1 front:1 work:2 advantage:1 west:8 glad:1 propose:1 1919:2 curzon:4 substantially:1 1941:2 border:3 proposal:1 make:5 stalin:7 speak:2 strong:5 emotion:1 time:4 stand:1 emphasize:1 feeling:1 subject:2 bitter:1 memory:1 exclusion:2 paris:1 effort:1 stamp:1 bolshevism:1 birth:1 boil:1 within:3 would:16 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Doubtless/rb it/pps was/bedz inevitable/jj that/cs differences/nns of/in opinion/nn should/md arise/vb about/in the/at methods/nns for/in applying/vbg these/dts policies/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz nevertheless/rb almost/ql incredible/jj that/cs four/cd years/nns after/in Yalta/np there/ex should/md be/be a/at complete/jj split/nn over/in Germany/np ,/, with/in hot/jj heads/nns on/in both/abx sides/nns planning/vbg to/to use/vb the/at Germans/nps against/in their/pp$ former/ap allies/nns ,/, and/cc with/in Nazi-minded/jj Germans/nps expecting/vbg to/to recover/vb their/pp$ power/nn by/in fighting/vbg on/in one/cd side/nn or/cc the/at other/ap ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl Poland/np frontiers/nns ./. When/wrb the/at Yalta/np-tl Conference/nn-tl opened/vbd ,/, the/at American/jj policy/nn of/in postponing/vbg all/abn discussion/nn of/in Russia's/np$ western/jj boundaries/nns until/in the/at peace/nn conference/nn had/hvd broken/vbn down/rp ./. Starting/vbg in/in great/jj force/nn late/rb in/in December/np ,/, from/in a/at line/nn stretching/vbg from/in East/jj-tl Prussia/np-tl to/in Budapest/np ,/, the/at Red/jj-tl armies/nns had/hvd swept/vbn two/cd hundred/cd miles/nns across/in Poland/np to/in the/at Oder/np ,/, thirty/cd miles/nns from/in Berlin/np ,/, and/cc the/at Upper/jj-tl Danube/np-tl region/nn was/bedz being/beg rapidly/rb overrun/vbn ,/, while/cs the/at Western/jj-tl Allies/nns-tl had/hvd not/* yet/rb occupied/vbn all/abn of/in the/at left/jj bank/nn of/in the/at Rhine/np ./. The/at long/jj delay/nn in/in opening/vbg the/at Second/od-tl Front/nn-tl was/bedz now/rb working/vbg to/in Russia's/np$ advantage/nn ./. The/at West/nr-tl was/bedz now/rb glad/jj to/to propose/vb the/at 1919/cd Curzon/np-tl Line/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz substantially/rb Russia's/np$ 1941/cd border/nn ,/, as/cs the/at boundary/nn between/in Russia/np and/cc Poland/np ./. When/wrb this/dt proposal/nn was/bedz made/vbn ,/, Stalin/np spoke/vbd with/in stronger/jjr emotion/nn than/cs at/in any/dti other/ap time/nn during/in the/at Conference/nn-tl ./. He/pps stood/vbd up/rp to/to emphasize/vb his/pp$ strong/jj feeling/nn on/in the/at subject/nn ./. The/at bitter/jj memory/nn of/in Russia's/np$ exclusion/nn from/in the/at Paris/np-tl Peace/nn-tl Conference/nn-tl and/cc of/in the/at West's/nr$-tl effort/nn to/to stamp/vb out/rp Bolshevism/np at/in its/pp$ birth/nn boiled/vbd up/rp within/in him/ppo ./. ``/`` You/ppss would/md drive/vb us/ppo into/in shame/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps declared/vbd ./. The/at White/jj-tl Russians/nps-tl and/cc the/at Ukrainians/nps would/md say/vb that/cs Stalin/np and/cc Molotov/np were/bed far/ql less/ql reliable/jj defenders/nns of/in Russia/np than/cs Curzon/np and/cc Clemenceau/np ./. Yet/cc after/in long/jj and/cc earnest/jj discussion/nn Stalin/np accepted/vbd the/at Curzon/np-tl Line/nn-tl and/cc even/rb agreed/vbd voluntarily/rb that/cs there/ex should/md be/be digressions/nns from/in that/dt line/nn of/in five/cd to/in eight/cd kilometers/nns in/in favor/nn of/in Poland/np in/in some/dti regions/nns ./. He/pps did/dod not/* mind/vb the/at Line/nn-tl itself/ppl ,/, which/wdt Churchill/np declared/vbd in/in the/at House/nn-tl of/in-tl Commons/nns-tl ,/, on/in February/np 27/cd ,/, 1945/cd ,/, he/pps had/hvd always/rb believed/vbn to/to be/be ``/`` just/jj and/cc right/jj ''/'' ,/, but/cc he/pps did/dod not/* want/vb it/ppo called/vbn by/in a/at hated/vbn name/nn ./. The/at West/nr-tl had/hvd long/rb since/rb forgotten/vbn the/at events/nns of/in 1919/cd ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz not/* so/ql easy/jj for/in the/at Red/jj-tl leaders/nns ,/, who/wps felt/vbd that/cs they/ppss had/hvd suffered/vbn great/jj injustice/nn in/in that/dt period/nn ./. In/in the/at Dunn-Atherton/np memorandum/nn of/in February/np 4/cd ,/, 1942/cd ,/, the/at State/nn-tl Department/nn-tl had/hvd expected/vbn to/to be/be able/jj to/to hold/vb Russia/np in/in check/nn by/in withholding/vbg agreement/nn to/in her/pp$ 1941/cd boundaries/nns ./. Now/rb Stalin/np made/vbd it/ppo clear/jj that/cs he/pps meant/vbd to/to move/vb Poland's/np$ western/jj borders/nns deep/rb into/in Germany/np ,/, back/rb to/in the/at western/jj Neisse-Oder/np-tl River/nn-tl lines/nns ,/, taking/vbg not/* only/rb East/jj-tl Prussia/np-tl and/cc all/abn of/in Silesia/np but/cc Pomerania/np and/cc the/at tip/nn of/in Brandenburg/np ,/, back/rb to/in and/cc including/in Stettin/np ./. From/in six/cd to/in nine/cd million/cd additional/jj Germans/nps would/md be/be evicted/vbn ,/, though/cs most/ap would/md have/hv fled/vbn ,/, and/cc Poland/np would/md receive/vb far/ql more/ap from/in Germany/np than/cs the/at poor/jj territories/nns ,/, including/in the/at great/jj Pripet/np-tl Marshes/nns-tl ,/, which/wdt she/pps lost/vbd to/in Russia/np ./. Stalin/np declared/vbd that/cs he/pps preferred/vbd to/to continue/vb the/at war/nn a/at little/ql longer/rbr ,/, ``/`` although/cs it/pps costs/vbz us/ppo blood/nn ''/'' ,/, in/in order/nn to/to give/vb Poland/np compensation/nn in/in the/at West/nr-tl at/in the/at expense/nn of/in the/at Germans/nps ./. By/in this/dt time/nn Churchill/np was/bedz not/* so/ql cordial/jj toward/in moving/vbg Poland/np westward/rb as/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben at/in Teheran/np ,/, where/wrb he/pps and/cc Eden/np had/hvd both/abx heartily/rb approved/vbn the/at idea/nn ./. After/cs ``/`` a/at prolonged/vbn study/nn of/in the/at Oder/np line/nn on/in a/at map/nn ''/'' ,/, at/in Teheran/np ,/, Churchill/np ``/`` liked/vbd the/at picture/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps would/md tell/vb the/at Poles/nps ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, that/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben ``/`` given/vbn a/at fine/jj place/nn to/to live/vb in/in ,/, more/ap than/in three/cd hundred/cd miles/nns each/dt way/nn ''/'' ./. At/in Yalta/np he/pps thought/vbd more/rbr about/in the/at six/cd million/cd Germans/nps who/wps would/md have/hv to/to leave/vb ,/, trying/vbg to/to find/vb work/nn in/in Germany/np ,/, and/cc Roosevelt/np objected/vbd to/in the/at Western/jj-tl Neisse/np-tl River/nn-tl being/beg chosen/vbn in/in the/at south/nr ,/, instead/rb of/in the/at Eastern/jj-tl Neisse/np-tl ,/, both/abx of/in which/wdt flow/vb into/in the/at Oder/np ./. The/at issue/nn was/bedz left/vbn in/in abeyance/nn ,/, presumably/rb for/in the/at peace/nn conference/nn ./. However/rb ,/, there/ex was/bedz no/at real/jj question/nn of/in the/at justice/nn of/in creating/vbg a/at strong/jj Poland/np ,/, both/abx industrially/rb and/cc agriculturally/rb ,/, and/cc one/cd unplagued/jj by/in large/jj minorities/nns of/in Germans/nps or/cc Russians/nps ./. The/at moving/vbg of/in millions/nns of/in the/at German/jj master-race/nn ,/, from/in the/at very/ap heart/nn of/in Junkerdom/np ,/, to/to make/vb room/nn for/in the/at Polish/jj Slavs/nps whom/wpo they/ppss had/hvd enslaved/vbn and/cc openly/rb planned/vbn to/to exterminate/vb was/bedz a/at drastic/jj operation/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz little/ap doubt/nn that/cs it/pps was/bedz historically/rb justified/vbn ./. Government/nn-hl ./.-hl Of/in more/ap importance/nn to/in the/at West/nr-tl than/cs Poland's/np$ boundaries/nns was/bedz the/at character/nn of/in her/pp$ government/nn ./. At/in Yalta/np the/at West/nr-tl still/rb believed/vbd that/cs Eastern/jj-tl Europe/np-tl could/md be/be kept/vbn in/in its/pp$ orbit/nn ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in the/at onrushing/jj Soviet/np armies/nns ./. Though/cs little/ap democracy/nn had/hvd ever/rb been/ben practised/vbn in/in this/dt region/nn ,/, and/cc much/ap of/in it/ppo was/bedz still/rb ruled/vbn by/in feudalistic/jj means/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz taken/vbn for/in granted/vbn that/cs at/in least/ap the/at forms/nns of/in Western/jj-tl democracy/nn would/md be/be established/vbn in/in this/dt area/nn and/cc Western/jj-tl capitalism/nn preserved/vbn within/in it/ppo ./. Believing/vbg devoutly/rb as/cs they/ppss did/dod in/in Anglo-Saxon/jj institutions/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz important/jj to/in both/abx Roosevelt/np and/cc Churchill/np that/cs the/at Poles/nps should/md have/hv them/ppo ./. The/at issue/nn was/bedz acute/jj because/cs the/at exiled/vbn Polish/jj-tl Government/nn-tl in/in London/np ,/, supported/vbn in/in the/at main/jjs by/in Britain/np ,/, was/bedz still/rb competing/vbg with/in the/at new/jj Lublin/np-tl Government/nn-tl formed/vbn behind/in the/at Red/jj-tl Army/nn-tl ./. More/ap time/nn was/bedz spent/vbn in/in trying/vbg to/to marry/vb these/dts incompatibles/nns than/cs over/in any/dti subject/nn discussed/vbn at/in Yalta/np ./. The/at result/nn was/bedz an/at agreement/nn that/cs the/at Lublin/np-tl Government/nn-tl should/md be/be ``/`` reorganized/vbn on/in a/at broader/jjr democratic/jj basis/nn with/in the/at inclusion/nn of/in democratic/jj leaders/nns from/in Poland/np itself/ppl and/cc from/in the/at Poles/nps abroad/rb ''/'' ,/, and/cc pledged/vbn to/to hold/vb ``/`` free/jj and/cc unfettered/jj elections/nns as/ql soon/rb as/cs possible/jj on/in the/at basis/nn of/in universal/jj suffrage/nn and/cc secret/jj ballot/nn ''/'' ./. All/abn ``/`` democratic/jj and/cc anti-Nazi/jj parties/nns ''/'' were/bed to/to have/hv the/at right/nn to/to campaign/vb ./. Roosevelt/np acted/vbd as/cs moderator/nn of/in the/at long/jj debate/nn on/in this/dt issue/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at matter/nn of/in principle/nn with/in Churchill/np ,/, since/cs Britain/np had/hvd declared/vbn war/nn in/in behalf/nn of/in Poland/np ./. To/in Stalin/np it/pps was/bedz a/at matter/nn of/in life/nn and/cc death/nn ./. He/pps made/vbd this/dt completely/ql clear/jj ./. Speaking/vbg with/in ``/`` great/jj earnestness/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd :/: ``/`` For/in the/at Russian/jj people/nns ,/, the/at question/nn of/in Poland/np is/bez not/* only/rb a/at question/nn of/in honor/nn but/cc also/rb a/at question/nn of/in security/nn ./. Throughout/in history/nn ,/, Poland/np has/hvz been/ben the/at corridor/nn through/in which/wdt the/at enemy/nn has/hvz passed/vbn into/in Russia/np ./. Twice/rb in/in the/at last/ap thirty/cd years/nns our/pp$ enemies/nns ,/, the/at Germans/nps ,/, have/hv passed/vbn through/in this/dt corridor/nn ./. It/pps is/bez in/in Russia's/np$ interest/nn that/cs Poland/np should/md be/be strong/jj and/cc powerful/jj ,/, in/in a/at position/nn to/to shut/vb the/at door/nn of/in this/dt corridor/nn by/in her/pp$ own/jj force/nn ./. It/pps is/bez necessary/jj that/cs Poland/np should/md be/be free/jj ,/, independent/jj in/in power/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* only/rb a/at question/nn of/in honor/nn but/cc of/in life/nn and/cc death/nn for/in the/at Soviet/np state/nn ''/'' ./. In/in other/ap words/nns ,/, the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl was/bedz determined/vbn to/to create/vb a/at Poland/np so/ql strong/jj as/cs to/to be/be a/at powerful/jj bulwark/nn against/in Germany/np and/cc so/ql closely/rb tied/vbn to/in Russia/np that/cs there/ex would/md never/rb be/be any/dti question/nn of/in her/pp$ serving/vbg as/cs a/at cordon/fw-nn sanitaire/fw-jj against/in the/at Soviets/nps or/cc posing/vbg as/cs an/at independent/jj ,/, balancing/vbg power/nn in/in between/in Russia/np and/cc Germany/np ./. Byrnes/np says/vbz that/cs invariably/rb thereafter/rb the/at Soviets/nps used/vbd the/at same/ap security/nn argument/nn to/to justify/vb their/pp$ course/nn in/in Poland/np ./. This/dt reasoning/nn was/bedz also/rb as/ql inevitable/jj as/cs anything/pn could/md be/be ./. Any/dti free/jj elections/nns that/wps were/bed to/to be/be held/vbn in/in Poland/np would/md have/hv to/to produce/vb a/at government/nn in/in which/wdt Moscow/np had/hvd complete/jj confidence/nn ,/, and/cc all/abn pressure/nn from/in the/at West/nr-tl for/in free/jj voting/nn by/in anti-Soviet/jj elements/nns in/in Poland/np would/md be/be met/vbn by/in restrictions/nns on/in voting/vbg by/in these/dts elements/nns ./. 6/cd-hl ./.-hl Liberated/vbn-hl Europe/np-hl In/in even/ql greater/jjr degree/nn the/at same/ap rule/nn applied/vbd to/in the/at remainder/nn of/in Eastern/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ,/, where/wrb the/at upper/jjr classes/nns had/hvd generally/rb collaborated/vbn with/in the/at Nazis/nps ,/, even/rb to/in the/at extent/nn of/in sending/vbg millions/nns of/in their/pp$ peasants/nns into/in Russia/np as/cs a/at part/nn of/in Hitler's/np$ armies/nns ./. But/cc at/in Yalta/np the/at conflicting/vbg expectations/nns of/in East/nr-tl and/cc West/nr-tl were/bed merged/vbn into/in an/at agreement/nn by/in the/at Big/jj-tl Three/cd-tl to/to assist/vb all/abn liberated/vbn countries/nns in/in Europe/np ``/`` to/to create/vb democratic/jj institutions/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj choice/nn ''/'' ./. In/in any/dti case/nn ``/`` here/rb in/in their/pp$ judgment/nn conditions/nns require/vb ''/'' (/( italics/nns added/vbn )/) they/ppss would/md ``/`` form/vb interim/jj governmental/jj authorities/nns broadly/rb representative/jj of/in all/abn democratic/jj elements/nns in/in the/at population/nn and/cc pledged/vbn to/in the/at earliest/jjt possible/jj establishment/nn through/in free/jj elections/nns of/in governments/nns responsive/jj to/in the/at will/nn of/in the/at people/nns ''/'' ./. Other/ap similar/jj affirmations/nns in/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl on/in-tl Liberated/vbn-hl Europe/np-tl seemed/vbd to/to assure/vb democratic/jj institutions/nns on/in the/at Western/jj-tl model/nn ./. Later/rbr it/pps developed/vbd that/cs the/at Soviets/nps had/hvd a/at very/ql different/jj interpretation/nn of/in democracy/nn ,/, which/wdt will/md be/be discussed/vbn later/rbr ,/, and/cc their/pp$ judgment/nn never/rb told/vbd them/ppo that/cs the/at Big/jj-tl Three/cd-tl should/md unite/vb in/in establishing/vbg democratic/jj conditions/nns ,/, as/cs we/ppss understand/vb them/ppo ,/, within/in their/pp$ zone/nn of/in influence/nn ./. Professor/nn-tl McNeill/np thinks/vbz that/cs at/in Yalta/np ,/, Stalin/np did/dod not/* fully/rb realize/vb the/at dilemma/nn which/wdt faced/vbd him/ppo ,/, that/cs he/pps thought/vbd the/at exclusion/nn of/in the/at anti-Soviet/jj voters/nns from/in East/jj-tl European/jj-tl elections/nns would/md not/* be/be greatly/rb resented/vbn by/in his/pp$ allies/nns ,/, while/cs neither/cc Roosevelt/np nor/cc Churchill/np frankly/rb faced/vbd ``/`` the/at fact/nn that/cs ,/, in/in Poland/np at/in least/ap ,/, genuinely/ql free/jj democratic/jj elections/nns would/md return/vb governments/nns unfriendly/jj to/in Russia/np ''/'' ,/, by/in any/dti definition/nn of/in international/jj friendliness/nn ./. Also/rb war-time/nn propaganda/nn and/cc cooperation/nn had/hvd ``/`` obscured/vbn the/at differences/nns between/in Russian/np and/cc Western/jj-tl ideas/nns of/in democracy/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc it/pps seemed/vbd better/jjr to/to have/hv them/ppo covered/vbn by/in verbal/jj formulae/nns than/cs to/to imperil/vb the/at military/jj victories/nns over/in Germany/np and/cc Japan/np ./. The/at application/nn of/in these/dts formulae/nns could/md not/* please/vb both/abx sides/nns ,/, for/cs they/ppss really/rb attempted/vbd to/to marry/vb the/at impossible/jj to/in the/at inevitable/jj ./. While/cs obliged/vbn to/to concede/vb governments/nns in/in East/jj-tl Europe/np-tl allied/vbn with/in the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl instead/rb of/in opposed/vbn to/in it/ppo ,/, we/ppss thought/vbd we/ppss had/hvd preserved/vbn our/pp$ social/jj and/cc economic/jj system/nn in/in East/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ./. This/dt illusion/nn was/bedz described/vbn in/in a/at far-sighted/jj editorial/nn in/in The/at-tl New/jj-tl York/np-tl Herald/nn-tl Tribune/nn-tl ,/, on/in March/np 5/cd ,/, 1947/cd ,/, in/in connection/nn with/in the/at submission/nn of/in the/at satellite/nn peace/nn treaties/nns to/in the/at Senate/nn-tl ./. In/in doing/vbg so/rb Marshall/np and/cc Byrnes/np were/bed ``/`` asking/vbg for/in the/at ratification/nn of/in a/at grim/jj lesson/nn in/in the/at facts/nns of/in international/jj life/nn ''/'' ./. We/ppss had/hvd entertained/vbn exaggerated/vbn ideas/nns about/in our/pp$ victory/nn automatically/rb establishing/vbg our/pp$ system/nn throughout/in the/at world/nn ./. ``/`` We/ppss were/bed troubled/vbn about/in the/at fate/nn of/in the/at Baltic/np-tl States/nns-tl ./. Yalta/np left/vbd us/ppo with/in comforting/vbg illusions/nns of/in a/at Western/jj-tl capitalist-democratic/jj political/jj economy/nn reigning/vbg supreme/jj up/rp to/in the/at Curzon/np line/nn and/cc the/at borders/nns of/in Bessarabia/np ''/'' (/( Italics/nns added/vbn )/) ./. This/dt is/bez a/at penetrating/jj description/nn of/in our/pp$ post-war/jj illusion/nn ,/, which/wdt applied/vbd to/in other/ap areas/nns than/cs East/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ./. The/at same/ap editorial/nn continued/vbd that/cs ``/`` We/ppss expected/vbd to/to democratize/vb Japan/np and/cc Korea/np and/cc to/to see/vb a/at new/jj China/np pattern/vb itself/ppl easily/rb on/in our/pp$ institutions/nns ./. We/ppss expected/vbd ,/, in/in short/jj ,/, that/cs most/ap of/in the/at world/nn would/md make/vb itself/ppl over/rp in/in our/pp$ image/nn and/cc that/cs it/pps would/md be/be relatively/ql simple/jj ,/, from/in such/abl a/at position/nn ,/, to/to deal/vb with/in the/at localized/vbn aberrations/nns of/in the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Yet/cc actually/rb ``/`` the/at image/nn corresponded/vbd in/in no/at way/nn to/in the/at actualities/nns of/in the/at post-war/jj world/nn ./. Neither/cc our/pp$ military/jj ,/, our/pp$ economic/jj nor/cc our/pp$ ideological/jj power/nn reached/vbd far/rb enough/qlp ''/'' to/to determine/vb the/at fate/nn of/in East/jj-tl Europe/np-tl ./. Then/rb the/at editorial/nn added/vbd prophetically/rb :/: ``/`` how/wql far/rb they/ppss may/md reach/vb in/in Asia/np is/bez yet/rb undetermined/jj ,/, but/cc they/ppss fall/vb far/ql short/rb of/in our/pp$ dreams/nns of/in the/at war/nn conferences/nns ''/'' ./. Here/rb is/bez the/at best/jjt short/jj explanation/nn of/in the/at origins/nns of/in the/at Cold/jj-tl War/nn-tl that/wpo has/hvz been/ben written/vbn ./. Failing/vbg to/to heed/vb the/at lesson/nn so/ql clearly/rb contained/vbn in/in the/at satellite/nn treaties/nns ,/, President/nn-tl Truman/np re-declared/vbd the/at Cold/jj-tl War/nn-tl on/in March/np 12/cd ,/, 1947/cd ,/, in/in the/at Truman/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ,/, exactly/rb one/cd week/nn after/cs the/at Herald/nn-tl Tribune/nn-tl editorial/nn was/bedz written/vbn ,/, and/cc a/at year/nn after/cs the/at Cold/jj-tl War/nn-tl had/hvd been/ben announced/vbn by/in Churchill/np at/in Fulton/np ,/, Missouri/np ,/, in/in Truman's/np$ presence/nn ./. Then/rb China/np promptly/rb went/vbd Communist/jj ,/, and/cc Mr./np Truman/np had/hvd to/to fight/vb the/at interminable/jj Korean/jj war/nn for/in the/at democratization/nn of/in Korea/np before/cs we/ppss learned/vbd how/wql far/rb our/pp$ writ/nn did/dod ``/`` reach/vb in/in Asia/np ''/'' ./. Years/nns of/in war/nn ,/, strain/nn ,/, and/cc hatred/nn ;/. ;/. of/in heavy/jj arms/nns expenditures/nns and/cc constant/jj danger/nn of/in another/dt world/nn war/nn had/hvd to/to ensue/vb before/cs the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl could/md bring/vb itself/ppl to/to accept/vb the/at two/cd chief/jjs results/nns of/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, --/-- Communist/jj control/nn of/in East/jj-tl Europe/np-tl and/cc China/np --/-- a/at-hl new/jj-hl balance/nn-hl of/in-hl power/nn-hl ./.-hl While/cs the/at Cold/jj-tl War/nn-tl raged/vbd it/pps was/bedz easy/jj to/to blame/vb it/ppo all/abn on/in Yalta/np ./. Yet/rb ,/, in/in summarizing/vbg a/at series/nn of/in careful/jj essays/nns on/in the/at Yalta/np-tl Conference/nn-tl ,/, Forrest/np Pogue/np could/md find/vb no/at basis/nn for/in Yalta/np becoming/vbg ``/`` a/at symbol/nn for/in betrayal/nn and/cc a/at shibboleth/nn for/in the/at opponents/nns of/in Roosevelt/np and/cc international/jj cooperation/nn ''/'' ./. When/wrb the/at Yalta/np-tl Papers/nns-tl were/bed finally/rb published/vbn with/in great/jj fanfare/nn they/ppss had/hvd revealed/vbn no/at betrayal/nn by/in anyone/pn ./.

cj37

cj37 |@word analysis:1 election:45 fall:7 naturally:2 four:1 part:1 first:7 long:3 still:4 somewhat:3 obscure:1 process:7 preparation:5 planning:5 discussion:5 begin:5 slightly:1 year:3 independence:4 step:1 organize:3 rural:4 commune:5 political:13 interest:4 support:5 electoral:11 although:6 sign:1 inherent:1 uncertainty:1 popular:3 judgment:1 lead:2 procrastination:1 second:3 major:3 aspect:3 actual:2 procedure:3 registration:6 nomination:1 vote:3 considerable:1 technical:3 skill:1 use:2 administration:1 generally:3 reproach:1 however:2 regionally:1 differentiate:1 result:5 appear:6 table:4 interesting:2 evidence:3 problem:5 develop:2 self:3 government:15 even:5 favorable:1 circumstance:1 third:2 probably:4 one:2 open:1 controversy:1 prevent:2 ready:2 identification:4 party:25 affiliation:2 vitally:1 interested:1 include:1 busily:2 engage:1 determine:1 successful:2 candidate:6 month:1 follow:3 fourth:1 conclude:1 point:3 estimate:2 run:1 significance:3 figure:4 current:1 pattern:1 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labyrinth:1 small:2 number:1 rather:2 tortuous:1 history:1 emerge:1 country:4 evaluate:2 consider:1 difference:1 among:2 leader:2 also:3 source:1 guidance:1 absence:2 reservoir:1 consensus:2 group:2 hope:1 give:4 prominence:1 system:4 yet:1 place:3 prominent:1 lacking:1 respected:1 effective:3 institution:1 help:1 provide:1 minority:1 faction:1 clamor:1 power:4 certain:3 wish:1 control:1 choice:2 tend:1 procrastinate:1 repudiate:1 tendency:2 treat:1 instrument:2 two:1 level:1 scrutin:2 uninominal:1 voting:3 select:1 liste:1 though:1 latter:1 recommend:1 duverger:1 single:1 member:3 district:3 dictate:1 extent:1 communication:1 understanding:1 remote:1 area:2 serve:1 value:3 necessary:1 publicly:1 identify:1 multiple:1 fragmentary:1 organization:3 operate:1 effectively:1 encourage:2 state:1 position:2 clearly:2 work:1 try:1 unearth:1 thereby:1 confidential:1 degree:1 interpretation:1 avoid:1 unfortunate:1 way:1 maximize:1 responsibility:1 educational:1 mass:1 participation:2 general:1 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census:1

An/at analysis/nn of/in the/at election/nn falls/vbz naturally/rb in/in four/cd parts/nns ./. First/od is/bez the/at long/jj and/cc still/rb somewhat/ql obscure/jj process/nn of/in preparation/nn ,/, planning/vbg and/cc discussion/nn ./. Preparation/nn began/vbd slightly/ql more/ap than/in a/at year/nn after/in independence/nn with/in the/at first/od steps/nns to/to organize/vb rural/jj communes/nns ./. All/abn political/jj interests/nns supported/vbd electoral/jj planning/nn ,/, although/cs there/ex are/ber some/dti signs/nns that/cs the/at inherent/jj uncertainties/nns of/in a/at popular/jj judgment/nn led/vbd to/in some/dti procrastination/nn ./. The/at second/od major/jj aspect/nn of/in the/at election/nn is/bez the/at actual/jj procedure/nn of/in registration/nn ,/, nomination/nn and/cc voting/vbg ./. Considerable/jj technical/jj skill/nn was/bedz used/vbn and/cc the/at administration/nn of/in the/at elections/nns was/bedz generally/rb above/in reproach/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at regionally/rb differentiated/vbn results/nns ,/, which/wdt appear/vb below/rb in/in tables/nns ,/, are/ber interesting/jj evidence/nn of/in the/at problems/nns of/in developing/vbg self-government/nn under/in even/rb the/at most/ql favorable/jj circumstances/nns ./. A/at third/od aspect/nn ,/, and/cc probably/rb the/at one/cd open/jj to/in most/ap controversy/nn ,/, is/bez the/at results/nns of/in the/at election/nn ./. The/at electoral/jj procedure/nn prevented/vbd the/at ready/jj identification/nn of/in party/nn affiliation/nn ,/, but/cc all/abn vitally/rb interested/vbn parties/nns ,/, including/in the/at government/nn itself/ppl ,/, were/bed busily/rb engaged/vbn in/in determining/vbg the/at party/nn identifications/nns of/in all/abn successful/jj candidates/nns the/at month/nn following/in the/at elections/nns ./. The/at fourth/od and/cc concluding/vbg point/nn will/md be/be to/to estimate/vb the/at long-run/nn significance/nn of/in the/at elections/nns and/cc how/wrb they/ppss figure/vb in/in the/at current/jj pattern/nn of/in internal/jj politics/nn ./. Elections/nns have/hv figured/vbn prominently/rb in/in nearly/rb every/at government/nn program/nn and/cc official/jj address/nn since/in independence/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed stressed/vbn in/in the/at speeches/nns of/in Si/np Mubarak/np Bekkai/np when/wrb the/at first/od Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Ministers/nns-tl was/bedz formed/vbn and/cc again/rb when/wrb the/at Istiqlal/np took/vbd a/at leading/vbg role/nn in/in the/at second/od Council/nn-tl ./. King/nn-tl Muhammad/np 5/cd-tl ,/, was/bedz known/vbn to/to be/be most/ql sympathetic/jj to/in the/at formation/nn of/in local/jj self-government/nn and/cc made/vbd the/at first/od firm/jj promise/nn of/in elections/nns on/in May/np-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, 1957/cd ./. There/ex followed/vbd a/at long/jj and/cc sometimes/rb bitter/jj discussion/nn of/in the/at feasibility/nn of/in elections/nns for/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1957/cd ,/, in/in which/wdt it/pps appears/vbz that/cs the/at Minister/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl took/vbd the/at most/ql pessimistic/jj view/nn and/cc that/cs the/at Istiqlal/np was/bedz something/pn less/ap than/cs enthusiastic/jj ./. Since/cs the/at complicated/vbn process/nn of/in establishing/vbg new/jj communes/nns and/cc reviewing/vbg the/at rudimentary/jj plan/nn left/vbn by/in the/at French/nps did/dod not/* even/rb begin/vb until/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1957/cd ,/, this/dt goal/nn appears/vbz somewhat/ql ambitious/jj ./. From/in the/at very/ap beginning/nn the/at electoral/jj discussions/nns raised/vbd fundamental/jj issues/nns in/in Moroccan/np politics/nn ,/, precisely/rb the/at type/nn of/in questions/nns that/wps were/bed most/ql difficult/jj to/to resolve/vb in/in the/at new/jj government/nn ./. Until/cs the/at Charter/nn-tl of/in-tl Liberties/nns-tl was/bedz issued/vbn in/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1958/cd ,/, there/ex were/bed no/at guarantees/nns of/in the/at right/nn to/to assemble/vb or/cc to/to organize/vb for/in political/jj purposes/nns ./. The/at Istiqlal/np was/bedz still/rb firmly/rb united/vbn in/in 1957/cd ,/, but/cc the/at P.D.I./np (/( Parti/fw-nn-tl Democratique/fw-jj-tl de/fw-in-tl l'Independance/fw-at+nn-tl )/) ,/, the/at most/ql important/jj minor/jj party/nn at/in the/at time/nn ,/, objected/vbd to/in the/at Istiqlal's/np$ predominance/nn in/in the/at civil/jj service/nn and/cc influence/nn in/in Radio/nn-tl Maroc/np ./. There/ex were/bed rumors/nns that/cs the/at Ministry/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl favored/vbd an/at arbitrary/jj ,/, ``/`` non-political/jj ''/'' process/nn ,/, which/wdt were/bed indirectly/rb affirmed/vbn when/wrb the/at King/nn-tl personally/rb intervened/vbd in/in the/at planned/vbn meetings/nns ./. The/at day/nn following/in his/pp$ intervention/nn the/at palace/nn issued/vbd a/at statement/nn reassuring/vbg the/at citizens/nns that/cs ``/`` the/at possibility/nn of/in introducing/vbg appeals/nns concerning/in the/at establishment/nn of/in electoral/jj lists/nns ,/, lists/nns of/in candidates/nns and/cc finally/rb the/at holding/nn of/in the/at consultation/nn itself/ppl ''/'' would/md be/be supported/vbn by/in the/at King/nn-tl himself/ppl ./. The/at Ifni/np crisis/nn in/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1957/cd postponed/vbd further/jjr consideration/nn of/in elections/nns ,/, but/cc French/jj consultants/nns were/bed called/vbn in/rp and/cc notices/nns of/in further/jjr investigation/nn appeared/vbd from/in time/nn to/in time/nn ./. In/in January/np ,/, 1958/cd ,/, the/at Minister/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl announced/vbd that/cs an/at election/nn law/nn was/bedz ready/jj to/to be/be submitted/vbn to/in the/at King/nn-tl ,/, the/at rumors/nns of/in election/nn dates/nns appeared/vbd once/rb again/rb ,/, first/rb for/in spring/nn of/in 1958/cd and/cc later/rbr for/in the/at summer/nn ./. Although/cs the/at government/nn was/bedz probably/rb prepared/vbn for/in elections/nns by/in mid-1958/cd ,/, the/at first/od decision/nn was/bedz no/at doubt/nn made/vbn more/ql difficult/jj as/cs party/nn strife/nn multiplied/vbd ./. In/in late/jj 1957/cd the/at M.P./np (/( Mouvement/fw-nn-tl Populaire/fw-jj-tl )/) appeared/vbd and/cc in/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1958/cd the/at internal/jj strains/nns of/in the/at Istiqlal/np was/bedz revealed/vbn when/wrb the/at third/od Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Government/nn-tl under/in Balafrej/np was/bedz formed/vbn without/in support/nn from/in progressive/jj elements/nns in/in the/at party/nn ./. The/at parties/nns were/bed on/in the/at whole/jj unprepared/jj for/in elections/nns ,/, while/cs the/at people/nns were/bed still/rb experiencing/vbg post-independence/jj let-down/nn and/cc suffering/vbg the/at after-effects/nns of/in poor/jj harvests/nns in/in 1957/cd ./. Despite/in the/at internal/jj and/cc international/jj crises/nns that/wps harassed/vbd Morocco/np the/at elections/nns remained/vbd a/at central/jj issue/nn ./. They/ppss figured/vbd prominently/rb in/in the/at Balafrej/np government/nn of/in May/np ,/, 1958/cd ,/, which/wdt the/at King/nn-tl was/bedz reportedly/rb determined/vbn to/to keep/vb in/in office/nn until/cs elections/nns could/md be/be held/vbn ./. But/cc the/at eagerly/rb sought/vbn ``/`` homogeneity/nn ''/'' of/in the/at Balafrej/np-tl Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Government/nn-tl was/bedz never/rb achieved/vbn as/cs the/at Istiqlal/np quarreled/vbd over/in foreign/jj policy/nn ,/, labor/nn politics/nn and/cc economic/jj development/nn ./. By/in December/np ,/, 1958/cd ,/, when/wrb '/' Abdallah/np Ibrahim/np became/vbd President/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Council/nn-tl ,/, elections/nns had/hvd even/ql greater/jjr importance/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed increasingly/rb looked/vbn upon/rb as/cs a/at means/nn of/in establishing/vbg the/at new/jj rural/jj communes/nns as/cs the/at focus/nn of/in a/at new/jj ,/, constructive/jj national/jj effort/nn ./. To/to minimize/vb the/at chances/nns of/in repeating/vbg the/at Balafrej/np debacle/nn the/at Ibrahim/np government/nn was/bedz formed/vbn ./. A/at titre/fw-nn personnel/fw-jj and/cc a/at special/jj office/nn was/bedz created/vbn in/in the/at Ministry/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl to/to plan/vb and/cc to/to conduct/vb the/at elections/nns ./. By/in this/dt time/nn there/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn but/in what/wdt election/nn plans/nns were/bed complete/jj ./. There/ex remained/vbd only/rb the/at delicate/jj task/nn of/in maneuvering/vbg the/at laws/nns through/in the/at labyrinth/nn of/in Palace/nn-tl politics/nn and/cc making/vbg a/at small/jj number/nn of/in policy/nn decisions/nns ./. From/in the/at rather/ql tortuous/jj history/nn of/in electoral/jj planning/nn in/in Morocco/np an/at important/jj point/nn emerges/vbz concerning/in the/at first/od elections/nns in/in a/at developing/vbg country/nn and/cc evaluating/vbg their/pp$ results/nns ./. In/in the/at new/jj country/nn the/at electoral/jj process/nn is/bez considered/vbn as/cs a/at means/nn of/in resolving/vbg fundamental/jj ,/, and/cc sometimes/rb bitter/jj ,/, differences/nns among/in leaders/nns and/cc also/rb as/cs a/at source/nn of/in policy/nn guidance/nn ./. In/in the/at absence/nn of/in a/at reservoir/nn of/in political/jj consensus/nn each/dt organized/vbn political/jj group/nn hopes/vbz that/cs the/at elections/nns will/md give/vb them/ppo new/jj prominence/nn ,/, but/cc in/in a/at system/nn where/wrb there/ex is/bez as/ql yet/rb no/at place/nn for/in the/at less/ql prominent/jj ./. Lacking/vbg the/at respected/vbn and/cc effective/jj institutions/nns that/wpo consensus/nn helps/nns provide/vb ,/, minority/nn parties/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at P.D.I./np in/in 1957/cd and/cc the/at progressive/jj Istiqlal/np faction/nn in/in 1958/cd ,/, clamor/vb for/in elections/nns when/wrb out/rp of/in power/nn ,/, but/cc are/ber not/* at/in all/abn certain/jj they/ppss wish/vb to/to be/be controlled/vbn by/in popular/jj choice/nn when/wrb in/in power/nn ./. Those/dts in/in power/nn tend/vb to/to procrastinate/vb and/cc even/vb to/to repudiate/vb the/at electoral/jj process/nn ./. The/at tendency/nn to/to treat/vb elections/nns as/cs an/at instrument/nn of/in self-interest/nn rather/rb than/in an/at instrument/nn of/in national/jj interest/nn had/hvd two/cd important/jj effects/nns on/in electoral/jj planning/nn in/in Morocco/np ./. At/in the/at central/jj level/nn the/at scrutin/fw-nn uninominal/jj voting/vbg system/nn was/bedz selected/vbn over/in some/dti form/nn of/in the/at scrutin/fw-nn de/fw-in liste/fw-nn system/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at latter/ap had/hvd been/ben recommended/vbn by/in Duverger/np and/cc favored/vbn by/in all/abn political/jj parties/nns ./. The/at choice/nn of/in the/at single/ap member/nn district/nn was/bedz dictated/vbn to/in a/at certain/ap extent/nn by/in problems/nns of/in communication/nn and/cc understanding/vbg in/in the/at more/ql remote/jj areas/nns of/in the/at country/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps also/rb served/vbd to/to minimize/vb the/at national/jj political/jj value/nn of/in the/at elections/nns ./. Although/cs the/at elections/nns were/bed for/in local/jj officials/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz not/* necessary/jj to/to conduct/vb the/at elections/nns so/cs as/cs to/to prevent/vb parties/nns from/in publicly/rb identifying/vbg their/pp$ candidates/nns ./. With/in multiple/jj member/nn districts/nns the/at still/rb fragmentary/jj local/jj party/nn organizations/nns could/md have/hv operated/vbn more/ql effectively/rb and/cc parties/nns might/md have/hv been/ben encouraged/vbn to/to state/vb their/pp$ positions/nns more/ql clearly/rb ./. Both/abx parties/nns and/cc the/at Ministry/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl were/bed busily/rb at/in work/nn after/in the/at elections/nns trying/vbg to/to unearth/vb the/at political/jj affiliations/nns of/in the/at successful/jj candidates/nns and/cc ,/, thereby/rb ,/, give/vb the/at elections/nns a/at confidential/jj but/cc known/vbn degree/nn of/in national/jj political/jj significance/nn ./. Since/cs a/at national/jj interpretation/nn cannot/md* be/be avoided/vbn it/pps is/bez unfortunate/jj that/cs the/at elections/nns were/bed not/* held/vbn in/in a/at way/nn to/to maximize/vb party/nn responsibility/nn and/cc the/at educational/jj effect/nn of/in mass/jj political/jj participation/nn ./. The/at general/jj setting/nn of/in the/at Moroccan/jj election/nn may/md also/rb encourage/vb the/at deterioration/nn of/in local/jj party/nn organization/nn ./. The/at concentration/nn of/in effective/jj power/nn in/in Rabat/np leads/vbz not/* only/rb to/in party/nn bickering/nn ,/, but/cc to/in distraction/nn from/in local/jj activity/nn that/wps might/md have/hv had/hvn many/ap auxiliary/jj benefits/nns in/in addition/nn to/in contributing/vbg to/in more/ql meaningful/jj elections/nns ./. Interesting/jj evidence/nn can/md be/be found/vbn in/in the/at results/nns of/in the/at Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl elections/nns ,/, which/wdt took/vbd place/nn three/cd weeks/nns before/in national/jj elections/nns ./. The/at Istiqlal-sponsored/jj U.M.C.I.A./np (/( L'Union/fw-at+nn-tl Marocaine/fw-jj-tl Des/fw-in+at-tl Commercants/fw-nns-tl ,/, Industrialistes/fw-nns-tl et/fw-cc-tl Artisans/fw-nns-tl )/) was/bedz opposed/vbn by/in candidates/nns of/in the/at new/jj U.N.F.P./np (/( L'Union/fw-at+nn-tl National/fw-jj-tl Des/fw-in+at-t Forces/fw-nns-tl Populaires/fw-jj-tl )/) in/in nearly/ql all/abn urban/jj centers/nns ./. As/cs the/at more/ql conservative/jj group/nn with/in strong/jj backing/nn from/in wealthy/jj businessmen/nns ,/, the/at U.M.C.I.A./np was/bedz generally/rb favored/vbn against/in the/at more/ql progressive/jj ,/, labor-based/jj U.N.F.P./np ./. The/at newer/jjr party/nn campaigned/vbd heavily/rb ,/, while/cs the/at older/jjr ,/, more/ql confident/jj party/nn expected/vbd the/at Moroccan/jj merchants/nns and/cc small/jj businessmen/nns to/to support/vb them/ppo as/cs they/ppss had/hvd done/vbn for/in many/ap years/nns ./. The/at local/jj Istiqlal/np and/cc U.M.C.I.A./np offices/nns did/dod not/* campaign/vb and/cc lost/vbd heavily/rb ./. The/at value/nn of/in the/at elections/nns was/bedz lost/vbn ,/, both/abx as/cs an/at experiment/nn in/in increased/vbn political/jj participation/nn and/cc as/cs a/at reliable/jj indicator/nn of/in commercial/jj interest/nn ,/, as/cs shown/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. The/at Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl elections/nns were/bed ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, an/at important/jj event/nn in/in the/at preparation/nn for/in rural/jj commune/nn elections/nns ./. The/at U.N.F.P./np learned/vbd that/cs its/pp$ urban/jj organization/nn ,/, which/wdt depends/vbz heavily/rb on/in U.M.T./np support/nn ,/, was/bedz most/ql effective/jj ./. The/at Istiqlal/np found/vbd that/cs the/at spontaneous/jj solidarity/nn of/in the/at independence/nn struggle/nn was/bedz not/* easily/rb transposed/vbn to/in the/at more/ql concrete/jj ,/, precise/jj problems/nns of/in internal/jj politics/nn ./. The/at overall/jj effect/nn was/bedz probably/rb to/to stimulate/vb more/ap party/nn activity/nn in/in the/at communal/jj elections/nns than/cs might/md have/hv otherwise/rb taken/vbn place/nn ./. A/at second/od major/jj point/nn of/in this/dt essay/nn is/bez to/to examine/vb the/at formal/jj arrangements/nns for/in the/at elections/nns ./. Although/cs a/at somewhat/ql technical/jj subject/nn ,/, it/pps has/hvz important/jj political/jj implications/nns as/cs the/at above/jj discussion/nn of/in the/at voting/vbg system/nn indicated/vbd ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at problems/nns and/cc solutions/nns devised/vbn in/in the/at electoral/jj experiences/nns of/in the/at rapidly/rb changing/vbg countries/nns are/ber often/rb of/in comparative/jj value/nn and/cc essential/jj to/in evaluating/vbg election/nn results/nns ./. The/at sine/fw-in qua/fw-wdt non/fw-* of/in the/at elections/nns was/bedz naturally/rb an/at impartial/jj and/cc standardized/vbn procedure/nn ./. As/cs the/at background/nn discussion/nn indicated/vbd there/ex were/bed frequently/rb expressed/vbn doubts/nns that/cs a/at government/nn dominated/vbn by/in either/dtx party/nn could/md fairly/rb administer/vb elections/nns ./. The/at P.D.I./np and/cc later/rbr the/at Popular/jj-tl Movement/nn-tl protected/vbd the/at Istiqlal's/np$ ``/`` privileged/jj position/nn ''/'' until/in the/at fall/nn of/in Balafrej/np ,/, and/cc then/rb the/at Istiqlal/np used/vbd the/at same/ap argument/nn ,/, which/wdt it/pps had/hvd previously/rb ignored/vbn ,/, against/in the/at pro-U.N.F.P./jj tendencies/nns of/in the/at Ibrahim/np government/nn ./. The/at bulk/nn of/in the/at preparation/nn had/hvd ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, proceeded/vbn under/in the/at supervision/nn of/in the/at Ministry/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Interior/nn-tl ,/, whose/wp$ officials/nns are/ber barred/vbn from/in party/nn activity/nn and/cc probably/rb generally/rb disinterested/jj in/in party/nn politics/nn ./. Apart/rb from/in some/dti areas/nns of/in recurring/vbg trouble/nn ,/, like/cs Bani/np Mellal/np ,/, where/wrb inexperienced/jj officials/nns had/hvd been/ben appointed/vbn ,/, there/ex is/bez little/ap evidence/nn that/cs local/jj officials/nns intervened/vbd in/in the/at electoral/jj process/nn ./. Centrally/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at administrative/jj problem/nn was/bedz more/ql complex/jj and/cc the/at sheer/jj prestige/nn of/in office/nn was/bedz very/ql likely/jj an/at unfair/jj advantage/nn ./. The/at King/nn-tl decided/vbd to/to remove/vb Ibrahim/np a/at week/nn before/in elections/nns and/cc to/in institute/nn a/at non-party/nn Council/nn-tl of/in-tl Government/nn-tl under/in his/pp$ personal/jj direction/nn ./. Although/cs the/at monarch/nn had/hvd frequently/rb asserted/vbn that/cs the/at elections/nns were/bed to/to be/be without/in party/nn significance/nn ,/, his/pp$ action/nn was/bedz an/at implicit/jj admission/nn that/cs party/nn identifications/nns were/bed a/at factor/nn ./. The/at new/jj Council/nn-tl was/bedz itself/ppl inescapably/rb of/in political/jj meaning/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz most/ql clearly/rb revealed/vbn in/in the/at absence/nn of/in any/dti U.N.F.P./np members/nns and/cc the/at presence/nn of/in several/ap Istiqlal/np leaders/nns ./. Since/cs the/at details/nns of/in the/at elections/nns were/bed settled/vbn the/at change/nn of/in government/nn had/hvd no/at direct/jj effect/nn on/in the/at technical/jj aspects/nns of/in the/at elections/nns ,/, and/cc may/md have/hv been/ben more/ql important/jj as/cs an/at indication/nn of/in royal/jj displeasure/nn with/in the/at U.N.F.P./np ./. Voting/vbg preparations/nns began/vbd in/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1959/cd ,/, although/cs the/at actual/jj demarcation/nn and/cc planning/vbg for/in the/at rural/jj communes/nns was/bedz completed/vbn in/in 1958/cd ./. There/ex were/bed three/cd major/jj administrative/jj tasks/nns :/: the/at fixing/nn of/in electoral/jj districts/nns ,/, the/at registration/nn of/in voters/nns and/cc the/at registration/nn of/in candidates/nns ./. Voter/nn registration/nn began/vbd in/in late/jj November/np 1959/cd and/cc continued/vbd until/in early/jj January/np ,/, 1960/cd ./. The/at government/nn was/bedz most/ql anxious/jj that/cs there/ex be/be a/at respectable/jj response/nn ./. Periodic/jj bulletins/nns of/in the/at accomplishment/nn in/in each/dt province/nn made/vbd the/at registration/nn process/nn into/in a/at kind/nn of/in competition/nn among/in provincial/jj officials/nns ./. A/at goal/nn was/bedz fixed/vbn ,/, as/cs given/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, and/cc attention/nn focused/vbd on/in its/pp$ fulfillment/nn ./. The/at qualifications/nns to/to vote/vb were/bed kept/vbn very/ql simple/jj ./. Both/abx men/nns and/cc women/nns of/in twenty-one/cd years/nns of/in age/nn could/md register/vb and/cc vote/vb upon/in presenting/vbg proof/nn of/in residence/nn and/cc identification/nn ./. There/ex were/bed liberal/jj provisions/nns for/in dispensation/nn where/wrb documents/nns or/cc records/nns were/bed lacking/vbg ./. The/at police/nns were/bed disqualified/vbn along/rb with/in certain/ap categories/nns of/in naturalized/vbn citizens/nns ,/, criminals/nns and/cc those/dts punished/vbn for/in Protectorate/np activities/nns ./. The/at registration/nn figures/nns given/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl must/md be/be interpreted/vbn with/in caution/nn since/cs the/at estimate/nn for/in eligible/jj electors/nns were/bed made/vbn without/in the/at benefit/nn of/in a/at reliable/jj census/nn ./.

cj38

cj38 |@word unemployed:2 old:1 worker:11 expectation:1 secure:2 employment:6 occupation:2 skilled:11 able:3 counseling:1 retrain:1 future:5 vocational:27 training:39 school:30 provide:16 current:4 need:10 exceed:2 facility:5 program:37 present:2 federal:13 education:20 begin:1 1917:2 passage:1 smith:3 hughes:2 act:9 continue:2 annual:3 appropriation:1 7:2 million:8 support:3 matching:2 basis:2 state:22 administer:2 agriculture:1 trade:5 industrial:8 skill:10 home:2 economic:1 since:1 thirteen:1 supplementary:3 related:2 extend:1 george:3 barden:3 1946:1 raise:1 previous:1 increase:2 authorization:2 29:1 addition:2 health:1 amendment:1 1956:1 add:3 5:1 practical:1 nurse:1 train:8 late:1 major:6 change:1 introduce:1 national:12 defense:6 1958:3 title:2 8:2 amend:1 15:1 area:19 meet:2 highly:2 technician:2 merely:1 financial:4 aid:2 encourage:4 establishment:1 public:3 initiative:1 administration:1 control:1 remain:2 primarily:2 local:27 district:10 even:3 assist:1 role:1 leadership:1 teacher:1 assistance:4 limit:3 half:4 total:4 expenditure:7 must:4 pay:6 least:1 may:9 decide:1 cost:3 require:3 bear:2 part:3 throughout:1 history:2 government:5 aggregate:1 usually:4 match:1 together:1 spend:3 either:1 today:1 fund:8 account:1 one:3 fifth:1 nation:3 great:5 impact:1 principle:1 initially:1 poor:3 enough:2 obtain:2 full:1 allocation:1 outside:3 consideration:1 reason:1 behind:1 recent:4 decade:1 world:1 war:2 2:2 person:1 enrol:1 course:9 organize:1 two:1 special:2 authority:1 1:1 production:1 five:3 year:4 297:1 cumulative:1 42:1 740:1 comparable:1 measure:1 available:4 enrollment:1 private:3 number:5 variety:1 commercial:1 technical:1 many:3 large:5 corporation:2 operate:2 formal:2 study:3 indicate:1 85:1 per:6 cent:4 conduct:2 educational:1 involve:1 class:1 meeting:1 examination:1 nevertheless:1 still:2 acquire:2 institution:3 manpower:2 council:1 columbia:1 university:1 estimate:2 three:1 formally:1 little:3 doubt:1 student:5 benefit:3 employer:4 prefer:1 hire:2 youth:4 rather:2 without:1 graduate:1 go:1 work:3 job:17 relate:2 educator:1 claim:1 alone:1 make:8 essential:1 groundwork:1 develop:1 minority:1 high:4 locate:3 city:1 arkansas:1 6:1 offer:1 illinois:1 13:1 pennsylvania:1 11:1 important:1 trend:6 development:3 kentucky:1 louisiana:1 several:2 build:1 sponsor:1 serve:2 nearby:2 county:1 intend:1 specialized:3 curriculum:2 would:11 possible:2 small:1 transportation:1 mainly:1 post:1 day:1 sometimes:1 arrangement:1 also:4 attend:1 evening:1 extension:4 spur:1 toward:3 1960:1 4:1 10:2 17:1 chronic:3 labor:8 surplus:6 minor:1 distressed:1 undertake:1 relation:1 new:7 industry:10 problem:2 persistent:1 desire:1 attract:2 plant:4 short:1 period:1 pre:1 semi:1 machine:1 operator:1 key:1 experience:3 company:1 type:5 bring:1 manager:1 away:2 similar:1 elsewhere:4 prospective:1 interested:1 long:3 run:2 advantage:1 supply:1 employee:1 existence:2 base:1 fill:1 additional:1 readily:1 cooperative:2 basic:1 staff:1 thus:1 besides:1 asset:1 effort:4 effective:1 use:4 exist:5 purpose:1 opportunity:8 reserve:1 apply:1 ad:1 hoc:1 flexible:1 subsidize:1 preemployment:1 quickly:1 set:2 community:2 focus:4 weakness:2 solely:2 demand:5 unique:1 inherent:1 system:1 country:1 planning:1 orient:1 manual:1 stress:2 importance:1 first:1 survey:4 growth:1 consult:1 content:1 furthermore:1 cautious:1 conservatism:1 see:1 count:1 regard:1 hypothetical:1 department:2 project:1 occupational:1 publish:1 outlook:2 statement:1 tangible:1 evidence:2 projection:1 extensively:1 plan:1 office:1 procedure:1 extremely:1 shortsighted:1 decline:1 elaborate:1 order:1 identify:1 sufficient:1 vacancy:1 replacement:1 certain:1 justify:1 information:5 regional:2 consider:1 whether:2 much:2 well:4 moreover:1 limited:1 fragmentary:1 simply:1 material:1 suitable:1 come:1 exchange:1 among:1 proposal:2 agency:1 field:1 adopt:1 wide:2 expand:2 research:1 help:1 guide:1 board:1 question:1 motivate:1 take:4 difficulty:2 get:1 enroll:1 though:1 tuition:2 receive:1 subsistence:2 payment:1 guarantee:1 however:2 always:1 time:2 depressed:1 enrollee:1 unless:2 apparent:1 prospect:2 afterwards:1 aim:1 adequate:1 expect:1 respond:1 another:1 hard:2 press:1 financially:1 unenthusiastic:1 business:1 leader:2 find:2 win:1 sight:1 request:1 lead:1 establish:1 likely:1 view:1 could:4 argue:1 entirely:1 appropriate:1 unemployment:2 tendency:1 leave:1 locality:1 possibility:2 suggest:1 example:1 bills:1 attitude:1 improve:1 college:1 individual:2 inadequate:1 probably:1 compensation:1 conservation:1 corps:1 maximum:1 600:1 enable:2 permit:1 place:2 emphasis:2 interest:2 instead:1 remote:1 move:1 concentrated:1 near:1 rapidly:1 grow:1 equipment:1 heighten:1 personal:1 aptitude:1 preference:1 give:1 weight:1 select:1 proper:1

Unemployed/jj older/jjr workers/nns who/wps have/hv no/at expectation/nn of/in securing/vbg employment/nn in/in the/at occupation/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber skilled/jj should/md be/be able/jj to/to secure/vb counseling/vbg and/cc retraining/vbg in/in an/at occupation/nn with/in a/at future/nn ./. Some/dti vocational/jj training/nn schools/nns provide/vb such/jj training/nn ,/, but/cc the/at current/jj-hl need/nn-hl exceeds/vbz the/at facilities/nns ./. Current/jj programs/nns The/at present/jj Federal/jj-tl program/nn of/in vocational/jj education/nn began/vbd in/in 1917/cd with/in the/at passage/nn of/in the/at Smith-Hughes/np-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt provided/vbd a/at continuing/vbg annual/jj appropriation/nn of/in $7/nns million/cd to/to support/vb ,/, on/in a/at matching/vbg basis/nn ,/, state-administered/jj programs/nns of/in vocational/jj education/nn in/in agriculture/nn ,/, trades/nns ,/, industrial/jj skills/nns and/cc home/nn economics/nn ./. Since/in 1917/cd some/rb thirteen/cd supplementary/jj and/cc related/vbn acts/nns have/hv extended/vbn this/dt Federal/jj-tl program/nn ./. The/at George-Barden/np-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1946/cd raised/vbd the/at previous/jj increases/nns in/in annual/jj authorizations/nns to/in $29/nns million/cd in/in addition/nn to/in the/at $7/nns million/cd under/in the/at Smith/np-tl Act/nn-tl ./. The/at Health/nn-tl Amendment/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1956/cd added/vbd $5/nns million/cd for/in practical/jj nurse/nn training/nn ./. The/at latest/jjt major/jj change/nn in/in this/dt program/nn was/bedz introduced/vbn by/in the/at National/jj-tl Defense/nn-tl Education/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1958/cd ,/, Title/nn-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, of/in which/wdt amended/vbd the/at George-Barden/np-tl Act/nn-tl ./. Annual/jj authorizations/nns of/in $15/nns million/cd were/bed added/vbn for/in area/nn vocational/jj education/nn programs/nns that/wps meet/vb national/jj defense/nn needs/nns for/in highly/ql skilled/jj technicians/nns ./. The/at Federal/jj-tl program/nn of/in vocational/jj education/nn merely/rb provides/vbz financial/jj aid/nn to/to encourage/vb the/at establishment/nn of/in vocational/jj education/nn programs/nns in/in public/jj schools/nns ./. The/at initiative/nn ,/, administration/nn and/cc control/nn remain/vb primarily/rb with/in the/at local/jj school/nn districts/nns ./. Even/rb the/at states/nns remain/vb primarily/rb in/in an/at assisting/vbg role/nn ,/, providing/vbg leadership/nn and/cc teacher/nn training/nn ./. Federal/jj-tl assistance/nn is/bez limited/vbn to/in half/abn of/in the/at total/jj expenditure/nn ,/, and/cc the/at state/nn or/cc local/jj districts/nns must/md pay/vb at/in least/ap half/abn ./. The/at state/nn may/md decide/vb to/to encourage/vb local/jj programs/nns by/in paying/vbg half/abn of/in the/at cost/nn ,/, or/cc the/at state/nn may/md require/vb the/at local/jj district/nn to/to bear/vb this/dt half/nn or/cc some/dti part/nn of/in it/ppo ./. Throughout/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at program/nn ,/, state/nn government/nn expenditures/nns in/in the/at aggregate/nn have/hv usually/rb matched/vbn or/cc exceeded/vbn the/at Federal/jj-tl expenditures/nns ,/, while/cs local/jj districts/nns all/ql together/rb have/hv spent/vbn more/ap than/cs either/cc Federal/jj-tl or/cc state/nn governments/nns ./. Today/nr ,/, Federal/jj-tl funds/nns account/vb for/in only/rb one-fifth/nn of/in the/at nation's/nn$ expenditures/nns for/in vocational/jj education/nn ./. The/at greatest/jjt impact/nn of/in the/at matching-fund/nn principle/nn has/hvz been/ben in/in initially/rb encouraging/vbg the/at poorest/jjt states/nns and/cc school/nn districts/nns to/to spend/vb enough/ap to/to obtain/vb their/pp$ full/jj allocation/nn of/in outside/jj funds/nns ./. National/jj defense/nn considerations/nns have/hv been/ben the/at major/jj reason/nn behind/in most/ap Federal/jj-tl training/vbg expenditures/nns in/in recent/jj decades/nns ./. During/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, about/rb 7.5/cd million/cd persons/nns were/bed enrolled/vbn in/in courses/nns organized/vbn under/in two/cd special/jj programs/nns administered/vbn by/in state/nn and/cc local/jj school/nn authorities/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) Vocational/jj-tl Education/nn-tl for/in-tl National/jj-tl Defense/nn-tl ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) War/nn-tl Production/nn-tl Training/nn-tl ./. The/at total/jj cost/nn of/in the/at five-year/jj program/nn was/bedz $297/nns million/cd ./. For/in the/at Smith-Hughes/np ,/, George-Barden/np ,/, and/cc National/jj-tl Defense/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1958/cd ,/, the/at cumulative/jj total/nn of/in Federal/jj-tl expenditures/nns in/in 42/cd years/nns was/bedz only/rb about/rb $740/nns million/cd ./. No/at comparable/jj measures/nns are/ber available/jj of/in enrollments/nns and/cc expenditures/nns for/in private/jj vocational/jj education/nn training/nn ./. There/ex are/ber a/at great/jj number/nn and/cc variety/nn of/in private/jj commercial/jj schools/nns ,/, trade/nn schools/nns and/cc technical/jj schools/nns ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, many/ap large/jj corporations/nns operate/vb their/pp$ own/jj formal/jj training/vbg programs/nns ./. A/at recent/jj study/nn indicated/vbd that/cs 85/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at nation's/nn$ largest/jjt corporations/nns conducted/vbd educational/jj programs/nns involving/vbg some/dti class/nn meetings/nns and/cc examinations/nns ./. Most/ap skilled/jj industrial/jj workers/nns ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, still/rb acquire/vb their/pp$ skills/nns outside/rb of/in formal/jj training/nn institutions/nns ./. The/at National/jj-tl Manpower/nn-tl Council/nn-tl of/in Columbia/np-tl University/nn-tl has/hvz estimated/vbn that/cs three/cd out/rp of/in five/cd skilled/jj workers/nns and/cc one/cd out/rp of/in five/cd technicians/nns have/hv not/* been/ben formally/rb trained/vbn ./. There/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs the/at students/nns benefit/vb from/in vocational/jj education/nn ./. Employers/nns prefer/vb to/to hire/vb youth/nn with/in such/jj training/nn rather/rb than/cs those/dts without/in ,/, and/cc most/ap graduates/nns of/in vocational/jj training/nn go/vb to/to work/vb in/in jobs/nns related/vbn to/in their/pp$ training/nn ./. Vocational/jj educators/nns do/do not/* claim/vb that/cs school/nn training/nn alone/rb makes/vbz skilled/jj workers/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps provides/vbz the/at essential/jj groundwork/nn for/in developing/vbg skills/nns ./. In/in most/ap states/nns ,/, trade/nn and/cc industrial/jj training/nn is/bez provided/vbn in/in a/at minority/nn of/in the/at high/jj schools/nns ,/, usually/rb located/vbn in/in the/at larger/jjr cities/nns ./. In/in Arkansas/np fewer/ap than/cs 6/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at high/jj schools/nns offer/vb trade/nn and/cc industrial/jj courses/nns ./. In/in Illinois/np about/rb 13/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at schools/nns have/hv programs/nns ,/, and/cc in/in Pennsylvania/np 11/cd per/in cent/nn ./. An/at important/jj recent/jj trend/nn is/bez the/at development/nn of/in area/nn vocational/jj schools/nns ./. For/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns Kentucky/np ,/, Louisiana/np and/cc several/ap other/ap states/nns have/hv been/ben building/vbg state-sponsored/jj vocational/jj education/nn schools/nns that/wps serve/vb nearby/jj school/nn districts/nns in/in several/ap counties/nns ./. These/dts schools/nns are/ber intended/vbn to/to provide/vb the/at facilities/nns and/cc specialized/vbn curriculum/nn that/wps would/md not/* be/be possible/jj for/in very/ql small/jj school/nn districts/nns ./. Transportation/nn may/md be/be provided/vbn from/in nearby/jj school/nn districts/nns ./. Courses/nns are/ber provided/vbn mainly/rb for/in post/in high/jj school/nn day/nn programs/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc sometimes/rb arrangements/nns also/rb are/ber made/vbn for/in high/jj school/nn students/nns to/to attend/vb ,/, and/cc evening/nn extension/nn courses/nns also/rb may/md be/be conducted/vbn ./. The/at Title/nn-tl 8/cd-tl ,/, program/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Defense/nn-tl Education/nn-tl Act/nn-tl of/in 1958/cd was/bedz a/at great/jj spur/nn to/in this/dt trend/nn toward/in area/nn schools/nns ./. By/in 1960/cd there/ex were/bed such/jj schools/nns in/in all/abn but/in 4/cd states/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed operating/vbg in/in 10/cd of/in the/at 17/cd major/jj areas/nns of/in chronic/jj labor/nn surplus/nn and/cc in/in 10/cd of/in the/at minor/jj areas/nns ./. An/at extension/nn of/in this/dt program/nn into/in the/at other/ap distressed/vbn areas/nns should/md be/be undertaken/vbn ./. Relation/nn-hl to/in-hl new/jj-hl industry/nn-hl Some/dti of/in this/dt trend/nn toward/in area/nn vocational/jj schools/nns has/hvz been/ben related/vbn to/in the/at problems/nns of/in persistent/jj labor/nn surplus/nn areas/nns and/cc their/pp$ desire/nn to/to attract/vb new/jj industry/nn ./. The/at major/jj training/vbg need/nn of/in a/at new/jj industrial/jj plant/nn is/bez a/at short/jj period/nn of/in pre-employment/jj training/nn for/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in semi-skilled/jj machine/nn operators/nns ./. A/at few/ap key/jjs skilled/jj workers/nns experienced/vbn in/in the/at company's/nn$ type/nn of/in work/nn usually/rb must/md be/be brought/vbn in/rp with/in the/at plant/nn manager/nn ,/, or/cc hired/vbn away/rb from/in a/at similar/jj plant/nn elsewhere/rb ./. A/at prospective/jj industry/nn also/rb may/md be/be interested/vbn in/in the/at long-run/nn advantages/nns of/in training/vbg programs/nns in/in the/at area/nn to/to supply/vb future/jj skilled/jj workers/nns and/cc provide/vb supplementary/jj extension/nn courses/nns for/in its/pp$ employees/nns ./. The/at existence/nn of/in a/at public/jj school/nn vocational/jj training/vbg program/nn in/in trade/nn and/cc industry/nn provides/vbz a/at base/nn from/in which/wdt such/jj needs/nns can/md be/be filled/vbn ./. Additional/jj courses/nns can/md readily/rb be/be added/vbn and/cc special/jj cooperative/jj programs/nns worked/vbn out/rp with/in any/dti new/jj industry/nn if/cs the/at basic/jj facilities/nns ,/, staff/nn and/cc program/nn are/ber in/in being/beg ./. Thus/rb ,/, besides/in the/at training/nn provided/vbn to/in youth/nn in/in school/nn ,/, the/at existence/nn of/in the/at school/nn program/nn can/md have/hv supplementary/jj benefits/nns to/in industry/nn which/wdt make/vb it/ppo an/at asset/nn to/in industrial/jj development/nn efforts/nns ./. Few/ap states/nns make/vb effective/jj use/nn of/in their/pp$ existing/vbg vocational/jj education/nn programs/nns or/cc funds/nns for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in attracting/vbg new/jj industry/nn ./. The/at opportunity/nn exists/vbz for/cs states/nns to/to reserve/vb some/dti of/in their/pp$ vocational/jj education/nn funds/nns to/to apply/vb on/in an/at ad/fw-in hoc/fw-dt flexible/jj basis/nn to/to subsidize/vb any/dti local/jj preemployment/jj training/vbg programs/nns that/wps may/md be/be quickly/rb set/vbn up/rp in/in a/at community/nn to/to aid/vb a/at new/jj industrial/jj plant/nn ./. Local/jj-hl focus/nn-hl of/in-hl programs/nns-hl The/at major/jj weakness/nn of/in vocational/jj training/vbg programs/nns in/in labor/nn surplus/nn areas/nns is/bez their/pp$ focus/nn on/in serving/vbg solely/ql local/jj job/nn demands/nns ./. This/dt weakness/nn is/bez not/* unique/jj to/in labor/nn surplus/nn areas/nns ,/, for/cs it/pps is/bez inherent/jj in/in the/at system/nn of/in local/jj school/nn districts/nns in/in this/dt country/nn ./. Planning/nn of/in vocational/jj education/nn programs/nns and/cc courses/nns is/bez oriented/vbn to/in local/jj employer/nn needs/nns for/in trained/vbn workers/nns ./. All/abn the/at manuals/nns for/in setting/vbg up/rp vocational/jj courses/nns stress/vb the/at importance/nn of/in first/rb making/vbg a/at local/jj survey/nn of/in skill/nn needs/nns ,/, of/in estimating/vbg the/at growth/nn of/in local/jj jobs/nns ,/, and/cc of/in consulting/vbg with/in local/jj employers/nns on/in the/at types/nns of/in courses/nns and/cc their/pp$ content/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at cautious/jj conservatism/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in those/dts making/vbg local/jj skill/nn surveys/nns ./. Local/jj jobs/nns can/md be/be seen/vbn and/cc counted/vbn ,/, while/cs opportunities/nns elsewhere/rb are/ber regarded/vbn as/cs more/ql hypothetical/jj ./. While/cs the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Labor/nn-tl has/hvz a/at program/nn of/in projecting/vbg industry/nn and/cc occupational/jj employment/nn trends/nns and/cc publishing/vbg current/jj outlook/nn statements/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez little/ap tangible/jj evidence/nn that/cs these/dts projections/nns have/hv been/ben used/vbn extensively/rb in/in local/jj curriculum/nn planning/nn ./. The/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Education/nn-tl continues/vbz to/to stress/vb local/jj surveys/nns rather/rb than/cs national/jj surveys/nns ./. This/dt procedure/nn is/bez extremely/ql shortsighted/jj in/in chronic/jj labor/nn surplus/nn areas/nns with/in a/at long/jj history/nn of/in declining/vbg employment/nn ./. Elaborate/jj studies/nns have/hv been/ben made/vbn in/in labor/nn surplus/nn areas/nns in/in order/nn to/to identify/vb sufficient/jj numbers/nns of/in local/jj job/nn vacancies/nns and/cc future/jj replacement/nn needs/nns for/in certain/ap skills/nns to/to justify/vb training/vbg programs/nns for/in those/dts skills/nns ./. No/at effort/nn is/bez made/vbn in/in the/at same/ap studies/nns to/to present/vb information/nn on/in regional/jj or/cc national/jj demand/nn trends/nns in/in these/dts skills/nns or/cc to/to consider/vb whether/cs regional/jj or/cc national/jj demands/nns for/in other/ap skills/nns might/md provide/vb much/ql better/jjr opportunities/nns for/in the/at youth/nn to/to be/be trained/vbn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at current/jj information/nn on/in what/wdt types/nns of/in training/vbg are/ber needed/vbn and/cc possible/jj is/bez too/ql limited/vbn and/cc fragmentary/jj ./. There/ex simply/rb is/bez not/* enough/ap material/nn available/jj on/in the/at types/nns of/in job/nn skills/nns that/wps are/ber in/in demand/nn and/cc the/at types/nns of/in training/vbg programs/nns that/wps are/ber required/vbn or/cc most/ql suitable/jj ./. Much/ap of/in the/at available/jj information/nn comes/vbz not/* from/in the/at Federal/jj-tl government/nn but/cc from/in an/at exchange/nn of/in experiences/nns among/in states/nns ./. Proposals/nns-hl State/nn and/cc local/jj agencies/nns in/in the/at vocational/jj education/nn field/nn must/md be/be encouraged/vbn to/to adopt/vb a/at wider/jjr outlook/nn on/in future/jj job/nn opportunities/nns ./. There/ex is/bez a/at need/nn for/in an/at expanded/vbn Federal/jj-tl effort/nn to/to provide/vb research/nn and/cc information/nn to/to help/vb guide/vb state/nn education/nn departments/nns and/cc local/jj school/nn boards/nns in/in existing/vbg programs/nns ./. A/at related/vbn question/nn is/bez whether/cs unemployed/jj workers/nns can/md be/be motivated/vbn to/to take/vb the/at training/nn provided/vbn ./. There/ex is/bez little/ap evidence/nn that/cs existing/vbg public/jj or/cc private/jj training/vbg programs/nns have/hv any/dti great/jj difficulty/nn getting/vbg students/nns to/to enroll/vb in/in their/pp$ programs/nns ,/, even/rb though/cs they/ppss must/md pay/vb tuition/nn ,/, receive/vb no/at subsistence/nn payments/nns ,/, and/cc are/ber not/* guaranteed/vbn a/at job/nn ./. However/rb ,/, there/ex always/rb is/bez some/dti limit/nn to/in the/at numbers/nns who/wps will/md spend/vb the/at time/nn and/cc effort/nn to/to acquire/vb training/vbg ./. Again/rb ,/, one/cd major/jj difficulty/nn is/bez the/at local/jj focus/nn ./. A/at training/vbg program/nn in/in a/at depressed/vbn area/nn may/md have/hv few/ap enrollees/nns unless/cs there/ex is/bez some/dti apparent/jj prospect/nn for/in better/jjr employment/nn opportunities/nns afterwards/rb ,/, and/cc the/at prospect/nn may/md be/be poor/jj if/cs the/at training/nn is/bez aimed/vbn solely/rb at/in jobs/nns in/in the/at local/jj community/nn ./. If/cs there/ex is/bez adequate/jj information/nn on/in job/nn opportunities/nns for/in skilled/jj jobs/nns elsewhere/rb ,/, many/ql more/ap workers/nns can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to respond/vb ./. Another/dt problem/nn is/bez who/wps will/md pay/vb for/in the/at training/nn ./. Local/jj school/nn districts/nns are/ber hard/rb pressed/vbn financially/rb and/cc unenthusiastic/jj about/in vocational/jj training/nn ./. Programs/nns usually/rb are/ber expanded/vbn only/rb when/wrb outside/jj funds/nns are/ber available/jj or/cc local/jj business/nn leaders/nns demand/vb it/ppo ./. Even/rb industrial/jj development/nn leaders/nns find/vb it/ppo hard/jj to/to win/vb local/jj support/nn for/in training/vbg unless/cs a/at new/jj industry/nn is/bez in/in sight/nn and/cc requests/vbz it/ppo ./. State/nn governments/nns have/hv been/ben taking/vbg the/at lead/nn in/in establishing/vbg area/nn vocational/jj schools/nns ,/, but/cc their/pp$ focus/nn is/bez still/rb on/in area/nn job/nn opportunities/nns ./. Only/rb the/at Federal/jj-tl government/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be able/jj to/to take/vb a/at long-run/nn and/cc nation-wide/jj view/nn and/cc to/to pay/vb for/in training/vbg to/to meet/vb national/jj skilled/jj manpower/nn needs/nns ./. If/cs only/ap state/nn funds/nns were/bed used/vbn to/to pay/vb for/in the/at vocational/jj education/nn ,/, it/pps could/md be/be argued/vbn that/cs the/at state/nn should/md not/* have/hv to/to bear/vb the/at cost/nn of/in vocational/jj training/nn which/wdt would/md benefit/vb employers/nns in/in other/ap states/nns ./. However/rb ,/, if/cs Federal/jj-tl funds/nns are/ber used/vbn ,/, it/pps would/md be/be entirely/ql appropriate/jj to/to train/vb workers/nns for/in jobs/nns which/wdt could/md be/be obtained/vbn elsewhere/rb as/ql well/rb as/cs for/in jobs/nns in/in the/at area/nn of/in chronic/jj unemployment/nn ./. Such/jj training/nn would/md increase/vb the/at tendency/nn of/in workers/nns to/to leave/vb the/at area/nn and/cc find/vb jobs/nns in/in other/ap localities/nns ./. A/at further/jjr possibility/nn is/bez suggested/vbn by/in the/at example/nn of/in the/at G./np I./np bills/nns and/cc also/rb by/in some/dti recent/jj trends/nns in/in attitudes/nns toward/in improving/vbg college/nn education/nn :/: that/dt is/bez to/to provide/vb financial/jj assistance/nn to/in individuals/nns for/in vocational/jj training/nn when/wrb local/jj facilities/nns are/ber inadequate/jj ./. This/dt probably/rb would/md require/vb some/dti support/nn for/in subsistence/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs for/in tuition/nn ,/, but/cc the/at total/nn would/md be/be no/ql greater/jjr than/cs for/in the/at proposals/nns of/in unemployment/nn compensation/nn or/cc a/at Youth/nn-tl Conservation/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl ./. A/at maximum/jj of/in $600/nns per/in year/nn per/in student/nn would/md enable/vb many/ap to/to take/vb training/vbg away/rb from/in home/nn ./. A/at program/nn of/in financial/jj assistance/nn would/md permit/vb placing/vbg emphasis/nn on/in the/at national/jj interest/nn in/in training/vbg highly/ql skilled/jj labor/nn ./. Instead/rb of/in being/beg limited/vbn to/in the/at poor/jj training/vbg facilities/nns in/in remote/jj areas/nns ,/, the/at student/nn would/md be/be able/jj to/to move/vb to/in large/jj institutions/nns of/in concentrated/vbn specialized/vbn training/nn ./. Such/jj specialized/vbn training/nn institutions/nns could/md be/be located/vbn near/in the/at most/ql rapidly/rb growing/vbg industries/nns ,/, where/wrb the/at equipment/nn and/cc job/nn experience/nn exist/vb and/cc where/wrb the/at future/jj employment/nn opportunities/nns are/ber located/vbn ./. This/dt would/md heighten/vb possibilities/nns for/in part-time/jj cooperative/jj ,/, on-the-job/jj and/cc extension/nn training/nn ./. Personal/jj financial/jj assistance/nn would/md enable/vb more/ap emphasis/nn to/to be/be placed/vbn on/in the/at interests/nns of/in the/at individual/nn ./. His/pp$ aptitudes/nns and/cc preferences/nns could/md be/be given/vbn more/ap weight/nn in/in selecting/vbg the/at proper/jj training/nn ./.

cj39

cj39 |@word briefly:1 top:6 configuration:3 must:3 examine:1 inference:1 fact:2 low:1 channel:1 line:1 pierce:1 forecasting:3 significance:1 application:1 count:2 rule:2 width:1 horizontally:1 give:2 intial:1 estimate:1 probable:1 depth:1 decline:4 idea:1 imply:3 sort:1 proportion:2 expect:1 amount:3 congestive:1 activity:2 extent:1 breakaway:1 run:3 movement:2 expectation:1 really:2 sell:5 point:3 figure:4 positive:1 consistently:2 demonstrable:1 relationship:2 strict:1 sense:2 experience:1 show:1 vague:1 generality:1 apply:1 fine:1 merely:1 dwell:1 upon:2 duration:1 intensity:1 event:1 much:3 happen:2 suddenly:1 little:1 take:4 long:2 advantage:1 disadvantage:1 two:3 type:3 chart:10 bar:1 charting:1 remain:3 subject:1 fairly:1 good:2 natured:1 litigation:1 among:2 respective:2 professional:1 advocate:1 method:10 enjoy:1 common:1 one:7 irrevocable:1 merit:1 trend:2 follow:2 even:5 strip:1 claim:1 bare:1 minimum:1 odd:19 still:3 favor:1 effect:1 always:4 likely:3 continue:1 reverse:2 course:5 many:6 thing:7 besides:1 price:15 foregoing:1 let:1 look:2 index:13 customarily:1 ability:1 quest:6 search:1 forecast:2 formula:2 ceaseless:1 correlation:2 work:3 loading:3 freight:2 car:3 stock:10 theory:7 behind:1 fundamentalist:1 character:1 number:7 report:6 increase:7 indicate:1 industrial:1 consequently:1 earning:2 fat:1 dividend:1 therefore:1 market:20 know:3 rarely:1 ever:1 cut:1 dry:1 fashion:1 perhaps:1 interesting:1 enough:2 nevertheless:2 magic:1 turn:2 go:4 ceaselessly:1 manner:1 investor:1 speculator:1 participate:1 range:1 sedate:1 institutional:1 virtually:2 proverbial:1 shoe:1 string:1 operator:1 seek:1 doggedly:1 studiously:1 daily:1 often:4 nightly:1 enchanting:4 foretell:1 eternal:1 secret:1 way:3 move:5 recall:1 mind:1 olden:1 time:4 fountain:3 youth:2 heavily:2 invest:3 day:2 wooden:1 ship:1 endeavor:2 multitude:1 modern:1 man:5 carry:2 offer:1 career:1 office:1 high:2 wall:1 street:2 lofty:1 wind:1 sweep:1 tower:1 sit:3 make:5 average:5 weekly:1 volume:5 monthly:1 ratio:5 advance:1 individual:3 performance:2 overall:2 rise:2 fall:2 lot:19 concerned:2 trade:5 security:2 bond:1 cocao:1 coffee:1 soybean:1 cotton:1 tin:1 oats:1 etc:1 along:1 chicago:1 west:1 jackson:1 boulevard:1 la:1 salle:1 around:1 merchandise:1 mart:1 plaza:1 crop:1 divide:2 lady:1 bug:2 green:1 hog:1 corn:1 plot:3 open:1 interest:1 curve:2 rainfall:1 democratic:1 congressman:2 republican:1 countless:1 enter:1 calculation:2 yet:1 non:1 forthcoming:1 rate:1 full:1 word:4 far:1 subtle:1 last:1 doubtless:1 never:2 write:1 nebulous:1 whereas:1 civilized:1 longer:2 pursue:1 abandon:1 pursuit:1 enchant:1 mention:1 indice:2 paragraph:1 ago:1 normal:1 trading:3 package:2 hundred:2 share:2 bushel:1 standard:1 grain:1 contract:1 transaction:2 less:2 execute:1 via:1 special:1 broker:1 floor:1 exchange:2 result:2 separate:1 record:1 distinguish:1 accord:2 underlie:1 trader:8 small:2 afford:2 round:1 use:8 cynical:1 phraseology:1 enthusiast:1 represent:1 sampling:1 least:2 sophisticated:3 echelon:3 easily:1 prey:1 adverse:1 rank:1 lose:4 anything:1 marketwise:1 exemplify:1 wrong:3 purchase:2 sale:2 release:1 newspaper:1 observer:2 graph:1 datum:1 particular:3 statistical:2 recipe:2 may:8 example:1 exactly:1 ten:1 simply:1 matter:1 taste:1 data:1 interpret:1 conjunction:1 usually:4 popular:1 towards:2 end:4 intermediate:2 major:2 form:3 frequently:1 observe:1 buying:1 sharply:1 warn:1 chartist:3 formation:1 progress:1 quite:2 similarly:1 opposite:2 cycle:1 bottom:6 characteristic:1 notice:1 selling:1 alert:1 become:4 great:1 likelihood:1 thus:3 aggregate:1 buy:7 notwithstanding:2 occasional:1 exception:1 general:2 public:13 put:2 adage:1 basis:1 well:2 wonder:1 question:1 raise:1 awkward:1 concern:3 chicken:1 egg:1 come:2 first:3 converse:1 quotation:2 mark:2 vernacular:1 connotation:1 reference:1 obviously:1 someone:2 order:1 vice:1 versa:1 member:2 literal:1 somewhat:1 although:1 majority:4 minus:1 leave:1 call:2 element:3 strong:7 hand:13 differ:1 weak:5 operation:2 primary:1 mover:1 initiate:1 campaign:5 speak:1 initiation:1 diffuse:1 concerted:1 action:1 psychologically:1 organize:1 act:1 react:1 ask:1 able:2 face:1 bearish:2 news:1 patiently:1 needless:1 say:2 eager:1 join:1 risk:1 absorb:1 unload:1 phase:1 certain:1 badly:1 disillusioned:1 critic:1 apt:1 feel:1 something:1 somehow:2 unfair:1 dirty:1 thoroughly:1 criminal:1 interplay:1 competitive:1 force:1 anyone:2 imagine:4 wherein:2 true:1 try:4 minority:2 would:5 consistent:1 profit:2 could:2 loss:1 moreover:1 taunt:1 alleged:1 erudition:1 test:1 every:1 accrue:1 askew:1 resulting:1 unflattering:1 deterioration:1 play:1 former:1 emerge:1 flatteringly:1 right:1 next:1 membership:1 fluctuate:1 study:3 akin:1 spectacle:1 outfox:1 shadow:1 get:2 side:1 usefulness:1 analysis:3 direct:1 dissemination:1 virtue:1 dictionary:1 definition:1 diametric:1 opposition:1 persist:2 future:2 win:2 arrangement:1 support:1 unimaginable:1 need:1 squeamishness:1 admit:1 doubt:1 invite:1 mr:2 john:1 magee:1 whose:1 discuss:1 chapter:2 quote:1 new:1 yorker:1 magazine:1 profile:1 remember:1 people:2 begin:1 affect:1 throw:1 self:1 defeat:1 alexander:1 wheelan:1 help:1 technique:5 tell:1 reader:2 assure:1 total:2 portion:1 sum:1 operate:1 commodity:1 different:1 objective:1 unique:1 individualized:1 hard:1 acquire:1 fan:1 invalidate:1 lead:2 possible:2 mode:1 expression:1 committment:1 final:1 user:1 either:1 bull:1 bear:1 instance:1 forethought:1 however:1 elaborate:1 oversubscribe:1 commonplace:1 bullish:1 position:2 temporarily:1 subscribe:1 though:1 decide:1 profound:1 diverse:1 conclusion:1 6:1 hoax:1 purpose:1 set:1 forth:1 beginning:1 book:1 introduce:1 background:1 knowledge:1 various:1 capability:1 already:1 evaluate:1 validity:1 rather:1 astonishing:1 empirical:1 appraise:1 interpretation:1 suggest:1 farm:1 year:1 immediately:1 ahead:1

But/cc briefly/rb ,/, the/at topping/vbg configuration/nn must/md be/be examined/vbn for/in its/pp$ inferences/nns ./. Then/rb the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at lower/jjr channel/nn line/nn was/bedz pierced/vbn had/hvd further/jjr forecasting/vbg significance/nn ./. And/cc then/rb the/at application/nn of/in the/at count/nn rules/nns to/in the/at width/nn (/( horizontally/rb )/) of/in the/at configuration/nn gives/vbz us/ppo an/at intial/jj estimate/nn of/in the/at probable/jj depth/nn of/in the/at decline/nn ./. The/at very/ap idea/nn of/in there/ex being/beg ``/`` count/nn rules/nns ''/'' implies/vbz that/cs there/ex is/bez some/dti sort/nn of/in proportion/nn to/to be/be expected/vbn between/in the/at amount/nn of/in congestive/jj activity/nn and/cc the/at extent/nn of/in the/at breakaway/nn (/( run/vb up/rp or/cc run/vb down/rp )/) movement/nn ./. This/dt expectation/nn is/bez what/wdt really/rb ``/`` sold/vbd ''/'' point/nn and/cc figure/nn ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez no/at positive/jj and/cc consistently/rb demonstrable/jj relationship/nn in/in the/at strictest/jjt sense/nn ./. Experience/nn will/md show/vb that/cs only/rb the/at vaguest/jjt generalities/nns apply/vb ,/, and/cc in/in fine/jj ,/, these/dts merely/rb dwell/vb upon/in a/at relationship/nn between/in the/at durations/nns and/cc intensities/nns of/in events/nns ./. After/in all/abn ,/, too/ql much/ap does/doz not/* happen/vb too/ql suddenly/rb ,/, nor/cc does/doz very/ql little/ap take/vb long/rb ./. The/at advantages/nns and/cc disadvantages/nns of/in these/dts two/cd types/nns of/in charting/vbg ,/, bar/nn charting/nn and/cc point/nn and/cc figure/nn charting/nn ,/, remain/vb the/at subject/nn of/in fairly/ql good-natured/jj litigation/nn among/in their/pp$ respective/jj professional/jj advocates/nns ,/, with/in both/abx methods/nns enjoying/vbg in/in common/jj ,/, one/cd irrevocable/jj merit/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber both/abx trend-following/jj methods/nns ./. Even/rb if/cs we/ppss strip/vb their/pp$ respective/jj claims/nns to/in the/at barest/jjt minimum/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` odds/nns ''/'' still/rb favor/vb them/ppo both/abx ,/, for/cs the/at trend/nn in/in effect/nn is/bez always/rb more/ql likely/jj to/to continue/vb than/cs to/to reverse/vb ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, many/ql more/ap things/nns are/ber charted/vbn besides/in prices/nns ./. The/at foregoing/nn have/hv been/ben methods/nns of/in charting/vbg prices/nns ,/, but/cc now/rb let/vb us/ppo look/vb at/in some/dti of/in the/at other/ap indices/nns that/wps are/ber customarily/rb charted/vbn ,/, and/cc which/wdt are/ber looked/vbn to/in for/in their/pp$ forecasting/vbg abilities/nns ./. The/at-hl quest/nn-hl for/in-hl methods/nns-hl The/at search/nn for/in forecasting/vbg formulae/nns is/bez ceaseless/jj ./. Correlations/nns have/hv been/ben worked/vbn up/rp between/in the/at loading/nn of/in freight/nn cars/nns and/cc the/at course/nn of/in stock/nn price/nn ./. The/at theory/nn behind/in this/dt is/bez ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, fundamentalist/jj in/in character/nn ./. As/cs the/at number/nn of/in reported/vbn freight/nn car/nn loadings/nns increased/vbd ,/, this/dt was/bedz taken/vbn to/to indicate/vb increased/vbn industrial/jj activity/nn ,/, and/cc consequently/rb increased/vbn stock/nn earnings/nns ,/, implying/vbg fatter/jjr dividends/nns ,/, and/cc implying/vbg therefore/rb increased/vbn stock/nn market/nn prices/nns ./. We/ppss now/rb know/vb that/cs things/nns rarely/rb ever/rb work/vb out/rp in/in such/jj cut-and-dried/jj fashion/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs car/nn loadings/nns ,/, while/cs perhaps/rb interesting/jj enough/qlp ,/, are/ber nevertheless/rb not/* the/at magic/jj formula/nn that/wps will/md always/rb turn/vb before/cs stock/nn prices/nns turn/vb ./. But/cc the/at quest/nn for/in such/abl an/at index/nn goes/vbz on/rp ceaselessly/rb ,/, with/in all/abn manner/nn of/in investors/nns and/cc speculators/nns participating/vbg ,/, ranging/vbg from/in the/at sedate/jj institutional/jj type/nn virtually/rb to/in the/at proverbial/jj shoe-string/nn operator/nn ,/, all/abn seeking/vbg doggedly/rb ,/, studiously/rb ,/, daily/rb --/-- and/cc often/rb nightly/rb --/-- for/in the/at enchanting/jj index/nn that/wps will/md foretell/vb the/at eternal/jj secret/nn :/: Which/wdt way/nn will/md the/at market/nn move/nn --/-- up/rp or/cc down/rp ?/. ?/. It/pps recalls/vbz to/in mind/nn the/at quest/nn of/in olden/jj times/nns for/in the/at fountain/nn of/in youth/nn ,/, a/at quest/nn heavily/rb invested/vbn in/in ,/, during/in the/at days/nns of/in wooden/jj ships/nns ./. Just/rb as/ql heavily/rb invested/vbn are/ber the/at endeavors/nns of/in multitudes/nns of/in modern/jj men/nns who/wps carry/vb on/rp the/at quest/nn for/in the/at enchanting/jj index/nn ./. The/at quest/nn offers/vbz careers/nns ./. Much/ap of/in this/dt goes/vbz on/rp in/in offices/nns high/rb up/rp in/in Wall/nn-tl Street's/nn$-tl lofty/jj wind-swept/jj towers/nns ./. There/rb sit/vb men/nns who/wps make/vb moving/vbg averages/nns of/in weekly/rb volume/nn ,/, monthly/rb averages/nns of/in price-earnings/nns ratios/nns ,/, ratios/nns of/in the/at number/nn of/in advances/nns to/in the/at number/nn of/in declines/nns ,/, ratios/nns of/in an/at individual/jj stock's/nn$ performance/nn to/in overall/jj market/nn performance/nn ,/, ratios/nns of/in rising/vbg price/nn volume/nn to/in falling/vbg price/nn volume/nn ,/, odd-lot/nn indices/nns ,/, and/cc what/wdt not/* ./. They/ppss are/ber concerned/vbn with/in all/abn things/nns traded/vbn in/in ,/, securities/nns ,/, bonds/nns ,/, cocao/nn ,/, coffee/nn ,/, soybeans/nns ,/, cotton/nn ,/, tin/nn ,/, oats/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. And/cc along/in Chicago's/np$ West/jj-tl Jackson/np-tl Boulevard/nn-tl ,/, La/np-tl Salle/np-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, and/cc around/in the/at Merchandise/nn-tl Mart/nn-tl Plaza/nn-tl there/rb sit/vb men/nns who/wps chart/vb crop/nn reports/nns ,/, who/wps divide/vb the/at number/nn of/in reported/vbn lady-bugs/nns by/in the/at number/nn of/in reported/vbn green-bugs/nns ,/, and/cc the/at number/nn of/in hogs/nns by/in the/at amount/nn of/in corn/nn ./. They/ppss plot/vb the/at open/jj interest/nn curves/nns ,/, rainfall/nn curves/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss even/rb divide/vb Democratic/jj congressmen/nns by/in Republican/jj congressmen/nns ./. All/abn these/dts things/nns and/cc countless/jj more/ap enter/vb into/in their/pp$ calculations/nns ,/, and/cc yet/rb ,/, the/at enchanting/jj index/nn remains/vbz non-forthcoming/jj ./. Not/* ,/, at/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, in/in the/at fuller/jjr sense/nn of/in the/at word/nn ./. The/at markets/nns are/ber far/ql too/ql subtle/jj ,/, and/cc the/at last/ap word/nn in/in these/dts endeavors/nns will/md doubtless/rb never/rb be/be written/vbn ,/, for/cs the/at enchanting/jj index/nn is/bez about/rb as/ql nebulous/jj as/cs the/at fountain/nn of/in youth/nn ./. But/cc whereas/cs civilized/vbn men/nns no/ql longer/rbr pursue/vb the/at fountain/nn ,/, they/ppss never/rb abandoned/vbd their/pp$ pursuit/nn of/in the/at enchanting/jj index/nn ./. We/ppss mentioned/vbd odd-lot/nn indices/nns a/at few/ap paragraphs/nns ago/rb ./. In/in the/at stock/nn market/nn ,/, the/at normal/jj trading/vbg package/nn is/bez a/at hundred/cd shares/nns ,/, just/rb as/cs 5,000/cd bushels/nns is/bez the/at standard/jj grain/nn contract/nn package/nn ./. A/at stock/nn transaction/nn for/in less/ap than/in a/at hundred/cd shares/nns is/bez executed/vbn via/in a/at special/jj odd-lot/nn broker/nn on/in the/at floor/nn of/in the/at exchange/nn ./. This/dt results/vbz in/in a/at separate/jj record/nn being/beg made/vbn ,/, distinguishing/vbg these/dts trades/nns from/in the/at overall/jj volume/nn of/in trading/vbg ./. According/in to/in the/at theory/nn underlying/vbg odd-lot/nn indices/nns ,/, the/at trader/nn who/wps trades/vbz odd/jj lots/nns is/bez most/ql likely/jj a/at small/jj trader/nn ,/, one/cd who/wps can't/md* afford/vb to/to trade/vb round/jj lots/nns ./. Or/cc ,/, to/to use/vb the/at cynical/jj phraseology/nn of/in one/cd odd-lot/nn index/nn enthusiast/nn ,/, they/ppss represent/vb a/at sampling/nn of/in the/at least/ql sophisticated/jj echelon/nn of/in traders/nns ./. Falling/vbg most/ql easily/rb prey/nn to/in an/at adverse/jj market/nn movement/nn ,/, for/cs this/dt rank/nn of/in traders/nns can/md least/ap afford/vb to/to lose/vb ,/, virtually/rb anything/pn the/at odd-lot/nn traders/nns do/do ,/, marketwise/rb ,/, is/bez taken/vbn to/to exemplify/vb the/at ``/`` wrong/jj ''/'' thing/nn to/to do/do ./. Figures/nns reporting/vbg the/at volume/nn of/in odd-lot/nn purchases/nns and/cc odd-lot/nn sales/nns are/ber released/vbn by/in the/at stock/nn exchange/nn and/cc carried/vbn in/in the/at newspapers/nns ./. Odd-lot/nn index/nn observers/nns then/rb make/vb graphs/nns of/in the/at data/nns according/in to/in their/pp$ particular/jj statistical/jj recipe/nn ./. They/ppss might/md ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, plot/vb it/ppo exactly/rb as/cs is/bez ,/, or/cc they/ppss might/md make/vb ten/cd day/nn moving/vbg averages/nns of/in it/ppo ,/, or/cc longer/jjr moving/vbg averages/nns ,/, or/cc they/ppss might/md simply/rb plot/vb the/at ratio/nn of/in odd-lot/nn purchases/nns to/in odd-lot/nn sales/nns ./. The/at particular/jj recipe/nn is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in individual/jj taste/nn ./. The/at data/nn is/bez now/rb interpreted/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in a/at price/nn chart/nn ,/, usually/rb of/in a/at popular/jj stock/nn average/nn ./. Towards/in the/at end/nn of/in an/at intermediate/jj or/cc major/jj rise/nn ,/, while/cs the/at top/nn is/bez forming/vbg on/in the/at price/nn chart/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez frequently/rb observed/vbn that/cs the/at odd-lot/nn buying/nn increases/vbz sharply/rb ./. This/dt warns/vbz the/at chartist/nn that/cs the/at formation/nn in/in progress/nn is/bez quite/ql likely/jj to/to be/be a/at top/nn ./. Similarly/rb ,/, at/in the/at opposite/jj end/nn of/in the/at market/nn cycle/nn ,/, towards/in the/at end/nn of/in an/at intermediate/jj or/cc major/jj decline/nn ,/, usually/rb while/cs the/at bottom/nn is/bez being/beg formed/vbn on/in the/at price/nn chart/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez characteristic/jj that/cs an/at increase/nn is/bez noticed/vbn in/in odd-lot/nn selling/nn again/rb alerting/vbg the/at chartist/nn that/cs a/at bottom/nn is/bez becoming/vbg a/at greater/jjr likelihood/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, in/in the/at aggregate/jj ,/, the/at odd-lot/nn trader/nn is/bez one/cd who/wps buys/vbz at/in the/at tops/nns and/cc sells/vbz at/in the/at bottoms/nns ,/, notwithstanding/in occasional/jj individual/jj exceptions/nns ./. While/cs it/pps had/hvd long/rb been/ben known/vbn in/in general/jj ,/, that/cs ``/`` the/at public/nn is/bez always/rb wrong/jj ''/'' ,/, the/at use/nn of/in odd-lot/nn indices/nns now/rb puts/vbz the/at adage/nn on/in a/at statistical/jj basis/nn ./. One/pn might/md well/rb wonder/vb why/wrb the/at ``/`` public/nn is/bez always/rb wrong/jj ''/'' and/cc the/at question/nn raised/vbn is/bez about/rb as/ql awkward/jj as/cs the/at one/cd concerned/vbn with/in the/at chicken/nn and/cc the/at egg/nn ./. Which/wdt came/vbd first/rb ?/. ?/. Is/bez it/pps really/rb that/cs the/at ``/`` public/nn ''/'' buys/vbz at/in the/at tops/nns ,/, and/cc not/* that/cs the/at market/nn tops/vbz out/rp when/wrb the/at ``/`` public/nn ''/'' buys/vbz ?/. ?/. And/cc the/at converse/nn at/in bottoms/nns ./. Does/doz the/at ``/`` public/nn ''/'' usually/rb sell/vb at/in bottoms/nns ,/, or/cc does/doz the/at market/nn usually/rb bottom/nn out/rp when/wrb the/at ``/`` public/nn ''/'' sells/vbz ?/. ?/. We/ppss have/hv been/ben using/jj-nc the/at word/nn ``/`` public/nn ''/'' in/in quotation/nn marks/nns ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, in/in its/pp$ vernacular/jj connotation/nn with/in reference/nn to/in the/at odd-lot/nn index/nn theory/nn ./. Obviously/rb someone/pn has/hvz to/to sell/vb in/in order/nn for/cs someone/pn to/to buy/vb ,/, and/cc vice/rb versa/rb ./. And/cc while/cs all/abn concerned/vbn are/ber members/nns of/in the/at literal/jj public/nn ,/, somewhat/ql less/ap than/cs all/abn concerned/vbn ,/, although/cs still/rb a/at majority/nn ,/, form/vb the/at quotation/nn marked/vbn ``/`` public/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc the/at public/nn minus/in the/at ``/`` public/nn ''/'' leaves/vbz the/at so-called/jj ``/`` sophisticated/jj ''/'' element/nn --/-- the/at element/nn on/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at ``/`` public's/nn$ ''/'' transactions/nns ./. This/dt element/nn is/bez often/rb called/vbn ``/`` strong/jj hands/nns ''/'' ./. Strong/jj hands/nns differ/vb from/in ``/`` weak/jj hands/nns ''/'' in/in that/cs their/pp$ operations/nns are/ber the/at primary/jj movers/nns ./. They/ppss initiate/vb campaigns/nns ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, even/rb if/cs this/dt initiation/nn is/bez diffused/vbn among/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc their/pp$ concerted/jj action/nn only/rb psychologically/rb organized/vbn ./. Strong/jj hands/nns act/vb ;/. ;/. weak/jj hands/nns react/vb ./. Strong/jj hands/nns move/vb first/rb ;/. ;/. weak/jj hands/nns ask/vb ,/, What/wdt is/bez going/vbg on/rp ?/. ?/. When/wrb strong/jj hands/nns buy/vb ,/, they/ppss are/ber able/jj to/to buy/vb more/ap ,/, and/cc they/ppss do/do it/ppo even/rb in/in the/at face/nn of/in bearish/jj news/nn reports/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber able/jj to/to sit/vb more/ql patiently/rb with/in what/wdt they/ppss have/hv bought/vbn ./. Needless/jj to/to say/vb ,/, strong/jj hands/nns are/ber not/* eager/jj to/to be/be joined/vbn by/in weak/jj hands/nns ,/, for/cs this/dt increases/vbz the/at risk/nn that/cs they/ppss will/md have/hv to/to absorb/vb what/wdt these/dts weak/jj hands/nns unload/vb on/in the/at way/nn up/rp ,/, at/in higher/jjr prices/nns ,/, during/in the/at run-up/jj phase/nn of/in the/at campaign/nn ./. Certain/ap badly/rb disillusioned/vbn market/nn critics/nns are/ber often/rb apt/jj to/to feel/vb that/cs there/ex is/bez something/pn somehow/rb unfair/jj ,/, dirty/jj ,/, or/cc even/rb thoroughly/rb criminal/jj about/in this/dt interplay/nn of/in competitive/jj forces/nns ./. But/cc after/in all/abn ,/, can/md anyone/pn imagine/vb a/at market/nn wherein/wrb the/at reverse/nn of/in these/dts things/nns were/bed true/jj ?/. ?/. Try/vb to/to imagine/vb a/at market/nn in/in which/wdt only/rb a/at minority/nn of/in traders/nns would/md lose/vb ,/, and/cc the/at majority/nn would/md make/vb consistent/jj profits/nns ./. How/wql much/ap and/cc how/wql many/ap profits/nns could/md a/at majority/nn take/vb out/rp of/in the/at losses/nns of/in a/at few/ap ?/. ?/. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at taunt/nn concerning/in the/at ``/`` sophisticated/jj ''/'' echelon/nn and/cc its/pp$ alleged/vbn erudition/nn is/bez put/vbn to/in test/nn during/in every/at campaign/nn ,/, and/cc accrues/vbz only/rb upon/in results/nns ;/. ;/. not/* before/in ./. It/pps quite/ql often/rb happens/vbz that/cs campaigns/nns go/vb askew/rb ,/, resulting/vbg in/in a/at most/ql unflattering/jj deterioration/nn of/in strong/jj hands/nns into/in played-out/jj hands/nns ,/, just/rb as/cs a/at member/nn of/in a/at former/ap campaign's/nn$ ``/`` public/nn ''/'' may/md emerge/vb flatteringly/ql ``/`` right/jj ''/'' the/at next/ap time/nn ./. Membership/nn in/in the/at echelons/nns fluctuates/vbz too/rb ./. The/at study/nn of/in odd-lot/nn indices/nns is/bez somehow/rb akin/jj to/in the/at spectacle/nn of/in a/at man/nn trying/vbg to/to outfox/vb his/pp$ own/jj shadow/nn ,/, what/wdt with/in all/abn observers/nns trying/vbg to/to get/vb on/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at ``/`` few/ap ''/'' at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ./. The/at usefulness/nn of/in this/dt study/nn and/cc of/in configuration/nn analysis/nn as/ql well/rb ,/, declines/vbz in/in direct/jj proportion/nn to/in the/at dissemination/nn of/in its/pp$ use/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz to/to ,/, by/in virtue/nn of/in the/at very/ap dictionary/nn definition/nn of/in the/at word/nn ``/`` few/ap-nc ''/'' ./. Diametric/jj opposition/nn must/md persist/vb as/in to/in the/at future/jj course/nn of/in prices/nns ,/, if/cs there/ex is/bez to/to persist/vb a/at market/nn at/in all/abn ./. And/cc the/at few/ap must/md win/vb what/wdt the/at many/ap lose/vb ,/, for/cs the/at opposite/jj arrangement/nn would/md not/* support/vb markets/nns as/cs we/ppss know/vb them/ppo at/in all/abn ,/, and/cc is/bez ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, unimaginable/jj ./. There/ex need/md be/be no/at squeamishness/nn about/in admitting/vbg this/dt ./. Anyone/pn still/rb doubting/vbg that/cs this/dt is/bez the/at only/ap way/nn markets/nns can/md be/be is/bez invited/vbn to/to try/vb to/to imagine/vb a/at market/nn wherein/wrb the/at majority/nn consistently/rb wins/vbz what/wdt the/at minority/nn loses/vbz ./. Mr./np John/np Magee/np ,/, whose/wp$ work/nn has/hvz been/ben discussed/vbn in/in this/dt chapter/nn ,/, was/bedz quoted/vbn in/in a/at New/jj-tl Yorker/np-tl Magazine/nn-tl profile/nn as/cs saying/vbg :/: ``/`` Of/in course/nn ,/, you/ppss have/hv to/to remember/vb it's/pps+bez a/at good/jj thing/nn for/in us/ppo chartists/nns that/cs there/ex aren't/ber* more/ap of/in us/ppo ./. If/cs you/ppss got/vbd too/ql many/ap people/nns investing/vbg by/in this/dt method/nn ,/, their/pp$ operations/nns would/md begin/vb to/to affect/vb stock/nn prices/nns ,/, and/cc thus/rb throw/vb the/at charts/nns off/rp ./. The/at method/nn would/md become/vb self-defeating/jj ''/'' ./. Mr./np Alexander/np H./np Wheelan's/np$ Study/vb-tl Helps/nns-tl In/in-tl Point/nn-tl And/cc-tl Figure/nn-tl Technique/nn-tl tells/vbz the/at readers/nns :/: ``/`` We/ppss assure/vb you/ppo that/cs the/at total/jj number/nn of/in people/nns using/vbg this/dt method/nn of/in market/nn analysis/nn is/bez a/at very/ql small/jj portion/nn of/in the/at sum/nn total/nn of/in those/dts operating/vbg in/in the/at securities/nns and/cc commodities/nns markets/nns ''/'' ./. What/wdt with/in traders/nns trading/vbg for/in so/ql many/ap different/jj objectives/nns ,/, and/cc what/wdt with/in there/ex being/beg so/ql many/ap unique/jj and/cc individualized/vbn market/nn theories/nns and/cc trading/vbg techniques/nns in/in use/nn ,/, and/cc more/ap coming/vbg into/in use/nn all/abn the/at time/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez hard/jj to/to imagine/vb how/wrb any/dti particular/ap theory/nn or/cc technique/nn could/md acquire/vb enough/ap ``/`` fans/nns ''/'' to/to invalidate/vb itself/ppl ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, all/abn theories/nns and/cc techniques/nns lead/vb but/rb to/in one/cd of/in two/cd possible/jj modes/nns of/in expression/nn ,/, if/cs they/ppss lead/vb to/in a/at market/nn committment/nn at/in all/abn ./. In/in the/at final/jj analysis/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, the/at user/nn becomes/vbz either/cc a/at bull/nn or/cc a/at bear/nn in/in a/at given/vbn instance/nn ,/, notwithstanding/in any/dti amount/nn of/in forethought/nn and/cc calculation/nn ,/, however/wql elaborate/jj ./. Thus/rb while/cs his/pp$ theory/nn or/cc technique/nn may/md not/* be/be oversubscribed/vbn ,/, it/pps is/bez commonplace/jj for/cs bullish/jj and/cc bearish/jj positions/nns to/to become/vb temporarily/rb over-subscribed/vbn ./. Though/cs the/at methods/nns of/in deciding/vbg may/md be/be profound/jj and/cc diverse/jj ,/, the/at possible/jj conclusions/nns remain/vb but/rb two/cd ./. Chapter/nn-tl 6/cd-tl ,/, more/ap methods/nns the/at-hl hoaxes/nns-hl The/at purpose/nn set/vbn forth/rb at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in this/dt book/nn was/bedz first/rb to/to introduce/vb the/at reader/nn to/in a/at general/jj background/nn knowledge/nn of/in the/at various/ap types/nns and/cc capabilities/nns of/in the/at forecasting/vbg methods/nns already/rb in/in use/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs he/pps might/md then/rb be/be in/in a/at position/nn to/to evaluate/vb for/in himself/ppl the/at validity/nn of/in the/at rather/ql astonishing/jj empirical/jj correlation/nn that/wps is/bez to/to follow/vb ,/, and/cc to/to appraise/vb the/at forecast/nn that/wpo its/pp$ interpretation/nn suggests/vbz for/in the/at future/nn of/in farm/nn prices/nns over/in the/at years/nns immediately/rb ahead/rb ./.

cj40

cj40 |@word assess:1 outlook:3 interest:13 rate:35 1961:8 question:3 always:1 prospect:3 general:13 business:20 activity:11 large:3 happen:1 whole:2 govern:1 relationship:1 demand:10 supply:2 condition:2 capital:7 market:11 thus:2 determine:1 moreover:3 trend:4 exert:1 decisive:1 influence:1 fiscal:1 monetary:5 federal:13 policy:5 affect:1 nineteen:1 sixty:12 baffling:1 year:12 analyst:1 much:1 level:5 move:5 along:1 record:2 high:6 plateau:1 persistent:1 sign:3 slack:1 economy:4 tendency:2 soften:2 somewhat:4 become:4 evident:2 although:2 pause:1 advance:1 far:1 quite:1 modest:1 hard:1 escape:1 conclusion:1 process:3 continue:5 first:3 quarter:1 possibly:1 longer:2 difficult:2 see:2 powerful:2 source:1 strength:1 horizon:1 time:2 would:9 give:1 new:4 upward:3 thrust:1 plant:3 equipment:3 spending:8 industry:2 seem:8 top:1 face:1 decline:3 early:1 cycle:2 occur:3 country:4 usually:1 experience:1 sharp:2 upturn:1 residential:4 construction:2 mortgage:8 financing:2 easy:6 obtain:1 however:5 increase:10 availability:4 credit:6 act:2 usual:1 speed:1 stimulate:2 rise:17 inventory:3 unsold:2 house:1 area:3 moderate:2 vacancy:2 apartment:2 september:1 hand:1 favorable:2 vein:2 receive:1 stimulus:1 reduction:2 probably:4 run:3 good:4 part:4 course:2 2:3 retail:1 sale:2 october:1 encouraging:1 connection:1 well:8 recent:3 consumer:11 survey:1 national:2 industrial:4 conference:1 board:1 show:3 decide:1 pickup:1 plan:1 pattern:2 lie:1 ahead:2 softening:1 spring:6 economic:7 get:3 way:3 recovery:3 spark:1 housing:6 start:1 next:8 response:1 readily:1 available:2 expansion:3 government:6 sustain:1 rebuilding:1 slight:1 downward:2 pressure:2 suggest:3 long:8 term:11 several:4 month:3 fund:4 may:6 moderately:2 low:2 tend:2 little:1 lower:1 especially:1 state:3 local:3 bond:5 publicly:1 offer:1 corporate:2 witness:2 calendar:1 present:1 amount:2 municipal:1 issue:1 approve:1 voter:1 likely:8 remain:2 reduce:1 great:3 save:1 lending:2 institution:1 ease:4 primarily:1 downpayment:1 amortization:1 follow:2 additional:1 step:1 reserve:5 authority:6 certainly:2 discount:1 strong:1 possibility:1 position:2 banking:1 system:3 require:2 pay:1 attention:1 consequence:1 action:1 respect:1 international:1 balance:1 payment:1 outflow:1 gold:1 regard:1 avoid:1 creation:1 excessive:1 liquidity:1 delay:1 effectiveness:1 measure:1 phase:1 open:5 one:1 intriguing:1 whether:1 departure:1 confine:1 operation:3 treasury:1 bill:3 spread:1 security:3 extent:2 administration:1 wish:1 conduct:2 throughout:1 entire:1 maturity:1 range:1 aggressively:1 seek:1 force:7 principle:1 preferably:1 strongly:1 accept:2 envision:1 persuade:1 depart:1 radically:1 extend:1 purchase:2 regularly:1 effort:2 accentuate:1 result:1 end:3 assume:1 begin:2 edge:1 depend:1 upon:2 vigor:1 determination:1 restrain:1 guess:1 second:4 half:5 turn:1 gradually:1 recover:1 ground:1 lose:1 downturn:1 pertinent:1 ask:1 upswing:1 past:1 15:1 enter:1 period:2 produce:1 prolonged:1 answer:1 negative:1 believe:2 total:1 press:1 generally:1 firm:1 five:2 basic:2 view:2 base:1 operate:1 1:1 event:1 assembly:1 united:1 nations:1 confirm:1 cold:1 war:4 intensify:1 foreseeable:1 future:1 make:2 certain:2 expenditure:8 military:1 preparedness:1 foreign:1 aid:2 task:1 try:1 win:1 maintain:1 friendship:1 african:1 nation:1 ruthless:1 competition:2 communist:2 bloc:1 overcome:1 lead:2 russians:1 space:1 bind:1 mean:1 accelerated:1 aim:1 fast:2 growth:1 keep:1 demonstrate:1 free:2 education:1 medical:1 like:1 serious:1 danger:1 involve:1 toward:1 take:1 dim:1 significant:1 stepping:1 household:5 formation:6 contribute:1 volume:1 home:6 building:3 accord:1 late:1 projection:2 bureau:2 census:2 annual:7 20:1 assumption:1 project:1 last:1 two:1 fifty:5 slightly:1 decade:6 seventy:1 pronounced:1 accordingly:2 expand:1 occasion:1 enhance:1 impact:1 exaggerate:1 average:1 still:3 considerably:1 three:2 april:1 1947:1 march:1 1950:1 3:1 family:1 continued:1 substantial:1 unit:1 indicate:1 backlog:4 real:1 persistently:1 1949:1 1959:1 surprising:1 comparable:1 carry:1 neighborhood:1 1970:1 raise:1 4:1 precede:1 play:1 spur:1 keen:1 devote:1 research:1 5:1 pessimistic:1 suspect:1 reservoir:1 dam:1 thirty:1 world:1 finally:1 dry:1 clear:1 cut:1 evidence:1 example:1 huge:2 postwar:1 veteran:1 va:1 loan:3 guaranty:1 program:1 largely:1 exhaust:1 indeed:1 failure:1 respond:1 report:1 pocket:1 also:1 signal:1 lush:1 day:1 big:1 reach:1 thing:1 automobile:1 today:1 public:3 willing:1 car:2 come:1 insistent:1 compact:1 frill:1 feed:1 liquid:2 asset:2 accumulate:1 even:1 field:1 consume:1 use:1 drain:1 price:1 apparently:1 line:1 say:1 confident:1 fortify:1 want:1 desire:1 characterize:1 competitive:1 selective:1 requirement:1 grow:1 enormous:1

In/in assessing/vbg the/at outlook/nn for/in interest/nn rates/nns in/in 1961/cd ,/, the/at question/nn ,/, as/cs always/rb ,/, is/bez the/at prospect/nn for/in general/jj business/nn activity/nn ./. By/rb and/cc large/rb ,/, what/wdt happens/vbz to/in business/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn will/md govern/vb the/at relationship/nn between/in demand/nn and/cc supply/nn conditions/nns in/in the/at capital/nn markets/nns and/cc will/md thus/rb determine/vb interest/nn rates/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at trend/nn of/in general/jj business/nn activity/nn in/in 1961/cd will/md exert/vb a/at decisive/jj influence/nn on/in fiscal/jj ,/, monetary/jj ,/, and/cc other/ap Federal/jj-tl policies/nns which/wdt affect/vb interest/nn rates/nns ./. Nineteen-sixty/cd has/hvz been/ben a/at baffling/jj year/nn for/in analysts/nns of/in general/jj business/nn activity/nn ./. During/in much/ap of/in the/at year/nn the/at general/jj level/nn of/in business/nn activity/nn has/hvz moved/vbn along/rb on/in a/at record-high/jj plateau/nn ,/, but/cc there/ex have/hv been/ben persistent/nn signs/nns of/in slack/nn in/in the/at economy/nn ./. The/at tendency/nn for/cs general/jj business/nn activity/nn to/to soften/vb somewhat/rb is/bez becoming/vbg more/ql evident/jj ./. Although/cs the/at pause/nn in/in the/at advance/nn of/in general/jj business/nn activity/nn this/dt year/nn has/hvz thus/ql far/rb been/ben quite/ql modest/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez hard/jj to/to escape/vb the/at conclusion/nn that/cs the/at softening/vbg process/nn will/md continue/vb into/in the/at first/od quarter/nn of/in 1961/cd and/cc possibly/rb somewhat/ql longer/rbr ./. It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to see/vb any/dti powerful/jj sources/nns of/in strength/nn on/in the/at horizon/nn at/in this/dt time/nn which/wdt would/md give/vb the/at economy/nn a/at new/jj upward/jj thrust/nn ./. The/at rate/nn of/in plant/nn and/cc equipment/nn spending/nn by/in business/nn and/cc industry/nn now/rb seems/vbz to/to be/be topping/vbg out/rp and/cc facing/vbg some/dti decline/nn ./. In/in earlier/jjr business/nn cycles/nns ,/, when/wrb this/dt occurred/vbd the/at country/nn usually/rb experienced/vbd a/at sharp/jj upturn/nn in/in residential/jj construction/nn as/cs mortgage/nn financing/nn became/vbd easier/jjr to/to obtain/vb ./. At/in this/dt time/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber signs/nns that/cs increased/vbn availability/nn of/in mortgage/nn credit/nn will/md not/* act/vb with/in the/at usual/jj speed/nn to/to stimulate/vb a/at sharp/jj rise/nn in/in residential/jj construction/nn ./. These/dts signs/nns are/ber the/at inventories/nns of/in unsold/jj houses/nns in/in some/dti areas/nns of/in the/at country/nn and/cc the/at moderate/jj rise/nn in/in vacancy/nn rates/nns for/in apartments/nns (/( 7.6%/nn in/in September/np )/) ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, in/in a/at more/ql favorable/jj vein/nn ,/, general/jj business/nn activity/nn should/md receive/vb some/dti stimulus/nn from/in rising/vbg Federal/jj-tl spending/nn ,/, and/cc the/at reduction/nn in/in business/nn inventories/nns has/hvz probably/rb run/vbn a/at good/jj part/nn of/in its/pp$ course/nn ./. The/at 2%/nn increase/nn in/in retail/jj sales/nns in/in October/np to/in a/at 4-month/jj high/nn is/bez encouraging/vbg in/in this/dt connection/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at most/ql recent/jj consumer/nn survey/nn by/in the/at National/jj-tl Industrial/jj-tl Conference/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt shows/vbz a/at decided/vbn pickup/nn in/in consumer/nn spending/nn plans/nns ./. The/at pattern/nn of/in general/jj business/nn activity/nn which/wdt probably/rb lies/vbz ahead/rb of/in us/ppo is/bez a/at further/jjr moderate/jj softening/nn through/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1961/cd before/cs a/at new/jj rise/nn in/in economic/jj activity/nn gets/vbz under/in way/nn ./. The/at recovery/nn will/md probably/rb be/be sparked/vbn by/in a/at rising/vbg rate/nn of/in housing/vbg starts/nns next/ap spring/nn in/in response/nn to/in more/ql readily/rb available/jj mortgage/nn credit/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs by/in an/at expansion/nn of/in Government/nn-tl spending/nn ,/, well/rb sustained/vbn consumer/nn spending/nn ,/, and/cc some/dti rebuilding/nn of/in business/nn inventories/nns ./. Slight/jj-hl downward/jj-hl pressure/nn-hl What/wdt does/doz the/at general/jj business/nn outlook/nn suggest/vb about/in the/at trend/nn of/in long-term/nn rates/nns in/in 1961/cd ?/. ?/. It/pps suggests/vbz that/cs during/in the/at next/ap several/ap months/nns ,/, through/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1961/cd ,/, the/at demand/nn for/in long-term/nn capital/nn funds/nns may/md be/be moderately/ql lower/jjr and/cc that/cs interest/nn rates/nns may/md tend/vb to/to move/vb a/at little/ql lower/rbr ,/, especially/rb the/at rates/nns on/in Federal/jj-tl ,/, state/nn ,/, and/cc local/jj bonds/nns ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs those/dts on/in publicly/rb offered/vbn corporate/jj bonds/nns ./. However/rb ,/, as/cs witnessed/vbn by/in the/at large/jj corporate/jj bond/nn calendar/nn at/in present/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at record/nn amount/nn of/in municipal/jj bond/nn issues/nns approved/vbn by/in voters/nns ,/, the/at over-all/jj demands/nns for/in capital/nn funds/nns seem/vb likely/jj to/to remain/vb high/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs any/dti downward/jj pressure/nn on/in rates/nns from/in reduced/vbn demand/nn should/md not/* be/be great/jj ./. It/pps seems/vbz likely/jj ,/, moreover/rb ,/, that/cs with/in an/at increase/nn in/in the/at rate/nn of/in saving/vbg in/in mortgage/nn lending/vbg institutions/nns ,/, interest/nn rates/nns on/in residential/jj mortgages/nns may/md move/vb somewhat/ql lower/rbr through/in the/at spring/nn of/in next/ap year/nn ,/, although/cs the/at increased/vbn ease/nn in/in residential/jj mortgage/nn lending/nn may/md occur/vb primarily/rb in/in other/ap terms/nns than/cs interest/nn rate/nn ,/, e.g./rb ,/, easier/jjr downpayment/nn and/cc amortization/nn terms/nns ./. If/cs the/at trend/nn of/in general/jj business/nn activity/nn follows/vbz the/at pattern/nn suggested/vbn here/rb ,/, we/ppss are/ber likely/jj to/to see/vb additional/jj steps/nns by/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Reserve/nn-tl authorities/nns to/to ease/vb the/at availability/nn of/in credit/nn ./. Certainly/rb a/at further/jjr reduction/nn in/in the/at discount/nn rate/nn would/md be/be a/at strong/jj possibility/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs an/at easier/jjr reserve/nn position/nn for/in the/at banking/vbg system/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at monetary/jj authorities/nns will/md continue/vb to/to be/be required/vbn to/to pay/vb attention/nn to/in the/at consequences/nns of/in their/pp$ actions/nns with/in respect/nn to/in our/pp$ international/jj balance/nn of/in payments/nns position/nn and/cc the/at outflow/nn of/in gold/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs with/in regard/nn to/in avoiding/vbg the/at creation/nn of/in excessive/jj liquidity/nn in/in the/at economy/nn ,/, which/wdt would/md delay/vb the/at effectiveness/nn of/in monetary/jj policy/nn measures/nns in/in the/at next/ap expansion/nn phase/nn of/in the/at business/nn cycle/nn ./. Open/jj-hl market/nn-hl policy/nn-hl One/cd of/in the/at most/ql intriguing/jj questions/nns is/bez whether/cs the/at recent/jj departures/nns of/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Reserve/nn-tl authorities/nns from/in confining/vbg their/pp$ open/jj market/nn operations/nns to/in Treasury/nn-tl bills/nns will/md spread/vb into/in longer-term/nn Government/nn-tl securities/nns in/in the/at next/ap few/ap months/nns ./. To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs the/at new/jj Administration/nn-tl has/hvz its/pp$ wishes/nns ,/, the/at Federal/jj-tl Reserve/nn-tl would/md conduct/vb its/pp$ open/jj market/nn operations/nns throughout/in the/at entire/jj maturity/nn range/nn of/in Government/nn-tl securities/nns and/cc aggressively/rb seek/vb to/to force/vb down/rp long-term/nn interest/nn rates/nns ./. The/at principle/nn of/in ``/`` bills/nns only/rb ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` bills/nns preferably/rb ''/'' ,/, seems/vbz so/ql strongly/rb accepted/vbn by/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Reserve/nn-tl that/cs it/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to envision/vb conditions/nns which/wdt would/md persuade/vb the/at authorities/nns to/to depart/vb radically/rb from/in it/ppo by/in extending/vbg their/pp$ open/jj market/nn purchases/nns regularly/rb into/in long-term/nn Government/nn-tl securities/nns ./. However/rb ,/, to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs the/at monetary/jj authorities/nns ,/, in/in their/pp$ effort/nn to/to ease/vb credit/nn in/in the/at next/ap several/ap months/nns ,/, conduct/vb their/pp$ open/jj market/nn operations/nns in/in longer-term/nn Government/nn-tl bonds/nns ,/, they/ppss will/md certainly/rb act/vb to/to accentuate/vb any/dti tendency/nn for/in long-term/nn interest/nn rates/nns to/to ease/vb as/cs a/at result/nn of/in market/nn forces/nns ./. By/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1961/cd ,/, assuming/vbg that/cs a/at general/jj business/nn recovery/nn gets/vbz under/in way/nn ,/, interest/nn rates/nns should/md begin/vb to/to edge/vb upward/rb again/rb ,/, depending/in upon/in the/at vigor/nn of/in the/at recovery/nn and/cc the/at determination/nn with/in which/wdt the/at monetary/jj authorities/nns move/vb to/to restrain/vb credit/nn availability/nn ./. My/pp$ guess/nn would/md be/be that/cs interest/nn rates/nns will/md decline/vb moderately/rb into/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1961/cd and/cc during/in the/at second/od half/nn of/in the/at year/nn will/md turn/vb up/rp gradually/rb to/to recover/vb the/at ground/nn lost/vbn during/in the/at downturn/nn ./. It/pps is/bez pertinent/jj to/to ask/vb the/at question/nn :/: Has/hvz the/at long/jj upswing/nn of/in interest/nn rates/nns during/in the/at past/ap 15/cd years/nns just/ql about/rb run/vbn its/pp$ course/nn ,/, and/cc are/ber we/ppss now/rb entering/vbg a/at period/nn in/in which/wdt both/abx capital/nn market/nn forces/nns and/cc Federal/jj-tl policies/nns will/md produce/vb a/at prolonged/vbn decline/nn of/in interest/nn rates/nns ?/. ?/. My/pp$ answer/nn is/bez in/in the/at negative/jj because/cs I/ppss believe/vb that/cs total/nn capital/nn demands/nns during/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl will/md continue/vb to/to press/vb against/in available/jj supplies/nns ,/, and/cc interest/nn rates/nns will/md generally/rb tend/vb to/to be/be firm/jj at/in high/jj levels/nns ./. Five/cd-hl basic/jj-hl forces/nns-hl This/dt view/nn is/bez based/vbn upon/in several/ap basic/jj economic/jj forces/nns which/wdt I/ppss believe/vb will/md be/be operating/vbg in/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl ,/, as/ql follows/vbz :/: (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl Recent/jj events/nns in/in the/at General/jj-tl Assembly/nn-tl of/in the/at United/vbn-tl Nations/nns-tl confirm/vb that/cs the/at cold/jj war/nn will/md remain/vb with/in us/ppo ,/, and/cc probably/rb intensify/vb ,/, for/in the/at foreseeable/jj future/nn ./. This/dt makes/vbz it/ppo certain/jj that/cs Federal/jj-tl expenditures/nns for/in military/jj preparedness/nn and/cc foreign/jj economic/jj aid/nn are/ber likely/jj to/to rise/vb further/rbr in/in the/at next/ap several/ap years/nns ./. We/ppss are/ber just/rb beginning/vbg the/at task/nn of/in trying/vbg to/to win/vb or/cc maintain/vb the/at friendship/nn of/in the/at new/jj African/jj nations/nns against/in the/at ruthless/jj competition/nn of/in the/at Communist/jj bloc/nn ./. Our/pp$ efforts/nns to/to overcome/vb the/at lead/nn of/in the/at Russians/nps in/in space/nn are/ber bound/vbn to/to mean/vb accelerated/vbn Federal/jj-tl spending/vbg ./. Moreover/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez likely/jj that/cs Federal/jj-tl policies/nns aimed/vbn at/in stimulating/vbg a/at faster/jjr rate/nn of/in economic/jj growth/nn of/in the/at country/nn ,/, to/to keep/vb ahead/rb of/in the/at Communist/jj countries/nns and/cc to/to demonstrate/vb that/cs our/pp$ free/jj economic/jj system/nn is/bez better/jjr than/cs theirs/pp$$ ,/, will/md lead/vb to/in rising/vbg Federal/jj-tl spending/nn in/in certain/ap areas/nns such/jj as/cs education/nn ,/, housing/vbg ,/, medical/jj aid/nn ,/, and/cc the/at like/jj ./. There/ex are/ber serious/jj dangers/nns involved/vbn in/in this/dt trend/nn toward/in rising/vbg Federal/jj-tl expenditures/nns ,/, of/in which/wdt I/ppss take/vb a/at dim/jj view/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps seems/vbz very/ql likely/jj to/to occur/vb ./. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl During/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl we/ppss have/hv the/at prospect/nn of/in a/at significant/jj stepping/vbg up/rp in/in the/at rate/nn of/in household/nn formations/nns ,/, which/wdt should/md contribute/vb to/in a/at rising/vbg volume/nn of/in consumer/nn expenditures/nns and/cc home/nn building/vbg ./. According/in to/in the/at latest/jjt projections/nns of/in the/at Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Census/nn-tl ,/, the/at annual/jj rate/nn of/in household/nn formations/nns will/md increase/vb for/in the/at next/ap 20/cd years/nns ./. Under/in the/at most/ql favorable/jj assumptions/nns for/in increase/nn ,/, the/at Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Census/nn-tl projects/vbz that/cs the/at annual/jj rate/nn of/in household/nn formations/nns will/md rise/vb from/in about/in 883,000/cd in/in the/at last/ap two/cd years/nns of/in the/at Fifties/nns-tl to/in an/at annual/jj rate/nn of/in about/rb 1,018,000/cd in/in the/at first/od five/cd years/nns of/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl ,/, and/cc to/in a/at slightly/ql higher/jjr annual/jj rate/nn of/in 1,083,000/cd in/in the/at second/od half/nn of/in the/at decade/nn ./. During/in the/at Seventies/nns-tl the/at projections/nns show/vb a/at more/ql pronounced/vbn rise/nn to/in an/at annual/jj rate/nn of/in 1,338,000/cd in/in the/at second/od half/nn of/in that/dt decade/nn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, the/at expanding/vbg markets/nns for/in consumer/nn goods/nns and/cc housing/nn occasioned/vbn by/in the/at higher/jjr rate/nn of/in household/nn formation/nn should/md enhance/vb the/at general/jj economic/jj prospects/nns of/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl ./. However/rb ,/, the/at impact/nn of/in a/at rising/vbg rate/nn of/in household/nn formation/nn this/dt decade/nn should/md not/* be/be exaggerated/vbn ./. The/at average/jj annual/jj rate/nn of/in 1,083,000/cd in/in the/at second/od half/nn of/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl is/bez still/rb considerably/rb below/in the/at annual/jj rate/nn of/in 1,525,000/cd in/in the/at three-year/jj period/nn from/in April/np 1947/cd to/in March/np 1950/cd ./. (/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl With/in the/at expansion/nn of/in family/nn formation/nn in/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl ,/, a/at continued/vbn substantial/jj rise/nn in/in expenditures/nns by/in state/nn and/cc local/jj government/nn units/nns seems/vbz to/to be/be indicated/vbn ./. This/dt is/bez an/at area/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez still/rb a/at large/jj backlog/nn of/in demand/nn ./. State/nn and/cc local/jj expenditures/nns (/( in/in real/jj terms/nns )/) increased/vbd persistently/rb from/in $26.5-billion/nns in/in 1949/cd to/in $44.3-billion/nns in/in 1959/cd ,/, and/cc it/pps would/md not/* be/be surprising/vbg if/cs they/ppss showed/vbd a/at comparable/jj increase/nn in/in this/dt decade/nn ,/, which/wdt would/md carry/vb them/ppo to/in the/at neighborhood/nn of/in $75-billion/nns by/in 1970/cd ./. Here/rb would/md be/be a/at powerful/jj force/nn for/in raising/vbg business/nn activity/nn ./. (/(-hl 4/cd-hl )/)-hl It/pps seems/vbz likely/jj that/cs with/in the/at three/cd preceding/vbg forces/nns at/in play/nn ,/, the/at rate/nn of/in business/nn and/cc industrial/jj plant/nn and/cc equipment/nn expenditures/nns should/md continue/vb to/to move/vb upward/rb from/in the/at levels/nns of/in the/at Fifties/nns-tl ./. Spurred/vbn by/in keen/jj competition/nn in/in our/pp$ industrial/jj system/nn ,/, and/cc still/rb further/jjr increases/nns in/in the/at funds/nns devoted/vbn to/in industrial/jj research/nn ,/, plant/nn and/cc equipment/nn expenditures/nns by/in business/nn and/cc industry/nn should/md rise/vb during/in the/at decade/nn ./. (/(-hl 5/cd-hl )/)-hl In/in a/at more/ql pessimistic/jj vein/nn about/in the/at economic/jj outlook/nn ,/, I/ppss suspect/vb that/cs the/at reservoir/nn of/in demand/nn for/in consumer/nn goods/nns and/cc housing/vbg which/wdt was/bedz dammed-up/vbn during/in the/at Thirties/nns-tl and/cc World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, is/bez finally/rb in/in the/at process/nn of/in running/vbg dry/jj ./. There/ex is/bez some/dti clear-cut/jj evidence/nn of/in this/dt ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at huge/jj postwar/jj demand/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in veterans/nns for/in housing/vbg under/in the/at VA/nn home/nn loan/nn guaranty/nn program/nn seems/vbz to/to have/hv largely/rb exhausted/vbn itself/ppl ./. Indeed/rb ,/, the/at failure/nn of/in home-building/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn to/to respond/vb this/dt year/nn to/in somewhat/ql greater/jjr availability/nn of/in mortgage/nn financing/nn ,/, and/cc the/at increasing/vbg reports/nns of/in pockets/nns of/in unsold/jj homes/nns and/cc rising/vbg vacancy/nn rates/nns in/in apartment/nn buildings/nns ,/, may/md also/rb signal/vb in/in part/nn that/cs the/at lush/jj days/nns of/in big/jj backlog/nn demand/nn for/in housing/vbg are/ber reaching/vbg an/at end/nn ./. In/in a/at way/nn ,/, we/ppss may/md be/be witnessing/vbg the/at same/ap thing/nn in/in the/at sales/nns of/in automobiles/nns today/nr as/cs the/at public/nn no/ql longer/rbr is/bez willing/jj to/to purchase/vb any/dti car/nn coming/vbg on/in the/at market/nn but/cc is/bez more/ql insistent/jj on/in compact/jj cars/nns free/jj of/in the/at frills/nns which/wdt were/bed accepted/vbn in/in the/at Fifties/nns-tl ./. The/at huge/jj backlog/nn of/in demand/nn which/wdt was/bedz evident/jj in/in the/at first/od decade/nn and/cc a/at half/nn after/in the/at War/nn-tl was/bedz fed/vbn by/in liquid/jj assets/nns accumulated/vbn by/in the/at public/nn during/in the/at War/nn-tl ,/, and/cc even/ql more/ql so/rb by/in the/at easier/jjr and/cc easier/jjr credit/nn in/in the/at consumer/nn loan/nn and/cc home/nn loan/nn fields/nns ./. The/at consuming/vbg public/nn has/hvz used/vbn up/rp a/at good/jj part/nn of/in these/dts liquid/jj assets/nns ,/, or/cc they/ppss have/hv been/ben drained/vbn by/in the/at rising/vbg price/nn level/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss have/hv apparently/rb gotten/vbn to/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at line/nn in/in making/vbg consumer/nn or/cc home/nn mortgage/nn terms/nns easier/jjr ./. This/dt is/bez not/* to/to say/vb that/cs the/at level/nn of/in consumer/nn expenditures/nns will/md not/* continue/vb to/to rise/vb in/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl ./. I/ppss am/bem confident/jj that/cs it/pps will/md ,/, but/cc consumer/nn spending/nn in/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl will/md not/* be/be fortified/vbn by/in the/at great/jj backlog/nn of/in wants/nns and/cc desires/nns which/wdt characterized/vbd most/ap of/in the/at Fifties/nns-tl ./. Markets/nns should/md become/vb more/ql competitive/jj as/cs consumers/nns become/vb more/ql selective/jj ./. Sixties'/nns$-hl capital/nn-hl requirements/nns-hl Accordingly/rb ,/, during/in the/at Sixties/nns-tl our/pp$ national/jj economy/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to grow/vb at/in as/ql fast/jj a/at rate/nn as/cs in/in the/at Fifties/nns-tl and/cc ,/, in/in the/at process/nn ,/, to/to require/vb enormous/jj amounts/nns of/in capital/nn funds/nns ./.

cj41

cj41 |@word wage:59 price:51 policy:7 industry:44 result:1 complex:1 force:5 single:4 explanation:3 find:3 apply:1 case:2 purpose:5 paper:4 analyze:1 one:4 possible:1 treat:2 literature:2 believe:1 make:5 significant:2 contribution:2 explain:1 behavior:2 important:3 may:10 several:1 model:15 applicable:1 author:1 particular:1 claim:2 relevance:2 course:1 steel:2 united:1 states:1 since:8 world:1 war:1 2:4 indeed:1 apparent:1 stiffening:1 attitude:1 recent:1 strike:4 direct:1 term:1 present:3 consider:1 characterize:1 vigorous:2 competition:4 basic:19 hold:2 check:1 continuous:1 critical:2 public:22 scrutiny:1 product:9 keep:2 profit:6 maximizing:3 entry:5 limiting:2 due:3 fear:2 reaction:1 seek:1 producer:1 interest:5 offer:1 little:1 real:2 resistance:3 demand:8 demonstration:1 proposition:1 exploration:1 implication:2 order:5 focus:1 clearly:2 upon:4 operation:4 call:2 effect:3 limit:12 pricing:1 key:1 bargain:3 deliberately:2 simplify:1 abstract:7 union:18 power:1 relevant:2 actual:1 situation:1 expository:1 best:1 spell:3 condition:1 affect:3 would:6 profitable:1 raise:14 even:3 absence:1 pressure:12 high:3 part:7 1:3 describe:1 assumption:4 discuss:1 derive:1 conclusion:4 3:4 discusse:1 empirical:1 4:1 brief:1 summary:1 mathematical:1 appendix:1 rigorous:1 argument:2 good:1 read:1 underlie:1 equation:1 explicit:1 concerned:1 produce:2 substantial:1 share:4 gross:1 national:1 lack:2 set:3 behave:1 entity:1 negotiation:1 unit:2 b:1 concern:3 aggregate:2 manner:1 among:1 firm:3 take:2 give:9 time:5 period:2 determine:3 two:2 thing:2 charge:2 level:12 aj:2 discussion:1 problem:2 relative:1 encompass:1 variable:1 gnp:6 include:2 technological:1 progress:1 assume:6 change:9 proportionately:3 form:1 function:5 quantity:2 vary:2 inversely:1 directly:2 c:1 importance:1 well:5 recognize:2 considerable:1 could:2 justify:3 cost:23 increase:49 threat:1 effective:3 anti:1 trust:1 action:1 provoke:1 gouge:1 endanger:1 relation:3 customer:2 congress:1 general:2 press:1 operate:1 past:1 short:1 run:1 rate:27 average:5 safe:1 manifestly:1 rise:10 etc:1 thus:4 non:2 source:1 circumstance:2 advantage:2 allow:5 marginal:3 also:3 elevated:1 likely:1 remain:1 latter:1 potential:1 domestic:2 unless:1 inflation:1 permit:2 margin:2 throughout:1 economy:1 expect:2 approach:3 foreign:2 rapidly:1 enter:1 become:3 put:3 much:4 emphasis:1 evidence:1 sincerity:1 resist:2 powerful:1 request:1 tariff:1 relief:1 reluctantly:1 accede:1 whether:1 obviously:2 depend:1 extent:3 response:2 accompany:2 three:1 passage:3 size:1 fact:1 obvious:1 show:1 educate:1 government:2 continue:1 party:1 reach:1 agreement:1 increasingly:1 willing:2 accept:2 entail:1 indignation:1 less:4 per:3 annum:1 month:2 simple:1 additional:1 eleven:1 second:1 boost:1 acceptable:1 long:1 previous:1 notice:1 however:4 raising:1 se:1 without:1 similarly:1 provide:1 ground:2 relax:1 extend:1 anticipate:1 current:1 finally:1 require:1 restraint:1 company:3 large:2 5:1 7:1 10:1 something:2 14:1 total:1 region:1 constant:1 respect:1 curve:2 horizontal:1 therefore:2 identical:1 every:1 factor:2 technology:1 forth:1 note:1 determinant:1 except:1 equal:1 strictly:1 e:1 collective:1 bargaining:2 issue:1 face:1 restrict:1 membership:1 adequate:1 supply:1 labor:1 available:1 going:1 regard:1 unemployment:1 member:1 matter:1 employment:2 feel:1 maintain:1 full:1 vigorously:2 productivity:7 offset:2 living:3 sole:1 subject:1 improvement:1 adjustment:2 amorphous:1 concept:1 amount:2 known:1 disagreement:1 exacerbate:1 agree:1 relate:1 existence:1 conflict:1 money:1 contradict:1 settle:1 distinct:1 possibility:1 entirely:1 disregard:1 arise:1 internal:1 political:1 reason:2 ask:1 oppose:1 reduction:1 upwards:1 essentially:1 discretion:1 constitute:1 know:1 either:1 precisely:1 cause:1 although:1 presume:2 reliable:1 estimate:1 magnitude:1 realize:1 successfully:1 mean:1 negative:1 active:1 setter:1 occur:1 acquiescence:1 presumption:3 appear:1 unchanged:1 gratuitously:1 easy:1 step:1 observed:1 must:1 different:1 aggressive:1 challenge:1 disprove:1 base:1 convenient:1 contract:1 year:1 duration:1

Wage-price/nn policies/nns of/in industry/nn are/ber the/at result/nn of/in a/at complex/nn of/in forces/nns --/-- no/at single/ap explanation/nn has/hvz been/ben found/vbn which/wdt applies/vbz to/in all/abn cases/nns ./. The/at purpose/nn of/in this/dt paper/nn is/bez to/to analyze/vb one/cd possible/jj force/nn which/wdt has/hvz not/* been/ben treated/vbn in/in the/at literature/nn ,/, but/cc which/wdt we/ppss believe/vb makes/nns a/at significant/jj contribution/nn to/in explaining/vbg the/at wage-price/nn behavior/nn of/in a/at few/ap very/ql important/jj industries/nns ./. While/cs there/ex may/md be/be several/ap such/jj industries/nns to/in which/wdt the/at model/nn of/in this/dt paper/nn is/bez applicable/jj ,/, the/at authors/nns make/vb particular/jj claim/nn of/in relevance/nn to/in the/at explanation/nn of/in the/at course/nn of/in wages/nns and/cc prices/nns in/in the/at steel/nn industry/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl since/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Indeed/rb ,/, the/at apparent/jj stiffening/nn of/in the/at industry's/nn$ attitude/nn in/in the/at recent/jj steel/nn strike/nn has/hvz a/at direct/jj explanation/nn in/in terms/nns of/in the/at model/nn here/rb presented/vbn ./. The/at model/nn of/in this/dt paper/nn considers/vbz an/at industry/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* characterized/vbn by/in vigorous/jj price/nn competition/nn ,/, but/cc which/wdt is/bez so/ql basic/jj that/cs its/pp$ wage-price/nn policies/nns are/ber held/vbn in/in check/nn by/in continuous/jj critical/jj public/jj scrutiny/nn ./. Where/wrb the/at industry's/nn$ product/nn price/nn has/hvz been/ben kept/vbn below/in the/at ``/`` profit-maximizing/jj ''/'' and/cc ``/`` entry-limiting/jj ''/'' prices/nns due/jj to/in fears/nns of/in public/jj reaction/nn ,/, the/at profit/nn seeking/vbg producers/nns have/hv an/at interest/nn in/in offering/vbg little/ap real/jj resistance/nn to/in wage/nn demands/nns ./. The/at contribution/nn of/in this/dt paper/nn is/bez a/at demonstration/nn of/in this/dt proposition/nn ,/, and/cc an/at exploration/nn of/in some/dti of/in its/pp$ implications/nns ./. In/in order/nn to/to focus/vb clearly/rb upon/in the/at operation/nn of/in this/dt one/cd force/nn ,/, which/wdt we/ppss may/md call/vb the/at effect/nn of/in ``/`` public-limit/nn pricing/nn ''/'' on/in ``/`` key/jjs ''/'' wage/nn bargains/nns ,/, we/ppss deliberately/rb simplify/vb the/at model/nn by/in abstracting/vbg from/in other/ap forces/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs union/nn power/nn ,/, which/wdt may/md be/be relevant/jj in/in an/at actual/jj situation/nn ./. For/in expository/jj purposes/nns ,/, this/dt is/bez best/rbt treated/vbn as/cs a/at model/nn which/wdt spells/vbz out/rp the/at conditions/nns under/in which/wdt an/at important/jj industry/nn affected/vbn with/in the/at public/jj interest/nn would/md find/vb it/ppo profitable/jj to/to raise/vb wages/nns even/rb in/in the/at absence/nn of/in union/nn pressures/nns for/in higher/jjr wages/nns ./. Part/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, below/rb describes/vbz this/dt abstract/jj model/nn by/in spelling/vbg out/rp its/pp$ assumptions/nns ./. Part/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, discusses/vbz the/at operation/nn of/in the/at model/nn and/cc derives/vbz some/dti significant/jj conclusions/nns ./. Part/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, discusses/vbz the/at empirical/jj relevance/nn and/cc policy/nn implications/nns of/in the/at conclusions/nns ./. Part/nn-tl 4/cd-tl ,/, is/bez a/at brief/jj summary/nn ./. The/at Mathematical/jj-tl Appendix/nn-tl presents/vbz the/at rigorous/jj argument/nn ,/, but/cc is/bez best/rbt read/vbn after/in Part/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, in/in order/nn that/cs the/at assumptions/nns underlying/vbg the/at equations/nns may/md be/be explicit/jj ./. 1/cd-hl ,/, the/at-hl assumptions/nns-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl model/nn-hl A/np-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl industry/nn-hl The/at industry/nn with/in which/wdt this/dt model/nn is/bez concerned/vbn is/bez a/at basic/jj industry/nn ,/, producing/vbg a/at substantial/jj share/nn of/in gross/jj national/jj product/nn ./. Price/nn competition/nn is/bez lacking/vbg ./. For/in the/at purposes/nns of/in setting/vbg the/at product/nn price/nn ,/, the/at industry/nn behaves/vbz as/cs a/at single/ap entity/nn ./. In/in wage/nn negotiations/nns ,/, the/at industry/nn bargains/vbz as/cs a/at unit/nn with/in a/at single/ap union/nn ./. B/np-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl demand/nn-hl for/in-hl the/at-hl industry's/nn$-hl product/nn-hl We/ppss are/ber concerned/vbn with/in aggregate/jj demand/nn for/in the/at industry's/nn$ product/nn ./. The/at manner/nn in/in which/wdt this/dt is/bez shared/vbn among/in firms/nns is/bez taken/vbn as/cs given/vbn ./. In/in any/dti given/vbn time/nn period/nn ,/, the/at aggregate/jj demand/nn for/in the/at industry's/nn$ product/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in two/cd things/nns :/: the/at price/nn charged/vbn by/in the/at industry/nn ,/, and/cc the/at level/nn of/in Aj/nn ./. For/in the/at purposes/nns of/in this/dt discussion/nn ,/, the/at problem/nn of/in relative/jj prices/nns is/bez encompassed/vbn in/in these/dts two/cd variables/nns ,/, since/cs GNP/nn includes/vbz other/ap prices/nns ./. (/( We/ppss abstract/vb here/rb from/in technological/jj progress/nn and/cc assume/vb that/cs prices/nns of/in all/abn other/ap products/nns change/vb proportionately/rb ./. )/) The/at form/nn of/in the/at industry/nn demand/nn function/nn is/bez one/cd which/wdt makes/vbz quantity/nn demanded/vbn vary/vb inversely/rb with/in the/at product/nn price/nn ,/, and/cc vary/vb directly/rb with/in the/at level/nn of/in Aj/nn ./. C/np-hl ./.-hl Industry/nn-hl product/nn-hl price/nn-hl policy/nn-hl The/at industry/nn of/in this/dt model/nn is/bez so/ql important/jj that/cs its/pp$ wage/nn and/cc price/nn policies/nns are/ber affected/vbn with/in a/at public/jj interest/nn ./. Because/rb of/in its/pp$ importance/nn ,/, and/cc because/cs the/at lack/nn of/in price/nn competition/nn is/bez well/rb recognized/vbn ,/, the/at industry/nn is/bez under/in considerable/jj public/jj pressure/nn not/* to/to raise/vb its/pp$ price/nn any/ql more/rbr than/cs could/md be/be justified/vbn by/in cost/nn increases/nns ./. The/at threat/nn of/in effective/jj anti-trust/jj action/nn ,/, provoked/vbn by/in ``/`` gouging/vbg the/at public/nn ''/'' through/in price/nn increases/nns not/* justified/vbn by/in cost/nn increases/nns ,/, and/cc fears/nns of/in endangering/vbg relations/nns with/in customers/nns ,/, Congress/np ,/, the/at general/jj public/nn and/cc the/at press/nn ,/, all/abn operate/vb to/to keep/vb price/nn increases/nns in/in some/dti relation/nn to/in cost/nn increases/nns ./. For/in the/at industry/nn of/in this/dt model/nn ,/, the/at effect/nn of/in such/jj public/jj pressures/nns in/in the/at past/nn has/hvz been/ben to/to hold/vb the/at price/nn well/ql below/in the/at short-run/nn profit-maximizing/jj price/nn (/( given/vbn the/at wage/nn rate/nn and/cc the/at level/nn of/in GNP/nn )/) ,/, and/cc even/rb below/in the/at entry-limited/jj price/nn (/( but/cc not/* below/in average/jj cost/nn )/) ./. For/in such/abl an/at industry/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez only/rb ``/`` safe/jj ''/'' to/to raise/vb its/pp$ price/nn if/cs such/abl an/at increase/nn is/bez manifestly/rb ``/`` justified/vbn ''/'' by/in rising/vbg costs/nns (/( due/jj to/in rising/vbg wages/nns ,/, etc./rb )/) ./. Thus/rb ,/, if/cs public/jj pressure/nn sets/vbz the/at effective/jj limit/nn to/in the/at price/nn that/wpo the/at industry/nn may/md charge/vb ,/, this/dt pressure/nn is/bez itself/ppl a/at function/nn of/in the/at wage/nn rate/nn ./. In/in this/dt model/nn ,/, we/ppss abstract/vb from/in all/abn non-wage/nn sources/nns of/in cost/nn changes/nns ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at ``/`` public-limit/nn price/nn ''/'' only/rb rises/vbz as/cs the/at wage/nn rate/nn rises/vbz ./. In/in such/jj circumstances/nns ,/, it/pps may/md well/rb be/be to/in the/at advantage/nn of/in the/at industry/nn to/to allow/vb an/at increase/nn in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn ./. Since/cs marginal/jj costs/nns rise/vb when/wrb the/at wage/nn rate/nn rises/vbz ,/, the/at profit-maximizing/jj price/nn also/rb rises/vbz when/wrb the/at public-limit/nn price/nn is/bez elevated/vbn ,/, and/cc is/bez likely/jj to/to remain/vb well/ql above/in the/at latter/ap ./. The/at entry-limiting/jj price/nn will/md also/rb be/be raised/vbn for/in potential/jj domestic/jj competition/nn ,/, but/cc unless/cs general/jj inflation/nn permits/vbz profit/nn margins/nns to/to increase/vb proportionately/rb throughout/in the/at economy/nn ,/, we/ppss might/md expect/vb the/at public-limit/nn price/nn to/to approach/vb the/at entry-limit/nn price/nn ./. The/at foreign-entry-limit/nn price/nn would/md be/be approached/vbn more/ql rapidly/rb ,/, since/cs domestic/jj wage-rates/nns do/do not/* enter/vb foreign/jj costs/nns directly/rb ./. Where/wrb this/dt approach/nn becomes/vbz critical/jj ,/, the/at industry/nn can/md be/be expected/vbn to/to put/vb much/ap emphasis/nn on/in this/dt as/cs evidence/nn of/in its/pp$ sincerity/nn in/in ``/`` resisting/vbg ''/'' the/at wage/nn pressures/nns of/in a/at powerful/jj union/nn ,/, requesting/vbg tariff/nn relief/nn after/cs it/pps has/hvz ``/`` reluctantly/rb ''/'' acceded/vbn to/in the/at union/nn pressure/nn ./. Whether/cs or/cc not/* it/pps is/bez in/in the/at industry's/nn$ interest/nn to/to allow/vb the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn to/to rise/vb obviously/rb depends/vbz upon/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt the/at public-limit/nn price/nn rises/vbz in/in response/nn to/in a/at basic/jj wage/nn increase/nn ,/, and/cc the/at relation/nn of/in this/dt response/nn to/in the/at increase/nn in/in costs/nns accompanying/vbg the/at wage/nn increase/nn ./. The/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt the/at public-limit/nn price/nn is/bez raised/vbn by/in a/at given/vbn increase/nn in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn is/bez itself/ppl a/at function/nn of/in three/cd things/nns :/: the/at passage/nn of/in time/nn ,/, the/at level/nn of/in GNP/nn ,/, and/cc the/at size/nn of/in the/at wage/nn increase/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber abstracting/vbg from/in the/at fact/nn of/in strikes/nns here/rb ,/, but/cc it/pps should/md be/be obvious/jj that/cs the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt the/at public-limit/nn price/nn is/bez raised/vbn by/in a/at given/vbn increase/nn in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn is/bez also/rb a/at function/nn of/in the/at show/nn of/in resistance/nn put/vbn up/rp by/in the/at industry/nn ./. The/at industry/nn may/md deliberately/rb take/vb a/at strike/nn ,/, not/* to/to put/vb pressure/nn on/in the/at union/nn ,/, but/cc in/in order/nn to/to ``/`` educate/vb ''/'' the/at government/nn and/cc the/at customers/nns of/in the/at industry/nn ./. As/cs a/at strike/nn continues/vbz ,/, these/dts parties/nns increase/vb their/pp$ pressure/nn on/in the/at industry/nn to/to reach/vb an/at agreement/nn ./. They/ppss become/vb increasingly/ql willing/jj to/to accept/vb the/at price/nn increase/nn that/wpo the/at industry/nn claims/vbz the/at wage/nn bargain/nn would/md entail/vb ./. Public/jj indignation/nn and/cc resistance/nn to/in wage-price/nn increases/nns is/bez obviously/rb much/ql less/ap when/wrb the/at increases/nns are/ber on/in the/at order/nn of/in 3%/nn per/in annum/nn than/cs when/wrb the/at increases/nns are/ber on/in the/at order/nn of/in 3%/nn per/in month/nn ./. The/at simple/jj passage/nn of/in an/at additional/jj eleven/cd months'/nns$ time/nn makes/vbz the/at second/od 3%/nn boost/nn more/ql acceptable/jj ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at public-limit/nn price/nn is/bez raised/vbn further/rbr by/in a/at given/vbn wage/nn increase/nn the/at longer/jjr it/pps has/hvz been/ben since/cs the/at previous/jj price/nn increase/nn ./. Notice/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs the/at passage/nn of/in time/nn does/doz not/* permit/vb the/at raising/nn of/in prices/nns per/in se/fw-ppl ,/, without/in an/at accompanying/vbg wage/nn increase/nn ./. Similarly/rb ,/, higher/jjr levels/nns of/in GNP/nn do/do not/* ,/, in/in themselves/ppls ,/, provide/vb grounds/nns for/in raising/vbg prices/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss do/do relax/vb some/dti of/in the/at pressure/nn on/in the/at industry/nn so/cs that/cs it/pps can/md raise/vb prices/nns higher/rbr for/in a/at given/vbn wage/nn increase/nn ./. This/dt is/bez not/* extended/vbn to/in anticipated/vbn levels/nns of/in GNP/nn ,/, however/rb --/-- only/rb the/at current/jj level/nn of/in GNP/nn affects/vbz the/at public/jj pressure/nn against/in wage-price/nn increases/nns ./. Finally/rb ,/, since/cs the/at public/nn requires/vbz some/dti restraint/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at companies/nns ,/, larger/jjr wage/nn increases/nns call/vb for/in less/ap than/cs proportionately/rb larger/jjr price/nn increases/nns (/( e.g./rb ,/, if/cs a/at wage/nn increase/nn of/in 5%/nn allows/vbz a/at price/nn increase/nn of/in 7%/nn ,/, a/at wage/nn increase/nn of/in 10%/nn allows/vbz a/at price/nn increase/nn of/in something/pn less/ap than/in 14%/nn )/) ./. D/np-hl ./.-hl Industry/nn-hl costs/nns-hl We/ppss assume/vb that/cs average/jj total/jj unit/nn cost/nn in/in the/at relevant/jj region/nn of/in operation/nn is/bez constant/jj with/in respect/nn to/in quantity/nn produced/vbn (/( the/at average/jj cost/nn curve/nn is/bez horizontal/jj ,/, and/cc therefore/rb is/bez identical/jj with/in the/at marginal/jj cost/nn curve/nn )/) ,/, and/cc is/bez the/at same/ap for/in every/at firm/nn (/( and/cc therefore/rb for/in the/at industry/nn )/) ./. The/at level/nn of/in this/dt average/jj cost/nn is/bez determined/vbn by/in factor/nn prices/nns ,/, technology/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb forth/rb ./. As/cs we/ppss have/hv noted/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, we/ppss are/ber abstracting/vbg from/in changes/nns in/in all/abn determinants/nns of/in this/dt level/nn except/in for/in changes/nns in/in the/at wage/nn rate/nn ./. The/at level/nn of/in average/jj cost/nn (/( equal/jj to/in marginal/jj cost/nn )/) is/bez thus/rb strictly/rb a/at function/nn of/in the/at wage/nn rate/nn ./. E/np-hl ./.-hl Union/nn-hl policies/nns-hl and/cc-hl collective/jj-hl bargaining/vbg-hl issues/nns-hl The/at single/ap union/nn which/wdt faces/vbz the/at industry/nn does/doz not/* restrict/vb its/pp$ membership/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex is/bez an/at adequate/jj supply/nn of/in labor/nn available/jj to/in the/at firms/nns of/in the/at industry/nn at/in the/at going/vbg wage/nn rate/nn ./. The/at union/nn does/doz not/* regard/vb unemployment/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj members/nns as/cs a/at matter/nn of/in concern/nn when/wrb setting/vbg its/pp$ own/jj wage/nn policy/nn --/-- its/pp$ concern/nn with/in employment/nn makes/vbz itself/ppl felt/vbn in/in pressure/nn upon/in the/at government/nn to/to maintain/vb full/jj employment/nn ./. The/at union/nn vigorously/rb demands/vbz wage/nn increases/nns from/in productivity/nn increases/nns ,/, and/cc wage/nn increases/nns to/to offset/vb cost-of-living/nn increases/nns ,/, but/cc we/ppss abstract/vb from/in these/dts forces/nns here/rb ./. For/in our/pp$ present/jj purposes/nns we/ppss assume/vb that/cs the/at sole/jj subject/nn of/in bargaining/nn is/bez the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn (/( not/* including/in productivity/nn improvement/nn factors/nns or/cc cost-of-living/nn adjustments/nns )/) ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez this/dt basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn which/wdt determines/vbz the/at level/nn of/in costs/nns ./. Productivity/nn is/bez something/pn of/in an/at amorphous/jj concept/nn and/cc the/at amount/nn of/in productivity/nn increase/nn in/in a/at given/vbn time/nn period/nn is/bez not/* even/rb well/rb known/vbn to/in the/at industry/nn ,/, much/ql less/ap to/in the/at union/nn or/cc to/in the/at public/nn ./. Disagreement/nn on/in the/at amount/nn of/in productivity/nn increase/nn exacerbates/vbz the/at problem/nn of/in agreeing/vbg how/wrb an/at increase/nn in/in profit/nn margins/nns related/vbn to/in a/at productivity/nn increase/nn should/md be/be shared/vbn ./. The/at existence/nn of/in conflict/nn and/cc of/in vigorous/jj union/nn demand/nn for/in an/at increase/nn in/in money/nn wages/nns does/doz not/* contradict/vb the/at assumption/nn that/cs the/at union/nn is/bez willing/jj to/to settle/vb for/in cost-of-living/nn and/cc productivity-share/nn increases/nns as/cs distinct/jj from/in a/at cost-raising/jj increase/nn in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn ./. We/ppss assume/vb further/rbr that/cs the/at union/nn recognizes/vbz the/at possibility/nn that/cs price-level/nn increases/nns may/md offset/vb wage-rate/nn increases/nns ,/, and/cc it/pps does/doz not/* entirely/rb disregard/vb the/at effect/nn of/in price/nn increases/nns arising/vbg from/in its/pp$ own/jj wage/nn increases/nns upon/in the/at ``/`` real/jj ''/'' wage/nn rate/nn ./. For/in internal/jj political/jj reasons/nns ,/, the/at union/nn asks/vbz for/in (/( and/cc accepts/vbz )/) increases/nns in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn ,/, and/cc would/md vigorously/rb oppose/vb a/at reduction/nn in/in this/dt rate/nn ,/, but/cc the/at adjustment/nn of/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn upwards/rb is/bez essentially/rb up/rp to/in the/at discretion/nn of/in the/at companies/nns of/in the/at industry/nn ./. Changes/nns in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn are/ber cost-raising/jj ,/, and/cc they/ppss constitute/vb an/at argument/nn for/in raising/vbg prices/nns ./. However/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* known/vbn to/in either/cc the/at union/nn or/cc the/at public/nn precisely/rb how/wql much/ap of/in a/at cost/nn increase/nn is/bez caused/vbn by/in a/at given/vbn change/nn in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn ,/, although/cs the/at companies/nns are/ber presumed/vbn to/to have/hv reliable/jj estimates/nns of/in this/dt magnitude/nn ./. In/in this/dt model/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, the/at industry/nn is/bez presumed/vbn to/to realize/vb that/cs they/ppss could/md successfully/rb resist/vb a/at change/nn in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn ,/, but/cc since/cs such/abl a/at change/nn is/bez the/at only/ap effective/jj means/nn to/in raising/vbg prices/nns they/ppss may/md ,/, in/in circumstances/nns to/to be/be spelled/vbn out/rp in/in Part/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, below/rb ,/, find/vb it/ppo to/in their/pp$ advantage/nn to/to allow/vb the/at wage/nn rise/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, for/in non-negative/jj changes/nns in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn ,/, the/at industry/nn becomes/vbz the/at active/jj wage-setter/nn ,/, since/cs any/dti increase/nn in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn can/md occur/vb only/ap by/in reason/nn of/in industry/nn acquiescence/nn ./. The/at presumption/nn in/in the/at literature/nn would/md appear/vb to/to be/be that/cs the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn would/md be/be unchanged/jj in/in this/dt case/nn ,/, on/in the/at grounds/nns that/cs it/pps is/bez ``/`` clearly/rb ''/'' not/* in/in the/at interest/nn of/in the/at industry/nn to/to raise/vb wages/nns gratuitously/rb ./. From/in this/dt presumption/nn it/pps is/bez an/at easy/jj step/nn to/in the/at conclusion/nn that/cs any/dti observed/vbn increases/nns in/in the/at basic/jj wage/nn rate/nn must/md be/be due/jj to/in union/nn behavior/nn different/jj and/cc more/ql aggressive/jj than/cs assumed/vbn in/in our/pp$ model/nn ./. It/pps is/bez this/dt conclusion/nn that/wpo we/ppss challenge/vb ;/. ;/. we/ppss do/do so/rb by/in disproving/vbg the/at presumption/nn on/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez based/vbn ./. 2/cd-hl ,/, the/at-hl operation/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl model/nn-hl It/pps is/bez convenient/jj to/to assume/vb that/cs the/at union-industry/nn contract/nn is/bez of/in one/cd year's/nn$ duration/nn ./.

cj42

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In/in the/at century/nn from/in 1815/cd to/in 1914/cd the/at law/nn of/in nations/nns became/vbd international/jj law/nn ./. Several/ap factors/nns contributed/vbd to/in this/dt change/nn ./. The/at Congress/np-tl of/in-tl Vienna/np-tl is/bez a/at convenient/jj starting/vbg point/nn because/cs it/pps both/abx epitomized/vbd and/cc symbolized/vbd what/wdt was/bedz to/to follow/vb ./. Here/rb in/in 1815/cd the/at great/jj nations/nns assembled/vbd to/to legislate/vb not/* merely/rb for/in Europe/np ,/, but/cc for/in the/at world/nn ./. Thus/rb the/at Congress/np marks/vbz a/at formal/jj recognition/nn of/in the/at political/jj system/nn that/wps was/bedz central/jj to/in world/nn politics/nn for/in a/at century/nn ./. International/jj law/nn had/hvd to/to fit/vb the/at conditions/nns of/in Europe/np ,/, and/cc nothing/pn that/wps could/md not/* fit/vb this/dt system/nn ,/, or/cc the/at interests/nns of/in the/at great/jj European/jj nations/nns collectively/rb ,/, could/md possibly/rb emerge/vb as/cs law/nn in/in any/dti meaningful/jj sense/nn ./. Essentially/rb this/dt imposed/vbd two/cd conditions/nns :/: First/rb ,/, international/jj law/nn had/hvd to/to recognize/vb and/cc be/be compatible/jj with/in an/at international/jj political/jj system/nn in/in which/wdt a/at number/nn of/in states/nns were/bed competitive/jj ,/, suspicious/jj ,/, and/cc opportunistic/jj in/in their/pp$ political/jj alignments/nns with/in one/cd another/dt ;/. ;/. second/rb ,/, it/pps had/hvd to/to be/be compatible/jj with/in the/at value/nn system/nn that/wpo they/ppss shared/vbd ./. In/in both/abx respects/nns ,/, international/jj law/nn was/bedz Europeanized/vbn ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* always/rb easy/jj to/to develop/vb theory/nn and/cc doctrine/nn which/wdt would/md square/vb the/at two/cd conditions/nns ./. On/in the/at one/cd hand/nn ,/, the/at major/jj European/jj nations/nns had/hvd to/to maintain/vb vis-a-vis/in each/dt other/ap an/at emphasis/nn upon/in sovereignty/nn ,/, independence/nn ,/, formal/jj equality/nn --/-- thus/rb insuring/vbg for/in themselves/ppls individually/rb an/at optimal/jj freedom/nn of/in action/nn to/to maintain/vb the/at ``/`` flexibility/nn of/in alignment/nn ''/'' that/wpo the/at system/nn required/vbd and/cc to/to avoid/vb anything/pn approaching/vbg a/at repetition/nn of/in the/at disastrous/jj Napoleonic/jj experience/nn ./. But/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at pressing/vbg need/nn to/to maintain/vb these/dts same/ap standards/nns with/in regard/nn to/in most/ap of/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, theory/nn and/cc doctrine/nn applicable/jj among/in the/at great/jj nations/nns and/cc the/at smaller/jjr European/jj states/nns did/dod not/* really/rb comfortably/rb fit/vb less/ql developed/vbn and/cc less/ql powerful/jj societies/nns elsewhere/rb ./. Political/jj interference/nn in/in Africa/np and/cc Asia/np and/cc even/rb in/in Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl (/( though/cs limited/vbn in/in Latin/jj-tl America/np-tl by/in the/at special/jj interest/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl as/cs expressed/vbn in/in the/at Monroe/np-tl Doctrine/nn-tl ,/, itself/ppl from/in the/at outset/nn related/vbn to/in European/jj politics/nn and/cc long/rb dependent/jj upon/in the/at ``/`` balance/nn of/in power/nn ''/'' system/nn in/in Europe/np )/) was/bedz necessary/jj in/in order/nn to/to preserve/vb both/abx common/jj economic/jj values/nns and/cc the/at European/jj ``/`` balance/nn ''/'' itself/ppl ./. A/at nation/nn such/jj as/cs Switzerland/np could/md be/be neutralized/vbn by/in agreement/nn and/cc could/md be/be relied/vbn upon/rb to/to protect/vb its/pp$ neutrality/nn ;/. ;/. more/ql doubtful/jj ,/, but/cc possible/jj ,/, (/( with/in an/at assist/nn from/in the/at North/nr-tl )/) was/bedz the/at neutralization/nn of/in the/at Latin/jj American/jj countries/nns ;/. ;/. out/rp of/in the/at question/nn was/bedz the/at neutralization/nn of/in Asia/np and/cc Africa/np ./. This/dt Europeanization/nn of/in the/at law/nn was/bedz made/vbn explicit/jj by/in a/at number/nn of/in 19th/od century/nn scholars/nns ./. More/ap emphasis/nn was/bedz put/vbn upon/in the/at fact/nn that/cs international/jj law/nn was/bedz the/at law/nn of/in ``/`` civilized/vbn nations/nns ''/'' ;/. ;/. Kent/np and/cc Story/np ,/, the/at great/jj early/jj American/jj scholars/nns ,/, repeatedly/rb made/vbd use/nn of/in this/dt phrase/nn ,/, or/cc of/in ``/`` Christian/jj nations/nns ''/'' ,/, which/wdt is/bez a/at substantial/jj equivalent/nn ./. Wheaton/np stated/vbd that/cs the/at public/jj law/nn was/bedz essentially/rb ``/`` limited/vbn to/in the/at civilized/vbn and/cc Christian/jj peoples/nns of/in Europe/np or/cc to/in those/dts of/in European/jj origin/nn ''/'' ./. Of/in course/nn it/pps had/hvd always/rb been/ben of/in European/jj origin/nn in/in fact/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps had/hvd maintained/vbn a/at universal/jj outlook/nn under/in the/at natural/jj law/nn theory/nn ./. Now/rb ,/, with/in virtually/rb every/at writer/nn ,/, not/* only/rb was/bedz the/at European/jj origin/nn of/in public/jj law/nn acknowledged/vbn as/cs a/at historical/jj phenomenon/nn ,/, but/cc the/at rules/nns thus/rb established/vbn by/in the/at advanced/vbn civilizations/nns of/in Europe/np were/bed to/to be/be imposed/vbn on/in others/nns ./. The/at European/jj customs/nns on/in which/wdt international/jj law/nn was/bedz based/vbn were/bed to/to become/vb ,/, by/in force/nn and/cc fiat/nn ,/, the/at customs/nns that/wpo others/nns were/bed to/to accept/vb as/cs law/nn if/cs they/ppss were/bed to/to join/vb this/dt community/nn as/cs sovereign/jj states/nns ./. Hall/np ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, was/bedz quite/ql explicit/jj on/in this/dt point/nn when/wrb he/pps said/vbd states/nns outside/in European/jj civilization/nn must/md formally/rb enter/vb into/in the/at circle/nn of/in law-governed/jj countries/nns ./. They/ppss must/md do/do something/pn with/in the/at acquiescence/nn of/in the/at latter/ap ,/, or/cc some/dti of/in them/ppo ,/, which/wdt amounts/vbz to/in an/at acceptance/nn of/in the/at law/nn in/in its/pp$ entirety/nn beyond/in all/abn possibility/nn of/in misconstruction/nn ''/'' ./. During/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn these/dts views/nns were/bed protested/vbn by/in virtually/rb all/abn the/at Latin/jj American/jj writers/nns ,/, though/cs ineffectively/rb ,/, just/rb as/cs the/at new/jj nations/nns of/in Africa/np and/cc Asia/np protest/vb them/ppo ,/, with/in more/ap effect/nn ,/, today/nr ./. A/at number/nn of/in other/ap nineteenth-century/nn developments/nns contributed/vbd to/in the/at transmutation/nn of/in the/at law/nn of/in nations/nns into/in international/jj law/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, from/in aspects/nns of/in a/at universal/jj system/nn of/in Justice/nn into/in particular/jj rules/nns governing/vbg the/at relations/nns of/in sovereign/jj states/nns ./. The/at difference/nn is/bez important/jj ,/, for/cs although/cs the/at older/jjr law/nn of/in nations/nns did/dod cover/vb relationships/nns among/in sovereigns/nns ,/, this/dt was/bedz by/in no/at means/nns its/pp$ exclusive/jj domain/nn ./. The/at law/nn of/in nature/nn governed/vbd sovereigns/nns in/in their/pp$ relationship/nn to/in their/pp$ own/jj citizens/nns ,/, to/in foreigners/nns ,/, and/cc to/in each/dt other/ap in/in a/at conceptually/rb unified/vbn system/nn ./. The/at theory/nn of/in international/jj law/nn ,/, which/wdt in/in the/at nineteenth/od century/nn became/vbd common/jj to/in virtually/rb all/abn writers/nns in/in Europe/np and/cc America/np ,/, broke/vbd this/dt unity/nn and/cc this/dt universality/nn ./. It/pps lost/vbd sight/nn of/in the/at individual/nn almost/ql entirely/rb and/cc confined/vbd itself/ppl to/in rules/nns limiting/vbg the/at exercise/nn of/in state/nn power/nn for/in reasons/nns essentially/rb unconnected/jj with/in justice/nn or/cc morality/nn save/in as/cs these/dts values/nns might/md affect/vb international/jj relations/nns ./. No/ql longer/rbr did/dod the/at sovereign/nn look/nn to/in the/at law/nn of/in nations/nns to/to determine/vb what/wdt he/pps ought/md to/to do/do ;/. ;/. his/pp$ search/nn was/bedz merely/rb for/in rules/nns that/wps might/md limit/vb his/pp$ freedom/nn of/in action/nn ./. To/to appreciate/vb this/dt development/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md relate/vb it/ppo to/in other/ap aspects/nns of/in nineteenth-century/nn philosophy/nn ./. First/rb ,/, and/cc most/ql obvious/jj ,/, was/bedz the/at growing/vbg nationalism/nn and/cc the/at tendency/nn to/to regard/vb the/at state/nn ,/, and/cc the/at individual's/nn$ identification/nn with/in the/at state/nn ,/, as/cs transcending/vbg other/ap ties/nns of/in social/jj solidarity/nn ./. National/jj identification/nn was/bedz not/* new/jj ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz accelerating/vbg in/in intensity/nn and/cc scope/nn throughout/in Europe/np as/cs new/jj unifications/nns occurred/vbd ./. It/pps reached/vbd its/pp$ ultimate/jj philosophical/jj statement/nn in/in notions/nns of/in ``/`` state/nn will/nn ''/'' put/vbn forward/rb by/in the/at Germans/nps ,/, especially/rb by/in Hegel/np ,/, although/cs political/jj philosophers/nns will/md recognize/vb its/pp$ origins/nns in/in the/at rejected/vbn doctrines/nns of/in Hobbes/np ./. National/jj identification/nn was/bedz reflected/vbn jurisprudentially/rb in/in law/nn theories/nns which/wdt incorporated/vbd this/dt Hegelian/jj abstraction/nn and/cc saw/vbd law/nn ,/, domestic/jj and/cc international/jj ,/, simply/rb as/cs its/pp$ formal/jj reflection/nn ./. In/in the/at international/jj community/nn this/dt reduced/vbd law/nn to/in Jellinek's/np$ auto-limitation/nn ./. A/at state/nn ,/, the/at highest/jjt form/nn of/in human/jj organization/nn in/in fact/nn and/cc theory/nn ,/, could/md be/be subjected/vbn to/in Law/nn-tl only/rb by/in a/at manifestation/nn of/in self-will/nn ,/, or/cc consent/nn ./. According/in to/in the/at new/jj theories/nns ,/, the/at nineteenth/od century/nn corporate/jj sovereign/nn was/bedz ``/`` sovereign/nn ''/'' in/in a/at quite/ql new/jj and/cc different/jj sense/nn from/in his/pp$ historical/jj predecessors/nns ./. He/pps no/ql longer/rbr sought/vbd to/to find/vb the/at law/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps made/vbd it/ppo ;/. ;/. he/pps could/md be/be subjected/vbn to/in law/nn only/rb because/cs he/pps agreed/vbd to/to be/be ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at law/nn ,/, domestic/jj or/cc international/jj ,/, except/in that/dt willed/vbn by/in ,/, acknowledged/vbn by/in ,/, or/cc consented/vbn to/in by/in states/nns ./. Hidden/vbn behind/in Hegelian/jj abstractions/nns were/bed more/ql practical/jj reasons/nns for/in a/at changing/vbg jurisprudence/nn ./. Related/vbn to/in ,/, but/cc distinguishable/jj from/in ,/, nationalism/nn was/bedz the/at growth/nn of/in democracy/nn in/in one/cd form/nn or/cc another/dt ./. Increased/vbn participation/nn in/in politics/nn and/cc the/at demands/nns of/in various/ap groups/nns for/in status/nn and/cc recognition/nn had/hvd dramatic/jj effects/nns upon/in law/nn institutions/nns ./. The/at efforts/nns of/in various/ap interest/nn groups/nns to/to control/vb or/cc influence/vb governmental/jj decisions/nns ,/, particularly/rb when/wrb taken/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in the/at impact/nn of/in industralization/nn ,/, led/vbd to/in a/at concentration/nn of/in attention/nn on/in the/at legislative/jj power/nn and/cc the/at means/nns whereby/wrb policy/nn could/md be/be formulated/vbn and/cc enforced/vbn as/cs law/nn through/in bureaucratic/jj institutions/nns ./. Law/nn became/vbd a/at conscious/jj process/nn ,/, something/pn more/ap than/cs simply/rb doing/vbg justice/nn and/cc looking/vbg to/in local/jj customs/nns and/cc a/at common/jj morality/nn for/in applicable/jj norms/nns ./. Particularly/rb was/bedz this/dt true/jj when/wrb the/at norms/nns previously/rb applied/vbn were/bed no/ql longer/rbr satisfactory/jj to/in many/ap ,/, when/wrb customs/nns were/bed rapidly/rb changing/vbg as/cs the/at forces/nns of/in the/at new/jj productivity/nn were/bed harnessed/vbn ./. The/at old/jj way/nn of/in doing/vbg things/nns ,/, which/wdt depended/vbd on/in a/at relatively/ql stable/jj community/nn with/in stable/jj ideas/nns dealing/vbg with/in familiar/jj situations/nns ,/, was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr adequate/jj to/in the/at task/nn ./. First/rb was/bedz the/at period/nn of/in codification/nn of/in existing/vbg law/nn :/: the/at Code/nn-tl Napoleon/np-tl in/in France/np and/cc the/at peculiar/jj codification/nn that/wps ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, resulted/vbd from/in Austin's/np$ restatement/nn and/cc ordering/nn of/in the/at Common/jj-tl Law/nn-tl in/in England/np ./. Codification/nn was/bedz followed/vbn in/in all/abn countries/nns by/in a/at growing/vbg amount/nn of/in legislation/nn ,/, some/dti changing/vbg and/cc adjusting/vbg the/at older/jjr law/nn ,/, much/ap dealing/vbg with/in entirely/ql new/jj situations/nns ./. The/at legislative/jj mills/nns have/hv been/ben grinding/vbg ever/rb since/rb ,/, and/cc when/wrb its/pp$ cumbersome/jj processes/nns were/bed no/ql longer/rbr adequate/jj to/in the/at task/nn ,/, a/at limited/vbn legislative/jj authority/nn was/bedz delegated/vbn in/in one/cd form/nn or/cc another/dt ,/, to/in the/at executive/nn ./. Whereas/cs the/at eighteenth/od century/nn had/hvd been/ben a/at time/nn in/in which/wdt man/nn sought/vbd justice/nn ,/, the/at nineteenth/od and/cc twentieth/od have/hv been/ben centuries/nns in/in which/wdt men/nns are/ber satisfied/vbn with/in law/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, with/in developed/vbn positivism/nn ,/, the/at separation/nn of/in law/nn from/in justice/nn ,/, or/cc from/in morality/nn generally/rb ,/, became/vbd quite/ql specific/jj ./. In/in municipal/jj systems/nns we/ppss tend/vb to/to view/vb what/wdt is/bez called/vbn positivism/nn-nc as/cs fundamentally/rb a/at movement/nn to/to democratize/vb policy/nn by/in increasing/vbg the/at power/nn of/in parliament/nn --/-- the/at elected/vbn representatives/nns --/-- at/in the/at expense/nn of/in the/at more/ql conservative/jj judiciary/nn ./. When/wrb the/at power/nn of/in the/at latter/ap was/bedz made/vbn both/abx limited/vbn and/cc explicit/jj --/-- when/wrb norms/nns were/bed clarified/vbn and/cc made/vbn more/ql precise/jj and/cc the/at creation/nn of/in new/jj norms/nns was/bedz placed/vbn exclusively/rb in/in parliamentary/jj hands/nns --/-- two/cd purposes/nns were/bed served/vbn :/: Government/nn was/bedz made/vbn subservient/jj to/in an/at institutionalized/vbn popular/jj will/nn ,/, and/cc law/nn became/vbd a/at rational/jj system/nn for/in implementing/vbg that/dt will/nn ,/, for/in serving/vbg conscious/jj goals/nns ,/, for/in embodying/vbg the/at ``/`` public/jj policy/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs ,/, initially/rb ,/, the/at task/nn was/bedz to/to remove/vb restrictions/nns that/wps ,/, it/pps was/bedz thought/vbn ,/, inhibited/vbd the/at free/jj flow/nn of/in money/nn ,/, goods/nns ,/, and/cc labor/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc even/rb laissez-faire/nn was/bedz a/at conscious/jj policy/nn ./. Law/nn was/bedz seen/vbn as/cs an/at emanation/nn of/in the/at ``/`` sovereign/nn will/nn ''/'' ./. However/rb ,/, the/at sovereign/nn was/bedz not/* Hobbes'/np$ absolute/jj monarch/nn but/cc rather/rb the/at parliamentary/jj sovereign/nn of/in Austin/np ./. It/pps was/bedz ,/, too/rb ,/, an/at optimistic/jj philosophy/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, though/cs it/pps separated/vbd law/nn from/in morality/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz by/in no/at means/nns an/at immoral/jj or/cc amoral/jj one/cd ./. Man/nn ,/, through/in democratic/jj institutions/nns of/in government/nn and/cc economic/jj freedom/nn ,/, was/bedz master/nn of/in his/pp$ destiny/nn ./. The/at theory/nn did/dod not/* require/vb ,/, though/cs it/pps unfortunately/rb might/md acquire/vb ,/, a/at Hegelian/jj mystique/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz merely/rb a/at rationalization/nn and/cc ordering/nn of/in new/jj institutions/nns of/in popular/jj government/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* opposed/vbn to/in either/cc justice/nn or/cc morality/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps merely/rb wished/vbd to/to minimize/vb subjective/jj views/nns of/in officials/nns who/wps wielded/vbd public/jj authority/nn ./. Particularly/rb was/bedz this/dt true/jj as/cs laissez-faire/jj capitalism/nn became/vbd the/at dominant/jj credo/nn of/in Western/jj-tl society/nn ./. To/to free/vb the/at factors/nns of/in production/nn was/bedz a/at major/jj objective/nn of/in the/at rising/vbg bourgeoisie/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt objective/nn required/vbd that/cs governmental/jj authority/nn --/-- administrative/jj officials/nns and/cc judges/nns --/-- be/be limited/vbn as/ql precisely/rb and/cc explicitly/rb as/cs possible/jj ;/. ;/. that/cs old/jj customs/nns which/wdt inhibited/vbd trade/nn be/be abrogated/vbn ;/. ;/. that/cs business/nn be/be free/jj from/in governmental/jj supervision/nn and/cc notions/nns of/in morality/nn which/wdt might/md clog/vb the/at automatic/jj adjustments/nns of/in the/at free/jj market/nn ;/. ;/. that/cs obligations/nns of/in status/nn that/wps were/bed inconsistent/jj with/in the/at new/jj politics/nn and/cc the/at new/jj economics/nn be/be done/vbn away/rb with/in ./. Contract/nn --/-- conceived/vbn as/cs the/at free/jj bargain/nn of/in formal/jj equals/nns --/-- replaced/vbd the/at implied/vbn obligations/nns of/in a/at more/ql static/jj and/cc status-conscious/jj society/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, contract/nn was/bedz the/at dominant/jj legal/jj theme/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, the/at touchstone/nn of/in the/at free/jj society/nn ./. Government/nn itself/ppl was/bedz based/vbn upon/in contract/nn ;/. ;/. business/nn organization/nn --/-- the/at corporation/nn --/-- was/bedz analyzed/vbn in/in contractual/jj terms/nns ;/. ;/. trade/nn was/bedz based/vbn on/in freedom/nn of/in contract/nn ,/, and/cc money/nn was/bedz lent/vbn and/cc borrowed/vbn on/in contractual/jj terms/nns ;/. ;/. even/rb marriage/nn and/cc the/at family/nn was/bedz seen/vbn as/cs a/at contractual/jj arrangement/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* surprising/jj that/cs the/at international/jj obligations/nns of/in states/nns were/bed also/rb viewed/vbn in/in terms/nns of/in contract/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, some/dti --/-- Anzilotti/np is/bez the/at principle/jjs example/nn --/-- went/vbd so/ql far/rb as/cs to/to say/vb that/cs all/abn international/jj law/nn could/md be/be traced/vbn to/in the/at single/ap legal/jj norm/nn ,/, Pacta/fw-nns sunt/fw-ber Servanda/fw-vbg ./. The/at displacement/nn (/( at/in least/ap to/in a/at considerable/jj extent/nn )/) of/in the/at ethical/jj jurisprudence/nn of/in the/at seventeenth/od and/cc eighteenth/od centuries/nns by/in positivism/nn reshaped/vbd both/abx international/jj law/nn theory/nn and/cc doctrine/nn ./. In/in the/at first/od place/nn the/at new/jj doctrine/nn brought/vbd a/at formal/jj separation/nn of/in international/jj from/in municipal/jj law/nn ,/, rejecting/vbg the/at earlier/jjr view/nn that/cs both/abx were/bed parts/nns of/in a/at universal/jj legal/jj system/nn ./. One/cd result/nn was/bedz to/to nationalize/vb much/ap that/wps had/hvd been/ben regarded/vbn as/cs the/at law/nn of/in nations/nns ./. Admiralty/nn law/nn ,/, the/at law/nn merchant/nn ,/, and/cc the/at host/nn of/in problems/nns which/wdt arise/vb in/in private/jj litigation/nn because/rb of/in some/dti contact/nn with/in a/at foreign/jj country/nn were/bed all/abn severed/vbn from/in the/at older/jjr Law/nn-tl of/in-tl Nations/nns-tl and/cc made/vbn dependent/jj on/in the/at several/ap national/jj laws/nns ./. Private/jj international/jj law/nn (/( which/wdt Americans/nps call/vb the/at ``/`` conflict/nn of/in laws/nns ''/'' )/) was/bedz thus/rb segregated/vbn from/in international/jj law/nn proper/jj ,/, or/cc ,/, as/cs it/pps is/bez often/rb called/vbn ,/, public/jj international/jj law/nn ./. States/nns were/bed free/jj to/to enact/vb ,/, within/in broad/jj ,/, though/cs (/( perhaps/rb )/) determinate/jj limits/nns ,/, their/pp$ own/jj rules/nns as/in to/in the/at application/nn of/in foreign/jj law/nn by/in their/pp$ courts/nns ,/, to/to vary/vb the/at law/nn merchant/nn ,/, and/cc to/to enact/vb legislation/nn with/in regard/nn to/in many/ap claims/nns arising/vbg on/in the/at high/jj seas/nns ./. The/at change/nn was/bedz not/* quite/ql so/ql dramatic/jj as/cs it/pps sounds/vbz because/cs in/in fact/nn common/jj norms/nns continued/vbd to/to be/be invoked/vbn by/in municipal/jj courts/nns and/cc were/bed only/rb gradually/rb changed/vbn by/in legislation/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb largely/rb in/in marginal/jj situations/nns ./.

cj43

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Mr./np Justice/np Black/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at minority/nn that/wps rested/vbd on/in the/at Article/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, power/nn ./. In/in this/dt view/nn ,/, supported/vbn by/in only/rb three/cd members/nns of/in the/at Court/nn-tl ,/, a/at power/nn denied/vbn by/in the/at specific/jj provisions/nns of/in Article/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, was/bedz granted/vbn by/in the/at generality/nn of/in Article/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. If/cs this/dt seems/vbz arbitrary/jj ,/, its/pp$ effect/nn was/bedz to/to treat/vb citizens/nns of/in the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl equally/rb with/in citizens/nns of/in the/at states/nns --/-- at/in the/at expense/nn of/in expanding/vbg a/at troublesome/jj jurisdiction/nn ./. Federal/jj-hl question/nn-hl jurisdiction/nn-hl For/in almost/rb a/at hundred/cd years/nns we/ppss relied/vbd upon/in state/nn courts/nns (/( subject/jj to/in review/nn by/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl )/) for/in the/at protection/nn of/in most/ap rights/nns arising/vbg under/in national/jj law/nn ./. Then/rb in/in 1875/cd ,/, apparently/rb in/in response/nn to/in the/at nationalizing/vbg influence/nn of/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ,/, Congress/np first/rb gave/vbd the/at lower/jjr federal/jj courts/nns general/jj authority/nn --/-- concurrently/rb with/in state/nn tribunals/nns --/-- to/to decide/vb cases/nns involving/vbg federal-right/nn questions/nns ./. One/cd purpose/nn of/in the/at change/nn was/bedz to/to attain/vb sympathetic/jj enforcement/nn of/in rights/nns insured/vbn by/in the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl amendments/nns against/in state/nn interference/nn ./. Serious/jj difficulty/nn arose/vbd with/in the/at advent/nn of/in Substantive/jj-tl Due/jj-tl Process/nn-tl ./. An/at amendment/nn ,/, presumably/rb designed/vbn to/to deal/vb with/in the/at problems/nns of/in newly/rb freed/vbn slaves/nns ,/, became/vbd a/at ``/`` laissez-faire/jj ''/'' limitation/nn upon/in state/nn economic/jj policy/nn ./. A/at flood/nn of/in federal/jj lower/jjr court/nn injunctions/nns seriously/rb impeded/vbd the/at processes/nns of/in local/jj government/nn ./. Congress/np reacted/vbd with/in a/at series/nn of/in measures/nns modifying/vbg in/in various/ap ways/nns what/wdt it/pps had/hvd granted/vbn in/in 1875/cd ./. In/in 1910/cd it/pps required/vbd the/at convening/nn of/in a/at special/jj three-judge/jj court/nn for/in the/at issuance/nn of/in certain/ap injunctions/nns and/cc allowed/vbd direct/jj appeals/nns to/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ./. Such/jj legislation/nn was/bedz clarified/vbn and/cc extended/vbn from/in time/nn to/in time/nn thereafter/rb ./. In/in 1913/cd an/at abortive/jj provision/nn was/bedz made/vbn for/in the/at stay/nn of/in federal/jj injunction/nn proceedings/nns upon/in institution/nn of/in state/nn court/nn test/nn cases/nns ./. The/at essential/jj ineffectiveness/nn of/in these/dts measures/nns resulted/vbd in/in 1934/cd in/in substantial/jj elimination/nn of/in federal/jj jurisdiction/nn to/to enjoin/vb state/nn public/jj utility/nn rate/nn orders/nns ./. Three/cd years/nns later/rbr similar/jj restraints/nns were/bed imposed/vbn upon/in injunctions/nns against/in collection/nn of/in state/nn taxes/nns ./. This/dt saved/vbd for/in state/nn adjudication/nn ,/, in/in the/at first/od instance/nn ,/, the/at two/cd major/jj areas/nns where/wrb federal/jj injunctions/nns had/hvd been/ben most/ql obnoxious/jj ,/, but/cc other/ap areas/nns remained/vbd vulnerable/jj ./. Meanwhile/rb ,/, the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, like/cs Congress/np ,/, showed/vbd misgivings/nns concerning/in this/dt aspect/nn of/in government/nn by/in injunction/nn ./. Drawing/vbg upon/in the/at traditional/jj discretion/nn of/in the/at chancellor/nn ,/, Mr./np Justice/np Holmes/np introduced/vbd a/at series/nn of/in self-imposed/jj judicial/jj restraints/nns that/wps culminated/vbd in/in Mr./np Justice/np Frankfurter's/np$ famous/jj doctrine/nn of/in abstention/nn ./. Whereas/cs the/at earlier/jjr cases/nns turned/vbd rather/ql narrowly/rb upon/in the/at availability/nn of/in adequate/jj state/nn remedies/nns ,/, the/at new/jj emphasis/nn is/bez upon/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at state/nn policy/nn at/in issue/nn ./. The/at classic/jj case/nn is/bez Railroad/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl v./in-tl Pullman/np-tl ./. The/at commission/nn had/hvd issued/vbn an/at administrative/jj order/nn which/wdt was/bedz challenged/vbn as/cs discriminatory/jj against/in Negroes/nps ./. Its/pp$ enforcement/nn was/bedz enjoined/vbn by/in a/at federal/jj trial/nn court/nn ./. On/in review/nn the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, via/in Mr./np Justice/np Frankfurter/np ,/, found/vbd southern/jj racial/jj problems/nns ``/`` a/at sensitive/jj area/nn of/in social/jj policy/nn on/in which/wdt the/at federal/jj courts/nns ought/md not/* to/to enter/vb unless/cs no/at alternative/nn to/in adjudication/nn is/bez open/jj ''/'' ./. An/at alternative/nn was/bedz found/vbn in/in the/at vagueness/nn of/in state/nn law/nn as/in to/in whether/cs the/at offending/vbg order/nn had/hvd in/in fact/nn been/ben authorized/vbn ./. Reluctant/jj ,/, as/cs usual/jj ,/, to/to interpret/vb state/nn legislation/nn --/-- such/jj interpretation/nn can/md only/rb be/be a/at ``/`` forecast/nn rather/rb than/cs a/at determination/nn ''/'' --/-- Mr./np Justice/np Frankfurter/np led/vbd a/at unanimous/jj Court/nn-tl to/to vacate/vb the/at injunction/nn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez crucial/jj that/cs here/rb ,/, unlike/in Burford/np ,/, the/at trial/nn court/nn was/bedz ordered/vbn to/to retain/vb the/at case/nn until/cs the/at state/nn courts/nns had/hvd had/hvn a/at reasonable/jj opportunity/nn to/to settle/vb the/at state-law/nn question/nn ./. ``/`` The/at resources/nns of/in equity/nn are/ber equal/jj to/in an/at adjustment/nn that/wps will/md avoid/vb the/at waste/nn of/in a/at tentative/jj decision/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at friction/nn of/in a/at premature/jj constitutional/jj adjudication/nn ''/'' ./. Temporary/jj abstention/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, postponement/nn ,/, is/bez one/cd thing/nn ;/. ;/. refusal/nn to/to adjudicate/vb is/bez another/dt ./. To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs the/at jurisdictional/jj principle/nn of/in 1875/cd stands/vbz unmodified/jj by/in subsequent/jj legislation/nn ,/, federal/jj equitable/jj relief/nn against/in state/nn action/nn must/md be/be available/jj --/-- or/cc so/rb it/pps seems/vbz to/in Mr./np Justice/np Frankfurter/np ./. In/in Alabama/np-tl Public/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl v./in-tl Southern/jj-tl Ry./nn-tl Co./nn-tl ,/, the/at commission/nn had/hvd refused/vbn to/to permit/vb abandonment/nn of/in certain/ap ``/`` uneconomic/jj ''/'' train/nn facilities/nns ./. The/at railroad/nn ,/, claiming/vbg deprivation/nn of/in property/nn without/in due/jj process/nn of/in law/nn ,/, sought/vbd injunctive/jj relief/nn ./. The/at Court/nn-tl held/vbd that/cs federal/jj jurisdiction/nn should/md not/* be/be exercised/vbn lest/cs the/at domestic/jj policy/nn of/in the/at state/nn be/be obstructed/vbn ;/. ;/. this/dt in/in the/at name/nn of/in equitable/jj discretion/nn ./. Justices/nns-tl Frankfurter/np and/cc Jackson/np concurred/vbd in/in the/at Court's/nn$-tl result/nn ,/, for/cs they/ppss found/vbd no/at merit/nn in/in the/at railroad's/nn$ claim/nn ./. But/cc they/ppss objected/vbd vigorously/rb to/in the/at proposition/nn that/cs federal/jj courts/nns may/md refuse/vb to/to exercise/vb jurisdiction/nn conferred/vbn in/in a/at valid/jj act/nn of/in Congress/np :/: ``/`` By/in one/cd fell/jj swoop/nn the/at Court/nn-tl now/rb finds/vbz that/cs Congress/np indulged/vbd in/in needless/jj legislation/nn in/in the/at acts/nns of/in 1910/cd ,/, 1913/cd ,/, 1925/cd ,/, 1934/cd and/cc 1937/cd ./. By/in these/dts measures/nns ,/, Congress/np ,/, so/cs the/at Court/nn-tl (/( in/in effect/nn )/) now/rb decides/vbz ,/, gave/vbd not/* only/rb needless/jj but/cc inadequate/jj relief/nn ,/, since/cs it/pps now/rb appears/vbz that/cs the/at federal/jj courts/nns have/hv inherent/jj power/nn to/to sterilize/vb the/at Act/nn-tl of/in 1875/cd against/in all/abn proceedings/nns challenging/vbg local/jj regulation/nn ''/'' ./. A/at most/ql revealing/jj recent/jj case/nn is/bez Textile/nn-tl Workers/nns-tl Union/nn-tl v./in-tl Lincoln/np-tl Mills/nns-tl ./. The/at Taft-Hartley/np-tl Act/nn-tl gave/vbd the/at federal/jj courts/nns jurisdiction/nn over/in ``/`` suits/nns for/in violation/nn of/in contracts/nns between/in an/at employer/nn and/cc a/at labor/nn organization/nn representing/vbg employees/nns in/in an/at industry/nn affecting/vbg commerce/nn ''/'' ./. On/in its/pp$ face/nn this/dt merely/rb provides/vbz a/at federal/jj forum/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps does/doz not/* establish/vb any/dti law/nn (/( rights/nns )/) for/in the/at federal/jj judges/nns to/to enforce/vb ./. How/wrb can/md judges/nns exercise/vb jurisdiction/nn to/to enforce/vb national/jj rights/nns when/wrb Congress/np has/hvz created/vbn none/pn ?/. ?/. The/at Court/nn-tl held/vbd that/cs Congress/np had/hvd intended/vbn the/at federal/jj judiciary/nn to/to ``/`` fashion/vb ''/'' an/at appropriate/jj law/nn of/in labor-management/nn contracts/nns ./. In/in short/jj ,/, congressional/jj power/nn to/to grant/vb federal-question/nn authority/nn to/in federal/jj courts/nns is/bez now/rb apparently/rb so/ql broad/jj that/cs Congress/np need/md not/* create/vb ,/, or/cc specify/vb ,/, the/at right/nn to/to be/be enforced/vbn ./. The/at Lincoln/np-tl Mills/nns-tl decision/nn authorizes/vbz a/at whole/jj new/jj body/nn of/in federal/jj ``/`` common/jj law/nn ''/'' which/wdt ,/, as/cs Mr./np Justice/np Frankfurter/np pointed/vbd out/rp in/in dissent/nn ,/, leads/vbz to/in one/cd of/in the/at following/vbg ``/`` incongruities/nns ''/'' :/: ``/`` (/( (/( 1/cd )/) conflict/nn in/in federal/jj and/cc state/nn court/nn interpretations/nns of/in collective/jj bargaining/nn agreements/nns ;/. ;/. (/( 2/cd )/) displacement/nn of/in state/nn law/nn by/in federal/jj law/nn in/in state/nn courts/nns in/in all/abn actions/nns regarding/in collective/jj bargaining/nn agreements/nns ;/. ;/. or/cc (/( 3/cd )/) exclusion/nn of/in state/nn court/nn jurisdiction/nn over/in these/dts matters/nns ''/'' ./. The/at Justice's/nn$-tl elaborate/jj examination/nn of/in the/at legislative/jj history/nn of/in the/at provision/nn in/in question/nn suggests/vbz that/cs Congress'/np$ purpose/nn was/bedz merely/rb to/to make/vb unions/nns suable/jj ./. With/in a/at few/ap exceptions/nns ,/, the/at lawmakers/nns seemed/vbd unaware/jj of/in the/at technical/jj problems/nns of/in federal/jj jurisdiction/nn involved/vbn --/-- to/to say/vb nothing/pn of/in the/at delegation/nn of/in lawmaking/jj power/nn to/in judges/nns ./. To/to avoid/vb these/dts constitutional/jj difficulties/nns ,/, Mr./np Justice/np Frankfurter/np was/bedz prepared/vbn to/to read/vb the/at Taft-Hartley/np provision/nn as/cs concerned/vbn with/in diversity/nn ,/, rather/rb than/cs federal/jj question/nn ,/, jurisdiction/nn ./. This/dt would/md satisfy/vb what/wdt presumably/rb was/bedz Congress'/np$ major/jj purpose/nn --/-- the/at suability/nn of/in unions/nns ./. It/pps would/md also/rb leave/vb intact/jj the/at states'/nns$ traditional/jj authority/nn in/in the/at realm/nn of/in contract/nn law/nn ./. (/( As/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, the/at Erie/np and/cc York/np decisions/nns require/vb federal/jj courts/nns in/in diversity/nn cases/nns to/to follow/vb state/nn decisional/jj rules/nns ./. )/) Here/rb again/rb Mr./np Justice/np Frankfurter/np could/md not/* lightly/rb accept/vb the/at principle/nn of/in wholesale/jj judicial/jj legislation/nn ./. If/cs Congress/np wants/vbz to/to displace/vb the/at states/nns from/in areas/nns which/wdt they/ppss have/hv customarily/rb occupied/vbn ,/, let/vb it/pps do/do so/rb knowingly/rb and/cc explicitly/rb ./. And/cc let/vb it/pps do/do its/pp$ own/jj lawmaking/nn and/cc not/* leave/vb that/dt to/in federal/jj judges/nns ./. Does/doz Lincoln/np-tl Mills/nns-tl suggest/vb that/cs if/cs Congress/np granted/vbd jurisdiction/nn over/in interstate/jj divorce/nn cases/nns ,/, the/at federal/jj courts/nns would/md be/be authorized/vbn to/to fashion/vb a/at national/jj law/nn for/in the/at dissolution/nn of/in marriages/nns ?/. ?/. There/ex is/bez a/at common/jj problem/nn behind/in most/ap of/in these/dts federal/jj question/nn and/cc diversity/nn cases/nns ./. Congress/np has/hvz not/* clearly/rb defined/vbn the/at bounds/nns between/in state/nn and/cc federal/jj court/nn competence/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz the/at power/nn to/to do/do so/rb but/cc for/in the/at most/ap part/nn has/hvz left/vbn the/at matter/nn for/in solution/nn by/in judges/nns on/in a/at case-by-case/jj basis/nn ./. A/at careful/jj student/nn has/hvz suggested/vbn that/cs ``/`` In/in any/dti new/jj revision/nn (/( of/in the/at Judicial/jj-tl Code/nn-tl )/) the/at legislators/nns would/md do/do well/rb to/to remember/vb that/cs the/at allocation/nn of/in power/nn to/in the/at federal/jj courts/nns should/md be/be limited/vbn to/in those/dts matters/nns in/in which/wdt their/pp$ expertise/nn in/in federal/jj law/nn might/md be/be used/vbn ,/, leaving/vbg to/in the/at state/nn judiciaries/nns the/at primary/jj obligation/nn of/in pronouncing/vbg state/nn law/nn ''/'' ./. Obviously/rb ,/, the/at goal/nn here/rb proposed/vbn is/bez the/at guiding/vbg principle/nn in/in Mr./np Justice/np Frankfurter's/np$ opinions/nns --/-- to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs Congress/np leaves/vbz the/at problem/nn to/in judicial/jj discretion/nn ./. The/at same/ap rule/nn of/in specialization/nn and/cc division/nn of/in labor/nn guides/vbz him/ppo in/in the/at FELA/nn certiorari/nn cases/nns ,/, in/in the/at administrative/jj law/nn area/nn ,/, and/cc indeed/rb in/in the/at whole/jj realm/nn of/in judicial/jj review/nn ./. Mr./np Justice/np Black/np no/at doubt/nn concurs/vbz in/in principle/nn but/cc is/bez more/ql apt/jj to/to make/vb exceptions/nns to/to achieve/vb a/at generous/jj and/cc ``/`` just/jj ''/'' result/nn ./. He/pps will/md not/* be/be ``/`` fooled/vbn by/in technicalities/nns ''/'' ./. Federal/jj-hl review/nn-hl of/in-hl state/nn-hl decisions/nns-hl With/in few/ap exceptions/nns ,/, Congress/np has/hvz not/* given/vbn federal/jj courts/nns exclusive/jj authority/nn to/to enforce/vb rights/nns arising/vbg under/in federal/jj law/nn ./. To/to put/vb it/ppo differently/rb ,/, state/nn and/cc federal/jj courts/nns have/hv concurrent/jj jurisdiction/nn with/in respect/nn to/in most/ap claims/nns of/in federal/jj right/nn ./. To/to insure/vb uniformity/nn in/in the/at meaning/nn of/in national/jj law/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, state/nn interpretations/nns are/ber subject/jj to/in Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl review/nn ./. It/pps may/md be/be noted/vbn ,/, parenthetically/rb ,/, that/cs to/to evade/vb ``/`` desegregation/nn ''/'' an/at ex-Justice/nn and/cc former/ap southern/jj governor/nn has/hvz urged/vbn Congress/np to/to abolish/vb this/dt reviewing/vbg authority/nn ./. The/at result/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, would/md be/be that/cs federal/jj law/nn inevitably/rb would/md mean/vb different/jj things/nns in/in different/jj states/nns ./. It/pps would/md also/rb probably/rb mean/vb different/jj things/nns within/in the/at same/ap state/nn --/-- depending/in upon/in what/wdt court/nn (/( state/nn or/cc federal/jj )/) rendered/vbd decision/nn ./. We/ppss consider/vb here/rb only/rb a/at few/ap of/in many/ap problems/nns involved/vbn in/in this/dt crucial/jj federal-state/nn relationship/nn ./. The/at first/od is/bez that/cs enforcement/nn of/in national/jj law/nn in/in state/nn litigation/nn raises/vbz in/in reverse/jj the/at old/jj diversity/nn puzzle/nn of/in the/at relation/nn of/in procedure/nn to/in substance/nn ./. Subject/jj to/in certain/ap constitutional/jj restraints/nns in/in favor/nn of/in fair/jj trials/nns ,/, each/dt level/nn of/in government/nn is/bez free/jj to/to devise/vb its/pp$ own/jj judicial/jj procedures/nns ./. Litigants/nns who/wps choose/vb to/to assert/vb federal/jj claims/nns in/in a/at state/nn court/nn go/vb into/in that/dt court/nn subject/jj to/in its/pp$ rules/nns of/in procedure/nn ./. A/at similar/jj canon/nn applies/vbz to/in those/dts who/wps press/vb state/nn claims/nns in/in federal/jj tribunals/nns ,/, e.g./rb ,/, in/in diversity/nn cases/nns ./. In/in an/at FELA/nn controversy/nn the/at state/nn court/nn followed/vbd established/vbn state/nn procedure/nn by/in construing/vbg a/at vague/jj complaint/nn ``/`` most/ql strongly/rb against/in ''/'' the/at complainant/nn ./. In/in other/ap words/nns the/at burden/nn of/in pleading/vbg clearly/rb rested/vbd upon/in the/at pleader/nn by/in state/nn law/nn ./. The/at result/nn was/bedz that/cs the/at plaintiff's/nn$ case/nn was/bedz dismissed/vbn ./. Mr./np Justice/np Black/np led/vbd a/at reversing/vbg majority/nn :/: ``/`` Strict/jj local/jj rules/nns of/in pleading/vbg cannot/md* be/be used/vbn to/to impose/vb unnecessary/jj burdens/nns upon/in rights/nns of/in recovery/nn authorized/vbn by/in federal/jj law/nn ''/'' ./. Here/rb ,/, as/cs in/in the/at Byrd/np case/nn ,/, another/dt element/nn of/in state/nn procedure/nn was/bedz subsumed/vbn to/in federal/jj judge-made/jj law/nn ./. Justices/nns-tl Frankfurter/np and/cc Jackson/np dissented/vbd :/: ``/`` One/cd State/nn-tl may/md cherish/vb formalities/nns more/rbr than/cs another/dt ,/, one/cd State/nn-tl may/md be/be more/ql responsive/jj than/cs another/dt to/in procedural/jj reforms/nns ./. If/cs a/at litigant/nn chooses/vbz to/to enforce/vb a/at Federal/jj-tl right/nn in/in a/at State/nn-tl court/nn ,/, he/pps cannot/md* be/be heard/vbn to/to object/vb if/cs he/pps is/bez treated/vbn exactly/rb as/cs are/ber plaintiffs/nns who/wps press/vb like/jj claims/nns arising/vbg under/in State/nn-tl law/nn with/in regard/nn to/in the/at form/nn in/in which/wdt the/at claim/nn must/md be/be stated/vbn --/-- the/at particularity/nn ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, with/in which/wdt a/at cause/nn of/in action/nn must/md be/be described/vbn ./. Federal/jj law/nn ,/, though/cs invoked/vbn in/in a/at State/nn-tl court/nn ,/, delimits/vbz the/at Federal/jj-tl claim/nn --/-- defines/vbz what/wdt gives/vbz a/at right/nn to/in recovery/nn and/cc what/wdt goes/vbz to/to prove/vb it/ppo ./. But/cc the/at form/nn in/in which/wdt the/at claim/nn must/md be/be stated/vbn need/md not/* be/be different/jj from/in what/wdt the/at State/nn-tl exacts/vbz in/in the/at enforcement/nn of/in like/jj obligations/nns created/vbn by/in it/ppo ,/, so/ql long/rb as/cs a/at requirement/nn does/doz not/* add/vb to/in ,/, or/cc diminish/vb ,/, the/at right/nn as/cs defined/vbn by/in Federal/jj-tl law/nn ,/, nor/cc burden/vb the/at realization/nn of/in this/dt right/nn in/in the/at actualities/nns of/in litigation/nn ''/'' ./. Another/dt problem/nn in/in the/at area/nn of/in federal-state/nn relationships/nns is/bez this/dt :/: what/wdt constitutes/vbz reversible/jj error/nn in/in a/at state/nn decision/nn ?/. ?/. Terminiello/np-tl v./in-tl Chicago/np-tl involved/vbd a/at conviction/nn for/in disorderly/jj conduct/nn under/in a/at local/jj ordinance/nn ./. The/at conduct/nn in/in question/nn was/bedz a/at speech/nn ./. The/at accused/vbn did/dod not/* object/vb to/in the/at trial/nn court's/nn$ charge/nn to/in the/at jury/nn that/cs discourse/nn ``/`` may/md constitute/vb a/at breach/nn of/in the/at peace/nn if/cs it/pps stirs/vbz the/at public/nn to/in anger/nn ,/, invites/vbz dispute/nn ,/, brings/vbz about/rp a/at condition/nn of/in unrest/nn ./. ''/'' For/in present/jj purposes/nns it/pps may/md be/be assumed/vbn that/cs this/dt charge/nn so/ql narrowly/rb limited/vbd speech/nn as/cs to/to violate/vb the/at federal/jj Constitution/nn-tl ./. Though/cs the/at accused/vbn raised/vbd many/ap other/ap objections/nns ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* object/vb on/in this/dt crucial/jj point/nn at/in any/dti stage/nn of/in the/at proceedings/nns ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* claim/vb in/in any/dti of/in the/at four/cd courts/nns through/in which/wdt his/pp$ case/nn progressed/vbd that/cs the/at jury/nn charge/nn had/hvd denied/vbn him/ppo any/dti federal/jj right/nn ./.

cj44

cj44 |@word else:1 one:7 explain:1 example:4 allow:6 survival:6 right:5 amortize:2 bond:2 discount:1 premium:1 section:37 issue:2 expense:1 deduction:2 payment:2 certain:5 obligation:1 transferor:16 assume:2 reorganization:23 theft:1 loss:6 sustain:1 prior:2 discover:1 require:5 carry:1 method:2 depreciation:2 rapid:1 amortization:2 emergency:2 facility:3 transfer:15 dividend:1 carryover:11 personal:1 hold:8 company:1 excess:4 tax:23 credit:2 foreign:1 taxis:9 item:10 list:1 seem:5 quite:3 comparable:3 whose:4 provide:6 381:4 reasonable:2 basis:5 distinction:1 either:3 term:2 nature:2 attribute:7 avoidance:2 possibility:2 respect:2 provision:2 view:1 historical:1 perspective:1 suggest:2 rule:3 whether:2 beneficial:2 detrimental:1 survive:3 corporation:38 extent:2 stretching:1 literal:2 meaning:2 committee:3 report:3 justify:2 since:3 conflict:1 clear:1 implication:1 language:2 statute:8 contend:1 prescribe:2 interpretation:1 could:3 construction:1 alone:1 would:8 certainly:1 violate:1 intention:1 congress:2 express:1 least:2 instance:1 involve:3 refund:13 claim:20 may:8 contrary:1 another:4 united:8 states:8 code:7 203:7 voids:1 assignment:5 government:7 unless:1 make:2 amount:1 due:1 ascertain:1 warrant:1 judicial:1 development:1 exception:4 prohibit:2 suit:1 acquire:9 pay:9 even:1 though:1 meet:2 requirement:1 clearly:3 recognize:1 statutory:7 merger:9 consolidation:5 lead:2 case:14 seaboard:4 air:1 line:1 railway:1 transferee:2 sue:8 consistently:1 follow:11 court:5 say:4 purpose:3 principally:1 spare:1 embarrassment:1 trouble:1 deal:3 several:2 party:1 stranger:1 prevent:4 traffic:1 particularly:1 tenuous:1 neither:1 reason:4 apply:9 hand:2 furthermore:2 presume:1 intend:2 obstruct:1 approve:1 state:4 benefit:2 creditor:1 corporate:2 dissolution:1 descent:1 subrogation:1 often:1 classify:1 operation:3 law:4 free:6 comply:1 difficult:2 fit:1 mold:1 although:3 way:2 voluntary:1 sale:1 asset:7 cash:3 courts:1 treasury:2 type:5 non:3 taxable:3 recent:2 point:1 mitchell:1 canneries:1 first:2 partnership:1 partner:2 former:3 stockholder:3 form:4 final:1 entitle:3 cite:2 novo:1 trading:1 roomberg:1 proposition:1 conjunction:1 change:3 structure:1 early:1 kingan:1 american:2 stock:7 british:3 exchange:2 liquidate:3 anti:1 transaction:2 presumably:3 qualify:1 contractual:3 332:2 liquidation:7 nevertheless:1 rely:1 also:4 mention:2 shareholder:1 two:2 substance:1 equitable:1 title:1 arrive:1 substantially:2 conclusion:1 skirt:1 problem:1 revenue:2 54:2 17:2 assess:1 successor:7 file:4 name:2 behalf:1 proper:1 evidence:1 succession:4 must:2 matter:2 public:2 record:2 certificate:1 secretary:1 official:1 custody:1 document:2 suffice:1 relate:1 properly:2 certify:1 proof:1 applicable:2 latter:1 acquisition:5 ruling:3 however:2 rather:1 confusing:1 rev:1 rul:1 hence:1 c:2 appear:5 merged:1 despite:1 b:1 inapplicable:2 permit:4 fact:2 purchase:2 effective:1 kimbell:1 diamond:1 doctrine:1 eliminate:1 intermediate:1 step:1 result:1 sound:1 numerous:1 primary:2 enactment:2 claimant:1 meretricious:1 contingent:2 fee:2 ownership:1 never:1 condition:2 presently:2 discussion:1 subsidiary:3 80:1 per:1 cent:1 solely:1 vote:1 identity:1 place:2 organization:1 virtually:1 every:1 outright:1 continue:3 interest:2 give:1 rise:1 circumstance:1 multiple:1 conflicting:1 exceedingly:1 remote:1 great:1 necessary:1 likely:1 desperate:1 assign:1 guise:1 substantial:3 willing:1 property:4 dim:1 hope:1 collect:1 unlikely:1 take:2 logically:1 accomplish:1 prosecution:1 wholly:1 rare:1 important:1 perhaps:2 specify:1 entitled:1 interpret:1 effect:2 depend:1 particular:1 use:3 trade:1 business:2 define:2 1231:1 retain:1 special:2 status:1 parent:1 group:1 consolidated:2 return:2 treat:2 different:2 elect:2 similar:5 consideration:1 general:1 accounting:1 1954:2 internal:1 362:1 1223:1 tack:1 period:2 169:1 person:2 grain:1 storage:1 privilege:1 specifically:1 168:1 net:4 operating:4 operate:1 deficit:1 subject:1 suppose:1 profit:4 enact:2 number:1 thing:1 common:1 averaging:1 device:1 ease:1 burden:1 fluctuate:1 income:1 value:1 expect:1 high:1 1939:1 stanton:1 brewery:1 dissent:1 judge:1 learned:1 write:1 majority:1 opinion:1 sansome:1 earning:1 certainty:1 quote:1 caution:1 therein:1 actually:1 probably:1 treatment:1 unique:1 opportunity:1 present:1

How/wrb else/rb can/md one/pn explain/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, allowing/vbg the/at survival/nn of/in the/at right/nn to/to amortize/vb bond/nn discount/nn and/cc premium/nn (/( section/nn 381(c)(9)/cd )/) ,/, but/cc not/* the/at right/nn to/to amortize/vb bond/nn issue/nn expenses/nns ;/. ;/. or/cc allowing/vbg a/at deduction/nn for/in payment/nn of/in certain/ap obligations/nns of/in a/at transferor/nn assumed/vbn in/in the/at reorganization/nn (/( section/nn 381(c)(16)/cd )/) ,/, but/cc not/* a/at deduction/nn for/in theft/nn losses/nns sustained/vbn by/in a/at transferor/nn prior/rb to/in a/at reorganization/nn but/cc discovered/vbn after/in it/ppo ;/. ;/. or/cc requiring/vbg a/at transferor/nn to/to carry/vb over/rp its/pp$ method/nn of/in depreciation/nn (/( section/nn 381(c)(6)/cd )/) ,/, but/cc not/* allowing/vbg rapid/jj amortization/nn of/in emergency/nn facilities/nns transferred/vbn in/in a/at reorganization/nn ;/. ;/. or/cc allowing/vbg survival/nn of/in a/at dividend/nn carryover/nn to/in a/at personal/jj holding/vbg company/nn (/( section/nn 381(c)(14)/cd )/) ,/, but/cc not/* carryover/nn of/in excess/jj tax/nn credits/nns for/in foreign/jj taxes/nns ?/. ?/. These/dts items/nns ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in the/at others/nns listed/vbn above/rb ,/, seem/vb quite/ql comparable/jj to/in items/nns whose/wp$ right/nn of/in survival/nn is/bez provided/vbn for/in in/in section/nn 381/cd ./. There/ex does/doz not/* seem/vb to/to be/be any/dti reasonable/jj basis/nn for/in distinction/nn either/cc in/in terms/nns of/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at tax/nn attribute/nn or/cc in/in terms/nns of/in tax-avoidance/nn possibilities/nns ./. With/in respect/nn to/in items/nns such/jj as/cs these/dts the/at provisions/nns of/in section/nn 381(c)/cd ,/, viewed/vbn in/in historical/jj perspective/nn ,/, suggest/vb a/at rule/nn requiring/vbg survival/nn ,/, whether/cs the/at items/nns are/ber beneficial/jj or/cc detrimental/jj to/in the/at surviving/vbg corporation/nn ./. To/in this/dt extent/nn some/dti stretching/vbg of/in the/at literal/jj meaning/nn of/in the/at Committee/nn-tl Report/nn-tl seems/vbz justified/vbn ,/, since/cs the/at literal/jj meaning/nn conflicts/vbz with/in the/at clear/jj implication/nn ,/, if/cs not/* the/at language/nn ,/, of/in the/at statute/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* contended/vbn that/cs section/nn 381/cd should/md prescribe/vb the/at survival/nn of/in all/abn of/in the/at transferor's/nn$ tax/nn attributes/nns ./. Such/abl an/at interpretation/nn could/md not/* be/be justified/vbn by/in a/at construction/nn of/in the/at statute/nn alone/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps would/md certainly/rb violate/vb the/at intention/nn of/in Congress/np as/cs expressed/vbn in/in the/at Committee/nn-tl Report/nn-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in at/in least/ap one/cd instance/nn ,/, involving/vbg refund/nn-hl claims/nns-hl ,/, it/pps might/md be/be contrary/jj to/in another/dt provision/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Code/nn-tl ./. Refund/nn claims/nns Section/nn 203/cd of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Code/nn-tl voids/vbz an/at assignment/nn of/in a/at claim/nn against/in the/at Government/nn-tl unless/cs made/vbn after/cs it/pps has/hvz been/ben allowed/vbn ,/, the/at amount/nn due/jj has/hvz been/ben ascertained/vbn ,/, and/cc a/at warrant/nn for/in its/pp$ payment/nn has/hvz been/ben issued/vbn ./. If/cs it/pps were/bed not/* for/in judicial/jj development/nn of/in certain/ap exceptions/nns ,/, this/dt section/nn would/md prohibit/vb a/at suit/nn for/in refund/nn by/in an/at acquiring/vbg corporation/nn for/in taxes/nns paid/vbn by/in a/at transferor/nn corporation/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at reorganization/nn meets/vbz the/at requirements/nns of/in section/nn 381(a)/cd ./. A/at clearly/rb recognized/vbn exception/nn is/bez a/at statutory/jj merger/nn or/cc consolidation/nn ./. The/at leading/vbg case/nn ,/, Seaboard/nn-tl Air/nn-tl Line/nn-tl Railway/nn-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, held/vbd that/cs the/at transferee/nn could/md sue/vb for/in a/at refund/nn of/in taxes/nns paid/vbn by/in the/at transferor/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps has/hvz been/ben consistently/rb followed/vbn ./. The/at Court/nn-tl said/vbd the/at purpose/nn of/in the/at section/nn was/bedz principally/rb to/to spare/vb the/at Government/nn-tl the/at embarrassment/nn and/cc trouble/nn of/in dealing/vbg with/in several/ap parties/nns ,/, one/cd of/in them/ppo a/at stranger/nn to/in the/at claim/nn ,/, and/cc to/to prevent/vb traffic/nn in/in claims/nns ,/, particularly/rb tenuous/jj claims/nns ,/, against/in the/at Government/nn-tl ./. Neither/dtx reason/nn ,/, said/vbd the/at Court/nn-tl ,/, applied/vbd to/in the/at case/nn at/in hand/nn ;/. ;/. furthermore/rb ,/, Congress/np could/md not/* be/be presumed/vbn to/to have/hv intended/vbn to/to obstruct/vb mergers/nns approved/vbn by/in the/at states/nns ./. Other/ap exceptions/nns are/ber assignments/nns for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in creditors/nns ,/, corporate/jj dissolutions/nns ,/, transfers/nns by/in descent/nn ,/, or/cc transfers/nns by/in subrogation/nn ./. Exceptions/nns are/ber often/rb classified/vbn as/cs transfers/nns by/in ``/`` operation/nn of/in law/nn ''/'' ./. A/at tax-free/jj reorganization/nn not/* complying/vbg with/in the/at merger/nn or/cc consolidation/nn statutes/nns of/in the/at states/nns involved/vbn is/bez difficult/jj to/to fit/vb into/in an/at ``/`` operation/nn of/in law/nn ''/'' mold/nn ./. Although/cs it/pps is/bez in/in some/dti ways/nns comparable/jj to/in a/at voluntary/jj sale/nn of/in assets/nns for/in cash/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt section/nn 203/cd quite/ql clearly/rb applies/vbz ,/, the/at courts/nns and/cc Treasury/nn-tl have/hv held/vbn that/cs acquiring/vbg corporations/nns in/in several/ap types/nns of/in non-taxable/jj reorganizations/nns may/md sue/vb for/in refund/nn of/in taxes/nns paid/vbn by/in transferors/nns ./. A/at recent/jj case/nn in/in point/nn is/bez Mitchell/np-tl Canneries/nns-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, in/in which/wdt a/at claim/nn against/in the/at Government/nn-tl was/bedz transferred/vbn first/rb from/in a/at corporation/nn to/in a/at partnership/nn ,/, whose/wp$ partners/nns were/bed former/ap stockholders/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb to/in another/dt corporation/nn formed/vbn by/in the/at partners/nns ./. Holding/vbg the/at final/jj corporation/nn entitled/vbn to/to sue/vb on/in the/at claim/nn ,/, the/at Court/nn-tl cited/vbd the/at Seaboard/nn-tl ,/, Novo/np-tl Trading/vbg-tl ,/, and/cc Roomberg/np cases/nns for/in the/at proposition/nn that/cs ``/`` transfers/nns by/in operation/nn of/in law/nn or/cc in/in conjunction/nn with/in changes/nns of/in corporate/jj structure/nn are/ber not/* assignments/nns prohibited/vbn by/in the/at statute/nn ''/'' ./. In/in an/at earlier/jjr case/nn ,/, Kingan/np-tl &/cc-tl Co./nn-tl v./in-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, an/at American/jj corporation/nn was/bedz formed/vbn for/in the/at purpose/nn of/in acquiring/vbg the/at stock/nn of/in a/at British/jj corporation/nn in/in exchange/nn for/in its/pp$ own/jj stock/nn and/cc then/rb liquidating/vbg the/at British/jj corporation/nn ./. The/at anti-assignment/jj statute/nn was/bedz held/vbn not/* to/to prevent/vb the/at American/jj corporation/nn from/in suing/vbg for/in a/at refund/nn of/in taxes/nns paid/vbn by/in the/at British/jj corporation/nn ./. The/at transaction/nn presumably/rb would/md have/hv qualified/vbn under/in section/nn 368(a)(1)/cd as/cs a/at contractual/jj reorganization/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at section/nn 332/cd liquidation/nn ,/, but/cc not/* under/in section/nn 368(a)(1)/cd as/cs a/at statutory/jj merger/nn of/in consolidation/nn ./. The/at Court/nn-tl ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, relied/vbd on/in the/at Seaboard/nn-tl case/nn and/cc also/rb mentioned/vbd that/cs the/at shareholders/nns of/in the/at two/cd corporations/nns were/bed the/at same/ap ./. In/in substance/nn ,/, said/vbd the/at Court/nn-tl ,/, there/ex was/bedz no/at transfer/nn of/in equitable/jj title/nn ./. The/at Treasury/nn-tl arrives/vbz at/in substantially/rb the/at same/ap conclusion/nn ,/, but/cc skirts/vbz the/at problem/nn of/in section/nn 203/cd of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Code/nn-tl ./. Revenue/nn-tl Ruling/nn-tl 54-17/cd provides/vbz that/cs if/cs the/at corporation/nn against/in which/wdt a/at tax/nn was/bedz assessed/vbn has/hvz since/rb been/ben liquidated/vbn by/in merger/nn with/in a/at successor/nn corporation/nn ,/, a/at claim/nn for/in refund/nn should/md be/be filed/vbn by/in the/at successor/nn in/in the/at name/nn and/cc on/in behalf/nn of/in the/at corporation/nn which/wdt paid/vbd the/at tax/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in the/at name/nn of/in the/at successor/nn corporation/nn ./. Proper/jj evidence/nn of/in the/at liquidation/nn and/cc succession/nn must/md also/rb be/be filed/vbn ./. If/cs the/at succession/nn is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in public/jj record/nn ,/, certificates/nns of/in the/at Secretaries/nns-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl or/cc other/ap public/jj officials/nns having/hvg custody/nn of/in the/at documents/nns will/md suffice/vb ;/. ;/. if/cs the/at succession/nn is/bez not/* of/in record/nn ,/, all/abn documents/nns relating/vbg to/in such/jj succession/nn ,/, properly/rb certified/vbn ,/, are/ber required/vbn ./. The/at former/ap proof/nn seems/vbz applicable/jj to/in a/at statutory/jj merger/nn or/cc consolidation/nn ,/, the/at latter/ap to/in a/at contractual/jj acquisition/nn ./. The/at Ruling/nn-tl would/md not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, apply/vb to/in an/at acquisition/nn of/in assets/nns for/in cash/nn ./. A/at recent/jj Ruling/nn-tl ,/, although/cs rather/ql confusing/vbg ,/, cites/vbz and/cc follows/vbz Rev./np Rul./nn-tl 54-17/cd-tl ./. The/at Ruling/nn-tl suggests/vbz also/rb that/cs it/pps applies/vbz to/in either/cc a/at statutory/jj or/cc contractual/jj reorganization/nn ./. Hence/rb ,/, a/at successor/nn corporation/nn in/in a/at C/nn reorganization/nn appears/vbz entitled/vbn to/to sue/vb for/in a/at refund/nn of/in taxes/nns paid/vbn by/in the/at merged/vbn corporation/nn despite/in section/nn 203/cd ./. In/in a/at B/nn reorganization/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at section/nn 332/cd liquidation/nn ,/, those/dts cases/nns which/wdt hold/vb that/cs section/nn 203/cd is/bez inapplicable/jj to/in transfers/nns in/in liquidation/nn appear/vb to/to permit/vb the/at successor/nn corporation/nn to/to sue/vb for/in refund/nn of/in taxes/nns paid/vbn by/in the/at transferor/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, a/at cash/nn purchase/nn of/in a/at corporation's/nn$ stock/nn followed/vbn by/in liquidation/nn might/md also/rb be/be an/at effective/jj way/nn to/to transfer/vb a/at claim/nn for/in refund/nn if/cs the/at Kimbell-Diamond/np doctrine/nn is/bez not/* applied/vbn to/to eliminate/vb the/at intermediate/jj step/nn ./. These/dts results/nns appear/vb sound/jj ./. As/cs stated/vbn in/in Seaboard/nn-tl and/cc numerous/jj other/ap cases/nns ,/, the/at two/cd primary/jj reasons/nns for/in the/at enactment/nn of/in section/nn 203/cd of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Code/nn-tl were/bed to/to prevent/vb the/at Government/nn-tl from/in having/hvg to/to deal/vb with/in more/ap than/in one/cd claimant/nn and/cc to/to prevent/vb the/at assignment/nn of/in meretricious/jj claims/nns on/in a/at contingent-fee/nn basis/nn ./. The/at cases/nns have/hv allowed/vbn transfer/nn of/in claims/nns if/cs beneficial/jj ownership/nn is/bez not/* changed/vbn ./. The/at first/od reason/nn would/md never/rb apply/vb to/in a/at reorganization/nn transfer/nn which/wdt meets/vbz the/at conditions/nns of/in section/nn 381(a)/cd ,/, which/wdt is/bez the/at only/ap type/nn presently/rb under/in discussion/nn ./. Section/nn 381(a)/cd applies/vbz only/rb to/in a/at transfer/nn by/in liquidation/nn of/in a/at subsidiary/nn owned/vbn to/in the/at extent/nn of/in at/in least/ap 80/cd per/in cent/nn ,/, a/at statutory/jj merger/nn or/cc consolidation/nn ,/, an/at acquisition/nn of/in substantially/rb all/abn a/at corporation's/nn$ assets/nns solely/rb in/in exchange/nn for/in voting/vbg stock/nn ,/, or/cc a/at change/nn of/in identity/nn ,/, form/nn ,/, or/cc place/nn of/in organization/nn ./. In/in virtually/rb every/at case/nn the/at transferor/nn corporation/nn is/bez liquidated/vbn ,/, and/cc its/pp$ former/ap stockholders/nns either/cc own/vb outright/rb ,/, or/cc have/hv a/at continuing/vbg stock/nn interest/nn in/in ,/, the/at assets/nns which/wdt gave/vbd rise/nn to/in the/at tax/nn ./. In/in these/dts circumstances/nns the/at possibility/nn of/in multiple/jj or/cc conflicting/vbg claims/nns is/bez exceedingly/ql remote/jj ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, in/in a/at C/nn reorganization/nn the/at continuing/vbg interest/nn of/in stockholders/nns of/in the/at corporation/nn which/wdt paid/vbd the/at tax/nn must/md be/be greater/jjr than/cs is/bez necessary/jj in/in a/at statutory/jj merger/nn ,/, to/in which/wdt the/at statute/nn is/bez clearly/rb inapplicable/jj ./. Nor/cc is/bez it/pps at/in all/abn likely/jj that/cs a/at ``/`` desperate/jj ''/'' claim/nn against/in the/at Government/nn-tl will/md be/be assigned/vbn on/in a/at contingent-fee/nn basis/nn in/in the/at guise/nn of/in a/at tax-free/jj reorganization/nn ./. If/cs the/at transferor/nn has/hvz substantial/jj assets/nns other/ap than/cs the/at claim/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz reasonable/jj to/to assume/vb no/at corporation/nn would/md be/be willing/jj to/to acquire/vb all/abn of/in its/pp$ properties/nns in/in the/at dim/jj hope/nn of/in collecting/vbg a/at claim/nn for/in refund/nn of/in taxes/nns ./. If/cs such/abl an/at unlikely/jj transaction/nn were/bed to/to take/vb place/nn ,/, it/pps would/md more/ql logically/rb be/be accomplished/vbn by/in a/at stock/nn purchase/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in the/at prosecution/nn of/in the/at claim/nn by/in the/at wholly-owned/jj subsidiary/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in liquidation/nn ./. In/in the/at rare/jj case/nn where/wrb a/at corporation's/nn$ only/ap substantial/jj asset/nn ,/, or/cc its/pp$ most/ql important/jj one/cd ,/, is/bez a/at claim/nn for/in refund/nn ,/, perhaps/rb its/pp$ transfer/nn should/md not/* be/be permitted/vbn ,/, whether/cs the/at reorganization/nn takes/vbz the/at form/nn of/in a/at statutory/jj merger/nn or/cc of/in the/at acquisition/nn of/in assets/nns for/in stock/nn ./. It/pps appears/vbz ,/, then/rb ,/, that/cs although/cs the/at matter/nn is/bez not/* dealt/vbn with/in in/in section/nn 381(c)/cd ,/, a/at successor/nn corporation/nn in/in a/at reorganization/nn of/in a/at type/nn specified/vbn in/in section/nn 381(a)/cd is/bez entitled/vbn to/to sue/vb for/in refund/nn of/in taxes/nns paid/vbn by/in a/at transferor/nn corporation/nn ./. Section/nn 203/cd of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Code/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben interpreted/vbn as/cs not/* applying/vbg to/in claims/nns against/in the/at Government/nn-tl transferred/vbn in/in tax-free/jj reorganizations/nns ./. The/at successor/nn corporations/nns have/hv been/ben held/vbn entitled/vbn to/to sue/vb on/in such/jj claims/nns ./. Other/ap-hl tax/nn-hl attributes/nns-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl transferor/nn-hl There/ex are/ber certain/ap tax/nn attributes/nns of/in a/at corporation/nn whose/wp$ nature/nn and/cc effect/nn might/md depend/vb on/in the/at facts/nns of/in the/at particular/jj reorganization/nn involved/vbn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, property/nn ``/`` used/vbn in/in the/at trade/nn or/cc business/nn ''/'' of/in a/at transferor/nn corporation/nn ,/, as/cs defined/vbn in/in section/nn 1231/cd ,/, presumably/rb would/md not/* retain/vb its/pp$ special/jj status/nn following/in a/at non-taxable/jj reorganization/nn if/cs it/pps is/bez not/* so/rb used/vbn in/in the/at business/nn of/in the/at acquiring/vbg corporation/nn ./. The/at parent/nn of/in a/at group/nn filing/vbg consolidated/vbn returns/nns might/md be/be treated/vbn as/cs the/at same/ap corporation/nn following/in a/at reorganization/nn defined/vbn in/in section/nn 368(a)(1)/cd ,/, but/cc as/cs a/at different/jj corporation/nn for/in this/dt purpose/nn after/in a/at tax-free/jj acquisition/nn by/in another/dt corporation/nn which/wdt had/hvd not/* ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, elected/vbn to/to file/vb consolidated/vbn returns/nns with/in its/pp$ own/jj subsidiaries/nns ./. Similar/jj considerations/nns presumably/rb made/vbd it/ppo difficult/jj to/to prescribe/vb a/at general/jj rule/nn where/wrb the/at acquired/vbn and/cc acquiring/vbg corporations/nns have/hv different/jj methods/nns of/in accounting/vbg (/( section/nn 381(c)(4)/cd )/) or/cc depreciation/nn (/( section/nn 381(c)(6)/cd )/) ./. Other/ap sections/nns of/in the/at 1954/cd Internal/jj-tl Revenue/nn-tl Code/nn-tl provide/vb for/in survival/nn of/in certain/ap of/in a/at transferor's/nn$ tax/nn attributes/nns following/in a/at tax-free/jj reorganization/nn ./. Section/nn 362/cd requires/vbz carryover/nn of/in the/at transferor/nn corporation's/nn$ basis/nn for/in property/nn transferred/vbn ,/, and/cc section/nn 1223/cd provides/vbz for/in tacking/vbg on/rp the/at transferor's/nn$ holding/vbg period/nn for/in such/jj property/nn to/in that/dt of/in the/at transferee/nn ./. Section/nn 169/cd permits/vbz a/at person/nn acquiring/vbg grain-storage/nn facilities/nns to/to elect/vb to/to continue/vb amortization/nn over/in a/at 60-month/jj period/nn ./. However/rb ,/, a/at similar/jj privilege/nn was/bedz not/* specifically/rb provided/vbn in/in section/nn 168/cd for/in a/at person/nn acquiring/vbg emergency/nn facilities/nns ./. Attributes/nns-hl similar/jj-hl to/in-hl a/at-hl loss/nn-hl carryover/nn-hl ./.-hl There/ex may/md be/be certain/ap items/nns which/wdt are/ber quite/ql similar/jj to/in a/at net/jj operating/vbg loss/nn carryover/nn or/cc operating/vbg deficit/nn and/cc whose/wp$ right/nn to/to survive/vb a/at reorganization/nn should/md perhaps/rb be/be subject/jj to/in the/at conditions/nns applicable/jj to/in those/dts items/nns ./. For/in example/nn ,/, suppose/vb another/dt excess/jj profits/nns tax/nn similar/jj to/in prior/jj laws/nns is/bez enacted/vbn ,/, providing/vbg for/in carryover/nn of/in excess/jj profits/nns credits/nns ./. This/dt carryover/nn right/nn has/hvz a/at number/nn of/in things/nns in/in common/jj with/in a/at net/jj operating/vbg loss/nn carryover/nn ./. It/pps is/bez an/at averaging/vbg device/nn intended/vbn to/to ease/vb the/at tax/nn burden/nn of/in fluctuating/vbg income/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez a/at tax/nn benefit/nn which/wdt might/md be/be of/in substantial/jj value/nn to/in a/at corporation/nn which/wdt expects/vbz to/to have/hv a/at high/jj excess/jj profits/nns tax/nn ./. Under/in the/at 1939/cd Code/nn-tl this/dt item/nn was/bedz permitted/vbn to/to survive/vb a/at tax-free/jj reorganization/nn in/in the/at Stanton/np-tl Brewery/nn-tl case/nn ,/, but/cc only/rb over/in the/at dissent/nn of/in Judge/nn-tl Learned/np Hand/np ,/, who/wps wrote/vbd the/at majority/nn opinion/nn in/in the/at Sansome/np case/nn ,/, a/at leading/vbg case/nn requiring/vbg carryover/nn of/in earnings/nns and/cc profits/nns in/in a/at non-taxable/jj reorganization/nn ./. Since/cs this/dt type/nn of/in item/nn was/bedz not/* in/in the/at statute/nn when/wrb section/nn 381/cd was/bedz enacted/vbn in/in 1954/cd ,/, one/pn cannot/md* say/vb with/in certainty/nn what/wdt effect/nn the/at enactment/nn of/in that/dt section/nn should/md have/hv ./. With/in respect/nn to/in this/dt type/nn of/in item/nn ,/, one/pn might/md properly/rb apply/vb the/at language/nn of/in the/at Committee/nn-tl Report/nn-tl ,/, quoted/vbn above/rb ,/, which/wdt cautions/vbz against/in using/vbg section/nn 381/cd as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in treating/vbg other/ap tax/nn attributes/nns not/* mentioned/vbn therein/rb ./. Actually/rb ,/, there/ex do/do not/* presently/rb appear/vb to/to be/be items/nns in/in the/at statute/nn comparable/jj to/in a/at net/jj operating/vbg loss/nn carryover/nn ./. Probably/rb the/at primary/jj reason/nn for/in special/jj treatment/nn of/in a/at net/jj operating/vbg loss/nn carryover/nn is/bez the/at unique/jj opportunity/nn it/pps presents/vbz for/in tax/nn avoidance/nn ./.

cj45

cj45 |@word reason:3 select:11 mail:15 questionnaire:38 method:7 two:5 could:2 use:9 conduct:1 study:7 within:2 resource:1 available:1 1:6 interview:2 depth:1 company:31 2:7 limited:1 interrogation:1 large:4 number:5 mean:2 small:9 appeal:1 opportunity:1 may:10 furnish:1 probe:1 fully:1 circumstance:3 practice:11 opinion:12 also:5 involve:2 risk:1 pay:1 undue:1 attention:1 unique:1 peculiar:1 problem:4 individual:1 result:6 decide:1 send:5 would:7 effective:1 determine:6 general:1 firm:16 highlight:1 fundamental:1 recur:1 defense:15 procurement:1 concern:4 industry:2 government:2 hope:2 response:7 suggest:1 fruitful:1 inquiry:1 make:11 subsequent:1 detailed:1 nature:1 recognize:1 inherent:1 limitation:3 danger:2 question:6 different:6 thing:1 respondent:22 simple:1 yes:1 answer:5 reveal:1 shade:1 various:1 want:1 alternative:2 know:2 precise:1 assume:1 frame:1 reference:1 recommendation:2 benefit:6 specific:1 department:1 service:1 program:6 business:9 taxpayer:1 whether:5 base:1 factual:1 information:4 carefully:3 consider:3 judgment:1 casual:1 guess:1 finally:1 strongly:1 expressed:1 hold:1 one:1 favor:1 slightly:1 research:8 team:9 mindful:1 however:1 provide:2 useful:1 point:1 preparation:2 note:2 structure:1 phraseology:1 design:3 minimize:1 effect:1 b:4 elicit:1 three:4 type:1 fact:5 regard:4 certain:1 characteristic:4 include:2 experience:2 interest:1 secure:2 actual:1 selling:1 buying:1 3:5 attitude:1 bidding:5 procedure:1 award:2 contract:2 offer:1 clue:1 take:2 position:1 major:1 section:2 see:4 appendix:4 devoted:1 follow:5 classify:2 part:7 sale:1 activity:1 participate:5 advertise:2 c:3 4:1 negotiate:2 purpose:2 5:1 e:2 6:1 f:2 7:1 preference:1 g:2 place:2 name:18 state:6 identification:1 optional:1 event:1 reply:1 treat:1 confidentially:1 interesting:1 75:1 per:2 cent:2 return:14 identify:5 pretest:1 prepare:1 revise:3 period:1 six:1 month:1 june:2 1960:6 early:1 draft:2 along:2 cover:3 letter:4 fourteen:2 washington:5 several:1 day:3 receive:7 member:6 contact:1 president:2 eleven:1 person:1 phone:2 discuss:2 ambiguity:1 difficulty:1 addressee:1 complete:1 test:4 revision:1 typical:1 throughout:2 country:1 personal:1 accordingly:2 another:1 questionaire:1 july:2 100:3 united:1 states:1 fifty:3 random:3 basis:3 submit:2 aerospace:4 industries:4 association:5 aia:10 list:26 similar:1 manner:2 compile:3 thomas:4 register:4 tr:4 describe:2 later:1 ten:2 airmail:4 postcard:3 urge:1 yet:1 twenty:1 eight:1 check:2 obvious:2 error:1 apparently:1 understand:1 final:4 form:1 compilation:2 mailing:5 objective:2 sell:3 mind:1 first:4 manufacturing:1 locate:1 personally:2 active:1 work:1 primary:1 consideration:1 convenience:1 officer:1 second:3 derive:1 group:5 approximately:2 supply:3 forty:2 four:2 source:3 aj:2 approve:1 bidder:1 200:1 believe:1 production:1 weapon:2 support:1 system:1 possible:1 executive:5 address:5 merge:2 duplicate:2 eliminate:1 elimination:1 accompany:1 responsible:3 remain:2 remove:1 step:3 reduce:1 third:1 control:2 sample:3 materially:1 difference:1 whose:1 comprise:2 engage:2 already:1 selection:1 compose:1 interested:1 bottom:2 column:3 page:1 alphabetical:1 listing:1 manufacturer:1 next:1 substitute:1 fifteen:1 hundred:1 fashion:1 seattle:1 regular:2 idaho:1 montana:1 oregon:1 outside:2 pacific:3 northwest:3 contain:2 postage:1 prepay:1 envelope:2 original:1 14:1 late:2 august:1 consist:1 week:1 continue:1 arrive:1 end:1 december:1 time:1 total:1 represent:1 seven:1 incomplete:1 process:5 come:1 category:1 table:2 audit:1 mistake:1 comment:2 serial:2 geographical:1 location:1 postmark:1 except:1 numerically:1 code:2 permit:1 data:1 processing:3 equipment:2 key:2 punch:3 ibm:3 card:5 verify:1 require:1 punching:1 228:1 digital:1 order:2 able:1 properly:1 relate:1 datum:1 single:2 set:2 appropriate:3 standard:1 650:1 computer:1 analyze:1 accordance:1 definition:1 aspr:1 701:1 chapter:1 show:1 aside:1 relevant:1 compare:1 comparative:1 analysis:1 conclude:1 wish:1 combine:1 representative:1 subject:1 alone:1

A/np-hl ./.-hl Reasons/nns-hl for/in-hl selecting/vbg-hl mail/nn-hl questionnaire/nn-hl method/nn-hl There/ex were/bed two/cd methods/nns that/wps could/md have/hv been/ben used/vbn for/in conducting/vbg the/at study/nn within/in the/at resources/nns available/jj :/: (/( 1/cd )/) interviews/nns in/in depth/nn with/in a/at few/ap selected/vbn companies/nns ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) the/at more/ql limited/vbn interrogation/nn of/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in companies/nns by/in means/nns of/in a/at mail/nn questionnaire/nn ./. While/cs the/at method/nn of/in interviewing/vbg a/at small/jj number/nn of/in companies/nns was/bedz appealing/jj because/rb of/in the/at opportunity/nn it/pps might/md have/hv furnished/vbn to/to probe/vb fully/rb the/at reasons/nns and/cc circumstances/nns of/in a/at company's/nn$ practices/nns and/cc opinions/nns ,/, it/pps also/rb involved/vbd the/at risk/nn of/in paying/vbg undue/jj attention/nn to/in the/at unique/jj and/cc peculiar/jj problems/nns of/in just/rb a/at few/ap individual/jj companies/nns ./. As/cs a/at result/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz decided/vbn that/cs a/at mail/nn questionnaire/nn sent/vbn to/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in companies/nns would/md be/be more/ql effective/jj in/in determining/vbg the/at general/jj practices/nns and/cc opinions/nns of/in small/jj firms/nns and/cc in/in highlighting/vbg some/dti of/in the/at fundamental/jj and/cc recurring/vbg problems/nns of/in defense/nn procurement/nn that/wps concern/vb both/abx industry/nn and/cc government/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz also/rb hoped/vbn that/cs responses/nns to/in a/at mail/nn questionnaire/nn would/md suggest/vb fruitful/jj inquiries/nns that/wps might/md be/be made/vbn in/in subsequent/jj studies/nns of/in a/at more/ql detailed/vbn nature/nn ./. It/pps is/bez recognized/vbn that/cs a/at mail/nn questionnaire/nn has/hvz inherent/jj limitations/nns ./. There/ex is/bez the/at danger/nn that/cs the/at questions/nns will/md mean/vb different/jj things/nns to/in different/jj respondents/nns ./. Simple/jj ``/`` yes/rb ''/'' or/cc ``/`` no/rb-nc ''/'' answers/nns do/do not/* reveal/vb the/at different/jj shades/nns of/in opinion/nn that/wpo the/at various/jj respondents/nns may/md have/hv ./. A/at respondent/nn may/md want/vb to/to make/vb alternative/jj answers/nns because/cs he/pps does/doz not/* know/vb the/at precise/jj circumstances/nns assumed/vbn in/in the/at question/nn ./. There/ex is/bez also/rb the/at problem/nn of/in the/at respondent's/nn$ frame/nn of/in reference/nn ./. Is/bez the/at respondent/nn making/vbg a/at recommendation/nn for/in his/pp$ own/jj benefit/nn ,/, for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in his/pp$ industry/nn ,/, for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in a/at specific/jj government/nn department/nn or/cc service/nn ,/, for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in the/at defense/nn program/nn ,/, for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in small/jj business/nn ,/, or/cc for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in the/at taxpayers/nns ?/. ?/. There/ex is/bez also/rb the/at question/nn of/in whether/cs the/at respondent/nn based/vbd his/pp$ answers/nns on/in factual/jj information/nn and/cc carefully/rb considered/vbn judgment/nn ,/, or/cc whether/cs his/pp$ answers/nns were/bed casual/jj guesses/nns ./. Finally/rb ,/, there/ex is/bez the/at question/nn of/in how/wql strongly/rb an/at expressed/vbn opinion/nn is/bez held/vbn --/-- whether/cs it/pps is/bez a/at firm/jj opinion/nn or/cc one/cd that/wpo the/at respondent/nn favors/vbz only/ql slightly/rb over/in the/at alternatives/nns ./. The/at research/nn team/nn was/bedz very/ql mindful/jj of/in these/dts dangers/nns and/cc limitations/nns of/in a/at mail/nn questionnaire/nn ./. Under/in the/at circumstances/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at team/nn considered/vbd it/pps would/md provide/vb the/at most/ql useful/jj information/nn at/in this/dt point/nn ./. In/in the/at preparation/nn of/in the/at questionnaire/nn the/at problems/nns noted/vbn above/rb were/bed carefully/rb considered/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at structure/nn and/cc phraseology/nn used/vbn were/bed designed/vbn to/to minimize/vb the/at effects/nns of/in these/dts limitations/nns ./. B/np-hl ./.-hl Design/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl questionnaire/nn-hl The/at questionnaire/nn was/bedz designed/vbn to/to elicit/vb three/cd types/nns of/in information/nn :/: (/( 1/cd )/) the/at facts/nns regarding/in certain/ap characteristics/nns of/in the/at respondents/nns ,/, including/in their/pp$ experience/nn with/in ,/, and/cc interest/nn in/in ,/, securing/vbg defense/nn business/nn ;/. ;/. (/( 2/cd )/) the/at actual/jj selling/vbg and/cc buying/vbg practices/nns of/in the/at respondents/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) the/at attitudes/nns and/cc opinions/nns of/in the/at respondents/nns concerning/in bidding/nn procedures/nns and/cc the/at methods/nns of/in awarding/vbg defense/nn contracts/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz hoped/vbn that/cs the/at facts/nns concerning/in the/at characteristics/nns and/cc practices/nns of/in the/at respondents/nns would/md offer/vb clues/nns to/in the/at reasons/nns why/wrb they/ppss took/vbd the/at positions/nns and/cc made/vbd the/at recommendations/nns which/wdt they/ppss did/dod ./. The/at major/jj sections/nns of/in the/at questionnaire/nn (/( see/vb Appendix/nn-tl B/np-tl )/) are/ber devoted/vbn to/in the/at following/nn :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Information/nn for/in classifying/vbg respondents/nns (/( Part/nn-tl A/np-tl of/in the/at questionnaire/nn )/) 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Characteristics/nns of/in defense/nn sales/nns activities/nns (/( Part/nn-tl B/np-tl of/in the/at questionnaire/nn )/) 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Respondents'/nns$ practices/nns in/in participating/vbg in/in advertised/vbn bidding/nn for/in defense/nn business/nn (/( Part/nn-tl C/np-tl of/in the/at questionnaire/nn )/) 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Respondents'/nns$ practices/nns in/in participating/vbg in/in negotiated/vbn bidding/nn for/in defense/nn purposes/nns (/( Part/nn-tl D/np-tl of/in the/at questionnaire/nn )/) 5/cd-hl ./.-hl Respondents'/nns$ opinions/nns regarding/in advertised/vbn bidding/nn (/( Part/nn-tl E/np-tl of/in the/at questionnaire/nn )/) 6/cd-hl ./.-hl Respondents'/nns$ opinions/nns regarding/in negotiated/vbn bidding/nn (/( Part/nn-tl F/np-tl of/in the/at questionnaire/nn )/) 7/cd-hl ./.-hl Respondents'/nns$ preferences/nns regarding/in the/at methods/nns of/in awarding/vbg defense/nn contracts/nns (/( Part/nn-tl G/np-tl of/in the/at questionnaire/nn )/) The/at questionnaire/nn provided/vbd a/at place/nn for/in the/at name/nn of/in the/at respondent/nn but/cc stated/vbd that/dt identification/nn of/in the/at respondent/nn was/bedz optional/jj ./. The/at questionnaire/nn also/rb stated/vbd that/cs ,/, in/in any/dti event/nn ,/, all/abn replies/nns would/md be/be treated/vbn confidentially/rb ./. It/pps is/bez interesting/jj to/to note/vb that/cs 75/cd per/in cent/nn of/in those/dts who/wps returned/vbd the/at questionnaire/nn identified/vbd themselves/ppls ./. C/np-hl ./.-hl Preparation/nn-hl and/cc-hl pretest/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl questionnaire/nn-hl The/at research/nn team/nn prepared/vbd and/cc then/rb revised/vbd the/at questionnaire/nn over/in a/at period/nn of/in six/cd months/nns ./. In/in June/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, an/at early/jj draft/nn of/in the/at questionnaire/nn ,/, along/rb with/in a/at cover/nn letter/nn ,/, was/bedz mailed/vbn to/in fourteen/cd companies/nns in/in the/at state/nn of/in Washington/np ./. Several/ap days/nns after/cs the/at companies/nns had/hvd received/vbn the/at questionnaire/nn ,/, members/nns of/in the/at research/nn team/nn contacted/vbd the/at presidents/nns of/in eleven/cd of/in these/dts companies/nns in/in person/nn or/cc by/in phone/nn to/to discuss/vb any/dti ambiguities/nns or/cc difficulties/nns the/at addressees/nns might/md have/hv experienced/vbn in/in completing/vbg the/at questionnaire/nn ./. This/dt test/nn resulted/vbd in/in further/jjr revisions/nns of/in the/at questionnaire/nn ./. The/at research/nn team/nn was/bedz concerned/vbn that/cs responses/nns from/in firms/nns in/in the/at state/nn of/in Washington/np might/md not/* be/be typical/jj of/in those/dts throughout/in the/at country/nn ,/, or/cc that/cs the/at results/nns might/md be/be different/jj when/wrb no/at phone/nn or/cc personal/jj follow-up/nn was/bedz made/vbn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, another/dt test/nn of/in the/at questionaire/nn was/bedz made/vbn ./. The/at revised/vbn draft/nn was/bedz mailed/vbn in/in July/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, to/in 100/cd firms/nns throughout/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Fifty/cd of/in the/at 100/cd firms/nns were/bed selected/vbn on/in a/at random/jj basis/nn from/in 3,500/cd names/nns submitted/vbn by/in member/nn companies/nns of/in the/at Aerospace/np-tl Industries/nns-tl Association/nn-tl (/( AIA/np list/nn )/) and/cc fifty/cd were/bed selected/vbn in/in a/at similar/jj manner/nn from/in a/at list/nn of/in 1,500/cd names/nns compiled/vbn by/in the/at research/nn team/nn from/in the/at Thomas/np-tl Register/nn-tl (/( TR/np list/nn )/) ./. The/at method/nn of/in compiling/vbg the/at AIA/nn and/cc TR/nn lists/nns will/md be/be described/vbn later/rbr ./. Ten/cd days/nns after/cs the/at questionnaires/nns were/bed mailed/vbn ,/, follow-up/jj airmail/nn postcards/nns were/bed sent/vbn urging/vbg those/dts companies/nns which/wdt had/hvd not/* yet/rb returned/vbn their/pp$ questionnaires/nns to/to do/do so/rb at/in once/rb ./. Twenty-eight/cd returns/nns in/in all/abn were/bed received/vbn ./. The/at responses/nns were/bed carefully/rb checked/vbn for/in obvious/jj errors/nns in/in the/at answers/nns or/cc for/in questions/nns that/wps were/bed apparently/rb not/* understood/vbn by/in the/at respondent/nn ./. The/at cover/nn letter/nn ,/, questionnaire/nn ,/, and/cc follow-up/jj postcard/nn were/bed then/rb revised/vbn into/in final/jj form/nn (/( see/vb Appendixes/nns-tl A/np-tl ,/, B/np-tl ,/, and/cc C/nn )/) ./. D/np-hl ./.-hl Compilation/nn-hl of/in-hl mailing/vbg-hl lists/nns-hl The/at objective/nn of/in the/at study/nn was/bedz to/to determine/vb the/at opinions/nns and/cc practices/nns of/in small/jj firms/nns selling/vbg to/in defense/nn programs/nns ./. The/at firms/nns to/to receive/vb the/at questionnaires/nns were/bed selected/vbn with/in this/dt objective/nn in/in mind/nn ./. Three/cd lists/nns of/in companies/nns were/bed made/vbn and/cc used/vbn in/in the/at study/nn ./. The/at first/od was/bedz a/at list/nn of/in fourteen/cd manufacturing/vbg companies/nns located/vbn in/in the/at state/nn of/in Washington/np which/wdt were/bed personally/rb known/vbn to/in the/at research/nn team/nn to/to be/be active/jj in/in defense/nn work/nn ./. The/at primary/jj consideration/nn in/in the/at compilation/nn of/in this/dt list/nn was/bedz convenience/nn in/in discussing/vbg the/at questionnaire/nn with/in company/nn officers/nns ./. The/at second/od list/nn was/bedz derived/vbn from/in a/at group/nn of/in approximately/rb 8,000/cd names/nns supplied/vbn to/in the/at research/nn team/nn by/in the/at Aerospace/np-tl Industries/nns-tl Association/nn-tl ./. These/dts names/nns were/bed secured/vbn from/in member/nn companies/nns by/in the/at Association/nn-tl from/in the/at forty-four/cd sources/nns listed/vbn in/in Appendix/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./. Each/dt source/nn selected/vbd from/in its/pp$ approved/vbn bidders/nns list/vb about/rb 200/cd firms/nns which/wdt it/pps believed/vbd to/to be/be small/jj businesses/nns that/wps participated/vbd in/in the/at production/nn of/in weapons/nns and/cc weapon/nn support/nn systems/nns ./. Where/wrb possible/jj ,/, the/at name/nn of/in an/at executive/nn was/bedz supplied/vbn along/rb with/in the/at company/nn name/nn and/cc address/nn ./. The/at forty-four/cd lists/nns supplied/vbn by/in the/at AIA/nn member/nn companies/nns were/bed merged/vbn and/cc duplicate/jj names/nns were/bed eliminated/vbn ./. There/ex was/bedz further/jjr elimination/nn of/in all/abn companies/nns that/wps were/bed not/* accompanied/vbn by/in the/at name/nn of/in a/at responsible/jj company/nn executive/nn ./. The/at remaining/vbg names/nns were/bed then/rb checked/vbn against/in the/at Thomas/np-tl Register/nn-tl list/nn (/( see/vb below/rb )/) and/cc duplicate/jj names/nns were/bed removed/vbn from/in the/at AIA/nn lists/nns ./. By/in these/dts steps/nns the/at final/jj AIA/nn list/nn was/bedz reduced/vbn from/in 8,000/cd to/in 3,500/cd ./. The/at third/od list/nn was/bedz selected/vbn by/in the/at research/nn team/nn on/in a/at random/jj basis/nn from/in the/at Thomas/np-tl Register/nn-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz compiled/vbn as/cs a/at control/nn sample/nn to/to determine/vb if/cs the/at opinions/nns and/cc practices/nns of/in companies/nns on/in the/at lists/nns submitted/vbn by/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at Aerospace/np-tl Industries/nns-tl Association/nn-tl were/bed materially/ql different/jj from/in those/dts of/in other/ap small/jj firms/nns selling/vbg to/in defense/nn programs/nns ./. Such/abl a/at difference/nn might/md have/hv resulted/vbn from/in :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Aerospace/np-tl Industries/nns-tl Association/nn-tl members/nns whose/wp$ lists/nns were/bed used/vbn did/dod not/* comprise/vb all/abn firms/nns engaged/vbn in/in defense/nn programs/nns ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at fact/nn that/cs companies/nns on/in the/at AIA/nn lists/nns were/bed already/rb participating/vbg in/in the/at defense/nn program/nn because/rb of/in the/at manner/nn of/in their/pp$ selection/nn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, as/cs ``/`` in-group/nn ''/'' ,/, they/ppss might/md have/hv different/jj opinions/nns and/cc practices/nns than/cs an/at ``/`` out-group/nn ''/'' composed/vbn of/in those/dts companies/nns not/* so/rb participating/vbg but/cc interested/vbn in/in defense/nn business/nn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at fact/nn that/cs AIA/nn lists/nns might/md not/* have/hv been/ben selected/vbn on/in a/at random/jj basis/nn ./. The/at control/nn sample/nn was/bedz selected/vbn by/in taking/vbg the/at bottom/jj name/nn of/in each/dt of/in the/at two/cd columns/nns of/in names/nns on/in each/dt page/nn of/in the/at alphabetical/jj listing/nn of/in manufacturers/nns in/in the/at Thomas/np-tl Register/nn-tl ./. If/cs the/at bottom/jj name/nn in/in each/dt column/nn did/dod not/* have/hv a/at responsible/jj executive/nn identified/vbn ,/, the/at next/ap name/nn above/rb which/wdt identified/vbd such/abl a/at responsible/jj executive/nn was/bedz substituted/vbn ./. Fifteen/cd hundred/cd names/nns were/bed selected/vbn in/in this/dt fashion/nn ./. E/np-hl ./.-hl Mailing/vbg-hl the/at-hl questionnaire/nn-hl Each/dt questionnaire/nn was/bedz mailed/vbn with/in a/at cover/nn letter/nn addressed/vbn personally/rb to/in the/at president/nn or/cc other/ap executive/nn of/in each/dt firm/nn ./. The/at questionnaires/nns were/bed mailed/vbn in/in Seattle/np ,/, Washington/np ,/, and/cc sent/vbn by/in regular/jj mail/nn to/in addresses/nns in/in the/at states/nns of/in Idaho/np ,/, Montana/np ,/, Oregon/np ,/, and/cc Washington/np ./. Airmail/nn was/bedz used/vbn for/in the/at addresses/nns outside/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl Northwest/nn-tl ./. Each/dt letter/nn contained/vbd a/at postage-prepaid/jj return/nn envelope/nn by/in regular/jj mail/nn for/in addresses/nns in/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl Northwest/nn-tl ,/, and/cc by/in airmail/nn for/in those/dts outside/in the/at Pacific/jj-tl Northwest/nn-tl ./. Approximately/rb ten/cd days/nns after/cs the/at questionnaire/nn was/bedz mailed/vbn ,/, a/at follow-up/jj airmail/nn postcard/nn was/bedz sent/vbn to/in each/dt of/in the/at original/jj names/nns ./. The/at first/od test/nn mailing/nn (/( to/in 14/cd companies/nns )/) was/bedz made/vbn in/in June/np ,/, 1960/cd ./. The/at second/od test/nn mailing/nn (/( to/in 100/cd companies/nns )/) was/bedz made/vbn in/in July/np ,/, 1960/cd ./. The/at final/jj mailing/nn of/in the/at questionnaire/nn was/bedz made/vbn late/rb in/in August/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, to/in 4,900/cd firms/nns consisting/vbg of/in 3,450/cd from/in the/at AIA/nn list/nn and/cc 1,450/cd from/in the/at TR/nn list/nn ./. F/np-hl ./.-hl Returns/nns-hl received/vbn-hl Over/rp 1,000/cd returns/nns were/bed received/vbn within/in two/cd weeks/nns after/cs the/at final/jj mailing/nn was/bedz made/vbn ./. They/ppss continued/vbd to/to arrive/vb until/in the/at end/nn of/in December/np ,/, 1960/cd ,/, by/in which/wdt time/nn a/at total/nn of/in 1,343/cd returns/nns were/bed received/vbn representing/vbg 26.8/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at 5,014/cd questionnaires/nns sent/vbn out/rp ./. Fifty-seven/cd returns/nns could/md not/* be/be used/vbn because/cs they/ppss were/bed incomplete/jj or/cc received/vbn too/ql late/rb to/to be/be processed/vbn ./. The/at remaining/vbg 1,286/cd returns/nns that/wps were/bed processed/vbn came/vbd from/in the/at categories/nns in/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. G/np-hl ./.-hl Processing/vbg-hl the/at-hl returns/nns-hl Each/dt questionnaire/nn was/bedz audited/vbn for/in obvious/jj mistakes/nns and/cc for/in comments/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz identified/vbn by/in a/at serial/nn number/nn ,/, by/in the/at source/nn list/nn from/in which/wdt the/at company/nn name/nn was/bedz selected/vbn ,/, and/cc by/in the/at geographical/jj location/nn of/in the/at company/nn as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at postmark/nn on/in the/at return/nn envelope/nn ./. All/abn responses/nns ,/, except/in comments/nns ,/, were/bed numerically/rb coded/vbn to/to permit/vb use/nn of/in data-processing/jj equipment/nn ./. The/at codes/nns were/bed key-punched/vbn into/in IBM/nn punch/nn cards/nns and/cc verified/vbn ./. Each/dt return/nn required/vbd three/cd cards/nns and/cc involved/vbd key/nn punching/nn 228/cd digital/jj columns/nns ./. In/in order/nn to/to be/be able/jj to/to properly/rb relate/vb the/at data/nn for/in a/at single/ap company/nn each/dt of/in the/at three/cd cards/nns comprising/vbg the/at set/nn for/in each/dt firm/nn was/bedz identified/vbn with/in the/at appropriate/jj serial/nn number/nn of/in the/at respondent/nn ./. The/at cards/nns were/bed then/rb processed/vbn using/vbg standard/jj IBM/nn punch/nn card/nn equipment/nn ,/, including/in an/at IBM/nn 650/cd computer/nn ./. The/at first/od step/nn in/in processing/vbg was/bedz to/to analyze/vb the/at returns/nns from/in Questions/nns-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, 2/cd-tl ,/, and/cc 3/cd to/to determine/vb whether/cs the/at respondents/nns were/bed large/jj businesses/nns or/cc small/jj businesses/nns ,/, in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at definitions/nns contained/vbn in/in ASPR/nn Section/nn-tl 1-701/cd-tl ./. (/( see/vb Chapter/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. )/) The/at results/nns are/ber shown/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./. The/at returns/nns from/in companies/nns classified/vbn as/cs large/jj businesses/nns were/bed set/vbn aside/rb and/cc not/* used/vbn because/cs they/ppss were/bed not/* relevant/jj to/in a/at study/nn of/in the/at opinions/nns and/cc practices/nns of/in small/jj firms/nns ./. The/at second/od step/nn in/in processing/vbg was/bedz to/to compare/vb the/at responses/nns from/in companies/nns on/in the/at AIA/nn list/nn with/in those/dts from/in companies/nns on/in the/at TR/nn list/nn in/in order/nn to/to determine/vb whether/cs it/pps would/md be/be appropriate/jj to/to merge/vb the/at responses/nns for/in the/at purposes/nns of/in the/at study/nn ./. The/at methods/nns and/cc results/nns of/in this/dt comparative/jj analysis/nn are/ber described/vbn in/in Appendix/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz concluded/vbn that/cs it/pps would/md be/be appropriate/jj to/to process/vb the/at two/cd groups/nns of/in responses/nns as/cs a/at single/ap sample/nn of/in all/abn small/jj businesses/nns engaged/vbn in/in ,/, or/cc wishing/vbg to/to sell/vb to/in ,/, defense/nn programs/nns ./. In/in the/at first/od place/nn ,/, the/at two/cd groups/nns of/in firms/nns ,/, when/wrb combined/vbn ,/, had/hvd characteristics/nns and/cc practices/nns that/wps were/bed more/ql representative/jj of/in companies/nns that/wps were/bed the/at subject/nn of/in this/dt study/nn than/cs did/dod the/at firms/nns from/in the/at AIA/nn list/nn alone/rb ./.

cj46

cj46 |@word vast:1 central:1 valley:1 california:9 one:9 productive:1 agricultural:5 area:4 world:1 summer:1 1960:1 become:2 setting:1 bitter:1 basic:1 labor:22 management:4 struggle:2 contestant:1 economic:1 worker:10 organize:3 committee:1 awoc:5 afl:2 cio:2 employer:4 state:9 virtue:1 legal:4 responsibility:1 department:1 employment:6 farm:5 placement:3 program:5 necessarily:2 find:3 middle:1 two:3 force:1 pleasant:1 easy:1 position:4 endeavor:1 maintain:1 seek:4 strictly:1 neutral:1 party:5 time:4 require:2 frequently:1 rule:3 specific:1 issue:18 situation:6 arise:7 inevitably:1 side:1 pleased:1 displease:1 regardless:2 often:1 displeased:1 interpret:1 decision:10 imply:1 favoritism:1 toward:1 console:1 thought:1 normal:1 human:1 reaction:1 consequence:1 adversary:1 proceed:1 disconcert:1 nevertheless:1 read:1 weekly:1 perluss:2 knuckle:1 grower:3 confront:1 publication:1 recognize:2 obviously:1 phony:1 trump:1 strike:8 bona:1 fide:1 number:1 year:3 sporadic:1 attempt:3 meet:1 little:1 sucess:1 variety:1 reason:1 inadequately:1 finance:2 without:1 experienced:2 leadership:2 lack:1 general:4 support:3 organized:1 whole:1 past:2 pattern:1 different:1 full:1 supply:1 staff:2 money:1 well:2 moral:1 skillful:1 financial:1 resource:1 significant:1 personal:1 sympathy:1 may:6 lie:1 failure:3 change:2 condition:6 would:6 ignore:2 fact:1 life:1 result:1 impact:2 organizational:1 effort:1 relation:1 much:2 great:1 able:2 employ:2 traditional:1 weapon:1 picket:1 line:1 considerable:1 success:1 particularly:1 wage:3 nature:1 union:3 select:1 place:5 bring:1 pressure:1 upon:4 date:2 least:1 strategy:1 selective:1 say:2 concentrate:1 particular:4 crop:1 activity:1 strategic:1 rather:1 broadside:1 engagement:1 throughout:1 primarily:1 involved:1 dispute:20 referral:12 obligation:1 normally:1 cover:2 unemployment:2 insurance:2 expect:1 regard:1 benefit:1 payment:1 trade:1 provision:11 code:3 although:1 quite:1 within:1 realm:1 possibility:1 current:1 wagner:9 peyser:9 act:15 concern:2 establishment:1 exist:4 public:4 law:3 78:1 migrant:1 agreement:1 mexican:2 national:2 ranch:3 remember:1 think:2 historical:1 sense:2 major:1 milestone:1 development:1 service:4 infrequently:1 live:1 continue:4 operate:1 control:1 system:1 however:3 come:2 clearly:2 play:1 accept:5 enact:1 section:2 2051:1 observe:1 comply:1 requirement:1 respect:2 carry:2 secretary:14 authorize:1 direct:2 provide:4 giving:1 notice:5 lock:2 applicant:1 refer:6 empower:1 adopt:1 regulation:11 necessary:1 pertinent:1 purpose:1 follow:2 person:1 shall:1 filling:5 aid:1 directly:1 indirectly:1 fill:1 job:8 1:5 vacant:4 former:1 occupant:1 course:3 2:4 subparagraph:1 paragraph:1 individual:2 give:3 write:4 prior:1 analyze:1 let:3 take:1 last:1 sentence:1 first:3 permit:1 certain:1 circumstance:1 even:1 assume:2 example:2 packing:4 shed:4 field:1 go:2 involve:4 fieldwork:2 conclude:1 work:1 far:3 troublesome:1 case:4 part:2 currently:1 note:1 prohibit:1 either:2 representative:1 contend:1 beyond:2 authority:3 prohibition:1 ground:2 prospective:1 court:21 matter:5 get:1 way:2 early:1 call:1 digiorgio:1 pear:1 orchard:1 yuba:2 county:4 leave:3 accordingly:2 clause:1 suspend:1 incidentally:1 harvest:1 challenge:2 right:1 cease:1 relief:1 superior:10 temporary:1 restraining:2 order:6 resume:1 obey:1 attorney:3 request:1 jurisdiction:3 remove:1 federal:6 district:3 predominantly:1 since:2 validity:1 hold:1 presumably:1 therefore:1 also:1 refuse:1 whereupon:1 make:2 restrain:1 permanent:1 similar:3 bower:1 butte:1 strenuously:1 argue:1 conclusive:2 statewide:3 instruction:1 view:2 lawyer:1 administrator:2 consideration:2 examine:1 briefly:2 accepted:1 juridical:1 principle:1 constitute:1 bind:4 precedent:3 unless:1 appeal:6 action:2 hear:2 another:1 could:1 contrary:1 render:2 supreme:2 establish:1 event:1 correctly:1 receive:1 authoritative:1 interpretation:5 confidence:1 policy:1 overthrow:1 compelling:1 need:1 convinced:1 effect:2 nullify:1 correct:1 power:2 believe:1 good:1 company:1 concur:1 file:1 united:3 states:3 consider:2 relate:2 interstate:1 recruitment:1 opinion:2 sustain:1 evidence:1 legislative:1 intent:1 senate:1 recently:1 defeat:1 substantial:1 majority:1 holland:1 amendment:1 fair:1 standards:1 specifically:1 limit:1 regulatory:1 next:1 administrative:3 implication:1 pursue:2 stake:1 hang:1 midair:1 ramification:1 enormous:1 apply:2 equally:1 nonagricultural:1 strikebreaker:1 interest:1 dominant:1 presumptuous:1 settle:1 base:1 conclusion:1 reach:2 summary:1 judicial:1 finality:1 achieve:1 jeopardy:1 compliance:2 avenue:1 open:2 immediately:1 inclined:1 notify:1 governor:1 noncompliance:2 set:1 hearing:1 clear:1 withdrawal:1 11:1 million:1 fund:1 corollary:1 taking:1 government:1 operation:1 thus:1 due:1 none:1 yet:1 problem:1 essentially:1 define:2 word:1 narrow:2 include:2 element:1 specification:1 membership:1 like:1 broad:1 connotation:1 demand:1 factor:1 associate:1 mechanic:1 uncertainty:1 definition:1 solicit:1 advise:1 proper:1

The/at vast/jj Central/jj-tl Valley/nn-tl of/in-tl California/np-tl is/bez one/cd of/in the/at most/ql productive/jj agricultural/jj areas/nns in/in the/at world/nn ./. During/in the/at summer/nn of/in 1960/cd ,/, it/pps became/vbd the/at setting/nn for/in a/at bitter/jj and/cc basic/jj labor-management/nn struggle/nn ./. The/at contestants/nns in/in this/dt economic/jj struggle/nn are/ber the/at Agricultural/jj-tl Workers/nns-tl Organizing/vbg-tl Committee/nn-tl (/( AWOC/np )/) of/in the/at AFL-CIO/nn and/cc the/at agricultural/jj employers/nns of/in the/at State/nn-tl ./. By/in virtue/nn of/in the/at legal/jj responsibilities/nns of/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Employment/nn-tl in/in the/at farm/nn placement/nn program/nn ,/, we/ppss necessarily/rb found/vbd ourselves/ppls in/in the/at middle/nn between/in these/dts two/cd forces/nns ./. It/pps is/bez not/* a/at pleasant/jj or/cc easy/jj position/nn ,/, but/cc one/cd we/ppss have/hv endeavored/vbn to/to maintain/vb ./. We/ppss have/hv sought/vbn to/to be/be strictly/ql neutral/jj as/cs between/in the/at parties/nns ,/, but/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn we/ppss have/hv been/ben required/vbn frequently/rb to/to rule/vb on/in specific/jj issues/nns or/cc situations/nns as/cs they/ppss arose/vbd ./. Inevitably/rb ,/, one/cd side/nn was/bedz pleased/vbn and/cc the/at other/ap displeased/vbn ,/, regardless/rb of/in how/wrb we/ppss ruled/vbd ./. Often/rb the/at displeased/vbn parties/nns interpreted/vbd our/pp$ decision/nn as/cs implying/vbg favoritism/nn toward/in the/at other/ap ./. We/ppss have/hv consoled/vbn ourselves/ppls with/in the/at thought/nn that/cs this/dt is/bez a/at normal/jj human/jj reaction/nn and/cc is/bez one/cd of/in the/at consequences/nns of/in any/dti decision/nn in/in an/at adversary/nn proceeding/nn ./. It/pps is/bez disconcerting/jj ,/, nevertheless/rb ,/, to/to read/vb in/in a/at labor/nn weekly/nn ,/, ``/`` Perluss/np knuckles/vbz down/rp to/in growers/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc then/rb to/to be/be confronted/vbn with/in a/at growers'/nns$ publication/nn which/wdt states/vbz ,/, ``/`` Perluss/np recognizes/vbz obviously/rb phony/jj and/cc trumped-up/jj strikes/nns as/cs bona/fw-jj fide/fw-nn ''/'' ./. For/in a/at number/nn of/in years/nns ,/, there/ex have/hv been/ben sporadic/jj attempts/nns in/in California/np to/to organize/vb farm/nn workers/nns ./. These/dts attempts/nns met/vbd with/in little/ap sucess/nn for/in a/at variety/nn of/in reasons/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed inadequately/rb financed/vbn ,/, without/in experienced/vbn leadership/nn ,/, and/cc lacked/vbd the/at general/jj support/nn of/in organized/vbn labor/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./. This/dt past/jj year/nn the/at pattern/nn has/hvz been/ben different/jj :/: The/at organizing/vbg program/nn had/hvd the/at full/jj support/nn of/in the/at AFL-CIO/nn ,/, which/wdt supplied/vbd staff/nn and/cc money/nn to/in the/at AWOC/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs moral/jj support/nn ./. Leadership/nn was/bedz experienced/vbn and/cc skillful/jj ,/, and/cc financial/jj resources/nns were/bed significant/jj ./. Regardless/rb of/in where/wrb personal/jj sympathies/nns may/md lie/vb as/cs between/in the/at parties/nns ,/, failure/nn to/to recognize/vb these/dts changed/vbn conditions/nns would/md be/be to/to ignore/vb the/at facts/nns of/in life/nn ./. As/cs a/at result/nn of/in these/dts changed/vbn conditions/nns ,/, the/at impact/nn of/in the/at organizational/jj effort/nn on/in agricultural/jj labor-management/nn relations/nns has/hvz been/ben much/ql greater/jjr than/cs in/in the/at past/nn ./. The/at AWOC/nn has/hvz been/ben able/jj to/to employ/vb the/at traditional/jj weapons/nns of/in labor/nn --/-- the/at strike/nn and/cc the/at picket/nn line/nn --/-- with/in considerable/jj success/nn ,/, particularly/rb in/in the/at area/nn of/in wages/nns ./. By/in the/at very/ap nature/nn of/in the/at situation/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at union/nn which/wdt has/hvz been/ben able/jj to/to select/vb the/at time/nn and/cc place/nn to/to bring/vb pressure/nn upon/in management/nn ./. To/in date/nn ,/, at/in least/ap ,/, the/at strategy/nn of/in the/at AWOC/nn has/hvz been/ben selective/jj ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez to/to say/vb ,/, to/to concentrate/vb on/in a/at particular/ap crop/nn or/cc activity/nn in/in a/at particular/ap area/nn at/in a/at strategic/jj time/nn ,/, rather/rb than/cs any/dti broadside/jj engagement/nn with/in management/nn throughout/in an/at area/nn or/cc the/at State/nn-tl ./. Primarily/rb ,/, we/ppss became/vbd involved/vbn in/in these/dts disputes/nns because/rb of/in our/pp$ referral/nn obligations/nns under/in our/pp$ farm/nn placement/nn program/nn ./. Normally/rb ,/, because/cs agricultural/jj labor/nn is/bez not/* covered/vbn by/in unemployment/nn insurance/nn ,/, we/ppss would/md not/* expect/vb any/dti issues/nns to/to arise/vb regarding/in benefit/nn payments/nns under/in the/at trade/nn dispute/nn provision/nn of/in the/at Unemployment/nn-tl Insurance/nn-tl Code/nn-tl ,/, although/cs such/abl a/at situation/nn is/bez quite/ql within/in the/at realm/nn of/in possibility/nn ./. But/cc the/at current/jj issues/nns arose/vbd out/rp of/in the/at Wagner-Peyser/np-tl Act/nn-tl concerning/in referrals/nns to/in an/at establishment/nn where/wrb a/at labor/nn dispute/nn exists/vbz ,/, and/cc out/rp of/in Public/jj-tl Law/nn-tl 78/cd-tl and/cc the/at Migrant/jj-tl Labor/nn-tl Agreement/nn-tl if/cs Mexican/jj nationals/nns were/bed employed/vbn at/in the/at ranch/nn ./. Most/ap of/in us/ppo remember/vb and/cc think/vb of/in the/at Wagner-Peyser/np-tl Act/nn-tl in/in its/pp$ historical/jj sense/nn ,/, as/cs a/at major/jj milestone/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in public/jj placement/nn services/nns ./. Infrequently/rb do/do we/ppss think/vb of/in it/ppo as/cs a/at living/vbg ,/, continuing/vbg ,/, operating/vbg control/nn over/in the/at system/nn ./. However/rb ,/, when/wrb labor/nn disputes/nns arise/vb ,/, its/pp$ provisions/nns come/vb clearly/rb into/in play/nn ./. California/np has/hvz accepted/vbn the/at provisions/nns of/in that/dt Act/nn-tl (/( as/cs have/hv all/abn other/ap States/nns-tl )/) by/in enacting/vbg into/in our/pp$ Code/nn-tl (/( Section/nn-tl 2051/cd )/) a/at provision/nn that/cs The/at-tl State/nn-tl of/in-tl California/np-tl accepts/vbz the/at provisions/nns of/in the/at Wagner-Peyser/np-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, and/cc will/md observe/vb and/cc comply/vb with/in the/at requirements/nns of/in that/dt act/nn ./. With/in respect/nn to/in labor/nn disputes/nns ,/, the/at Wagner-Peyser/np-tl Act/nn-tl states/vbz only/rb ,/, In/in carrying/vbg out/rp the/at provisions/nns of/in this/dt Act/nn-tl ,/, the/at Secretary/nn-tl is/bez authorized/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/to provide/vb for/in the/at giving/nn of/in notice/nn of/in strikes/nns or/cc lock-outs/nns to/in applicants/nns before/cs they/ppss are/ber referred/vbn to/in employment/nn ./. Other/ap provisions/nns of/in the/at Act/nn-tl empower/vb the/at Secretary/nn-tl to/to adopt/vb regulations/nns necessary/jj to/to carry/vb out/rp its/pp$ provisions/nns ,/, and/cc he/pps has/hvz done/vbn so/rb ./. The/at pertinent/jj regulation/nn for/in our/pp$ purposes/nns is/bez Section/nn-tl 602.2/cd-tl (/( ,/, )/) ,/, as/cs follows/vbz :/: Referrals/nns in/in labor/nn dispute/nn situations/nns ./. No/at person/nn shall/md be/be referred/vbn to/in a/at position/nn the/at filling/nn of/in which/wdt will/md aid/vb directly/rb or/cc indirectly/rb in/in filling/vbg a/at job/nn which/wdt (/( 1/cd )/) is/bez vacant/jj because/cs the/at former/ap occupant/nn is/bez on/in strike/nn or/cc is/bez being/beg locked/vbn out/rp in/in the/at course/nn of/in a/at labor/nn dispute/nn ,/, or/cc (/( 2/cd )/) the/at filling/nn of/in which/wdt is/bez an/at issue/nn in/in a/at labor/nn dispute/nn ./. With/in respect/nn to/in positions/nns not/* covered/vbn by/in subparagraph/nn (/( 1/cd )/) or/cc (/( 2/cd )/) of/in this/dt paragraph/nn ,/, any/dti individual/nn may/md be/be referred/vbn to/in a/at place/nn of/in employment/nn in/in which/wdt a/at labor/nn dispute/nn exists/vbz ,/, provided/vbn he/pps is/bez given/vbn written/vbn notice/nn of/in such/jj dispute/nn prior/rb to/in or/cc at/in the/at time/nn of/in his/pp$ referral/nn ./. In/in analyzing/vbg this/dt regulation/nn ,/, let/vb us/ppo take/vb the/at last/ap sentence/nn first/rb ./. It/pps permits/vbz referrals/nns under/in certain/ap circumstances/nns even/rb when/wrb there/ex is/bez a/at labor/nn dispute/nn ,/, provided/vbn the/at individual/nn is/bez given/vbn written/vbn notice/nn of/in such/abl a/at dispute/nn ./. Assume/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, a/at situation/nn where/wrb a/at farm/nn has/hvz a/at packing/vbg shed/nn and/cc fields/nns ./. The/at packing/vbg shed/nn workers/nns go/vb on/in strike/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at dispute/nn involving/in fieldwork/nn ./. We/ppss concluded/vbd that/cs we/ppss may/md refer/vb workers/nns to/in the/at fieldwork/nn (/( but/cc not/* the/at packing/vbg shed/nn work/nn )/) provided/vbn we/ppss give/vb them/ppo written/vbn notice/nn of/in the/at packing/vbg shed/nn dispute/nn ./. So/ql far/rb ,/, no/at troublesome/jj cases/nns have/hv arisen/vbn under/in this/dt provision/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at first/od part/nn of/in the/at Regulation/nn-tl that/wps is/bez currently/rb at/in issue/nn ./. Note/vb that/cs it/pps prohibits/vbz referrals/nns under/in either/cc condition/nn (/( 1/cd )/) or/cc condition/nn (/( 2/cd )/) ./. Employer/nn representatives/nns have/hv contended/vbn that/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl has/hvz gone/vbn beyond/in his/pp$ authority/nn by/in such/abl a/at prohibition/nn ,/, on/in the/at grounds/nns that/cs the/at Wagner-Peyser/np-tl Act/nn-tl requires/vbz only/ap written/vbn notice/nn to/in the/at prospective/jj worker/nn that/cs a/at dispute/nn exists/vbz ./. Into/in-hl court/nn-hl The/at matter/nn got/vbd into/in the/at courts/nns this/dt way/nn :/: One/cd of/in the/at early/jj strikes/nns called/vbn by/in the/at AWOC/nn was/bedz at/in the/at DiGiorgio/np pear/nn orchards/nns in/in Yuba/np-tl County/nn-tl ./. We/ppss found/vbd that/cs a/at labor/nn dispute/nn existed/vbd ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at workers/nns had/hvd left/vbn their/pp$ jobs/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed then/rb vacant/jj because/rb of/in the/at dispute/nn ./. Accordingly/rb ,/, under/in clause/nn (/( 1/cd )/) of/in the/at Secretary's/nn$-tl Regulation/nn-tl ,/, we/ppss suspended/vbd referrals/nns to/in the/at employer/nn ./. (/( Incidentally/rb ,/, no/at Mexican/jj nationals/nns were/bed involved/vbn ./. )/) The/at employer/nn ,/, seeking/vbg to/to continue/vb his/pp$ harvest/nn ,/, challenged/vbd our/pp$ right/nn to/to cease/vb referrals/nns to/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc sought/vbd relief/nn in/in the/at Superior/jj-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Yuba/np-tl County/nn-tl ./. The/at court/nn issued/vbd a/at temporary/jj restraining/vbg order/nn ,/, directing/vbg us/ppo to/to resume/vb referrals/nns ./. We/ppss ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, obeyed/vbd the/at court/nn order/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl of/in-tl California/np-tl ,/, at/in the/at request/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Labor/nn-tl ,/, sought/vbd to/to have/hv the/at jurisdiction/nn over/in the/at issue/nn removed/vbn to/in the/at Federal/jj-tl District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, on/in grounds/nns that/cs it/pps was/bedz predominantly/rb a/at Federal/jj-tl issue/nn since/cs the/at validity/nn of/in the/at Secretary's/nn$-tl Regulation/nn-tl was/bedz being/beg challenged/vbn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at Federal/jj-tl Court/nn-tl held/vbd that/cs since/cs the/at State/nn-tl had/hvd accepted/vbn the/at provisions/nns of/in the/at Wagner-Peyser/np-tl Act/nn-tl into/in its/pp$ own/jj Code/nn-tl ,/, and/cc presumably/rb therefore/rb also/rb the/at regulations/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz now/rb a/at State/nn-tl matter/nn ./. It/pps accordingly/rb refused/vbd to/to assume/vb jurisdiction/nn ,/, whereupon/cs the/at California/np-tl Superior/jj-tl Court/nn-tl made/vbd the/at restraining/vbg order/nn permanent/jj ./. Under/in that/dt order/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv continued/vbn referring/vbg workers/nns to/in the/at ranch/nn ./. A/at similar/jj case/nn arose/vbd at/in the/at Bowers/np ranch/nn in/in Butte/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Superior/jj-tl Court/nn-tl of/in that/dt county/nn issued/vbd similar/jj restraining/vbg orders/nns ./. The/at growers/nns have/hv strenuously/rb argued/vbn that/cs I/ppss should/md have/hv accepted/vbn the/at Superior/jj-tl Court/nn-tl decisions/nns as/cs conclusive/jj and/cc issued/vbn statewide/jj instructions/nns to/in our/pp$ staff/nn to/to ignore/vb this/dt provision/nn in/in the/at Secretary's/nn$-tl Regulation/nn-tl ./. I/ppss cannot/md* accept/vb that/dt view/nn ,/, either/cc as/cs a/at lawyer/nn or/cc as/cs an/at administrator/nn ./. Legal/jj-hl considerations/nns-hl First/rb ,/, let/vb us/ppo examine/vb briefly/rb some/dti of/in the/at legal/jj considerations/nns involved/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez an/at accepted/vbn juridical/jj principle/nn in/in California/np that/cs a/at Superior/jj-tl Court/nn-tl decision/nn does/doz not/* constitute/vb a/at binding/vbg legal/jj precedent/nn ./. It/pps is/bez conclusive/jj ,/, unless/cs appealed/vbn ,/, only/rb upon/in the/at particular/ap parties/nns to/in the/at particular/ap action/nn which/wdt was/bedz heard/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* binding/vbg upon/in another/dt Superior/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt could/md rule/vb to/in the/at contrary/nn ./. Only/rb when/wrb a/at decision/nn is/bez rendered/vbn by/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Appeal/nn-tl (/( or/cc ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl )/) is/bez a/at binding/vbg precedent/nn established/vbn ./. In/in that/dt event/nn ,/, we/ppss can/md correctly/rb say/vb that/cs we/ppss have/hv received/vbn an/at authoritative/jj interpretation/nn of/in the/at matter/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd which/wdt we/ppss can/md follow/vb statewide/rb with/in confidence/nn that/cs the/at policy/nn will/md not/* be/be overthrown/vbn in/in other/ap Superior/jj-tl Courts/nns-tl ./. But/cc over/in and/cc beyond/in the/at compelling/jj need/nn for/in a/at binding/vbg precedent/nn decision/nn ,/, I/ppss am/bem convinced/vbn that/cs the/at decisions/nns of/in the/at Superior/jj-tl Courts/nns-tl which/wdt in/in effect/nn nullify/vb the/at Secretary's/nn$-tl Regulation/nn-tl are/ber not/* a/at correct/jj interpretation/nn of/in the/at Secretary's/nn$-tl power/nn under/in the/at Federal/jj-tl law/nn ./. I/ppss believe/vb I/ppss am/bem in/in good/jj company/nn in/in this/dt view/nn ./. The/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl of/in-tl California/np-tl concurs/vbz in/in this/dt interpretation/nn and/cc has/hvz filed/vbn an/at appeal/nn from/in these/dts decisions/nns to/in the/at District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Appeal/nn-tl ./. The/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, in/in considering/vbg the/at power/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl to/to issue/vb similar/jj regulations/nns under/in the/at Wagner-Peyser/np-tl Act/nn-tl relating/vbg to/in the/at interstate/jj recruitment/nn of/in farm/nn workers/nns ,/, has/hvz rendered/vbn an/at opinion/nn sustaining/vbg his/pp$ authority/nn ./. Further/rbr ,/, and/cc as/cs an/at evidence/nn of/in legislative/jj intent/nn only/rb ,/, the/at Senate/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl recently/rb defeated/vbd by/in a/at substantial/jj majority/nn the/at ``/`` Holland/np-tl Amendment/nn-tl ''/'' to/in the/at Fair/jj-tl Labor/nn-tl Standards/nns-tl Act/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt would/md have/hv specifically/rb limited/vbn the/at regulatory/jj authority/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl in/in these/dts matters/nns ./. Next/rb ,/, let/vb us/ppo consider/vb briefly/rb the/at program/nn and/cc administrative/jj implications/nns of/in a/at failure/nn on/in our/pp$ part/nn to/to pursue/vb our/pp$ appeals/nns ./. There/ex is/bez far/ql too/ql much/ap at/in stake/nn for/in all/abn of/in the/at parties/nns concerned/vbn to/to leave/vb the/at matter/nn hanging/vbg in/in midair/nn ./. The/at ramifications/nns of/in the/at issue/nn are/ber enormous/jj ./. A/at decision/nn to/to refer/vb workers/nns to/in jobs/nns vacant/jj because/rb of/in a/at strike/nn would/md have/hv to/to be/be applied/vbn equally/rb to/in nonagricultural/jj situations/nns ,/, and/cc might/nn in/in effect/nn place/vb the/at public/jj employment/nn services/nns in/in the/at position/nn of/in acting/vbg as/cs strikebreakers/nns ./. The/at public/jj interest/nn is/bez so/ql dominant/jj in/in such/abl an/at issue/nn that/cs I/ppss cannot/md* be/be so/ql presumptuous/jj as/cs to/to attempt/vb to/to settle/vb it/ppo by/in an/at administrative/jj order/nn based/vbn upon/in conclusions/nns reached/vbn in/in a/at summary/nn action/nn in/in one/cd or/cc two/cd Superior/jj-tl Courts/nns-tl in/in the/at State/nn-tl ./. It/pps is/bez an/at issue/nn which/wdt may/md well/rb reach/vb the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl before/cs judicial/jj finality/nn is/bez achieved/vbn ./. As/cs an/at administrator/nn ,/, I/ppss cannot/md* place/vb the/at Employment/nn-tl Service/nn-tl in/in California/np in/in jeopardy/nn of/in being/beg out/rp of/in compliance/nn with/in the/at Federal/jj-tl laws/nns by/in my/pp$ failure/nn to/to pursue/vb the/at avenues/nns of/in appeal/nn open/jj to/in me/ppo ./. To/to have/hv applied/vbn statewide/rb the/at decisions/nns of/in the/at two/cd cases/nns heard/vbn in/in Superior/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, in/in my/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, would/md have/hv placed/vbn us/ppo clearly/rb out/rp of/in compliance/nn with/in the/at Wagner-Peyser/np-tl Act/nn-tl and/cc would/md have/hv immediately/rb opened/vbn the/at way/nn for/cs the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Labor/nn-tl ,/, were/bed he/pps so/rb inclined/vbn ,/, to/to notify/vb the/at Governor/nn-tl of/in such/jj noncompliance/nn ,/, set/vb a/at date/nn for/in hearing/nn ,/, and/cc issue/vb his/pp$ finding/nn ./. The/at impact/nn of/in noncompliance/nn under/in the/at Wagner-Peyser/np-tl Act/nn-tl is/bez clear/jj :/: the/at withdrawal/nn of/in some/rb $11/nns million/cd a/at year/nn of/in administrative/jj funds/nns which/wdt finance/vb our/pp$ employment/nn service/nn program/nn or/cc ,/, as/cs a/at corollary/nn ,/, the/at taking/vbg over/rp by/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Government/nn-tl of/in its/pp$ operation/nn ./. Thus/ql far/rb ,/, the/at cases/nns which/wdt have/hv come/vbn before/in the/at courts/nns have/hv involved/vbn only/rb the/at issue/nn of/in referral/nn where/wrb the/at job/nn is/bez vacant/jj due/rb to/in a/at strike/nn --/-- condition/nn (/( 1/cd )/) in/in the/at Regulation/nn-tl of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ./. None/pn has/hvz yet/rb arisen/vbn under/in condition/nn (/( 2/cd )/) ,/, relating/vbg to/in referral/nn to/in jobs/nns ``/`` the/at filling/nn of/in which/wdt is/bez an/at issue/nn in/in a/at labor/nn dispute/nn ''/'' ./. Here/rb the/at problem/nn is/bez essentially/rb one/cd of/in defining/vbg the/at word/nn ``/`` filling/vbg-nc ''/'' ./. Should/md it/ppo be/be defined/vbn in/in a/at narrow/jj sense/nn to/to include/vb only/rb such/jj elements/nns as/cs job/nn specifications/nns ,/, union/nn membership/nn ,/, union/nn jurisdiction/nn ,/, and/cc the/at like/jj ?/. ?/. Or/cc should/md it/ppo have/hv a/at broader/jjr connotation/nn of/in including/vbg wage/nn demands/nns and/cc other/ap factors/nns not/* necessarily/rb associated/vbn with/in the/at mechanics/nn of/in ``/`` filling/vbg ''/'' the/at job/nn ./. Because/rb of/in the/at uncertainty/nn of/in this/dt definition/nn ,/, I/ppss solicited/vbd the/at interpretation/nn of/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl Labor/nn-tl ./. He/pps has/hvz advised/vbn me/ppo that/cs the/at narrower/jjr interpretation/nn is/bez the/at proper/jj one/cd ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, that/cs if/cs wages/nns ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, is/bez the/at only/ap issue/nn in/in a/at labor/nn dispute/nn ,/, and/cc no/at workers/nns have/hv left/vbn their/pp$ jobs/nns because/rb of/in the/at dispute/nn ,/, we/ppss may/md continue/vb to/to make/vb referrals/nns ./.

cj47

cj47 |@word 9:1 martin:1 stendler:1 present:2 evidence:2 infant:2 young:3 child:53 solve:2 many:7 problem:4 relatively:2 simple:1 perceptual:1 level:2 simply:1 combine:1 object:4 count:1 develop:2 concept:1 free:1 necessity:1 manipulating:1 symbolically:1 concretely:1 ability:5 think:1 seem:2 increase:4 consistently:1 age:6 one:9 experiment:1 show:2 great:4 year:9 difference:2 occur:1 eleventh:1 twelfth:1 10:1 study:10 indicate:4 elementary:7 school:23 interest:8 cover:1 whole:1 field:1 science:1 question:1 genuine:1 social:7 process:1 event:1 mature:2 capability:1 change:1 broaden:1 emotional:10 characteristic:5 feel:3 people:2 task:1 confront:1 may:13 much:5 influence:9 success:2 physical:2 intellectual:1 considerable:1 amount:1 exist:2 unhappy:1 insecure:2 likely:2 well:5 subject:2 maturity:1 result:1 factor:8 principal:3 experience:2 first:2 life:2 however:5 teacher:23 understand:5 emotion:4 behavior:5 highly:1 influential:1 help:5 pupil:13 gain:3 confidence:1 security:1 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seriously:1 23:1 read:2 capacity:1 apparent:1 know:2 vital:1 bearing:1 adjustment:1 rate:2 insecurity:1 unhappiness:1 form:2 turn:1 vicious:1 cycle:1 complete:1 easy:2 rationalize:1 accordance:1 plain:1 lazy:1 lack:2 dislike:1 overaggressive:1 hopeless:1 delinquent:1 cause:5 retardation:2 defective:1 speech:1 hear:1 impaired:1 vision:2 faulty:2 motor:1 coordination:1 frail:1 constitution:1 chronic:1 disease:1 malnutrition:1 glandular:1 malfunctioning:1 health:1 habit:2 eat:1 sleep:1 relate:1 mental:1 immaturity:1 aptitude:1 certain:3 curriculum:1 difficult:1 teach:1 method:1 material:1 promotion:1 policy:1 unwholesome:1 relation:1 break:1 home:2 undesirable:1 community:1 contribute:2 minimum:1 list:1 moreover:1 condition:1 manner:1 handicap:1 produce:1 nervous:1 tension:1 reading:1 disability:1 spur:1 even:1 achievement:3 impoverished:1 discourage:1 constitute:1 motivation:1 harder:1 successful:2 common:1 eliminate:1 discouragement:1 failure:1 source:2 teaching:1 enough:1 behave:1 expect:4 proficient:1 administer:1 gather:1 examine:1 interpret:1 already:1 available:1 refine:1 extend:1 utilize:1 opportunity:1 arise:1 connection:1 understanding:1 tap:1 15:1 detailed:1 specific:1 evaluate:1 cumulative:5 records:1 record:8 systematically:1 instruction:2 report:1 metal:1 file:1 equip:1 lock:1 store:2 folder:1 summer:1 vacation:1 office:1 professional:1 personnel:1 new:1 go:1 bring:1 date:1 write:1 designate:1 explain:1 summarize:1

9/cd-hl ./.-hl Martin/np and/cc Stendler/np present/vb evidence/nn that/cs infants/nns and/cc young/jj children/nns can/md and/cc do/do solve/vb many/ap problems/nns at/in a/at relatively/ql simple/jj perceptual/jj level/nn simply/rb by/in combining/vbg objects/nns and/cc counting/vbg them/ppo ./. After/cs they/ppss have/hv developed/vbn concepts/nns ,/, they/ppss are/ber free/jj from/in the/at necessity/nn of/in manipulating/vbg objects/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss do/do symbolically/rb what/wdt they/ppss once/rb had/hvd to/to do/do concretely/rb ./. The/at ability/nn to/to think/vb seems/vbz to/to increase/vb consistently/rb with/in age/nn ./. One/cd experiment/nn showed/vbd the/at greatest/jjt one-year/nn difference/nn occurring/vbg between/in the/at eleventh/od and/cc twelfth/od years/nns ./. 10/cd-hl ./.-hl Many/ap studies/nns indicate/vb that/cs elementary-school/nn children's/nns$ interests/nns cover/vb the/at whole/jj field/nn of/in science/nn ;/. ;/. that/cs their/pp$ questions/nns indicate/vb a/at genuine/jj interest/nn in/in social/jj processes/nns and/cc events/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc that/cs as/cs they/ppss mature/vb their/pp$ interests/nns and/cc capabilities/nns change/vb and/cc broaden/vb ./. Emotional/jj-hl characteristics/nns-hl How/wrb a/at child/nn feels/vbz about/in himself/ppl ,/, about/in other/ap people/nns ,/, and/cc about/in the/at tasks/nns confronting/vbg him/ppo in/in school/nn may/md have/hv as/ql much/ap influence/nn on/in his/pp$ success/nn in/in school/nn as/cs his/pp$ physical/jj and/cc intellectual/jj characteristics/nns ./. A/at considerable/jj amount/nn of/in evidence/nn exists/vbz to/to show/vb that/cs an/at unhappy/jj and/cc insecure/jj child/nn is/bez not/* likely/jj to/to do/do well/rb in/in school/nn subjects/nns ./. Emotional/jj maturity/nn is/bez the/at result/nn of/in many/ap factors/nns ,/, the/at principal/jjs ones/nns being/beg the/at experiences/nns of/in the/at first/od few/ap years/nns of/in the/at child's/nn$ life/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at teacher/nn who/wps understands/vbz the/at influence/nn of/in emotions/nns on/in behavior/nn may/md be/be highly/ql influential/jj in/in helping/vbg pupils/nns gain/vb confidence/nn ,/, security/nn ,/, and/cc satisfaction/nn ./. Concerning/in this/dt responsibility/nn of/in the/at teacher/nn ,/, suggestions/nns for/in helping/vbg children/nns gain/vb better/jjr control/nn of/in the/at emotions/nns are/ber presented/vbn in/in Chapter/nn-tl 11/cd-tl ./. The/at following/vbg generalizations/nns about/in the/at emotional/jj characteristics/nns of/in elementary-school/nn children/nns may/md be/be helpful/jj ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Typically/rb ,/, the/at young/jj child's/nn$ emotional/jj reactions/nns last/vb for/in a/at relatively/rb short/jj time/nn ,/, as/cs contrasted/vbn to/in those/dts of/in an/at adult/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl As/cs the/at child/nn grows/vbz older/jjr ,/, his/pp$ emotional/jj reactions/nns lead/vb to/in ``/`` moods/nns ''/'' ,/, or/cc emotional/jj states/nns drawn/vbn out/rp over/in a/at period/nn of/in time/nn and/cc expressed/vbn slowly/rb ,/, rather/rb than/cs in/in short/jj ,/, abrupt/jj outbursts/nns ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl Studies/nns of/in the/at growth/nn and/cc decline/nn of/in children's/nns$ fears/nns indicate/vb that/cs fears/nns due/jj to/in strange/jj objects/nns ,/, noises/nns ,/, falling/vbg ,/, and/cc unexpected/jj movement/nn decline/vb during/in the/at preschool/jj years/nns ,/, but/cc that/cs fears/nns of/in the/at dark/nn ,/, of/in being/beg alone/rb ,/, and/cc of/in imaginary/jj creatures/nns or/cc robbers/nns increase/vb ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Ridiculing/vbg a/at child/nn for/in being/beg afraid/jj or/cc forcing/vbg him/ppo to/to meet/vb the/at feared/vbn situation/nn alone/rb are/ber poor/jj ways/nns of/in dealing/vbg with/in the/at problem/nn ;/. ;/. more/ql effective/jj solutions/nns include/vb explanations/nns ,/, the/at example/nn of/in another/dt child/nn ,/, or/cc conditioning/vbg by/in associating/vbg the/at feared/vbn object/nn ,/, place/nn ,/, or/cc person/nn with/in something/pn pleasant/jj ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl Children/nns need/vb help/nn in/in learning/vbg to/to control/vb their/pp$ emotions/nns ./. The/at young/jj child/nn learns/vbz from/in parents/nns and/cc teachers/nns that/cs temper/nn tantrums/nns ,/, screaming/vbg ,/, kicking/vbg ,/, and/cc hitting/vbg will/md not/* get/vb him/ppo what/wdt he/pps wants/vbz ;/. ;/. the/at older/jjr child/nn learns/vbz that/cs intense/jj emotional/jj outbursts/nns will/md not/* win/vb approval/nn by/in his/pp$ peers/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, therefore/rb ,/, makes/vbz a/at real/jj effort/nn to/to control/vb his/pp$ emotions/nns ./. 6/cd-hl ./.-hl Children/nns differ/vb widely/rb in/in their/pp$ emotional/jj responses/nns ./. Among/in infants/nns the/at patterns/nns of/in emotional/jj responses/nns are/ber similar/jj ;/. ;/. as/cs the/at influence/nn of/in learning/vbg and/cc environment/nn are/ber felt/vbn ,/, emotional/jj behavior/nn becomes/vbz individualized/vbn ./. Social/jj-hl characteristics/nns-hl Although/cs no/at national/jj norms/nns exist/vb for/in the/at social/jj development/nn of/in children/nns ,/, the/at teacher/nn can/md find/vb a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in information/nn concerning/in types/nns of/in social/jj behavior/nn normally/rb displayed/vbn by/in children/nns at/in various/ap age/nn levels/nns ./. The/at following/vbg summary/nn will/md give/vb the/at student/nn some/dti idea/nn about/in the/at social/jj characteristics/nns of/in elementary-school/nn children/nns ;/. ;/. the/at student/nn will/md certainly/rb want/vb to/to explore/vb more/ql deeply/rb into/in the/at fascinating/jj study/nn of/in immature/jj individuals/nns ,/, struggling/vbg to/to meet/vb their/pp$ developmental/jj needs/nns ,/, and/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn trying/vbg to/to learn/vb the/at rules/nns of/in the/at game/nn in/in the/at ever-expanding/jj number/nn of/in groups/nns in/in which/wdt they/ppss hold/vb membership/nn ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl During/in early/jj childhood/nn ,/, children/nns are/ber more/ql interested/vbn in/in the/at approval/nn of/in their/pp$ parents/nns and/cc teachers/nns than/cs they/ppss are/ber in/in the/at approval/nn of/in other/ap children/nns ;/. ;/. after/cs they/ppss have/hv been/ben in/in school/nn a/at few/ap years/nns ,/, their/pp$ interest/nn in/in playmates/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj age/nn increases/vbz ,/, and/cc their/pp$ interest/nn in/in adults/nns decreases/vbz ;/. ;/. the/at child/nn who/wps had/hvd once/rb considered/vbn it/ppo a/at treat/nn to/to accompany/vb his/pp$ parents/nns on/in picnics/nns and/cc family/nn gatherings/nns now/rb considers/vbz it/ppo a/at bore/nn ./. In/in late/jj childhood/nn the/at influence/nn of/in the/at group/nn on/in the/at social/jj behavior/nn of/in the/at child/nn continues/vbz to/to increase/vb ;/. ;/. the/at group/nn sets/vbz the/at styles/nns in/in clothing/nn ,/, the/at kind/nn of/in play/nn engaged/vbn in/in ,/, and/cc the/at ideals/nns of/in right/jj and/cc wrong/jj behavior/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in early/jj childhood/nn the/at choice/nn of/in a/at companion/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be for/in another/dt child/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj age/nn or/cc a/at year/nn or/cc two/cd older/jjr ,/, who/wps can/md do/do the/at things/nns he/pps likes/vbz to/to do/do ;/. ;/. such/jj factors/nns as/cs sex/nn ,/, intelligence/nn ,/, and/cc status/nn in/in the/at group/nn do/do not/* influence/vb his/pp$ choice/nn much/rb at/in this/dt time/nn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl In/in later/jjr childhood/nn ,/, an/at interest/nn in/in team/nn games/nns replaces/vbz individual/jj play/nn ;/. ;/. loyalty/nn to/in the/at group/nn ,/, a/at feeling/nn of/in superiority/nn over/in those/dts who/wps are/ber not/* members/nns ,/, and/cc unwillingness/nn to/to play/vb with/in members/nns of/in the/at opposite/jj sex/nn become/vb dominant/jj traits/nns ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl During/in early/jj childhood/nn boys/nns tease/vb and/cc bully/vb ,/, on/in the/at average/jj ,/, more/rbr than/cs girls/nns ;/. ;/. those/dts who/wps feel/vb inferior/jj or/cc insecure/jj engage/vb in/in these/dts activities/nns more/rbr than/cs do/do well-adjusted/jj children/nns ./. 5/cd-hl ./.-hl During/in late/jj childhood/nn boys/nns like/vb to/to tease/vb ,/, jostle/vb ,/, and/cc talk/vb smart/rb to/in girls/nns ;/. ;/. girls/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber more/ql mature/jj than/cs boys/nns ,/, frown/vb upon/in the/at youthful/jj antics/nns of/in boys/nns of/in their/pp$ own/jj age/nn ./. 6/cd-hl ./.-hl By/in the/at time/nn pupils/nns reach/vb the/at sixth/od grade/nn ,/, their/pp$ ethical/jj and/cc moral/jj standards/nns are/ber fairly/ql well/rb developed/vbn ;/. ;/. they/ppss exhibit/vb a/at keen/jj interest/nn in/in social/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, and/cc economic/jj problems/nns ,/, but/cc they/ppss frequently/rb have/hv vague/jj and/cc incorrect/jj notions/nns about/in the/at terms/nns they/ppss use/vb rather/ql glibly/rb in/in their/pp$ routine/jj school/nn work/nn ./. 7/cd-hl ./.-hl Between/in the/at ages/nns of/in two/cd and/cc four/cd years/nns ,/, negativism/nn or/cc resistance/nn to/in adult/nn authority/nn is/bez noticeable/jj ;/. ;/. after/in the/at fourth/od year/nn it/pps begins/vbz to/to decline/vb ./. However/rb ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, in/in later/jjr childhood/nn the/at child/nn begins/vbz to/to substitute/vb the/at standards/nns of/in the/at peer/nn group/nn for/in those/dts of/in parents/nns and/cc teachers/nns ./. 8/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at elementary-school/nn child/nn grows/vbz gradually/rb in/in his/pp$ ability/nn to/to work/vb in/in groups/nns ./. The/at child/nn in/in the/at primary/jj grades/nns can/md play/vb harmoniously/rb with/in one/cd companion/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ desire/nn to/to be/be first/od in/in everything/pn gets/vbz him/ppo into/in trouble/nn when/wrb the/at group/nn gets/vbz larger/jjr ;/. ;/. he/pps wants/vbz to/to be/be with/in people/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps hasn't/hvz* yet/rb learned/vbn to/to cooperate/vb ./. In/in the/at middle/jj grades/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, he/pps begins/vbz to/to participate/vb more/ql effectively/rb in/in group/nn activities/nns such/jj as/cs selecting/vbg a/at leader/nn ,/, helping/vbg to/to make/vb plans/nns and/cc carry/vb on/rp group/nn activities/nns ,/, and/cc setting/vbg up/rp rules/nns governing/vbg the/at enterprise/nn ./. Why/wrb-hl the/at-hl teacher/nn-hl should/md-hl study/vb-hl the/at-hl individual/jj-hl pupil/nn-hl Much/ap progress/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn in/in the/at last/ap two/cd decades/nns in/in developing/vbg techniques/nns for/in understanding/vbg children/nns ,/, yet/cc in/in almost/rb any/dti classroom/nn today/nr can/md be/be found/vbn children/nns whose/wp$ needs/nns are/ber not/* being/beg met/vbn by/in the/at school/nn program/nn ./. Some/dti are/ber failing/vbg to/to achieve/vb as/ql much/ap as/cs their/pp$ ability/nn would/md permit/vb ;/. ;/. others/nns never/rb seem/vb able/jj to/to enter/vb fully/rb into/in the/at life/nn of/in the/at classroom/nn ./. These/dts children/nns have/hv been/ben described/vbn as/cs those/dts who/wps were/bed trying/vbg to/to say/vb something/pn to/in adults/nns who/wps did/dod not/* understand/vb ./. Many/ap school/nn systems/nns now/rb employ/vb school/nn psychologists/nns and/cc child/nn guidance/nn specialists/nns ./. These/dts specialists/nns perform/vb valuable/jj services/nns by/in helping/vbg teachers/nns learn/vb to/to identify/vb children/nns who/wps need/vb special/jj attention/nn ,/, by/in suggesting/vbg ways/nns of/in meeting/vbg the/at needs/nns of/in individual/jj children/nns in/in the/at regular/jj classroom/nn ,/, and/cc by/in providing/vbg clinical/jj services/nns for/in severely/ql maladjusted/jj children/nns ./. It/pps is/bez the/at classroom/nn teacher/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, who/wps has/hvz daily/jj contacts/nns with/in pupils/nns ,/, and/cc who/wps is/bez in/in a/at unique/jj position/nn to/to put/vb sound/jj psychological/jj principles/nns into/in practice/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, a/at study/nn of/in the/at individual/jj child/nn is/bez an/at integral/jj part/nn of/in the/at work/nn of/in the/at elementary-school/nn teacher/nn ,/, rather/rb than/cs merely/rb an/at additional/jj chore/nn ./. Teachers/nns and/cc administrators/nns in/in many/ap elementary/jj schools/nns have/hv assumed/vbn that/cs dividing/vbg the/at pupils/nns in/in any/dti grade/nn into/in groups/nns on/in the/at basis/nn of/in test/nn scores/nns solves/vbz the/at problem/nn of/in meeting/vbg the/at needs/nns of/in individuals/nns ./. What/wdt they/ppss should/md recognize/vb is/bez that/cs children/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben placed/vbn in/in one/cd of/in these/dts groups/nns on/in a/at narrow/jj academic/jj basis/nn still/rb differ/vb widely/rb in/in attributes/nns that/wps influence/vb success/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs they/ppss still/rb must/md be/be treated/vbn as/cs individuals/nns ./. Although/cs the/at teacher/nn must/md be/be concerned/vbn with/in maintaining/vbg standards/nns ,/, he/pps must/md also/rb be/be concerned/vbn about/in understanding/vbg differences/nns in/in ability/nn ,/, background/nn ,/, and/cc experience/nn ./. Factors/nns-hl that/wps-hl inhibit/vb-hl learning/vbg-hl and/cc-hl lead/vb-hl to/in-hl maladjustment/nn-hl Studies/nns conducted/vbn in/in various/ap sections/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl indicate/vb that/cs many/ap children/nns in/in elementary/jj schools/nns are/ber maladjusted/jj emotionally/rb ,/, and/cc that/cs many/ap of/in them/ppo are/ber failing/vbg to/to make/vb satisfactory/jj progress/nn in/in school/nn subjects/nns ./. One/cd study/nn ,/, which/wdt involved/vbd 1,524/cd pupils/nns in/in grades/nns one/cd to/in six/cd ,/, found/vbd that/cs 12/cd percent/nn of/in the/at pupils/nns were/bed seriously/ql maladjusted/jj and/cc that/cs 23/cd percent/nn were/bed reading/vbg a/at year/nn below/in capacity/nn ./. It/pps is/bez apparent/jj ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/cs the/at teacher/nn needs/vbz to/to know/vb what/wdt factors/nns have/hv a/at vital/jj bearing/nn on/in the/at learning/nn and/cc adjustment/nn of/in children/nns ./. When/wrb a/at child/nn fails/vbz to/to meet/vb the/at standards/nns of/in the/at school/nn in/in his/pp$ rate/nn of/in learning/vbg ,/, insecurity/nn ,/, unhappiness/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap forms/nns of/in maladjustment/nn frequently/rb follow/vb ./. These/dts maladjustments/nns in/in turn/nn inhibit/vb learning/vbg ,/, and/cc a/at vicious/jj cycle/nn is/bez completed/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez easy/jj for/cs the/at teacher/nn to/to rationalize/vb that/cs the/at child/nn who/wps is/bez not/* achieving/vbg in/in accordance/nn with/in his/pp$ known/vbn ability/nn is/bez just/rb plain/ql lazy/jj ,/, or/cc that/cs the/at child/nn who/wps lacks/vbz interest/nn in/in school/nn ,/, who/wps dislikes/vbz the/at teacher/nn ,/, or/cc who/wps is/bez overaggressive/jj is/bez a/at hopeless/jj delinquent/nn ./. The/at causes/nns of/in retardation/nn and/cc maladjustment/nn may/md be/be found/vbn in/in physical/jj factors/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs defective/jj speech/nn or/cc hearing/nn ,/, impaired/vbn vision/nn ,/, faulty/jj motor/nn coordination/nn ,/, a/at frail/jj constitution/nn ,/, chronic/jj disease/nn ,/, malnutrition/nn ,/, and/cc glandular/jj malfunctioning/nn ./. They/ppss may/md be/be caused/vbn by/in poor/jj health/nn habits/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs faulty/jj eating/vbg and/cc sleeping/vbg habits/nns ./. They/ppss may/md be/be related/vbn to/in mental/jj immaturity/nn or/cc lack/nn of/in aptitude/nn for/in certain/ap types/nns of/in school/nn work/nn ./. The/at curriculum/nn may/md be/be too/ql difficult/jj for/in some/dti and/cc too/ql easy/jj for/in others/nns ./. Teaching/vbg methods/nns ,/, learning/vbg materials/nns ,/, and/cc promotion/nn policies/nns may/md inhibit/vb learning/vbg and/cc lead/vb to/in maladjustments/nns for/in some/dti children/nns ./. Unwholesome/jj family/nn relations/nns ,/, broken/vbn homes/nns ,/, and/cc undesirable/jj community/nn influences/nns may/md also/rb be/be contributing/vbg factors/nns ./. This/dt is/bez only/rb a/at minimum/jj list/nn of/in the/at factors/nns that/wps inhibit/vb learning/vbg and/cc contribute/vb to/in maladjustment/nn among/in children/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, these/dts conditions/nns do/do not/* influence/vb all/abn children/nns in/in the/at same/ap manner/nn ./. A/at vision/nn handicap/nn that/wps may/md produce/vb nervous/jj tension/nn and/cc reading/vbg disability/nn for/in one/cd child/nn may/md spur/vb another/dt child/nn on/rp to/in even/ql greater/jjr achievement/nn in/in reading/vbg ./. An/at impoverished/jj home/nn that/wps may/md discourage/vb one/cd child/nn may/md constitute/vb the/at motivation/nn causing/vbg another/dt to/to work/vb harder/rbr for/in successful/jj achievement/nn in/in school/nn ./. At/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, the/at teacher/nn who/wps recognizes/vbz common/jj causes/nns of/in retardation/nn and/cc maladjustment/nn can/md frequently/rb do/do a/at great/jj deal/nn to/to eliminate/vb the/at causes/nns of/in pupil/nn discouragement/nn ,/, failure/nn ,/, and/cc maladjustment/nn ./. Sources/nns-hl of/in-hl information/nn-hl about/in-hl children/nns-hl Successful/jj teaching/nn involves/vbz getting/vbg enough/ap information/nn about/in each/dt pupil/nn to/to understand/vb why/wrb he/pps behaves/vbz as/cs he/pps does/doz in/in certain/ap situations/nns and/cc how/wrb his/pp$ achievement/nn in/in school/nn is/bez being/beg influenced/vbn by/in various/ap factors/nns in/in his/pp$ environment/nn ./. The/at classroom/nn teacher/nn cannot/md* be/be expected/vbn to/to be/be as/ql proficient/jj in/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at techniques/nns of/in child/nn study/nn as/cs the/at clinical/jj psychologist/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps cannot/md* be/be expected/vbn to/to administer/vb all/abn the/at tests/nns and/cc gather/vb all/abn the/at information/nn needed/vbn about/in each/dt child/nn in/in his/pp$ classroom/nn ./. He/pps can/md be/be expected/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to examine/vb and/cc interpret/vb the/at information/nn already/rb available/jj ;/. ;/. to/to refine/vb and/cc extend/vb his/pp$ own/jj techniques/nns for/in studying/vbg individual/jj children/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc to/to utilize/vb opportunities/nns ,/, arising/vbg in/in connection/nn with/in regular/jj classroom/nn activities/nns ,/, for/in gaining/vbg a/at better/jjr understanding/nn of/in his/pp$ pupils/nns ./. This/dt section/nn deals/vbz with/in some/dti of/in the/at sources/nns of/in information/nn that/wps can/md be/be tapped/vbn by/in the/at classroom/nn teacher/nn ;/. ;/. Chapter/nn-tl 15/cd-tl provides/vbz more/ql detailed/vbn information/nn about/in specific/jj techniques/nns used/vbn in/in evaluating/vbg pupil/nn progress/nn ./. Cumulative/jj-hl records/nns-hl Most/ap school/nn systems/nns today/nr maintain/vb a/at system/nn of/in cumulative/jj records/nns of/in pupils/nns ./. These/dts records/nns ,/, when/wrb systematically/rb maintained/vbn ,/, provide/vb much/ap information/nn about/in the/at children/nns ,/, which/wdt the/at teacher/nn can/md use/vb in/in guidance/nn ,/, instruction/nn ,/, grouping/vbg ,/, and/cc reporting/vbg to/in parents/nns ./. Each/dt teacher/nn has/hvz in/in his/pp$ classroom/nn a/at metal/nn file/nn ,/, equipped/vbn with/in a/at lock/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez used/vbn to/to store/vb cumulative/jj record/nn folders/nns ./. During/in summer/nn vacation/nn periods/nns these/dts records/nns are/ber stored/vbn in/in the/at office/nn of/in the/at principal/nn ./. Only/rb the/at teacher/nn and/cc other/ap professional/jj personnel/nns are/ber permitted/vbn to/to see/vb or/cc use/vb these/dts records/nns ./. Each/dt new/jj teacher/nn to/in whom/wpo the/at pupil/nn goes/vbz is/bez expected/vbn to/to study/vb the/at information/nn in/in the/at cumulative/jj record/nn and/cc to/to bring/vb it/ppo up/rp to/in date/nn ./. Some/dti school/nn systems/nns provide/vb written/vbn instructions/nns to/in principals/nns and/cc teachers/nns designating/vbg when/wrb certain/ap information/nn is/bez to/to be/be recorded/vbn on/in cumulative/jj record/nn forms/nns and/cc explaining/vbg how/wrb the/at information/nn is/bez to/to be/be summarized/vbn and/cc used/vbn ./.

cj48

cj48 |@word summary:5 report:7 desegregation:32 progress:1 education:19 middle:3 south:3 region:3 1959:3 1960:4 clearly:1 show:2 two:3 piece:1 information:2 prepare:2 conference:4 indicate:1 first:3 actual:2 pende:4 school:62 increase:7 second:2 exception:1 product:1 result:10 court:21 order:12 together:2 suggest:1 slow:3 define:1 national:1 association:1 intergroup:2 relations:1 official:2 nairo:2 consist:1 state:10 kentucky:2 maryland:4 tennessee:3 west:3 virginia:8 delaware:2 district:14 columbia:3 states:3 nation:1 capital:1 fact:4 date:2 back:1 1954:2 also:4 embrace:1 staunch:1 opposition:2 oppose:2 massive:1 resistance:2 interposition:1 pupil:8 assignment:10 negro:22 child:21 hate:1 bombing:1 let:1 look:3 evidence:1 elementary:2 come:7 owen:1 union:1 county:15 already:1 high:2 action:7 citation:1 mention:1 paper:1 take:2 harford:1 board:13 plan:7 approve:2 plaintiff:6 challenge:1 thus:1 federal:9 join:1 hand:6 promote:2 additional:3 open:1 serve:1 military:1 personnel:1 similarly:1 may:6 suit:4 three:1 city:2 chattanooga:1 knoxville:1 memphis:1 number:4 white:18 attend:2 almost:1 twofold:1 decision:3 enter:1 heretofore:1 five:2 third:2 circuit:1 appeal:2 review:1 lead:2 charlottesville:1 floyd:1 pulaski:1 although:1 admission:7 yet:1 determine:1 parent:1 file:3 application:1 alexandria:2 arlington:3 fairfax:2 warren:1 bring:1 newport:1 news:1 norfolk:1 desegregate:6 since:2 shortly:1 supreme:2 recapitulation:1 make:2 clear:2 continue:3 include:1 old:1 dominion:1 spite:1 stern:1 record:1 last:1 year:2 largely:1 immediate:1 horizon:1 large:4 scale:1 relatively:2 speak:1 several:1 knowledge:1 thousand:2 involve:1 observation:1 occur:1 handful:1 conclusion:2 turn:1 view:1 problem:9 issue:15 regional:1 wish:1 note:1 small:3 item:1 refer:1 reference:1 continuation:1 trend:1 toward:2 system:5 remark:1 apparently:1 occasion:1 population:3 per:2 cent:2 see:1 real:1 prospect:1 rock:1 creek:1 park:1 still:2 monolithically:1 increasingly:1 georgetown:1 conversion:1 renovation:1 housing:1 program:3 nearby:2 foggy:2 bottom:2 oust:1 acreage:1 southw:1 redevelopment:1 area:1 beckon:1 people:8 price:1 town:1 house:1 elevator:1 apartment:1 capitol:1 hill:1 rehabilitation:1 like:5 replace:2 sharp:1 break:1 tradition:1 past:1 present:2 ring:1 around:1 black:1 core:1 opening:1 montgomery:1 suburb:2 resident:1 presumably:1 consequent:1 escape:1 flee:2 short:1 warrenton:1 rockville:1 live:1 must:5 account:5 image:2 public:12 conjure:1 solve:1 apparent:1 vex:1 perplex:1 generally:1 divide:7 follow:1 step:1 movement:1 believe:3 want:7 deny:9 color:1 general:3 member:1 would:3 certainly:1 admit:1 near:1 residence:3 within:2 zone:1 achieve:2 objective:1 well:2 municipal:2 correlatively:1 reduce:2 role:1 community:1 law:2 little:1 difference:1 opinion:1 wherever:1 possible:1 local:1 devise:1 effect:1 insure:1 systematic:1 group:5 relation:4 simply:1 brief:1 actually:4 integration:1 encourage:2 teacher:5 human:1 get:1 form:1 offer:1 whether:1 fourth:1 segregated:2 period:1 assure:2 equal:2 opportunity:3 good:1 many:3 importance:2 existence:1 fifth:1 improved:1 attitude:1 belong:1 help:2 adjust:2 latter:1 whose:1 solution:1 seek:1 united:3 fashion:1 twice:1 judge:2 sharply:2 practitioner:1 lie:1 1:1 one:2 glove:1 shall:3 support:5 basis:1 criterion:1 albert:1 bryan:1 assign:2 formerly:1 picture:1 true:1 effectively:1 cut:1 block:1 trickle:1 therefore:3 question:2 likely:2 camp:1 2:1 baltimore:1 louisville:1 washington:1 extend:1 respectively:1 argue:3 require:4 race:6 adjustment:1 different:1 impossible:2 something:1 least:1 provide:5 another:2 namely:1 create:1 partially:1 situation:2 3:1 case:1 early:1 part:1 statement:1 deal:1 instance:1 private:1 citizen:3 indeed:1 entire:1 mississippi:1 forth:1 establish:1 infinitesimally:1 comparison:1 requirement:3 person:1 sound:1 congress:2 authorize:1 attorney:2 accomplish:1 entrance:1 even:3 though:2 civil:1 right:3 legislation:3 1957:2 provision:1 act:1 eliminate:1 nevertheless:1 clause:3 rather:1 4:1 withholding:1 fund:5 powell:2 amendment:3 liberal:1 american:2 veterans:1 committee:1 avc:1 construction:1 assistance:1 soft:1 earlier:1 segregate:1 nonetheless:1 considerable:1 argument:1 soften:1 ground:1 aid:1 necessary:1 limitation:1 enlist:1 quite:1 5:1 political:1 subdivision:1 municipality:1 furnish:1 prince:2 edward:2 supervisors:1 vote:1 could:1 democracy:1 subject:1 matter:2 self:1 determination:1 force:1 marshal:1 substantial:1 agreement:1 behind:1 mandatory:1 expect:1 enact:1 nature:1 legislate:1 become:1 constitution:1 goal:1 method:1 6:2 responsibility:2 settle:2 moot:1 debate:1 resolve:1 government:3 nearly:1 half:1 receive:1 directly:1

The/at Summary/nn-tl Report/nn-tl On/in-tl Desegregation/nn-tl Progress/nn-tl In/in-tl Education/nn-tl In/in-tl The/at-tl Middle-South/jj-tl Region/nn-tl ,/, 1959/cd-tl -/in-tl 1960/cd-tl ''/'' clearly/rb shows/vbz two/cd pieces/nns of/in information/nn ./. The/at Summary/nn-tl Report/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz prepared/vbn for/in this/dt Conference/nn-tl ,/, indicates/vbz ,/, first/rb ,/, that/cs actual/jj or/cc pending/jj school/nn desegregation/nn is/bez increasing/vbg ;/. ;/. second/rb ,/, that/cs both/abx actual/jj and/cc pending/jj desegregation/nn is/bez ,/, with/in few/ap exceptions/nns ,/, the/at product/nn or/cc result/nn of/in court/nn order/nn ./. The/at Report/nn-tl together/rb with/in other/ap information/nn suggests/vbz that/cs desegregation/nn in/in the/at schools/nns is/bez slow/jj ./. The/at Middle-South/jj-tl Region/nn-tl ,/, as/cs defined/vbn by/in the/at National/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Intergroup/jj-tl Relations/nns-tl Officials/nns-tl (/( NAIRO/np )/) ,/, consists/vbz of/in the/at states/nns of/in Kentucky/np ,/, Maryland/np ,/, Tennessee/np ,/, West/jj-tl Virginia/np-tl ,/, Delaware/np ,/, Virginia/np and/cc the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ./. The/at states/nns and/cc the/at Nation's/nn$-tl Capital/nn-tl all/abn have/hv some/dti desegregation/nn ,/, in/in fact/nn some/dti dating/vbg back/rb to/in 1954/cd ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at region/nn also/rb embraces/vbz some/dti of/in the/at staunchest/jjt opposition/nn ./. Desegregation/nn has/hvz been/ben opposed/vbn by/in massive/jj resistance/nn ,/, interposition/nn ,/, pupil/nn assignment/nn (/( with/in no/at assignments/nns of/in Negro/np children/nns )/) ,/, and/cc hate/nn bombings/nns ./. Desegregation/nn-hl and/cc-hl court/nn-hl order/nn-hl Now/rb let's/vb+ppo look/vb at/in the/at evidence/nn that/wps shows/vbz the/at increase/nn in/in desegregation/nn and/cc such/jj increase/nn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in court/nn order/nn ./. First/rb Kentucky/np ./. Elementary/jj school/nn desegregation/nn came/vbd to/in Owen/np and/cc Union/nn-tl Counties/nns-tl ,/, which/wdt already/rb had/hvd high/jj school/nn desegregation/nn ./. The/at action/nn was/bedz a/at result/nn of/in a/at court/nn order/nn ,/, the/at citation/nn for/in which/wdt (/( and/cc for/in other/ap court/nn action/nn mentioned/vbn in/in this/dt paper/nn )/) is/bez taken/vbn from/in the/at Summary/nn-tl Report/nn-tl for/in this/dt Conference/nn-tl ./. In/in Maryland/np the/at Harford/np-tl County/nn-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Education/nn-tl had/hvd prepared/vbn a/at desegregation/nn plan/nn which/wdt the/at Court/nn-tl approved/vbd but/cc which/wdt a/at plaintiff/nn had/hvd challenged/vbn ;/. ;/. thus/rb ,/, county/nn school/nn board/nn and/cc Federal/jj-tl court/nn joined/vbd hands/nns here/rb to/to promote/vb school/nn desegregation/nn ./. Additional/jj school/nn desegregation/nn in/in Tennessee/np resulted/vbd from/in a/at court/nn order/nn opening/vbg a/at school/nn serving/vbg children/nns of/in military/jj personnel/nns ./. Similarly/rb ,/, further/ap desegregation/nn may/md come/vb from/in suits/nns pending/jj in/in three/cd Tennessee/np cities/nns ,/, Chattanooga/np ,/, Knoxville/np ,/, and/cc Memphis/np ./. In/in West/jj-tl Virginia/np-tl the/at number/nn of/in white/jj and/cc Negro/np children/nns attending/vbg the/at same/ap school/nn has/hvz increased/vbn almost/ql twofold/rb ./. There/ex are/ber no/at court/nn decisions/nns here/rb ./. As/cs in/in Maryland/np ,/, a/at District/nn-tl court/nn has/hvz approved/vbn an/at official/jj plan/nn of/in school/nn desegregation/nn in/in Delaware/np ./. As/cs a/at result/nn of/in the/at State/nn-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Education/nn-tl plan/nn ,/, Negro/np children/nns entered/vbd heretofore/rb white/jj elementary/jj schools/nns in/in five/cd districts/nns ./. The/at Third/od-tl Circuit/nn-tl Court/nn-tl of/in-tl Appeals/nns-tl is/bez reviewing/vbg an/at appeal/nn from/in the/at plan/nn ./. In/in Virginia/np court/nn orders/nns led/vbd to/in desegregation/nn in/in Charlottesville/np-tl and/cc Floyd/np-tl Counties/nns-tl ./. Desegregation/nn in/in Pulaski/np-tl County/nn-tl is/bez pending/in because/rb of/in court/nn order/nn ,/, although/cs date/nn of/in admission/nn is/bez not/* yet/rb determined/vbn ./. Negro/np parents/nns have/hv filed/vbn application/nn for/in admission/nn of/in additional/jj children/nns to/in schools/nns in/in Alexandria/np ,/, Arlington/np ,/, Fairfax/np ,/, and/cc Warren/np-tl Counties/nns-tl ./. Desegregation/nn can/md also/rb result/vb from/in additional/jj suits/nns brought/vbn by/in Negro/np plaintiffs/nns against/in school/nn boards/nns in/in Newport/np News/np ,/, Fairfax/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, Arlington/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Norfolk/np ./. As/cs a/at school/nn district/nn ,/, the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl has/hvz had/hvn desegregated/vbn schools/nns since/in 1954/cd ,/, shortly/rb after/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl decision/nn ./. This/dt recapitulation/nn makes/vbz it/ppo clear/jj that/cs school/nn desegregation/nn continues/vbz ,/, including/in the/at Old/jj-tl Dominion/nn-tl State/nn-tl ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in its/pp$ stern/jj resistance/nn ./. The/at record/nn is/bez clear/jj that/cs increase/nn in/in school/nn desegregation/nn last/ap year/nn came/vbd largely/rb as/cs a/at result/nn of/in a/at court/nn order/nn ;/. ;/. that/cs on/in the/at immediate/jj horizon/nn ,/, if/cs further/ap large-scale/nn (/( relatively/rb speaking/vbg )/) desegregation/nn comes/vbz ,/, it/pps will/md result/vb from/in court/nn orders/nns on/in suits/nns filed/vbn in/in several/ap Middle-South/jj states/nns ./. Knowledge/nn that/cs thousands/nns of/in school/nn districts/nns are/ber involved/vbn and/cc observation/nn that/cs school/nn desegregation/nn has/hvz occurred/vbn in/in only/rb a/at handful/nn in/in 1959-1960/cd leads/vbz to/in a/at conclusion/nn that/dt desegregation-from-court-order/nn is/bez slow/jj ./. Before/cs turning/vbg to/in my/pp$ views/nns as/in to/in the/at problems/nns and/cc issues/nns before/in us/ppo at/in this/dt Regional/jj-tl Conference/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss wish/vb to/to note/vb a/at small/jj item/nn in/in the/at Summary/nn-tl Report/nn-tl as/cs it/pps refers/vbz to/in the/at District/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbia/np-tl ./. That/dt reference/nn in/in the/at Report/nn-tl is/bez ``/`` continuation/nn of/in the/at trend/nn toward/in an/at all-Negro/jj school/nn system/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at remark/nn apparently/rb occasioned/vbn by/in the/at increase/nn of/in Negro/np school/nn population/nn from/in 74.1/cd per/in cent/nn to/in 76.7/cd per/in cent/nn ./. I/ppss see/vb no/at real/jj prospects/nns for/in an/at all-Negro/jj school/nn population/nn ./. West/nr of/in Rock/nn-tl Creek/nn-tl Park/nn-tl is/bez still/rb monolithically/rb white/jj and/cc is/bez in/in fact/nn increasingly/rb white/jj as/cs a/at result/nn of/in Georgetown's/np$ conversion-by-renovation/nn housing/vbg program/nn ./. Nearby/jj Foggy/jj-tl Bottom/nn-tl is/bez ousting/vbg Negroes/nps ./. The/at large/jj acreage/nn in/in the/at Southwest/jj-tl Redevelopment/nn-tl area/nn beckons/vbz white/jj people/nns --/-- what/wdt with/in high-priced/jj town/nn houses/nns and/cc elevator/nn apartments/nns ./. The/at Capitol/nn-tl Hill/nn-tl rehabilitation/nn ,/, like/cs Foggy/jj-tl Bottom/nn-tl ,/, replaces/vbz Negroes/nps with/in whites/nns (/( but/cc also/rb replaces/vbz some/dti whites/nns with/in other/ap whites/nns )/) ./. The/at sharpest/jjt break/nn with/in tradition/nn ,/, the/at past/nn and/cc present/nn of/in ``/`` White/jj Ring/nn Around/in a/at Black/jj Core/nn ''/'' ,/, may/md come/vb with/in the/at opening/nn of/in nearby/jj Montgomery/np-tl County/nn-tl suburbs/nns to/in Negro/np residents/nns and/cc ,/, presumably/rb ,/, the/at consequent/jj conclusion/nn of/in some/dti whites/nns that/cs they/ppss cannot/md* escape/vb the/at Negro/np by/in fleeing/vbg to/in the/at suburbs/nns ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, short/jj of/in fleeing/vbg to/in Warrenton/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, or/cc Rockville/np ,/, Maryland/np ,/, white/jj people/nns may/md have/hv to/to live/vb with/in Negroes/nps ./. All/abn of/in this/dt must/md be/be taken/vbn into/in account/nn before/cs the/at image/nn of/in an/at ``/`` all-Negro/jj ''/'' D.C./np public/jj school/nn system/nn is/bez conjured/vbn up/rp ./. Problems/nns-hl to/to-hl solve/vb-hl From/in the/at Summary/nn-tl Report/nn-tl before/in us/ppo at/in this/dt Conference/nn-tl ,/, a/at number/nn of/in problems/nns are/ber apparent/jj ./. They/ppss vex/vb us/ppo and/cc perplex/vb us/ppo but/cc generally/rb do/do not/* divide/vb us/ppo like/cs the/at issues/nns which/wdt follow/vb the/at problems/nns ./. First/rb ,/, how/wrb can/md we/ppss step/vb up/rp the/at desegregation/nn movement/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez slow/jj ./. I/ppss believe/vb we/ppss all/abn want/vb more/ap schools/nns where/wrb white/jj and/cc Negro/np together/rb can/md and/cc do/do attend/vb ./. I/ppss believe/vb we/ppss all/abn want/vb no/at child/nn denied/vbn admission/nn to/in a/at school/nn on/in account/nn of/in his/pp$ color/nn ./. In/in general/jj ,/, members/nns of/in NAIRO/nn would/md certainly/rb want/vb a/at child/nn admitted/vbn to/in a/at school/nn nearest/in his/pp$ residence/nn or/cc within/in his/pp$ residence/nn zone/nn ./. How/wrb to/to achieve/vb this/dt objective/nn is/bez a/at problem/nn ,/, but/cc we/ppss are/ber not/* divided/vbn on/in what/wdt we/ppss want/vb ./. Second/rb ,/, as/cs we/ppss increase/vb the/at number/nn of/in desegregated/vbn school/nn districts/nns and/cc schools/nns themselves/ppls ,/, how/wrb can/md we/ppss achieve/vb this/dt action/nn through/in school/nn board/nn action/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps may/md be/be county/nn school/nn board/nn or/cc state/nn school/nn board/nn action/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs that/dt of/in municipal/jj school/nn boards/nns ./. Correlatively/rb ,/, can/md we/ppss reduce/vb the/at role/nn of/in the/at district/nn courts/nns ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at action/nn is/bez that/dt of/in the/at people/nns of/in the/at community/nn or/cc other/ap school/nn district/nn and/cc not/* that/dt of/in the/at law/nn court/nn ?/. ?/. This/dt is/bez a/at problem/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss believe/vb there/ex is/bez little/ap difference/nn of/in opinion/nn that/cs wherever/wrb possible/jj a/at local/jj school/nn board/nn should/md devise/vb and/cc effect/vb a/at plan/nn of/in desegregation/nn ./. Third/rb ,/, how/wrb can/md we/ppss insure/vb a/at systematic/jj and/cc continuing/vbg group/nn relations/nns education/nn in/in the/at schools/nns ?/. ?/. Not/* simply/rb a/at brief/jj program/nn when/wrb the/at schools/nns are/ber actually/rb desegregated/vbn but/cc a/at continuing/vbg program/nn that/wps also/rb promotes/vbz integration/nn ,/, that/wps encourages/vbz the/at children/nns and/cc teachers/nns not/* to/to look/vb at/in each/dt other/ap as/cs white/jj or/cc Negro/np ,/, but/cc as/cs human/jj beings/nns ./. Again/rb the/at problem/nn is/bez how/wrb to/to get/vb it/ppo done/vbn and/cc in/in what/wdt form/nn to/to offer/vb the/at group/nn relations/nns education/nn ;/. ;/. not/* whether/cs it/pps should/md be/be done/vbn ./. Fourth/rb ,/, in/in the/at segregated/vbn school/nn system/nn ,/, during/in the/at period/nn before/in desegregation/nn ,/, how/wrb can/md we/ppss assure/vb equal/jj opportunity/nn ?/. ?/. In/in fact/nn ,/, in/in the/at desegregated/vbn school/nn system/nn which/wdt may/md have/hv a/at good/jj many/ap schools/nns with/in all-Negro/jj population/nn ,/, how/wrb can/md we/ppss assure/vb equal/jj opportunity/nn ?/. ?/. This/dt is/bez a/at problem/nn ,/, but/cc we/ppss are/ber not/* divided/vbn over/in its/pp$ importance/nn or/cc by/in its/pp$ existence/nn ./. Fifth/rb ,/, in/in the/at segregated/vbn school/nn system/nn or/cc in/in the/at all-Negro/jj or/cc all-white/jj schools/nns ,/, how/wrb can/md we/ppss encourage/vb better/jjr group/nn relations/nns or/cc an/at improved/vbn attitude/nn toward/in people/nns who/wps do/do not/* belong/vb to/in the/at group/nn ?/. ?/. Can/md we/ppss help/vb children/nns adjust/vb to/in ``/`` images/nns of/in other/ap children/nns ''/'' when/wrb the/at latter/ap are/ber not/* actually/rb present/rb ./. Now/rb-hl ,/,-hl the/at-hl issues/nns-hl If/cs we/ppss have/hv five/cd problems/nns whose/wp$ solution/nn we/ppss seek/vb in/in relatively/ql united/vbn fashion/nn ,/, then/rb there/ex are/ber twice/rb as/cs many/ap issues/nns which/wdt ,/, I/ppss judge/vb ,/, sharply/rb divide/vb us/ppo ,/, intergroup/jj relations/nns practitioners/nns and/cc lay/jj people/nns ./. Issue/nn-hl no./nn-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl Pupil/nn-hl assignment/nn-hl ./.-hl Since/cs on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn school/nn desegregation/nn has/hvz come/vbn in/in Virginia/np hand-in-glove/rb with/in pupil/nn assignment/nn ,/, shall/md we/ppss support/vb the/at plan/nn ?/. ?/. On/in the/at basis/nn of/in pupil/nn assignment/nn criteria/nns ,/, Judge/nn-tl Albert/np Bryan/np has/hvz assigned/vbn Negro/np children/nns to/in formerly/rb white/jj schools/nns in/in Arlington/np and/cc Alexandria/np ,/, Virginia/np ./. Shall/md we/ppss support/vb pupil/nn assignment/nn ?/. ?/. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, looking/vbg at/in the/at larger/jjr picture/nn ,/, is/bez it/pps true/jj that/cs pupil/nn assignment/nn has/hvz effectively/rb cut/vbn off/rp ,/, blocked/vbn ,/, or/cc reduced/vbn school/nn desegregation/nn to/in a/at ``/`` trickle/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Shall/md we/ppss therefore/rb oppose/vb the/at plan/nn ?/. ?/. This/dt question/nn is/bez an/at issue/nn because/cs it/pps likely/rb divides/vbz us/ppo into/in two/cd camps/nns --/-- those/dts for/in or/cc against/in pupil/nn assignment/nn ./. Issue/nn-hl no./nn-hl 2/cd-hl ./.-hl Teacher/nn-hl assignment/nn-hl in/in-hl order/nn-hl to/to-hl desegregate/vb-hl ./.-hl In/in large/jj cities/nns like/cs Baltimore/np ,/, Louisville/np ,/, and/cc Washington/np ,/, D.C./np ,/, should/md school/vb desegregation/nn be/be extended/vbn to/in all-Negro/jj and/cc all-white/jj schools/nns by/in assigning/vbg white/jj and/cc Negro/np teachers/nns ,/, respectively/rb ?/. ?/. On/in the/at one/cd hand/nn do/do we/ppss argue/vb the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl decision/nn required/vbd only/rb that/cs a/at child/nn not/* be/be denied/vbn admission/nn to/in a/at school/nn on/in account/nn of/in his/pp$ race/nn ?/. ?/. Or/cc should/md we/ppss argue/vb that/cs if/cs we/ppss want/vb adjustment/nn of/in children/nns to/in children/nns of/in different/jj races/nns and/cc that/cs that/dt is/bez impossible/jj in/in an/at all-something-or-the-other/jj school/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md at/in least/ap provide/vb him/ppo some/dti opportunity/nn to/to adjust/vb to/in people/nns of/in another/dt race/nn within/in the/at school/nn --/-- namely/rb ,/, to/in a/at teacher/nn of/in another/dt race/nn ./. We/ppss can/md argue/vb that/cs where/wrb residence/nn makes/vbz pupil/nn desegregation/nn impossible/jj teacher/nn assignment/nn can/md create/vb a/at partially/rb desegregated/vbn situation/nn ./. Issue/nn-hl no./nn-hl 3/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl plaintiff/nn-hl in/in-hl school/nn-hl desegregation/nn-hl cases/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at earlier/jjr part/nn of/in my/pp$ statement/nn deals/vbz with/in the/at court/nn orders/nns that/wps resulted/vbd in/in desegregation/nn ./. In/in each/dt instance/nn the/at plaintiff/nn was/bedz a/at private/jj citizen/nn ./. In/in thousands/nns of/in school/nn districts/nns ,/, indeed/rb ,/, in/in the/at entire/jj State/nn-tl of/in-tl Mississippi/np-tl ,/, no/at plaintiff/nn has/hvz come/vbn forth/rb ./. And/cc I/ppss have/hv established/vbn that/cs the/at action/nn of/in municipal/jj ,/, county/nn ,/, or/cc state/nn school/nn boards/nns or/cc boards/nns of/in education/nn is/bez small/jj ,/, infinitesimally/ql small/jj in/in comparison/nn with/in the/at number/nn of/in districts/nns ./. Is/bez the/at requirement/nn that/cs the/at plaintiff/nn be/be a/at person/nn actually/rb denied/vbn admission/nn to/in a/at school/nn a/at sound/jj requirement/nn ?/. ?/. Should/md Congress/np authorize/vb the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl to/to file/vb suit/nn to/to accomplish/vb admission/nn of/in a/at child/nn to/in a/at school/nn to/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez denied/vbn entrance/nn ?/. ?/. Even/rb though/cs in/in civil/jj rights/nns legislation/nn in/in 1957/cd and/cc 1960/cd the/at provision/nn for/in the/at Attorney/nn-tl General/jj-tl to/in act/nn was/bedz eliminated/vbn ,/, should/md we/ppss nevertheless/rb support/vb such/abl a/at clause/nn ?/. ?/. This/dt is/bez an/at issue/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps divides/vbz people/nns rather/ql sharply/rb ./. Issue/nn-hl no./nn-hl 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Withholding/vbg-hl of/in-hl funds/nns-hl to/in-hl schools/nns-hl that/wps-hl deny/vb-hl children/nns-hl on/in-hl account/nn-hl of/in-hl race/nn-hl ./.-hl This/dt is/bez the/at Powell/np-tl Amendment/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt in/in 1957/cd divided/vbd even/rb a/at ``/`` liberal/jj ''/'' group/nn like/cs the/at American/jj-tl Veterans/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl (/( AVC/np )/) ./. Should/md we/ppss support/vb a/at clause/nn in/in Federal/jj-tl school/nn construction/nn or/cc school/nn assistance/nn legislation/nn that/wps would/md deny/vb Federal/jj-tl funds/nns to/in a/at school/nn district/nn that/wps denies/vbz admission/nn to/in a/at child/nn on/in account/nn of/in his/pp$ race/nn ?/. ?/. This/dt is/bez softer/jjr than/cs earlier/jjr Powell/np amendments/nns which/wdt would/md have/hv denied/vbn funds/nns to/in all/abn segregated/vbn school/nn districts/nns ./. There/ex is/bez nonetheless/rb considerable/jj argument/nn against/in the/at clause/nn ,/, softened/vbn though/cs it/pps be/be ,/, on/in the/at grounds/nns that/cs Federal/jj-tl aid/nn is/bez so/ql necessary/jj to/in the/at public/jj schools/nns ./. The/at Federal/jj-tl funds/nns limitation/nn enlists/vbz the/at support/nn of/in many/ap ,/, the/at opposition/nn of/in quite/abl a/at few/ap ./. Issue/nn-hl no./nn-hl 5/cd-hl ./.-hl Required/vbn-hl public/jj-hl education/nn-hl ./.-hl Should/md a/at political/jj subdivision/nn ,/, state/nn or/cc county/nn or/cc municipality/nn ,/, be/be required/vbn to/to furnish/vb public/jj education/nn ?/. ?/. For/in the/at school/nn year/nn ,/, 1959-1960/cd ,/, the/at Prince/nn-tl Edward/np-tl County/nn-tl (/( Virginia/np )/) Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Supervisors/nns-tl voted/vbd not/* to/to provide/vb funds/nns for/in public/jj education/nn ,/, and/cc the/at school/nn board/nn therefore/rb could/md provide/vb no/at public/jj education/nn --/-- for/in white/jj or/cc Negro/np children/nns ./. Is/bez public/jj education/nn in/in this/dt American/jj democracy/nn of/in such/jj importance/nn that/cs no/at child/nn should/md be/be denied/vbn public/jj education/nn ?/. ?/. Or/cc is/bez this/dt subject/nn a/at matter/nn of/in self-determination/nn ,/, a/at matter/nn of/in states/nns rights/nns or/cc county/nn rights/nns ?/. ?/. If/cs people/nns don't/do* want/vb to/to provide/vb public/jj education/nn ,/, should/md they/ppss be/be forced/vbn to/to do/do so/rb ?/. ?/. Even/rb if/cs we/ppss marshal/vb substantial/jj agreement/nn behind/in mandatory/jj public/jj education/nn ,/, we/ppss likely/rb cannot/md* expect/vb that/cs all/abn the/at states/nns will/md enact/vb the/at legislation/nn ./. Should/md the/at requirement/nn ,/, which/wdt must/md therefore/rb be/be Federal/jj-tl in/in nature/nn ,/, be/be legislated/vbn by/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Congress/np-tl ?/. ?/. Or/cc must/md it/ppo become/vb law/nn by/in amendment/nn of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Constitution/nn-tl ?/. ?/. We/ppss actually/rb have/hv two/cd issues/nns in/in this/dt question/nn --/-- goal/nn and/cc method/nn ./. Issue/nn-hl no./nn-hl 6/cd-hl ./.-hl Federal/jj-tl-hl responsibility/nn-hl for/in-hl education/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl citizens/nns-hl ./.-hl If/cs the/at above/jj issue/nn is/bez settled/vbn by/in requiring/vbg public/jj education/nn for/in all/abn citizens/nns ,/, Issue/nn-tl No./nn-tl 6/cd-tl may/md be/be moot/jj ./. If/cs ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* settled/vbn ,/, or/cc while/cs it/pps is/bez being/beg debated/vbn and/cc resolved/vbn ,/, does/doz the/at Federal/jj-tl government/nn have/hv a/at responsibility/nn in/in situations/nns like/cs that/dt in/in Prince/nn-tl Edward/np-tl County/nn-tl ?/. ?/. Nearly/rb half/abn the/at children/nns still/rb receive/vb no/at education/nn ./. Must/md or/cc should/md the/at Federal/jj-tl government/nn help/vb ?/. ?/. Should/md the/at government/nn directly/rb provide/vb education/nn for/in the/at children/nns who/wps want/vb public/jj education/nn ?/. ?/.

cj49

cj49 |@word next:1 question:3 whether:2 board:7 member:7 favor:11 social:26 class:53 role:1 educational:24 policy:12 maker:2 whole:2 appear:3 explicit:3 way:3 seldom:2 issue:6 line:2 clearly:1 draw:1 hypothetical:1 sort:2 may:9 deal:1 establishment:1 free:4 public:9 junior:1 college:10 community:2 already:1 good:4 private:7 serve:5 middle:19 youth:3 adequately:1 expensive:2 work:7 situation:1 generally:4 expansion:3 education:26 campbell:1 study:6 record:3 172:1 school:14 twelve:1 western:1 city:1 period:2 1931:1 40:1 find:1 little:2 relationship:1 certain:1 economic:8 factor:3 competence:2 judge:1 panel:1 professional:2 educator:5 voting:1 case:5 clear:3 favoritism:1 along:1 likely:4 involve:1 representative:1 practice:1 high:11 wage:1 janitor:1 rather:2 pay:1 increase:4 teacher:11 general:5 trustee:3 attempt:5 represent:3 interest:14 administration:1 make:11 easy:2 fact:2 dominant:1 value:10 society:12 think:2 valid:1 entire:5 conflict:5 field:1 would:1 answer:2 currently:1 major:3 controversy:1 group:8 heavily:1 engage:1 segregated:1 south:2 primarily:1 matter:3 racial:1 thus:2 white:3 low:13 array:1 negro:1 resolve:1 suit:2 people:10 better:1 happen:1 take:4 position:5 profession:3 voice:1 determination:1 strong:2 university:5 mostly:1 upper:9 bias:3 decision:5 dominate:1 institution:2 transmit:1 strengthen:2 must:1 characteristic:1 problem:4 arise:2 choice:1 within:3 area:2 bear:2 relation:1 structure:3 instance:2 give:1 grade:1 recommendation:3 award:1 scholarship:7 consciously:1 unconsciously:1 student:9 one:8 another:7 decide:1 content:1 method:1 teaching:2 curriculum:3 competitor:1 race:1 status:2 certainly:1 depend:3 extent:1 upon:6 also:1 history:1 well:4 personality:3 conceive:2 mission:1 set:2 various:2 background:3 wattenberg:1 illustrate:1 variety:1 approach:2 upward:4 mobile:4 hard:1 taskmaster:1 pupil:2 want:1 develop:1 attitude:4 skill:1 enable:1 climb:1 permissive:1 person:2 know:1 disadvantage:1 deprivation:1 home:1 hope:1 encourage:2 friendly:1 treatment:1 play:1 large:1 part:1 today:1 great:3 many:2 urban:2 family:1 experience:4 system:1 influence:4 complex:1 individual:1 probably:3 statement:1 fair:1 degree:1 truth:1 see:2 valuable:1 kind:2 vocational:4 advancement:3 necessarily:1 mean:1 contrast:2 liberal:5 maximal:1 pure:2 design:1 help:1 get:1 job:1 doubt:1 since:2 world:2 war:2 2:2 move:1 away:1 toward:1 emphasis:1 technology:1 specialization:1 several:2 cause:2 rapid:1 development:1 number:1 require:1 engineering:1 scientific:1 training:1 lie:1 new:2 postwar:2 faculty:3 use:3 means:2 compare:1 1900:1 1930:1 consist:2 child:4 immigrant:1 working:2 father:1 quite:1 native:1 parent:4 regard:2 sake:1 discount:1 emphase:1 form:1 officially:1 unofficially:1 appoint:2 act:6 legislator:2 state:3 responsibility:2 legislation:1 vote:2 constituency:3 solidly:2 expect:1 however:1 relatively:1 political:2 point:2 cut:1 distinction:1 commission:10 laymen:1 earnestly:1 nevertheless:1 conclusion:1 please:1 everybody:1 often:1 particular:1 view:1 two:1 presidential:1 president:2 truman:1 tend:2 expansionist:1 eisenhower:1 committee:2 beyond:1 slightly:1 conservative:1 example:2 definite:1 note:1 proceeding:1 financing:1 sponsor:1 association:2 american:2 support:7 rockefeller:1 foundation:2 carnegie:1 corporation:1 recommend:2 federal:3 government:5 fund:3 assistance:1 broad:2 program:7 say:1 publish:1 staff:1 book:1 byron:1 hollingshead:1 entitle:1 go:2 furthermore:1 council:1 financial:1 aid:2 business:1 sense:1 conviction:1 officer:1 inevitably:1 exert:1 refusal:1 experiment:1 demonstration:1 practically:1 always:1 finally:1 organization:2 layman:1 national:1 parents:1 citizens:1 leadership:1 membership:1 rare:1 exception:1 active:1 local:1 like:1 intend:1 predominantly:1 undoubtedly:1 share:2 unaware:1 existence:1 consequently:1 fail:1 account:1 frank:1 conscious:1 espousal:1 power:1 try:1 united:1 states:1 goal:2 maximization:1 cultural:4 opportunity:5 far:1 achieve:1 become:1 fluid:1 artificial:1 barrier:2 mobility:1 reduce:1 end:1 hierarchy:1 fully:1 material:1 hand:1 counterbalance:1 purpose:2 pass:1 advantage:1 lead:1 effort:1 exclusiveness:1 maintenance:1 stratification:1 exist:1 side:2 without:1 much:2 overt:1 present:1 condition:1 maximize:2 result:1 raise:2 average:1 level:1 promote:1 fluidity:1 fifty:1 year:1 ago:1 raising:1 leave:1 age:1 sixteen:1 movement:1 past:3 decade:3 carry:1 reaffirmation:1 faith:1 comprehensive:1 express:1 conant:1 indication:1 liveliness:1 ideal:1 equalizing:1 recent:1 loan:1 step:1 direction:1 available:1 effective:1 expand:1 mainly:1 academic:1 usually:1 meanwhile:1 tuition:1 rate:1 dwarf:1 gain:1 place:1 largely:1 publicly:1

The/at next/ap question/nn is/bez whether/cs board/nn members/nns favor/vb their/pp$ own/jj social/jj classes/nns in/in their/pp$ roles/nns as/cs educational/jj policy-makers/nns ./. On/in the/at whole/jj ,/, it/pps appears/vbz that/cs they/ppss do/do not/* favor/vb their/pp$ own/jj social/jj classes/nns in/in an/at explicit/jj way/nn ./. Seldom/rb is/bez there/ex an/at issue/nn in/in which/wdt class/nn lines/nns can/md be/be clearly/rb drawn/vbn ./. A/at hypothetical/jj issue/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn might/md deal/vb with/in the/at establishment/nn of/in a/at free/jj public/jj junior/jj college/nn in/in a/at community/nn where/wrb there/ex already/rb was/bedz a/at good/jj private/jj college/nn which/wdt served/vbd the/at middle-class/nn youth/nn adequately/rb but/cc was/bedz too/ql expensive/jj for/in working-class/nn youth/nn ./. In/in situations/nns of/in this/dt sort/nn the/at board/nn generally/rb favors/vbz the/at expansion/nn of/in free/jj education/nn ./. Campbell/np studied/vbd the/at records/nns of/in 172/cd school/nn board/nn members/nns in/in twelve/cd western/jj cities/nns over/in the/at period/nn of/in 1931/cd -/in 40/cd and/cc found/vbd ``/`` little/ap or/cc no/at relationship/nn between/in certain/ap social/jj and/cc economic/jj factors/nns and/cc school/nn board/nn competence/nn ''/'' ,/, as/cs judged/vbn by/in a/at panel/nn of/in professional/jj educators/nns who/wps studied/vbd the/at voting/vbg records/nns on/in educational/jj issues/nns ./. The/at few/ap cases/nns of/in clear/jj favoritism/nn along/in social-class/nn lines/nns are/ber as/ql likely/jj as/cs not/* to/to involve/vb representatives/nns of/in the/at working/vbg class/nn on/in the/at school/nn board/nn who/wps favor/vb some/dti such/jj practice/nn as/cs higher/jjr wages/nns for/in janitors/nns rather/rb than/cs pay/nn increases/nns for/in teachers/nns ,/, and/cc such/jj issues/nns are/ber not/* issues/nns of/in educational/jj policy/nn ./. In/in general/jj ,/, it/pps appears/vbz that/cs trustees/nns and/cc board/nn members/nns attempt/vb to/to represent/vb the/at public/jj interest/nn in/in their/pp$ administration/nn of/in educational/jj policy/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez made/vbn easier/jjr by/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at dominant/jj values/nns of/in the/at society/nn are/ber middle-class/nn values/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber generally/rb thought/vbn to/to be/be valid/jj for/in the/at entire/jj society/nn ./. There/ex have/hv been/ben very/ql few/ap cases/nns of/in explicit/jj conflict/nn of/in interest/nn between/in the/at middle/jj class/nn and/cc any/dti other/ap class/nn in/in the/at field/nn of/in educational/jj policy/nn ./. If/cs there/ex were/bed more/ap such/jj cases/nns ,/, it/pps would/md be/be easier/jjr to/to answer/vb the/at question/nn whether/cs the/at policy-makers/nns favor/vb their/pp$ own/jj social/jj classes/nns ./. There/ex is/bez currently/rb a/at major/jj controversy/nn of/in public/jj education/nn in/in which/wdt group/nn interests/nns and/cc values/nns are/ber heavily/rb engaged/vbn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at issue/nn of/in segregated/vbn schools/nns in/in the/at South/nr-tl ./. In/in this/dt case/nn it/pps is/bez primarily/rb a/at matter/nn of/in conflict/nn of/in racial/jj groups/nns rather/rb than/cs social-class/nn groups/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at white/jj middle/jj and/cc lower/jjr classes/nns are/ber arrayed/vbn against/in the/at Negro/np middle/jj and/cc lower/jjr classes/nns ./. This/dt conflict/nn may/md be/be resolved/vbn in/in a/at way/nn which/wdt will/md suit/vb white/jj middle-class/nn people/nns better/rbr than/cs it/pps suits/vbz white/jj lower-class/nn people/nns ./. If/cs this/dt happens/vbz ,/, there/ex may/md be/be some/dti class/nn conflict/nn in/in the/at South/nr-tl ,/, with/in school/nn boards/nns and/cc school/nn teachers/nns taking/vbg the/at middle-class/nn position/nn ./. The/at-hl educational/jj-hl profession/nn-hl The/at members/nns of/in the/at educational/jj profession/nn have/hv a/at major/jj voice/nn in/in the/at determination/nn of/in educational/jj policy/nn ,/, their/pp$ position/nn being/beg strongest/jjt in/in the/at universities/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber mostly/rb upper-middle-/jj and/cc lower-middle-class/nn people/nns ,/, with/in a/at few/ap in/in the/at upper/jj class/nn ./. Do/do they/ppss make/vb class-biased/jj decisions/nns ?/. ?/. In/in a/at society/nn dominated/vbn by/in middle-class/nn values/nns and/cc working/vbg in/in an/at institution/nn which/wdt transmits/vbz and/cc strengthens/vbz these/dts social/jj values/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs the/at educational/jj profession/nn must/md work/vb for/in the/at values/nns which/wdt are/ber characteristic/jj of/in the/at society/nn ./. There/ex is/bez no/at problem/nn here/rb ./. The/at problem/nn arises/vbz ,/, if/cs it/pps does/doz arise/vb ,/, when/wrb the/at educator/nn has/hvz to/to make/vb a/at choice/nn or/cc a/at decision/nn within/in the/at area/nn of/in his/pp$ professional/jj competence/nn ,/, but/cc which/wdt bears/vbz some/dti relation/nn to/in the/at social/jj structure/nn ./. For/in instance/nn ,/, in/in giving/vbg school/nn grades/nns or/cc in/in making/vbg recommendations/nns for/in the/at award/nn of/in a/at college/nn scholarship/nn ,/, does/doz he/pps consciously/rb or/cc unconsciously/rb favor/vb students/nns of/in one/cd or/cc another/dt social/jj class/nn ?/. ?/. Again/rb ,/, in/in deciding/vbg on/in the/at content/nn and/cc method/nn of/in his/pp$ teaching/nn ,/, does/doz he/pps favor/vb a/at curriculum/nn which/wdt will/md make/vb his/pp$ students/nns stronger/jjr competitors/nns in/in the/at race/nn for/in higher/jjr economic/jj status/nn ,/, or/cc does/doz he/pps favor/vb a/at curriculum/nn which/wdt strengthens/vbz students/nns in/in other/ap ways/nns ?/. ?/. The/at answers/nns to/in questions/nns such/jj as/cs these/dts certainly/rb depend/vb to/in some/dti extent/nn upon/in the/at educator's/nn$ own/jj social-class/nn position/nn and/cc also/rb upon/in his/pp$ social/jj history/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs upon/in his/pp$ personality/nn and/cc what/wdt he/pps conceives/vbz his/pp$ mission/nn to/to be/be as/cs an/at educator/nn ./. In/in a/at set/nn of/in case/nn studies/nns of/in teachers/nns with/in various/ap social-class/nn backgrounds/nns ,/, Wattenberg/np illustrates/vbz a/at variety/nn of/in approaches/nns to/in students/nns and/cc to/in teaching/vbg which/wdt depend/vb upon/in the/at teacher's/nn$ personality/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs on/in his/pp$ social-class/nn background/nn ./. One/cd upward-mobile/jj teacher/nn may/md be/be a/at hard/jj taskmaster/nn for/in lower-class/nn pupils/nns because/cs she/pps wants/vbz them/ppo to/to develop/vb the/at attitudes/nns and/cc skills/nns that/wps will/md enable/vb them/ppo to/to climb/vb ,/, while/cs another/dt upward-mobile/jj teacher/nn may/md be/be a/at very/ql permissive/jj person/nn with/in lower-class/nn pupils/nns because/cs he/pps knows/vbz their/pp$ disadvantages/nns and/cc deprivations/nns at/in home/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps hopes/vbz to/to encourage/vb them/ppo by/in friendly/jj treatment/nn ./. One/cd social-class/nn factor/nn which/wdt plays/vbz a/at large/jj part/nn in/in educational/jj policy/nn today/nr is/bez the/at fact/nn that/cs a/at great/ql many/ap school/nn and/cc college/nn teachers/nns are/ber upward/rb mobile/jj from/in urban/jj lower-class/nn and/cc lower-middle-class/nn families/nns ./. Their/pp$ own/jj experience/nn in/in the/at social/jj system/nn influences/vbz their/pp$ work/nn and/cc attitudes/nns as/cs teachers/nns ./. While/cs this/dt influence/nn is/bez a/at complex/jj matter/nn ,/, depending/in upon/in personality/nn factors/nns in/in the/at individual/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs upon/in his/pp$ social-class/nn experience/nn ,/, there/ex probably/rb are/ber some/dti general/jj statements/nns about/in social-class/nn background/nn and/cc educational/jj policy/nn that/wps can/md be/be made/vbn with/in a/at fair/jj degree/nn of/in truth/nn ./. Teachers/nns who/wps have/hv been/ben upward/rb mobile/jj probably/rb see/vb education/nn as/cs most/ql valuable/jj for/in their/pp$ students/nns if/cs it/pps serves/vbz students/nns as/cs it/pps has/hvz served/vbn them/ppo ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, they/ppss are/ber likely/jj to/to favor/vb a/at kind/nn of/in education/nn that/wps has/hvz vocational-advancement/nn value/nn ./. This/dt does/doz not/* necessarily/rb mean/vb that/cs such/jj teachers/nns will/md favor/vb vocational/jj education/nn ,/, as/cs contrasted/vbn with/in liberal/jj education/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss are/ber likely/jj to/to favor/vb an/at approach/nn to/in liberal/jj education/nn which/wdt has/hvz a/at maximal/jj vocational-advancement/nn value/nn ,/, as/cs against/in a/at kind/nn of/in ``/`` pure/jj ''/'' liberal/jj education/nn that/wps is/bez not/* designed/vbn to/to help/vb people/nns get/vb better/jjr jobs/nns ./. There/ex is/bez no/at doubt/nn that/cs higher/jjr education/nn since/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, has/hvz moved/vbn away/rb from/in ``/`` pure/jj ''/'' liberal/jj education/nn toward/in greater/jjr emphasis/nn on/in technology/nn and/cc specialization/nn ./. There/ex are/ber several/ap causes/nns for/in this/dt ,/, one/cd being/beg rapid/jj economic/jj development/nn with/in increasing/vbg numbers/nns of/in of/in middle-class/nn positions/nns requiring/vbg engineering/vbg or/cc scientific/jj training/nn ./. But/cc another/dt cause/nn may/md lie/vb in/in the/at experience/nn of/in so/ql many/ap new/jj postwar/jj faculty/nn members/nns with/in their/pp$ own/jj use/nn of/in education/nn as/cs a/at means/nn of/in social/jj advancement/nn ./. Compared/vbn with/in the/at college/nn and/cc university/nn faculty/nn members/nns of/in the/at period/nn from/in 1900/cd to/in 1930/cd ,/, the/at new/jj postwar/jj faculty/nn members/nns consist/vb of/in more/ap children/nns of/in immigrants/nns and/cc more/ap children/nns of/in urban/jj working-class/nn fathers/nns ./. Their/pp$ experience/nn is/bez quite/rb in/in contrast/nn with/in that/dt of/in children/nns of/in upper-/jj and/cc upper-middle-class/nn native-born/jj parents/nns ,/, who/wps are/ber more/ql likely/jj to/to regard/vb education/nn as/cs good/jj for/in its/pp$ own/jj sake/nn and/cc to/to discount/vb the/at vocational/jj emphases/nns in/in the/at curriculum/nn ./. The/at ``/`` public/jj interest/nn ''/'' groups/nns Educational/jj policies/nns are/ber formed/vbn by/in several/ap groups/nns who/wps are/ber officially/rb or/cc unofficially/rb appointed/vbn to/to act/vb in/in the/at public/jj interest/nn ./. Legislators/nns are/ber one/cd such/jj group/nn ,/, and/cc state/nn legislators/nns have/hv major/jj responsibility/nn for/in educational/jj legislation/nn ./. They/ppss generally/rb vote/vb so/cs as/cs to/to serve/vb their/pp$ own/jj constituency/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs the/at constituency/nn should/md be/be solidly/rb middle/jj class/nn or/cc solidly/rb lower/jjr class/nn ,/, they/ppss might/md be/be expected/vbn to/to vote/vb and/cc work/vb for/in middle-/jj or/cc for/in lower-class/nn interests/nns in/in education/nn ./. However/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber relatively/ql few/ap such/jj political/jj constituencies/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs has/hvz been/ben pointed/vbn out/rp ,/, there/ex is/bez seldom/rb a/at clear-cut/jj distinction/nn between/in the/at educational/jj interests/nns of/in one/cd social/jj class/nn and/cc those/dts of/in another/dt ./. Another/dt public/jj interest/nn group/nn is/bez the/at commission/nn of/in laymen/nns or/cc educators/nns which/wdt is/bez appointed/vbn to/to study/vb an/at educational/jj problem/nn and/cc to/to make/vb recommendations/nns ./. Generally/rb these/dts commissions/nns work/vb earnestly/rb to/to represent/vb the/at interest/nn of/in the/at entire/jj society/nn ,/, as/cs they/ppss conceive/vb it/ppo ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, their/pp$ conclusions/nns and/cc recommendations/nns cannot/md* please/vb everybody/pn ,/, and/cc they/ppss often/rb represent/vb a/at particular/ap economic/jj or/cc political/jj point/nn of/in view/nn ./. For/in instance/nn ,/, there/ex have/hv been/ben two/cd Presidential/jj-tl Commissions/nns-tl on/in higher/jjr education/nn since/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd ./. President/nn-tl Truman's/np$ Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl Higher/jjr-tl Education/nn-tl tended/vbd to/to take/vb a/at liberal/jj ,/, expansionist/nn position/nn ,/, while/cs President/nn-tl Eisenhower's/np$ Committee/nn-tl on/in-tl Education/nn-tl Beyond/rb-tl the/at-tl High/jj-tl School/nn-tl was/bedz slightly/ql more/ql conservative/jj ./. Both/abx Commissions/nns-tl consisted/vbd of/in upper-middle-/jj and/cc upper-class/nn people/nns ,/, who/wps attempted/vbd to/to act/vb in/in the/at public/jj interest/nn ./. An/at example/nn of/in a/at more/ql definite/jj class/nn bias/nn is/bez noted/vbn in/in proceedings/nns of/in the/at Commission/nn-tl on/in-tl the/at-tl Financing/nn-tl of/in-tl Higher/jjr-tl Education/nn-tl sponsored/vbn by/in the/at Association/nn-tl of/in-tl American/jj Universities/nns-tl and/cc supported/vbn by/in the/at Rockefeller/np-tl Foundation/nn-tl and/cc the/at Carnegie/np-tl Corporation/nn-tl ./. This/dt Commission/nn-tl recommended/vbd against/in the/at use/nn of/in federal/jj government/nn funds/nns for/in the/at assistance/nn of/in private/jj universities/nns and/cc against/in a/at broad/jj program/nn of/in government-supported/jj scholarships/nns ./. This/dt might/nn be/be said/vbn to/to be/be an/at upper-/jj or/cc an/at upper-middle-class/nn bias/nn ,/, but/cc the/at Commission/nn-tl published/vbd as/cs one/cd of/in its/pp$ staff/nn studies/nns a/at book/nn by/in Byron/np S./np Hollingshead/np entitled/vbn Who/wps-tl Should/md-tl Go/vb-tl To/in-tl College/nn-tl ?/. ?/. Which/wdt recommended/vbd a/at federal/jj government/nn scholarship/nn program/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl set/vbd up/rp the/at Council/nn-tl for/in-tl Financial/jj-tl Aid/nn-tl to/in-tl Education/nn-tl as/cs a/at means/nn of/in encouraging/vbg private/jj business/nn to/to increase/vb its/pp$ support/nn of/in private/jj higher/jjr education/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at Commission/nn-tl acted/vbd with/in a/at sense/nn of/in social/jj responsibility/nn within/in the/at area/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj convictions/nns about/in the/at problem/nn of/in government/nn support/nn to/in private/jj education/nn ./. Then/rb there/ex are/ber the/at trustees/nns and/cc officers/nns of/in the/at great/jj educational/jj foundations/nns ,/, who/wps inevitably/rb exert/vb an/at influence/nn on/in educational/jj decisions/nns by/in their/pp$ support/nn or/cc refusal/nn to/to support/vb various/ap educational/jj programs/nns ,/, experiments/nns ,/, and/cc demonstrations/nns ./. These/dts people/nns are/ber practically/ql always/rb upper-/jj or/cc upper-middle-class/nn persons/nns ,/, who/wps attempt/vb to/to act/vb in/in what/wdt they/ppss regard/vb as/cs the/at interest/nn of/in the/at entire/jj society/nn ./. Finally/rb there/ex are/ber the/at parent/nn organizations/nns and/cc the/at laymen's/nns$ organizations/nns such/jj as/cs the/at National/jj-tl Association/nn-tl of/in-tl Parents/nns-tl and/cc-tl Teachers/nns-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Citizens/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl on/in-tl Public/jj-tl Schools/nns-tl ./. These/dts have/hv an/at upper-middle-class/nn leadership/nn and/cc a/at middle-class/nn membership/nn ,/, with/in rare/jj exceptions/nns ,/, where/wrb working-class/nn parents/nns are/ber active/jj in/in local/jj P.-T.A./np matters/nns ./. Like/cs the/at other/ap policy-making/jj groups/nns ,/, these/dts are/ber middle/jj class/nn in/in their/pp$ educational/jj attitudes/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss attempt/vb to/to act/vb in/in the/at general/jj public/jj interest/nn ,/, as/cs they/ppss see/vb it/ppo ./. In/in general/jj ,/, it/pps appears/vbz that/cs educational/jj decisions/nns and/cc educational/jj policies/nns are/ber made/vbn by/in people/nns who/wps intend/vb to/to act/vb in/in the/at interests/nns of/in the/at society/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber predominantly/rb middle-/jj and/cc upper-class/nn people/nns ,/, and/cc undoubtedly/rb share/vb the/at values/nns and/cc attitudes/nns of/in those/dts classes/nns ./. They/ppss may/md be/be unaware/jj of/in the/at existence/nn of/in lower-class/nn values/nns and/cc consequently/rb fail/vb to/to take/vb them/ppo into/in account/nn ./. But/cc there/ex is/bez very/ql little/ap frank/jj and/cc conscious/jj espousal/nn of/in the/at interests/nns of/in any/dti one/cd social/jj class/nn by/in the/at people/nns who/wps have/hv the/at power/nn to/to make/vb decisions/nns in/in education/nn ./. They/ppss think/vb of/in themselves/ppls as/cs trustees/nns for/in the/at entire/jj society/nn and/cc try/vb to/to serve/vb the/at entire/jj society/nn ./. Attempts/nns-hl to/to-hl influence/vb-hl social/jj-hl structure/nn-hl through/in-hl education/nn-hl Educational/jj policy/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl has/hvz as/cs an/at explicit/jj goal/nn the/at maximization/nn of/in economic/jj and/cc cultural/jj opportunity/nn ./. In/in so/ql far/rb as/cs this/dt goal/nn is/bez achieved/vbn ,/, the/at society/nn becomes/vbz more/ql fluid/jj ,/, artificial/jj barriers/nns to/in social/jj mobility/nn are/ber reduced/vbn ,/, and/cc people/nns at/in the/at lower/jjr end/nn of/in the/at social/jj hierarchy/nn share/vb more/ql fully/rb in/in the/at material/nn and/cc cultural/jj goods/nns of/in society/nn ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez a/at counterbalancing/vbg purpose/nn in/in education/nn which/wdt is/bez to/to pass/vb on/rp the/at advantages/nns of/in the/at parents/nns to/in their/pp$ children/nns ./. This/dt leads/vbz to/in efforts/nns at/in exclusiveness/nn through/in private/jj schools/nns and/cc to/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in social/jj stratification/nn in/in the/at schools/nns ./. Both/abx of/in these/dts purposes/nns exist/vb side/nn by/in side/nn without/in much/ap overt/jj conflict/nn under/in present/jj conditions/nns ./. Maximizing/vbg-hl economic/jj-hl and/cc-hl cultural/jj-hl opportunity/nn-hl The/at broad/jj expansion/nn of/in free/jj education/nn results/vbz both/abx in/in raising/vbg the/at average/jj economic/jj and/cc cultural/jj level/nn of/in the/at society/nn and/cc in/in promoting/vbg fluidity/nn within/in the/at social/jj structure/nn ./. Fifty/cd years/nns ago/rb the/at general/jj raising/nn of/in the/at school-leaving/jj age/nn to/in sixteen/cd was/bedz an/at example/nn of/in this/dt movement/nn ./. During/in the/at past/ap decade/nn the/at program/nn has/hvz been/ben carried/vbn on/rp through/in expansion/nn of/in free/jj higher/jjr education/nn in/in state/nn universities/nns ,/, state/nn colleges/nns ,/, and/cc community/nn colleges/nns ./. The/at reaffirmation/nn of/in American/jj faith/nn in/in the/at comprehensive/jj high/jj school/nn ,/, as/cs expressed/vbn in/in the/at Conant/np study/nn ,/, is/bez another/dt indication/nn of/in the/at liveliness/nn of/in the/at ideal/nn of/in maximizing/vbg opportunity/nn through/in the/at equalizing/nn of/in educational/jj opportunity/nn ./. The/at recent/jj federal/jj government's/nn$ student-loan/nn program/nn is/bez another/dt step/nn in/in the/at direction/nn of/in making/vbg higher/jjr education/nn more/ql available/jj to/in lower-status/nn youth/nn ./. It/pps is/bez probably/rb more/ql effective/jj than/cs the/at expanded/vbn scholarship/nn programs/nns of/in the/at past/ap decade/nn ,/, because/cs the/at scholarship/nn programs/nns mainly/rb aided/vbd the/at students/nns with/in the/at best/jjt academic/jj records/nns (/( who/wps were/bed usually/rb middle-class/nn )/) ,/, and/cc these/dts students/nns tended/vbd to/to use/vb the/at scholarship/nn funds/nns to/to go/vb to/in more/ql expensive/jj colleges/nns ./. Meanwhile/rb ,/, the/at private/jj colleges/nns have/hv increased/vbn their/pp$ tuition/nn rates/nns so/ql much/rb that/cs they/ppss have/hv raised/vbn an/at economic/jj barrier/nn which/wdt dwarfs/vbz their/pp$ scholarship/nn funds/nns ./. The/at gains/nns in/in educational/jj opportunity/nn during/in the/at past/ap decade/nn have/hv taken/vbn place/nn largely/rb in/in the/at publicly/rb supported/vbn institutions/nns ./.

cj50

cj50 |@word unfortunately:1 however:3 reason:3 discuss:1 follow:4 chapter:3 rate:20 relationship:1 make:4 completely:2 nondiscriminatory:1 long:4 must:7 set:1 marginal:6 cost:99 order:5 yield:2 adequate:1 revenue:8 fact:3 may:9 explain:1 disagreement:2 among:12 expert:1 rational:1 formula:1 apportionment:11 total:19 different:13 unit:8 service:30 one:11 receive:3 attention:2 next:1 concern:2 question:2 whether:2 kind:3 avoid:1 attribute:2 discrimination:1 directly:4 proportional:1 base:1 instead:2 difference:2 choice:1 horn:1 dilemma:1 two:2 major:3 type:15 fully:5 distribute:6 analysis:13 1:5 double:3 step:6 despite:1 ambiguity:1 due:1 failure:1 clearly:1 define:1 relative:1 exposition:3 costing:1 go:2 far:1 toward:1 express:2 basic:1 philosophy:1 practice:5 explicit:1 distinguish:3 mean:2 important:2 distinction:4 superimpose:2 distribution:5 admittedly:1 unallocable:3 residue:5 estimate:4 incremental:1 recognize:2 true:1 allocation:3 mere:3 first:4 also:4 call:4 railroad:5 application:2 transportation:1 agency:1 section:4 interstate:3 commerce:3 commission:3 variable:7 constant:2 manner:1 note:2 precede:1 alone:1 assign:3 freight:3 traffic:4 represent:1 run:2 pocket:3 term:2 meaning:1 distinctly:1 economist:1 remain:1 requirement:2 since:4 find:3 behave:1 substantial:2 variation:1 density:1 strictly:2 basis:3 nevertheless:1 feel:1 impel:1 apportion:6 sometimes:2 burden:2 carload:3 partly:3 ton:2 mile:1 concededly:1 quite:2 arbitrary:1 standpoint:2 determination:2 recent:1 year:2 include:6 allowance:4 deficiency:1 passenger:1 business:5 less:2 amount:3 third:1 suppose:2 upon:1 meet:1 book:1 incidentally:1 attempt:2 analyze:1 method:1 staff:1 suffice:1 say:4 usefulness:1 latter:2 questionable:1 event:1 full:1 credit:1 give:3 overt:1 recognition:2 vital:1 often:1 ignore:2 utility:11 namely:1 design:2 reflect:1 actual:2 behavior:1 response:1 change:2 output:5 class:19 somehow:3 spread:1 even:1 specific:2 2:3 single:4 turn:3 unlike:1 draw:1 public:2 considerable:1 use:5 put:1 gas:3 electric:5 case:2 determine:1 reasonably:1 treat:1 although:2 divide:2 deem:4 function:6 moreover:1 whereas:1 parlance:1 vary:3 direct:2 proportion:1 review:2 broadly:1 cover:4 energy:4 number:3 customer:10 necessarily:1 linear:1 already:1 early:1 paragraph:1 familiar:1 enterprise:1 system:3 residential:9 commercial:4 industrial:4 power:4 street:2 lighting:2 etc:2 grand:1 division:4 permit:2 many:2 entirety:1 least:1 exclude:2 high:3 tension:2 example:4 would:7 charge:9 share:1 maintenance:2 capital:15 low:4 line:1 portion:1 common:2 joint:1 nearly:1 various:2 reapportion:1 report:3 serve:1 tentative:1 measure:3 reasonable:1 general:1 differently:1 illustrate:1 highly:1 simplified:3 problem:3 subtype:4 belong:1 rather:1 analyst:3 particular:1 respect:1 operating:7 annual:6 fair:4 return:8 perhaps:1 6:2 per:7 cent:2 whatever:2 devote:1 consumer:4 second:1 take:2 frequently:3 apply:1 expense:4 sure:1 investment:4 alternatively:1 value:2 plant:3 equipment:2 gross:1 sale:1 result:2 excess:1 impute:2 realize:1 thus:1 b:1 come:2 c:1 net:1 devoted:1 aggregate:1 show:1 probably:1 much:2 obvious:1 convenience:1 notably:1 avoidance:1 controversial:3 hold:1 constitute:1 likely:1 mislead:1 seem:1 support:1 conclusion:1 imputed:1 plus:1 compensatory:1 needless:1 inference:1 unwarranted:1 suggest:1 shall:1 assume:4 following:1 three:3 part:2 simplify:1 typical:1 let:3 company:3 supply:3 city:1 generate:1 steam:1 generation:1 existence:1 voltage:2 phase:1 assumption:1 center:1 aspect:2 modern:1 along:2 dimension:1 regard:1 simple:3 indeed:1 limit:1 finding:1 calculation:1 kilowatt:7 hour:5 consumption:3 statement:1 multiple:1 therefore:2 require:2 subdivision:1 threefold:2 volumetric:1 demand:2 capacity:2 counterpart:1 actually:2 monthly:1 bill:2 sum:1 5:1 250:1 maximum:1 month:3 8:1 present:1 interest:1 lie:1 measurement:1 indirectly:1 consider:1 classification:1 illustrative:1 purpose:1 complex:1 way:1 operate:1 regardless:2 almost:1 minimum:4 metering:2 billing:1 incur:2 another:1 small:2 substantially:1 large:1 user:1 costly:1 connection:1 device:1 separately:1 form:1 wholly:1 entitle:1 electricity:1 payment:1 really:1 imputation:1 arise:1 frequent:1 definitely:1 earmark:1 benefit:1 fraction:2 secondary:1 equal:1 hypothetical:1

Unfortunately/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc for/in reasons/nns to/to be/be discussed/vbn in/in the/at following/vbg chapter/nn ,/, no/at rate/nn relationships/nns can/md be/be made/vbn completely/ql nondiscriminatory/jj as/ql long/rb as/cs all/abn or/cc some/dti of/in the/at rates/nns must/md be/be set/vbn above/in marginal/jj costs/nns in/in order/nn to/to yield/vb adequate/jj revenues/nns ./. And/cc this/dt fact/nn may/md explain/vb some/dti of/in the/at disagreements/nns among/in the/at experts/nns as/in to/in the/at more/ql rational/jj formulas/nns for/in the/at apportionment/nn of/in total/jj costs/nns among/in different/jj units/nns of/in service/nn ./. One/cd such/jj disagreement/nn ,/, which/wdt will/md receive/vb attention/nn in/in this/dt next/ap chapter/nn ,/, concerns/vbz the/at question/nn whether/cs rates/nns for/in different/jj kinds/nns of/in service/nn ,/, in/in order/nn to/to avoid/vb the/at attribute/nn of/in discrimination/nn ,/, must/md be/be made/vbn directly/rb proportional/jj to/in marginal/jj costs/nns ,/, or/cc whether/cs they/ppss should/md be/be based/vbn instead/rb on/in differences/nns in/in marginal/jj costs/nns ./. Here/rb ,/, the/at choice/nn is/bez that/dt between/in the/at horns/nns of/in a/at dilemma/nn ./. Two/cd-hl major/jj-hl types/nns-hl of/in-hl fully/rb-hl distributed/vbn-hl cost/nn-hl analysis/nn-hl 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl double-step/nn-hl type/nn-hl Despite/in an/at ambiguity/nn due/jj to/in its/pp$ failure/nn clearly/rb to/to define/vb ``/`` relative/jj costs/nns ''/'' ,/, the/at above/jj exposition/nn of/in fully/rb distributed/vbn costing/nn goes/vbz about/rb as/ql far/rb as/cs one/pn can/md go/vb toward/in expressing/vbg the/at basic/jj philosophy/nn of/in the/at practice/nn ./. For/in more/ql explicit/jj expositions/nns ,/, one/pn must/md distinguish/vb different/jj types/nns of/in analyses/nns ./. By/in all/abn means/nns the/at most/ql important/jj distinction/nn is/bez that/dt between/in those/dts total-cost/nn apportionments/nns which/wdt superimpose/vb a/at distribution/nn of/in admittedly/rb unallocable/jj cost/nn residues/nns on/in estimates/nns of/in incremental/jj or/cc marginal/jj costs/nns ,/, and/cc those/dts other/ap apportionments/nns which/wdt recognize/vb no/at difference/nn between/in true/jj cost/nn allocation/nn and/cc mere/jj total-cost/nn distribution/nn ./. The/at first/od ,/, or/cc double-step/nn ,/, type/nn might/md also/rb be/be called/vbn the/at ``/`` railroad/nn type/nn ''/'' because/rb of/in its/pp$ application/nn to/in railroads/nns (/( and/cc other/ap transportation/nn agencies/nns )/) by/in the/at Cost/nn-tl Section/nn-tl of/in the/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl ./. The/at Cost/nn-tl Section/nn-tl distinguishes/vbz between/in (/( directly/rb )/) variable/jj costs/nns and/cc constant/jj costs/nns in/in a/at manner/nn noted/vbn in/in the/at preceding/vbg chapter/nn ./. The/at variable/jj costs/nns alone/rb are/ber assigned/vbn to/in the/at different/jj units/nns of/in freight/nn traffic/nn as/cs representing/vbg ``/`` long-run/nn out-of-pocket/jj costs/nns ''/'' --/-- a/at term/nn with/in a/at meaning/nn here/rb not/* distinctly/rb different/jj from/in that/dt of/in the/at economist's/nn$ ``/`` long-run/nn marginal/jj costs/nns ''/'' ./. There/ex remains/vbz a/at residue/nn of/in total/jj costs/nns ,/, or/cc total/jj ``/`` revenue/nn requirements/nns ''/'' which/wdt ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez found/vbn to/to behave/vb as/cs if/cs it/pps were/bed constant/jj over/in substantial/jj variations/nns in/in traffic/nn density/nn ,/, is/bez strictly/rb unallocable/jj on/in a/at cost-finding/jj basis/nn ./. Nevertheless/rb ,/, because/cs the/at Cost/nn-tl Section/nn-tl has/hvz felt/vbn impelled/vbn to/to make/vb some/dti kind/nn of/in a/at distribution/nn of/in total/jj costs/nns ,/, it/pps has/hvz apportioned/vbn this/dt residue/nn ,/, which/wdt it/pps sometimes/rb calls/vbz ``/`` burden/nn ''/'' ,/, among/in the/at units/nns of/in carload/nn traffic/nn on/in a/at basis/nn (/( partly/rb ton/nn ,/, partly/rb ton-mile/nn )/) which/wdt is/bez concededly/rb quite/ql arbitrary/jj from/in the/at standpoint/nn of/in cost/nn determination/nn ./. In/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, this/dt burden/nn (/( which/wdt includes/vbz allowances/nns for/in revenue/nn deficiencies/nns in/in the/at passenger/nn business/nn and/cc in/in less-than-carload/jj freight/nn traffic/nn !/. !/. )/) has/hvz amounted/vbn to/in about/rb one/cd third/nn of/in those/dts total/jj revenue/nn requirements/nns which/wdt the/at carload/nn freight/nn business/nn is/bez supposed/vbn to/to be/be called/vbn upon/rb to/to meet/vb ./. Since/cs this/dt book/nn is/bez concerned/vbn only/rb incidentally/rb with/in railroad/nn rates/nns ,/, it/pps will/md not/* attempt/vb to/to analyze/vb the/at methods/nns by/in which/wdt the/at staff/nn of/in the/at Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl has/hvz estimated/vbn out-of-pocket/jj costs/nns and/cc apportioned/vbn residue/nn costs/nns ./. Suffice/vb it/ppo to/to say/vb that/cs the/at usefulness/nn of/in the/at latter/ap apportionment/nn is/bez questionable/jj ./. But/cc in/in any/dti event/nn ,/, full/jj credit/nn should/md be/be given/vbn to/in the/at Cost/nn-tl Section/nn-tl for/in its/pp$ express/jj and/cc overt/jj recognition/nn of/in a/at vital/jj distinction/nn too/ql often/rb ignored/vbn in/in utility-cost/nn analyses/nns :/: namely/rb ,/, that/dt between/in a/at cost/nn allocation/nn designed/vbn to/to reflect/vb the/at actual/jj behavior/nn of/in costs/nns in/in response/nn to/in changes/nns in/in rates/nns of/in output/nn of/in different/jj classes/nns of/in utility/nn service/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at mere/jj cost/nn apportionment/nn which/wdt somehow/rb spreads/vbz among/in the/at classes/nns and/cc units/nns of/in service/nn even/rb those/dts costs/nns that/wps are/ber strictly/rb unallocable/jj from/in the/at standpoint/nn of/in specific/jj cost/nn determination/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl single-step/nn-hl type/nn-hl We/ppss turn/vb now/rb to/in a/at type/nn of/in fully/rb distributed/vbn cost/nn analysis/nn which/wdt ,/, unlike/in the/at ``/`` railroad/nn type/nn ''/'' ,/, draws/vbz no/at distinction/nn between/in cost/nn allocation/nn and/cc cost/nn apportionment/nn :/: the/at single-step/nn type/nn ./. It/pps might/md be/be called/vbn the/at ``/`` public/jj utility/nn ''/'' type/nn because/rb of/in the/at considerable/jj use/nn to/in which/wdt it/pps has/hvz been/ben put/vbn in/in gas/nn and/cc electric/nn utility/nn rate/nn cases/nns ./. Here/rb no/at attempt/nn is/bez made/vbn ,/, first/rb to/to determine/vb out-of-pocket/jj or/cc marginal/jj costs/nns and/cc then/rb to/to superimpose/vb on/in these/dts costs/nns ``/`` reasonably/rb distributed/vbn ''/'' residues/nns of/in total/jj costs/nns ./. Instead/rb ,/, all/abn of/in the/at total/jj costs/nns are/ber treated/vbn as/cs variable/jj costs/nns ,/, although/cs these/dts costs/nns are/ber divided/vbn into/in costs/nns that/wps are/ber deemed/vbn to/to be/be functions/nns of/in different/jj variables/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, whereas/cs in/in Interstate/jj-tl Commerce/nn-tl Commission/nn-tl parlance/nn ``/`` variable/jj cost/nn ''/'' means/nns a/at cost/nn deemed/vbn to/to vary/vb in/in direct/jj proportion/nn to/in changes/nns in/in rate/nn of/in output/nn ,/, in/in the/at type/nn of/in analysis/nn now/rb under/in review/nn ``/`` variable/jj cost/nn ''/'' has/hvz been/ben used/vbn more/ql broadly/rb ,/, so/cs as/cs to/to cover/vb costs/nns which/wdt ,/, while/cs a/at function/nn of/in some/dti one/cd variable/jj (/( such/jj as/cs output/nn of/in energy/nn ,/, or/cc number/nn of/in customers/nns )/) ,/, are/ber not/* necessarily/rb a/at linear/jj function/nn ./. As/cs already/rb noted/vbn in/in an/at earlier/jjr paragraph/nn ,/, the/at more/ql familiar/jj cost/nn analyses/nns of/in utility/nn enterprises/nns or/cc utility/nn systems/nns divide/vb the/at total/jj costs/nns among/in a/at number/nn of/in major/jj classes/nns of/in service/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs residential/jj ,/, commercial/jj ,/, industrial/jj power/nn ,/, street/nn lighting/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. This/dt ``/`` grand/jj division/nn ''/'' permits/vbz many/ap costs/nns to/to be/be assigned/vbn in/in their/pp$ entirety/nn to/in some/dti one/cd class/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs street/nn lighting/nn ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap to/to be/be excluded/vbn completely/rb from/in some/dti important/jj class/nn or/cc classes/nns ./. High-tension/nn industrial/jj power/nn service/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, would/md not/* be/be charged/vbn with/in any/dti share/nn of/in the/at maintenance/nn costs/nns or/cc capital/nn costs/nns of/in the/at low-tension/nn distribution/nn lines/nns ./. But/cc the/at major/jj portions/nns of/in the/at total/jj costs/nns of/in a/at utility/nn business/nn are/ber common/jj or/cc joint/jj to/in all/abn ,/, or/cc nearly/rb all/abn ,/, classes/nns of/in customers/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc these/dts costs/nns must/md somehow/rb be/be apportioned/vbn among/in the/at various/ap classes/nns and/cc then/rb must/md somehow/rb be/be reapportioned/vbn among/in the/at units/nns of/in service/nn in/in order/nn to/to report/vb unit/nn costs/nns that/wps can/md serve/vb as/cs tentative/jj measures/nns of/in reasonable/jj rates/nns ./. The/at general/jj basis/nn on/in which/wdt these/dts common/jj costs/nns are/ber assigned/vbn to/in differently/rb measured/vbn units/nns of/in service/nn will/md be/be illustrated/vbn by/in the/at following/vbg highly/ql simplified/vbn problem/nn of/in an/at electric-utility/nn cost/nn analysis/nn ./. But/cc before/cs turning/vbg to/in this/dt example/nn ,/, we/ppss must/md distinguish/vb two/cd subtypes/nns of/in analysis/nn ,/, both/abx of/in which/wdt belong/vb to/in the/at single-step/nn type/nn rather/rb than/cs to/in the/at double-step/nn type/nn ./. In/in the/at first/od subtype/nn ,/, the/at analyst/nn (/( following/vbg the/at practice/nn of/in railroad/nn analysis/nn in/in this/dt particular/ap respect/nn )/) distributes/vbz both/abx total/jj operating/vbg costs/nns and/cc total/jj annual/jj capital/nn costs/nns (/( including/in an/at allowance/nn for/in ``/`` cost/nn of/in capital/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` fair/jj rate/nn of/in return/nn ''/'' )/) among/in the/at different/jj classes/nns and/cc units/nns of/in service/nn ./. Here/rb ,/, an/at apportionment/nn ,/, say/uh ,/, of/in $5,000,000/nns of/in the/at total/jj costs/nns to/in residential/jj service/nn as/cs a/at class/nn would/md include/vb an/at allowance/nn of/in perhaps/rb 6/cd per/in cent/nn as/cs the/at cost/nn of/in whatever/wdt capital/nn is/bez deemed/vbn to/to have/hv been/ben devoted/vbn to/in the/at service/nn of/in the/at residential/jj consumers/nns ./. But/cc in/in the/at second/od subtype/nn ,/, which/wdt I/ppss take/vb to/to be/be the/at one/cd more/ql frequently/rb applied/vbn ,/, only/rb the/at operating/vbg expenses/nns and/cc not/* the/at ``/`` cost/nn of/in capital/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` fair/jj return/nn ''/'' are/ber apportioned/vbn directly/rb among/in the/at various/ap classes/nns of/in service/nn ./. To/to be/be sure/jj ,/, the/at capital/nn investments/nns in/in (/( or/cc ,/, alternatively/rb ,/, the/at estimated/vbn ``/`` fair/jj values/nns ''/'' of/in )/) the/at plant/nn and/cc equipment/nn are/ber apportioned/vbn among/in the/at different/jj classes/nns ,/, as/cs are/ber also/rb the/at gross/jj revenues/nns received/vbn from/in the/at sales/nns of/in the/at different/jj services/nns ./. But/cc any/dti resulting/vbg excess/nn of/in revenues/nns received/vbn from/in a/at given/vbn class/nn of/in service/nn over/in the/at operating/vbg costs/nns imputed/vbn to/in this/dt class/nn is/bez reported/vbn as/cs a/at ``/`` return/nn ''/'' realized/vbn on/in the/at capital/nn investment/nn attributed/vbn to/in the/at same/ap service/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, during/in any/dti given/vbn year/nn (/( A/np )/) if/cs the/at revenues/nns from/in the/at residential/jj service/nn are/ber $7,000,000/nns ,/, (/( B/np )/) if/cs the/at operating/vbg expenses/nns imputed/vbn to/in this/dt class/nn of/in service/nn come/vb to/in $5,000,000/nns ,/, and/cc (/( C/np )/) if/cs the/at net/jj investment/nn in/in (/( or/cc value/nn of/in )/) the/at plant/nn and/cc equipment/nn deemed/vbn devoted/vbn to/in this/dt service/nn amounts/vbz to/in $30,000,000/nns ,/, the/at cost/nn analyst/nn will/md report/vb that/cs residential/jj service/nn ,/, in/in the/at aggregate/nn ,/, has/hvz yielded/vbn a/at return/nn of/in $2,000,000/nns or/cc 6-2/3/cd per/in cent/nn ./. Other/ap services/nns will/md show/vb different/jj rates/nns of/in return/nn ,/, some/dti probably/rb much/ql lower/jjr and/cc some/dti higher/jjr ./. There/ex are/ber obvious/jj reasons/nns of/in convenience/nn for/in this/dt practice/nn of/in excluding/vbg ``/`` cost/nn of/in capital/nn ''/'' from/in the/at direct/jj apportionment/nn of/in annual/jj costs/nns among/in the/at different/jj classes/nns of/in service/nn --/-- notably/rb ,/, the/at avoidance/nn of/in the/at controversial/jj question/nn what/wdt rate/nn of/in return/nn should/md be/be held/vbn to/to constitute/vb ``/`` cost/nn of/in capital/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` fair/jj rate/nn of/in return/nn ''/'' ./. But/cc the/at practice/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be misleading/vbg ,/, since/cs it/pps may/md seem/vb to/to support/vb a/at conclusion/nn that/cs ,/, as/ql long/rb as/cs the/at revenues/nns from/in any/dti class/nn of/in service/nn cover/vb the/at imputed/vbn operating/vbg expenses/nns plus/in some/dti return/nn on/in capital/nn investment/nn ,/, however/wql low/jj ,/, the/at rates/nns of/in charge/nn for/in this/dt service/nn are/ber compensatory/jj ./. Needless/jj to/to say/vb ,/, any/dti such/jj inference/nn would/md be/be quite/ql unwarranted/jj ./. For/in the/at reason/nn just/rb suggested/vbn ,/, I/ppss shall/md assume/vb the/at use/nn of/in the/at first/od subtype/nn of/in fully/rb distributed/vbn cost/nn apportionment/nn in/in the/at following/vbg simplified/vbn example/nn ./. That/dt is/bez to/to say/vb ,/, an/at allowance/nn for/in ``/`` cost/nn of/in capital/nn ''/'' will/md be/be assumed/vbn to/to be/be included/vbn directly/rb in/in the/at cost/nn apportionment/nn ./. Three-part/jj-hl analysis/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl costs/nns-hl of/in-hl an/at-hl electric/nn-hl utility/nn-hl business/nn-hl In/in order/nn to/to simplify/vb the/at exposition/nn of/in a/at typical/jj fully/rb apportioned/vbn cost/nn analysis/nn ,/, let/vb us/ppo assume/vb the/at application/nn of/in the/at analysis/nn to/in an/at electric/nn utility/nn company/nn supplying/vbg a/at single/ap city/nn with/in power/nn generated/vbn by/in its/pp$ own/jj steam-generation/nn plant/nn ./. Let/vb us/ppo also/rb assume/vb the/at existence/nn of/in only/rb one/cd class/nn or/cc type/nn of/in service/nn ,/, all/abn of/in which/wdt is/bez supplied/vbn at/in the/at same/ap voltage/nn ,/, phase/nn ,/, etc./rb to/in residential/jj ,/, commercial/jj ,/, and/cc industrial/jj customers/nns ./. This/dt latter/ap assumption/nn will/md permit/vb us/ppo to/to center/vb attention/nn on/in the/at most/ql controversial/jj aspect/nn of/in modern/jj public/jj utility/nn cost/nn analysis/nn --/-- the/at distinction/nn among/in costs/nns that/wps are/ber functions/nns of/in outputs/nns of/in the/at same/ap service/nn measured/vbn along/in different/jj dimensions/nns ./. Since/cs the/at company/nn under/in review/nn is/bez supplying/vbg what/wdt we/ppss are/ber here/rb regarding/vbg as/cs only/rb one/cd kind/nn of/in service/nn ,/, we/ppss might/md suppose/vb that/cs the/at problem/nn of/in total/jj cost/nn apportionment/nn would/md be/be very/ql simple/jj ;/. ;/. indeed/rb ,/, that/cs it/pps would/md be/be limited/vbn to/in a/at finding/nn of/in the/at total/jj annual/jj operating/vbg and/cc capital/nn costs/nns of/in the/at business/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at calculation/nn of/in this/dt total/nn in/in terms/nns of/in annual/jj cost/nn per/in kilowatt-hour/nn of/in consumption/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at problem/nn is/bez not/* so/ql simple/jj ./. For/cs a/at statement/nn of/in costs/nns per/in kilowatt-hour/nn would/md ignore/vb the/at fact/nn that/cs many/ap of/in these/dts costs/nns are/ber not/* a/at function/nn of/in kilowatt-hour/nn output/nn (/( or/cc consumption/nn )/) of/in energy/nn ./. A/at recognition/nn of/in multiple/jj cost/nn functions/nns is/bez therefore/rb required/vbn ./. The/at simplest/jjt division/nn ,/, and/cc the/at one/cd most/ql frequently/rb used/vbn (/( with/in subdivisions/nns )/) in/in gas/nn and/cc electric/nn rate/nn cases/nns ,/, is/bez a/at threefold/jj division/nn of/in the/at total/jj operating/vbg and/cc capital/nn costs/nns into/in ``/`` customer/nn costs/nns ''/'' ,/, ``/`` energy/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` volumetric/jj costs/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` demand/nn ''/'' or/cc ``/`` capacity/nn ''/'' costs/nns ./. If/cs this/dt threefold/jj division/nn of/in costs/nns were/bed to/to have/hv its/pp$ counterpart/nn in/in the/at actual/jj rates/nns of/in charge/nn for/in service/nn ,/, as/cs it/pps actually/rb does/doz have/hv in/in some/dti rates/nns ,/, there/ex would/md result/vb a/at three-part/jj rate/nn for/in any/dti one/cd class/nn of/in service/nn ./. For/in example/nn ,/, the/at monthly/jj bill/nn of/in a/at residential/jj consumer/nn might/md be/be the/at sum/nn of/in a/at $1/nn customer/nn charge/nn ,/, a/at $5/nn charge/nn for/in 250/cd kilowatt-hours/nns of/in energy/nn at/in per/in kilowatt-hour/nn ,/, and/cc a/at $2/nn charge/nn for/in a/at maximum/jj demand/nn of/in 2/cd kilowatts/nns during/in the/at month/nn at/in the/at rate/nn of/in $1/nn per/in kilowatt/nn --/-- a/at total/jj bill/nn of/in $8/nns for/in that/dt month/nn ./. But/cc our/pp$ present/jj interest/nn lies/vbz in/in the/at measurement/nn of/in costs/nns of/in service/nn ,/, and/cc only/rb indirectly/rb in/in rates/nns that/wps may/md or/cc may/md not/* be/be designed/vbn to/to cover/vb these/dts costs/nns ./. Let/vb us/ppo therefore/rb consider/vb each/dt of/in the/at three/cd types/nns of/in cost/nn in/in turn/nn ,/, recognizing/vbg that/cs this/dt simplified/vbn classification/nn is/bez used/vbn only/rb for/in illustrative/jj purposes/nns ;/. ;/. costs/nns actually/rb vary/vb in/in much/ql more/ql complex/jj ways/nns ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at-hl customer/nn-hl costs/nns-hl These/dts are/ber those/dts operating/vbg and/cc capital/nn costs/nns found/vbn to/to vary/vb with/in number/nn of/in customers/nns regardless/rb ,/, or/cc almost/rb regardless/rb ,/, of/in power/nn consumption/nn ./. Included/vbn as/cs a/at minimum/nn are/ber the/at costs/nns of/in metering/vbg and/cc billing/nn along/rb with/in whatever/wdt other/ap expenses/nns the/at company/nn must/md incur/vb in/in taking/vbg on/rp another/dt consumer/nn ./. These/dts minimum/jj costs/nns may/md come/vb to/in $1/nn per/in month/nn ,/, more/ap or/cc less/ap ,/, for/in residential/jj and/cc small/jj commercial/jj customers/nns ,/, although/cs they/ppss are/ber substantially/ql higher/jjr for/in large/jj industrial/jj users/nns ,/, who/wps require/vb more/ql costly/jj connections/nns and/cc metering/vbg devices/nns ./. While/cs costs/nns on/in this/dt order/nn are/ber sometimes/rb separately/rb charged/vbn for/in in/in residential/jj and/cc commercial/jj rates/nns ,/, in/in the/at form/nn of/in a/at mere/jj ``/`` service/nn charge/nn ''/'' ,/, they/ppss are/ber more/ql frequently/rb wholly/rb or/cc partly/rb covered/vbn by/in a/at minimum/jj charge/nn which/wdt entitles/vbz the/at consumer/nn to/in a/at very/ql small/jj amount/nn of/in gas/nn or/cc electricity/nn with/in no/at further/ap payment/nn ./. But/cc the/at really/ql controversial/jj aspect/nn of/in customer-cost/nn imputation/nn arises/vbz because/rb of/in the/at cost/nn analyst's/nn$ frequent/jj practice/nn of/in including/vbg ,/, not/* just/rb those/dts costs/nns that/wps can/md be/be definitely/rb earmarked/vbn as/cs incurred/vbn for/in the/at benefit/nn of/in specific/jj customers/nns but/cc also/rb a/at substantial/jj fraction/nn of/in the/at annual/jj maintenance/nn and/cc capital/nn costs/nns of/in the/at secondary/jj (/( low-voltage/nn )/) distribution/nn system/nn --/-- a/at fraction/nn equal/jj to/in the/at estimated/vbn annual/jj costs/nns of/in a/at hypothetical/jj system/nn of/in minimum/jj capacity/nn ./.

cj51

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The/at preconditions/nns of/in sociology/nn have/hv remained/vbn largely/rb unexamined/jj by/in the/at sociologist/nn ./. Like/cs primitive/jj numbers/nns in/in mathematics/nn ,/, the/at entire/jj axiological/jj framework/nn is/bez taken/vbn to/to rest/vb upon/in its/pp$ operational/jj worth/nn ./. But/cc what/wdt is/bez the/at operational/jj worth/nn of/in a/at sociology/nn which/wdt mimetically/rb reproduces/vbz the/at idea/nn of/in physical/jj models/nns ?/. ?/. Is/bez it/pps not/* the/at task/nn of/in philosophy/nn to/to see/vb what/wdt intelligible/jj meaning/nn can/md be/be assigned/vbn to/in the/at most/ql sacred/jj canons/nns in/in social/jj science/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps has/hvz become/vbn painfully/ql clear/jj that/cs the/at very/ap attempt/nn to/to make/vb the/at language/nn of/in social/jj research/nn free/jj of/in values/nns by/in erecting/vbg mathematical/jj and/cc physical/jj models/nns ,/, is/bez itself/ppl a/at conditioned/vbn response/nn to/in a/at world/nn which/wdt pays/vbz a/at premium/nn price/nn for/in technological/jj manipulation/nn ./. This/dt push/nn to/to confine/vb the/at study/nn of/in mass/nn behaviour/nn to/in the/at measurements/nns of/in parameters/nns involved/vbn in/in differential/jj equations/nns has/hvz led/vbn sociology/nn perilously/ql close/rb to/in the/at reduction/nn of/in the/at word/nn ``/`` mass/nn-nc ''/'' to/to mean/vb a/at small/jj group/nn in/in which/wdt certain/ap relations/nns between/in all/abn pairs/nns of/in individuals/nns in/in such/abl a/at group/nn can/md be/be studied/vbn ./. (/( cf./vb Rapoport/np ,/, 1959/cd :/. :/. Ch./nn 11/cd ./. )/) Here/rb I/ppss think/vb the/at role/nn of/in the/at philosopher/nn becomes/vbz apparent/jj ./. The/at simple/jj pragmatic/jj success/nn of/in the/at sociology/nn of/in small/jj groups/nns needs/vbz to/to be/be questioned/vbn ./. For/cs if/cs the/at small/jj group/nn notion/nn involves/vbz the/at implicit/jj claim/nn that/cs the/at phenomena/nns of/in sociological/jj investigations/nns are/ber of/in atomic/jj or/cc subatomic/jj proportions/nns ,/, the/at philosopher/nn needs/vbz to/to know/vb the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt such/jj entities/nns are/ber valid/jj ./. The/at mere/jj exploration/nn of/in the/at unconscious/jj ground/nn of/in present-day/jj sociology/nn offers/vbz a/at rich/jj vein/nn of/in philosophical/jj and/cc logical/jj investigation/nn ./. (/( cf./vb Brodbeck/np ,/, 1959/cd :/. :/. Ch./nn-tl 12/cd-tl ./. )/) A/at parallel/jj function/nn for/in philosophy/nn is/bez the/at study/nn of/in the/at relation/nn between/in perceptions/nns experientially/rb received/vbn and/cc conceptions/nns logically/rb formed/vbn ./. Philosophy/nn can/md supply/vb adequate/jj criteria/nns of/in meaning/nn in/in the/at selection/nn of/in socially/rb viable/jj categories/nns ./. This/dt involves/vbz a/at sifting/nn of/in the/at empirical/jj and/cc rational/jj elements/nns entering/vbg into/in each/dt social/jj science/nn statement/nn ./. Merton's/np$ functional/jj sociology/nn may/md have/hv great/jj practical/jj use/nn in/in the/at study/nn of/in different/jj cultures/nns ,/, yet/cc it/pps is/bez perfectly/ql clear/jj ,/, as/cs Nagel/np (/( 1957/cd :/. :/. 247/cd -/in 83/cd )/) and/cc Hempel/np (/( 1959/cd :/. :/. 271/cd -/in 307/cd )/) indicate/vb ,/, that/cs the/at concept/nn of/in function/nn in/in sociology/nn has/hvz been/ben built/vbn up/rp from/in physiological/jj and/cc biological/jj models/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt the/at notions/nns of/in teleology/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, metaphysical/jj purpose/nn ,/, are/ber central/jj ./. (/( cf./vb Chapter/nn-tl 9/cd-tl ./. )/) Functionalism/nn as/cs a/at sociological/jj credo/nn is/bez ,/, therefore/rb ,/, not/* a/at direct/jj consequence/nn of/in observations/nns ,/, but/cc rather/rb an/at indirect/jj consequence/nn of/in philosophical/jj inference/nn and/cc judgment/nn ./. The/at purpose/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn of/in philosophical/jj study/nn of/in sociology/nn is/bez not/* to/to tyrannize/vb but/cc to/to clarify/vb the/at principles/nns of/in social/jj science/nn ./. It/pps is/bez absurd/jj to/to speak/vb of/in philosophy/nn as/cs a/at superior/jj enterprise/nn to/in sociology/nn ,/, since/cs the/at former/ap is/bez a/at logical/jj ,/, rational/jj discipline/nn ,/, where/wrb sociology/nn is/bez essentially/rb descriptive/jj and/cc empirical/jj ./. Such/abl a/at position/nn entails/vbz the/at negation/nn of/in philosophy/nn in/in its/pp$ Platonic/jj form/nn as/cs something/pn soaring/vbg above/in and/cc embracing/vbg the/at empirical/jj and/cc mathematical/jj sciences/nns ./. But/cc contrary/jj to/in Whitehead/np ,/, philosophy/nn is/bez not/* a/at synonym/nn for/in Plato/np ./. The/at uses/nns of/in philosophy/nn as/cs a/at logical/jj clearing/vbg house/nn are/ber manifest/jj to/in any/dti approach/nn that/wps does/doz not/* descend/vb to/in pure/jj sensationalism/nn ./. However/rb ,/, when/wrb philosophy/nn attempts/vbz to/to stand/vb above/in the/at sciences/nns ,/, to/to dictate/vb the/at conditions/nns of/in empirical/jj research/nn ,/, it/pps becomes/vbz formal/jj metaphysics/nn ;/. ;/. shaping/vbg the/at contours/nns of/in life/nn to/to fit/vb the/at needs/nns of/in legends/nns ./. The/at notion/nn of/in philosophy/nn as/cs Queen/nn-tl Bee/nn-tl may/md fit/vb well/rb with/in authoritarian/jj modes/nns of/in political/jj ideology/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps has/hvz been/ben noted/vbn that/cs the/at price/nn of/in such/abl an/at imperial/jj notion/nn of/in philosophy/nn is/bez the/at frustration/nn and/cc flagellation/nn of/in the/at social/jj sciences/nns ./. (/( cf./vb Wetter/np ,/, 1952/cd :/. :/. Pt./nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, Ch./nn-tl 5/cd-tl ;/. ;/. Horowitz/np 1957b/cd ./. )/) Metaphysics/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at direct/jj grappling/nn with/in nature/nn as/cs it/pps was/bedz in/in antiquity/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz surrendered/vbn any/dti claims/nns of/in description/nn in/in favor/nn of/in psychological/jj accounts/nns of/in nothingness/nn ,/, as/cs in/in Heidegger's/np$ system/nn (/( 1929/cd )/) ./. Science/nn is/bez mocked/vbn for/in wishing/vbg to/to know/vb nothing/pn of/in Nothing/pn-tl ,/, in/in a/at last/ap ditch/nn effort/nn to/to save/vb the/at gods/nns at/in the/at expense/nn of/in men/nns ./. It/pps is/bez not/* positivism/nn which/wdt has/hvz isolated/vbn metaphysics/nn from/in reality/nn by/in distinguishing/vbg between/in description/nn and/cc prescription/nn ./. It/pps is/bez simply/rb revealing/vbg the/at state/nn to/in which/wdt metaphysical/jj thinking/nn has/hvz fallen/vbn during/in this/dt century/nn ./. Consider/vb the/at traditional/jj ``/`` four/cd fields/nns ''/'' of/in philosophy/nn :/: logic/nn ,/, ethics/nn ,/, epistemology/nn and/cc esthetics/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at commonplace/nn that/cs to/in the/at degree/nn these/dts special/jj preserves/nns of/in past/ap philosophic/jj hunting/vbg grounds/nns establish/vb an/at empirical/jj content/nn and/cc suitable/jj methodological/jj criteria/nns ,/, they/ppss move/vb away/rb from/in philosophy/nn as/cs such/jj ./. What/wdt is/bez left/vbn to/in traditional/jj systems/nns of/in philosophy/nn is/bez ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, only/rb the/at history/nn of/in these/dts fields/nns prior/rb to/in their/pp$ becoming/vbg rigorous/jj enough/qlp to/to abide/vb by/in the/at canons/nns of/in scientific/jj method/nn ./. In/in this/dt situation/nn ,/, philosophy/nn has/hvz survived/vbn by/in separating/vbg itself/ppl from/in metaphysics/nn ,/, by/in showing/vbg the/at ultimate/jj questions/nns to/to be/be the/at meaningless/jj questions/nns ./. The/at relinquishing/nn by/in philosophy/nn of/in pretentious/jj claims/nns to/in empirical/jj priority/nn gives/vbz it/ppo an/at ability/nn to/to treat/vb problems/nns of/in meaning/nn and/cc truth/nn which/wdt in/in the/at past/nn it/pps was/bedz unable/jj to/to examine/vb because/rb of/in its/pp$ missionary/jj attitude/nn to/in knowledge/nn of/in more/ql humble/jj sorts/nns ./. In/in the/at new/jj situation/nn ,/, philosophy/nn is/bez able/jj to/to provide/vb the/at social/jj sciences/nns with/in the/at same/ap guidance/nn that/wpo mathematics/nn offers/vbz the/at physical/jj sciences/nns ,/, a/at reservoir/nn of/in logical/jj relations/nns that/wps can/md be/be used/vbn in/in framing/vbg hypotheses/nns having/hvg explanatory/jj and/cc predictive/jj value/nn ./. Beyond/in this/dt ,/, philosophy/nn may/md urge/vb the/at social/jj sciences/nns forward/rb by/in asking/vbg the/at type/nn of/in question/nn that/wps falls/vbz outside/in the/at present/jj scope/nn of/in social/jj inquiry/nn ,/, but/cc within/in its/pp$ potential/jj domain/nn of/in relevance/nn ./. In/in this/dt connection/nn ,/, it/pps might/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs the/at theory/nn of/in games/nns was/bedz a/at mathematical/jj discovery/nn long/rb before/in its/pp$ uses/nns in/in political/jj science/nn were/bed exploited/vbn ./. Likewise/rb ,/, Kant/np formulated/vbd the/at nebular/jj hypothesis/nn ,/, according/in to/in which/wdt the/at solar/jj system/nn was/bedz evolved/vbn from/in a/at rotating/vbg mass/nn of/in incandescent/jj gas/nn ,/, nearly/rb a/at half/abn century/nn before/in its/pp$ scientific/jj value/nn was/bedz made/vbn plain/jj by/in Laplace/np in/in his/pp$ Systeme/fw-nn-tl Du/fw-in+at-tl Monde/fw-nn-tl ./. This/dt does/doz not/* mean/vb that/cs philosophy/nn resolves/vbz the/at problems/nns it/pps generates/vbz ,/, any/ql more/rbr so/rb than/cs Riemann's/np$ geometry/nn settled/vbd the/at physical/jj status/nn of/in the/at space-time/nn continuum/nn ./. But/cc the/at forceful/jj presentation/nn of/in new/jj issues/nns for/in the/at sciences/nns to/to work/vb on/in is/bez itself/ppl a/at monumental/jj task/nn ./. To/in those/dts raised/vbn on/in Marcel's/np$ Homo/fw-nn-tl Viator/fw-nn-tl and/cc Heidegger's/np$ das/fw-at-tl Nichtige/fw-nn-tl ,/, this/dt may/md seem/vb a/at modest/jj role/nn for/in philosophy/nn ./. However/rb ,/, modesty/nn and/cc triviality/nn are/ber different/jj qualities/nns ./. Philosophy/nn conceived/vbn of/in as/cs servant/nn to/in the/at sciences/nns might/md appear/vb as/cs less/ql dramatic/jj than/cs philosophy/nn which/wdt jeers/vbz as/cs the/at sciences/nns evolve/vb ./. The/at ceaseless/jj effort/nn to/to understand/vb and/cc measure/vb the/at distance/nn mankind/nn has/hvz traversed/vbn since/in its/pp$ primitive/jj anthropological/jj status/nn offers/vbz a/at more/ql durable/jj sort/nn of/in drama/nn ./. By/in clarifying/vbg fundamental/jj premises/nns in/in the/at social/jj sciences/nns ,/, and/cc defining/vbg the/at logical/jj problems/nns emergent/jj at/in the/at borderlands/nns of/in each/dt new/jj scientific/jj discipline/nn ,/, philosophy/nn can/md offer/vb the/at sort/nn of/in distinction/nn that/wps can/md accelerate/vb growth/nn in/in human/jj understanding/vbg ./. Philosophy/nn can/md prevent/vb the/at working/vbg scientist/nn from/in becoming/vbg slothful/jj and/cc self-content/jj by/in noting/vbg the/at assumptions/nns and/cc level/nn at/in which/wdt a/at hypothesis/nn or/cc theory/nn is/bez framed/vbn ./. The/at dissection/nn of/in scientific/jj theory/nn ,/, the/at examination/nn of/in a/at theory/nn from/in the/at vantage-points/nns of/in language/nn ,/, epistemology/nn ,/, and/cc ethics/nn ,/, is/bez itself/ppl a/at distinct/jj contribution/nn to/in knowledge/nn ,/, no/ql less/ap so/rb because/rb of/in its/pp$ removal/nn from/in empirical/jj research/nn ./. The/at realm/nn of/in science/nn ,/, whatever/wdt the/at degree/nn of/in precision/nn in/in formulations/nns ,/, covers/vbz the/at range/nn of/in prediction/nn and/cc explanation/nn ./. (/( cf./vb Hempel/np and/cc Oppenheim/np ,/, 1948/cd :/. :/. 135/cd -/in 75/cd ./. )/) Whatever/wdt philosophy/nn is/bez conceived/vbn to/to be/be ,/, its/pp$ rationalist/nn ,/, logistic/jj attitude/nn to/in evidence/nn should/md make/vb it/ppo clear/jj that/cs it/pps is/bez something/pn other/ap than/cs science/nn ./. For/in some/dti forms/nns of/in philosophy/nn ,/, this/dt very/ap division/nn between/in the/at empirical/jj and/cc the/at rational/jj becomes/vbz a/at sign/nn of/in the/at metaphysical/jj superiority/nn of/in the/at latter/ap ./. Bergson/np and/cc Leroy/np announce/vb that/cs ``/`` the/at secret/nn is/bez the/at center/nn of/in a/at philosophy/nn ''/'' and/cc thereafter/rb a/at hundred/cd followers/nns declare/vb secrecy/nn a/at higher/jjr verity/nn ./. This/dt is/bez simply/rb a/at confession/nn of/in intellectual/jj sterility/nn spruced/vbn up/rp to/to look/vb virtuous/jj ./. For/cs as/cs Merleau-Ponty/np indicated/vbd (/( 1953/cd )/) ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* the/at secret/nn which/wdt is/bez important/jj ,/, but/cc the/at removal/nn of/in secrecy/nn ./. In/in this/dt ,/, philosophy/nn and/cc science/nn share/vb a/at common/jj goal/nn ./. The/at hypostatization/nn of/in the/at secret/nn nonetheless/rb guarantees/vbz that/cs the/at division/nn of/in analytical/jj and/cc synthetic/jj philosophies/nns shall/md not/* be/be overcome/vbn by/in even/rb the/at most/ql persuasive/jj argument/nn ;/. ;/. for/cs this/dt division/nn is/bez but/rb an/at abstract/jj representation/nn of/in the/at social/jj struggle/nn between/in mysticism/nn and/cc science/nn ./. The/at mystification/nn of/in metaphysical/jj systems/nns does/doz not/* imply/vb the/at demise/nn of/in philosophy/nn ,/, only/rb the/at close/nn of/in a/at philosophic/jj age/nn which/wdt demanded/vbd metaphysics/nn to/to be/be rational/jj and/cc logical/jj ./. The/at tenacity/nn with/in which/wdt present/jj metaphysical/jj attitudes/nns fetishize/vb private/jj intuition/nn offers/vbz the/at strongest/jjt evidence/nn that/cs the/at gulf/nn between/in scientific/jj and/cc delphic/jj ways/nns of/in philosophizing/vbg is/bez built/vbn into/in the/at present/jj conflict/nn over/in the/at limits/nns and/cc purpose/nn of/in science/nn ,/, religion/nn and/cc ideology/nn ./. (/( cf./vb McGlynn/np :/: 1958/cd ./. )/) Scientific/jj systems/nns ,/, and/cc this/dt includes/vbz even/rb the/at relation/nn of/in mechanist/nn to/in relativist/nn physics/nn ,/, are/ber built/vbn upon/in ,/, refined/vbn and/cc corrected/vbn ./. Philosophic/jj systems/nns ,/, by/in the/at very/ap nature/nn of/in their/pp$ completeness/nn ,/, are/ber overthrown/vbn by/in rival/nn systems/nns ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at incompleteness/nn of/in science/nn and/cc the/at completeness/nn of/in metaphysics/nn ,/, they/ppss differ/vb in/in that/cs science/nn is/bez essentially/ql descriptive/jj ,/, while/cs philosophy/nn in/in its/pp$ inherited/vbn forms/nns ,/, tends/vbz to/to be/be goal-oriented/jj ,/, teleological/jj and/cc prescriptive/jj ./. The/at threadbare/jj notion/nn that/cs belief/nn ,/, unlike/in behaviour/nn ,/, is/bez not/* subject/jj to/in objective/jj analysis/nn ,/, has/hvz placed/vbn intuitive/jj metaphysics/nn squarely/rb against/in the/at sociology/nn of/in knowledge/nn ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez precisely/rb the/at job/nn of/in the/at sociology/nn of/in knowledge/nn to/to treat/vb beliefs/nns as/cs social/jj facts/nns no/ql less/ql viable/jj than/cs social/jj behaviour/nn ./. When/wrb dealing/vbg with/in the/at actual/jj relation/nn of/in philosophy/nn to/in the/at sociology/nn of/in knowledge/nn ,/, or/cc better/rbr the/at role/nn of/in philosophy/nn in/in assisting/vbg research/nn on/in the/at social/jj sources/nns of/in ideas/nns ,/, one/pn has/hvz to/to become/vb necessarily/rb selective/jj ./. Certain/ap features/nns we/ppss have/hv touched/vbn upon/in :/: philosophy/nn as/cs a/at logical/jj ,/, deductive/jj system/nn from/in which/wdt a/at social/jj science/nn methodology/nn can/md be/be built/vbn up/rp ;/. ;/. philosophic/jj analysis/nn of/in the/at assumptions/nns and/cc presumptions/nns of/in the/at social/jj sciences/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc philosophy/nn as/cs a/at guide/nn to/in possible/jj integration/nn of/in supposedly/rb disparate/jj sociological/jj investigations/nns ./. The/at objection/nn will/md be/be raised/vbn that/cs the/at most/ql important/jj role/nn of/in philosophy/nn in/in relation/nn to/in social/jj science/nn has/hvz been/ben omitted/vbn ,/, namely/rb the/at status/nn of/in ultimate/jj value/nn questions/nns and/cc norms/nns operative/jj in/in the/at social/jj sciences/nns ./. Specifically/rb ,/, it/pps will/md be/be asked/vbn whether/cs the/at ``/`` real/jj ''/'' questions/nns people/nns ask/vb are/ber not/* the/at ``/`` ultimate/jj ''/'' questions/nns that/wpo social/jj science/nn finds/vbz itself/ppl impotent/jj in/in the/at face/nn of/in ./. What/wdt then/rb is/bez the/at status/nn of/in such/jj questions/nns as/cs :/: is/bez society/nn the/at ground/nn of/in human/jj existence/nn or/cc a/at means/nn to/in an/at individual/jj goal/nn ?/. ?/. Do/do societies/nns develop/vb according/in to/in cosmic/jj patterns/nns or/cc are/ber they/ppss subject/jj only/rb to/in the/at free/jj choice/nn of/in individuals/nns ?/. ?/. Does/doz society/nn really/rb exist/vb as/cs an/at entity/nn over/in and/cc above/in the/at agglomeration/nn of/in men/nns ?/. ?/. I/ppss think/vb it/pps must/md be/be said/vbn that/cs ,/, contrary/jj to/in metaphysical/jj insistence/nn ,/, these/dts are/ber questions/nns so/rb framed/vbn as/cs to/to defy/vb either/cc empirical/jj exploration/nn or/cc rational/jj solutions/nns ./. As/cs Simmel/np (/( 1908/cd )/) and/cc Dilthey/np (/( 1922/cd )/) indicated/vbd ,/, questions/nns of/in whether/cs the/at value/nn of/in life/nn is/bez individual/jj or/cc social/jj are/ber not/* questions/nns ,/, but/cc assertions/nns of/in faith/nn made/vbn to/to appear/vb as/cs legitimate/jj questions/nns ./. Such/jj pseudo-questions/nns assume/vb that/cs answers/nns of/in concrete/jj significance/nn can/md be/be supplied/vbn to/in statements/nns involving/vbg undefined/jj universals/nns ./. Social/jj theory/nn has/hvz no/ql more/ap right/nn to/to expect/vb results/nns from/in meaningless/jj questions/nns ,/, than/cs physics/nn has/hvz the/at right/nn to/to expect/vb a/at theological/jj solution/nn to/in the/at wave-particle/nn controversy/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* that/cs such/jj questions/nns are/ber not/* asked/vbn ./. It/pps is/bez rather/rb that/cs introducing/vbg them/ppo into/in social/jj analysis/nn reflects/vbz not/* so/ql much/ap a/at search/nn for/in truth/nn as/cs for/in certainty/nn ./. An/at operational/jj approach/nn to/in sociology/nn can/md never/rb expect/vb abstract/jj certainty/nn ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez certainty/nn which/wdt every/at new/jj discovery/nn in/in science/nn either/cc replaces/vbz or/cc reshapes/vbz ./. To/to raise/vb the/at added/vbn objection/nn that/cs men/nns require/vb certainty/nn on/in psychological/jj grounds/nns ,/, answers/vbz to/in ultimate/jj questions/nns having/hvg an/at irrational/jj rather/rb than/cs scientific/jj basis/nn ,/, is/bez in/in a/at real/jj sense/nn to/to undermine/vb the/at objection/nn itself/ppl ./. For/cs what/wdt concerns/vbz all/abn scientific/jj disciplines/nns is/bez precisely/rb that/dt which/wdt can/md be/be captured/vbn for/in the/at rational/jj ,/, i.e./rb ,/, for/in the/at scientific/jj determination/nn of/in what/wdt in/in past/ap ages/nns was/bedz considered/vbn ultimate/jj and/cc irrational/jj ./. A/at philosophy/nn which/wdt attempts/vbz to/to supply/vb ultimate/jj answers/nns in/in an/at ultimate/jj way/nn reveals/vbz its/pp$ acquiescence/nn in/in the/at shortcomings/nns of/in men/nns ,/, an/at impatience/nn with/in partial/jj ,/, tentative/jj solutions/nns ./. Men/nns have/hv always/rb lived/vbn in/in a/at tentative/jj world/nn ,/, and/cc in/in suspension/nn of/in ultimate/jj judgments/nns where/wrb and/cc when/wrb necessary/jj ./. Uncertainty/nn overcoming/vbg itself/ppl is/bez the/at precondition/nn of/in the/at quest/nn for/in new/jj and/cc more/ql precise/jj information/nn about/in the/at world/nn ./. Without/in such/jj uncertainty/nn we/ppss are/ber left/vbn with/in a/at set/nn of/in dogmas/nns and/cc myths/nns ./. The/at functional/jj interplay/nn of/in philosophy/nn and/cc science/nn should/md ,/, as/cs a/at minimum/jj ,/, guarantee/nn a/at meaningful/jj option/nn to/in myth-making/nn ./. A/at degree/nn of/in indefiniteness/nn is/bez a/at salutary/jj condition/nn for/in the/at growth/nn of/in science/nn ./.

cj52

cj52 |@word neither:1 statement:5 empirical:1 goodness:4 quality:3 like:4 red:1 squeaky:1 could:6 see:3 hear:2 awkward:1 judgment:6 value:3 find:3 place:2 theory:11 knowledge:1 would:19 require:1 revise:1 radically:1 yet:1 regard:1 important:1 discovery:2 appear:1 save:1 one:7 way:5 show:5 good:7 bad:21 assert:4 nothing:12 true:2 false:2 merely:2 express:11 emotion:2 hurrah:2 fiddlestick:1 wayward:1 cease:1 troubling:1 weary:1 head:1 rest:1 course:2 positivist:10 take:7 explain:2 away:1 think:7 view:4 discuss:1 record:1 vote:1 thank:1 clarity:1 state:2 case:9 say:24 john:1 stuart:1 mill:1 write:2 clearly:4 put:2 precisely:2 deserve:1 criticism:1 kind:2 supply:1 claim:1 analysis:1 mean:12 character:1 subject:1 shall:1 argue:1 let:5 work:1 example:2 simple:2 commoner:1 well:1 perhaps:2 people:1 universally:1 agree:1 intense:1 pain:11 set:1 circumstance:3 happen:4 interested:1 legislative:1 side:1 every:2 may:4 naturally:1 make:16 come:8 upon:2 rabbit:5 catch:1 brutal:1 trap:2 common:1 use:2 sign:1 struggle:1 day:1 escape:2 frenzy:1 hunger:1 fear:1 eat:1 leg:1 attempt:1 fail:1 animal:4 dead:3 long:1 excruciating:1 must:1 suffer:6 likely:1 thing:7 little:2 tell:3 present:4 hold:3 contrary:2 something:6 namely:1 occur:8 consider:1 follow:2 scene:3 remark:9 go:2 time:5 exist:1 evil:7 endure:1 badness:8 sense:5 involve:3 wait:1 appearance:1 till:1 look:1 feel:4 odd:1 meaning:2 hypothesis:1 never:3 discover:2 prepared:1 indeed:2 accident:1 later:3 difference:3 whatever:3 whit:1 whether:4 chance:1 passer:1 body:2 repugnance:1 clear:1 suffering:9 feeling:13 anyone:2 attitude:9 toward:4 first:7 argument:3 thus:1 ideal:1 experiment:1 method:2 remove:2 expression:1 affect:1 whereas:2 ground:3 second:3 apply:1 reverse:1 ideally:1 past:2 event:1 render:1 suppose:3 fact:2 fall:1 mistakenly:1 believe:2 everything:1 seek:1 call:1 still:3 entirety:1 since:3 either:1 question:1 implication:1 consistent:1 ask:3 relevant:1 learn:1 incident:2 world:3 back:1 leave:1 assertion:1 mistake:2 suggestion:1 anyhow:1 anything:1 seem:3 frivolous:1 relieved:1 relief:1 groundles:1 hence:2 nonoccurrence:1 relieve:1 distort:1 beyond:1 recognition:1 far:3 lie:2 approval:2 disapproval:3 precede:1 without:1 belong:1 neutral:5 unfortunately:1 object:1 intelligible:1 theoretically:1 possible:1 grave:1 difficulty:1 know:1 urge:1 spend:1 third:1 presumably:1 plainly:2 right:2 usually:1 week:2 revert:1 thought:1 change:1 fade:1 pathetic:1 evidence:1 longer:1 fatigued:1 mind:1 quite:1 simply:1 absent:1 empty:1 word:1 enthusiasm:1 behind:1 untrue:1 repeat:1 last:1 near:2 vanishing:1 point:6 certainly:1 answer:2 yes:1 remain:1 vary:1 intensity:1 zero:1 primarily:1 fourth:1 consideration:1 act:1 effect:1 certain:1 fitting:4 another:1 belief:1 broad:1 ross:1 lately:1 contend:1 fitness:3 main:1 ethic:1 suspect:1 exactly:1 assume:1 moral:4 subjectivist:3 illustrate:1 novel:1 house:1 dostoevsky:2 experience:1 siberian:1 prison:1 camp:2 unhappy:1 inmate:1 today:1 companion:1 grim:1 lot:1 imagine:1 story:1 terrible:1 unnatural:1 action:1 monstrous:1 murder:1 spontaneous:1 childishly:2 merry:2 laughter:2 delight:3 killing:1 causing:1 unfitting:2 great:1 wrong:2 unfit:1 rule:1 someone:1 death:2 infliction:1 therefore:1 condemnation:3 get:3 invest:1 onlooker:1 applause:2 fit:2 apart:1 applaud:1 independently:1 condemn:1 notion:1 lose:1 force:1 much:1 farther:1 bring:3 man:1 greet:4 misery:1 sensible:1 line:1 complexion:1 cheer:1 repulsion:1 turn:1 needlessly:1 even:1 assumption:1 bright:1 hand:1 convert:1

But/cc neither/cc was/bedz the/at statement/nn empirical/jj ,/, for/cs goodness/nn was/bedz not/* a/at quality/nn like/cs red/jj or/cc squeaky/jj that/wps could/md be/be seen/vbn or/cc heard/vbn ./. What/wdt were/bed they/ppss to/to do/do ,/, then/rb ,/, with/in these/dts awkward/jj judgments/nns of/in value/nn ?/. ?/. To/to find/vb a/at place/nn for/in them/ppo in/in their/pp$ theory/nn of/in knowledge/nn would/md require/vb them/ppo to/to revise/vb the/at theory/nn radically/rb ,/, and/cc yet/rb that/dt theory/nn was/bedz what/wdt they/ppss regarded/vbd as/cs their/pp$ most/ql important/jj discovery/nn ./. It/pps appeared/vbd that/cs the/at theory/nn could/md be/be saved/vbn in/in one/cd way/nn only/rb ./. If/cs it/pps could/md be/be shown/vbn that/cs judgments/nns of/in good/nn and/cc bad/nn were/bed not/* judgments/nns at/in all/abn ,/, that/cs they/ppss asserted/vbd nothing/pn true/jj or/cc false/jj ,/, but/cc merely/rb expressed/vbd emotions/nns like/cs ``/`` Hurrah/uh-nc ''/'' or/cc ``/`` Fiddlesticks/uh-nc ''/'' ,/, then/rb these/dts wayward/jj judgments/nns would/md cease/vb from/in troubling/vbg and/cc weary/jj heads/nns could/md be/be at/in rest/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at course/nn the/at positivists/nns took/vbd ./. They/ppss explained/vbd value/nn judgments/nns by/in explaining/vbg them/ppo away/rb ./. Now/rb I/ppss do/do not/* think/vb their/pp$ view/nn will/md do/do ./. But/cc before/cs discussing/vbg it/ppo ,/, I/ppss should/md like/vb to/to record/vb one/cd vote/nn of/in thanks/nns to/in them/ppo for/in the/at clarity/nn with/in which/wdt they/ppss have/hv stated/vbn their/pp$ case/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben said/vbn of/in John/np Stuart/np Mill/np that/cs he/pps wrote/vbd so/ql clearly/rb that/cs he/pps could/md be/be found/vbn out/rp ./. This/dt theory/nn has/hvz been/ben put/vbn so/ql clearly/rb and/cc precisely/rb that/cs it/pps deserves/vbz criticism/nn of/in the/at same/ap kind/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt I/ppss will/md do/do my/pp$ best/jjt to/to supply/vb ./. The/at theory/nn claims/vbz to/to show/vb by/in analysis/nn that/cs when/wrb we/ppss say/vb ,/, ``/`` That/dt is/bez good/jj ''/'' ,/, we/ppss do/do not/* mean/vb to/to assert/vb a/at character/nn of/in the/at subject/nn of/in which/wdt we/ppss are/ber thinking/vbg ./. I/ppss shall/md argue/vb that/cs we/ppss do/do mean/vb to/to do/do just/rb that/dt ./. Let/vb us/ppo work/vb through/in an/at example/nn ,/, and/cc the/at simpler/jjr and/cc commoner/jjr the/at better/jjr ./. There/ex is/bez perhaps/rb no/at value/nn statement/nn on/in which/wdt people/nns would/md more/ql universally/rb agree/vb than/cs the/at statement/nn that/cs intense/jj pain/nn is/bez bad/jj ./. Let/vb us/ppo take/vb a/at set/nn of/in circumstances/nns in/in which/wdt I/ppss happen/vb to/to be/be interested/vbn on/in the/at legislative/jj side/nn and/cc in/in which/wdt I/ppss think/vb every/at one/cd of/in us/ppo might/md naturally/rb make/vb such/abl a/at statement/nn ./. We/ppss come/vb upon/in a/at rabbit/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben caught/vbn in/in one/cd of/in the/at brutal/jj traps/nns in/in common/jj use/nn ./. There/ex are/ber signs/nns that/cs it/pps has/hvz struggled/vbn for/in days/nns to/to escape/vb and/cc that/cs in/in a/at frenzy/nn of/in hunger/nn ,/, pain/nn ,/, and/cc fear/nn ,/, it/pps has/hvz all/abn but/in eaten/vbn off/rp its/pp$ own/jj leg/nn ./. The/at attempt/nn failed/vbd :/: the/at animal/nn is/bez now/rb dead/jj ./. As/cs we/ppss think/vb of/in the/at long/jj and/cc excruciating/jj pain/nn it/pps must/md have/hv suffered/vbn ,/, we/ppss are/ber very/ql likely/jj to/to say/vb :/: ``/`` It/pps was/bedz a/at bad/jj thing/nn that/cs the/at little/jj animal/nn should/md suffer/vb so/rb ''/'' ./. The/at positivist/nn tells/vbz us/ppo that/cs when/wrb we/ppss say/vb this/dt we/ppss are/ber only/rb expressing/vbg our/pp$ present/jj emotion/nn ./. I/ppss hold/vb ,/, on/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, that/cs we/ppss mean/vb to/to assert/vb something/pn of/in the/at pain/nn itself/ppl ,/, namely/rb ,/, that/cs it/pps was/bedz bad/jj --/-- bad/jj when/wrb and/cc as/cs it/pps occurred/vbd ./. Consider/vb what/wdt follows/vbz from/in the/at positivist/nn view/nn ./. On/in that/dt view/nn ,/, nothing/pn good/jj or/cc bad/jj happened/vbd in/in the/at case/nn until/cs I/ppss came/vbd on/in the/at scene/nn and/cc made/vbd my/pp$ remark/nn ./. For/cs what/wdt I/ppss express/vb in/in my/pp$ remark/nn is/bez something/pn going/vbg on/rp in/in me/ppo at/in the/at time/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt of/in course/nn did/dod not/* exist/vb until/cs I/ppss did/dod come/vb on/in the/at scene/nn ./. The/at pain/nn of/in the/at rabbit/nn was/bedz not/* itself/ppl bad/jj ;/. ;/. nothing/pn evil/nn was/bedz happening/vbg when/wrb that/dt pain/nn was/bedz being/beg endured/vbn ;/. ;/. badness/nn ,/, in/in the/at only/ap sense/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez involved/vbn at/in all/abn ,/, waited/vbd for/in its/pp$ appearance/nn till/cs I/ppss came/vbd and/cc looked/vbd and/cc felt/vbd ./. Now/rb that/cs this/dt is/bez at/in odds/nns with/in our/pp$ meaning/nn may/md be/be shown/vbn as/cs follows/vbz ./. Let/vb us/ppo put/vb to/in ourselves/ppls the/at hypothesis/nn that/cs we/ppss had/hvd not/* come/vbn on/in the/at scene/nn and/cc that/cs the/at rabbit/nn never/rb was/bedz discovered/vbn ./. Are/ber we/ppss prepared/vbd to/to say/vb that/cs in/in that/dt case/nn nothing/pn bad/jj occurred/vbd in/in the/at sense/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss said/vbd it/pps did/dod ?/. ?/. Clearly/rb not/* ./. Indeed/rb ,/, we/ppss should/md say/vb ,/, on/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, that/cs the/at accident/nn of/in our/pp$ later/jjr discovery/nn made/vbd no/at difference/nn whatever/wdt to/in the/at badness/nn of/in the/at animal's/nn$ pain/nn ,/, that/cs it/pps would/md have/hv been/ben every/at whit/nn as/ql bad/jj whether/cs a/at chance/nn passer-by/nn happened/vbd later/rbr to/to discover/vb the/at body/nn and/cc feel/vb repugnance/nn or/cc not/* ./. If/cs so/rb ,/, then/rb it/pps is/bez clear/jj that/cs in/in saying/vbg the/at suffering/nn was/bedz bad/jj we/ppss are/ber not/* expressing/vbg our/pp$ feelings/nns only/rb ./. We/ppss are/ber saying/vbg that/cs the/at pain/nn was/bedz bad/jj when/wrb and/cc as/cs it/pps occurred/vbd and/cc before/cs anyone/pn took/vbd an/at attitude/nn toward/in it/ppo ./. The/at first/od argument/nn is/bez thus/rb an/at ideal/jj experiment/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss use/vb the/at method/nn of/in difference/nn ./. It/pps removes/vbz our/pp$ present/jj expression/nn and/cc shows/vbz that/cs the/at badness/nn we/ppss meant/vbd would/md not/* be/be affected/vbn by/in this/dt ,/, whereas/cs on/in positivist/nn grounds/nns it/pps should/md be/be ./. The/at second/od argument/nn applies/vbz the/at method/nn in/in the/at reverse/jj way/nn ./. It/pps ideally/rb removes/vbz the/at past/ap event/nn ,/, and/cc shows/vbz that/cs this/dt would/md render/vb false/jj what/wdt we/ppss mean/vb to/to say/vb ,/, whereas/cs on/in positivist/nn grounds/nns it/pps should/md not/* ./. Let/vb us/ppo suppose/vb that/cs the/at animal/nn did/dod not/* in/in fact/nn fall/vb into/in the/at trap/nn and/cc did/dod not/* suffer/vb at/in all/abn ,/, but/cc that/cs we/ppss mistakenly/rb believe/vb it/pps did/dod ,/, and/cc say/vb as/cs before/rb that/cs its/pp$ suffering/nn was/bedz an/at evil/jj thing/nn ./. On/in the/at positivist/nn theory/nn ,/, everything/pn I/ppss sought/vbd to/to express/vb by/in calling/vbg it/ppo evil/jj in/in the/at first/od case/nn is/bez still/rb present/rb in/in the/at second/od ./. In/in the/at only/ap sense/nn in/in which/wdt badness/nn is/bez involved/vbn at/in all/abn ,/, whatever/wdt was/bedz bad/jj in/in the/at first/od case/nn is/bez still/rb present/rb in/in its/pp$ entirety/nn ,/, since/cs all/abn that/wps is/bez expressed/vbn in/in either/dtx case/nn is/bez a/at state/nn of/in feeling/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt feeling/nn is/bez still/rb there/rb ./. And/cc our/pp$ question/nn is/bez ,/, is/bez such/abl an/at implication/nn consistent/jj with/in what/wdt we/ppss meant/vbd ?/. ?/. Clearly/rb it/pps is/bez not/* ./. If/cs anyone/pn asked/vbd us/ppo ,/, after/cs we/ppss made/vbd the/at remark/nn that/cs the/at suffering/nn was/bedz a/at bad/jj thing/nn ,/, whether/cs we/ppss should/md think/vb it/ppo relevant/jj to/in what/wdt we/ppss said/vbd to/to learn/vb that/cs the/at incident/nn had/hvd never/rb occurred/vbn and/cc no/at pain/nn had/hvd been/ben suffered/vbn at/in all/abn ,/, we/ppss should/md say/vb that/cs it/pps made/vbd all/abn the/at difference/nn in/in the/at world/nn ,/, that/cs what/wdt we/ppss were/bed asserting/vbg to/to be/be bad/jj was/bedz precisely/rb the/at suffering/nn we/ppss thought/vbd had/hvd occurred/vbn back/rb there/rb ,/, that/cs if/cs this/dt had/hvd not/* occurred/vbn ,/, there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn left/vbn to/to be/be bad/jj ,/, and/cc that/cs our/pp$ assertion/nn was/bedz in/in that/dt case/nn mistaken/vbn ./. The/at suggestion/nn that/cs in/in saying/vbg something/pn evil/jj had/hvd occurred/vbn we/ppss were/bed after/in all/abn making/vbg no/at mistake/nn ,/, because/cs we/ppss had/hvd never/rb meant/vbn anyhow/rb to/to say/vb anything/pn about/in the/at past/ap suffering/nn ,/, seems/vbz to/in me/ppo merely/rb frivolous/jj ./. If/cs we/ppss did/dod not/* mean/vb to/to say/vb this/dt ,/, why/wrb should/md we/ppss be/be so/ql relieved/vbn on/in finding/vbg that/cs the/at suffering/nn had/hvd not/* occurred/vbn ?/. ?/. On/in the/at theory/nn before/in us/ppo ,/, such/jj relief/nn would/md be/be groundless/jj ,/, for/cs in/in that/dt suffering/nn itself/ppl there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn bad/jj at/in all/abn ,/, and/cc hence/rb in/in its/pp$ nonoccurrence/nn there/ex would/md be/be nothing/pn to/to be/be relieved/vbn about/in ./. The/at positivist/nn theory/nn would/md here/rb distort/vb our/pp$ meaning/nn beyond/in recognition/nn ./. So/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss can/md see/vb ,/, there/ex is/bez only/rb one/cd way/nn out/rp for/in the/at positivist/nn ./. He/pps holds/vbz that/cs goodness/nn and/cc badness/nn lie/vb in/in feelings/nns of/in approval/nn or/cc disapproval/nn ./. And/cc there/ex is/bez a/at way/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps might/md hold/vb that/cs badness/nn did/dod in/in this/dt case/nn precede/vb our/pp$ own/jj feeling/nn of/in disapproval/nn without/in belonging/vbg to/in the/at pain/nn itself/ppl ./. The/at pain/nn in/in itself/ppl was/bedz neutral/jj ;/. ;/. but/cc unfortunately/rb the/at rabbit/nn ,/, on/in no/at grounds/nns at/in all/abn ,/, took/vbd up/rp toward/in this/dt neutral/jj object/nn an/at attitude/nn of/in disapproval/nn and/cc that/dt made/vbd it/ppo for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at only/ap intelligible/jj sense/nn ,/, bad/jj ./. This/dt way/nn of/in escape/nn is/bez theoretically/rb possible/jj ,/, but/cc since/cs it/pps has/hvz grave/jj difficulties/nns of/in its/pp$ own/jj and/cc has/hvz not/* ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs I/ppss know/vb ,/, been/ben urged/vbn by/in positivists/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez perhaps/rb best/jjt not/* to/to spend/vb time/nn over/in it/ppo ./. I/ppss come/vb now/rb to/in a/at third/od argument/nn ,/, which/wdt again/rb is/bez very/ql simple/jj ./. When/wrb we/ppss come/vb upon/in the/at rabbit/nn and/cc make/vb our/pp$ remark/nn about/in its/pp$ suffering/vbg being/beg a/at bad/jj thing/nn ,/, we/ppss presumably/rb make/vb it/ppo with/in some/dti feeling/nn ;/. ;/. the/at positivists/nns are/ber plainly/ql right/jj in/in saying/vbg that/cs such/jj remarks/nns do/do usually/rb express/vb feeling/vbg ./. But/cc suppose/vb that/cs a/at week/nn later/rbr we/ppss revert/vb to/in the/at incident/nn in/in thought/nn and/cc make/vb our/pp$ statement/nn again/rb ./. And/cc suppose/vb that/cs the/at circumstances/nns have/hv now/rb so/ql changed/vbn that/cs the/at feeling/nn with/in which/wdt we/ppss made/vbd the/at remark/nn in/in the/at first/od place/nn has/hvz faded/vbn ./. The/at pathetic/jj evidence/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr before/in us/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc we/ppss are/ber now/rb so/ql fatigued/vbn in/in body/nn and/cc mind/nn that/cs feeling/vbg is/bez ,/, as/cs we/ppss say/vb ,/, quite/ql dead/jj ./. In/in these/dts circumstances/nns ,/, since/cs what/wdt was/bedz expressed/vbn by/in the/at remark/nn when/wrb first/rb made/vbn is/bez ,/, on/in the/at theory/nn before/in us/ppo ,/, simply/rb absent/jj ,/, the/at remark/nn now/rb expresses/vbz nothing/pn ./. It/pps is/bez as/ql empty/jj as/cs the/at word/nn ``/`` Hurrah/uh-nc ''/'' would/md be/be when/wrb there/ex was/bedz no/at enthusiasm/nn behind/in it/ppo ./. And/cc this/dt seems/vbz to/in me/ppo untrue/jj ./. When/wrb we/ppss repeat/vb the/at remark/nn that/cs such/jj suffering/nn was/bedz a/at bad/jj thing/nn ,/, the/at feeling/nn with/in which/wdt we/ppss made/vbd it/ppo last/ap week/nn may/md be/be at/in or/cc near/in the/at vanishing/vbg point/nn ,/, but/cc if/cs we/ppss were/bed asked/vbn whether/cs we/ppss meant/vbd to/to say/vb what/wdt we/ppss did/dod before/rb ,/, we/ppss should/md certainly/rb answer/vb Yes/rb ./. We/ppss should/md say/vb that/cs we/ppss made/vbd our/pp$ point/nn with/in feeling/vbg the/at first/od time/nn and/cc little/ap or/cc no/at feeling/nn the/at second/od time/nn ,/, but/cc that/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at same/ap point/nn we/ppss were/bed making/vbg ./. And/cc if/cs we/ppss can/md see/vb that/cs what/wdt we/ppss meant/vbd to/to say/vb remains/vbz the/at same/ap ,/, while/cs the/at feeling/nn varies/vbz from/in intensity/nn to/in near/in zero/cd ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* the/at feeling/nn that/wpo we/ppss primarily/rb meant/vbd to/to express/vb ./. I/ppss come/vb now/rb to/in a/at fourth/od consideration/nn ./. We/ppss all/abn believe/vb that/cs toward/in acts/nns or/cc effects/nns of/in a/at certain/ap kind/nn one/cd attitude/nn is/bez fitting/vbg and/cc another/dt not/* ;/. ;/. but/cc on/in the/at theory/nn before/in us/ppo such/abl a/at belief/nn would/md not/* make/vb sense/nn ./. Broad/np and/cc Ross/np have/hv lately/rb contended/vbn that/cs this/dt fitness/nn is/bez one/cd of/in the/at main/jjs facts/nns of/in ethics/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss suspect/vb they/ppss are/ber right/jj ./. But/cc that/dt is/bez not/* exactly/rb my/pp$ point/nn ./. My/pp$ point/nn is/bez this/dt :/: whether/cs there/ex is/bez such/jj fitness/nn or/cc not/* ,/, we/ppss all/abn assume/vb that/cs there/ex is/bez ,/, and/cc if/cs we/ppss do/do ,/, we/ppss express/vb in/in moral/jj judgments/nns more/ap than/cs the/at subjectivists/nns say/vb we/ppss do/do ./. Let/vb me/ppo illustrate/vb ./. In/in his/pp$ novel/nn The/at-tl House/nn-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Dead/nn-tl ,/, Dostoevsky/np tells/vbz of/in his/pp$ experiences/nns in/in a/at Siberian/jj prison/nn camp/nn ./. Whatever/wdt the/at unhappy/jj inmates/nns of/in such/jj camps/nns are/ber like/cs today/nr ,/, Dostoevsky's/np$ companions/nns were/bed about/rb as/ql grim/jj a/at lot/nn as/cs can/md be/be imagined/vbn ./. ``/`` I/ppss have/hv heard/vbn stories/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps writes/vbz ,/, ``/`` of/in the/at most/ql terrible/jj ,/, the/at most/ql unnatural/jj actions/nns ,/, of/in the/at most/ql monstrous/jj murders/nns ,/, told/vbn with/in the/at most/ql spontaneous/jj ,/, childishly/rb merry/jj laughter/nn ''/'' ./. Most/ap of/in us/ppo would/md say/vb that/cs in/in this/dt delight/nn at/in the/at killing/nn of/in others/nns or/cc the/at causing/nn of/in suffering/vbg there/ex is/bez something/pn very/ql unfitting/jj ./. If/cs we/ppss were/bed asked/vbn why/wrb we/ppss thought/vbd so/rb ,/, we/ppss should/md say/vb that/cs these/dts things/nns involve/vb great/jj evil/nn and/cc are/ber wrong/jj ,/, and/cc that/cs to/to take/vb delight/nn in/in what/wdt is/bez evil/jj or/cc wrong/jj is/bez plainly/rb unfitting/jj ./. Now/rb on/in the/at subjectivist/nn view/nn ,/, this/dt answer/nn is/bez ruled/vbn out/rp ./. For/cs before/cs someone/pn takes/vbz up/rp an/at attitude/nn toward/in death/nn ,/, suffering/vbg ,/, or/cc their/pp$ infliction/nn ,/, they/ppss have/hv no/at moral/jj quality/nn at/in all/abn ./. There/ex is/bez therefore/rb nothing/pn about/in them/ppo to/in which/wdt an/at attitude/nn of/in approval/nn or/cc condemnation/nn could/md be/be fitting/vbg ./. They/ppss are/ber in/in themselves/ppls neutral/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, so/ql far/rb as/cs they/ppss get/vb a/at moral/jj quality/nn ,/, they/ppss get/vb it/ppo only/rb through/in being/beg invested/vbn with/in it/ppo by/in the/at attitude/nn of/in the/at onlooker/nn ./. But/cc if/cs that/dt is/bez true/jj ,/, why/wrb is/bez any/dti attitude/nn more/ql fitting/jj than/cs any/dti other/ap ?/. ?/. Would/md applause/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, be/be fitting/jj if/cs ,/, apart/rb from/in the/at applause/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed nothing/pn good/jj to/to applaud/vb ?/. ?/. Would/md condemnation/nn be/be fitting/jj if/cs ,/, independently/rb of/in the/at condemnation/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed nothing/pn bad/jj to/to condemn/vb ?/. ?/. In/in such/abl a/at case/nn ,/, any/dti attitude/nn would/md be/be as/ql fitting/jj or/cc unfitting/jj as/cs any/dti other/ap ,/, which/wdt means/vbz that/cs the/at notion/nn of/in fitness/nn has/hvz lost/vbn all/abn point/nn ./. Indeed/rb ,/, we/ppss are/ber forced/vbn to/to go/vb much/ql farther/rbr ./. If/cs goodness/nn and/cc badness/nn lie/vb in/in attitudes/nns only/rb and/cc hence/rb are/ber brought/vbn into/in being/beg by/in them/ppo ,/, those/dts men/nns who/wps greeted/vbd death/nn and/cc misery/nn with/in childishly/rb merry/jj laughter/nn are/ber taking/vbg the/at only/ap sensible/jj line/nn ./. If/cs there/ex is/bez nothing/pn evil/jj in/in these/dts things/nns ,/, if/cs they/ppss get/vb their/pp$ moral/jj complexion/nn only/rb from/in our/pp$ feeling/nn about/in them/ppo ,/, why/wrb shouldn't/md* they/ppss be/be greeted/vbn with/in a/at cheer/nn ?/. ?/. To/to greet/vb them/ppo with/in repulsion/nn would/md turn/vb what/wdt before/rb was/bedz neutral/jj into/in something/pn bad/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps would/md needlessly/rb bring/vb badness/nn into/in the/at world/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc even/rb on/in subjectivist/nn assumptions/nns that/dt does/doz not/* seem/vb very/ql bright/jj ./. On/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, to/to greet/vb them/ppo with/in delight/nn would/md convert/vb what/wdt before/rb was/bedz neutral/jj into/in something/pn good/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps would/md bring/vb goodness/nn into/in the/at world/nn ./.

cj53

cj53 |@word injure:1 german:1 veteran:1 former:1 miner:1 twenty:1 four:1 year:1 old:1 wound:1 shrapnel:1 back:1 head:5 result:3 damage:2 occipital:2 lobe:1 probably:2 left:1 side:1 cerebellum:1 also:1 event:1 extraordinary:1 injury:4 become:7 psychically:3 blind:3 time:2 apparently:2 sense:17 touch:14 remain:3 essentially:3 intact:2 psychical:3 blindness:4 condition:3 total:1 absence:4 visual:18 memory:7 image:3 example:2 one:8 unable:1 remember:1 something:2 see:9 conjure:1 picture:2 visible:1 appearance:2 well:4 know:1 friend:2 circumstance:1 patient:24 case:1 plus:1 fact:2 tactual:8 capacity:2 basically:1 sound:2 work:3 order:2 constitute:1 exceptional:1 value:1 problem:1 hand:5 since:1 evidence:6 present:2 author:9 overwhelming:1 close:3 eye:4 absolutely:3 spatial:7 third:4 dimensional:2 awareness:3 whatsoever:2 necessary:2 inference:3 interpret:1 would:7 seem:7 1:6 quality:2 among:3 grasp:1 arrive:1 mean:4 2:5 spatiality:1 part:5 sensation:4 way:7 representation:4 true:1 space:4 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prohibit:1 later:1 move:2 want:1 striking:1 occur:1

The/at injured/vbn German/jj veteran/nn was/bedz a/at former/ap miner/nn ,/, twenty-four/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben wounded/vbn by/in shrapnel/nn in/in the/at back/nn of/in the/at head/nn ./. This/dt resulted/vbd in/in damage/nn to/in the/at occipital/jj lobe/nn and/cc very/ql probably/rb to/in the/at left/jj side/nn of/in the/at cerebellum/nn also/rb ./. In/in any/dti event/nn ,/, the/at extraordinary/jj result/nn of/in this/dt injury/nn was/bedz that/cs he/pps became/vbd ``/`` psychically/rb blind/jj ''/'' ,/, while/cs at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, apparently/rb ,/, the/at sense/nn of/in touch/nn remained/vbd essentially/rb intact/jj ./. Psychical/jj blindness/nn is/bez a/at condition/nn in/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez a/at total/jj absence/nn of/in visual/jj memory-images/nns ,/, a/at condition/nn in/in which/wdt ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, one/pn is/bez unable/jj to/to remember/vb something/pn just/rb seen/vbn or/cc to/to conjure/vb up/rp a/at memory-picture/nn of/in the/at visible/jj appearance/nn of/in a/at well-known/jj friend/nn in/in his/pp$ absence/nn ./. This/dt circumstance/nn in/in the/at patient's/nn$ case/nn plus/in the/at fact/nn that/cs his/pp$ tactual/jj capacity/nn remained/vbd basically/rb in/in sound/jj working/vbg order/nn constitutes/vbz its/pp$ exceptional/jj value/nn for/in the/at problem/nn at/in hand/nn since/cs the/at evidence/nn presented/vbn by/in the/at authors/nns is/bez overwhelming/jj that/cs ,/, when/wrb the/at patient/nn closed/vbd his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, he/pps had/hvd absolutely/rb no/at spatial/jj (/( that/dt is/bez ,/, third-dimensional/jj )/) awareness/nn whatsoever/rb ./. The/at necessary/jj inference/nn ,/, as/cs the/at authors/nns themselves/ppls interpret/vb it/ppo ,/, would/md seem/vb to/to be/be this/dt :/: ``/`` (/( (/( 1/cd )/) Spatial/jj qualities/nns are/ber not/* among/in those/dts grasped/vbn by/in the/at sense/nn of/in touch/nn ,/, as/cs such/jj ./. We/ppss do/do not/* arrive/vb at/in spatial/jj images/nns by/in means/nn of/in the/at sense/nn of/in touch/nn by/in itself/ppl ./. (/( 2/cd )/) Spatiality/nn becomes/vbz part/nn of/in the/at tactual/jj sensation/nn only/rb by/in way/nn of/in visual/jj representations/nns ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, there/ex is/bez ,/, in/in the/at true/jj sense/nn ,/, only/rb a/at visual/jj space/nn ''/'' ./. The/at underlying/vbg assumption/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez that/cs only/ap sight/nn and/cc touch/vb enable/vb us/ppo ,/, in/in any/dti precise/jj and/cc fully/ql dependable/jj way/nn ,/, to/to locate/vb objects/nns in/in space/nn beyond/in us/ppo ,/, the/at other/ap senses/nns being/beg decidedly/rb inferior/jj ,/, if/cs not/* totally/rb inadequate/jj ,/, in/in this/dt regard/nn ./. This/dt is/bez an/at assumption/nn with/in which/wdt few/ap would/md be/be disposed/vbn to/to quarrel/vb ./. Therefore/rb ,/, if/cs the/at sense/nn of/in touch/nn is/bez functioning/vbg normally/rb and/cc there/ex is/bez a/at complete/jj absence/nn of/in spatial/jj awareness/nn in/in a/at psychically-blind/jj person/nn when/wrb the/at eyes/nns are/ber closed/vbn and/cc an/at object/nn is/bez handled/vbn ,/, the/at conclusion/nn seems/vbz unavoidable/jj that/cs touch/nn by/in itself/ppl cannot/md* focus/vb and/cc take/vb possession/nn of/in the/at third-dimensionality/nn of/in things/nns and/cc that/cs actual/jj sight/nn or/cc visual/jj representations/nns are/ber necessary/jj ./. The/at force/nn of/in the/at authors'/nns$ analysis/nn (/( if/cs indeed/rb it/pps has/hvz any/dti force/nn )/) can/md be/be felt/vbn by/in the/at reader/nn ,/, I/ppss believe/vb ,/, only/rb after/cs three/cd questions/nns have/hv been/ben successfully/rb answered/vbn ./. (/( 1/cd )/) What/wdt allows/vbz us/ppo to/to think/vb that/cs the/at patient/nn had/hvd no/at third-dimensional/jj representations/nns when/wrb his/pp$ eyes/nns were/bed closed/vbn ?/. ?/. (/( 2/cd )/) What/wdt evidence/nn is/bez there/ex that/cs he/pps was/bedz psychically/rb blind/jj ?/. ?/. (/( 3/cd )/) How/wrb can/md we/ppss be/be sure/jj that/cs his/pp$ sense/nn of/in touch/nn was/bedz not/* profoundly/rb disturbed/vbn by/in his/pp$ head/nn injury/nn ?/. ?/. We/ppss shall/md consider/vb these/dts in/in the/at inverse/jj order/nn of/in their/pp$ presentation/nn ./. Obviously/rb ,/, a/at satisfactory/jj answer/nn to/in the/at third/od question/nn is/bez imperative/jj ,/, if/cs the/at argument/nn is/bez to/to get/vb under/in way/nn at/in all/abn ,/, for/cs if/cs there/ex is/bez any/dti possibility/nn of/in doubt/nn whether/cs the/at patient's/nn$ tactual/jj sensitivity/nn had/hvd been/ben impaired/vbn by/in the/at occipital/jj lesion/nn ,/, any/dti findings/nns whatsoever/rb in/in regard/nn to/in the/at first/od question/nn become/vb completely/ql ambiguous/jj and/cc fail/vb altogether/rb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, as/cs evidence/nn to/to establish/vb the/at desired/vbn conclusion/nn ./. The/at answer/nn the/at authors/nns give/vb to/in it/ppo ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez of/in supreme/jj importance/nn ./. It/pps is/bez as/cs follows/vbz :/: ``/`` The/at usual/jj sensitivity/nn tests/nns showed/vbd that/cs the/at specific/jj qualities/nns of/in skin-perceptiveness/nn (/( pressure/nn ,/, pain/nn ,/, temperature/nn )/) ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at kinesthetic/jj sensations/nns (/( muscular/jj feelings/nns ,/, feelings/nns in/in the/at tendons/nns and/cc joints/nns )/) ,/, were/bed ,/, as/cs such/jj ,/, essentially/rb intact/jj ,/, although/cs they/ppss seemed/vbd ,/, in/in comparison/nn with/in normal/jj reactions/nns ,/, to/to be/be somewhat/ql diminished/vbn over/in the/at entire/jj body/nn ./. The/at supposed/vbn tactual/jj sense/nn of/in spatial/jj location/nn and/cc orientation/nn in/in the/at patient/nn and/cc his/pp$ ability/nn to/to specify/vb the/at location/nn of/in a/at member/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at direction/nn and/cc scope/nn of/in a/at movement/nn ,/, passively/rb executed/vbn (/( with/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ members/nns )/) ,/, proved/vbd to/to have/hv been/ben ,/, on/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, very/ql considerably/rb affected/vbn ''/'' ./. The/at authors/nns insist/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs these/dts abnormalities/nns in/in the/at sense/nn of/in touch/nn were/bed due/jj absolutely/rb to/in no/at organic/jj disorders/nns in/in that/dt sense/nn faculty/nn but/cc rather/rb to/in the/at injuries/nns which/wdt the/at patient/nn had/hvd sustained/vbn to/in the/at sense/nn of/in sight/nn ./. First/od of/in all/abn ,/, what/wdt is/bez their/pp$ evidence/nn that/cs the/at tactual/jj apparatus/nn was/bedz fundamentally/rb undamaged/jj ?/. ?/. (/( 1/cd )/) When/wrb an/at object/nn was/bedz placed/vbn in/in the/at patient's/nn$ hand/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd no/at difficulty/nn determining/vbg whether/cs it/pps was/bedz warm/jj or/cc cold/jj ,/, sharp/jj or/cc blunt/jj ,/, rough/jj or/cc smooth/jj ,/, flexible/jj ,/, soft/jj ,/, or/cc hard/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc he/pps could/md tell/vb ,/, simply/rb by/in the/at feel/nn of/in it/ppo ,/, whether/cs it/pps was/bedz made/vbn of/in wood/nn ,/, iron/nn ,/, cloth/nn ,/, rubber/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ./. And/cc he/pps could/md recognize/vb ,/, by/in touch/nn alone/rb ,/, articles/nns which/wdt he/pps had/hvd handled/vbn immediately/rb before/rb ,/, even/rb though/cs they/ppss were/bed altogether/rb unfamiliar/jj to/in him/ppo and/cc could/md not/* be/be identified/vbn by/in him/ppo ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, he/pps was/bedz unaware/jj what/wdt kind/nn of/in objects/nns they/ppss were/bed or/cc what/wdt their/pp$ use/nn was/bedz ./. (/( 2/cd )/) The/at patient/nn attained/vbd an/at astonishing/jj efficiency/nn in/in a/at new/jj trade/nn ./. Because/rb of/in his/pp$ brain/nn injury/nn and/cc the/at extreme/jj damage/nn suffered/vbn to/in his/pp$ sight/nn ,/, the/at patient/nn had/hvd to/to train/vb himself/ppl for/in a/at new/jj line/nn of/in work/nn ,/, that/dt of/in a/at portfolio-maker/nn ,/, an/at occupation/nn requiring/vbg a/at great/jj deal/nn of/in precision/nn in/in the/at making/nn of/in measurements/nns and/cc a/at fairly/ql well-developed/jj sense/nn of/in form/nn and/cc contour/nn ./. It/pps seems/vbz clear/jj ,/, when/wrb one/pn takes/vbz into/in consideration/nn the/at exceedingly/ql defective/jj eyesight/nn of/in the/at patient/nn (/( we/ppss shall/md describe/vb it/ppo in/in detail/nn in/in connection/nn with/in our/pp$ second/od question/nn ,/, the/at one/cd concerning/in the/at psychical/jj blindness/nn of/in the/at patient/nn )/) ,/, that/cs he/pps had/hvd to/to rely/vb on/in his/pp$ sense/nn of/in touch/nn much/ql more/rbr than/cs the/at usual/jj portfolio-maker/nn and/cc that/cs consequently/rb that/dt faculty/nn was/bedz most/ql probably/rb more/ql sensitive/jj to/in shape/nn and/cc size/nn than/cs that/dt of/in a/at person/nn with/in normal/jj vision/nn ./. And/cc so/rb the/at authors/nns conclude/vb :/: ``/`` The/at conduct/nn of/in the/at patient/nn in/in his/pp$ every-day/jj life/nn and/cc in/in his/pp$ work/nn ,/, even/rb more/ap than/cs the/at foregoing/vbg facts/nns (/( mentioned/vbn above/rb under/in 1/cd )/) ,/, leave/vb positively/rb no/at room/nn for/in doubt/nn that/cs the/at sense/nn of/in touch/nn ,/, in/in the/at ordinary/jj sense/nn of/in the/at word/nn ,/, was/bedz unaffected/jj ;/. ;/. or/cc ,/, to/to put/vb the/at same/ap thing/nn in/in physiological/jj terms/nns ,/, that/cs the/at performance-capacity/nn of/in the/at tactual/jj apparatus/nn ,/, from/in the/at periphery/nn up/rp to/in the/at tactual/jj centers/nns in/in the/at brain/nn ,/, --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, from/in one/cd end/nn to/in the/at other/ap --/-- was/bedz unimpaired/jj ''/'' ./. If/cs the/at argument/nn is/bez accepted/vbn as/cs essentially/ql sound/jj up/rp to/in this/dt point/nn ,/, it/pps remains/vbz for/cs us/ppo to/to consider/vb whether/cs the/at patient's/nn$ difficulties/nns in/in orienting/vbg himself/ppl spatially/rb and/cc in/in locating/vbg objects/nns in/in space/nn with/in the/at sense/nn of/in touch/nn can/md be/be explained/vbn by/in his/pp$ defective/jj visual/jj condition/nn ./. But/cc before/cs we/ppss can/md do/do this/dt ,/, we/ppss must/md first/rb find/vb answers/nns to/in our/pp$ original/jj questions/nns 1/cd and/cc 2/cd ;/. ;/. then/rb we/ppss shall/md perhaps/rb be/be in/in a/at position/nn to/to provide/vb something/pn like/cs a/at complete/jj answer/nn to/in the/at question/nn at/in hand/nn ./. In/in what/wdt ways/nns ,/, then/rb ,/, did/dod the/at patient's/nn$ psychical/jj blindness/nn manifest/vb itself/ppl ?/. ?/. He/pps could/md not/* see/vb objects/nns as/cs unified/vbn ,/, self-contained/jj ,/, and/cc organized/vbn figures/nns ,/, as/cs a/at person/nn does/doz with/in normal/jj vision/nn ./. The/at meaning/nn of/in this/dt ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md see/vb ,/, is/bez that/cs he/pps had/hvd no/at fund/nn of/in visual/jj memory-images/nns of/in objects/nns as/cs objects/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc ,/, therefore/rb ,/, he/pps could/md not/* recognize/vb even/rb long-familiar/jj things/nns upon/in seeing/vbg them/ppo again/rb ./. Instead/rb ,/, he/pps constantly/rb became/vbd lost/vbn in/in parts/nns and/cc components/nns of/in them/ppo ,/, confused/vbd some/dti of/in their/pp$ details/nns with/in those/dts of/in neighboring/vbg objects/nns ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ,/, unless/cs he/pps allowed/vbd time/nn to/to ``/`` trace/vb ''/'' the/at object/nn in/in question/nn through/in minute/jj movements/nns of/in the/at head/nn and/cc hands/nns and/cc in/in this/dt way/nn to/to discover/vb its/pp$ contours/nns ./. According/in to/in his/pp$ own/jj testimony/nn ,/, he/pps never/rb actually/rb saw/vbd things/nns as/cs shaped/vbn but/cc only/rb as/cs generally/rb amorphous/jj ``/`` blots/nns ''/'' of/in color/nn of/in a/at more/ql or/cc less/ql indefinite/jj size/nn ;/. ;/. at/in their/pp$ edges/nns they/ppss slipped/vbd pretty/ql much/rb out/rp of/in focus/nn altogether/rb ./. But/cc by/in the/at tracing/vbg procedure/nn ,/, he/pps could/md ,/, in/in a/at strange/jj obviously/rb kinesthetic/jj manner/nn ,/, find/vb the/at unseen/jj form/nn ;/. ;/. could/md piece/vb ,/, as/cs it/pps were/bed ,/, the/at jumbled/vbn mass/nn together/rb into/in an/at organized/vbn whole/nn and/cc then/rb recognize/vb it/ppo as/cs a/at man/nn or/cc a/at triangle/nn or/cc whatever/wdt it/pps turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be ./. If/cs ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at figure/nn to/to be/be discerned/vbn were/bed complicated/vbn ,/, composed/vbn of/in several/ap interlocking/vbg subfigures/nns ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp ,/, even/rb the/at tracing/vbg process/nn failed/vbd him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps could/md not/* focus/vb even/rb relatively/ql simple/jj shapes/nns among/in its/pp$ parts/nns ./. This/dt meant/vbd ,/, concretely/rb ,/, that/cs the/at patient/nn could/md not/* read/vb at/in all/abn without/in making/vbg writing-like/jj movements/nns of/in the/at head/nn or/cc body/nn ,/, became/vbd easily/rb confused/vbn by/in ``/`` hasher/nn marks/nns ''/'' inserted/vbn between/in hand-written/jj words/nns and/cc thus/rb confused/vbd the/at mark/nn for/in one/cd of/in the/at letters/nns ,/, and/cc could/md recognize/vb a/at simple/jj straight/jj line/nn or/cc a/at curved/vbn one/cd only/rb by/in tracing/vbg it/ppo ./. The/at patient/nn himself/ppl denied/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd any/dti visual/jj imagery/nn at/in all/abn ;/. ;/. and/cc there/ex was/bedz ample/jj evidence/nn of/in the/at following/vbg sort/nn to/to corroborate/vb him/ppo ./. After/in a/at conversation/nn with/in another/dt man/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to recount/vb practically/rb everything/pn that/wps had/hvd been/ben said/vbn but/cc could/md not/* describe/vb at/in all/abn what/wdt the/at other/ap man/nn looked/vbd like/cs ./. Nor/cc could/md he/pps call/vb up/rp memory-pictures/nns of/in close/jj friends/nns or/cc relatives/nns ./. In/in short/jj ,/, both/abx his/pp$ own/jj declarations/nns and/cc his/pp$ figural/jj blindness/nn ,/, when/wrb he/pps looked/vbd at/in objects/nns ,/, seem/vb to/to present/vb undeniable/jj evidence/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd simply/rb no/at visual/jj memory/nn at/in all/abn ./. He/pps was/bedz oblivious/jj of/in the/at form/nn of/in the/at object/nn actually/rb being/beg viewed/vbn ,/, precisely/rb because/cs he/pps could/md not/* assign/vb it/ppo to/in a/at visual/jj shape/nn ,/, already/rb learned/vbn and/cc held/vbn in/in visual/jj memory/nn ,/, as/cs persons/nns of/in normal/jj vision/nn do/do ./. He/pps could/md not/* recognize/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/. he/pps was/bedz absolutely/ql unfamiliar/jj with/in it/ppo because/cs he/pps had/hvd no/at visual/jj memory/nn at/in all/abn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, his/pp$ only/ap recourse/nn was/bedz to/to learn/vb the/at shape/nn all/ql over/rp again/rb for/in each/dt new/jj visual/jj experience/nn of/in the/at same/ap individual/ap object/nn or/cc type/nn of/in object/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc this/dt he/pps could/md do/do only/rb by/in going/vbg over/in its/pp$ mass/nn with/in the/at tracing/vbg procedure/nn ./. Then/rb he/pps might/md finally/rb recognize/vb it/ppo ,/, apparently/rb by/in combining/vbg the/at visual/jj blot/nn ,/, actually/rb being/beg seen/vbn ,/, with/in tactual/jj feelings/nns in/in the/at head/nn or/cc body/nn accompanying/vbg the/at tracing/vbg movements/nns ./. This/dt would/md mean/vb ,/, it/pps can/md readily/rb be/be seen/vbn ,/, that/cs ,/, again/rb ,/, for/in each/dt new/jj visual/jj experience/nn ,/, the/at tracing/vbg motions/nns would/md have/hv to/to be/be repeated/vbn because/rb of/in the/at absence/nn of/in visual/jj imagery/nn ./. As/cs one/pn would/md surmise/vb ,/, the/at procedure/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, could/md be/be repeated/vbn with/in the/at same/ap object/nn or/cc with/in the/at same/ap type/nn of/in object/nn often/rb enough/qlp ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at corresponding/jj visual/jj blots/nns and/cc the/at merest/jjt beginning/nn of/in the/at tracing/vbg movement/nn would/md provide/vb clues/nns as/in to/in the/at actual/jj shape/nn ,/, which/wdt the/at patient/nn then/rb immediately/rb could/md determine/vb by/in a/at kind/nn of/in inference/nn ./. Men/nns ,/, trees/nns ,/, automobiles/nns ,/, houses/nns ,/, and/cc so/rb on/rp --/-- objects/nns continually/rb confronted/vbn in/in everyday/jj life/nn --/-- had/hvd each/dt its/pp$ characteristic/jj blot-appearance/nn and/cc became/vbd easily/rb recognizable/jj ,/, at/in the/at very/ap beginning/nn of/in tracing/vbg ,/, by/in an/at inference/nn as/in to/in what/wdt each/dt was/bedz ./. Dice/nns ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, he/pps inferred/vbd from/in black/jj dots/nns on/in a/at white/jj surface/nn ./. He/pps evidently/rb could/md not/* actually/rb see/vb the/at corners/nns of/in these/dts objects/nns ,/, but/cc their/pp$ size/nn and/cc the/at dots/nns gave/vbd them/ppo away/rb ./. And/cc the/at authors/nns give/vb numerous/jj instances/nns of/in calculated/vbn guessing/vbg on/in the/at patient's/nn$ part/nn to/to show/vb how/wql large/jj a/at role/nn it/pps played/vbd in/in his/pp$ process/nn of/in readapting/vbg himself/ppl and/cc how/wql proficient/jj he/pps became/vbd at/in it/ppo ./. Often/rb he/pps seems/vbz even/rb to/to have/hv been/ben able/jj to/to guess/vb correctly/rb ,/, without/in the/at tracing/vbg motions/nns ,/, solely/rb on/in the/at basis/nn of/in qualitative/jj differences/nns among/in the/at blot-like/jj things/nns which/wdt appeared/vbd in/in his/pp$ visual/jj experience/nn ./. Perhaps/rb the/at very/ql important/jj question/nn --/-- What/wdt is/bez ,/, then/rb ,/, exactly/rb the/at role/nn of/in kinesthetic/jj sensations/nns in/in the/at patient's/nn$ ability/nn to/to recognize/vb forms/nns and/cc shapes/nns by/in means/nn of/in the/at tracing/vbg movements/nns when/wrb he/pps is/bez actually/rb looking/vbg at/in things/nns ?/. ?/. --/-- has/hvz now/rb been/ben raised/vbn in/in the/at reader's/nn$ mind/nn and/cc in/in the/at following/vbg form/nn ./. If/cs the/at patient/nn can/md perceive/vb figure/nn kinesthetically/rb when/wrb he/pps cannot/md* perceive/vb it/ppo visually/rb ,/, then/rb ,/, it/pps would/md seem/vb ,/, the/at sense/nn of/in touch/nn has/hvz immediate/jj contact/nn with/in the/at spatial/jj aspects/nns of/in things/nns in/in independence/nn of/in visual/jj representations/nns ,/, at/in least/ap in/in regard/nn to/in two/cd dimensions/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, as/cs we/ppss shall/md see/vb ,/, even/rb this/dt much/ap spatial/jj awareness/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in unaided/jj touch/nn is/bez denied/vbn by/in the/at authors/nns ./. How/wrb ,/, then/rb ,/, do/do the/at kinesthetic/jj sensations/nns function/vb in/in all/abn this/dt ?/. ?/. The/at authors/nns set/vbd about/rb answering/vbg this/dt fundamental/jj question/nn through/in a/at detailed/vbn investigation/nn of/in the/at patient's/nn$ ability/nn ,/, tactually/rb ,/, (/( 1/cd )/) to/to perceive/vb figure/nn and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) to/to locate/vb objects/nns in/in space/nn ,/, with/in his/pp$ eyes/nns closed/vbn (/( or/cc turned/vbn away/rb from/in the/at object/nn concerned/vbn )/) ./. Quite/ql naturally/rb ,/, they/ppss make/vb the/at investigation/nn ,/, first/rb ,/, by/in prohibiting/vbg the/at patient/nn from/in making/vbg any/dti movements/nns at/in all/abn and/cc then/rb ,/, later/rbr ,/, by/in repeating/vbg it/ppo and/cc allowing/vbg the/at patient/nn to/to move/vb in/in any/dti way/nn he/pps wanted/vbd to/to ./. When/wrb the/at patient/nn was/bedz not/* allowed/vbn to/to move/vb his/pp$ body/nn in/in any/dti way/nn at/in all/abn ,/, the/at following/vbg striking/jj results/nns occurred/vbd ./.

cj54

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Whenever/wrb artists/nns ,/, indeed/rb ,/, turned/vbd to/in actual/jj representations/nns or/cc molded/vbd three-dimensional/jj figures/nns ,/, which/wdt were/bed rare/jj down/rp to/in 800/cd B.C./np ,/, they/ppss tended/vbd to/to reflect/vb reality/nn (/( see/vb Plate/nn-tl 6a/cd-tl ,/, 9b/cd-tl )/) ;/. ;/. a/at schematic/jj ,/, abstract/jj treatment/nn of/in men/nns and/cc animals/nns ,/, by/in intent/nn ,/, rose/vbd only/rb in/in the/at late/jj eighth/od century/nn ./. To/to speak/vb of/in this/dt underlying/vbg view/nn of/in the/at world/nn is/bez to/to embark/vb upon/in matters/nns of/in subjective/jj judgment/nn ./. At/in the/at least/ap ,/, however/rb ,/, one/pn may/md conclude/vb that/cs Geometric/jj-tl potters/nns sensed/vbd a/at logical/jj order/nn ;/. ;/. their/pp$ principles/nns of/in composition/nn stand/vb very/ql close/rb to/in those/dts which/wdt appear/vb in/in the/at Homeric/jj epics/nns and/cc the/at hexameter/nn line/nn ./. Their/pp$ world/nn ,/, again/rb ,/, was/bedz a/at still/rb simple/jj ,/, traditional/jj age/nn which/wdt was/bedz only/rb slowly/rb beginning/vbg to/to appreciate/vb the/at complexity/nn of/in life/nn ./. And/cc perhaps/rb an/at observer/nn of/in the/at vases/nns will/md not/* go/vb too/ql far/rb in/in deducing/vbg that/cs the/at outlook/nn of/in their/pp$ makers/nns and/cc users/nns was/bedz basically/rb stable/jj and/cc secure/jj ./. The/at storms/nns of/in the/at past/nn had/hvd died/vbn away/rb ,/, and/cc the/at great/jj upheaval/nn which/wdt was/bedz to/to mark/vb the/at following/vbg century/nn had/hvd not/* yet/rb begun/vbn to/to disturb/vb men's/nns$ minds/nns ./. Throughout/in the/at work/nn of/in the/at later/jjr ninth/od century/nn a/at calm/jj ,/, severe/jj serenity/nn displays/vbz itself/ppl ./. In/in the/at vases/nns this/dt spirit/nn may/md perhaps/rb at/in times/nns bore/vb or/cc repel/vb one/pn in/in its/pp$ internal/jj self-satisfaction/nn ,/, but/cc the/at best/jjt of/in the/at Geometric/jj-tl pins/nns have/hv rightly/rb been/ben considered/vbn among/in the/at most/ql beautiful/jj ever/rb made/vbn in/in the/at Greek/jj world/nn ./. The/at ninth/od century/nn was/bedz in/in its/pp$ artistic/jj work/nn ``/`` the/at spiritually/rb freest/jjt and/cc most/ql self-sufficient/jj between/in past/nn and/cc future/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at loving/vbg skill/nn spent/vbn by/in its/pp$ artists/nns upon/in their/pp$ products/nns is/bez a/at testimonial/nn to/in their/pp$ sense/nn that/cs what/wdt they/ppss were/bed doing/vbg was/bedz important/jj and/cc was/bedz appreciated/vbn ./. The/at-hl Aegean/np-hl in/in-hl 800/cd-hl B.C./np-tl Geometric/jj-tl pottery/nn has/hvz not/* yet/rb received/vbn the/at thorough/jj ,/, detailed/vbn study/nn which/wdt it/pps deserves/vbz ,/, partly/rb because/cs the/at task/nn is/bez a/at mammoth/jj one/cd and/cc partly/rb because/cs some/dti of/in its/pp$ local/jj manifestations/nns ,/, as/cs at/in Argos/np ,/, are/ber only/rb now/rb coming/vbg to/in light/nn ./. From/in even/rb a/at cursory/jj inspection/nn of/in its/pp$ many/ap aspects/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at historian/nn can/md deduce/vb several/ap fundamental/jj conclusions/nns about/in the/at progress/nn of/in the/at Aegean/jj world/nn down/rp to/in 800/cd B.C./np ./. The/at general/jj intellectual/jj outlook/nn which/wdt had/hvd appeared/vbn in/in the/at eleventh/od century/nn was/bedz now/rb consolidated/vbn to/in a/at significant/jj degree/nn ./. Much/ap which/wdt was/bedz in/in embryo/nn in/in 1000/cd had/hvd become/vbn reasonably/ql well/rb developed/vbn by/in 800/cd ./. In/in this/dt process/nn the/at Minoan-Mycenaean/jj inheritance/nn had/hvd been/ben transmuted/vbn or/cc finally/rb rejected/vbn ;/. ;/. the/at Aegean/jj world/nn which/wdt had/hvd existed/vbn before/in 1000/cd differed/vbd from/in that/dt which/wdt rises/vbz more/ql clearly/rb in/in our/pp$ vision/nn after/in 800/cd ./. Those/dts modern/jj scholars/nns who/wps urge/vb that/cs we/ppss must/md keep/vb in/in mind/nn the/at fundamental/jj continuity/nn of/in Aegean/jj development/nn from/in earliest/jjt times/nns --/-- granted/vbn occasional/jj irruptions/nns of/in peoples/nns and/cc ideas/nns from/in outside/rb --/-- are/ber correct/jj ;/. ;/. but/cc all/ql too/ql many/ap observers/nns have/hv been/ben misled/vbn by/in this/dt fact/nn into/in minimizing/vbg the/at degree/nn of/in change/nn which/wdt took/vbd place/nn in/in the/at early/jj first/od millennium/nn ./. The/at focus/nn of/in novelty/nn in/in this/dt world/nn now/rb lay/vbd in/in the/at south-eastern/jj districts/nns of/in the/at Greek/jj mainland/nn ,/, and/cc by/in 800/cd virtually/rb the/at entire/jj Aegean/np ,/, always/rb excepting/in its/pp$ northern/jj shores/nns ,/, had/hvd accepted/vbn the/at Geometric/jj-tl style/nn of/in pottery/nn ./. While/cs Protogeometric/jj vases/nns usually/rb turn/vb up/rp ,/, especially/rb outside/in Greece/np proper/jj ,/, together/rb with/in as/ql many/ap or/cc more/ap examples/nns of/in local/jj stamp/nn ,/, these/dts ``/`` non-Greek/jj ''/'' patterns/nns had/hvd mostly/rb vanished/vbn by/in the/at later/jjr ninth/od century/nn ./. In/in their/pp$ place/nn came/vbd local/jj variations/nns within/in the/at common/jj style/nn --/-- tentative/jj ,/, as/cs it/pps were/bed ,/, in/in Protogeometric/jj products/nns but/cc truly/ql distinct/jj and/cc sharply/rb defined/vbn as/cs the/at Geometric/jj-tl spirit/nn developed/vbd ./. Attica/np ,/, though/cs important/jj ,/, was/bedz not/* the/at only/ap teacher/nn of/in this/dt age/nn ./. One/pn can/md take/vb a/at vase/nn of/in about/rb 800/cd B.C./np and/cc ,/, without/in any/dti knowledge/nn of/in its/pp$ place/nn of/in origin/nn ,/, venture/vb to/to assign/vb it/ppo to/in a/at specific/jj area/nn ;/. ;/. imitation/nn and/cc borrowing/vbg of/in motifs/nns now/rb become/vb ascertainable/jj ./. The/at potters/nns of/in the/at Aegean/jj islands/nns thus/rb stood/vbd apart/rb from/in those/dts of/in the/at mainland/nn ,/, and/cc in/in Greece/np itself/ppl Argive/jj ,/, Corinthian/jj ,/, Attic/jj ,/, Boeotian/jj ,/, and/cc other/ap Geometric/jj-tl sequences/nns have/hv each/dt their/pp$ own/jj hallmarks/nns ./. These/dts local/jj variations/nns were/bed to/to become/vb ever/rb sharper/jjr in/in the/at next/ap century/nn and/cc a/at half/abn ./. The/at same/ap conclusions/nns can/md be/be drawn/vbn from/in the/at other/ap physical/jj evidence/nn of/in the/at Dark/jj-tl ages/nns ,/, from/in linguistic/jj distribution/nn ,/, and/cc from/in the/at survivals/nns of/in early/jj social/jj ,/, political/jj ,/, and/cc religious/jj patterns/nns into/in later/jjr ages/nns ./. By/in 800/cd B.C./np the/at Aegean/np was/bedz an/at area/nn of/in common/jj tongue/nn and/cc of/in common/jj culture/nn ./. On/in these/dts pillars/nns rested/vbd that/dt solid/jj basis/nn for/in life/nn and/cc thought/nn which/wdt was/bedz soon/rb to/to be/be manifested/vbn in/in the/at remarkably/rb unlimited/jj ken/nn of/in the/at Iliad/np ./. Everywhere/rb within/in the/at common/jj pattern/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, one/pn finds/vbz local/jj diversity/nn ;/. ;/. Greek/jj history/nn and/cc culture/nn were/bed enduringly/rb fertilized/vbn ,/, and/cc plagued/vbn ,/, by/in the/at interplay/nn of/in these/dts conjoined/vbn yet/cc opposed/vbn factors/nns ./. Further/rbr we/ppss cannot/md* go/vb ,/, for/cs the/at Dark/jj-tl ages/nns deserve/vb their/pp$ name/nn ./. Many/ap aspects/nns of/in civilization/nn were/bed not/* yet/rb sufficiently/rb crystallized/vbn to/to find/vb expression/nn ,/, nor/cc could/md the/at simple/jj economic/jj and/cc social/jj foundations/nns of/in this/dt world/nn support/vb a/at lofty/jj structure/nn ./. The/at epic/jj poems/nns ,/, the/at consolidation/nn of/in the/at Greek/jj pantheon/nn ,/, the/at rise/nn of/in firm/jj political/jj units/nns ,/, the/at self-awareness/nn which/wdt could/md permit/vb painted/vbn and/cc sculptured/vbn representations/nns of/in men/nns --/-- all/abn these/dts had/hvd to/to await/vb the/at progress/nn of/in following/vbg decades/nns ./. What/wdt we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn in/in this/dt chapter/nn ,/, we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn only/rb dimly/rb ,/, and/cc yet/rb the/at results/nns ,/, however/wql general/jj ,/, are/ber worth/jj the/at search/nn ./. These/dts are/ber the/at centuries/nns in/in which/wdt the/at inhabitants/nns of/in the/at Aegean/jj world/nn settled/vbd firmly/rb into/in their/pp$ minds/nns and/cc into/in their/pp$ institutions/nns the/at foundations/nns of/in the/at Hellenic/jj outlook/nn ,/, independent/jj of/in outside/jj forces/nns ./. To/to interpret/vb ,/, indeed/rb ,/, the/at era/nn from/in 1000/cd to/in 800/cd as/cs a/at period/nn mainly/rb of/in consolidation/nn may/md be/be a/at necessary/jj but/cc unfortunate/jj defect/nn born/vbn of/in our/pp$ lack/nn of/in detailed/vbn information/nn ;/. ;/. if/cs we/ppss could/md see/vb more/ql deeply/rb ,/, we/ppss probably/rb would/md find/vb many/ap side/nn issues/nns and/cc wrong/jj turnings/nns which/wdt came/vbd to/in an/at end/nn within/in the/at period/nn ./. The/at historian/nn can/md only/rb point/vb out/rp those/dts lines/nns which/wdt were/bed major/jj enough/qlp to/to find/vb reflection/nn in/in our/pp$ limited/vbn evidence/nn ,/, and/cc must/md hope/vb that/cs future/jj excavations/nns will/md enrich/vb our/pp$ understanding/nn ./. Throughout/in the/at Dark/jj-tl ages/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez clear/jj ,/, the/at Greek/jj world/nn had/hvd been/ben developing/vbg slowly/rb but/cc consistently/rb ./. The/at pace/nn could/md now/rb be/be accelerated/vbn ,/, for/cs the/at inhabitants/nns of/in the/at Aegean/np stood/vbd on/in firm/jj ground/nn ./. Chapter/nn-hl 5/cd-hl the/at-hl early/jj-hl eighth/od-hl century/nn-hl the/at landscape/nn of/in Greek/jj history/nn broadens/vbz widely/rb ,/, and/cc rather/ql abruptly/rb ,/, in/in the/at eighth/od century/nn B.C./np ,/, the/at age/nn of/in Homer's/np$ ``/`` rosy-fingered/jj Dawn/nn-tl ''/'' ./. The/at first/od slanting/vbg rays/nns of/in the/at new/jj day/nn cannot/md* yet/rb dispel/vb all/abn the/at dark/jj shadows/nns which/wdt lie/vb across/in the/at Aegean/np world/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc our/pp$ evidence/nn grows/vbz considerably/rb in/in variety/nn and/cc shows/vbz more/ql unmistakably/rb some/dti of/in the/at lines/nns of/in change/nn ./. For/in this/dt period/nn ,/, as/cs for/in earlier/jjr centuries/nns ,/, pottery/nn remains/vbz the/at most/ql secure/jj source/nn ;/. ;/. the/at ceramic/jj material/nn of/in the/at age/nn is/bez more/ql abundant/jj ,/, more/ql diversified/vbn ,/, and/cc more/ql indicative/jj of/in the/at hopes/nns and/cc fears/nns of/in its/pp$ makers/nns ,/, who/wps begin/vb to/to show/vb scenes/nns of/in human/jj life/nn and/cc death/nn ./. Figurines/nns and/cc simple/jj chapels/nns presage/vb the/at emergence/nn of/in sculpture/nn and/cc architecture/nn in/in Greece/np ;/. ;/. objects/nns in/in gold/nn ,/, ivory/nn ,/, and/cc bronze/nn grow/vb more/ql numerous/jj ./. Since/cs writing/vbg was/bedz practiced/vbn in/in the/at Aegean/np before/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at century/nn ,/, we/ppss may/md hope/vb that/cs the/at details/nns of/in tradition/nn will/md now/rb be/be occasionally/rb useful/jj ./. Though/cs it/pps is/bez not/* easy/jj to/to apply/vb the/at evidence/nn of/in the/at Iliad/np to/in any/dti specific/jj era/nn ,/, this/dt marvelous/jj product/nn of/in the/at epic/nn tradition/nn had/hvd certainly/rb taken/vbn definitive/jj shape/nn by/in 750/cd ./. The/at Dipylon/np-tl Geometric/jj-tl pottery/nn of/in Athens/np and/cc the/at Iliad/np are/ber amazing/jj manifestations/nns of/in the/at inherent/jj potentialities/nns of/in Greek/jj civilization/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc both/abx were/bed among/in the/at last/ap products/nns of/in a/at phase/nn which/wdt was/bedz ending/vbg ./. Greek/jj civilization/nn was/bedz swirling/vbg toward/in its/pp$ great/jj revolution/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt the/at developed/vbn qualities/nns of/in the/at Hellenic/jj outlook/nn were/bed suddenly/rb to/to break/vb forth/rb ./. The/at revolution/nn was/bedz well/rb under/in way/nn before/in 700/cd B.C./np ,/, and/cc premonitory/jj signs/nns go/vb back/rb virtually/rb across/in the/at century/nn ./. The/at era/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez Janus-faced/jj ./. While/cs many/ap tokens/nns point/vb forward/rb ,/, the/at main/jjs achievements/nns stand/vb as/cs a/at culmination/nn of/in the/at simple/jj patterns/nns of/in the/at Dark/jj-tl ages/nns ./. The/at dominant/jj pottery/nn of/in the/at century/nn was/bedz Geometric/jj-tl ;/. ;/. political/jj organization/nn revolved/vbd about/in the/at basileis/fw-nn ;/. ;/. trade/nn was/bedz just/rb beginning/vbg to/to expand/vb ;/. ;/. the/at gods/nns who/wps protected/vbd the/at Greek/jj countryside/nn were/bed only/rb now/rb putting/vbg on/rp their/pp$ sharply/rb anthropomorphic/jj dress/nn ./. The/at modern/jj student/nn ,/, who/wps knows/vbz what/wdt was/bedz to/to come/vb next/rb ,/, is/bez likely/jj to/to place/vb first/rb the/at factors/nns of/in change/nn which/wdt are/ber visible/jj in/in the/at eighth/od century/nn ./. Not/* all/abn men/nns of/in the/at period/nn would/md have/hv accepted/vbn this/dt emphasis/nn ./. Many/ap potters/nns clung/vbd to/in the/at past/nn the/at more/ql determinedly/rb as/cs they/ppss were/bed confronted/vbn with/in radically/rb new/jj ideas/nns ;/. ;/. the/at poet/nn of/in the/at Iliad/np deliberately/rb archaized/vbd ./. Although/cs it/pps is/bez not/* possible/jj to/to sunder/vb old/jj and/cc new/jj in/in this/dt era/nn ,/, I/ppss shall/md consider/vb in/in the/at present/jj chapter/nn primarily/rb the/at first/od decades/nns of/in the/at eighth/od century/nn and/cc shall/md interpret/vb them/ppo as/cs an/at apogee/nn of/in the/at first/od stage/nn of/in Greek/jj civilization/nn ./. On/in this/dt principle/nn of/in division/nn I/ppss must/md postpone/vb the/at evolution/nn of/in sculpture/nn ,/, architecture/nn ,/, society/nn ,/, and/cc politics/nn ;/. ;/. for/cs the/at developments/nns in/in these/dts areas/nns make/vb sense/nn only/rb if/cs they/ppss are/ber connected/vbn to/in the/at age/nn of/in revolution/nn itself/ppl ./. The/at growing/vbg contacts/nns between/in Aegean/np and/cc Orient/np are/ber also/rb a/at phase/nn which/wdt should/md be/be linked/vbn primarily/rb to/in the/at remarkable/jj broadening/nn of/in Hellenic/jj culture/nn after/in 750/cd ./. We/ppss shall/md not/* be/be able/jj entirely/rb to/to pass/vb over/in these/dts connections/nns to/in the/at East/nr-tl as/cs we/ppss consider/vb Ripe/jj-tl Geometric/jj-tl pottery/nn ,/, the/at epic/nn and/cc the/at myth/nn ,/, and/cc the/at religious/jj evolution/nn of/in early/jj Greece/np ;/. ;/. the/at important/jj point/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez that/cs these/dts magnificent/jj achievements/nns ,/, unlike/in those/dts of/in later/jjr decades/nns ,/, were/bed only/rb incidentally/rb influenced/vbn by/in Oriental/jj-tl models/nns ./. The/at antecedents/nns of/in Dipylon/np vases/nns and/cc of/in the/at Iliad/np lie/vb in/in the/at Aegean/jj past/nn ./. Dipylon/np-hl pottery/nn-hl the/at pottery/nn of/in the/at first/od half/nn of/in the/at eighth/od century/nn is/bez commonly/rb called/vbn Ripe/jj-tl Geometric/jj-tl ./. The/at severe/jj yet/cc harmonious/jj vases/nns of/in the/at previous/jj fifty/cd years/nns ,/, the/at Strong/jj-tl Geometric/jj-tl style/nn of/in the/at late/jj ninth/od century/nn ,/, display/vb as/ql firm/jj a/at mastery/nn of/in the/at principles/nns underlying/vbg Geometric/jj-tl pottery/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc artists/nns now/rb were/bed ready/jj to/to refine/vb and/cc elaborate/vb their/pp$ inheritance/nn ./. The/at vases/nns which/wdt resulted/vbd had/hvd different/jj shapes/nns ,/, far/ql more/ql complex/jj decoration/nn ,/, and/cc a/at larger/jjr sense/nn of/in style/nn ./. Beyond/in the/at aesthetic/jj and/cc technical/jj aspects/nns of/in this/dt expansion/nn we/ppss must/md consider/vb the/at change/nn in/in pottery/nn style/nn on/in broader/jjr lines/nns ./. In/in earlier/jjr centuries/nns men/nns had/hvd had/hvn enough/ap to/to do/do in/in rebuilding/vbg a/at fundamental/jj sense/nn of/in order/nn after/in chaos/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd had/hvn to/to work/vb on/in very/ql simple/jj foundations/nns and/cc had/hvd not/* dared/vbn to/to give/vb rein/nn to/in impulses/nns ./. The/at potters/nns ,/, in/in particular/jj ,/, had/hvd virtually/rb eschewed/vbn freehand/jj drawing/vbg ,/, elaborate/jj motifs/nns ,/, and/cc the/at curving/vbg lines/nns of/in nature/nn ,/, while/cs yet/rb expressing/vbg a/at belief/nn that/cs there/ex was/bedz order/nn in/in the/at universe/nn ./. In/in their/pp$ vases/nns were/bed embodied/vbn the/at basic/jj aesthetic/jj and/cc logical/jj characteristics/nns of/in Greek/jj civilization/nn ,/, at/in first/rb hesitantly/rb in/in Protogeometric/jj work/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb more/ql confidently/rb in/in the/at initial/jj stages/nns of/in the/at Geometric/jj-tl style/nn ./. By/in 800/cd social/jj and/cc cultural/jj security/nn had/hvd been/ben achieved/vbn ,/, at/in least/ap on/in a/at simple/jj plane/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz time/nn to/to take/vb bigger/jjr steps/nns ,/, to/to venture/vb on/in experiments/nns ./. Ripe/jj Geometric/jj-tl potters/nns continued/vbd to/to employ/vb the/at old/jj syntax/nn of/in ornaments/nns and/cc shapes/nns and/cc made/vbd use/nn of/in the/at well-defined/jj though/cs limited/vbn range/nn of/in motifs/nns which/wdt they/ppss had/hvd inherited/vbn ./. In/in these/dts respects/nns the/at vases/nns of/in the/at early/jj eighth/od century/nn represent/vb a/at culmination/nn of/in earlier/jjr lines/nns of/in progress/nn ./. To/in the/at ancestral/jj lore/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, new/jj materials/nns were/bed added/vbn ./. Painters/nns left/vbd less/ap and/cc less/ap of/in a/at vase/nn in/in a/at plain/jj dark/jj color/nn ;/. ;/. instead/rb they/ppss divided/vbd the/at surface/nn into/in many/ap bands/nns or/cc covered/vbd it/ppo by/in all-over/jj patterns/nns into/in which/wdt freehand/jj drawing/nn began/vbd to/to creep/vb ./. Wavy/jj lines/nns ,/, feather-like/jj patterns/nns ,/, rosettes/nns of/in indefinitely/rb floral/jj nature/nn ,/, birds/nns either/cc singly/rb or/cc in/in stylized/vbn rows/nns ,/, animals/nns in/in solemn/jj frieze/nn bands/nns (/( see/vb Plates/nns-tl 11/cd-tl -/in-tl 12/cd-tl )/) --/-- all/abn these/dts turned/vbd up/rp in/in the/at more/ql developed/vbn fabrics/nns as/cs preliminary/jj signs/nns that/cs the/at potters/nns were/bed broadening/vbg their/pp$ gaze/nn ./. The/at rows/nns of/in animals/nns and/cc birds/nns ,/, in/in particular/jj ,/, suggest/vb awareness/nn of/in Oriental/jj-tl animal/nn friezes/nns ,/, transmitted/vbn perhaps/rb via/in Syrian/jj silver/nn bowls/nns and/cc textiles/nns ,/, but/cc the/at specific/jj forms/nns of/in these/dts rows/nns on/in local/jj vases/nns and/cc metal/nn products/nns are/ber nonetheless/rb Greek/jj ./. Though/cs the/at spread/nn of/in this/dt type/nn of/in decoration/nn in/in the/at Aegean/np has/hvz not/* yet/rb been/ben precisely/rb determined/vbn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz to/to appear/vb first/rb in/in the/at Cyclades/nps ,/, which/wdt were/bed among/in the/at leading/vbg exporters/nns of/in pottery/nn throughout/in the/at century/nn ./. As/cs the/at material/nn at/in the/at command/nn of/in the/at potters/nns grew/vbd and/cc the/at volume/nn of/in their/pp$ production/nn increased/vbd ,/, the/at local/jj variations/nns within/in a/at common/jj style/nn became/vbd more/ql evident/jj ./. Plate/nn 12/cd illustrates/vbz four/cd examples/nns ,/, which/wdt are/ber Ripe/jj-tl or/cc Late/jj-tl Geometric/jj-tl work/nn of/in common/jj spirit/nn but/cc of/in different/jj schools/nns ./.

cj55

cj55 |@word cook:13 discover:1 beef:1 possession:1 day:2 earlier:1 could:4 show:1 hide:2 arrest:4 think:1 evidence:1 insufficient:1 get:2 conviction:1 later:2 release:1 even:3 suffer:2 trip:1 home:2 swore:1 moore:1 lane:1 would:15 kill:6 indian:1 three:6 week:3 follow:6 recovery:1 arm:4 writ:2 issue:2 catskill:4 justice:4 affidavit:1 prepare:2 district:4 attorney:3 russell:10 ride:9 martinez:2 arrive:2 daybreak:1 find:5 julio:1 corral:1 demand:3 surrender:2 instead:2 whirl:1 run:5 house:18 gun:2 force:2 report:3 life:2 threaten:1 mexicans:11 killing:1 company:6 officer:4 feel:1 end:1 serve:2 quiet:1 despite:1 immediate:1 emotion:1 general:1 manager:1 pel:6 suggest:1 may:3 wise:3 keep:2 suspense:1 rather:1 accept:1 offer:2 sell:1 move:1 away:4 try:2 punish:1 february:1 17:1 send:5 pena:1 flor:1 community:1 vermejo:7 see:3 rent:1 ranch:3 purchase:2 talk:1 julian:1 beall:2 francisco:2 archuleta:1 juan:2 marcus:1 appear:1 heavily:1 armed:2 watch:1 nearly:1 sundown:1 finish:2 business:3 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window:1 throw:3 lighted:2 clothe:1 wet:1 kerosene:1 room:3 gonzale:3 family:2 say:1 300:1 yard:1 creek:1 cluster:1 contain:1 form:1 prowl:1 recognize:1 voice:1 speak:1 people:1 promise:1 harm:1 befall:1 come:3 curse:1 reply:1 near:2 ask:1 woman:2 child:1 necessary:1 alive:1 deadly:1 earnest:1 besieger:2 methodically:1 strip:1 portion:1 roof:2 toss:1 rag:1 stamp:1 soon:1 floor:1 obvious:1 longer:1 thousand:1 chance:1 outside:1 muzzle:1 heart:1 turn:1 plunge:1 several:2 push:1 pull:1 realize:2 seriousness:1 answer:1 set:1 consume:1 hand:3 declare:1 repeatedly:1 know:1 whereabouts:1 true:1 bed:2 blanket:2 slug:1 jerk:1 aside:1 reveal:1 apparently:1 lifeless:1 drape:1 pistol:1 belt:1 cartridge:1 extra:1 stand:1 hillside:1 without:1 entire:1 attack:1 next:1 telephone:1 celso:1 member:1 surround:1 ten:2 father:2 upper:1 mill:1 hastily:1 swear:1 accord:1 sign:1 statement:1 dr:1 george:1 order:2 barney:1 clark:2 raton:2 rescue:1 twelve:1 seven:1 22:1 occasionally:1 signal:1 horseman:1 sight:1 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Cook/np had/hvd discovered/vbn a/at beef/nn in/in his/pp$ possession/nn a/at few/ap days/nns earlier/rbr and/cc ,/, when/wrb he/pps could/md not/* show/vb the/at hide/nn ,/, arrested/vbd him/ppo ./. Thinking/vbg the/at evidence/nn insufficient/jj to/to get/vb a/at conviction/nn ,/, he/pps later/rbr released/vbd him/ppo ./. Even/rb while/cs suffering/vbg the/at trip/nn to/in his/pp$ home/nn ,/, Cook/np swore/vbd to/in Moore/np and/cc Lane/np that/cs he/pps would/md kill/vb the/at Indian/jj ./. Three/cd weeks/nns later/rbr ,/, following/in his/pp$ recovery/nn ,/, armed/vbn with/in a/at writ/nn issued/vbn by/in the/at Catskill/np justice/nn on/in affidavits/nns prepared/vbn by/in the/at district/nn attorney/nn ,/, Cook/np and/cc Russell/np rode/vbd to/to arrest/vb Martinez/np ./. Arriving/vbg at/in daybreak/nn ,/, they/ppss found/vbd Julio/np in/in his/pp$ corral/nn and/cc demanded/vbd that/cs he/pps surrender/vb ./. Instead/rb ,/, he/pps whirled/vbd and/cc ran/vbd to/in his/pp$ house/nn for/in a/at gun/nn ,/, forcing/vbg them/ppo to/to kill/vb him/ppo ,/, Cook/np reported/vbd ./. Both/abx Cook's/nn$-tl and/cc Russell's/np$ lives/nns were/bed threatened/vbn by/in the/at Mexicans/nps following/in the/at killing/nn ,/, but/cc the/at company/nn officers/nns felt/vbd that/cs in/in the/at end/nn ,/, it/pps would/md serve/vb to/to quiet/vb them/ppo despite/in their/pp$ immediate/jj emotion/nn ./. General/jj manager/nn Pels/np even/rb suggested/vbd that/cs it/pps might/md be/be wise/jj to/to keep/vb the/at Mexicans/nps in/in suspense/nn rather/rb than/cs accept/vb their/pp$ offers/nns to/to sell/vb out/rp and/cc move/vb away/rb ,/, and/cc try/vb to/to have/hv a/at few/ap punished/vbn ./. On/in February/np 17/cd ,/, Russell/np and/cc Cook/np were/bed sent/vbn to/in the/at Pena/np Flor/np community/nn on/in the/at Vermejo/np to/to see/vb about/in renting/vbg out/rp ranches/vbz the/at company/nn had/hvd purchased/vbn ./. While/cs talking/vbg with/in Julian/np M./np Beall/np ,/, Francisco/np Archuleta/np and/cc Juan/np Marcus/np appeared/vbd ,/, both/abx heavily/rb armed/vbn ,/, and/cc after/cs watching/vbg the/at house/nn for/in a/at while/nn ,/, rode/vbd away/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz nearly/rb sundown/nn before/cs they/ppss finished/vbd the/at business/nn with/in Beall/np and/cc began/vbd riding/vbg down/in the/at stream/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd traveled/vbn only/rb a/at short/jj distance/nn when/wrb they/ppss spotted/vbd five/cd Mexicans/nps riding/vbg along/in a/at horse-trail/nn across/in the/at stream/nn just/rb ahead/rb of/in them/ppo ./. Suspecting/vbg an/at ambush/nn ,/, the/at two/cd deputies/nns decided/vbd to/to ride/vb up/in a/at side/nn canyon/nn taking/vbg a/at short/jj cut/nn into/in Catskill/np ./. After/cs spending/vbg two/cd nights/nns (/( Wednesday/nr and/cc Thursday/nr )/) in/in Catskill/np ,/, the/at deputies/nns again/rb headed/vbd for/in the/at Vermejo/np to/to finish/vb their/pp$ business/nn ./. They/ppss stayed/vbd with/in a/at rancher/nn Friday/nr night/nn and/cc by/in eleven/cd o'clock/rb Saturday/nr morning/nn passed/vbd the/at old/jj Garnett/np Lee/np ranch/nn ./. Half/abn a/at mile/nn below/rb at/in the/at mouth/nn of/in Salyer's/np$-tl Canyon/nn-tl was/bedz an/at old/jj ranch/nn that/wpo the/at company/nn had/hvd purchased/vbn from/in A./np J./np Armstrong/np ,/, occupied/vbn by/in a/at Mexican/jj ,/, his/pp$ wife/nn ,/, and/cc an/at old/jj trapper/nn ./. There/ex were/bed three/cd houses/nns in/in Salyer's/np$-tl Canyon/nn-tl just/rb at/in the/at foot/nn of/in a/at low/jj bluff/nn ,/, the/at road/nn winding/vbg along/in the/at top/nn ,/, entering/vbg above/rb ,/, and/cc then/rb passing/vbg down/rp in/in front/nn of/in the/at houses/nns ,/, thence/rb to/in the/at Vermejo/np ./. To/in the/at west/nr of/in this/dt road/nn was/bedz another/dt low/jj bluff/nn ,/, forty/cd or/cc fifty/cd feet/nns high/jj ,/, covered/vbn with/in scrub/jj oak/nn and/cc other/ap brush/nn ./. As/cs they/ppss were/bed riding/vbg along/in this/dt winding/vbg road/nn on/in the/at bench/nn of/in land/nn between/in the/at two/cd bluffs/nns ,/, a/at volley/nn of/in rifle/nn fire/nn suddenly/rb crashed/vbd around/in the/at two/cd officers/nns ./. Not/* a/at bullet/nn touched/vbd Cook/np who/wps was/bedz nearer/jjr the/at ambush/nn ,/, but/cc one/cd hit/vbd Russell/np in/in the/at leg/nn and/cc another/dt broke/vbd his/pp$ arm/nn ,/, passing/vbg on/rp through/in his/pp$ body/nn ./. With/in the/at first/od reports/nns ,/, Russell's/np$ horse/nn wheeled/vbd to/in the/at right/nr and/cc ran/vbd towards/in the/at buildings/nns while/cs Cook/np ,/, followed/vbn by/in a/at hail/nn of/in bullets/nns ,/, raced/vbd towards/in the/at arroyo/nn of/in Salyer's/np$-tl Canyon/nn-tl immediately/rb in/in front/nn of/in him/ppo ,/, just/rb reaching/vbg it/ppo as/cs his/pp$ horse/nn fell/vbd ./. Grabbing/vbg his/pp$ Winchester/np from/in its/pp$ sheath/nn ,/, Cook/np prepared/vbd to/to fight/vb from/in behind/in the/at arroyo/nn bank/nn ./. Bullets/nns were/bed so/ql thick/jj ,/, throwing/vbg sand/nn in/in his/pp$ face/nn ,/, that/cs he/pps found/vbd it/ppo difficult/jj to/to return/vb the/at fire/nn ./. Noticing/vbg Russell's/np$ horse/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at long/jj log/nn building/nn ,/, he/pps assumed/vbd his/pp$ friend/nn had/hvd slipped/vbn inside/rb and/cc would/md be/be able/jj to/to put/vb up/rp a/at good/jj fight/nn ,/, so/rb he/pps began/vbd working/vbg his/pp$ way/nn down/in the/at ditch/nn to/to join/vb him/ppo ./. At/in a/at very/ql shallow/jj place/nn ,/, two/cd Mexicans/nps rushed/vbd into/in the/at open/jj for/in a/at shot/nn ./. Dropping/vbg to/in one/cd knee/nn ,/, Cook/np felled/vbd one/cd ,/, and/cc the/at other/ap struggled/vbd off/rp with/in his/pp$ comrade/nn ,/, sending/vbg no/at further/ap fire/nn in/in his/pp$ direction/nn ./. Just/rb before/cs leaving/vbg the/at arroyo/nn where/wrb he/pps was/bedz partially/rb concealed/vbn ,/, he/pps did/dod hear/vb shots/nns down/rp at/in the/at house/nn ./. Russell/np had/hvd reached/vbn the/at house/nn as/cs Cook/np surmised/vbd ,/, dismounted/vbn ,/, but/cc just/rb as/cs the/at old/jj trapper/nn opened/vbd the/at door/nn to/to receive/vb him/ppo ,/, he/pps fell/vbd into/in the/at trapper's/nn$ arms/nns --/-- dead/jj ./. A/at bullet/nn fired/vbn by/in one/cd of/in the/at Mexicans/nps hiding/vbg in/in a/at little/jj chicken/nn house/nn had/hvd passed/vbn through/in his/pp$ head/nn ,/, tearing/vbg a/at hole/nn two-inches/nns square/jj on/in the/at outgoing/jj side/nn ./. Finding/vbg him/ppo dead/jj ,/, Cook/np caught/vbd Russell's/np$ horse/nn and/cc rode/vbd to/in the/at cattle/nns foreman's/nn$ house/nn to/to report/vb the/at incident/nn and/cc request/vb bloodhounds/nns to/to trail/vb the/at assassins/nns ./. Before/in daylight/nn Sunday/nr morning/nn ,/, a/at posse/nn of/in twenty-three/cd men/nns under/in the/at leadership/nn of/in Deputy/jj-tl Sheriff/nn-tl Frank/np MacPherson/np of/in Catskill/np followed/vbd the/at trail/nn to/in the/at house/nn of/in Francisco/np Chaves/np ,/, where/wrb 100/cd to/in 150/cd Mexicans/nps had/hvd gathered/vbn ./. MacPherson/np boldly/rb approached/vbd the/at fortified/vbn adobe/nn house/nn and/cc demanded/vbd entrance/nn ./. The/at men/nns inside/rb informed/vbd him/ppo that/cs they/ppss had/hvd some/dti wounded/vbn men/nns among/in them/ppo but/cc he/pps would/md not/* be/be allowed/vbn to/to see/vb them/ppo even/rb though/cs he/pps offered/vbd medical/jj aid/nn ./. The/at officer/nn demanded/vbd the/at names/nns of/in the/at injured/vbn men/nns ;/. ;/. the/at Mexicans/nps not/* only/rb refused/vbd to/to give/vb them/ppo ,/, but/cc told/vbd the/at possemen/nns if/cs they/ppss wanted/vbd a/at fight/nn they/ppss could/md have/hv it/ppo ./. Since/cs the/at strength/nn of/in the/at Mexicans/nps had/hvd been/ben underrated/vbn ,/, too/ql small/jj a/at posse/nn had/hvd been/ben collected/vbn ,/, and/cc since/cs the/at deputy/nn had/hvd not/* been/ben provided/vbn with/in search/nn warrants/nns ,/, MacPherson/np and/cc his/pp$ men/nns decided/vbd it/pps was/bedz much/ql wiser/jjr to/to withdraw/vb ./. The/at posse's/nn$ retreat/nn encouraged/vbd the/at Mexicans/nps to/to be/be overbearing/vbg and/cc impudent/jj ./. During/in the/at following/vbg week/nn ,/, six/cd tons/nns of/in hay/nn belonging/vbg to/in one/cd rancher/nn were/bed burned/vbn ;/. ;/. some/dti buildings/nns ,/, farm/nn tools/nns ,/, two/cd horses/nns ,/, plows/nns ,/, and/cc hay/nn owned/vbn by/in Bonito/np Lavato/np ,/, a/at friendly/jj interpreter/nn for/in the/at company/nn ,/, and/cc Pedro/np Chavez'/np$ hay/nn were/bed stolen/vbn or/cc destroyed/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at store/nn was/bedz broken/vbn into/in and/cc robbed/vbn ./. District/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl M./np W./np Mills/np warned/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md vigorously/rb prosecute/vb persons/nns caught/vbn committing/vbg these/dts crimes/nns or/cc carrying/vbg arms/nns --/-- he/pps just/rb didn't/dod* catch/vb anyone/pn ./. Increasing/vbg threats/nns on/in his/pp$ life/nn finally/rb convinced/vbd Cook/np that/cs he/pps should/md leave/vb New/jj-tl Mexico/np-tl ./. His/pp$ friends/nns advised/vbd that/cs it/pps would/md be/be only/rb a/at question/nn of/in time/nn until/cs either/cc the/at Mexicans/nps killed/vbd him/ppo by/in ambuscade/nn or/cc he/pps would/md be/be compelled/vbn to/to kill/vb them/ppo in/in self-defense/nn ,/, perpetuating/vbg the/at troubles/nns ./. By/in early/jj summer/nn ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd from/in Laramie/np that/cs he/pps was/bedz suffering/vbg from/in the/at wound/nn inflicted/vbn in/in the/at ambush/nn and/cc was/bedz in/in a/at bad/jj way/nn financially/rb ,/, so/rb Pels/np sent/vbd him/ppo a/at draft/nn for/in $100/nns ,/, warning/vbg that/cs it/pps was/bedz still/rb not/* wise/jj for/cs him/ppo to/to return/vb ./. Pels/np also/rb sent/vbd a/at check/nn for/in $100/nns to/in Russell's/np$ widow/nn and/cc had/hvd a/at white/jj marble/nn monument/nn erected/vbn on/in his/pp$ grave/nn ./. Cattle/nns stealing/nn and/cc killing/nn ,/, again/rb serious/jj during/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1891/cd ,/, placed/vbd the/at land/nn grant/nn company/nn officers/nns in/in a/at perplexing/jj position/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed reluctant/jj to/to appoint/vb sheriffs/nns to/to protect/vb the/at property/nn ,/, thus/rb running/vbg the/at risk/nn of/in creating/vbg disturbances/nns such/jj as/cs that/dt on/in the/at Vermejo/np ,/, and/cc yet/rb the/at cowboys/nns protested/vbd that/cs they/ppss got/vbd no/at salary/nn for/in arresting/vbg cattle/nns thieves/nns and/cc running/vbg the/at risk/nn of/in being/beg shot/vbn ./. And/cc the/at law/nn virtually/rb ignored/vbd the/at situation/nn ./. The/at judge/nn became/vbd ill/jj just/rb as/cs the/at Colfax/np-tl District/nn-tl Court/nn-tl convened/vbd ,/, no/at substitute/nn was/bedz brought/vbn in/rp ,/, no/at criminal/jj cases/nns heard/vbn ,/, only/rb 5/cd out/rp of/in 122/cd cases/nns docketed/vbn were/bed tried/vbn ,/, and/cc court/nn adjourned/vbd sine/fw-in die/fw-nn after/cs sitting/vbg a/at few/ap days/nns instead/rb of/in the/at usual/jj three/cd weeks/nns ./. Pels/np complained/vbd :/: ``/`` Litigants/nns and/cc witnesses/nns were/bed put/vbn to/in the/at expense/nn and/cc inconvenience/nn of/in going/vbg long/jj distances/nns to/to transact/vb business/nn ;/. ;/. public/jj money/nn spent/vbn ;/. ;/. justice/nn delayed/vbn ;/. ;/. nothing/pn accomplished/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at whole/jj distribution/nn of/in justice/nn in/in this/dt county/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be an/at absolute/jj farce/nn ''/'' ./. Word/nn reached/vbd the/at company/nn that/cs the/at man/nn behind/in these/dts depredations/nns was/bedz Manuel/np Gonzales/np ,/, a/at man/nn with/in many/ap followers/nns ,/, including/in a/at number/nn who/wps were/bed kept/vbn in/in line/nn through/in fear/nn of/in him/ppo ./. Although/cs wanted/vbn by/in the/at sheriff/nn for/in killing/vbg an/at old/jj man/nn named/vbn Asher/np Jones/np ,/, the/at warrant/nn for/in his/pp$ arrest/nn had/hvd never/rb been/ben served/vbn ./. On/in May/np 19/cd ,/, a/at deputy/nn sheriff's/nn$ posse/nn of/in eight/cd men/nns left/vbd Maxwell/np-tl City/nn-tl and/cc rode/vbd thirty-five/cd miles/nns up/in the/at Vermejo/np where/wrb they/ppss were/bed joined/vbn by/in Juan/np Jose/np Martinez/np ./. By/in 3:00/cd A.M./rb they/ppss reached/vbd his/pp$ house/nn and/cc found/vbd it/ppo vacant/jj ./. When/wrb they/ppss were/bed refused/vbn entrance/nn to/in his/pp$ brother's/nn$ house/nn nearby/rb ,/, they/ppss smashed/vbd down/rp the/at door/nn ,/, broke/vbd the/at window/nn ,/, and/cc threw/vbd lighted/vbn clothes/nns wet/jj with/in kerosene/nn into/in the/at room/nn ./. Still/rb there/ex was/bedz no/at Gonzales/np and/cc the/at family/nn would/md say/vb nothing/pn ./. About/rb 300/cd yards/nns up/in the/at creek/nn was/bedz a/at cluster/nn of/in Mexican/jj houses/nns containing/vbg six/cd rooms/nns in/in the/at form/nn of/in a/at square/nn ./. While/cs prowling/vbg around/in these/dts buildings/nns ,/, two/cd of/in the/at posse/nn recognized/vbd the/at voice/nn of/in Gonzales/np speaking/vbg to/in the/at people/nns inside/rb ./. He/pps was/bedz promised/vbn that/cs no/at harm/nn would/md befall/vb him/ppo if/cs he/pps would/md come/vb out/rp ,/, but/cc he/pps cursed/vbd and/cc replied/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md shoot/vb any/dti man/nn coming/vbg near/in the/at door/nn ./. The/at posse/nn then/rb asked/vbd that/cs he/pps send/vb out/rp the/at women/nns and/cc children/nns as/cs the/at building/nn would/md be/be fired/vbn or/cc torn/vbn down/rp over/in his/pp$ head/nn if/cs necessary/jj to/to take/vb him/ppo dead/jj or/cc alive/jj ./. Again/rb he/pps refused/vbd ./. In/in deadly/jj earnest/nn ,/, the/at besiegers/nns methodically/rb stripped/vbd away/rb portions/nns of/in the/at roof/nn and/cc tossed/vbd lighted/vbn rags/nns inside/rb ,/, only/rb to/to have/hv most/ap stamped/vbn out/rp by/in the/at women/nns as/ql soon/rb as/cs they/ppss hit/vbd the/at floor/nn ./. When/wrb it/pps became/vbd obvious/jj that/cs he/pps could/md stay/vb inside/rb no/ql longer/rbr ,/, taking/vbg a/at thousand/cd to/in one/cd chance/nn Gonzales/np rushed/vbd outside/rb ,/, square/rb against/in the/at muzzle/nn of/in a/at Winchester/np ./. Shot/vbn near/in the/at heart/nn ,/, he/pps turned/vbd to/in one/cd side/nn and/cc plunged/vbd for/in a/at door/nn to/in another/dt room/nn several/ap feet/nns away/rb ,/, three/cd bullets/nns following/vbg him/ppo ./. As/cs he/pps pushed/vbd open/jj the/at door/nn he/pps fell/vbd on/in his/pp$ face/nn ,/, one/cd of/in his/pp$ comrades/nns pulling/vbg him/ppo inside/rb ./. Not/* realizing/vbg the/at seriousness/nn of/in the/at wound/nn ,/, the/at besiegers/nns warned/vbd that/cs if/cs he/pps did/dod not/* surrender/vb the/at house/nn would/md be/be burned/vbn down/rp around/in him/ppo ./. Receiving/vbg no/at answer/nn ,/, they/ppss set/vbd the/at fire/nn ./. When/wrb the/at house/nn was/bedz about/rb half/ql consumed/vbn ,/, his/pp$ comrade/nn ran/vbd to/in the/at door/nn and/cc threw/vbd up/rp his/pp$ hands/nns ,/, declaring/vbg repeatedly/rb that/cs he/pps did/dod not/* know/vb the/at whereabouts/nn of/in Manuel/np ./. Finding/vbg it/ppo true/jj that/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* inside/rb ,/, the/at deputies/nns returned/vbd to/in the/at first/od house/nn and/cc tore/vbd holes/nns through/in the/at side/nn and/cc the/at roof/nn until/cs they/ppss could/md see/vb a/at body/nn on/in the/at bed/nn covered/vbn by/in a/at blanket/nn ./. Several/ap slugs/nns fired/vbn into/in the/at bed/nn jerked/vbd aside/rb the/at blanket/nn to/to reveal/vb an/at apparently/rb lifeless/jj hand/nn ./. Shot/vbn six/cd or/cc eight/cd times/nns the/at body/nn was/bedz draped/vbn with/in Russell's/np$ pistol/nn ,/, belt/nn ,/, and/cc cartridges/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at extra/jj horse/nn so/rb it/pps was/bedz left/vbn to/in his/pp$ comrades/nns who/wps ,/, though/cs numbering/vbg in/in the/at fifties/nns ,/, had/hvd stood/vbn around/rb on/in the/at hillside/nn nearby/rb without/in firing/vbg a/at shot/nn during/in the/at entire/jj attack/nn ./. Early/rb the/at next/ap morning/nn ,/, a/at Mexican/np telephoned/vbd Pels/np that/cs Celso/np Chavez/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at posse/nn members/nns ,/, was/bedz surrounded/vbn by/in ten/cd Mexicans/nps at/in his/pp$ father's/nn$ home/nn on/in the/at upper/jj Vermejo/np ./. The/at sheriff/nn and/cc District/nn-tl Attorney/nn-tl Mills/np hastily/rb swore/vbd out/rp a/at number/nn of/in warrants/nns against/in men/nns who/wps had/hvd been/ben riding/vbg about/rb armed/vbn ,/, according/in to/in signed/vbn statements/nns by/in Chavez/np and/cc Dr./nn-tl I./np P./np George/np ,/, and/cc ordered/vbd Deputy/nn-tl Barney/np Clark/np of/in Raton/np to/to rescue/vb the/at posseman/nn ./. Traveling/vbg all/abn night/nn ,/, Clark/np and/cc twelve/cd men/nns arrived/vbd at/in about/rb seven/cd o'clock/rb May/np 22/cd ./. Occasionally/rb they/ppss heard/vbd gun-shot/nn signals/nns and/cc a/at number/nn of/in horsemen/nns were/bed sighted/vbn on/in the/at hills/nns ,/, disappearing/vbg at/in the/at posse's/nn$ approach/nn ./. A/at Mexican/jj justice/nn of/in the/at peace/nn had/hvd issue/nn a/at writ/nn against/in Chavez/np for/in taking/vbg part/nn in/in the/at ``/`` murder/nn ''/'' of/in Manuel/np Gonzales/np so/rb he/pps and/cc his/pp$ father/nn were/bed anxious/jj to/to be/be taken/vbn out/rp of/in danger/nn ./. The/at men/nns helped/vbd them/ppo gather/vb their/pp$ belongings/nns and/cc escorted/vbd them/ppo to/in Raton/np along/rb with/in three/cd other/ap families/nns desiring/vbg to/to leave/vb ./. The/at ten/cd or/cc more/ap dangerous/jj parties/nns singled/vbn out/rp for/in prosecution/nn were/bed still/rb at/in large/nn ,/, and/cc Pels/np realized/vbd that/cs if/cs these/dts men/nns entrenched/vbd themselves/ppls in/in their/pp$ adobe/nn houses/nns ,/, defending/vbg themselves/ppls through/in loopholes/nns ,/, it/pps would/md be/be most/ql difficult/jj to/to capture/vb them/ppo ./. Thus/rb he/pps wired/vbd J./np-tl P./np-tl Lower/np-tl and/cc-tl Sons/nns-tl of/in Denver/np :/: ``/`` Have/hv you/ppss any/dti percussion/nn hand/nn grenades/nns for/in throwing/vbg in/in a/at house/nn or/cc across/in a/at well/nn loaded/vbn with/in balls/nns or/cc shrapnel/nn shot/nn ?/. ?/. If/cs not/* ,/, how/wql long/rb to/to order/vb and/cc what/wdt is/bez the/at price/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps wisely/rb decided/vbd that/cs it/pps would/md be/be foolish/jj to/to create/vb a/at disturbance/nn during/in the/at coming/vbg roundup/nn ,/, particularly/rb since/cs the/at Mexicans/nps were/bed on/in their/pp$ guard/nn ./. His/pp$ problem/nn then/rb became/vbd one/cd of/in restraining/vbg the/at American/jj fighters/nns who/wps wanted/vbd to/to clean/vb out/rp the/at Vermejo/np by/in force/nn immediately/rb ./.

cj56

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transfer:1 carleton:1 young:1 shoe:1 single:1 switchboard:1 instal:4 woodcock:2 hardware:1 hemenway:1 troubleshooter:1 elizabeth:1 night:1 employ:1 anyone:1 fortunate:2 enough:1 advertise:1 along:1 number:1 1918:1 england:2 begin:1 erect:1 building:1 operation:2 corner:1 rte:1 7:1 memorial:1 avenue:1 service:6 run:1 county:1 hand:1 gleason:1 1925:1 major:1 eventually:1 gain:1 control:1 aerial:1 underground:1 well:1 improvement:1 care:1 expand:1 1931:1 briggs:1 chief:1 retire:2 thirty:2 lead:1 agency:1 sale:1 william:3 hitchcock:1 1938:1 veteran:2 another:1 edith:1 fleming:1 blackmer:3 forty:1 death:1 1932:1 receive:1 exchange:1 easy:1 february:2 1953:1 area:2 eliminate:1 toll:1 within:1 month:1 seventy:1 per:1 power:9 electricity:3 important:1 part:1 community:1 life:1 today:1 difficult:1 envision:1 current:2 available:2 use:2 yet:1 go:2 sixty:1 mention:1 seem:1 reuben:1 colvin:1 houghton:1 gristmill:1 branch:1 date:1 extent:1 installation:2 14:1 electrical:1 edward:1 isham:1 ormsby:1 work:1 end:2 august:1 satisfactory:1 surveying:1 marsden:5 ascertain:1 would:1 sufficient:1 water:2 nothing:1 perhaps:1 due:1 lack:1 opportunity:1 storage:1 next:1 bridge:1 nearly:1 complete:1 23:1 1901:1 promise:1 september:1 28:1 sidewalk:1 front:1 dellwood:1 cemetery:1 cottage:1 director:1 smith:2 successor:1 colonial:2 enterprise:1 vail:3 start:1 chair:1 site:1 co:1 operative:1 creamery:1 intending:1 surplus:1 generate:1 compete:1 1904:1 transmission:1 burn:1 hydro:1 corporation:2 turn:1 absorb:1 central:1 public:1 furnish:1 distribute:1 sub:1 put:1 19:1 1930:1 improve:1 january:1 1942:1 large:1 transformer:1 follow:1 abandonment:1 bring:1 tie:1

The/at plant/nn was/bedz located/vbn west/nr of/in the/at Battenkill/np and/cc south/nr of/in the/at location/nn of/in the/at former/ap electric/jj light/nn plant/nn ./. The/at Manchester/np-tl Depot/nn-tl Sewer/nn-tl Company/nn-tl issued/vbd 214/cd shares/nns of/in stock/nn at/in $10/nns each/dt for/in construction/nn of/in a/at sewer/nn in/in that/dt locality/nn ,/, and/cc assessments/nns were/bed made/vbn for/in its/pp$ maintenance/nn ./. It/pps has/hvz given/vbn considerable/jj trouble/nn at/in times/nns and/cc empties/vbz right/ql into/in the/at Battenkill/np-tl ./. Fire/nn-tl District/nn-tl No./nn-tl 1/cd-tl discussed/vbd its/pp$ possible/jj purchase/nn in/in 1945/cd ,/, but/cc considered/vbd it/ppo an/at unwise/jj investment/nn ./. The/at sewer/nn on/in Bonnet/nn-tl Street/nn-tl was/bedz constructed/vbn when/wrb there/ex were/bed only/rb a/at few/ap houses/nns on/in the/at street/nn ./. As/cs new/jj homes/nns were/bed built/vbn they/ppss were/bed connected/vbn so/cs that/cs all/abn residences/nns south/nr of/in School/nn-tl Street/nn-tl are/ber served/vbn by/in it/ppo ./. B./np J./np Connell/np is/bez the/at present/jj treasurer/nn and/cc manager/nn ./. The/at 1946/cd town/nn meeting/nn voted/vbd to/to have/hv the/at Selectmen/nns-tl appoint/vb a/at committee/nn to/to investigate/vb and/cc report/vb on/in the/at feasibility/nn of/in some/dti system/nn of/in sewage/nn disposal/nn and/cc a/at disposal/nn plant/nn to/to serve/vb Manchester/np-tl Center/nn-tl ,/, Depot/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Way's/np$-tl Lane/nn-tl ./. The/at committee/nn submitted/vbd a/at report/nn signed/vbn by/in Louis/np Martin/np and/cc Leon/np Wiley/np with/in a/at map/nn published/vbn in/in the/at 1946/cd town/nn report/nn ./. The/at layout/nn of/in the/at sewer/nn lines/nns was/bedz designed/vbn by/in Henry/np W./np Taylor/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz the/at engineer/nn for/in the/at Manchester/np-tl Village/nn-tl disposal/nn plant/nn ./. No/at figures/nns were/bed submitted/vbn with/in the/at report/nn and/cc no/at action/nn was/bedz taken/vbn on/in it/ppo by/in the/at town/nn ./. The/at 1958/cd town/nn meeting/nn directed/vbd town/nn authorities/nns to/to seek/vb federal/jj and/cc state/nn funds/nns with/in which/wdt to/to conduct/vb a/at preliminary/jj survey/nn of/in a/at proposed/vbn sewage/nn plant/nn with/in its/pp$ attendant/jj facilities/nns ./. The/at final/ap step/nn was/bedz a/at vote/nn for/in a/at $230,000/nns bond/nn issue/nn for/in the/at construction/nn of/in a/at sewage/nn system/nn by/in the/at 1959/cd town/nn meeting/nn ,/, later/rbr confirmed/vbn by/in a/at two-thirds/nns vote/nn at/in a/at special/jj town/nn meeting/nn June/np 21/cd ,/, 1960/cd ./. There/rb the/at matter/nn stands/vbz with/in the/at prospect/nn that/cs soon/rb Manchester/np may/md be/be removed/vbn from/in the/at roster/nn of/in towns/nns contributing/vbg raw/jj sewage/nn to/in its/pp$ main/jjs streams/nns ./. Telephone/nn-hl and/cc-hl telegraph/nn-hl Manchester's/np$ unusual/jj interest/nn in/in telegraphy/nn has/hvz often/rb been/ben attributed/vbn to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at Rev./np J./np D./np Wickham/np ,/, headmaster/nn of/in Burr/np-tl and/cc-tl Burton/np-tl Seminary/nn-tl ,/, was/bedz a/at personal/jj friend/nn and/cc correspondent/nn of/in the/at inventor/nn ,/, Samuel/np F./np B./np Morse/np ./. At/in any/dti rate/nn ,/, Manchester/np did/dod not/* lag/vb far/rb behind/in the/at first/od commercial/jj system/nn which/wdt was/bedz set/vbn up/rp in/in 1844/cd between/in Baltimore/np and/cc Washington/np ./. In/in 1846/cd Matthew/np B./np Goodwin/np ,/, jeweler/nn and/cc watchmaker/nn ,/, became/vbd the/at town's/nn$ first/od telegrapher/nn in/in a/at dwelling/nn he/pps built/vbd for/in himself/ppl and/cc his/pp$ business/nn ``/`` two/cd doors/nns north/nr of/in the/at Equinox/np-tl House/nn-tl ''/'' or/cc ``/`` one/cd door/nn north/nr of/in the/at Bank/nn-tl ,/, Manchester/np ,/, Vermont/np ''/'' ./. Goodwin/np was/bedz telegrapher/nn for/in the/at ``/`` American/jj-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` Troy/np-tl and/cc-tl Canada/np-tl Junction/nn-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Shares/nns of/in capital/nn stock/nn at/in $15/nns each/dt in/in the/at latter/ap company/nn were/bed payable/jj at/in the/at Bank/nn-tl of/in-tl Manchester/np-tl or/cc at/in various/ap other/ap Vermont/np banks/nns ./. A/at message/nn of/in less/ap than/in fifteen/cd words/nns to/in Bennington/np cost/vbd twenty-five/cd cents/nns ./. By/in 1871/cd L./np C./np Orvis/np ,/, manager/nn of/in the/at ``/`` Western/jj-tl Union/nn-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, expressed/vbd willingness/nn to/to send/vb emergency/nn telegrams/nns on/in Sundays/nrs from/in his/pp$ Village/nn-tl drugstore/nn ./. Orvis/np even/rb needed/vbd to/to hire/vb an/at assistant/nn ,/, Clark/np J./np Wait/np ./. The/at Manchester/np-tl Journal/nn-tl commented/vbd editorially/rb on/in the/at surprising/vbg amount/nn of/in local/jj telegraphic/jj business/nn ./. In/in the/at fall/nn of/in 1878/cd ,/, the/at ``/`` Popular/jj-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Line/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz established/vbn between/in Manchester/np and/cc Factory/nn-tl Point/nn-tl by/in the/at owners/nns ,/, Paul/np W./np Orvis/np ,/, Henry/np Gray/np ,/, J./np N./np Hard/np ,/, and/cc Clark/np J./np Wait/np ./. The/at line/nn soon/rb lived/vbd up/rp to/in its/pp$ name/nn ,/, as/cs local/jj messages/nns of/in moderate/jj length/nn could/md be/be sent/vbn for/in a/at dime/nn and/cc the/at company/nn was/bedz quickly/rb able/jj to/to declare/vb very/ql liberal/jj dividends/nns on/in its/pp$ capital/nn stock/nn ./. In/in 1879/cd the/at same/ap Clark/np Wait/np ,/, with/in H./np H./np Holley/np of/in South/jj-tl Dorset/np-tl ,/, formed/vbd the/at ``/`` American/jj-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Line/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, extending/vbg from/in Manchester/np-tl Depot/nn-tl via/in Factory/nn-tl Point/nn-tl and/cc South/jj-tl Dorset/np-tl to/in Dorset/np ./. Besides/in being/beg most/ql convenient/jj ,/, the/at line/nn ``/`` soon/rb proved/vbd a/at good/jj investment/nn for/in the/at owners/nns ''/'' ./. Telegraphers/nns at/in the/at Depot/nn-tl at/in this/dt time/nn were/bed Aaron/np C./np Burr/np and/cc Mark/np Manley/np of/in ``/`` Burr/np-tl and/cc-tl Manley/np-tl ''/'' ,/, dealers/nns in/in lumber/nn and/cc dry/jj goods/nns ./. Early/jj equipment/nn was/bedz very/ql flimsy/jj ;/. ;/. the/at smallest/jjt gusts/nns of/in wind/nn toppled/vbd poles/nns ,/, making/vbg communications/nns impossible/jj ./. But/cc companies/nns continued/vbd to/to spring/vb up/rp ./. By/in 1883/cd the/at ``/`` Battenkill/np-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ''/'' was/bedz in/in existence/nn and/cc Alvin/np Pettibone/np was/bedz its/pp$ president/nn ./. Operating/vbg in/in 1887/cd was/bedz the/at ``/`` Valley/nn-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Line/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, officers/nns of/in which/wdt were/bed E./np C./np Orvis/np ,/, president/nn ;/. ;/. H./np K./np Fowler/np ,/, vice-president/nn and/cc secretary/nn ;/. ;/. J./np N./np Hard/np ,/, treasurer/nn ;/. ;/. F./np H./np Walker/np ,/, superintendent/nn ;/. ;/. H./np S./np Walker/np ,/, assistant/nn superintendent/nn ./. Two/cd companies/nns now/rb had/hvd headquarters/nn with/in Clark/np J./np Wait/np ,/, who/wps by/in then/rb had/hvd his/pp$ own/jj drugstore/nn at/in Factory/nn-tl Point/nn-tl --/-- the/at ``/`` Northern/jj-tl Union/nn-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ''/'' and/cc the/at ``/`` Western/jj-tl Union/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Operators/nns were/bed Arthur/np Koop/np and/cc Norman/np Taylor/np ./. Still/rb existing/vbg on/in a/at ``/`` Northern/jj-tl Union/nn-tl ''/'' telegraph/nn form/nn is/bez a/at typical/jj peremptory/jj message/nn from/in Peru/np grocer/nn J./np J./np Hapgood/np to/in Burton/np-tl and/cc-tl Graves'/np$-tl store/nn in/in Manchester/np --/-- ``/`` Get/vb and/cc send/vb by/in stage/nn four/cd pounds/nns best/jjt Porterhouse/np or/cc serloin/nn stake/nn ,/, for/in Mrs./np Hapgood/np send/vb six/cd sweet/jj oranges/nns ''/'' ./. About/rb 1888/cd J./np E./np McNaughton/np of/in Barnumville/np and/cc E./np G./np Bacon/np became/vbd proprietors/nns of/in the/at ``/`` Green/jj-tl Mountain/nn-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, connecting/vbg all/abn offices/nns on/in the/at Western/jj-tl Union/nn-tl line/nn and/cc extending/vbg over/in the/at mountain/nn from/in Barnumville/np to/in Peru/np ,/, Londonderry/np ,/, South/jj-tl Londonderry/np-tl ,/, Lowell/np-tl Lake/nn-tl ,/, Windham/np ,/, North/jj-tl Windham/np-tl ,/, Grafton/np ,/, Cambridgeport/np ,/, Saxton's/np$-tl River/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Bellows/np-tl Falls/nns-tl ./. From/in 1896/cd until/in 1910/cd John/np H./np Whipple/np was/bedz manager/nn of/in Western/jj-tl Union/nn-tl at/in the/at Center/nn-tl in/in the/at drugstore/nn he/pps purchased/vbd from/in Clark/np Wait/np ./. The/at Village/nn-tl office/nn of/in Western/jj-tl Union/nn-tl with/in George/np Towsley/np as/cs manager/nn and/cc telegrapher/nn continued/vbd in/in Hard's/np$ drugstore/nn until/in 1905/cd ./. During/in the/at summers/nns ,/, Towsley/np often/rb needed/vbd the/at assistance/nn of/in a/at company/nn operator/nn ./. These/dts were/bed the/at years/nns when/wrb people/nns flocked/vbd to/in Manchester/np not/* only/rb to/to play/vb golf/nn ,/, which/wdt had/hvd come/vbn into/in vogue/nn ,/, but/cc also/rb to/to witness/vb the/at Ekwanok/np-tl Country/nn-tl Club/nn-tl tournaments/nns ./. New/jj-tl Yorkers/nps-tl were/bed kept/vbn informed/vbn of/in scores/nns by/in reporters/nns who/wps telegraphed/vbd fifteen/cd to/in twenty/cd thousand/cd words/nns daily/rb to/in the/at metropolitan/jj newspapers/nns ./. This/dt boosted/vbd local/jj telegraph/nn business/nn and/cc Manchester/np basked/vbd in/in all/abn the/at free/jj advertising/nn ./. In/in 1914/cd when/wrb the/at town/nn was/bedz chosen/vbn for/in the/at U./np-tl S./np-tl Amateur/nn-tl Golf/nn-tl tournament/nn ,/, a/at representative/nn hurried/vbd here/rb from/in the/at Boston/np manager's/nn$ office/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ wake/nn came/vbd the/at District/nn-tl Traffic/nn-tl Supervisor/nn-tl and/cc the/at cream/nn of/in the/at telegraphic/jj profession/nn ,/, ten/cd of/in Boston's/np$ best/jjt ,/, chosen/vbn for/in their/pp$ long/jj experience/nn and/cc thorough/jj knowledge/nn of/in golf/nn ./. During/in that/dt tournament/nn alone/rb ,/, some/dti 250,000/cd words/nns winged/vbd their/pp$ way/nn out/rp of/in Manchester/np ./. The/at old/jj Morse/np system/nn was/bedz replaced/vbn locally/rb by/in the/at Simplex/np modern/jj automatic/jj method/nn in/in 1929/cd ,/, when/wrb Ellamae/np Heckman/np (/( Wilcox/np )/) was/bedz manager/nn of/in the/at Western/jj-tl Union/nn-tl office/nn ./. During/in summers/nns ,/, business/nn was/bedz so/ql brisk/jj that/cs Mrs./np Wilcox/np had/hvd two/cd assistants/nns and/cc a/at messenger/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz succeeded/vbn by/in Clarence/np Goyette/np ./. Since/in that/dt time/nn the/at telegraph/nn office/nn has/hvz shifted/vbn in/in location/nn from/in the/at railroad/nn station/nn at/in the/at Depot/nn-tl and/cc shops/nns at/in the/at Center/nn-tl back/rb to/in the/at town/nn clerk's/nn$ office/nn and/cc drugstore/nn at/in the/at Village/nn-tl ./. After/cs being/beg located/vbn for/in some/dti years/nns in/in the/at Village/nn-tl at/in the/at Equinox/np-tl Pharmacy/nn-tl under/in the/at supervision/nn of/in Mrs./np Harry/np Mercier/np ,/, it/pps is/bez presently/rb located/vbn in/in the/at Hill/nn-tl and/cc-tl Dale/nn-tl Shop/nn-tl ,/, Manchester/np-tl Center/nn-tl ./. The/at first/od known/vbn telephone/nn line/nn in/in Manchester/np was/bedz established/vbn in/in July/np 1883/cd between/in Burr/np-tl and/cc-tl Manley's/np$-tl store/nn at/in Manchester/np-tl Depot/nn-tl and/cc the/at Kent/np-tl and/cc-tl Root/np-tl Marble/nn-tl Company/nn-tl in/in South/jj-tl Dorset/np-tl ./. This/dt was/bedz extended/vbn the/at following/vbg year/nn to/to include/vb the/at railroad/nn station/nn agent's/nn$ office/nn and/cc Thayer's/np$-tl Hotel/nn-tl at/in Factory/nn-tl Point/nn-tl ./. In/in November/np 1887/cd a/at line/nn connecting/vbg several/ap dwelling/nn houses/nns in/in Dorset/np was/bedz extended/vbn to/in Manchester/np-tl Depot/nn-tl ./. Telephone/nn wires/nns from/in Louis/np Dufresne's/np$ house/nn in/in East/jj-tl Manchester/np-tl to/in the/at Dufresne/np lumber/nn job/nn near/in Bourn/np-tl Pond/nn-tl were/bed up/rp about/rb 1895/cd ./. Eber/np L./np Taylor/np of/in Manchester/np-tl Depot/nn-tl recorded/vbd the/at setting/nn of/in phone/nn poles/nns in/in East/jj-tl Dorset/np-tl and/cc Barnumville/np in/in his/pp$ diary/nn for/in 1906/cd ./. These/dts must/md have/hv been/ben for/in local/jj calls/nns strictly/rb ,/, as/cs in/in May/np 1900/cd the/at ``/`` only/ap long/jj distance/nn telephone/nn ''/'' in/in town/nn was/bedz transferred/vbn from/in C./np B./np Carleton's/np$ to/in Young's/np$ shoe/nn store/nn ./. A/at small/jj single/ap switchboard/nn was/bedz installed/vbn in/in the/at Village/nn-tl over/in Woodcock's/np$ hardware/nn store/nn (/( later/rbr E./np H./np Hemenway's/np$ )/) ./. George/np Woodcock/np was/bedz manager/nn and/cc troubleshooter/nn ;/. ;/. Elizabeth/np Way/np was/bedz the/at first/od operator/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at night/nn operator/nn was/bedz also/rb employed/vbn ./. Anyone/pn fortunate/jj enough/qlp to/to have/hv one/cd of/in those/dts early/jj phones/nns advertised/vbd the/at fact/nn along/rb with/in the/at telephone/nn number/nn in/in the/at Manchester/np-tl Journal/nn-tl ./. In/in 1918/cd the/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl Telephone/nn-tl Company/nn-tl began/vbd erecting/vbg a/at building/nn to/to house/vb its/pp$ operations/nns on/in the/at corner/nn of/in U./np-tl S./np-tl Rte./nn-tl 7/cd-tl and/cc what/wdt is/bez now/rb Memorial/jj-tl Avenue/nn-tl at/in Manchester/np-tl Center/nn-tl ./. Service/nn running/vbg through/in Barnumville/np and/cc to/in Bennington/np-tl County/nn-tl towns/nns east/nr of/in the/at mountains/nns was/bedz in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at ``/`` Gleason/np-tl Telephone/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ''/'' in/in 1925/cd ,/, but/cc major/jj supervision/nn of/in telephone/nn lines/nns in/in Manchester/np was/bedz with/in the/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl Telephone/nn-tl and/cc-tl Telegraph/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt eventually/rb gained/vbd all/abn control/nn ./. More/ap aerial/jj and/cc underground/jj equipment/nn was/bedz installed/vbn as/ql well/rb as/cs office/nn improvements/nns to/to take/vb care/nn of/in the/at expanding/vbg business/nn ./. In/in 1931/cd Mrs./np F./np H./np Briggs/np ,/, agent/nn and/cc chief/jjs operator/nn ,/, who/wps was/bedz to/to retire/vb in/in 1946/cd with/in thirty/cd years'/nns$ service/nn ,/, led/vbd agency/nn offices/nns in/in sales/nns for/in the/at year/nn with/in $2,490/nns ./. William/np Hitchcock/np ,/, who/wps retired/vbd in/in 1938/cd ,/, was/bedz a/at veteran/nn of/in thirty-four/cd years'/nns$ local/jj service/nn ./. Another/dt veteran/nn telephone/nn operator/nn was/bedz Edith/np Fleming/np Blackmer/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben in/in the/at office/nn forty/cd years/nns at/in the/at time/nn of/in her/pp$ death/nn in/in 1960/cd ./. In/in 1932/cd Dorset/np received/vbd its/pp$ own/jj exchange/nn ,/, which/wdt made/vbd business/nn easier/jjr for/in the/at Manchester/np office/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz not/* until/in February/np 1953/cd that/cs area/nn service/nn was/bedz extended/vbn to/to include/vb Manchester/np and/cc Dorset/np ./. This/dt eliminated/vbd toll/nn calls/nns between/in the/at two/cd towns/nns ./. Within/in a/at month/nn ,/, calls/nns were/bed up/rp seventy/cd per/in cent/nn ./. Electric/jj-hl power/nn-hl electricity/nn plays/vbz such/abl an/at important/jj part/nn in/in community/nn life/nn today/nr that/cs it/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/in envision/vb a/at time/nn when/wrb current/nn was/bedz not/* available/jj for/in daily/jj use/nn ./. Yet/cc one/pn has/hvz to/to go/vb back/rb only/rb some/rb sixty/cd years/nns ./. The/at first/od mention/nn of/in an/at electric/jj plant/nn in/in Manchester/np seems/vbz to/to be/be one/cd installed/vbn in/in Reuben/np Colvin's/np$ and/cc Houghton's/np$ gristmill/nn on/in the/at West/jj-tl Branch/nn-tl in/in Factory/nn-tl Point/nn-tl ./. No/at records/nns are/ber available/jj as/in to/in the/at date/nn or/cc extent/nn of/in installation/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps may/md have/hv been/ben in/in 1896/cd ./. On/in June/np 14/cd ,/, 1900/cd the/at Manchester/np-tl Journal/nn-tl reported/vbd that/cs an/at electrical/jj engineer/nn was/bedz installing/vbg an/at electric/jj light/nn plant/nn for/in Edward/np S./np Isham/np at/in ``/`` Ormsby/np-tl Hill/nn-tl ''/'' ./. This/dt was/bedz working/vbg by/in the/at end/nn of/in August/np and/cc giving/vbg satisfactory/jj service/nn ./. In/in November/np 1900/cd surveying/vbg was/bedz done/vbn under/in John/np Marsden/np on/in the/at east/nr mountains/nns to/to ascertain/vb if/cs it/pps would/md be/be possible/jj to/to get/vb sufficient/jj water/nn and/cc fall/nn to/to operate/vb an/at electric/jj power/nn plant/nn ./. Nothing/pn came/vbd of/in it/ppo ,/, perhaps/rb due/rb to/in lack/nn of/in opportunity/nn for/in water/nn storage/nn ./. The/at next/ap step/nn was/bedz construction/nn by/in the/at Manchester/np-tl Light/nn-tl and/cc-tl Power/nn-tl Company/nn-tl of/in a/at plant/nn on/in the/at west/nr bank/nn of/in the/at Battenkill/np south/nr of/in Union/nn-tl Street/nn-tl bridge/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz nearly/rb completed/vbn May/np 23/cd ,/, 1901/cd with/in a/at promise/nn of/in lights/nns by/in June/np 10/cd ,/, but/cc the/at first/od light/nn did/dod not/* go/vb on/rp until/in September/np 28/cd ./. It/pps was/bedz at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at sidewalk/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at Dellwood/np-tl Cemetery/nn-tl cottage/nn ./. The/at first/od directors/nns of/in the/at Manchester/np-tl Light/nn-tl and/cc Power/nn-tl Company/nn-tl were/bed John/np Marsden/np ,/, M./np L./np Manley/np ,/, William/np F./np Orvis/np ,/, George/np Smith/np ,/, and/cc John/np Blackmer/np ./. The/at officers/nns were/bed John/np Marsden/np ,/, president/nn ;/. ;/. John/np C./np Blackmer/np ,/, vice-president/nn ;/. ;/. George/np Smith/np ,/, treasurer/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc William/np F./np Orvis/np ,/, secretary/nn ./. Marsden/np was/bedz manager/nn of/in the/at company/nn for/in ten/cd years/nns and/cc manager/nn of/in its/pp$ successor/nn company/nn ,/, the/at Colonial/jj-tl Light/nn-tl and/cc-tl Power/nn-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, for/in one/cd year/nn ./. At/in about/rb the/at time/nn the/at Marsden/np enterprise/nn was/bedz getting/vbg under/in way/nn ,/, the/at Vail/np-tl Light/nn-tl and/cc-tl Lumber/nn-tl Company/nn-tl started/vbd construction/nn of/in a/at chair/nn stock/nn factory/nn on/in the/at site/nn of/in the/at present/jj Bennington/np-tl Co-operative/jj-tl Creamery/nn-tl ,/, intending/vbg to/to use/vb its/pp$ surplus/nn power/nn for/in generating/vbg electricity/nn ./. Manchester/np then/rb had/hvd two/cd competing/vbg power/nn companies/nns until/in 1904/cd ,/, when/wrb the/at Manchester/np-tl Light/nn-tl and/cc-tl Power/nn-tl Company/nn-tl purchased/vbd the/at transmission/nn system/nn of/in the/at Vail/np-tl Company/nn-tl ./. This/dt was/bedz fortunate/jj ,/, as/cs the/at Vail/np plant/nn burned/vbd in/in 1905/cd ./. The/at Colonial/jj-tl Light/nn-tl and/cc-tl Power/nn-tl Company/nn-tl was/bedz succeeded/vbn by/in the/at Vermont/np-tl Hydro-Electric/jj-tl Corporation/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt in/in turn/nn was/bedz absorbed/vbn by/in the/at Central/jj-tl Vermont/np-tl Public/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl ./. The/at latter/ap now/rb furnishes/vbz the/at area/nn with/in electricity/nn distributed/vbn from/in a/at modern/jj sub-station/nn at/in Manchester/np-tl Depot/nn-tl which/wdt was/bedz put/vbn into/in operation/nn February/np 19/cd ,/, 1930/cd and/cc was/bedz improved/vbn in/in January/np 1942/cd by/in the/at installation/nn of/in larger/jjr transformers/nns ./. For/in a/at time/nn following/in the/at abandonment/nn of/in the/at local/jj plant/nn ,/, electric/jj current/nn for/in Manchester/np was/bedz brought/vbn in/rp from/in the/at south/nr with/in an/at emergency/nn tie-in/nn with/in the/at Vermont/np-tl Marble/nn-tl Company/nn-tl system/nn to/in the/at north/nr ./.

cj57

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Some/dti who/wps have/hv written/vbn on/in Utopia/np-tl have/hv treated/vbn it/ppo as/cs ``/`` a/at learned/vbn diversion/nn of/in a/at learned/vbn world/nn ''/'' ,/, ``/`` a/at phantasy/nn with/in which/wdt More/np amused/vbd himself/ppl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` a/at holiday/nn work/nn ,/, a/at spontaneous/jj overflow/nn of/in intellectual/jj high/jj spirits/nns ,/, a/at revel/nn of/in debate/nn ,/, paradox/nn ,/, comedy/nn and/cc invention/nn ''/'' ./. With/in respect/nn to/in this/dt view/nn ,/, two/cd points/nns are/ber worth/jj making/vbg ./. First/rb ,/, it/pps appears/vbz to/to be/be based/vbn on/in the/at fact/nn that/cs on/in its/pp$ title/nn page/nn Utopia/np-tl is/bez described/vbn as/cs ``/`` festivus/fw-jj ''/'' ,/, ``/`` gay/jj ''/'' ./. It/pps overlooks/vbz the/at other/ap fact/nn that/cs it/pps is/bez described/vbn as/cs ``/`` Nec/fw-cc minus/fw-ql salutaris/fw-jj quam/fw-cs festivus/fw-jj ''/'' ,/, ``/`` no/ql less/ql salutary/jj than/cs gay/jj ''/'' ./. It/pps also/rb overlooks/vbz the/at fact/nn that/cs in/in a/at rational/jj lexicon/nn ,/, and/cc quite/ql clearly/rb in/in More's/np$ lexicon/nn ,/, the/at opposite/nn of/in serious/jj-nc is/bez not/* gay/jj-nc but/cc frivolous/jj-nc ,/, and/cc the/at opposite/nn of/in gay/jj-nc is/bez not/* serious/jj-nc but/cc solemn/jj-nc ./. More/np believed/vbd that/cs a/at man/nn could/md be/be both/abx serious/jj and/cc gay/jj ./. That/cs a/at writer/nn who/wps is/bez gay/jj cannot/md* be/be serious/jj is/bez a/at common/jj professional/jj illusion/nn ,/, sedulously/rb fostered/vbn by/in all/ql too/ql many/ap academics/nns who/wps mistakenly/rb believe/vb that/cs their/pp$ frivolous/jj efforts/nns should/md be/be taken/vbn seriously/rb because/cs they/ppss are/ber expressed/vbn with/in that/dt dreary/jj solemnity/nn which/wdt is/bez the/at only/ap mode/nn of/in expression/nn their/pp$ authors/nns are/ber capable/jj of/in ./. Secondly/rb ,/, to/to find/vb a/at learned/vbn diversion/nn and/cc a/at pleasing/jj joke/nn in/in More's/np$ account/nn of/in the/at stupid/jj brutalities/nns of/in early/jj sixteenth/od century/nn wars/nns ,/, of/in the/at anguish/nn of/in the/at poor/jj and/cc dispossessed/vbn ,/, of/in the/at insolence/nn and/cc cruelty/nn of/in the/at rich/jj and/cc powerful/jj requires/vbz a/at callousness/nn toward/in suffering/vbg and/cc sin/nn that/wps would/md be/be surprising/vbg in/in a/at moral/jj imbecile/nn and/cc most/ql surprising/jj in/in More/np himself/ppl ./. Indeed/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez even/rb surprising/jj in/in the/at Canon/nn-tl of/in-tl Christ/np-tl Church/nn-tl and/cc Regius/np-tl Professor/nn-tl of/in-tl Ecclesiastical/jj-tl History/nn-tl ,/, who/wps fathered/vbd this/dt most/ql peculiar/jj view/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at brilliant/jj Professor/nn-tl of/in-tl Medieval/jj-tl and/cc Renaissance/nn-tl English/np-tl at/in Cambridge/np ,/, who/wps inherited/vbd it/ppo and/cc is/bez now/rb its/pp$ most/ql eminent/jj proponent/nn ./. But/cc to/to return/vb to/in the/at main/jjs line/nn of/in our/pp$ inquiry/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez doubtful/jj that/cs Utopia/np-tl is/bez still/rb widely/rb read/vbn because/cs More/np was/bedz medieval/jj or/cc even/rb because/cs he/pps was/bedz a/at martyr/nn --/-- indeed/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez likely/jj that/cs these/dts days/nns many/ap who/wps read/vb Utopia/np-tl with/in interest/nn do/do not/* even/rb know/vb that/cs its/pp$ author/nn was/bedz a/at martyr/nn ./. Utopia/np-tl is/bez still/rb widely/rb read/vbn because/cs in/in a/at sense/nn More/np stood/vbd on/in the/at margin/nn of/in modernity/nn ./. And/cc if/cs he/pps did/dod stand/vb on/in the/at margins/nns of/in modernity/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz not/* in/in dying/vbg a/at martyr/nn for/in such/jj unity/nn as/cs Papal/jj supremacy/nn might/md be/be able/jj to/to force/vb on/in Western/jj-tl Christendom/np-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* even/rb in/in writing/vbg Latin/jj epigrams/nns ,/, sometimes/rb bawdy/jj ones/nns ,/, or/cc in/in translating/vbg Lucian/np from/in Greek/np into/in Latin/np or/cc in/in defending/vbg the/at study/nn of/in Greek/np against/in the/at attack/nn of/in conservative/jj academics/nns ,/, or/cc in/in attacking/vbg the/at conservative/jj theologians/nns who/wps opposed/vbd Erasmus's/np$ philological/jj study/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl ./. Similar/jj literary/jj exercises/nns were/bed the/at common/jj doings/nns of/in a/at Christian/jj humanist/nn of/in the/at first/od two/cd decades/nns of/in the/at sixteenth/od century/nn ./. Had/hvd More's/np$ writings/nns been/ben wholly/rb limited/vbn to/in such/jj exercises/nns ,/, they/ppss would/md be/be almost/rb as/ql dimly/rb remembered/vbn as/cs those/dts of/in a/at dozen/nn or/cc so/rb other/ap authors/nns living/vbg in/in his/pp$ time/nn ,/, whose/wp$ works/nns tenuously/rb survive/vb in/in the/at minds/nns of/in the/at few/ap hundred/cd scholars/nns who/wps each/dt decade/nn in/in pursuit/nn of/in their/pp$ very/ql specialized/vbn occasions/nns read/vb those/dts works/nns ./. More/np stands/vbz on/in the/at margins/nns of/in modernity/nn for/in one/cd reason/nn alone/rb --/-- because/cs he/pps wrote/vbd Utopia/np-tl ./. And/cc the/at evidence/nn that/cs he/pps does/doz ,/, indeed/rb ,/, stand/vb there/rb derives/vbz quite/ql simply/rb from/in the/at vigorous/jj interest/nn with/in which/wdt rather/ql casual/jj readers/nns have/hv responded/vbn to/in that/dt book/nn for/in the/at past/ap century/nn or/cc so/rb ./. Only/rb one/cd other/ap contemporary/nn of/in More's/np$ evokes/vbz so/ql immediate/jj and/cc direct/jj a/at response/nn ,/, and/cc only/rb one/cd other/ap contemporary/jj work/nn --/-- Niccolo/np Machiavelli/np and/cc The/at-tl Prince/nn-tl ./. Can/md we/ppss discover/vb what/wdt it/pps is/bez in/in Utopia/np-tl that/wps has/hvz evoked/vbn this/dt response/nn ?/. ?/. Remember/vb that/cs in/in seeking/vbg the/at modern/jj in/in Utopia/np-tl we/ppss do/do not/* deny/vb the/at existence/nn of/in the/at medieval/jj and/cc the/at Renaissance/np there/rb ;/. ;/. we/ppss do/do not/* even/rb need/vb to/to commit/vb ourselves/ppls to/in assessing/vbg on/in the/at same/ap inconceivable/jj scale/nn the/at relative/jj importance/nn of/in the/at medieval/jj ,/, the/at Renaissance/np ,/, and/cc the/at modern/jj ./. The/at medieval/jj was/bedz the/at most/ql important/jj to/in Chambers/np because/cs he/pps sought/vbd to/to place/vb Thomas/np More/np ,/, the/at author/nn of/in Utopia/np-tl ,/, in/in some/dti intelligible/jj relation/nn with/in St./nn-tl Thomas/np More/np ,/, the/at martyr/nn ./. To/in others/nns whose/wp$ concern/nn it/pps is/bez to/to penetrate/vb the/at significance/nn of/in Christian/jj Humanism/nn-tl ,/, the/at Renaissance/np elements/nns are/ber of/in primary/jj concern/nn ./. But/cc here/rb we/ppss have/hv a/at distinctly/rb modern/jj preoccupation/nn ;/. ;/. we/ppss want/vb to/to know/vb why/wrb that/dt book/nn has/hvz kept/vbn on/rp selling/vbg the/at way/nn it/pps has/hvz ;/. ;/. we/ppss want/vb to/to know/vb what/wdt is/bez perennially/rb new/jj about/in Utopia/np-tl ./. What/wdt is/bez new/jj about/in it/ppo ?/. ?/. To/in that/dt question/nn the/at answer/nn is/bez simple/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps can/md be/be made/vbn in/in two/cd words/nns ,/, Utopian/jj-tl-nc communism/nn-nc ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez an/at answer/nn which/wdt opens/vbz the/at door/nn wide/jj to/in an/at onrush/nn of/in objections/nns and/cc denials/nns ./. Surely/rb there/ex is/bez nothing/pn new/jj about/in communism/nn ./. We/ppss find/vb it/ppo in/in Plato's/np$ Republic/nn-tl ,/, and/cc in/in Utopia/np-tl More/np acknowledges/vbz his/pp$ debt/nn to/in that/dt book/nn ./. We/ppss find/vb it/ppo in/in that/dt ``/`` common/jj way/nn of/in life/nn pleasing/jj to/in Christ/np and/cc still/rb in/in use/nn among/in the/at truest/jjt societies/nns of/in Christians/nps ''/'' ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, the/at better/jjr monasteries/nns which/wdt made/vbd it/ppo easier/jjr to/to convert/vb the/at Utopians/nps to/in Christianity/np ./. We/ppss find/vb it/ppo in/in the/at later/jjr Stoic/np conception/nn of/in man's/nn$ natural/jj condition/nn which/wdt included/vbd the/at community/nn of/in all/abn possessions/nns ./. This/dt conception/nn was/bedz taken/vbn up/rp by/in the/at early/jj Church/nn-tl Fathers/nns-tl and/cc by/in canon/nn lawyers/nns and/cc theologians/nns in/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ;/. ;/. and/cc More/np was/bedz far/ql too/ql well/rb read/vbn not/* to/to have/hv come/vbn across/in it/ppo in/in one/cd or/cc several/ap of/in the/at forms/nns thus/rb given/vbn it/ppo ./. But/cc although/cs the/at idea/nn of/in communism/nn is/bez very/ql old/jj even/rb in/in More's/np$ day/nn and/cc did/dod not/* spring/vb full-clad/jj from/in his/pp$ imagination/nn in/in 1515/cd ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* communism/nn as/cs such/jj that/wpo we/ppss are/ber concerned/vbn with/in ./. We/ppss are/ber concerned/vbn not/* with/in the/at genus/nn communism/nn nor/cc with/in other/ap species/nns of/in the/at genus/nn :/: Platonic/jj ,/, Stoic/np ,/, early/jj Christian/jj ,/, monastic/jj ,/, canonist/jj or/cc theological/jj communism/nn ;/. ;/. we/ppss are/ber concerned/vbn with/in Utopian/jj communism/nn --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, simply/rb communism/nn as/cs it/pps appears/vbz in/in the/at imaginary/jj commonwealth/nn of/in Utopia/np ,/, as/cs More/np conceived/vbd it/ppo ./. Perhaps/rb one/cd way/nn to/to sharpen/vb our/pp$ sense/nn of/in the/at modernity/nn of/in Utopian/jj communism/nn is/bez to/to contrast/vb it/ppo with/in the/at principal/jjs earlier/jjr types/nns of/in communistic/jj theory/nn ./. We/ppss will/md achieve/vb a/at more/ql vivid/jj sense/nn of/in what/wdt it/pps is/bez by/in realizing/vbg what/wdt it/pps is/bez not/* ./. In/in Plato's/np$ Republic/nn-tl communism/nn is/bez --/-- to/to speak/vb anachronistically/rb --/-- a/at communism/nn of/in Janissaries/nps ./. Its/pp$ function/nn is/bez to/to separate/vb from/in the/at base/jj ruled/vbn mass/nn ,/, among/in whom/wpo private/jj ownership/nn prevails/vbz ,/, the/at governing/vbg warrior/nn elite/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez too/ql readily/rb forgotten/vbn that/cs in/in the/at Republic/nn-tl what/wdt gave/vbd the/at initial/jj impetus/nn to/in Plato's/np$ excursus/nn into/in the/at construction/nn of/in an/at imaginary/jj commonwealth/nn with/in its/pp$ ruling-class/nn communism/nn of/in goods/nns ,/, wives/nns ,/, and/cc children/nns ,/, was/bedz his/pp$ quest/nn for/in a/at canon/nn for/in the/at proper/jj ordering/nn of/in the/at individual/jj human/jj psyche/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps is/bez to/in this/dt problem/nn that/cs the/at Republic/nn-tl ultimately/rb returns/vbz ./. In/in More's/np$ Utopia/np-tl communism/nn is/bez not/* a/at means/nn of/in separating/vbg out/rp a/at warrior/nn elite/nn from/in the/at lumpish/jj mass/nn ./. Utopian/jj communism/nn applies/vbz to/in all/abn Utopians/nps ./. And/cc in/in the/at economy/nn of/in the/at book/nn it/pps is/bez not/* peripheral/jj but/cc central/jj ./. The/at concern/nn of/in Utopia/np-tl is/bez with/in the/at optimo/fw-jjt reipublicae/fw-nn statu/fw-nn ,/, the/at best/jjt ordering/nn of/in a/at civil/jj society/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps is/bez again/rb and/cc again/rb made/vbn clear/jj that/cs Utopian/jj communism/nn provides/vbz the/at institutional/jj array/nn indispensible/jj to/in that/dt best/jjt ordering/nn ./. To/to derive/vb Utopian/jj communism/nn from/in the/at Jerusalem/np Christian/jj community/nn of/in the/at apostolic/jj age/nn or/cc from/in its/pp$ medieval/jj successors-in-spirit/nns ,/, the/at monastic/jj communities/nns ,/, is/bez with/in an/at appropriate/jj shift/nn of/in adjectives/nns ,/, misleading/vbg in/in the/at same/ap way/nn as/cs to/to derive/vb it/ppo from/in Plato's/np$ Republic/nn-tl :/: in/in the/at Republic/nn-tl we/ppss have/hv to/to do/do with/in an/at elite/nn of/in physical/jj and/cc intellectual/jj athletes/nns ,/, in/in the/at apostolic/jj and/cc monastic/jj communities/nns with/in an/at elite/nn of/in spiritual/jj and/cc religious/jj athletes/nns ./. The/at apostolic/jj community/nn was/bedz literally/rb an/at elite/nn :/: chosen/vbn by/in Christ/np himself/ppl ./. And/cc the/at monastic/jj communities/nns were/bed supposed/vbn to/to be/be made/vbn up/rp of/in volunteers/nns selected/vbn only/rb after/in a/at novitiate/nn which/wdt would/md test/vb their/pp$ religious/jj aptitude/nn for/in monastic/jj rigors/nns ,/, their/pp$ spiritual/jj athleticism/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, the/at conception/nn of/in the/at natural/jj community/nn of/in all/abn possessions/nns which/wdt originated/vbd with/in the/at Stoics/nps was/bedz firmly/rb fixed/vbn in/in a/at tradition/nn by/in More's/np$ time/nn ,/, although/cs it/pps was/bedz not/* accepted/vbn by/in all/abn the/at theologian-philosophers/nns of/in the/at Middle/jj-tl Ages/nns-tl ./. In/in that/dt tradition/nn communism/nn lay/vbd a/at safe/jj distance/nn back/rb in/in the/at age/nn of/in innocence/nn before/in the/at Fall/nn-tl of/in-tl Man/nn-tl ./. It/pps did/dod not/* serve/vb to/to contrast/vb the/at existing/vbg order/nn of/in society/nn with/in a/at possible/jj alternative/nn order/nn ,/, because/cs the/at age/nn of/in innocence/nn was/bedz not/* a/at possible/jj alternative/nn once/cs man/nn had/hvd sinned/vbn ./. The/at actual/jj function/nn of/in patristic/jj communism/nn was/bedz adequately/rb set/vbn forth/rb by/in St./nn-tl Gregory/np almost/rb a/at millenium/nn before/cs More/np wrote/vbd Utopia/np-tl ./. ``/`` The/at soil/nn is/bez common/jj to/in all/abn men/nns ./. When/wrb we/ppss give/vb the/at necessities/nns of/in life/nn to/in the/at poor/jj ,/, we/ppss restore/vb to/in them/ppo what/wdt is/bez already/rb theirs/pp$$ ./. We/ppss should/md think/vb of/in it/ppo more/ap as/cs an/at act/nn of/in justice/nn than/cs compassion/nn ''/'' ./. Because/cs community/nn not/* severalty/nn of/in property/nn is/bez the/at law/nn of/in nature/nn no/at man/nn can/md assert/vb an/at absolutely/ql unalterable/jj right/nn to/in what/wdt is/bez his/pp$$ ./. Indeed/rb ,/, of/in all/abn that/wps is/bez his/pp$$ every/at man/nn is/bez by/in nature/nn and/cc reason/nn and/cc therefore/rb by/in conscience/nn obligated/vbn to/to regard/vb himself/ppl as/cs a/at custodian/nn ./. He/pps is/bez a/at trustee/nn for/in the/at common/jj good/nn ,/, however/wql feeble/jj the/at safeguards/nns which/wdt the/at positive/jj or/cc municipal/jj law/nn of/in property/nn provides/vbz against/in his/pp$ misuse/nn of/in that/dt share/nn of/in the/at common/jj fund/nn ,/, wisely/rb or/cc unwisely/rb ,/, entrusted/vbn to/in his/pp$ keeping/nn ./. In/in contrast/nn to/in this/dt Stoic-patristic/jj view/nn ,/, Utopia/np-tl implies/vbz that/cs the/at nature/nn of/in man/nn is/bez such/jj that/cs to/to rely/vb on/in individual/jj conscience/nn to/to supply/vb the/at deficiencies/nns of/in municipal/jj law/nn is/bez to/to embark/vb on/in the/at bottomless/jj sea/nn of/in human/jj sinfulness/nn in/in a/at sieve/nn ./. The/at Utopians/nps brace/vb conscience/nn with/in legal/jj sanctions/nns ./. In/in a/at properly/rb ordered/vbn society/nn the/at massive/jj force/nn of/in public/jj law/nn performs/vbz the/at function/nn which/wdt in/in natural/jj law/nn theory/nn ineptly/rb is/bez left/vbn altogether/rb to/in a/at small/jj voice/nn so/ql often/rb still/jj ./. In/in all/abn the/at respects/nns just/rb indicated/vbn Utopian/jj communism/nn differs/vbz from/in previous/ap conceptions/nns in/in which/wdt community/nn of/in possessions/nns and/cc living/vbg plays/vbz a/at role/nn ./. Neither/cc from/in one/cd of/in these/dts conceptions/nns nor/cc from/in a/at combination/nn of/in them/ppo can/md it/pps be/be deduced/vbn ./. We/ppss do/do not/* deny/vb originality/nn to/in the/at Agamemnon/np-tl because/cs Aeschylus/np found/vbd the/at tales/nns of/in the/at house/nn of/in Atreus/np among/in the/at folk/nn lore/nn of/in the/at Greeks/nps ./. In/in a/at like/jj sense/nn whatever/wdt bits/nns or/cc shreds/nns of/in previous/ap conceptions/nns one/pn may/md find/vb in/in it/ppo ,/, Utopian/jj communism/nn remains/vbz ,/, as/cs an/at integral/jj whole/nn ,/, original/jj --/-- a/at new/jj thing/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* merely/rb a/at new/jj thing/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez one/cd of/in the/at very/ql few/ap new/jj things/nns in/in Utopia/np-tl ;/. ;/. most/ap of/in the/at rest/nn is/bez medieval/jj or/cc humanist/jj or/cc part/nn of/in an/at old/jj tradition/nn of/in social/jj criticism/nn ./. But/cc to/to say/vb that/cs at/in a/at moment/nn in/in history/nn something/pn is/bez new/jj is/bez not/* necessarily/rb to/to say/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez modern/jj ;/. ;/. and/cc for/in this/dt statement/nn the/at best/jjt evidence/nn comes/vbz within/in the/at five/cd years/nns following/in the/at publication/nn of/in Utopia/np-tl ,/, when/wrb Martin/np Luther/np elaborates/vbz a/at new/jj perception/nn of/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at Divine's/np$ encounter/nn with/in man/nn ./. New/jj ,/, indeed/rb ,/, is/bez Luther's/np$ perception/nn ,/, but/cc not/* modern/jj ,/, as/cs anyone/pn knows/vbz who/wps has/hvz ever/rb tried/vbn to/to make/vb intelligible/jj to/in modern/jj students/nns what/wdt Luther/np was/bedz getting/vbg at/in ./. Although/cs Utopian/jj communism/nn is/bez both/abx new/jj in/in 1516/cd and/cc also/rb modern/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* modern/jj communism/nn or/cc even/rb modern/jj socialism/nn ,/, as/cs they/ppss exist/vb or/cc have/hv ever/rb existed/vbn in/in theory/nn or/cc in/in practice/nn ./. Consider/vb the/at features/nns of/in Utopian/jj communism/nn :/: generous/jj public/jj provision/nn for/in the/at infirm/jj ;/. ;/. democratic/jj and/cc secret/jj elections/nns of/in all/abn officers/nns including/in priests/nns ,/, meals/nns taken/vbn publicly/rb in/in common/jj refectories/nns ;/. ;/. a/at common/jj habit/nn or/cc uniform/nn prescribed/vbn for/in all/abn citizens/nns ;/. ;/. even/rb houses/nns changed/vbn once/rb a/at decade/nn ;/. ;/. six/cd hours/nns of/in manual/jj labor/nn a/at day/nn for/in all/abn but/in a/at handful/nn of/in magistrates/nns and/cc scholars/nns ,/, and/cc careful/jj measures/nns to/to prevent/vb anyone/pn from/in shirking/vbg ;/. ;/. no/at private/jj property/nn ,/, no/at money/nn ;/. ;/. no/at sort/nn of/in pricing/vbg at/in all/abn for/in any/dti goods/nns or/cc services/nns ,/, and/cc therefore/rb no/at market/nn in/in the/at economic/jj sense/nn of/in the/at term/nn ./. Whatever/wdt the/at merits/nns of/in its/pp$ intent/nn ,/, Utopian/jj communism/nn is/bez far/ql too/ql naive/jj ,/, far/ql too/ql crude/jj ,/, to/to suit/vb any/dti modern/jj socialist/nn or/cc communist/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* the/at details/nns of/in Utopian/jj communism/nn that/wps make/vb Utopia/np-tl modern/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at spirit/nn ,/, the/at attitude/nn of/in mind/nn that/wps informs/vbz those/dts details/nns ./. What/wdt that/dt spirit/nn and/cc attitude/nn were/bed we/ppss can/md best/rbt understand/vb if/cs we/ppss see/vb more/ql precisely/rb how/wrb it/pps contrasts/vbz with/in the/at communist/nn tradition/nn with/in the/at longest/jjt continuous/jj history/nn ,/, the/at one/cd which/wdt reached/vbd Christianity/np by/in the/at way/nn of/in Stoicism/nn-tl through/in the/at Church/nn-tl Fathers/nns-tl of/in Late/jj-tl Antiquity/nn-tl ./.

cj58

cj58 |@word dorr:3 trial:14 democratic:4 press:1 condemn:4 proceeding:1 herald:1 martyr:3 principle:3 declaration:1 independence:1 brown:42 however:4 state:24 powerful:1 newspaper:6 providence:20 daily:18 post:8 murderer:1 man:11 blood:1 associate:1 assistance:1 republican:7 abolitionist:2 plot:1 liberation:1 slave:3 also:2 overthrow:1 federal:1 government:1 journal:10 answer:1 raid:2 john:20 characteristic:1 act:3 violence:2 direct:2 opposition:4 party:5 proclaim:2 one:2 cardinal:1 interfere:1 slavery:7 two:4 major:1 continue:3 throughout:2 crisis:1 accuse:3 misrepresent:1 fact:1 attempt:3 falsify:1 history:2 republicans:3 democrats:1 woonsocket:3 patriot:3 complain:1 virginia:7 authority:1 show:1 indecent:1 cowardly:1 haste:3 editor:11 foss:3 guilt:3 doubt:2 entitle:1 sufficient:1 time:4 prepare:2 fair:4 think:2 probably:1 good:2 reason:2 conduct:2 thing:1 gain:1 delay:1 would:6 calm:1 feeling:2 although:6 evident:1 south:1 must:4 guarantee:1 preserve:1 domestic:1 peace:1 october:1 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During/in the/at Dorr/np trial/nn the/at Democratic/jj-tl press/nn condemned/vbd the/at proceedings/nns and/cc heralded/vbd Dorr/np as/cs a/at martyr/nn to/in the/at principles/nns of/in the/at Declaration/nn-tl of/in-tl Independence/nn-tl ./. During/in the/at Brown/np trial/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at state's/nn$ most/ql powerful/jj Democratic/jj-tl newspaper/nn ,/, the/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Post/nn-tl ,/, stated/vbd that/cs Brown/np was/bedz a/at murderer/nn ,/, a/at man/nn of/in blood/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs he/pps and/cc his/pp$ associates/nns ,/, with/in the/at assistance/nn of/in Republicans/nps and/cc Abolitionists/nns-tl ,/, had/hvd plotted/vbn not/* only/rb the/at liberation/nn of/in the/at slaves/nns but/cc also/rb the/at overthrow/nn of/in state/nn and/cc federal/jj governments/nns ./. The/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl answered/vbd the/at Daily/jj-tl Post/nn-tl by/in stating/vbg that/cs the/at raid/nn of/in John/np Brown/np was/bedz characteristic/jj of/in Democratic/jj-tl acts/nns of/in violence/nn and/cc that/cs ``/`` He/pps was/bedz acting/vbg in/in direct/jj opposition/nn to/in the/at Republican/np-tl Party/nn-tl ,/, who/wps proclaim/vb as/cs one/cd of/in their/pp$ cardinal/jj principles/nns that/cs they/ppss do/do not/* interfere/vb with/in slavery/nn in/in the/at states/nns ''/'' ./. The/at two/cd major/jj newspapers/nns in/in Providence/np continued/vbd ,/, throughout/in the/at crisis/nn ,/, to/to accuse/vb each/dt other/ap of/in misrepresenting/vbg the/at facts/nns and/cc attempting/vbg to/to falsify/vb history/nn ./. While/cs the/at Daily/jj-tl Post/nn-tl continued/vbd to/to accuse/vb Republicans/nps and/cc the/at Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl continued/vbd to/to accuse/vb Democrats/nps ,/, the/at Woonsocket/np-tl Patriot/nn-tl complained/vbd that/cs the/at Virginia/np authorities/nns showed/vbd indecent/jj and/cc cowardly/jj haste/nn to/to condemn/vb Brown/np and/cc his/pp$ men/nns ./. Editor/nn Foss/np stated/vbd ,/, ``/`` Of/in their/pp$ guilt/nn there/ex can/md be/be no/at doubt/nn but/cc they/ppss are/ber entitled/vbn to/in sufficient/jj time/nn to/to prepare/vb for/in trial/nn ,/, and/cc a/at fair/jj trial/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Post/nn-tl thought/vbd that/cs there/ex were/bed probably/rb good/jj reasons/nns for/in the/at haste/nn in/in which/wdt the/at trial/nn was/bedz being/beg conducted/vbn and/cc that/cs the/at only/ap thing/nn gained/vbn by/in a/at delay/nn would/md be/be calmer/jjr feelings/nns ./. The/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl stated/vbd that/cs although/cs the/at guilt/nn of/in Brown/np was/bedz evident/jj ,/, the/at South/nr-tl must/md guarantee/nn him/ppo a/at fair/jj trial/nn to/to preserve/vb domestic/jj peace/nn ./. On/in October/np 31/cd ,/, 1859/cd ,/, John/np Brown/np was/bedz found/vbn guilty/jj of/in treason/nn against/in the/at state/nn of/in Virginia/np ,/, inciting/vbg slave/nn rebellion/nn ,/, and/cc murder/nn ./. For/in these/dts crimes/nns he/pps was/bedz sentenced/vbn to/to be/be hanged/vbn in/in public/nn on/in Friday/nr ,/, December/np 2/cd ,/, 1859/cd ./. Upon/in receiving/vbg the/at news/nn ,/, Northern/jj-tl writers/nns ,/, editors/nns ,/, and/cc clergymen/nns heaped/vbd accusations/nns of/in murder/nn on/in the/at Southern/jj-tl states/nns ,/, particularly/rb Virginia/np ./. Although/cs Rhode/np-tl Islanders/nns-tl were/bed preparing/vbg for/in the/at state/nn elections/nns ,/, they/ppss watched/vbd John/np Brown's/np$ trial/nn with/in extreme/jj interest/nn ./. On/in Wednesday/nr morning/nn ,/, November/np 2/cd ,/, 1859/cd ,/, the/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl stated/vbd that/cs although/cs Brown/np justly/rb deserved/vbd the/at extreme/jj penalty/nn ,/, no/at man/nn ,/, however/wql criminal/jj ,/, ought/md to/to suffer/vb the/at penalty/nn without/in a/at fair/jj trial/nn ./. The/at editor's/nn$ main/jjs criticism/nn of/in the/at trial/nn was/bedz the/at haste/nn with/in which/wdt it/pps was/bedz conducted/vbn ./. The/at readers/nns of/in the/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Post/nn-tl ,/, however/rb ,/, learned/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz generally/rb conceded/vbn that/cs ``/`` Old/jj-tl Brown/np-tl ''/'' had/hvd a/at fair/jj trial/nn ./. Concerning/in the/at sentence/nn the/at editor/nn asked/vbd ,/, ``/`` What/wdt else/rb can/md Virginia/np do/do than/cs to/to hang/vb the/at men/nns who/wps have/hv defied/vbn her/pp$ laws/nns ,/, organized/vbn treason/nn ,/, and/cc butchered/vbn her/pp$ citizens/nns ''/'' ./. In/in the/at eastern/jj section/nn of/in the/at state/nn the/at newspapers'/nns$ reaction/nn to/in Brown's/np$ trial/nn and/cc sentence/nn were/bed basically/rb identical/jj ./. J./np Wheaton/np Smith/np ,/, editor/nn of/in the/at Warren/np-tl Telegraph/nn-tl stated/vbd that/cs ``/`` the/at ends/nns of/in justice/nn must/md be/be satisfied/vbn ,/, a/at solitary/jj example/nn must/md be/be set/vbn ,/, in/in order/nn that/cs all/abn those/dts misnamed/vbn philantropists/nns ,/, who/wps ,/, actuated/vbn by/in a/at blind/jj zeal/nn ,/, dare/vb to/to instigate/vb riot/nn ,/, treason/nn ,/, and/cc murder/nn ,/, may/md heed/vb it/ppo and/cc shape/vb their/pp$ future/jj course/nn accordingly/rb ''/'' ./. The/at editor/nn of/in the/at Newport/np-tl Advertiser/nn-tl could/md discover/vb no/at evidence/nn of/in extenuating/vbg circumstances/nns in/in the/at Brown/np trial/nn which/wdt would/md warrant/vb making/vbg an/at exception/nn to/in the/at infliction/nn of/in capital/jj punishment/nn ./. In/in direct/jj contrast/nn to/in the/at other/ap Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl editors/nns ,/, Samuel/np S./np Foss/np of/in the/at Woonsocket/np-tl Patriot/nn-tl outwardly/rb condemned/vbd the/at trial/nn as/cs being/beg completely/ql unfair/jj ./. Concerning/in the/at sentence/nn ,/, Foss/np wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` If/cs it/pps be/be possible/jj that/cs mercy/nn shall/md override/vb vengeance/nn and/cc that/cs John/np Brown's/np$ sentence/nn shall/md be/be commuted/vbn to/in imprisonment/nn ,/, it/pps would/md be/be well/jj --/-- well/jj for/in the/at country/nn and/cc for/in Virginia/np ''/'' ./. Despite/in the/at excitement/nn being/beg caused/vbn by/in the/at trial/nn and/cc sentence/nn of/in John/np Brown/np ,/, Rhode/np-tl Islanders/nns-tl turned/vbd their/pp$ attention/nn to/in the/at state/nn elections/nns ./. The/at state/nn had/hvd elected/vbn Republican/np candidates/nns in/in the/at past/ap two/cd years/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at doubt/nn as/in to/in the/at control/nn the/at Republican/np party/nn exercised/vbd throughout/in the/at state/nn ./. If/cs it/pps failed/vbd on/in occasion/nn to/to elect/vb its/pp$ candidates/nns for/in general/jj state/nn offices/nns by/in majorities/nns ,/, the/at failure/nn was/bedz due/jj to/in a/at lingering/vbg remnant/nn of/in the/at Know-Nothing/jj-tl party/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt called/vbd itself/ppl the/at American/jj-tl Republican/np party/nn-tl ./. The/at American/jj-tl Republicans/nps and/cc the/at Republicans/nps both/abx nominated/vbd Lieutenant-Governor/nn-tl Turner/np for/in governor/nn ./. Elisha/np R./np Potter/np was/bedz the/at Democratic/jj-tl candidate/nn ./. The/at results/nns of/in the/at election/nn of/in 1859/cd found/vbd Republican/np candidates/nns not/* only/rb winning/vbg the/at offices/nns of/in governor/nn and/cc lieutenant-governor/nn but/cc also/rb obtaining/vbg the/at two/cd Congressional/jj-tl offices/nns from/in the/at eastern/jj and/cc western/jj sections/nns of/in the/at state/nn ./. During/in the/at month/nn of/in November/np hardly/rb a/at day/nn passed/vbd when/wrb there/ex was/bedz not/* some/dti mention/nn of/in John/np Brown/np in/in the/at Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl newspapers/nns ./. On/in November/np 7/cd ,/, 1859/cd ,/, the/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl reprinted/vbd a/at letter/nn sent/vbn to/in John/np Brown/np from/in ``/`` E./np B./np ''/'' ,/, a/at Quaker/np lady/nn in/in Newport/np ./. In/in reference/nn to/in Brown's/np$ raid/nn she/pps wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` though/cs we/ppss are/ber non-resistants/nns and/cc religiously/rb believe/vb it/ppo better/jjr to/to reform/vb by/in moral/jj and/cc not/* by/in carnal/jj weapons/nns ,/, we/ppss know/vb thee/pps was/bedz anemated/vbn by/in the/at most/ql generous/jj and/cc philanthropic/jj motives/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` E./np B./np ''/'' compared/vbd John/np Brown/np to/in Moses/np in/in that/cs they/ppss were/bed both/abx acting/vbg to/to deliver/vb millions/nns from/in oppression/nn ./. In/in contrast/nn to/in ``/`` E./np B./np ''/'' ,/, most/ap Rhode/np-tl Islanders/nns-tl hardly/rb thought/vbd of/in John/np Brown/np as/cs being/beg another/dt Moses/np ./. Most/ap attempts/nns to/to develop/vb any/dti sympathy/nn for/in Brown/np and/cc his/pp$ actions/nns found/vbd an/at unresponsive/jj audience/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. On/in Wednesday/nr evening/nn ,/, November/np 23/cd ,/, 1859/cd ,/, in/in Warren/np ,/, Rev./np Mark/np Trafton/np of/in New/jj-tl Bedford/np-tl ,/, gave/vbd a/at ``/`` Mission/nn-tl of/in-tl Sympathy/nn-tl ''/'' lecture/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps favorably/rb viewed/vbd the/at Harper's/np$-tl Ferry/nn-tl insurrection/nn ./. The/at Warren/np-tl Telegraph/nn-tl stated/vbd that/cs many/ap of/in Rev./np Trafton's/np$ remarks/nns were/bed inappropriate/jj and/cc savored/vbd strongly/rb of/in radicalism/nn and/cc fanaticism/nn ./. In/in its/pp$ account/nn of/in the/at Trafton/np lecture/nn ,/, the/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Post/nn-tl said/vbd that/cs the/at remarks/nns of/in Rev./np Trafton/np made/vbd the/at people/nns indignant/jj ./. No/at sympathy/nn or/cc admiration/nn for/in Brown/np could/md be/be found/vbn in/in the/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Post/nn-tl ,/, for/cs the/at editor/nn claimed/vbd that/cs there/ex were/bed a/at score/nn of/in men/nns in/in the/at state/nn prison/nn who/wps were/bed a/at thousand/cd times/nns more/ql deserving/jj of/in sympathy/nn ./. The/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl ,/, however/rb ,/, stated/vbd that/cs Brown's/np$ courage/nn ,/, bravery/nn ,/, and/cc heroism/nn ``/`` in/in a/at good/jj cause/nn would/md make/vb a/at man/nn a/at martyr/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps gives/vbz something/pn of/in dignity/nn even/rb to/in a/at bad/jj one/cd ''/'' ./. The/at Woonsocket/np-tl Patriot/nn-tl admitted/vbd that/cs John/np Brown/np might/md deserve/vb punishment/nn or/cc imprisonment/nn ``/`` but/cc he/pps should/md no/ql more/rbr be/be hung/vbn than/cs Henry/np A./np Wise/np or/cc James/np Buchanan/np ''/'' ./. The/at Newport/np-tl Mercury/np-tl exhibited/vbd more/ap concern/nn over/in the/at possibility/nn of/in the/at abolitionists/nns making/vbg a/at martyr/nn of/in Brown/np than/cs it/pps did/dod over/in the/at development/nn of/in sympathy/nn for/in him/ppo ./. In/in her/pp$ letter/nn to/in John/np Brown/np ,/, ``/`` E./np B./np ''/'' ,/, the/at Quakeress/np from/in Newport/np ,/, had/hvd suggested/vbn that/cs the/at American/jj people/nns owed/vbd more/ap honor/nn to/in John/np Brown/np for/in seeking/vbg to/to free/vb the/at slaves/nns than/cs they/ppss did/dod to/in George/np Washington/np ./. During/in the/at latter/ap days/nns of/in November/np to/in the/at day/nn of/in Brown's/np$ execution/nn ,/, it/pps seems/vbz that/cs most/ap Rhode/np-tl Islanders/nns-tl did/dod not/* concur/vb in/in ``/`` E./np B.'s/np$ ''/'' suggestion/nn ./. On/in November/np 22/cd ,/, 1859/cd ,/, the/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl stated/vbd that/cs although/cs Brown's/np$ ``/`` pluck/nn ''/'' and/cc honest/jj fanaticism/nn must/md be/be admired/vbn ,/, any/dti honor/nn paid/vbn to/in Brown/np would/md only/rb induce/vb other/ap fanatics/nns to/to imitate/vb his/pp$ actions/nns ./. A/at week/nn later/rbr the/at Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl had/hvd discovered/vbn the/at initial/jj plans/nns of/in some/dti Providence/np citizens/nns to/to hold/vb a/at meeting/nn honoring/vbg John/np Brown/np on/in the/at day/nn of/in his/pp$ execution/nn ./. The/at editor/nn of/in the/at Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl warned/vbd ,/, ``/`` that/cs if/cs such/abl a/at demonstration/nn be/be made/vbn ,/, it/pps will/md not/* find/vb support/nn or/cc countenance/nn from/in any/dti of/in the/at men/nns whose/wp$ names/nns are/ber recognized/vbn as/cs having/hvg a/at right/nn to/to speak/vb for/in Providence/np ''/'' ./. The/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Post's/nn$-tl editor/nn wrote/vbd that/cs he/pps could/md not/* believe/vb that/cs a/at meeting/nn honoring/vbg Brown/np was/bedz to/to be/be held/vbn in/in Providence/np ./. He/pps further/rbr called/vbd upon/rb the/at people/nns of/in Providence/np to/to rebuke/vb the/at meeting/nn and/cc avoid/vb disgrace/nn ./. On/in December/np 2/cd ,/, 1859/cd ,/, John/np Brown/np was/bedz hanged/vbn at/in Charles/np-tl Town/nn-tl ,/, Virginia/np ./. Extraordinary/jj precautions/nns were/bed taken/vbn so/cs that/cs no/at stranger/nn be/be allowed/vbn in/in the/at city/nn and/cc no/at citizen/nn within/in the/at enclosure/nn surrounding/vbg the/at scaffold/nn ./. In/in many/ap Northern/jj-tl towns/nns and/cc cities/nns meetings/nns were/bed held/vbn and/cc church/nn bells/nns were/bed tolled/vbn ./. Such/jj was/bedz not/* the/at case/nn in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. The/at only/ap public/jj demonstration/nn in/in honor/nn of/in John/np Brown/np was/bedz held/vbn at/in Pratt's/np$-tl Hall/nn-tl in/in Providence/np ,/, on/in the/at day/nn of/in his/pp$ execution/nn ./. Despite/in the/at opposition/nn of/in the/at city/nn newspapers/nns ,/, the/at Pratt/np-tl Hall/nn-tl meeting/nn ``/`` brought/vbd together/rb a/at very/ql respectable/jj audience/nn ,/, composed/vbn in/in part/nn of/in those/dts who/wps had/hvd been/ben distinguished/vbn for/in years/nns for/in their/pp$ radical/jj views/nns upon/in the/at subject/nn of/in slavery/nn ,/, of/in many/ap of/in our/pp$ colored/vbn citizens/nns ,/, and/cc of/in those/dts who/wps were/bed attracted/vbn to/in the/at place/nn by/in the/at novelty/nn of/in such/abl a/at gathering/nn ''/'' ./. Seated/vbn on/in the/at platform/nn were/bed Amos/np C./np Barstow/np ,/, ex-mayor/nn of/in Providence/np and/cc a/at wealthy/jj Republican/np stove/nn manufacturer/nn ;/. ;/. Thomas/np Davis/np ,/, an/at uncompromising/jj Garrisonian/np ;/. ;/. the/at Reverend/np Augustus/np Woodbury/np ,/, a/at Unitarian/jj minister/nn ;/. ;/. the/at Reverend/np George/np T./np Day/np ,/, a/at Free-Will/nn-tl Baptist/np-tl ;/. ;/. Daniel/np W./np Vaughan/np ,/, and/cc William/np H./np H./np Clements/np ./. The/at latter/ap two/cd were/bed appointed/vbn secretaries/nns ./. The/at first/od speaker/nn was/bedz Amos/np C./np Barstow/np who/wps had/hvd been/ben unanimously/rb chosen/vbn president/nn of/in the/at meeting/nn ./. He/pps spoke/vbd of/in his/pp$ desire/nn to/to promote/vb the/at abolition/nn of/in slavery/nn by/in peaceable/jj means/nns and/cc he/pps compared/vbd John/np Brown/np of/in Harper's/np$-tl Ferry/nn-tl to/in the/at John/np Brown/np of/in Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl colonial/jj period/nn ./. Barstow/np concluded/vbd that/cs as/cs Rhode/np-tl Island's/nn$-tl John/np Brown/np became/vbd a/at canonized/vbn hero/nn ,/, if/cs not/* a/at saint/nn ,/, so/rb would/md it/pps be/be with/in John/np Brown/np of/in Harper's/np$-tl Ferry/nn-tl ./. The/at next/ap speaker/nn was/bedz George/np T./np Day/np ./. Although/cs admitting/vbg Brown's/np$ guilt/nn on/in legal/jj grounds/nns ,/, Day/np said/vbd that/cs ,/, ``/`` Brown/np is/bez no/at common/jj criminal/nn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ deed/nn was/bedz not/* below/in ,/, but/cc above/in the/at law/nn ''/'' ./. Following/vbg Day/np was/bedz Woodbury/np who/wps spoke/vbd of/in his/pp$ disapproval/nn of/in Brown's/np$ attempt/nn at/in servile/jj insurrection/nn ,/, his/pp$ admiration/nn of/in Brown's/np$ character/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ opposition/nn to/in slavery/nn ./. Woodbury's/np$ remarks/nns were/bed applauded/vbn by/in a/at portion/nn of/in the/at audience/nn several/ap times/nns and/cc once/rb there/ex was/bedz hissing/vbg ./. The/at fourth/od and/cc last/ap speaker/nn was/bedz Thomas/np Davis/np ./. By/in this/dt time/nn large/jj numbers/nns of/in the/at audience/nn had/hvd left/vbn the/at hall/nn ./. Davis/np commenced/vbd his/pp$ remarks/nns by/in an/at allusion/nn to/in the/at general/jj feeling/nn of/in opposition/nn which/wdt the/at meeting/nn had/hvd encountered/vbn from/in many/ap of/in the/at citizens/nns and/cc all/abn the/at newspapers/nns of/in the/at city/nn ./. He/pps said/vbd that/cs the/at propriety/nn or/cc impropriety/nn of/in such/abl a/at gathering/nn was/bedz a/at question/nn that/wps was/bedz to/to be/be settled/vbn by/in every/at man/nn in/in accordance/nn with/in the/at convictions/nns of/in private/jj judgments/nns ./. In/in the/at remainder/nn of/in his/pp$ speech/nn Davis/np spoke/vbd of/in his/pp$ admiration/nn for/in Brown/np and/cc warned/vbd those/dts who/wps took/vbd part/nn in/in the/at meeting/nn that/cs they/ppss ``/`` are/ber liable/jj to/in the/at charge/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber supporting/vbg traitors/nns and/cc upholding/vbg men/nns whom/wpo the/at laws/nns have/hv condemned/vbn ''/'' ./. He/pps recalled/vbd that/cs in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl a/at party/nn opposed/vbn to/in the/at state's/nn$ condemnation/nn of/in a/at man/nn (/( Thomas/np W./np Dorr/np )/) proclaimed/vbd the/at state's/nn$ action/nn as/cs a/at violation/nn of/in the/at law/nn of/in the/at land/nn and/cc the/at principles/nns of/in human/jj liberty/nn ./. At/in the/at close/nn of/in Davis'/np$ speech/nn the/at following/vbg preamble/nn and/cc resolutions/nns were/bed read/vbn by/in the/at president/nn ,/, and/cc on/in the/at question/nn of/in their/pp$ adoption/nn passed/vbn unanimously/rb :/: Whereas/cs ,/, John/np Brown/np has/hvz cheerfully/rb risked/vbn his/pp$ life/nn in/in endeavoring/vbg to/to deliver/vb those/dts who/wps are/ber denied/vbn all/abn rights/nns and/cc is/bez this/dt day/nn doomed/vbn to/to suffer/vb death/nn for/in his/pp$ efforts/nns in/in behalf/nn of/in those/dts who/wps have/hv no/at helper/nn :/: Therefore/rb ,/, Resolved/vbn that/cs ,/, while/cs we/ppss most/ql decidedly/rb disapprove/vb the/at methods/nns he/pps adopted/vbd to/to accomplish/vb his/pp$ objects/nns ,/, yet/cc in/in his/pp$ willingness/nn to/to die/vb in/in aid/nn of/in the/at great/jj cause/nn of/in human/jj freedom/nn ,/, we/ppss still/rb recognize/vb the/at qualities/nns of/in a/at noble/jj nature/nn and/cc the/at exercise/nn of/in a/at spirit/nn which/wdt true/jj men/nns have/hv always/rb admired/vbn and/cc which/wdt history/nn never/rb fails/vbz to/to honor/vb ./. Resolved/vbn that/cs his/pp$ wrongs/nns and/cc bereavements/nns in/in Kansas/np ,/, occasioned/vbn by/in the/at violence/nn and/cc brutality/nn of/in those/dts who/wps were/bed intent/jj on/in the/at propagation/nn of/in slavery/nn in/in that/dt territory/nn ,/, call/vb for/in a/at charitable/jj judgment/nn upon/in his/pp$ recent/jj efforts/nns in/in Virginia/np to/to undermine/vb the/at despotism/nn from/in which/wdt he/pps had/hvd suffered/vbn ,/, and/cc commend/vb his/pp$ family/nn to/in the/at special/jj sympathy/nn and/cc aid/nn of/in all/abn who/wps pity/vb suffering/vbg and/cc reverence/vb justice/nn ./. Resolved/vbn that/cs the/at anti-slavery/jj sentiment/nn is/bez becoming/vbg ripe/jj for/in resolute/jj action/nn ./. Resolved/vbn ,/, that/cs we/ppss find/vb in/in this/dt fearful/jj tragedy/nn at/in Harper's/np$-tl Ferry/nn-tl a/at reason/nn for/in more/ql earnest/jj effort/nn to/to remove/vb the/at evil/nn of/in slavery/nn from/in the/at whole/jj land/nn as/ql speedily/rb as/cs possible/jj ./. On/in the/at morning/nn following/in the/at Pratt/np-tl Hall/nn-tl meeting/nn the/at editor/nn of/in the/at Providence/np-tl Daily/jj-tl Journal/nn-tl wrote/vbd that/cs although/cs the/at meeting/nn was/bedz milder/jjr and/cc less/ql extreme/jj than/cs those/dts held/vbn in/in other/ap areas/nns for/in similar/jj purposes/nns ,/, it/pps could/md have/hv been/ben avoided/vbn completely/rb ./.

cj59

cj59 |@word rather:2 deceive:1 eye:4 puzzle:1 instead:3 see:4 object:4 space:7 nothing:2 picture:12 1911:3 1912:4 cubist:5 facet:4 plane:15 tendency:1 adhere:1 literal:10 surface:21 become:10 harder:1 hard:1 deny:1 task:1 keep:2 arm:1 length:1 fall:2 undeceive:2 contrivance:1 reinforce:2 sometimes:2 replace:1 simulated:5 typography:3 braque:13 picasso:12 begin:5 mix:1 sand:1 foreign:1 substance:1 paint:6 granular:1 texture:4 thus:3 create:6 likewise:1 call:2 attention:1 reality:2 effective:1 much:4 large:5 area:5 certain:3 however:2 exact:1 simulation:1 wood:1 graining:1 marbleize:1 virtue:1 abrupt:1 density:1 pattern:1 state:1 new:1 superior:1 force:1 result:1 contrast:4 drive:3 printing:2 depth:16 could:3 rescue:1 set:1 shuttle:1 conventional:1 perspective:1 place:5 relation:3 form:6 depict:4 within:1 illusion:19 leave:5 room:1 except:1 near:1 accumulation:1 device:4 soon:1 effect:2 telescope:1 even:4 separate:1 process:1 flattening:1 seem:8 inexorable:1 necessary:1 emphasize:1 still:1 order:4 prevent:1 fuse:1 reason:2 september:1 take:2 radical:1 revolutionary:2 step:1 paste:6 actual:2 piece:5 imitation:2 woodgrain:1 wallpaper:3 drawing:2 paper:11 try:2 simulate:2 say:3 already:2 make:4 first:7 collage:17 toward:1 end:5 glue:2 cane:1 oilcloth:1 painting:2 canva:1 true:2 look:1 analytical:5 would:4 confirm:1 date:1 assign:1 also:4 consistent:1 pioneer:1 use:3 well:3 moreover:2 broaden:1 simplify:1 cubism:11 far:1 back:6 1910:1 examine:1 master:2 thing:2 happen:1 real:5 difference:1 eke:2 charcoal:2 canvas:1 oil:3 great:3 corporeal:1 presence:1 extraneousness:1 affixed:4 cloth:3 serve:1 seeming:1 moment:2 push:5 everything:4 else:2 vivid:2 idea:1 ever:1 declare:1 overshoot:1 short:1 aim:1 material:4 give:2 way:4 immediately:1 bas:3 relief:6 turn:5 equal:1 immediacy:3 contain:1 neither:1 size:1 cover:1 establishe:1 undepicted:4 flatness:9 bodily:1 indication:1 sign:1 tend:2 assert:3 main:1 event:1 boomerang:1 render:3 precarious:1 isolate:4 specify:1 circumscribe:1 release:1 spread:1 artist:1 finish:1 start:3 ground:1 background:1 suddenly:2 paradoxically:1 three:6 dimensional:4 front:3 upon:5 draw:2 principal:1 feature:1 subject:7 thrust:2 rest:1 remain:2 imbed:1 flat:5 surfaceness:1 upper:1 center:1 fruit:1 dish:1 douglas:1 cooper:1 collection:1 bunch:1 grape:2 conventionally:1 sculptural:2 lift:1 practically:1 trompe:1 longer:1 enclose:1 parallel:2 establish:2 top:1 yet:1 violent:1 strip:2 less:3 block:2 capital:3 window:1 lettering:1 manage:1 somehow:1 cluster:2 jump:2 time:4 line:1 patch:1 shade:2 placing:2 corporeality:1 woodgraine:1 every:3 part:5 change:1 relative:1 stable:1 among:1 different:1 ambivalent:1 ambiguous:2 one:4 content:1 later:1 variety:1 extraneous:1 work:2 almost:2 always:1 conjunction:1 deceiving:1 think:1 adjacent:1 edge:2 simply:3 pry:1 away:3 something:1 another:1 shape:8 define:1 cut:4 suggest:1 optically:1 pictorially:1 expand:2 oscillation:1 encompass:1 fictive:1 behind:1 may:1 monopolize:1 least:3 optical:1 properly:1 speak:1 pictorial:2 completely:1 assimilate:1 kind:2 react:1 largely:3 transform:2 without:3 deprive:1 latter:1 literalness:3 underpin:1 reemerge:1 paradox:1 mean:3 plasticity:3 widely:1 divergent:1 representation:7 image:2 phase:2 minimize:1 dimensionality:2 preserve:2 generalize:1 point:2 finally:2 abstract:3 specific:1 entity:1 disembodied:1 attribute:1 expropriate:1 property:1 detach:1 save:1 aspect:1 transpose:1 interchangeable:1 contour:2 obliterate:1 method:1 unrecognizable:1 french:1 justice:1 hermetic:1 verge:1 art:1 confront:1 unique:1 dilemma:2 choose:1 opt:2 per:2 se:2 general:2 exclude:1 individual:1 hand:1 pure:1 simple:1 connotation:1 schematic:1 represent:1 originally:1 exist:1 term:1 clear:1 representational:2 restore:1 mutually:1 exclusive:1 alternative:1 plump:1 deliberately:1 provide:1 whatever:1 justification:1 talk:1 inner:1 formal:1 logic:1 decision:1 small:1 juxtapose:2 dense:1 affix:2 coalesce:1 synthesize:1 planar:2 maintain:1 integrity:1 previous:1 atom:1 like:1 smallness:1 abruptly:1 broad:1 opaque:1 independent:2 extent:1 silhouette:4 apt:1 coincide:1 recognizable:1 chain:1 reaction:1 grow:1 independence:1 unit:1 identity:2 emerge:1 papier:1 colle:1 continue:1 conspicuous:1 flattened:1 wholly:1 1913:2 come:1 conclusively:1 synthetic:2 fully:1 exhaustively:1 translate:1 translation:1 affair:1 positive:1 color:1 interlock:1 whose:1 legibility:1 placement:1 allusion:1 unmistakable:1 alone:1 late:1 early:1 1914:1 lead:1 innovation:1 never:1 relinquish:1 glimpse:1 enter:1 path:1 precede:1 though:1 instant:1 feel:1 constrict:1 escape:1 forward:2 utterly:1 carry:1 literally:1 fold:1 guitar:1 fit:1 four:1 taut:1 string:1 sequence:1 cling:1 vestige:1 element:1 extrude:1

Rather/rb than/cs being/beg deceived/vbn ,/, the/at eye/nn is/bez puzzled/vbn ;/. ;/. instead/rb of/in seeing/vbg objects/nns in/in space/nn ,/, it/pps sees/vbz nothing/pn more/ap than/cs --/-- a/at picture/nn ./. Through/in 1911/cd and/cc 1912/cd ,/, as/cs the/at Cubist/jj-tl facet-plane's/nn$ tendency/nn to/to adhere/vb to/in the/at literal/jj surface/nn became/vbd harder/rbr and/cc harder/rbr to/to deny/vb ,/, the/at task/nn of/in keeping/vbg the/at surface/nn at/in arm's/nn$ length/nn fell/vbd all/abn the/at more/rbr to/in eye-undeceiving/jj contrivances/nns ./. To/to reinforce/vb ,/, and/cc sometimes/rb to/to replace/vb ,/, the/at simulated/vbn typography/nn ,/, Braque/np and/cc Picasso/np began/vbd to/to mix/vb sand/nn and/cc other/ap foreign/jj substances/nns with/in their/pp$ paint/nn ;/. ;/. the/at granular/jj texture/nn thus/rb created/vbd likewise/rb called/vbd attention/nn to/in the/at reality/nn of/in the/at surface/nn and/cc was/bedz effective/jj over/in much/ql larger/jjr areas/nns ./. In/in certain/ap other/ap pictures/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, Braque/np began/vbd to/to paint/vb areas/nns in/in exact/jj simulation/nn of/in wood/nn graining/nn or/cc marbleizing/vbg ./. These/dts areas/nns ,/, by/in virtue/nn of/in their/pp$ abrupt/jj density/nn of/in pattern/nn ,/, stated/vbd the/at literal/jj surface/nn with/in such/ql new/jj and/cc superior/jj force/nn that/cs the/at resulting/vbg contrast/nn drove/vbd the/at simulated/vbn printing/nn into/in a/at depth/nn from/in which/wdt it/pps could/md be/be rescued/vbn --/-- and/cc set/vbn to/in shuttling/vbg again/rb --/-- only/rb by/in conventional/jj perspective/nn ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez ,/, by/in being/beg placed/vbn in/in such/jj relation/nn to/in the/at forms/nns depicted/vbn within/in the/at illusion/nn that/cs these/dts forms/nns left/vbd no/at room/nn for/in the/at typography/nn except/rb near/in the/at surface/nn ./. The/at accumulation/nn of/in such/jj devices/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, soon/rb had/hvd the/at effect/nn of/in telescoping/vbg ,/, even/rb while/cs separating/vbg ,/, surface/nn and/cc depth/nn ./. The/at process/nn of/in flattening/vbg seemed/vbd inexorable/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps became/vbd necessary/jj to/to emphasize/vb the/at surface/nn still/ql further/rbr in/in order/nn to/to prevent/vb it/ppo from/in fusing/vbg with/in the/at illusion/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz for/in this/dt reason/nn ,/, and/cc no/at other/ap that/wpo I/ppss can/md see/vb ,/, that/cs in/in September/np 1912/cd ,/, Braque/np took/vbd the/at radical/jj and/cc revolutionary/jj step/nn of/in pasting/vbg actual/jj pieces/nns of/in imitation-woodgrain/nn wallpaper/nn to/in a/at drawing/nn on/in paper/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in trying/vbg to/to simulate/vb its/pp$ texture/nn in/in paint/nn ./. Picasso/np says/vbz that/cs he/pps himself/ppl had/hvd already/rb made/vbn his/pp$ first/od collage/nn toward/in the/at end/nn of/in 1911/cd ,/, when/wrb he/pps glued/vbd a/at piece/nn of/in imitation-caning/nn oilcloth/nn to/in a/at painting/nn on/in canvas/nn ./. It/pps is/bez true/jj that/cs his/pp$ first/od collage/nn looks/vbz more/ql Analytical/jj-tl than/cs Braque's/np$ ,/, which/wdt would/md confirm/vb the/at date/nn he/pps assigns/vbz it/ppo ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez also/rb true/jj that/cs Braque/np was/bedz the/at consistent/jj pioneer/nn in/in the/at use/nn of/in simulated/vbn textures/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs of/in typography/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc moreover/rb ,/, he/pps had/hvd already/rb begun/vbn to/to broaden/vb and/cc simplify/vb the/at facet-planes/nns of/in Analytical/jj-tl Cubism/np-tl as/ql far/rb back/rb as/cs the/at end/nn of/in 1910/cd ./. When/wrb we/ppss examine/vb what/wdt each/dt master/nn says/nns was/bedz his/pp$ first/od collage/nn we/ppss see/vb that/cs much/ap the/at same/ap thing/nn happens/vbz in/in each/dt ./. (/( It/pps makes/vbz no/at real/jj difference/nn that/cs Braque's/np$ collage/nn is/bez on/in paper/nn and/cc eked/vbn out/rp in/in charcoal/nn ,/, while/cs Picasso's/np$ is/bez on/in canvas/nn and/cc eked/vbn out/rp in/in oil/nn ./. )/) By/in its/pp$ greater/jjr corporeal/jj presence/nn and/cc its/pp$ greater/jjr extraneousness/nn ,/, the/at affixed/vbn paper/nn or/cc cloth/nn serves/vbz for/in a/at seeming/jj moment/nn to/to push/vb everything/pn else/rb into/in a/at more/ql vivid/jj idea/nn of/in depth/nn than/cs the/at simulated/vbn printing/nn or/cc simulated/vbn textures/nns had/hvd ever/rb done/vbn ./. But/cc here/rb again/rb ,/, the/at surface-declaring/jj device/nn both/abx overshoots/vbz and/cc falls/vbz short/rb of/in its/pp$ aim/nn ./. For/cs the/at illusion/nn of/in depth/nn created/vbn by/in the/at contrast/nn between/in the/at affixed/vbn material/nn and/cc everything/pn else/rb gives/vbz way/nn immediately/rb to/in an/at illusion/nn of/in forms/nns in/in bas-relief/nn ,/, which/wdt gives/vbz way/nn in/in turn/nn ,/, and/cc with/in equal/jj immediacy/nn ,/, to/in an/at illusion/nn that/wps seems/vbz to/to contain/vb both/abx --/-- or/cc neither/dtx ./. Because/rb of/in the/at size/nn of/in the/at areas/nns it/pps covers/vbz ,/, the/at pasted/vbn paper/nn establishes/vbz undepicted/jj flatness/nn bodily/rb ,/, as/cs more/ap than/cs an/at indication/nn or/cc sign/nn ./. Literal/jj flatness/nn now/rb tends/vbz to/to assert/vb itself/ppl as/cs the/at main/jjs event/nn of/in the/at picture/nn ,/, and/cc the/at device/nn boomerangs/vbz :/: the/at illusion/nn of/in depth/nn is/bez rendered/vbn even/ql more/ql precarious/jj than/cs before/rb ./. Instead/rb of/in isolating/vbg the/at literal/jj flatness/nn by/in specifying/vbg and/cc circumscribing/vbg it/ppo ,/, the/at pasted/vbn paper/nn or/cc cloth/nn releases/vbz and/cc spreads/vbz it/ppo ,/, and/cc the/at artist/nn seems/vbz to/to have/hv nothing/pn left/vbn but/in this/dt undepicted/jj flatness/nn with/in which/wdt to/to finish/vb as/ql well/rb as/cs start/vb his/pp$ picture/nn ./. The/at actual/jj surface/nn becomes/vbz both/abx ground/nn and/cc background/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps turns/vbz out/rp --/-- suddenly/rb and/cc paradoxically/rb --/-- that/cs the/at only/ap place/nn left/vbn for/in a/at three-dimensional/jj illusion/nn is/bez in/in front/nn of/in ,/, upon/in ,/, the/at surface/nn ./. In/in their/pp$ very/ql first/od collages/nns ,/, Braque/np and/cc Picasso/np draw/vb or/cc paint/vb over/in and/cc on/in the/at affixed/vbn paper/nn or/cc cloth/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs certain/ap of/in the/at principal/jjs features/nns of/in their/pp$ subjects/nns as/cs depicted/vbn seem/vb to/to thrust/vb out/rp into/in real/jj ,/, bas-relief/nn space/nn --/-- or/cc to/to be/be about/rb to/to do/do so/rb --/-- while/cs the/at rest/nn of/in the/at subject/nn remains/vbz imbedded/vbn in/in ,/, or/cc flat/jj upon/in ,/, the/at surface/nn ./. And/cc the/at surface/nn is/bez driven/vbn back/rb ,/, in/in its/pp$ very/ap surfaceness/nn ,/, only/rb by/in this/dt contrast/nn ./. In/in the/at upper/jj center/nn of/in Braque's/np$ first/od collage/nn ,/, Fruit/nn-tl Dish/nn-tl (/( in/in Douglas/np Cooper's/np$ collection/nn )/) ,/, a/at bunch/nn of/in grapes/nns is/bez rendered/vbn with/in such/jj conventionally/rb vivid/jj sculptural/jj effect/nn as/cs to/to lift/vb it/ppo practically/rb off/in the/at picture/nn plane/nn ./. The/at trompe-l'oeil/fw-nn illusion/nn here/rb is/bez no/ql longer/rbr enclosed/vbn between/in parallel/jj flatnesses/nns ,/, but/cc seems/vbz to/to thrust/vb through/in the/at surface/nn of/in the/at drawing/nn paper/nn and/cc establish/vb depth/nn on/in top/nn of/in it/ppo ./. Yet/cc the/at violent/jj immediacy/nn of/in the/at wallpaper/nn strips/nns pasted/vbn to/in the/at paper/nn ,/, and/cc the/at only/ql lesser/jjr immediacy/nn of/in block/nn capitals/nns that/wps simulate/vb window/nn lettering/nn ,/, manage/vb somehow/rb to/to push/vb the/at grape/nn cluster/nn back/rb into/in place/nn on/in the/at picture/nn plane/nn so/cs that/cs it/pps does/doz not/* ``/`` jump/vb ''/'' ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, the/at wallpaper/nn strips/nns themselves/ppls seem/vb to/to be/be pushed/vbn into/in depth/nn by/in the/at lines/nns and/cc patches/nns of/in shading/vbg charcoaled/vbn upon/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc by/in their/pp$ placing/nn in/in relation/nn to/in the/at block/nn capitals/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc these/dts capitals/nns seem/vb in/in turn/nn to/to be/be pushed/vbn back/rb by/in their/pp$ placing/nn ,/, and/cc by/in contrast/nn with/in the/at corporeality/nn of/in the/at woodgraining/nn ./. Thus/rb every/at part/nn and/cc plane/nn of/in the/at picture/nn keeps/vbz changing/vbg place/nn in/in relative/jj depth/nn with/in every/at other/ap part/nn and/cc plane/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc it/pps is/bez as/cs if/cs the/at only/ap stable/jj relation/nn left/vbn among/in the/at different/jj parts/nns of/in the/at picture/nn is/bez the/at ambivalent/jj and/cc ambiguous/jj one/cd that/wpo each/dt has/hvz with/in the/at surface/nn ./. And/cc the/at same/ap thing/nn ,/, more/ap or/cc less/ap ,/, can/md be/be said/vbn of/in the/at contents/nns of/in Picasso's/np$ first/od collage/nn ./. In/in later/jjr collages/nns of/in both/abx masters/nns ,/, a/at variety/nn of/in extraneous/jj materials/nns are/ber used/vbn ,/, sometimes/rb in/in the/at same/ap work/nn ,/, and/cc almost/ql always/rb in/in conjunction/nn with/in every/at other/ap eye-deceiving/jj and/cc eye-undeceiving/jj device/nn they/ppss can/md think/vb of/in ./. The/at area/nn adjacent/jj to/in one/cd edge/nn of/in a/at piece/nn of/in affixed/vbn material/nn --/-- or/cc simply/rb of/in a/at painted-in/jj form/nn --/-- will/md be/be shaded/vbn to/to pry/vb that/dt edge/nn away/rb from/in the/at surface/nn ,/, while/cs something/pn will/md be/be drawn/vbn ,/, painted/vbn or/cc even/rb pasted/vbn over/in another/dt part/nn of/in the/at same/ap shape/nn to/to drive/vb it/ppo back/rb into/in depth/nn ./. Planes/nns defined/vbn as/cs parallel/rb to/in the/at surface/nn also/rb cut/vb through/in it/ppo into/in real/jj space/nn ,/, and/cc a/at depth/nn is/bez suggested/vbn optically/rb which/wdt is/bez greater/jjr than/cs that/dt established/vbn pictorially/rb ./. All/abn this/dt expands/vbz the/at oscillation/nn between/in surface/nn and/cc depth/nn so/cs as/cs to/to encompass/vb fictive/jj space/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at surface/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs behind/in it/ppo ./. Flatness/nn may/md now/rb monopolize/vb everything/pn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez a/at flatness/nn become/vbn so/ql ambiguous/jj and/cc expanded/vbn as/cs to/to turn/vb into/in illusion/nn itself/ppl --/-- at/in least/ap an/at optical/jj if/cs not/* ,/, properly/rb speaking/vbg ,/, a/at pictorial/jj illusion/nn ./. Depicted/vbn ,/, Cubist/jj-tl flatness/nn is/bez now/rb almost/ql completely/rb assimilated/vbn to/in the/at literal/jj ,/, undepicted/jj kind/nn ,/, but/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn it/pps reacts/vbz upon/in and/cc largely/rb transforms/vbz the/at undepicted/jj kind/nn --/-- and/cc it/pps does/doz so/rb ,/, moreover/rb ,/, without/in depriving/vbg the/at latter/ap of/in its/pp$ literalness/nn ;/. ;/. rather/rb ,/, it/pps underpins/vbz and/cc reinforces/vbz that/dt literalness/nn ,/, re-creates/vbz it/ppo ./. Out/rp of/in this/dt re-created/vbn literalness/nn ,/, the/at Cubist/jj-tl subject/nn reemerged/vbd ./. For/cs it/pps had/hvd turned/vbn out/rp ,/, by/in a/at further/ap paradox/nn of/in Cubism/np ,/, that/cs the/at means/nn to/in an/at illusion/nn of/in depth/nn and/cc plasticity/nn had/hvd now/rb become/vbn widely/ql divergent/jj from/in the/at means/nn of/in representation/nn or/cc imaging/nn ./. In/in the/at Analytical/jj-tl phase/nn of/in their/pp$ Cubism/np ,/, Braque/np and/cc Picasso/np had/hvd not/* only/rb had/hvn to/to minimize/vb three-dimensionality/nn simply/rb in/in order/nn to/to preserve/vb it/ppo ;/. ;/. they/ppss had/hvd also/rb had/hvn to/to generalize/vb it/ppo --/-- to/in the/at point/nn ,/, finally/rb ,/, where/wrb the/at illusion/nn of/in depth/nn and/cc relief/nn became/vbd abstracted/vbn from/in specific/jj three-dimensional/jj entities/nns and/cc was/bedz rendered/vbn largely/rb as/cs the/at illusion/nn of/in depth/nn and/cc relief/nn as/cs such/jj :/: as/cs a/at disembodied/vbn attribute/nn and/cc expropriated/vbn property/nn detached/vbn from/in everything/pn not/* itself/ppl ./. In/in order/nn to/to be/be saved/vbn ,/, plasticity/nn had/hvd had/hvn to/to be/be isolated/vbn ;/. ;/. and/cc as/cs the/at aspect/nn of/in the/at subject/nn was/bedz transposed/vbn into/in those/dts clusters/nns of/in more/ql or/cc less/ql interchangeable/jj and/cc contour-obliterating/jj facet-planes/nns by/in which/wdt plasticity/nn was/bedz isolated/vbn under/in the/at Cubist/jj-tl method/nn ,/, the/at subject/nn itself/ppl became/vbd largely/ql unrecognizable/jj ./. Cubism/np ,/, in/in its/pp$ 1911-1912/cd phase/nn (/( which/wdt the/at French/nps ,/, with/in justice/nn ,/, call/vb ``/`` hermetic/jj ''/'' )/) was/bedz on/in the/at verge/nn of/in abstract/jj art/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz then/rb that/cs Picasso/np and/cc Braque/np were/bed confronted/vbn with/in a/at unique/jj dilemma/nn :/: they/ppss had/hvd to/to choose/vb between/in illusion/nn and/cc representation/nn ./. If/cs they/ppss opted/vbd for/in illusion/nn ,/, it/pps could/md only/rb be/be illusion/nn per/in se/fw-ppl --/-- an/at illusion/nn of/in depth/nn ,/, and/cc of/in relief/nn ,/, so/ql general/jj and/cc abstracted/vbn as/cs to/to exclude/vb the/at representation/nn of/in individual/ap objects/nns ./. If/cs ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, they/ppss opted/vbd for/in representation/nn ,/, it/pps had/hvd to/to be/be representation/nn per/in se/fw-ppl --/-- representation/nn as/cs image/nn pure/jj and/cc simple/jj ,/, without/in connotations/nns (/( at/in least/ap ,/, without/in more/ap than/cs schematic/jj ones/nns )/) of/in the/at three-dimensional/jj space/nn in/in which/wdt the/at objects/nns represented/vbn originally/rb existed/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at collage/nn that/wps made/vbd the/at terms/nns of/in this/dt dilemma/nn clear/jj :/: the/at representational/nn could/md be/be restored/vbn and/cc preserved/vbn only/rb on/in the/at flat/jj and/cc literal/jj surface/nn now/rb that/cs illusion/nn and/cc representation/nn had/hvd become/vbn ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, mutually/rb exclusive/jj alternatives/nns ./. In/in the/at end/nn ,/, Picasso/np and/cc Braque/np plumped/vbd for/in the/at representational/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps would/md seem/vb they/ppss did/dod so/rb deliberately/rb ./. (/( This/dt provides/vbz whatever/wdt real/jj justification/nn there/ex is/bez for/in the/at talk/nn about/in ``/`` reality/nn ''/'' ./. )/) But/cc the/at inner/jj ,/, formal/jj logic/nn of/in Cubism/np ,/, as/cs it/pps worked/vbd itself/ppl out/rp through/in the/at collage/nn ,/, had/hvd just/ql as/ql much/ap to/to do/do with/in shaping/vbg their/pp$ decision/nn ./. When/wrb the/at smaller/jjr facet-planes/nns of/in Analytical/jj-tl Cubism/np-tl were/bed placed/vbn upon/in or/cc juxtaposed/vbn with/in the/at large/jj ,/, dense/jj shapes/nns formed/vbn by/in the/at affixed/vbn materials/nns of/in the/at collage/nn ,/, they/ppss had/hvd to/to coalesce/vb --/-- become/vb ``/`` synthesized/vbn ''/'' --/-- into/in larger/jjr planar/jj shapes/nns themselves/ppls simply/rb in/in order/nn to/to maintain/vb the/at integrity/nn of/in the/at picture/nn plane/nn ./. Left/vbn in/in their/pp$ previous/ap atom-like/jj smallness/nn ,/, they/ppss would/md have/hv cut/vbn away/rb too/ql abruptly/rb into/in depth/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at broad/jj ,/, opaque/jj shapes/nns of/in pasted/vbn paper/nn would/md have/hv been/ben isolated/vbn in/in such/abl a/at way/nn as/cs to/to make/vb them/ppo jump/vb out/rp of/in plane/nn ./. Large/jj planes/nns juxtaposed/vbn with/in other/ap large/jj planes/nns tend/vb to/to assert/vb themselves/ppls as/cs independent/jj shapes/nns ,/, and/cc to/in the/at extent/nn that/cs they/ppss are/ber flat/jj ,/, they/ppss also/rb assert/vb themselves/ppls as/cs silhouettes/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc independent/jj silhouettes/nns are/ber apt/jj to/to coincide/vb with/in the/at recognizable/jj contours/nns of/in the/at subject/nn from/in which/wdt a/at picture/nn starts/vbz (/( if/cs it/pps does/doz start/vb from/in a/at subject/nn )/) ./. It/pps was/bedz because/rb of/in this/dt chain-reaction/nn as/ql much/rb as/cs for/in any/dti other/ap reason/nn --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, because/rb of/in the/at growing/vbg independence/nn of/in the/at planar/jj unit/nn in/in collage/nn as/cs a/at shape/nn --/-- that/cs the/at identity/nn of/in depicted/vbn objects/nns ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap parts/nns of/in them/ppo ,/, re-emerged/vbd in/in Braque's/np$ and/cc Picasso's/np$ papiers/fw-nns colles/fw-jj and/cc continued/vbd to/to remain/vb more/ql conspicuous/jj there/rb --/-- but/cc only/rb as/cs flattened/vbn silhouettes/nns --/-- than/cs in/in any/dti of/in their/pp$ paintings/nns done/vbn wholly/rb in/in oil/nn before/in the/at end/nn of/in 1913/cd ./. Analytical/jj Cubism/np came/vbd to/in an/at end/nn in/in the/at collage/nn ,/, but/cc not/* conclusively/rb ;/. ;/. nor/cc did/dod Synthetic/jj-tl Cubism/np-tl fully/rb begin/vb there/rb ./. Only/rb when/wrb the/at collage/nn had/hvd been/ben exhaustively/rb translated/vbn into/in oil/nn ,/, and/cc transformed/vbn by/in this/dt translation/nn ,/, did/dod Cubism/np become/vb an/at affair/nn of/in positive/jj color/nn and/cc flat/jj ,/, interlocking/vbg silhouettes/nns whose/wp$ legibility/nn and/cc placement/nn created/vbd allusions/nns to/in ,/, if/cs not/* the/at illusion/nn of/in ,/, unmistakable/jj three-dimensional/jj identities/nns ./. Synthetic/jj Cubism/np began/vbd with/in Picasso/np alone/rb ,/, late/rb in/in 1913/cd or/cc early/rb in/in 1914/cd ;/. ;/. this/dt was/bedz the/at point/nn at/in which/wdt he/pps finally/rb took/vbd the/at lead/nn in/in Cubist/jj-tl innovation/nn away/rb from/in Braque/np ,/, never/rb again/rb to/to relinquish/vb it/ppo ./. But/cc even/rb before/in that/dt ,/, Picasso/np had/hvd glimpsed/vbn and/cc entered/vbn ,/, for/in a/at moment/nn ,/, a/at certain/ap revolutionary/jj path/nn in/in which/wdt no/at one/pn had/hvd preceded/vbn him/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz as/cs though/cs ,/, in/in that/dt instant/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd felt/vbn the/at flatness/nn of/in collage/nn as/cs too/ql constricting/jj and/cc had/hvd suddenly/rb tried/vbn to/to escape/vb all/abn the/at way/nn back/rb --/-- or/cc forward/rb --/-- to/in literal/jj three-dimensionality/nn ./. This/dt he/pps did/dod by/in using/vbg utterly/ql literal/jj means/nns to/to carry/vb the/at forward/jj push/nn of/in the/at collage/nn (/( and/cc of/in Cubism/np in/in general/jj )/) literally/rb into/in the/at literal/jj space/nn in/in front/nn of/in the/at picture/nn plane/nn ./. Some/dti time/nn in/in 1912/cd ,/, Picasso/np cut/vbd out/rp and/cc folded/vbd a/at piece/nn of/in paper/nn in/in the/at shape/nn of/in a/at guitar/nn ;/. ;/. to/in this/dt he/pps glued/vbd and/cc fitted/vbd other/ap pieces/nns of/in paper/nn and/cc four/cd taut/jj strings/nns ,/, thus/rb creating/vbg a/at sequence/nn of/in flat/jj surfaces/nns in/in real/jj and/cc sculptural/jj space/nn to/in which/wdt there/ex clung/vbd only/rb the/at vestige/nn of/in a/at picture/nn plane/nn ./. The/at affixed/vbn elements/nns of/in collage/nn were/bed extruded/vbn ,/, as/cs it/pps were/bed ,/, and/cc cut/vbn off/rp from/in the/at literal/jj pictorial/jj surface/nn to/to form/vb a/at bas-relief/nn ./.

cj60

cj60 |@word los:4 angeles:4 1957:1 finally:1 bow:1 skyscraper:1 without:4 high:4 density:1 core:1 rapid:2 transit:4 system:1 maintain:1 economically:1 let:1 alone:1 build:5 scratch:1 today:2 price:1 however:4 building:2 freeway:6 garage:4 continue:4 forever:2 new:12 interchange:5 among:1 four:1 include:1 grade:1 construct:1 access:3 occupie:1 less:4 eighty:1 acre:2 downtown:19 land:9 one:6 eighth:1 square:1 mile:2 area:6 size:1 rockefeller:1 center:6 york:2 hard:2 believe:3 mass:3 intertwine:1 concrete:1 constitute:1 law:1 call:3 good:4 use:2 centrally:1 locate:2 urban:3 affect:1 city:23 fiscal:1 situation:1 ruinous:1 remove:2 tax:4 roll:1 property:1 pay:1 service:1 subway:1 improve:1 value:2 take:2 away:3 boost:1 valuation:1 require:1 prime:1 long:4 shot:1 reduce:1 acreage:1 already:2 two:1 third:1 street:2 parking:5 lot:4 preposterous:1 statistic:1 come:2 pass:2 narrowly:1 space:1 concentrate:1 mitigate:1 problem:3 also:1 act:2 inevitably:1 artificial:1 isolate:1 boundary:2 planner:1 always:6 effectively:1 may:8 ambitious:1 plan:1 successful:1 especially:4 roadway:1 raise:1 allow:1 cross:1 many:10 point:1 provide:1 ramp:1 meanwhile:1 automobile:4 friend:1 truck:2 cost:6 central:7 industrial:2 dominance:1 ever:1 great:5 number:2 factory:10 suburb:6 park:2 political:1 jurisdiction:1 appeal:2 particularly:1 strong:1 heavy:1 industry:4 must:2 move:1 bulky:1 object:1 along:3 lengthy:1 assembly:2 line:5 want:2 enough:1 entire:1 job:1 floor:2 light:2 economy:2 much:3 slighter:1 efficiency:2 engineer:2 usually:3 manufacturer:2 look:1 way:1 cut:1 prevent:1 turn:4 movement:1 catastrophically:1 prophet:1 seem:5 merely:2 late:1 example:1 leapfrog:2 growth:2 form:1 pattern:3 virtually:1 american:5 big:6 relatively:2 near:3 rubber:1 akron:1 chrysler:1 detroit:2 plants:1 steel:1 pittsburgh:1 work:3 often:2 begin:2 site:3 time:3 edge:1 yet:2 close:1 transport:1 river:2 storage:1 pier:1 power:1 phenomenon:2 railroad:5 steam:1 turbine:1 belt:1 residence:1 surround:1 old:2 blight:1 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polaroid:1 deny:1 crowd:1 competitive:2 tolerant:1 melt:1 pot:1 admirable:1 quality:1 segregate:2 combine:1 office:1 draw:2 force:2 segregated:1 interesting:1 note:1 income:1 either:1 government:3 non:1 plus:1 arrangement:1 exploitation:1 patent:1 grant:1 least:1 partial:1 monopoly:1 labor:1 market:1 periphery:1 spread:2 farther:1 change:3 extent:2 loss:1 hotel:2 outskirt:1 motel:2 painless:1 demarcation:1 harder:1 find:3 every:1 year:3 hurt:1 damage:1 retailing:4 public:1 feeble:1 course:1 population:2 grocery:1 store:18 drugstore:1 local:3 haberdashery:1 dress:1 shop:3 candy:1 whenever:1 major:4 purchase:1 contemplate:1 forty:1 ago:1 bedroom:1 winter:1 coat:1 easter:1 bonnet:1 bicycle:1 junior:1 family:2 department:6 selection:1 would:4 congregate:1 hundred:1 per:2 cent:2 location:3 converge:1 relative:1 decline:1 branch:15 sell:1 dry:2 retailer:2 hotelman:1 unit:2 sale:3 decrease:1 dollar:2 rise:1 put:3 discussion:1 figure:1 inflate:1 shopping:5 hudson:2 vast:1 northland:1 outside:1 anything:3 carry:1 variety:3 merchandise:1 telephone:1 order:1 distort:1 picture:1 suburbanite:2 naturally:1 list:1 advertisement:1 eliminate:1 thereby:1 credit:1 door:2 never:1 open:1 accounting:1 procedure:1 charge:1 disproportionate:1 overhead:1 warehouse:1 expense:1 main:1 profitable:1 case:1 statement:1 break:2 operation:4 money:2 around:1 analysis:2 recalculate:1 term:2 prejudicial:1 fear:1 competition:1 motivating:1 exaggerate:1 profitability:1 rival:1 shiny:1 fact:1 uneconomical:1 choice:1 highly:1 suburbanized:1 support:2 moreover:1 conservative:1 banker:2 controller:1 retail:1 giant:1 discover:1 say:1 remain:1 history:1 development:1 trip:1 far:1 easy:2 distance:1 indeed:1 pull:1 customer:1 geographically:1 raymond:1 vernon:1 report:1 resident:1 east:1 st:2 louis:2 mississippi:1 heart:2 western:1 simply:1 town:1 aggressive:1 management:2 lazarus:1 brother:1 columbus:1 ohio:1 fight:1 back:1 successfully:1 next:1 distant:1 patron:1 frighten:1 pressure:1 politician:1 something:1 highway:2 await:1 completion:1 federal:3 program:2 affection:1 reflect:1 desire:1 nice:1 people:1 indiscriminate:1 serious:1 trouble:1 accord:1 economist:1 homer:1 hoyt:1 associate:1 cover:1 almost:1 exactly:1 total:1 nation:1 district:1 together:1 offer:2 inducement:1 within:1 gate:1 immediately:1 shopper:1 see:2 available:1 mind:1 predict:1 quicksilver:1 world:1 likely:2 dominate:1 child:1 clothing:1 kid:1 production:1 household:1 gadgetry:1 discount:1 ticket:1 item:1 lady:1 fashion:1 compete:1 correct:1 accountant:1 refuse:1 acknowledge:1 marginal:1 factor:1 historically:1 america:1 color:1 life:1 experience:1 ya:1 farm:1 question:2 ask:1 paree:1 americans:1 group:1 national:1 origin:1 religious:1 belief:1 noise:1 vitality:1 radical:1 nature:1 destroy:1 preference:1 attention:1 whether:1 gloomily:1 foresee:1 diagnosticians:1 upon:1 4:2 negro:1 book:1 skyline:1 christopher:1 tunnard:1 henry:3 hope:1 reed:1 argue:1 franklin:1 roosevelt:2 deal:1 modern:1 possibility:1 fine:1 ironical:1 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Los/np Angeles/np in/in 1957/cd finally/rb bowed/vbd to/in the/at skyscraper/nn ./. )/) And/cc without/in high/jj density/nn in/in the/at core/nn ,/, rapid-transit/nn systems/nns cannot/md* be/be maintained/vbn economically/rb ,/, let/vb alone/rb built/vbn from/in scratch/nn at/in today's/nr$ prices/nns ./. However/rb ,/, the/at building/nn of/in freeways/nns and/cc garages/nns cannot/md* continue/vb forever/rb ./. The/at new/jj interchange/nn among/in the/at four/cd Los/np Angeles/np freeways/nns ,/, including/in the/at grade-constructed/jj accesses/nns ,/, occupies/vbz by/in itself/ppl no/ql less/ap than/cs eighty/cd acres/nns of/in downtown/nr land/nn ,/, one-eighth/nn of/in a/at square/jj mile/nn ,/, an/at area/nn about/rb the/at size/nn of/in Rockefeller/np-tl Center/nn-tl in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. It/pps is/bez hard/jj to/to believe/vb that/cs this/dt mass/nn of/in intertwined/vbn concrete/nn constitutes/vbz what/wdt the/at law/nn calls/vbz ``/`` the/at highest/jjt and/cc best/jjt use/nn ''/'' of/in centrally/rb located/vbn urban/jj land/nn ./. As/cs it/pps affects/vbz the/at city's/nn$ fiscal/jj situation/nn ,/, such/abl an/at interchange/nn is/bez ruinous/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps removes/vbz forever/rb from/in the/at tax/nn rolls/nns property/nn which/wdt should/md be/be taxed/vbn to/to pay/vb for/in the/at city/nn services/nns ./. Subways/nns improved/vbd land/nn values/nns without/in taking/vbg away/rb land/nn ;/. ;/. freeways/nns boost/vb valuation/nn less/rbr (/( because/cs the/at garages/nns they/ppss require/vb are/ber not/* prime/jj buildings/nns by/in a/at long/jj shot/nn )/) ,/, and/cc reduce/vb the/at acreage/nn that/wps can/md be/be taxed/vbn ./. Downtown/nr Los/np Angeles/np is/bez already/rb two-thirds/nns freeway/nn ,/, interchange/nn ,/, street/nn ,/, parking/vbg lot/nn and/cc garage/nn --/-- one/cd of/in those/dts preposterous/jj ``/`` if/nil ''/'' statistics/nns has/hvz already/rb come/vbn to/to pass/vb ./. The/at freeway/nn with/in narrowly/rb spaced/vbn interchanges/nns concentrates/vbz and/cc mitigates/vbz the/at access/nn problem/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps also/rb acts/vbz inevitably/rb as/cs an/at artificial/jj ,/, isolating/vbg boundary/nn ./. City/nn planners/nns do/do not/* always/rb use/vb this/dt boundary/nn as/ql effectively/rb as/cs they/ppss might/md ./. Less/ql ambitious/jj freeway/nn plans/nns may/md be/be more/ql successful/jj --/-- especially/rb when/wrb the/at roadways/nns and/cc interchanges/nns are/ber raised/vbn ,/, allowing/vbg for/in cross/jj access/nn at/in many/ap points/nns and/cc providing/vbg parking/vbg areas/nns below/in the/at ramp/nn ./. Meanwhile/rb ,/, the/at automobile/nn and/cc its/pp$ friend/nn the/at truck/nn have/hv cost/vbn the/at central/jj city/nn some/dti of/in its/pp$ industrial/jj dominance/nn ./. In/in ever/rb greater/jjr numbers/nns ,/, factories/nns are/ber locating/vbg in/in the/at suburbs/nns or/cc in/in ``/`` industrial/jj parks/nns ''/'' removed/vbn from/in the/at city's/nn$ political/jj jurisdiction/nn ./. The/at appeal/nn of/in the/at suburb/nn is/bez particularly/ql strong/jj for/in heavy/jj industry/nn ,/, which/wdt must/md move/vb bulky/jj objects/nns along/in a/at lengthy/jj assembly/nn line/nn and/cc wants/vbz enough/ap land/nn area/nn to/to do/do the/at entire/jj job/nn on/in one/cd floor/nn ./. To/in light/jj industry/nn ,/, the/at economies/nns of/in being/beg on/in one/cd floor/nn are/ber much/ql slighter/jjr ,/, but/cc efficiency/nn engineers/nns usually/rb believe/vb in/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc manufacturers/nns looking/vbg for/in ways/nns to/to cut/vb costs/nns cannot/md* be/be prevented/vbn from/in turning/vbg to/in efficiency/nn engineers/nns ./. This/dt movement/nn of/in industry/nn away/rb from/in the/at central/jj cities/nns is/bez not/* so/ql catastrophically/ql new/jj as/cs some/dti prophets/nns seem/vb to/to believe/vb ./. It/pps is/bez merely/rb the/at latest/jjt example/nn of/in the/at leapfrog/nn growth/nn which/wdt formed/vbd the/at pattern/nn of/in virtually/rb all/abn American/jj cities/nns ./. The/at big/jj factories/nns which/wdt are/ber relatively/ql near/in the/at centers/nns of/in our/pp$ cities/nns --/-- the/at rubber/nn factories/nns in/in Akron/np ,/, Chrysler's/np$ Detroit/np plants/nns ,/, U.S./np-tl Steel's/nn$-tl Pittsburgh/np works/nns --/-- often/rb began/vbd on/in these/dts sites/nns at/in a/at time/nn when/wrb that/dt was/bedz the/at edge/nn of/in the/at city/nn ,/, yet/cc close/rb to/in transport/nn (/( river/nn )/) ,/, storage/nn (/( piers/nns )/) and/cc power/nn (/( river/nn )/) ./. The/at ``/`` leapfrog/nn ''/'' was/bedz a/at phenomenon/nn of/in the/at railroad/nn and/cc the/at steam/nn turbine/nn ,/, and/cc the/at time/nn when/wrb the/at belts/nns of/in residence/nn surrounding/vbg the/at old/jj factory/nn area/nn were/bed not/* yet/rb blighted/vbn ./. The/at truck/nn and/cc the/at car/nn gave/vbd the/at manufacturer/nn a/at new/jj degree/nn of/in freedom/nn in/in selecting/vbg his/pp$ plant/nn site/nn ./. Until/cs internal/jj combustion/nn became/vbd cheap/jj ,/, he/pps had/hvd to/to be/be near/in a/at railroad/nn siding/nn and/cc a/at trolley/nn line/nn or/cc an/at existing/vbg large/jj community/nn of/in lower-class/nn homes/nns ./. The/at railroad/nn siding/nn is/bez still/rb important/jj --/-- it/pps is/bez usually/rb ,/, though/cs not/* always/rb ,/, true/jj that/cs long-haul/nn shipment/nn by/in rail/nn is/bez cheaper/jjr than/cs trucking/vbg ./. But/cc anybody/pn who/wps promises/vbz a/at substantial/jj volume/nn of/in business/nn can/md get/vb a/at railroad/nn to/to run/vb a/at short/jj spur/nn to/in his/pp$ plant/nn these/dts days/nns ,/, and/cc many/ap businesses/nns can/md live/vb without/in the/at railroad/nn ./. And/cc there/ex are/ber now/rb many/ap millions/nns of/in workers/nns for/in whom/wpo the/at factory/nn with/in the/at big/jj parking/vbg lot/nn ,/, which/wdt can/md be/be reached/vbn by/in driving/vbg across/in or/cc against/in the/at usual/jj pattern/nn of/in rush/nn hour/nn traffic/nn and/cc grille-route/nn bus/nn lines/nns ,/, is/bez actually/rb more/ql convenient/jj than/cs the/at walk-to/jj factory/nn ./. Willow/nn-tl Run/nn-tl ,/, General/nn-tl Electric's/nn$-tl enormous/jj installations/nns at/in Louisville/np and/cc Syracuse/np ,/, the/at Pentagon/nn-tl ,/, Boeing/np in/in Seattle/np ,/, Douglas/np and/cc Lockheed/np in/in Los/np Angeles/np ,/, the/at new/jj automobile/nn assembly/nn plants/nns everywhere/rb --/-- none/pn of/in these/dts is/bez substantially/rb served/vbn by/in any/dti sort/nn of/in conventional/jj mass/jj rapid/jj transit/nn ./. They/ppss are/ber all/abn suburban/jj plants/nns ,/, relying/vbg on/in the/at roads/nns to/to keep/vb them/ppo supplied/vbn with/in workers/nns ./. And/cc wherever/wrb the/at new/jj thruways/nns go/vb up/rp their/pp$ banks/nns are/ber lined/vbn by/in neat/jj glass/nn and/cc metal/nn and/cc colored/vbn brick/nn light/jj industry/nn ./. The/at drive/nn along/in Massachusetts'/np$ Route/nn-tl 128/cd-tl ,/, the/at by-pass/nn which/wdt makes/vbz an/at arc/nn about/rb twenty/cd miles/nns from/in downtown/nr Boston/np ,/, may/md be/be a/at vision/nn of/in the/at future/nn ./. The/at future/nn could/md be/be worse/jjr ./. The/at plants/nns along/in Route/nn-tl 128/cd-tl are/ber mostly/rb well/rb designed/vbn and/cc nicely/rb set/vbn against/in the/at New/jj-tl England/np-tl rocks/nns and/cc trees/nns ./. They/ppss can/md even/rb be/be rather/ql grand/jj ,/, like/cs Edward/np Land's/np$ monument/nn to/in the/at astonishing/jj success/nn of/in Polaroid/np ./. But/cc they/ppss deny/vb the/at values/nns of/in the/at city/nn --/-- the/at crowded/vbn ,/, competitive/jj ,/, tolerant/jj city/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` melting/vbg pot/nn ''/'' which/wdt gave/vbd off/rp so/ql many/ap of/in the/at most/ql admirable/jj American/jj qualities/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber segregated/vbn businesses/nns ,/, combining/vbg again/rb on/in one/cd site/nn the/at factory/nn and/cc the/at office/nn ,/, drawing/vbg their/pp$ work/nn force/nn from/in segregated/vbn communities/nns ./. It/pps is/bez interesting/jj to/to note/vb how/wql many/ap of/in the/at plants/nns on/in Massachusetts'/np$ Route/nn-tl 128/cd draw/vb most/ap of/in their/pp$ income/nn either/cc from/in the/at government/nn in/in non-competitive/jj cost-plus/nn arrangements/nns ,/, or/cc from/in the/at exploitation/nn of/in patents/nns which/wdt grant/vb at/in least/ap a/at partial/jj monopoly/nn ./. While/cs the/at factories/nns were/bed always/rb the/at center/nn of/in the/at labor/nn market/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed often/rb on/in the/at city's/nn$ periphery/nn ./. In/in spreading/vbg the/at factories/nns even/ql farther/rbr ,/, the/at automobile/nn may/md not/* have/hv changed/vbn to/in any/dti great/jj extent/nn the/at growth/nn pattern/nn of/in the/at cities/nns ./. Even/rb the/at loss/nn of/in hotel/nn business/nn to/in the/at outskirt's/nn$ motel/nn has/hvz been/ben relatively/ql painless/jj ;/. ;/. the/at hotel-motel/nn demarcation/nn is/bez becoming/vbg harder/jjr to/to find/vb every/at year/nn ./. What/wdt hurts/vbz most/rbt is/bez the/at damage/nn the/at automobile/nn has/hvz done/vbn to/in central-city/nn retailing/nn ,/, especially/rb in/in those/dts cities/nns where/wrb public/jj transit/nn is/bez feeble/jj ./. Some/dti retailing/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, always/rb spreads/vbz with/in the/at population/nn --/-- grocery/nn stores/nns ,/, drugstores/nns ,/, local/jj haberdasheries/nns and/cc dress/nn shops/nns ,/, candy/nn stores/nns and/cc the/at like/jj ./. But/cc whenever/wrb a/at major/jj purchase/nn was/bedz contemplated/vbn forty/cd years/nns ago/rb --/-- a/at new/jj bedroom/nn set/nn or/cc a/at winter/nn coat/nn ,/, an/at Easter/np bonnet/nn ,/, a/at bicycle/nn for/in Junior/np --/-- the/at family/nn set/vbd off/rp for/in the/at downtown/nr department/nn store/nn ,/, where/wrb the/at selection/nn would/md be/be greatest/jjt ./. Department/nn stores/nns congregated/vbd in/in the/at ``/`` one/cd hundred/cd per/in cent/nn location/nn ''/'' ,/, where/wrb all/abn the/at transit/nn lines/nns converged/vbd ./. These/dts stores/nns are/ber still/rb there/rb ,/, but/cc the/at volume/nn of/in the/at ``/`` downtown/nr store/nn ''/'' has/hvz been/ben on/in a/at relative/jj decline/nn ,/, while/cs in/in many/ap cities/nns the/at suburban/jj ``/`` branch/nn ''/'' sells/vbz more/ap and/cc more/ap dry/jj goods/nns ./. If/cs the/at retailer/nn and/cc hotelman's/nn$ downtown/nr unit/nn sales/nns have/hv been/ben decreasing/vbg ,/, however/rb ,/, his/pp$ dollar/nn volume/nn continues/vbz to/to rise/vb ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez dollars/nns which/wdt you/ppss put/vb in/in the/at bank/nn ./. In/in most/ap discussions/nns of/in this/dt phenomenon/nn ,/, the/at figures/nns are/ber substantially/rb inflated/vbn ./. No/at suburban/jj shopping-center/nn branch/nn --/-- not/* even/rb Hudson's/np$ vast/jj Northland/np outside/in Detroit/np --/-- does/doz anything/pn like/cs the/at unit/nn volume/nn of/in business/nn or/cc carries/vbz anything/pn like/cs the/at variety/nn of/in merchandise/nn to/to be/be found/vbn in/in the/at home/nn store/nn ./. Telephone/nn orders/nns distort/vb the/at picture/nn :/: the/at suburbanite/nn naturally/rb calls/vbz a/at local/jj rather/rb than/cs a/at central-city/nn number/nn if/cs both/abx are/ber listed/vbn in/in an/at advertisement/nn ,/, especially/rb if/cs the/at local/jj call/nn eliminates/vbz city/nn sales/nns tax/nn ./. The/at suburban/jj branch/nn is/bez thereby/rb credited/vbn with/in a/at sale/nn which/wdt would/md have/hv been/ben made/vbn even/rb if/cs its/pp$ glass/nn doors/nns had/hvd never/rb opened/vbn ./. Accounting/vbg procedures/nns which/wdt continue/vb to/to charge/vb a/at disproportionate/jj overhead/nn and/cc warehouse/nn expense/nn to/in the/at main/jjs store/nn make/vb the/at branches/nns seem/vb more/ql profitable/jj than/cs they/ppss are/ber ./. In/in many/ap cases/nns that/dt statement/nn --/-- ``/`` We/ppss break/vb even/jj on/in our/pp$ downtown/nr operation/nn and/cc make/vb money/nn on/in our/pp$ branches/nns ''/'' --/-- would/md be/be turned/vbn around/rb if/cs the/at cost/nn analysis/nn were/bed recalculated/vbn on/in terms/nns less/ql prejudicial/jj to/in the/at old/jj store/nn ./. Fear/nn of/in the/at competition/nn --/-- always/rb a/at great/jj motivating/vbg force/nn in/in the/at American/jj economy/nn --/-- makes/vbz retailers/nns who/wps do/do not/* have/hv suburban/jj operations/nns exaggerate/vb both/abx the/at volume/nn and/cc the/at profitability/nn of/in their/pp$ rival's/nn$ shiny/jj new/jj branches/nns ./. The/at fact/nn seems/vbz to/to be/be that/cs very/ql many/ap large/jj branch/nn stores/nns are/ber uneconomical/jj ,/, that/cs the/at choice/nn of/in location/nn in/in the/at suburbs/nns is/bez as/ql important/jj as/cs it/pps was/bedz downtown/nr ,/, and/cc that/cs even/rb highly/ql suburbanized/vbn cities/nns will/md support/vb only/rb so/ql many/ap big/jj branches/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at cost/nn of/in operations/nns is/bez always/rb high/jj in/in any/dti new/jj store/nn ,/, as/cs the/at conservative/jj bankers/nns who/wps act/vb as/cs controllers/nns for/in retail/jj giants/nns are/ber beginning/vbg to/to discover/vb ./. When/wrb all/abn has/hvz been/ben said/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at big/jj branch/nn store/nn remains/vbz a/at major/jj break/nn with/in history/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in American/jj retailing/nn ./. Just/rb as/cs the/at suburban/jj factory/nn may/md be/be more/ql convenient/jj than/cs the/at downtown/nr plant/nn to/in the/at worker/nn with/in a/at car/nn ,/, the/at trip/nn to/in the/at shopping/vbg center/nn may/md seem/vb far/ql easier/jjr than/cs to/in the/at downtown/nr department/nn store/nn ,/, though/cs both/abx are/ber the/at same/ap distance/nn from/in home/nr ./. Indeed/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber some/dti cities/nns where/wrb the/at suburban/jj shopping/nn pulls/vbz customers/nns who/wps are/ber geographically/rb much/ql nearer/rbr to/in downtown/nr ./. Raymond/np Vernon/np reports/vbz that/cs residents/nns of/in East/jj-tl St./np-tl Louis/np-tl have/hv been/ben driving/vbg across/in the/at Mississippi/np ,/, through/in the/at heart/nn of/in downtown/nr St./np Louis/np and/cc out/rp to/in the/at western/jj suburbs/nns for/in major/jj shopping/nn ,/, simply/rb because/cs parking/vbg is/bez easier/jjr at/in the/at big/jj branches/nns than/cs it/pps is/bez in/in the/at heart/nn of/in town/nn ./. To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs the/at problem/nn is/bez merely/rb parking/vbg ,/, an/at aggressive/jj downtown/nr management/nn ,/, like/cs that/dt of/in Lazarus/np-tl Brothers/nns-tl in/in Columbus/np ,/, Ohio/np ,/, can/md fight/vb back/rb successfully/rb by/in building/vbg a/at garage/nn on/in the/at lot/nn next/ap door/nn ./. If/cs the/at distant/jj patron/nn of/in the/at suburban/jj branch/nn has/hvz been/ben frightened/vbn away/rb from/in downtown/nr by/in traffic/nn problems/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at city/nn store/nn can/md only/rb pressure/vb the/at politicians/nns to/to do/do something/pn about/in the/at highways/nns or/cc await/vb the/at completion/nn of/in the/at federal/jj highway/nn program/nn ./. And/cc if/cs the/at affection/nn for/in the/at suburban/jj branch/nn reflects/vbz a/at desire/nn to/to shop/vb with/in ``/`` nice/jj people/nns ''/'' ,/, rather/rb than/cs with/in the/at indiscriminate/jj urban/jj mass/nn which/wdt supports/vbz the/at downtown/nr department/nn store/nn ,/, the/at central/jj location/nn may/md be/be in/in serious/jj trouble/nn ./. Today/nr ,/, according/rb to/in land/nn economist/nn Homer/np Hoyt/np ,/, shopping/vbg centers/nns and/cc their/pp$ associated/vbn parking/vbg lots/nns cover/vb some/rb 46,000/cd acres/nns of/in land/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez almost/ql exactly/rb the/at total/jj land/nn area/nn in/in all/abn the/at nation's/nn$ Central/jj-tl Business/nn-tl Districts/nns-tl put/vbn together/rb ./. The/at downtown/nr store/nn continues/vbz to/to offer/vb the/at great/jj inducement/nn of/in variety/nn ,/, both/abx within/in its/pp$ gates/nns and/cc across/in the/at street/nn ,/, where/wrb other/ap department/nn stores/nns are/ber immediately/rb convenient/jj for/in the/at shopper/nn who/wps wants/vbz to/to see/vb what/wdt is/bez available/jj before/cs making/vbg up/rp her/pp$ mind/nn ./. If/cs anything/pn may/md be/be predicted/vbn in/in the/at quicksilver/nn world/nn of/in retailing/vbg ,/, it/pps seems/vbz likely/jj that/cs the/at suburban/jj branch/nn will/md come/vb to/to dominate/vb children's/nns$ clothing/nn (/( taking/vbg the/at kid/nn downtown/nr is/bez too/ql much/ap of/in a/at production/nn )/) ,/, household/nn gadgetry/nn and/cc the/at discount/nn business/nn in/in big-ticket/nn items/nns ./. Department/nn stores/nns were/bed built/vbn on/in dry/jj goods/nns ,/, especially/rb ladies'/nns$ fashions/nns ,/, and/cc in/in this/dt area/nn ,/, in/in the/at long/jj run/nn ,/, the/at suburban/jj branches/nns will/md be/be hard/rb put/vbn to/to compete/vb against/in downtown/nr ./. If/cs this/dt analysis/nn is/bez correct/jj ,/, the/at suburban/jj branches/nns will/md turn/vb out/rp to/to be/be what/wdt management's/nn$ cost/nn accountants/nns refuse/vb to/to acknowledge/vb ,/, marginal/jj operations/nns rather/rb than/cs major/jj factors/nns ./. Historically/rb in/in America/np the/at appeal/nn of/in cities/nns has/hvz been/ben their/pp$ color/nn and/cc life/nn ,/, the/at variety/nn of/in experience/nn they/ppss offered/vbd ./. ``/`` How/wrb ya/ppss gonna/vbg+to keep/vb 'em/ppo down/rp on/in the/at farm/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Was/bedz a/at question/nn that/wps had/hvd to/to be/be asked/vbn long/rb before/cs they/ppss saw/vbd Paree/np ./. Though/cs Americans/nps usually/rb lived/vbd in/in groups/nns segregated/vbn by/in national/jj origin/nn or/cc religious/jj belief/nn ,/, they/ppss liked/vbd to/to work/vb and/cc shop/vb in/in the/at noise/nn and/cc vitality/nn of/in downtown/nr ./. Only/rb a/at radical/jj change/nn in/in the/at nature/nn of/in the/at population/nn in/in the/at central/jj city/nn would/md be/be likely/jj to/to destroy/vb this/dt preference/nn --/-- and/cc we/ppss must/md now/rb turn/vb our/pp$ attention/nn to/in the/at question/nn of/in whether/cs such/abl a/at change/nn ,/, gloomily/rb foreseen/vbn by/in so/ql many/ap urban/jj diagnosticians/nns ,/, is/bez actually/rb upon/in us/ppo ./. 4/cd-hl ./.-hl Suburbs/nns-hl and/cc-hl Negroes/nps-hl In/in their/pp$ book/nn ,/, American/jj-tl Skyline/nn-tl ,/, Christopher/np Tunnard/np and/cc Henry/np Hope/np Reed/np argue/vb that/cs Franklin/np Roosevelt's/np$ New/jj-tl Deal/nn-tl was/bedz what/wdt made/vbd the/at modern/jj suburb/nn a/at possibility/nn --/-- a/at fine/jj ironical/jj argument/nn ,/, when/wrb you/ppss consider/vb how/wrb suburbanites/nns tend/vb to/to vote/vb ./. The/at first/od superhighways/nns --/-- New/jj-tl York's/np$-tl Henry/np Hudson/np and/cc Chicago's/np$ Lake/nn-tl Shore/nn-tl ,/, San/np Francisco's/np$ Bay/nn-tl Bridge/nn-tl and/cc its/pp$ approaches/nns ,/, a/at good/jj slice/nn of/in the/at Pennsylvania/np-tl Turnpike/nn-tl --/-- were/bed built/vbn as/cs part/nn of/in the/at federal/jj works/nns program/nn which/wdt was/bedz going/vbg to/to cure/vb the/at depression/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, Roosevelt's/np$ Federal/jj-tl Housing/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, coupled/vbn with/in Henry/np Morgenthau's/np$ cheap-money/nn policy/nn ,/, permitted/vbd ordinary/jj lower-middle-class/nn families/nns to/to build/vb their/pp$ own/jj homes/nns ./. Bankers/nns who/wps had/hvd been/ben reluctant/jj to/to lend/vb without/in better/jjr security/nn than/cs the/at house/nn itself/ppl got/vbd that/dt security/nn from/in the/at U./np S./np government/nn ;/. ;/. householders/nns who/wps had/hvd been/ben unable/jj to/to pick/vb up/rp the/at burden/nn of/in short-term/nn high-interest/nn mortgages/nns found/vbd they/ppss could/md borrow/vb for/in twenty-five/cd years/nns at/in 4/cd per/in cent/nn ,/, under/in government/nn aegis/nn ./.

cj61

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Before/cs losing/vbg itself/ppl in/in the/at sands/nns of/in the/at 19th/od Century/nn-tl ,/, the/at grand/jj stream/nn of/in Italian/jj-tl Renaissance/np-tl architectural/jj decoration/nn made/vbd a/at last/ap appearance/nn in/in the/at Brumidi/np frescos/nns of/in the/at Capitol/nn-tl Rotunda/nn-tl in/in Washington/np ./. The/at artistic/jj generation/nn after/in Brumidi/np was/bedz trained/vbn in/in the/at Paris/np of/in that/dt time/nn to/in a/at more/ql meticulous/jj standard/nn of/in execution/nn ,/, and/cc tended/vbd to/to overlook/vb greatness/nn of/in conception/nn where/wrb faults/nns and/cc weakness/nn were/bed easy/jj to/to find/vb ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez a/at great/jj conception/nn ./. The/at open/jj ceiling/nn ,/, with/in allegorical/jj and/cc classical/jj figures/nns thrown/vbn in/in masses/nns against/in the/at sky/nn :/: the/at closed/vbn frieze/nn ,/, formally/rb divided/vbn into/in historical/jj scenes/nns and/cc tightly/rb tied/vbn to/in the/at stone/nn walls/nns ,/, belong/vb in/in their/pp$ large/jj ordering/nn to/in the/at line/nn of/in Correggio/np and/cc his/pp$ Baroque/jj-tl followers/nns ./. The/at descent/nn may/md be/be remote/jj ,/, but/cc this/dt is/bez surely/rb the/at only/ap full-scale/jj example/nn of/in that/dt vigorous/jj inheritance/nn in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ./. Constantino/np Brumidi/np designed/vbd the/at decorative/jj scheme/nn as/cs a/at whole/jj ,/, in/in collaboration/nn with/in the/at architect/nn Charles/np U./np Walter/np ,/, at/in the/at time/nn when/wrb plans/nns were/bed being/beg made/vbn to/to replace/vb the/at wooden/jj dome/nn of/in Bullfinch/np with/in the/at present/jj much/ql larger/jjr iron/nn structure/nn ./. After/in many/ap years/nns and/cc many/ap interruptions/nns he/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to finish/vb the/at canopy/nn fresco/nn ,/, and/cc slightly/ql less/ap than/in half/abn the/at frieze/nn ,/, beginning/vbg with/in the/at Liberty/nn-tl group/nn opposite/in the/at East/jj-tl door/nn ,/, and/cc ending/vbg with/in William/np Penn/np ,/, all/abn but/in one/cd leg/nn ,/, when/wrb a/at tragic/jj accident/nn ended/vbd his/pp$ career/nn ./. He/pps left/vbd at/in his/pp$ death/nn sketches/nns ,/, drawn/vbn to/in scale/nn ,/, for/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at circle/nn ./. These/dts were/bed carried/vbn out/rp not/* too/ql faithfully/rb by/in Filippo/np Costaggini/np ,/, who/wps began/vbd by/in supplying/vbg the/at missing/vbg member/nn to/in the/at founder/nn of/in Pennsylvania/np and/cc noting/vbg in/in pencil/nn ,/, in/in Italian/np ,/, that/cs he/pps ``/`` began/vbd at/in this/dt point/nn ''/'' ./. When/wrb Costaggini/np had/hvd used/vbn up/rp all/abn the/at sketches/nns thirty-six/cd feet/nns of/in empty/jj frieze/nn were/bed left/vbn over/rp ./. A/at blank/jj undecorated/jj void/nn ,/, plastered/vbn in/in roughcast/nn ,/, disfigured/vbd the/at wall/nn of/in the/at Rotunda/nn-tl until/in 1951/cd ./. Then/rb ,/, advised/vbn by/in the/at Architect/nn-tl of/in the/at Capitol/nn-tl ,/, the/at Joint/jj-tl Committee/nn-tl for/in-tl the/at-tl Library/nn-tl ,/, traditionally/rb responsible/jj for/in the/at works/nns of/in art/nn in/in the/at building/nn ,/, ordered/vbd the/at space/nn cleared/vbn and/cc painted/vbn in/in fresco/nn ,/, to/to show/vb ``/`` the/at Peace/nn-tl after/in-tl the/at-tl Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` the/at Spanish-American/jj-tl War/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` the/at Birth/nn-tl of/in-tl Aviation/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, to/to match/vb as/ql nearly/rb as/cs feasible/jj Brumidi's/np$ technique/nn and/cc composition/nn ./. Later/rbr the/at cleaning/nn and/cc restoration/nn were/bed ordered/vbn ,/, first/rb of/in the/at older/jjr part/nn of/in the/at frieze/nn ,/, finally/rb of/in the/at canopy/nn ./. What/wdt follows/vbz is/bez therefore/rb a/at description/nn of/in three/cd separate/jj undertakings/nns ,/, the/at new/jj frescoing/nn of/in the/at gap/nn ,/, and/cc the/at successive/jj essays/nns in/in conservation/nn ,/, with/in some/dti discussion/nn of/in problems/nns that/wps arose/vbd in/in connection/nn with/in each/dt ./. For/in the/at use/nn of/in students/nns and/cc future/jj restorers/nns ,/, a/at full/jj ,/, day-by-day/jj record/nn was/bedz kept/vbn of/in all/abn three/cd undertakings/nns ,/, complete/jj technical/jj reports/nns on/in what/wdt we/ppss found/vbd and/cc what/wdt we/ppss did/dod ./. These/dts may/md be/be consulted/vbn in/in the/at office/nn of/in the/at Architect/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Capitol/nn-tl ,/, or/cc the/at Library/nn-tl of/in-tl Congress/np-tl ./. The/at first/od preliminary/nn was/bedz inspecting/vbg the/at unfinished/jj length/nn of/in frieze/nn ,/, a/at jumble/nn of/in roughcast/nn and/cc finish/nn coats/nns ,/, all/abn in/in bad/jj condition/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz decided/vbn to/to strip/vb the/at whole/jj area/nn down/rp to/in the/at bricks/nns ,/, and/cc to/to replace/vb the/at rough/jj coats/nns up/rp to/in one/cd inch/nn thickness/nn to/to agree/vb with/in the/at older/jjr artists'/nns$ preparation/nn ,/, with/in a/at mortar/nn ,/, one/cd part/nn slaked/vbn lime/nn ,/, three/cd parts/nns sand/nn ,/, to/to be/be put/vbn on/rp in/in two/cd layers/nns ./. Cartoons/nns were/bed drawn/vbn full/jj size/nn ,/, after/cs sketches/nns had/hvd been/ben made/vbn to/to satisfy/vb all/abn the/at authorities/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz some/dti difficulty/nn here/rb ./. One/pn had/hvd to/to manage/vb the/at given/vbn subjects/nns ,/, three/cd diverse/jj recent/jj events/nns ,/, so/cs as/cs to/to make/vb them/ppo part/nn of/in a/at classical/jj frieze/nn ,/, --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, a/at pattern/nn of/in large/jj figures/nns filling/vbg the/at space/nn ,/, with/in not/* much/ap else/rb ,/, against/in a/at blank/jj background/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, all/abn three/cd representations/nns must/md be/be squeezed/vbn comfortably/rb into/in little/ql more/ap than/cs the/at length/nn Brumidi/np allowed/vbd for/in each/dt one/cd of/in his/pp$$ ./. When/wrb it/pps was/bedz all/abn arranged/vbn to/to fit/vb ,/, and/cc not/* to/to interrupt/vb the/at lengthwise/jj flow/nn of/in movement/nn in/in the/at frieze/nn ,/, the/at cartoons/nns were/bed tried/vbn in/in place/nn ./. The/at scaffolding/nn ,/, a/at confusion/nn of/in heavy/jj beams/nns hanging/vbg from/in the/at gallery/nn above/rb ,/, was/bedz strong/jj and/cc safe/jj ,/, but/cc obscured/vbd visibility/nn ./. Nothing/pn could/md be/be seen/vbn from/in the/at floor/nn ,/, but/cc by/in moving/vbg around/in the/at gallery/nn one/pn could/md get/vb glimpses/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc we/ppss were/bed able/jj to/to decide/vb on/in some/dti amplification/nn of/in scale/nn ./. To/to be/be sure/jj of/in matching/vbg color/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs form/nn ,/, pieces/nns of/in cartoon/nn were/bed traced/vbn on/in the/at roughcast/nn ,/, and/cc large/jj samples/nns painted/vbn in/in fresco/nn ,/, then/rb left/vbn two/cd months/nns to/to dry/vb out/rp to/in their/pp$ final/jj key/nn ./. Later/rbr it/pps was/bedz gratifying/jj to/to note/vb that/cs they/ppss had/hvd set/vbn so/ql solidly/rb as/cs to/to be/be hard/jj to/to remove/vb when/wrb the/at time/nn came/vbd ./. The/at scaffold/nn was/bedz the/at length/nn of/in the/at space/nn to/to be/be painted/vbn ./. What/wdt bits/nns of/in Brumidi/np and/cc Costaggini/np could/md be/be reached/vbn at/in either/cc end/nn seemed/vbd in/in good/jj order/nn ,/, though/cs the/at roughish/jj sandy/jj surface/nn was/bedz thick/jj with/in dust/nn ./. Washed/vbn ,/, they/ppss came/vbd out/rp surprisingly/ql clear/jj and/cc bright/jj ./. It/pps could/md be/be seen/vbn that/cs both/abx artists/nns used/vbd a/at very/ql thick/jj final/ap coat/nn of/in plaster/nn ,/, one/cd half/abn inch/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs both/abx followed/vbd the/at traditional/jj Italian/jj fresco/nn technique/nn as/cs described/vbn by/in Cennino/np Cennini/np in/in the/at 14th/od Century/nn-tl ,/, and/cc current/jj in/in Italy/np to/in this/dt day/nn ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, they/ppss used/vbd opaque/jj color/nn throughout/rb ,/, getting/vbg solid/jj highlights/nns with/in active/jj lime/nn white/nn ./. Painting/vbg ``/`` a/at secco/fw-nn ''/'' is/bez much/rb in/in evidence/nn ./. A/at brown/jj hatching/nn reinforces/vbz and/cc broadens/vbz shadows/nns ,/, and/cc much/ap of/in the/at background/nn is/bez solidly/rb covered/vbn with/in a/at dark/jj coat/nn ./. This/dt brown/nn is/bez sometimes/rb so/ql rich/jj in/in medium/nn as/cs to/to appear/vb to/to be/be oil/nn paint/nn ./. In/in our/pp$ own/jj practice/nn ,/, to/to have/hv the/at last/ap ``/`` intonaco/fw-nn ''/'' plaster/nn coat/nn thick/jj enough/qlp to/to match/vb ,/, and/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn to/to avoid/vb fine/jj cracks/nns in/in drying/vbg ,/, we/ppss found/vbd that/cs it/pps had/hvd to/to be/be put/vbn on/rp in/in two/cd layers/nns ,/, letting/vbg the/at first/od set/vb awhile/rb before/cs applying/vbg the/at second/od ./. The/at mortar/nn was/bedz three/cd parts/nns sand/nn to/in two/cd of/in lime/nn ./. Some/dti of/in the/at lime/nn that/wps is/bez always/rb on/in hand/nn in/in the/at Capitol/nn-tl basement/nn for/in plaster/nn repairs/nns was/bedz slaked/vbn several/ap months/nns for/in us/ppo ;/. ;/. but/cc to/to make/vb it/ppo stiffer/jjr ,/, of/in a/at really/ql putty-like/jj consistency/nn to/to avoid/vb cracking/vbg ,/, we/ppss added/vbd a/at little/ap hydrated/vbn lime/nn --/-- hard/jj on/in the/at hands/nns ,/, but/cc we/ppss could/md see/vb no/at other/ap disadvantage/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem told/vbn that/cs a/at mortar/nn longer/rbr slaked/vbn might/md have/hv remained/vbn longer/rbr in/in condition/nn for/in painting/vbg ./. As/cs it/pps was/bedz ,/, it/pps took/vbd the/at pigment/nn well/rb for/in six/cd hours/nns ,/, enough/ap for/in our/pp$ purpose/nn ,/, and/cc held/vbd it/ppo firmly/rb in/in setting/vbg ./. It/pps was/bedz obvious/jj that/cs to/to match/vb Brumidi/np ,/, white/nn must/md be/be mixed/vbn with/in all/abn but/in the/at darkest/jjt tones/nns ./. Lime/nn white/nn ,/, hard/jj and/cc brilliant/jj ,/, has/hvz a/at tendency/nn to/to ``/`` jump/vb ''/'' away/rb from/in the/at other/ap colors/nns in/in drying/vbg ,/, and/cc also/rb by/in its/pp$ capacity/nn to/to set/vb ,/, to/to preclude/vb the/at use/nn of/in ready-made/jj gradations/nns ,/, so/ql useful/jj in/in decorative/jj work/nn ./. In/in older/jjr Italian/jj practice/nn ,/, lime/nn ,/, dried/vbn and/cc reground/vbn ``/`` bianco/nil sangiovanni/nil ''/'' ,/, entered/vbd into/in such/jj prepared/vbn shades/nns ./. For/in convenience/nn we/ppss chose/vbd a/at stronger/jjr pigment/nn ,/, unknown/jj to/in the/at early/jj Italians/nps or/cc to/in Brumidi/np ,/, titanium/nn oxide/nn ,/, reserving/vbg the/at active/jj lime/nn white/nn for/in highest/jjt lights/nns ,/, put/vbn on/rp at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at day's/nn$ stint/nn ./. Other/ap pigments/nns were/bed mostly/rb raw/jj umber/nn ,/, some/dti burnt/vbn umber/nn ,/, and/cc a/at little/ap yellow/jj ochre/nn ./. This/dt last/ap was/bedz probably/rb not/* in/in Brumidi's/np$ palette/nn ,/, but/cc was/bedz needed/vbn to/to take/vb the/at chill/nn ,/, bluish/jj look/nn off/in the/at new/jj work/nn next/rb to/in the/at old/jj ,/, where/wrb softening/vbg effects/nns of/in time/nn were/bed seen/vbn ,/, even/rb after/in thorough/jj cleaning/nn ./. The/at use/nn of/in ``/`` secco/fw-nn ''/'' we/ppss tried/vbd to/to restrict/vb to/in covering/vbg joints/nns ./. Experience/nn showed/vbd ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs it/pps is/bez very/ql difficult/jj to/to paint/vb a/at dark/jj umber/nn background/nn in/in fresco/nn that/wps will/md not/* dry/vb out/rp spotty/jj and/cc uneven/jj ./. Later/rbr Brumidi/np and/cc Costaggini/np will/md be/be seen/vbn coping/vbg with/in this/dt same/ap problem/nn ./. We/ppss were/bed forced/vbn ,/, as/cs they/ppss were/bed ,/, to/to work/vb a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in tempera/nn into/in background/nn and/cc dark/jj areas/nns ./. We/ppss made/vbd it/ppo by/in Doerner's/np$ recipe/nn ,/, five/cd parts/nns thoroughly/rb washed/vbn cheese/nn curd/nn to/in one/cd of/in lime/nn putty/nn ;/. ;/. ground/vbn together/rb they/ppss made/vbd a/at strong/jj adhesive/nn ,/, which/wdt became/vbd waterproof/jj in/in drying/vbg ./. Figure/nn 1/cd was/bedz taken/vbn in/in 1953/cd ./. The/at new/jj part/nn is/bez finished/vbn ./. On/in the/at right/nr is/bez the/at Brumidi/np-tl Liberty/nn-tl group/nn ,/, as/cs it/pps looked/vbd after/in cleaning/vbg operations/nns ,/, which/wdt had/hvd not/* yet/rb come/vbn around/rb to/in the/at other/ap end/nn ;/. ;/. where/wrb ,/, of/in Costaggini/np ,/, only/rb some/dti foliage/nn has/hvz been/ben washed/vbn ,/, at/in the/at point/nn where/wrb his/pp$ work/nn stopped/vbd ./. One/pn is/bez led/vbn to/to speculate/vb as/in to/in why/wrb the/at empty/jj space/nn was/bedz there/rb ,/, left/vbn for/in our/pp$ century/nn to/to finish/vb ./. Costaggini/np said/vbd it/pps was/bedz Brumidi's/np$ fault/nn in/in not/* providing/vbg enough/ap material/nn to/to fill/vb the/at circle/nn ./. Brumidi's/np$ son/nn later/rbr maintained/vbd that/cs Costaggini/np had/hvd compressed/vbn and/cc mutilated/vbn his/pp$ father's/nn$ designs/nns ,/, ambitiously/rb coveting/vbg a/at bit/nn he/pps could/md claim/vb for/in his/pp$ very/ap own/jj ./. This/dt question/nn might/md be/be settled/vbn by/in comparing/vbg the/at measurement/nn of/in the/at actual/jj circumference/nn with/in the/at dimensions/nns noted/vbn ,/, presumably/rb in/in Brumidi's/np$ hand/nn ,/, above/in the/at various/ap sections/nns of/in his/pp$ long/jj preparatory/jj drawing/nn ,/, which/wdt has/hvz been/ben kept/vbn ./. Whosever/wp$ fault/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez evident/jj that/cs Brumidi/np intended/vbd to/to fill/vb out/rp the/at whole/jj frieze/nn with/in his/pp$ ``/`` histories/nns ''/'' and/cc come/vb full/jj circle/nn with/in the/at scene/nn of/in the/at discovery/nn of/in California/np gold/nn ./. In/in painting/vbg a/at fresco/nn ,/, the/at handling/nn of/in wet/jj mortar/nn compels/vbz one/pn always/rb to/to move/vb from/in top/nn to/in bottom/nn and/cc from/in left/nr to/in right/nr ,/, not/* to/to spoil/vb yesterday's/nr$ work/nn with/in today's/nr$ plastering/nn ./. At/in the/at very/ql first/rb ,/, then/rb ,/, Brumidi/np was/bedz required/vbn ,/, by/in the/at classically/rb pyramidal/jj shape/nn of/in his/pp$ central/jj group/nn ,/, to/to fill/vb in/rp the/at triangular/jj space/nn above/in the/at seated/vbn girl/nn on/in Liberty's/nn$-tl right/nr ,/, before/cs starting/vbg on/in the/at allegorical/jj figures/nns themselves/ppls ./. Here/rb he/pps put/vbd a/at small/jj man/nn ,/, whose/wp$ missing/vbg hands/nns might/md have/hv left/vbn his/pp$ function/nn doubtful/jj ,/, until/cs comparison/nn with/in the/at first/od sketches/nns showed/vbd that/cs when/wrb the/at artist/nn came/vbd back/rb to/in the/at beginning/nn ,/, this/dt was/bedz to/to be/be the/at closing/vbg figure/nn of/in the/at party/nn of/in ``/`` forty-niners/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc was/bedz to/to hold/vb a/at basket/nn ./. One/pn sees/vbz Costaggini's/np$ rendering/nn of/in the/at same/ap figure/nn more/ap than/in thirty/cd feet/nns away/rb ./. The/at photograph/nn ,/, Figure/nn-tl 1/cd-tl of/in the/at completed/vbn frieze/nn ,/, shows/vbz how/wrb ,/, having/hvg been/ben separated/vbn from/in his/pp$ fellows/nns in/in useless/jj isolation/nn for/in eighty/cd years/nns ,/, he/pps has/hvz now/rb been/ben given/vbn a/at hand/nn ,/, and/cc by/in juxtaposition/nn (/( and/cc the/at permission/nn of/in the/at Committee/nn-tl )/) ,/, given/vbn a/at new/jj job/nn ,/, to/to represent/vb the/at witnesses/nns of/in the/at first/od flight/nn at/in Kitty/np Hawk/np in/in 1903/cd ./. The/at startlingly/rb bright/jj effect/nn of/in the/at first/od washings/nns led/vbd the/at Committee/nn-tl to/to order/vb the/at rest/nn of/in the/at Brumidi-Costaggini/np cycle/nn cleaned/vbn and/cc restored/vbn to/to go/vb with/in them/ppo ./. The/at fixed/vbn wooden/jj scaffold/nn was/bedz removed/vbn ,/, and/cc ,/, so/cs as/cs to/to reach/vb all/abn the/at frieze/nn ,/, one/cd of/in pipe/nn ,/, on/in wheels/nns ,/, built/vbn up/rp from/in the/at floor/nn ./. Every/at few/ap days/nns ,/, in/in the/at early/jj morning/nn ,/, as/cs the/at work/nn progressed/vbd ,/, twenty/cd men/nns would/md appear/vb to/to push/vb it/ppo ahead/rb and/cc to/to shift/vb the/at plank/nn foundation/nn that/wps distributed/vbd its/pp$ weight/nn widely/rb on/in the/at Rotunda/nn-tl pavement/nn ,/, supported/vbn as/cs it/pps is/bez by/in ancient/jj brick/nn vaulting/nn ./. On/in this/dt giddy/jj and/cc oscillating/vbg platform/nn over/rp fifty/cd feet/nns from/in the/at floor/nn ,/, after/in a/at first/od dusting/nn ,/, we/ppss began/vbd to/to wash/vb ./. A/at most/ql useful/jj tool/nn for/in wetting/vbg the/at surface/nn without/in running/vbg down/rp was/bedz made/vbn from/in a/at greenhouse/nn ``/`` mist/nn spray/nn ''/'' nozzle/nn welded/vbn to/in a/at hose/nn connection/nn ,/, to/to be/be used/vbn at/in low/jj water/nn pressure/nn ./. A/at valve/nn in/in the/at handle/nn let/vbd us/ppo cut/vb the/at pressure/nn still/rb lower/jjr ./. One/cd man/nn sprayed/vbd ,/, with/in a/at sponge/nn in/in hand/nn to/to check/vb excess/jj wetting/nn ./. A/at second/od assistant/nn mopped/vbd with/in two/cd sponges/nns ./. In/in parts/nns a/at repeated/vbn sponging/nn was/bedz needed/vbn ,/, but/cc everywhere/rb we/ppss found/vbd that/cs water/nn alone/rb was/bedz enough/ap to/to restore/vb the/at original/jj brightness/nn ./. No/at soap/nn or/cc other/ap cleaning/vbg agent/nn was/bedz used/vbn that/wps might/md bring/vb in/rp unwanted/jj chemical/nn reactions/nns ./. The/at painting/nn ``/`` a/nil fresco/nil ''/'' stood/vbd up/rp superbly/rb ;/. ;/. a/at little/jj of/in the/at ``/`` secco/fw-nn ''/'' came/vbd off/rp ./. Necessary/jj retouching/nn was/bedz put/vbn on/rp at/in once/rb ./. Altogether/rb we/ppss found/vbd the/at craftsmanship/nn first/od rate/nn ,/, especially/rb Brumidi's/np$ ./. We/ppss were/bed greatly/rb helped/vbn by/in there/ex being/beg no/at traces/nns of/in former/ap restoring/nn ./. Apparently/rb not/* more/ap than/cs dusting/nn had/hvd ever/rb been/ben done/vbn ,/, and/cc not/* much/ap of/in that/dt ./. The/at plaster/nn was/bedz sound/jj ,/, the/at intonaco/fw-nn firmly/rb attached/vbn all/ql over/rp ,/, and/cc the/at pigment/nn solidly/rb incorporated/vbn with/in it/ppo in/in all/abn but/in a/at few/ap unimportant/jj places/nns ./. The/at greatest/jjt source/nn of/in trouble/nn was/bedz rain/nn which/wdt had/hvd repeatedly/rb flowed/vbn from/in openings/nns above/rb ,/, soaking/vbg the/at surface/nn and/cc leaving/vbg streaks/nns of/in dissolved/vbn lime/nn ,/, very/ql conspicuous/jj even/rb after/in cleaning/vbg ,/, particularly/rb in/in the/at ``/`` Landing/nn-tl of/in-tl Columbus/np-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` Oglethorpe/np-tl and/cc-tl the/at-tl Indians/nps-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` Yorktown/np-tl ''/'' ./. Here/rb the/at Architect/nn-tl ,/, referring/vbg to/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at Capitol/nn-tl as/cs a/at public/jj building/nn ,/, not/* a/at museum/nn ,/, requested/vbd some/dti repainting/nn to/to maintain/vb decorative/jj effect/nn ,/, rather/rb than/cs leaving/vbg blank/jj ,/, unsightly/jj patches/nns ./. These/dts frescos/nns have/hv had/hvn no/at care/nn for/in eighty/cd years/nns ./. With/in naked/jj gas/nn jets/nns below/rb and/cc leaky/jj windows/nns above/rb ,/, enough/ap to/to ruin/vb wall/nn paintings/nns in/in any/dti medium/nn ,/, they/ppss have/hv survived/vbn ,/, in/in a/at building/nn long/rb unheated/jj in/in winter/nn ,/, hot/jj and/cc damp/jj under/in the/at iron/nn dome/nn in/in summer/nn ./.

cj62

cj62 |@word wish:1 address:2 letter:3 part:1 unknown:1 may:7 well:9 rudy:1 pozzatti:5 visit:1 country:6 last:2 spring:1 live:6 work:1 close:2 place:1 see:5 street:1 walk:1 american:4 artist:16 natural:1 would:6 want:1 meet:3 many:7 soviet:7 possible:2 necessary:3 effort:1 talk:6 successful:1 even:4 though:2 face:1 appear:2 quite:6 evident:1 considerable:1 number:7 profession:1 hear:2 fortune:1 encounter:3 midst:2 pleased:1 find:2 way:6 communicate:1 desire:3 reaction:3 experience:8 understand:2 curiosity:1 always:2 eager:1 know:4 feel:2 hope:4 write:1 message:1 report:1 reach:1 good:3 office:2 union:5 reason:1 misinterpret:1 ignore:1 intent:1 endeavor:1 earnestly:1 record:1 impression:3 without:2 prejudice:2 anxiety:1 time:10 easily:1 provoke:1 span:1 little:3 month:1 entitle:1 pose:1 expert:2 anything:1 much:3 damage:1 spend:2 less:3 nevertheless:1 consider:4 reasonable:1 commitment:1 assume:2 right:3 responsibility:1 creative:1 individual:5 relate:1 humanity:2 whole:2 rather:2 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fact:3 somebody:1 recollection:1 frame:1 around:1 series:2 sight:1 symbolize:1 extreme:2 conflict:2 materialism:1 humanism:1 struggle:1 wage:1 world:2 light:1 disinter:1 prevalent:1 opinion:2 variety:1 expression:2 deny:1 existence:1 elaborate:1 incredible:1 dexterity:1 socialist:1 environment:1 state:4 cros:1 fertilize:1 seed:1 produce:1 plant:1 fruit:2 speculate:1 occasion:4 growth:1 like:3 mutation:1 unable:1 propagate:1 accuse:1 preach:1 racial:1 could:3 bring:2 answer:1 friend:1 non:1 propagating:1 mule:1 kind:2 reasoning:1 logic:1 get:1 use:2 perhaps:2 surprised:1 puzzle:1 friendly:4 discussion:1 suddenly:1 jump:1 track:1 irrelevant:1 illogical:1 comparison:1 chance:1 remark:1 lenin:1 seal:1 train:1 rejoinder:1 myth:1 akin:1 george:1 washington:1 cherry:1 theory:1 behavior:1 pattern:2 population:1 masse:2 compare:1 scientific:2 discovery:1 concern:1 motion:1 gaseous:1 wonder:1 difficulty:1 remember:1 real:1 purpose:1 presence:2 namely:1 cultural:2 exchange:4 typical:1 formal:2 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Those/dts whom/wpo I/ppss wish/vb to/to address/vb with/in this/dt letter/nn are/ber for/in the/at most/ap part/nn unknown/jj to/in me/ppo ./. It/pps may/md well/rb be/be that/cs ,/, when/wrb Rudy/np Pozzatti/np and/cc I/ppss visited/vbd your/pp$ country/nn last/ap spring/nn ,/, you/ppss were/bed living/vbg and/cc working/vbg close/rb to/in the/at places/nns we/ppss saw/vbd and/cc the/at streets/nns we/ppss walked/vbd ./. As/cs American/jj artists/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz natural/jj that/cs we/ppss would/md want/vb to/to meet/vb as/ql many/ap Soviet/np artists/nns as/cs possible/jj ./. This/dt letter/nn might/md not/* have/hv been/ben necessary/jj had/hvd our/pp$ efforts/nns to/to meet/vb and/cc talk/vb with/in you/ppo been/ben more/ql successful/jj ./. Even/rb though/cs we/ppss did/dod not/* see/vb many/ap of/in your/pp$ faces/nns ,/, it/pps appears/vbz now/rb quite/ql evident/jj that/cs a/at considerable/jj number/nn of/in your/pp$ profession/nn heard/vbd ,/, from/in those/dts whom/wpo we/ppss had/hvd the/at fortune/nn to/to encounter/vb ,/, that/cs we/ppss had/hvd been/ben in/in your/pp$ midst/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem very/ql pleased/vbn that/cs quite/abl a/at number/nn of/in you/ppo found/vbd ways/nns to/to communicate/vb to/in me/ppo your/pp$ desire/nn to/to hear/vb of/in our/pp$ reactions/nns and/cc experiences/nns in/in the/at U.S.S.R./np ./. I/ppss can/md well/rb understand/vb your/pp$ curiosity/nn ./. We/ppss ,/, ourselves/ppls ,/, are/ber always/rb eager/jj to/to know/vb how/wrb others/nns feel/vb about/in us/ppo and/cc the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt we/ppss live/vb ./. It/pps is/bez my/pp$ hope/nn that/cs this/dt written/vbn message/nn and/cc report/nn will/md reach/vb you/ppo through/in the/at good/jj offices/nns of/in the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl Soviet/np-tl Artists/nns-tl ./. There/ex should/md be/be no/at reason/nn to/to misinterpret/vb or/cc ignore/vb the/at intent/nn of/in this/dt letter/nn ./. Pozzatti/np and/cc I/ppss endeavored/vbd earnestly/rb to/to record/vb our/pp$ impressions/nns without/in the/at prejudice/nn that/wpo the/at anxiety/nn of/in our/pp$ time/nn so/ql easily/rb provokes/vbz ./. The/at time-span/nn of/in little/ql more/ap than/cs a/at month/nn cannot/md* entitle/vb me/ppo to/to pose/vb as/cs an/at expert/nn on/in anything/pn I/ppss saw/vbd ./. Too/ql much/ap damage/nn is/bez done/vbn by/in ``/`` experts/nns ''/'' who/wps have/hv spent/vbn even/rb less/ap time/nn ,/, if/cs any/dti at/in all/abn ,/, in/in the/at U.S.S.R./np ./. Nevertheless/rb I/ppss consider/vb it/ppo reasonable/jj ,/, because/rb of/in my/pp$ commitment/nn as/cs an/at artist/nn ,/, to/to assume/vb that/cs the/at rights/nns and/cc responsibilities/nns of/in creative/jj individuals/nns are/ber related/vbn to/in humanity/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn rather/rb than/cs to/in specific/jj geo-political/jj interests/nns ./. If/cs this/dt attitude/nn is/bez seriously/rb questioned/vbn in/in the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl ,/, it/pps does/doz not/* necessarily/rb follow/vb that/cs the/at majority/nn of/in the/at society/nn in/in which/wdt I/ppss live/vb is/bez too/ql aware/jj of/in the/at necessity/nn for/in clarity/nn on/in this/dt ethical/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs aesthetic/jj point/nn of/in view/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in some/dti disappointment/nn to/in me/ppo that/cs still/rb many/ap of/in my/pp$ own/jj countrymen/nns are/ber too/ql shortsighted/jj to/to ascribe/vb any/dti symbolic/jj significance/nn to/in the/at plight/nn of/in a/at minority/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs artists/nns ,/, in/in any/dti social/jj order/nn ./. I/ppss encountered/vbd many/ap questions/nns and/cc great/jj interest/nn upon/in my/pp$ return/nn from/in the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl about/in my/pp$ reactions/nns to/in that/dt experience/nn ./. That/dt which/wdt I/ppss found/vbd most/ql profound/jj and/cc most/ql disturbing/jj appeared/vbd to/to evoke/vb a/at curiously/rb muted/vbn reaction/nn ./. Almost/rb as/cs if/cs I/ppss were/bed talking/vbg about/in something/pn quite/ql unreal/jj ./. Apparently/rb this/dt is/bez not/* the/at time/nn and/cc the/at climate/nn in/in which/wdt people/nns will/md listen/vb objectively/rb ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap dispassionately/rb ,/, to/in individual/jj impressions/nns of/in a/at subject/nn which/wdt preoccupies/vbz a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in their/pp$ waking/vbg moments/nns ./. Personal/jj predispositions/nns tend/vb to/to blunt/vb the/at ear/nn and/cc ,/, in/in turn/nn ,/, the/at voice/nn as/ql well/rb ./. I/ppss cannot/md* be/be content/jj with/in the/at anecdotal/jj small/jj talk/nn of/in a/at somewhat/ql unusual/jj travelogue/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem equally/rb impatient/jj with/in the/at shrug/nn of/in the/at shoulder/nn ,/, shake/nn of/in the/at head/nn of/in those/dts who/wps no/ql longer/rbr care/vb because/cs they/ppss have/hv known/vbn it/ppo for/in so/ql long/rb ;/. ;/. the/at aggressive/jj disbelief/nn of/in those/dts who/wps are/ber romantically/rb lost/vbn in/in a/at semantic/jj jungle/nn of/in the/at word/nn ``/`` Revolution/nn-tl ''/'' ;/. ;/. the/at belligerent/jj denunciations/nns by/in the/at sick/jj fanatics/nns of/in ignorance/nn who/wps try/vb to/to build/vb a/at papier-mache/nn wall/nn of/in pseudo-patriotism/nn on/in our/pp$ physical/jj horizons/nns ./. Difficult/jj as/cs it/pps may/md have/hv been/ben at/in times/nns ,/, Pozzatti/np and/cc I/ppss saw/vbd enough/ap ,/, talked/vbd to/in enough/ap artists/nns ,/, historians/nns and/cc others/nns to/to realize/vb that/cs the/at issue/nn is/bez quite/ql clear/jj ./. Artists/nns and/cc poets/nns are/ber the/at raw/jj nerve-ends/nns of/in humanity/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber small/jj in/in number/nn and/cc their/pp$ contribution/nn is/bez not/* immediately/rb decisive/jj in/in everyday/jj life/nn ./. By/in themselves/ppls they/ppss may/md not/* be/be able/jj to/to save/vb the/at life/nn on/in this/dt planet/nn ,/, but/cc without/in them/ppo there/ex would/md be/be very/ql little/ap left/vbn worth/jj saving/vbg ./. It/pps cannot/md* be/be said/vbn that/cs our/pp$ very/ql first/od day/nn in/in the/at Soviet/np-tl Union/nn-tl turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be an/at ordinary/jj one/cd ./. On/in that/dt cold/jj ,/, but/cc bright/jj ,/, April/np day/nn we/ppss were/bed guests/nns of/in your/pp$ government/nn in/in the/at reviewing/vbg stand/nn of/in Red/jj-tl Square/nn-tl to/to witness/vb the/at poeple's/nns$ celebration/nn for/in Yuri/np Gagarin/np and/cc later/rbr on/rp that/dt day/nn we/ppss attended/vbd the/at somewhat/ql more/ql exclusive/jj reception/nn for/in him/ppo in/in one/cd of/in the/at impressive/jj palaces/nns of/in the/at Kremlin/np ./. If/cs we/ppss thus/rb spent/vbd our/pp$ very/ql first/od day/nn in/in the/at midst/nn of/in a/at large/jj number/nn of/in your/pp$ people/nns honoring/vbg a/at new/jj hero/nn and/cc a/at great/jj national/jj achievement/nn ,/, our/pp$ last/ap day/nn ,/, to/in us/ppo at/in least/ap ,/, was/bedz equally/ql impressive/jj and/cc very/ql moving/jj ,/, even/rb though/cs the/at crowds/nns were/bed absent/jj and/cc there/ex was/bedz almost/ql complete/jj silence/nn ./. We/ppss stood/vbd under/in a/at gigantic/jj tree/nn in/in the/at rolling/vbg country/nn just/ql outside/rb of/in Moscow/np looking/vbg at/in silent/jj flowers/nns on/in the/at grave/nn of/in a/at Russian/jj poet/nn and/cc writer/nn who/wps cherished/vbd the/at love/nn for/in his/pp$ country/nn to/in the/at point/nn of/in foregoing/vbg the/at highest/jjt international/jj honor/nn ./. The/at grave/nn ,/, about/rb half-way/rb between/in his/pp$ home/nn and/cc the/at blue/jj turrets/nns of/in a/at small/jj church/nn ,/, rose/vbd above/in the/at forms/nns and/cc spaces/nns of/in gently/rb undisciplined/jj pastures/nns of/in green/nn ,/, the/at sounds/nns of/in birds/nns ,/, the/at silence/nn of/in other/ap graves/nns and/cc the/at casual/jj paths/nns through/in small/jj forests/nns ./. Just/rb yesterday/nr we/ppss had/hvd met/vbn and/cc talked/vbn with/in a/at living/vbg writer/nn ,/, a/at contemporary/nn of/in the/at dead/jj poet/nn ,/, who/wps is/bez known/vbn for/in his/pp$ ability/nn of/in manipulating/vbg his/pp$ ideas/nns and/cc his/pp$ craft/nn more/ql advantageously/rb ./. But/cc today/nr we/ppss were/bed aware/jj of/in only/ap two/cd men/nns ./. One/cd had/hvd taken/vbn a/at flight/nn into/in uncharted/jj space/nn ,/, in/in the/at service/nn of/in science/nn ,/, to/to return/vb as/cs a/at living/vbg hero/nn ./. The/at other/ap had/hvd assumed/vbn the/at right/nn to/to explore/vb the/at equally/rb uncharted/jj space/nn of/in the/at human/jj spirit/nn ./. The/at flowers/nns on/in his/pp$ grave/nn attested/vbd to/in the/at fact/nn that/cs he/pps as/ql well/rb was/bedz somebody's/pn$ hero/nn ./. These/dts two/cd recollections/nns form/vb the/at frame/nn around/in a/at series/nn of/in experiences/nns and/cc sights/nns which/wdt ,/, to/in me/ppo at/in least/ap ,/, symbolize/vb the/at extremes/nns in/in the/at aesthetic/jj as/ql well/rb as/cs ethical/jj conflict/nn between/in materialism/nn and/cc humanism/nn ./. A/at struggle/nn that/wps is/bez being/beg waged/vbn all/ql over/in the/at world/nn in/in the/at half-light/nn of/in disinterest/nn ./. The/at prevalent/jj opinion/nn which/wdt we/ppss encountered/vbd in/in a/at variety/nn of/in expressions/nns in/in your/pp$ country/nn denied/vbd not/* only/rb the/at existence/nn of/in this/dt conflict/nn but/cc it/pps was/bedz elaborated/vbn even/rb further/rbr with/in an/at incredible/jj semantic/jj dexterity/nn ./. The/at socialist/nn environment/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz stated/vbn ,/, had/hvd cross-fertilized/vbn these/dts two/cd extreme/jj seeds/nns and/cc was/bedz about/rb to/to produce/vb a/at new/jj plant/nn and/cc fruit/nn ./. When/wrb I/ppss speculated/vbd on/in one/cd such/jj occasion/nn that/cs the/at new/jj growth/nn ,/, like/cs other/ap mutations/nns ,/, might/md be/be unable/jj to/to propagate/vb ,/, I/ppss was/bedz immediately/rb accused/vbn of/in preaching/vbg racial/jj prejudice/nn ./. I/ppss could/md not/* bring/vb myself/ppl to/to answer/vb that/cs ``/`` some/dti of/in my/pp$ best/jjt friends/nns are/ber non-propagating/jj mules/nns ''/'' ./. This/dt kind/nn of/in reasoning/vbg and/cc logic/nn takes/vbz a/at little/ap time/nn to/to get/vb used/vbn to/in ./. After/in a/at while/nn we/ppss were/bed perhaps/rb less/ql surprised/vbn ,/, but/cc still/rb puzzled/vbn ,/, when/wrb a/at friendly/jj discussion/nn would/md suddenly/rb jump/vb the/at track/nn into/in the/at most/ql irrelevant/jj and/cc illogical/jj comparisons/nns ./. A/at chance/jj remark/nn about/in Lenin's/np$ sealed/vbn train/nn brought/vbd the/at rejoinder/nn that/cs this/dt was/bedz a/at myth/nn akin/jj to/in George/np Washington's/np$ cherry/nn tree/nn ./. Theories/nns of/in the/at behavior/nn pattern/nn of/in population/nn masses/nns were/bed compared/vbn to/in scientific/jj discoveries/nns concerning/in the/at motion-pattern/nn of/in gaseous/jj masses/nns ./. No/at wonder/nn that/cs Pozzatti/np and/cc I/ppss had/hvd at/in times/nns difficulty/nn in/in remembering/vbg the/at real/jj purpose/nn of/in our/pp$ presence/nn ,/, namely/rb ,/, Cultural/jj-tl Exchange/nn-tl ./. Typical/jj of/in such/abl an/at experience/nn was/bedz the/at occasion/nn of/in a/at somewhat/ql formal/jj official/jj welcome/nn in/in the/at offices/nns of/in the/at Union/nn-tl of/in-tl Soviet/np-tl Artists/nns-tl ./. We/ppss had/hvd looked/vbn forward/rb to/in what/wdt we/ppss hoped/vbd to/to be/be our/pp$ first/od informal/jj meeting/nn with/in a/at number/nn of/in Moscow's/np$ artists/nns ./. Instead/rb ,/, we/ppss became/vbd involved/vbn in/in a/at series/nn of/in friendly/jj ,/, but/cc overly/ql formal/jj ,/, welcoming/vbg addresses/nns to/in which/wdt we/ppss had/hvd no/at choice/nn but/in to/to reply/vb in/in kind/nn ./. The/at terms/nns of/in friendship/nn ,/, understanding/vbg ,/, cooperation/nn ,/, etc./rb ,/, tend/vb to/to become/vb somewhat/ql shopworn/jj because/rb of/in constant/jj and/cc indiscriminate/jj use/nn ./. I/ppss can/md only/rb hope/vb that/cs the/at continuing/vbg exchange/nn of/in groups/nns and/cc individuals/nns between/in our/pp$ countries/nns will/md not/* wear/vb out/rp all/abn language/nn pertinent/jj to/in the/at occasion/nn ./. The/at presiding/vbg female/jj functionary/nn ,/, of/in massive/jj proportions/nns and/cc forbidding/vbg appearance/nn ,/, initially/rb did/dod not/* contribute/vb to/in the/at expressions/nns of/in friendship/nn and/cc welcome/nn by/in a/at number/nn of/in dignified/vbn gentlemen/nns representing/vbg the/at arts/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz only/rb after/cs we/ppss had/hvd responded/vbn ,/, with/in what/wdt I/ppss fear/vb were/bed similar/jj cliches/nns ,/, that/cs she/pps went/vbd into/in action/nn by/in questioning/vbg our/pp$ desire/nn for/in friendship/nn and/cc understanding/vbg with/in a/at challenge/nn about/in aggressive/jj and/cc warlike/jj actions/nns by/in the/at U.S./np-tl Government/nn-tl in/in Cuba/np and/cc Laos/np ./. She/pps retreated/vbd by/in leaving/vbg the/at room/nn when/wrb we/ppss suggested/vbd that/cs our/pp$ meeting/nn might/md well/rb terminate/vb right/ql then/rb and/cc there/rb ./. Unfortunately/rb she/pps returned/vbd later/rbr ,/, just/rb as/cs I/ppss had/hvd taken/vbn advantage/nn of/in the/at friendlier/jjr atmosphere/nn in/in the/at room/nn by/in stating/vbg that/cs perhaps/rb an/at unexpected/jj result/nn of/in the/at Cultural/jj-tl Exchange/nn-tl Program/nn-tl would/md be/be the/at re-emergence/nn of/in Abstract/jj-tl Art/nn-tl in/in Russia/np ,/, with/in Social/jj-tl Realism/nn-tl regaining/vbg dominance/nn in/in the/at U.S./np ./. This/dt gave/vbd her/ppo an/at opportunity/nn to/to ring/vb down/rp the/at curtain/nn with/in the/at petulant/jj admonition/nn that/cs we/ppss should/md not/* presume/vb to/to lecture/vb her/ppo on/in Abstraction/nn-tl ./. She/pps did/dod not/* go/vb so/ql far/rb as/cs to/to say/vb ,/, as/cs was/bedz done/vbn on/in other/ap occasions/nns ,/, that/cs Abstraction/nn-tl as/ql well/rb as/cs Impressionism/np were/bed a/at Russian/jj invention/nn that/wps had/hvd been/ben discarded/vbn as/cs unwanted/jj by/in the/at people/nns of/in the/at U.S.S.R./np ./. Pozzatti/np and/cc I/ppss could/md not/* know/vb then/rb that/cs we/ppss would/md experience/vb this/dt sort/nn of/in treatment/nn more/ql often/rb in/in Moscow/np than/cs elsewhere/rb ./. We/ppss were/bed to/to discover/vb ,/, in/in fact/nn ,/, that/cs quite/abl a/at number/nn of/in people/nns share/vb with/in us/ppo the/at impression/nn that/cs ,/, in/in contrast/nn to/in other/ap Soviet/np regions/nns ,/, Moscow's/np$ atmosphere/nn is/bez depressingly/rb subdued/vbn and/cc official/jj ./. To/to have/hv one's/pn$ intentions/nns deliberately/rb or/cc unintentionally/rb misunderstood/vbn is/bez always/rb a/at waste/nn of/in time/nn ./. Until/in our/pp$ Moscow/np experience/nn ,/, I/ppss had/hvd not/* considered/vbn it/ppo necessary/jj to/to prepare/vb any/dti argument/nn formally/rb or/cc informally/rb ./. Artists/nns simply/rb do/do not/* talk/vb to/in each/dt other/ap in/in that/dt fashion/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc ,/, furthermore/rb ,/, I/ppss could/md not/* presume/vb the/at implication/nn that/cs I/ppss spoke/vbd for/in American/jj artists/nns as/cs a/at group/nn ./. To/to save/vb time/nn ,/, some/dti clarification/nn seemed/vbd necessary/jj ./. The/at following/vbg is/bez a/at statement/nn read/vbn to/in a/at large/jj and/cc friendly/jj group/nn of/in your/pp$ fellow/nn artists/nns in/in Leningrad/np :/: ``/`` We/ppss have/hv come/vbn to/in your/pp$ land/nn with/in the/at express/jj intention/nn of/in understanding/vbg and/cc respecting/vbg your/pp$ ideas/nns and/cc your/pp$ ways/nns ./. Our/pp$ presence/nn here/rb should/md also/rb be/be considered/vbn further/ap ,/, sincere/jj evidence/nn of/in the/at attempts/nns by/in our/pp$ people/nns and/cc their/pp$ chosen/vbn government/nn to/to seek/vb any/dti and/cc all/abn possible/jj ways/nns to/to effect/vb closer/jjr ,/, peaceful/jj ties/nns among/in all/abn people/nns ./. We/ppss are/ber quite/ql convinced/vbn that/cs one/cd of/in the/at main/jjs hopes/nns for/in the/at future/nn depends/vbz upon/in the/at informal/jj contacts/nns and/cc exchanges/nns of/in ideas/nns between/in individuals/nns ./. In/in spite/nn of/in the/at relatively/ql short/jj period/nn of/in time/nn that/cs we/ppss have/hv experienced/vbn among/in you/ppo ,/, we/ppss have/hv already/rb seen/vbn many/ap indications/nns of/in your/pp$ character/nn and/cc spirit/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber acutely/rb aware/jj that/cs yours/pp$$ is/bez a/at society/nn which/wdt ,/, in/in spite/nn of/in several/ap wars/nns and/cc many/ap privations/nns ,/, has/hvz developed/vbn itself/ppl into/in one/cd of/in the/at foremost/jjs nations/nns of/in the/at world/nn ./. Your/pp$ past/ap history/nn is/bez resplendent/jj with/in the/at fruits/nns of/in the/at intellect/nn ./. Your/pp$ present/jj history/nn is/bez equally/rb admirable/jj for/in its/pp$ industrial/jj and/cc scientific/jj achievements/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv come/vbn to/in you/ppo to/to experience/vb something/pn of/in your/pp$ way/nn of/in life/nn while/cs also/rb attempting/vbg to/to acquaint/vb you/ppo with/in that/dt of/in ours/pp$$ ./. While/cs we/ppss ,/, as/cs American/jj artists/nns ,/, believe/vb deeply/rb in/in the/at universal/jj character/nn of/in all/abn intellectual/jj activity/nn ,/, we/ppss would/md be/be less/ap than/cs honest/jj with/in you/ppo ,/, or/cc ourselves/ppls ,/, if/cs we/ppss failed/vbd to/to state/vb a/at specific/jj attitude/nn toward/in our/pp$ own/jj society/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at international/jj community/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn ./. In/in stating/vbg this/dt position/nn ,/, we/ppss should/md like/vb to/to make/vb it/ppo clear/jj to/in you/ppo that/cs we/ppss cannot/md* expect/vb artists/nns and/cc intellectuals/nns in/in other/ap lands/nns to/to share/vb our/pp$ opinion/nn in/in every/at respect/nn ./. As/cs a/at matter/nn of/in fact/nn ,/, we/ppss prize/vb the/at diversity/nn among/in our/pp$ own/jj people/nns so/ql much/rb that/cs we/ppss will/md not/* presume/vb to/to speak/vb for/in all/abn other/ap American/jj artists/nns ./. But/cc certainly/rb ,/, all/abn will/md agree/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* so/ql much/rb the/at knowledge/nn and/cc search/nn for/in similarities/nns between/in you/ppo and/cc us/ppo ,/, but/cc rather/rb the/at thoughtful/jj exploration/nn and/cc acceptance/nn of/in our/pp$ differences/nns which/wdt may/md lead/vb us/ppo to/in our/pp$ respective/jj and/cc desired/vbn goals/nns with/in a/at minimum/nn of/in misunderstanding/vbg ./. Like/cs yourselves/ppls ,/, we/ppss have/hv pride/nn and/cc love/nn for/in our/pp$ country/nn ./. To/in many/ap of/in us/ppo ,/, this/dt is/bez a/at land/nn to/in which/wdt we/ppss or/cc our/pp$ parents/nns fled/vbd from/in totalitarian/jj terror/nn in/in order/nn to/to live/vb in/in dignified/vbn freedom/nn ./. As/cs artists/nns we/ppss feel/vb the/at same/ap obligation/nn ,/, as/cs do/do other/ap individuals/nns ,/, in/in considering/vbg ourselves/ppls responsible/jj citizens/nns of/in a/at great/jj nation/nn ./.

cj63

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ambiguity:1 stem:1 basic:2 difficulty:2 style:1 thought:1 term:4 subjective:1 objective:2 diagnostic:2 misery:1 postulate:1 explain:1 unfelt:1 anxiety:1 discontent:1 failure:2 keep:1 usage:1 distinct:1 present:2 hazard:1 permit:1 dubious:1 category:2 become:1 clear:1 awareness:1 go:1 far:2 conquer:1 effect:1 pseudo:1 automaton:1 conformist:1 accept:1 estimate:1 iniquity:1 disturbing:1 report:2 stated:2 recognize:1 unconscious:2 motivation:1 rest:2 ethical:1 absolute:1 whatever:1 urge:1 moment:1 case:1 deprive:1 unknowingly:1 fulfillment:1 conscious:2 experienced:1 frustration:1 cake:1 eat:1 dissatisfy:1 sort:1 manipulation:1 especially:1 troublesome:1 although:1 derive:1 largely:2 philosophic:1 conviction:1 assert:1 base:1 science:1 consulting:1 room:1 psychoanalytic:1 label:1 claim:1 shed:1 light:1 validity:1 underlie:1 increase:1 marketability:1 product:1 final:1 though:1 deal:2 theme:1 brief:1 chapter:1 diagnosis:3 quote:1 isolated:1 corroborate:1 remarkable:4 critical:2 twentieth:2 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The/at-tl Sane/jj-tl Society/nn-tl is/bez an/at ambitious/jj work/nn ./. Its/pp$ scope/nn is/bez as/ql broad/jj as/cs the/at question/nn :/: What/wdt does/doz it/pps mean/vb to/to live/vb in/in modern/jj society/nn ?/. ?/. A/at work/nn so/ql broad/jj ,/, even/rb when/wrb it/pps is/bez directed/vbn by/in a/at leading/vbg idea/nn and/cc informed/vbn by/in a/at moral/jj vision/nn ,/, must/md necessarily/rb ``/`` fail/vb ''/'' ./. Even/rb a/at hasty/jj reader/nn will/md easily/rb find/vb in/in it/ppo numerous/jj blind/jj spots/nns ,/, errors/nns of/in fact/nn and/cc argument/nn ,/, important/jj exclusions/nns ,/, areas/nns of/in ignorance/nn and/cc prejudice/nn ,/, undue/jj emphases/nns on/in trivia/nns ,/, examples/nns of/in broad/jj positions/nns supported/vbn by/in flimsy/jj evidence/nn ,/, and/cc the/at like/jj ./. Such/jj books/nns are/ber easy/jj prey/nn for/in critics/nns ./. Nor/cc need/vb the/at critic/nn be/be captious/jj ./. A/at careful/jj and/cc orderly/jj man/nn ,/, who/wps values/vbz precision/nn and/cc a/at kind/nn of/in tough/jj intellectual/jj responsibility/nn ,/, might/md easily/rb be/be put/vbn off/rp by/in such/abl a/at book/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at simple/jj matter/nn ,/, for/in one/pn so/rb disposed/vbn ,/, to/to take/vb a/at work/nn like/cs The/at-tl Sane/jj-tl Society/nn-tl and/cc shred/vb it/ppo into/in odds/nns and/cc ends/nns ./. The/at thing/nn can/md be/be made/vbn to/to look/vb like/cs the/at cluttered/vbn attic/nn of/in a/at large/jj and/cc vigorous/jj family/nn --/-- a/at motley/jj jumble/nn of/in discarded/vbn objects/nns ,/, some/dti outworn/jj and/cc some/dti that/wps were/bed never/rb useful/jj ,/, some/dti once/rb whole/jj and/cc bright/jj but/cc now/rb chipped/vbn and/cc tarnished/vbn ,/, some/dti odd/jj pieces/nns whose/wp$ history/nn no/at one/pn remembers/vbz ,/, here/rb and/cc there/rb a/at gem/nn ,/, everything/pn fascinating/jj because/cs it/pps suggests/vbz some/dti part/nn of/in the/at human/jj condition/nn --/-- the/at whole/nn adding/vbg up/rp to/in nothing/pn more/ap than/cs a/at glimpse/nn into/in the/at disorderly/jj history/nn of/in the/at makers/nns and/cc users/nns ./. That/dt could/md be/be easily/rb done/vbn ,/, but/cc there/ex is/bez little/ap reason/nn in/in it/ppo ./. It/pps would/md come/vb down/rp to/in saying/vbg that/cs Fromm/np paints/vbz with/in a/at broad/jj brush/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs ,/, after/in all/abn ,/, is/bez not/* a/at conclusion/nn one/pn must/md work/vb toward/in but/cc an/at impression/nn he/pps has/hvz from/in the/at outset/nn ./. I/ppss mention/vb these/dts features/nns of/in the/at book/nn because/cs they/ppss are/ber inherent/jj in/in the/at book's/nn$ character/nn and/cc therefore/rb must/md be/be mentioned/vbn ./. It/pps would/md be/be superfluous/jj to/to build/vb a/at critique/nn around/in them/ppo ./. There/ex are/ber more/ql substantial/jj criticisms/nns to/to be/be made/vbn of/in Fromm's/np$ account/nn of/in capitalist/nn civilization/nn ./. It/pps is/bez worthwhile/jj to/to recall/vb that/cs Fromm's/np$ treatment/nn has/hvz both/abx descriptive/jj and/cc normative/jj aspects/nns ./. Since/cs I/ppss have/hv already/rb discussed/vbn his/pp$ moral/jj position/nn ,/, that/dt discussion/nn is/bez incorporated/vbn by/in reference/nn into/in the/at following/vbg pages/nns ,/, which/wdt will/md focus/vb on/in the/at empirical/jj and/cc analytic/jj side/nn of/in Fromm's/np$ treatment/nn ./. I/ppss shall/md first/rb indicate/vb a/at couple/nn of/in weaknesses/nns in/in Fromm's/np$ analysis/nn ,/, then/rb argue/vb that/cs ,/, granted/vbn these/dts weaknesses/nns ,/, he/pps still/rb has/hvz much/ap left/vbn that/wps is/bez valuable/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, finally/rb ,/, raise/vb the/at general/jj question/nn of/in a/at philosophical/jj versus/in a/at sociological/jj approach/nn to/in the/at question/nn of/in alienation/nn ./. Almost/rb no/at empirical/jj work/nn has/hvz been/ben done/vbn on/in the/at problem/nn of/in alienation/nn ./. Despite/in its/pp$ rather/ql long/jj intellectual/jj history/nn ,/, alienation/nn is/bez still/rb a/at promising/jj hypothesis/nn and/cc not/* a/at verified/vbn theory/nn ./. The/at idea/nn has/hvz received/vbn much/ap attention/nn in/in philosophy/nn ,/, in/in literature/nn ,/, and/cc in/in a/at few/ap works/nns of/in general/jj social/jj criticism/nn ,/, such/jj as/cs The/at-tl Sane/jj-tl Society/nn-tl ./. What/wdt is/bez missing/vbg is/bez work/nn that/wps would/md answer/vb ,/, presumably/rb by/in the/at use/nn of/in survey/nn methods/nns and/cc Guttman-type/jj attitude/nn scales/nns ,/, such/jj questions/nns as/cs these/dts :/: What/wdt are/ber the/at components/nns of/in the/at feeling-state/nn described/vbn as/cs alienation/nn ?/. ?/. How/wql widespread/jj is/bez alienation/nn ?/. ?/. What/wdt is/bez its/pp$ incidence/nn among/in the/at various/ap classes/nns and/cc subgroups/nns of/in the/at population/nn ?/. ?/. Taking/vbg alienation/nn as/cs a/at dependent/jj variable/nn ,/, with/in what/wdt socio-structural/jj factors/nns is/bez it/pps most/ql highly/rb associated/vbn ?/. ?/. Considered/vbn as/cs an/at independent/jj variable/nn ,/, how/wrb does/doz it/pps affect/vb behavior/nn in/in various/ap sectors/nns of/in life/nn ?/. ?/. Until/cs such/jj work/nn is/bez done/vbn ,/, there/ex must/md remain/vb the/at nagging/vbg suspicion/nn that/cs alienation/nn may/md be/be little/ap more/ap than/cs an/at expression/nn of/in the/at malaise/nn of/in the/at intellectual/nn ,/, who/wps ,/, rejected/vbn by/in and/cc in/in turn/nn rejecting/vbg the/at larger/jjr society/nn ,/, projects/vbz his/pp$ own/jj fear/nn and/cc despair/nn onto/in the/at broader/jjr social/jj screen/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem not/* suggesting/vbg that/cs Fromm/np ought/md to/to do/do this/dt kind/nn of/in work/nn ./. Nor/cc do/do I/ppss think/vb that/cs alienation/nn is/bez nothing/pn more/ap than/cs a/at projection/nn of/in the/at malaise/nn of/in the/at intellectual/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem saying/vbg only/rb that/cs until/cs a/at fuller/jjr and/cc different/jj kind/nn of/in evidence/nn comes/vbz in/rp ,/, any/dti discussion/nn of/in alienation/nn must/md be/be understood/vbn to/to have/hv certain/ap important/jj limitations/nns ./. Until/cs such/jj evidence/nn appears/vbz ,/, we/ppss must/md make/vb do/do with/in the/at evidence/nn we/ppss have/hv ./. Here/rb ,/, perhaps/rb ,/, Fromm/np is/bez vulnerable/jj ,/, for/cs he/pps does/doz not/* always/rb use/vb the/at best/jjt and/cc most/ql recent/jj evidence/nn available/jj ,/, and/cc he/pps sometimes/rb selects/vbz and/cc interprets/vbz the/at evidence/nn in/in rather/ql special/jj ways/nns ./. Three/cd examples/nns follow/vb ./. Fromm's/np$ analysis/nn of/in alienation/nn in/in the/at sphere/nn of/in production/nn centers/vbz around/in the/at concepts/nns of/in the/at bureaucratization/nn of/in the/at corporation/nn ,/, the/at separation/nn of/in ownership/nn from/in control/nn ,/, and/cc the/at broad/jj (/( and/cc thus/rb from/in the/at point/nn of/in view/nn of/in corporate/jj control/nn ,/, ineffective/jj )/) dispersion/nn of/in stock/nn ownership/nn ./. For/in all/abn these/dts points/nns he/pps relies/vbz exclusively/rb on/in Berle/np and/cc Means's/np$ study/nn of/in 1932/cd ,/, The/at-tl Modern/jj-tl Corporation/nn-tl And/cc-tl Private/jj-tl Property/nn-tl ./. The/at broad/jj conclusions/nns of/in that/dt pioneering/vbg work/nn remain/vb undisturbed/jj ,/, but/cc subsequent/jj research/nn has/hvz expanded/vbn and/cc somewhat/rb altered/vbn their/pp$ empirical/jj support/nn ,/, has/hvz suggested/vbn important/jj revisions/nns in/in the/at general/jj analytic/jj frame/nn of/in reference/nn ,/, and/cc has/hvz sharpened/vbn the/at meaning/nn of/in particular/ap analytic/jj concepts/nns in/in this/dt area/nn ./. Fromm/np seems/vbz unaware/jj of/in these/dts developments/nns ./. Another/dt example/nn is/bez his/pp$ very/ql infrequent/jj use/nn of/in the/at large/jj amount/nn of/in data/nn from/in surveys/nns designed/vbn to/to discover/vb what/wdt and/cc how/wrb people/nns actually/rb do/do feel/vb and/cc think/vb on/in a/at broad/jj range/nn of/in topics/nns :/: he/pps cites/vbz such/jj survey-type/jj findings/nns just/rb three/cd times/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at conclusions/nns he/pps draws/vbz from/in the/at findings/nns are/ber not/* always/rb the/at only/ap ones/nns possible/jj ./. For/in example/nn ,/, he/pps cites/vbz the/at following/vbg data/nn from/in two/cd studies/nns on/in job/nn satisfaction/nn :/: in/in the/at first/od study/nn ,/, 85/cd per/in cent/nn of/in professionals/nns and/cc executives/nns ,/, 64/cd per/in cent/nn of/in white/jj collar/nn people/nns ,/, and/cc 41/cd per/in cent/nn of/in factory/nn workers/nns expressed/vbd satisfaction/nn with/in their/pp$ jobs/nns ;/. ;/. in/in the/at second/od study/nn ,/, the/at percentages/nns were/bed 86/cd for/in professionals/nns ,/, 74/cd for/in managerial/jj persons/nns ,/, 42/cd for/in commercial/jj employees/nns ,/, 56/cd for/in skilled/jj workers/nns ,/, and/cc 48/cd for/in semi-skilled/jj workers/nns ./. He/pps concludes/vbz that/cs these/dts data/nns show/vb a/at ``/`` remarkably/ql high/jj ''/'' percentage/nn of/in consciously/rb dissatisfied/vbn and/cc unhappy/jj persons/nns among/in factory/nn and/cc clerical/jj workers/nns ./. Starting/vbg from/in other/ap value/nn premises/nns than/cs Fromm's/np$ ,/, some/dti analysts/nns might/md conclude/vb that/cs the/at percentages/nns really/rb tell/vb us/ppo very/ql little/ap at/in all/abn ,/, while/cs others/nns might/md even/rb conclude/vb that/cs the/at figures/nns are/ber remarkably/ql low/jj ./. Eric/np Hoffer/np ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, once/rb said/vbd that/cs America/np was/bedz a/at paradise/nn --/-- the/at only/ap one/cd in/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at world/nn --/-- for/in workingmen/nns and/cc small/jj children/nns ./. What/wdt matters/nns is/bez that/cs while/cs Fromm's/np$ reading/nn of/in the/at data/nns is/bez not/* the/at only/ap one/cd possible/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez precisely/rb the/at one/cd we/ppss would/md expect/vb from/in a/at writer/nn who/wps earnestly/rb believes/vbz that/cs every/at man/nn can/md and/cc ought/md to/to be/be happy/jj and/cc satisfied/vbn ./. Fromm/np also/rb cites/vbz a/at poll/nn on/in attitudes/nns toward/in work/nn restriction/nn conducted/vbn by/in the/at Opinion/nn-tl Research/nn-tl Corporation/nn-tl in/in 1945/cd ,/, in/in which/wdt 49/cd per/in cent/nn of/in manual/jj workers/nns said/vbd a/at man/nn ought/md to/to turn/vb out/rp as/ql much/ap as/cs he/pps could/md in/in a/at day's/nn$ work/nn ,/, while/cs 41/cd per/in cent/nn said/vbd he/pps should/md not/* do/do his/pp$ best/jjt but/cc should/md turn/vb out/rp only/rb the/at average/jj amount/nn ./. Fromm/np says/vbz these/dts data/nns show/vb that/dt job/nn dissatisfaction/nn and/cc resentment/nn are/ber widespread/jj ./. That/dt is/bez one/cd way/nn to/to read/vb the/at findings/nns ,/, but/cc again/rb there/ex are/ber other/ap ways/nns ./. One/pn might/md use/vb such/jj findings/nns to/to indicate/vb the/at strength/nn of/in informal/jj primary/jj associations/nns in/in the/at factory/nn ,/, an/at interpretation/nn which/wdt would/md run/vb counter/rb to/in Fromm's/np$ theory/nn of/in alienation/nn ./. Or/cc ,/, he/pps might/md remind/vb Fromm/np that/cs the/at 41/cd per/in cent/nn figure/nn is/bez really/rb astonishingly/ql low/jj :/: after/in all/abn ,/, the/at medieval/jj guild/nn system/nn was/bedz dedicated/vbn to/in the/at proposition/nn that/cs 100/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at workers/nns ought/md to/to turn/vb out/rp only/rb the/at average/jj amount/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc today's/nr$ trade/nn unions/nns announce/vb pretty/ql much/rb the/at same/ap view/nn ./. In/in view/nn of/in these/dts shortcomings/nns in/in both/abx the/at amount/nn and/cc the/at interpretation/nn of/in survey-type/jj findings/nns on/in public/jj opinion/nn ,/, and/cc considering/in the/at criticisms/nns which/wdt can/md be/be brought/vbn against/in Fromm's/np$ philosophical/jj anthropology/nn ,/, such/abl a/at passage/nn as/cs the/at following/nn cannot/md* be/be taken/vbn seriously/rb ./. ``/`` Are/ber people/nns happy/jj ,/, are/ber they/ppss as/ql satisfied/vbn ,/, unconsciously/rb ,/, as/cs they/ppss believe/vb themselves/ppls to/to be/be ?/. ?/. Considering/in the/at nature/nn of/in man/nn ,/, and/cc the/at conditions/nns for/in happiness/nn ,/, this/dt can/md hardly/rb be/be so/rb ''/'' ./. The/at ambiguities/nns suggested/vbn above/rb stem/vb from/in a/at more/ql basic/jj difficulty/nn in/in Fromm's/np$ style/nn of/in thought/nn ./. He/pps seems/vbz to/to use/vb the/at term/nn alienation/nn-nc in/in two/cd different/jj ways/nns ./. Sometimes/rb he/pps uses/vbz it/ppo as/cs a/at subjective/jj ,/, descriptive/jj term/nn ,/, and/cc sometimes/rb as/cs an/at objective/jj ,/, diagnostic/jj one/cd ./. That/dt is/bez ,/, sometimes/rb it/pps is/bez used/vbn to/to describe/vb felt/vbn human/jj misery/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap times/nns it/pps is/bez postulated/vbn to/to explain/vb unfelt/jj anxiety/nn and/cc discontent/nn ./. The/at failure/nn to/to keep/vb these/dts two/cd usages/nns distinct/jj presents/vbz hazards/nns to/in the/at reader/nn ./. It/pps also/rb permits/vbz Fromm/np to/to do/do some/dti dubious/jj things/nns with/in empirical/jj findings/nns ./. When/wrb alienation/nn is/bez used/vbn as/cs an/at objective/jj and/cc diagnostic/jj category/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, it/pps becomes/vbz clear/jj that/cs Fromm/np would/md have/hv to/to say/vb that/dt awareness/nn of/in alienation/nn goes/vbz far/rb toward/in conquering/vbg it/ppo ./. (/( He/pps ,/, in/in effect/nn ,/, does/doz say/vb this/dt in/in his/pp$ discussion/nn of/in the/at pseudo-happiness/nn of/in the/at automaton/nn conformist/nn ./. )/) Starting/vbg from/in this/dt ,/, and/cc accepting/vbg his/pp$ estimate/nn of/in the/at iniquities/nns of/in modern/jj society/nn ,/, it/pps would/md follow/vb that/cs the/at really/ql disturbing/jj evidence/nn of/in alienation/nn would/md be/be that/cs of/in a/at work-satisfaction/nn survey/nn which/wdt reported/vbd widespread/jj ,/, stated/vbn worker/nn satisfaction/nn ,/, rather/rb than/cs widespread/jj ,/, stated/vbn worker/nn dissatisfaction/nn ./. The/at point/nn is/bez that/cs in/in a/at system/nn such/jj as/cs Fromm's/np$ which/wdt recognizes/vbz unconscious/jj motivations/nns ,/, and/cc which/wdt rests/vbz on/in certain/ap ethical/jj absolutes/nns ,/, empirical/jj data/nns can/md be/be used/vbn to/to support/vb whatever/wdt proposition/nn the/at writer/nn is/bez urging/vbg at/in the/at moment/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, in/in the/at example/nn cited/vbn above/rb Fromm/np rests/vbz his/pp$ whole/jj case/nn on/in the/at premise/nn that/cs the/at workers/nns are/ber being/beg deprived/vbn unconsciously/rb ,/, unknowingly/rb ,/, of/in fulfillment/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb supports/vbz this/dt with/in survey/nn data/nns reporting/vbg conscious/jj ,/, experienced/vbn frustrations/nns ./. He/pps has/hvz his/pp$ cake/nn and/cc eats/vbz it/ppo too/rb :/: if/cs the/at workers/nns say/vb they/ppss are/ber dissatisfied/vbn ,/, this/dt shows/vbz conscious/jj alienation/nn ;/. ;/. if/cs they/ppss say/vb they/ppss are/ber satisfied/vbn ,/, this/dt shows/vbz unconscious/jj alienation/nn ./. This/dt sort/nn of/in manipulation/nn is/bez especially/ql troublesome/jj in/in Fromm's/np$ work/nn because/cs ,/, although/cs his/pp$ system/nn is/bez derived/vbn largely/rb from/in certain/ap philosophic/jj convictions/nns ,/, he/pps asserts/vbz that/cs it/pps is/bez based/vbn on/in empirical/jj findings/nns drawn/vbn both/abx from/in social/jj science/nn and/cc from/in his/pp$ own/jj consulting/vbg room/nn ./. While/cs the/at ``/`` empirical/jj psychoanalytic/jj ''/'' label/nn which/wdt Fromm/np claims/vbz sheds/vbz no/at light/nn on/in the/at validity/nn of/in his/pp$ underlying/vbg philosophy/nn ,/, it/pps does/doz increase/vb the/at marketability/nn of/in his/pp$ product/nn ./. The/at final/ap example/nn of/in the/at failure/nn to/to use/vb available/jj evidence/nn ,/, though/cs evidence/nn of/in a/at different/jj kind/nn from/in that/dt which/wdt has/hvz so/ql far/rb been/ben considered/vbn ,/, comes/vbz from/in Fromm's/np$ treatment/nn of/in some/dti other/ap writers/nns who/wps have/hv dealt/vbn with/in the/at same/ap themes/nns ./. In/in a/at brief/jj chapter/nn dealing/vbg with/in ``/`` Various/jj-tl Other/ap-tl Diagnoses/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, he/pps quotes/vbz isolated/vbn passages/nns from/in some/dti writers/nns whose/wp$ views/nns seem/vb to/to corroborate/vb his/pp$ own/jj ,/, and/cc finds/vbz it/ppo ``/`` most/ql remarkable/jj that/cs a/at critical/jj view/nn of/in twentieth-century/nn society/nn was/bedz already/rb held/vbn by/in a/at number/nn of/in thinkers/nns living/vbg in/in the/at nineteenth/od ./. ''/'' He/pps finds/vbz it/ppo equally/rb ``/`` remarkable/jj that/cs their/pp$ critical/jj diagnosis/nn and/cc prognosis/nn should/md have/hv so/ql much/ap in/in common/jj among/in themselves/ppls and/cc with/in the/at critics/nns of/in the/at twentieth/od century/nn ''/'' ./. There/ex is/bez nothing/pn remarkable/jj about/in this/dt at/in all/abn ./. It/pps is/bez largely/rb a/at matter/nn of/in finding/vbg passages/nns that/wps suit/vb one's/pn$ purposes/nns ./. There/ex is/bez a/at difference/nn between/in evidence/nn and/cc illustration/nn ,/, and/cc Fromm's/np$ citation/nn of/in the/at other/ap diagnosticians/nns fits/vbz the/at latter/ap category/nn ./. Glance/vb at/in the/at list/nn :/: Burckhardt/np ,/, Tolstoy/np ,/, Proudhon/np ,/, Thoreau/np ,/, London/np ,/, Marx/np ,/, Tawney/np ,/, Mayo/np ,/, Durkheim/np ,/, Tannenbaum/np ,/, Mumford/np ,/, A./np R./np Heron/np ,/, Huxley/np ,/, Schweitzer/np ,/, and/cc Einstein/np ./. This/dt is/bez a/at delightfully/ql motley/jj collection/nn ./. One/pn can/md make/vb them/ppo say/vb the/at same/ap thing/nn only/rb by/in not/* listening/vbg to/in them/ppo very/ql carefully/rb and/cc hearing/vbg only/rb what/wdt one/pn wants/vbz to/to hear/vb ./. The/at method/nn of/in selection/nn Fromm/np uses/vbz achieves/vbz exactly/rb that/dt ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at list/nn is/bez interesting/jj for/in its/pp$ omissions/nns ./. It/pps omits/vbz ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, practically/rb the/at whole/jj line/nn of/in great/jj nineteenth/od century/nn English/jj social/jj critics/nns ,/, nearly/rb all/abn the/at great/jj writers/nns whose/wp$ basic/jj position/nn is/bez religious/jj ,/, and/cc all/abn those/dts who/wps are/ber with/in more/ap or/cc less/ap accuracy/nn called/vbn Existentialists/nns-tl ./. Of/in course/nn ,/, the/at list/nn also/rb excludes/vbz all/abn writers/nns who/wps are/ber fairly/ql ``/`` optimistic/jj ''/'' about/in the/at modern/jj situation/nn ;/. ;/. these/dts ,/, almost/rb by/in definition/nn ,/, are/ber spokesmen/nns for/in an/at alienated/vbn ideology/nn ./. It/pps is/bez not/* hard/jj to/to find/vb that/dt concurrence/nn of/in opinion/nn which/wdt Fromm/np finds/vbz so/ql remarkable/jj when/wrb you/ppss ignore/vb all/abn who/wps hold/vb a/at different/jj opinion/nn ./. Turning/vbg from/in these/dts problems/nns of/in the/at use/nn of/in evidence/nn ,/, one/pn meets/vbz another/dt type/nn of/in difficulty/nn in/in Fromm's/np$ analysis/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez his/pp$ loose/jj and/cc ambiguous/jj use/nn of/in certain/ap important/jj terms/nns ./. One/cd such/jj instance/nn has/hvz already/rb been/ben presented/vbn :/: his/pp$ use/nn of/in alienation/nn-nc ./. The/at only/ap other/ap one/cd I/ppss shall/md mention/vb here/rb is/bez his/pp$ use/nn of/in the/at term/nn capitalism/nn-nc ./. For/in Fromm/np ,/, capitalism/nn is/bez the/at enemy/nn ,/, the/at root/nn of/in all/abn evil/nn ./. It/pps is/bez of/in course/nn useful/jj to/to have/hv a/at sovereign/jj cause/nn on/in one's/pn$ social/jj criticism/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps makes/vbz diagnosis/nn and/cc prescription/nn much/ql easier/jjr than/cs they/ppss might/md otherwise/rb be/be ./.

cj64

cj64 |@word one:9 characteristic:2 distinguishe:1 boris:13 godunov:1 consistency:1 every:1 person:1 stage:1 include:2 chorus:4 come:10 alive:1 music:7 much:4 lifelike:1 quality:2 result:1 mussorgsky:8 care:1 base:1 vocal:2 line:1 natural:3 speech:3 inflection:2 follow:1 path:1 lead:2 back:2 source:2 opera:2 composer:2 monteverdi:1 lully:1 purcell:1 goal:1 mind:3 develop:3 style:1 recitative:2 sensitively:1 attuned:1 language:2 long:2 experimentation:1 song:10 russian:3 different:1 give:4 musical:4 continuity:1 orchestra:2 let:1 fall:2 place:3 coincidence:1 control:3 pace:1 emphasis:1 word:6 moment:2 sung:1 melody:4 usual:1 sense:1 often:2 character:6 actually:1 suppose:1 singe:2 folk:2 liturgical:2 chant:1 otherwise:1 reserve:1 prolonged:1 expression:2 emotion:2 first:8 monologue:1 example:2 even:6 flexibility:1 phrasing:2 suggest:2 importance:1 aside:1 nee:1 examine:1 secondary:1 role:1 among:2 master:1 portraiture:1 appear:7 two:2 scene:15 full:2 personality:3 define:1 economical:1 precision:1 consider:1 four:1 monk:5 figure:4 prominently:1 action:3 piman:6 varlaam:6 missail:3 jesuit:2 rangoni:8 circumstance:1 could:2 mistake:1 setting:1 individual:2 touch:3 old:3 man:3 weak:1 body:1 voice:1 rarely:3 rise:1 forte:1 firm:2 clear:3 calmness:1 offer:1 contrast:5 grigori:5 youthful:1 excitement:2 quiet:2 sturdy:1 theme:4 somewhat:1 folklike:1 whenever:2 speak:4 history:1 record:1 past:1 life:3 represent:1 outer:1 world:1 realm:1 battle:1 banquet:1 see:1 distance:1 quite:2 distinct:1 quieter:1 spiritual:1 monastery:1 change:4 accord:2 text:1 introduce:1 last:1 act:2 identify:1 however:2 new:1 use:5 accompany:2 narrative:1 bleak:1 motif:3 barren:1 octave:1 create:1 rather:2 ancient:1 effect:5 imaginative:1 storyteller:1 take:1 describe:4 experience:1 shepherd:2 blindness:2 miraculous:1 cure:1 favorite:1 device:1 intensification:1 mood:2 key:3 relationship:1 original:1 minor:1 seem:2 symbolize:1 inescapable:1 spite:2 attempt:1 move:2 away:3 child:3 address:2 dream:1 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dramatically:1 far:1 remove:1 conventional:2 show:3 sensuality:1 couple:1 eerie:1 somehow:1 blood:1 kinship:1 dappertutto:1 offenbach:1 hoffman:1 none:1 native:1 accent:1 italian:1 name:2 french:1 striking:1 marina:6 perhaps:1 purposely:1 superficially:1 shock:2 sudden:2 open:3 fifth:1 totally:1 unrelated:1 precede:1 materialize:1 nowhere:1 quietly:1 conceal:1 authority:1 beneath:2 smooth:1 humility:1 shift:1 harmony:4 hide:1 pedal:1 great:4 deference:1 call:2 princess:3 involve:1 scheme:1 implication:1 position:1 solicitous:1 father:1 curiously:1 close:1 parallel:1 verdi:1 write:1 amonasro:2 aida:1 purpose:1 force:3 girl:3 charm:1 love:2 serve:1 country:1 cause:2 tactic:1 sad:1 state:1 church:2 bring:3 reaction:1 distress:1 ethereal:1 vision:2 sainthood:1 tell:2 truth:1 russia:1 convert:1 heretic:1 trance:1 repeat:1 realize:1 audacity:1 assignment:1 frivolous:1 assure:1 downward:1 chromatic:3 scale:2 sinister:1 power:5 arresting:1 magician:1 gesture:1 piquant:1 turn:2 strangeness:1 another:2 sinuously:1 gain:2 mean:1 cost:1 honor:1 priest:1 odd:1 advice:1 rebel:1 suggestion:1 pride:2 stake:1 virtue:1 unattainable:1 beauty:2 suitor:1 dozen:1 indignantly:1 denounce:1 evil:1 thought:2 leave:1 stop:1 menacing:1 darkness:1 satan:1 poison:1 soul:2 destroy:1 combine:1 threat:1 hell:1 fire:1 ugliness:1 terrified:1 foot:1 calm:1 protective:1 exhort:1 trust:1 obey:1 god:1 spokesman:2 descend:1 ominous:1 contradiction:1 captive:1 remind:1 end:2 next:1 cut:1 warmth:1 duet:1 throw:1 chill:1 atmosphere:2 unusual:1 feature:1 real:2 protagonist:1 drama:1 conflict:1 versus:2 shuiski:1 ghost:1 murder:1 people:5 extent:1 choral:1 propel:1 almost:1 footnote:1 splendor:1 coronation:1 dazzle:1 confusion:1 tonality:1 brief:2 glimpse:2 tsar:2 public:1 official:1 focus:1 crowd:2 significant:1 halfhearte:1 acclamation:1 opening:2 bitter:1 resentment:1 fury:1 reason:1 unique:1 vitality:1 variety:1 unit:1 appearance:1 guest:1 praise:1 female:1 dissenter:1 criticize:1 coldness:1 many:1 passage:1 council:1 boyars:1 section:1 group:4 particular:1 opinion:1 hot:1 argument:2 tenor:1 bass:1 agree:1 idea:1 method:1 paint:1 common:1 must:1 suffer:1 ruler:1 struggle:1 without:1 understand:1 hold:1 barely:1 kneel:1 plead:1 leadership:1 strangely:1 intense:1 irregularly:1 break:1 gasp:1 breath:1 police:4 cudgel:1 mock:2 grumble:1 fight:1 quick:1 plaintive:1 conversational:1 tone:1 hey:1 mityukh:5 ask:1 shout:1 intellectual:1 leader:1 reply:1 notion:1 joke:1 grow:1 louder:1 return:1 strike:2 fervor:1 wail:1 despair:1 frequently:1 considerable:1 pimen:1 cell:1 soft:1 prayer:1 offstage:1 help:1 emphasize:1 young:1 situation:1 especially:1 exit:1 vehement:1 outburst:1 near:1 death:1 procession:1 file:1 hall:1 hymn:1 modal:1 add:1 churchly:1 grim:1 hardly:1 calculate:1 put:1 ease:1 echo:1 die:1 tremble:1 mercy:2 living:1 dead:1 accuse:1 reminder:1 guilt:1 fatal:1 outstanding:1 asset:1 present:2 production:1 restoration:1 st:2 basil:2 usually:1 omit:1 performance:1 published:1 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If/cs one/cd characteristic/nn distinguishes/vbz Boris/np-tl Godunov/np-tl ,/, it/pps is/bez the/at consistency/nn with/in which/wdt every/at person/nn on/in the/at stage/nn --/-- including/in the/at chorus/nn --/-- comes/vbz alive/jj in/in the/at music/nn ./. Much/ap of/in this/dt lifelike/jj quality/nn results/vbz from/in Mussorgsky's/np$ care/nn in/in basing/vbg his/pp$ vocal/jj line/nn on/in natural/jj speech/nn inflections/nns ./. In/in this/dt he/pps followed/vbd a/at path/nn that/wps led/vbd back/rb to/in the/at very/ap source/nn of/in opera/nn ;/. ;/. such/jj composers/nns as/cs Monteverdi/np ,/, Lully/np and/cc Purcell/np ,/, with/in the/at same/ap goal/nn in/in mind/nn ,/, had/hvd developed/vbn styles/nns of/in recitative/nn sensitively/rb attuned/vbn to/in their/pp$ own/jj languages/nns ./. Through/in long/jj experimentation/nn in/in his/pp$ songs/nns ,/, Mussorgsky/np developed/vbd a/at Russian/jj recitative/nn as/ql different/jj from/in others/nns as/cs the/at language/nn itself/ppl ./. Giving/vbg most/ap of/in his/pp$ musical/jj continuity/nn to/in the/at orchestra/nn ,/, he/pps lets/vbz the/at speech/nn fall/vb into/in place/nn as/cs if/cs by/in coincidence/nn ,/, but/cc controlling/vbg the/at pace/nn and/cc emphasis/nn of/in the/at words/nns ./. The/at moments/nns of/in sung/vbn melody/nn ,/, in/in the/at usual/jj sense/nn ,/, come/vb most/ql often/rb when/wrb the/at character/nn is/bez actually/rb supposed/vbn to/to be/be singing/vbg ,/, as/cs in/in folk/nn songs/nns and/cc liturgical/jj chants/nns ./. Otherwise/rb Mussorgsky/np reserves/vbz his/pp$ vocal/jj melodies/nns for/in prolonged/vbn expressions/nns of/in emotion/nn --/-- Boris'/np$ first/od monologue/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ./. Even/rb then/rb ,/, the/at flexibility/nn of/in the/at phrasing/nn suggests/vbz that/cs the/at word/nn comes/vbz first/rb in/in importance/nn ./. Aside/rb from/in Boris/np himself/ppl ,/, one/pn need/vb but/cc examine/vb the/at secondary/jj roles/nns to/to place/vb Mussorgsky/np among/in the/at masters/nns of/in musical/jj portraiture/nn ./. Even/rb those/dts who/wps appear/vb in/in only/ap one/cd or/cc two/cd scenes/nns are/ber full/jj personalities/nns ,/, defined/vbn with/in economical/jj precision/nn ./. Consider/vb the/at four/cd monks/nns who/wps figure/vb prominently/rb in/in the/at action/nn :/: Pimen/np ,/, Varlaam/np ,/, Missail/np and/cc the/at Jesuit/np Rangoni/np ./. Under/in no/at circumstances/nns could/md we/ppss mistake/vb one/cd for/in the/at other/ap ;/. ;/. each/dt musical/nn setting/nn has/hvz an/at individual/jj touch/nn ./. Pimen/np is/bez an/at old/jj man/nn ,/, weak/jj in/in body/nn --/-- his/pp$ voice/nn rarely/rb rises/vbz to/in a/at full/jj forte/nn --/-- but/cc firm/jj and/cc clear/jj of/in mind/nn ./. His/pp$ calmness/nn offers/vbz contrast/nn to/in Grigori's/np$ youthful/jj excitement/nn ./. A/at quiet/jj but/cc sturdy/jj theme/nn ,/, somewhat/ql folklike/jj in/in character/nn ,/, appears/vbz whenever/wrb the/at old/jj monk/nn speaks/vbz of/in the/at history/nn he/pps is/bez recording/vbg or/cc of/in his/pp$ own/jj past/ap life/nn :/: This/dt theme/nn comes/vbz to/to represent/vb the/at outer/jj world/nn ,/, the/at realm/nn of/in battles/nns and/cc banquets/nns --/-- seen/vbn from/in a/at distance/nn ,/, quite/ql distinct/jj from/in the/at quieter/jjr spiritual/jj life/nn in/in the/at monastery/nn ./. It/pps changes/vbz and/cc develops/vbz according/rb to/in the/at text/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps introduces/vbz Pimen/np when/wrb he/pps comes/vbz before/in Boris/np in/in the/at last/ap act/nn ./. Once/cs he/pps has/hvz been/ben identified/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, a/at new/jj melody/nn is/bez used/vbn to/to accompany/vb his/pp$ narrative/nn ,/, a/at bleak/jj motif/nn with/in barren/jj octaves/nns creating/vbg a/at rather/ql ancient/jj effect/nn :/: An/at imaginative/jj storyteller/nn ,/, Pimen/np takes/vbz on/rp the/at character/nn he/pps describes/vbz ,/, as/cs if/cs he/pps were/bed experiencing/vbg the/at old/jj shepherd's/nn$ blindness/nn and/cc miraculous/jj cure/nn ./. Here/rb the/at composer/nn uses/vbz a/at favorite/jj device/nn of/in his/pp$$ ,/, the/at intensification/nn of/in the/at mood/nn through/in key/jjs relationships/nns ./. The/at original/jj D/nn minor/jj seems/vbz to/to symbolize/vb blindness/nn ,/, inescapable/jj in/in spite/nn of/in all/abn attempts/nns to/to move/vb away/rb from/in it/ppo ./. As/cs the/at child/nn addresses/vbz the/at shepherd/nn in/in a/at dream/nn ,/, light/nn --/-- in/in the/at form/nn of/in the/at major/jj mode/nn --/-- begins/vbz to/to appear/vb ,/, and/cc at/in the/at moment/nn of/in the/at miracle/nn we/ppss hear/vb a/at clear/jj and/cc shining/vbg D/nn major/jj ./. Varlaam/np and/cc Missail/np always/rb appear/vb together/rb and/cc often/rb sing/vb together/rb ,/, in/in a/at straightforward/jj ,/, rhythmically/rb vigorous/jj idiom/nn that/wps distinguishes/vbz them/ppo from/in the/at more/ql subtle/jj and/cc well-educated/jj Pimen/np ./. Their/pp$ begging/vbg song/nn might/md easily/rb be/be a/at folk/nn melody/nn :/: The/at same/ap could/md be/be said/vbn for/in the/at song/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss make/vb their/pp$ entrance/nn in/in the/at final/ap scene/nn ./. Apparently/rb their/pp$ origin/nn is/bez humble/jj ,/, their/pp$ approach/nn to/in life/nn direct/jj and/cc unsophisticated/jj ./. Whatever/wdt learning/nn they/ppss may/md have/hv had/hvn in/in their/pp$ order/nn doesn't/doz* disturb/vb them/ppo now/rb ./. Missail/np is/bez the/at straight/jj man/nn ,/, not/* very/ql talkative/jj ,/, mild-mannered/jj when/wrb he/pps does/doz speak/vb ./. Varlaam/np is/bez loud/jj ,/, rowdy/jj ,/, uninhibited/jj in/in his/pp$ pleasures/nns and/cc impatient/jj with/in anyone/pn who/wps is/bez not/* the/at same/ap ./. A/at rough/jj ostinato/fw-jj figure/nn ,/, heard/vbn first/rb in/in the/at introduction/nn to/in the/at inn/nn scene/nn ,/, characterizes/vbz him/ppo amusingly/rb and/cc reappears/vbz whenever/wrb he/pps comes/vbz into/in the/at action/nn :/: The/at-tl Song/nn-tl Of/in-tl Kazan/np-tl ,/, in/in which/wdt this/dt figure/nn becomes/vbz a/at wild-sounding/jj accompaniment/nn ,/, fills/vbz in/rp the/at picture/nn of/in undisciplined/jj high/jj spirits/nns ./. The/at phrasing/nn is/bez irregular/jj ,/, and/cc the/at abrupt/jj key/nn changes/nns have/hv a/at primitive/jj forcefulness/nn ./. (/( We/ppss can/md imagine/vb how/wrb they/ppss startled/vbd audiences/nns of/in the/at 1870's/nns ./. )/) Varlaam's/np$ music/nn begins/vbz to/to ramble/vb as/cs he/pps feels/vbz the/at effects/nns of/in the/at wine/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps pulls/vbz himself/ppl together/rb when/wrb the/at need/nn arises/vbz ./. Both/abx monks/nns respond/vb to/in the/at guard's/nn$ challenge/nn with/in a/at few/ap phrases/nns of/in their/pp$ begging/vbg song/nn ;/. ;/. a/at clever/jj naturalistic/jj touch/nn is/bez Varlaam's/np$ labored/vbn reading/nn of/in the/at warrant/nn ./. As/cs the/at knack/nn gradually/rb comes/vbz back/rb to/in him/ppo ,/, his/pp$ rhythm/nn becomes/vbz steadier/jjr ,/, with/in the/at rigid/jj monotony/nn of/in an/at unskilled/jj reader/nn ./. For/in the/at only/ap time/nn in/in the/at opera/nn ,/, words/nns are/ber not/* set/vbn according/rb to/in their/pp$ natural/jj inflection/nn ;/. ;/. to/to do/do so/rb would/md have/hv spoiled/vbn the/at dramatic/jj point/nn of/in the/at scene/nn ./. Musically/rb and/cc dramatically/rb ,/, Rangoni/np is/bez as/ql far/rb removed/vbn from/in the/at conventional/jj monk/nn as/cs Varlaam/np ./. His/pp$ music/nn shows/vbz a/at sensuality/nn coupled/vbn with/in an/at eerie/jj quality/nn that/wps suggest/vb somehow/rb a/at blood-kinship/nn with/in Dappertutto/np in/in Offenbach's/np$ Hoffman/np-tl ./. His/pp$ speech/nn shows/vbz none/pn of/in the/at native/jj accent/nn of/in the/at Russian/jj characters/nns ;/. ;/. in/in spite/nn of/in the/at Italian/jj name/nn ,/, he/pps sounds/vbz French/jj ./. His/pp$ personality/nn appears/vbz more/ql striking/jj by/in contrast/nn with/in Marina/np ,/, who/wps is/bez --/-- perhaps/rb purposely/rb --/-- rather/ql superficially/rb characterized/vbn ./. Rangoni's/np$ first/od entrance/nn is/bez a/at musical/jj shock/nn ,/, a/at sudden/jj open/jj fifth/od in/in a/at key/nn totally/ql unrelated/jj to/in what/wdt has/hvz preceded/vbn it/ppo ./. The/at effect/nn is/bez as/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd materialized/vbn out/rp of/in nowhere/rb ./. He/pps speaks/vbz quietly/rb ,/, concealing/vbg his/pp$ authority/nn beneath/in a/at smooth/jj humility/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs the/at shifting/vbg harmonies/nns that/wps accompany/vb him/ppo all/abn but/in hide/vb the/at firm/jj pedal/nn point/nn beneath/in them/ppo ./. He/pps addresses/vbz Marina/np with/in great/jj deference/nn ,/, calling/vbg her/pp$ ``/`` Princess/nn-tl ''/'' at/in first/rb ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez only/rb after/cs he/pps has/hvz involved/vbn her/pp$ emotions/nns in/in his/pp$ scheme/nn that/cs he/pps uses/vbz her/pp$ given/vbn name/nn ,/, placing/vbg himself/ppl by/in implication/nn in/in the/at position/nn of/in a/at solicitous/jj father/nn ./. Curiously/rb ,/, this/dt scene/nn is/bez a/at close/jj parallel/nn to/in one/cd that/wps Verdi/np was/bedz writing/vbg at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, the/at scene/nn between/in Amonasro/np and/cc Aida/np ./. Rangoni/np and/cc Amonasro/np have/hv the/at same/ap purpose/nn --/-- forcing/vbg the/at girl/nn to/to charm/vb the/at man/nn she/pps loves/vbz into/in serving/vbg her/pp$ country's/nn$ cause/nn --/-- and/cc their/pp$ tactics/nns are/ber much/rb the/at same/ap ./. Rangoni/np begins/vbz by/in describing/vbg the/at sad/jj state/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl ;/. ;/. this/dt brings/vbz a/at reaction/nn of/in distress/nn from/in Marina/np ./. The/at music/nn becomes/vbz ethereal/jj as/cs he/pps calls/vbz up/rp a/at vision/nn of/in her/pp$ own/jj sainthood/nn :/: it/pps is/bez she/pps ,/, he/pps tells/vbz her/ppo ,/, who/wps can/md bring/vb the/at truth/nn to/in Russia/np and/cc convert/vb the/at heretics/nns ./. As/cs if/cs in/in a/at trance/nn ,/, she/pps repeats/vbz his/pp$ words/nns --/-- then/rb realizes/vbz ,/, with/in a/at shock/nn ,/, her/pp$ own/jj audacity/nn ./. This/dt is/bez no/at assignment/nn for/in a/at frivolous/jj girl/nn ,/, she/pps assures/vbz him/ppo ./. Now/rb Rangoni/np comes/vbz to/in the/at point/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss hear/vb ,/, for/in the/at first/od time/nn ,/, a/at long/jj ,/, downward/jj chromatic/jj scale/nn that/wps will/md become/vb the/at characteristic/jj motif/nn of/in his/pp$ sinister/jj power/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at phrase/nn as/ql arresting/jj as/cs a/at magician's/nn$ gesture/nn ,/, with/in a/at piquant/jj turn/nn of/in harmony/nn giving/vbg an/at effect/nn of/in strangeness/nn ./. Another/dt theme/nn ,/, sinuously/rb chromatic/jj ,/, appears/vbz as/cs he/pps directs/vbz her/ppo to/to gain/vb power/nn over/in Grigori/np by/in any/dti means/nns ,/, even/rb at/in the/at cost/nn of/in her/pp$ honor/nn ./. Coming/vbg from/in a/at priest/nn ,/, the/at music/nn sounds/vbz as/ql odd/jj as/cs the/at advice/nn :/: Marina/np rebels/vbz at/in this/dt suggestion/nn ./. Her/pp$ pride/nn is/bez as/ql much/rb at/in stake/nn as/cs her/pp$ virtue/nn ;/. ;/. she/pps is/bez the/at unattainable/jj beauty/nn ,/, the/at princess/nn who/wps turns/vbz away/rb suitors/nns by/in the/at dozen/nn ./. Indignantly/rb she/pps denounces/vbz Rangoni/np for/in his/pp$ evil/jj thoughts/nns and/cc orders/vbz him/ppo to/to leave/vb her/ppo ./. At/in once/rb the/at Jesuit/np pulls/vbz out/rp all/abn the/at stops/nns ./. To/in music/nn of/in a/at menacing/vbg darkness/nn ,/, he/pps describes/vbz the/at powers/nns of/in Satan/np gaining/vbg control/nn of/in the/at girl/nn ,/, poisoning/vbg her/pp$ soul/nn with/in pride/nn and/cc destroying/vbg her/pp$ beauty/nn ./. The/at combined/vbn threat/nn of/in hell-fire/nn and/cc ugliness/nn is/bez too/ql much/ap for/in her/ppo ,/, and/cc she/pps falls/vbz terrified/vbn at/in his/pp$ feet/nns ./. With/in another/dt sudden/jj change/nn of/in mood/nn ,/, he/pps is/bez again/rb calm/jj and/cc protective/jj ,/, exhorting/vbg her/ppo to/to trust/vb and/cc obey/vb him/ppo as/cs God's/np$ spokesman/nn --/-- and/cc the/at chromatic/jj scale/nn descends/vbz in/in ominous/jj contradiction/nn ./. Whatever/wdt the/at source/nn of/in Rangoni's/np$ power/nn ,/, Marina/np is/bez his/pp$ captive/nn now/rb ;/. ;/. we/ppss are/ber reminded/vbn of/in this/dt at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at next/ap scene/nn ,/, when/wrb his/pp$ theme/nn cuts/vbz through/in the/at warmth/nn of/in the/at love/nn duet/nn ,/, again/rb throwing/vbg a/at chill/nn over/in the/at atmosphere/nn ./. The/at most/ql unusual/jj feature/nn of/in Boris/np ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez the/at use/nn of/in the/at greatest/jjt character/nn of/in all/abn ,/, the/at chorus/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at real/jj protagonist/nn of/in the/at drama/nn ;/. ;/. the/at conflict/nn is/bez not/* Boris/np versus/in Grigori/np or/cc Shuiski/np or/cc even/rb the/at ghost/nn of/in the/at murdered/vbn child/nn ,/, but/cc Boris/np versus/in the/at Russian/jj people/nns ./. Mussorgsky/np makes/vbz this/dt quite/ql clear/jj by/in the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt choral/jj scenes/nns propel/vb the/at action/nn ./. Boris'/np$ first/od entrance/nn seems/vbz almost/rb a/at footnote/nn to/in the/at splendor/nn of/in the/at Coronation/nn-tl Scene/nn-tl ,/, with/in its/pp$ dazzling/vbg confusion/nn of/in tonalities/nns ./. We/ppss have/hv a/at brief/jj glimpse/nn of/in the/at Tsar's/np$ public/jj personality/nn ,/, the/at ``/`` official/jj Boris/np ''/'' ,/, but/cc our/pp$ real/jj focus/nn is/bez on/in the/at excitement/nn of/in the/at crowd/nn --/-- a/at significant/jj contrast/nn with/in its/pp$ halfhearted/jj acclamation/nn in/in the/at opening/vbg scene/nn ,/, its/pp$ bitter/jj resentment/nn and/cc fury/nn in/in the/at final/ap act/nn ./. One/cd reason/nn for/in the/at unique/jj vitality/nn of/in the/at chorus/nn is/bez its/pp$ great/jj variety/nn in/in expression/nn ./. It/pps rarely/rb speaks/vbz as/cs a/at unit/nn ./. Even/rb in/in its/pp$ most/ql conventional/jj appearance/nn ,/, the/at guests'/nns$ song/nn of/in praise/nn to/in Marina/np ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at few/ap female/jj dissenters/nns criticizing/vbg the/at princess/nn for/in her/pp$ coldness/nn ./. In/in many/ap passages/nns --/-- for/in example/nn ,/, the/at council/nn of/in boyars/nns --/-- each/dt section/nn of/in the/at chorus/nn becomes/vbz a/at character/nn group/nn with/in a/at particular/ap opinion/nn ./. Hot/jj arguments/nns arise/vb between/in tenors/nns and/cc basses/nns ,/, who/wps will/md sing/vb in/in harmony/nn only/rb when/wrb they/ppss agree/vb on/in an/at idea/nn ./. The/at opening/vbg scene/nn shows/vbz this/dt method/nn at/in its/pp$ most/ql individual/jj ./. Mussorgsky/np paints/vbz a/at telling/jj picture/nn of/in the/at common/jj people/nns ,/, those/dts who/wps must/md suffer/vb the/at effects/nns of/in their/pp$ rulers'/nns$ struggle/nn for/in power/nn without/in understanding/vbg the/at causes/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber held/vbn in/in control/nn by/in force/nn ,/, but/cc barely/rb ./. They/ppss will/md kneel/vb and/cc plead/vb for/in Boris'/np$ leadership/nn in/in a/at strangely/rb intense/jj song/nn ,/, its/pp$ phrases/nns irregularly/rb broken/vbn as/cs if/cs gasping/vbg for/in breath/nn ,/, but/cc when/wrb the/at police/nns with/in their/pp$ cudgels/nns move/vb away/rb ,/, they/ppss mock/vb and/cc grumble/vb and/cc fight/vb among/in themselves/ppls ./. There/ex is/bez a/at quick/jj change/nn from/in the/at plaintive/jj song/nn to/in a/at conversational/jj tone/nn ./. ``/`` Hey/uh ,/, Mityukh/np ''/'' ,/, asks/vbz one/cd group/nn ,/, ``/`` what/wdt are/ber we/ppss shouting/vbg about/in ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc Mityukh/np ,/, apparently/rb the/at intellectual/jj leader/nn of/in the/at crowd/nn ,/, replies/vbz that/cs he/pps has/hvz no/at notion/nn ./. The/at jokes/nns and/cc arguments/nns grow/vb louder/jjr until/cs the/at police/nns return/vb ;/. ;/. then/rb the/at people/nns strike/vb up/rp their/pp$ song/nn with/in even/ql more/ap fervor/nn than/cs before/rb ,/, ending/vbg it/ppo with/in a/at wail/nn of/in despair/nn ./. Mussorgsky/np frequently/rb uses/vbz liturgical/jj music/nn with/in considerable/jj dramatic/jj force/nn ./. In/in Pimen's/np$ cell/nn the/at soft/jj prayers/nns of/in the/at monks/nns ,/, heard/vbn from/in offstage/rb ,/, not/* only/rb help/vb to/to set/vb the/at scene/nn but/cc emphasize/vb the/at contrast/nn between/in young/jj Grigori's/np$ thoughts/nns and/cc his/pp$ situation/nn ./. This/dt is/bez especially/ql striking/jj between/in Pimen's/np$ quiet/jj exit/nn and/cc Grigori's/np$ vehement/jj outburst/nn against/in Boris/np ./. Again/rb ,/, as/cs Boris/np feels/vbz himself/ppl nearing/vbg death/nn ,/, a/at procession/nn files/vbz into/in the/at hall/nn singing/vbg a/at hymn/nn ,/, its/pp$ modal/jj harmonies/nns adding/vbg a/at churchly/jj touch/nn to/in the/at grim/jj atmosphere/nn :/: The/at words/nns are/ber hardly/rb calculated/vbn to/to put/vb the/at Tsar's/np$ mind/nn at/in ease/nn ./. They/ppss echo/vb the/at words/nns with/in which/wdt he/pps has/hvz described/vbn his/pp$ own/jj vision/nn of/in the/at dying/vbg child/nn who/wps ``/`` trembles/vbz and/cc begs/vbz for/in mercy/nn --/-- and/cc there/ex is/bez no/at mercy/nn ''/'' ./. The/at living/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at dead/jj now/rb accuse/vb him/ppo ;/. ;/. this/dt final/ap reminder/nn of/in his/pp$ guilt/nn is/bez the/at fatal/jj one/cd ./. One/cd of/in the/at outstanding/jj assets/nns of/in the/at present/jj production/nn is/bez the/at restoration/nn of/in the/at St./nn-tl Basil's/np$ scene/nn ,/, usually/rb omitted/vbn from/in performances/nns and/cc rarely/rb included/vbn in/in a/at published/vbn score/nn ./. Though/cs brief/jj ,/, it/pps has/hvz a/at sharp/jj dramatic/jj edge/nn and/cc great/jj poignancy/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez an/at important/jj link/nn in/in the/at plot/nn ,/, giving/vbg us/ppo a/at revealing/vbg glimpse/nn of/in the/at people's/nns$ attitude/nn toward/in Boris/np and/cc the/at false/jj Dimitri/np ./. The/at mayhem/nn in/in the/at forest/nn of/in Kromy/np is/bez a/at natural/jj sequel/nn ./. The/at St./nn-tl Basil's/np$ scene/nn opens/vbz with/in little/jj groups/nns of/in beggars/nns milling/vbg around/in the/at square/nn ,/, the/at ever/rb present/jj police/nns keeping/vbg them/ppo under/in scrutiny/nn ./. In/in the/at orchestra/nn we/ppss hear/vb first/rb a/at hushed/vbn ,/, hesitant/jj pizzicato/nn figure/nn ,/, then/rb the/at insistent/jj ``/`` police/nns ''/'' motif/nn as/cs it/pps appeared/vbd in/in the/at opening/vbg scene/nn ./. The/at service/nn is/bez over/jj ,/, and/cc a/at number/nn of/in people/nns come/vb from/in the/at church/nn with/in their/pp$ spokesman/nn Mityukh/np in/in the/at lead/nn ./. They/ppss bring/vb the/at news/nn that/cs the/at Pretender/nn-tl has/hvz been/ben excommunicated/vbn ;/. ;/. this/dt is/bez met/vbn with/in scorn/nn by/in the/at hearers/nns ,/, who/wps claim/vb that/cs Mityukh/np is/bez lying/vbg or/cc drunk/jj ./. (/( Mussorgsky/np cleverly/rb contrasts/vbz the/at two/cd groups/nns by/in their/pp$ orchestral/jj accompaniment/nn ,/, solemn/jj chords/nns or/cc mocking/vbg staccatos/nns ./. )/) There/ex is/bez still/rb more/ap news/nn ,/, Mityukh/np announces/vbz :/: they/ppss have/hv prayed/vbn for/in the/at soul/nn of/in the/at Tsarevich/np ./.

cj65

cj65 |@word far:3 remark:1 like:7 criticism:1 hardy:48 tacitly:1 assume:1 poetry:11 piece:1 one:19 solid:1 mass:1 verse:2 express:1 sensibility:1 single:1 stage:1 development:5 critic:1 poetic:6 period:10 speak:3 early:11 late:3 london:1 max:1 gate:1 simply:2 monolith:1 seem:4 odd:3 recall:1 write:13 longer:1 major:1 english:1 poet:6 domicilium:1 date:16 1857:1 1860:4 see:3 moon:1 rise:1 august:1 1927:1 may:5 expect:1 career:2 seventy:3 year:15 change:1 style:12 method:1 would:5 occur:1 take:1 place:1 however:2 case:2 term:1 apply:1 limited:1 sense:5 time:6 belief:1 well:2 state:1 continual:1 flux:1 stand:2 almost:3 perverse:1 consistency:1 though:2 struggle:1 philosophy:1 life:7 never:1 get:2 much:2 beyond:1 pessimism:2 twenty:3 sober:1 opinion:1 letter:1 noyes:1 eighty:1 old:3 essentially:1 first:6 philosophical:1 notebook:1 entry:2 make:4 five:2 world:3 despise:1 neglect:1 63:1 later:6 revise:1 poem:48 many:4 revision:2 alter:1 essential:1 nature:1 establish:1 thirty:2 usually:3 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colorless:1 slightly:1 stanza:1 dramatic:1 handling:1 occasion:1 refusal:1 resolve:1 issue:1 good:3 distort:1 syntax:1 ordinary:2 speech:2 exotic:1 source:1 grin:1 bitterness:1 sweep:1 thereby:1 ominous:1 bird:1 wring:1 wrong:1 describe:1 sun:1 god:1 curst:1 setting:1 strictly:1 metaphorical:1 combine:1 create:1 mood:2 appropriate:1 dismal:1 weather:2 symbolize:1 common:1 darkle:1 thrush:1 wind:1 rain:1 example:3 move:1 passage:1 mad:1 crowd:1 scene:1 construct:1 excellent:1 mature:1 cite:1 evidence:1 grow:1 yeat:1 learn:1 use:1 better:1 already:1 acknowledge:1 somber:1 precise:1 precision:1 lend:1 hand:1 prove:1 offer:2 nothing:1 persuade:1 speaker:2 right:1 often:1 manifest:1 wife:1 compose:1 painful:1 elegy:1 marriage:1 begin:1 promise:1 happiness:2 long:1 suffering:1 hatred:1 feel:1 peculiarly:1 private:1 call:1 expiation:1 allow:2 periodical:1 rearrange:1 appearance:1 publication:1 collect:1 elegiac:1 natural:1 voice:1 surprising:1 consistently:1 unmistakably:1 view:1 nostalgic:1 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So/ql far/rb these/dts remarks/nns ,/, like/cs most/ap criticisms/nns of/in Hardy/np ,/, have/hv tacitly/rb assumed/vbn that/cs his/pp$ poetry/nn is/bez all/abn of/in a/at piece/nn ,/, one/cd solid/jj mass/nn of/in verse/nn expressing/vbg a/at sensibility/nn at/in a/at single/ap stage/nn of/in development/nn ./. For/in critics/nns ,/, Hardy/np has/hvz had/hvn no/at poetic/jj periods/nns --/-- one/pn does/doz not/* speak/vb of/in early/jj Hardy/np or/cc late/jj Hardy/np ,/, or/cc of/in the/at London/np or/cc Max/np-tl Gate/nn-tl period/nn ,/, but/cc simply/rb of/in Hardy/np ,/, as/cs of/in a/at poetic/jj monolith/nn ./. This/dt seems/vbz odd/jj when/wrb one/pn recalls/vbz that/cs he/pps wrote/vbd poetry/nn longer/rbr than/cs any/dti other/ap major/jj English/jj poet/nn :/: ``/`` Domicilium/np-tl ''/'' is/bez dated/vbn ``/`` between/in 1857/cd and/cc 1860/cd ''/'' ;/. ;/. ``/`` Seeing/vbg-tl The/at-tl Moon/nn-tl Rise/vb-tl ''/'' is/bez dated/vbn August/np ,/, 1927/cd ./. One/pn might/md expect/vb that/cs in/in a/at poetic/jj career/nn of/in seventy-odd/cd years/nns ,/, some/dti changes/nns in/in style/nn and/cc method/nn would/md have/hv occurred/vbn ,/, some/dti development/nn taken/vbn place/nn ./. This/dt is/bez not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at case/nn ,/, and/cc development/nn is/bez a/at term/nn which/wdt we/ppss can/md apply/vb to/in Hardy/np only/rb in/in a/at very/ql limited/vbn sense/nn ./. In/in a/at time/nn when/wrb poetic/jj style/nn ,/, and/cc poetic/jj belief/nn as/ql well/rb ,/, seem/vb in/in a/at state/nn of/in continual/jj flux/nn ,/, Hardy/np stands/vbz out/rp as/cs a/at poet/nn of/in almost/ql perverse/jj consistency/nn ./. Though/cs he/pps struggled/vbd with/in philosophy/nn all/abn his/pp$ life/nn ,/, he/pps never/rb got/vbd much/rb beyond/in the/at pessimism/nn of/in his/pp$ twenties/nns ;/. ;/. the/at ``/`` sober/jj opinion/nn ''/'' of/in his/pp$ letter/nn to/in Noyes/np ,/, written/vbn when/wrb Hardy/np was/bedz eighty/cd years/nns old/jj ,/, is/bez essentially/rb that/dt of/in his/pp$ first/od ``/`` philosophical/jj ''/'' notebook/nn entry/nn ,/, made/vbn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz twenty-five/cd :/: ``/`` The/at world/nn does/doz not/* despise/vb us/ppo :/: it/pps only/rb neglects/vbz us/ppo ''/'' (/( Early/jj-tl Life/nn-tl ,/, p./nn 63/cd )/) ./. And/cc though/cs in/in his/pp$ later/jjr years/nns he/pps revised/vbd his/pp$ poems/nns many/ap times/nns ,/, the/at revisions/nns did/dod not/* alter/vb the/at essential/jj nature/nn of/in the/at style/nn which/wdt he/pps had/hvd established/vbn before/cs he/pps was/bedz thirty/cd ;/. ;/. so/cs that/cs ,/, while/cs it/pps usually/rb is/bez easy/jj to/to recognize/vb a/at poem/nn by/in Hardy/np ,/, it/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to date/vb one/cd ./. There/ex is/bez only/ap one/cd sense/nn in/in which/wdt it/pps is/bez valid/jj to/to talk/vb about/in Hardy's/np$ development/nn :/: he/pps did/dod develop/vb toward/in a/at more/ql consistent/jj and/cc more/ql effective/jj control/nn of/in that/dt tone/nn which/wdt we/ppss recognize/vb as/cs uniquely/rb his/pp$$ ./. There/ex is/bez only/ap one/cd Hardy/np style/nn ,/, but/cc in/in the/at earlier/jjr poems/nns that/dt style/nn is/bez only/rb intermittently/rb evident/jj ,/, and/cc when/wrb it/pps is/bez not/* ,/, the/at style/nn is/bez the/at style/nn of/in another/dt poet/nn ,/, or/cc of/in the/at fashion/nn of/in the/at time/nn ./. In/in the/at later/jjr poems/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, the/at personal/jj tone/nn predominates/vbz ./. The/at bad/jj early/jj poems/nns are/ber bad/jj Shakespeare/np or/cc bad/jj Swinburne/np ;/. ;/. the/at bad/jj late/jj poems/nns are/ber bad/jj Hardy/np ./. There/ex are/ber two/cd ways/nns of/in getting/vbg at/in a/at poet's/nn$ development/nn :/: through/in his/pp$ dated/vbn poems/nns ,/, and/cc through/in the/at revisions/nns which/wdt he/pps made/vbd in/in later/jjr editions/nns of/in his/pp$ work/nn ./. About/rb a/at quarter/nn of/in Hardy's/np$ poems/nns carry/vb an/at appended/vbn date/nn line/nn ,/, usually/rb the/at year/nn of/in completion/nn ,/, but/cc sometimes/rb inclusive/jj years/nns (/( ``/`` 1908/cd -/in 1910/cd ''/'' )/) or/cc two/cd separate/jj dates/nns when/wrb Hardy/np worked/vbd on/in the/at poem/nn (/( ``/`` 1905/cd and/cc 1926/cd ''/'' )/) or/cc an/at approximate/jj date/nn (/( ``/`` During/in the/at War/nn-tl ''/'' )/) ./. These/dts dates/nns are/ber virtually/rb the/at only/ap clues/nns we/ppss have/hv to/in the/at chronology/nn of/in the/at poems/nns ,/, since/cs the/at separate/jj volumes/nns are/ber neither/cc chronological/jj within/in themselves/ppls nor/cc in/in relation/nn to/in each/dt other/ap ./. With/in the/at exception/nn of/in Satires/nns-tl Of/in-tl Circumstance/nn-tl ,/, each/dt volume/nn contains/vbz dated/vbn poems/nns ranging/vbg over/in several/ap decades/nns (/( Winter/nn-tl Words/nns-tl spans/vbz sixty-one/cd years/nns )/) ;/. ;/. the/at internal/jj organization/nn rarely/rb has/hvz any/dti chronological/jj order/nn ,/, except/in in/in obvious/jj groups/nns like/cs the/at ``/`` Poems/nns-tl of/in-tl Pilgrimage/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, the/at ``/`` Poems/nns-tl of/in-tl 1912/cd-tl -/in-tl 13/cd-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc the/at war/nn poems/nns ./. From/in the/at dated/vbn poems/nns we/ppss can/md venture/vb certain/ap conclusions/nns about/in Hardy's/np$ career/nn in/in poetry/nn ,/, always/rb remembering/vbg that/cs conclusions/nns based/vbn on/in a/at fraction/nn of/in the/at whole/nn must/md remain/vb tentative/jj ./. The/at dated/vbn poems/nns suggest/vb that/cs while/cs Hardy's/np$ concern/nn with/in poetry/nn may/md have/hv been/ben constant/jj ,/, his/pp$ production/nn was/bedz not/* ./. He/pps had/hvd two/cd productive/jj periods/nns ,/, one/cd in/in the/at late/jj 1860's/nns ,/, the/at other/ap in/in the/at decade/nn from/in 1910/cd to/in 1920/cd (/( half/nn of/in the/at dated/vbn poems/nns are/ber from/in the/at latter/ap period/nn ,/, and/cc these/dts alone/rb total/vb about/rb one-tenth/nn of/in all/abn Hardy's/np$ poems/nns )/) ./. There/ex was/bedz one/cd sterile/jj period/nn :/: only/rb one/cd poem/nn is/bez dated/vbn between/in 1872/cd and/cc 1882/cd and/cc ,/, except/in for/in the/at poems/nns written/vbn on/in the/at trip/nn to/in Italy/np in/in 1887/cd ,/, very/ql few/ap from/in 1882/cd to/in 1890/cd ./. The/at dated/vbn poems/nns also/rb give/vb us/ppo an/at idea/nn of/in the/at degree/nn to/in which/wdt Hardy/np drew/vbd upon/in past/ap productions/nns for/in his/pp$ various/ap volumes/nns ,/, and/cc therefore/rb probably/rb are/ber an/at indication/nn of/in the/at amount/nn of/in poetry/nn he/pps was/bedz writing/vbg at/in the/at time/nn ./. Poems/nns-tl Of/in-tl The/at-tl Past/nn-tl And/cc-tl The/at-tl Present/nn-tl and/cc-tl Time's/nn$-tl Laughing/vbg-tl Stocks/nns-tl ,/, both/abx published/vbn while/cs Hardy/np was/bedz at/in work/nn on/in The/at-tl Dynasts/nns-tl ,/, draw/vb heavily/rb on/in poems/nns written/vbn before/in 1900/cd ./. Satires/nns-tl Of/in-tl Circumstance/nn-tl and/cc Moments/nns-tl Of/in-tl Vision/nn-tl ,/, coming/vbg during/in his/pp$ most/ql productive/jj decade/nn ,/, are/ber relatively/ql self-contained/jj ;/. ;/. the/at former/ap contains/vbz no/at poem/nn dated/vbn before/in 1909/cd -/in 10/cd --/-- that/dt is/bez ,/, no/at poem/nn from/in a/at period/nn covered/vbn by/in a/at previous/ap volume/nn --/-- and/cc the/at latter/ap has/hvz only/rb a/at few/ap such/jj ./. The/at last/ap three/cd volumes/nns are/ber again/rb more/ql dependent/jj on/in the/at past/ap ,/, as/cs Hardy's/np$ creative/jj powers/nns declined/vbd in/in his/pp$ old/jj age/nn ./. These/dts observations/nns about/in Hardy's/np$ productivity/nn tally/vb with/in the/at details/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn as/cs we/ppss know/vb them/ppo ./. The/at first/od productive/jj period/nn came/vbd when/wrb he/pps was/bedz considering/vbg poetry/nn as/cs a/at vocation/nn ,/, before/cs he/pps had/hvd decided/vbn to/to write/vb fiction/nn for/in a/at living/nn (/( in/in his/pp$ note/nn for/in Who's/wps+bez-tl Who/wps-tl he/pps wrote/vbd that/cs he/pps ``/`` wrote/vbd verses/nns 1865/cd -/in 1868/cd ;/. ;/. gave/vbd up/rp verse/nn for/in prose/nn ,/, 1868/cd -/in 70/cd ;/. ;/. but/cc resumed/vbd it/ppo later/rbr ''/'' )/) ./. During/in the/at poetically/rb sterile/jj years/nns he/pps was/bedz writing/vbg novels/nns at/in the/at rate/nn of/in almost/rb one/cd a/at year/nn and/cc was/bedz ,/, in/in addition/nn ,/, burdened/vbn with/in bad/jj health/nn (/( he/pps spent/vbd six/cd months/nns in/in bed/nn in/in 1881/cd ,/, too/ql ill/jj to/to do/do more/ap than/cs work/nn slowly/rb and/cc painfully/rb at/in A/at-tl Laodicean/np-tl )/) ./. Two/cd entries/nns in/in The/at-tl Early/jj-tl Life/nn-tl support/vb the/at assumption/nn that/cs during/in this/dt period/nn Hardy/np had/hvd virtually/rb suspended/vbn the/at writing/nn of/in poetry/nn ./. Mrs./np Hardy/np records/vbz that/cs ``/`` at/in the/at end/nn of/in November/np (/( 1881/cd )/) he/pps makes/vbz a/at note/nn of/in an/at intention/nn to/to resume/vb poetry/nn as/ql soon/rb as/cs possible/jj ''/'' (/( Early/jj-tl Life/nn-tl ,/, p./nn 188/cd-tl )/) ;/. ;/. and/cc on/in Christmas/np-tl Day/nn-tl ,/, 1890/cd ,/, Hardy/np wrote/vbd :/: ``/`` While/cs thinking/vbg of/in resuming/vbg '/' the/at-tl viewless/jj Wings/nns-tl Of/in-tl Poesy/np-tl before/in dawn/nn this/dt morning/nn ,/, new/jj horizons/nns seemed/vbd to/to open/vb ,/, and/cc worrying/vbg pettinesses/nns to/to disappear/vb ''/'' (/( Early/jj-tl Life/nn-tl ,/, p./nn 302/np )/) ./. There/ex are/ber more/ap poems/nns dated/vbn in/in the/at 1890's/nns than/cs in/in the/at '80's/nns --/-- Hardy/np had/hvd apparently/rb resumed/vbn the/at viewless/jj wings/nns as/cs he/pps decreased/vbd the/at volume/nn of/in his/pp$ fiction/nn --/-- but/cc none/pn in/in 1891/cd ,/, the/at year/nn of/in Tess/np ,/, and/cc only/rb one/cd in/in 1895/cd ,/, the/at year/nn of/in Jude/np-tl ./. After/in 1895/cd the/at number/nn increases/vbz ,/, and/cc in/in the/at next/ap thirty/cd years/nns there/ex is/bez only/rb one/cd year/nn for/in which/wdt there/ex is/bez no/at dated/vbn poem/nn --/-- 1903/cd ,/, when/wrb Hardy/np was/bedz at/in work/nn on/in The/at-tl Dynasts/nns-tl ./. The/at second/od productive/jj period/nn ,/, the/at decade/nn from/in 1910/cd to/in 1920/cd ,/, can/md be/be related/vbn to/in three/cd events/nns :/: the/at completion/nn of/in The/at-tl Dynasts/nns-tl in/in 1909/cd ,/, which/wdt left/vbd Hardy/np free/jj of/in pressure/nn for/in the/at first/od time/nn in/in forty/cd years/nns ;/. ;/. the/at death/nn of/in Emma/np Hardy/np in/in 1912/cd ,/, which/wdt had/hvd a/at profound/jj emotional/jj effect/nn on/in Hardy/np for/in which/wdt he/pps found/vbd release/nn in/in poetry/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc the/at First/od-tl World/nn-tl War/nn-tl ./. It/pps may/md seem/vb strange/jj that/cs a/at poet/nn should/md come/vb to/in full/jj fruition/nn in/in his/pp$ seventies/nns ,/, but/cc we/ppss have/hv it/ppo on/in Hardy's/np$ own/jj authority/nn that/cs ``/`` he/pps was/bedz a/at child/nn till/cs he/pps was/bedz sixteen/cd ,/, a/at youth/nn till/cs he/pps was/bedz five-and-twenty/cd ,/, and/cc a/at young/jj man/nn till/cs he/pps was/bedz nearly/rb fifty/cd ''/'' (/( Early/jj-tl Life/nn-tl ,/, p./nn 42/cd )/) ./. We/ppss may/md carry/vb this/dt sequence/nn one/cd step/nn further/rbr and/cc say/vb that/cs at/in seventy/cd he/pps was/bedz a/at poet/nn at/in the/at height/nn of/in his/pp$ powers/nns ,/, wanting/vbg only/rb the/at impetus/nn of/in two/cd tragedies/nns ,/, one/cd personal/jj ,/, the/at other/ap national/jj ,/, to/to loose/vb those/dts powers/nns in/in poetry/nn ./. Hardy's/np$ two/cd productive/jj decades/nns were/bed separated/vbn by/in forty/cd years/nns ,/, yet/cc between/in them/ppo he/pps developed/vbd only/rb in/in that/cs he/pps became/vbd more/ql steadily/rb himself/ppl --/-- it/pps was/bedz a/at narrowing/vbg ,/, not/* an/at expanding/vbg process/nn ./. Like/cs a/at wise/jj gardener/nn ,/, Hardy/np pruned/vbd away/rb the/at Shakespearian/jj sonnets/nns and/cc songs/nns ,/, and/cc the/at elements/nns of/in meter/nn and/cc poetic/jj diction/nn to/in which/wdt his/pp$ personal/jj style/nn was/bedz not/* suited/vbn ,/, and/cc let/vbd the/at main/jjs stock/nn of/in his/pp$ talent/nn flourish/vb ./. The/at range/nn of/in the/at later/jjr poetry/nn is/bez considerably/ql narrower/jjr ,/, but/cc the/at number/nn of/in successful/jj poems/nns is/bez far/ql greater/jjr ./. We/ppss can/md see/vb the/at general/jj characteristics/nns of/in the/at earlier/jjr decade/nn if/cs we/ppss look/vb at/in two/cd poems/nns of/in very/ql different/jj qualities/nns :/: ``/`` Revulsion/nn-tl ''/'' (/( 1866/cd )/) and/cc ``/`` Neutral/jj-tl Tones/nns-tl ''/'' (/( 1867/cd )/) ./. There/ex is/bez not/* much/ap to/to be/be said/vbn for/in ``/`` Revulsion/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Like/cs about/rb half/abn of/in the/at 1860/cd -/in 70/cd poems/nns ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at sonnet/nn on/in a/at conventional/jj theme/nn --/-- the/at unhappiness/nn of/in love/nn ./. Almost/rb anyone/pn could/md have/hv written/vbn it/ppo ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez competent/jj in/in the/at sense/nn that/cs it/pps makes/vbz a/at coherent/jj statement/nn without/in violating/vbg the/at rules/nns of/in the/at sonnet/nn form/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez entirely/ql undistinguished/jj and/cc entirely/rb unlike/in Hardy/np ./. The/at language/nn is/bez the/at conventional/jj language/nn of/in the/at form/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez no/at phrase/nn or/cc image/nn that/wps sounds/vbz like/cs Hardy/np or/cc that/wps is/bez striking/jj enough/qlp to/to give/vb individuality/nn to/in the/at poem/nn ./. It/pps is/bez smoother/jjr than/cs Hardy/np usually/rb is/bez ,/, but/cc with/in the/at smoothness/nn of/in anonymity/nn ./. It/pps is/bez obviously/rb a/at young/jj man's/nn$ poem/nn ,/, written/vbn out/rp of/in books/nns and/cc not/* out/rp of/in experience/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps asserts/vbz emotion/nn without/in evoking/vbg it/ppo --/-- that/dt is/bez to/to say/vb ,/, it/pps is/bez sentimental/jj ./. There/ex are/ber many/ap such/jj competently/rb anonymous/jj performances/nns among/in the/at earlier/jjr poems/nns ./. ``/`` Neutral/jj-tl Tones/nns-tl ''/'' we/ppss immediately/rb recognize/vb as/cs a/at fine/jj poem/nn in/in Hardy's/np$ most/ql characteristic/jj style/nn :/: the/at plain/jj but/cc not/* quite/ql colloquial/jj language/nn ,/, the/at hard/jj ,/, particular/jj ,/, colorless/jj images/nns ,/, the/at slightly/ql odd/jj stanza-form/nn ,/, the/at dramatic/jj handling/nn of/in the/at occasion/nn ,/, the/at refusal/nn to/to resolve/vb the/at issue/nn --/-- all/abn these/dts we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn in/in Hardy's/np$ best/jjt poems/nns ./. The/at poem/nn does/doz not/* distort/vb the/at syntax/nn of/in ordinary/jj speech/nn nor/cc draw/vb on/in exotic/jj sources/nns of/in diction/nn ,/, yet/cc it/pps is/bez obviously/rb not/* ordinary/jj speech/nn --/-- only/ap Hardy/np would/md say/vb ``/`` a/at grin/nn of/in bitterness/nn swept/vbd thereby/rb ;/. ;/. like/cs an/at ominous/jj bird/nn a-wing/rb ''/'' ,/, or/cc ``/`` wrings/vbz with/in wrong/jj ''/'' ,/, or/cc would/md describe/vb a/at winter/nn sun/nn as/cs ``/`` God-curst/jj ''/'' ./. The/at details/nns of/in the/at setting/nn of/in ``/`` Neutral/jj-tl Tones/nns-tl ''/'' are/ber not/* ,/, strictly/rb speaking/vbg ,/, metaphorical/jj ,/, but/cc they/ppss combine/vb to/to create/vb a/at mood/nn which/wdt is/bez appropriate/jj both/abx to/in a/at dismal/jj winter/nn day/nn and/cc to/in the/at end/nn of/in love/nn ,/, and/cc in/in this/dt way/nn love/nn and/cc weather/nn ,/, the/at emotions/nns and/cc the/at elements/nns ,/, symbolize/vb each/dt other/ap in/in a/at way/nn that/wps is/bez common/jj to/in many/ap of/in Hardy's/np$ best/jjt poems/nns (/( ``/`` Weathers/nns-tl ''/'' ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Darkling/jj-tl Thrush/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, and/cc ``/`` During/in-tl Wind/nn-tl and/cc Rain/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, for/in example/nn )/) and/cc to/in some/dti moving/jj passages/nns in/in the/at novels/nns as/ql well/rb (/( Far/rb-tl From/in-tl The/at-tl Madding/jj-tl Crowd/nn-tl is/bez full/jj of/in scenes/nns constructed/vbn in/in this/dt way/nn )/) ./. ``/`` Neutral/jj-tl Tones/nns-tl ''/'' is/bez an/at excellent/jj example/nn of/in Hardy's/np$ mature/jj style/nn ,/, drawn/vbn from/in his/pp$ earliest/jjt productive/jj period/nn ;/. ;/. I/ppss cite/vb it/ppo as/cs evidence/nn that/cs he/pps did/dod not/* develop/vb through/in new/jj styles/nns as/cs he/pps grew/vbd older/jjr (/( as/cs Yeats/np did/dod )/) ,/, but/cc that/cs he/pps simply/rb learned/vbd to/to use/vb better/rbr what/wdt he/pps already/rb had/hvd ./. In/in the/at poem/nn we/ppss recognize/vb and/cc acknowledge/vb one/cd man's/nn$ sense/nn of/in the/at world/nn ;/. ;/. if/cs it/pps is/bez somber/jj ,/, it/pps is/bez also/rb precise/jj ,/, and/cc the/at precision/nn lends/vbz authority/nn to/in the/at vision/nn ./. In/in ``/`` Revulsion/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, on/in the/at other/ap hand/nn ,/, the/at pessimism/nn is/bez a/at case/nn not/* proven/vbn ;/. ;/. the/at poem/nn offers/vbz nothing/pn to/to persuade/vb us/ppo of/in the/at speaker's/nn$ right/nn to/to speak/vb as/cs he/pps does/doz ./. In/in the/at 1860/cd -/in 70/cd decade/nn there/ex are/ber many/ap poems/nns like/cs ``/`` Revulsion/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, but/cc there/ex is/bez only/rb one/cd ``/`` Neutral/jj-tl Tones/nns-tl ''/'' ./. Hardy/np was/bedz not/* Hardy/np very/ql often/rb ./. The/at ``/`` Poems/nns-tl of/in-tl 1912/cd-tl -/in-tl 13/cd-tl ''/'' offer/vb a/at good/jj example/nn of/in Hardy's/np$ style/nn as/cs it/pps was/bedz manifested/vbn in/in the/at later/jjr productive/jj decade/nn ./. These/dts are/ber the/at poems/nns Hardy/np wrote/vbd after/in the/at death/nn of/in his/pp$ first/od wife/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss compose/vb a/at painful/jj elegy/nn to/in what/wdt might/md have/hv been/ben ,/, to/in a/at marriage/nn that/wps began/vbd with/in a/at promise/nn of/in happiness/nn ,/, and/cc ended/vbd in/in long/jj years/nns of/in suffering/vbg and/cc hatred/nn ./. Hardy/np obviously/rb felt/vbd that/cs these/dts poems/nns were/bed peculiarly/ql personal/jj and/cc private/jj ;/. ;/. he/pps sometimes/rb called/vbd them/ppo ``/`` an/at expiation/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc he/pps would/md not/* allow/vb them/ppo to/to be/be published/vbn in/in periodicals/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber the/at only/ap poems/nns that/wpo he/pps rearranged/vbd as/cs a/at group/nn between/in their/pp$ first/od appearance/nn (/( in/in Satires/nns-tl Of/in-tl Circumstance/nn-tl )/) and/cc the/at publication/nn of/in the/at Collected/vbn-tl Poems/nns-tl ./. The/at elegiac/jj tone/nn is/bez Hardy's/np$ natural/jj tone/nn of/in voice/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez not/* surprising/jj that/cs the/at 1912/cd -/in 13/cd poems/nns are/ber consistently/rb and/cc unmistakably/rb his/pp$$ ./. The/at view/nn is/bez always/rb toward/in the/at past/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc the/at mood/nn is/bez not/* quite/ql nostalgic/jj --/-- Hardy/np would/md not/* allow/vb sentiment/nn to/to soften/vb his/pp$ sense/nn of/in the/at irredeemable/jj pastness/nn of/in the/at past/nn ,/, and/cc the/at eternal/jj deadness/nn of/in the/at dead/jj ./. The/at poems/nns are/ber ,/, the/at epigraph/nn tells/vbz us/ppo ,/, the/at ``/`` traces/nns of/in an/at ancient/jj flame/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/. the/at fire/nn of/in love/nn is/bez dead/jj ,/, and/cc Hardy/np stands/vbz ,/, as/cs the/at speaker/nn does/doz in/in the/at last/ap poem/nn of/in the/at sequence/nn ,/, over/in the/at burnt/vbn circle/nn of/in charred/vbn sticks/nns ,/, and/cc thinks/vbz of/in past/ap happiness/nn and/cc present/jj grief/nn ,/, honest/jj and/cc uncomforted/jj ./.

cj66

cj66 |@word critically:1 invisible:1 modern:3 revolt:1 like:13 x:1 ray:1 radioactivity:1 perceive:1 effect:3 materialistic:1 social:1 level:2 call:2 delinquency:1 disaffiliation:1 way:2 term:1 use:3 critic:1 poet:2 lawrence:1 lipton:1 write:1 several:1 article:1 subject:1 first:2 nation:1 quote:2 epigraph:1 disaffiliate:1 john:1 lewis:1 pillar:1 hercule:1 two:3 ruin:3 titan:1 guard:1 entrance:2 one:8 dante:1 circle:1 stand:1 great:6 dead:1 juvenile:1 delinquent:1 hero:1 post:3 war:5 generation:4 saxophonist:1 charlie:3 parker:13 dylan:8 thomas:14 word:3 deliberate:1 mean:1 anything:3 certainly:4 deliberately:1 destroy:1 overcome:2 horror:1 world:11 find:3 last:5 could:3 longer:2 weapon:1 purely:1 lyrical:1 art:12 friend:1 live:1 san:1 francisco:1 see:5 seldom:1 enough:4 perspective:1 distort:1 exasperation:1 fatigue:1 year:1 pass:3 time:4 light:2 accelerated:1 personal:2 conflagration:1 bird:4 jimbo:1 bob:1 city:2 go:2 blind:1 literally:1 sit:1 realize:2 happen:3 man:3 say:5 refer:1 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Critically/rb invisible/jj ,/, modern/jj revolt/nn ,/, like/cs X-rays/nns-tl and/cc radioactivity/nn ,/, is/bez perceived/vbn only/rb by/in its/pp$ effects/nns at/in more/ql materialistic/jj social/jj levels/nns ,/, where/wrb it/pps is/bez called/vbn delinquency/nn ./. ``/`` Disaffiliation/nn-nc ''/'' ,/, by/in the/at way/nn ,/, is/bez the/at term/nn used/vbn by/in the/at critic/nn and/cc poet/nn ,/, Lawrence/np Lipton/np ,/, who/wps has/hvz written/vbn several/ap articles/nns on/in this/dt subject/nn ,/, the/at first/od of/in which/wdt ,/, in/in The/at-tl Nation/nn-tl ,/, quoted/vbn as/cs Epigraph/nn-tl :/: ``/`` We/ppss disaffiliate/vb ./. ''/'' --/-- John/np L./np Lewis/np ./. Like/cs the/at pillars/nns of/in Hercules/np ,/, like/cs two/cd ruined/vbn Titans/nps guarding/vbg the/at entrance/nn to/in one/cd of/in Dante's/np$ circles/nns ,/, stand/vb two/cd great/jj dead/jj juvenile/jj delinquents/nns --/-- the/at heroes/nns of/in the/at post-war/jj generation/nn :/: the/at great/jj saxophonist/nn ,/, Charlie/np Parker/np ,/, and/cc Dylan/np Thomas/np ./. If/cs the/at word/nn deliberate/jj-nc means/vbz anything/pn ,/, both/abx of/in them/ppo certainly/rb deliberately/rb destroyed/vbd themselves/ppls ./. Both/abx of/in them/ppo were/bed overcome/vbn by/in the/at horror/nn of/in the/at world/nn in/in which/wdt they/ppss found/vbd themselves/ppls ,/, because/cs at/in last/ap they/ppss could/md no/ql longer/rbr overcome/vb that/dt world/nn with/in the/at weapon/nn of/in a/at purely/ql lyrical/jj art/nn ./. Both/abx of/in them/ppo were/bed my/pp$ friends/nns ./. Living/vbg in/in San/np Francisco/np I/ppss saw/vbd them/ppo seldom/rb enough/qlp to/to see/vb them/ppo with/in a/at perspective/nn which/wdt was/bedz not/* distorted/vbn by/in exasperation/nn or/cc fatigue/nn ./. So/rb as/cs the/at years/nns passed/vbd ,/, I/ppss saw/vbd them/ppo each/dt time/nn in/in the/at light/nn of/in an/at accelerated/vbn personal/jj conflagration/nn ./. The/at last/ap time/nn I/ppss saw/vbd Bird/np ,/, at/in Jimbo's/np$ Bob/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, he/pps was/bedz so/ql gone/vbn --/-- so/ql blind/jj to/in the/at world/nn --/-- that/cs he/pps literally/rb sat/vbd down/rp on/in me/ppo before/cs he/pps realized/vbd I/ppss was/bedz there/rb ./. ``/`` What/wdt happened/vbd ,/, man/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss said/vbd ,/, referring/vbg to/in the/at pretentious/jj ``/`` Jazz/nn-tl Concert/nn-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` Evil/jj ,/, man/nn ,/, evil/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, and/cc that's/dt+bez all/abn he/pps said/vbd for/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at night/nn ./. About/rb dawn/nn he/pps got/vbd up/rp to/to blow/vb ./. The/at rowdy/jj crowd/nn chilled/vbd into/in stillness/nn and/cc the/at fluent/jj melody/nn spiraled/vbd through/in it/ppo ./. The/at last/ap time/nn I/ppss saw/vbd Dylan/np ,/, his/pp$ self-destruction/nn had/hvd not/* just/rb passed/vbn the/at limits/nns of/in rationality/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd assumed/vbn the/at terrifying/vbg inertia/nn of/in inanimate/jj matter/nn ./. Being/beg with/in him/ppo was/bedz like/cs being/beg swept/vbn away/rb by/in a/at torrent/nn of/in falling/vbg stones/nns ./. Now/rb Dylan/np Thomas/np and/cc Charlie/np Parker/np have/hv a/at great/jj deal/nn more/ap in/in common/jj than/cs the/at same/ap disastrous/jj end/nn ./. As/cs artists/nns ,/, they/ppss were/bed very/ql similar/jj ./. They/ppss were/bed both/abx very/ql fluent/jj ./. But/cc this/dt fluent/jj ,/, enchanting/jj utterance/nn had/hvd ,/, compared/vbn with/in important/jj artists/nns of/in the/at past/nn ,/, relatively/ql little/ap content/nn ./. Neither/dtx of/in them/ppo got/vbd very/ql far/rb beyond/in a/at sort/nn of/in entranced/vbn rapture/nn at/in his/pp$ own/jj creativity/nn ./. The/at principal/jjs theme/nn of/in Thomas's/np$ poetry/nn was/bedz the/at ambivalence/nn of/in birth/nn and/cc death/nn --/-- the/at pain/nn of/in blood-stained/jj creation/nn ./. Music/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez not/* so/ql explicit/jj an/at art/nn ,/, but/cc anybody/pn who/wps knew/vbd Charlie/np Parker/np knows/vbz that/cs he/pps felt/vbd much/rb the/at same/ap way/nn about/in his/pp$ own/jj gift/nn ./. Both/abx of/in them/ppo did/dod communicate/vb one/cd central/jj theme/nn :/: Against/in the/at ruin/nn of/in the/at world/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez only/rb one/cd defense/nn --/-- the/at creative/jj act/nn ./. This/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, is/bez the/at theme/nn of/in much/ap art/nn --/-- perhaps/rb most/ap poetry/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at theme/nn of/in Horace/np ,/, who/wps certainly/rb otherwise/rb bears/vbz little/ap resemblance/nn to/in Parker/np or/cc Thomas/np ./. The/at difference/nn is/bez that/cs Horace/np accepted/vbd his/pp$ theme/nn with/in a/at kind/nn of/in silken/jj assurance/nn ./. To/in Dylan/np and/cc Bird/np it/pps was/bedz an/at agony/nn and/cc terror/nn ./. I/ppss do/do not/* believe/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez due/jj to/in anything/pn especially/ql frightful/jj about/in their/pp$ relationship/nn to/in their/pp$ own/jj creativity/nn ./. I/ppss believe/vb rather/rb that/cs it/pps is/bez due/jj to/in the/at catastrophic/jj world/nn in/in which/wdt that/dt creativity/nn seemed/vbd to/to be/be the/at sole/jj value/nn ./. Horace's/np$ column/nn of/in imperishable/jj verse/nn shines/vbz quietly/rb enough/qlp in/in the/at lucid/jj air/nn of/in Augustan/jj Rome/np ./. Art/nn may/md have/hv been/ben for/in him/ppo the/at most/ql enduring/vbg ,/, orderly/jj ,/, and/cc noble/jj activity/nn of/in man/nn ./. But/cc the/at other/ap activities/nns of/in his/pp$ life/nn partook/vbd of/in these/dts values/nns ./. They/ppss did/dod not/* actively/rb negate/vb them/ppo ./. Dylan/np Thomas's/np$ verse/nn had/hvd to/to find/vb endurance/nn in/in a/at world/nn of/in burning/vbg cities/nns and/cc burning/vbg Jews/nps ./. He/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to find/vb meaning/nn in/in his/pp$ art/nn as/ql long/rb as/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at answer/nn to/in air/nn raids/nns and/cc gas/nn ovens/nns ./. As/cs the/at world/nn began/vbd to/to take/vb on/rp the/at guise/nn of/in an/at immense/jj air/nn raid/nn or/cc gas/nn oven/nn ,/, I/ppss believe/vb his/pp$ art/nn became/vbd meaningless/jj to/in him/ppo ./. I/ppss think/vb all/abn this/dt could/md apply/vb to/in Parker/np just/ql as/ql well/rb ,/, although/cs ,/, because/rb of/in the/at nature/nn of/in music/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez not/* demonstrable/jj --/-- at/in least/ap not/* conclusively/rb ./. Thomas/np and/cc Parker/np have/hv more/ap in/in common/jj than/cs theme/nn ,/, attitude/nn ,/, life/nn pattern/nn ./. In/in the/at practice/nn of/in their/pp$ art/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez an/at obvious/jj technical/jj resemblance/nn ./. Contrary/jj to/in popular/jj belief/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed not/* great/jj technical/jj innovators/nns ./. Their/pp$ effects/nns are/ber only/rb superficially/rb startling/jj ./. Thomas/np is/bez a/at regression/nn from/in the/at technical/jj originality/nn and/cc ingenuity/nn of/in writers/nns like/cs Pierre/np Reverdy/np or/cc Apollinaire/np ./. Similarly/rb ,/, the/at innovations/nns of/in bop/nn ,/, and/cc of/in Parker/np particularly/rb ,/, have/hv been/ben vastly/rb overrated/vbn by/in people/nns unfamiliar/jj with/in music/nn ,/, especially/rb by/in that/dt ignoramus/nn ,/, the/at intellectual/jj jitterbug/nn ,/, the/at jazz/nn aficionado/nn ./. The/at tonal/jj novelties/nns consist/vb in/in the/at introduction/nn of/in a/at few/ap chords/nns used/vbn in/in classical/jj music/nn for/in centuries/nns ./. And/cc there/ex is/bez less/ap rhythmic/jj difference/nn between/in progressive/jj jazz/nn ,/, no/at matter/nn how/wql progressive/jj ,/, and/cc Dixieland/np ,/, than/cs there/ex is/bez between/in two/cd movements/nns of/in many/ap conventional/jj symphonies/nns ./. What/wdt Parker/np and/cc his/pp$ contemporaries/nns --/-- Gillespie/np ,/, Davis/np ,/, Monk/np ,/, Roach/np (/( Tristano/np is/bez an/at anomaly/nn )/) ,/, etc./rb --/-- did/dod was/bedz to/to absorb/vb the/at musical/jj ornamentation/nn of/in the/at older/jjr jazz/nn into/in the/at basic/jj structure/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt it/pps then/rb became/vbd an/at integral/jj part/nn ,/, and/cc with/in which/wdt it/pps then/rb developed/vbd ./. This/dt is/bez true/jj of/in the/at melodic/jj line/nn which/wdt could/md be/be put/vbn together/rb from/in selected/vbn passages/nns of/in almost/rb anybody/pn --/-- Benny/np Carter/np ,/, Johnny/np Hodges/np ./. It/pps is/bez true/jj of/in the/at rhythmic/jj pattern/nn in/in which/wdt the/at beat/nn shifts/vbz continuously/rb ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap is/bez continuously/rb sprung/vbn ,/, so/cs that/cs it/pps becomes/vbz ambiguous/jj enough/qlp to/to allow/vb the/at pattern/nn to/to be/be dominated/vbn by/in the/at long/jj pulsations/nns of/in the/at phrase/nn or/cc strophe/nn ./. This/dt is/bez exactly/rb what/wdt happened/vbd in/in the/at transition/nn from/in baroque/jj to/in rococo/jj music/nn ./. It/pps is/bez the/at difference/nn between/in Bach/np and/cc Mozart/np ./. It/pps is/bez not/* a/at farfetched/jj analogy/nn to/to say/vb that/cs this/dt is/bez what/wdt Thomas/np did/dod to/in poetry/nn ./. The/at special/jj syntactical/jj effects/nns of/in a/at Rimbaud/np or/cc an/at Edith/np Sitwell/np --/-- actually/rb ornaments/nns --/-- become/vb the/at main/jjs concern/nn ./. The/at metaphysical/jj conceits/nns ,/, which/wdt fascinate/vb the/at Reactionary/jj-tl Generation/nn-tl still/rb dominant/jj in/in backwater/jj American/jj colleges/nns ,/, were/bed embroideries/nns ./. Thomas's/np$ ellipses/nns and/cc ambiguities/nns are/ber ends/nns in/in themselves/ppls ./. The/at immediate/jj theme/nn ,/, if/cs it/pps exists/vbz ,/, is/bez incidental/jj ,/, and/cc his/pp$ main/jjs theme/nn --/-- the/at terror/nn of/in birth/nn --/-- is/bez simply/rb reiterated/vbn ./. This/dt is/bez one/cd difference/nn between/in Bird/np and/cc Dylan/np which/wdt should/md be/be pointed/vbn out/rp ./. Again/rb ,/, contrary/jj to/in popular/jj belief/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez nothing/pn crazy/jj or/cc frantic/jj about/in Parker/np either/cc musically/rb or/cc emotionally/rb ./. His/pp$ sinuous/jj melody/nn is/bez a/at sort/nn of/in naive/jj transcendence/nn of/in all/abn experience/nn ./. Emotionally/rb it/pps does/doz not/* resemble/vb Berlioz/np or/cc Wagner/np ;/. ;/. it/pps resembles/vbz Mozart/np ./. This/dt is/bez true/jj also/rb of/in a/at painter/nn like/cs Jackson/np Pollock/np ./. He/pps may/md have/hv been/ben eccentric/jj in/in his/pp$ behavior/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ paintings/nns are/ber as/ql impassive/jj as/cs Persian/jj tiles/nns ./. Partly/rb this/dt difference/nn is/bez due/jj to/in the/at nature/nn of/in verbal/jj communication/nn ./. The/at insistent/jj talk-aboutiveness/nn of/in the/at general/jj environment/nn obtrudes/vbz into/in even/rb the/at most/ql idyllic/jj poetry/nn ./. It/pps is/bez much/ql more/ap a/at personal/jj difference/nn ./. Thomas/np certainly/rb wanted/vbd to/to tell/vb people/nns about/in the/at ruin/nn and/cc disorder/nn of/in the/at world/nn ./. Parker/np and/cc Pollock/np wanted/vbd to/to substitute/vb a/at work/nn of/in art/nn for/in the/at world/nn ./. Technique/nn pure/jj and/cc simple/jj ,/, rendition/nn ,/, is/bez not/* of/in major/jj importance/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez interesting/jj that/cs Parker/np ,/, following/vbg Lester/np Young/np ,/, was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at leaders/nns of/in the/at so-called/jj saxophone/nn revolution/nn ./. In/in modern/jj jazz/nn ,/, the/at saxophone/nn is/bez treated/vbn as/cs a/at woodwind/nn and/cc played/vbn with/in conventional/jj embouchure/nn ./. Metrically/rb ,/, Thomas's/np$ verse/nn was/bedz extremely/ql conventional/jj ,/, as/cs was/bedz ,/, incidentally/rb ,/, the/at verse/nn of/in that/dt other/ap tragic/jj enrage/nn ,/, Hart/np Crane/np ./. I/ppss want/vb to/to make/vb clear/jj what/wdt I/ppss consider/vb the/at one/cd technical/jj development/nn in/in the/at first/od wave/nn of/in significant/jj post-war/jj arts/nns ./. Ornament/nn is/bez confabulation/nn in/in the/at interstices/nns of/in structure/nn ./. A/at poem/nn by/in Dylan/np Thomas/np ,/, a/at saxophone/nn solo/nn by/in Charles/np Parker/np ,/, a/at painting/nn by/in Jackson/np Pollock/np --/-- these/dts are/ber pure/jj confabulations/nns as/cs ends/nns in/in themselves/ppls ./. Confabulation/nn has/hvz come/vbn to/to determine/vb structure/nn ./. Uninhibited/jj lyricism/nn should/md be/be distinguished/vbn from/in its/pp$ exact/jj opposite/nn --/-- the/at sterile/jj ,/, extraneous/jj invention/nn of/in the/at corn-belt/nn metaphysicals/nns ,/, or/cc present/jj blight/nn of/in poetic/jj professors/nns ./. Just/rb as/cs Hart/np Crane/np had/hvd little/ap influence/nn on/in anyone/pn except/in very/ql reactionary/jj writers/nns --/-- like/cs Allen/np Tate/np ,/, for/in instance/nn ,/, to/in whom/wpo Valery/np was/bedz the/at last/ap word/nn in/in modern/jj poetry/nn and/cc the/at felicities/nns of/in an/at Apollinaire/np ,/, let/vb alone/rb a/at Paul/np Eluard/np were/bed nonsense/nn --/-- so/rb Dylan/np Thomas's/np$ influence/nn has/hvz been/ben slight/jj indeed/qlp ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, his/pp$ only/ap disciple/nn --/-- the/at only/ap person/nn to/to imitate/vb his/pp$ style/nn --/-- was/bedz W./np S./np Graham/np ,/, who/wps seems/vbz to/to have/hv imitated/vbn him/ppo without/in much/ap understanding/nn ,/, and/cc who/wps has/hvz since/rb moved/vbd on/rp to/in other/ap methods/nns ./. Thomas's/np$ principal/jjs influence/nn lay/vbd in/in the/at communication/nn of/in an/at attitude/nn --/-- that/dt of/in the/at now/rb extinct/jj British/jj romantic/jj school/nn of/in the/at New/jj-tl Apocalypse/nn-tl --/-- Henry/np Treece/np ,/, J./np F./np Hendry/np ,/, and/cc others/nns --/-- all/abn of/in whom/wpo were/bed quite/ql conventional/jj poets/nns ./. Parker/np certainly/rb had/hvd much/ql more/ap of/in an/at influence/nn ./. At/in one/cd time/nn it/pps was/bedz the/at ambition/nn of/in every/at saxophone/nn player/nn in/in every/at high/jj school/nn band/nn in/in America/np to/to blow/vb like/cs Bird/np ./. Even/rb before/in his/pp$ death/nn this/dt influence/nn had/hvd begun/vbn to/to ebb/vb ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, the/at whole/jj generation/nn of/in the/at founding/vbg fathers/nns of/in bop/nn --/-- Gillespie/np ,/, Monk/np ,/, Davis/np ,/, Blakey/np ,/, and/cc the/at rest/nn --/-- are/ber just/rb now/rb at/in a/at considerable/jj discount/nn ./. The/at main/jjs line/nn of/in development/nn today/nr goes/vbz back/rb to/in Lester/np Young/np and/cc by-passes/vbz them/ppo ./. The/at point/nn is/bez that/cs many/ap of/in the/at most/ql impressive/jj developments/nns in/in the/at arts/nns nowadays/rb are/ber aberrant/jj ,/, idiosyncratic/jj ./. There/ex is/bez no/ql longer/rbr any/dti sense/nn of/in continuing/vbg development/nn of/in the/at sort/nn that/wps can/md be/be traced/vbn from/in Baudelaire/np to/in Eluard/np ,/, or/cc for/in that/dt matter/nn ,/, from/in Hawthorne/np through/in Henry/np James/np to/in Gertrude/np Stein/np ./. The/at cubist/jj generation/nn before/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, and/cc ,/, on/in a/at lower/jjr level/nn ,/, the/at surrealists/nns of/in the/at period/nn between/in the/at wars/nns ,/, both/abx assumed/vbd an/at accepted/vbn universe/nn of/in discourse/nn ,/, in/in which/wdt ,/, to/to quote/vb Andre/np Breton/np ,/, it/pps was/bedz possible/jj to/to make/vb definite/jj advances/nns ,/, exactly/rb as/cs in/in the/at sciences/nns ./. I/ppss doubt/vb if/cs anyone/pn holds/vbz such/jj ideas/nns today/nr ./. Continuity/nn exits/vbz ,/, but/cc like/cs the/at neo-swing/nn music/nn developed/vbn from/in Lester/np Young/np ,/, it/pps is/bez a/at continuity/nn sustained/vbn by/in popular/jj demand/nn ./. In/in the/at plastic/jj arts/nns ,/, a/at very/ql similar/jj situation/nn exists/vbz ./. Surrealists/nns like/cs Hans/np Arp/np and/cc Max/np Ernst/np might/md talk/vb of/in creation/nn by/in hazard/nn --/-- of/in composing/vbg pictures/nns by/in walking/vbg on/in them/ppo with/in painted/vbn soles/nns ,/, or/cc by/in tossing/vbg bits/nns of/in paper/nn up/rp in/in the/at air/nn ./. But/cc it/pps is/bez obvious/jj that/cs they/ppss were/bed self-deluded/jj ./. Nothing/pn looks/vbz anything/pn like/cs an/at Ernst/np or/cc an/at Arp/np but/cc another/dt Ernst/np or/cc Arp/np ./. Nothing/pn looks/vbz less/rbr like/cs their/pp$ work/nn than/cs the/at happenings/nns of/in random/jj occasion/nn ./. Many/ap of/in the/at post-World/jj War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, abstract/jj expressionists/nns ,/, apostles/nns of/in the/at discipline/nn of/in spontaneity/nn and/cc hazard/nn ,/, look/vb alike/jj ,/, and/cc do/do look/vb like/cs accidents/nns ./. The/at aesthetic/jj appeal/nn of/in pure/jj paint/nn laid/vbn on/rp at/in random/nn may/md exist/vb ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez a/at very/ql impoverished/jj appeal/nn ./. Once/rb again/rb what/wdt has/hvz happened/vbn is/bez an/at all-consuming/jj confabulation/nn of/in the/at incidentals/nns ,/, the/at accidents/nns of/in painting/vbg ./. It/pps is/bez curious/jj that/cs at/in its/pp$ best/jjt ,/, the/at work/nn of/in this/dt school/nn of/in painting/vbg --/-- Mark/np Rothko/np ,/, Jackson/np Pollock/np ,/, Clyfford/np Still/np ,/, Robert/np Motherwell/np ,/, Willem/np De-Kooning/np ,/, and/cc the/at rest/nn --/-- resembles/vbz nothing/pn so/ql much/rb as/cs the/at passage/nn painting/nn of/in quite/ql unimpressive/jj painters/nns :/: the/at mother-of-pearl/nn shimmer/nn in/in the/at background/nn of/in a/at Henry/np McFee/np ,/, itself/ppl a/at formula/nn derived/vbn from/in Renoir/np ;/. ;/. the/at splashes/nns of/in light/nn and/cc black/nn which/wdt fake/vb drapery/nn in/in the/at fashionable/jj imitators/nns of/in Hals/np and/cc Sargent/np ./. Often/rb work/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn is/bez presented/vbn as/cs calligraphy/nn --/-- the/at pure/jj utterance/nn of/in the/at brush/nn stroke/nn seeking/vbg only/ap absolute/jj painteresque/jj values/nns ./. You/ppss have/hv only/rb to/to compare/vb such/jj painting/nn with/in the/at work/nn of/in ,/, say/uh ,/, Sesshu/np ,/, to/to realize/vb that/cs someone/pn is/bez using/vbg words/nns and/cc brushes/nns carelessly/rb ./. At/in its/pp$ best/jjt the/at abstract/jj expressionists/nns achieve/vb a/at simple/jj rococo/jj decorative/jj surface/nn ./. Its/pp$ poverty/nn shows/vbz up/rp immediately/rb when/wrb compared/vbn with/in Tiepolo/np ,/, where/wrb the/at rococo/nn rises/vbz to/in painting/vbg of/in extraordinary/jj profundity/nn and/cc power/nn ./. A/at Tiepolo/np painting/nn ,/, however/wql confabulated/vbn ,/, is/bez a/at universe/nn of/in tensions/nns in/in vast/jj depths/nns ./. A/at Pollock/np is/bez an/at object/nn of/in art/nn --/-- bijouterie/fw-nn --/-- disguised/vbn only/rb by/in its/pp$ great/jj size/nn ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, once/cs the/at size/nn is/bez big/jj enough/qlp to/to cover/vb a/at whole/jj wall/nn ,/, it/pps turns/vbz into/in nothing/pn more/ap than/cs extremely/ql expensive/jj wallpaper/nn ./. Now/rb there/ex is/bez nothing/pn wrong/jj with/in complicated/vbn wallpaper/nn ./. There/ex is/bez just/rb more/ap to/in Tiepolo/np ./. The/at great/jj Ashikaga/np brush/nn painters/nns painted/vbd wallpapers/nns ,/, too/rb --/-- at/in least/ap portable/jj ones/nns ,/, screens/nns ./. A/at process/nn of/in elimination/nn which/wdt leaves/vbz the/at artist/nn with/in nothing/pn but/in the/at play/nn of/in his/pp$ materials/nns themselves/ppls cannot/md* sustain/vb interest/nn in/in either/cc artist/nn or/cc public/nn for/in very/ql long/rb ./. So/rb ,/, in/in the/at last/ap couple/nn of/in years/nns ,/, abstract/jj expressionism/nn has/hvz tended/vbn toward/in romantic/jj suggestion/nn --/-- indications/nns of/in landscape/nn or/cc living/vbg figures/nns ./.

cj67

cj67 |@word anglo:9 saxon:9 greek:3 epic:12 provide:5 two:5 occasion:1 seemingly:1 authentic:1 account:2 narration:1 verse:7 heroic:3 age:2 hrothgar:2 court:2 bard:4 sings:2 encounter:1 finnsburg:1 line:14 1068:1 1159:1 improvise:2 tale:3 beowulf:15 exploit:1 complimentary:1 comparison:1 geatish:1 visitor:1 sigemund:1 871:1 892:1 alcinous:1 discover:3 adultery:1 aphrodite:1 odyssey:10 8:2 266:1 366:1 take:1 odysseu:1 ithacan:1 wanderer:1 listen:1 499:1 520:1 nothing:2 autobiographical:1 unlike:1 poet:19 deor:1 widsith:1 concerned:1 identity:1 repute:1 blind:3 reveal:1 singing:1 minstrel:2 demodocus:1 since:3 none:1 glimpse:1 poetize:2 without:4 writing:4 intend:1 incorporate:1 signature:1 matter:1 prima:1 facie:1 evidence:1 homeric:14 poem:14 derive:1 oral:15 tradition:8 lie:1 behind:1 iliad:9 least:3 hard:1 deny:3 milman:1 parry:2 rigorously:1 defend:2 observation:4 extant:2 largely:1 formulaic:12 lead:1 postulate:2 could:5 show:2 entirely:2 complete:1 corpus:3 survive:1 reason:2 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inclined:1 shrewd:1 sophisticated:1 misuse:1 significant:1 theory:3 recurrent:1 prosodic:2 necessity:1 property:1 isolated:1 contexts:1 false:1 effect:2 intentional:1 irony:1 argument:1 turn:1 awry:1 deal:1 nee:1 hold:2 meaningless:1 merely:1 little:1 conscious:1 reflection:1 periphrastic:1 nevertheless:1 evolution:2 cause:1 quality:2 thing:1 potentially:2 rather:2 always:1 actually:1 true:1 know:1 day:1 believe:1 insensitive:1 scholar:1 modern:1 read:1 life:1 much:1 occasional:1 occurrence:1 familiar:3 adjective:1 choose:2 nonce:1 tend:1 idealization:1 distinctive:1 delineation:1 reliance:1 place:1 archaeological:1 particular:1 today:1 hope:1 unmistakable:1 ruin:1 heorot:1 palace:1 priam:2 ship:2 dry:1 dock:1 foamy:1 necked:1 floater:1 swift:3 defenseless:1 weapon:1 king:1 eummelihs:1 achille:1 siegfrie:1 nibelungenlie:1 accordingly:1 foot:1 stand:1 idle:2 coriolanus:1 agnoman:1 marcius:1 deliberately:1 pointedly:1 casually:1 recall:1 hearer:1 story:1 situation:1 useful:1 pleasant:1 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deftness:1 close:1 owe:1 shield:1 aspis:1 sakos:1

Anglo-Saxon/jj and/cc Greek/jj epic/nn each/dt provide/vb on/in two/cd occasions/nns a/at seemingly/rb authentic/jj account/nn of/in the/at narration/nn of/in verse/nn in/in the/at heroic/jj age/nn ./. Hrothgar's/np$ court/nn bard/nn sings/vbz of/in the/at encounters/nns at/in Finnsburg/np (/( lines/nns 1068/cd -/in 1159/cd )/) ,/, and/cc improvises/vbz the/at tale/nn of/in Beowulf's/np$ exploits/nns in/in a/at complimentary/jj comparison/nn of/in the/at Geatish/jj visitor/nn with/in Sigemund/np (/( lines/nns 871/cd -/in 892/cd )/) ;/. ;/. Alcinous'/np$ court/nn bard/nn sings/vbz of/in the/at discovered/vbn adultery/nn of/in Ares/np and/cc Aphrodite/np (/( Odyssey/np 8/cd 266-366/cd )/) ,/, and/cc takes/vbz up/rp a/at tale/nn of/in Odysseus/np while/cs the/at Ithacan/jj wanderer/nn listens/vbz on/rp (/( Odyssey/np 8/cd 499-520/cd )/) ./. Nothing/pn in/in all/abn this/dt is/bez autobiographical/jj :/: unlike/in the/at poets/nns of/in Deor/np-tl and/cc Widsith/np-tl ,/, the/at poet/nn of/in Beowulf/np-tl is/bez not/* concerned/vbn with/in his/pp$ own/jj identity/nn ;/. ;/. the/at poet/nn of/in The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl ,/, reputed/vbn blind/jj ,/, reveals/vbz himself/ppl not/* at/in all/abn in/in singing/vbg of/in the/at blind/jj minstrel/nn Demodocus/np ./. Since/cs none/pn of/in these/dts glimpses/nns of/in poetizing/vbg without/in writing/vbg is/bez intended/vbn to/to incorporate/vb a/at signature/nn into/in the/at epic/nn matter/nn ,/, there/ex is/bez prima-facie/jj evidence/nn that/cs Beowulf/np and/cc the/at Homeric/jj poems/nns each/dt derive/vb from/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn ./. That/cs such/abl a/at tradition/nn lies/vbz behind/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl ,/, at/in least/ap ,/, is/bez hard/jj to/to deny/vb ./. Milman/np Parry/np rigorously/rb defended/vbd the/at observation/nn that/cs the/at extant/jj Homeric/jj poems/nns are/ber largely/rb formulaic/jj ,/, and/cc was/bedz led/vbn to/to postulate/vb that/cs they/ppss could/md be/be shown/vbn entirely/rb formulaic/jj if/cs the/at complete/jj corpus/nn of/in Greek/jj epic/nn survived/vbd ;/. ;/. he/pps further/rbr reasoned/vbd that/cs frequent/jj formulas/nns in/in epic/nn verse/nn indicate/vb oral/jj composition/nn ,/, and/cc assumed/vbd the/at slightly/ql less/ql likely/jj corollary/nn that/cs oral/jj epic/nn is/bez inclined/vbn towards/in the/at use/nn of/in formulas/nns ./. Proceeding/vbg from/in Parry's/np$ conclusions/nns and/cc adopting/vbg one/cd of/in his/pp$ schemata/nns ,/, Francis/np P./np Magoun/np ,/, Jr./np ,/, argues/vbz that/cs Beowulf/np-tl likewise/rb was/bedz created/vbn from/in a/at legacy/nn of/in oral/jj formulas/nns inherited/vbn and/cc extended/vbn by/in bards/nns of/in successive/jj generations/nns ,/, and/cc the/at thesis/nn is/bez striking/jj and/cc compelling/jj ./. Yet/cc a/at fresh/jj inspection/nn will/md indicate/vb one/cd crucial/jj amendment/nn :/: Beowulf/np-tl and/cc the/at Homeric/jj poems/nns are/ber not/* at/in all/abn formulaic/jj to/in the/at same/ap extent/nn ./. The/at bondage/nn endurable/jj by/in an/at oral/jj poet/nn is/bez to/to be/be estimated/vbn only/rb by/in a/at very/ql skilful/jj oral/jj poet/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps appears/vbz safe/jj to/to assume/vb that/cs no/at sustained/vbn narrative/nn in/in rhyme/nn could/md be/be composed/vbn without/in extreme/jj difficulty/nn ,/, even/rb in/in a/at language/nn of/in many/ap terminal/jj inflections/nns ./. Assonance/nn seems/vbz nearly/rb as/ql severe/jj a/at curb/nn ,/, although/cs in/in a/at celebrated/vbn passage/nn William/np of/in-tl Malmesbury/np declares/vbz that/cs A/at-tl Song/nn-tl Of/in-tl Roland/np-tl was/bedz intoned/vbd before/cs the/at battle/nn commenced/vbd at/in Hastings/np ./. The/at Anglo-Saxon/jj alliterative/jj line/nn and/cc the/at Homeric/jj hexameter/nn probably/rb imposed/vbd less/ap of/in a/at restraint/nn ;/. ;/. the/at verse/nn of/in Beowulf/np-tl or/cc of/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl was/bedz not/* easy/jj to/to create/vb but/cc was/bedz not/* impossible/jj for/in poets/nns who/wps had/hvd developed/vbn their/pp$ talents/nns perforce/rb in/in earning/vbg a/at livelihood/nn ./. Yet/cc certain/ap aids/nns were/bed valuable/jj and/cc quite/ql credibly/rb necessary/jj for/in reciting/vbg long/jj stretches/nns of/in verse/nn without/in a/at pause/nn ./. The/at poet/nn in/in a/at written/vbn tradition/nn who/wps generally/rb never/rb blots/vbz a/at line/nn may/md once/rb in/in a/at while/nn pause/vb and/cc polish/vb without/in incurring/vbg blame/nn ./. But/cc the/at oral/jj poet/nn cannot/md* pause/vb ;/. ;/. he/pps must/md improvise/vb continuously/rb with/in no/at apparent/jj effort/nn ./. Even/rb though/cs the/at bondage/nn of/in his/pp$ verse/nn is/bez not/* so/ql great/jj as/cs the/at writing/vbg poet/nn can/md manage/vb ,/, it/pps is/bez still/rb great/jj enough/qlp for/cs him/ppo often/rb to/to be/be seriously/rb impeded/vbn unless/cs he/pps has/hvz aids/nns to/to facilitate/vb rapid/jj composition/nn ./. The/at Germanic/jj poet/nn had/hvd such/jj aids/nns in/in the/at kennings/nns ,/, which/wdt provided/vbd for/in the/at difficulties/nns of/in alliteration/nn ;/. ;/. the/at Homeric/jj poet/nn had/hvd epithets/nns ,/, which/wdt provided/vbd for/in recurring/vbg needs/nns in/in the/at hexameter/nn ./. Either/dtx poet/nn could/md quickly/rb and/cc easily/rb select/vb words/nns or/cc phrases/nns to/to supply/vb his/pp$ immediate/jj requirements/nns as/cs he/pps chanted/vbd out/rp his/pp$ lines/nns ,/, because/cs the/at kennings/nns and/cc the/at epithets/nns made/vbd possible/jj the/at construction/nn of/in systems/nns of/in numerous/jj synonyms/nns for/in the/at chief/jjs common/jj and/cc proper/jj nouns/nns ./. Other/ap synonyms/nns could/md of/in course/nn serve/vb the/at same/ap function/nn ,/, and/cc for/in the/at sake/nn of/in ease/nn I/ppss shall/md speak/vb of/in kennings/nns and/cc epithets/nns in/in the/at widest/jjt and/cc loosest/jjt possible/jj sense/nn ,/, and/cc name/vb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, Gar-Dene/nps-nc a/at kenning/nn for/in the/at Danes/nps ./. Verbal/jj and/cc adverbial/jj elements/nns too/rb participated/vbd in/in each/dt epic/nn diction/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez for/in the/at present/nn sufficient/jj to/to mark/vb the/at large/jj nominal/jj and/cc adjectival/jj supply/nn of/in semantic/jj near-equivalents/nns ,/, and/cc to/to designate/vb the/at members/nns of/in any/dti system/nn of/in equivalents/nns as/cs basic/jj formulas/nns of/in the/at poetic/jj language/nn ./. Limited/vbn to/in a/at few/ap thousand/cd lines/nns of/in heroic/jj verse/nn in/in Anglo-Saxon/jj as/cs in/in the/at other/ap Germanic/jj dialects/nns ,/, we/ppss cannot/md* say/vb how/wql frequently/rb the/at kennings/nns in/in Beowulf/np-tl recurred/vbd in/in contemporary/jj epic/nn on/in the/at same/ap soil/nn ./. But/cc we/ppss can/md say/vb that/cs since/cs a/at writing/vbg poet/nn ,/, with/in leisure/nn before/in him/ppo ,/, would/md seem/vb unlikely/jj to/to invent/vb a/at technique/nn based/vbn upon/in frequent/jj and/cc substantial/jj circumlocution/nn ,/, the/at kennings/nns like/cs the/at epithets/nns must/md reasonably/rb be/be ascribed/vbn to/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt Homerists/nps of/in our/pp$ time/nn ,/, Frederick/np M./np Combellack/np ,/, argues/vbz that/cs when/wrb it/pps is/bez assumed/vbn The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl are/ber oral/jj poems/nns ,/, the/at postulated/vbn single/ap redactor/nn called/vbn Homer/np cannot/md* be/be either/cc credited/vbn with/in or/cc denied/vbn originality/nn in/in choice/nn of/in phrasing/vbg ./. Any/dti example/nn of/in grand/jj or/cc exquisite/jj diction/nn may/md have/hv been/ben created/vbn by/in the/at poet/nn who/wps compiled/vbd numerous/jj lays/nns into/in the/at two/cd works/nns we/ppss possess/vb or/cc may/md be/be due/jj to/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ completely/ql unknown/jj fellow-craftsmen/nns ./. The/at quest/nn of/in the/at historical/jj Homer/np is/bez likely/jj never/rb to/to have/hv further/ap success/nn ;/. ;/. no/at individual/ap word/nn in/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl or/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl can/md be/be credited/vbn to/in any/dti one/cd man/nn ;/. ;/. no/at strikingly/rb effective/jj element/nn of/in speech/nn in/in the/at extant/jj poems/nns can/md with/in assurance/nn be/be said/vbn not/* to/to have/hv been/ben a/at commonplace/nn in/in the/at vaster/jjr epic/nn corpus/nn that/wps may/md have/hv existed/vbn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at first/od millennium/nn before/in Christ/np ./. This/dt observation/nn is/bez of/in interest/nn not/* only/rb to/in students/nns of/in Homeric/jj poetry/nn but/cc to/in students/nns of/in Anglo-Saxon/jj poetry/nn as/ql well/rb ./. To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs a/at tale/nn is/bez twice/rb told/vbn ,/, its/pp$ final/ap author/nn must/md be/be suspect/jj ,/, although/cs plagiarism/nn in/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn is/bez less/ap a/at misdemeanor/nn than/cs the/at standard/jj modus/fw-nn dicendi/fw-vbg ./. Combellack/np argues/vbz further/rbr ,/, and/cc here/rb he/pps makes/vbz his/pp$ main/jjs point/nn ,/, that/cs once/cs The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl are/ber thought/vbn formulaic/jj poems/nns composed/vbn for/in an/at audience/nn accustomed/vbn to/in formulaic/jj poetry/nn ,/, Homeric/jj critics/nns are/ber deprived/vbn of/in an/at entire/jj domain/nn they/ppss previously/rb found/vbd arable/jj ./. With/in a/at few/ap important/jj and/cc a/at few/ap more/ql unimportant/jj exceptions/nns ,/, no/at expression/nn can/md be/be deemed/vbn le/fw-at mot/fw-nn juste/fw-jj for/in its/pp$ context/nn ,/, because/cs each/dt was/bedz very/ql probably/rb the/at only/ap expression/nn that/wpo long-established/jj practice/nn and/cc ease/nn of/in rapid/jj recitation/nn would/md allow/vb ./. Words/nns or/cc phrases/nns that/wpo connoisseurs/nns have/hv admired/vbn as/cs handsome/jj or/cc ironic/jj or/cc humorous/jj must/md therefore/rb lose/vb merit/nn and/cc become/vb regarded/vbn as/cs mere/jj inevitable/jj time-servers/nns ,/, sometimes/rb accurate/jj and/cc sometimes/rb not/* ./. This/dt observation/nn too/rb may/md have/hv reference/nn to/in Anglo-Saxon/jj poetry/nn ./. To/in the/at extent/nn that/cs a/at language/nn is/bez formulaic/jj ,/, its/pp$ individual/ap components/nns must/md be/be regarded/vbn as/cs no/ql more/ql distinguished/vbn than/cs other/ap cliches/nns ./. W./np F./np Bryan/np suggests/vbz that/cs certain/ap kennings/nns in/in Beowulf/np-tl were/bed selected/vbn sometimes/rb for/in appropriateness/nn and/cc sometimes/rb for/in ironic/jj inappropriateness/nn ,/, but/cc such/abl a/at view/nn would/md appear/vb untenable/jj unless/cs it/pps is/bez denied/vbn that/cs the/at language/nn of/in Beowulf/np-tl is/bez formulaic/jj ./. If/cs the/at master/nn of/in scops/nns who/wps was/bedz most/ql responsible/jj for/in the/at poem/nn ever/rb used/vbd kennings/nns that/wps were/bed traditional/jj ,/, he/pps was/bedz at/in least/ap partly/rb deprived/vbn of/in free/jj will/nn and/cc not/* inclined/vbn towards/in shrewd/jj and/cc sophisticated/jj misuse/nn of/in speech/nn elements/nns ./. Once/cs many/ap significant/jj phrases/nns are/ber found/vbn in/in theory/nn or/cc in/in recurrent/jj practice/nn to/to provide/vb for/in prosodic/jj necessity/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber not/* to/to be/be defended/vbn for/in their/pp$ semantic/jj properties/nns in/in isolated/vbn contexts/nns ./. It/pps is/bez false/jj to/to be/be certain/jj of/in having/hvg discovered/vbn in/in the/at language/nn of/in Beowulf/np-tl such/jj effects/nns as/cs intentional/jj irony/nn ./. Yet/rb ,/, if/cs the/at argument/nn is/bez turned/vbn awry/jj ,/, there/ex may/md be/be found/vbn a/at great/jj deal/nn in/in Bryan's/np$ view/nn ,/, after/in all/abn ./. A/at formulaic/jj element/nn need/md not/* be/be held/vbn meaningless/jj merely/rb because/cs it/pps was/bedz selected/vbn with/in little/ap conscious/jj reflection/nn ./. Time-servers/nns ,/, though/cs the/at periphrastic/jj expressions/nns are/ber ,/, they/ppss may/md nevertheless/rb be/be handsome/jj or/cc ironic/jj or/cc humorous/jj ./. A/at long/jj evolution/nn in/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn caused/vbd the/at poetic/jj language/nn of/in the/at heroic/jj age/nn to/to be/be based/vbn upon/in formulas/nns that/wps show/vb the/at important/jj qualities/nns of/in things/nns ,/, and/cc these/dts formulas/nns are/ber therefore/rb potentially/rb rather/rb than/cs always/rb actually/rb accurate/jj ./. True/rb ,/, we/ppss do/do not/* know/vb how/wrb they/ppss were/bed regarded/vbn in/in their/pp$ day/nn ,/, but/cc we/ppss need/md not/* believe/vb the/at epic/nn audience/nn to/to have/hv been/ben more/ql insensitive/jj to/in the/at formulas/nns than/cs the/at numerous/jj scholars/nns of/in modern/jj times/nns who/wps have/hv read/vbn Germanic/jj or/cc Homeric/jj poetry/nn all/abn their/pp$ lives/nns and/cc still/rb found/vbd much/ap to/to admire/vb in/in occasional/jj occurrences/nns of/in the/at most/ql familiar/jj phrases/nns ./. Nouns/nns and/cc adjectives/nns in/in a/at written/vbn tradition/nn are/ber chosen/vbn for/in the/at nonce/nn ;/. ;/. in/in an/at oral/jj tradition/nn they/ppss may/md be/be chosen/vbn for/in the/at entire/jj epic/nn corpus/nn ,/, and/cc tend/vb towards/in idealization/nn rather/rb than/cs distinctive/jj delineation/nn ./. Reliance/nn is/bez therefore/rb not/* to/to be/be placed/vbn upon/in the/at archaeological/jj particulars/nns in/in an/at oral/jj poem/nn ;/. ;/. no-one/pn today/nr would/md hope/vb to/to discover/vb the/at unmistakable/jj ruins/nns of/in Heorot/np or/cc the/at palace/nn of/in Priam/np ./. A/at ship/nn at/in dry-dock/nn could/md be/be called/vbn a/at foamy-necked/jj floater/nn in/in Anglo-Saxon/np or/cc a/at swift/jj ship/nn in/in Greek/np ./. Even/rb when/wrb defenseless/jj of/in weapons/nns the/at Danes/nps would/md be/be Gar-Dene/nps (/( as/cs their/pp$ king/nn is/bez Hrothgar/np )/) and/cc Priam/np would/md be/be EUMMELIHS/fw-jj ./. Achilles/np ,/, like/cs Siegfried/np in/in The/at-tl Nibelungenlied/np-tl ,/, is/bez potentially/rb the/at swiftest/jjt of/in men/nns and/cc may/md accordingly/rb be/be called/vbn swift-footed/jj even/rb when/wrb he/pps stands/vbz idle/jj ./. In/in Coriolanus/np-tl the/at agnomen/nn of/in Marcius/np is/bez used/vbn deliberately/rb and/cc pointedly/rb ,/, but/cc the/at Homeric/jj epithets/nns and/cc the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj kennings/nns are/ber used/vbn casually/rb and/cc recall/vb to/in the/at hearer/nn ``/`` a/at familiar/jj story/nn or/cc situation/nn or/cc a/at useful/jj or/cc pleasant/jj quality/nn of/in the/at referent/nn ''/'' ./. The/at epic/nn language/nn was/bedz not/* entirely/rb the/at servant/nn of/in the/at poet/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz partly/rb his/pp$ master/nn ./. The/at poet's/nn$ intentions/nns are/ber difficult/jj to/to discern/vb and/cc ,/, except/in to/in biographers/nns ,/, unimportant/jj ;/. ;/. the/at language/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez a/at proper/jj object/nn of/in scrutiny/nn ,/, and/cc the/at effects/nns of/in the/at language/nn are/ber palpable/jj even/rb if/cs sometimes/rb inevitable/jj ./. Beowulf/np-tl and/cc the/at Homeric/jj poems/nns appear/vb oral/jj compositions/nns ./. Yet/cc they/ppss are/ber written/vbn ;/. ;/. at/in some/dti stage/nn in/in their/pp$ evolution/nn they/ppss were/bed transcribed/vbn ./. Albert/np B./np Lord/np suggests/vbz that/cs the/at Homeric/jj poems/nns were/bed dictated/vbn to/in a/at scribe/nn by/in a/at minstrel/nn who/wps held/vbd in/in his/pp$ mind/nn the/at poems/nns fully/rb matured/vbn but/cc did/dod not/* himself/ppl possess/vb the/at knowledge/nn of/in writing/vbg since/cs it/pps would/md be/be useless/jj to/in his/pp$ guild/nn ,/, and/cc Magoun/np argues/vbz that/cs the/at Beowulf/np-tl poet/nn and/cc Cynewulf/np may/md have/hv dictated/vbn their/pp$ verse/nn in/in the/at same/ap fashion/nn ./. This/dt explanation/nn is/bez attractive/jj ,/, but/cc is/bez vitiated/vbn at/in least/ap in/in part/nn by/in the/at observation/nn that/cs Cynewulf/np ,/, though/cs he/pps used/vbd kennings/nns in/in the/at traditional/jj manner/nn ,/, was/bedz a/at literate/jj man/nn who/wps four/cd times/nns inscribed/vbd his/pp$ name/nn by/in runes/nns into/in his/pp$ works/nns ./. If/cs Cynewulf/np was/bedz literate/jj ,/, the/at Beowulf/np-tl poet/nn may/md have/hv been/ben also/rb ,/, and/cc so/rb may/md the/at final/ap redactor/nn of/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl ./. In/in lieu/nn of/in the/at amanuensis/nn to/in the/at blind/jj or/cc illiterate/jj bard/nn ,/, one/pn may/md conceive/vb of/in a/at man/nn who/wps heard/vbd a/at vast/jj store/nn of/in oral/jj poetry/nn recited/vbn ,/, and/cc became/vbd intimately/rb familiar/jj with/in the/at established/vbn aids/nns to/in poetizing/vbg ,/, and/cc himself/ppl wrote/vbd his/pp$ own/jj compositions/nns or/cc his/pp$ edition/nn of/in the/at compositions/nns of/in the/at past/nn ./. Other/ap theories/nns of/in origin/nn are/ber compatible/jj with/in the/at formulaic/jj theory/nn :/: Beowulf/np-tl may/md contain/vb a/at design/nn for/in terror/nn ,/, and/cc The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl may/md have/hv a/at vast/jj hysteron-proteron/nn pattern/nn answering/vbg to/in a/at ceramic/jj pattern/nn produced/vbn during/in the/at Geometric/jj-tl Period/nn-tl in/in pottery/nn ./. The/at account/nn of/in the/at growth/nn and/cc final/ap transcription/nn of/in these/dts epics/nns rests/vbz partly/rb ,/, however/rb ,/, upon/in the/at degree/nn to/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed formulaic/jj ./. Carl/np Eduard/np Schmidt/np counted/vbd 1804/cd different/jj lines/nns repeated/vbn exactly/rb in/in the/at two/cd Homeric/jj poems/nns ,/, and/cc by/in increasing/vbg this/dt figure/nn so/cs as/cs to/to include/vb lines/nns repeated/vbn with/in very/ql slight/jj modifications/nns he/pps counted/vbd 2118/cd different/jj lines/nns used/vbn a/at total/nn of/in 5612/cd times/nns ./. Thus/rb one/cd line/nn in/in five/cd from/in The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl and/cc The/at-tl Odyssey/np-tl is/bez to/to be/be found/vbn somewhere/rb else/rb in/in the/at two/cd poems/nns ./. The/at ratio/nn is/bez thoroughly/ql remarkable/jj ,/, because/cs the/at lines/nns are/ber so/ql long/jj --/-- half/abn again/rb as/ql long/jj as/cs those/dts of/in Beowulf/np-tl ./. Anglo-Saxon/jj poetry/nn appears/vbz to/to have/hv no/at comparable/jj amount/nn of/in repetition/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez no/at reason/nn to/to think/vb that/cs the/at scop/nn used/vbd and/cc re-used/vbd whole/jj lines/nns and/cc even/rb lengthy/jj passages/nns after/in the/at manner/nn of/in his/pp$ Homeric/jj colleague/nn ./. In/in determining/vbg the/at extent/nn to/in which/wdt any/dti poem/nn is/bez formulaic/jj it/pps is/bez idle/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to inspect/vb nothing/pn besides/in lines/nns repeated/vbn in/in their/pp$ entirety/nn ,/, for/cs a/at stock/nn of/in line-fragments/nns would/md be/be sufficient/jj to/to permit/vb the/at poet/nn to/to extemporize/vb with/in deftness/nn if/cs they/ppss provided/vbd for/in prosodic/jj needs/nns ./. The/at closest/jjt scrutiny/nn is/bez owed/vbn to/in the/at Anglo-Saxon/jj kennings/nns and/cc the/at Homeric/jj epithets/nns ;/. ;/. if/cs any/dti words/nns or/cc phrases/nns are/ber formulaic/jj ,/, they/ppss will/md be/be ./. The/at-tl Iliad/np-tl has/hvz two/cd words/nns for/in the/at shield/nn ,/, ASPIS/fw-nn-nc and/cc SAKOS/fw-nn-nc ./.

cj68

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Recent/jj criticism/nn of/in Great/jj-tl Expectations/nns-tl has/hvz tended/vbn to/to emphasize/vb its/pp$ symbolic/jj and/cc mythic/jj content/nn ,/, to/to show/vb ,/, as/cs M./np D./np Zabel/np has/hvz said/vbn of/in Dickens/np generally/rb ,/, that/cs much/ap of/in the/at novel's/nn$ impact/nn resides/vbz in/in its/pp$ ``/`` allegoric/jj insight/nn and/cc moral/jj metaphor/nn ''/'' ./. J./np H./np Miller's/np$ excellent/jj chapter/nn on/in Great/jj-tl Expectations/nns-tl has/hvz lately/rb illustrated/vbn how/wql fruitfully/rb that/dt novel/nn can/md be/be read/vbn from/in such/abl a/at perspective/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ analysis/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, he/pps touches/vbz upon/in but/cc fails/vbz to/to explore/vb an/at idea/nn ,/, generally/rb neglected/vbn in/in discussions/nns of/in the/at book/nn ,/, which/wdt I/ppss believe/vb is/bez central/jj to/in its/pp$ art/nn --/-- the/at importance/nn of/in human/jj hands/nns as/cs a/at recurring/vbg feature/nn of/in the/at narrative/nn ./. This/dt essay/nn seeks/vbz to/to make/vb that/dt exploration/nn ./. Dickens/np was/bedz not/* for/in nothing/pn the/at most/ql theatrical/jj of/in the/at great/jj Victorian/jj writers/nns ./. He/pps knew/vbd instinctively/rb that/cs next/rb to/in voice/nn and/cc face/nn an/at actor's/nn$ hands/nns are/ber his/pp$ most/ql useful/jj possession/nn --/-- that/cs in/in fiction/nn as/cs in/in the/at theatre/nn ,/, gesture/nn is/bez an/at indispensable/jj shorthand/nn for/in individualizing/vbg character/nn and/cc dramatizing/vbg action/nn and/cc response/nn ./. It/pps is/bez hardly/ql accidental/jj ,/, therefore/rb ,/, that/cs many/ap of/in his/pp$ most/ql vivid/jj figures/nns do/do suggestive/jj or/cc eccentric/jj things/nns with/in their/pp$ hands/nns ./. In/in Great/jj-tl Expectations/nns-tl the/at hands/nns become/vb almost/rb an/at obsession/nn ./. Mr./np Jaggers/np habitually/rb bites/vbz his/pp$ forefinger/nn ,/, a/at gesture/nn which/wdt conveys/vbz both/abx contempt/nn and/cc the/at inscrutable/jj abstractedness/nn that/wps half/rb fascinates/vbz ,/, half/rb terrifies/vbz all/abn who/wps have/hv dealings/nns with/in him/ppo ./. Miss/np Havisham's/np$ withered/vbn hands/nns ,/, heavy/jj as/cs if/cs her/pp$ unhappiness/nn were/bed somehow/rb concentrated/vbn in/in them/ppo ,/, move/vb in/in restless/jj self-pity/nn between/in her/pp$ broken/vbn heart/nn and/cc her/pp$ walking/vbg stick/nn ./. Pumblechook's/np$ ``/`` signature/nn ''/'' is/bez the/at perpetually/rb extended/vbn glad/jj hand/nn ./. Wemmick/np reveals/vbz his/pp$ self-satisfaction/nn by/in regularly/rb rubbing/vbg his/pp$ hands/nns together/rb ./. Old/jj Mr./np Pocket's/np$ frantic/jj response/nn to/in life/nn imprisonment/nn with/in a/at useless/jj ,/, social-climbing/jj wife/nn is/bez to/to ``/`` put/vb his/pp$ two/cd hands/nns into/in his/pp$ disturbed/vbn hair/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` make/vb an/at extraordinary/jj effort/nn to/to lift/vb himself/ppl up/rp by/in it/ppo ''/'' ,/, whereas/cs Joe/np Gargery/np endures/vbz the/at shrewish/jj onslaughts/nns of/in Mrs./np Joe/np by/in apologetically/rb drawing/vbg ``/`` the/at back/nn of/in his/pp$ hand/nn across/in and/cc across/in his/pp$ nose/nn ''/'' ./. Such/jj mannerisms/nns would/md be/be less/ql worthy/jj of/in remark/nn ,/, were/bed it/pps not/* that/cs in/in Great/jj-tl Expectations/nns-tl ,/, as/cs in/in no/at other/ap of/in Dickens'/np$ novels/nns ,/, hands/nns serve/vb as/cs a/at leitmotif/nn of/in plot/nn and/cc theme/nn --/-- a/at kind/nn of/in unifying/vbg symbol/nn or/cc natural/jj metaphor/nn for/in the/at book's/nn$ complex/nn of/in human/jj interrelationships/nns and/cc the/at values/nns and/cc attitudes/nns that/wps motivate/vb them/ppo ./. Dickens/np not/* only/rb reveals/vbz character/nn through/in gesture/nn ,/, he/pps makes/vbz hands/nns a/at crucial/jj element/nn of/in the/at plot/nn ,/, a/at means/nn of/in clarifying/vbg the/at structure/nn of/in the/at novel/nn by/in helping/vbg to/to define/vb the/at hero's/nn$ relations/nns with/in all/abn the/at major/jj characters/nns ,/, and/cc a/at device/nn for/in ordering/vbg such/jj diverse/jj themes/nns as/cs guilt/nn ,/, pursuit/nn ,/, crime/nn ,/, greed/nn ,/, education/nn ,/, materialism/nn ,/, enslavement/nn (/( by/in both/abx people/nns and/cc institutions/nns )/) ,/, friendship/nn ,/, romantic/jj love/nn ,/, forgiveness/nn ,/, and/cc redemption/nn ./. We/ppss have/hv only/rb to/to think/vb of/in Lady/nn-tl Macbeth/np or/cc the/at policeman-murderer/nn in/in Thomas/np Burke's/np$ famous/jj story/nn ,/, ``/`` The/at-tl Hands/nns-tl Of/in-tl Mr./np-tl Ottermole/np-tl ''/'' ,/, to/to realize/vb that/cs hands/nns often/rb call/vb up/rp ideas/nns of/in crime/nn and/cc punishment/nn ./. So/rb it/pps is/bez with/in Great/jj-tl Expectations/nns-tl ,/, whether/cs the/at hands/nns be/be Orlick's/np$ as/cs he/pps strikes/vbz down/rp Mrs./np Gargery/np or/cc Pip's/np$ as/cs he/pps steals/vbz a/at pie/nn from/in her/pp$ pantry/nn ./. Such/jj associations/nns suit/vb well/rb with/in the/at gothic/jj or/cc mystery-story/nn aspects/nns of/in Dickens'/np$ novel/nn ,/, but/cc ,/, on/in a/at deeper/jjr plane/nn ,/, they/ppss relate/vb to/in the/at themes/nns of/in sin/nn ,/, guilt/nn ,/, and/cc pursuit/nn that/wps have/hv recently/rb been/ben analyzed/vbn by/in other/ap critics/nns ./. The/at novel/nn opens/vbz with/in a/at fugitive/nn convict/nn frantically/rb trying/vbg to/to avoid/vb the/at nemesis/nn of/in being/beg ``/`` laid/vbn hands/nns on/in ''/'' --/-- a/at mysterious/jj figure/nn who/wps looks/vbz into/in Pip's/np$ frightened/vbn eyes/nns in/in the/at churchyard/nn ``/`` as/cs if/cs he/pps were/bed eluding/vbg the/at hands/nns of/in the/at dead/jj people/nns ,/, stretching/vbg up/rp cautiously/rb out/rp of/in their/pp$ graves/nns ,/, to/to get/vb a/at twist/nn upon/in his/pp$ ankle/nn and/cc pull/vb him/ppo in/rp ''/'' ./. Magwitch/np terrifies/vbz Pip/np into/in stealing/vbg a/at pork/nn pie/nn for/in him/ppo by/in creating/vbg the/at image/nn in/in the/at boy's/nn$ imagination/nn of/in a/at bogy/nn man/nn who/wps may/md ``/`` softly/rb creep/vb his/pp$ way/nn to/in him/ppo and/cc tear/vb him/ppo open/jj ''/'' ,/, ``/`` imbruing/vbg his/pp$ hands/nns ''/'' in/in him/ppo ./. As/cs Pip/np agonizes/vbz over/in the/at theft/nn that/wps his/pp$ own/jj hands/nns have/hv committed/vbn ,/, his/pp$ guilty/jj conscience/nn projects/vbz itself/ppl upon/in the/at wooden/jj finger/nn of/in a/at local/jj signpost/nn ,/, transforming/vbg it/ppo into/in ``/`` a/at phantom/nn devoting/vbg me/ppo to/in the/at Hulks/nns-tl ''/'' ./. Held/vbn upside/rb down/rp in/in the/at graveyard/nn ,/, Pip/np clings/vbz in/in terror/nn ``/`` with/in both/abx hands/nns ''/'' to/in his/pp$ convict/nn ;/. ;/. later/rbr he/pps flees/vbz in/in panic/nn from/in the/at family/nn table/nn just/rb as/cs his/pp$ theft/nn is/bez about/rb to/to be/be discovered/vbn and/cc is/bez blocked/vbn at/in the/at front/jj door/nn by/in a/at soldier/nn who/wps accusingly/rb holds/vbz out/rp a/at pair/nn of/in handcuffs/nns which/wdt he/pps has/hvz brought/vbn to/in Gargery's/np$ forge/nn for/in mending/vbg ./. Through/in such/jj details/nns Dickens/np indicates/vbz at/in the/at outset/nn that/cs guilt/nn is/bez a/at part/nn of/in the/at ironic/jj bond/nn between/in Pip/np and/cc Magwitch/np which/wdt is/bez so/ql unpredictably/rb to/to alter/vb both/abx their/pp$ lives/nns ./. Since/cs they/ppss commonly/rb translate/vb thoughts/nns and/cc feelings/nns into/in deeds/nns ,/, hands/nns naturally/rb represent/vb action/nn ,/, and/cc since/cs nearly/rb half/abn the/at characters/nns in/in Great/jj-tl Expectations/nns-tl are/ber of/in the/at underworld/nn or/cc closely/rb allied/vbn to/in it/ppo ,/, the/at linking/nn of/in hands/nns with/in crime/nn or/cc violence/nn is/bez not/* to/to be/be wondered/vbn at/in ./. Dickens/np ,/, for/in excellent/jj psychological/jj reasons/nns ,/, never/rb fully/rb reveals/vbz Magwitch's/np$ felonious/jj past/nn ,/, but/cc Pip/np ,/, at/in the/at convict's/nn$ climactic/jj reappearance/nn in/in London/np ,/, shrinks/vbz from/in clasping/vbg a/at hand/nn which/wdt he/pps fears/vbz ``/`` might/md be/be stained/vbn with/in blood/nn ''/'' ./. Orlick/np slouches/vbz about/in the/at forge/nn ``/`` like/cs Cain/np ''/'' with/in ``/`` his/pp$ hands/nns in/in his/pp$ pockets/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc when/wrb he/pps shouts/vbz abuse/nn at/in Mrs./np Joe/np for/in objecting/vbg to/in his/pp$ holiday/nn ,/, she/pps claps/vbz her/pp$ hands/nns in/in a/at tantrum/nn ,/, beats/vbz them/ppo ``/`` upon/in her/pp$ bosom/nn and/cc upon/in her/pp$ knees/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc clenches/vbz them/ppo in/in her/pp$ husband's/nn$ hair/nn ./. This/dt last/ap ``/`` rampage/nn ''/'' is/bez only/rb the/at prelude/nn to/in the/at vicious/jj blow/nn upon/in her/pp$ head/nn ,/, ``/`` dealt/vbn by/in some/dti unknown/jj hand/nn ''/'' whose/wp$ identity/nn is/bez later/rbr revealed/vbn not/* verbally/rb but/cc through/in a/at manual/jj action/nn --/-- the/at tracing/nn of/in Orlick's/np$ hammer/nn upon/in a/at slate/nn ./. Pip/np himself/ppl is/bez to/to feel/vb the/at terror/nn of/in Orlick's/np$ ``/`` murderous/jj hand/nn ''/'' in/in his/pp$ secret/jj rendezvous/nn at/in the/at sluicehouse/nn on/in the/at marshes/nns ./. Dickens/np lays/vbz great/jj emphasis/nn on/in the/at hands/nns in/in this/dt scene/nn ./. Orlick/np shakes/vbz his/pp$ hand/nn at/in Pip/np ,/, bangs/vbz the/at table/nn with/in his/pp$ fist/nn ,/, draws/vbz his/pp$ unclenched/vbn hand/nn ``/`` across/in his/pp$ mouth/nn as/cs if/cs his/pp$ mouth/nn watered/vbd ''/'' for/in his/pp$ victim/nn ,/, lets/vbz his/pp$ hands/nns hang/vb ``/`` loose/jj and/cc heavy/jj at/in his/pp$ sides/nns ''/'' ,/, and/cc Pip/np observes/vbz him/ppo so/ql intensely/rb that/cs he/pps knows/vbz ``/`` of/in the/at slightest/jjt action/nn of/in his/pp$ fingers/nns ''/'' ./. Orlick/np might/md almost/rb be/be Magwitch's/np$ bogy/nn man/nn come/vbn alive/jj ,/, a/at figure/nn of/in nemesis/nn from/in Pip's/np$ phantasy/nn of/in guilt/nn ./. The/at scarred/vbn ,/, disfigured/vbn wrists/nns of/in Mr./np Jaggers'/np$ housekeeper/nn are/ber the/at tell-tale/jj marks/nns of/in her/pp$ sinister/jj past/nn ,/, for/cs her/pp$ master/nn ,/, coolly/rb exhibiting/vbg them/ppo to/in his/pp$ dinner/nn guests/nns ,/, makes/vbz a/at point/nn of/in the/at ``/`` force/nn of/in grip/nn there/ex is/bez in/in these/dts hands/nns ''/'' ./. Jaggers'/np$ iron/jj control/nn over/in her/ppo (/( ``/`` she/pps would/md remove/vb her/pp$ hands/nns from/in any/dti dish/nn she/pps put/vbd before/in him/ppo ,/, hesitatingly/rb ,/, as/cs if/cs she/pps dreaded/vbd his/pp$ calling/vbg her/ppo back/rb )/) ''/'' )/) rests/vbz on/in his/pp$ having/hvg once/rb got/vbn her/ppo acquitted/vbn of/in a/at murder/nn charge/nn by/in cleverly/rb contriving/vbg her/pp$ sleeves/nns at/in the/at trial/nn to/to conceal/vb her/pp$ strength/nn and/cc by/in passing/vbg off/rp the/at lacerations/nns on/in the/at backs/nns of/in her/pp$ hands/nns as/cs the/at scratches/nns of/in brambles/nns rather/rb than/cs of/in human/jj fingernails/nns ./. It/pps is/bez the/at similarity/nn between/in Estella's/np$ hands/nns and/cc Molly's/np$ (/( ``/`` The/at action/nn of/in her/pp$ fingers/nns was/bedz like/cs the/at action/nn of/in knitting/vbg ''/'' )/) that/wps provides/vbz Pip/np with/in a/at vital/jj clue/nn to/in the/at real/jj identity/nn of/in both/abx and/cc establishes/vbz a/at symbolic/jj connection/nn between/in the/at underworld/nn of/in crime/nn and/cc the/at genteel/jj cruelty/nn of/in Satis/np-tl House/nn-tl ./. Finally/rb ,/, Magwitch's/np$ pursuit/nn of/in Compeyson/np ,/, his/pp$ archenemy/nn and/cc betrayer/nn ,/, begins/vbz by/in his/pp$ holding/nn him/ppo in/in a/at vicelike/jj grip/nn on/in the/at river/nn flats/nns to/to frustrate/vb his/pp$ escape/nn and/cc culminates/vbz in/in his/pp$ ``/`` laying/nn his/pp$ hand/nn on/in his/pp$ cloak/nn to/to identify/vb him/ppo ''/'' ,/, thus/rb precipitating/vbg the/at death-locked/jj struggle/nn in/in the/at water/nn during/in which/wdt Compeyson/np drowns/vbz ./. Magwitch's/np$ hand/nn here/rb ironically/rb becomes/vbz the/at agent/nn of/in justice/nn ./. But/cc only/rb in/in one/cd of/in its/pp$ aspects/nns is/bez Great/jj-tl Expectations/nns-tl a/at tale/nn of/in violence/nn ,/, revenge/nn ,/, and/cc retribution/nn ./. Money/nn ,/, so/ql important/jj a/at theme/nn elsewhere/rb in/in Dickens/np ,/, is/bez here/rb central/jj ,/, and/cc hands/nns are/ber often/rb associated/vbn in/in some/dti way/nn with/in the/at false/jj values/nns --/-- acquisitiveness/nn ,/, snobbery/nn ,/, self-interest/nn ,/, hypocrisy/nn ,/, toadyism/nn ,/, irresponsibility/nn ,/, injustice/nn --/-- that/wps attach/vb to/in a/at society/nn based/vbn upon/in the/at pursuit/nn of/in wealth/nn ./. Dickens/np suggests/vbz the/at economic/jj evils/nns of/in such/abl a/at society/nn on/in the/at first/od page/nn of/in his/pp$ novel/nn in/in the/at description/nn of/in Pip's/np$ five/cd little/jj dead/jj brothers/nns ``/`` who/wps gave/vbd up/rp trying/vbg to/to get/vb a/at living/nn exceedingly/ql early/rb in/in that/dt universal/jj struggle/nn ''/'' ,/, who/wps seemed/vbd to/to have/hv ``/`` all/abn been/ben born/vbn on/in their/pp$ backs/nns with/in their/pp$ hands/nns in/in their/pp$ trousers-pockets/nns ,/, and/cc had/hvd never/rb taken/vbn them/ppo out/rp in/in this/dt state/nn of/in existence/nn ''/'' ./. Pip's/np$ great/jj expectations/nns ,/, his/pp$ progress/nn through/in illusion/nn and/cc disillusionment/nn ,/, turn/vb ,/, somewhat/rb as/cs they/ppss do/do for/in the/at naive/jj hero/nn of/in Dreiser's/np$ American/jj-tl Tragedy/nn-tl ,/, upon/in the/at lure/nn of/in genteel/jj prosperity/nn through/in unearned/jj income/nn --/-- what/wdt Wemmick/np calls/vbz ``/`` portable/jj property/nn ''/'' and/cc what/wdt Jaggers/np reproaches/vbz Pip/np for/in letting/vbg ``/`` slip/nn through/in (/( his/pp$ )/) fingers/nns ''/'' ./. Since/cs a/at gentleman/nn must/md ,/, if/cs possible/jj ,/, avoid/vb sullying/vbg them/ppo by/in work/nn ,/, his/pp$ hands/nns ,/, as/ql importantly/rb as/cs his/pp$ accent/nn ,/, become/vb the/at index/nn of/in social/jj status/nn ./. Almost/rb the/at first/od step/nn in/in the/at corruption/nn of/in Pip's/np$ values/nns is/bez the/at unworthy/jj shame/nn he/pps feels/vbz when/wrb Estella/np cruelly/rb remarks/vbz the/at coarseness/nn of/in his/pp$ hands/nns :/: ``/`` They/ppss had/hvd never/rb troubled/vbn me/ppo before/rb ,/, but/cc they/ppss troubled/vbd me/ppo now/rb ,/, as/cs vulgar/jj appendages/nns ''/'' ./. Pip/np imagines/vbz how/wrb Estella/np would/md look/vb down/rp upon/in Joe's/np$ hands/nns ,/, roughened/vbn by/in work/nn in/in the/at smithy/nn ,/, and/cc the/at deliberate/jj contrast/nn between/in her/pp$ white/jj hands/nns and/cc his/pp$ blackened/vbn ones/nns is/bez made/vbn to/to symbolize/vb the/at opposition/nn of/in values/nns between/in which/wdt Pip/np struggles/vbz --/-- idleness/nn and/cc work/nn ,/, artificiality/nn and/cc naturalness/nn ,/, gentility/nn and/cc commonness/nn ,/, coldness/nn and/cc affection/nn --/-- in/in fact/nn ,/, between/in Satis/np-tl House/nn-tl and/cc the/at forge/nn ./. When/wrb the/at snobbery/nn that/wps alienates/vbz Pip/np from/in Joe/np finally/rb gives/vbz way/nn before/in the/at deeper/jjr and/cc stronger/jjr force/nn of/in love/nn ,/, the/at reunion/nn is/bez marked/vbn by/in an/at embarrassed/vbn handshake/nn at/in which/wdt Pip/np exclaims/vbz :/: ``/`` No/rb ,/, don't/do* wipe/vb it/ppo off/rp --/-- for/in God's/np$ sake/nn ,/, give/vb me/ppo your/pp$ blackened/vbn hand/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Pip's/np$ abject/jj leave-taking/nn of/in Miss/np Havisham/np ,/, during/in which/wdt he/pps kneels/vbz to/to kiss/vb her/pp$ hand/nn ,/, signalizes/vbz his/pp$ homage/nn to/in a/at supposed/vbn patroness/nn who/wps seems/vbz to/to be/be opening/vbg up/rp for/in him/ppo a/at new/jj world/nn of/in glamour/nn ;/. ;/. when/wrb ,/, on/in the/at journey/nn to/in London/np that/wps immediately/rb follows/vbz ,/, he/pps pauses/vbz nostalgically/rb to/to lay/vb his/pp$ hand/nn upon/in the/at finger-post/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at village/nn ,/, the/at wooden/jj pointer/nn symbolically/rb designates/vbz a/at spiritual/jj frontier/nn between/in innocence/nn and/cc the/at corruption/nn of/in worldly/jj vanity/nn ./. Incidentally/rb ,/, one/pn cannot/md* miss/vb the/at significance/nn of/in this/dt gesture/nn ,/, for/cs Dickens/np reintroduces/vbz it/ppo associatively/rb in/in Pip's/np$ mind/nn at/in another/dt moral/jj and/cc psychological/jj crisis/nn --/-- his/pp$ painful/jj recognition/nn ,/, in/in a/at talk/nn with/in Herbert/np Pocket/np ,/, that/cs his/pp$ hopeless/jj attachment/nn to/in Estella/np is/bez as/ql self-destructive/jj as/cs it/pps is/bez romantic/jj ./. In/in both/abx cases/nns the/at finger-post/nn represents/vbz Pip's/np$ heightened/vbn awareness/nn of/in contrary/jj magnetisms/nns ./. A/at variety/nn of/in hand/nn movements/nns helps/vbz dramatize/vb the/at moral/jj climate/nn of/in the/at fallen/vbn world/nn Pip/np encounters/vbz beyond/in the/at forge/nn ./. The/at vulture-like/jj attendance/nn of/in the/at Pocket/np family/nn upon/in Miss/np Havisham/np is/bez summed/vbn up/rp in/in the/at hypocritical/jj gestures/nns of/in Miss/np Camilla/np Pocket/np ,/, who/wps puts/vbz her/pp$ hand/nn to/in her/pp$ throat/nn in/in a/at feigned/vbn spasm/nn of/in grief-stricken/jj choking/nn ,/, then/rb lays/vbz it/ppo ``/`` upon/in her/pp$ heaving/vbg bosom/nn ''/'' with/in ``/`` an/at unnatural/jj fortitude/nn of/in manner/nn ''/'' ,/, and/cc finally/rb kisses/vbz it/ppo to/in Miss/np Havisham/np in/in a/at parody/nn of/in the/at lady's/nn$ own/jj mannerism/nn toward/in Estella/np ./. Pumblechook's/np$ hands/nns throughout/in the/at novel/nn serve/vb to/to travesty/vb greed/nn and/cc hypocritical/jj self-aggrandizement/nn ./. We/ppss first/rb see/vb him/ppo shaking/vbg Mrs./np Joe's/np$ hand/nn on/in discovering/vbg the/at sizable/jj amount/nn of/in the/at premium/nn paid/vbn to/in her/pp$ husband/nn for/in Pip's/np$ indenture/nn as/cs an/at apprentice/nn and/cc later/rbr pumping/vbg Pip's/np$ hands/nns ``/`` for/in the/at hundredth/od time/nn at/in least/ap ''/'' (/( ``/`` May/md I/ppss --/-- may/md I/ppss --/-- ''/'' ?/. ?/. )/) in/in effusive/jj congratulation/nn to/in Pip/np on/in his/pp$ expectations/nns ./. We/ppss take/vb leave/nn of/in Pumblechook/np as/cs he/pps gloats/vbz over/in Pip's/np$ loss/nn of/in fortune/nn ,/, extending/vbg his/pp$ hand/nn ``/`` with/in a/at magnificently/rb forgiving/jj air/nn ''/'' and/cc exhibiting/vbg ``/`` the/at same/ap fat/jj five/cd fingers/nns ''/'' ,/, one/cd of/in which/wdt he/pps identifies/vbz with/in ``/`` the/at finger/nn of/in Providence/np ''/'' and/cc shakes/vbz at/in Pip/np in/in a/at canting/vbg imputation/nn of/in the/at latter's/nn$ ``/`` ingratitoode/nn ''/'' and/cc his/pp$ own/jj generosity/nn as/cs Pip's/np$ ``/`` earliest/jjt benefactor/nn ''/'' ./. Pip/np first/rb learns/vbz ``/`` the/at stupendous/jj power/nn of/in money/nn ''/'' from/in the/at sycophantic/jj tailor/nn ,/, Mr./np Trabb/np ,/, whose/wp$ brutality/nn to/in his/pp$ boy/nn helper/nn exactly/rb matches/vbz the/at financial/jj resource/nn of/in each/dt new/jj customer/nn ,/, and/cc whose/wp$ fawning/vbg hands/nns touch/vb ``/`` the/at outside/nn of/in each/dt elbow/nn ''/'' and/cc ``/`` rub/vb ''/'' Pip/np out/rp of/in the/at shop/nn ./. The/at respectability/nn which/wdt money/nn confers/vbz implies/vbz a/at different/jj etiquette/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, upon/in taking/vbg up/rp the/at life/nn of/in a/at London/np gentleman/nn ,/, Pip/np must/md learn/vb from/in Herbert/np Pocket/np that/cs ``/`` the/at spoon/nn is/bez not/* generally/rb used/vbn over-hand/rb ,/, but/cc under/rb ''/'' ./.

cj69

cj69 |@word follow:10 item:9 may:23 specify:9 actual:14 symbolic:20 form:4 operand:17 instruction:8 refer:3 particular:1 channel:3 unit:7 combine:2 arm:2 file:12 record:7 synchronizer:2 inquiry:1 alteration:2 switch:40 declarative:8 operation:3 equ:5 use:32 equate:6 name:18 number:6 see:3 page:4 85:1 continuation:8 card:9 certain:1 autocoder:10 statement:33 make:6 provision:1 parameter:4 contain:3 column:5 21:2 75:1 single:1 line:5 code:4 sheet:3 case:2 appropriate:1 section:1 manual:1 indicate:4 thus:1 specifically:1 permit:3 give:1 continue:3 one:8 four:1 additional:3 immediately:4 label:4 must:8 blank:2 begin:1 leave:1 justified:1 nee:1 extend:1 across:1 entire:2 either:1 header:1 end:5 comma:1 remark:1 appear:4 right:1 last:1 provide:6 separate:2 least:1 two:7 space:1 illustration:1 include:6 throughout:1 example:1 illustrate:1 various:1 compiler:7 generate:4 nop:1 issue:2 error:1 message:4 restriction:1 regard:1 macro:3 106:1 reservation:1 index:45 word:49 electronic:32 assignment:18 address:14 occur:1 phase:4 3:7 processor:3 initial:3 availability:4 determine:1 table:9 system:9 tape:8 originally:1 1:6 96:3 30:2 available:13 reference:6 97:2 99:3 setting:2 alter:4 however:4 describe:4 datum:3 processing:4 bulletin:2 ibm:2 operating:1 procedure:1 aj:5 first:6 pass:6 collect:1 update:1 unavailable:3 start:2 way:2 2:2 digit:8 machine:1 indexing:1 always:1 reserve:6 usage:3 position:3 order:1 within:2 program:14 important:1 encounter:2 method:6 apply:3 third:1 examine:2 find:3 assign:9 change:1 longer:1 later:1 xreserve:1 sreserve:1 correspond:2 area:14 mean:3 origin:1 entry:5 normally:1 beginning:2 litorigin:2 otherwise:3 previously:1 precede:3 allow:2 efficient:1 sectionalized:1 multi:1 particularly:1 conjunction:1 extreme:1 caution:1 avoid:2 conflicting:1 result:1 function:2 xrelease:2 srelease:2 101:1 regardless:1 time:2 warning:3 place:3 object:5 list:2 show:3 resultant:1 conflict:1 reduce:1 proper:1 note:1 appendix:1 c:1 never:2 also:5 93:1 necessary:1 information:4 complete:1 imperative:1 properly:1 execute:2 preferably:1 special:1 care:1 take:1 branch:1 around:1 attempt:1 something:1 data:1 da:6 define:10 dc:6 constant:3 drdw:3 definition:2 dsw:2 dline:3 dtf:4 diocs:8 input:5 output:5 control:5 duf:5 descriptive:1 require:2 length:1 field:2 enter:1 since:1 7070:3 7074:1 rdws:4 read:1 write:3 move:2 block:1 storage:2 option:1 automatically:2 instructed:1 successive:1 location:7 associate:2 rdw:2 af:1 xxxx:1 yyyy:1 calculate:1 advantageous:1 part:1 purpose:1 programmer:2 many:1 ten:1 digital:1 consideration:1 setsw:1 logic:1 occupy:1 set:2 consider:1 logically:1 equivalent:1 command:1 esn:1 bsn:1 etc:2 individual:1 test:1 desire:1 means:1 editing:1 insert:1 print:1 layout:1 supply:3 programm:1 running:1 edmov:1 symbol:2 another:1 select:2 major:2 specification:2 produce:1 addition:1 relate:1 subroutine:2 every:1 type:1 equipment:1 user:1 unique:1 full:1 description:3 brief:1 three:1 detailed:1 format:3 naming:1 source:1 basic:1 anylabel:1 omit:3 exactly:1 iocsixf:3 iocs:2 range:2 94:2 second:3 iocsixg:3

The/at following/vbg items/nns may/md be/be specified/vbn in/in actual/jj or/cc symbolic/jj form/nn in/in the/at operands/nns of/in those/dts instructions/nns which/wdt refer/vb to/in the/at particular/ap items/nns :/: channel/nn ,/, unit/nn ,/, combined/vbn channel/nn and/cc unit/nn ,/, combined/vbn arm/nn and/cc file/nn ,/, unit/nn record/nn synchronizers/nns ,/, inquiry/nn synchronizers/nns ,/, and/cc alteration/nn switches/nns ./. The/at declarative/jj operation/nn EQU/nn is/bez used/vbn to/to equate/vb symbolic/jj names/nns to/in item/nn numbers/nns (/( see/vb page/nn 85/cd )/) ./. Continuation/nn-hl cards/nns-hl Certain/ap Autocoder/np statements/nns make/vb provision/nn for/in more/ap parameters/nns than/cs may/md be/be contained/vbn in/in the/at operand/nn (/( columns/nns 21/cd -/in 75/cd )/) of/in a/at single/ap line/nn on/in the/at Autocoder/np coding/vbg sheet/nn ./. When/wrb this/dt is/bez the/at case/nn ,/, the/at appropriate/jj section/nn of/in this/dt manual/nn will/md indicate/vb that/cs ``/`` Continuation/nn-tl Cards/nns-tl ''/'' may/md be/be used/vbn ./. Thus/rb ,/, when/wrb specifically/rb permitted/vbn ,/, the/at operand/nn of/in a/at given/vbn line/nn on/in the/at Autocoder/np coding/vbg sheet/nn may/md be/be continued/vbn in/in the/at operand/nn of/in from/in one/cd to/in four/cd additional/jj lines/nns which/wdt immediately/rb follow/vb ./. The/at label/nn and/cc operation/nn columns/nns must/md be/be blank/jj and/cc the/at continuation/nn of/in the/at operand/nn must/md begin/vb in/in column/nn 21/cd ;/. ;/. i.e./rb ,/, it/pps must/md be/be left-justified/vbn in/in the/at operand/nn column/nn of/in the/at coding/vbg sheet/nn ./. The/at operand/nn need/md not/* extend/vb across/in the/at entire/jj operand/nn column/nn of/in either/cc the/at header/nn card/nn or/cc continuation/nn cards/nns but/cc may/md end/vb with/in the/at comma/nn following/vbg any/dti parameter/nn ./. Remarks/nns may/md appear/vb to/in the/at right/nr of/in the/at last/ap parameter/nn on/in each/dt card/nn provided/vbd they/ppss are/ber separated/vbn from/in the/at operand/nn by/in at/in least/ap two/cd blank/jj spaces/nns ./. Illustrations/nns of/in the/at use/nn of/in continuation/nn cards/nns are/ber included/vbn throughout/in the/at examples/nns illustrating/vbg the/at various/ap statements/nns ./. If/cs a/at continuation/nn card/nn follows/vbz a/at statement/nn that/wps does/doz not/* permit/vb continuation/nn cards/nns ,/, the/at compiler/nn will/md generate/vb a/at NOP/nn and/cc issue/vb an/at error/nn message/nn ./. Additional/jj restrictions/nns regarding/in the/at use/nn of/in continuation/nn cards/nns with/in macro-instructions/nns appear/vb on/in page/nn 106/cd ./. Reservation/nn-hl of/in-hl index/nn-hl words/nns-hl and/cc-hl electronic/jj-hl switches/nns-hl The/at assignment/nn of/in actual/jj addresses/nns to/in symbolic/jj index/nn word/nn and/cc electronic/jj switch/nn names/nns occurs/vbz in/in Phase/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at Autocoder/np processor/nn ./. The/at initial/jj availability/nn of/in index/nn words/nns and/cc electronic/jj switches/nns is/bez determined/vbn by/in a/at table/nn which/wdt is/bez included/vbn in/in the/at Compiler/nn-tl Systems/nns-tl Tape/nn-tl ./. This/dt table/nn originally/rb indicates/vbz that/cs index/nn words/nns 1/cd through/in 96/cd and/cc electronic/jj switches/nns 1/cd through/in 30/cd are/ber available/jj for/in assignment/nn to/in symbolic/jj references/nns ;/. ;/. index/nn words/nns 97/cd through/in 99/cd are/ber not/* available/jj ./. The/at initial/jj setting/nn of/in this/dt table/nn may/md be/be altered/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, as/cs described/vbn in/in the/at 7070/7074/cd Data/nns-tl Processing/vbg-tl System/nn-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ``/`` IBM/np-tl 7070/7074/cd-tl Compiler/nn-tl System/nn-tl :/: Operating/vbg-tl Procedure/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, form/nn Aj/nn ./. During/in the/at first/od pass/nn of/in Phase/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, ,/, references/nns to/in the/at actual/jj addresses/nns of/in index/nn words/nns and/cc electronic/jj switches/nns are/ber collected/vbn and/cc the/at availability/nn table/nn is/bez updated/vbn ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in this/dt pass/nn ,/, the/at table/nn indicates/vbz which/wdt index/nn words/nns and/cc electronic/jj switches/nns are/ber not/* available/jj for/in assignment/nn to/in symbolic/jj references/nns ./. Both/abx index/nn words/nns and/cc electronic/jj switches/nns may/md have/hv been/ben made/vbn unavailable/jj before/in the/at start/nn of/in assignment/nn in/in one/cd of/in the/at following/vbg ways/nns ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at initial/jj setting/nn of/in the/at availability/nn table/nn indicated/vbd that/cs the/at index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn was/bedz not/* available/jj for/in assignment/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at one-/cd or/cc two-digit/jj number/nn of/in the/at index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn was/bedz used/vbn in/in the/at operand/nn of/in a/at symbolic/jj machine/nn instruction/nn to/to specify/vb indexing/vbg or/cc as/cs a/at parameter/nn which/wdt is/bez always/rb an/at index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn ,/, e.g./rb ,/, 3/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at one-/cd or/cc two-digit/jj number/nn of/in the/at index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn was/bedz used/vbn in/in the/at operand/nn of/in an/at EQU/nn statement/nn ,/, e.g./rb ,/, When/wrb the/at index/nn words/nns or/cc electronic/jj switches/nns are/ber reserved/vbn because/rb of/in actual/jj usage/nn in/in the/at statements/nns described/vbn above/rb ,/, the/at position/nn or/cc order/nn of/in the/at statements/nns within/in the/at program/nn is/bez not/* important/jj ;/. ;/. any/dti such/jj reference/nn will/md make/vb the/at index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn unavailable/jj at/in the/at end/nn of/in this/dt pass/nn ./. During/in the/at assignment/nn pass/nn of/in Phase/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, ,/, index/nn words/nns and/cc electronic/jj switches/nns are/ber reserved/vbn as/cs they/ppss are/ber encountered/vbn during/in assignment/nn ./. Index/nn words/nns and/cc electronic/jj switches/nns may/md be/be reserved/vbn in/in the/at following/vbg ways/nns ./. The/at first/od two/cd methods/nns apply/vb to/in both/abx index/nn words/nns and/cc electronic/jj switches/nns ;/. ;/. the/at third/od applies/vbz only/rb to/in index/nn words/nns ./. 1/cd-hl ./.-hl During/in the/at assignment/nn pass/nn ,/, each/dt instruction/nn is/bez examined/vbn for/in reference/nn to/in the/at symbolic/jj name/nn of/in an/at index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn ./. When/wrb such/abl a/at reference/nn is/bez found/vbn ,/, an/at actual/jj address/nn is/bez assigned/vbn and/cc the/at availability/nn table/nn is/bez changed/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at assigned/vbn index/nn word/nn or/cc switch/nn is/bez no/ql longer/rbr available/jj for/in later/jjr assignment/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl If/cs the/at one-/cd or/cc two-digit/jj address/nn of/in an/at index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn is/bez used/vbn or/cc is/bez included/vbn in/in the/at operand/nn of/in an/at XRESERVE/nn or/cc SRESERVE/nn statement/nn (/( see/vb page/nn 99/cd )/) ,/, the/at corresponding/jj index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn is/bez reserved/vbn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl If/cs a/at statement/nn has/hvz been/ben assigned/vbn an/at address/nn in/in the/at index/nn word/nn area/nn by/in means/nns of/in an/at actual/jj label/nn or/cc by/in means/nns of/in an/at origin/nn statement/nn which/wdt refers/vbz to/in an/at actual/jj address/nn ,/, the/at corresponding/jj index/nn word/nn will/md be/be reserved/vbn ./. These/dts entries/nns should/md normally/rb appear/vb at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in the/at program/nn or/cc immediately/rb following/vbg each/dt LITORIGIN/nn statement/nn ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, symbolic/jj names/nns may/md have/hv previously/rb been/ben assigned/vbn to/in these/dts same/ap index/nn words/nns ./. (/( This/dt method/nn does/doz not/* apply/vb to/in electronic/jj switches/nns ./. )/) The/at preceding/vbg methods/nns allow/vb efficient/jj use/nn of/in index/nn words/nns and/cc electronic/jj switches/nns during/in a/at sectionalized/vbn or/cc multi-phase/jj program/nn ,/, particularly/rb when/wrb used/vbn in/in conjunction/nn with/in the/at LITORIGIN/nn statement/nn ./. Extreme/jj caution/nn should/md be/be used/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to avoid/vb the/at conflicting/vbg usage/nn of/in an/at index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn which/wdt may/md result/vb from/in the/at assignment/nn of/in more/ap than/in one/cd name/nn or/cc function/nn to/in the/at same/ap address/nn ./. If/cs the/at symbolic/jj name/nn or/cc actual/jj address/nn of/in an/at index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn appears/vbz or/cc is/bez included/vbn in/in the/at operand/nn of/in an/at XRELEASE/nn or/cc SRELEASE/nn statement/nn (/( see/vb page/nn 101/cd )/) ,/, the/at specified/vbn index/nn word/nn or/cc electronic/jj switch/nn will/md again/rb be/be made/vbn available/jj ,/, regardless/rb of/in the/at method/nn by/in which/wdt it/pps was/bedz reserved/vbn ./. It/pps will/md not/* ,/, however/rb ,/, be/be used/vbn for/in symbolic/jj assignment/nn until/cs all/abn other/ap index/nn words/nns or/cc electronic/jj switches/nns have/hv been/ben assigned/vbn for/in the/at first/od time/nn ./. If/cs ,/, at/in any/dti time/nn during/in the/at assignment/nn pass/nn ,/, the/at compiler/nn finds/vbz that/cs there/ex are/ber no/at more/ap index/nn words/nns available/jj for/in assignment/nn ,/, the/at warning/vbg message/nn ``/`` No/at-tl More/ap-tl Index/nn-tl Words/nns-tl Available/jj-tl ''/'' will/md be/be placed/vbn in/in the/at object/nn program/nn listing/nn ,/, the/at table/nn will/md be/be altered/vbn to/to show/vb that/cs index/nn words/nns 1/cd through/in 96/cd are/ber available/jj ,/, and/cc the/at assignment/nn will/md continue/vb as/cs before/rb ./. If/cs the/at compiler/nn finds/vbz that/cs there/ex are/ber no/at more/ap electronic/jj switches/nns available/jj for/in assignment/nn ,/, the/at warning/vbg message/nn ``/`` No/at-tl More/ap-tl Electronic/jj-tl Switches/nns Available/jj-tl ''/'' will/md be/be placed/vbn in/in the/at object/nn program/nn listing/nn ,/, the/at table/nn will/md be/be altered/vbn to/to show/vb that/cs electronic/jj switches/nns 1/cd through/in 30/cd are/ber available/jj ,/, and/cc assignment/nn will/md continue/vb as/cs before/rb ./. The/at resultant/jj conflicting/vbg usage/nn of/in index/nn words/nns or/cc electronic/jj switches/nns may/md be/be avoided/vbn by/in reducing/vbg the/at number/nn of/in symbolic/jj names/nns used/vbn ,/, e.g./rb ,/, through/in the/at proper/jj use/nn of/in the/at EQU/nn ,/, XRELEASE/nn ,/, or/cc SRELEASE/nn statements/nns ./. As/cs noted/vbn in/in Appendix/nn-tl C/np-tl ,/, index/nn words/nns 97/cd through/in 99/cd are/ber never/rb available/jj for/in assignment/nn to/in symbolic/jj names/nns by/in the/at compiler/nn ;/. ;/. also/rb ,/, index/nn words/nns 93/cd through/in 96/cd may/md have/hv been/ben made/vbn unavailable/jj for/in assignment/nn ./. Declarative/jj-hl statements/nns-hl Autocoder/np declarative/jj statements/nns provide/vb the/at processor/nn with/in the/at necessary/jj information/nn to/to complete/vb the/at imperative/jj operations/nns properly/rb ./. Declarative/jj statements/nns are/ber never/rb executed/vbn in/in the/at object/nn program/nn and/cc should/md be/be separated/vbn from/in the/at program/nn instruction/nn area/nn ,/, placed/vbn preferably/rb at/in its/pp$ beginning/nn or/cc end/nn ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, special/jj care/nn must/md be/be taken/vbn to/to branch/vb around/in them/ppo so/cs that/cs the/at program/nn will/md not/* attempt/vb to/to execute/vb something/pn in/in a/at data/nn area/nn as/cs an/at instruction/nn ./. If/cs the/at compiler/nn does/doz encounter/vb such/jj statements/nns ,/, a/at warning/vbg message/nn will/md be/be issued/vbn ./. 7070/7074/cd Autocoder/np includes/vbz the/at following/vbg declarative/jj statements/nns :/: DA/nn (/( Define/vb-tl Area/nn-tl )/) ,/, DC/nn (/( Define/vb-tl Constant/nn-tl )/) ,/, DRDW/nn (/( Define/vb-tl Record/nn-tl Definition/nn-tl Word/nn-tl )/) ,/, DSW/nn (/( Define/vb-tl Switch/nn-tl )/) ,/, DLINE/nn (/( Define/vb-tl Line/nn-tl )/) ,/, EQU/nn (/( Equate/vb-tl )/) ,/, CODE,DTF/nn (/( Define/vb-tl Tape/nn-tl File/nn-tl )/) ,/, DIOCS/nn (/( Define/vb-tl Input/Output/jj-tl Control/nn-tl System/nn-tl )/) ,/, and/cc DUF/nn (/( Descriptive/jj-tl Entry/nn-tl For/in-tl Unit/nn-tl Records/nns-tl )/) ./. DA/nn ,/, DC/nn ,/, DTF/nn ,/, and/cc DLINE/nn require/vb more/ap than/in one/cd entry/nn ./. The/at DA/nn statement/nn is/bez used/vbn to/to name/vb and/cc define/vb the/at positions/nns and/cc length/nn of/in fields/nns within/in an/at area/nn ./. The/at DC/nn statement/nn is/bez used/vbn to/to name/vb and/cc enter/vb constants/nns into/in the/at object/nn program/nn ./. Since/cs the/at 7070/cd and/cc 7074/cd make/vb use/nn of/in record/nn definition/nn words/nns (/( RDWS/np )/) to/to read/vb ,/, write/vb ,/, move/vb ,/, and/cc otherwise/rb examine/vb blocks/nns of/in storage/nn ,/, the/at DA/nn and/cc DC/nn statements/nns provide/vb the/at option/nn of/in generating/vbg RDWS/nn automatically/rb ./. When/wrb so/rb instructed/vbn ,/, Autocoder/np will/md generate/vb one/cd or/cc more/ap RDWS/nn and/cc assign/vb them/ppo successive/jj locations/nns immediately/rb preceding/vbg the/at area/nn with/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber to/to be/be associated/vbn ./. An/at RDW/nn will/md be/be of/in the/at form/nn Af/nn ,/, where/wrb xxxx/nn is/bez the/at starting/vbg location/nn of/in the/at area/nn and/cc yyyy/nn is/bez its/pp$ ending/vbg location/nn ./. These/dts addresses/nns are/ber calculated/vbn automatically/rb by/in the/at processor/nn ./. In/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, it/pps may/md be/be more/ql advantageous/jj to/to assign/vb locations/nns to/in RDWS/nn associated/vbn with/in DA/nn and/cc DC/nn areas/nns in/in some/dti other/ap part/nn of/in storage/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, not/* immediately/rb preceding/vbg the/at DA/nn or/cc DC/nn areas/nns ./. The/at DRDW/nn statement/nn may/md be/be used/vbn for/in this/dt purpose/nn ./. The/at DRDW/nn statement/nn may/md also/rb be/be used/vbn to/to generate/vb an/at RDW/nn defining/vbg any/dti area/nn specified/vbn by/in the/at programmer/nn ./. As/ql many/ap as/cs ten/cd digital/jj switches/nns may/md be/be named/vbn and/cc provided/vbn by/in the/at DSW/nn statement/nn for/in consideration/nn by/in the/at SETSW/nn and/cc logic/nn macro-instructions/nns ./. Each/dt switch/nn occupies/vbz one/cd digit/nn position/nn in/in a/at word/nn ,/, can/md be/be set/vbn on/rp or/cc off/rp ,/, and/cc is/bez considered/vbn as/cs logically/rb equivalent/jj to/in an/at electronic/jj switch/nn ./. It/pps cannot/md* ,/, however/rb ,/, be/be referred/vbn to/in by/in electronic/jj switch/nn commands/nns ,/, e.g./rb ,/, ESN/nn ,/, BSN/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. An/at individual/ap switch/nn or/cc the/at entire/jj set/nn of/in switches/nns in/in a/at word/nn may/md be/be tested/vbn or/cc altered/vbn as/cs desired/vbn ./. Through/in use/nn of/in the/at DLINE/nn statement/nn ,/, a/at means/nn is/bez provided/vbn for/in specifying/vbg both/abx the/at editing/nn of/in fields/nns to/to be/be inserted/vbn in/in a/at print/nn line/nn area/nn and/cc the/at layout/nn of/in the/at area/nn itself/ppl ./. The/at area/nn may/md include/vb constant/jj information/nn supplied/vbn by/in the/at programmer/nn ./. The/at area/nn may/md also/rb be/be provided/vbn with/in additional/jj data/nn during/in the/at running/nn of/in the/at object/nn program/nn by/in means/nns of/in EDMOV/nn or/cc move/nn macro-instructions/nns ./. The/at declarative/jj statement/nn EQU/nn permits/vbz the/at programmer/nn to/to equate/vb symbolic/jj names/nns to/in actual/jj index/nn words/nns ,/, electronic/jj switches/nns ,/, arm/nn and/cc file/nn numbers/nns ,/, tape/nn channel/nn and/cc unit/nn numbers/nns ,/, alteration/nn switches/nns ,/, etc./rb ,/, and/cc to/to equate/vb a/at symbol/nn to/in another/dt symbol/nn or/cc to/in an/at actual/jj address/nn ./. The/at DIOCS/nn ,/, DTF/nn ,/, and/cc DUF/nn statements/nns are/ber used/vbn when/wrb required/vbn by/in the/at Input/Output/jj-tl Control/nn-tl System/nn-tl ./. DIOCS/np is/bez used/vbn to/to select/vb the/at major/jj methods/nns of/in processing/vbg to/to be/be used/vbn ,/, and/cc to/to name/vb the/at index/nn words/nns used/vbn by/in Aj/nn ./. Each/dt tape/nn file/nn must/md be/be described/vbn by/in Tape/nn-tl File/nn-tl Specifications/nns-tl ,/, produced/vbn by/in Aj/nn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in information/nn related/vbn to/in the/at file/nn and/cc its/pp$ records/nns ,/, the/at File/nn-tl Specifications/nns-tl contain/vb subroutine/nn locations/nns and/cc the/at location/nn of/in tape/nn label/nn information/nn ./. A/at DUF/nn entry/nn must/md be/be supplied/vbn for/in every/at unit/nn record/nn file/nn describing/vbg the/at type/nn of/in file/nn and/cc the/at unit/nn record/nn equipment/nn to/to be/be used/vbn ./. The/at DUF/nn also/rb supplies/vbz the/at locations/nns of/in subroutines/nns written/vbn by/in the/at user/nn that/wps are/ber unique/jj to/in the/at file/nn ./. A/at full/jj description/nn of/in the/at DIOCS/nn ,/, DTF/nn ,/, and/cc DUF/nn statements/nns is/bez contained/vbn in/in the/at 7070/cd-tl Data/nns-tl Processing/vbg-tl System/nn-tl Bulletin/nn-tl ``/`` IBM/np-tl 7070/cd-tl Input/Output/jj-tl Control/nn-tl System/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, form/nn Aj/nn ./. Brief/jj descriptions/nns of/in these/dts three/cd declarative/jj statements/nns and/cc detailed/vbn descriptions/nns of/in the/at formats/nns and/cc functions/nns of/in each/dt of/in the/at other/ap 7070/7074/cd Autocoder/np declarative/jj statements/nns follow/vb below/rb ./. diocs/nn-hl --/---hl define/vb-hl input/output/nn-hl control/nn-hl system/nn-hl When/wrb the/at Input/Output/jj-tl Control/nn-tl System/nn-tl is/bez to/to be/be used/vbn in/in a/at program/nn ,/, a/at DIOCS/nn statement/nn must/md be/be used/vbn to/to select/vb the/at major/jj methods/nns of/in processing/vbg to/to be/be used/vbn ./. This/dt statement/nn also/rb allows/vbz the/at naming/nn of/in the/at index/nn words/nns used/vbn by/in Aj/nn ./. Source/nn-hl program/nn-hl format/nn-hl The/at basic/jj format/nn of/in the/at DIOCS/nn statement/nn is/bez as/cs follows/vbz :/: anylabel/np is/bez any/dti symbolic/jj label/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps may/md be/be omitted/vbn ./. The/at entry/nn DIOCS/nn must/md be/be written/vbn exactly/rb as/cs shown/vbn ./. The/at first/od item/nn in/in the/at operand/nn ,/, IOCSIXF/nn ,/, is/bez used/vbn to/to specify/vb the/at first/od IOCS/nn index/nn word/nn for/in programs/nns using/vbg tape/nn files/nns ./. This/dt item/nn may/md be/be a/at symbolic/jj name/nn or/cc an/at actual/jj one-digit/nn or/cc two-digit/jj index/nn word/nn address/nn in/in the/at range/nn 3/cd -/in 94/cd ./. If/cs the/at first/od item/nn in/in the/at operand/nn is/bez omitted/vbn ,/, the/at symbolic/jj name/nn IOCSIXF/nn will/md be/be assigned/vbn ./. When/wrb an/at actual/jj index/nn word/nn or/cc a/at symbolic/jj address/nn is/bez specified/vbn ,/, Autocoder/np will/md equate/vb the/at name/nn IOCSIXF/nn to/in it/ppo ./. The/at second/od item/nn in/in the/at operand/nn ,/, IOCSIXG/nn ,/, is/bez used/vbn to/to specify/vb the/at second/od IOCS/nn index/nn word/nn for/in programs/nns using/vbg tape/nn files/nns ./. This/dt item/nn may/md be/be a/at symbolic/jj name/nn or/cc an/at actual/jj one-digit/nn or/cc two-digit/jj index/nn word/nn address/nn in/in the/at range/nn 3/cd -/in 94/cd ./. If/cs the/at second/od item/nn in/in the/at operand/nn is/bez omitted/vbn ,/, the/at symbolic/jj name/nn IOCSIXG/nn will/md be/be assigned/vbn ./. When/wrb an/at actual/jj index/nn word/nn or/cc a/at symbolic/jj address/nn is/bez specified/vbn ,/, Autocoder/np will/md equate/vb IOCSIXG/nn to/in it/ppo ./.

cj70

cj70 |@word midwest:1 oxidation:20 pond:23 use:3 extensively:1 treatment:10 domestic:5 sewage:17 suburban:1 area:7 high:5 cost:1 land:2 operational:3 problem:8 result:3 excessive:1 loading:5 create:3 need:1 wastewater:2 system:7 characteristic:2 ability:1 treat:5 organic:8 matter:1 per:6 unit:4 volume:5 research:1 fayette:2 missouri:2 show:8 bod:21 effluent:19 vary:2 30:1 53:1 mg:14 l:12 8:1 120:1 lb:9 since:2 experience:1 indicate:10 major:3 concentration:3 goal:1 quality:1 accelerated:1 conventional:1 recent:1 study:9 weston:1 stack:1 turbine:3 aerator:11 could:2 add:3 increase:9 rate:10 oxygen:22 transfer:12 possible:2 3:2 4:4 hr:4 hp:2 eckenfelder:2 discuss:1 aerate:9 lagoon:13 waste:2 retention:4 would:4 give:6 60:3 76:1 cent:5 reduction:2 later:1 efficiency:1 75:2 85:1 summer:2 month:5 appear:2 limited:1 information:1 available:1 may:1 offer:1 satisfactory:1 mean:1 capacity:3 exist:6 well:2 provide:3 degree:1 small:2 red:4 bridge:4 subdivision:5 development:3 south:2 kansas:2 city:2 developer:4 face:1 adequate:2 disposal:1 expect:2 serve:3 several:1 year:1 necessitate:2 construction:3 temporary:1 facility:2 life:1 5:1 15:1 aj:12 initial:1 construct:2 figure:3 1:4 surface:8 acre:4 depth:1 currently:1 person:3 260:2 1960:1 become:1 completely:1 septic:3 emit:1 obnoxious:1 odor:2 maintain:1 aerobic:1 condition:5 regular:1 addition:2 sodium:3 nitrate:3 temperature:4 decrease:4 algae:6 population:2 change:3 blue:2 green:2 anaerobic:1 examination:6 method:1 supply:1 additional:3 time:4 expansion:1 require:3 large:2 make:7 type:2 financially:1 unattractive:1 propose:1 eliminate:1 necessary:1 pilot:10 lack:1 datum:5 prompt:1 plant:8 determine:4 feasibility:1 circular:1 81:1 ft:4 diam:2 65:1 bottom:1 side:1 slope:1 coat:2 fiberglas:1 matting:1 asphalt:1 prevent:3 erosion:1 locate:1 housing:1 contributor:1 shopping:4 center:4 house:2 develop:2 design:1 handle:1 314:1 aeration:5 period:11 initially:2 entirely:1 operation:6 permit:3 evaluation:1 slowly:1 load:6 reasonable:1 equip:1 2:4 variable:1 speed:7 drive:4 range:4 flow:4 meter:1 continuously:1 record:1 chart:1 raw:5 introduce:1 directly:1 insure:1 maximum:5 mixing:3 tank:1 content:1 collect:4 two:3 pipe:1 discharge:2 river:1 drainage:3 ditch:2 analyse:1 composite:8 sample:11 weekly:2 interval:1 long:1 complete:1 concept:1 rapid:1 either:1 mixed:7 liquor:7 readily:2 discernible:1 daily:2 normally:1 occasional:1 correlation:1 essentially:1 50:1 grab:2 operating:1 effort:1 take:1 random:1 mass:1 single:2 pattern:1 typical:4 influent:2 110:1 710:1 average:13 350:1 equivalent:1 240:1 lbod:1 basis:3 58:1 table:5 contribute:1 raise:1 occur:2 cold:3 ice:4 cause:5 overload:1 strain:1 belt:4 slippage:1 slow:1 reduce:4 32:1 day:8 cu:1 needless:1 say:1 low:5 volumetric:1 270:2 seem:1 heavily:1 loaded:1 lightly:1 activate:3 sludge:4 remain:1 relatively:1 constant:1 winter:1 spring:2 rain:1 rise:3 rapidly:2 due:2 infiltration:1 open:1 sewer:1 progress:1 storm:1 sharply:1 amount:1 vegetable:2 grinding:1 grocery:1 store:1 suspend:7 solid:12 metabolize:1 bacteria:2 tend:1 float:2 skim:1 device:1 weir:1 loss:1 light:1 volatile:2 mlss:1 170:1 age:1 base:1 displacement:1 calculate:2 uptake:3 first:1 four:1 variation:1 latter:1 increased:1 mix:1 demand:1 follow:1 rotor:6 believe:1 relate:1 resuspension:1 settle:3 active:2 microbial:1 heavier:1 less:1 find:4 source:1 removal:2 membrane:1 filter:1 yield:1 contain:1 20:1 receive:1 12:1 excess:1 sedimentation:1 dilution:1 runoff:1 microscopic:3 routine:3 mckinney:1 gram:1 various:2 protozoa:7 rather:2 form:1 floc:3 particle:1 heavy:1 flagellate:1 predominate:1 soon:1 way:1 free:3 swimming:3 ciliated:3 number:2 little:2 activity:2 f:2 reach:1 protozoan:1 cease:1 stalk:1 ciliate:1 predomination:1 indicative:1 bacterial:1 one:2 important:1 aspect:1 relationship:1 mechanical:1 determination:1 dissolve:5 consistently:1 january:1 29:1 1961:1 extended:1 spell:1 build:2 mount:1 platform:2 entire:1 sink:1 lower:1 water:1 resistance:1 damage:1 approximately:1 notice:1 correct:1 deficiency:1 series:1 eight:1 special:1 test:2 conduct:2 different:1 five:1 polyethylene:2 cover:3 simulate:1 c:1 220:1 actual:1 power:1 requirement:1 10:1 melt:1 shortly:1 end:1 location:1 value:1 residential:1 nuisance:1 sensitive:1 160:1 230:1 data:1 gpd:1 42:1 slightly:1 34:1 minimum:2 13:1 47:1 begin:2 weather:1 week:1 disappear:1 18:1 16:1

In/in the/at Midwest/np ,/, oxidation/nn ponds/nns are/ber used/vbn extensively/rb for/in the/at treatment/nn of/in domestic/jj sewage/nn from/in suburban/jj areas/nns ./. The/at high/jj cost/nn of/in land/nn and/cc a/at few/ap operational/jj problems/nns resulting/vbg from/in excessive/jj loadings/nns have/hv created/vbn the/at need/nn for/in a/at wastewater/nn treatment/nn system/nn with/in the/at operational/jj characteristics/nns of/in the/at oxidation/nn pond/nn but/cc with/in the/at ability/nn to/to treat/vb more/ap organic/jj matter/nn per/in unit/nn volume/nn ./. Research/nn at/in Fayette/np ,/, Missouri/np on/in oxidation/nn ponds/nns has/hvz shown/vbn that/cs the/at BOD/nn in/in the/at treated/vbn effluent/nn varied/vbd from/in 30/cd to/in 53/cd mg/l/nn with/in loadings/nns from/in 8/cd to/in 120/cd lb/nn ./. Since/cs experience/nn indicates/vbz that/cs effluents/nns from/in oxidation/nn ponds/nns do/do not/* create/vb major/jj problems/nns at/in these/dts BOD/nn concentrations/nns ,/, the/at goal/nn for/in the/at effluent/nn quality/nn of/in the/at accelerated/vbn treatment/nn system/nn was/bedz the/at same/ap as/cs from/in conventional/jj oxidation/nn ponds/nns ./. Recent/jj studies/nns by/in Weston/np and/cc Stack/np had/hvd indicated/vbn that/cs a/at turbine/nn aerator/nn could/md be/be added/vbn to/in an/at oxidation/nn pond/nn to/to increase/vb the/at rate/nn of/in oxygen/nn transfer/nn ./. Their/pp$ study/nn showed/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz possible/jj to/to transfer/vb 3/cd to/in 4/cd lb/nn of/in oxygen/nn //in hr./nn //in hp./nn ./. O'Connor/np and/cc Eckenfelder/np discussed/vbd the/at use/nn of/in aerated/vbn lagoons/nns for/in treating/vbg organic/jj wastes/nns ./. They/ppss indicated/vbd that/cs a/at 4-day/jj retention/nn ,/, aerated/vbn lagoon/nn would/md give/vb 60/cd to/in 76/cd per/in cent/nn BOD/nn reduction/nn ./. Later/rbr ,/, Eckenfelder/np increased/vbd the/at efficiency/nn of/in treatment/nn to/in between/in 75/cd and/cc 85/cd per/in cent/nn in/in the/at summer/nn months/nns ./. It/pps appeared/vbd from/in the/at limited/vbn information/nn available/jj that/cs the/at aerated/vbn lagoon/nn might/md offer/vb a/at satisfactory/jj means/nn of/in increasing/vbg the/at capacity/nn of/in existing/vbg oxidation/nn ponds/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs providing/vbg the/at same/ap degree/nn of/in treatment/nn in/in a/at smaller/jjr volume/nn ./. Red/jj-tl-hl Bridge/nn-tl-hl Subdivision/nn-tl-hl With/in the/at development/nn of/in the/at Red/jj-tl Bridge/nn-tl Subdivision/nn-tl south/nr of/in Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl ,/, Missouri/np ,/, the/at developer/nn was/bedz faced/vbn with/in the/at problem/nn of/in providing/vbg adequate/jj sewage/nn disposal/nn ./. The/at sewage/nn system/nn from/in Kansas/np-tl City/nn-tl was/bedz not/* expected/vbn to/to serve/vb the/at Red/jj-tl Bridge/nn-tl area/nn for/in several/ap years/nns ./. This/dt necessitated/vbd the/at construction/nn of/in temporary/jj sewage/nn treatment/nn facilities/nns with/in an/at expected/vbn life/nn from/in 5/cd to/in 15/cd Aj/nn ./. For/in the/at initial/jj development/nn an/at oxidation/nn pond/nn was/bedz constructed/vbn as/cs shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. The/at oxidation/nn pond/nn has/hvz a/at surface/nn area/nn of/in 4.77/cd acres/nns and/cc a/at depth/nn of/in 4/cd Aj/nn ./. The/at pond/nn is/bez currently/rb serving/vbg 1,230/cd persons/nns or/cc 260/cd persons/nns per/in acre/nn ./. In/in the/at summer/nn of/in 1960/cd the/at oxidation/nn pond/nn became/vbd completely/rb septic/jj and/cc emitted/vbd obnoxious/jj odors/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz possible/jj to/to maintain/vb aerobic/jj conditions/nns in/in the/at pond/nn by/in regular/jj additions/nns of/in sodium/nn nitrate/nn until/cs the/at temperature/nn decreased/vbd and/cc the/at algae/nns population/nn changed/vbd from/in blue-green/jj to/in green/jj algae/nns ./. The/at anaerobic/jj conditions/nns in/in the/at existing/vbg oxidation/nn pond/nn necessitated/vbd examination/nn of/in other/ap methods/nns for/in supplying/vbg additional/jj oxygen/nn than/cs by/in sodium/nn nitrate/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn further/jjr expansion/nn in/in the/at Red/jj-tl Bridge/nn-tl Subdivision/nn-tl required/vbd the/at construction/nn of/in additional/jj sewage/nn treatment/nn facilities/nns ./. The/at large/jj land/nn areas/nns required/vbn for/in oxidation/nn ponds/nns made/vbd this/dt type/nn of/in treatment/nn financially/rb unattractive/jj to/in the/at developer/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz proposed/vbn that/cs aerated/vbn lagoons/nns be/be used/vbn to/to eliminate/vb the/at problem/nn at/in the/at existing/vbg oxidation/nn ponds/nns and/cc to/to provide/vb the/at necessary/jj treatment/nn for/in the/at additional/jj development/nn ./. Pilot/nn-hl lagoon/nn-hl The/at lack/nn of/in adequate/jj data/nn on/in the/at aerated/vbn lagoon/nn system/nn prompted/vbd the/at developer/nn to/to construct/vb an/at aerated/vbn lagoon/nn pilot/nn plant/nn to/to determine/vb its/pp$ feasibility/nn for/in treating/vbg domestic/jj sewage/nn ./. The/at pilot/nn plant/nn was/bedz a/at circular/jj lagoon/nn 81/cd ft/nn in/in diam/nn at/in the/at surface/nn and/cc 65/cd ft/nn in/in diam/nn at/in the/at bottom/nn ,/, 4/cd ft/nn below/in the/at surface/nn ,/, with/in a/at volume/nn of/in 121,000/cd Aj/nn ./. The/at side/nn slopes/nns were/bed coated/vbn with/in fiberglas/nn matting/nn coated/vbn with/in asphalt/nn to/to prevent/vb erosion/nn ./. The/at pilot/nn lagoon/nn was/bedz located/vbn as/cs shown/vbn in/in Figure/nn-tl 1/cd-tl to/to serve/vb the/at area/nn just/rb south/nr of/in the/at existing/vbg housing/nn area/nn ./. The/at major/jj contributor/nn was/bedz a/at shopping/vbg center/nn with/in houses/nns being/beg added/vbn to/in the/at system/nn as/cs the/at subdivision/nn developed/vbd ./. The/at pilot/nn lagoon/nn was/bedz designed/vbn to/to handle/vb the/at wastes/nns from/in 314/cd persons/nns with/in a/at 4-day/jj aeration/nn period/nn ./. Initially/rb ,/, the/at wastewater/nn would/md be/be entirely/rb from/in the/at shopping/vbg center/nn with/in the/at domestic/jj sewage/nn from/in the/at houses/nns increasing/vbg over/in an/at 18-month/jj period/nn ./. This/dt operation/nn would/md permit/vb evaluation/nn of/in the/at pilot/nn plant/nn ,/, with/in a/at slowly/rb increasing/vbg load/nn ,/, over/in a/at reasonable/jj period/nn of/in time/nn ./. The/at pilot/nn plant/nn was/bedz equipped/vbn with/in a/at 3-hp./jj turbine/nn aerator/nn (/( Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl )/) ./. The/at aerator/nn had/hvd a/at variable-speed/nn drive/nn to/to permit/vb operation/nn through/in a/at range/nn of/in speeds/nns ./. The/at sewage/nn flow/nn into/in the/at treatment/nn plant/nn was/bedz metered/vbn and/cc continuously/rb recorded/vbn on/in 24-hr./jj charts/nns ./. The/at raw/jj sewage/nn was/bedz introduced/vbn directly/rb under/in the/at turbine/nn aerator/nn to/to insure/vb maximum/jj mixing/nn of/in the/at raw/jj sewage/nn with/in the/at aeration/nn tank/nn contents/nns ./. The/at effluent/nn was/bedz collected/vbn through/in two/cd pipes/nns and/cc discharged/vbn to/in the/at Blue/jj-tl River/nn-tl through/in a/at surface/nn drainage/nn ditch/nn ./. Analyses/nns-hl Composite/jj samples/nns were/bed collected/vbn at/in weekly/jj intervals/nns ./. The/at long/jj retention/nn period/nn and/cc the/at complete/jj mixing/vbg concept/nn prevented/vbd rapid/jj changes/nns in/in either/cc the/at mixed/vbn liquor/nn or/cc in/in the/at effluent/nn ./. Weekly/jj samples/nns would/md make/vb any/dti changes/nns more/ql readily/rb discernible/jj than/cs daily/jj samples/nns ./. The/at composite/jj samples/nns were/bed normally/rb collected/vbn over/in a/at 6-hr./jj period/nn ,/, but/cc an/at occasional/jj 24-hr./jj composite/nn was/bedz made/vbn ./. Examination/nn of/in the/at operations/nns of/in the/at shopping/vbg center/nn permitted/vbd correlation/nn of/in the/at 6-hr./jj composite/jj samples/nns with/in 24-hr./jj operations/nns ./. The/at data/nn indicated/vbd that/cs the/at organic/jj load/nn during/in the/at 6-hr./jj composites/nns was/bedz essentially/rb 50/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at 24-hr./jj organic/jj load/nn ./. Grab/nn samples/nns were/bed collected/vbn from/in the/at existing/vbg oxidation/nn pond/nn to/to determine/vb its/pp$ operating/vbg conditions/nns ./. Efforts/nns were/bed made/vbn to/to take/vb the/at grab/nn samples/nns at/in random/jj periods/nns so/cs that/cs the/at mass/nn of/in data/nn could/md be/be treated/vbn as/cs a/at 6-hr./jj composite/jj sample/nn ./. A/at single/ap 24-hr./jj composite/jj sample/nn indicated/vbd that/cs the/at sewage/nn flow/nn pattern/nn and/cc characteristics/nns were/bed typical/jj ./. Pilot/nn-hl plant/nn-hl operations/nns-hl The/at BOD/nn of/in the/at influent/nn to/in the/at pilot/nn plant/nn varied/vbd between/in 110/cd and/cc 710/cd mg/l/nn with/in an/at average/nn of/in 350/cd Aj/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz equivalent/jj to/in 240/cd mg/lBOD/nn on/in a/at 24-hr./jj basis/nn ./. The/at BOD/nn of/in the/at raw/jj sewage/nn was/bedz typical/jj of/in domestic/jj sewage/nn from/in a/at subdivision/nn ./. The/at BOD/nn in/in the/at effluent/nn averaged/vbd 58/cd mg/l/nn ,/, a/at 76-per-cent/nn reduction/nn over/in the/at 24-hr./jj period/nn ./. Examination/nn of/in the/at data/nn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, shows/vbz that/cs a/at few/ap samples/nns contributed/vbd to/in raising/vbg the/at effluent/nn Aj/nn ./. The/at periods/nns of/in high/jj effluent/nn BOD/nn occurred/vbd during/in cold/jj periods/nns when/wrb operational/jj problems/nns with/in the/at aerator/nn resulted/vbd ./. Ice/nn caused/vbd the/at aerator/nn to/to overload/vb ,/, straining/vbg the/at drive/nn belts/nns ./. The/at slippage/nn of/in the/at drive/nn belts/nns caused/vbd the/at aerator/nn to/to slow/vb down/rp and/cc reduce/vb oxygen/nn transfer/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at mixing/nn of/in the/at raw/jj sewage/nn ./. The/at organic/jj loading/nn on/in the/at unit/nn averaged/vbd 32/cd lb/nn of/in BOD/day/nn or/cc about/rb 2/cd lb/nn BOD/day/1,000/nn cu/nn ft/nn aeration/nn capacity/nn ./. Needless/jj to/to say/vb ,/, the/at organic/jj load/nn was/bedz very/ql low/jj on/in a/at volumetric/jj basis/nn ,/, but/cc was/bedz 270/cd lb/nn BOD/day/acre/nn on/in a/at surface/nn loading/vbg basis/nn ./. It/pps seems/vbz that/cs the/at aerated/vbn lagoon/nn was/bedz a/at very/ql heavily/rb loaded/vbn oxidation/nn pond/nn or/cc a/at lightly/rb loaded/vbn activated/vbn sludge/nn system/nn ./. The/at flow/nn rate/nn remained/vbd relatively/ql constant/jj during/in the/at winter/nn months/nns as/cs shown/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. With/in the/at spring/nn rains/nns the/at flow/nn rose/vbd rapidly/rb due/rb to/in infiltration/nn in/in open/jj sewers/nns ./. As/cs construction/nn progresses/vbz ,/, the/at volume/nn of/in storm/nn drainage/nn will/md be/be sharply/rb reduced/vbn ./. The/at retention/nn period/nn in/in the/at aerated/vbn lagoon/nn ranged/vbd from/in 9.8/cd to/in 2.6/cd days/nns ,/, averaging/vbg 6.4/cd days/nns ./. The/at large/jj amount/nn of/in vegetable/nn grindings/nns from/in the/at grocery/nn store/nn in/in the/at shopping/vbg center/nn created/vbd a/at suspended/vbn solids/nns problem/nn ./. The/at vegetables/nns were/bed not/* readily/rb metabolized/vbn by/in the/at bacteria/nns in/in the/at aeration/nn unit/nn and/cc tended/vbd to/to float/vb on/in the/at surface/nn ./. A/at skimming/vbg device/nn at/in the/at effluent/nn weir/nn prevented/vbd loss/nn of/in most/ap of/in these/dts light/jj solids/nns ./. The/at average/jj volatile/jj suspended/vbn solids/nns in/in the/at effluent/nn was/bedz 75/cd mg/l/nn while/cs MLSS/nn averaged/vbd 170/cd mg/l/nn volatile/jj suspended/vbn solids/nns ./. The/at average/jj sludge/nn age/nn based/vbn on/in displacement/nn of/in solids/nns was/bedz calculated/vbn to/to be/be 14.5/cd days/nns ./. The/at oxygen/nn uptake/nn rate/nn in/in the/at mixed/vbn liquor/nn averaged/vbd 0.8/cd mg/l/hr/nn during/in the/at first/od four/cd months/nns of/in this/dt study/nn ./. Variations/nns in/in aerator/nn speeds/nns during/in the/at latter/ap two/cd months/nns of/in this/dt study/nn caused/vbd increased/vbn mixing/vbg and/cc increased/vbn oxygen/nn demand/nn ./. The/at increase/nn in/in oxygen/nn uptake/nn rates/nns from/in 1.2/cd to/in 2.6/cd mg/l/hr/nn which/wdt followed/vbd an/at increase/nn in/in rotor/nn speed/nn was/bedz believed/vbn to/to be/be related/vbn to/in resuspension/nn of/in solids/nns which/wdt had/hvd settled/vbn at/in the/at lower/jjr rotor/nn speeds/nns ./. It/pps appeared/vbd that/cs most/ap of/in the/at mixed/vbn liquor/nn suspended/vbn solids/nns were/bed active/jj microbial/jj solids/nns with/in the/at heavier/jjr ,/, less/ql active/jj solids/nns settling/vbg out/rp ./. The/at suspended/vbn solids/nns discharged/vbn in/in the/at effluent/nn were/bed found/vbn to/to be/be the/at major/jj source/nn of/in the/at Aj/nn ./. Removal/nn of/in the/at suspended/vbn solids/nns by/in a/at membrane/nn filter/nn yielded/vbd an/at average/jj effluent/nn containing/vbg only/rb 20/cd mg/l/nn Aj/nn ./. The/at BOD/nn in/in the/at drainage/nn ditch/nn receiving/vbg the/at pilot/nn plant/nn effluent/nn averaged/vbd 12/cd Aj/nn ./. This/dt low/nn BOD/nn was/bedz due/jj to/in removal/nn of/in the/at excess/jj suspended/vbn solids/nns by/in sedimentation/nn since/cs the/at only/ap dilution/nn was/bedz surface/nn runoff/nn which/wdt was/bedz very/ql low/jj during/in this/dt study/nn ./. Microscopic/jj-hl examination/nn-hl Routine/jj microscopic/jj examinations/nns were/bed made/vbn of/in the/at mixed/vbn liquor/nn as/cs indicated/vbn by/in McKinney/np and/cc Gram/np for/in the/at various/ap types/nns of/in protozoa/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz found/vbn that/cs the/at aerated/vbn lagoon/nn was/bedz an/at activated/vbn sludge/nn system/nn rather/rb than/cs an/at oxidation/nn pond/nn ./. At/in no/at time/nn were/bed algae/nns found/vbn in/in the/at mixed/vbn liquor/nn ./. The/at bacteria/nns formed/vbd typical/jj activated/vbn sludge/nn floc/nn ./. The/at floc/nn particles/nns were/bed all/abn small/jj as/cs the/at heavier/jjr floc/nn settled/vbd out/rp ./. Initially/rb ,/, the/at flagellated/vbn protozoa/nns predominated/vbd ,/, but/cc they/ppss soon/rb gave/vbd way/nn to/in the/at free/rb swimming/vbg ciliated/jj protozoa/nns ./. As/cs the/at temperature/nn decreased/vbd ,/, the/at number/nn of/in free/rb swimming/vbg ciliated/jj protozoa/nns decreased/vbd ./. Very/ql little/ap protozoa/nns activity/nn existed/vbd below/in 40-degrees-F/nns ./. When/wrb the/at temperature/nn reached/vbd 32-degrees-F/nns all/abn protozoan/jj activity/nn ceased/vbd ;/. ;/. but/cc as/cs the/at temperature/nn rose/vbd ,/, the/at numbers/nns of/in protozoa/nns increased/vbd rapidly/rb ./. Only/rb once/rb were/bed stalked/vbn ciliates/nns found/vbn in/in the/at mixed/vbn liquor/nn ./. The/at predomination/nn of/in free/rb swimming/vbg ciliated/jj protozoa/nns is/bez indicative/jj of/in a/at high/jj bacterial/jj population/nn ./. Oxygen/nn-hl transfer/nn-hl One/cd of/in the/at important/jj aspects/nns of/in this/dt study/nn was/bedz to/to determine/vb the/at oxygen/nn transfer/nn relationships/nns of/in the/at mechanical/jj aerator/nn ./. Routine/jj determinations/nns were/bed made/vbn for/in dissolved/vbn oxygen/nn in/in the/at mixed/vbn liquor/nn and/cc for/in oxygen/nn uptake/nn rates/nns ./. The/at data/nns given/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, show/vb the/at routine/jj operation/nn of/in the/at aerator/nn ./. The/at dissolved/vbn oxygen/nn in/in the/at aeration/nn unit/nn was/bedz consistently/rb high/jj until/in January/np 29/cd ,/, 1961/cd ./. An/at extended/vbn cold/jj spell/nn caused/vbd ice/nn to/to build/vb up/rp on/in the/at aerator/nn which/wdt was/bedz mounted/vbn on/in a/at floating/vbg platform/nn and/cc caused/vbd the/at entire/jj platform/nn to/to sink/vb lower/rbr in/in the/at water/nn ./. The/at added/vbn resistance/nn to/in the/at rotor/nn damaged/vbd the/at drive/nn belts/nns and/cc reduced/vbd the/at oxygen/nn transfer/nn capacity/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz approximately/rb one/cd month/nn before/cs the/at belt/nn problem/nn was/bedz noticed/vbn and/cc corrected/vbn ,/, but/cc at/in no/at time/nn was/bedz there/ex a/at deficiency/nn of/in dissolved/vbn oxygen/nn ./. A/at series/nns of/in eight/cd special/jj tests/nns were/bed conducted/vbn at/in different/jj rotor/nn speeds/nns to/to determine/vb the/at oxygen/nn transfer/nn rate/nn ./. Five/cd of/in the/at tests/nns were/bed conducted/vbn with/in a/at polyethylene/nn cover/nn to/to simulate/vb an/at ice/nn cover/nn ./. The/at rate/nn of/in oxygen/nn transfer/nn at/in 1.0-mg./nn //in l./nn dissolved/vbn oxygen/nn concentration/nn and/cc 10-degrees-C/nns for/in various/ap rotor/nn speeds/nns is/bez given/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./. The/at maximum/jj rate/nn of/in oxygen/nn transfer/nn at/in 1.0/cd mg/l/nn dissolved/vbn oxygen/nn was/bedz calculated/vbn as/cs 220/cd lb/day/nn at/in a/at maximum/jj rate/nn of/in 9.3/cd Aj/nn ./. The/at actual/jj power/nn requirements/nns indicated/vbd 2/cd lb./nn oxygen/nn transfer/nn //in hr./nn //in hp./nn ./. The/at polyethylene/nn cover/nn reduced/vbd the/at oxygen/nn transfer/nn rate/nn by/in 10/cd per/in cent/nn ,/, indicating/vbg that/cs the/at maximum/jj oxygen/nn transfer/nn is/bez at/in the/at rotor/nn rather/rb than/cs through/in the/at surface/nn ./. Oxidation/nn-hl pond/nn-hl During/in this/dt study/nn septic/jj conditions/nns developed/vbd in/in the/at oxidation/nn pond/nn in/in the/at spring/nn when/wrb the/at ice/nn melted/vbd ./. Shortly/rb after/cs this/dt study/nn ended/vbd septic/jj conditions/nns resulted/vbd which/wdt required/vbd the/at addition/nn of/in sodium/nn nitrate/nn ./. The/at location/nn of/in the/at oxidation/nn pond/nn in/in a/at high-value/nn residential/jj area/nn makes/vbz odor/nn nuisances/nns a/at sensitive/jj problem/nn for/in the/at developer/nn ./. The/at organic/jj concentration/nn in/in the/at influent/jj raw/jj sewage/nn ranged/vbd from/in 160/cd to/in 270/cd mg/l/nn of/in BOD/nn with/in an/at average/nn of/in 230/cd Aj/nn ./. The/at BOD/nn data/nns are/ber given/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 4/cd-tl ./. A/at single/ap 24-hr./jj composite/jj sample/nn had/hvd a/at BOD/nn of/in 260/cd mg/l/nn ,/, indicating/vbg a/at typical/jj domestic/jj sewage/nn ./. The/at daily/jj sewage/nn volume/nn to/in the/at oxidation/nn pond/nn averaged/vbd 147,000/cd gpd/nn ,/, giving/vbg a/at retention/nn period/nn of/in 42/cd days/nns ./. The/at organic/jj loading/nn on/in the/at pond/nn was/bedz slightly/rb under/in 60/cd lb./nn BOD/np //in day/nn //in acre/nn ./. The/at effluent/nn BOD/nn averaged/vbd 34/cd mg/l/nn ,/, a/at little/ql lower/jjr than/cs that/dt of/in the/at study/nn at/in Fayette/np indicated/vbd for/in a/at loading/nn of/in 60/cd lb./nn Aj/nn ./. The/at BOD/nn of/in the/at effluent/nn ranged/vbd from/in a/at minimum/nn of/in 13/cd to/in a/at maximum/jj of/in 47/cd mg./nn //in l./nn ./. Microscopic/jj examination/nn of/in the/at effluent/nn showed/vbd that/cs minimum/jj BOD/nn occurred/vbd when/wrb the/at algae/nns began/vbd to/to decrease/vb with/in cold/jj weather/nn ./. When/wrb the/at algae/nns began/vbd to/to build/vb up/rp again/rb ,/, the/at effluent/nn BOD/nn rose/vbd ./. During/in the/at two/cd weeks/nns when/wrb the/at algae/nns disappeared/vbd from/in the/at effluent/nn BOD's/nn in/in the/at effluent/nn were/bed 18/cd and/cc 16/cd Aj/nn ./.

cj71

cj71 |@word thus:2 three:1 main:2 category:2 antisubmarine:5 warfare:7 operation:5 defense:16 ship:2 naval:3 forces:1 area:19 last:1 overlap:1 amphibious:1 near:1 terminal:1 basis:5 effect:1 five:1 element:26 exist:1 1:1 surface:7 2:2 air:4 3:1 mine:13 4:1 submarine:24 5:1 fix:7 installation:10 force:11 use:7 provide:5 zone:1 around:1 merchant:1 formation:1 furnish:2 surveillance:1 protection:1 limited:1 shore:1 new:2 definite:1 place:2 particularly:1 deny:2 enemy:5 access:2 ocean:3 offer:1 possibility:1 detection:3 reorient:1 target:10 sixth:2 always:5 consider:5 intelligence:14 include:2 operational:4 knowledge:2 environment:6 presumably:1 available:4 national:1 agency:1 come:3 recently:1 augment:1 program:4 oceanography:2 major:2 postwar:2 development:3 certainty:2 singly:1 combination:3 mutually:2 support:8 necessity:3 concept:9 think:1 clear:1 cut:1 proponent:4 single:4 tend:1 ensure:2 predominance:1 without:1 determine:3 justified:1 enthusiastic:1 vociferous:1 assume:2 great:8 importance:5 consequently:2 overshadow:1 seek:1 seem:1 strive:1 elimination:1 despite:1 experience:1 demonstrate:2 necessarily:2 productive:1 stressed:1 state:4 emphasize:1 one:4 would:7 position:1 relative:1 asw:3 base:3 project:1 potentiality:1 enthusiasm:1 energy:1 channel:2 produce:1 cumulative:1 progress:4 toward:2 common:1 objective:2 advantage:6 allow:2 presentation:2 public:4 unified:1 approach:2 problem:5 present:1 piecemeal:1 sometimes:1 contradictorily:1 announce:1 another:2 delineate:2 result:9 confusion:1 mind:2 unify:1 serve:1 guide:2 budgeting:1 gain:2 command:1 congressional:1 industry:6 criticism:1 navy:2 effort:7 company:1 apply:1 skill:1 know:1 lacking:1 guidance:3 pick:1 couple:1 salesmanship:1 american:1 famous:1 considerable:2 expenditure:1 fund:1 marginal:1 talent:1 facility:1 yield:1 dividend:1 therefore:11 broad:2 need:6 co:2 ordination:1 logical:1 congress:1 principle:10 involve:2 follow:1 discussion:1 possible:4 content:3 russia:1 possess:1 preponderance:1 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expect:1 replace:1 torpedo:1 range:2 weapon:4 develop:1 craft:1 fourth:1 continuously:1 accomplish:2 total:1 limitation:2 compensate:1 sum:1 individual:1 fifth:1 capitalize:2 conceivably:1 solve:1 sufficient:1 number:1 astronomical:1 current:2 fiscal:1 policy:1 make:3 impractical:1 solution:1 shipbuilding:1 aircraft:1 procurement:1 indicate:1 enough:2 anything:1 measure:4 take:1 peacetime:1 decrease:2 requirement:9 contribute:1 greatly:2 success:2 occur:1 concentrate:1 reduce:3 future:1 constantly:1 change:2 yesterday:1 obsolescent:1 today:1 seventh:1 self:1 evident:1 flexible:2 technological:1 breakthrough:1 scientific:2 condition:5 point:1 mission:1 lay:1 list:2 detail:2 additional:1 coverage:5 task:2 reduction:2 expand:1 remember:1 geographically:2 system:11 give:1 less:1 wide:2 hence:1 least:1 partially:1 mobile:4 appear:1 fairly:1 remote:1 bear:1 elements:1 sub:1 arrange:1 approximately:1 vociferousness:1 discuss:1 reverse:1 hope:1 true:1 herein:1 information:2 affect:1 refer:1 environmental:3 maximum:3 stress:1 good:1 sound:2 tactical:2 important:2 presently:1 full:1 science:1 bring:1 side:1 equipment:1 tactic:1 method:1 improve:1 reduced:1 top:1 priority:1 gathering:1 equal:1 translation:1 usable:1 form:1 translate:1 oceanographic:2 research:1 instruction:2 statistical:1 invalid:1 source:1 encounter:2 average:1 advantageous:1 scene:1 commander:1 operating:1 measurement:1 time:1 temperature:2 wind:1 oxygen:1 bottom:1 character:1 animal:1 life:1 chief:1 variable:2 variation:2 velocity:1 rather:1 encompass:1 eventually:1 horizontally:1 well:1 vertically:1 predict:1 water:3 encouraging:1 little:2 man:2 sea:1 concurrent:1 datum:1 useful:1 spot:1 past:1 direct:1 nature:1 psychological:1 small:1 considerably:1 counter:2 still:1 restrict:1 within:1 yard:1 recognize:1 anti:1 employment:2 extend:1 deep:1 per:1 difficult:1 cost:1 maintain:1 put:1 quickly:1 attractive:3 feature:1 combine:1 package:1 example:1 barrier:1 florida:1 cuba:2 across:1 yucatan:1 mexico:3 remove:1 harbor:1 inshore:1 patrol:1 convoy:1 escort:1 shipping:1 control:1 entire:2 gulf:3 extended:1 cover:2 passage:1 caribbean:2 free:1 previously:1 st:1 lawrence:1 possibly:1 coast:1 united:1 states:1 impossible:1 could:1 permit:1 concentration:1 open:1 consequent:1 probability:1 inherent:2 justify:1 accord:1 advocate:1 emerge:1 technical:1 exercise:1 influence:1 military:1 counterpart:2 detect:2 although:1 burglar:1 alarm:1 localize:1 capable:1 pinpoint:1 expensive:1 dependence:1 expend:1 limit:1 prove:2 model:1 addition:1 proposal:1 carefully:1 weigh:1 lack:1 flexibility:1 therefrom:1 share:1 attacker:1 ambush:2 danger:1

Thus/rb ,/, the/at three/cd main/jjs categories/nns of/in antisubmarine/jj warfare/nn operations/nns are/ber defense/nn of/in shipping/nn ,/, defense/nn of/in naval/jj forces/nns ,/, and/cc area/nn defense/nn ./. The/at last/ap category/nn overlaps/vbz the/at others/nns in/in amphibious/jj operations/nns and/cc near/in terminals/nns and/cc bases/nns ./. To/to effect/vb these/dts operations/nns ,/, five/cd elements/nns exist/vb (/( 1/cd )/) surface/nn ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) air/nn ,/, (/( 3/cd )/) mines/nns ,/, (/( 4/cd )/) submarine/nn ,/, and/cc (/( 5/cd )/) fixed/vbn installations/nns ./. Surface/nn forces/nns have/hv been/ben used/vbn to/to provide/vb defense/nn zones/nns around/in naval/jj and/cc merchant/nn ship/nn formations/nns ,/, air/nn to/to furnish/vb area/nn surveillance/nn ,/, and/cc mines/nns for/in protection/nn of/in limited/vbn areas/nns ./. Submarines/nns and/cc shore/nn installations/nns are/ber new/jj elements/nns ./. The/at submarine/nn now/rb has/hvz a/at definite/jj place/nn in/in submarine/jj defense/nn particularly/rb in/in denying/vbg enemy/nn access/nn to/in ocean/nn areas/nns ./. Fixed/vbn installations/nns offer/vb possibilities/nns for/in area/nn detection/nn ./. Mine/nn warfare/nn is/bez being/beg reoriented/vbn against/in submarine/jj targets/nns ./. A/at sixth/od element/nn ,/, not/* always/rb considered/vbn ,/, is/bez intelligence/nn ./. It/pps includes/vbz operational/jj intelligence/nn of/in the/at enemy/nn and/cc knowledge/nn of/in the/at environment/nn ./. Operational/jj intelligence/nn presumably/rb will/md be/be available/jj from/in our/pp$ national/jj intelligence/nn agencies/nns ;/. ;/. intelligence/nn on/in the/at environment/nn will/md come/vb from/in the/at recently/rb augmented/vbn program/nn in/in oceanography/nn ./. The/at major/jj postwar/jj development/nn is/bez the/at certainty/nn that/cs these/dts elements/nns should/md not/* be/be considered/vbn singly/rb but/cc in/in combination/nn and/cc as/cs being/beg mutually/rb supporting/vbg ./. Necessity/nn-hl for/in-hl an/at-hl over-all/jj-hl concept/nn-hl Thinking/nn on/in submarine/jj defense/nn has/hvz not/* always/rb been/ben clear-cut/jj ./. Proponents/nns of/in single/ap elements/nns tend/vb to/to ensure/vb predominance/nn of/in that/dt element/nn without/in determining/vbg if/cs it/pps is/bez justified/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at element/nn with/in the/at most/ql enthusiastic/jj and/cc vociferous/jj proponents/nns has/hvz assumed/vbn the/at greatest/jjt importance/nn ./. Consequently/rb ,/, air/nn ,/, surface/nn ,/, and/cc submarine/jj elements/nns overshadow/vb the/at mine/nn ,/, fixed/vbn installations/nns ,/, and/cc intelligence/nn ./. These/dts have/hv sought/vbn more/ap and/cc more/ap of/in what/wdt they/ppss have/hv ./. Each/dt seems/vbz to/to strive/vb for/in elimination/nn of/in the/at necessity/nn for/in the/at others/nns ./. This/dt ,/, despite/in postwar/jj experience/nn demonstrating/vbg that/cs all/abn elements/nns are/ber necessarily/rb mutually/rb supporting/vbg ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at most/ql productive/jj areas/nns are/ber not/* necessarily/rb the/at most/ql stressed/vbn ./. This/dt is/bez stated/vbn to/to emphasize/vb the/at necessity/nn for/in an/at over-all/jj concept/nn of/in submarine/jj defense/nn ,/, one/cd which/wdt would/md provide/vb positions/nns of/in relative/jj importance/nn to/in ASW/nn elements/nns based/vbn on/in projected/vbn potentialities/nns ./. Then/rb the/at enthusiasm/nn and/cc energy/nn of/in all/abn elements/nns can/md be/be channeled/vbn to/to produce/vb cumulative/jj progress/nn toward/in a/at common/jj objective/nn ./. An/at over-all/jj concept/nn would/md have/hv other/ap advantages/nns ./. It/pps would/md allow/vb presentation/nn to/in the/at public/nn of/in a/at unified/vbn approach/nn ./. Now/rb the/at problem/nn is/bez presented/vbn piecemeal/rb and/cc sometimes/rb contradictorily/rb ./. While/cs one/cd element/nn is/bez announcing/vbg progress/nn ,/, another/dt is/bez delineating/vbg its/pp$ problems/nns ./. The/at result/nn can/md only/rb be/be confusion/nn in/in the/at public/nn mind/nn ./. A/at unified/vbn concept/nn can/md serve/vb as/cs a/at guide/nn to/in budgeting/vbg and/cc ,/, if/cs public/nn support/nn is/bez gained/vbn ,/, will/md command/vb Congressional/jj-tl support/nn ./. Industry's/nn$ main/jjs criticism/nn of/in the/at Navy's/nn$-tl antisubmarine/jj effort/nn is/bez that/cs it/pps cannot/md* determine/vb where/wrb any/dti one/cd company/nn or/cc industry/nn can/md apply/vb its/pp$ skills/nns and/cc know-how/nn ./. Lacking/vbg guidance/nn ,/, industry/nn picks/vbz its/pp$ own/jj areas/nns ./. The/at result/nn ,/, coupled/vbn with/in the/at salesmanship/nn for/in which/wdt American/jj industry/nn is/bez famous/jj ,/, is/bez considerable/jj expenditure/nn of/in funds/nns and/cc efforts/nns in/in marginal/jj areas/nns ./. An/at over-all/jj concept/nn will/md guide/vb industry/nn where/wrb available/jj talents/nns and/cc facilities/nns will/md yield/vb greatest/jjt dividends/nns ./. Therefore/rb ,/, a/at broad/jj concept/nn of/in over-all/jj submarine/jj defense/nn is/bez needed/vbn for/in co-ordination/nn of/in the/at Navy's/nn$-tl efforts/nns ,/, for/in a/at logical/jj presentation/nn to/in the/at public/nn ,/, for/in industry's/nn$ guidance/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs a/at basis/nn for/in a/at program/nn to/in the/at Congress/np ./. Principles/nns-hl involved/vbn-hl in/in-hl an/at-hl over-all/jj-hl concept/nn-hl That/dt which/wdt follows/vbz will/md be/be a/at discussion/nn of/in principles/nns and/cc possible/jj content/nn for/in an/at over-all/jj concept/nn of/in antisubmarine/jj warfare/nn ./. Russia/np possesses/vbz the/at preponderance/nn of/in submarines/nns in/in the/at world/nn ,/, divided/vbn between/in her/pp$ various/ap fleets/nns ./. Some/dti are/ber also/rb in/in Albania/np and/cc others/nns are/ber on/in loan/nn to/in Egypt/np ./. Other/ap countries/nns which/wdt may/md willingly/rb or/cc unwillingly/rb become/vb Communist/jj can/md furnish/vb bases/nns ./. Communist/jj target/nn areas/nns can/md be/be assumed/vbn ,/, but/cc there/ex is/bez no/at certainty/nn that/cs such/jj assumptions/nns coincide/vb with/in Soviet/np intentions/nns ./. Attack/nn can/md come/vb from/in almost/rb any/dti direction/nn against/in many/ap locations/nns ./. Logically/rb ,/, then/rb ,/, the/at first/od principle/nn of/in the/at plan/nn must/md be/be that/cs it/pps is/bez not/* rigidly/rb oriented/vbn toward/in any/dti geographical/jj area/nn ./. It/pps is/bez often/rb stated/vbn that/cs the/at submarine/nn can/md be/be destroyed/vbn while/cs building/vbg ,/, at/in bases/nns ,/, in/in transit/nn ,/, and/cc on/in station/nn ./. Destruction/nn of/in the/at enemy's/nn$ building/nn and/cc base/nn complex/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, requires/vbz attacks/nns on/in enemy/nn territory/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez possible/jj only/rb in/in event/nn of/in all-out/jj hostilities/nns ./. In/in transit/nn or/cc on/in station/nn ,/, it/pps may/md not/* be/be possible/jj to/to attack/vb the/at submarines/nns until/cs commission/nn of/in an/at overt/jj act/nn ./. The/at Communists/nns-tl are/ber adept/jj at/in utilizing/vbg hostilities/nns short/jj of/in general/jj war/nn and/cc will/md do/do so/rb whenever/wrb it/pps is/bez to/in their/pp$ advantage/nn ./. Therefore/rb the/at second/od principle/nn of/in the/at plan/nn must/md be/be that/cs ,/, while/cs providing/vbg for/in all-out/jj hostilities/nns ,/, its/pp$ effectiveness/nn is/bez not/* dependent/jj on/in general/jj war/nn ./. Antisubmarine/jj warfare/nn does/doz not/* involve/vb clashes/nns between/in large/jj opposing/vbg forces/nns ,/, with/in the/at decision/nn a/at result/nn of/in a/at single/ap battle/nn ./. It/pps is/bez a/at war/nn of/in attrition/nn ,/, of/in single/ap actions/nns ,/, of/in an/at exchange/nn of/in losses/nns ./. This/dt exchange/nn must/md result/vb in/in our/pp$ ending/vbg up/rp with/in some/dti effective/jj units/nns ./. Initially/rb ,/, having/hvg fewer/ap units/nns of/in some/dti elements/nns --/-- especially/rb submarines/nns --/-- than/cs the/at opponent/nn ,/, our/pp$ capabilities/nns need/vb to/to be/be sufficiently/ql greater/jjr than/cs theirs/pp$$ ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at exchange/nn will/md be/be in/in our/pp$ favor/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, the/at third/od principle/nn of/in the/at plan/nn must/md be/be that/cs it/pps does/doz not/* depend/vb for/in effectiveness/nn on/in engagement/nn by/in the/at same/ap types/nns ,/, unless/cs at/in an/at assured/vbn favorable/jj exchange/nn rate/nn ./. The/at submarine/nn has/hvz increased/vbn its/pp$ effectiveness/nn by/in several/ap orders/nns of/in magnitude/nn since/in World/nn-tl War/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Its/pp$ speed/nn has/hvz increased/vbn ,/, it/pps operates/vbz at/in increasingly/rb greater/jjr depths/nns ,/, its/pp$ submerged/vbn endurance/nn is/bez becoming/vbg unlimited/jj ,/, and/cc it/pps will/md become/vb even/ql more/ql silent/jj ./. The/at next/ap developments/nns will/md probably/rb be/be in/in weaponry/nn ./. The/at missile/nn can/md gradually/rb be/be expected/vbn to/to replace/vb the/at torpedo/nn ./. As/cs detection/nn ranges/nns increase/vb ,/, weapons/nns will/md be/be developed/vbn to/to attack/vb other/ap submarines/nns and/cc surface/nn craft/nn at/in these/dts ranges/nns ./. Therefore/rb ,/, the/at fourth/od principle/nn of/in the/at plan/nn must/md be/be that/cs it/pps provide/vb for/in continuously/rb increasing/vbg capabilities/nns in/in the/at opponent/nn ./. No/at element/nn can/md accomplish/vb the/at total/jj objective/nn of/in submarine/jj defense/nn ./. Some/dti elements/nns support/vb the/at others/nns ,/, but/cc all/abn have/hv limitations/nns ./. Some/dti limitations/nns of/in one/cd element/nn can/md be/be compensated/vbn for/in by/in a/at capability/nn of/in another/dt ./. Elements/nns used/vbn in/in combination/nn will/md increase/vb the/at over-all/jj capability/nn more/rbr than/cs the/at sum/nn of/in the/at capabilities/nns of/in the/at individual/ap elements/nns ./. Therefore/rb ,/, the/at plan's/nn$ fifth/od principle/nn must/md be/be that/cs it/pps capitalize/vb on/in the/at capabilities/nns of/in all/abn elements/nns in/in combination/nn ./. Conceivably/rb the/at submarine/jj defense/nn problem/nn can/md be/be solved/vbn by/in sufficient/jj forces/nns ./. Numbers/nns would/md be/be astronomical/jj and/cc current/jj fiscal/jj policies/nns make/vb this/dt an/at impractical/jj solution/nn ./. Shipbuilding/nn ,/, aircraft/nn procurement/nn ,/, and/cc weapon/nn programs/nns indicate/vb that/cs there/ex will/md not/* be/be enough/ap of/in anything/pn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, any/dti measures/nns taken/vbn in/in peacetime/nn which/wdt will/md decrease/vb force/nn requirements/nns in/in war/nn will/md contribute/vb greatly/rb to/in success/nn when/wrb hostilities/nns occur/vb ./. Therefore/rb ,/, the/at sixth/od principle/nn of/in the/at plan/nn must/md be/be that/cs it/pps concentrate/vb on/in current/jj measures/nns which/wdt will/md reduce/vb future/jj force/nn requirements/nns ./. The/at world/nn is/bez constantly/rb changing/vbg ;/. ;/. what/wdt was/bedz new/jj yesterday/nr is/bez obsolescent/jj today/nr ./. The/at seventh/od principle/nn of/in the/at plan/nn is/bez self-evident/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps must/md be/be flexible/jj enough/qlp to/to allow/vb for/in technological/jj breakthroughs/nns ,/, scientific/jj progress/nn ,/, and/cc changes/nns in/in world/nn conditions/nns ./. Supporting/vbg-hl elements/nns-hl in/in-hl asw/nn-hl operations/nns-hl To/in this/dt point/nn the/at need/nn for/in an/at over-all/jj plan/nn for/in submarine/jj defense/nn has/hvz been/ben demonstrated/vbn ,/, the/at mission/nn has/hvz been/ben stated/vbn ,/, broad/jj principles/nns delineating/vbg its/pp$ content/nn laid/vbn down/rp ,/, and/cc the/at supporting/vbg elements/nns listed/vbn ./. Before/cs considering/vbg these/dts elements/nns in/in more/ap detail/nn ,/, an/at additional/jj requirement/nn should/md be/be stated/vbn ./. Large/jj area/nn coverage/nn will/md accomplish/vb all/abn other/ap tasks/nns ./. Therefore/rb ,/, because/cs reduction/nn in/in tasks/nns results/nns in/in reduction/nn of/in forces/nns required/vbn ,/, the/at plan/nn should/md provide/vb for/in expanding/vbg area/nn coverage/nn ./. But/cc it/pps must/md be/be remembered/vbn that/cs the/at plan/nn should/md not/* be/be oriented/vbn geographically/rb ./. Consequently/rb ,/, the/at system/nn giving/vbg area/nn coverage/nn (/( if/cs such/jj coverage/nn is/bez less/ap than/cs world/nn wide/jj )/) must/md be/be flexible/jj and/cc hence/rb at/in least/ap partially/rb mobile/jj ./. Since/cs effective/jj area/nn coverage/nn appears/vbz fairly/ql remote/jj ,/, the/at requirement/nn can/md be/be borne/vbn in/in mind/nn while/cs considering/in the/at elements/nns :/: air/nn ,/, surface/nn ,/, sub-surface/jj ,/, fixed/vbn installations/nns ,/, mines/nns ,/, and/cc intelligence/nn ./. These/dts are/ber arranged/vbn approximately/rb in/in the/at order/nn of/in the/at vociferousness/nn of/in their/pp$ proponents/nns but/cc will/md be/be discussed/vbn in/in the/at reverse/jj order/nn in/in the/at hope/nn that/cs the/at true/jj order/nn of/in importance/nn will/md result/vb ./. Intelligence/nn ,/, as/cs used/vbn herein/rb ,/, will/md include/vb information/nn on/in possible/jj opponents/nns and/cc on/in the/at environment/nn which/wdt can/md affect/vb operations/nns ./. These/dts can/md be/be referred/vbn to/in as/cs operational/jj intelligence/nn and/cc environmental/jj intelligence/nn ./. In/in submarine/jj defense/nn these/dts must/md have/hv maximum/jj stress/nn ./. Good/jj operational/jj intelligence/nn can/md ensure/vb sound/jj planning/nn ,/, greatly/rb reduce/vb force/nn requirements/nns ,/, and/cc increase/vb tactical/jj effectiveness/nn ./. Environmental/jj intelligence/nn is/bez just/rb as/ql important/jj ./. The/at ocean/nn presently/rb co-operates/vbz with/in the/at target/nn ./. Full/jj knowledge/nn of/in the/at science/nn of/in oceanography/nn can/md bring/vb the/at environment/nn to/in our/pp$ side/nn ,/, resulting/vbg in/in an/at increase/nn in/in effectiveness/nn of/in equipment/nn and/cc tactics/nns ,/, a/at decrease/nn in/in enemy/nn capabilities/nns ,/, and/cc the/at development/nn of/in methods/nns of/in capitalizing/vbg on/in the/at environment/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, improved/vbn intelligence/nn will/md result/vb in/in reduced/vbn force/nn requirements/nns and/cc ,/, as/cs it/pps supports/vbz all/abn other/ap elements/nns ,/, rates/vbz a/at top/jjs priority/nn ./. Gathering/vbg intelligence/nn is/bez important/jj ,/, but/cc of/in equal/jj importance/nn is/bez its/pp$ translation/nn into/in usable/jj form/nn ./. A/at program/nn is/bez needed/vbn to/to translate/vb the/at results/nns of/in oceanographic/jj research/nn into/in tactical/jj and/cc operating/vbg instructions/nns ./. Approaching/vbg this/dt problem/nn on/in a/at statistical/jj basis/nn is/bez invalid/jj ,/, because/cs the/at opponent/nn has/hvz the/at same/ap sources/nns available/jj and/cc will/md be/be encountered/vbn not/* under/in average/jj conditions/nns ,/, but/cc under/in the/at conditions/nns most/ql advantageous/jj to/in him/ppo ./. Therefore/rb ,/, the/at on-the-scene/jj commander/nn must/md have/hv detailed/vbn operating/vbg instructions/nns based/vbn on/in measurement/nn of/in conditions/nns ,/, in/in the/at area/nn ,/, at/in the/at time/nn of/in encounter/nn ./. All/abn capabilities/nns must/md be/be used/vbn to/in maximum/jj advantage/nn then/rb ./. Temperature/nn ,/, wind/nn ,/, oxygen/nn content/nn ,/, depth/nn ,/, bottom/nn character/nn ,/, and/cc animal/nn life/nn are/ber the/at chief/jjs environmental/jj variables/nns ./. There/ex may/md be/be others/nns ./. Variations/nns in/in sound/nn velocity/nn should/md be/be measured/vbn rather/rb than/cs temperature/nn ,/, because/cs more/ap of/in the/at variables/nns would/md be/be encompassed/vbn ./. These/dts variations/nns must/md eventually/rb be/be measured/vbn horizontally/rb as/ql well/rb as/cs vertically/rb ./. Progress/nn in/in predicting/vbg water/nn conditions/nns is/bez encouraging/jj ,/, but/cc little/ap guidance/nn is/bez available/jj to/in the/at man/nn at/in sea/nn on/in the/at use/nn of/in such/jj information/nn ./. A/at concurrent/jj effort/nn is/bez needed/vbn to/to make/vb oceanographic/jj data/nn useful/jj on/in the/at spot/nn ./. Mine/nn warfare/nn has/hvz in/in the/at past/nn been/ben directed/vbn against/in surface/nn targets/nns ./. By/in its/pp$ nature/nn it/pps has/hvz always/rb been/ben of/in great/jj psychological/jj advantage/nn and/cc small/jj efforts/nns have/hv required/vbn considerably/ql greater/jjr counter-efforts/nns ./. Mines/nns are/ber being/beg increasingly/rb oriented/vbn against/in submarine/jj targets/nns ./. They/ppss are/ber still/rb considered/vbn to/to be/be for/in use/nn in/in restricted/vbn waters/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, and/cc targets/nns must/md come/vb within/in a/at few/ap yards/nns of/in them/ppo ./. Mines/nns need/vb to/to be/be recognized/vbn as/cs a/at major/jj element/nn in/in anti-submarine/jj warfare/nn employment/nn ,/, extended/vbn to/in deep/jj water/nn ,/, and/cc have/hv their/pp$ effective/jj area/nn per/in unit/nn increased/vbn ./. Mines/nns can/md be/be used/vbn to/to deny/vb access/nn to/in great/jj areas/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss are/ber difficult/jj to/to counter/vb ,/, cost/vb little/ap to/to maintain/vb until/cs required/vbn ,/, and/cc can/md be/be put/vbn into/in place/nn quickly/rb ./. A/at most/ql attractive/jj feature/nn is/bez that/cs detection/nn and/cc attack/nn are/ber combined/vbn in/in a/at single/ap package/nn ./. Effective/jj employment/nn will/md reduce/vb force/nn requirements/nns ./. For/in example/nn ,/, effective/jj mine/nn barriers/nns from/in Florida/np to/in Cuba/np and/cc across/in the/at Yucatan/np-tl Channel/nn-tl from/in Cuba/np to/in Mexico/np would/md remove/vb all/abn requirements/nns for/in harbor/nn defense/nn ,/, inshore/jj patrol/nn ,/, convoy/nn escort/nn ,/, shipping/vbg control/nn ,/, and/cc mine/nn defense/nn for/in the/at entire/jj Gulf/nn-tl of/in-tl Mexico/np-tl ./. More/ql extended/vbn systems/nns ,/, covering/vbg all/abn passage/nn into/in the/at Caribbean/np ,/, would/md free/vb the/at Caribbean/np and/cc the/at Gulf/nn-tl of/in-tl Mexico/np-tl from/in the/at previously/rb listed/vbn requirements/nns ./. Systems/nns covering/vbg the/at Gulf/nn-tl of/in-tl St./np-tl Lawrence/np-tl and/cc possibly/rb the/at entire/jj coasts/nns of/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl are/ber not/* impossible/jj ./. Such/jj mine/nn defense/nn systems/nns could/md permit/vb concentration/nn of/in mobile/jj forces/nns in/in the/at open/jj oceans/nns with/in consequent/jj increase/nn in/in the/at probability/nn of/in success/nn ./. The/at advantages/nns inherent/jj in/in mine/nn warfare/nn justify/vb as/ql great/jj an/at importance/nn for/in this/dt element/nn as/cs is/bez accorded/vbn any/dti of/in the/at other/ap elements/nns ./. Fixed/vbn installations/nns are/ber increasingly/rb advocated/vbn as/cs the/at problem/nn of/in area/nn defense/nn emerges/vbz ./. The/at proponents/nns are/ber scientific/jj and/cc technical/jj men/nns who/wps exercise/vb considerable/jj influence/nn on/in their/pp$ military/jj counterparts/nns ./. Systems/nns which/wdt detect/vb submarines/nns over/in wide/jj areas/nns are/ber attractive/jj ,/, although/cs they/ppss can/md be/be only/ap ``/`` burglar/nn alarms/nns ''/'' ./. Mobile/jj forces/nns are/ber required/vbn to/to localize/vb and/cc attack/vb detected/vbn targets/nns ,/, since/cs the/at systems/nns are/ber not/* capable/jj of/in pinpointing/vbg a/at target/nn ./. Such/jj systems/nns are/ber expensive/jj and/cc are/ber oriented/vbn geographically/rb ./. In/in an/at over-all/jj ASW/nn concept/nn ,/, dependence/nn on/in and/cc effort/nn expended/vbn for/in such/jj systems/nns should/md be/be limited/vbn to/in those/dts with/in proven/vbn capabilities/nns ./. No/at general/jj installation/nn should/md be/be made/vbn until/cs a/at model/nn installation/nn has/hvz been/ben proved/vbn and/cc its/pp$ maximum/jj capability/nn determined/vbn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, proposals/nns for/in fixed/vbn installations/nns should/md be/be carefully/rb weighed/vbn against/in a/at counterpart/nn mobile/jj system/nn ./. Fixed/vbn installations/nns will/md always/rb lack/vb the/at flexibility/nn that/wps should/md be/be inherent/jj in/in naval/jj systems/nns ./. The/at submarine/nn has/hvz become/vbn increasingly/ql attractive/jj as/cs an/at antisubmarine/jj weapon/nn system/nn ./. It/pps operates/vbz in/in its/pp$ target's/nn$ environment/nn ,/, and/cc any/dti advantage/nn gained/vbn therefrom/rb by/in the/at target/nn is/bez shared/vbn by/in the/at attacker/nn ./. But/cc the/at submarine/nn is/bez a/at weapon/nn of/in ambush/nn and/cc therefore/rb always/rb in/in danger/nn of/in being/beg ambushed/vbn ./.

cj72

cj72 |@word two:4 metabolite:7 1:5 2:5 p:1 aminobenzoic:1 acid:5 paba:2 act:1 cofactor:1 hydroxylation:1 aniline:1 fast:1 bacteria:1 biosynthesize:1 aj:3 7:1 carbon:3 incorporate:1 directly:1 show:7 ring:1 label:2 carboxy:1 af:12 thirty:1 five:3 36:1 atom:1 arise:2 28:1 product:2 mild:1 hydrolysis:5 isolate:2 medium:1 however:4 low:4 specific:1 activity:3 indicate:2 endogenous:1 synthesis:2 vigorous:1 destroy:1 biological:2 compound:7 liberate:1 aryl:1 amine:1 fragment:2 obtain:2 crystalline:1 form:7 dioxalate:1 salt:3 free:2 base:1 preliminary:2 evidence:3 tentatively:1 molecule:1 cleave:1 secondary:2 amide:1 bond:2 sloane:3 chemical:2 study:15 pursue:1 cooperation:1 untch:1 esterase:2 research:1 mammalian:2 sera:2 continue:1 one:3 interesting:2 finding:1 extreme:1 sensitivity:2 plasma:3 arylesterase:4 rare:2 earth:2 ion:4 inhibition:1 enzyme:4 concentration:2 lanthanum:1 probably:3 strongest:1 know:3 effect:4 various:3 metal:7 find:5 protect:1 inactivation:1 urea:1 guanidine:1 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Two/cd metabolites/nns (/( 1/cd ,/, and/cc 2/cd )/) )/) of/in p-aminobenzoic/nn acid/nn (/( PABA/np )/) which/wdt act/vb as/cs cofactors/nns for/in the/at hydroxylation/nn of/in aniline/nn by/in acid-fast/jj bacteria/nns are/ber biosynthesized/vbn from/in Aj/nn ./. The/at 7/cd carbons/nns of/in PABA/nn are/ber incorporated/vbn directly/rb into/in metabolite/nn 2/cd (/( (/( as/cs shown/vbn with/in both/abx ring-labeled/jj and/cc carboxy-labeled/jj Af/nn )/) ./. Thirty-five/cd of/in the/at 36/cd carbon/nn atoms/nns arise/vb from/in Aj/nn ./. All/abn 28/cd carbons/nns of/in metabolite/nn 1/cd (/( (/( a/at product/nn of/in mild/jj acid/nn hydrolysis/nn of/in 2/cd )/) arise/vb from/in Aj/nn ./. Metabolite/nn 1/cd ,/, isolated/vbn from/in the/at medium/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, showed/vbd a/at lower/jjr specific/jj activity/nn ,/, which/wdt indicates/vbz endogenous/jj synthesis/nn of/in this/dt metabolite/nn ./. Vigorous/jj acid/nn hydrolysis/nn of/in metabolite/nn 1/cd ,/, destroyed/vbd the/at biological/jj activity/nn of/in the/at compound/nn and/cc liberated/vbd two/cd aryl/nn amines/nns ./. Fragment/nn A/nn has/hvz been/ben obtained/vbn in/in crystalline/jj form/nn as/cs a/at dioxalate/nn salt/nn and/cc free/jj base/nn ./. Preliminary/jj evidence/nn tentatively/rb indicates/vbz that/cs the/at molecule/nn (/( metabolite/nn 1/cd )/) )/) is/bez cleaved/vbn at/in a/at secondary/jj amide/nn bond/nn ./. (/( N./np H./np Sloane/np ;/. ;/. chemical/nn studies/nns are/ber being/beg pursued/vbn with/in the/at cooperation/nn of/in K.G./np Untch/np ./. )/) studies/nns-hl on/in-hl esterases/nns-hl --/-- Research/nn on/in esterases/nns in/in mammalian/jj sera/nns was/bedz continued/vbn ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql interesting/jj findings/nns was/bedz the/at extreme/jj sensitivity/nn of/in plasma/nn arylesterases/nns to/in rare/jj earth/nn ions/nns ./. The/at inhibition/nn of/in the/at enzyme/nn by/in very/ql low/jj concentrations/nns of/in lanthanum/nn ion/nn is/bez probably/rb the/at strongest/jjt known/vbn biological/jj effect/nn of/in rare/jj earth/nn salts/nns ./. Various/ap metal/nn ions/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn to/to protect/vb plasma/nn arylesterase/nn against/in inactivation/nn by/in urea/nn and/cc guanidine/nn ./. The/at effects/nns can/md be/be related/vbn to/in the/at structure/nn of/in this/dt enzyme/nn ./. The/at non-identity/nn of/in serum/nn and/cc red/jj blood/nn cell/nn arylesterase/nn was/bedz also/rb established/vbn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at hydrolysis/nn of/in paraoxon/nn was/bedz studied/vbn in/in mammalian/jj sera/nns ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz found/vbn that/cs it/pps is/bez hydrolyzed/vbn by/in albumin/nn (/( or/cc a/at factor/nn attached/vbn to/in it/ppo )/) in/in addition/nn to/in arylesterase/nn ./. Selective/jj inhibitors/nns can/md distinguish/vb the/at two/cd activities/nns ./. Investigations/nns on/in the/at acceleration/nn of/in human/jj plasma/nn cholinesterase/nn were/bed carried/vbn further/rbr ./. (/( E./np G./np Erdos/np ,/, L./np E./np Boggs/np ,/, C./np D./np Mackey/np )/) biophysical/jj-hl studies/nns-hl on/in-hl modified/vbn-hl fibrous/jj-hl proteins/nns-hl --/-- Electron-microscopical/jj and/cc physical-chemical/jj methods/nns were/bed used/vbn to/to demonstrate/vb the/at renaturation/nn of/in heat-denatured/jj collagen/nn and/cc ribonucleic/jj acid/nn ./. (/( R./np V./np Rice/np )/) A/at method/nn was/bedz devised/vbn for/in extracting/vbg and/cc purifying/vbg soluble/jj earthworm/nn collagen/nn (/( EWC/np )/) ./. It/pps was/bedz observed/vbn that/cs EWC/nn macromolecules/nns are/ber the/at same/ap diameter/nn (/( 15/cd a./nns )/) but/cc much/ql longer/jjr (/( up/rp to/in several/ap microns/nns )/) than/cs vertebrate/nn tropocollagen/nn ./. This/dt unusual/jj collagen/nn also/rb was/bedz shown/vbn to/to undergo/vb a/at reversible/jj thermal/jj phase/nn transformation/nn ./. (/( R./np V./np Rice/np ,/, M./np D./np Maser/np )/) studies/nns-hl on/in-hl peptides/nns-hl and/cc-hl peptidases/nns-hl --/-- This/dt investigation/nn involved/vbd several/ap aspects/nns ./. Substance/nn Z/nn ,/, an/at active/jj urinary/jj peptide/nn ,/, was/bedz purified/vbn by/in extraction/nn in/in organic/jj solvents/nns and/cc repeated/vbn column/nn chromatography/nn ;/. ;/. high-voltage/nn electrophoresis/nn and/cc paper/nn chromatography/nn were/bed used/vbn in/in preliminary/jj structural/jj studies/nns ;/. ;/. pharmacological/jj effects/nns in/in vitro/nn on/in isolated/vbn surviving/vbg organs/nns and/cc in/in vivo/nn on/in blood/nn pressure/nn were/bed assayed/vbn ;/. ;/. special/jj equipment/nn required/vbn for/in registering/vbg respiration/nn and/cc for/in recording/vbg the/at contraction/nn of/in smooth/jj muscles/nns under/in various/jj conditions/nns was/bedz developed/vbn by/in the/at Instruments/nns-tl Section/nn-tl (/( Victor/np Jackman/np ,/, W./np C./np Barnes/np ,/, J./np F./np Reiss/np )/) ;/. ;/. and/cc enzymes/nns which/wdt terminate/vb the/at action/nn of/in peptides/nns such/jj as/cs bradykinin/fw-nn and/cc perhaps/rb Substance/nn-tl Z/np-tl were/bed studied/vbn ./. Experiments/nns are/ber in/in progress/nn to/to develop/vb ultraviolet/jj spectrophotometric/jj techniques/nns for/in assaying/vbg these/dts enzymes/nns and/cc for/in studying/vbg their/pp$ sensitivity/nn to/in metal/nn ions/nns ./. (/( E./np G./np Erdos/np ,/, C./np D./np Mackey/np ,/, A./np G./np Renfrew/np ,/, W./np B./np Severs/np ,/, E./np M./np Sloane/np )/) seed/nn-hl proteins/nns-hl --/-- In/in a/at physiochemical/jj study/nn of/in seed/nn proteins/nns ,/, the/at globulins/nns of/in the/at Brazil/np nut/nn have/hv been/ben investigated/vbn ./. In/in addition/nn to/in the/at known/vbn principal/jjs globulin/nn ,/, excelsin/nn ,/, three/cd other/ap ultracentrifugally/rb distinct/jj components/nns have/hv been/ben observed/vbn ./. A/at water-soluble/jj protein/nn of/in quite/ql low/jj molecular/jj weight/nn (/( ca./rb 10,000/cd )/) has/hvz also/rb been/ben found/vbn in/in this/dt system/nn and/cc partly/rb characterized/vbn ./. (/( E./np F./np Casassa/np ,/, H./np J./np Notarius/np )/) continuum/nn-hl mechanics/nn-hl and/cc-hl viscoelasticity/nn-hl theory/nn-hl of/in-hl non-newtonian/jj-hl fluids/nns-hl --/-- On/in the/at basis/nn of/in a/at differentiability/nn assumption/nn in/in function/nn space/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to prove/vb that/cs ,/, for/in materials/nns having/hvg the/at property/nn that/cs the/at stress/nn is/bez given/vbn by/in a/at functional/nn of/in the/at history/nn of/in the/at deformation/nn gradients/nns ,/, the/at classical/jj theory/nn of/in infinitesimal/jj viscoelasticity/nn is/bez valid/jj when/wrb the/at deformation/nn has/hvz been/ben infinitesimal/jj for/in all/abn times/nns in/in the/at past/nn ./. By/in strengthening/vbg the/at differentiability/nn assumption/nn ,/, it/pps has/hvz been/ben possible/jj to/to derive/vb second/od and/cc higher/jjr order/nn theories/nns of/in viscoelasticity/nn ./. In/in the/at second-order/nn theory/nn ,/, one/cd of/in the/at normal/jj stress/nn differences/nns can/md be/be calculated/vbn from/in the/at first-order/nn stress/nn relaxation/nn function/nn ./. (/( B./np D./np Coleman/np with/in Walter/np Noll/np ,/, Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Mathematics/nn-tl ,/, Carnegie/np-tl Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Technology/nn-tl )/) viscoelastic/jj-hl measurements/nns-hl --/-- An/at extensive/jj series/nn of/in measurements/nns was/bedz made/vbn on/in a/at high-density/nn polyethylene/nn in/in a/at torsion/nn pendulum/nn instrument/nn using/vbg forced/vbn sinusoidal/jj oscillation/nn ,/, free/jj vibration/nn ,/, and/cc creep/nn measurements/nns over/in the/at temperature/nn range/nn of/in Af/nn to/in 80-degrees-C/nns ./. As/ql many/ap as/cs seven/cd decades/nns of/in the/at time/nn scale/nn were/bed thus/rb covered/vbn isothermally/rb ./. The/at simple/jj time-temperature/nn equivalence/nn valid/jj for/in many/ap amorphous/jj systems/nns did/dod not/* hold/vb here/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz possible/jj ,/, however/rb ,/, to/to decompose/vb the/at compliance/nn into/in a/at sum/nn of/in a/at frequency-independent/jj component/nn and/cc two/cd viscoelastic/jj mechanisms/nns ,/, each/dt compatible/jj with/in the/at Boltzmann/np superposition/nn principle/nn and/cc with/in a/at consistent/jj set/nn of/in time-temperature/nn equivalence/nn factors/nns ./. (/( Hershel/np Markovitz/np ,/, D.J./np Plazek/np ,/, Haruo/np Nakayasu/np )/) geochemistry/nn-hl trace/nn-hl elements/nns-hl in/in-hl tektites/nns-hl ,/,-hl meteorites/nns-hl ,/,-hl and/cc-hl related/vbn-hl materials/nns-hl --/-- The/at results/nns of/in microanalysis/nn of/in tektites/nns (/( natural/jj glasses/nns of/in unknown/jj origin/nn )/) for/in gallium/nn and/cc germanium/nn have/hv shown/vbn that/cs these/dts glasses/nns are/ber probably/rb produced/vbn from/in terrestrial/jj (/( or/cc less/ql likely/jj from/in lunar/jj )/) matter/nn by/in impact/nn of/in a/at celestial/jj body/nn ./. The/at gallium/nn //in germanium/nn ratio/nn is/bez higher/jjr than/cs that/dt for/in ordinary/jj igneous/jj ,/, metamorphic/jj ,/, or/cc sedimentary/jj matter/nn as/cs a/at result/nn of/in selective/jj volatilization/nn of/in the/at components/nns of/in the/at tektite/nn ./. Gallium/nn oxide/nn is/bez less/ql volatile/jj than/cs silica/nn (/( the/at main/jjs constituent/nn of/in tektites/nns )/) and/cc germanium/nn oxide/nn is/bez more/ql volatile/jj ./. Australites/nns (/( tektites/nns from/in Australia/np )/) give/vb the/at appearance/nn of/in a/at second/od melting/nn ./. In/in conformity/nn with/in this/dt conclusion/nn a/at higher/jjr trace/nn gallium/nn content/nn was/bedz found/vbn in/in the/at portion/nn (/( flange/nn )/) that/wps has/hvz undergone/vbn a/at second/od melting/nn ./. The/at silicate/jj fractions/nns of/in stony/jj meteorites/nns show/vb gallium/nn //in germanium/nn ratios/nns similar/jj to/in those/dts of/in tektites/nns because/cs they/ppss too/rb have/hv undergone/vbn melting/vbg at/in some/dti point/nn in/in their/pp$ histories/nns ./. Libyan/np-tl Desert/nn-tl silica-glass/nn ,/, another/dt natural/jj glass/nn ,/, is/bez composed/vbn of/in nearly/ql pure/jj silica/nn and/cc has/hvz the/at same/ap trace/nn germanium/nn content/nn as/cs sands/nns in/in the/at area/nn ./. The/at gallium/nn content/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, has/hvz been/ben enhanced/vbn five-fold/rb ./. This/dt glass/nn is/bez probably/rb formed/vbn from/in Libyan/np-tl Desert/nn-tl sands/nns by/in comet/nn or/cc stony-meteorite/nn impact/nn ./. Nickel-iron/nn meteorites/nns with/in sufficient/jj kinetic/jj energy/nn to/to produce/vb large/jj terrestrial/jj explosion/nn craters/nns may/md nevertheless/rb melt/vb only/ap small/jj quantities/nns of/in material/nn ./. Most/ap of/in the/at impact/nn energy/nn is/bez spent/vbn in/in crushing/vbg and/cc fragmentation/nn ./. When/wrb rapid/jj quenching/nn follows/vbz melting/vbg ,/, impact/nn glasses/nns may/md result/vb ./. These/dts always/rb contain/vb metallic/jj inclusions/nns ./. Impact/nn glasses/nns not/* containing/vbg elemental/jj nickel-iron/nn may/md have/hv been/ben produced/vbn by/in stony/jj meteorites/nns or/cc comets/nns ./. No/at meteorites/nns have/hv ever/rb been/ben recovered/vbn from/in paleoexplosion/nn craters/nns ,/, and/cc recent/jj craters/nns containing/vbg impact/nn glass/nn have/hv all/abn been/ben produced/vbn by/in metallic/jj meteorites/nns with/in the/at exception/nn of/in Aouelloul/np crater/nn ,/, Adrar/np ,/, Western/jj-tl Sahara/np-tl Desert/nn-tl ./. This/dt crater/nn contains/vbz impact/nn glass/nn with/in no/at metallic/jj inclusions/nns and/cc no/at meteoritic/jj material/nn has/hvz been/ben recovered/vbn ./. (/( A./np J./np Cohen/np ,/, John/np Anania/np )/) inorganic/jj-hl chemistry/nn-hl Preparation/nn of/in a/at coordination/nn compound/nn is/bez often/rb accomplished/vbn by/in the/at simple/jj method/nn of/in reacting/vbg a/at metal/nn salt/nn with/in a/at ligand/nn in/in a/at suitable/jj solvent/nn such/jj as/cs an/at alcohol/nn ./. By/in applying/vbg this/dt general/jj principle/nn ,/, a/at great/jj number/nn of/in complex/jj compounds/nns of/in osmium/nn ,/, ruthenium/nn ,/, iridium/nn ,/, and/cc rhenium/nn ,/, with/in triphenylphosphine/nn ,/, triphenylarsine/nn ,/, and/cc triphenylstibine/nn have/hv been/ben obtained/vbn in/in this/dt laboratory/nn during/in the/at past/ap few/ap years/nns ./. (/( Lauri/np Vaska/np ,/, E./np M./np Sloane/np ,/, J./np W./np DiLuzio/np )/) In/in the/at absence/nn of/in direct/jj evidence/nn to/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, decomposition/nn of/in solvent/nn alcohol/nn and/cc coordination/nn of/in its/pp$ fragments/nns to/in the/at metal/nn were/bed not/* considered/vbn ,/, following/in the/at above/jj heretofore-accepted/jj assumption/nn in/in preparative/jj coordination/nn chemistry/nn ./. Recent/jj work/nn with/in radiocarbon/nn and/cc deuterated/vbn alcohols/nns as/cs solvents/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, has/hvz given/vbn evidence/nn that/cs metal-hydrido/nn and/cc carbonyl/nn complexes/nns may/md be/be readily/rb formed/vbn by/in reaction/nn with/in alcohol/nn in/in some/dti of/in these/dts systems/nns ./. Some/dti of/in the/at previously/rb reported/vbn compounds/nns have/hv thus/rb been/ben reformulated/vbn and/cc a/at series/nn of/in new/jj hydrido/nn and/cc carbonyl/nn compounds/nns discovered/vbn ,/, the/at more/ql representative/jj examples/nns being/beg Af/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, Af/nn and/cc Af/nn (/( Af/nn )/) ./. The/at coordination/nn complexes/nns formed/vbn by/in transition/nn metals/nns with/in primary/jj and/cc secondary/jj phosphines/nns and/cc arsines/nns are/ber being/beg investigated/vbn (/( R./np G./np Hayter/np )/) ./. Particular/jj interest/nn is/bez directed/vbn towards/in the/at condensation/nn of/in these/dts ligands/nns with/in metal/nn halides/nns to/to form/vb substituted/vbn phosphide/nn or/cc arside/nn complexes/nns ./. During/in the/at past/jj year/nn ,/, these/dts ligands/nns have/hv yielded/vbn some/dti unusual/jj five-coordinate/jj complexes/nns of/in nickel/nn (/( 2/cd )/) and/cc some/dti interesting/jj binuclear/jj phosphorus-bridged/jj complexes/nns of/in palladium/nn (/( 2/cd )/) (/( see/vb figure/nn )/) ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs new/jj compounds/nns of/in the/at well-known/jj type/nn Af/nn ./. The/at structures/nns ,/, properties/nns ,/, and/cc reactions/nns of/in these/dts compounds/nns are/ber being/beg studied/vbn ./. In/in another/dt study/nn chromium-substituted/jj aluminum/nn oxyhydroxides/nns and/cc related/vbn species/nns ,/, prepared/vbn homogeneously/rb by/in high-temperature/nn hydrolysis/nn ,/, are/ber being/beg characterized/vbn and/cc investigated/vbn spectrally/rb in/in the/at ultraviolet/jj region/nn with/in a/at view/nn to/in identification/nn and/cc semiquantitative/jj estimation/nn of/in the/at phases/nns formed/vbn under/in varying/vbg preparative/jj conditions/nns ./. (/( J./np A./np Laswick/np ,/, N./np L./np Heatwole/np )/) structure/nn-hl and/cc-hl properties/nns-hl of/in-hl macromolecules/nns-hl elasticity/nn-hl of/in-hl macromolecular/jj-hl networks/nns-hl --/-- The/at theory/nn of/in elasticity/nn of/in Gaussian/jj networks/nns has/hvz been/ben developed/vbn on/in a/at more/ql general/jj basis/nn and/cc the/at equations/nns of/in state/nn relating/vbg variables/nns of/in pressure/nn ,/, volume/nn ,/, temperature/nn ,/, stress/nn and/cc strain/nn have/hv been/ben precisely/rb formulated/vbn ./. Simple/jj elongation/nn has/hvz been/ben treated/vbn in/in detail/nn ./. The/at various/ap stress-temperature/nn coefficients/nns for/in constancy/nn of/in volume/nn and/cc strain/nn ,/, constancy/nn of/in pressure/nn and/cc strain/nn ,/, and/cc constancy/nn of/in pressure/nn and/cc length/nn have/hv been/ben interrelated/vbn ./. The/at dilation/nn accompanying/vbg elongation/nn and/cc the/at simultaneously/rb developed/vbn anisotropy/nn of/in compressibility/nn have/hv been/ben related/vbn to/in the/at elongation/nn ./. In/in continuation/nn of/in these/dts theoretical/jj studies/nns ,/, a/at more/ql precise/jj elucidation/nn of/in the/at effects/nns of/in imperfections/nns in/in network/nn structure/nn is/bez sought/vbn ./. (/( P./np J./np Flory/np ,/, C./np A./np J./np Hoeve/np )/) chain/nn-hl conformations/nns-hl of/in-hl polymeric/jj-hl chains/nns-hl --/-- Recent/jj theoretical/jj work/nn to/to calculate/vb the/at dimensions/nns of/in polymeric/jj chains/nns by/in Volkenstein/np and/cc Lifson/np has/hvz been/ben extended/vbn to/to include/vb more/ql general/jj types/nns of/in chains/nns ./. The/at mean-square/nn end-to-end/jj distance/nn of/in the/at polyisobutylene/nn chain/nn has/hvz been/ben calculated/vbn in/in reasonable/jj agreement/nn with/in values/nns deduced/vbn from/in viscosity/nn data/nn ./. These/dts studies/nns are/ber being/beg extended/vbn to/in different/jj polymers/nns to/to increase/vb our/pp$ knowledge/nn about/in the/at hindrances/nns to/in rotation/nn around/in chain/nn bonds/nns ./. (/( C./np A./np J./np Hoeve/np ,/, A./np A./np Blumberg/np )/) crystallization/nn-hl in/in-hl polymers/nns-hl and/cc-hl copolymers/nns-hl --/-- The/at crystallization/nn of/in copolymers/nns comprising/vbg Af/nn units/nns interspersed/vbn with/in a/at minor/jj percentage/nn of/in Af/nn is/bez limited/vbn by/in the/at inability/nn of/in the/at crystal/nn lattice/nn characteristic/nn of/in the/at former/ap to/to accommodate/vb the/at bulky/jj side/nn group/nn of/in the/at latter/ap ./. Only/ap uninterrupted/jj sequences/nns of/in the/at former/ap are/ber eligible/jj for/in formation/nn of/in crystallites/nns ./. Limitations/nns on/in the/at lengths/nns of/in these/dts sequences/nns diminish/vb the/at stability/nn of/in the/at comparatively/ql short/jj crystallites/nns which/wdt can/md be/be formed/vbn ,/, and/cc this/dt is/bez reflected/vbn in/in a/at broadening/vbg of/in the/at melting/vbg range/nn ./. (/( Robert/np Chiang/np ,/, J./np B./np Jackson/np ,/, P./np J./np Flory/np )/) Carefully/rb executed/vbn melting/vbg studies/nns on/in this/dt system/nn (/( M./np J./np Richardson/np )/) permit/vb quantitative/jj estimation/nn of/in the/at instability/nn engendered/vbn by/in reduced/vbn crystallite/nn length/nn ./. The/at complex/jj morphology/nn of/in polycrystalline/jj homopolymers/nns is/bez necessarily/rb dependent/jj on/in the/at same/ap factor/nn ./. Hence/rb ,/, the/at present/jj studies/nns offer/vb a/at possible/jj basis/nn for/in interpretations/nns in/in the/at latter/ap field/nn ./. Contraction/nn-hl of/in-hl muscle/nn-hl --/-- Glycerinated/vbn muscle/nn ,/, in/in the/at presence/nn of/in the/at physiological/jj agent/nn (/( ATP/np )/) responsible/jj for/in delivering/vbg energy/nn to/in the/at mechanochemically/rb active/jj proteins/nns of/in muscle/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben shown/vbn to/to undergo/vb a/at contraction/nn which/wdt is/bez highly/ql sensitive/jj both/abx to/in temperature/nn and/cc to/in solvent/nn composition/nn in/in mixtures/nns of/in alcohols/nns and/cc water/nn ./. Experiments/nns carried/vbn out/rp over/in long/jj periods/nns of/in time/nn in/in order/nn to/to allow/vb establishment/nn of/in a/at steady/jj state/nn have/hv shown/vbn that/cs the/at onset/nn of/in contraction/nn and/cc its/pp$ completion/nn are/ber confined/vbn to/in an/at interval/nn of/in several/ap degrees/nns Centigrade/np and/cc to/in a/at concentration/nn range/nn of/in only/rb several/ap per/in cent/nn ./. The/at contraction/nn therefore/rb partakes/vbz of/in the/at character/nn of/in a/at phase/nn transition/nn ./. While/cs ATP/nn appears/vbz to/to be/be necessary/jj for/in the/at occurrence/nn of/in contraction/nn ,/, its/pp$ presence/nn and/cc enzymatic/jj hydrolysis/nn of/in it/ppo by/in the/at muscle/nn protein/nn myosin/nn are/ber not/* the/at only/ap criteria/nns for/in contraction/nn ./. (/( C./np A./np J./np Hoeve/np ,/, P./np J./np Flory/np )/) anionic/jj-hl Polymerization/nn-hl --/-- One/cd of/in the/at principal/jjs aims/nns of/in anionic/jj polymerization/nn techniques/nns is/bez the/at synthesis/nn of/in polymers/nns of/in extremely/ql narrow/jj molecular/jj weight/nn distribution/nn ./. A/at simple/jj process/nn for/in the/at preparation/nn of/in nearly/ql monodisperse/jj polystyrene/nn of/in predictable/jj molecular/jj weight/nn has/hvz been/ben developed/vbn ./. The/at preparation/nn of/in such/jj products/nns is/bez not/* new/jj ,/, but/cc the/at systems/nns heretofore/rb employed/vbn in/in polymerizations/nns have/hv commanded/vbn considerable/jj experimental/jj skill/nn and/cc starting/vbg materials/nns of/in a/at high/jj purity/nn ./. In/in the/at new/jj process/nn impurities/nns present/rb in/in the/at solvent/nn (/( benzene/nn )/) ,/, the/at monomer/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at reaction/nn system/nn which/wdt would/md cause/vb deactivation/nn of/in propagation/nn centers/nns ,/, are/ber rendered/vbn inactive/jj prior/rb to/in polymerization/nn by/in gradual/jj addition/nn of/in initiator/nn ,/, a/at mixture/nn of/in butyl-lithium/nn and/cc telomeric/jj styryl-lithium/nn ,/, at/in a/at temperature/nn low/jj enough/qlp to/to suppress/vb chain/nn growth/nn ./. Upon/in completion/nn of/in the/at purging/vbg step/nn ,/, additional/jj initiator/nn appropriate/jj for/in the/at molecular/jj weight/nn of/in the/at sample/nn desired/vbn is/bez added/vbn ,/, and/cc the/at system/nn is/bez then/rb warmed/vbn to/in the/at polymerization/nn temperature/nn ,/, at/in which/wdt the/at reaction/nn is/bez allowed/vbn to/to go/vb to/in completion/nn ./. The/at predictability/nn of/in the/at molecular/jj weights/nns was/bedz found/vbn to/to be/be within/in 10%/nn for/in the/at polymers/nns prepared/vbn ,/, with/in Af/nn ratios/nns less/ap than/in 1.1/cd ./. Contrary/jj to/in observations/nns with/in ethers/nns ,/, no/at apparent/jj change/nn of/in the/at reactivity/nn of/in the/at chain/nn ends/nns takes/vbz place/nn over/in considerable/jj periods/nns of/in time/nn in/in benzene/nn as/cs solvent/nn ./.

cj73

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Organization/nn-hl :/: In/in this/dt publication/nn measurements/nns of/in interfacial/jj angles/nns of/in crystals/nns are/ber used/vbn to/to classify/vb and/cc identify/vb chemical/nn substances/nns ./. T./np V./np Barker/np ,/, who/wps developed/vbd the/at classification-angle/nn system/nn ,/, was/bedz about/rb to/to begin/vb the/at systematic/jj compilation/nn of/in the/at index/nn when/wrb he/pps died/vbd in/in 1931/cd ./. The/at compilation/nn work/nn was/bedz undertaken/vbn by/in a/at number/nn of/in interested/vbn crystallographers/nns in/in the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Mineralogy/nn-tl of/in the/at University/nn-tl Museum/nn-tl at/in Oxford/np ./. Since/in 1948/cd the/at working/vbg headquarters/nn has/hvz been/ben the/at Department/nn-tl of/in-tl Geology/nn-tl and/cc-tl Mineralogy/nn-tl ./. Numerous/jj cooperating/vbg individuals/nns in/in Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl ,/, Holland/np ,/, the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc Belgium/np have/hv contributed/vbn editorially/rb or/cc by/in making/vbg calculations/nns ./. Great/jj interest/nn and/cc practical/jj help/nn have/hv been/ben given/vbn by/in the/at Barker/np-tl Index/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl ./. Financial/jj and/cc material/nn help/nn have/hv come/vbn from/in academic/jj ,/, governmental/jj ,/, and/cc industrial/jj organizations/nns in/in England/np and/cc Holland/np ./. Editors/nns for/in Volumes/nns-tl 1/cd ,/, and/cc 2/cd ,/, were/bed M./np W./np Porter/np and/cc the/at late/jj R./np C./np Spiller/np ,/, both/abx of/in Oxford/np-tl University/nn-tl ./. A/at third/od volume/nn remains/vbz to/to be/be published/vbn ./. Substances/nns-hl :/: Volume/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, deals/vbz with/in 2991/cd compounds/nns belonging/vbg to/in the/at tetragonal/jj ,/, hexagonal/jj and/cc trigonal/jj ,/, and/cc orthorhombic/jj systems/nns ;/. ;/. and/cc Volume/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, with/in about/rb 3500/cd monoclinic/jj substances/nns ./. Volume/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, ,/, in/in preparation/nn ,/, will/md treat/vb the/at anorthic/jj compounds/nns described/vbn in/in Groth's/np$ Chemische/fw-jj-tl Krystallographie/fw-nn-tl ./. Properties/nns-hl :/: The/at Barker/np system/nn is/bez based/vbn on/in the/at use/nn of/in the/at smallest/jjt number/nn of/in interfacial/jj angles/nns necessary/jj for/in indexing/vbg purposes/nns ./. Other/ap morphological/jj ,/, physical/jj ,/, and/cc optical/jj property/nn values/nns are/ber also/rb given/vbn ./. Sources/nns-hl of/in-hl data/nn-hl :/: The/at index/nn is/bez essentially/rb a/at new/jj treatment/nn of/in previously/rb compiled/vbn morphological/jj data/nns ./. Most/ap of/in the/at data/nns used/vbn are/ber from/in Groth's/np$ Chemische/fw-jj-tl Krystallographie/fw-nn-tl ./. Criticality/nn-hl :/nil Every/at calculation/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn independently/rb by/in two/cd workers/nns and/cc checked/vbn by/in one/cd of/in the/at editors/nns ./. Use/nn-hl of/in-hl nomenclature/nn-hl ,/,-hl symbols/nns-hl ,/,-hl units/nns-hl ,/,-hl physical/jj-hl constants/nns-hl :/: Accepted/vbn crystallographic/jj symbolism/nn has/hvz been/ben used/vbn ;/. ;/. other/ap symbols/nns related/vbn to/in the/at index/nn necessarily/rb have/hv been/ben introduced/vbn ./. Currency/nn-hl :/: This/dt publication/nn covers/vbz the/at old/jj literature/nn (/( Groth/np )/) ;/. ;/. there/ex is/bez no/at mechanism/nn for/in keeping/vbg the/at volumes/nns up/rp to/in date/nn ./. Format/nn-hl :/: The/at publication/nn form/nn is/bez that/dt of/in clothbound/jj books/nns ./. The/at data/nns are/ber presented/vbn in/in lists/nns and/cc tables/nns ./. Part/nn-tl 1/cd-tl in/in both/abx volumes/nns is/bez labeled/vbn ``/`` Introduction/nn-tl And/cc-tl Tables/nns-tl ''/'' ./. The/at tables/nns include/vb those/dts for/in the/at classification/nn angles/nns ,/, refractive/jj indices/nns ,/, and/cc melting/vbg points/nns of/in the/at various/ap types/nns of/in crystals/nns ./. Part/nn-tl 2/cd-tl of/in Volume/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, and/cc Parts/nns-tl 2/cd-tl and/cc 3/cd-tl of/in Volume/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, contain/vb the/at crystal/nn descriptions/nns ./. These/dts are/ber grouped/vbn into/in sections/nns according/rb to/in the/at crystal/nn system/nn ,/, and/cc within/in each/dt section/nn compounds/nns are/ber arranged/vbn in/in the/at same/ap order/nn as/cs in/in Groth's/np$ Chemische/fw-jj-tl Krystallographie/fw-nn-tl ./. An/at alphabetical/jj list/nn of/in chemical/nn and/cc mineralogical/jj names/nns with/in reference/nn numbers/nns enables/vbz one/pn to/to find/vb a/at particular/ap crystal/nn description/nn ./. References/nns to/in the/at data/nns sources/nns are/ber given/vbn in/in the/at crystal/nn descriptions/nns ./. Publication/nn-hl and/cc-hl distribution/nn-hl :/: The/at Barker/np index/nn is/bez published/vbn for/in the/at Barker/np-tl Index/nn-tl Committee/nn-tl by/in W./np-tl Heffer/np-tl &/cc-tl Sons/nns-tl ,/, Ltd./vbn-tl ,/, 4/cd-tl Petty/jj-tl Cury/np-tl ,/, Cambridge/np ,/, England/np ./. Volume/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, containing/vbg Parts/nns-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc 2/cd-tl was/bedz published/vbn in/in 1951/cd ;/. ;/. Volume/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, in/in three/cd parts/nns ,/, in/in 1956/cd ./. The/at two/cd volumes/nns are/ber available/jj from/in the/at publisher/nn for/in $16.80/nns and/cc $28.00/nns ,/, respectively/rb ./. 2-2/cd-hl ./.-hl Crystal/nn-hl data/nns-hl organization/nn-hl :/: The/at present/jj edition/nn of/in crystal/nn data/nns was/bedz written/vbn by/in J.D.H./np Donnay/np ,/, the/at Johns/np-tl Hopkins/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, Baltimore/np ,/, Md./np (/( Part/nn-tl 2/cd-tl )/) )/) and/cc Werner/np Nowacki/np ,/, University/nn-tl of/in-tl Berne/np-tl ,/, Switzerland/np (/( Part/nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) )/) with/in the/at collaboration/nn of/in Gabrielle/np Donnay/np ,/, U./np-tl S./np-tl Geological/jj-tl Survey/nn-tl ,/, Washington/np ,/, D./np C./np ./. Many/ap collaborators/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Switzerland/np helped/vbd in/in collecting/vbg and/cc assembling/vbg data/nns ,/, in/in making/vbg calculations/nns ,/, and/cc in/in editing/vbg ./. Support/nn came/vbd from/in academic/jj and/cc industrial/jj groups/nns in/in these/dts two/cd countries/nns ./. The/at Geological/jj-tl Society/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl gave/vbd a/at grant-in-aid/nn to/to complete/vb the/at work/nn and/cc bore/vbd the/at expenses/nns of/in publication/nn ./. Preparation/nn of/in a/at second/od edition/nn is/bez in/in progress/nn under/in the/at sponsorship/nn of/in the/at Crystal/nn-tl Data/nns-tl Committee/nn-tl of/in the/at American/jj-tl Crystallographic/jj-tl Association/nn-tl ./. Coeditors/nns are/ber J.D.H./np Donnay/np ,/, G./np E./np Cox/np of/in Leeds/np-tl University/nn-tl ,/, and/cc Olga/np Kennard/np of/in the/at National/jj-tl Council/nn-tl for/in-tl Medical/jj-tl Research/nn-tl ,/, London/np ./. Financial/jj grants/nns have/hv been/ben received/vbn from/in the/at National/jj-tl Science/nn-tl Foundation/nn-tl and/cc the/at (/( British/jj-tl )/) Institute/nn-tl of/in-tl Physics/nn-tl for/in the/at compilation/nn work/nn and/cc the/at publication/nn costs/nns ./. The/at continuity/nn of/in the/at project/nn is/bez suggested/vbn by/in plans/nns for/in an/at eventual/jj third/od edition/nn ./. Substances/nns-hl :/: Elements/nns ,/, alloys/nns ,/, inorganic/jj and/cc organic/jj compounds/nns ./. (/( Metal/nn data/nns will/md not/* be/be included/vbn in/in the/at second/od edition/nn ,/, since/cs these/dts have/hv been/ben collected/vbn independently/rb by/in W./np B./np Pearson/np ,/, National/jj-tl Research/nn-tl Council/nn-tl ,/, Ottawa/np ,/, and/cc published/vbn as/cs A/at handbook/nn of/in lattice/nn spacings/nns and/cc structures/nns of/in metals/nns and/cc alloys/nns by/in Pergamon/np-tl Press/nn-tl ./. )/) properties/nns-hl :/: Crystallographic/jj data/nns resulting/vbg mainly/rb from/in X-ray/nn and/cc electron/nn diffraction/nn measurements/nns are/ber presented/vbn ./. Cell/nn dimensions/nns ,/, number/nn of/in formula/nn units/nns per/in cell/nn ,/, space/nn group/nn ,/, and/cc specific/jj gravity/nn are/ber given/vbn for/in all/abn substances/nns ./. For/in some/dti substances/nns ,/, auxiliary/jj properties/nns such/jj as/cs the/at melting/vbg point/nn are/ber given/vbn ./. Sources/nns-hl of/in-hl data/nns-hl :/: Part/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at present/ap edition/nn covers/vbz the/at literature/nn to/in mid-1948/cd ;/. ;/. Part/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, up/rp to/in the/at end/nn of/in 1951/cd ./. Much/ap of/in the/at material/nn comes/vbz directly/rb from/in secondary/jj sources/nns such/jj as/cs Strukturbericht/fw-nn-nc ./. Criticality/nn-hl :/: The/at vast/jj number/nn of/in compounds/nns to/to be/be covered/vbn ,/, the/at limited/vbn resources/nns to/to do/do the/at job/nn ,/, and/cc the/at immediate/jj need/nn for/in this/dt type/nn of/in compilation/nn precluded/vbd a/at thorough/jj evaluation/nn of/in all/abn available/jj data/nns in/in the/at present/ap edition/nn ./. Future/jj editions/nns may/md be/be more/ql critical/jj ./. Use/nn-hl of/in-hl nomenclature/nn-hl ,/,-hl symbols/nns-hl ,/,-hl units/nns-hl ,/,-hl physical/jj-hl constants/nns-hl :/: Since/cs Parts/nns-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, and/cc 2/cd-tl ,/, were/bed prepared/vbn independently/rb ,/, the/at abbreviation/nn schemes/nns and/cc the/at chemical/nn symbols/nns used/vbn differ/vb in/in the/at two/cd parts/nns ./. The/at second/od edition/nn should/md have/hv greater/jjr uniformity/nn ./. Currency/nn-hl :/: A/at second/od edition/nn is/bez in/in preparation/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex are/ber long/jj range/nn plans/nns for/in a/at third/od ./. Format/nn-hl :/: Data/nns in/in the/at present/ap edition/nn are/ber presented/vbn in/in tables/nns and/cc lists/nns ./. Part/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, deals/vbz with/in the/at classification/nn of/in crystalline/jj substances/nns by/in space/nn groups/nns and/cc is/bez not/* a/at numerical/jj data/nns compilation/nn ./. The/at compounds/nns are/ber divided/vbn according/rb to/in composition/nn into/in seven/cd categories/nns ./. Part/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, contains/vbz determinative/jj tables/nns for/in the/at identification/nn of/in crystalline/jj substances/nns ./. These/dts are/ber arranged/vbn according/rb to/in crystal/nn system/nn ./. There/ex are/ber formula/nn and/cc name/nn indexes/nns covering/vbg both/abx parts/nns ./. References/nns for/in Part/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, are/ber given/vbn at/in the/at end/nn and/cc for/in Part/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, in/in the/at tables/nns ./. Publication/nn-hl and/cc-hl distribution/nn-hl :/: The/at present/ap edition/nn of/in crystal/nn data/nn (/( Af/nn )/) ,/, published/vbn in/in 1954/cd as/cs Memoir/nn-tl 60/cd-tl of/in the/at Geological/jj-tl Society/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl ,/, is/bez now/rb out/rp of/in print/nn ./. The/at manuscript/nn of/in the/at second/od edition/nn will/md probably/rb be/be ready/jj by/in the/at end/nn of/in 1960/cd ./. 2-3/cd-hl ./.-hl Crystal/nn-tl Structures/nns-tl organization/nn-hl :/: The/at author/nn of/in Crystal/nn-tl Structures/nns-tl is/bez Ralph/np W.G./np Wyckoff/np ,/, University/nn-tl of/in-tl Arizona/np-tl ,/, Tucson/np ,/, Arizona/np ./. The/at first/od section/nn of/in this/dt publication/nn appeared/vbd in/in 1948/cd and/cc the/at last/ap supplement/nn in/in 1960/cd ./. Though/cs now/rb complete/jj ,/, the/at publication/nn is/bez included/vbn in/in this/dt directory/nn because/rb of/in its/pp$ importance/nn and/cc because/rb of/in the/at long-term/nn nature/nn of/in its/pp$ preparation/nn ./. Substances/nns-hl :/: Elements/nns ,/, inorganic/jj and/cc organic/jj compounds/nns (/( no/at alloys/nns )/) ./. Properties/nns-hl :/: The/at data/nns presented/vbn are/ber derived/vbn almost/ql entirely/rb from/in X-ray/nn diffraction/nn measurements/nns and/cc include/vb atomic/jj coordinates/nns ,/, cell/nn dimensions/nns ,/, and/cc atomic/jj and/cc ionic/jj radii/nns ./. Sources/nns-hl of/in-hl data/nns-hl :/: Published/vbn literature/nn ./. Criticality/nn-hl :/: The/at aim/nn was/bedz to/to state/vb the/at results/nns of/in all/abn available/jj determinations/nns of/in atomic/jj positions/nns in/in crystals/nns ./. Presumably/rb the/at tabulated/vbn data/nns are/ber best/jjt available/jj values/nns ./. The/at critical/jj comments/nns in/in the/at textual/jj sections/nns of/in this/dt publication/nn are/ber invaluable/jj ./. Use/nn-hl of/in-hl nomenclature/nn-hl ,/,-hl symbols/nns-hl ,/,-hl units/nns-hl ,/,-hl physical/jj-hl constants/nns-hl :/: The/at terminology/nn used/vbn conforms/vbz to/in that/dt of/in Internationale/fw-jj-tl Tabellen/fw-nns-tl Zur/fw-in+at-tl Bestimmung/fw-nn-tl Von/fw-in-tl Kristallstrukturen/fw-nns-tl ./. Currency/nn-hl :/: During/in the/at years/nns of/in publication/nn ,/, supplement/nn and/cc replacement/nn sheets/nns were/bed issued/vbn periodically/rb ./. Coverage/nn of/in the/at literature/nn extends/vbz through/in 1954/cd and/cc includes/vbz some/dti 1955/cd references/nns ./. It/pps is/bez to/to be/be hoped/vbn that/cs some/dti way/nn will/md be/be found/vbn to/to keep/vb this/dt important/jj work/nn current/jj ./. Format/nn-hl :/: The/at publication/nn form/nn is/bez that/dt of/in loose-leaf/nn sheets/nns (/( Af/nn )/) contained/vbn in/in binders/nns ./. The/at book/nn is/bez divided/vbn into/in chapters/nns and/cc in/in each/dt chapter/nn the/at material/nn is/bez grouped/vbn into/in Text/nn-tl ,/, Tables/nns-tl ,/, Illustrations/nns-tl ,/, and/cc Bibliography/nn-tl ./. Each/dt group/nn is/bez paginated/vbn separately/rb ;/. ;/. numbers/nns sometimes/rb followed/vbn by/in letters/nns are/ber used/vbn so/cs that/cs insertions/nns can/md be/be made/vbn ./. Inorganic/jj structures/nns are/ber found/vbn in/in Chapters/nns-tl 2/cd -/in-tl 12/cd-tl ,/, organic/jj structures/nns in/in Chapters/nns-tl 13/cd-tl -/in-tl 15/cd-tl ./. Within/in each/dt chapter/nn an/at effort/nn has/hvz been/ben made/vbn to/to group/vb together/rb those/dts crystals/nns with/in similar/jj structures/nns ./. There/ex are/ber three/cd indexes/nns ,/, i.e./rb ,/, an/at inorganic/jj formula/nn index/nn ,/, a/at mineralogical/jj name/nn index/nn ,/, and/cc a/at name/nn index/nn to/in organic/jj compounds/nns ./. Publication/nn-hl and/cc-hl distribution/nn-hl :/: Publisher/nn of/in Crystal/nn-tl Structures/nns-tl is/bez Interscience/np-tl Publishers/nns-tl ,/, 250/cd-tl Fifth/od-tl Avenue/nn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, N./np Y./np ./. The/at work/nn consists/vbz of/in four/cd sections/nns and/cc 5/cd supplements/nns ./. Price/nn of/in the/at complete/jj work/nn including/in all/abn necessary/jj binders/nns is/bez $148.50/nns ./. 2-4/cd-hl ./.-hl Dana's/np$ System/nn-tl Of/in-tl Mineralogy/nn-tl organization/nn-tl :/: Six/cd editions/nns of/in James/np Dwight/np Dana's/np$ System/nn-tl appeared/vbd between/in 1837/cd and/cc 1892/cd ./. In/in 1915/cd Edward/np S./np Dana/np ,/, editor/nn of/in the/at sixth/od edition/nn ,/, asked/vbd W./np E./np Ford/np of/in Yale/np-tl University/nn-tl to/to prepare/vb a/at seventh/od edition/nn of/in his/pp$ father's/nn$ work/nn ./. A/at number/nn of/in people/nns became/vbd involved/vbn in/in the/at preparation/nn but/cc work/nn was/bedz slow/jj until/in 1937/cd ./. In/in that/dt year/nn a/at grant/nn was/bedz obtained/vbn from/in the/at Penrose/np-tl Fund/nn-tl of/in the/at Geological/jj-tl Society/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl to/to finance/vb additional/jj full-time/jj workers/nns ./. Money/nn was/bedz also/rb advanced/vbn by/in the/at publishers/nns ,/, John/np-tl Wiley/np-tl &/cc-tl Sons/nns-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ./. Volume/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, was/bedz completed/vbn in/in 1941/cd and/cc published/vbn in/in 1944/cd ./. The/at editors/nns of/in this/dt volume/nn and/cc Volume/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, were/bed the/at late/jj Charles/np Palache/np ,/, Clifford/np Frondel/np ,/, and/cc the/at late/jj Harry/np Berman/np ,/, all/abn of/in Harvard/np-tl University/nn-tl ./. Work/nn on/in Volume/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, was/bedz begun/vbn in/in 1941/cd ,/, interrupted/vbn by/in the/at war/nn in/in 1942/cd ,/, and/cc resumed/vbn in/in 1945/cd ./. The/at volume/nn was/bedz completed/vbn in/in 1950/cd and/cc published/vbn in/in 1951/cd ./. A/at supplementary/jj grant/nn from/in the/at Geological/jj-tl Society/nn-tl of/in-tl America/np-tl helped/vbd finance/vb its/pp$ publication/nn ./. Besides/in the/at editors/nns there/ex were/bed many/ap contributors/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc Great/jj-tl Britain/np-tl to/in Volumes/nns-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, and/cc 2/cd-tl ./. W./np E./np Ford/np ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, continued/vbd to/to supply/vb data/nns on/in the/at occurrence/nn of/in minerals/nns until/in his/pp$ death/nn in/in 1939/cd ./. Volume/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, is/bez nearing/vbg completion/nn and/cc there/ex are/ber plans/nns to/to revise/vb Volume/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ./. The/at project/nn is/bez currently/rb supported/vbn by/in Harvard/np-tl University/nn-tl ./. Substances/nns-hl :/: minerals/nns ./. Properties/nns-hl :/: Crystallographic/jj ,/, physical/jj ,/, optical/jj ,/, and/cc chemical/nn properties/nns ./. The/at crystallographic/jj data/nns given/vbn include/vb interaxial/jj angles/nns and/cc unit/nn cell/nn dimensions/nns ;/. ;/. the/at physical/jj property/nn values/nns include/vb hardness/nn ,/, melting/vbg point/nn ,/, and/cc specific/jj gravity/nn ./. Sources/nns-hl of/in-hl data/nns-hl :/: Almost/ql entirely/rb original/jj articles/nns in/in journals/nns ;/. ;/. abstracts/nns and/cc other/ap compilations/nns on/in rare/jj occasions/nns when/wrb original/jj papers/nns are/ber not/* available/jj ./. Criticality/nn-hl :/: All/abn information/nn is/bez carefully/rb appraised/vbn and/cc uncertain/jj facts/nns are/ber designated/vbn by/in (/( '?'/nn ./. )/) An/at authentic/jj diffraction/nn pattern/nn is/bez always/rb obtained/vbn and/cc optical/jj properties/nns are/ber frequently/rb checked/vbn ./. Use/nn-hl of/in-hl nomenclature/nn-hl ,/,-hl symbols/nns-hl ,/,-hl units/nns-hl ,/,-hl physical/jj-hl constants/nns-hl :/: Recommendations/nns of/in international/jj authorities/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at International/jj-tl Union/nn-tl of/in-tl Crystallography/nn-tl ,/, are/ber followed/vbn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at complete/jj synonymy/nn at/in the/at beginning/nn of/in each/dt species/nn description/nn ./. Currency/nn-hl :/: Currency/nn in/in the/at usual/jj sense/nn cannot/md* be/be maintained/vbn in/in an/at undertaking/nn of/in this/dt sort/nn ./. Format/nn-hl :/: The/at data/nns are/ber presented/vbn in/in text/nn and/cc tables/nns in/in bound/vbn volumes/nns ./. Volume/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, of/in the/at seventh/od edition/nn contains/vbz an/at introduction/nn and/cc data/nns for/in eight/cd classes/nns of/in minerals/nns ;/. ;/. Volume/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, contains/vbz data/nns for/in forty-two/cd classes/nns ./. References/nns are/ber given/vbn at/in the/at end/nn of/in each/dt mineral/nn description/nn and/cc a/at general/jj index/nn is/bez given/vbn at/in the/at end/nn of/in each/dt volume/nn ./. There/ex will/md be/be a/at comprehensive/jj index/nn in/in Volume/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, covering/vbg all/abn three/cd volumes/nns ./. Publication/nn-hl and/cc-hl distribution/nn-hl :/: Volume/nn-tl 1/cd-tl (/( (/( Af/nn )/) of/in the/at seventh/od edition/nn of/in Dana's/np$ System/nn-tl Of/in-tl Mineralogy/nn-tl was/bedz published/vbn in/in 1944/cd and/cc Volume/nn-tl 2/cd-tl (/( (/( Af/nn )/) in/in 1951/cd by/in John/np-tl Wiley/np-tl &/cc-tl Sons/nns-tl ,/, Inc./vbn-tl ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, N./np Y./np ./. (/( The/at association/nn of/in Wiley/np-tl &/np-tl Sons/nns-tl with/in the/at Dana/np Mineralogies/nns-tl dates/vbz back/rb to/in 1844/cd when/wrb they/ppss published/vbd the/at second/od edition/nn of/in the/at system/nn ./. )/) The/at two/cd volumes/nns are/ber available/jj from/in the/at publisher/nn for/in $14.00/nns and/cc $16.00/nns ,/, respectively/rb ./. 2-5/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at Groth/np-tl Institute/nn-tl organization/nn-hl :/: ``/`` The/at Groth/np-tl Institute/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt was/bedz established/vbn in/in 1958/cd ,/, is/bez a/at group/nn activity/nn affiliated/vbn with/in the/at Physics/nn-tl Department/nn-tl of/in The/at-tl Pennsylvania/np-tl State/nn-tl University/nn-tl ,/, University/nn-tl Park/nn-tl ,/, Pa./np ./. Ray/np Pepinsky/np is/bez the/at Director/nn-tl ./. The/at Institute/nn-tl derives/vbz its/pp$ name/nn from/in Paul/np Von/np Groth's/np$ Chemische/fw-jj-tl Krystallographie/fw-nn-tl ,/, a/at five-volume/jj work/nn which/wdt appeared/vbd between/in 1906/cd and/cc 1919/cd ./. The/at resident/jj staff/nn is/bez large/jj and/cc consists/vbz of/in professional/jj assistants/nns ,/, graduate/nn students/nns ,/, abstractors/nns ,/, librarian/nn ,/, technical/jj editor/nn ,/, machine/nn operators/nns ,/, secretarial/jj help/nn ,/, and/cc others/nns ./. There/ex are/ber also/rb corresponding/vbg members/nns and/cc outside/jj advisory/jj groups/nns ./. The/at Air/nn-tl Force/nn-tl Office/nn-tl of/in-tl Scientific/jj-tl Research/nn-tl has/hvz provided/vbn financial/jj assistance/nn in/in the/at early/jj stages/nns of/in the/at Institute's/nn$-tl program/nn ./. Substances/nns-hl :/: All/abn crystalline/jj substances/nns and/cc other/ap solid-state/nn materials/nns ./. Properties/nns-hl :/: The/at aim/nn is/bez to/to collect/vb a/at very/ql broad/jj range/nn of/in physical/jj ,/, chemical/nn ,/, morphological/jj ,/, and/cc structural/jj data/nns for/in crystals/nns on/in an/at encyclopedic/jj scale/nn and/cc to/to seek/vb all/abn possible/jj useful/jj and/cc revealing/vbg correlations/nns of/in properties/nns with/in internal/jj structure/nn ./. Sources/nns-hl of/in-hl data/nns-hl :/: The/at first/od stage/nn of/in operation/nn has/hvz centered/vbn on/in the/at literature/nn imaging/nn of/in critical/jj or/cc summarizing/vbg tabulations/nns such/jj as/cs the/at Barker/np-tl Index/nn-tl ./. Coverage/nn of/in primary/jj literature/nn will/md follow/vb ./. Unpublished/jj data/nns will/md be/be available/jj to/in the/at Groth/np institute/nn from/in cooperating/vbg groups/nns and/cc individuals/nns ./. Criticality/nn-hl :/: Critical/jj evaluation/nn of/in all/abn data/nns compiled/vbn is/bez not/* a/at primary/jj aim/nn of/in this/dt project/nn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at proposed/vbn correlation/nn of/in the/at many/ap interrelated/vbn properties/nns of/in crystals/nns will/md reveal/vb discrepancies/nns in/in the/at recorded/vbn data/nns and/cc suggest/vb areas/nns for/in reinvestigation/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at availability/nn of/in computers/nns will/md permit/vb recalculation/nn and/cc refinement/nn of/in much/ap structural/jj information/nn ./. Use/nn-hl of/in-hl nomenclature/nn-hl ,/,-hl symbols/nns-hl ,/,-hl units/nns-hl ,/,-hl physical/jj-hl constants/nns-hl :/: For/in punched-card/nn or/cc tape/nn storage/nn of/in information/nn all/abn literature/nn values/nns must/md be/be conformed/vbn to/in a/at common/jj language/nn ./. In/in this/dt way/nn a/at degree/nn of/in unification/nn of/in nomenclature/nn ,/, symbols/nns ,/, and/cc units/nns will/md be/be realized/vbn ./.

cj74

cj74 |@word individual:2 class:2 food:47 differ:1 requirement:1 preservation:13 number:2 method:6 develop:2 year:3 involve:6 one:5 combination:1 procedure:1 dehydration:1 fermentation:1 salt:3 chemical:5 treatment:8 refrigeration:9 freeze:7 basic:1 objective:4 instance:1 make:2 available:4 supply:1 interval:1 harvesting:1 slaughter:1 minimize:1 loss:2 result:7 action:5 microorganism:8 insect:6 possible:3 transport:3 area:5 harvest:2 production:5 consumption:2 early:2 essentially:2 relate:1 survival:1 sophisticated:1 atmosphere:1 today:1 nation:1 technique:1 seek:1 also:5 bring:1 variety:2 peak:2 freshness:2 optimum:1 taste:5 flavor:4 reasonable:1 cost:18 consumer:3 development:3 nuclear:1 technology:1 isotopic:1 material:2 machine:3 radiation:23 source:10 recent:1 possibility:3 apply:2 ionize:4 attract:1 attention:2 investigator:1 united:1 states:1 throughout:1 world:1 hope:1 irradiation:10 may:8 ultimate:1 answer:1 practically:1 problem:8 soon:1 dispel:1 interest:7 remain:3 however:7 would:4 serve:6 useful:2 supplementary:1 counteract:1 spoilage:7 preserve:3 low:10 without:4 employ:1 heat:6 attendant:1 alteration:1 factor:5 responsible:3 chief:2 fresh:8 foodstuff:1 1:6 bacteria:2 mold:1 yeast:1 2:5 enzyme:5 3:4 4:2 sprouting:4 5:4 reaction:3 often:1 rapid:1 special:1 concern:1 growth:1 clostridium:1 botulinum:1 generate:2 poisonous:1 product:10 enzymatic:2 store:7 produce:6 change:6 adversely:1 affect:2 appearance:4 palatability:9 group:1 component:1 environment:1 corrosion:1 wall:1 metal:1 container:1 fat:3 oxygen:2 air:1 rancidity:1 naturally:1 occur:2 phenomenon:1 stored:1 potato:2 onion:1 carrot:1 beet:1 similar:1 root:3 vegetable:3 infestation:1 importance:1 chiefly:2 grain:2 presence:1 parasitic:2 organism:3 trichinella:1 spirali:1 pork:5 introduce:1 another:1 must:2 deal:1 processing:8 permit:2 storage:6 long:3 period:3 time:3 accomplish:3 destruction:5 inhibition:1 term:2 sterilization:5 complete:2 treat:3 manner:1 protect:1 recontamination:1 aseptic:1 packaging:1 containment:1 presumably:1 could:4 process:7 pasteurization:1 milder:1 less:5 prolonged:1 severe:2 thermal:1 blanch:4 scalding:1 inactivate:2 general:2 effect:2 ionizing:2 cause:1 dose:10 inhibit:3 furnish:1 means:1 destroy:3 well:1 certain:3 present:3 meat:16 deactivation:1 although:3 type:5 require:8 extremely:2 heavy:1 10:6 mrad:4 undesirable:2 odor:3 color:4 generally:1 associate:1 magnitude:1 inactivation:1 best:1 prior:1 conventional:2 retard:1 follow:2 range:6 radiosterilization:6 nonacid:1 content:1 radiopasteurization:9 partially:1 vary:1 condition:5 commonly:1 order:1 aj:4 lead:1 side:1 particularly:2 high:4 dosage:2 respect:1 acceptance:2 radiosterilize:1 date:2 find:2 comparison:2 commercially:1 quite:2 acceptable:2 regard:1 substantially:2 level:3 moreover:1 nutritive:1 value:3 irradiated:2 apparently:1 undergo:1 little:1 soluble:1 vitamin:1 obtain:1 depend:1 upon:1 rather:1 specific:1 x:1 ray:2 gamma:4 energy:6 electron:4 suitable:1 aside:1 availability:1 economic:2 consideration:3 practical:1 advantage:2 example:1 give:1 deep:1 penetration:1 focus:1 collimate:1 whereas:2 unidirectional:1 beam:1 split:1 direct:1 top:1 bottom:1 package:2 irradiate:3 selection:1 commercial:4 numerous:1 include:1 rate:1 load:1 throughput:1 convenience:1 safety:1 important:2 potentially:1 fission:1 reactor:2 loop:1 system:2 use:6 indium:1 receive:2 various:1 particle:1 accelerator:5 van:1 de:1 graff:1 resonant:1 transformer:1 linear:1 principal:2 effective:1 major:3 obstacle:1 estimate:3 nuclide:3 per:8 cent:6 kwhr:3 electric:1 power:1 equivalent:1 mill:1 steam:1 therefore:1 initial:1 disadvantage:1 even:1 though:1 much:1 lower:1 future:1 application:1 megawatt:2 scale:3 reach:2 neighborhood:1 large:2 core:1 comparable:1 reduction:1 foresee:1 projection:1 appear:1 highly:1 speculative:1 capacity:1 far:1 beyond:1 foreseen:1 facility:3 agricultural:1 activity:1 seasonal:1 many:1 widely:1 scatter:1 geographically:1 bulk:1 item:6 substantial:1 distance:1 central:3 location:1 station:2 approach:1 utilize:1 inherently:1 impracticable:1 status:2 wholesome:1 palatable:1 capable:2 extended:1 reside:1 military:3 service:2 provide:1 appetize:2 battle:1 emergency:1 paramount:1 completely:1 sterile:1 preferably:1 already:2 cook:3 ready:1 eat:1 nutritional:1 reason:3 morale:1 rear:1 cooking:1 primary:1 adverse:1 sensory:1 potential:3 usefulness:1 prolong:1 keep:2 quality:2 refrigerated:4 thus:1 remote:2 market:1 enjoy:1 peacetime:1 discuss:1 paragraph:1 extensive:1 investigation:1 show:2 favorable:1 particular:1 demonstration:1 roast:1 superior:1 test:2 beef:5 largely:1 unsuccessful:1 prime:1 army:1 quartermaster:1 corps:1 program:1 mean:1 overcome:1 since:1 desirable:1 dietary:1 partly:1 need:1 boil:1 acceptability:2 moderate:1 rad:1 extend:4 shelf:3 life:6 35:1 f:1 day:2 6:1 week:1 preradiation:1 discolor:1 liquid:2 accumulate:1 prepackage:1 cut:2 absence:1 assume:2 unnatural:2 pink:1 lamb:1 mutton:1 substerilization:1 become:3 dehydrate:1 chalky:1 ground:2 sausage:1 hamburger:1 relatively:1 short:1 think:1 offer:2 distinctly:1 improve:2 usually:1 prepare:1 scrap:1 local:1 volume:1 distribution:1 accumulation:1 within:1 solid:1 specialty:1 contain:1 portion:1 frozen:2 dinner:1 finished:1 instead:1 competitive:1 pound:3 table:1 page:1 note:1 expensive:2 either:1 poultry:2 successful:2 sterilize:1 good:1 minimum:1 chicken:4 month:1 compare:1 untreated:1 retain:1 likely:1 delay:1 two:1 minimal:1 constantly:1 sanitation:1 distributing:1 practice:1 antibiotic:1 measure:1 approve:1 federal:1 drug:1 administration:1 seafood:2 perishable:1 increase:1 seacoast:1 adequately:1

Because/cs individual/jj classes/nns of/in foods/nns differ/vb in/in their/pp$ requirements/nns for/in preservation/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in methods/nns have/hv been/ben developed/vbn over/in the/at years/nns involving/vbg one/cd or/cc a/at combination/nn of/in procedures/nns such/jj as/cs dehydration/nn ,/, fermentation/nn ,/, salting/vbg ,/, chemical/nn treatment/nn ,/, canning/vbg ,/, refrigeration/nn ,/, and/cc freezing/vbg ./. The/at basic/jj objectives/nns in/in each/dt instance/nn are/ber to/to make/vb available/jj supplies/nns of/in food/nn during/in the/at intervals/nns between/in harvesting/vbg or/cc slaughter/nn ,/, to/to minimize/vb losses/nns resulting/vbg from/in the/at action/nn of/in microorganisms/nns and/cc insects/nns ,/, and/cc to/to make/vb it/ppo possible/jj to/to transport/vb foods/nns from/in the/at area/nn of/in harvest/nn or/cc production/nn to/in areas/nns of/in consumption/nn ./. In/in earlier/jjr years/nns ,/, the/at preservation/nn of/in food/nn was/bedz essentially/rb related/vbn to/in survival/nn ./. In/in the/at more/ql sophisticated/jj atmosphere/nn of/in today's/nr$ developed/vbn nations/nns ,/, food-preservation/nn techniques/nns have/hv sought/vbn also/rb to/to bring/vb variety/nn ,/, peak/nn freshness/nn ,/, and/cc optimum/jj taste/nn and/cc flavor/nn in/in foods/nns at/in reasonable/jj cost/nn to/in the/at consumer/nn ./. With/in the/at development/nn of/in nuclear/jj technology/nn ,/, isotopic/jj materials/nns ,/, and/cc machine/nn radiation/nn sources/nns in/in recent/jj years/nns ,/, the/at possibilities/nns of/in applying/vbg ionizing/vbg radiation/nn to/in the/at preservation/nn of/in foods/nns attracted/vbd the/at attention/nn of/in investigators/nns in/in the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl and/cc throughout/in the/at world/nn ./. An/at early/jj hope/nn that/cs irradiation/nn might/md be/be the/at ultimate/jj answer/nn to/in practically/rb all/abn food/nn preservation/nn problems/nns was/bedz soon/rb dispelled/vbn ./. Interest/nn remained/vbd ,/, however/rb ,/, in/in the/at possibility/nn that/cs it/pps would/md serve/vb as/cs a/at useful/jj supplementary/jj method/nn for/in counteracting/vbg spoilage/nn losses/nns and/cc for/in preserving/vbg some/dti foods/nns at/in lower/jjr over-all/jj costs/nns than/cs freezing/vbg ,/, or/cc without/in employing/vbg heat/nn or/cc chemicals/nns with/in their/pp$ attendant/jj taste/nn alterations/nns ./. Factors/nns-hl responsible/jj-hl for/in-hl the/at-hl spoilage/nn-hl of/in-hl foods/nns-hl The/at chief/jjs factors/nns responsible/jj for/in the/at spoilage/nn of/in fresh/jj foodstuffs/nns are/ber (/( 1/cd )/) microorganisms/nns such/jj as/cs bacteria/nns ,/, molds/nns ,/, and/cc yeasts/nns ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) enzymes/nns ,/, (/( 3/cd )/) insects/nns ,/, (/( 4/cd )/) sprouting/vbg ,/, and/cc (/( 5/cd )/) chemical/nn reactions/nns ./. Microorganisms/nns are/ber often/rb responsible/jj for/in the/at rapid/jj spoilage/nn of/in foods/nns ./. Of/in special/jj concern/nn is/bez the/at growth/nn of/in bacteria/nns such/jj as/cs Clostridium/np botulinum/np which/wdt generate/vb poisonous/jj products/nns ./. Enzymatic/jj action/nn in/in stored/vbn food/nn produces/vbz changes/nns which/wdt can/md adversely/rb affect/vb the/at appearance/nn of/in food/nn or/cc its/pp$ palatability/nn ./. Spoilage/nn by/in chemical/nn action/nn results/vbz from/in the/at reaction/nn of/in one/cd group/nn of/in components/nns in/in the/at food/nn with/in others/nns or/cc with/in its/pp$ environment/nn ,/, as/cs in/in corrosion/nn of/in the/at walls/nns of/in metal/nn containers/nns or/cc the/at reaction/nn of/in fats/nns with/in oxygen/nn in/in the/at air/nn to/to produce/vb rancidity/nn ./. Sprouting/vbg is/bez a/at naturally/rb occurring/vbg phenomenon/nn in/in stored/vbn potatoes/nns ,/, onions/nns ,/, carrots/nns ,/, beets/nns ,/, and/cc similar/jj root/nn vegetables/nns ./. Insect/nn infestation/nn is/bez a/at problem/nn of/in importance/nn chiefly/rb in/in stored/vbn grain/nn ./. The/at presence/nn of/in parasitic/jj organisms/nns such/jj as/cs Trichinella/np spiralis/np in/in pork/nn introduces/vbz another/dt factor/nn which/wdt must/md be/be dealt/vbn with/in in/in food/nn processing/nn ./. To/to permit/vb the/at storage/nn of/in food/nn for/in long/jj periods/nns of/in time/nn ,/, a/at method/nn of/in preservation/nn must/md accomplish/vb the/at destruction/nn of/in microorganisms/nns and/cc inhibition/nn of/in enzymatic/jj action/nn ./. The/at term/nn ``/`` sterilization/nn-nc ''/'' applies/vbz to/in methods/nns involving/vbg essentially/ql complete/jj destruction/nn of/in all/abn microorganisms/nns ./. Food/nn treated/vbn in/in this/dt manner/nn and/cc protected/vbn from/in recontamination/nn by/in aseptic/jj methods/nns of/in packaging/vbg and/cc containment/nn presumably/rb could/md be/be stored/vbn for/in long/jj periods/nns without/in refrigeration/nn ./. The/at process/nn of/in ``/`` pasteurization/nn ''/'' involves/vbz milder/jjr and/cc less/ql prolonged/vbn heat/nn treatment/nn which/wdt accomplishes/vbz the/at destruction/nn of/in most/ap ,/, but/cc not/* all/abn ,/, of/in the/at microorganisms/nns ./. Less/ql severe/jj thermal/jj treatment/nn as/cs by/in blanching/vbg or/cc scalding/vbg serves/vbz to/to inactivate/vb enzymes/nns ./. General/jj-hl effects/nns-hl of/in-hl ionizing/vbg-hl radiation/nn-hl Ionizing/vbg radiation/nn can/md cause/vb the/at destruction/nn of/in microorganisms/nns and/cc insects/nns involved/vbn in/in food/nn spoilage/nn or/cc ,/, at/in lower/jjr doses/nns ,/, can/md inhibit/vb their/pp$ action/nn ./. It/pps furnishes/vbz a/at means/nn of/in destroying/vbg insects/nns in/in stored/vbn grain/nn products/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs certain/ap parasitic/jj organisms/nns present/rb in/in meats/nns ./. Deactivation/nn of/in enzymes/nns is/bez also/rb possible/jj ,/, although/cs some/dti types/nns require/vb extremely/ql heavy/jj doses/nns of/in 10/cd Mrad/nn or/cc more/ap ./. Because/rb of/in undesirable/jj flavors/nns ,/, odors/nns ,/, colors/nns ,/, and/cc generally/rb low/jj palatability/nn associated/vbn with/in radiation/nn treatment/nn of/in this/dt magnitude/nn ,/, the/at inactivation/nn of/in enzymes/nns is/bez best/rbt accomplished/vbn prior/rb to/in irradiation/nn by/in the/at conventional/jj heat-processing/jj methods/nns of/in blanching/vbg ./. Radiation/nn does/doz not/* retard/vb the/at chemical/nn spoilage/nn of/in food/nn ./. It/pps will/md ,/, however/rb ,/, inhibit/vb the/at sprouting/nn of/in potatoes/nns and/cc other/ap root/nn vegetables/nns ./. The/at radiation/nn doses/nns required/vbn for/in the/at preservation/nn of/in foods/nns are/ber in/in the/at following/vbg ranges/nns :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl For/in radiosterilization/nn ,/, to/to destroy/vb all/abn organisms/nns for/in long-term/nn preservation/nn --/-- about/rb 4.5/cd Mrad/nn for/in nonacid/jj foods/nns of/in low/jj salt/nn content/nn ./. 2/cd-hl ./.-hl For/in radiopasteurization/nn ,/, to/to partially/rb destroy/vb microorganisms/nns ;/. ;/. results/nns vary/vb with/in types/nns of/in food/nn ,/, storage/nn conditions/nns ,/, and/cc objectives/nns of/in treatment/nn --/-- commonly/rb of/in the/at order/nn of/in 0.2/cd Mrads/nn but/cc up/rp to/in about/rb 0.8/cd Aj/nn ./. 3/cd-hl ./.-hl For/in destruction/nn of/in insects/nns --/-- about/rb 25,000/cd Aj/nn ./. 4/cd ./. For/in inhibiting/vbg the/at sprouting/nn of/in root/nn vegetables/nns --/-- 4,000/cd to/in 10,000/cd Aj/nn ./. Preserving/vbg foods/nns with/in ionizing/vbg radiation/nn leads/vbz to/in some/dti undesirable/jj side/nn effects/nns ,/, particularly/rb at/in the/at higher/jjr radiation/nn dosages/nns ./. In/in this/dt respect/nn ,/, the/at general/jj palatability/nn and/cc individual/jj acceptance/nn of/in most/ap radiosterilized/vbn foods/nns has/hvz ,/, to/to date/vb ,/, been/ben found/vbn to/to be/be low/jj in/in comparison/nn with/in fresh/jj and/cc commercially/rb processed/vbn foods/nns ./. A/at number/nn of/in foods/nns are/ber quite/ql acceptable/jj as/cs regards/vbz taste/nn and/cc palatability/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, at/in dosages/nns substantially/rb less/ap than/cs sterilization/nn levels/nns ./. Moreover/rb ,/, the/at nutritive/jj value/nn of/in irradiated/vbn foods/nns apparently/rb undergoes/vbz little/ap ,/, if/cs any/dti ,/, change/nn ,/, although/cs some/dti of/in the/at fat-soluble/jj vitamins/nns are/ber affected/vbn by/in sterilization/nn doses/nns ./. Radiation/nn-hl sources/nns-hl For/in irradiation/nn of/in food/nn ,/, the/at results/nns obtained/vbn depend/vb upon/in the/at dose/nn rather/rb than/cs the/at specific/jj type/nn of/in radiation/nn ,/, and/cc X-ray/nn-tl ,/, gamma/nn ,/, and/cc high-energy/nn electron/nn radiation/nn are/ber suitable/jj ./. Aside/rb from/in availability/nn and/cc economic/jj considerations/nns ,/, each/dt has/hvz certain/ap practical/jj advantages/nns ;/. ;/. for/in example/nn ,/, gamma/nn rays/nns give/vb deeper/jjr penetration/nn but/cc cannot/md* be/be focused/vbn or/cc collimated/vbn ,/, whereas/cs unidirectional/jj electron/nn beams/nns may/md be/be split/vbn and/cc directed/vbn to/in both/abx the/at top/nn and/cc bottom/nn of/in the/at food/nn package/nn to/to be/be irradiated/vbn ./. Selection/nn of/in a/at source/nn for/in commercial/jj irradiation/nn would/md involve/vb consideration/nn of/in numerous/jj factors/nns including/in required/vbn dose/nn rate/nn ,/, load/nn factor/nn ,/, throughput/nn ,/, convenience/nn ,/, safety/nn ,/, and/cc most/ql important/jj ,/, costs/nns ./. Of/in the/at potentially/rb useful/jj sources/nns of/in ionizing/vbg radiations/nns ,/, gamma/nn sources/nns ,/, cobalt-60/nn ,/, cesium-137/nn ,/, fission/nn products/nns ,/, or/cc a/at reactor/nn irradiation/nn loop/nn system/nn using/vbg a/at material/nn such/jj as/cs an/at indium/nn salt/nn have/hv received/vbn most/ap attention/nn for/in food-preservation/nn systems/nns ./. Of/in the/at various/ap particle/nn accelerators/nns ,/, the/at Van/np De/np Graff/np machines/nns ,/, resonant/jj transformers/nns ,/, and/cc linear/jj accelerators/nns are/ber the/at principal/jjs ones/nns available/jj for/in commercial/jj use/nn ./. Costs/nns of/in the/at effective/jj energy/nn produced/vbn by/in these/dts sources/nns is/bez a/at major/jj obstacle/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in food-preservation/nn processes/nns ./. Estimated/vbn production/nn costs/nns of/in radiation/nn energy/nn from/in machine/nn and/cc nuclide/nn sources/nns range/vb from/in $1/nn to/in $10/nns per/in Aj/nn ./. Conventional/jj energy/nn for/in processing/vbg foods/nns is/bez available/jj in/in the/at range/nn of/in at/in most/ap a/at few/ap cents/nns per/in kwhr/nn for/in electric/jj power/nn and/cc the/at equivalent/jj of/in a/at few/ap mills/nns per/in kwhr/nn for/in process/nn steam/nn ./. Radiation/nn ,/, therefore/rb ,/, is/bez at/in an/at initial/jj cost/nn disadvantage/nn even/rb though/cs only/rb 1/cd to/in 10/cd per/in cent/nn as/ql much/ap radiation/nn energy/nn as/cs heat/nn energy/nn is/bez required/vbn for/in radiopasteurization/nn or/cc radiosterilization/nn ./. What/wdt are/ber the/at possibilities/nns of/in lowered/vbn radiation/nn production/nn costs/nns for/in the/at future/nn ?/. ?/. It/pps has/hvz been/ben estimated/vbn that/cs for/in applications/nns on/in a/at megawatt/nn scale/nn costs/nns might/md reach/vb values/nns in/in the/at neighborhood/nn of/in 10/cd cents/nns per/in kwhr/nn for/in large-scale/nn accelerators/nns or/cc for/in gamma/nn radiation/nn generated/vbn in/in a/at reactor/nn core/nn ./. No/at comparable/jj reductions/nns in/in the/at cost/nn of/in nuclide/nn radiation/nn are/ber foreseen/vbn ./. Such/jj projections/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, appear/vb highly/ql speculative/jj and/cc the/at capacities/nns involved/vbn are/ber far/rb beyond/in those/dts foreseen/vbn for/in food-preservation/nn facilities/nns ./. Because/cs agricultural/jj activities/nns are/ber seasonal/jj and/cc the/at areas/nns of/in production/nn and/cc harvest/nn of/in many/ap foods/nns are/ber widely/rb scattered/vbn geographically/rb ,/, and/cc because/rb of/in the/at high/jj cost/nn of/in transporting/vbg bulk/jj food/nn items/nns any/dti substantial/jj distance/nn to/in a/at central/jj processing/vbg location/nn ,/, the/at use/nn of/in large/jj central/jj processing/nn stations/nns ,/, where/wrb low-cost/nn radiation/nn facilities/nns approaching/vbg the/at megawatt/nn range/nn might/md be/be utilized/vbn ,/, is/bez inherently/rb impracticable/jj ./. Present/ap-hl status/nn-hl of/in-hl irradiation/nn-hl preservation/nn-hl of/in-hl foods/nns-hl The/at objective/nn of/in complete/jj sterilization/nn of/in foods/nns is/bez to/to produce/vb a/at wholesome/jj and/cc palatable/jj product/nn capable/jj of/in being/beg stored/vbn without/in refrigeration/nn for/in extended/vbn periods/nns of/in time/nn ./. Chief/jjs interest/nn in/in radiosterilization/nn resides/vbz in/in the/at military/jj services/nns ./. For/in them/ppo ,/, providing/vbg appetizing/jj food/nn under/in battle/nn or/cc emergency/nn conditions/nns is/bez a/at paramount/jjs consideration/nn ./. They/ppss require/vb completely/ql sterile/jj foods/nns capable/jj of/in being/beg stored/vbn without/in refrigeration/nn ,/, preferably/rb items/nns already/rb cooked/vbn and/cc ready/jj to/to eat/vb ./. High/jj nutritional/jj value/nn ,/, variety/nn ,/, palatability/nn ,/, and/cc appetizing/jj appearance/nn are/ber important/jj for/in reasons/nns of/in morale/nn ./. Foods/nns for/in rear/jj stations/nns ,/, which/wdt require/vb cooking/vbg ,/, but/cc no/at refrigeration/nn ,/, are/ber also/rb of/in interest/nn ./. Of/in primary/jj interest/nn are/ber meats/nns ./. Radiopasteurization/nn ,/, which/wdt produces/vbz fewer/ap adverse/jj sensory/jj changes/nns in/in food/nn products/nns ,/, has/hvz potential/jj usefulness/nn in/in prolonging/vbg the/at keeping/vbg qualities/nns of/in fresh/jj and/cc refrigerated/vbn food/nn items/nns ./. Thus/rb ,/, food/nn so/rb processed/vbn might/md reach/vb more/ql remote/jj markets/nns and/cc permit/vb the/at consumer/nn to/to enjoy/vb more/ap produce/nn at/in peak/nn freshness/nn and/cc palatability/nn ./. Commercial/jj interest/nn is/bez chiefly/rb in/in this/dt type/nn of/in treatment/nn ,/, as/cs is/bez military/jj interest/nn under/in peacetime/nn conditions/nns ./. The/at present/jj status/nn of/in food/nn preservation/nn by/in ionizing/vbg radiation/nn is/bez discussed/vbn by/in food/nn classes/nns in/in the/at following/vbg paragraphs/nns ./. Meats/nns-hl The/at radiation/nn processing/nn of/in meat/nn has/hvz received/vbn extensive/jj investigation/nn ./. To/in date/nn ,/, the/at one/cd meat/nn showing/vbg favorable/jj results/nns at/in sterilization/nn doses/nns is/bez pork/nn ./. Of/in particular/jj interest/nn to/in the/at military/jj services/nns is/bez the/at demonstration/nn that/cs roast/nn pork/nn ,/, after/in radiosterilization/nn ,/, is/bez superior/jj in/in palatability/nn to/in available/jj canned/vbn pork/nn products/nns ./. Tests/nns with/in beef/nn have/hv been/ben largely/rb unsuccessful/jj because/rb of/in the/at development/nn of/in off-flavors/nns ./. A/at prime/jj objective/nn of/in the/at Army/nn-tl Quartermaster/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl program/nn is/bez to/to find/vb the/at reasons/nns for/in beef's/nn$ low/jj palatability/nn and/cc means/nns of/in overcoming/vbg it/ppo ,/, since/cs it/pps is/bez a/at major/jj and/cc desirable/jj dietary/jj item/nn ./. Partly/rb because/cs low-level/nn heat/nn treatment/nn is/bez needed/vbn to/to inactivate/vb enzymes/nns before/in radiosterilization/nn ,/, treated/vbn fresh/jj meats/nns have/hv the/at appearance/nn of/in boiled/vbn or/cc canned/vbn meat/nn ./. Off-flavor/nn is/bez a/at less/ql severe/jj problem/nn with/in the/at radiopasteurization/nn of/in meats/nns ,/, but/cc problems/nns of/in commercial/jj acceptability/nn remain/vb ./. Moderate/jj radiation/nn doses/nns of/in from/in 100,000/cd to/in 200,000/cd rads/nn can/md extend/vb the/at shelf/nn life/nn (/( at/in 35/cd F/nn )/) of/in fresh/jj beef/nn from/in 5/cd days/nns to/in 5/cd or/cc 6/cd weeks/nns ./. However/rb ,/, the/at problem/nn of/in consumer/nn acceptability/nn remains/vbz ./. The/at preradiation/nn blanching/vbg process/nn discolors/vbz the/at treated/vbn beef/nn and/cc liquid/nn accumulates/vbz in/in prepackaged/vbn cuts/nns ./. Cooked/vbn beef/nn irradiated/vbn in/in the/at absence/nn of/in oxygen/nn assumes/vbz an/at unnatural/jj pink/jj color/nn ./. When/wrb lamb/nn and/cc mutton/nn are/ber irradiated/vbn at/in substerilization/jj doses/nns ,/, the/at meat/nn becomes/vbz dehydrated/vbn ,/, the/at fat/nn becomes/vbz chalky/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, again/rb ,/, unnatural/jj changes/nns in/in color/nn occur/vb ./. Ground/vbn meats/nns such/jj as/cs fresh/jj pork/nn sausage/nn and/cc hamburger/nn have/hv a/at relatively/ql short/jj shelf/nn life/nn under/in refrigeration/nn ,/, and/cc radiopasteurization/nn might/md be/be thought/vbn to/to offer/vb distinctly/rb improved/vbn keeping/vbg qualities/nns ./. However/rb ,/, a/at major/jj problem/nn here/rb is/bez one/cd of/in scale/nn of/in processing/vbg ;/. ;/. ground/vbn meats/nns are/ber usually/rb prepared/vbn from/in scrap/nn meats/nns at/in the/at local/jj level/nn ,/, whereas/cs irradiation/nn at/in economic/jj volumes/nns of/in production/nn would/md require/vb central/jj processing/vbg and/cc distribution/nn facilities/nns ./. The/at problems/nns of/in color/nn change/nn by/in blanching/vbg and/cc liquid/nn accumulation/nn within/in the/at package/nn are/ber the/at same/ap as/cs for/in solid/jj cuts/nns ./. Specialty/nn cooked/vbn items/nns containing/vbg meat/nn portions/nns ,/, as/cs in/in ``/`` frozen/vbn dinners/nns ''/'' might/md offer/nn a/at potential/jj use/nn for/in radiopasteurization/nn ./. The/at principal/jjs potential/jj advantage/nn would/md be/be that/cs the/at finished/vbn product/nn could/md be/be transported/vbn and/cc stored/vbn at/in lower/jjr cost/nn under/in refrigeration/nn instead/rb of/in being/beg frozen/vbn ./. A/at refrigerated/vbn item/nn could/md also/rb be/be heated/vbn and/cc served/vbn in/in less/ap time/nn than/cs is/bez required/vbn for/in frozen/vbn foods/nns of/in the/at same/ap type/nn ./. Competitive/jj processes/nns for/in preserving/vbg meats/nns are/ber by/in canning/vbg and/cc freezing/vbg ./. Costs/nns of/in canning/vbg meat/nn are/ber in/in the/at range/nn of/in 0.8/cd to/in 5/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn ;/. ;/. costs/nns of/in freezing/vbg are/ber in/in the/at area/nn of/in 2/cd to/in 3.5/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn ./. The/at table/nn on/in page/nn 10/cd shows/vbz costs/nns of/in canning/vbg and/cc freezing/vbg meat/nn ,/, and/cc estimated/vbn costs/nns for/in irradiation/nn under/in certain/ap assumed/vbn conditions/nns ./. Under/in the/at conditions/nns of/in comparison/nn ,/, it/pps will/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs :/: (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl Radiosterilization/nn (/( at/in 3/cd Mrad/nn )/) is/bez more/ql expensive/jj than/cs canning/vbg ,/, particularly/rb for/in the/at cesium-137/nn source/nn ./. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl Radiopasteurization/nn by/in either/cc the/at electron/nn accelerator/nn or/cc cesium-137/nn source/nn is/bez in/in the/at range/nn of/in freezing/vbg costs/nns ./. (/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl Irradiation/nn using/vbg the/at nuclide/nn source/nn is/bez more/ql expensive/jj than/cs use/nn of/in an/at electron/nn accelerator/nn ./. Poultry/nn-hl Results/nns of/in irradiation/nn tests/nns with/in poultry/nn have/hv been/ben quite/ql successful/jj ./. At/in sterilizing/vbg doses/nns ,/, good/jj palatability/nn results/vbz ,/, with/in a/at minimum/nn of/in changes/nns in/in appearance/nn ,/, taste/nn ,/, and/cc odor/nn ./. Radiopasteurization/nn has/hvz also/rb been/ben successful/jj ,/, and/cc the/at shelf/nn life/nn of/in chicken/nn can/md be/be extended/vbn to/in a/at month/nn or/cc more/ap under/in refrigerated/vbn storage/nn as/cs compared/vbn with/in about/rb 10/cd days/nns for/in the/at untreated/jj product/nn ./. Acceptable/jj taste/nn and/cc odor/nn are/ber retained/vbn by/in the/at irradiated/vbn and/cc refrigerated/vbn chicken/nn ./. Acceptance/nn of/in radiopasteurization/nn is/bez likely/jj to/to be/be delayed/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, for/in two/cd reasons/nns :/: (/( 1/cd )/) the/at storage/nn life/nn of/in fresh/jj chicken/nn under/in refrigeration/nn is/bez becoming/vbg a/at minimal/jj problem/nn because/rb of/in constantly/rb improved/vbn sanitation/nn and/cc distributing/vbg practices/nns ,/, and/cc (/( 2/cd )/) treatment/nn by/in antibiotics/nns ,/, a/at measure/nn already/rb approved/vbn by/in the/at Federal/jj-tl Food/nn-tl and/cc-tl Drug/nn-tl Administration/nn-tl ,/, serves/vbz to/to extend/vb the/at storage/nn life/nn of/in chicken/nn at/in a/at low/jj cost/nn of/in about/rb 0.5/cd cents/nns per/in pound/nn ./. Seafood/nn-hl Fresh/jj seafood/nn products/nns are/ber extremely/ql perishable/jj ./. Although/cs refrigeration/nn has/hvz served/vbn to/to extend/vb the/at storage/nn life/nn of/in these/dts products/nns ,/, substantially/rb increased/vbn consumption/nn might/md be/be possible/jj if/cs areas/nns remote/jj from/in the/at seacoast/nn could/md be/be served/vbn adequately/rb ./.

cj75

cj75 |@word furthermore:1 make:8 exact:1 assessment:2 removal:16 mechanism:15 possible:1 instrument:3 show:7 fig:14 1:5 consist:1 essentially:1 hard:2 sharp:1 tungsten:2 carbide:2 knife:40 push:2 along:6 substrate:21 remove:5 coating:39 force:33 require:4 accomplish:1 plot:4 mean:1 electronic:1 recorder:1 distance:2 since:2 function:2 coat:3 thickness:23 differential:1 transformer:1 pickup:1 incorporate:1 accurately:2 measure:5 film:8 record:1 repeat:3 run:2 track:2 previously:3 cut:20 number:4 adjustment:1 feature:1 include:1 hesiometer:6 facilitate:1 measurement:6 permit:1 ready:1 deposit:2 iron:1 metal:2 glass:1 wood:1 plastic:1 surface:7 topcoat:1 primer:1 also:6 readily:7 carry:1 result:6 find:4 compare:2 excellently:1 manual:1 scratching:1 test:1 instrumental:2 method:3 however:2 100:1 time:2 sensitive:1 yield:1 numerical:1 period:1 wedge:1 shape:1 increase:5 like:3 constant:5 rake:8 angle:20 often:2 observe:3 depend:3 upon:3 low:4 cutting:9 shear:18 phenomenon:2 encounter:2 become:3 thick:2 may:4 abruptly:2 change:5 crack:4 type:8 failure:13 still:1 peel:4 finally:1 occur:7 typical:1 appearance:1 various:3 illustrate:5 2:3 3:2 4:3 single:1 frame:1 enlargement:1 high:5 speed:2 movie:2 take:3 course:2 process:5 see:7 involve:1 pure:1 cohesive:7 molecular:1 hold:1 obviously:1 great:1 strength:3 plane:12 start:1 tip:3 extend:3 picture:2 cracking:1 detach:1 region:1 close:1 interface:1 graph:1 schematically:3 5:2 characteristically:1 h:2 parallel:1 characteristic:1 steady:1 state:1 response:1 dynamic:2 nature:1 recall:1 three:1 merely:1 presumably:1 interfacial:1 bond:1 gross:1 property:1 identical:1 case:4 factor:2 contribute:1 practical:3 adhesion:1 assess:2 initially:1 rather:1 rapidly:3 decrease:2 stepwise:1 value:12 describe:3 separate:1 entirely:1 detail:1 6:6 reaction:2 removed:1 paint:1 chip:11 face:2 yf:4 action:1 r:5 af:42 respectively:2 equal:2 opposite:2 direction:5 vector:6 derive:2 thrust:2 act:3 normal:2 compressive:1 friction:8 p:1 yc:7 yt:3 yb:1 resultant:5 analysis:1 relationship:9 determine:7 consequently:4 well:2 back:2 front:2 large:3 part:2 detailed:2 difficult:1 magnitude:2 directly:5 actual:3 practice:1 amenable:1 aj:1 two:3 sufficient:1 parameter:3 define:1 geometry:3 instrumentally:2 yl:1 material:2 w:1 width:1 straight:3 line:3 pass:1 origin:1 slope:3 spurious:1 effect:1 must:1 account:1 true:1 indicate:2 eqn:3 blunt:2 one:1 fact:1 employ:3 matter:1 sharpened:1 slightly:1 round:1 edge:1 signifie:1 longer:1 zero:2 curvature:1 bluntness:2 carboloy:2 grain:1 size:1 polished:1 grit:1 crystal:1 cement:1 together:1 body:1 order:1 mil:1 concept:1 apply:4 condition:4 much:1 small:1 even:2 negative:1 major:1 portion:2 rapid:1 reduce:1 intercept:1 extrapolation:1 equivalent:2 rounding:1 first:4 approximation:1 roundness:1 symbol:1 determined:2 blunter:1 importance:1 abrasion:1 resistant:1 immediately:1 apparent:1 soft:2 would:1 inexact:1 extreme:1 second:2 enter:1 frictional:2 resistance:1 cause:2 bottom:2 vary:1 equilibrium:2 exert:3 tend:1 lift:1 away:1 thus:1 proportional:1 strip:1 external:1 loading:1 usually:1 load:2 l:2 k:1 measured:1 sum:2 due:2 interrelated:1 whereas:1 independent:1 give:2 combination:1 theoretical:1 clearly:1 7:1 correlate:1 form:1 although:1 system:2 particularly:1 fail:1 cohesively:1 frequently:1 place:1 brittle:1 resin:1 highly:1 pigment:1 photomicrograph:1 8:1 basic:2 difference:1 continuous:1 instead:1 occurring:1 ahead:1 continuously:1 without:1 fracture:1 rupture:3 intermittently:1 study:2 extensively:1 merchant:2 principle:1 sequence:1 9:1 could:1 9a:1 begin:1 advance:2 inclined:2 leave:1 previous:1 formation:2 next:1 work:1 eventually:1 9e:1 cycle:1 discontinuous:1 provide:1 proper:1 instantaneous:2 cross:1 sectional:1 area:1 use:1 replace:1 eqns:1 enough:2 positive:1 lie:1

Furthermore/rb ,/, it/pps has/hvz made/vbn an/at exact/jj assessment/nn of/in the/at removal/nn mechanisms/nns possible/jj ./. The/at instrument/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl and/cc consists/vbz essentially/rb of/in a/at hard/jj ,/, sharp/jj ,/, tungsten/nn carbide/nn knife/nn which/wdt is/bez pushed/vbn along/in the/at substrate/nn to/to remove/vb the/at coating/nn ./. The/at force/nn required/vbn to/to accomplish/vb removal/nn is/bez plotted/vbn ,/, by/in means/nn of/in an/at electronic/jj recorder/nn ,/, against/in distance/nn of/in removal/nn ./. Since/cs the/at removal/nn force/nn is/bez a/at function/nn of/in coating/nn thickness/nn ,/, a/at differential/jj transformer/nn pickup/nn has/hvz been/ben incorporated/vbn into/in the/at instrument/nn to/to accurately/rb measure/vb film/nn thickness/nn ./. This/dt ,/, too/rb ,/, is/bez recorded/vbn against/in distance/nn by/in a/at repeat/nn run/nn over/in the/at same/ap track/nn previously/rb cut/vbn ./. A/at number/nn of/in adjustment/nn features/nns are/ber included/vbn in/in the/at Hesiometer/nn-tl to/to facilitate/vb measurement/nn and/cc permit/vb ready/jj removal/nn of/in coatings/nns deposited/vbn on/in such/jj substrates/nns as/cs iron/nn and/cc other/ap metals/nns ,/, glass/nn ,/, wood/nn ,/, and/cc plastic/nn surfaces/nns ./. The/at measurement/nn of/in topcoats/nns on/in primers/nns can/md also/rb readily/rb be/be carried/vbn out/rp ./. Hesiometer/nn-tl results/nns have/hv been/ben found/vbn to/to compare/vb excellently/rb with/in manual/jj knife/nn scratching/vbg tests/nns ./. The/at instrumental/jj method/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, is/bez about/rb 100/cd times/nns more/ql sensitive/jj and/cc yields/vbz numerical/jj results/nns which/wdt can/md be/be accurately/rb repeated/vbn at/in will/nn over/in a/at period/nn of/in time/nn ./. If/cs a/at wedge-shaped/jj coating/nn of/in increasing/vbg thickness/nn is/bez removed/vbn from/in a/at substrate/nn by/in an/at instrument/nn like/cs the/at Hesiometer/nn-tl with/in a/at knife/nn of/in constant/jj rake/nn angle/nn ,/, a/at number/nn of/in removal/nn mechanisms/nns are/ber often/rb observed/vbn which/wdt depend/vb upon/in the/at thickness/nn of/in the/at coating/nn ./. At/in low/jj thicknesses/nns a/at cutting/vbg (/( or/cc shearing/vbg )/) phenomenon/nn is/bez often/rb encountered/vbn ./. As/cs the/at coating/nn becomes/vbz thicker/jjr ,/, the/at cutting/vbg may/md abruptly/rb change/vb to/in a/at cracking/vbg type/nn of/in failure/nn ./. If/cs the/at coating/nn becomes/vbz still/ql thicker/jjr ,/, a/at peeling/vbg type/nn failure/nn finally/rb can/md occur/vb ./. The/at typical/jj appearance/nn of/in these/dts various/ap mechanisms/nns is/bez illustrated/vbn in/in Figs./nns-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, 3/cd-tl ,/, and/cc 4/cd ,/, which/wdt are/ber single/ap frame/nn enlargements/nns of/in high/jj speed/nn movies/nns taken/vbn during/in the/at course/nn of/in the/at knife/nn removal/nn process/nn ./. It/pps can/md be/be seen/vbn from/in Fig./nn-tl 2/cd-tl that/cs the/at cutting/vbg removal/nn of/in a/at coating/nn from/in its/pp$ substrate/nn involves/vbz pure/jj cohesive/jj failure/nn of/in the/at coating/nn ./. The/at molecular/jj forces/nns holding/vbg the/at coating/nn to/in the/at substrate/nn are/ber obviously/rb greater/jjr than/cs the/at cohesive/jj strength/nn of/in the/at coating/nn and/cc failure/nn occurs/vbz by/in shear/nn along/in a/at plane/nn starting/vbg at/in the/at tip/nn of/in the/at knife/nn and/cc extending/vbg to/in the/at coating/nn surface/nn ./. The/at pictures/nns of/in Figs./nns-tl 3/cd-tl and/cc 4/cd-tl show/vb the/at cracking/vbg and/cc peeling/vbg types/nns of/in removal/nn where/wrb the/at coating/nn is/bez detached/vbn by/in failure/nn in/in a/at region/nn at/in ,/, or/cc close/rb to/in ,/, the/at interface/nn between/in coating/nn and/cc substrate/nn ./. If/cs the/at force/nn required/vbn to/to remove/vb the/at coatings/nns is/bez plotted/vbn against/in film/nn thickness/nn ,/, a/at graph/nn as/cs illustrated/vbn schematically/rb in/in Fig./nn-tl 5/cd-tl may/md characteristically/rb result/vb ./. Here/rb ,/, H/nn is/bez the/at coatings/nns removal/nn force/nn measured/vbn parallel/rb to/in the/at surface/nn of/in the/at substrate/nn and/cc T/np is/bez the/at film/nn thickness/nn ./. It/pps can/md be/be seen/vbn that/cs the/at force/nn is/bez characteristic/jj of/in the/at removal/nn process/nn and/cc changes/vbz abruptly/rb from/in cutting/vbg to/in cracking/vbg to/in peeling/vbg removal/nn ./. Also/rb ,/, it/pps can/md be/be readily/rb seen/vbn that/cs the/at cutting/vbg and/cc peeling/vbg types/nns of/in failure/nn show/vb a/at steady/jj state/nn response/nn ,/, while/cs the/at cracking/vbg mechanism/nn is/bez of/in a/at dynamic/jj nature/nn ./. It/pps should/md be/be recalled/vbn that/cs these/dts three/cd mechanisms/nns can/md occur/vb on/in the/at same/ap coating/nn deposited/vbn upon/in the/at same/ap substrate/nn merely/rb as/cs a/at function/nn of/in changes/nns in/in coatings/nns thickness/nn ./. Presumably/rb the/at interfacial/jj bond/nn strength/nn and/cc gross/jj cohesive/jj properties/nns are/ber identical/jj in/in each/dt case/nn ./. What/wdt then/rb ,/, are/ber the/at factors/nns that/wps contribute/vb to/in these/dts phenomena/nns ?/. ?/. Why/wrb should/md the/at ``/`` practical/jj adhesion/nn ''/'' of/in a/at coating/nn as/cs assessed/vbn by/in a/at knife/nn method/nn change/vb ,/, initially/rb increasing/vbg rather/ql rapidly/rb and/cc then/rb decreasing/vbg stepwise/rb to/in very/ql low/jj values/nns as/cs the/at knife/nn is/bez forced/vbn through/in a/at coating/nn of/in increasing/vbg thickness/nn ?/. ?/. Cutting/vbg-hl mechanism/nn-hl of/in-hl cohesive/jj-hl failure/nn-hl The/at cutting/vbg (/( or/cc shearing/vbg )/) removal/nn process/nn has/hvz been/ben previously/rb described/vbn ./. It/pps was/bedz found/vbn that/cs the/at coating/nn is/bez separated/vbn from/in its/pp$ substrate/nn entirely/rb by/in cohesive/jj failure/nn ./. The/at details/nns of/in the/at removal/nn process/nn are/ber shown/vbn schematically/rb in/in Fig./nn-tl 6/cd-tl ./. The/at various/ap forces/nns result/vb from/in the/at reaction/nn of/in the/at removed/vbn paint/nn chip/nn against/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at knife/nn and/cc along/in the/at shear/nn plane/nn ,/, which/wdt makes/vbz an/at angle/nn **yf/nn with/in the/at substrate/nn ./. The/at action/nn and/cc reaction/nn forces/nns are/ber R/nn and/cc Af/nn ,/, respectively/rb ,/, and/cc are/ber equal/jj and/cc opposite/jj in/in direction/nn ./. All/ql the/at other/ap force/nn vectors/nns are/ber derived/vbn from/in these/dts ./. Af/nn is/bez the/at force/nn required/vbn to/to cut/vb a/at coating/nn of/in thickness/nn T/np from/in the/at substrate/nn ./. Af/nn is/bez the/at shear/nn force/nn along/in the/at shear/nn plane/nn ;/. ;/. Af/nn and/cc Af/nn are/ber the/at thrust/nn forces/nns acting/vbg against/in coating/nn and/cc knife/nn ,/, respectively/rb ;/. ;/. Af/nn is/bez the/at normal/jj compressive/jj force/nn acting/vbg on/in the/at shear/nn plane/nn ;/. ;/. Af/nn is/bez the/at friction/nn force/nn between/in chip/nn and/cc knife/nn surfaces/nns ,/, and/cc P/nn is/bez the/at normal/jj force/nn acting/vbg on/in the/at face/nn of/in the/at knife/nn ./. **yc/nn is/bez the/at rake/nn angle/nn of/in the/at knife/nn ;/. ;/. **yf/nn is/bez the/at angle/nn the/at shear/nn plane/nn makes/vbz with/in the/at substrate/nn ;/. ;/. **yt/nn is/bez the/at friction/nn angle/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc **yb/nn is/bez the/at angle/nn the/at resultants/nns make/vb with/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at substrate/nn ./. An/at analysis/nn of/in the/at vector/nn relationships/nns shows/vbz that/cs the/at rake/nn angle/nn **yc/nn and/cc the/at friction/nn angle/nn **yt/nn determine/vb the/at vector/nn direction/nn Af/nn of/in the/at force/nn resultants/nns R/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. Consequently/rb ,/, both/abx the/at rake/nn angle/nn of/in the/at knife/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at friction/nn occurring/vbg between/in the/at back/nn of/in the/at removed/vbn coating/nn and/cc the/at front/nn of/in the/at knife/nn will/md determine/vb in/in large/jj part/nn the/at detailed/vbn mechanism/nn of/in the/at cutting/vbg removal/nn process/nn ./. It/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to measure/vb the/at direction/nn and/cc magnitude/nn of/in R/nn directly/rb ./. In/in actual/jj practice/nn ,/, the/at values/nns most/ql readily/rb amenable/jj to/in measurement/nn are/ber the/at cutting/vbg force/nn Af/nn and/cc the/at shear/nn angle/nn Aj/nn ./. These/dts two/cd values/nns and/cc the/at rake/nn angle/nn **yc/nn are/ber sufficient/jj to/to determine/vb the/at other/ap parameters/nns of/in these/dts relationships/nns ./. **yc/nn is/bez defined/vbn by/in the/at geometry/nn of/in the/at knife/nn ;/. ;/. **yf/nn can/md readily/rb be/be determined/vbn by/in measuring/vbg the/at thickness/nn of/in the/at coating/nn before/in and/cc after/in cutting/vbg from/in the/at substrate/nn ;/. ;/. Af/nn is/bez instrumentally/rb determined/vbn ./. From/in Fig./nn-tl 6/cd-tl the/at relationship/nn between/in these/dts parameters/nns can/md readily/rb be/be derived/vbn and/cc the/at cutting/vbg force/nn is/bez Af/nn where/wrb **yl/nn is/bez the/at shear/nn strength/nn of/in the/at coating/nn and/cc is/bez a/at parameter/nn of/in the/at coatings/nns material/nn ,/, W/np is/bez the/at width/nn of/in the/at removed/vbn coating/nn and/cc T/np is/bez its/pp$ thickness/nn ./. If/cs the/at cutting/vbg force/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, is/bez plotted/vbn against/in film/nn thickness/nn ,/, a/at straight/jj line/nn should/md result/vb passing/vbg through/in the/at origin/nn and/cc having/hvg slope/nn Af/nn ./. However/rb ,/, in/in the/at actual/jj assessment/nn of/in the/at cutting/vbg force/nn by/in instrumental/jj methods/nns for/in any/dti thickness/nn of/in coating/nn a/at number/nn of/in spurious/jj effects/nns occur/vb which/wdt must/md be/be taken/vbn into/in account/nn and/cc which/wdt make/vb the/at measured/vbn value/nn larger/jjr than/cs the/at true/jj cutting/vbg force/nn indicated/vbn by/in eqn./nn (/( 1/cd )/) ./. Blunt/jj-hl knife/nn-hl One/cd of/in these/dts is/bez the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at knife/nn employed/vbn ,/, no/at matter/nn how/wql well/rb sharpened/vbn ,/, will/md have/hv a/at slightly/rb rounded/vbn cutting/vbg edge/nn ./. This/dt signifies/vbz that/cs **yc/nn ,/, the/at rake/nn angle/nn ,/, is/bez no/ql longer/rbr a/at constant/jj to/in zero/cd film/nn thickness/nn ./. The/at curvature/nn of/in this/dt bluntness/nn is/bez ,/, in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at Carboloy/np knife/nn employed/vbn in/in the/at Hesiometer/nn-tl ,/, determined/vbn by/in the/at grain/nn sizes/nns of/in the/at polished/vbn grit/nn and/cc the/at tungsten/nn carbide/nn crystals/nns cemented/vbn together/rb in/in the/at knife/nn body/nn and/cc is/bez in/in the/at order/nn of/in 0.1/cd to/in 0.2/cd mil./nns ./. The/at force/nn vector/nn concept/nn of/in Fig./nn-tl 6/cd-tl can/md readily/rb be/be applied/vbn to/in this/dt condition/nn also/rb ./. Because/cs the/at rake/nn angle/nn Af/nn at/in the/at tip/nn of/in the/at knife/nn is/bez very/ql much/ql smaller/jjr (/( or/cc even/rb negative/jj )/) when/wrb compared/vbn to/in the/at value/nn of/in **yc/nn for/in the/at major/jj portion/nn of/in the/at knife/nn ,/, a/at very/ql rapid/jj increase/nn in/in cutting/vbg force/nn with/in thickness/nn will/md result/vb ./. This/dt reduces/vbz to/in the/at relationship/nn :/: Af/nn ,/, where/wrb Af/nn is/bez the/at intercept/nn at/in zero/cd thickness/nn of/in the/at extrapolation/nn of/in the/at slope/nn indicated/vbn in/in eqn./nn (/( 1/cd )/) ,/, Af/nn is/bez the/at thickness/nn of/in the/at coating/nn equivalent/jj to/in the/at rounding/nn off/rp of/in the/at knife/nn tip/nn ,/, Af/nn is/bez a/at straight/jj line/nn first/od approximation/nn of/in this/dt roundness/nn ,/, and/cc the/at other/ap symbols/nns are/ber equivalent/jj to/in those/dts of/in eqn./nn (/( 1/cd )/) ./. It/pps can/md be/be seen/vbn that/dt Af/nn is/bez a/at constant/nn ,/, and/cc is/bez determined/vbn for/in the/at most/ap part/nn by/in the/at geometry/nn of/in the/at knife/nn ./. The/at blunter/jjr the/at knife/nn ,/, the/at higher/jjr is/bez the/at value/nn of/in Af/nn ./. The/at importance/nn of/in a/at hard/jj ,/, abrasion-resistant/jj knife/nn material/nn like/cs the/at Carboloy/np employed/vbn in/in the/at Hesiometer/nn-tl immediately/rb becomes/vbz apparent/jj ./. Softer/jjr knives/nns would/md blunt/vb very/ql rapidly/rb ,/, making/vbg the/at value/nn of/in Af/nn inexact/jj ./. In/in extreme/jj cases/nns of/in very/ql soft/jj knives/nns this/dt value/nn may/md even/rb change/vb during/in the/at course/nn of/in a/at measurement/nn ./. Knife/nn-hl friction/nn-hl A/at second/od factor/nn which/wdt enters/vbz into/in the/at practical/jj measurement/nn of/in the/at instrumentally/rb determined/vbn cutting/vbg force/nn is/bez the/at frictional/jj resistance/nn caused/vbn by/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at knife/nn against/in the/at substrate/nn ./. This/dt is/bez not/* a/at constant/jj value/nn like/cs Af/nn ,/, but/cc varies/vbz with/in the/at thickness/nn of/in the/at coating/nn and/cc the/at direction/nn and/cc magnitude/nn of/in the/at resultants/nns R/nn and/cc Af/nn of/in Fig./nn-tl 6/cd-tl ./. Under/in equilibrium/nn conditions/nns of/in cutting/vbg the/at chip/nn exerts/vbz a/at thrust/nn Af/nn against/in the/at knife/nn which/wdt tends/vbz to/to push/vb it/ppo into/in the/at substrate/nn or/cc lift/vb it/ppo away/rb from/in the/at substrate/nn depending/in on/in the/at vector/nn direction/nn of/in Af/nn ./. The/at resultant/jj friction/nn force/nn ,/, Af/nn is/bez thus/rb directly/rb proportional/jj to/in Af/nn and/cc consequently/rb also/rb to/in film/nn thickness/nn ./. The/at value/nn of/in Af/nn can/md readily/rb be/be assessed/vbn by/in determining/vbg the/at frictional/jj force/nn exerted/vbn on/in the/at knife/nn while/cs running/vbg over/in the/at previously/rb stripped/vbn coating/nn track/nn under/in various/ap external/jj loadings/nns ./. A/at straight/jj line/nn relationship/nn is/bez usually/rb observed/vbn in/in a/at plot/nn of/in Af/nn against/in load/nn L/nn ,/, having/hvg slope/nn k/nn ,/, and/cc Af/nn ./. Since/cs the/at load/nn L/nn ,/, under/in actual/jj cutting/vbg conditions/nns is/bez caused/vbn by/in Af/nn ,/, it/pps can/md be/be seen/vbn that/dt Af/nn ./. The/at measured/vbd force/nn ,/, H/nn ,/, in/in cutting/vbg removal/nn of/in coatings/nns from/in their/pp$ substrates/nns consequently/rb can/md be/be seen/vbn to/to be/be the/at sum/nn of/in that/dt force/nn required/vbn to/to cut/vb the/at coating/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, that/dt due/jj to/in the/at bluntness/nn of/in the/at knife/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt due/jj to/in the/at friction/nn between/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at knife/nn and/cc the/at substrate/nn ,/, Af/nn ,/, or/cc Af/nn ./. The/at first/rb two/cd forces/nns are/ber directly/rb interrelated/vbn and/cc depend/vb upon/in film/nn thickness/nn ,/, whereas/cs Af/nn is/bez independent/jj of/in these/dts two/cd and/cc is/bez a/at constant/nn for/in a/at given/vbn knife/coating/nn combination/nn ./. These/dts theoretical/jj relationships/nns are/ber more/ql clearly/rb illustrated/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7/cd-tl and/cc their/pp$ sum/nn can/md be/be seen/vbn to/to correlate/vb in/in form/nn with/in practical/jj measurements/nns made/vbn with/in the/at Hesiometer/nn-tl as/cs illustrated/vbn in/in the/at first/od portion/nn of/in Fig./nn-tl 5/cd-tl for/in the/at cutting/vbg mechanism/nn ./. Chipping/vbg mechanism/nn of/in cohesive/jj failure/nn Although/cs a/at large/jj number/nn of/in coatings/nns systems/nns ,/, particularly/rb at/in low/jj thicknesses/nns fail/vb cohesively/rb by/in the/at cutting/vbg mechanism/nn ,/, frequently/rb a/at second/od type/nn of/in cohesive/jj failure/nn may/md also/rb take/vb place/nn ./. This/dt is/bez a/at chipping/vbg ,/, dynamic/jj type/nn failure/nn encountered/vbn with/in very/ql brittle/jj coatings/nns resins/nns or/cc very/ql highly/ql pigmented/jj films/nns ./. This/dt is/bez shown/vbn in/in the/at photomicrograph/nn of/in Fig./nn-tl 8/cd-tl ./. The/at basic/jj difference/nn between/in the/at continuous/jj cutting/vbg mechanism/nn and/cc that/dt of/in the/at chipping/vbg mechanism/nn is/bez that/cs instead/rb of/in shear/nn occurring/vbg in/in the/at coating/nn ahead/rb of/in the/at knife/nn continuously/rb without/in fracture/nn ,/, rupture/nn intermittently/rb occurs/vbz along/in the/at shear/nn plane/nn ./. The/at detailed/vbn mechanisms/nns of/in this/dt type/nn of/in failure/nn have/hv been/ben studied/vbn extensively/rb by/in Merchant/np for/in metal/nn cutting/nn ,/, and/cc the/at principles/nns found/vbn can/md be/be directly/rb applied/vbn to/in coatings/nns ./. By/in studying/vbg high/jj speed/nn movies/nns made/vbn of/in this/dt type/nn of/in failure/nn ,/, the/at sequence/nn of/in relationships/nns as/cs schematically/rb illustrated/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 9/cd-tl could/md be/be observed/vbn ./. In/in the/at first/od picture/nn (/( 9a/cd )/) the/at knife/nn is/bez just/rb beginning/vbg to/to advance/vb into/in the/at inclined/vbn surface/nn which/wdt was/bedz left/vbn from/in the/at previous/ap chip/nn formation/nn ./. In/in the/at next/ap ,/, the/at shear/nn plane/nn angle/nn is/bez high/jj ,/, and/cc extends/vbz to/in the/at inclined/vbn work/nn surface/nn ./. With/in increasing/vbg advance/nn of/in the/at knife/nn into/in the/at coating/nn the/at shear/nn plane/nn extends/vbz to/in the/at coatings/nns surface/nn and/cc the/at shear/nn angle/nn rapidly/rb decreases/vbz ./. Eventually/rb ,/, rupture/nn occurs/vbz along/in the/at shear/nn plane/nn (/( 9e/cd )/) ,/, and/cc the/at cycle/nn repeats/vbz itself/ppl ./. Merchant/np has/hvz found/vbn that/cs the/at same/ap basic/jj relationships/nns which/wdt describe/vb the/at geometry/nn and/cc force/nn systems/nns in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at cutting/vbg mechanism/nn can/md also/rb be/be applied/vbn to/in the/at discontinuous/jj chip/nn formation/nn provided/vbn the/at proper/jj values/nns of/in instantaneous/jj shear/nn angle/nn and/cc instantaneous/jj chip/nn thickness/nn or/cc cross-sectional/jj area/nn are/ber used/vbn ./. Consequently/rb ,/, if/cs the/at shear/nn angle/nn **yf/nn is/bez replaced/vbn by/in the/at rupture/nn angle/nn Af/nn ,/, the/at relationships/nns as/cs described/vbn in/in eqns./nns (/( 1/cd )/) ,/, (/( 2/cd )/) ,/, (/( 4/cd )/) ,/, and/cc (/( 6/cd )/) will/md directly/rb apply/vb ./. The/at-hl cracking/vbg-hl mechanism/nn-hl Under/in equilibrium/nn cutting/vbg conditions/nns ,/, the/at chip/nn exerts/vbz a/at force/nn Af/nn against/in the/at coating/nn and/cc an/at equal/jj opposite/jj force/nn Af/nn against/in the/at knife/nn in/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at substrate/nn as/cs shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 6/cd-tl ./. If/cs the/at rake/nn angle/nn **yc/nn of/in the/at knife/nn is/bez high/jj enough/qlp and/cc the/at friction/nn angle/nn **yt/nn between/in the/at front/nn of/in the/at knife/nn and/cc the/at back/nn of/in the/at chip/nn is/bez low/jj enough/qlp to/to give/vb a/at positive/jj value/nn for/in Af/nn ,/, the/at resultant/jj vector/nn R/nn will/md lie/vb above/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at substrate/nn ./.

cj76

cj76 |@word within:2 year:4 foam:61 plastic:7 material:15 manage:1 grow:1 integral:1 important:4 phase:1 industry:1 end:5 still:4 yet:4 sight:1 urethane:28 one:15 example:6 introduce:1 commercially:1 country:1 1955:1 last:1 volume:3 probably:1 top:3 100:1 million:7 lb:12 expectation:2 market:6 275:1 1964:1 many:4 foamed:7 particularly:3 styrene:5 show:4 similar:1 growth:3 potential:3 even:2 new:9 evaluate:1 issue:1 go:1 press:1 manufacturer:4 announce:1 epoxy:1 outstanding:2 buoyancy:1 impact:1 strength:14 another:3 report:1 cellular:2 polypropylene:3 primarily:1 use:15 wire:1 coating:1 application:5 investigate:1 follow:1 page:1 major:2 commercial:4 describe:1 detail:3 property:8 method:4 processing:3 may:5 well:3 point:1 however:1 development:3 take:3 place:4 past:2 month:1 bearing:1 future:2 various:2 involve:1 definite:1 trend:1 toward:1 polyether:9 type:7 available:4 two:6 component:2 rigid:11 system:4 emphasis:1 definitely:1 shot:7 mold:9 also:7 seem:2 concentrate:1 formulate:1 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20:1 lock:1 jig:1

Within/in only/rb a/at few/ap years/nns ,/, foamed/vbn plastics/nns materials/nns have/hv managed/vbn to/to grow/vb into/in an/at integral/jj ,/, and/cc important/jj ,/, phase/nn of/in the/at plastics/nns industry/nn --/-- and/cc the/at end/nn is/bez still/rb not/* yet/rb in/in sight/nn ./. Urethane/nn foam/nn ,/, as/cs only/rb one/cd example/nn ,/, was/bedz only/rb introduced/vbn commercially/rb in/in this/dt country/nn in/in 1955/cd ./. Yet/cc last/ap year's/nn$ volume/nn probably/rb topped/vbd 100/cd million/cd lb./nns and/cc expectations/nns are/ber for/in a/at market/nn of/in 275/cd million/cd lb./nns by/in 1964/cd ./. Many/ap of/in the/at other/ap foamed/vbn plastics/nns ,/, particularly/rb the/at styrenes/nns ,/, show/vb similar/jj growth/nn potential/nn ./. And/cc there/ex are/ber even/rb newer/jjr foamed/vbn plastics/nns that/wps are/ber yet/rb to/to be/be evaluated/vbn ./. As/cs this/dt issue/nn goes/vbz to/in press/nn ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, one/cd manufacturer/nn has/hvz announced/vbn an/at epoxy/nn foam/nn with/in outstanding/jj buoyancy/nn and/cc impact/nn strength/nn ;/. ;/. another/dt reports/vbz that/cs a/at cellular/jj polypropylene/nn ,/, primarily/rb for/in use/nn in/in wire/nn coating/nn applications/nns ,/, is/bez being/beg investigated/vbn ./. On/in the/at following/vbg pages/nns ,/, each/dt of/in the/at major/jj commercial/jj foamed/vbn plastics/nns is/bez described/vbn in/in detail/nn ,/, as/in to/in properties/nns ,/, applications/nns ,/, and/cc methods/nns of/in processing/vbg ./. It/pps might/md be/be well/jj to/to point/vb out/rp ,/, however/rb ,/, some/dti of/in the/at newer/jjr developments/nns that/wps have/hv taken/vbn place/nn within/in the/at past/ap few/ap months/nns which/wdt might/md have/hv a/at bearing/nn on/in the/at future/nn of/in the/at various/ap foamed/vbn plastics/nns involved/vbn ./. In/in urethane/nn foams/nns ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, there/ex has/hvz been/ben a/at definite/jj trend/nn toward/in the/at polyether-type/jj materials/nns (/( which/wdt are/ber now/rb available/jj in/in two-component/jj rigid/jj foam/nn systems/nns )/) and/cc the/at emphasis/nn is/bez definitely/rb on/in one-shot/jj molding/vbg ./. Most/ap manufacturers/nns also/rb seem/vb to/to be/be concentrating/vbg on/in formulating/vbg fire-resistant/jj or/cc self-extinguishing/jj grades/nns of/in urethane/nn foam/nn that/wps are/ber aimed/vbn specifically/rb at/in the/at burgeoning/vbg building/vbg markets/nns ./. Urethane/nn foam/nn as/cs an/at insulator/nn is/bez also/rb coming/vbg in/rp for/in a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in attention/nn ./. In/in one/cd outstanding/jj example/nn ,/, Whirlpool/np-tl Corp./nn-tl found/vbd that/cs by/in switching/vbg to/in urethane/nn foam/nn insulation/nn ,/, they/ppss could/md increase/vb the/at storage/nn capacity/nn of/in gas/nn refrigerators/nns to/to make/vb them/ppo competitive/jj with/in electric/jj models/nns ./. Much/ap interest/nn has/hvz also/rb been/ben expressed/vbn in/in new/jj techniques/nns for/in processing/vbg the/at urethane/nn foams/nns ,/, including/in spraying/vbg ,/, frothing/vbg ,/, and/cc molding/vbg (/( see/vb article/nn ,/, p./nn 391/cd for/in details/nns )/) ./. And/cc in/in meeting/vbg the/at demands/nns for/in urethane/nn foam/nn as/cs a/at garment/nn interlining/nn ,/, new/jj adhesives/nns and/cc new/jj methods/nns of/in laminating/vbg foam/nn to/in a/at substrate/nn have/hv been/ben developed/vbn ./. New/jj techniques/nns for/in automatic/jj molding/nn of/in expandable/jj styrene/nn beads/nns have/hv helped/vbn boost/vb that/dt particular/ap material/nn into/in a/at number/nn of/in new/jj consumer/nn applications/nns ,/, including/in picnic/nn chests/nns ,/, beverage/nn coolers/nns ,/, flower/nn pots/nns ,/, and/cc flotation-type/jj swimming/vbg toys/nns ./. Two/cd other/ap end-use/jj areas/nns which/wdt contributed/vbd to/in expandable/jj styrene's/nn$ growth/nn during/in the/at year/nn were/bed packaging/vbg (/( molded/vbn inserts/nns replacing/vbg complicated/vbn cardboard/nn units/nns )/) and/cc foamed-core/nn building/vbg panels/nns ./. Extruded/vbn expandable/jj styrene/nn film/nn or/cc sheet/nn --/-- claimed/vbn to/to be/be competitive/jj price-wise/rb with/in paper/nn --/-- also/rb showed/vbd much/ap potential/nn ,/, particularly/rb for/in packaging/vbg ./. Sandwich/nn panels/nns for/in building/vbg utility/nn shelters/nns that/wps consist/vb of/in kraft/nn paper/nn skins/nns and/cc rigid/jj styrene/nn foam/nn cores/nns also/rb aroused/vbd interest/nn in/in the/at construction/nn field/nn ./. In/in vinyl/nn foam/nn ,/, the/at big/jj news/nn was/bedz the/at development/nn of/in techniques/nns for/in coating/vbg fabrics/nns with/in the/at material/nn (/( for/in details/nns ,/, see/vb P./nn-tl 395/cd-tl )/) ./. Better/jjr ``/`` hand/nn ''/'' ,/, a/at more/ql luxurious/jj feel/nn ,/, and/cc better/jjr insulating/vbg properties/nns were/bed claimed/vbn to/to be/be the/at result/nn ./. Several/ap companies/nns also/rb saw/vbd possibilities/nns in/in using/vbg the/at technique/nn for/in extruding/vbg or/cc molding/vbg vinyl/nn products/nns with/in a/at slight/jj cellular/jj core/nn that/wps would/md reduce/vb costs/nns yet/cc would/md not/* affect/vb physical/jj properties/nns of/in the/at end/nn product/nn to/in any/dti great/jj extent/nn ./. Readers/nns interested/vbn in/in additional/jj information/nn on/in foams/nns are/ber referred/vbn to/in the/at Foamed/vbn-tl Plastics/nns-tl Chart/nn-tl appearing/vbg in/in the/at Technical/jj-tl Data/nns-tl section/nn and/cc to/in the/at list/nn of/in references/nns which/wdt appears/vbz below/rb ./. Urethane/nn-hl foams/nns-hl Since/in the/at mid/jj 1950s/nns ,/, when/wrb urethane/nn foam/nn first/rb made/vbd its/pp$ appearance/nn in/in the/at American/jj market/nn ,/, growth/nn has/hvz been/ben little/ql short/rb of/in fantastic/jj ./. Present/jj estimates/nns are/ber that/cs production/nn topped/vbd the/at 100-million-lb./jj mark/nn in/in 1960/cd (/( 85/cd to/in 90/cd million/cd lb./nns for/in flexible/jj ,/, 10/cd or/cc 11/cd million/cd lb./nns for/in rigid/jj )/) ;/. ;/. by/in 1965/cd ,/, production/nn may/md range/vb from/in 200/cd to/in 350/cd million/cd lb./nns for/in flexible/jj and/cc from/in 115/cd to/in 150/cd million/cd lb./nns for/in rigid/jj ./. The/at markets/nns that/wps have/hv started/vbn to/to open/vb up/rp for/in the/at foam/nn in/in the/at past/jj year/nn or/cc so/rb seem/vb to/to justify/vb the/at expectations/nns ./. Furniture/nn upholstery/nn ,/, as/cs just/rb one/cd example/nn ,/, can/md easily/rb take/vb millions/nns of/in pounds/nns ;/. ;/. foamed/vbn refrigerator/nn insulation/nn is/bez under/in intensive/jj evaluation/nn by/in every/at major/jj manufacturer/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc use/nn of/in the/at foam/nn for/in garment/nn interlining/nn is/bez only/rb now/rb getting/vbg off/in the/at ground/nn ,/, with/in volume/nn potential/nn in/in the/at offing/nn ./. Basic/jj-hl chemistry/nn-hl Urethane/nn foams/nns are/ber ,/, basically/rb ,/, reaction/nn products/nns of/in hydroxyl-rich/jj materials/nns and/cc polyisocyanates/nns (/( usually/rb tolylene/nn diisocyanate/nn )/) ./. Blowing/vbg can/md be/be either/cc one/cd of/in two/cd types/nns --/-- carbon/nn dioxide/nn gas/nn generated/vbn by/in the/at reaction/nn of/in water/nn on/in the/at polyisocyanate/nn or/cc mechanical/jj blowing/nn through/in the/at use/nn of/in a/at low-boiling/jj liquid/nn such/jj as/cs a/at fluorinated/vbn hydrocarbon/nn ./. The/at most/ql important/jj factor/nn in/in determining/vbg what/wdt properties/nns the/at end-product/nn will/md have/hv is/bez quite/ql naturally/rb the/at type/nn of/in hydroxyl-rich/jj compound/nn that/wps is/bez used/vbn in/in its/pp$ production/nn ./. Originally/rb ,/, the/at main/jjs types/nns used/vbn were/bed various/ap compositions/nns of/in polyesters/nns ./. These/dts are/ber still/rb in/in wide/jj use/nn today/nr ,/, particularly/rb in/in semi-rigid/jj formulations/nns ,/, for/in such/jj applications/nns as/cs cores/nns for/in sandwich-type/jj structural/jj panels/nns ,/, foamed-in-place/jj insulation/nn ,/, automotive/jj safety/nn padding/nn ,/, arm/nn rests/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. More/ql recently/rb ,/, polyethers/nns --/-- again/rb in/in varied/vbn compositions/nns ,/, molecular/jj weights/nns ,/, and/cc branching/vbg --/-- have/hv come/vbn into/in use/nn at/in first/rb for/in the/at flexible/jj foams/nns ,/, just/ql lately/rb for/in the/at rigids/nns ./. The/at polyether/nn glycols/nns are/ber claimed/vbn to/to give/vb flexible/jj urethanes/nns a/at spring-back/jj action/nn which/wdt is/bez much/ql desired/vbn in/in cushioning/nn ./. Although/cs the/at first/od polyether/nn foams/nns on/in the/at market/nn had/hvd to/to be/be produced/vbn by/in the/at two-step/jj prepolymer/nn method/nn ,/, today/nr ,/, thanks/nns to/in new/jj catalysts/nns ,/, they/ppss can/md be/be produced/vbn by/in a/at one-shot/jj technique/nn ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj that/cs the/at polyether/nn foams/nns may/md soon/rb be/be molded/vbn on/in a/at production/nn basis/nn in/in low-cost/nn molds/nns with/in more/ql intricate/jj contours/nns and/cc with/in superior/jj properties/nns to/in latex/nn foam/nn ./. The/at polyester/nn urethane/nn foam/nn is/bez generally/rb produced/vbn with/in adipic/jj acid/nn polyesters/nns ;/. ;/. the/at polyether/nn group/nn generally/rb consists/vbz of/in foams/nns produced/vbn with/in polypropylene/nn glycol/nn or/cc polypropylene/nn glycol/nn modified/vbn with/in a/at triol/nn ./. One/cd-hl shot/nn-hl vs./in-hl prepolymer/nn-hl In/in the/at prepolymer/nn system/nn ,/, the/at isocyanate/nn and/cc resin/nn are/ber mixed/vbn anhydrously/rb and/cc no/at foaming/nn occurs/vbz ./. The/at foaming/nn can/md be/be accomplished/vbn at/in some/dti future/jj time/nn at/in a/at different/jj location/nn by/in the/at addition/nn of/in the/at correct/jj proportion/nn of/in catalyst/nn in/in solution/nn ./. In/in one-shot/jj ,/, the/at isocyanate/nn ,/, polyester/nn or/cc polyether/nn resin/nn ,/, catalyst/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap additives/nns are/ber mixed/vbn directly/rb and/cc a/at foam/nn is/bez produced/vbn immediately/rb ./. Basically/rb ,/, this/dt means/vbz that/cs simpler/jjr processing/vbg equipment/nn (/( the/at mixture/nn has/hvz good/jj flowing/vbg characteristics/nns )/) and/cc less/ap external/jj heat/nn (/( the/at foaming/vbg reaction/nn is/bez exothermic/jj and/cc develops/vbz internal/jj heat/nn )/) are/ber required/vbn in/in one-shot/jj foaming/nn ,/, although/cs ,/, at/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, the/at problems/nns of/in controlling/vbg the/at conditions/nns of/in one-shot/jj foaming/nn are/ber critical/jj ones/nns ./. Properties/nns-hl Most/ap commercial/jj uses/nns of/in urethane/nn foams/nns require/vb densities/nns between/in 2/cd and/cc 30/cd lb./nns //in cu./jj ft./nn for/in rigid/jj foams/nns ,/, between/in 1/cd and/cc 3/cd lb./nns //in cu./jj ft./nn for/in flexible/jj foams/nns ./. This/dt latter/ap figure/nn compares/vbz with/in latex/nn foam/nn rubber/nn at/in an/at average/nn of/in 5.5/cd lb./nns //in cu./jj ft./nn in/in commercial/jj grades/nns ./. Compression/nn-hl strength/nn-hl :/:-hl Graph/nn in/in Fig./nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, p./nn 392/cd ,/, indicates/vbz how/wrb the/at ratio/nn of/in compressive/jj strength/nn to/in density/nn varies/vbz as/cs the/at latter/ap is/bez increased/vbn or/cc decreased/vbn ./. The/at single/ap curve/nn line/nn represents/vbz a/at specific/jj formulation/nn in/in a/at test/nn example/nn ./. By/in varying/vbg the/at formula/nn ,/, this/dt curve/nn may/md be/be moved/vbn forward/rb or/cc backward/rb along/in the/at coordinates/nns to/to produce/vb any/dti desired/vbn compression/nn strength/nn //in density/nn ratio/nn ./. Thermal/jj-hl conductivity/nn-hl and/cc-hl temperature/nn-hl resistance/nn-hl :/:-hl In/in flexible/jj urethane/nn foams/nns ,/, we/ppss are/ber referring/vbg to/in the/at range/nn between/in the/at highest/jjt and/cc lowest/jjt temperatures/nns under/in which/wdt the/at materials'/nns$ primary/jj performance/nn remains/vbz functionally/rb useful/jj ./. In/in temperature/nn resistance/nn ,/, this/dt quality/nn is/bez usually/rb related/vbn to/in specific/jj properties/nns ,/, e.g./rb ,/, flexural/jj ,/, tensile/jj strengths/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. Thermal/jj conductivity/nn is/bez directly/rb traceable/jj to/in the/at material's/nn$ porous/jj ,/, air-cell/nn construction/nn which/wdt effectively/rb traps/vbz air/nn or/cc a/at gas/nn in/in the/at maze/nn of/in minute/jj bubbles/nns which/wdt form/vb its/pp$ composition/nn ./. These/dts air/nn or/cc gas/nn bubbles/nns make/vb highly/ql functional/jj thermal/jj barriers/nns ./. The/at K/nn factor/nn ,/, a/at term/nn used/vbn to/to denote/vb the/at rate/nn of/in heat/nn transmission/nn through/in a/at material/nn (/nil B.t.u./sq./nil ft./nil of/nil material/hr./*0F./in./nil of/nil thickness/nil )/nil ranges/vbz from/in 0.24/cd to/in 0.28/cd for/in flexible/jj urethane/nn foams/nns and/cc from/in 0.12/cd to/in 0.16/cd for/in rigid/jj urethane/nn foams/nns ,/, depending/in upon/in the/at formulation/nn ,/, density/nn ,/, cell/nn size/nn ,/, and/cc nature/nn of/in blowing/vbg agents/nns used/vbn ./. Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, ,/, p./nn 394/cd ,/, shows/vbz a/at comparison/nn of/in K/nn factor/nn ratings/nns of/in a/at number/nn of/in commercial/jj insulating/vbg materials/nns in/in common/jj use/nn ,/, including/in two/cd different/jj types/nns of/in rigid/jj urethane/nn foam/nn ./. Flexural/jj-hl strength/nn-hl :/:-hl This/dt term/nn refers/vbz to/in the/at ability/nn of/in a/at material/nn to/to resist/vb bending/vbg stress/nn and/cc is/bez determined/vbn by/in measuring/vbg the/at load/nn required/vbn to/to cause/vb failure/nn by/in bending/vbg ./. The/at higher-density/nn urethane/nn semi-rigid/jj foams/nns usually/rb have/hv stronger/jjr flex/nn fatigue/nn resistance/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, the/at 12/cd lb./nns //in cu./jj ft./nn foam/nn has/hvz 8/cd times/nns the/at flexural/jj strength/nn of/in the/at 3/cd lb./nns //in cu./jj ft./nn density/nn ./. Note/vb that/cs flexural/jj strength/nn is/bez not/* always/rb improved/vbn by/in simply/rb increasing/vbg the/at density/nn ,/, nor/cc is/bez the/at change/nn always/rb proportional/jj from/in one/cd formulation/nn to/in another/dt ./. Where/wrb flexural/jj strength/nn is/bez an/at important/jj factor/nn ,/, be/be sure/jj that/cs your/pp$ urethane/nn foam/nn processor/nn is/bez aware/jj of/in it/ppo ./. Tensile/jj-hl strength/nn-hl :/:-hl This/dt property/nn refers/vbz to/in the/at greatest/jjt longitudinal/jj stress/nn or/cc tension/nn a/at material/nn can/md endure/vb without/in tearing/vbg apart/rb ./. (/( like/cs compression/nn strength/nn of/in urethane/nn foams/nns ,/, it/pps has/hvz a/at direct/jj relationship/nn to/in formulation/nn ./. )/) Exceptional/jj tensile/jj strength/nn is/bez another/dt of/in urethane/nn foam's/nn$ strong/jj features/nns ./. Figure/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, above/rb ,/, shows/vbz the/at aging/vbg properties/nns of/in urethane/nn foams/nns as/cs determined/vbn by/in the/at percent/nn of/in change/nn in/in tensile/jj strength/nn during/in exposure/nn to/in ultra-violet/jj light/nn ./. Processing/vbg-hl urethanes/nns-hl There/ex are/ber many/ap ways/nns of/in producing/vbg a/at foamed/vbn urethane/nn product/nn ./. The/at foam/nn can/md be/be made/vbn into/in slab/nn stock/nn and/cc cut/vbn to/in shape/nn ,/, it/pps can/md be/be molded/vbn ,/, it/pps can/md be/be poured-in-place/vbn ,/, it/pps can/md be/be applied/vbn by/in spray/nn guns/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. Slab/nn stock/nn is/bez still/rb one/cd of/in the/at most/ql important/jj forms/nns of/in urethane/nn end-product/nn in/in use/nn today/nr ./. Basically/rb ,/, the/at foam/nn machines/nns that/wps produce/vb such/jj stock/nn consist/vb of/in two/cd or/cc more/ap pumping/vbg units/nns ,/, a/at variable/jj mixer/nn ,/, a/at nozzle/nn carriage/nn assembly/nn ,/, and/cc ,/, in/in many/ap cases/nns ,/, a/at conveyor/nn belt/nn to/to transport/vb and/cc contain/vb the/at liquid/nn during/in the/at reaction/nn process/nn and/cc until/cs it/pps solidifies/vbz into/in foam/nn ./. The/at ingredients/nns are/ber fed/vbn from/in tanks/nns through/in a/at hose/nn and/cc into/in the/at mixer/nn at/in a/at predetermined/vbn rate/nn ./. The/at mixing/vbg head/nn moves/vbz back/rb and/cc forth/rb slowly/rb across/in the/at width/nn of/in the/at receptacle/nn ./. It/pps only/rb takes/vbz a/at few/ap minutes/nns for/in the/at foaming/vbg action/nn to/to be/be completed/vbn and/cc after/in a/at short/jj cure/nn ,/, the/at material/nn can/md be/be cut/vbn into/in lengths/nns as/cs desired/vbn ./. Much/ap has/hvz been/ben done/vbn in/in the/at way/nn of/in ingenious/jj slitters/nns to/to fabricate/vb the/at slab/nn stock/nn into/in finished/vbn products/nns ./. Profile/nn cutting/vbg machines/nns are/ber available/jj which/wdt can/md split/vb foam/nn to/in any/dti desired/vbn thickness/nn and/cc produce/vb sine/nn ,/, triangle/nn ,/, trapezoid/nn ,/, and/cc other/ap profiles/nns in/in variable/jj heights/nns ,/, dimensions/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. The/at convoluted/vbn sheets/nns can/md be/be combined/vbn to/to attain/vb certain/ap cushioning/vbg effects/nns mechanically/rb rather/rb than/cs chemically/rb ./. Also/rb available/jj is/bez a/at slitter/nn which/wdt ``/`` peels/vbz ''/'' the/at inside/nn of/in a/at folded/vbn block/nn of/in foam/nn and/cc can/md be/be used/vbn to/to slit/vb continuous/jj sheets/nns up/rp to/in 300/cd yd./nns in/in length/nn ,/, down/rp to/in 1/16/cd in./nn thick/nn ./. The/at low/jj cost/nn and/cc ease/nn of/in fabrication/nn of/in the/at dies/nns for/in three-dimensional/jj foam/nn cutting/nn plus/cc the/at wide/jj variety/nn of/in shapes/nns ,/, dimensions/nns ,/, and/cc contours/nns that/wps can/md be/be tailor-made/vbn to/in customer/nn requirements/nns has/hvz made/vbn the/at technique/nn useful/jj for/in producing/vbg case/nn liners/nns ,/, materials/nns handling/nn containers/nns ,/, packaging/vbg and/cc cushioning/vbg devices/nns ,/, and/cc such/jj novelties/nns as/cs soap/nn dishes/nns ,/, toys/nns ,/, head/nn rests/nns ,/, arch/nn supports/nns ,/, and/cc gas/nn pedal/nn covers/nns ./. Molding/vbg-hl Although/cs slab/nn stock/nn appeared/vbd first/rb ,/, it/pps soon/rb became/vbd apparent/jj that/cs for/in the/at production/nn of/in cushions/nns with/in irregular/jj shapes/nns ,/, crowned/vbn contours/nns ,/, or/cc rounded/vbn edges/nns ,/, the/at cutting/nn of/in slab/nn stock/nn is/bez a/at wasteful/jj and/cc uneconomical/jj process/nn ./. Only/rb by/in resorting/vbg to/in molding/vbg techniques/nns can/md the/at cushion/nn manufacturer/nn hope/vb to/to compete/vb satisfactorily/rb in/in the/at established/vbn cushion/nn market/nn ./. The/at closed/vbn molding/nn of/in flexible/jj urethane/nn foams/nns has/hvz been/ben a/at problem/nn ever/rb since/in the/at introduction/nn of/in the/at material/nn (/( molding/vbg in/in open/jj molds/nns was/bedz more/ql feasible/jj )/) ./. Satisfactory/jj methods/nns for/in polyester/nn foams/nns and/cc even/rb prepolymer/nn polyether/nn foams/nns were/bed never/rb fully/rb achieved/vbn ./. Closed/vbn molding/nn generally/rb resulted/vbd in/in parts/nns weighing/vbg more/ap (/( because/rb of/in higher/jjr density/nn )/) than/cs parts/nns fabricated/vbn from/in free-blown/jj foams/nns ./. This/dt counteracted/vbd the/at gain/nn from/in having/hvg no/at scrap/nn loss/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed difficulties/nns with/in the/at flow/nn and/cc spreading/nn of/in the/at foam/nn mixture/nn over/in the/at mold/nn surface/nn ,/, trouble/nn with/in lack/nn of/in gel/nn strength/nn in/in the/at rising/vbg foam/nn ,/, and/cc problems/nns of/in splits/nns ./. The/at introduction/nn of/in one-shot/jj polyether/nn foam/nn systems/nns ,/, aided/vbn by/in the/at development/nn of/in new/jj catalysts/nns ,/, helped/vbd to/to alleviate/vb some/dti of/in the/at problems/nns of/in closed/vbn molding/nn ./. While/cs there/ex are/ber still/rb many/ap bugs/nns to/to be/be ironed/vbn out/rp ,/, the/at technique/nn is/bez fast/rb developing/vbg ./. Other/ap-hl techniques/nns-hl Simple/jj systems/nns are/ber available/jj that/wps make/vb it/ppo possible/jj for/in urethane/nn foam/nn components/nns to/to be/be poured/vbn ,/, pumped/vbn ,/, etc./rb ,/, into/in a/at void/nn where/wrb they/ppss foam/vb up/rp to/to fill/vb the/at void/nn ./. In/in a/at typical/jj application/nn --/-- the/at making/nn of/in rigid/jj urethane/nn foam/nn sandwich/nn panels/nns --/-- an/at amount/nn of/in foam/nn mixture/nn calculated/vbn to/to expand/vb 10/cd to/in 20%/nn more/rbr than/cs the/at volume/nn of/in the/at panel/nn is/bez poured/vbn into/in the/at panel/nn void/nn and/cc the/at top/nn of/in the/at panel/nn is/bez locked/vbn in/in place/nn by/in a/at jig/nn ./.

cj77

cj77 |@word temperature:11 wash:16 rinse:9 water:25 maintain:3 85:1 f:11 29:1 c:4 top:1 roll:2 load:3 40:2 lb:3 sixty:1 lbs:1 loading:2 possible:4 adequate:1 suds:4 box:4 drain:15 arrange:1 start:7 deliver:1 raise:2 main:4 pipe:2 thus:1 return:1 sud:2 soap:5 machine:10 bath:1 contain:2 calculate:1 amount:3 detergent:3 apply:2 slowly:1 directly:3 run:3 speciman:16 washing:10 continue:1 30:3 minute:7 period:1 time:16 sufficient:3 allow:2 100:5 nip:2 pass:3 squeeze:2 conclusion:1 8:1 liter:2 32:1 0c:6 automatically:1 meter:1 reservoir:2 tub:6 4:3 operation:2 require:4 10:5 12:1 volume:1 gradually:1 increase:2 overflow:1 begin:1 point:2 readjust:1 discharge:2 waste:3 line:3 set:4 2:12 mark:9 gauge:4 lower:1 permit:3 complete:2 draining:1 procedure:25 progress:1 two:7 stage:1 first:1 dilution:1 separate:1 thereafter:1 displacement:1 soil:4 bear:1 liquor:2 clean:2 since:1 specimen:6 method:3 appear:1 produce:1 maximum:2 cleansing:1 minimum:2 redeposition:1 suggest:1 evaluation:2 classification:1 may:6 make:3 either:1 removal:3 grease:2 basis:1 desire:2 reflectance:1 measure:14 instrument:1 desirable:1 whereas:2 soxhlet:1 extraction:1 necessary:4 purpose:1 scope:1 test:18 intend:2 determine:4 dimensional:8 change:5 weave:4 knit:8 fabric:18 fiber:1 wool:1 expect:1 cloth:2 subject:5 laundering:3 commonly:2 use:12 commercial:5 laundry:4 home:4 four:2 establish:3 varying:1 severity:2 severe:1 mild:1 cover:2 range:3 practical:2 hand:2 five:2 drying:8 dry:7 technique:1 three:6 restorability:3 characteristic:1 textile:2 restoration:2 iron:3 wear:1 launder:5 accelerate:1 must:2 repeat:3 evaluate:2 table:8 1:8 summarize:2 various:1 available:1 person:1 combination:1 specific:1 item:1 order:2 garment:4 identify:1 completely:1 code:1 consisting:1 roman:1 numeral:1 letter:1 arabic:1 number:1 example:1 3:5 e:4 refer:1 total:1 60:2 tumble:2 dryer:4 restorative:8 force:5 tension:5 presser:3 principle:1 cylindrical:3 reversing:2 wheel:22 agitation:1 varied:2 obtain:1 different:1 degree:1 application:2 conform:1 end:6 handling:1 distance:8 warp:4 fill:4 direction:5 wale:2 course:2 apparatus:3 material:1 type:5 cage:1 20:4 24:4 inch:32 inside:4 diameter:8 length:4 fin:2 approximately:8 wide:1 extend:3 full:1 one:3 locate:2 every:1 around:1 rotate:2 speed:2 revolution:2 per:1 making:1 ten:1 reverse:1 inlet:1 large:3 enough:2 eight:2 level:11 less:5 outlet:1 equip:2 inject:5 live:1 steam:6 capable:2 38:5 0:3 shall:1 opening:1 insertion:1 thermometer:1 equivalent:2 equipment:3 outside:1 indicate:1 domestic:1 automatic:1 washer:1 give:2 result:3 prefer:1 pressing:1 flat:5 bed:4 press:5 50:1 22:4 square:4 alternative:1 135:1 rotary:1 basket:2 35:1 provide:3 means:1 49:1 exhaust:1 vent:1 close:1 chamber:1 screen:1 rack:1 screening:1 saran:1 velon:1 room:1 facility:1 extractor:2 centrifugal:1 perforated:1 11:2 deep:1 17:1 operate:1 pen:3 ink:3 indelible:3 suitable:1 device:1 measuring:1 scale:1 neutral:1 chip:1 fed:1 spec:1 566:1 aj:3 softener:2 sodium:2 metaphosphate:1 hexametaphosphate:1 need:1 hard:2 area:2 synthetic:2 alkylarysulfonate:1 flatiron:2 electric:1 consist:3 padded:1 board:2 clamp:6 member:3 side:4 fix:2 edge:4 travel:2 guide:2 rail:2 opposite:1 movable:1 carriage:1 ride:1 draw:1 dead:1 weight:2 select:1 pound:2 perforate:1 aluminum:1 plate:1 surface:3 heat:1 mean:1 special:1 template:5 furnish:2 enable:1 central:1 extension:2 see:2 fig:3 shrinkage:2 mount:1 pin:3 radial:1 slot:2 individually:1 spring:2 tensione:2 drive:2 outwardly:1 af:8 common:1 take:3 place:4 simultaneously:1 plane:1 frame:1 collapsed:1 state:3 freely:1 extended:1 unload:1 14:2 contact:1 uncluttered:1 polish:1 friction:1 free:2 preparation:1 vary:1 depend:1 upon:1 sample:2 arrive:1 satisfactory:1 average:1 performance:1 especially:1 true:2 reach:6 moisture:1 equilibrium:1 standard:1 atmosphere:1 lay:1 without:1 polished:1 care:1 wrinkle:1 crease:1 badly:1 distorted:1 unlaundered:1 due:1 faulty:1 finishing:1 deceptive:1 also:2 hold:1 therefore:1 recommend:2 case:2 replace:1 consider:1 indicative:1 generally:1 lengthwise:1 widthwise:1 fine:2 sew:1 thread:1 specially:1 design:1 stamp:1 marked:1 parallel:3 respective:1 yarn:1 usually:1 great:2 original:1 accuracy:1 b:2 restore:1 rectangle:1 least:4 except:1 narrow:1 entire:1 width:2 18:1 25:2 cut:1 beyond:1 outer:1 dot:3 midpoint:1 corner:1 record:1 circular:1 16:1 marking:1 centrally:1 circle:2 equidistantly:1 space:1 figure:1 critical:1 measurement:1 similar:1 note:1 immediately:2 add:2 43:4 condensed:1 show:10 column:9 counteract:1 good:1 running:1 stop:2 refill:3 second:1 columns:1 continuously:1 completion:1 solution:1 cycle:1 become:3 substantially:3 empty:3 sum:2

Temperature/nn of/in the/at wash/nn and/cc rinse/nn waters/nns is/bez maintained/vbn at/in 85/cd -/in 90-degrees-F/nns (/nil 29/nil -/nil 32-degrees-C/nil )/nil ./. The/at top/jjs rolls/nns are/ber loaded/vbn with/in 40/cd lbs./nns ./. Sixty/cd lbs./nns loading/nn is/bez possible/jj but/cc 40/cd lbs./nns is/bez adequate/jj ./. The/at suds/nns box/nn drain/nn is/bez arranged/vbn at/in the/at start/nn to/to deliver/vb into/in the/at raised/vbn main/jjs drain/nn pipe/nn (/( thus/rb returning/vbg suds/nns to/in soap/nn box/nn )/) and/cc the/at machine/nn is/bez started/vbn ./. The/at 160-ml./jj bath/nn containing/vbg the/at calculated/vbn amount/nn of/in detergent/nn is/bez applied/vbn slowly/rb and/cc directly/rb to/in the/at running/vbg specimen/nn ./. Washing/vbg is/bez continued/vbn for/in 30/cd minutes/nns or/cc for/in a/at period/nn of/in time/nn sufficient/jj to/to allow/vb 100/cd nips/nns or/cc passes/nns through/in the/at squeeze/nn rolls/nns ./. At/in the/at conclusion/nn of/in the/at washing/nn ,/, 8/cd liters/nns of/in water/nn at/in 90-degrees-F/nns (/nil 32*0C./nil )/nil are/ber automatically/rb metered/vbn from/in the/at rinse/nn reservoir/nn to/in the/at washing/vbg tubs/nns ,/, 4/cd liters/nns to/in each/dt tub/nn ./. This/dt operation/nn requires/vbz from/in 10/cd to/in 12/cd minutes/nns ./. During/in the/at rinsing/vbg operation/nn the/at volume/nn in/in the/at tubs/nns gradually/rb increases/vbz until/cs overflow/nn from/in the/at main/jjs drain/nn begins/vbz ./. At/in this/dt point/nn the/at drains/nns are/ber readjusted/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at suds/nns box/nn drain/nn will/md discharge/vb directly/rb into/in the/at waste/nn line/nn and/cc the/at main/jjs tub/nn drain/nn is/bez set/vbn at/in the/at 2-1/2/cd mark/nn on/in the/at drain/nn gauge/nn ./. When/wrb all/abn of/in the/at rinse/nn water/nn has/hvz passed/vbn from/in the/at reservoir/nn to/in the/at tubs/nns the/at main/jjs drains/nns are/ber lowered/vbn to/to permit/vb complete/jj draining/nn of/in the/at tubs/nns ./. The/at run/nn is/bez complete/jj when/wrb all/abn the/at water/nn has/hvz drained/vbn off/rp into/in the/at waste/nn line/nn ./. By/in this/dt procedure/nn rinsing/vbg progresses/vbz in/in two/cd stages/nns ,/, first/rb by/in dilution/nn until/in the/at time/nn when/wrb the/at drains/nns are/ber separated/vbn and/cc thereafter/rb by/in displacement/nn of/in the/at soil-bearing/jj liquor/nn by/in clean/jj rinse/nn water/nn ,/, since/cs soiled/vbn liquor/nn squeezed/vbn from/in the/at specimens/nns at/in the/at nip/nn passes/vbz directly/rb to/in waste/nn from/in the/at suds/nns box/nn drains/nns ./. This/dt method/nn of/in rinsing/vbg appears/vbz to/to produce/vb maximum/jj cleansing/nn with/in minimum/jj soil/nn redeposition/nn ./. Suggested/vbn-hl evaluation/nn-hl and/cc-hl classification/nn-hl Evaluation/nn may/md be/be made/vbn on/in either/cc a/at soil-removal/nn or/cc a/at grease-removal/nn basis/nn as/cs desired/vbn ./. A/at reflectance-measuring/jj instrument/nn may/md be/be desirable/jj to/to measure/vb cleaning/vbg ,/, whereas/cs Soxhlet/np extraction/nn is/bez necessary/jj to/to measure/vb grease/nn removal/nn ./. Purpose/nn-hl and/cc-hl scope/nn-hl This/dt test/nn method/nn is/bez intended/vbn for/in determining/vbg the/at dimensional/jj changes/nns of/in woven/vbn or/cc knitted/vbn fabrics/nns ,/, made/vbn of/in fibers/nns other/ap than/cs wool/nn ,/, to/to be/be expected/vbn when/wrb the/at cloth/nn is/bez subjected/vbn to/in laundering/vbg procedures/nns commonly/rb used/vbn in/in the/at commercial/jj laundry/nn and/cc the/at home/nn ./. Four/cd washing/vbg test/nn procedures/nns are/ber established/vbn ,/, varying/vbg in/in severity/nn from/in very/ql severe/jj to/in very/ql mild/jj ,/, and/cc are/ber intended/vbn to/to cover/vb the/at range/nn of/in practical/jj washing/vbg from/in commercial/jj procedure/nn to/in hand/nn washing/nn ./. Five/cd drying/vbg test/nn procedures/nns are/ber established/vbn to/to cover/vb the/at range/nn of/in drying/vbg techniques/nns used/vbn in/in the/at home/nn and/cc commercial/jj laundry/nn ./. Three/cd methods/nns for/in determining/vbg the/at dimensional/jj restorability/nn characteristics/nns are/ber established/vbn for/in those/dts textiles/nns which/wdt require/vb restoration/nn by/in ironing/vbg or/cc wearing/vbg after/in laundering/vbg ./. These/dts tests/nns are/ber not/* accelerated/vbn and/cc must/md be/be repeated/vbn to/to evaluate/vb dimensional/jj changes/nns after/in repeated/vbn launderings/nns ./. Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, summarizes/vbz all/abn of/in the/at various/ap washing/vbg ,/, drying/vbg ,/, and/cc restoration/nn procedures/nns available/jj ./. The/at person/nn using/vbg these/dts tests/nns must/md determine/vb which/wdt combination/nn of/in procedures/nns is/bez practical/jj for/in any/dti specific/jj item/nn in/in order/nn to/to evaluate/vb the/at dimensional/jj changes/nns of/in textile/nn fabrics/nns or/cc garments/nns after/in laundering/vbg procedures/nns commonly/rb used/vbn in/in the/at home/nn or/cc commercial/jj laundry/nn ./. It/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to identify/vb the/at test/nn procedure/nn completely/rb with/in a/at code/nn consisting/vbg of/in a/at Roman/jj-tl Numeral/nn-tl ,/, a/at letter/nn ,/, and/cc an/at Arabic/jj number/nn ./. For/in example/nn Test/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ,/, E/nn 1/cd refers/vbz to/in a/at specimen/nn which/wdt has/hvz been/ben washed/vbn by/in procedure/nn ``/`` 3/cd (/( ''/'' (/( at/in 160-degrees-F/nns )/) for/in a/at total/nn of/in 60/cd minutes/nns in/in the/at machine/nn ,/, has/hvz been/ben dried/vbn in/in a/at tumble/nn dryer/nn by/in procedure/nn ``/`` E/nn ''/'' and/cc has/hvz been/ben subjected/vbn to/in restorative/jj forces/nns on/in the/at Tension/nn-tl Presser/nn-tl by/in procedure/nn ``/`` 1/cd-tl ''/'' ./. Principle/nn-hl A/at specimen/nn or/cc garment/nn is/bez washed/vbn in/in a/at cylindrical/jj reversing/vbg wash/nn wheel/nn ,/, dried/vbn and/cc subjected/vbn to/in restorative/jj forces/nns where/wrb necessary/jj ./. Temperature/nn and/cc time/nn of/in agitation/nn in/in the/at wash/nn wheel/nn are/ber varied/vbn to/to obtain/vb different/jj degrees/nns of/in severity/nn ./. Drying/vbg procedures/nns and/cc application/nn of/in restorative/jj force/nn procedures/nns are/ber varied/vbn to/to conform/vb with/in end-use/jj handling/nn during/in home/nn or/cc commercial/jj laundering/nn ./. Distances/nns marked/vbn on/in the/at specimen/nn in/in warp/nn and/cc filling/vbg directions/nns (/( or/cc wales/nns and/cc courses/nns for/in knitted/vbn fabrics/nns )/) are/ber measured/vbn before/in and/cc after/in laundering/vbg ./. Apparatus/nn-hl and/cc-hl materials/nns-hl wash/nn-hl wheel/nn-hl --/---hl cylindrical/jj-hl wash/nn-hl wheel/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl reversing/vbg-hl type/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at wheel/nn (/( cage/nn )/) is/bez 20/cd to/in 24/cd inches/nns inside/jj diameter/nn and/cc 20/cd to/in 24/cd inches/nns inside/jj length/nn ./. There/ex are/ber three/cd fins/nns each/dt approximately/rb three/cd inches/nns wide/jj extending/vbg the/at full/jj length/nn of/in the/at inside/nn of/in the/at wheel/nn ./. One/cd fin/nn is/bez located/vbn every/at 120-degrees/nns around/in the/at inside/jj diameter/nn of/in the/at wheel/nn ./. The/at wash/nn wheel/nn rotates/vbz at/in a/at speed/nn of/in 30/cd revolutions/nns per/in minute/nn ,/, making/vbg five/cd to/in ten/cd revolutions/nns before/in reversing/vbg ./. The/at water/nn inlets/nns are/ber large/jj enough/qlp to/to permit/vb filling/vbg the/at wheel/nn to/in an/at eight-inch/jj level/nn in/in less/ap than/in two/cd minutes/nns ,/, and/cc the/at outlet/nn is/bez large/jj enough/qlp to/to permit/vb discharge/nn of/in this/dt same/ap amount/nn of/in water/nn in/in less/ap than/in two/cd minutes/nns ./. The/at machine/nn is/bez equipped/vbn with/in a/at pipe/nn for/in injecting/vbg live/jj steam/nn that/wps is/bez capable/jj of/in raising/vbg the/at temperature/nn of/in water/nn at/in an/at eight-inch/nn level/nn from/in 110-degrees/nns to/in 140-degrees-F/nns (/nil 38*0/nil to/nil 60*0C./nil )/nil in/in less/ap than/in two/cd minutes/nns ./. The/at machine/nn shall/md contain/vb an/at opening/nn for/in the/at insertion/nn of/in a/at thermometer/nn or/cc other/ap equivalent/jj equipment/nn for/in determining/vbg the/at temperature/nn of/in the/at water/nn during/in the/at washing/nn and/cc rinsing/vbg procedures/nns ./. It/pps is/bez equipped/vbn with/in an/at outside/jj water/nn gauge/nn that/wps will/md indicate/vb the/at level/nn of/in the/at water/nn in/in the/at wheel/nn ./. A/at domestic/jj automatic/jj washer/nn that/wps will/md give/vb equivalent/jj results/nns may/md be/be used/vbn ./. The/at wash/nn wheel/nn is/bez the/at equipment/nn preferred/vbn for/in the/at test/nn ./. Pressing/vbg-hl equipment/nn-hl --/---hl flat-bed/nn-hl press/nn-hl measuring/vbg-hl 24/cd-hl inches/nns-hl by/in-hl 50/cd-hl inches/nns-hl or/cc-hl larger/jjr-hl ./.-hl Any/dti flat-bed/nn press/nn capable/jj of/in pressing/vbg a/at specimen/nn 22/cd inches/nns square/jj may/md be/be used/vbn as/cs an/at alternative/nn ./. The/at flat-bed/nn press/nn is/bez maintained/vbn at/in a/at temperature/nn not/* less/ap than/in 275-degrees-F/nns (/nil 135*0C./nil )/nil ./. Dryer/nn-hl --/---hl dryer/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl rotary/jj-hl tumble/nn-hl type/nn-hl ,/,-hl having/hvg-hl a/at-hl cylindrical/jj-hl basket/nn-hl approximately/rb-hl 30/cd-hl inches/nns-hl in/in-hl diameter/nn-hl and/cc-hl 24/cd-hl inches/nns-hl in/in-hl length/nn-hl and/cc-hl rotating/vbg-hl at/in-hl approximately/rb-hl 35/cd-hl r.p.m./nns-hl ./.-hl The/at dryer/nn is/bez provided/vbn with/in a/at means/nn of/in maintaining/vbg a/at drying/vbg temperature/nn of/in 120-degrees/nns -/in 160-degrees-F/nns (/nil 49*0/nil -/nil 71*&0C./nil )/nil ,/, measured/vbn in/in the/at exhaust/nn vent/nn as/ql close/rb as/cs possible/jj to/in the/at drying/vbg chamber/nn ./. Screen/nn-hl drying/vbg-hl racks/nns-hl --/---hl 16-mesh/jj screening/nn-hl (/(-hl Saran/np-hl or/cc-hl Velon/np-hl )/)-hl ./.-hl Drying/vbg-hl room/nn-hl --/---hl facilities/nns-hl for/in-hl drip-/nn-hl or/cc-hl line-drying/nn-hl ./.-hl Extractor/nn-hl --/---hl centrifugal/jj-hl extractor/nn-hl of/in-hl the/at-hl laundry-type/nn-hl with/in-hl a/at-hl perforated/vbn-hl basket/nn-hl ,/,-hl approximately/rb-hl 11/cd-hl inches/nns-hl deep/jj-hl by/in-hl 17/cd-hl inches/nns-hl in/in-hl diameter/nn-hl ,/,-hl with/in-hl an/at-hl operating/vbg-hl speed/nn-hl of/in-hl approximately/rb-hl 1,500/cd-hl r.p.m./nns-hl ./.-hl Pen/nn-hl and/cc-hl ink/nn-hl ,/,-hl indelible/jj-hl --/---hl or/cc-hl other/ap-hl suitable/jj-hl marking/vbg-hl device/nn-hl ./.-hl measuring/nil scale/nil --/nil Soap/nn-hl ,/,-hl neutral/jj-hl chip/nn-hl --/---hl fed./jj-hl Spec./nn-tl-hl 566/cd-hl or/cc-hl Aj/nn-hl ./.-hl Softener/nn-hl --/---hl e.g./rb-hl sodium/nn-hl metaphosphate/nn-hl or/cc-hl sodium/nn-hl hexametaphosphate/nn-hl (/(-hl if/cs-hl needed/vbn-hl in/in-hl hard/jj-hl water/nn-hl areas/nns-hl )/)-hl ./.-hl Detergent/nn-hl ,/,-hl synthetic/jj-hl --/---hl alkylarysulfonate/nn-hl type/nn-hl ./.-hl Flatiron/nn-hl ,/,-hl electric/jj-hl --/---hl approximately/rb-hl 3/cd-hl lb./nn-hl tension/nn-hl presser/nn-hl --/---hl consisting/vbg-hl of/in-hl a/at-hl padded/vbn-hl ironing/vbg-hl board/nn-hl from/in-hl which/wdt-hl extend/vb-hl clamping/vbg-hl members/nns-hl on/in-hl all/abn-hl four/cd-hl sides/nns-hl ./.-hl Two/cd of/in the/at clamps/nns are/ber fixed/vbn to/in the/at edges/nns of/in the/at board/nn whereas/cs two/cd clamps/nns travel/vb on/in guide/nn rails/nns opposite/in the/at fixed/vbn clamps/nns ./. The/at movable/jj clamps/nns travel/vb on/in carriages/nns which/wdt ride/vb the/at rails/nns and/cc are/ber drawn/vbn by/in dead-weight/nn loading/vbg ./. Sets/nns of/in weights/nns are/ber provided/vbn so/cs that/cs the/at load/nn can/md be/be selected/vbn in/in the/at range/nn of/in 1/2/cd to/in 4/cd pounds/nns ./. A/at perforated/vbn aluminum/nn plate/nn ,/, used/vbn to/to provide/vb the/at drying/vbg surface/nn ,/, is/bez heated/vbn by/in means/nn of/in a/at flatiron/nn ./. A/at special/jj template/nn is/bez furnished/vbn with/in the/at apparatus/nn to/to enable/vb marking/vbg a/at specimen/nn for/in a/at central/jj measuring/vbg area/nn and/cc the/at fabric/nn extensions/nns to/in the/at clamps/nns (/( see/vb Fig./nn-tl 2/cd-tl )/) ./. Knit/nn-hl shrinkage/nn-hl gauge/nn-hl --/---hl consisting/vbg-hl of/in-hl a/at-hl set/nn-hl of/in-hl 20/cd-hl mounting/vbg-hl pins/nns-hl set/vbn-hl in/in-hl guides/nns-hl in/in-hl radial/jj-hl slots/nns-hl (/(-hl Fig./nn-tl-hl 1/cd-tl-hl )/)-hl ./.-hl Each/dt pin/nn is/bez individually/rb sprung/vbn to/in a/at tensioning/vbg member/nn which/wdt is/bez driven/vbn outwardly/rb in/in the/at slot/nn ./. The/at springs/nns have/hv an/at extension/nn of/in 1/cd inch/nn at/in Af/nn tension/nn ./. The/at tensioning/vbg members/nns have/hv a/at common/jj drive/nn so/cs that/cs the/at application/nn of/in restorative/jj force/nn takes/vbz place/nn simultaneously/rb in/in all/abn directions/nns in/in the/at plane/nn of/in the/at test/nn specimen/nn ./. The/at minimum/jj diameter/nn of/in the/at pin/nn frame/nn in/in the/at collapsed/vbn state/nn is/bez 11/cd inches/nns and/cc the/at maximum/jj diameter/nn in/in the/at freely/rb extended/vbn state/nn (/( unloaded/vbn )/) is/bez 14/cd inches/nns ./. The/at surface/nn of/in the/at apparatus/nn in/in contact/nn with/in the/at test/nn-hl specimen/nn-hl is/bez uncluttered/jj and/cc polished/vbn so/cs as/cs to/to be/be as/ql friction-free/jj as/ql possible/jj ./. Test/nn specimens/nns The/at preparation/nn of/in test/nn specimens/nns will/md vary/vb depending/in upon/in the/at type/nn of/in dimensional/jj restorability/nn procedure/nn (/( if/cs any/dti )/) to/to be/be used/vbn ./. Three/cd specimens/nns for/in each/dt sample/nn to/to be/be tested/vbn are/ber required/vbn in/in order/nn to/to arrive/vb at/in a/at satisfactory/jj average/nn of/in performance/nn ./. This/dt is/bez especially/ql true/jj for/in knitted/vbn fabrics/nns ./. Specimens/nns are/ber allowed/vbn to/to reach/vb moisture/nn equilibrium/nn with/in a/at standard/jj atmosphere/nn of/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn and/cc then/rb laid/vbn out/rp without/in tension/nn on/in a/at flat/jj ,/, polished/vbn surface/nn ,/, care/nn being/beg taken/vbn that/cs the/at fabric/nn is/bez free/jj from/in wrinkles/nns or/cc creases/nns ./. Fabrics/nns that/wps are/ber badly/rb distorted/vbn in/in their/pp$ unlaundered/jj state/nn due/rb to/in faulty/jj finishing/nn may/md give/vb deceptive/jj dimensional/jj change/nn results/nns when/wrb laundered/vbn by/in any/dti procedure/nn ./. This/dt also/rb holds/vbz true/jj if/cs restorative/jj forces/nns are/ber applied/vbn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez recommended/vbn that/cs in/in such/jj cases/nns the/at sample/nn be/be replaced/vbn ,/, or/cc if/cs used/vbn ,/, the/at results/nns of/in dimensional/jj change/nn or/cc dimensional/jj restorability/nn tests/nns be/be considered/vbn as/cs indicative/jj only/rb ./. Generally/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez necessary/jj to/to mark/vb distances/nns on/in a/at specimen/nn (/( or/cc garment/nn )/) in/in both/abx lengthwise/jj and/cc widthwise/jj directions/nns and/cc to/to measure/vb before/in and/cc after/in laundering/vbg ./. The/at distances/nns may/md be/be marked/vbn with/in indelible/jj ink/nn and/cc a/at fine-point/nn pen/nn ,/, by/in sewing/vbg fine/jj threads/nns into/in the/at fabric/nn ,/, or/cc by/in a/at specially/rb designed/vbn stamping/vbg machine/nn ./. The/at marked/vbn distances/nns are/ber parallel/rb to/in the/at respective/jj yarns/nns ./. Usually/rb ,/, the/at greater/jjr the/at original/jj distances/nns marked/vbn ,/, the/at greater/jjr will/md be/be the/at accuracy/nn of/in the/at test/nn ./. Distances/nns of/in less/ap than/in 10/cd inches/nns are/ber not/* recommended/vbn ./. Woven/vbn-hl fabrics/nns-hl to/to-hl be/be-hl dried/vbn-hl by/in-hl procedure/nn-hl b/nn-hl (/(-hl flat-bed/nn-hl pressed/vbn-hl )/)-hl or/cc-hl restored/vbn-hl by/in-hl procedure/nn-hl 3/cd-hl (/(-hl hand/nn-hl ironing/vbg-hl )/)-hl :/:-hl The/at specimen/nn of/in fabric/nn is/bez a/at rectangle/nn at/in least/ap 22/cd by/in 22/cd inches/nns ,/, except/in for/in cloth/nn narrower/jjr than/cs 22/cd inches/nns ,/, in/in which/wdt case/nn the/at specimen/nn is/bez the/at entire/jj width/nn of/in the/at fabric/nn ./. Three/cd distances/nns ,/, each/dt at/in least/ap 18/cd inches/nns ,/, are/ber measured/vbn and/cc marked/vbn off/rp parallel/rb to/in each/dt of/in the/at warp/nn and/cc filling/vbg directions/nns ./. The/at distances/nns are/ber at/in least/ap two/cd inches/nns from/in any/dti edge/nn of/in the/at specimen/nn ./. Woven/vbn-hl or/cc-hl warp/nn-hl knitted/vbn-hl fabrics/nns-hl to/to-hl be/be-hl subjected/vbn-hl to/in-hl restorative/jj-hl procedure/nn-hl 1/cd-hl (/(-hl tension/nn-hl presser/nn-hl )/)-hl ./.-hl Each/dt specimen/nn is/bez at/in least/ap 25/cd inches/nns by/in 25/cd inches/nns ./. Place/vb the/at template/nn (/( Fig./nn-tl 2/cd-tl )/) on/in the/at fabric/nn so/cs that/cs the/at sides/nns of/in the/at 10/cd inch/nn square/nn cut/vbn out/rp of/in the/at template/nn are/ber parallel/rb to/in the/at warp/nn and/cc filling/nn for/in woven/vbn fabrics/nns ,/, or/cc the/at wales/nns and/cc courses/nns for/in knitted/vbn fabrics/nns ,/, and/cc so/cs that/cs the/at same/ap amount/nn of/in fabric/nn extends/vbz beyond/in the/at edges/nns of/in the/at template/nn on/in all/abn sides/nns ./. Mark/vb the/at specimen/nn at/in the/at outer/jj edges/nns of/in the/at template/nn with/in pen/nn and/cc indelible/jj ink/nn ;/. ;/. also/rb place/vb three/cd dots/nns on/in the/at specimen/nn at/in each/dt side/nn of/in the/at 10/cd inch/nn square/nn ,/, one/cd dot/nn at/in midpoint/nn ,/, and/cc one/cd at/in approximately/rb 1/2/cd inch/nn from/in each/dt corner/nn ./. Measure/vb and/cc record/vb ./. Circular/jj-hl knitted/vbn-hl fabrics/nns-hl to/to-hl be/be-hl subjected/vbn-hl to/in-hl restorative/jj-hl procedure/nn-hl 2/cd-hl ,/,-hl (/(-hl knit/nn-hl shrinkage/nn-hl gauge/nn-hl )/)-hl ./.-hl Each/dt specimen/nn is/bez approximately/rb 16/cd inches/nns square/jj ./. The/at markings/nns consist/vb of/in a/at centrally/rb located/vbn 10/cd inch/nn diameter/nn measuring/vbg circle/nn and/cc a/at 14/cd inch/nn diameter/nn circle/nn of/in 20/cd dots/nns equidistantly/rb spaced/vbn (/( See/vb Figure/nn-tl 1/cd-tl )/) ./. Garments/nns-hl ./.-hl Critical/jj measurements/nns in/in length/nn and/cc width/nn directions/nns should/md be/be taken/vbn before/in and/cc after/in washing/vbg-hl ,/,-hl drying/vbg ,/, and/cc restorative/jj procedures/nns ./. Procedure/nn-hl washing/vbg --/-- The/at washing/vbg procedures/nns are/ber summarized/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Place/vb the/at specimen/nn in/in the/at wash/nn wheel/nn with/in sufficient/jj other/ap similar/jj fabric/nn to/to make/vb a/at dry/jj load/nn of/in Af/nn pounds/nns ./. Start/vb the/at wash/nn wheel/nn and/cc note/vb the/at time/nn ./. Immediately/rb add/vb water/nn at/in 100/cd -/in 105-degrees-F/nns (/nil 38/nil -/nil 43*0C./nil )/nil to/in the/at wheel/nn to/in a/at level/nn of/in Af/nn inches/nns ;/. ;/. this/dt level/nn will/md be/be increased/vbn by/in condensed/vbn steam/nn ./. When/wrb this/dt water/nn level/nn has/hvz been/ben reached/vbn ,/, inject/vb steam/nn into/in the/at wheel/nn until/cs the/at temperature/nn reaches/vbz that/dt shown/vbn in/in Column/nn-tl B/np-tl of/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Add/vb sufficient/jj soap/nn (/( and/cc softener/nn if/cs required/vbn to/to counteract/vb hard/jj water/nn )/) to/to furnish/vb a/at good/jj running/vbg suds/nns ,/, or/cc if/cs desired/vbn use/vb a/at synthetic/jj detergent/nn ./. Test/nn-tl-hl 1/cd-tl-hl ,/, --/-- Stop/vb the/at wash/nn wheel/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at time/nn shown/vbn in/in Column/nn-tl A/np-tl of/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, and/cc drain/vb ./. Refill/vb the/at machine/nn to/in a/at level/nn of/in Af/nn inches/nns with/in water/nn at/in 100/cd -/in 109-degrees-F/nns (/nil (/( 38/nil -/nil 43*0/nil C./nil )/nil and/cc start/vb the/at machine/nn ./. Inject/vb steam/nn ,/, if/cs necessary/jj ,/, to/to reach/vb the/at temperature/nn shown/vbn in/in Column/nn-tl D/np-tl of/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Again/rb stop/vb the/at machine/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at time/nn shown/vbn in/in Column/nn-tl C/np-tl of/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. This/dt procedure/nn is/bez repeated/vbn for/in the/at second/od rinse/nn ,/, using/vbg the/at temperatures/nns and/cc time/nn shown/vbn in/in Columns/nns-tl F/np-tl and/cc E/np-tl of/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ./. Tests/nns-tl-hl 2/cd-hl ,/,-hl 3/cd-hl ,/,-hl ,/, ,/, and/cc-hl 4/cd-hl ./.-hl --/-- Run/vb the/at machine/nn continuously/rb until/in completion/nn of/in the/at test/nn ./. Drain/vb off/rp the/at soap/nn solution/nn of/in the/at suds/nns cycle/nn at/in such/abl a/at time/nn that/cs the/at wheel/nn has/hvz become/vbn substantially/rb empty/jj of/in soap/nn and/cc water/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at time/nn shown/vbn in/in Column/nn-tl A/np-tl of/in Table/nn-tl 2/cd-tl ,/, ,/, measured/vbn from/in the/at time/nn the/at wash/nn wheel/nn was/bedz started/vbn ./. Refill/vb the/at machine/nn to/in a/at level/nn of/in Af/nn inches/nns with/in water/nn at/in 100/cd -/in 109-degrees-F/nns (/nil 38/nil -/nil 43*0C./nil )/nil ./. When/wrb this/dt water/nn level/nn has/hvz been/ben reached/vbn ,/, inject/vb steam/nn until/cs the/at temperature/nn is/bez that/dt shown/vbn in/in Column/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./. Drain/vb off/rp the/at water/nn at/in such/abl a/at time/nn that/cs the/at wheel/nn has/hvz become/vbn substantially/rb empty/jj of/in water/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at sum/nn of/in the/at times/nns shown/vbn in/in Columns/nns-tl A/np-tl and/cc C/np-tl ,/, measured/vbn from/in the/at time/nn the/at wash/nn wheel/nn was/bedz started/vbn ./. Immediately/rb refill/vb to/in a/at level/nn of/in Af/nn inches/nns with/in water/nn at/in 100/cd -/in 109-degrees-F/nns (/nil 38/nil -/nil 43*0C/nil )/nil ./. When/wrb this/dt water/nn level/nn has/hvz been/ben reached/vbn inject/vb steam/nn until/cs the/at temperature/nn is/bez that/dt shown/vbn in/in Column/nn-tl Aj/np-tl ./. Drain/vb off/rp the/at water/nn at/in such/abl a/at time/nn that/cs the/at wheel/nn has/hvz become/vbn substantially/rb empty/jj of/in water/nn at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at sum/nn of/in the/at times/nns shown/vbn in/in Columns/nns-tl A/np-tl ,/, C/np-tl ,/, and/cc E/nn ,/, measured/vbn from/in the/at time/nn the/at wash/nn wheel/nn was/bedz started/vbn ./.

cj78

cj78 |@word high:15 gain:21 photoelectronic:2 image:19 intensification:4 apply:2 condition:2 low:7 incident:4 light:13 level:4 whenever:1 integration:1 time:2 require:4 sensor:2 record:2 instrument:1 exceed:1 limit:4 practicability:1 example:1 situation:1 aerial:1 night:3 reconnaissance:1 recording:2 radioactive:1 tracer:1 live:1 body:1 tissue:1 special:1 radiography:1 medical:1 industrial:1 application:2 track:1 energy:1 particle:1 etc:1 may:10 achieve:2 several:1 method:1 list:4 cascade:3 single:10 stage:21 couple:11 lens:8 systems:1 b:2 channel:2 type:6 secondary:2 emission:4 intensifier:10 c:2 base:3 upon:3 multipactor:2 principle:3 transmission:1 electron:10 multiplication:1 tsem:2 tube:10 e:2 cascading:1 enclose:2 one:2 common:2 envelope:2 system:15 rather:3 inefficient:1 obtainable:5 quite:2 severely:1 capable:1 value:6 suffer:3 however:4 inherently:1 resolution:25 appear:4 hold:1 promise:1 far:1 concern:1 unavoidable:1 duty:1 cycle:1 restrict:1 effective:1 construct:2 show:3 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High-gain/nn ,/, photoelectronic/jj image/nn intensification/nn is/bez applied/vbn under/in conditions/nns of/in low/jj incident/jj light/nn levels/nns whenever/wrb the/at integration/nn time/nn required/vbn by/in a/at sensor/nn or/cc recording/vbg instrument/nn exceeds/vbz the/at limits/nns of/in practicability/nn ./. Examples/nns of/in such/jj situations/nns are/ber (/( aerial/jj )/) night/nn reconnaissance/nn ,/, the/at recording/nn of/in radioactive/jj tracers/nns in/in live/jj body/nn tissues/nns ,/, special/jj radiography/nn in/in medical/jj or/cc industrial/jj applications/nns ,/, track/nn recording/nn of/in high/jj energy/nn particles/nns ,/, etc./rb ./. High-gain/nn photoelectronic/jj image/nn intensification/nn may/md be/be achieved/vbn by/in several/ap methods/nns ;/. ;/. some/dti of/in these/dts are/ber listed/vbn below/rb :/: (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl Cascading/vbg single/ap stages/nns by/in coupling/vbg lens/nn systems/nns ,/, (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl Channel-type/jj ,/, secondary/jj emission/nn image/nn intensifier/nn ,/, (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl Image/nn intensifier/nn based/vbn upon/in the/at ``/`` multipactor/nn ''/'' principle/nn ,/, (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl Transmission/nn secondary/jj electron/nn multiplication/nn image/nn intensifiers/nns (/( TSEM/np tubes/nns )/) ,/, (/(-hl E/np-hl )/)-hl Cascading/vbg of/in single/ap stages/nns ,/, enclosed/vbn in/in one/cd common/jj envelope/nn ./. Cascading/vbg single/ap stages/nns by/in coupling/vbg lens/nn systems/nns is/bez rather/ql inefficient/jj as/cs the/at lens/nn systems/nns limit/vb the/at obtainable/jj gain/nn quite/ql severely/rb ./. Channel-type/jj image/nn intensifiers/nns are/ber capable/jj of/in achieving/vbg high-gain/nn values/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss suffer/vb ,/, however/rb ,/, from/in an/at inherently/rb low/jj resolution/nn ./. Image/nn intensifiers/nns based/vbn upon/in the/at multipactor/nn principle/nn appear/vb to/to hold/vb promise/nn as/ql far/rb as/cs obtainable/jj resolution/nn is/bez concerned/vbn ./. However/rb ,/, the/at unavoidable/jj low-duty/nn cycle/nn restricts/vbz the/at effective/jj gain/nn ./. TSEM/np tubes/nns have/hv been/ben constructed/vbn showing/vbg high/jj gain/nn and/cc resolution/nn ./. However/rb ,/, electrostatic/jj focus/nn ,/, important/jj for/in many/ap applications/nns ,/, has/hvz not/* been/ben realized/vbn for/in these/dts devices/nns ./. Resolution/nn limitations/nns with/in electrostatic/jj focus/nn might/md be/be anticipated/vbn due/rb to/in chromatic/jj aberrations/nns ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at thin/jj film/nn dynodes/nns appear/vb to/to have/hv a/at natural/jj diameter/nn limitation/nn wherever/wrb a/at mesh/nn support/nn cannot/md* be/be tolerated/vbn ./. Cascaded/vbn single/ap stages/nns enclosed/vbn by/in a/at common/jj envelope/nn have/hv been/ben constructed/vbn with/in high/jj gain/nn and/cc high/jj resolution/nn ./. These/dts tubes/nns may/md differ/vb both/abx in/in the/at choice/nn of/in the/at electron/nn optical/jj system/nn and/cc in/in the/at design/nn of/in the/at coupling/vbg members/nns ./. The/at electron/nn optical/jj system/nn may/md be/be either/cc a/at magnetic/jj or/cc electrostatic/jj one/cd ./. The/at magnification/nn may/md be/be smaller/jjr ,/, equal/jj ,/, or/cc larger/jjr than/cs unity/nn ./. An/at electrostatic/jj system/nn suffers/vbz generally/rb from/in image/nn plane/nn curvature/nn leading/vbg to/in defocusing/vbg in/in the/at peripheral/jj image/nn region/nn if/cs a/at flat/jj viewing/vbg screen/nn (/( or/cc interstage/jj coupler/nn )/) is/bez utilized/vbn ,/, while/cs a/at magnetic/jj system/nn requires/vbz accurate/jj adjustment/nn of/in the/at solenoid/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez heavy/jj and/cc bulky/jj ./. As/cs it/pps will/md be/be discussed/vbn later/rbr ,/, peripheral/jj defocusing/vbg can/md be/be improved/vbn on/rp by/in utilizing/vbg curved/vbn fiber/nn couplers/nns ./. It/pps should/md be/be noted/vbn ,/, however/rb ,/, that/cs the/at paraxial/jj resolution/nn is/bez quite/ql similar/jj for/in both/abx electron/nn optical/jj systems/nns ./. It/pps is/bez felt/vbn that/cs fiber-coupled/jj double-/jj (/( and/cc multi-/jj )/) stage/nn image/nn intensifiers/nns will/md gain/vb considerable/jj importance/nn in/in the/at future/nn ./. Therefore/rb ,/, we/ppss shall/md consider/vb in/in this/dt paper/nn the/at theoretical/jj gain/nn and/cc resolution/nn capabilities/nns of/in such/jj tubes/nns ./. The/at luminous/jj efficiency/nn and/cc resolution/nn of/in single/ap stages/nns ,/, fiber/nn couplers/nns ,/, and/cc finally/rb of/in the/at composite/jj tube/nn will/md be/be computed/vbn ./. It/pps will/md be/be shown/vbn theoretically/rb that/cs the/at high/jj image/nn intensification/nn obtainable/jj with/in such/abl a/at tube/nn and/cc contact/nn photography/nn permits/vbz the/at utilization/nn of/in extremely/ql low/jj incident/jj light/nn levels/nns ./. The/at effect/nn of/in device/nn and/cc quantum/nn noise/nn ,/, associated/vbn with/in such/ql low/jj input/nn levels/nns ,/, will/md be/be described/vbn ./. After/in these/dts theoretical/jj considerations/nns ,/, constructional/jj details/nns of/in a/at fiber-coupled/jj ,/, double-stage/nn X-ray/nn-tl image/nn intensifier/nn will/md be/be discussed/vbn ./. Measured/vbn performance/nn characteristics/nns for/in this/dt experimental/jj tube/nn will/md be/be listed/vbn ./. The/at conclusion/nn shall/md be/be reached/vbn that/cs fiber-coupled/jj ,/, double-stage/nn tubes/nns represent/vb a/at sensible/jj and/cc practical/jj approach/nn to/in high-gain/nn image/nn intensification/nn ./. Basic/jj-hl design/nn-hl of/in-hl a/at-hl fiber-coupled/jj-hl ,/,-hl double-stage/nn-hl image/nn-hl intensifier/nn-hl The/at tube/nn design/nn which/wdt forms/vbz the/at basis/nn of/in the/at theoretical/jj discussion/nn shall/md be/be described/vbn now/rb ./. The/at electron/nn optical/jj system/nn (/( see/vb fig./nn 14-1/cd )/) is/bez based/vbn in/in principle/nn on/in the/at focusing/vbg action/nn of/in concentric/jj spherical/jj cathode/nn and/cc anode/nn surfaces/nns ./. The/at inner/jj (/( anode/nn )/) sphere/nn is/bez pierced/vbn ,/, elongated/vbn into/in a/at cup/nn ,/, and/cc terminated/vbn by/in the/at phosphor/nn screen/nn ./. The/at photoelectrons/nns emitted/vbn from/in a/at circular/jj segment/nn of/in the/at cathode/nn sphere/nn are/ber focused/vbn by/in the/at positive/jj lens/nn action/nn of/in the/at two/cd concentric/jj spheres/nns ,/, pass/vb through/in the/at (/( negative/jj )/) lens/nn formed/vbn by/in the/at anode/nn aperture/nn ,/, and/cc impinge/vb upon/in the/at cathodoluminescent/jj viewing/vbg screen/nn ./. The/at cylindrical/jj focusing/vbg electrode/nn permits/vbz adjustment/nn of/in the/at positive/jj lens/nn part/nn by/in varying/vbg the/at focusing/vbg potential/nn ./. The/at anode/nn potential/nn codetermines/vbz the/at gain/nn ,/, G/nn ,/, and/cc magnification/nn ,/, M/nn ,/, of/in the/at stage/nn ./. Both/abx the/at photocathode/nn and/cc the/at image/nn plane/nn of/in such/abl an/at electrode/nn configuration/nn are/ber curved/vbn concave/jj as/cs seen/vbn from/in the/at anode/nn aperture/nn ./. The/at field-flattening/jj property/nn of/in the/at biconcave/jj fiber/nn coupler/nn can/md be/be utilized/vbn to/to alleviate/vb the/at peripheral/jj resolution/nn losses/nns resulting/vbg with/in a/at flat/jj phosphor-screen/nn or/cc coupling/vbg member/nn ./. For/in the/at same/ap reason/nn ,/, the/at output/nn fiber/nn plate/nn is/bez planoconcave/jj ,/, its/pp$ exposed/vbn flat/jj side/nn permitting/vbg contact/nn photography/nn if/cs a/at permanent/jj record/nn is/bez desired/vbn ./. As/cs it/pps will/md be/be shown/vbn later/rbr ,/, the/at field-flattening/jj properties/nns of/in the/at interstage/jj and/cc output/nn fiber/nn coupler/nn comprise/vb indeed/rb the/at main/jjs advantage/nn of/in such/abl a/at design/nn ./. The/at second/od photocathode/nn and/cc both/abx phosphor/nn surfaces/nns are/ber deposited/vbn on/in the/at fiber/nn plate/nn substrates/nns ./. The/at photocathode/nn sensitivities/nns S/nn ,/, phosphor/nn efficiencies/nns P/nn ,/, and/cc anode/nn potentials/nns V/nn of/in the/at individual/jj stages/nns shall/md be/be distinguished/vbn by/in means/nn of/in subscripts/nns 1/cd ,/, and/cc 2/cd ,/, in/in the/at text/nn ,/, where/wrb required/vbn ./. Both/abx stages/nns are/ber assumed/vbn to/to have/hv unity/nn magnification/nn ./. Theoretical/jj-hl discussion/nn-hl of/in-hl flux/nn-hl gain/nn-hl flux/nn-hl gain/nn-hl of/in-hl a/at-hl single/ap-hl stage/nn-hl The/at luminous/jj gain/nn of/in a/at single/ap stage/nn with/in Af/nn (/( flux/nn gain/nn )/) is/bez ,/, to/in a/at first/od approximation/nn ,/, given/vbn by/in the/at product/nn of/in the/at photocathode/nn sensitivity/nn S/nn (/( amp/nn //in lumen/nn )/) ,/, the/at anode/nn potential/nn V/nn (/( volts/nns )/) ,/, and/cc the/at phosphor/nn conversion/nn efficiency/nn P/nn (/( lumen/watt/nn )/) ./. In/in general/jj ,/, P/nn is/bez a/at function/nn of/in V/nn and/cc the/at current/jj density/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps shall/md here/rb be/be assumed/vbn as/cs a/at constant/nn ./. The/at luminous/jj efficiency/nn Af/nn of/in a/at photocathode/nn depends/vbz on/in the/at maximum/jj radiant/jj sensitivity/nn Af/nn and/cc on/in the/at spectral/jj distribution/nn of/in the/at incident/jj light/nn Af/nn by/in the/at relation/nn :/: Af/nn where/wrb Af/nn is/bez normalized/vbn radiant/jj photocathode/nn sensitivity/nn ./. Af/nn is/bez standard/jj visibility/nn function/nn ./. The/at luminous/jj flux/nn gain/nn of/in a/at single/ap stage/nn is/bez given/vbn by/in :/: Af/nn ./. If/cs the/at input/nn light/nn distribution/nn falls/vbz beyond/in the/at visible/jj range/nn ,/, Af/nn as/cs expected/vbn ,/, since/cs Af/nn ./. Such/jj cases/nns are/ber not/* considered/vbn here/rb ./. Efficiency/nn-hl of/in-hl fiber/nn-hl couplers/nns-hl The/at efficiency/nn of/in fiber/nn optics/nn plates/nns depends/vbz on/in four/cd factors/nns :/: (/(-hl A/np-hl )/)-hl numerical/jj aperture/nn (/( N.A./np )/) ;/. ;/. (/(-hl B/np-hl )/)-hl end/nn (/( Fresnel/np reflection/nn )/) losses/nns (/( R/np )/) ;/. ;/. (/(-hl C/np-hl )/)-hl internal/jj losses/nns (/( I.L./np )/) ;/. ;/. (/(-hl D/np-hl )/)-hl packing/vbg efficiency/nn (/( F.R./np )/) ./. The/at numerical/jj aperture/nn of/in the/at fibers/nns is/bez given/vbn by/in :/: Af/nn where/wrb Af/nn ./. The/at angle/nn Af/nn is/bez measured/vbn in/in the/at medium/nn of/in index/nn Af/nn ./. Settled/vbn phosphors/nns ,/, as/ql generally/rb used/vbn in/in image/nn intensifiers/nns ,/, have/hv low/jj optical/jj contact/nn with/in the/at substrate/nn surface/nn ,/, hence/rb Af/nn shall/md be/be assumed/vbn ./. The/at numerical/jj aperture/nn should/md be/be in/in general/jj close/rb to/in unity/nn ./. This/dt condition/nn can/md be/be satisfied/vbn ,/, e.g./rb ,/, with/in Af/nn and/cc Af/nn or/cc equivalent/jj glass/nn combinations/nns ./. A/at sufficiently/ql good/jj approximation/nn for/in determining/vbg the/at end/nn reflection/nn losses/nns R/nn can/md be/be obtained/vbn from/in the/at angle/nn independent/jj Fresnel/np formula/nn :/: Af/nn ./. For/in phosphor/nn to/in fiber/nn and/cc fiber/nn to/in air/nn surfaces/nns ,/, and/cc assuming/vbg Af/nn ,/, we/ppss obtain/vb Af/nn percent/nn ./. This/dt value/nn may/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in 4.6/cd percent/nn by/in means/nn of/in a/at (/( very/ql thin/jj )/) glass/nn layer/nn of/in index/nn 1.5/cd ./. Hence/rb ,/, the/at Af/nn factor/nn for/in the/at output/nn fiber/nn coupler/nn is/bez Af/nn ./. As/cs the/at index/nn of/in refraction/nn of/in photosensitive/jj surfaces/nns of/in the/at SbCs-type/nn lies/vbz around/in 2/cd ,/, the/at Fresnel/np losses/nns at/in the/at fiber-photocathode/nn interface/nn are/ber about/rb 0.5/cd percent/nn and/cc the/at Af/nn factor/nn for/in the/at interstage/jj coupler/nn is/bez 0.95/cd ./. It/pps might/md be/be anticipated/vbn that/cs multiple/jj coatings/nns will/md reduce/vb end/nn reflection/nn losses/nns even/ql further/rbr ./. The/at internal/jj losses/nns are/ber due/jj to/in absorption/nn and/cc the/at small/jj but/cc finite/jj losses/nns suffered/vbn in/in the/at numerous/jj internal/jj reflections/nns due/jj to/in deviations/nns from/in the/at prescribed/vbn ,/, cylindrical/jj fiber/nn cross-section/nn and/cc minute/jj imperfections/nns of/in the/at core-jacket/nn interface/nn ./. These/dts losses/nns depend/vb on/in fiber/nn diameter/nn and/cc length/nn ,/, absorption/nn coefficient/nn ,/, the/at mean/jj value/nn of/in the/at loss/nn per/in internal/jj reflection/nn and/cc last/ap ,/, but/cc not/* least/ap ,/, on/in the/at angular/jj distribution/nn of/in the/at incident/jj light/nn ./. Explicit/jj expressions/nns (/( integral/jj averages/nns )/) are/ber given/vbn in/in the/at literature/nn ./. Lacking/vbg reliable/jj data/nn for/in some/dti of/in the/at variables/nns ,/, we/ppss are/ber relying/vbg on/in experimental/jj data/nn of/in about/rb 20/cd percent/nn internal/jj losses/nns for/in 1/4-inch/nn long/jj ,/, small/jj (/( 5/cd -/in 10/cd M/np )/) diameter/nn fibers/nns ./. This/dt relatively/ql high/jj value/nn is/bez probably/rb due/jj to/in the/at small/jj fiber/nn diameters/nns increasing/vbg the/at number/nn of/in internal/jj reflections/nns ./. Since/cs we/ppss are/ber considering/vbg here/rb relatively/ql small/jj diameter/nn (/( 1/cd -/in 1.5/cd inches/nns )/) fiber/nn plates/nns ,/, their/pp$ average/jj thickness/nn can/md be/be kept/vbn below/in 1/4/cd inch/nn and/cc their/pp$ internal/jj losses/nns may/md be/be assumed/vbn as/cs 15/cd percent/nn (/( per/in plate/nn )/) ./. The/at packing/vbg efficiency/nn ,/, F.R./np ,/, of/in fiber/nn plates/nns did/dod not/* receive/vb much/ap attention/nn in/in the/at literature/nn ,/, probably/rb as/cs it/pps is/bez high/jj for/in the/at larger/jjr fibers/nns generally/rb used/vbn ,/, until/in rather/ql recently/rb ./. For/in circular/jj fibers/nns in/in a/at closely/rb packed/vbn hexagonal/jj array/nn ,/, the/at packing/vbg efficiency/nn is/bez given/vbn by/in :/: Af/nn where/wrb Af/nn ,/, and/cc 0.906/cd is/bez the/at ratio/nn of/in the/at area/nn of/in a/at circle/nn to/in that/dt of/in the/at circumscribed/vbn hexagon/nn ./. For/in the/at small/jj diameter/nn fibers/nns now/rb technically/rb feasible/jj and/cc required/vbn for/in about/rb 100/cd Af/nn resolution/nn ,/, Af/nn ./. The/at cladding/vbg thickness/nn is/bez about/rb 0.5/cd M/nn-tl ,/, hence/rb ,/, Af/nn and/cc Af/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at efficiency/nn **yt/nn couplers/nns is/bez given/vbn by/in --/-- Af/nn or/cc approximately/rb 50/cd percent/nn each/dt ./. It/pps must/md be/be remembered/vbn that/cs the/at fiber/nn plates/nns replace/vb a/at glass/nn window/nn and/cc a/at (/( mica/nn )/) membrane/nn ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in an/at optical/jj output/nn lens/nn system/nn ./. The/at efficiency/nn Af/nn of/in an/at Af/nn lens/nn at/in the/at magnification/nn Af/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./. Neglecting/vbg absorption/nn ,/, the/at end/nn losses/nns of/in the/at coupling/vbg membrane/nn and/cc the/at output/nn window/nn Af/nn would/md be/be 6/cd percent/nn and/cc 8/cd percent/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, the/at combined/vbn efficiency/nn of/in the/at elements/nns replaced/vbn by/in the/at two/cd fiber/nn plates/nns (/( with/in a/at combined/vbn efficiency/nn of/in 0.25/cd )/) is/bez 0.043/cd or/cc about/rb six/cd times/nns less/ap than/cs that/dt of/in the/at two/cd fiber/nn plates/nns ./. Gain/nn-hl of/in-hl fiber/nn-hl coupled/vbn-hl image/nn-hl intensifiers/nns-hl Including/in the/at brightness/nn gain/nn Af/nn due/jj to/in the/at Af/nn area/nn demagnification/nn ,/, the/at overall/jj gain/nn of/in a/at fiber/nn coupled/vbn double/jj stage/nn image/nn intensifier/nn is/bez :/: Af/nn ./. It/pps is/bez obvious/jj that/cs the/at careful/jj choice/nn of/in photocathode/nn which/wdt maximizes/vbz Af/nn for/in a/at given/vbn input/nn E/nn (/( in/in the/at case/nn of/in the/at second/od stage/nn ,/, for/in the/at first/od phosphor/nn screen/nn emission/nn )/) is/bez very/ql important/jj ./. The/at same/ap consideration/nn should/md govern/vb the/at choice/nn of/in the/at second-stage/nn phosphor/nn screen/nn for/in matching/vbg with/in the/at spectral/jj sensitivity/nn of/in the/at ultimate/jj sensor/nn (/( e.g./rb ,/, photographic/jj emulsion/nn )/) ./. We/ppss have/hv evaluated/vbn the/at ``/`` matching/vbg integrals/nns ''/'' for/in two/cd types/nns of/in photocathodes/nns (/( S-11/jj and/cc S-20/nn )/) and/cc three/cd types/nns of/in light/nn input/nn ./. The/at input/nn light/nn distributions/nns considered/vbn are/ber P-11/nn and/cc P-20/nn phosphor/nn emission/nn and/cc the/at so-called/jj ``/`` night/nn light/nn ''/'' (/( N.L./np )/) as/cs given/vbn by/in H.W./np Babcock/np and/cc J./np J./np Johnson/np ./. The/at integrals/nns (/( in/in units/nns )/) are/ber listed/vbn in/in table/nn 14-1/cd ,/, below/rb ./. Theoretical/jj-hl discussion/nn-hl of/in-hl paraxial/jj-hl device/nn-hl resolution/nn-hl resolution/nn-hl limitations/nns-hl in/in-hl a/at-hl single/ap-hl stage/nn-hl The/at resolution/nn limitations/nns for/in a/at single/ap stage/nn are/ber given/vbn by/in the/at inherent/jj resolution/nn of/in the/at electron/nn optical/jj system/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at resolution/nn capabilities/nns of/in the/at cathodoluminescent/jj viewing/vbg screen/nn ./. The/at resolution/nn capabilities/nns of/in an/at electrostatic/jj system/nn depend/vb on/in both/abx the/at choice/nn of/in magnification/nn and/cc chromatic/jj aberrations/nns ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben stated/vbn previously/rb that/cs a/at minifying/vbg electrostatic/jj system/nn yields/vbz a/at lower/jjr resolution/nn than/cs a/at magnifying/vbg system/nn or/cc a/at system/nn with/in unity/nn magnification/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, the/at chromatic/jj aberrations/nns depend/vb on/in the/at chosen/vbn high/jj voltage/nn ./. In/in general/jj ,/, a/at high/jj anode/nn voltage/nn reduces/vbz chromatic/jj aberrations/nns and/cc thus/rb increases/vbz the/at obtainable/jj resolution/nn ./. The/at luminous/jj gain/nn of/in the/at discussed/vbn tube/nn was/bedz calculated/vbn from/in Eq./nn-tl (/( 6/cd-tl )/) for/in the/at 16/cd possible/jj combinations/nns of/in S-11/nn and/cc S-20/nn photocathodes/nns and/cc P-11/nn and/cc P-20/nn phosphor/nn screens/nns ,/, for/in night/nn light/nn and/cc P-20/nn light/nn input/nn ./. (/( The/at P-20/nn input/nn is/bez of/in interest/nn because/cs it/pps corresponds/vbz roughly/rb to/in the/at light/nn emission/nn of/in conventional/jj X-ray/nn-tl fluorescent/jj screens/nns )/) ./. The/at following/vbg efficiencies/nns obtained/vbn from/in JEDEC/nn and/cc RCA/nn specifications/nns were/bed used/vbn :/: Af/nn ./. The/at following/vbg table/nn (/( 14-2/cd )/) lists/vbz the/at (/( luminous/jj )/) gain/nn values/nns computed/vbn according/rb to/in Eq./nn-tl (/( 6/cd-tl )/) with/in Af/nn ./. The/at possibility/nn of/in a/at space/nn charge/nn blowup/nn of/in the/at screen/nn crossover/nn of/in the/at elementary/jj electron/nn bundles/nns has/hvz been/ben pointed/vbn out/rp ./. It/pps is/bez obvious/jj that/cs such/abl an/at influence/nn can/md only/rb be/be expected/vbn in/in the/at final/jj stage/nn of/in an/at image/nn intensifier/nn at/in rather/ql high/jj output/nn levels/nns ./. Space/nn charge/nn influences/nns will/md also/rb decrease/vb at/in increased/vbn voltages/nns ./. Electrostatic/jj systems/nns of/in the/at pseudo-symmetric/jj type/nn have/hv been/ben tested/vbn for/in resolution/nn capabilities/nns by/in applying/vbg electronography/nn ./. A/at resolution/nn of/in 70/cd -/in 80/cd line-pairs/nns per/in millimeter/nn appears/vbz to/to be/be feasible/jj ./. The/at inherent/jj resolution/nn of/in a/at cathodoluminescent/jj phosphor/nn screen/nn decreases/vbz with/in increasingly/ql aggregate/jj thickness/nn (/( with/in increasing/vbg anode/nn voltage/nn )/) ,/, decreases/vbz with/in decreasing/vbg porosity/nn (/( thus/rb the/at advantage/nn of/in cathodophoretic/jj phosphor/nn deposition/nn )/) and/cc might/md be/be impaired/vbn by/in the/at normally/rb used/vbn aluminum/nn mirror/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, in/in general/jj ,/, elementary/jj light/nn optical/jj effects/nns ,/, light/nn scatter/nn ,/, and/cc electron/nn scatter/nn determine/vb the/at obtainable/jj resolution/nn limit/nn ./. It/pps should/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs photoluminescence/nn ,/, due/rb to/in ``/`` Bremsstrahlung/fw-nn ''/'' generated/vbn within/in the/at viewing/vbg screen/nn by/in electron/nn impact/nn ,/, appears/vbz to/to be/be important/jj only/rb if/cs anode/nn voltages/nns in/in excess/nn of/in 30/cd KV/nn are/ber utilized/vbn ./. It/pps has/hvz been/ben stated/vbn that/cs settled/vbn cathodoluminescent/jj phosphor/nn screens/nns may/md have/hv a/at limiting/vbg resolution/nn of/in 60/cd Af/nn at/in high/jj voltage/nn values/nns of/in approximately/rb 20/cd Aj/nn ./. For/in the/at further/jjr discussion/nn ,/, we/ppss shall/md thus/rb assume/vb an/at electron/nn optical/jj resolution/nn of/in 80/cd Af/nn and/cc phosphor/nn screen/nn resolution/nn of/in 60/cd Af/nn ./.

cj79

cj79 |@word set:7 decision:5 call:1 operate:5 policy:41 simply:1 optimal:25 one:11 sense:3 get:1 good:1 process:25 whole:4 maximize:6 value:11 product:5 thus:7 three:3 component:1 design:2 problem:3 1:2 specification:3 state:37 stream:12 2:2 operating:11 variable:12 transformation:5 effect:2 3:2 objective:11 function:16 optimization:1 desire:2 chemical:3 first:8 may:15 involve:1 concentration:1 different:1 specie:1 temperature:1 pressure:1 second:1 choose:3 volume:1 reactor:3 amount:1 cool:1 supply:1 way:4 depend:3 main:1 type:3 discuss:1 next:4 chapter:2 measure:2 increase:4 subject:1 4:1 essential:1 characteristic:1 transform:4 sequence:3 stage:52 feedback:1 isolate:1 bellman:2 recognize:1 whatever:2 r:20 remain:4 must:5 use:10 af:78 respect:7 result:8 chance:1 optimize:1 complete:3 moreover:1 systematically:1 vary:3 condition:5 always:1 shall:2 eventually:1 find:4 proceed:2 two:2 gradually:1 build:1 number:13 step:2 calculation:2 nee:1 varied:1 see:3 important:3 economy:1 let:4 suppose:2 specify:3 n:2 search:7 maximum:6 require:8 operation:7 order:3 unreasonably:1 large:3 sufficient:1 feed:12 investigate:1 allow:2 interpolation:1 however:2 seek:1 give:8 final:1 simultaneously:2 would:3 job:1 much:2 rapidly:1 dynamic:5 program:4 even:1 fact:2 direct:3 produce:2 namely:1 contrast:1 family:1 small:1 enlarge:1 coverage:1 need:2 vastly:1 optimism:1 baseless:1 believe:1 high:1 speed:1 modern:1 digital:3 computer:3 crude:1 method:1 average:1 sec:1 minute:1 whereas:1 take:1 millennium:1 principle:6 optimality:5 bring:1 vital:1 organization:1 multistage:1 1957:1 annunciate:1 follow:1 term:1 property:1 initial:2 constitute:2 invoke:1 every:2 case:4 functional:1 equation:5 appear:1 form:2 admirably:1 suited:2 power:1 time:2 device:1 employ:1 reduce:1 great:1 attractive:1 feature:2 programming:2 room:1 leave:3 ingenuity:1 special:1 end:5 discrete:3 deterministic:5 consider:5 illustrate:1 fig:1 consist:1 distinct:1 direction:1 opposite:1 flow:1 denote:6 vector:5 last:3 write:1 uniquely:1 determine:1 therefore:1 speak:2 practical:1 situation:1 restriction:1 admissible:8 regard:1 belong:2 fix:1 bound:1 briefly:1 obtain:1 repeat:2 application:1 usually:1 piecewise:1 continuous:4 p:6 unique:1 certainly:1 calculate:1 maximization:5 necessary:1 specific:1 say:1 choice:2 subsequent:2 accord:1 correctly:1 relate:1 5:2 6:2 solve:1 know:6 clearly:1 start:2 7:1 recursive:1 well:2 transfer:1 storage:1 location:1 also:3 present:1 although:2 tabulation:1 become:1 cumbersome:1 table:7 extract:2 enter:3 section:3 immediately:1 column:4 third:2 fourth:2 since:3 read:1 proceeding:1 check:1 evaluate:1 cost:3 moment:1 reflection:1 show:2 algorithm:1 presentation:2 work:1 equally:1 often:1 occasion:1 represent:1 q:3 hence:1 minus:1 net:2 profit:3 remark:1 stochastic:1 outcome:5 statistically:1 interest:1 probability:2 distribution:2 lie:1 region:1 space:2 probabilistic:1 expect:2 single:1 define:1 passage:1 integration:1 except:1 redundant:1 wait:1 precede:1 discussion:1 pass:1 difficult:1 matter:1 many:1 possible:1 divide:1 finite:1 manner:1 replace:1 distance:2 point:2 word:1 rather:1 general:1 elapse:1 total:1 length:1

The/at set/nn of/in all/abn decisions/nns is/bez called/vbn the/at operating/vbg policy/nn or/cc ,/, more/ql simply/rb ,/, the/at policy/nn ./. An/at optimal/jj policy/nn is/bez one/cd which/wdt in/in some/dti sense/nn gets/vbz the/at best/jjt out/rp of/in the/at process/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn by/in maximizing/vbg the/at value/nn of/in the/at product/nn ./. There/ex are/ber thus/rb three/cd components/nns to/in an/at optimal/jj design/nn problem/nn :/: (/(-hl 1/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at specification/nn of/in the/at state/nn of/in the/at process/nn stream/nn ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 2/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at specification/nn of/in the/at operating/vbg variables/nns and/cc the/at transformation/nn they/ppss effect/vb ;/. ;/. (/(-hl 3/cd-hl )/)-hl The/at specification/nn of/in the/at objective/jj function/nn of/in which/wdt the/at optimization/nn is/bez desired/vbn ./. For/in a/at chemical/nn process/nn the/at first/od of/in these/dts might/md involve/vb the/at concentrations/nns of/in the/at different/jj chemical/nn species/nns ,/, and/cc the/at temperature/nn or/cc pressure/nn of/in the/at stream/nn ./. For/in the/at second/od we/ppss might/md have/hv to/to choose/vb the/at volume/nn of/in reactor/nn or/cc amount/nn of/in cooling/vbg to/to be/be supplied/vbn ;/. ;/. the/at way/nn in/in which/wdt the/at transformation/nn of/in state/nn depends/vbz on/in the/at operating/vbg variables/nns for/in the/at main/jjs types/nns of/in reactors/nns is/bez discussed/vbn in/in the/at next/ap chapter/nn ./. The/at objective/jj function/nn is/bez some/dti measure/nn of/in the/at increase/nn in/in value/nn of/in the/at stream/nn by/in processing/vbg ;/. ;/. it/pps is/bez the/at subject/nn of/in Chapter/nn-tl 4/cd-tl ./. The/at essential/jj characteristic/nn of/in an/at optimal/jj policy/nn when/wrb the/at state/nn of/in the/at stream/nn is/bez transformed/vbn in/in a/at sequence/nn of/in stages/nns with/in no/at feedback/nn was/bedz first/rb isolated/vbn by/in Bellman/np ./. He/pps recognized/vbd that/cs whatever/wdt transformation/nn may/md be/be effected/vbn in/in the/at first/od stage/nn of/in an/at R-stage/nn process/nn ,/, the/at remaining/vbg stages/nns must/md use/vb an/at optimal/jj Af-stage/nn policy/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at state/nn resulting/vbg from/in the/at first/od stage/nn ,/, if/cs there/ex is/bez to/to be/be any/dti chance/nn of/in optimizing/vbg the/at complete/jj process/nn ./. Moreover/rb ,/, by/in systematically/rb varying/vbg the/at operating/vbg conditions/nns in/in the/at first/od stage/nn and/cc always/rb using/vbg the/at optimal/jj Af-stage/nn policy/nn for/in the/at remaining/vbg stages/nns ,/, we/ppss shall/md eventually/rb find/vb the/at optimal/jj policy/nn for/in all/abn R/nn stages/nns ./. Proceeding/vbg in/in this/dt way/nn ,/, from/in one/cd to/in two/cd and/cc from/in two/cd to/in three/cd stages/nns ,/, we/ppss may/md gradually/rb build/vb up/rp the/at policy/nn for/in any/dti number/nn ./. At/in each/dt step/nn of/in the/at calculation/nn the/at operating/vbg variables/nns of/in only/rb one/cd stage/nn need/md be/be varied/vbn ./. To/to see/vb how/wrb important/jj this/dt economy/nn is/bez ,/, let/vb us/ppo suppose/vb that/cs there/ex are/ber M/np operating/vbg variables/nns at/in each/dt stage/nn and/cc that/cs the/at state/nn is/bez specified/vbn by/in N/np variables/nns ;/. ;/. then/rb the/at search/nn for/in the/at maximum/jj at/in any/dti one/cd stage/nn will/md require/vb a/at number/nn of/in operations/nns of/in order/nn Af/nn (/( where/wrb a/nn is/bez some/dti number/nn not/* unreasonably/ql large/jj )/) ./. To/to proceed/vb from/in one/cd stage/nn to/in the/at next/ap a/at sufficient/jj number/nn of/in feed/nn states/nns must/md be/be investigated/vbn to/to allow/vb for/in interpolation/nn ;/. ;/. this/dt number/nn will/md be/be of/in the/at order/nn of/in Af/nn ./. If/cs ,/, however/rb ,/, we/ppss are/ber seeking/vbg the/at optimal/jj R-stage/nn policy/nn for/in a/at given/vbn feed/nn state/nn ,/, only/rb one/cd search/nn for/in a/at maximum/jj is/bez required/vbn at/in the/at final/jj step/nn ./. Thus/rb a/at number/nn of/in operations/nns of/in the/at order/nn of/in Af/nn are/ber required/vbn ./. If/cs all/abn the/at operating/vbg variables/nns were/bed varied/vbn simultaneously/rb ,/, Af/nn operations/nns would/md be/be required/vbn to/to do/do the/at same/ap job/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs R/nn increases/vbz this/dt increases/vbz very/ql much/ql more/ql rapidly/rb than/cs the/at number/nn of/in operations/nns required/vbn by/in the/at dynamic/jj program/nn ./. But/cc even/ql more/ql important/jj than/cs this/dt is/bez the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at direct/jj search/nn by/in simultaneously/rb varying/vbg all/abn operating/vbg conditions/nns has/hvz produced/vbn only/rb one/cd optimal/jj policy/nn ,/, namely/rb ,/, that/dt for/in the/at given/vbn feed/nn state/nn and/cc R/nn stages/nns ./. In/in contrast/nn ,/, the/at dynamic/jj program/nn produces/vbz this/dt policy/nn and/cc a/at whole/jj family/nn of/in policies/nns for/in any/dti smaller/jjr number/nn of/in stages/nns ./. If/cs the/at problem/nn is/bez enlarged/vbn to/to require/vb a/at complete/jj coverage/nn of/in feed/nn states/nns ,/, Af/nn operations/nns are/ber needed/vbn by/in the/at dynamic/jj program/nn and/cc Af/nn by/in the/at direct/jj search/nn ./. But/cc Af/nn is/bez vastly/ql larger/jjr than/cs R/nn ./. No/at optimism/nn is/bez more/ql baseless/jj than/cs that/dt which/wdt believes/vbz that/cs the/at high/jj speed/nn of/in modern/jj digital/jj computers/nns allows/vbz for/in use/nn of/in the/at crudest/jjt of/in methods/nns in/in searching/vbg out/rp a/at result/nn ./. Suppose/vb that/cs Af/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at average/jj operation/nn requires/vbz only/rb Af/nn sec./nns ./. Then/rb the/at dynamic/jj program/nn would/md require/vb about/rb a/at minute/nn whereas/cs the/at direct/jj search/nn would/md take/vb more/ap than/in three/cd millennia/nns !/. !/. The/at principle/nn of/in optimality/nn thus/rb brings/vbz a/at vital/jj organization/nn into/in the/at search/nn for/in the/at optimal/jj policy/nn of/in a/at multistage/nn decision/nn process/nn ./. Bellman/np (/( 1957/cd )/) has/hvz annunciated/vbn in/in the/at following/vbg terms/nns :/: ``/`` An/at optimal/jj policy/nn has/hvz the/at property/nn that/cs whatever/wdt the/at initial/jj state/nn and/cc initial/jj decision/nn are/ber ,/, the/at remaining/vbg decisions/nns must/md constitute/vb an/at optimal/jj policy/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at state/nn resulting/vbg from/in the/at first/od decision/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt is/bez the/at principle/nn which/wdt we/ppss will/md invoke/vb in/in every/at case/nn to/to set/vb up/rp a/at functional/jj equation/nn ./. It/pps appears/vbz in/in a/at form/nn that/wps is/bez admirably/rb suited/vbn to/in the/at powers/nns of/in the/at digital/jj computer/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, every/at device/nn that/wps can/md be/be employed/vbn to/to reduce/vb the/at number/nn of/in variables/nns is/bez of/in the/at greatest/jjt value/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps is/bez one/cd of/in the/at attractive/jj features/nns of/in dynamic/jj programming/nn that/cs room/nn is/bez left/vbn for/in ingenuity/nn in/in using/vbg the/at special/jj features/nns of/in the/at problem/nn to/in this/dt end/nn ./. 2.2/cd-hl the/at discrete/jj deterministic/jj process/nn Consider/vb the/at process/nn illustrated/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 2.1/cd-tl ,/, consisting/vbg of/in R/nn distinct/jj stages/nns ./. These/dts will/md be/be numbered/vbn in/in the/at direction/nn opposite/rb to/in the/at flow/nn of/in the/at process/nn stream/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs stage/nn R/np is/bez the/at T/np stage/nn from/in the/at end/nn ./. Let/vb the/at state/nn of/in the/at stream/nn leaving/vbg stage/nn R/np be/be denoted/vbn by/in a/at vector/nn Af/nn and/cc the/at operating/vbg variables/nns of/in stage/nn R/np by/in Af/nn ./. Thus/rb Af/nn denotes/vbz the/at state/nn of/in the/at feed/nn to/in the/at R-stage/nn process/nn ,/, and/cc Af/nn the/at state/nn of/in the/at product/nn from/in the/at last/ap stage/nn ./. Each/dt stage/nn transforms/vbz the/at state/nn Af/nn of/in its/pp$ feed/nn to/in the/at state/nn Af/nn in/in a/at way/nn that/wps depends/vbz on/in the/at operating/vbg variables/nns Af/nn ./. We/ppss write/vb this/dt Af/nn ./. This/dt transformation/nn is/bez uniquely/rb determined/vbn by/in Af/nn and/cc we/ppss therefore/rb speak/vb of/in the/at process/nn as/cs deterministic/jj ./. In/in practical/jj situations/nns there/ex will/md be/be restrictions/nns on/in the/at admissible/jj operating/vbg conditions/nns ,/, and/cc we/ppss regard/vb the/at vectors/nns as/cs belonging/vbg to/in a/at fixed/vbn and/cc bounded/vbn set/nn S/nn ./. The/at set/nn of/in vectors/nns Af/nn constitutes/vbz the/at operating/vbg policy/nn or/cc ,/, more/ql briefly/rb ,/, the/at policy/nn ,/, and/cc a/at policy/nn is/bez admissible/jj if/cs all/abn the/at Af/nn belong/vb to/in S/nn ./. When/wrb the/at policy/nn has/hvz been/ben chosen/vbn ,/, the/at state/nn of/in the/at product/nn can/md be/be obtained/vbn from/in the/at state/nn of/in the/at feed/nn by/in repeated/vbn application/nn of/in the/at transformation/nn (/( 1/cd )/) ;/. ;/. thus/rb Af/nn ./. The/at objective/jj function/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez to/to be/be maximized/vbn ,/, is/bez some/dti function/nn ,/, usually/rb piecewise/rb continuous/jj ,/, of/in the/at product/nn state/nn ./. Let/vb this/dt be/be denoted/vbn by/in Af/nn ./. An/at optimal/jj policy/nn is/bez an/at admissible/jj policy/nn Af/nn which/wdt maximizes/vbz the/at objective/jj function/nn P/nn ./. The/at policy/nn may/md not/* be/be unique/jj but/cc the/at maximum/jj value/nn of/in P/nn certainly/rb is/bez ,/, and/cc once/cs the/at policy/nn is/bez specified/vbn this/dt maximum/nn can/md be/be calculated/vbn by/in (/( 2/cd )/) and/cc (/( 3/cd )/) as/cs a/at function/nn of/in the/at feed/nn state/nn Af/nn ./. Let/vb Af/nn where/wrb the/at maximization/nn is/bez over/in all/abn admissible/jj policies/nns Af/nn ./. When/wrb it/pps is/bez necessary/jj to/to be/be specific/jj we/ppss say/vb that/cs the/at optimal/jj policy/nn is/bez an/at optimal/jj R-stage/nn policy/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at feed/nn state/nn Af/nn ./. For/in any/dti choice/nn of/in admissible/jj policy/nn Af/nn in/in the/at first/od stage/nn ,/, the/at state/nn of/in the/at stream/nn leaving/vbg this/dt stage/nn is/bez given/vbn by/in Af/nn ./. This/dt is/bez the/at feed/nn state/nn of/in the/at subsequent/jj Af/nn stages/nns which/wdt ,/, according/rb to/in the/at principle/nn of/in optimality/nn ,/, must/md use/vb an/at optimal/jj Af-stage/nn policy/nn with/in respect/nn to/in this/dt state/nn ./. This/dt will/nn result/vb in/in a/at value/nn Af/nn of/in the/at objective/jj function/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb Af/nn is/bez chosen/vbn correctly/rb this/dt will/md give/vb Af/nn ,/, the/at maximum/nn of/in the/at objective/jj function/nn ./. Thus/rb Af/nn where/wrb the/at maximization/nn is/bez over/in all/abn admissible/jj policies/nns Af/nn ,/, and/cc Af/nn is/bez related/vbn to/in Af/nn by/in (/( 5/cd )/) ./. The/at sequence/nn of/in equations/nns (/( 6/cd )/) can/md be/be solved/vbn for/in Af/nn when/wrb Af/nn is/bez known/vbn ,/, and/cc clearly/rb Af/nn ,/, the/at maximization/nn being/beg over/in all/abn admissible/jj Af/nn ./. The/at set/nn of/in equations/nns (/( 5/cd )/) ,/, (/( 6/cd )/) ,/, and/cc the/at starting/vbg equation/nn (/( 7/cd )/) is/bez of/in a/at recursive/jj type/nn well/rb suited/vbn to/in programming/vbg on/in the/at digital/jj computer/nn ./. In/in finding/vbg the/at optimal/jj R-stage/nn policy/nn from/in that/dt of/in Af/nn stages/nns ,/, only/rb the/at function/nn Af/nn is/bez needed/vbn ./. When/wrb Af/nn has/hvz been/ben found/vbn it/pps may/md be/be transferred/vbn into/in the/at storage/nn location/nn of/in Af/nn and/cc the/at whole/jj calculation/nn repeated/vbn ./. We/ppss also/rb see/vb how/wrb the/at results/nns may/md be/be presented/vbn ,/, although/cs if/cs n/nn ,/, the/at number/nn of/in state/nn variables/nns ,/, is/bez large/jj any/dti tabulation/nn will/md become/vb cumbersome/jj ./. A/at table/nn or/cc set/nn of/in tables/nns may/md be/be set/vbn out/rp as/cs in/in Table/nn-tl 2.1/cd-tl ./. To/to extract/vb the/at optimal/jj R-stage/nn policy/nn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at feed/nn state/nn Af/nn ,/, we/ppss enter/vb section/nn R/nn of/in this/dt table/nn at/in the/at state/nn Af/nn and/cc find/vb immediately/rb from/in the/at last/ap column/nn the/at maximum/jj value/nn of/in the/at objective/jj function/nn ./. In/in the/at third/od column/nn is/bez given/vbn the/at optimal/jj policy/nn for/in stage/nn R/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at fourth/od ,/, the/at resulting/vbg state/nn of/in the/at stream/nn when/wrb this/dt policy/nn is/bez used/vbn ./. Since/cs by/in the/at principle/nn of/in optimality/nn the/at remaining/vbg stages/nns use/vb an/at optimal/jj Af-stage/nn policy/nn with/in respect/nn to/in Af/nn ,/, we/ppss may/md enter/vb section/nn Af/nn of/in the/at table/nn at/in this/dt state/nn Af/nn and/cc read/vb off/in the/at optimal/jj policy/nn for/in stage/nn Af/nn and/cc the/at resulting/vbg state/nn Af/nn ./. Proceeding/vbg in/in this/dt way/nn up/in the/at table/nn we/ppss extract/vb the/at complete/jj optimal/jj policy/nn and/cc ,/, if/cs it/pps is/bez desired/vbn ,/, we/ppss can/md check/vb on/in Af/nn by/in evaluating/vbg Af/nn at/in the/at last/ap stage/nn ./. It/pps may/md be/be that/cs the/at objective/jj function/nn depends/vbz not/* only/rb on/in Af/nn but/cc also/rb on/in Af/nn ,/, as/cs when/wrb the/at cost/nn of/in the/at operating/vbg policy/nn is/bez considered/vbn ./. A/at moment's/nn$ reflection/nn shows/vbz that/cs the/at above/jj algorithm/nn and/cc presentation/nn work/vb equally/ql well/rb in/in this/dt case/nn ./. A/at form/nn of/in objective/jj function/nn that/wpo we/ppss shall/md often/rb have/hv occasion/nn to/to consider/vb is/bez Af/nn ./. Here/rb P/np represents/vbz the/at value/nn of/in the/at stream/nn in/in state/nn P/np and/cc Q/np the/at cost/nn of/in operating/vbg the/at stage/nn with/in conditions/nns Q/np ./. Hence/rb P/nn is/bez the/at increase/nn in/in value/nn of/in the/at stream/nn minus/in the/at cost/nn of/in operation/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez ,/, the/at net/jj profit/nn ./. If/cs Af/nn denotes/vbz the/at net/nn profit/nn from/in stage/nn R/np and/cc Af/nn ,/, then/rb the/at principle/nn of/in optimality/nn gives/vbz Af/nn ./. This/dt sequence/nn of/in equations/nns may/md be/be started/vbn with/in the/at remark/nn that/cs with/in no/at process/nn Af/nn there/ex is/bez no/at profit/nn ,/, i.e./rb ,/, Af/nn ./. 2.3/cd-hl the/at discrete/jj stochastic/jj process/nn The/at process/nn in/in which/wdt the/at outcome/nn of/in any/dti one/cd stage/nn is/bez known/vbn only/rb statistically/rb is/bez also/rb of/in interest/nn ,/, although/cs for/in chemical/nn reactor/nn design/nn it/pps is/bez not/* as/ql important/jj as/cs the/at deterministic/jj process/nn ./. In/in this/dt case/nn the/at stage/nn R/np operating/vbg with/in conditions/nns Af/nn transforms/vbz the/at state/nn of/in the/at stream/nn from/in Af/nn to/in Af/nn ,/, but/cc only/rb the/at probability/nn distribution/nn of/in Af/nn is/bez known/vbn ./. This/dt is/bez specified/vbn by/in a/at distribution/nn function/nn Af/nn such/jj that/cs the/at probability/nn that/cs Af/nn lies/vbz in/in some/dti region/nn D/nn of/in the/at stage/nn space/nn is/bez Af/nn ./. We/ppss cannot/md* now/rb speak/vb of/in maximizing/vbg the/at value/nn of/in the/at objective/jj function/nn ,/, since/cs this/dt function/nn is/bez now/rb known/vbn only/rb in/in a/at probabilistic/jj sense/nn ./. We/ppss can/md ,/, however/rb ,/, maximize/vb its/pp$ expected/vbn value/nn ./. For/in a/at single/ap stage/nn we/ppss may/md define/vb Af/nn where/wrb the/at maximization/nn is/bez by/in choice/nn of/in Af/nn ./. We/ppss thus/rb have/hv an/at optimal/jj policy/nn which/wdt maximizes/vbz the/at expected/vbn value/nn of/in the/at objective/jj function/nn for/in a/at given/vbn Af/nn ./. If/cs we/ppss consider/vb a/at process/nn in/in which/wdt the/at outcome/nn of/in one/cd stage/nn is/bez known/vbn before/in passage/nn to/in the/at next/ap ,/, then/rb the/at principle/nn of/in optimality/nn shows/vbz that/cs the/at policy/nn in/in subsequent/jj stages/nns should/md be/be optimal/jj with/in respect/nn to/in the/at outcome/nn of/in the/at first/od ./. Then/rb Af/nn ,/, the/at maximization/nn being/beg over/in all/abn admissible/jj Af/nn and/cc the/at integration/nn over/in the/at whole/nn of/in stage/nn space/nn ./. The/at type/nn of/in presentation/nn of/in results/nns used/vbn in/in the/at deterministic/jj process/nn may/md be/be used/vbn here/rb ,/, except/in that/cs now/rb the/at fourth/od column/nn is/bez redundant/jj ./. The/at third/od column/nn gives/vbz the/at optimal/jj policy/nn ,/, but/cc we/ppss must/md wait/vb to/to see/vb the/at outcome/nn of/in stage/nn R/nn and/cc enter/vb the/at preceding/vbg section/nn of/in the/at table/nn at/in this/dt state/nn ./. The/at discussion/nn of/in the/at optimal/jj policy/nn when/wrb the/at outcome/nn of/in one/cd stage/nn is/bez not/* known/vbn before/cs passing/vbg to/in the/at next/ap is/bez a/at very/ql much/ql more/ql difficult/jj matter/nn ./. 2.4/cd-hl the/at continuous/jj deterministic/jj process/nn In/in many/ap cases/nns it/pps is/bez not/* possible/jj to/to divide/vb the/at process/nn into/in a/at finite/jj number/nn of/in discrete/jj stages/nns ,/, since/cs the/at state/nn of/in the/at stream/nn is/bez transformed/vbn in/in a/at continuous/jj manner/nn through/in the/at process/nn ./. We/ppss replace/vb r/nn ,/, the/at number/nn of/in the/at stage/nn from/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at process/nn ,/, by/in t/nn ,/, a/at continuous/jj variable/jj which/wdt measures/vbz the/at ``/`` distance/nn ''/'' of/in the/at point/nn considered/vbn from/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at process/nn ./. The/at word/nn distance/nn-nc is/bez used/vbn here/rb in/in a/at rather/ql general/jj sense/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps may/md in/in fact/nn be/be the/at time/nn that/wps will/md elapse/vb before/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at process/nn ./. If/cs T/nn is/bez the/at total/jj ``/`` length/nn ''/'' of/in the/at process/nn ,/, its/pp$ feed/nn state/nn may/md be/be denoted/vbn by/in a/at vector/nn p(T)/nn and/cc the/at product/nn state/nn by/in p(Q)/nn ./. P/np denotes/vbz the/at state/nn at/in any/dti point/nn T/np and/cc Q/np the/at vector/nn of/in operating/vbg variables/nns there/rb ./.

cj80

cj80 |@word gyro:42 stabilize:6 platform:57 system:28 use:8 restrained:3 well:1 suited:1 automatic:8 leveling:11 characteristic:6 servo:6 combination:2 reasonable:1 response:7 operate:2 approximate:1 equation:2 motion:2 neglect:2 transient:2 effect:8 follow:1 af:16 u:1 torque:5 apply:6 output:16 axis:24 control:4 angle:8 yf:4 normally:1 term:2 input:10 away:1 yj:1 angular:8 momentum:1 define:1 h:1 thus:2 controller:1 maintain:3 zero:6 deviation:3 rotate:5 velocity:2 supply:6 aj:2 assume:1 design:2 electrical:6 torquer:9 show:4 fig:6 7:12 1:3 accelerometer:25 amplify:4 result:2 voltage:3 cause:3 entire:2 since:5 polarity:2 correct:4 direction:13 reduce:2 decrease:3 therefore:1 rate:2 finally:2 remain:1 stationary:1 definition:1 level:22 mathematical:1 block:1 diagram:1 2:3 initially:1 generate:2 multiply:1 g:1 effective:1 acceleration:10 act:2 scale:3 factor:4 represent:1 indicate:2 fundamental:1 simple:3 include:3 upper:1 limit:3 place:2 allowable:1 loop:9 gain:11 stability:2 consideration:2 type:1 high:7 desirable:2 provide:3 fast:1 time:8 frequency:4 practical:4 component:7 consider:1 present:2 serious:2 require:9 reach:2 position:2 approximately:2 inversely:1 proportional:5 addition:1 cutoff:1 respond:4 horizontal:2 problem:4 usually:2 determine:2 low:7 rather:1 must:7 notice:1 relate:1 practice:1 preflight:2 process:5 take:1 mount:6 airframe:1 arrange:3 many:2 due:1 wind:1 gust:1 engine:1 noise:5 turbulence:1 around:1 vehicle:2 etc:1 one:8 great:1 associate:1 establish:5 true:9 presence:1 solution:2 pass:2 filter:2 technique:8 tilt:3 filtering:1 increase:1 compromise:1 achieve:1 non:1 linear:1 amplifier:5 large:1 signal:4 certain:1 threshold:1 small:3 value:1 order:1 adequate:1 return:1 rapid:1 nearly:1 point:8 enough:1 little:1 drift:9 cancel:5 actually:1 current:6 amount:3 dip:1 depend:2 upon:4 3:2 describe:3 section:1 readily:1 adaptable:1 consist:4 three:3 integrate:3 switching:1 flight:2 equipment:4 circuit:2 however:3 operation:1 remotely:1 mechanical:1 optical:1 contact:1 hold:3 automatically:3 long:1 actuate:1 useful:1 product:1 information:2 necessary:3 set:4 bias:3 available:4 accomplish:4 manually:3 satisfactory:2 obtain:1 turn:6 turning:1 brief:1 human:1 replaces:1 manual:2 appropriate:3 display:1 accuracy:6 doubly:1 also:4 minimize:1 integration:1 see:4 skill:1 part:1 operator:2 degree:3 compare:1 approach:1 inconvenient:1 accurately:2 prolonged:1 period:1 continually:1 especially:1 difficult:2 typically:1 random:1 4:2 head:18 orient:1 sensitive:6 parallel:6 desire:1 coordinate:2 navigator:2 proper:4 purely:2 inertial:3 two:1 external:2 surveying:4 indication:1 choice:1 dependent:1 requirement:1 field:1 condition:1 5:1 determination:1 survey:2 slightly:1 modify:1 procedure:2 mirror:4 plane:1 perpendicular:2 unit:1 transit:6 precision:1 align:5 respect:4 north:5 exist:2 sight:2 sighting:1 fixture:1 project:1 beam:1 light:1 darken:1 cross:3 hair:3 reflect:1 image:2 exactly:1 superimpose:1 original:1 easily:1 although:1 difficulty:2 know:1 launch:1 realize:1 team:1 base:3 line:1 day:1 work:1 installation:1 raise:2 ground:2 considerable:1 height:1 situation:1 stand:2 obviously:1 lessen:1 error:4 introduce:1 autocollimator:5 replace:1 instrument:1 z:4 deliver:1 systematic:1 adjust:1 compensating:1 pickoff:4 possible:1 locate:1 essentially:1 stator:1 reference:2 portion:1 either:1 6:1 gyrocompass:2 alignment:1 heading:3 case:1 autonavigator:1 x:5 east:4 west:3 south:2 rigidly:1 properly:3 figure:1 vector:1 always:1 spin:2 earth:7 rotation:3 sensing:1 utilize:1 direct:1 latitude:1 yl:1 zq:1 equal:1 revolution:1 per:1 24:1 hr:1 ye:1 unleveled:1 fix:1 space:1 observer:1

A/at gyro-stabilized/jj platform/nn system/nn ,/, using/vbg restrained/vbn gyros/nns ,/, is/bez well/ql suited/vbn for/in automatic/jj leveling/nn because/rb of/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in the/at gyro-platform-servo/nn combination/nn ./. The/at restrained/vbn gyro-stabilized/jj platform/nn with/in reasonable/jj response/nn characteristics/nns operates/vbz with/in an/at approximate/jj equation/nn of/in motion/nn ,/, neglecting/vbg transient/jj effects/nns ,/, as/cs follows/vbz :/: Af/nn where/wrb U/nn is/bez a/at torque/nn applied/vbn about/in the/at output/nn axis/nn of/in the/at controlling/vbg gyro/nn ./. The/at platform/nn angle/nn **yf/nn is/bez the/at angle/nn about/in which/wdt the/at gyro/nn is/bez controlling/vbg ./. This/dt is/bez normally/rb termed/vbn the/at gyro/nn input/nn axis/nn ,/, 90-degrees/nns away/rb from/in the/at gyro/nn output/nn or/cc **yj/nn axis/nn ./. The/at gyro/nn angular/jj momentum/nn is/bez defined/vbn by/in H/nn ./. Thus/rb if/cs the/at gyro/nn and/cc platform-controller/nn combination/nn maintains/vbz the/at platform/nn with/in zero/cd angular/jj deviation/nn about/in the/at **yf/nn axis/nn ,/, the/at system/nn can/md be/be rotated/vbn with/in an/at angular/jj velocity/nn Af/nn if/cs a/at torque/nn is/bez supplied/vbn to/in the/at gyro/nn output/nn axis/nn Aj/nn ./. It/pps is/bez assumed/vbn that/cs the/at gyros/nns are/ber designed/vbn with/in electrical/jj torquers/nns so/cs that/cs a/at torque/nn can/md be/be applied/vbn about/in their/pp$ output/nn axes/nns ./. In/in the/at system/nn shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7-1/cd-tl ,/, the/at accelerometer/nn output/nn is/bez amplified/vbn and/cc the/at resulting/vbg voltage/nn is/bez applied/vbn to/in the/at gyro/nn output-axis/nn torquer/nn ./. This/dt torque/nn causes/vbz the/at entire/jj system/nn to/to rotate/vb about/in the/at **yf/nn axis/nn ,/, since/cs the/at response/nn to/in Af/nn ./. If/cs the/at polarities/nns are/ber correct/jj ,/, the/at platform/nn rotates/vbz in/in such/abl a/at direction/nn as/cs to/to reduce/vb the/at accelerometer/nn output/nn to/in zero/cd ./. As/cs the/at accelerometer/nn output/nn is/bez decreasing/vbg ,/, the/at torque/nn applied/vbn to/in the/at gyro/nn output/nn axis/nn decreases/vbz and/cc ,/, therefore/rb ,/, the/at rate/nn decreases/vbz ./. Finally/rb ,/, when/wrb the/at accelerometer/nn output/nn is/bez zero/cd ,/, the/at entire/jj system/nn remains/vbz stationary/jj ,/, and/cc the/at platform/nn is/bez ,/, by/in definition/nn ,/, leveled/vbn ./. A/at mathematical/jj block/nn diagram/nn for/in the/at leveling/vbg system/nn is/bez shown/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7-2/cd-tl ./. The/at platform/nn is/bez initially/rb off/in level/jj by/in the/at angle/nn Aj/nn ./. The/at angle/nn generated/vbn by/in the/at platform/nn servo/nn **yf/nn multiplied/vbn by/in G/np is/bez the/at effective/jj acceleration/nn acting/vbg on/in the/at accelerometer/nn ./. Af/nn is/bez the/at scale/nn factor/nn of/in the/at accelerometer/nn (/( Af/nn )/) ./. The/at voltage/nn Af/nn is/bez amplified/vbn by/in Af/nn and/cc applied/vbn to/in the/at gyro/nn torquer/nn with/in scale/nn factor/nn Af/nn ./. Finally/rb ,/, the/at gyro-stabilized/jj platform/nn characteristic/nn is/bez represented/vbn by/in Af/nn ./. The/at system/nn as/cs indicated/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7-2/cd-tl is/bez fundamental/jj and/cc simple/jj because/cs the/at transient/jj effects/nns of/in both/abx the/at platform/nn servo/nn and/cc the/at accelerometer/nn have/hv been/ben neglected/vbn ./. With/in these/dts factors/nns included/vbn ,/, an/at upper/jj limit/nn is/bez placed/vbn on/in the/at allowable/jj loop/nn gain/nn by/in stability/nn considerations/nns ./. In/in this/dt type/nn of/in system/nn ,/, a/at high/jj loop/nn gain/nn is/bez desirable/jj because/cs it/pps provides/vbz a/at fast/jj response/nn time/nn ./. When/wrb the/at frequency/nn response/nn characteristics/nns of/in practical/jj components/nns are/ber considered/vbn ,/, their/pp$ effect/nn on/in stability/nn does/doz not/* present/vb the/at most/ql serious/jj limit/nn on/in the/at system/nn loop/nn gain/nn ./. The/at time/nn required/vbn for/in the/at system/nn to/to reach/vb a/at level/jj position/nn is/bez approximately/ql inversely/rb proportional/jj to/in the/at servo/nn loop/nn gain/nn ./. In/in addition/nn ,/, the/at cutoff/nn frequency/nn for/in input/nn accelerations/nns is/bez approximately/ql proportional/jj to/in the/at servo/nn loop/nn gain/nn ;/. ;/. i.e./rb ,/, high/jj loop/nn gain/nn causes/vbz the/at system/nn to/to respond/vb to/in horizontal/jj components/nns of/in accelerations/nns ./. This/dt problem/nn usually/rb determines/vbz the/at lower/jjr limit/nn of/in loop/nn gain/nn rather/rb than/cs response/nn time/nn ./. It/pps must/md be/be noticed/vbn in/in Fig./nn-tl 7-1/cd-tl that/cs the/at accelerometer/nn responds/vbz to/in any/dti input/nn acceleration/nn ./. The/at equation/nn relating/vbg input/nn acceleration/nn to/in output/nn platform/nn angle/nn is/bez Af/nn ./. In/in practice/nn ,/, the/at preflight/jj leveling/vbg process/nn takes/vbz place/nn with/in the/at system/nn mounted/vbn in/in the/at airframe/nn ./. When/wrb the/at system/nn is/bez arranged/vbn for/in automatic/jj leveling/nn ,/, the/at platform/nn angles/nns respond/vb to/in any/dti horizontal/jj components/nns of/in acceleration/nn acting/vbg on/in the/at accelerometers/nns ./. There/ex are/ber many/ap such/jj components/nns of/in acceleration/nn present/rb due/rb to/in the/at effect/nn of/in wind/nn gusts/nns ,/, engine/nn noise/nn ,/, turbulence/nn around/in the/at vehicle/nn ,/, etc./rb ./. One/cd of/in the/at greatest/jjt problems/nns associated/vbn with/in automatic/jj leveling/nn is/bez establishing/vbg a/at true/jj level/nn in/in the/at presence/nn of/in high-level/nn acceleration/nn noise/nn ./. One/cd solution/nn to/in the/at problem/nn is/bez to/to operate/vb with/in a/at low/jj loop/nn gain/nn and/cc to/to include/vb low-pass/nn filters/nns ./. This/dt technique/nn causes/vbz the/at system/nn to/to respond/vb only/rb to/in low/jj frequency/nn acceleration/nn components/nns such/jj as/cs the/at platform/nn tilt/nn ./. Since/cs a/at lower/jjr loop/nn gain/nn and/cc low-pass/nn filtering/nn increases/vbz the/at response/nn time/nn ,/, a/at practical/jj compromise/nn must/md be/be reached/vbn ./. One/cd of/in the/at most/ql desirable/jj solutions/nns is/bez achieved/vbn by/in the/at use/nn of/in a/at non-linear/jj amplifier/nn for/in Af/nn ./. The/at amplifier/nn is/bez designed/vbn so/cs that/cs its/pp$ gain/nn is/bez large/jj for/in accelerometer/nn signals/nns above/in a/at certain/ap threshold/nn level/nn ./. Below/in this/dt level/nn ,/, the/at amplifier/nn gain/nn Af/nn is/bez proportional/jj and/cc is/bez of/in small/jj value/nn ,/, in/in order/nn to/to provide/vb adequate/jj noise/nn filtering/nn ./. The/at effect/nn is/bez that/cs the/at platform/nn returns/vbz from/in an/at off-level/jj position/nn at/in a/at rapid/jj rate/nn until/cs it/pps is/bez nearly/ql level/jj ,/, at/in which/wdt point/nn the/at platform/nn is/bez controlled/vbn by/in a/at proportional/jj servo/nn with/in low/jj enough/qlp frequency/nn response/nn so/cs that/cs the/at noise/nn has/hvz little/ap effect/nn on/in the/at leveling/vbg process/nn ./. When/wrb the/at system/nn is/bez on/in automatic/jj leveling/nn ,/, the/at gyro/nn drift/nn is/bez canceled/vbn by/in the/at output/nn of/in the/at leveling/vbg system/nn (/( amplifier/nn Af/nn )/) ./. The/at platform/nn actually/rb tilts/vbz off/in level/jj so/cs that/cs the/at accelerometer/nn output/nn ,/, when/wrb amplified/vbn by/in Af/nn ,/, will/md supply/vb the/at correct/jj current/nn to/in the/at gyro/nn torquer/nn to/to cancel/vb the/at gyro/nn drift/nn ./. The/at amount/nn of/in platform/nn dip/nn required/vbn depends/vbz upon/in the/at scale/nn factors/nns of/in the/at system/nn ./. 7-3/cd ./. Practical/jj-hl leveling/vbg-hl considerations/nns-hl ./.-hl The/at automatic/jj leveling/vbg system/nn described/vbn in/in this/dt section/nn is/bez readily/rb adaptable/jj to/in a/at gyro-stabilized/jj platform/nn consisting/vbg of/in three/cd integrating/vbg gyros/nns ./. The/at system/nn requires/vbz some/dti switching/nn of/in flight/nn equipment/nn circuits/nns ./. However/rb ,/, the/at leveling/vbg operation/nn can/md be/be maintained/vbn and/cc controlled/vbn remotely/rb with/in no/at mechanical/jj or/cc optical/jj contact/nn with/in the/at platform/nn ./. This/dt leveling/vbg system/nn will/md hold/vb the/at platform/nn on-level/jj ,/, automatically/rb ,/, as/ql long/rb as/cs the/at system/nn is/bez actuated/vbn ./. A/at useful/jj by-product/nn of/in this/dt system/nn is/bez that/cs the/at information/nn necessary/jj to/to set/vb the/at gyro/nn drift/nn biases/nns is/bez available/jj from/in the/at currents/nns necessary/jj to/to hold/vb the/at system/nn in/in level/jj ./. The/at leveling/vbg process/nn can/md be/be accomplished/vbn manually/rb ,/, and/cc the/at results/nns are/ber as/ql satisfactory/jj as/cs those/dts obtained/vbn with/in automatic/jj equipment/nn ./. The/at process/nn consists/vbz in/in turning/vbg the/at platform/nn manually/rb until/cs the/at outputs/nns of/in both/abx accelerometers/nns are/ber zero/cd ./. The/at turning/nn is/bez accomplished/vbn by/in applying/vbg voltage/nn to/in the/at gyro/nn torquers/nns described/vbn above/rb ./. In/in brief/jj ,/, the/at human/nn replaces/vbz amplifier/nn Af/nn in/in Figs./nns-tl 7-1/cd-tl and/cc 7-2/cd-tl ./. Manual/jj leveling/nn requires/vbz an/at appropriate/jj display/nn of/in the/at accelerometer/nn outputs/nns ./. If/cs high/jj accuracy/nn is/bez required/vbn in/in preflight/jj leveling/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez usually/rb necessary/jj to/to integrate/vb or/cc doubly/rb integrate/vb the/at accelerometer/nn outputs/nns (/( this/dt also/rb minimizes/vbz the/at noise/nn problem/nn )/) ./. With/in integration/nn ,/, the/at effect/nn of/in a/at small/jj acceleration/nn (/( or/cc small/jj platform/nn tilt/nn angle/nn )/) can/md be/be seen/vbn after/in a/at time/nn ./. However/rb ,/, skill/nn is/bez required/vbn on/in the/at part/nn of/in an/at operator/nn to/to level/vb a/at platform/nn to/in any/dti degree/nn of/in accuracy/nn ./. Also/rb ,/, it/pps requires/vbz more/ap time/nn as/cs compared/vbn to/in the/at automatic/jj approach/nn ./. Manual/jj leveling/nn is/bez inconvenient/jj if/cs the/at platform/nn must/md be/be maintained/vbn accurately/rb level/jj for/in any/dti prolonged/vbn period/nn of/in time/nn ./. The/at operator/nn must/md continually/rb supply/vb the/at correct/jj amount/nn of/in turning/vbg current/nn to/in the/at gyro/nn torquers/nns so/cs that/cs the/at effect/nn of/in gyro/nn drift/nn is/bez canceled/vbn ./. This/dt process/nn is/bez especially/ql difficult/jj since/cs gyro/nn drifting/vbg is/bez typically/rb random/jj ./. 7-4/cd-hl ./.-hl Platform/nn heading/nn ./. Platform/nn heading/nn consists/vbz of/in orienting/vbg the/at sensitive/jj axis/nn of/in the/at accelerometers/nns parallel/rb to/in the/at desired/vbn coordinate/nn system/nn of/in the/at navigator/nn ./. In/in simpler/jjr terms/nns ,/, it/pps amounts/vbz to/in pointing/vbg the/at platform/nn in/in the/at proper/jj direction/nn ./. For/in purely/ql inertial/jj navigators/nns ,/, two/cd techniques/nns are/ber available/jj to/to accomplish/vb the/at platform/nn heading/nn :/: Use/nn of/in external/jj or/cc surveying/vbg equipment/nn to/to establish/vb proper/jj heading/nn ;/. ;/. Use/nn of/in the/at characteristics/nns of/in the/at platform/nn components/nns for/in an/at indication/nn of/in true/jj heading/nn ./. The/at choice/nn of/in the/at heading/nn technique/nn is/bez dependent/jj upon/in the/at accuracy/nn requirements/nns ,/, field/nn conditions/nns ,/, and/cc the/at time/nn available/jj to/to accomplish/vb the/at heading/nn ./. 7-5/cd ./. External/jj-hl determination/nn-hl of/in-hl heading/vbg-hl --/---hl surveying/vbg-hl technique/nn-hl ./.-hl With/in the/at gyro-stabilized/jj platform/nn leveled/vbn ,/, it/pps can/md be/be headed/vbn in/in the/at proper/jj direction/nn by/in using/vbg surveying/vbg techniques/nns ./. The/at platform/nn accelerometers/nns must/md be/be slightly/ql modified/vbn for/in this/dt procedure/nn ./. Before/cs the/at accelerometers/nns are/ber mounted/vbn on/in the/at platform/nn ,/, the/at direction/nn of/in their/pp$ sensitive/jj axis/nn must/md be/be accurately/rb determined/vbn ./. A/at mirror/nn is/bez mounted/vbn on/in each/dt accelerometer/nn so/cs that/cs the/at plane/nn of/in the/at mirror/nn is/bez perpendicular/jj to/in the/at sensitive/jj axis/nn of/in the/at unit/nn ./. Transit/nn-hl ./.-hl A/at precision/nn transit/nn is/bez set/vbn up/rp so/cs that/cs it/pps is/bez aligned/vbn with/in respect/nn to/in true/jj north/nn ./. This/dt can/md be/be done/vbn to/in a/at high/jj degree/nn of/in accuracy/nn by/in existing/vbg surveying/vbg techniques/nns ./. With/in the/at transit/nn set/vbn up/rp ,/, a/at mirror/nn on/in one/cd of/in the/at accelerometers/nns is/bez sighted/vbn and/cc the/at platform/nn is/bez turned/vbn until/cs it/pps is/bez aligned/vbn ./. The/at sighting/vbg procedure/nn includes/vbz the/at use/nn of/in a/at fixture/nn for/in the/at transit/nn to/to project/vb a/at beam/nn of/in light/nn ,/, which/wdt is/bez darkened/vbn by/in crossed/vbn hairs/nns ,/, on/in the/at accelerometer/nn mirror/nn ./. When/wrb the/at platform/nn is/bez aligned/vbn ,/, the/at reflected/vbn image/nn of/in the/at crossed/vbn hairs/nns can/md be/be seen/vbn exactly/rb superimposed/vbn upon/in the/at original/jj crossed/vbn hairs/nns ./. The/at images/nns can/md easily/rb be/be aligned/vbn with/in a/at high/jj degree/nn of/in accuracy/nn ./. The/at platform/nn is/bez turned/vbn as/cs required/vbn by/in supplying/vbg currents/nns to/in the/at appropriate/jj gyro/nn torquers/nns ./. Although/cs this/dt technique/nn is/bez simple/jj and/cc satisfactory/jj ,/, one/cd practical/jj difficulty/nn does/doz exist/vb :/: the/at direction/nn of/in true/jj north/nn must/md be/be known/vbn for/in each/dt launch/nn point/nn ./. However/rb ,/, this/dt difficulty/nn is/bez not/* too/ql serious/jj if/cs it/pps is/bez realized/vbn that/cs a/at surveying/vbg team/nn can/md establish/vb a/at true/jj north/nn base/nn line/nn with/in a/at few/ap days'/nns$ work/nn ./. In/in many/ap installations/nns ,/, the/at inertial/jj platform/nn is/bez raised/vbn off/in the/at ground/nn a/at considerable/jj height/nn when/wrb it/pps is/bez mounted/vbn in/in the/at vehicle/nn before/in flight/nn ./. With/in this/dt situation/nn ,/, it/pps is/bez difficult/jj to/to sight/vb in/rp on/in the/at platform/nn with/in surveying/vbg equipment/nn ./. If/cs the/at platform/nn is/bez not/* too/ql high/rb off/in the/at ground/nn ,/, a/at transit/nn can/md be/be mounted/vbn on/in a/at stand/nn to/to raise/vb it/ppo up/rp to/in the/at platform/nn ./. Obviously/rb ,/, the/at heading/nn accuracy/nn is/bez lessened/vbn by/in such/jj techniques/nns since/cs errors/nns are/ber introduced/vbn because/rb of/in motion/nn of/in the/at stand/nn ./. Autocollimator/nn-hl ./.-hl The/at transit/nn can/md be/be replaced/vbn by/in an/at autocollimator/nn ./. This/dt instrument/nn provides/vbz an/at electrical/jj signal/nn proportional/jj to/in the/at angular/jj deviations/nns of/in the/at platform/nn and/cc can/md be/be used/vbn to/to automatically/rb hold/vb the/at platform/nn on/in true/jj heading/nn ./. The/at electrical/jj signal/nn from/in the/at autocollimator/nn is/bez amplified/vbn and/cc supplied/vbn to/in the/at Z-gyro/nn torquer/nn ./. If/cs the/at polarity/nn is/bez correct/jj ,/, the/at platform/nn will/md turn/vb until/cs the/at heading/nn error/nn angle/nn is/bez zero/cd ./. Information/nn is/bez also/rb available/jj from/in this/dt autocollimator/nn system/nn to/to set/vb the/at drift/nn bias/nn for/in the/at Z-axis/nn gyro/nn ./. If/cs the/at Z/nn gyro/nn is/bez drifting/vbg ,/, a/at current/nn generated/vbn by/in the/at autocollimator/nn is/bez delivered/vbn to/in the/at gyro/nn torquer/nn to/to cancel/vb the/at drift/nn ./. If/cs the/at drift/nn error/nn is/bez systematic/jj ,/, it/pps can/md be/be canceled/vbn with/in a/at bias/nn circuit/nn which/wdt can/md be/be arranged/vbn and/cc adjusted/vbn to/to supply/vb the/at required/vbn compensating/vbg current/nn ./. Electrical/jj-hl pickoffs/nns-hl ./.-hl It/pps is/bez possible/jj to/to locate/vb an/at angular/jj electrical/jj pickoff/nn ,/, which/wdt will/md indicate/vb the/at angular/jj deviation/nn between/in the/at true/jj heading/nn direction/nn and/cc the/at platform/nn ./. Essentially/rb ,/, the/at stator/nn or/cc reference/nn portion/nn of/in the/at pickoff/nn is/bez established/vbn with/in respect/nn to/in the/at true/jj heading/nn direction/nn ,/, and/cc the/at platform/nn is/bez turned/vbn either/cc manually/rb or/cc automatically/rb until/cs the/at angular/jj electrical/jj pickoff/nn signal/nn is/bez reduced/vbn to/in zero/cd ./. 7-6/cd-hl ./.-hl Gyrocompass/nn-hl heading/vbg-hl ./. Gyrocompass/nn alignment/nn is/bez an/at automatic/jj heading/nn system/nn which/wdt depends/vbz upon/in the/at characteristic/nn of/in one/cd gyro/nn to/to establish/vb true/jj heading/nn ./. For/in the/at case/nn of/in a/at purely/ql inertial/jj autonavigator/nn consisting/vbg of/in three/cd restrained/vbn gyros/nns ,/, a/at coordinate/nn system/nn is/bez used/vbn where/wrb the/at sensitive/jj axis/nn of/in the/at X/nn accelerometer/nn is/bez parallel/rb to/in the/at east-west/jj direction/nn at/in the/at base/nn point/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Y/nn accelerometer/nn sensitive/jj axis/nn is/bez parallel/rb to/in the/at north-south/jj direction/nn at/in the/at base/nn point/nn ./. The/at accelerometers/nns are/ber mounted/vbn rigidly/rb on/in the/at platform/nn ./. Thus/rb ,/, if/cs one/cd accelerometer/nn is/bez properly/rb aligned/vbn ,/, the/at other/ap is/bez also/rb ./. The/at input/nn axis/nn of/in the/at appropriate/jj gyros/nns are/ber parallel/rb to/in the/at sensitive/jj direction/nn of/in the/at accelerometers/nns ./. Figure/nn-tl 7-3/cd-tl shows/vbz a/at platform/nn system/nn with/in the/at gyro/nn vectors/nns arranged/vbn as/cs described/vbn above/rb ./. The/at platform/nn is/bez leveled/vbn and/cc properly/rb headed/vbn ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at X-gyro/nn input/nn axis/nn is/bez parallel/rb to/in the/at east-west/jj direction/nn and/cc the/at Y-gyro/nn input/nn axis/nn is/bez parallel/rb to/in the/at north-south/jj direction/nn ./. The/at input/nn axis/nn of/in the/at X/nn gyro/nn ,/, when/wrb pointing/vbg in/in the/at east-west/jj direction/nn ,/, is/bez always/rb perpendicular/jj to/in the/at spin/nn axis/nn of/in earth/nn ./. If/cs the/at platform/nn is/bez not/* properly/rb headed/vbn ,/, the/at X-gyro/nn input/nn axis/nn will/md see/vb a/at component/nn of/in the/at earth's/nn$ rotation/nn ./. The/at sensing/nn of/in this/dt rotation/nn by/in the/at X/nn gyro/nn can/md be/be utilized/vbn to/to direct/vb the/at platform/nn into/in proper/jj heading/nn ./. In/in Fig./nn-tl 7-4/cd-tl ,/, the/at input/nn axis/nn of/in the/at three-axis/jj platform/nn is/bez shown/vbn at/in some/dti point/nn on/in the/at earth/nn ./. The/at point/nn is/bez at/in a/at latitude/nn **yl/nn ,/, and/cc the/at platform/nn is/bez at/in an/at error/nn in/in heading/vbg east/nr ./. The/at earth/nn is/bez spinning/vbg at/in an/at angular/jj velocity/nn **zq/nn equal/jj to/in one/cd revolution/nn per/in 24/cd hr./nns ./. When/wrb the/at platform/nn is/bez level/jj ,/, **ye/nn is/bez a/at rotation/nn about/in the/at Z/nn axis/nn of/in the/at platform/nn Af/nn ./. Since/cs the/at earth/nn is/bez rotating/vbg and/cc the/at unleveled/jj gyro-stabilized/jj platform/nn is/bez fixed/vbn with/in respect/nn to/in a/at reference/nn in/in space/nn ,/, an/at observer/nn on/in the/at earth/nn will/md see/vb the/at platform/nn rotating/vbg (/( with/in respect/nn to/in the/at earth/nn )/) ./.

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Thirty-three/cd-hl Scotty/np did/dod not/* go/vb back/rb to/in school/nn ./. His/pp$ parents/nns talked/vbd seriously/rb and/cc lengthily/rb to/in their/pp$ own/jj doctor/nn and/cc to/in a/at specialist/nn at/in the/at University/nn-tl Hospital/nn-tl --/-- Mr./np McKinley/np was/bedz entitled/vbn to/in a/at discount/nn for/in members/nns of/in his/pp$ family/nn --/-- and/cc it/pps was/bedz decided/vbn it/pps would/md be/be best/jjt for/cs him/ppo to/to take/vb the/at remainder/nn of/in the/at term/nn off/rp ,/, spend/vb a/at lot/nn of/in time/nn in/in bed/nn and/cc ,/, for/in the/at rest/nn ,/, do/do pretty/ql much/rb as/cs he/pps chose/vbd --/-- provided/vbn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, he/pps chose/vbd to/to do/do nothing/pn too/ql exciting/jj or/cc too/ql debilitating/jj ./. His/pp$ teacher/nn and/cc his/pp$ school/nn principal/nn were/bed conferred/vbn with/in and/cc everyone/pn agreed/vbd that/cs ,/, if/cs he/pps kept/vbd up/rp with/in a/at certain/ap amount/nn of/in work/nn at/in home/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz little/ap danger/nn of/in his/pp$ losing/vbg a/at term/nn ./. Scotty/np accepted/vbd the/at decision/nn with/in indifference/nn and/cc did/dod not/* enter/vb the/at arguments/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz discharged/vbn from/in the/at hospital/nn after/in a/at two-day/jj checkup/nn and/cc he/pps and/cc his/pp$ parents/nns had/hvd what/wdt Mr./np McKinley/np described/vbd as/cs a/at ``/`` celebration/nn lunch/nn ''/'' at/in the/at cafeteria/nn on/in the/at campus/nn ./. Rachel/np wore/vbd a/at smart/jj hat/nn and/cc ,/, because/cs she/pps had/hvd been/ben warned/vbn recently/rb about/in smoking/vbg ,/, puffed/vbd at/in her/pp$ cigarettes/nns through/in a/at long/jj ivory/jj holder/nn stained/vbn with/in lipstick/nn ./. Scotty's/np$ father/nn sat/vbd sprawled/vbn in/in his/pp$ chair/nn ,/, angular/jj ,/, alert/jj as/cs a/at cricket/nn ,/, looking/vbg about/rb at/in the/at huge/jj stainless-steel/nn appointments/nns of/in the/at room/nn with/in an/at expression/nn of/in proprietorship/nn ./. Teachers/nns --/-- men/nns who/wps wore/vbd brown/jj suits/nns and/cc had/hvd gray/jj hair/nn and/cc pleasant/jj smiles/nns --/-- came/vbd to/in their/pp$ table/nn to/to talk/vb shop/nn and/cc to/to be/be introduced/vbn to/in Scotty/np and/cc Rachel/np ./. Rachel/np was/bedz polite/jj ,/, Scotty/np indifferent/jj ./. They/ppss ate/vbd the/at cafeteria/nn food/nn with/in its/pp$ orange/jj sauces/nns and/cc Scotty/np gazed/vbd without/in interest/nn at/in his/pp$ food/nn ,/, the/at teachers/nns ,/, the/at heroic/jj baronial/jj windows/nns ,/, and/cc the/at bright/jj ranks/nns of/in college/nn banners/nns ./. His/pp$ father/nn tried/vbd to/to make/vb the/at food/nn a/at topic/nn ./. ``/`` The/at blueberry/nn pie/nn is/bez good/jj ,/, Scotty/np ./. I/ppss recommend/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. He/pps looked/vbd at/in his/pp$ son/nn ,/, his/pp$ face/nn worried/vbn ./. Scotty/np murmured/vbd ,/, ``/`` No/rb ,/, thanks/nns ''/'' ,/, so/ql softly/rb his/pp$ father/nn had/hvd to/to bend/vb his/pp$ gaunt/jj height/nn across/in the/at table/nn and/cc turn/vb a/at round/jj brown/jj ear/nn to/in him/ppo ./. Scotty/np regarded/vbd the/at ear/nn and/cc the/at grizzled/jj hair/nn around/in it/ppo with/in a/at moment/nn of/in interest/nn ./. He/pps said/vbd more/ql loudly/rb ,/, ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem full/jj ,/, old/jj Pop/np ''/'' ./. He/pps had/hvd eaten/vbn almost/rb nothing/pn on/in the/at crested/jj ,/, three-sectioned/jj plate/nn and/cc had/hvd drunk/jj about/rb half/abn the/at milk/nn in/in its/pp$ paper/nn container/nn ./. ``/`` He's/pps+bez all/ql right/jj ,/, Craig/np ''/'' ,/, Rachel/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss can/md fix/vb him/ppo something/pn later/rbr in/in the/at afternoon/nn when/wrb we/ppss get/vb home/nr ''/'' ./. Since/cs his/pp$ seizure/nn ,/, Scotty/np had/hvd had/hvn little/ap appetite/nn ;/. ;/. yet/cc his/pp$ changed/vbn appearance/nn ,/, surprisingly/rb ,/, was/bedz one/cd of/in plumpness/nn ./. His/pp$ face/nn was/bedz fuller/jjr ;/. ;/. his/pp$ lips/nns and/cc the/at usually/rb sharp/jj lines/nns of/in his/pp$ jaw/nn had/hvd become/vbn swollen-looking/jj ./. He/pps breathed/vbd now/rb with/in his/pp$ mouth/nn open/jj ,/, showing/vbg a/at whitely/rb curving/vbg section/nn of/in lower/jjr teeth/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps kept/vbd his/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, with/in their/pp$ puffed/vbn blurred/vbn lids/nns ,/, always/rb lowered/vbn ,/, though/cs not/* ,/, apparently/rb ,/, focusing/vbg ./. Even/rb his/pp$ neck/nn seemed/vbd thicker/jjr and/cc ,/, therefore/rb ,/, shorter/jjr ./. His/pp$ hands/nns ,/, which/wdt had/hvd been/ben as/ql quick/jj as/cs a/at pair/nn of/in fluttering/vbg birds/nns ,/, were/bed now/rb neither/cc active/jj nor/cc really/ql relaxed/vbn ./. They/ppss lay/vbd on/in his/pp$ lap/nn ,/, palms/nns up/rp ,/, stiffly/rb motionless/jj ,/, the/at tapered/vbn fingers/nns a/at little/ql thick/jj at/in the/at joints/nns ./. Altogether/rb he/pps had/hvd ,/, since/in the/at seizure/nn ,/, the/at appearance/nn of/in a/at boy/nn who/wps overindulged/vbd in/in food/nn and/cc took/vbd no/at exercise/nn ./. He/pps looked/vbd lazy/jj ,/, spoiled/vbn ,/, a/at little/ql querulous/jj ./. Rachel/np had/hvd little/ap to/to say/vb ./. She/pps greeted/vbd her/pp$ husband's/nn$ colleagues/nns with/in smiling/vbg politeness/nn ,/, offering/vbg nothing/pn ./. Mr./np McKinley/np ,/, for/in all/abn his/pp$ sprawling/vbg and/cc his/pp$ easy/jj familiarity/nn ,/, was/bedz completely/ql alert/jj to/in his/pp$ son/nn ,/, eyes/nns always/rb on/in the/at still/jj face/nn ,/, jumping/vbg to/to anticipate/vb Scotty's/np$ desires/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at strained/vbn ,/, silent/jj lunch/nn ./. Rachel/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I'd/ppss+md better/rbr get/vb him/ppo to/in bed/nn ''/'' ./. The/at doctors/nns had/hvd suggested/vbn Scotty/np remain/vb most/ap of/in every/at afternoon/nn in/in bed/nn until/cs he/pps was/bedz stronger/jjr ./. Since/cs Mr./np McKinley/np had/hvd to/to give/vb a/at lecture/nn ,/, Rachel/np and/cc Scotty/np drove/vbd home/nr alone/rb in/in the/at Plymouth/np ./. They/ppss did/dod not/* speak/vb much/rb ./. Scotty/np gazed/vbd out/rp at/in ugly/jj gray/jj slums/nns and/cc said/vbd softly/rb ,/, ``/`` Look/vb at/in those/dts stupid/jj kids/nns ''/'' ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at Negro/np section/nn of/in peeling/vbg row/nn houses/nns ,/, store-front/nn churches/nns and/cc ragged/jj children/nns ./. Rachel/np had/hvd to/to bend/vb toward/in Scotty/np and/cc ask/vb him/ppo to/to repeat/vb ./. He/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Nothing/pn ''/'' ./. And/cc then/rb :/: ``/`` There/ex are/ber lots/nns of/in kids/nns around/in here/rb ''/'' ./. Scotty/np looked/vbd at/in the/at children/nns ,/, his/pp$ mouth/nn slightly/rb opened/vbn ,/, his/pp$ eyes/nns dull/jj ./. He/pps felt/vbd tired/jj and/cc full/jj and/cc calm/jj ./. Thirty-four/cd-hl the/at days/nns seemed/vbd short/jj ,/, perhaps/rb because/cs his/pp$ routine/nn was/bedz ,/, each/dt day/nn ,/, almost/rb the/at same/ap ./. He/pps rose/vbd late/rb and/cc went/vbd down/rp in/in his/pp$ bathrobe/nn and/cc slippers/nns to/to have/hv breakfast/nn either/cc alone/rb or/cc with/in Rachel/np ./. Virginia/np treated/vbd him/ppo with/in attention/nn and/cc tried/vbd to/to tempt/vb his/pp$ appetite/nn with/in special/jj food/nn :/: biscuits/nns ,/, cookies/nns ,/, candies/nns --/-- the/at result/nn of/in devoted/vbn hours/nns in/in the/at tiled/vbn kitchen/nn ./. She/pps would/md hover/vb over/in him/ppo and/cc ,/, looking/vbg like/cs her/pp$ brother/nn ,/, anxiously/rb watch/vb the/at progress/nn of/in Scotty's/np$ fork/nn or/cc spoon/nn ./. ``/`` You/ppss don't/do* eat/vb enough/ap ,/, honey/nn ./. Try/vb to/to get/vb that/dt down/rp ''/'' ./. Rachel/np ,/, observing/vbg ,/, would/md say/vb ,/, ``/`` He/pps has/hvz to/to rediscover/vb his/pp$ own/jj capacity/nn ./. It'll/pps+md take/vb time/nn ''/'' ./. Virginia/np and/cc Rachel/np talked/vbd to/in each/dt other/ap quietly/rb now/rb ,/, as/cs allies/nns who/wps are/ber political/jj rather/rb than/cs natural/jj might/nn in/in a/at war/nn atmosphere/nn ./. Both/abx watched/vbd Scotty/np constantly/rb ,/, Rachel/np without/in seeming/vbg to/to ,/, Virginia/np openly/rb ,/, her/pp$ eyes/nns filled/vbn with/in concern/nn ./. Scotty/np was/bedz neutral/jj ./. He/pps did/dod not/* resent/vb their/pp$ supervision/nn or/cc Virginia's/np$ sometimes/rb tiring/vbg sympathy/nn ./. He/pps ate/vbd what/wdt he/pps felt/vbd like/cs ,/, slept/vbd as/ql much/rb or/cc as/ql little/rb as/cs he/pps pleased/vbd ,/, and/cc moved/vbd about/in the/at draughty/jj rooms/nns of/in the/at house/nn ,/, when/wrb he/pps was/bedz not/* in/in bed/nn ,/, with/in slow/jj ,/, dubious/jj steps/nns ,/, like/cs an/at elderly/jj tourist/nn in/in a/at cathedral/nn ./. His/pp$ energy/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ./. He/pps was/bedz able/jj ,/, now/rb ,/, to/to sit/vb for/in hours/nns in/in a/at chair/nn in/in the/at living/vbg room/nn and/cc stare/vb out/rp at/in the/at bleak/jj yard/nn without/in moving/vbg ./. His/pp$ hands/nns lay/vbd loosely/rb ,/, yet/cc stiffly/rb --/-- they/ppss were/bed like/cs wax/nn hands/nns :/: almost/ql lifelike/jj ,/, not/* quite/ql --/-- folded/vbn in/in his/pp$ lap/nn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ mouth/nn hung/vbd slightly/ql open/jj ./. When/wrb he/pps was/bedz asked/vbn a/at question/nn or/cc addressed/vbn in/in such/abl a/at way/nn that/cs some/dti response/nn was/bedz inescapable/jj ,/, he/pps would/md answer/vb ;/. ;/. if/cs ,/, as/cs often/rb happened/vbd ,/, he/pps had/hvd to/to repeat/vb because/cs he/pps had/hvd spoken/vbn too/ql softly/rb ,/, he/pps would/md repeat/vb his/pp$ words/nns in/in the/at same/ap way/nn ,/, without/in emphasis/nn or/cc impatience/nn ,/, only/rb a/at little/ql louder/jjr ./. He/pps had/hvd not/* mentioned/vbn Kate/np ./. He/pps had/hvd not/* even/rb thought/vbn about/in her/ppo much/rb except/in once/rb or/cc twice/rb at/in night/nn in/in bed/nn when/wrb his/pp$ slowly/rb ranging/vbg thoughts/nns would/md abruptly/rb ,/, almost/ql accidentally/rb ,/, encounter/vb her/ppo ./. At/in these/dts times/nns he/pps felt/vbd a/at kind/nn of/in pain/nn in/in his/pp$ upper/jj chest/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz an/at objective/jj pain/nn ,/, in/in no/at way/nn different/jj from/in others/nns in/in intensity/nn and/cc not/* different/jj in/in kind/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz like/cs the/at bandaged/vbn wound/nn on/in the/at back/nn of/in his/pp$ head/nn which/wdt occasionally/rb throbbed/vbd ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz merely/rb another/dt part/nn of/in his/pp$ weakness/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz calm/jj ,/, drugged/vbn ,/, and/cc lazy/jj ./. He/pps did/dod not/* care/vb ./. Rachel/np mentioned/vbd Kate/np ./. She/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss notice/vb the/at girl/nn from/in across/in the/at street/nn hasn't/hvz* bothered/vbn to/to phone/vb or/cc visit/vb ''/'' ./. Scotty/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` That's/dt+bez all/ql right/jj ./. Kate's/np+bez all/ql right/jj ''/'' ./. He/pps thought/vbd about/in it/ppo briefly/rb ,/, then/rb deliberately/rb turned/vbd the/at talk/nn to/in something/pn else/rb ./. Once/rb ,/, sitting/vbg at/in the/at front/jj window/nn in/in his/pp$ parents'/nns$ room/nn ,/, he/pps saw/vbd Kate/np come/vb out/rp of/in her/pp$ house/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz with/in Elizabeth/np ./. They/ppss were/bed far/rb off/rp and/cc looked/vbd tiny/jj ./. The/at heavy/jj branches/nns in/in his/pp$ front/jj yard/nn would/md hide/vb and/cc then/rb reveal/vb them/ppo ./. They/ppss turned/vbd at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in Kate's/np$ steps/nns and/cc moved/vbd off/rp in/in the/at direction/nn of/in the/at park/nn ./. He/pps thought/vbd he/pps saw/vbd --/-- it/pps awakened/vbd and/cc ,/, for/in a/at moment/nn ,/, interested/vbd him/ppo --/-- that/cs Elizabeth/np held/vbd a/at leash/nn in/in her/pp$ hand/nn and/cc that/cs a/at round/jj fuzzy/jj puppy/nn was/bedz on/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at leash/nn ./. Then/rb they/ppss disappeared/vbd and/cc Scotty/np got/vbd up/rp and/cc went/vbd into/in his/pp$ own/jj room/nn and/cc got/vbd into/in bed/nn ./. By/in the/at time/nn he/pps was/bedz under/in the/at covers/nns he/pps had/hvd forgotten/vbn about/in seeing/vbg Kate/np ./. The/at doctor/nn ,/, since/cs Scotty/np was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr allowed/vbn to/to make/vb his/pp$ regular/jj trips/nns into/in town/nn to/to see/vb him/ppo ,/, came/vbd often/rb and/cc informally/rb to/in the/at house/nn ./. He/pps would/md sit/vb ,/, slim-waisted/jj and/cc spare/jj ,/, on/in the/at edge/nn of/in Scotty's/np$ bed/nn ,/, his/pp$ legs/nns crossed/vbn so/ql elaborately/rb that/cs the/at crossed/vbn foot/nn could/md tap/vb the/at floor/nn ./. Scotty/np did/dod not/* mind/vb the/at doctor's/nn$ unsmiling/jj teasing/nn as/cs he/pps used/vbd to/to ./. ``/`` Husky/jj young/jj man/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd with/in mock/jj distaste/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss imagine/vb you're/ppss+ber always/rb battling/vbg in/in school/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* go/vb to/to school/vb any/ql more/rbr ''/'' ./. ``/`` Pardon/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at doctor/nn had/hvd to/to bend/vb close/rb to/to hear/vb ;/. ;/. his/pp$ delicate/jj hand/nn ,/, as/ql veined/vbn as/cs a/at moth's/nn$ wing/nn ,/, rested/vbd absently/rb on/in Scotty's/np$ chest/nn ./. Scotty/np said/vbd the/at same/ap words/nns more/ql loudly/rb ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ./. Well/uh ,/, we're/ppss+ber taking/vbg a/at little/jj vacation/nn ,/, that's/dt+bez all/abn ''/'' ./. He/pps turned/vbd unsmilingly/rb to/in Rachel/np ./. ``/`` I/ppss think/vb by/in the/at end/nn of/in next/ap week/nn he/pps could/md get/vb out/rp in/in the/at air/nn a/at little/jj ./. He/pps could/md now/rb but/cc the/at weakness/nn is/bez very/ql definite/jj ;/. ;/. it/pps would/md exhaust/vb him/ppo further/rbr and/cc unnecessarily/rb ./. He'll/pps+md be/be stronger/jjr soon/rb ''/'' ./. His/pp$ stethoscope/nn was/bedz on/in the/at table/nn by/in Scotty's/np$ bed/nn and/cc he/pps picked/vbd it/ppo up/rp and/cc wagged/vbd it/ppo at/in Scotty/np ./. He/pps said/vbd fussily/rb ,/, ``/`` Just/rb keep/vb the/at cap/nn on/in those/dts strong/jj emotions/nns ''/'' ./. The/at stethoscope/nn glinted/vbd silver/nn in/in the/at darkening/vbg room/nn ./. ``/`` I'll/ppss+md drop/vb by/rb again/rb in/in a/at few/ap days/nns ''/'' ./. Rachel/np stayed/vbd on/rp after/cs the/at doctor/nn had/hvd gone/vbn ./. She/pps smoothed/vbd the/at covers/nns on/in Scotty's/np$ bed/nn and/cc picked/vbd things/nns up/rp from/in the/at floor/nn ./. She/pps did/dod not/* touch/vb him/ppo ./. Scotty/np watched/vbd with/in disinterest/nn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* speak/vb ./. He/pps had/hvd no/at desire/nn to/to ./. She/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Do/do you/ppss think/vb you'll/ppss+md miss/vb school/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps had/hvd noticed/vbn how/wql formal/jj and/cc irritably/ql exact/jj Rachel/np had/hvd grown/vbn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* care/vb ./. He/pps felt/vbd her/pp$ irritability/nn did/dod not/* concern/vb him/ppo ,/, yet/cc he/pps knew/vbd he/pps would/md not/* care/vb even/rb if/cs it/pps did/dod ./. He/pps shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ./. ``/`` We've/ppss+hv had/hvn any/dti number/nn of/in calls/nns about/in you/ppo ./. You/ppss could/md win/vb a/at popularity/nn contest/nn at/in that/dt school/nn without/in any/dti trouble/nn ./. Miss/np Estherson/np called/vbd twice/rb ./. She/pps wants/vbz to/to pay/vb you/ppo a/at visit/nn ./. She/pps says/vbz the/at children/nns miss/vb you/ppo ./. Apparently/rb you/ppss were/bed the/at light/nn of/in their/pp$ lives/nns ''/'' ./. Scotty/np shrugged/vbd slightly/rb ./. Rachel/np came/vbd close/rb to/in the/at bed/nn ,/, bent/vbd as/cs if/cs she/pps would/md kiss/vb him/ppo ,/, then/rb moved/vbd away/rb ./. She/pps was/bedz frowning/vbg ./. ``/`` That/dt doctor/nn annoys/vbz me/ppo ''/'' ./. She/pps seemed/vbd to/to speak/vb to/in herself/ppl ./. ``/`` Do/do you/ppo suppose/vb his/pp$ self-consciousness/nn is/bez characteristic/jj of/in the/at new/jj Negro/np professionals/nns or/cc merely/rb of/in doctors/nns in/in general/jj ''/'' ?/. ?/. She/pps turned/vbd to/in him/ppo again/rb ./. ``/`` Well/uh ,/, Mrs./np Charles/np --/-- Sally/np --/-- has/hvz phoned/vbn too/rb ./. She/pps was/bedz very/ql worried/vbn ''/'' ./. Rachel's/np$ tone/nn was/bedz dry/jj ./. ``/`` She/pps didn't/dod* really/rb say/vb ''/'' --/-- She/pps glanced/vbd away/rb at/in the/at floor/nn ,/, then/rb swooped/vbd gracefully/rb and/cc picked/vbd up/rp one/cd of/in Scotty's/np$ slippers/nns ./. ``/`` I/ppss mean/vb ,/, do/do you/ppss feel/vb like/cs seeing/vbg Kate/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. Scotty/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ''/'' ./. It/pps was/bedz true/jj ./. He/pps did/dod not/* ./. There/ex was/bedz the/at slight/jj pain/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz no/ql different/jj from/in the/at throbbing/nn in/in his/pp$ head/nn ./. ``/`` Well/uh ,/, there's/ex+bez time/nn ,/, in/in any/dti case/nn ./. We'll/ppss+md wait/vb till/cs you're/ppss+ber stronger/jjr and/cc then/rb talk/vb about/in it/ppo ''/'' ./. She/pps put/vbd the/at slipper/nn neatly/rb by/in its/pp$ mate/nn at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at bed/nn ./. Scotty/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Okay/jj ''/'' ./. This/dt time/nn Rachel/np kissed/vbd him/ppo lightly/rb on/in the/at forehead/nn ./. Scotty/np was/bedz pleased/vbn ./. His/pp$ father/nn was/bedz a/at constant/jj visitor/nn ./. Scotty/np would/md hear/vb the/at front/jj door/nn in/in the/at evening/nn and/cc then/rb his/pp$ father's/nn$ deep/jj slow/jj voice/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps floated/vbd up/in the/at stairs/nns ./. ``/`` How's/wrb+bez Scotty/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc Rachel's/np$ or/cc Virginia's/np$ reply/nn :/: ``/`` better/jjr ./. He's/pps+bez getting/vbg plenty/nn of/in rest/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Is/bez his/pp$ appetite/nn improved/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Or/cc :/: ``/`` Does/doz he/pps get/vb exercise/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at exchange/nn was/bedz almost/ql invariable/jj ,/, and/cc Scotty/np ,/, in/in his/pp$ bed/nn ,/, could/md hear/vb every/at word/nn of/in it/ppo ./. He/pps never/rb smiled/vbd ./. It/pps required/vbd an/at energy/nn he/pps no/ql longer/rbr possessed/vbd to/to be/be satirical/jj about/in his/pp$ father/nn ./. His/pp$ father/nn would/md come/vb upstairs/rb and/cc stand/vb self-consciously/rb at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at bed/nn and/cc look/vb at/in his/pp$ son/nn ./. After/in a/at pause/nn ,/, during/in which/wdt he/pps studied/vbd Scotty's/np$ face/nn as/cs if/cs Scotty/np were/bed not/* there/rb and/cc could/md not/* study/vb him/ppo too/rb ,/, Mr./np McKinley/np would/md ask/vb the/at same/ap questions/nns he/pps had/hvd asked/vbn downstairs/rb ./. Scotty/np would/md reply/vb softly/rb and/cc his/pp$ father/nn ,/, apologetically/rb ,/, would/md ask/vb him/ppo to/to repeat/vb ./. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem eating/vbg more/ap ''/'' ,/, he/pps would/md say/vb ./. Or/cc :/: ``/`` I/ppss walk/vb around/in the/at house/nn a/at lot/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Perhaps/rb you/ppss should/md get/vb out/rp a/at little/jj ''/'' ./. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem not/* supposed/vbn to/to yet/rb ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* irritated/vbn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* mind/vb the/at useless/jj ,/, kindly/jj questions/nns ./. He/pps looked/vbd at/in the/at lined/vbn face/nn with/in vague/jj interest/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps felt/vbd he/pps was/bedz noting/vbg it/ppo ,/, as/cs if/cs it/pps were/bed something/pn he/pps might/md think/vb about/in when/wrb he/pps grew/vbd stronger/jjr ./. Mr./np McKinley/np examined/vbd everything/pn with/in critical/jj care/nn ,/, seeking/vbg something/pn material/nn to/to blame/vb for/in his/pp$ son's/nn$ illness/nn ./. ``/`` Have/hv you/ppss got/vbn enough/ap blankets/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc another/dt time/nn ,/, without/in accusation/nn :/: ``/`` You/ppss never/rb wore/vbd that/dt scarf/nn I/ppss bought/vbd you/ppo ''/'' ./.

ck02

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leer:1 threaten:1 hundred:1 malevolency:1 distance:3 flash:2 slash:1 ray:1 absorb:1 reflect:1 softer:1 diffuse:1 radiance:1 need:1 protective:1 ridge:1 work:2 gut:1 area:1 beyond:1 east:1 west:1 coast:1 korean:1 peninsula:1 furtively:1 crawl:1 sweaty:2 anticipation:1 movement:1 shout:2 amidst:1 confused:1 muzzle:1 arm:1 raise:1 spot:1 whisper:1 small:4 blackness:1 quietly:1 disappear:1 line:1 lie:1 likewise:1 shoulder:2 crew:1 short:1 vague:1 knoll:1 fire:1 rest:2 ease:2 safety:1 gently:1 slowly:1 sneak:1 cloth:1 bandoleer:1 mark:1 upper:2 body:4 aj:1 within:3 quick:1 reach:1 serve:1 overheat:1 armpit:1 cool:1 air:1 although:1 armored:1 vest:1 fit:2 snugly:1 security:1 crouch:1 surround:1 band:1 retreat:1 watch:2 certain:1 menace:1 imaginary:1 stare:1 fascinated:1 horror:1 sticky:1 stock:1 aware:1 insistent:1 inner:1 beating:1 prisoner:1 seek:1 release:1 rigid:1 ivory:1 baton:1 dilute:1 pallid:1 attention:1 shatter:1 grotesque:1 medieval:1 damnation:1 scene:1 tension:1 rough:1 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Where/wrb their/pp$ sharp/jj edges/nns seemed/vbd restless/jj as/cs sea/nn waves/nns thrusting/vbg themselves/ppls upward/rb in/in angry/jj motion/nn ,/, Papa-san/np sat/vbd glacier-like/jj ,/, his/pp$ smooth/jj solidity/nn ,/, his/pp$ very/ap immobility/nn defying/vbg all/abn the/at turmoil/nn about/in him/ppo ./. ``/`` Our/pp$ objective/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at colonel/nn had/hvd said/vbn that/dt day/nn of/in the/at briefing/nn ,/, ``/`` is/bez Papa-san/np ''/'' ./. There/rb the/at objective/nn sat/vbd ,/, brooding/vbg over/in all/abn ./. Gouge/vb ,/, burn/vb ,/, blast/vb ,/, insult/vb it/ppo as/cs they/ppss would/md ,/, could/md anyone/pn really/rb take/vb Papa-san/np ?/. ?/. Between/in the/at ponderous/jj hulk/nn and/cc himself/ppl ,/, in/in the/at valley/nn over/in which/wdt Papa-san/np reigned/vbd ,/, men/nns had/hvd hidden/vbn high/jj explosives/nns ,/, booby/jj traps/nns ,/, and/cc mines/nns ./. The/at raped/vbn valley/nn was/bedz a/at pregnant/jj womb/nn awaiting/vbg abortion/nn ./. On/in the/at forward/jj slope/nn in/in front/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj post/nn stretched/vbd two/cd rows/nns of/in barbed/vbn wire/nn ./. At/in the/at slope's/nn$ base/nn coils/nns of/in concertina/nn stretched/vbd out/rp of/in eye/nn range/nn like/cs a/at wild/jj tangle/nn of/in children's/nns$ hoops/nns ,/, stopped/vbd simultaneously/rb ,/, weirdly/rb poised/vbn as/cs if/cs awaiting/vbg the/at magic/nn of/in the/at child's/nn$ touch/nn to/to start/vb them/ppo all/abn rolling/vbg again/rb ./. Closer/rbr still/rb ,/, regular/jj barricades/nns of/in barbed/vbn wire/nn hung/vbd on/in timber/nn supports/nns ./. Was/bedz it/pps all/abn vain/jj labor/nn ?/. ?/. Who/wps would/md clean/vb up/rp the/at mess/nn when/wrb the/at war/nn was/bedz over/jj ?/. ?/. Smiling/vbg at/in his/pp$ quixotic/jj thoughts/nns ,/, Warren/np turned/vbd back/rb from/in the/at opening/nn and/cc lit/vbd a/at cigarette/nn before/cs sitting/vbg down/rp ./. Tonight/nr a/at group/nn of/in men/nns ,/, tomorrow/nr night/nn he/pps himself/ppl ,/, would/md go/vb out/in there/rb somewhere/rb and/cc wait/vb ./. If/cs he/pps were/bed to/to go/vb with/in White/np ,/, he/pps would/md be/be out/in there/rb two/cd days/nns ,/, not/* just/rb listening/vbg in/in the/at dark/nn at/in some/dti point/nn between/in here/rb and/cc Papa-san/np ,/, but/cc moving/vbg ever/rb deeper/rbr into/in enemy/nn land/nn --/-- behind/in Papa-san/np --/-- itself/ppl ./. Was/bedz this/dt what/wdt he/pps had/hvd expected/vbn ?/. ?/. He/pps hadn't/hvd* realized/vbn that/cs there/ex would/md be/be so/ql much/ap time/nn to/to think/vb ,/, so/ql many/ap lulls/nns ./. Somehow/rb he/pps had/hvd forgotten/vbn what/wdt he/pps must/md have/hv been/ben told/vbn ,/, that/cs combat/nn was/bedz an/at intermittent/jj activity/nn ./. Now/rb he/pps knew/vbd that/cs the/at moment/nn illuminated/vbn by/in the/at vision/nn on/in the/at train/nn would/md have/hv to/to be/be approached/vbn ./. It/pps could/md take/vb place/nn tomorrow/nr night/nn ,/, or/cc it/pps might/md occur/vb months/nns from/in now/rb ./. There/ex was/bedz just/rb too/ql much/ap time/nn ./. Time/nn to/to become/vb afraid/jj ./. White's/np$ suggestion/nn flattered/vbd ,/, but/cc he/pps did/dod not/* like/vb the/at identity/nn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* spill/vb over/rp with/in hatred/nn for/in the/at enemy/nn ./. He/pps hadn't/hvd* even/rb seen/vbn him/ppo yet/rb Pressing/vbg his/pp$ cigarette/nn out/rp in/in the/at earth/nn ,/, Warren/np walked/vbd to/in the/at slit/nn and/cc scanned/vbd the/at jagged/jj hills/nns ./. He/pps saw/vbd no/at life/nn ,/, but/cc still/rb stood/vbd there/rb for/in a/at time/nn peering/vbg at/in the/at unlovely/jj hills/nns ,/, his/pp$ gaze/nn continually/rb returning/vbg to/in Papa-san/np ./. He/pps had/hvd come/vbn here/rb in/in order/nn to/to test/vb himself/ppl ./. While/cs most/ap of/in his/pp$ beliefs/nns were/bed still/rb unsettled/vbn ,/, he/pps knew/vbd that/cs he/pps did/dod not/* believe/vb in/in killing/vbg ./. Yet/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz here/rb ./. He/pps had/hvd come/vbn because/cs he/pps could/md not/* live/vb out/rp his/pp$ life/nn feeling/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at coward/nn ./. There/ex were/bed ten/cd men/nns on/in the/at patrol/nn which/wdt Sergeant/nn-tl Prevot/np led/vbd out/rp that/dt next/ap night/nn ./. The/at beaming/vbg ROK/nn was/bedz carrying/vbg a/at thirty-caliber/jj machine/nn gun/nn ;/. ;/. another/dt man/nn lugged/vbd the/at tripod/nn and/cc a/at box/nn of/in ammunition/nn ./. Warren/np and/cc White/jj-tl each/dt carried/vbd ,/, in/in addition/nn to/in their/pp$ own/jj weapons/nns and/cc ammo/nn ,/, a/at box/nn of/in ammo/nn for/in the/at ROK's/np$ machine/nn gun/nn ./. Others/nns carried/vbd extra/jj clips/nns for/in the/at Browning/np-tl Automatic/jj-tl Rifle/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz in/in the/at hands/nns of/in a/at little/jj Mexican/np named/vbd Martinez/np ./. Prevot/np had/hvd briefed/vbn the/at two/cd new/jj men/nns that/dt afternoon/nn ./. ``/`` We/ppss just/rb sit/vb quiet/jj and/cc wait/vb ''/'' ,/, Prevot/np had/hvd said/vbn ./. ``/`` Be/be sure/jj the/at man/nn nearest/in you/ppo is/bez awake/jj ./. If/cs Joe/np doesn't/doz* show/vb up/rp ,/, we'll/ppss+md all/abn be/be back/rb here/rb at/in 0600/cd hours/nns ./. Otherwise/rb ,/, we/ppss hold/vb a/at reception/nn ./. Then/rb we/ppss pull/vb out/rp under/in our/pp$ mortar/nn and/cc artillery/nn cover/nn ,/, but/cc nobody/pn pulls/vbz out/rp until/cs I/ppss say/vb so/rb ./. Remember/vb what/wdt I/ppss said/vbd about/in going/vbg out/rp to/to get/vb anybody/pn left/vbn behind/rb ?/. ?/. That/dt still/rb holds/vbz ./. We/ppss bring/vb back/rb all/abn dead/jj and/cc wounded/vbn ''/'' ./. At/in 2130/cd hours/nns they/ppss had/hvd passed/vbn through/in the/at barbed/vbn wire/nn at/in the/at point/nn of/in departure/nn ./. Then/rb began/vbd the/at journey/nn through/in their/pp$ own/jj mine/nn fields/nns ./. Mines/nns ./. Ours/pp$$ were/bed kinder/jjr than/cs theirs/pp$$ ,/, some/dti said/vbd ./. They/ppss set/vbd bouncing/vbg betties/nns to/to jump/vb and/cc explode/vb at/in testicle/nn level/nn while/cs we/ppss more/ql mercifully/rb had/hvd them/ppo go/vb off/rp at/in the/at head/nn ./. Mines/nns ./. Big/jj ones/nns and/cc little/jj ./. The/at crude/jj wooden/jj boxes/nns of/in the/at enemy/nn ,/, our/pp$ nicely/rb turned/vbn gray/jj metal/nn disks/nns ./. But/cc theirs/pp$$ defied/vbd the/at detectors/nns ./. Mines/nns ./. A/at foot/nn misplaced/vbn ,/, a/at leg/nn missing/vbg ./. Mines/nns ./. All/abn sizes/nns :/: big/jj ones/nns ,/, some/dti wired/vbn to/to set/vb off/rp a/at whole/jj field/nn ,/, little/jj ones/nns ,/, hand/nn grenade/nn size/nn ./. Booby/jj traps/nns to/to fill/vb the/at head/nn with/in chunks/nns of/in metal/nn ./. Warren/np tried/vbd to/to shake/vb off/rp the/at jumble/nn of/in his/pp$ fears/nns by/in looking/vbg at/in the/at sky/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz dark/jj ./. Prevot/np had/hvd said/vbn that/cs the/at searchlights/nns would/md be/be bounced/vbn off/in the/at clouds/nns at/in 2230/cd hours/nns ,/, ``/`` which/wdt gives/vbz us/ppo time/nn to/to get/vb settled/vbn in/in position/nn ''/'' ./. Because/cs they/ppss were/bed new/jj men/nns and/cc to/to be/be sure/jj that/cs they/ppss didn't/dod* get/vb lost/vbn ,/, Prevot/np had/hvd placed/vbn Warren/np and/cc White/np in/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at patrol/nn as/cs it/pps filed/vbd out/rp ./. His/pp$ eyes/nns now/rb fixed/vbn on/in White's/np$ solid/jj figure/nn ,/, Warren/np could/md hear/vb behind/in him/ppo the/at tread/nn of/in another/dt ./. He/pps could/md also/rb hear/vb the/at stream/nn which/wdt he/pps had/hvd seen/vbn from/in his/pp$ position/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed going/vbg to/to follow/vb it/ppo for/in part/nn of/in their/pp$ journey/nn ./. ``/`` It's/pps+bez safe/jj ''/'' ,/, Prevot/np had/hvd said/vbn ,/, ``/`` and/cc it/pps provides/vbz cover/nn for/in our/pp$ noise/nn ''/'' ./. Soon/rb they/ppss were/bed picking/vbg their/pp$ way/nn along/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at stream/nn which/wdt glowed/vbd in/in the/at night/nn ./. On/in their/pp$ right/nr rose/vbd the/at embankment/nn covered/vbn with/in brush/nn and/cc trees/nns ./. If/cs a/at branch/nn extended/vbd out/rp too/ql far/rb ,/, each/dt man/nn held/vbd it/ppo back/rb for/in the/at next/ap ,/, and/cc if/cs they/ppss met/vbd a/at low/jj overhang/nn ,/, each/dt warned/vbd the/at other/ap ./. Thus/rb ,/, stealthily/rb they/ppss advanced/vbd upstream/rb ;/. ;/. then/rb they/ppss turned/vbd to/in the/at right/nr ,/, climbed/vbd the/at embankment/nn ,/, and/cc walked/vbd into/in the/at valley/nn again/rb ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at cover/nn here/rb ,/, only/ap grass/nn sighing/vbg against/in pant-legs/nns ./. And/cc with/in each/dt sigh/nn ,/, like/cs a/at whip/nn in/in the/at hand/nn of/in an/at expert/nn ,/, the/at grass/nn stripped/vbd something/pn from/in Warren/np ./. The/at gentle/jj whir/nn of/in each/dt footstep/nn left/vbd him/ppo more/ql naked/jj than/cs before/rb ,/, until/cs he/pps felt/vbd his/pp$ unprotected/jj flesh/nn tremble/vb ,/, chilled/vbn by/in each/dt new/jj sound/nn ./. The/at shapes/nns of/in the/at men/nns ahead/rb of/in him/ppo lacked/vbn solidity/nn ,/, as/cs if/cs the/at whip/nn had/hvd stripped/vbn them/ppo of/in their/pp$ very/ap flesh/nn ./. The/at dark/jj forms/nns moved/vbd like/cs mourners/nns on/in some/dti nocturnal/jj pilgrimage/nn ,/, their/pp$ dirge/nn unsung/jj for/in want/nn of/in vocal/jj chords/nns ./. The/at warped/vbn ,/, broken/vbn trees/nns in/in the/at valley/nn assumed/vbd wraith-like/jj shapes/nns ./. Clumps/nns of/in brush/nn that/wpo they/ppss passed/vbd were/bed so/ql many/ap enchained/vbn demons/nns straining/vbg in/in anger/nn to/to tear/vb and/cc gnaw/vb on/in his/pp$ bones/nns ./. Looming/vbg over/in all/abn ,/, Papa-san/np leered/vbd down/rp at/in him/ppo ,/, threatening/vbg a/at hundred/cd hidden/vbn malevolencies/nns ./. Off/rp in/in the/at distance/nn a/at searchlight/nn flashed/vbd on/rp ,/, its/pp$ beam/nn slashing/vbg the/at sky/nn ./. The/at sharp/jj ray/nn was/bedz absorbed/vbn by/in a/at cloud/nn ,/, then/rb reflected/vbn to/in the/at earth/nn in/in a/at softer/jjr ,/, diffused/vbn radiance/nn ./. Somewhere/rb over/in there/rb another/dt patrol/nn had/hvd need/nn of/in light/nn ./. Warren/np thought/vbd of/in all/abn the/at men/nns out/rp that/dt night/nn who/wps ,/, like/cs himself/ppl ,/, had/hvd left/vbn their/pp$ protective/jj ridge/nn and/cc --/-- fear/nn working/vbg at/in their/pp$ guts/nns --/-- picked/vbd their/pp$ way/nn into/in the/at area/nn beyond/rb ./. From/in the/at east/nr to/in the/at west/nr coast/nn of/in the/at Korean/jj peninsula/nn was/bedz a/at strip/nn of/in land/nn in/in which/wdt fear-filled/jj men/nns were/bed at/in that/dt same/ap moment/nn furtively/rb crawling/vbg through/in the/at night/nn ,/, sitting/vbg in/in sweaty/jj anticipation/nn of/in any/dti movement/nn or/cc sound/nn ,/, or/cc shouting/vbg amidst/in confused/vbn rifle/nn flashes/nns and/cc muzzle/nn blasts/nns ./. White's/np$ arm/nn went/vbd up/rp and/cc Warren/np raised/vbd his/pp$ own/jj ./. The/at patrol/nn was/bedz stopping/vbg ./. Prevot/np came/vbd up/rp ``/`` ./. Take/vb that/dt spot/nn over/in there/rb ''/'' ,/, he/pps whispered/vbd ,/, pointing/vbg to/in a/at small/jj clump/nn of/in blackness/nn ./. ``/`` Give/vb me/ppo your/pp$ machine/nn gun/nn ammo/nn ''/'' ./. Warren/np handed/vbd him/ppo the/at metal/nn box/nn and/cc Prevot/np quietly/rb disappeared/vbd down/in the/at line/nn ./. Lying/vbg in/in the/at grass/nn behind/in the/at brush/nn clump/nn ,/, Warren/np looked/vbd about/rb ./. The/at others/nns likewise/rb had/hvd hidden/vbn themselves/ppls in/in the/at grass/nn and/cc the/at brush/nn ./. Over/in his/pp$ shoulder/nn he/pps could/md see/vb Prevot/np with/in the/at machine/nn gun/nn crew/nn ./. Even/rb at/in this/dt short/jj distance/nn they/ppss were/bed only/rb vague/jj shapes/nns ,/, setting/vbg up/rp the/at machine/nn gun/nn on/in a/at small/jj knoll/nn so/cs that/cs it/pps could/md fire/vb above/in the/at heads/nns of/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at patrol/nn ./. Warren/np eased/vbd his/pp$ rifle's/nn$ safety/nn off/rp and/cc gently/rb ,/, slowly/rb sneaked/vbd another/dt clip/nn of/in ammunition/nn from/in one/cd of/in the/at cloth/nn bandoleers/nns that/wps marked/vbd the/at upper/jj part/nn of/in his/pp$ body/nn with/in an/at Aj/nn ./. This/dt he/pps placed/vbd within/in quick/jj reach/nn ./. The/at walk/nn and/cc his/pp$ fears/nns had/hvd served/vbn to/to overheat/vb him/ppo and/cc his/pp$ sweaty/jj armpits/nns cooled/vbd at/in the/at touch/nn of/in the/at night/nn air/nn ./. Although/cs the/at armored/vbn vest/nn fitted/vbd the/at upper/jj part/nn of/in his/pp$ body/nn snugly/rb ,/, he/pps felt/vbd no/at security/nn ./. Figures/nns seemed/vbd to/to crouch/vb in/in the/at surrounding/vbg dark/nn ;/. ;/. in/in the/at distance/nn he/pps saw/vbd a/at band/nn of/in men/nns who/wps seemed/vbd to/to advance/vb and/cc retreat/vb even/rb as/cs he/pps watched/vbd ./. Certain/jj this/dt menace/nn was/bedz only/rb imaginary/jj ,/, he/pps yet/rb stared/vbd in/in fascinated/vbn horror/nn ,/, his/pp$ hand/nn sticky/jj against/in the/at stock/nn of/in his/pp$ weapon/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz aware/jj of/in insistent/jj inner/jj beatings/nns ,/, as/cs if/cs prisoners/nns within/in sought/vbn release/nn from/in his/pp$ rigid/jj body/nn ./. Above/rb ,/, the/at glowing/vbg ivory/jj baton/nn of/in their/pp$ searchlight/nn pointed/vbn at/in the/at clouds/nns ,/, diluting/vbg the/at valley's/nn$ dark/nn to/in a/at pallid/jj light/nn ./. Then/rb the/at figures/nns which/wdt held/vbd his/pp$ attention/nn became/vbd a/at group/nn of/in shattered/vbn trees/nns ,/, standing/vbg like/cs the/at grotesques/nns of/in a/at medieval/jj damnation/nn scene/nn ./. Even/rb so/rb ,/, he/pps could/md not/* ease/vb the/at tension/nn of/in his/pp$ body/nn ;/. ;/. the/at rough/jj surface/nn of/in the/at earth/nn itself/ppl seemed/vbd to/to resist/vb every/at attempt/nn on/in his/pp$ part/nn to/to relax/vb ./. Sensing/vbg the/at unseen/jj presence/nn of/in the/at other/ap men/nns in/in the/at patrol/nn ,/, he/pps felt/vbd mutely/rb united/vbn to/in these/dts nine/cd near-strangers/nns sharing/vbg this/dt pinpoint/nn of/in being/beg with/in him/ppo ./. He/pps sensed/vbd something/pn precious/jj in/in the/at perilous/jj moment/nn ,/, something/pn akin/jj to/in the/at knowledge/nn gained/vbn on/in his/pp$ bicycle/nn trip/nn through/in the/at French/jj countryside/nn ,/, a/at knowledge/nn imprisoned/vbn in/in speechlessness/nn ./. --/-- In/in France/np he/pps had/hvd puzzled/vbn the/at meaning/nn of/in the/at great/jj stone/nn monuments/nns men/nns had/hvd thrown/vbn up/rp to/in the/at sky/nn ,/, and/cc always/rb as/cs he/pps wandered/vbd ,/, he/pps felt/vbd a/at stranger/nn to/in their/pp$ exultation/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed poems/nns in/in a/at strange/jj language/nn ,/, of/in which/wdt he/pps could/md barely/rb touch/vb a/at meaning/nn --/-- enough/ap to/to make/vb his/pp$ being/beg ache/nn with/in the/at desire/nn for/in the/at fullness/nn he/pps sensed/vbd there/rb ./. Brittany/np ,/, that/dt stone-gray/jj mystery/nn through/in which/wdt he/pps traveled/vbd for/in thirty/cd days/nns ,/, sleeping/vbg in/in the/at barns/nns of/in farmers/nns or/cc alongside/in roads/nns ,/, had/hvd worked/vbn some/dti subtle/jj change/nn in/in him/ppo ,/, he/pps knew/vbd ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz in/in Brittany/np that/cs he/pps had/hvd met/vbn Pierre/np ./. Pierre/np had/hvd no/at hands/nns ;/. ;/. they/ppss had/hvd been/ben severed/vbn at/in the/at wrists/nns ./. With/in leather/nn cups/nns fitted/vbn in/in his/pp$ handlebars/nns ,/, he/pps steered/vbd his/pp$ bicycle/nn ./. He/pps and/cc Warren/np had/hvd traveled/vbn together/rb for/in four/cd days/nns ./. They/ppss visited/vbd the/at shipyards/nns at/in Brest/np and/cc Pierre/np had/hvd to/to sign/vb the/at register/nn ,/, vouching/vbg for/in the/at integrity/nn of/in the/at visiting/vbg foreigner/nn ./. He/pps took/vbd the/at pen/nn in/in his/pp$ stumps/nns and/cc began/vbd to/to write/vb ./. ``/`` Wait/vb !/. !/. Wait/vb ''/'' !/. !/. Cried/vbd the/at guard/nn who/wps ran/vbd from/in the/at hut/nn to/to shout/vb to/in other/ap men/nns standing/vbg about/rb outside/rb ./. They/ppss crowded/vbd the/at small/jj room/nn and/cc peered/vbd over/in one/cd another's/dt$ shoulders/nns to/to watch/vb the/at handless/jj man/nn write/vb his/pp$ name/nn in/in the/at book/nn ./. ``/`` C'est/fw-dt+bez formidable/fw-jj ''/'' ,/, they/ppss exclaimed/vbd ./. ``/`` Mais/fw-cc ,/, oui/fw-rb ./. C'est/fw-dt+bez merveilleux/fw-jj ''/'' ./. And/cc then/rb the/at questions/nns came/vbd ,/, eager/jj ,/, interested/jj questions/nns ,/, and/cc many/ap compliments/nns on/in his/pp$ having/hvg overcome/vbn his/pp$ infirmity/nn ./. ``/`` Doesn't/doz* it/pps ever/rb bother/vb you/ppo ''/'' ,/, Warren/np had/hvd asked/vbn ,/, ``/`` to/to have/hv people/nns always/rb asking/vbg you/ppo about/in your/pp$ hands/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, the/at French/nps are/ber a/at very/ql curious/jj people/nns ''/'' ,/, Pierre/np had/hvd laughed/vbn ./. ``/`` They/ppss are/ber also/rb honest/jj seekers/nns after/in truth/nn ./. Now/rb the/at English/nps are/ber painfully/rb silent/jj about/in my/pp$ missing/vbg hands/nns ./. They/ppss refuse/vb to/to mention/vb or/cc to/to notice/vb that/cs they/ppss are/ber not/* there/rb ./. The/at Americans/nps ,/, like/cs yourself/ppl ,/, take/vb the/at fact/nn for/in granted/vbn ,/, try/vb to/to be/be helpful/jj ,/, but/cc don't/do* ask/vb questions/nns ./. I'm/ppss+bem used/vbn to/in all/abn three/cd ,/, but/cc I/ppss think/vb the/at French/nps have/hv the/at healthiest/jjt attitude/nn ''/'' ./. That/dt was/bedz the/at day/nn that/cs Pierre/np had/hvd told/vbn Warren/np about/in the/at Abbey/nn-tl of/in-tl Solesmes/np-tl ./. ``/`` You/ppss are/ber looking/vbg tired/jj and/cc there/rb you/ppss can/md rest/vb ./. It/pps will/md be/be good/jj for/in you/ppo ./. I/ppss think/vb ,/, too/rb ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, his/pp$ dark/jj eyes/nns mischievous/jj ,/, ``/`` that/cs you/ppss will/md find/vb there/rb some/dti clue/nn to/in the/at secret/nn of/in the/at cathedrals/nns about/in which/wdt you/ppss have/hv spoken/vbn ''/'' ./. Within/in two/cd weeks/nns Warren/np was/bedz ringing/vbg the/at bell/nn at/in the/at abbey/nn gate/nn ./. The/at monk/nn who/wps opened/vbd the/at door/nn immediately/rb calmed/vbd his/pp$ worries/nns about/in his/pp$ reception/nn :/: ``/`` I/ppss speak/vb English/np ''/'' ,/, the/at old/jj man/nn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` but/cc I/ppss do/do not/* hear/vb it/ppo very/ql well/rb ''/'' ./. He/pps smiled/vbd and/cc stuck/vbd a/at large/jj finger/nn with/in white/jj hairs/nns sprouting/vbg on/in it/ppo into/in his/pp$ ear/nn as/cs though/cs that/dt might/md help/vb ./. Smiling/vbg at/in Warren's/np$ protestations/nns ,/, the/at old/jj monk/nn took/vbd his/pp$ grip/nn from/in him/ppo and/cc led/vbd him/ppo down/in a/at corridor/nn to/in a/at small/jj parlor/nn ./. ``/`` Will/md you/ppss please/vb wait/vb in/in here/rb ./.

ck03

ck03 |@word mickie:4 sit:4 second:1 whisky:2 rock:1 little:5 bar:2 next:1 funeral:1 parlor:1 pennsylvania:3 avenue:1 al:2 cafe:1 small:4 dark:2 narrow:1 fill:1 mingled:1 scent:1 beer:1 tobacco:1 smoke:1 italian:1 cooking:1 hang:2 oil:1 painting:2 nude:2 accept:1 student:2 corcoran:1 gallery:1 need:1 eat:1 drink:2 break:2 black:3 haired:1 elfin:1 call:2 eloise:1 one:8 place:1 moonan:1 could:9 go:5 back:6 booth:1 without:1 anyone:2 notice:1 least:1 come:7 around:4 want:2 know:8 low:2 patron:1 taxi:1 driver:1 art:1 shopkeeper:1 reporter:1 yet:1 discover:1 hideaway:1 friend:2 jane:4 wise:1 enough:2 realize:2 man:13 good:3 company:2 even:1 weigh:1 much:2 mint:1 widow:1 writer:1 die:2 airplane:1 crash:1 find:4 job:1 head:2 historical:1 section:1 treasury:1 mean:4 sort:1 press:1 clipping:1 like:9 receptive:1 interested:2 pleasant:2 glow:2 say:10 see:5 president:9 jeff:3 lawrence:10 romantic:2 think:4 world:1 divinely:1 inspire:1 right:3 key:1 divine:1 justice:1 altruism:1 appear:2 focus:2 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Mickie/np sat/vbd over/in his/pp$ second/od whisky-on-the-rocks/nn in/in a/at little/jj bar/nn next/rb to/in the/at funeral/nn parlor/nn on/in Pennsylvania/np-tl Avenue/nn-tl ./. Al's/np$ Little/jj-tl Cafe/nn-tl was/bedz small/jj ,/, dark/jj ,/, narrow/jj ,/, and/cc filled/vbn with/in the/at mingled/vbn scent/nn of/in beer/nn ,/, tobacco/nn smoke/nn ,/, and/cc Italian/jj cooking/nn ./. Hanging/vbg over/in the/at bar/nn was/bedz an/at oil/nn painting/nn of/in a/at nude/jj Al/np had/hvd accepted/vbn from/in a/at student/nn at/in the/at Corcoran/np-tl Gallery/nn-tl who/wps needed/vbd to/to eat/vb and/cc drink/vb and/cc was/bedz broke/jj ./. The/at nude/jj was/bedz small/jj and/cc black-haired/jj and/cc elfin/jj ,/, and/cc was/bedz called/vbn ``/`` Eloise/np ''/'' ./. This/dt was/bedz one/cd place/nn where/wrb Moonan/np could/md go/vb for/in a/at drink/nn in/in a/at back/jj booth/nn without/in anyone/pn noticing/vbg him/ppo ,/, or/cc at/in least/ap coming/vbg up/rp and/cc hanging/vbg around/rb and/cc wanting/vbg to/to know/vb all/abn the/at low-down/nn ./. The/at other/ap patrons/nns were/bed taxi/nn drivers/nns and/cc art/nn students/nns and/cc small/jj shopkeepers/nns ./. The/at reporters/nns had/hvd not/* yet/rb discovered/vbn that/cs this/dt was/bedz his/pp$ hideaway/nn ./. His/pp$ friend/nn Jane/np was/bedz with/in him/ppo ./. She/pps was/bedz wise/jj enough/qlp to/to realize/vb a/at man/nn could/md be/be good/jj company/nn even/rb if/cs he/pps did/dod weigh/vb too/ql much/ap and/cc didn't/dod* own/vb the/at mint/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz the/at widow/nn of/in a/at writer/nn who/wps had/hvd died/vbn in/in an/at airplane/nn crash/nn ,/, and/cc Mickie/np had/hvd found/vbn her/ppo a/at job/nn as/cs head/nn of/in the/at historical/jj section/nn of/in the/at Treasury/nn-tl ./. This/dt meant/vbd sorting/vbg out/rp press/nn clippings/nns and/cc the/at like/jj ./. Jane/np sat/vbd receptive/jj and/cc interested/jj ./. Mickie/np had/hvd a/at pleasant/jj glow/nn as/cs he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` You/ppss see/vb ,/, both/abx of/in them/ppo ,/, I/ppss mean/vb the/at President/nn-tl and/cc Jeff/np Lawrence/np ,/, are/ber romantics/nns ./. A/at romantic/nn is/bez one/pn who/wps thinks/vbz the/at world/nn is/bez divinely/rb inspired/vbn and/cc all/abn he/pps has/hvz to/to do/do is/bez find/vb the/at right/jj key/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb divine/jj justice/nn and/cc altruism/nn will/md appear/vb ./. It's/pps+bez like/cs focusing/vbg a/at camera/nn ;/. ;/. the/at distant/jj ship/nn isn't/bez* there/rb until/cs you/ppss get/vb the/at focus/nn ./. You/ppss know/vb what/wdt I'm/ppss+bem talking/vbg about/in ./. I'm/ppss+bem sure/jj all/abn girls/nns feel/vb this/dt way/nn about/in men/nns until/cs they/ppss live/vb with/in them/ppo ./. ``/`` But/cc when/wrb it/pps comes/vbz to/in war/nn ,/, the/at Colonel/nn-tl knows/vbz what/wdt it/pps is/bez and/cc Jeff/np doesn't/doz* ./. Mr./np Christiansen/np knows/vbz that/cs a/at soldier/nn will/md get/vb the/at Distinguished/jj-tl Service/nn-tl Medal/nn-tl for/in conduct/nn that/wps would/md land/vb him/ppo in/in prison/nn for/in life/nn or/cc the/at electric/jj chair/nn as/cs a/at civilian/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd a/at mean/jj ,/, unbroken/jj sheer/jj bastard/nn in/in his/pp$ outfit/nn ,/, and/cc someone/pn invented/vbd the/at name/nn Trig/np for/in him/ppo ./. That's/dt+bez to/to say/vb ,/, he/pps was/bedz trigger/nn happy/jj ./. He'd/pps+md shoot/vb at/in anything/pn if/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at rear/jj end/nn of/in a/at horse/nn or/cc his/pp$ own/jj sentry/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at wiry/jj ,/, inscrutable/jj ,/, silent/jj country/nn boy/nn from/in the/at red/jj clay/nn of/in rural/jj Alabama/np ,/, and/cc he/pps spoke/vbd with/in the/at broad/jj drawl/nn that/wpo others/nns normally/rb make/vb fun/nn of/in ./. But/cc not/* in/in front/nn of/in Trig/np ./. I/ppss heard/vbd of/in some/dti that/wps tried/vbd it/ppo back/rb in/in the/at States/nns-tl ,/, and/cc he'd/pps+md knock/vb them/ppo clear/rb across/in the/at room/nn ./. There'd/ex+hvd been/ben a/at pretty/ql bad/jj incident/nn back/rb at/in the/at Marine/nn-tl base/nn ./. A/at New/jj-tl York/np-tl kid/nn ,/, a/at refugee/nn from/in one/cd of/in the/at Harlem/np gangs/nns ,/, made/vbd fun/nn of/in Trig's/np$ accent/nn ,/, and/cc drew/vbd a/at knife/nn ./. Before/cs the/at fight/nn was/bedz over/jj ,/, the/at Harlem/np boy/nn had/hvd a/at concussion/nn and/cc Trig/np was/bedz cut/vbn up/rp badly/rb ./. They/ppss caught/vbd Trig/np stealing/vbg liquor/nn from/in the/at officers'/nns$ mess/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps got/vbd a/at couple/nn of/in girls/nns in/in trouble/nn ./. The/at fear/nn of/in punishment/nn just/rb didn't/dod* bother/vb him/ppo ./. It/pps wasn't/bedz* there/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz left/vbn out/rp of/in him/ppo at/in birth/nn ./. This/dt is/bez why/wrb he/pps made/vbd such/abl a/at magnificent/jj soldier/nn ./. He/pps wasn't/bedz* troubled/vbn with/in the/at ordinary/jj ,/, rank-and-file/nn fear/nn that/wps overcomes/vbz and/cc paralyzes/vbz and/cc sends/vbz individual/ap soldiers/nns and/cc whole/jj companies/nns under/in fire/nn running/vbg in/in panic/nn ./. It/pps just/rb didn't/dod* occur/vb to/in Trig/np that/cs anything/pn serious/jj would/md happen/vb to/in him/ppo ./. Do/do you/ppo get/vb the/at picture/nn of/in the/at kind/nn of/in fellow/nn he/pps was/bedz ''/'' ?/. ?/. Jane/np nodded/vbd with/in a/at pleasant/jj smile/nn ./. ``/`` All/abn right/jj ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at sniper's/nn$ nest/nn in/in a/at mountain/nn cave/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz picking/vbg off/rp our/pp$ men/nns with/in devilish/jj accuracy/nn ./. The/at Colonel/nn-tl ordered/vbd that/cs it/pps be/be wiped/vbn out/rp ,/, and/cc I/ppss suggested/vbd ,/, '/' You/ppss ask/vb for/in volunteers/nns ,/, and/cc promise/vb each/dt man/nn on/in the/at patrol/nn a/at quart/nn of/in whisky/nn ,/, ten/cd dollars/nns and/cc a/at week-end/nn pass/nn to/in Davao/np ./. Trig/np was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at five/cd volunteers/nns ./. The/at patrol/nn snaked/vbd around/rb in/in back/nn of/in the/at cave/nn ,/, approached/vbd it/ppo from/in above/rb and/cc dropped/vbd in/rp suddenly/rb with/in wild/jj howls/nns ./. You/ppss could/md hear/vb them/ppo from/in our/pp$ outpost/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at lot/nn of/in shooting/vbg ./. We/ppss knew/vbd the/at enemy/nn was/bedz subdued/vbn ,/, because/cs a/at flare/nn was/bedz fired/vbn as/cs the/at signal/nn ./. So/rb we/ppss hurried/vbd over/rp ./. Two/cd of/in our/pp$ men/nns were/bed killed/vbn ,/, a/at third/od was/bedz wounded/vbn ./. Trig/np and/cc a/at very/ql black/jj colored/vbn boy/nn from/in Detroit/np had/hvd killed/vbn or/cc put/vbn out/rp of/in action/nn ten/cd guerrillas/nns by/in grenades/nns and/cc hand-to-hand/jj fighting/nn ./. When/wrb we/ppss got/vbd there/rb ,/, Trig/np and/cc the/at Negro/np were/bed quarreling/vbg over/in possession/nn of/in a/at gold/nn crucifix/nn around/in the/at neck/nn of/in a/at wounded/vbn Filipino/np ./. The/at colored/vbn boy/nn had/hvd it/ppo ,/, and/cc Trig/np lunged/vbd at/in him/ppo with/in a/at knife/nn and/cc said/vbd ,/, '/' Give/vb that/dt to/in me/ppo ,/, you/ppss black/jj bastard/nn ./. We/ppss don't/do* 'low/vb nigras/nns to/to walk/vb on/in the/at same/ap sidewalk/nn with/in white/jj men/nns where/wrb I/ppss come/vb from/in ./. ``/`` The/at Negro/np got/vbd a/at bad/jj slice/nn on/in his/pp$ chest/nn from/in the/at knife/nn wound/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt did/dod the/at Colonel/nn-tl do/do about/in the/at men/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. Jane/np asked/vbd in/in her/pp$ placid/jj ,/, interested/jj way/nn ./. Mickie/np laughed/vbd ./. ``/`` He/pps recommended/vbd both/abx of/in them/ppo for/in the/at DSM/nn and/cc the/at Detroit/np fellow/nn for/in the/at Purple/jj-tl Heart/nn-tl ,/, too/rb ,/, for/in a/at combat-inflicted/jj wound/nn ./. So/rb you/ppss see/vb Mr./np Christiansen/np knows/vbz what/wdt it's/pps+bez all/abn about/in ./. But/cc not/* Jeff/np Lawrence/np ./. When/wrb he/pps was/bedz in/in the/at war/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz in/in Law/nn-tl or/cc Supplies/nns-tl or/cc something/pn like/cs that/dt ,/, and/cc an/at old/jj buddy/nn of/in his/pp$$ told/vbd me/ppo he/pps would/md come/vb down/rp on/in Sundays/nrs to/in the/at Pentagon/nn-tl and/cc read/vb the/at citations/nns for/in medals/nns --/-- just/rb like/cs the/at one/cd we/ppss sent/vbd in/rp for/in Trig/np --/-- and/cc go/vb away/rb with/in a/at real/jj glow/nn ./. These/dts were/bed heroes/nns nine/cd feet/nns tall/jj to/in him/ppo ''/'' ./. Jefferson/np Lawrence/np was/bedz alone/jj at/in the/at small/jj ,/, perfectly/rb appointed/vbn table/nn by/in the/at window/nn looking/vbg out/rp over/in the/at river/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd dinner/nn and/cc sat/vbd there/rb over/in his/pp$ coffee/nn watching/vbg the/at winding/vbg pattern/nn of/in traffic/nn as/cs it/pps crossed/vbd the/at bridge/nn and/cc spread/vbd out/rp like/cs a/at serpent/nn with/in two/cd heads/nns ./. Beside/in him/ppo was/bedz Mrs./np Dalloway/np ./. He/pps thought/vbd how/wrb this/dt dainty/jj ,/, fragile/jj older/jjr woman/nn threading/vbg her/pp$ way/nn through/in the/at streets/nns of/in Westminster/np on/in a/at day/nn in/in June/np ,/, enjoying/vbg the/at flowers/nns in/in the/at shops/nns ,/, the/at greetings/nns from/in old/jj friends/nns ,/, but/cc never/rb really/rb drawing/vbg a/at deep/jj ,/, passionate/jj breath/nn ,/, was/bedz so/ql like/cs himself/ppl ./. He/pps ,/, and/cc Mrs./np Dalloway/np ,/, too/rb ,/, had/hvd never/rb permitted/vbn themselves/ppls the/at luxury/nn of/in joys/nns that/wps dug/vbd into/in the/at bone/nn marrow/nn of/in the/at spirit/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd not/* because/cs he/pps was/bedz both/abx poor/jj and/cc ambitious/jj ./. Poverty/nn imposes/vbz a/at kind/nn of/in chastity/nn on/in the/at ambitious/jj ./. They/ppss cannot/md* stop/vb to/to grasp/vb and/cc embrace/vb and/cc sit/vb in/in the/at back/jj seat/nn of/in cars/nns along/in a/at dark/jj country/nn lane/nn ./. No/rb ,/, they/ppss must/md look/vb the/at other/ap way/nn and/cc climb/vb one/cd more/ap painful/jj step/nn up/in the/at ladder/nn ./. He/pps made/vbd the/at decision/nn with/in his/pp$ eyes/nns open/jj ,/, or/cc so/rb he/pps thought/vbd ./. At/in any/dti cost/nn ,/, he/pps must/md leave/vb the/at dreary/jj Pennsylvania/np mining/vbg town/nn where/wrb his/pp$ father/nn was/bedz a/at pharmacist/nn ./. And/cc so/rb he/pps had/hvd ,/, so/rb he/pps had/hvd ./. At/in State/nn-tl College/nn-tl ,/, he/pps had/hvd no/at time/nn to/to walk/vb among/in the/at violets/nns on/in the/at water's/nn$ edge/nn ./. From/in his/pp$ room/nn he/pps could/md look/vb out/rp in/in springtime/nn and/cc see/vb the/at couples/nns hand/nn in/in hand/nn walking/vbg slowly/rb ,/, deliciously/rb ,/, across/in the/at campus/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps could/md smell/vb the/at sweet/jj vernal/jj winds/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* stone/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* unmoved/jj ./. He/pps had/hvd to/to teach/vb himself/ppl patiently/rb that/cs these/dts traps/nns were/bed not/* for/in him/ppo ./. He/pps must/md mentally/rb pull/vb the/at blinds/nns and/cc close/vb the/at window/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs all/abn that/wps existed/vbd was/bedz in/in the/at books/nns before/in him/ppo ./. At/in law/nn school/nn ,/, the/at same/ap ./. More/ap of/in this/dt stamping/nn down/rp of/in human/jj emotion/nn as/cs a/at young/jj lawyer/nn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. By/in the/at time/nn he/pps was/bedz prosperous/jj enough/qlp --/-- his/pp$ goals/nns were/bed high/jj --/-- he/pps was/bedz bald/jj and/cc afraid/jj of/in women/nns ./. The/at only/ap one/cd who/wps would/md have/hv him/ppo was/bedz his/pp$ cripple/nn ,/, the/at strange/jj unhappy/jj woman/nn who/wps became/vbd his/pp$ wife/nn ./. Perhaps/rb it/pps was/bedz right/jj ;/. ;/. perhaps/rb it/pps was/bedz just/jj ./. He/pps had/hvd dared/vbn to/to defy/vb nature/nn ,/, to/to turn/vb his/pp$ back/nn to/in the/at Lorelei/np ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz punished/vbn ./. Like/cs Mrs./np Dalloway/np ,/, with/in her/pp$ regrets/nns about/in Peter/np Walsh/np ,/, he/pps had/hvd his/pp$ moments/nns of/in melancholy/nn over/in a/at youth/nn too/ql well/rb spent/vbn ./. If/cs he/pps had/hvd had/hvn a/at son/nn ,/, he/pps would/md tell/vb him/ppo ,/, ``/`` Gather/vb ye/ppss rosebuds/nns while/cs ye/ppss may/md This/dt same/ap flower/nn that/wps smiles/vbz today/nr tomorrow/nr will/md be/be dying/vbg ''/'' ./. But/cc then/rb his/pp$ son/nn could/md afford/vb it/ppo ./. Lawrence/np was/bedz waiting/vbg for/in Bill/np Boxell/np ./. The/at Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl had/hvd called/vbn and/cc asked/vbn if/cs he/pps could/md see/vb the/at Secretary/nn-tl at/in his/pp$ home/nn ./. He/pps said/vbd the/at matter/nn was/bedz urgent/jj ./. The/at Secretary/nn-tl was/bedz uneasy/jj about/in the/at visit/nn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* like/vb Boxell/np ./. He/pps suspected/vbd something/pn underhanded/jj and/cc furtive/jj about/in him/ppo ./. Lawrence/np could/md not/* put/vb his/pp$ finger/nn on/in it/ppo precisely/rb ,/, and/cc this/dt worried/vbd him/ppo ./. When/wrb you/ppss disliked/vbd or/cc distrusted/vbd a/at man/nn ,/, you/ppss should/md have/hv a/at reason/nn ./. Human/jj nature/nn was/bedz not/* a/at piece/nn of/in meat/nn you/ppss could/md tell/vb was/bedz bad/jj by/in its/pp$ smell/nn ./. Lawrence/np stared/vbd a/at minute/nn at/in the/at lighted/vbn ribbon/nn of/in traffic/nn ,/, hoping/vbg that/cs a/at clue/nn to/in his/pp$ dislike/nn of/in the/at Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl would/md appear/vb ./. It/pps did/dod not/* ./. Therefore/rb ,/, he/pps decided/vbd he/pps was/bedz unfair/jj to/in the/at young/jj man/nn and/cc should/md make/vb an/at effort/nn to/to understand/vb and/cc sympathize/vb with/in his/pp$ point/nn of/in view/nn ./. A/at half/abn hour/nn later/rbr the/at Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl arrived/vbd ./. He/pps looked/vbd very/ql carefully/rb at/in every/at piece/nn of/in furnishing/nn ,/, as/cs though/cs hoping/vbg to/to store/vb this/dt information/nn carefully/rb in/in his/pp$ mind/nn ./. He/pps observed/vbd the/at Florentine/jj vase/nn in/in the/at hall/nn ,/, the/at Renoir/np painting/nn in/in the/at library/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at long/jj shelves/nns of/in well-bound/jj volumes/nns ;/. ;/. the/at pattern/nn of/in the/at Oriental/jj-tl rug/nn ,/, the/at delicate/jj cut-glass/nn chandelier/nn ./. He/pps said/vbd to/in the/at Secretary/nn-tl ,/, ``/`` I/ppss understand/vb you/ppss came/vbd from/in a/at little/jj Pennsylvania/np town/nn near/in Wilkes-Barre/np ./. How/wrb did/dod you/ppss find/vb out/rp about/in this/dt ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps waved/vbd his/pp$ arm/nn around/rb at/in the/at furnishings/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* a/at discourteous/jj question/nn ,/, Lawrence/np decided/vbd ./. This/dt young/jj man/nn had/hvd so/ql little/ap time/nn to/to learn/vb he/pps had/hvd to/to be/be curious/jj ;/. ;/. he/pps had/hvd to/to find/vb out/rp ./. The/at Secretary/nn-tl did/dod not/* tell/vb him/ppo at/in what/wdt cost/nn ,/, at/in what/wdt loneliness/nn ,/, he/pps learned/vbd these/dts things/nns ./. He/pps merely/rb said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Any/dti good/jj decorator/nn these/dts days/nns can/md make/vb you/ppo a/at tasteful/jj home/nn ''/'' ./. The/at Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl said/vbd ,/, ``/`` If/cs you/ppss hear/vb of/in any/dti names/nns that/wps would/md fix/vb me/ppo cheap/rb in/in return/nn for/in advertising/vbg they/ppss decorated/vbd the/at Vice/jj-tl President's/nn$-tl home/nn ,/, let/vb me/ppo know/vb ./. I/ppss can/md do/do business/nn with/in that/dt kind/nn ''/'' ./. Again/rb ,/, Lawrence/np thought/vbd a/at little/ql sadly/rb ,/, these/dts were/bed the/at fees/nns of/in poverty/nn and/cc ambition/nn ./. Boxell/np did/dod not/* have/hv the/at chance/nn to/to grow/vb up/rp graciously/rb ./. He/pps had/hvd to/to acquire/vb everything/pn he/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to get/vb in/in four/cd years/nns ./. They/ppss had/hvd brandy/nn in/in the/at library/nn ./. Boxell/np looked/vbd at/in Lawrence/np with/in a/at searching/vbg glance/nn ,/, the/at kind/nn that/wpo a/at prosecuting/vbg attorney/nn would/md give/vb a/at man/nn on/in trial/nn ./. What/wdt are/ber your/pp$ weaknesses/nns ?/. ?/. Where/wrb will/md you/ppss break/vb ?/. ?/. How/wrb best/rbt to/to destroy/vb your/pp$ peace/nn ?/. ?/. The/at Vice/jj-tl President/nn-tl said/vbd with/in a/at slight/jj bluster/nn ,/, ``/`` There/ex isn't/bez* anyone/pn who/wps loves/vbz the/at President/nn-tl more/rbr than/cs I/ppss do/do ./. Old/jj Chris/np is/bez my/pp$ ideal/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, you/ppss have/hv to/to face/vb facts/nns and/cc realize/vb that/cs a/at man/nn who's/wps+hvz been/ben in/in the/at Marine/nn-tl Corps/nn-tl all/abn his/pp$ life/nn doesn't/doz* understand/vb much/ap about/in politics/nn ./. What/wdt does/doz a/at monk/nn know/vb about/in sex/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Lawrence/np listened/vbd with/in the/at practiced/vbn ,/, deceptive/jj calm/nn of/in the/at lawyer/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ face/nn was/bedz in/in the/at shadow/nn ./. ``/`` So/uh ,/, we/ppss have/hv to/to protect/vb the/at old/jj man/nn for/in his/pp$ own/jj good/nn ./. You/ppss see/vb what/wdt I/ppss mean/vb ./. Congress/np is/bez full/jj of/in politicians/nns ,/, and/cc if/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to get/vb along/rb with/in them/ppo ,/, you/ppss have/hv to/to be/be politic/jj ./. This/dt is/bez why/wrb I/ppss say/vb we/ppss just/rb can't/md* go/vb ahead/rb and/cc disarm/vb the/at Germans/nps and/cc pull/vb down/rp our/pp$ own/jj defenses/nns ./. Let/vb me/ppo tell/vb you/ppo what/wdt happened/vbd to/in me/ppo today/nr ./. A/at fellow/nn came/vbd up/rp to/in me/ppo ,/, a/at Senator/nn-tl ,/, I/ppss don't/do* have/hv to/to tell/vb you/ppo his/pp$ name/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps told/vbd me/ppo ,/, '/' I/ppss love/vb the/at President/nn-tl like/cs a/at brother/nn ,/, but/cc God/np damn/vb it/ppo ,/, he's/pps+bez crucifying/vbg me/ppo ./. I've/ppss+hv got/vbn a/at quarter/nn of/in a/at million/cd Germans/nps in/in my/pp$ state/nn ,/, and/cc those/dts krautheads/nns tune/vb in/rp on/in Father/nn-tl Werther/np every/at night/nn ,/, and/cc if/cs he/pps tells/vbz them/ppo to/to go/vb out/rp and/cc piss/vb in/in the/at public/jj square/nn ,/, that's/dt+bez what/wdt they/ppss do/do ./. He's/pps+bez telling/vbg them/ppo now/rb to/to write/vb letters/nns to/in their/pp$ Congressmen/nns-tl opposing/vbg the/at disarmament/nn of/in Germany/np ./. And/cc another/dt one/cd comes/vbz to/in me/ppo and/cc he/pps says/vbz ,/, '/' Look/vb here/rb ,/, there's/ex+bez a/at mill/nn in/in my/pp$ state/nn employs/vbz five/cd thousand/cd people/nns making/vbg uniforms/nns for/in the/at Navy/nn-tl ./.

ck04

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subscription:1 various:1 stop:1 open:1 yet:1 job:1 without:1 accomplish:1 mean:1 career:1

The/at Bishop/nn-tl looked/vbd at/in him/ppo coldly/rb and/cc said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Take/vb it/ppo or/cc leave/vb it/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. Literally/rb ,/, there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn else/rb to/to do/do ./. He/pps was/bedz caught/vbn in/in a/at machine/nn ./. But/cc Sojourner/np was/bedz not/* easily/rb excited/vbn or/cc upset/vbn and/cc said/vbd quite/ql calmly/rb :/: ``/`` Let's/vb+ppo go/vb and/cc see/vb what/wdt it's/pps+bez like/cs ''/'' ./. Annisberg/np was/bedz about/rb seventy-five/cd miles/nns west/nr of/in Birmingham/np ,/, near/in the/at Georgia/np border/nn and/cc on/in the/at Tallahoosa/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, a/at small/jj and/cc dirty/jj stream/nn ./. The/at city/nn was/bedz a/at center/nn of/in manufacture/nn ,/, especially/rb in/in textiles/nns ,/, and/cc also/rb because/rb of/in the/at beauty/nn of/in some/dti of/in its/pp$ surroundings/nns ,/, a/at residence/nn for/in many/ap owners/nns of/in the/at great/jj industries/nns in/in north/jj-tl Alabama/np-tl ./. But/cc it/pps had/hvd ,/, as/cs was/bedz usual/jj in/in southern/jj cities/nns of/in this/dt sort/nn ,/, a/at Black/jj-tl Bottom/nn-tl ,/, a/at low/jj region/nn near/in the/at river/nn where/wrb the/at Negroes/nps lived/vbd --/-- servants/nns and/cc laborers/nns huddled/vbn together/rb in/in a/at region/nn with/in no/at sewage/nn save/in the/at river/nn ,/, where/wrb streets/nns and/cc sidewalks/nns were/bed neglected/vbn and/cc where/wrb there/ex was/bedz much/ap poverty/nn and/cc crime/nn ./. Wilson/np came/vbd by/in train/nn from/in Birmingham/np and/cc looked/vbd the/at city/nn over/rp ;/. ;/. the/at rather/ql pleasant/jj white/jj city/nn was/bedz on/in the/at hill/nn where/wrb the/at chief/jjs stores/nns were/bed ./. Beyond/rb were/bed industries/nns and/cc factories/nns ./. Then/rb they/ppss went/vbd down/rp to/in Black/jj-tl Bottom/nn-tl ./. In/in the/at midst/nn of/in this/dt crowded/vbn region/nn was/bedz the/at Allen/np-tl African/jj-tl Methodist/jj-tl Episcopal/jj-tl Church/nn-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz an/at old/jj and/cc dirty/jj wooden/jj structure/nn ,/, sadly/rb in/in need/nn of/in repair/nn ./. But/cc it/pps was/bedz a/at landmark/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd been/ben there/rb 50/cd years/nns or/cc more/ap and/cc everybody/pn in/in town/nn ,/, black/jj and/cc white/jj ,/, knew/vbd of/in it/ppo ./. It/pps had/hvd just/rb suffered/vbn a/at calamity/nn ,/, the/at final/jj crisis/nn in/in a/at long/jj series/nn of/in calamities/nns ./. For/cs the/at old/jj preacher/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben there/rb twenty-five/cd years/nns was/bedz dead/jj ,/, and/cc the/at city/nn mourned/vbd him/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at loud-voiced/jj man/nn ,/, once/rb vigorous/jj but/cc for/in many/ap years/nns now/rb declining/vbg in/in strength/nn and/cc ability/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz stern/jj and/cc overbearing/jj with/in his/pp$ flock/nn ,/, but/cc obsequious/jj and/cc conciliatory/jj with/in the/at whites/nns ,/, especially/rb the/at rich/jj who/wps partly/rb supported/vbd the/at church/nn ./. The/at Deacon/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, headed/vbn by/in a/at black/jj man/nn named/vbn Carlson/np ,/, had/hvd practically/rb taken/vbn over/rp as/cs the/at pastor/nn grew/vbd old/jj ,/, and/cc had/hvd its/pp$ way/nn with/in the/at support/nn of/in the/at Amen/jj-tl corner/nn ./. The/at characteristic/jj thing/nn about/in this/dt church/nn was/bedz its/pp$ Amen/jj-tl corner/nn and/cc the/at weekly/jj religious/jj orgy/nn ./. A/at knot/nn of/in old/jj worshippers/nns ,/, chiefly/rb women/nns ,/, listened/vbd weekly/rb to/in a/at sermon/nn ./. It/pps began/vbd invariably/rb in/in low/jj tones/nns ,/, almost/ql conversational/jj ,/, and/cc then/rb gradually/rb worked/vbd up/rp to/in high/jj ,/, shrill/jj appeals/nns to/in God/np and/cc man/nn ./. And/cc then/rb the/at Amen/jj-tl corner/nn took/vbd hold/nn ,/, re-enacting/vbg a/at form/nn of/in group/nn participation/nn in/in worship/nn that/wps stemmed/vbd from/in years/nns before/in the/at Greek/jj chorus/nn ,/, spreading/vbg down/rp through/in the/at African/jj forest/nn ,/, overseas/rb to/in the/at West/jj-tl Indies/nps-tl ,/, and/cc then/rb here/rb in/in Alabama/np ./. With/in shout/nn and/cc slow/jj dance/nn ,/, with/in tears/nns and/cc song/nn ,/, with/in scream/nn and/cc contortion/nn ,/, the/at corner/nn group/nn was/bedz beset/vbn by/in hysteria/nn and/cc shivering/vbg ,/, wailing/vbg ,/, shouting/vbg ,/, possession/nn of/in something/pn that/wps seemed/vbd like/cs an/at alien/jj and/cc outside/jj force/nn ./. It/pps spread/vbd to/in most/ap of/in the/at audience/nn and/cc was/bedz often/rb viewed/vbn by/in visiting/vbg whites/nns who/wps snickered/vbd behind/in handkerchief/nn and/cc afterward/rb discussed/vbd Negro/np religion/nn ./. It/pps sometimes/rb ended/vbd in/in death-like/jj trances/nns with/in many/ap lying/vbg exhausted/vbn and/cc panting/vbg on/in chair/nn and/cc floor/nn ./. To/in most/ap of/in those/dts who/wps composed/vbd the/at Amen/jj-tl corner/nn it/pps was/bedz a/at magnificent/jj and/cc beautiful/jj experience/nn ,/, something/pn for/in which/wdt they/ppss lived/vbd from/in week/nn to/in week/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz often/rb re-enacted/vbn in/in less/ql wild/jj form/nn at/in the/at Wednesday/nr night/nn prayer/nn meeting/nn ./. Wilson/np ,/, on/in his/pp$ first/od Sunday/nr ,/, witnessed/vbd this/dt with/in something/pn like/cs disgust/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd preached/vbn a/at short/jj sermon/nn ,/, trying/vbg to/to talk/vb man-to-man/rb to/in the/at audience/nn ,/, to/to tell/vb them/ppo who/wps he/pps was/bedz ,/, what/wdt he/pps had/hvd done/vbn in/in Macon/np and/cc Birmingham/np ,/, and/cc what/wdt he/pps proposed/vbd to/to do/do here/rb ./. He/pps sympathized/vbd with/in them/ppo on/in the/at loss/nn of/in their/pp$ old/jj pastor/nn ./. But/cc then/rb ,/, at/in mention/nn of/in that/dt name/nn ,/, the/at Amen/jj-tl corner/nn broke/vbd loose/rb ./. He/pps had/hvd no/at chance/nn to/to say/vb another/dt word/nn ./. At/in the/at very/ap end/nn ,/, when/wrb the/at audience/nn was/bedz silent/jj and/cc breathless/jj ,/, a/at collection/nn was/bedz taken/vbn and/cc then/rb slowly/rb everyone/pn filed/vbd out/rp ./. The/at audience/nn did/dod not/* think/vb much/ap of/in the/at new/jj pastor/nn ,/, and/cc what/wdt the/at new/jj pastor/nn thought/vbd of/in the/at audience/nn he/pps did/dod not/* dare/vb at/in the/at time/nn to/to say/vb ./. During/in the/at next/ap weeks/nns he/pps looked/vbd over/rp the/at situation/nn ./. First/od of/in all/abn there/ex was/bedz the/at parsonage/nn ,/, an/at utterly/ql impossible/jj place/nn for/in civilized/vbn people/nns to/to live/vb in/in ,/, originally/rb poorly/rb conceived/vbn ,/, apparently/rb not/* repaired/vbn for/in years/nns ,/, with/in no/at plumbing/nn or/cc sewage/nn ,/, with/in rat-holes/nns and/cc rot/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz arranged/vbn that/cs he/pps would/md board/vb in/in the/at home/nn of/in one/cd of/in the/at old/jj members/nns of/in the/at church/nn ,/, a/at woman/nn named/vbn Catt/np who/wps ,/, as/cs Wilson/np afterward/rb found/vbd ,/, was/bedz briefly/rb referred/vbn to/in as/cs The/at-tl Cat/nn-tl because/cs of/in her/pp$ sharp/jj tongue/nn and/cc fierce/jj initiative/nn ./. Ann/np Catt/np was/bedz a/at lonely/jj ,/, devoted/vbn soul/nn ,/, never/rb married/vbn ,/, conducting/vbg a/at spotless/jj home/nn and/cc devoted/vbn to/in her/pp$ church/nn ,/, but/cc a/at perpetual/jj dissenter/nn and/cc born/vbn critic/nn ./. She/pps soared/vbd over/in the/at new/jj pastor/nn like/cs an/at avenging/vbg angel/nn lest/cs he/pps stray/vb from/in the/at path/nn and/cc not/* know/vb all/abn the/at truth/nn and/cc gossip/nn of/in which/wdt she/pps was/bedz chief/jjs repository/nn ./. Then/rb Wilson/np looked/vbd over/rp the/at church/nn and/cc studied/vbd its/pp$ condition/nn ./. The/at salary/nn of/in the/at pastor/nn had/hvd for/in years/nns been/ben $500/nns annually/rb and/cc even/rb this/dt was/bedz in/in arrears/nns ./. Wilson/np made/vbd up/rp his/pp$ mind/nn that/cs he/pps must/md receive/vb at/in least/ap $2,500/nns ,/, but/cc when/wrb he/pps mentioned/vbd this/dt to/in the/at Deacons/nns-tl they/ppss said/vbd nothing/pn ./. The/at church/nn itself/ppl must/md be/be repaired/vbn ./. It/pps was/bedz dirty/jj and/cc neglected/vbn ./. It/pps really/rb ought/md to/to be/be rebuilt/vbn ,/, and/cc he/pps determined/vbd to/to go/vb up/rp and/cc talk/vb to/in the/at city/nn banks/nns about/in this/dt ./. Meanwhile/rb ,/, the/at city/nn itself/ppl should/md be/be talked/vbn to/in ./. The/at streets/nns in/in the/at colored/vbn section/nn were/bed dirty/jj ./. There/ex was/bedz typhoid/nn and/cc malaria/nn ./. The/at children/nns had/hvd nowhere/rb to/to go/vb and/cc no/at place/nn to/to play/vb ,/, not/* even/rb sidewalks/nns ./. The/at school/nn was/bedz small/jj ,/, dark/jj and/cc ill-equipped/jj ./. The/at teacher/nn was/bedz a/at pliant/jj fool/nn ./. There/ex were/bed two/cd liquor/nn saloons/nns not/* very/ql far/rb from/in the/at church/nn ,/, one/cd white/jj ,/, that/wps is/bez conducted/vbn for/in white/jj people/nns with/in a/at side/nn entrance/nn for/in Negroes/nps ;/. ;/. the/at other/ap exclusively/ql Negro/np ./. Undoubtedly/rb ,/, there/ex was/bedz a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in gambling/vbg in/in both/abx ./. On/in the/at other/ap side/nn of/in the/at church/nn was/bedz a/at quiet/jj ,/, well-kept/jj house/nn with/in shutters/nns and/cc recently/rb painted/vbn ./. Wilson/np inquired/vbd about/in it/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz called/vbn Kent/np-tl House/nn-tl ./. The/at deacon/nn of/in the/at church/nn ,/, Carlson/np ,/, was/bedz its/pp$ janitor/nn ./. One/cd of/in the/at leading/vbg members/nns of/in the/at Amen/jj-tl corner/nn was/bedz cook/nn ;/. ;/. there/ex were/bed two/cd or/cc three/cd colored/vbn maids/nns employed/vbn there/rb ./. Wilson/np was/bedz told/vbn that/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at sort/nn of/in hotel/nn for/in white/jj people/nns ,/, which/wdt seemed/vbd to/in him/ppo rather/ql queer/jj ./. Why/wrb should/md a/at white/jj hotel/nn be/be set/vbn down/rp in/in the/at center/nn of/in Black/jj-tl Bottom/nn-tl ?/. ?/. But/cc nevertheless/rb it/pps looked/vbd respectable/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz glad/jj to/to have/hv it/ppo there/rb ./. The/at rest/nn of/in Black/jj-tl Bottom/nn-tl was/bedz a/at rabbit/nn warren/nn of/in homes/nns in/in every/at condition/nn of/in neglect/nn ,/, disrepair/nn and/cc careful/jj upkeep/nn ./. Dives/nns ,/, carefully/rb repaired/vbn huts/nns ,/, and/cc nicely/rb painted/vbn and/cc ornamented/vbn cottages/nns were/bed jumbled/vbn together/rb cheek/nn by/in jowl/nn with/in little/ap distinction/nn ./. The/at best/jjt could/md not/* escape/vb from/in the/at worst/jjt and/cc the/at worst/jjt nestled/vbd cosily/rb beside/in the/at better/jjr ./. The/at yards/nns ,/, front/jj and/cc back/jj ,/, were/bed narrow/jj ;/. ;/. some/dti were/bed trash/nn dumps/nns ,/, some/dti had/hvd flower/nn gardens/nns ./. Behind/rb were/bed privies/nns ,/, for/cs there/ex was/bedz no/at sewage/nn system/nn ./. After/cs looking/vbg about/rb a/at bit/nn ,/, Wilson/np discovered/vbd beyond/in Black/jj-tl Bottom/nn-tl ,/, across/in the/at river/nn and/cc far/rb removed/vbn from/in the/at white/jj city/nn ,/, a/at considerable/jj tract/nn of/in land/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps occurred/vbd to/in him/ppo that/cs the/at church/nn and/cc the/at better/jjr Negro/np homes/nns might/md gradually/rb be/be moved/vbn to/in this/dt plot/nn ./. He/pps talked/vbd about/in it/ppo to/in the/at Presiding/vbg-tl Elder/nn-tl ./. The/at Presiding/vbg-tl Elder/nn-tl looked/vbd him/ppo over/rp rather/ql carefully/rb ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* sure/jj what/wdt kind/nn of/in a/at man/nn he/pps had/hvd in/in hand/nn ./. But/cc there/ex was/bedz one/cd thing/nn that/wpo he/pps had/hvd to/to stress/vb ,/, and/cc that/dt was/bedz that/cs the/at contribution/nn to/in the/at general/jj church/nn expenses/nns ,/, the/at dollar/nn money/nn ,/, had/hvd been/ben seriously/rb falling/vbg behind/rb in/in this/dt church/nn ,/, and/cc that/dt must/md be/be looked/vbn after/rp immediately/rb ./. In/in fact/nn ,/, he/pps intimated/vbd clearly/rb that/cs that/dt was/bedz the/at reason/nn that/cs Wilson/np had/hvd been/ben sent/vbn here/rb --/-- to/to make/vb a/at larger/jjr contribution/nn of/in dollar/nn money/nn ./. Wilson/np stressed/vbd the/at fact/nn that/cs clear/jj as/cs this/dt was/bedz ,/, they/ppss must/md have/hv a/at better/jjr church/nn ,/, a/at more/ql business-like/jj conduct/nn of/in the/at church/nn organization/nn ,/, and/cc an/at effort/nn to/to get/vb this/dt religious/jj center/nn out/rp of/in its/pp$ rut/nn of/in wild/jj worship/nn into/in a/at modern/jj church/nn organization/nn ./. He/pps emphasized/vbd to/in the/at Presiding/vbg-tl Elder/nn-tl the/at plan/nn of/in giving/vbg up/rp the/at old/jj church/nn and/cc moving/vbg across/in the/at river/nn ./. The/at Presiding/vbg-tl Elder/nn-tl was/bedz sure/jj that/cs that/dt would/md be/be impossible/jj ./. But/cc he/pps told/vbd Wilson/np to/to ``/`` go/vb ahead/rb and/cc try/vb ''/'' ./. And/cc Wilson/np tried/vbd ./. It/pps did/dod seem/vb impossible/jj ./. The/at bank/nn which/wdt held/vbd the/at mortgage/nn on/in the/at old/jj church/nn declared/vbd that/cs the/at interest/nn was/bedz considerably/rb in/in arrears/nns ,/, and/cc the/at real/jj estate/nn people/nns said/vbd flatly/rb that/cs the/at land/nn across/in the/at river/nn was/bedz being/beg held/vbn for/in an/at eventual/jj development/nn for/in white/jj working/vbg people/nns who/wps were/bed coming/vbg in/rp ,/, and/cc that/cs none/pn would/md be/be sold/vbn to/in colored/vbn folk/nn ./. When/wrb it/pps was/bedz proposed/vbn to/to rebuild/vb the/at church/nn ,/, Wilson/np found/vbd that/cs the/at terms/nns for/in a/at new/jj mortgage/nn were/bed very/ql high/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz sure/jj that/cs he/pps could/md do/do better/rbr if/cs he/pps went/vbd to/in Atlanta/np to/to get/vb the/at deal/nn financed/vbn ./. But/cc when/wrb this/dt proposal/nn was/bedz made/vbn to/in his/pp$ Deacon/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ,/, he/pps met/vbd unanimous/jj opposition/nn ./. The/at church/nn certainly/rb would/md not/* be/be removed/vbn ./. The/at very/ap proposition/nn was/bedz sacrilege/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd been/ben here/rb fifty/cd years/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to stay/vb forever/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz hardly/rb possible/jj to/to get/vb any/dti argument/nn on/in the/at subject/nn ./. As/cs for/in rebuilding/vbg ,/, well/uh ,/, that/dt might/md be/be looked/vbn into/in ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at hurry/nn ,/, no/at hurry/nn at/in all/abn ./. Wilson/np again/rb went/vbd downtown/nr to/in a/at different/jj banker/nn ,/, an/at intelligent/jj young/jj white/jj man/nn who/wps seemed/vbd rather/ql sympathetic/jj ,/, but/cc he/pps shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ./. ``/`` Reverend/np ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss think/vb you/ppss don't/do* quite/rb understand/vb the/at situation/nn here/rb ./. Don't/do* you/ppo see/vb the/at amount/nn of/in money/nn that/wps has/hvz been/ben invested/vbn by/in whites/nns around/in that/dt church/nn ?/. ?/. Tenements/nns ,/, stores/nns ,/, saloons/nns ,/, some/dti gambling/nn ,/, I/ppss hope/vb not/* too/ql much/ap ./. The/at colored/vbn people/nns are/ber getting/vbg employment/nn at/in Kent/np-tl House/nn-tl and/cc other/ap places/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss are/ber near/in their/pp$ places/nns of/in employment/nn ./. When/wrb a/at city/nn has/hvz arranged/vbn things/nns like/vb this/dt you/ppss cannot/md* easily/rb change/vb them/ppo ./. Now/rb ,/, if/cs I/ppss were/bed you/ppss I/ppss would/md just/rb plan/vb to/to repair/vb the/at old/jj church/nn so/cs it/pps would/md last/vb for/in five/cd or/cc ten/cd years/nns ./. By/in that/dt time/nn ,/, perhaps/rb something/pn better/jjr can/md be/be done/vbn ''/'' ./. Then/rb Wilson/np asked/vbd ,/, ``/`` What/wdt about/in this/dt Kent/np-tl House/nn-tl which/wdt you/ppss mention/vb ?/. ?/. I/ppss don't/do* understand/vb why/wrb a/at white/jj hotel/nn should/md be/be down/in here/rb ''/'' ./. The/at young/jj banker/nn looked/vbd at/in him/ppo with/in a/at certain/ap surprise/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb he/pps said/vbd flatly/rb :/: ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem afraid/jj I/ppss can't/md* tell/vb you/ppo anything/pn in/in particular/ap about/in Kent/np-tl House/nn-tl ./. You'll/ppss+md have/hv to/to find/vb out/rp about/in it/ppo on/in your/pp$ own/jj ./. Hope/vb to/to see/vb you/ppo again/rb ''/'' ./. And/cc he/pps dismissed/vbd the/at colored/vbn pastor/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz next/ap day/nn that/cs Sojourner/np came/vbd and/cc sat/vbd beside/in him/ppo and/cc took/vbd his/pp$ hand/nn ./. She/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` My/pp$ dear/nn ,/, do/do you/ppss know/vb what/wdt Kent/np-tl House/nn-tl is/bez ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` No/rb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Wilson/np ,/, ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* ./. I/ppss was/bedz just/rb asking/vbg about/in it/ppo ./. What/wdt is/bez it/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` It's/pps+bez a/at house/nn of/in prostitution/nn for/in white/jj men/nns with/in white/jj girls/nns as/cs inmates/nns ./. They/ppss hire/vb a/at good/jj deal/nn of/in local/jj labor/nn ,/, including/in two/cd members/nns of/in our/pp$ Trustee/nn-tl Board/nn-tl ./. They/ppss buy/vb some/dti supplies/nns from/in our/pp$ colored/vbn grocers/nns and/cc they/ppss are/ber patronized/vbn by/in some/dti of/in the/at best/jjt white/jj gentlemen/nns in/in town/nn ''/'' ./. Wilson/np stared/vbd at/in her/ppo ./. ``/`` My/pp$ dear/nn ,/, you/ppss must/md be/be mistaken/vbn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Talk/vb to/in Mrs./np Catt/np ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ./. And/cc after/cs Wilson/np had/hvd talked/vbn to/in Mrs./np Catt/np and/cc to/in others/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz absolutely/ql amazed/vbn ./. This/dt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at sort/nn of/in thing/nn that/wps used/vbd to/to take/vb place/nn in/in Southern/jj-tl cities/nns --/-- putting/vbg white/jj houses/nns of/in prostitution/nn with/in colored/vbn girls/nns in/in colored/vbn neighborhoods/nns and/cc carrying/vbg them/ppo on/rp openly/rb ./. But/cc it/pps had/hvd largely/rb disappeared/vbn on/in account/nn of/in protest/nn by/in the/at whites/nns and/cc through/in growing/vbg resentment/nn on/in the/at part/nn of/in the/at Negroes/nps as/cs they/ppss became/vbd more/ql educated/vbn and/cc got/vbd better/jjr wages/nns ./. But/cc this/dt situation/nn of/in Kent/np-tl House/nn-tl was/bedz more/ql subtle/jj ./. The/at wages/nns involved/vbn were/bed larger/jjr and/cc more/ql regular/jj ./. The/at inmates/nns were/bed white/jj and/cc from/in out/rp of/in town/nn ,/, avoiding/vbg local/jj friction/nn ./. The/at backing/nn from/in the/at white/jj town/nn was/bedz greater/jjr and/cc there/ex was/bedz little/ap publicity/nn ./. Good/jj wages/nns ,/, patronage/nn and/cc subscription/nn of/in various/ap kinds/nns stopped/vbd open/jj protest/nn from/in Negroes/nps ./. And/cc yet/rb Wilson/np knew/vbd that/cs this/dt place/nn must/md go/vb or/cc he/pps must/md go/vb ./. And/cc for/in him/ppo to/to leave/vb this/dt job/nn now/rb without/in accomplishing/vbg anything/pn would/md mean/vb practically/rb the/at end/nn of/in his/pp$ career/nn in/in the/at Methodist/jj-tl church/nn ,/, if/cs not/* in/in all/abn churches/nns ./.

ck05

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Payne/np dismounted/vbd in/in Madison/np-tl Place/nn-tl and/cc handed/vbd the/at reins/nns to/in Herold/np ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at fog/nn ,/, which/wdt increased/vbd the/at darkness/nn of/in the/at night/nn ./. Two/cd gas/nn lamps/nns were/bed no/at more/ap than/cs a/at misleading/vbg glow/nn ./. He/pps might/md have/hv been/ben anywhere/rb or/cc nowhere/rb ./. The/at pretence/nn was/bedz that/cs he/pps was/bedz delivering/vbg a/at prescription/nn from/in Dr./nn-tl Verdi/np ./. Secretary/nn-tl of/in-tl State/nn-tl Seward/np was/bedz a/at sick/jj man/nn ./. The/at idea/nn had/hvd come/vbn from/in Herold/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd once/rb been/ben a/at chemist's/nn$ clerk/nn ./. The/at sick/jj were/bed always/rb receiving/vbg medicines/nns ./. No/at one/pn would/md question/vb such/abl an/at errand/nn ./. The/at bottle/nn was/bedz filled/vbn up/rp with/in flour/nn ./. Before/in Payne/np loomed/vbd the/at Old/jj-tl Clubhouse/nn-tl ,/, Seward's/np$ home/nn ,/, where/wrb Key/np had/hvd once/rb been/ben killed/vbn ./. Now/rb it/pps would/md have/hv another/dt death/nn ./. From/in the/at outside/nn it/pps was/bedz an/at ordinary/jj enough/qlp house/nn of/in the/at gentry/nn ./. He/pps clomped/vbd heavily/rb up/in the/at stoop/nn and/cc rang/vbd the/at bell/nn ./. Like/cs the/at bell/nn at/in Mass/nn-tl ,/, the/at doorbell/nn was/bedz pitched/vbn too/ql high/jj ./. It/pps was/bedz still/rb Good/jj-tl Friday/nr-tl ,/, after/in all/abn ./. A/at nigger/nn boy/nn opened/vbd the/at door/nn ./. Payne/np did/dod not/* notice/vb him/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz thinking/vbg chiefly/rb of/in Cap/np ./. If/cs their/pp$ schedules/nns were/bed to/to synchronize/vb ,/, there/ex was/bedz no/at point/nn in/in wasting/vbg time/nn ./. He/pps pushed/vbd his/pp$ way/nn inside/rb ./. For/in a/at moment/nn the/at hall/nn confused/vbd him/ppo ./. This/dt was/bedz the/at largest/jjt house/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb been/ben in/in ,/, almost/rb the/at largest/jjt building/nn ,/, except/rb for/in a/at hotel/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd no/at idea/nn where/wrb Seward's/np$ room/nn would/md be/be ./. In/in the/at half/abn darkness/nn the/at banisters/nns gleamed/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at hall/nn seemed/vbd enormous/jj ./. Above/in him/ppo somewhere/rb were/bed the/at bedrooms/nns ./. Seward/np would/md be/be up/in there/rb ./. He/pps explained/vbd his/pp$ errand/nn ,/, but/cc without/in bothering/vbg much/rb to/to make/vb it/ppo plausible/jj ,/, for/cs he/pps felt/vbd something/pn well/vb up/rp in/in him/ppo which/wdt was/bedz the/at reason/nn why/wrb he/pps had/hvd fled/vbn the/at army/nn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* really/rb want/vb to/to kill/vb ,/, but/cc as/cs in/in the/at sexual/jj act/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz a/at moment/nn when/wrb the/at impulse/nn took/vbd over/rp and/cc could/md not/* be/be downed/vbn ,/, even/rb while/cs you/ppss watched/vbd yourself/ppl giving/vbg way/nn to/in it/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr worried/vbn ./. Everything/pn would/md be/be all/ql right/jj ./. He/pps knew/vbd that/cs in/in this/dt mood/nn he/pps could/md not/* be/be stopped/vbn ./. Still/rb ,/, the/at sensation/nn always/rb surprised/vbd him/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at thrill/nn he/pps felt/vbd no/at part/nn in/in ./. He/pps could/md only/rb watch/vb with/in a/at sort/nn of/in gentle/jj dismay/nn while/cs his/pp$ body/nn did/dod these/dts quick/jj ,/, appalling/jj ,/, and/cc efficient/jj things/nns ./. He/pps brushed/vbd by/in the/at idiotic/jj boy/nn and/cc lumbered/vbd heavily/rb up/in the/at stairs/nns ./. They/ppss were/bed carpeted/vbn ,/, but/cc made/vbn for/in pumps/nns and/cc congress/nn gaiters/nns ,/, not/* the/at great/jj clodhoppers/nns he/pps wore/vbd ./. The/at sound/nn of/in his/pp$ footsteps/nns was/bedz like/cs a/at muffled/vbn drum/nn ./. At/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at stairs/nns he/pps ran/vbd into/in somebody/pn standing/vbg there/rb angrily/rb in/in a/at dressing/vbg gown/nn ./. He/pps stopped/vbd and/cc whispered/vbd his/pp$ errand/nn ./. Young/jj Frederick/np Seward/np held/vbd out/rp his/pp$ hand/nn ./. Panting/vbg a/at little/jj ,/, Payne/np shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ./. Dr./nn-tl Verdi/np had/hvd told/vbn him/ppo to/to deliver/vb his/pp$ package/nn in/in person/nn ./. Frederick/np Seward/np said/vbd his/pp$ father/nn was/bedz sleeping/vbg ,/, and/cc then/rb went/vbd through/in a/at pantomime/nn at/in his/pp$ father's/nn$ door/nn ,/, to/to prove/vb the/at statement/nn ./. ``/`` Very/ql well/rb ''/'' ,/, Payne/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss will/md go/vb ''/'' ./. He/pps smiled/vbd ,/, but/cc now/rb that/cs he/pps knew/vbd where/wrb the/at elder/jjr Seward/np was/bedz ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* intend/vb to/to go/vb ./. He/pps pulled/vbd out/rp his/pp$ pistol/nn and/cc fired/vbd it/ppo ./. It/pps made/vbd no/at sound/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd misfired/vbn ./. Reversing/vbg it/ppo ,/, he/pps smashed/vbd the/at butt/nn down/rp on/in Frederick/np Seward's/np$ head/nn ,/, over/rp and/cc over/rp again/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at first/od blow/nn that/wps was/bedz always/rb difficult/jj ./. After/in that/dt ,/, violence/nn was/bedz exultantly/ql easy/jj ./. He/pps got/vbd caught/vbn up/rp into/in it/ppo and/cc became/vbd a/at different/jj person/nn ./. Only/rb afterwards/rb did/dod an/at act/nn like/cs that/dt become/vb meaningless/jj ,/, so/cs that/cs he/pps would/md puzzle/vb over/in it/ppo for/in days/nns ,/, whereas/cs at/in the/at time/nn it/pps had/hvd seemed/vbn quite/ql real/jj ./. The/at nigger/nn boy/nn fled/vbd down/in the/at stairs/nns ,/, screaming/vbg ,/, ``/`` Murder/nn ''/'' ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* murder/nn at/in all/abn ./. Payne/np was/bedz more/ql methodical/jj than/cs that/dt ./. He/pps was/bedz merely/rb clearing/vbg a/at way/nn to/in what/wdt he/pps had/hvd to/to do/do ./. He/pps ran/vbd for/in the/at sick/jj room/nn ,/, found/vbd his/pp$ pistol/nn was/bedz broken/vbn ,/, and/cc threw/vbd it/ppo away/rb ./. A/at knife/nn would/md do/do ./. From/in childhood/nn he/pps had/hvd known/vbn all/abn about/in knives/nns ./. Someone/pn blocked/vbd the/at door/nn from/in inside/rb ./. He/pps smashed/vbd it/ppo in/rp and/cc tumbled/vbd into/in darkness/nn ./. He/pps saw/vbd only/ap dimly/rb moving/vbg figures/nns ,/, but/cc when/wrb he/pps slashed/vbd them/ppo they/ppss yelled/vbd and/cc fled/vbd ./. He/pps went/vbd for/in the/at bed/nn ,/, jumped/vbd on/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc struck/vbd where/wrb he/pps could/md ,/, repeatedly/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz like/cs finally/rb getting/vbg into/in one's/pn$ own/jj nightmares/nns to/to punish/vb one's/pn$ dreams/nns ./. Two/cd men/nns pulled/vbd him/ppo off/rp ./. Nobody/pn said/vbd anything/pn ./. Payne/np hacked/vbd at/in their/pp$ arms/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at lady/nn there/rb ,/, in/in a/at nightdress/nn ./. He/pps would/md not/* have/hv wanted/vbn to/to hurt/vb a/at lady/nn ./. Another/dt man/nn approached/vbd ,/, this/dt one/cd fully/ql dressed/vbn ./. When/wrb the/at knife/nn went/vbd into/in his/pp$ chest/nn ,/, he/pps went/vbd down/rp at/in once/rb ./. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem mad/jj ''/'' ,/, shouted/vbd Payne/np ,/, as/cs he/pps ran/vbd out/rp into/in the/at hall/nn ./. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem mad/jj ''/'' ,/, and/cc only/rb wished/vbd he/pps had/hvd been/ben ./. That/dt would/md have/hv made/vbn things/nns so/ql much/ql easier/jjr ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz not/* mad/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz only/rb dreaming/vbg ./. He/pps clattered/vbd down/in the/at stairs/nns and/cc out/rp of/in the/at door/nn ./. Somewhere/rb in/in the/at fog/nn ,/, the/at nigger/nn boy/nn was/bedz still/rb yelling/vbg murder/nn ./. One/pn always/rb wakes/vbz up/rp ,/, even/rb from/in one's/pn$ own/jj dreams/nns ./. The/at clammy/jj air/nn revived/vbd him/ppo ./. Herold/np ,/, he/pps saw/vbd ,/, had/hvd fled/vbn ./. Well/uh ,/, one/pn did/dod not/* expect/vb much/ap of/in people/nns like/cs Herold/np ./. He/pps unhitched/vbd his/pp$ horse/nn ,/, walked/vbd it/ppo away/rb ,/, mounted/vbd ,/, and/cc spurred/vbd it/ppo on/rp ./. The/at nigger/nn boy/nn was/bedz close/ql behind/in him/ppo ./. Then/rb the/at nigger/nn boy/nn turned/vbd back/rb and/cc he/pps was/bedz alone/jj ./. He/pps rode/vbd on/rp and/cc on/rp ./. He/pps had/hvd no/at idea/nn where/wrb he/pps was/bedz ./. After/cs some/dti time/nn he/pps came/vbd to/in an/at open/jj field/nn ./. An/at open/jj field/nn was/bedz better/jjr than/cs a/at building/nn ,/, that/dt was/bedz for/in sure/jj ,/, so/rb he/pps dismounted/vbd ,/, turned/vbd off/in the/at horse/nn ,/, and/cc plunged/vbd through/in the/at grass/nn ./. He/pps felt/vbd curiously/rb sleepy/jj ,/, the/at world/nn seemed/vbd far/rb away/rb ;/. ;/. he/pps knew/vbd he/pps should/md get/vb to/in Cap/np ,/, but/cc he/pps didn't/dod* know/vb how/wrb ./. He/pps was/bedz sure/jj ,/, for/cs he/pps had/hvd done/vbn as/cs he/pps was/bedz told/vbn ,/, hadn't/hvd* he/pps ?/. ?/. Cap/np would/md find/vb him/ppo and/cc take/vb care/nn of/in him/ppo ./. So/rb choosing/vbg a/at good/jj tree/nn ,/, he/pps clambered/vbd up/rp into/in it/ppo ,/, found/vbd a/at comfortable/jj notch/nn ,/, and/cc curled/vbd up/rp in/in it/ppo to/to sleep/vb ,/, like/cs the/at tousled/vbn bear/nn he/pps was/bedz ,/, with/in his/pp$ hands/nns across/in his/pp$ chest/nn ,/, as/cs though/cs surfeited/vbn with/in honey/nn ./. Violence/nn always/rb made/vbd him/ppo tired/jj ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz not/* frightened/vbn ./. In/in Boston/np ,/, Edwin/np Booth/np was/bedz winding/vbg up/rp a/at performance/nn of/in A/at-tl New/jj-tl Way/nn-tl To/to-tl Pay/vb-tl Old/jj-tl Debts/nns-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at part/nn so/ql familiar/jj to/in him/ppo that/cs he/pps did/dod not/* bother/vb to/to think/vb about/in it/ppo any/dti more/ap ./. Acting/vbg soothed/vbd him/ppo ./. On/in a/at stage/nn he/pps always/rb knew/vbd what/wdt to/to do/do ,/, and/cc tonight/nr ,/, to/to judge/vb by/in the/at applause/nn ,/, he/pps must/md be/be doing/vbg it/ppo better/rbr than/cs usual/rb ./. As/cs Sir/np Giles/np Overreach/np (/( how/wql often/rb had/hvd he/pps had/hvn to/to play/vb that/dt part/nn ,/, who/wps did/dod not/* believe/vb a/at word/nn of/in it/ppo )/) ,/, he/pps raised/vbd his/pp$ arm/nn and/cc declaimed/vbd :/: ``/`` Where/wrb is/bez my/pp$ honour/nn now/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. That/dt was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at high/jj spots/nns of/in the/at play/nn ./. The/at audience/nn ,/, as/cs usual/rb ,/, loved/vbd it/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz delighted/vbn to/to see/vb them/ppo so/ql happy/jj ./. If/cs he/pps had/hvd any/dti worries/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz only/rb the/at small/jj ones/nns ,/, about/in Mother/nn-tl in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, and/cc his/pp$ daughter/nn Edwina/np and/cc what/wdt she/pps might/md be/be doing/vbg at/in this/dt hour/nn ,/, with/in her/pp$ Aunt/nn-tl Asia/np ,/, in/in Philadelphia/np ./. Everyone/pn is/bez ambivalent/jj about/in his/pp$ profession/nn ,/, if/cs he/pps has/hvz practised/vbn it/ppo long/rb enough/qlp ,/, but/cc there/ex were/bed still/rb moments/nns when/wrb he/pps loved/vbd the/at stage/nn and/cc all/abn those/dts unseen/jj people/nns out/in there/rb ,/, who/wps might/md cheer/vb you/ppo or/cc boo/vb you/ppo ,/, but/cc that/dt was/bedz largely/rb ,/, though/cs not/* entirely/rb ,/, up/rp to/in you/ppo ./. They/ppss made/vbd the/at world/nn seem/vb friendly/jj somehow/rb ,/, though/cs he/pps knew/vbd it/pps was/bedz not/* ./. 7/cd-hl ,/, Wilkes/np was/bedz quite/ql right/jj about/in one/cd thing/nn ./. Laura/np Keene/np had/hvd been/ben in/in the/at green/jj room/nn ./. The/at commotion/nn had/hvd brought/vbn her/ppo into/in the/at wings/nns ./. Since/cs she/pps could/md not/* act/vb ,/, one/cd part/nn suited/vbd her/ppo as/ql well/rb as/cs any/dti other/ap ,/, and/cc so/rb she/pps was/bedz the/at first/od person/nn to/to offer/vb Mr./np Lincoln/np a/at glass/nn of/in water/nn ,/, holding/vbg it/ppo up/rp to/in the/at box/nn ,/, high/rb above/in her/pp$ head/nn ,/, to/in Miss/np Harris/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd asked/vbn for/in it/ppo ./. She/pps had/hvd been/ben one/cd of/in the/at first/od to/to collect/vb her/pp$ wits/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* so/ql much/rb that/cs the/at shot/nn had/hvd stunned/vbn the/at audience/nn ,/, as/cs that/cs they/ppss had/hvd been/ben stunned/vbn already/rb ./. Most/ap of/in them/ppo had/hvd seen/vbn Our/pp$-tl American/jj-tl Cousin/nn-tl before/rb ,/, and/cc unless/cs Miss/np Keene/np was/bedz on/in stage/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz not/* much/ap to/in it/ppo ./. The/at theatre/nn was/bedz hot/jj and/cc they/ppss were/bed drugged/vbn with/in boredom/nn ./. The/at stage/nn had/hvd been/ben empty/jj ,/, except/rb for/in Harry/np Hawk/np ,/, doing/vbg his/pp$ star/nn monologue/nn ./. The/at audience/nn was/bedz fond/jj of/in Harry/np Hawk/np ,/, he/pps was/bedz a/at dear/jj ,/, in/rp or/cc out/rp of/in character/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz not/* particularly/ql funny/jj ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at monologue/nn the/at audience/nn would/md applaud/vb ./. Meanwhile/rb it/pps looked/vbd at/in the/at scenery/nn ./. ``/`` Well/rb ,/, I/ppss guess/vb I/ppss know/vb enough/ap to/to turn/vb you/ppo inside/rb out/rp ,/, you/ppss sockdologizing/vbg old/jj mantrap/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Said/vbd Trenchard/np ,/, otherwise/rb Hawk/np ./. There/ex was/bedz always/rb a/at pause/nn here/rb ,/, before/in the/at next/ap line/nn ./. That/dt was/bedz when/wrb the/at gun/nn went/vbd off/rp ./. Yet/cc even/rb that/dt explosion/nn did/dod not/* mean/vb much/ap ./. Guns/nns were/bed going/vbg off/rp all/ql over/in Washington/np-tl City/nn-tl these/dts days/nns ,/, because/rb of/in the/at celebrations/nns ,/, and/cc the/at theatre/nn was/bedz not/* soundproof/jj ./. Then/rb the/at audience/nn saw/vbd a/at small/jj ,/, dim/jj figure/nn appear/vb at/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl box/nn ./. ``/`` Sic/fw-rb semper/fw-rb tyrannis/fw-nns ''/'' ,/, it/pps said/vbd mildly/rb ./. Booth/np had/hvd delivered/vbn his/pp$ line/nn ./. Behind/in him/ppo billowed/vbd a/at small/jj pungent/jj cloud/nn of/in smoke/nn ./. They/ppss strained/vbd forward/rb ./. They/ppss had/hvd not/* heard/vbn what/wdt had/hvd been/ben said/vbn ./. They/ppss had/hvd been/ben sitting/vbg too/ql long/rb to/to be/be able/jj to/to stand/vb up/rp easily/rb ./. The/at figure/nn leapt/vbd from/in the/at box/nn ,/, almost/rb lost/vbd its/pp$ balance/nn ,/, the/at flag/nn draped/vbn there/rb tore/vbd in/in the/at air/nn ,/, the/at figure/nn landed/vbd on/in its/pp$ left/jj leg/nn ,/, fell/vbd on/in its/pp$ hands/nns ,/, and/cc pressed/vbd itself/ppl up/rp ./. Harry/np Hawk/np still/rb had/hvd his/pp$ arm/nn raised/vbn towards/in the/at wings/nns ./. His/pp$ speech/nn faltered/vbd ./. He/pps did/dod not/* lower/vb his/pp$ arm/nn ./. The/at figure/nn was/bedz so/ql theatrically/rb dressed/vbn ,/, that/cs it/pps was/bedz as/cs though/cs a/at character/nn from/in some/dti other/ap play/nn had/hvd blundered/vbn into/in this/dt one/cd ./. The/at play/nn for/in Saturday/nr night/nn was/bedz to/to be/be a/at benefit/nn performance/nn of/in The/at-tl Octoroon/nn-tl ./. This/dt figure/nn looked/vbd like/cs the/at slave/nn dealer/nn from/in that/dt ./. But/cc it/pps also/rb looked/vbd like/cs a/at toad/nn ,/, hopping/vbg away/rb from/in the/at light/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz something/pn maimed/vbn and/cc crazy/jj about/in its/pp$ motion/nn that/wps disturbed/vbd them/ppo ./. Then/rb it/pps disappeared/vbd into/in the/at wings/nns ./. Harry/np Hawk/np had/hvd not/* shifted/vbn position/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps at/in last/ap lowered/vbd his/pp$ arm/nn ./. Mrs./np Lincoln/np screamed/vbd ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at mistaking/nn that/dt scream/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz what/wdt anyone/pn who/wps had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn her/ppo had/hvd always/rb expected/vbn her/ppo to/to do/do ./. Yet/cc this/dt scream/nn had/hvd a/at different/jj note/nn in/in it/ppo ./. That/dt absence/nn of/in an/at urgent/jj self-indulgence/nn dashed/vbd them/ppo awake/jj like/cs a/at pail/nn of/in water/nn ./. Clara/np Harris/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at guests/nns in/in the/at box/nn ,/, stood/vbd up/rp and/cc demanded/vbd water/nn ./. Her/pp$ action/nn was/bedz involuntary/jj ./. When/wrb something/pn unexpected/jj happened/vbd ,/, one/cd always/rb asked/vbd for/in water/nn if/cs one/pn were/bed a/at woman/nn ,/, brandy/nn if/cs one/pn were/bed a/at man/nn ./. Mrs./np Lincoln/np screamed/vbd again/rb ./. In/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl box/nn someone/pn leaned/vbd over/in the/at balustrade/nn and/cc yelled/vbd :/: ``/`` He/pps has/hvz shot/vbn the/at President/nn-tl ''/'' !/. !/. That/dt got/vbd everybody/pn up/rp ./. On/in the/at stage/nn ,/, Harry/np Hawk/np began/vbd to/to weep/vb ./. Laura/np Keene/np brushed/vbd by/in him/ppo with/in the/at glass/nn of/in water/nn ./. The/at crowd/nn began/vbd to/to move/vb ./. In/in Washington/np-tl City/nn-tl everyone/pn lived/vbd in/in a/at bubble/nn of/in plots/nns ,/, and/cc one/cd death/nn might/md attract/vb another/dt ./. It/pps was/bedz not/* exactly/rb panic/nn they/ppss gave/vbd way/nn to/in ,/, but/cc they/ppss could/md not/* just/rb sit/vb there/rb ./. The/at beehive/nn voices/nns ,/, for/cs no/at one/pn could/md bear/vb silence/nn ,/, drowned/vbd out/rp the/at sound/nn of/in Mrs./np Lincoln's/np$ weeping/nn ./. At/in the/at rear/nn of/in the/at auditorium/nn ,/, upstairs/rb ,/, some/dti men/nns tried/vbd to/to push/vb open/jj the/at door/nn to/in the/at box/nn corridor/nn ./. It/pps would/md not/* give/vb ./. A/at Dr./nn-tl Charles/np Taft/np clambered/vbd up/rp on/in the/at stage/nn and/cc got/vbd the/at actors/nns to/to hoist/vb him/ppo up/rp to/in the/at box/nn ./. In/in the/at audience/nn a/at man/nn named/vbn Ferguson/np lost/vbd his/pp$ head/nn and/cc tried/vbd to/to rescue/vb a/at little/jj girl/nn from/in the/at mob/nn ,/, on/in the/at same/ap principle/nn which/wdt had/hvd led/vbn Miss/np Harris/np to/to demand/vb water/nn ./. Someone/pn opened/vbd the/at corridor/nn door/nn from/in the/at inside/nn ,/, and/cc called/vbd for/in a/at doctor/nn ./. Somehow/rb Dr./nn-tl Charles/np Leale/np was/bedz forced/vbn through/in the/at mob/nn and/cc squeezed/vbn out/rp into/in the/at dingy/jj corridor/nn ./. He/pps went/vbd straight/rb to/in the/at Presidential/jj-tl box/nn ./. As/cs usual/jj ,/, Mrs./np Lincoln/np had/hvd lost/vbn her/pp$ head/nn ,/, but/cc nobody/pn blamed/vbd her/ppo for/in doing/vbg so/rb now/rb ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at little/ap blood/nn on/in the/at hem/nn of/in her/pp$ dress/nn ,/, for/cs the/at assassin/nn had/hvd slashed/vbn Miss/np Harris's/np$ companion/nn ,/, Major/nn-tl Rathbone/np ,/, with/in a/at knife/nn ./. Rathbone/np said/vbd he/pps was/bedz bleeding/vbg to/in death/nn ./. By/in the/at look/nn of/in him/ppo he/pps wasn't/bedz* that/ql far/rb gone/vbn ./.

ck06

ck06 |@word sneer:1 man:4 spread:1 leg:1 third:2 time:4 confront:1 katie:7 rear:3 whinny:2 fear:2 moment:1 boy:3 mount:1 hung:1 midair:1 stevie:18 twist:1 frantically:1 command:1 mare:2 leap:1 straight:2 ahead:1 stranger:5 nimbler:1 still:3 bold:1 arm:3 dare:3 obstruct:1 tremble:3 descend:1 leer:1 seize:1 bridle:1 tug:1 might:1 force:1 knee:1 absurd:1 could:12 feel:2 topple:1 see:5 ground:2 come:7 head:5 incredible:1 ferocity:1 bring:2 fist:3 together:1 strike:6 blow:1 encounter:1 silky:1 hair:2 hard:1 bone:1 utter:1 weird:1 cry:1 spin:2 collapse:1 sand:2 scramble:1 foot:5 agilely:1 retain:1 seat:1 wickedly:1 compel:1 hoof:1 upon:2 sprawl:2 figure:3 iron:1 shod:1 repeatedly:1 body:1 limp:1 gloat:1 lip:2 slaver:1 hear:8 chortle:1 ride:2 around:4 trample:1 top:2 spot:1 bare:1 white:2 clamshell:1 remain:1 visible:1 shout:2 triumphantly:1 train:2 hoot:1 instantly:1 chill:1 pursue:1 frighten:1 clutch:1 tightly:1 knuckle:1 hurt:1 stumble:1 fall:3 mother:1 nudge:1 hang:1 board:1 stall:2 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With/in a/at sneer/nn ,/, the/at man/nn spread/vbd his/pp$ legs/nns and/cc ,/, a/at third/od time/nn ,/, confronted/vbd them/ppo ./. Once/rb more/rbr ,/, Katie/np reared/vbd ,/, and/cc whinnied/vbd in/in fear/nn ./. For/in a/at moment/nn ,/, boy/nn and/cc mount/nn hung/vbd in/in midair/nn ./. Stevie/np twisted/vbd and/cc ,/, frantically/rb ,/, commanded/vbd the/at mare/nn to/to leap/vb straight/ql ahead/rb ./. But/cc the/at stranger/nn was/bedz nimbler/jjr still/rb ./. With/in a/at bold/jj arm/nn ,/, he/pps dared/vbd once/rb more/rbr to/to obstruct/vb them/ppo ./. Katie/np reared/vbd a/at third/od time/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, trembling/vbg ,/, descended/vbd ./. The/at stranger/nn leered/vbd ./. Seizing/vbg the/at bridle/nn ,/, he/pps tugged/vbd with/in all/abn his/pp$ might/nn and/cc forced/vbd Katie/np to/in her/pp$ knees/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz absurd/jj ./. Stevie/np could/md feel/vb himself/ppl toppling/vbg ./. He/pps saw/vbd the/at ground/nn coming/vbg up/rp --/-- and/cc the/at stranger's/nn$ head/nn ./. With/in incredible/jj ferocity/nn ,/, he/pps brought/vbd his/pp$ fists/nns together/rb and/cc struck/vbd ./. The/at blow/nn encountered/vbd silky/jj hair/nn and/cc hard/jj bone/nn ./. The/at man/nn uttered/vbd a/at weird/jj cry/nn ,/, spun/vbd about/rb ,/, and/cc collapsed/vbd in/in the/at sand/nn ./. Katie/np scrambled/vbd to/in her/pp$ feet/nns ,/, Stevie/np agilely/rb retaining/vbg his/pp$ seat/nn ./. Again/rb Katie/np reared/vbd ,/, and/cc now/rb ,/, wickedly/rb ,/, he/pps compelled/vbd her/ppo to/to bring/vb her/pp$ hooves/nns down/rp again/rb and/cc again/rb upon/in the/at sprawled/vbn figure/nn of/in the/at stranger/nn ./. He/pps could/md feel/vb his/pp$ own/jj feet/nns ,/, iron-shod/jj ,/, striking/vbg repeatedly/rb until/cs the/at body/nn was/bedz limp/jj ./. He/pps gloated/vbd ,/, and/cc his/pp$ lips/nns slavered/vbd ./. He/pps heard/vbd himself/ppl chortling/vbg ./. They/ppss rode/vbd around/rb and/cc around/rb to/to trample/vb the/at figure/nn into/in the/at sand/nn ./. Only/rb the/at top/nn of/in the/at head/nn ,/, with/in a/at spot/nn bare/jj and/cc white/jj as/cs a/at clamshell/nn ,/, remained/vbd visible/jj ./. Stevie/np was/bedz shouting/vbg triumphantly/rb ./. A/at train/nn hooted/vbd ./. Instantly/rb ,/, he/pps chilled/vbd ./. They/ppss were/bed pursuing/vbg him/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz frightened/vbn ;/. ;/. his/pp$ fists/nns clutched/vbd so/ql tightly/rb that/cs his/pp$ knuckles/nns hurt/vb ./. Then/rb Katie/np stumbled/vbd ,/, and/cc again/rb he/pps was/bedz falling/vbg ,/, falling/vbg !/. !/. ``/`` Stevie/np !/. !/. Stevie/np ''/'' !/. !/. His/pp$ mother/nn was/bedz nudging/vbg him/ppo ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz still/rb falling/vbg ./. His/pp$ head/nn hung/vbd over/in the/at boards/nns of/in Katie's/np$ stall/nn ;/. ;/. before/in it/ppo was/bedz sprawled/vbn the/at mangled/vbn corpse/nn of/in the/at bearded/jj stranger/nn ./. ``/`` Stevie/np ,/, wake/vb up/rp now/rb !/. !/. We're/ppss+ber nearly/rb there/rb ''/'' ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben dreaming/vbg ./. He/pps was/bedz safe/jj in/in his/pp$ Mama's/nn$-tl arms/nns ./. The/at train/nn had/hvd slowed/vbn ./. Houses/nns winked/vbd as/cs the/at cars/nns rolled/vbd beside/in a/at little/jj depot/nn ./. ``/`` Po'/np Chavis/np ''/'' !/. !/. The/at trainman/nn called/vbd ./. He/pps came/vbd by/rb and/cc repeated/vbd ,/, ``/`` Po'/np Chavis/np ''/'' !/. !/. Chapter/nn-tl-hl 6/cd-tl-hl Bong/uh !/. !/. Bong/uh !/. !/. Startled/vbd him/ppo awake/jj ./. The/at room/nn vibrated/vbd as/cs if/cs a/at giant/jj hand/nn had/hvd rocked/vbn it/ppo ./. Bong/uh !/. !/. A/at dull/jj boom/nn and/cc a/at throbbing/vbg echo/nn ./. The/at walls/nns bulged/vbd ,/, the/at floor/nn trembled/vbd ,/, the/at windowpanes/nns rattled/vbd ./. He/pps stared/vbd at/in the/at far/jj morning/nn ,/, expecting/vbg a/at pendulum/nn to/to swing/vb across/in the/at horizon/nn ./. Bong/uh !/. !/. He/pps raced/vbd to/in the/at window/nn and/cc yanked/vbd at/in the/at sash/nn ./. Bong/uh !/. !/. The/at wood/nn was/bedz old/jj ,/, the/at paint/nn alligatored/jj ./. Bong/uh !/. !/. A/at fresh/jj breeze/nn saluted/vbd him/ppo ./. Six/cd o'clock/rb !/. !/. He/pps put/vbd his/pp$ head/nn out/rp ./. There/ex was/bedz the/at slate/nn roof/nn of/in the/at church/nn ;/. ;/. ivy/nn climbed/vbd the/at red/jj brick/nn walls/nns like/cs a/at green-scaled/jj monster/nn ./. The/at clock/nn which/wdt had/hvd struck/vbn presented/vbd an/at innocent/jj face/nn ./. In/in the/at kitchen/nn Mama/nn-tl was/bedz wiping/vbg the/at cupboards/nns ./. ``/`` There's/ex+bez a/at tower/nn and/cc a/at steeple/nn on/in the/at church/nn a/at million/cd feet/nns high/jj ./. And/cc the/at loudest/jjt clock/nn in/in the/at whole/jj world/nn ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` I/ppss know/vb ,/, Stephen/np ''/'' ,/, she/pps smiled/vbd ./. ``/`` They/ppss say/vb that/cs our/pp$ steeple/nn is/bez one/cd hundred/cd and/cc sixty-two/cd feet/nns high/jj ./. The/at clock/nn you/ppss heard/vbd strike/nn --/-- it's/pps+bez really/rb the/at town/nn clock/nn --/-- was/bedz installed/vbn last/ap April/np by/in Mrs./np Shorter/np ,/, on/in her/pp$ birthday/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps dressed/vbd ,/, and/cc sped/vbd outdoors/rb ./. He/pps crossed/vbd Broome/np-tl Street/nn-tl to/in Orange/np-tl Square/nn-tl ./. The/at steeple/nn leaned/vbd backward/rb ,/, while/cs the/at church/nn advanced/vbd like/cs a/at headless/jj creature/nn in/in a/at long/jj ,/, shapeless/jj coat/nn ./. The/at spire/nn seemed/vbd to/to hold/vb up/rp the/at sky/nn ./. Port/nn-tl Jervis/np-tl ,/, basking/vbg in/in the/at foothills/nns ,/, was/bedz the/at city/nn of/in God/np ./. The/at Dutch/jj-tl Reformed/vbn-tl Church/nn-tl ,/, with/in two/cd steeples/nns and/cc its/pp$ own/jj school/nn was/bedz on/in Main/jjs-tl Street/nn-tl ;/. ;/. the/at Episcopal/jj-tl Church/nn-tl was/bedz one/cd block/nn down/in Sussex/np-tl Street/nn-tl ;/. ;/. the/at Catholic/jj Saint/nn-tl Mary's/np$-tl Church/nn-tl ,/, with/in an/at even/ql taller/jjr steeple/nn and/cc a/at cross/nn on/in top/nn ,/, stood/vbd on/in Ball/nn-tl Street/nn-tl ./. The/at Catholics/nps had/hvd the/at largest/jjt cemetery/nn ,/, near/in the/at Neversink/np-tl River/nn-tl where/wrb Main/jjs-tl Street/nn-tl ran/vbd south/rb ;/. ;/. Stevie/np whistled/vbd when/wrb he/pps passed/vbd these/dts alien/jj grounds/nns ./. God/np was/bedz everywhere/rb ,/, in/in the/at belfry/nn ,/, in/in the/at steeple/nn ,/, in/in the/at clouds/nns ,/, in/in the/at trees/nns ,/, and/cc in/in the/at mountains/nns hulking/vbg on/in the/at horizon/nn ./. Somewhere/rb ,/, beyond/rb ,/, where/wrb shadows/nns lurked/vbd ,/, must/md be/be the/at yawning/vbg pit/nn of/in which/wdt Papa/np preached/vbd and/cc the/at dreadful/jj Lake/nn-tl of/in-tl Fire/nn-tl ./. So/rb ,/, walking/vbg in/in awe/nn ,/, he/pps became/vbd familiar/jj with/in God/np ,/, who/wps resided/vbd chiefly/rb in/in Drew/np-tl Centennial/nn-tl Church/nn-tl with/in its/pp$ high/jj steeple/nn and/cc clock/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at church/nn like/cs Drew/np-tl Church/nn-tl ,/, no/at preacher/nn like/cs Papa/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz intimate/jj with/in Him/ppo ,/, and/cc could/md consign/vb sinners/nns to/in hellfire/nn ./. To/to know/vb God/np he/pps must/md follow/vb in/in Papa's/np$ footsteps/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz fortunate/jj ,/, and/cc proud/jj ./. The/at veterans/nns ,/, idling/vbg on/in their/pp$ benches/nns in/in the/at Square/nn-tl ,/, beneath/in the/at soldiers'/nns$ monument/nn ,/, got/vbd to/in their/pp$ feet/nns when/wrb Papa/np approached/vbd :/: ``/`` Morning/uh ,/, Reverend/np ''/'' !/. !/. His/pp$ being/nn and/cc His/pp$ will/nn --/-- Stevie/np could/md not/* divide/vb God/np from/in his/pp$ Papa/np --/-- illumined/vbd every/at parish/nn face/nn ,/, turned/vbd the/at choir/nn into/in a/at band/nn of/in angels/nns ,/, and/cc the/at pulpit/nn into/in the/at tollgate/nn to/in Heaven/nn-tl ./. ``/`` We/ppss have/hv nine/cd hundred/cd and/cc eleven/cd members/nns in/in our/pp$ charge/nn ''/'' ,/, Mama/nn-tl announced/vbd ,/, ``/`` and/cc three/cd hundred/cd and/cc eighty/cd Sunday-school/jj scholars/nns ''/'' ./. When/wrb Papa/np went/vbd out/rp to/to do/do God's/np$ work/nn ,/, Stevie/np often/rb accompanied/vbd him/ppo in/in the/at buggy/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz drawn/vbn by/in Violet/np ,/, the/at new/jj black/jj mare/nn ./. Although/cs they/ppss journeyed/vbd westerly/rb as/ql far/rb as/cs Germantown/np ,/, beyond/in the/at Erie/np roundhouse/nn and/cc the/at machine/nn shop/nn ,/, and/cc along/in the/at Delaware/np-tl and/cc-tl Hudson/np-tl Canal/nn-tl ,/, and/cc northward/rb to/in Brooklyn/np ,/, below/in Point/nn-tl Peter/np-tl ,/, he/pps could/md see/vb the/at church/nn spire/nn wherever/wrb he/pps looked/vbd back/rb ./. Sometimes/rb they/ppss went/vbd south/rb and/cc rolled/vbd past/in the/at tollhouse/nn --/-- ``/`` Afternoon/nn ,/, Reverend/np ''/'' !/. !/. --/-- and/cc crossed/vbd the/at suspension/nn bridge/nn to/in Matamoras/np ;/. ;/. that/dt was/bedz Pennsylvania/np ./. In/in the/at Delaware/np-tl River/nn-tl ,/, three/cd long/jj islands/nns were/bed overgrown/vbn with/in greening/vbg trees/nns and/cc underbrush/nn ./. South/rb of/in Laurel/nn-tl Grove/nn-tl Cemetery/nn-tl ,/, and/cc below/in the/at junction/nn of/in the/at Neversink/np and/cc the/at Delaware/np ,/, was/bedz the/at Tri-State/jj-tl Rock/nn-tl ,/, from/in which/wdt Stevie/np could/md spy/vb New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl and/cc Pennsylvania/np ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, simply/rb by/in spinning/vbg around/rb on/in his/pp$ heel/nn ./. On/in these/dts excursions/nns ,/, Papa/np instructed/vbd him/ppo on/in man's/nn$ chief/jjs end/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz his/pp$ duty/nn to/in God/np and/cc his/pp$ own/jj salvation/nn ./. However/rb ,/, a/at boy's/nn$ lively/jj eyes/nns might/md rove/vb ./. Where/wrb Cuddleback/np-tl Brook/nn-tl purled/vbd into/in the/at Neversink/np was/bedz a/at magnificent/jj swimming/vbg hole/nn ./. Papa/np pointed/vbd a/at scornful/jj finger/nn at/in the/at splashing/vbg youth/nn :/: ``/`` Idle/jj recreation/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Stevie/np saw/vbd no/at idols/nns ;/. ;/. it/pps troubled/vbd him/ppo that/cs he/pps couldn't/md* always/rb see/vb what/wdt Papa/np saw/vbd ./. He/pps was/bedz torn/vbn between/in the/at excitement/nn in/in the/at sun-inflamed/jj waters/nns and/cc a/at little/jj engine/nn chugging/vbg northward/rb on/in the/at Monticello/np-tl Branch/nn-tl ./. ``/`` Where/wrb you/ppss been/ben today/nr ''/'' ?/. ?/. Ludie/np inquired/vbd every/at evening/nn ,/, pretending/vbg that/cs he/pps did/dod not/* care/vb ./. ``/`` He'll/pps+md make/vb a/at preacher/nn out/rp of/in you/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` No/rb ,/, he/pps won't/md* ''/'' !/. !/. Stevie/np flared/vbd ./. ``/`` Not/* me/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` Somebody's/pn+hvz got/vbn to/to be/be a/at preacher/nn in/in the/at family/nn ./. He/pps made/vbd a/at will/nn and/cc last/ap testament/nn before/cs we/ppss left/vbd Paterson/np ./. I/ppss heard/vbd them/ppo !/. !/. Uncle/nn-tl and/cc Aunt/nn-tl Howe/np-tl were/bed the/at witnesses/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` Will/md he/pps die/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Everybody/pn does/doz ''/'' ./. Ludie/np could/md be/be hateful/jj ./. To/to speak/vb of/in Papa/np dying/vbg was/bedz a/at sin/nn ./. It/pps could/md never/rb happen/vb as/ql long/rb as/cs God/np was/bedz alert/jj and/cc the/at Drew/np steeple/nn stood/vbd guard/nn with/in its/pp$ peaked/jj lance/nn ./. Stevie/np was/bedz constantly/rb slipping/vbg into/in the/at church/nn ./. He/pps pulled/vbd with/in all/abn his/pp$ strength/nn at/in the/at heavy/jj ,/, brass-bound/jj door/nn ,/, and/cc shuffled/vbd along/in the/at wainscoted/jj wall/nn ./. The/at cold/jj ,/, mysterious/jj presence/nn of/in God/np was/bedz all/rb around/in him/ppo ./. At/in the/at end/nn of/in a/at shaft/nn of/in light/nn ,/, the/at pews/nns appeared/vbd to/to be/be broad/jj stairs/nns in/in a/at long/jj dungeon/nn ./. Far/rb away/rb ,/, standing/vbg before/in a/at curtained/jj window/nn in/in the/at study/nn room/nn ,/, was/bedz his/pp$ father/nn ,/, hands/nns tucked/vbn under/in his/pp$ coattails/nns ,/, and/cc staring/vbg into/in the/at dark/jj church/nn ./. The/at figure/nn was/bedz wreathed/vbn in/in an/at extraordinary/jj luminescence/nn ./. The/at boy/nn shuddered/vbd at/in the/at deathly/ql pale/jj countenance/nn with/in its/pp$ wrinkles/nns and/cc gray/jj hair/nn ./. Would/md Papa/np really/rb die/vb ?/. ?/. The/at mouth/nn was/bedz thin-lipped/jj and/cc wide/jj ,/, the/at long/jj cleft/nn in/in the/at upper/jj lip/nn like/cs a/at slide/nn ./. When/wrb Papa's/np$ slender/jj fingers/nns removed/vbd the/at spectacles/nns ,/, there/ex were/bed red/jj indentations/nns on/in the/at bridge/nn of/in the/at strong/jj nose/nn ./. ``/`` It's/pps+bez time/nn you/ppss began/vbd to/to think/vb on/in God/np ,/, Stephen/np ./. Perhaps/rb one/cd day/nn He/pps will/md choose/vb you/ppo as/cs He/pps chose/vbd me/ppo ,/, long/rb ago/rb ./. Therefore/rb ,/, give/vb Him/ppo your/pp$ affection/nn and/cc store/vb up/rp His/pp$ love/nn for/in you/ppo ./. Open/vb your/pp$ heart/nn to/in Him/ppo and/cc pray/vb ,/, Stephen/np ,/, pray/vb !/. !/. For/in His/pp$ mercy/nn and/cc His/pp$ guidance/nn to/to spare/vb you/ppo from/in evil/nn and/cc eternal/jj punishment/nn in/in the/at Lake/nn-tl of/in-tl Fire/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Stevie/np had/hvd heard/vbn these/dts words/nns many/ap times/nns ,/, yet/cc on/in each/dt occasion/nn they/ppss caused/vbd him/ppo to/to tremble/vb ./. For/cs he/pps feared/vbd the/at Lake/nn-tl of/in-tl Fire/nn-tl ./. He/pps strove/vbd to/to think/vb of/in God/np and/cc His/pp$ eternal/jj wrath/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps must/md pray/vb to/to be/be spared/vbn ./. Papa/np was/bedz disappointed/vbn that/cs none/pn of/in the/at brothers/nns had/hvd heard/vbn the/at Call/nn ./. Not/* George/np ,/, Townley/np ,/, or/cc Ted/np ,/, certainly/rb not/* Ludie/np ./. Burt/np was/bedz at/in Hackettstown/np and/cc Will/np at/in Albany/np-tl Law/nn-tl School/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb they/ppss surely/rb could/md not/* hear/vb it/ppo ./. Someday/rb God/np would/md choose/vb him/ppo ./. He/pps would/md hear/vb the/at Call/nn and/cc would/md run/vb to/to tell/vb Papa/np ./. The/at stern/jj face/nn would/md relax/vb ,/, the/at black-clad/jj arms/nns would/md embrace/vb him/ppo ,/, ``/`` My/pp$ son/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Yet/cc how/wrb might/md he/pps know/vb the/at Call/nn when/wrb it/pps came/vbd ?/. ?/. Probably/rb ,/, as/cs in/in Scriptures/nns-tl ,/, a/at still/jj ,/, small/jj voice/nn would/md whisper/vb ./. It/pps would/md summon/vb him/ppo once/rb ;/. ;/. if/cs he/pps missed/vbd it/ppo ,/, never/rb again/rb ./. What/wdt if/cs it/pps came/vbd when/wrb he/pps was/bedz playing/vbg ,/, or/cc was/bedz asleep/jj and/cc dreaming/vbg ?/. ?/. He/pps must/md not/* fail/vb to/to hear/vb it/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz Papa's/np$ chosen/vbn ;/. ;/. therefore/rb ,/, nothing/pn but/in good/nn could/md happen/vb to/in him/ppo ,/, even/rb in/in God's/np$ wrathful/jj storms/nns ./. When/wrb the/at skies/nns grew/vbd dark/jj and/cc thunder/nn rolled/vbd across/in the/at valley/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz unafraid/jj ./. Aggie/np might/md fly/vb into/in a/at closet/nn ,/, shut/vb the/at door/nn and/cc bury/vb her/pp$ head/nn in/in the/at clothes/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps dared/vbd to/to wait/vb for/in the/at lightning/nn ./. Lightning/nn could/md strike/vb you/ppo blind/jj if/cs you/ppss were/bed a/at sinner/nn !/. !/. But/cc he/pps was/bedz good/jj ./. He/pps clenched/vbd his/pp$ fists/nns and/cc faced/vbd the/at terror/nn ./. Thunder/nn crashed/vbd ;/. ;/. barrels/nns tumbled/vbd down/in the/at mountainsides/nns ,/, and/cc bounced/vbd and/cc bounced/vbd till/cs their/pp$ own/jj fury/nn split/vbd them/ppo open/jj ./. Lightning/nn might/md strike/vb the/at steeples/nns of/in the/at other/ap churches/nns ;/. ;/. not/* of/in Drew/np-tl Church/nn-tl ./. A/at flash/nn illumined/vbd the/at trees/nns as/cs a/at crooked/jj bolt/nn twigged/vbd in/in several/ap directions/nns ./. Violet/np whinnied/vbd from/in the/at stable/nn ./. He/pps ran/vbd out/rp into/in the/at downpour/nn ,/, sped/vbd across/in the/at yard/nn and/cc into/in the/at buggy/nn room/nn ./. ``/`` Don't/do* be/be afraid/jj ,/, Violet/np ''/'' !/. !/. He/pps shouted/vbd ,/, and/cc was/bedz aghast/jj at/in the/at echoes/nns ./. ``/`` Don't/do* you/ppo be/be afraid/jj ''/'' !/. !/. He/pps would/md save/vb her/ppo ./. If/cs there/ex was/bedz a/at fire/nn or/cc a/at flood/nn he/pps would/md save/vb Mama/nn-tl first/rb and/cc Violet/np next/rb ./. Drenched/vbn and/cc shaking/vbg ,/, he/pps stood/vbd near/in the/at sweet-smelling/jj stall/nn and/cc dared/vbd to/to pat/vb her/pp$ muzzle/nn ./. ``/`` Don't/do* you/ppo be/be afraid/jj ,/, Violet/np ''/'' !/. !/. After/in the/at storm/nn ,/, the/at sky/nn cleared/vbd blue/jj and/cc cool/jj ,/, and/cc fragrant/jj air/nn swept/vbd the/at hills/nns ./. When/wrb the/at sun/nn came/vbd out/rp ,/, Stevie/np strode/vbd proudly/rb into/in Orange/np-tl Square/nn-tl ,/, smiling/vbg like/cs a/at landlord/nn on/in industrious/jj tenants/nns ./. The/at fountain/nn had/hvd brimmed/vbn over/rp ,/, the/at cannon/nns were/bed wet/jj ,/, the/at soldiers'/nns$ monument/nn glistened/vbd ./. Even/rb before/cs the/at benches/nns had/hvd dried/vbn ,/, the/at Civil/jj-tl War/nn-tl veterans/nns were/bed straggling/vbg back/rb to/in their/pp$ places/nns ./. The/at great/jj spire/nn shone/vbd as/cs if/cs the/at lightning/nn had/hvd polished/vbn it/ppo ./. He/pps jumped/vbd ./. The/at pointed/vbn shadow/nn had/hvd nearly/rb touched/vbn him/ppo ./. He/pps trailed/vbd Ludie/np to/in the/at baseball/nn game/nn in/in the/at lot/nn on/in Kingston/np-tl Street/nn-tl near/in the/at Dutch/jj-tl Reformed/vbn-tl ./. ``/`` Go/vb on/rp home/nr ''/'' !/. !/. Ludie/np screeched/vbd at/in him/ppo ./. ``/`` Someone'll/pn+md tell/vb Papa/np ''/'' !/. !/. No/at one/pn told/vbd on/in Ludie/np ,/, not/* even/rb when/wrb he/pps slipped/vbd live/jj grasshoppers/nns into/in the/at mite-box/nn ./. Ludie/np did/dod as/cs he/pps pleased/vbd ./. Ludie/np took/vbd his/pp$ slingshot/nn and/cc climbed/vbd to/in the/at rooftop/nn to/to shoot/vb at/in crows/nns ./. Ludie/np chewed/vbd roofer's/nn$ tar/nn ./. Ludie/np had/hvd a/at cigar/nn box/nn full/jj of/in marbles/nns and/cc shooters/nns ,/, and/cc a/at Roman/jj candle/nn from/in last/ap Fourth/od-tl of/in-tl July/np-tl ./. Ludie/np hopped/vbd rides/nns on/in freight/nn cars/nns ,/, and/cc was/bedz chased/vbn by/in Mr./np Yankton/np ,/, the/at railroad/nn guard/nn ./. He/pps came/vbd home/nr overheated/vbn ,/, ran/vbd straight/rb to/in the/at ice-chest/nn ,/, and/cc gulped/vbd shivery/jj cold/jj water/nn ./. Stevie/np envied/vbd him/ppo ./. That/dt Ludie/np !/. !/. He/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, cocked/vbd his/pp$ cap/nn at/in a/at jaunty/jj angle/nn ,/, jingled/vbd marbles/nns in/in his/pp$ pocket/nn ,/, and/cc swaggered/vbd down/in Main/jjs-tl Street/nn-tl ./. On/in the/at Christophers'/nps$ lawn/nn ,/, little/jj girls/nns in/in white/jj pinafores/nns were/bed playing/vbg grownups/nns at/in a/at tea/nn party/nn ./. A/at Newfoundland/np sat/vbd solemnly/rb beside/in a/at doghouse/nn half/abn his/pp$ size/nn ./. Stevie/np yearned/vbd for/in a/at dog/nn ./. He/pps wondered/vbd whether/cs God/np had/hvd a/at dog/nn in/in the/at sky/nn ./. He/pps meandered/vbd down/in Pike/np-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, past/in the/at First/od-tl National/jj-tl Bank/nn-tl with/in its/pp$ green/jj window/nn shades/nns ./. He/pps crossed/vbd the/at tracks/nns to/in Delaware/np-tl House/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb ladies/nns in/in gay/jj dresses/nns and/cc men/nns in/in straw/nn boaters/nns and/cc waxed/vbn mustaches/nns crowded/vbd the/at verandah/nn ./. A/at tall/jj lady/nn ,/, with/in a/at ruffled/vbn collar/nn very/ql low/rb on/in her/pp$ bosom/nn ,/, turned/vbd insolent/jj green/jj eyes/nns upon/in him/ppo ./. She/pps was/bedz taller/jjr than/cs Aggie/np ./. She/pps was/bedz so/ql beautiful/jj with/in her/pp$ rosy/jj mouth/nn and/cc haughty/jj air/nn that/cs she/pps had/hvd to/to be/be wicked/jj ./. Fiddles/nns screeched/vbd ;/. ;/. a/at piano/nn tinkled/vbd ./. ``/`` P./np J./np ''/'' --/-- as/cs Ludie/np called/vbd the/at town/nn --/-- was/bedz crowded/vbn with/in summer/nn people/nns who/wps came/vbd to/in the/at mountains/nns to/to escape/vb the/at heat/nn in/in the/at big/jj cities/nns ./. They/ppss stayed/vbd at/in hotels/nns and/cc boardinghouses/nns ,/, or/cc at/in private/jj homes/nns ./. Rich/jj people/nns went/vbd to/in Delaware/np-tl House/nn-tl ,/, Opera/nn-tl House/nn-tl ,/, American/jj-tl House/nn-tl or/cc Fowler/np-tl House/nn-tl ./.

ck07

ck07 |@word crummy:2 bastard:11 could:5 write:2 two:2 fucken:6 nigger:10 krist:1 wish:1 pussy:4 think:4 sweet:5 wet:1 oh:3 land:1 heaven:1 haint:1 nothing:3 like:5 first:3 one:14 catch:2 come:13 shack:1 juicy:2 bounce:2 fresh:1 warm:2 love:2 sixteen:1 man:8 snow:5 little:1 faster:1 note:1 joe:1 harris:1 go:4 sister:1 chuckle:2 memory:1 vivid:1 jee:1 sus:1 fix:2 yooee:1 weather:1 lousy:2 goddamn:6 lord:1 put:4 sonuvabitch:1 figure:1 hell:6 squad:7 worth:1 shit:1 brandon:3 bad:4 thought:2 turn:3 thing:6 big:1 shock:1 everybody:1 find:2 old:4 slater:6 kaboom:1 pretty:2 scare:1 wonder:1 soon:4 see:5 way:5 ball:6 back:8 sense:4 say:12 aloud:4 young:1 blizzard:1 proudly:1 draw:2 make:4 report:1 important:1 superior:1 get:13 anybody:1 thinkin:2 easy:1 damn:5 dumb:4 look:4 thum:1 redheader:1 keep:5 sayin:1 wanta:1 wind:1 tell:4 goddammit:2 guy:6 place:5 normal:2 god:4 maybe:3 good:8 happen:3 stop:2 clean:1 hear:5 whole:5 bunch:1 croakin:1 something:4 trouble:2 though:2 yet:1 five:1 day:4 keerist:1 prickly:1 twinge:1 annoyance:1 run:3 eye:2 blink:1 hard:3 snapping:1 squash:1 try:5 push:2 tune:1 begin:2 whirl:3 inside:1 head:1 favorite:1 guitar:1 boogie:1 always:2 faithfully:1 radio:1 juke:1 box:1 whenever:1 start:5 worry:1 much:3 music:3 drive:1 away:2 free:1 walk:2 air:1 moment:2 hum:1 jive:1 within:5 beat:1 rhythm:2 glow:1 anticipation:1 would:4 culprit:1 boy:2 ever:1 comin:3 reactionary:7 never:1 word:8 life:1 pow:1 proud:1 mean:1 use:2 great:1 pleasure:2 almost:1 exclusive:1 possession:1 highly:1 educate:1 four:4 cut:3 folk:1 home:2 least:1 owe:1 also:1 feel:5 hate:3 sincere:1 label:1 effectively:1 want:1 discussion:1 session:1 tryin:2 fuck:5 program:2 month:2 hire:1 lackey:1 warmongering:1 capitalist:1 capture:1 send:1 remember:2 harangue:1 deliver:1 speech:1 laugh:1 suddenly:4 surge:2 power:1 hold:1 receive:1 utmost:1 respect:1 attention:1 ching:3 smile:1 pat:1 weekly:1 conference:1 leader:1 work:2 really:2 dirty:1 night:2 bumpin:1 poor:2 let:3 bring:1 slice:1 right:2 arm:1 move:2 swiftly:1 violently:1 twice:1 intense:1 satisfaction:1 tingle:2 mutilate:1 bleed:1 death:1 lie:2 spit:2 halt:1 around:4 river:2 cold:1 sweat:1 unleashed:1 nag:1 past:1 stifle:1 form:1 know:6 brace:1 hafta:2 fight:1 seek:1 kill:1 last:1 tremble:1 strange:1 feeling:2 upon:1 fully:2 expect:1 catastrophe:1 strike:1 dead:2 spot:2 take:4 heart:2 final:1 forth:1 bout:1 takin:1 listen:2 wait:1 self:1 arrive:1 stroke:1 snake:1 lyric:1 lift:1 magic:1 isle:1 another:2 briefly:1 johnson:4 jesus:4 talk:1 che:1 everyone:1 learn:1 lazy:1 stupid:2 oughta:1 plain:1 asleep:1 wave:2 revulsion:1 loathe:1 sleepy:2 eyed:1 soft:1 spoken:1 biggest:1 thorn:1 side:1 goof:1 question:2 time:2 dump:1 someone:1 else:2 bump:1 particle:1 magnet:1 return:1 press:1 mind:2 fail:1 check:1 handle:1 thoroughly:1 wise:1 score:1 supreme:1 effort:1 break:1 window:2 gnawing:1 gnash:1 tumble:1 furiously:1 huge:1 glob:1 flake:1 hit:1 ground:1 piling:1 higher:2 stare:2 amazed:1 alarm:1 sky:2 cavin:1 keeeerist:1 lookit:2 cover:1 building:1 bury:1 nightfall:1 somebody:4 cent:1 waitin:1 nail:2 already:2 clearly:1 shoe:1 top:4 dog:2 sleeping:1 eat:1 staff:1 tien:1 imagine:1 thump:1 wildly:1 stirrin:1 early:2 voice:3 yehhh:2 coughlin:6 testily:1 willya:1 scratch:1 yawn:1 practically:1 toe:1 line:1 chatter:1 minimum:1 short:1 answer:3 possible:1 less:1 bull:1 brown:1 bullshit:1 ass:1 kick:1 hut:3 seven:1 plenty:1 room:1 croak:1 anything:2 mother:1 belly:1 open:2 give:1 um:1 snap:1 jerk:1 grin:1 supremely:1 watch:1 infuriate:1 hot:2 stand:3 mouthed:1 name:1 william:1 foster:1 internal:1 contradiction:1 capitalism:2 quick:2 shrink:1 fury:1 search:1 frantically:1 finnegan:2 wake:1 noise:4 morning:2 christ:2 sake:2 cave:1 source:1 awaken:1 prick:2 drop:1 miss:1 ask:2 usual:1 nut:1 house:1 nuts:1 real:1 dreamin:1 somewhere:1 long:2 study:1 buddy:2 plead:1 christsake:1 mon:1 hero:1 war:2 automatically:1 today:1 lesson:1 rot:1 core:1 uncle:1 sam:1 business:1 bet:2 together:1 jersey:1 shore:2 breakin:1 girl:1 beach:1 moonlight:1 stay:1 alive:1 army:1 anyhow:1 anyway:1 roll:1 shut:1 louder:1 snuggle:1 blanket:1 dream:1 sit:1 log:4 spin:4 round:1 water:1 wide:1 missouri:1 loud:1 bank:2 west:1 call:1 doubt:1 concern:1

If/cs the/at crummy/jj bastard/nn could/md write/vb !/. !/. That's/dt+bez how/wrb it/pps should/md be/be ./. It's/pps+bez those/dts two/cd fucken/vbg niggers/nns !/. !/. Krist/uh ,/, I/ppss wish/vb they/ppss could/md write/vb !/. !/. Nigger/nn pussy/nn ./. He/pps thought/vbd of/in sweet/jj wet/jj nigger/nn pussy/nn ./. Oh/uh ,/, sweet/jj land/nn of/in heaven/nn ,/, haint/bez* there/ex just/rb nothin/pn like/cs sweet/jj nigger/nn pussy/nn !/. !/. He/pps thought/vbd of/in her/ppo ,/, the/at first/od one/cd ./. He/pps had/hvd caught/vbn her/ppo coming/vbg out/rp of/in the/at shack/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz a/at juicy/jj one/cd ./. Oh/uh how/wrb they/ppss bounced/vbd !/. !/. Fresh/jj ,/, warm/jj ,/, sweet/jj and/cc juicy/jj ,/, sweet/jj lovin/vbg sixteen/cd ,/, she/pps was/bedz ./. Man/uh ,/, how/wrb I/ppss love/vb nigger/nn pussy/nn !/. !/. The/at snow/nn came/vbd a/at little/ap faster/rbr now/rb ,/, he/pps noted/vbd ./. He/pps thought/vbd of/in Joe/np Harris/np ,/, the/at nigger/nn who/wps had/hvd gone/vbn after/in his/pp$ sister/nn ./. He/pps chuckled/vbd ,/, the/at memory/nn vivid/jj ./. Jee-sus/uh ,/, We/ppss Fixed/vbd him/ppo !/. !/. Yooee/uh ,/, we/ppss fixed/vbd him/ppo !/. !/. The/at snow/nn again/rb ./. If/cs only/rb the/at fucken/vbg weather/nn wasn't/bedz* so/ql lousy/jj !/. !/. Goddamn/jj niggers/nns ,/, Lord/nn-tl ./. What/wdt I/ppss have/hv to/to put/vb up/rp with/in !/. !/. Sonuvabitch/uh ,/, I/ppss can't/md* figure/vb out/rp what/wdt in/in hell/nn for/in they/ppss went/vbd and/cc put/vbd niggers/nns in/in my/pp$ squad/nn for/in ./. Only/rb one/cd worth/jj a/at shit/nn ,/, and/cc that's/dt+bez Brandon/np ./. He/pps ain't/bez* so/ql bad/jj ./. His/pp$ thoughts/nns turned/vbd to/in other/ap things/nns ./. The/at big/jj shock/nn everybody/pn had/hvd when/wrb they/ppss found/vbd ol/jj Slater/np and/cc those/dts others/nns done/vbn for/rb ./. Kaboom/uh for/rb ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben pretty/ql scared/vbn himself/ppl ,/, wondering/vbg what/wdt the/at hell/nn was/bedz coming/vbg off/rp ./. But/cc he/pps soon/rb saw/vbd which/wdt way/nn the/at ball/nn was/bedz bouncing/vbg ./. Soon/rb came/vbd back/rb to/in his/pp$ senses/nns ./. ``/`` I/ppss soon/rb came/vbd back/rb to/in my/pp$ senses/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, aloud/rb ,/, to/in the/at young/jj blizzard/nn ,/, proudly/rb ,/, drawing/vbg himself/ppl up/rp ,/, as/cs if/cs making/vbg a/at report/nn to/in some/dti important/jj superior/nn ./. I/ppss was/bedz the/at first/od to/to get/vb my/pp$ squad/nn on/in the/at ball/nn ,/, and/cc anybody/pn thinkin/vbg it/pps was/bedz easy/jj is/bez pretty/ql damn/ql dumb/jj ./. Look/vb at/in thum/ppo ./. That/dt goddamn/jj redheader/nn was/bedz the/at worst/jjt ./. He/pps kept/vbd sayin/vbg ,/, not/* me/ppo ,/, not/* me/ppo ,/, I/ppss don't/do* wanta/vb+to wind/vb up/rp like/cs em/ppo ./. But/cc I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ,/, goddammit/uh ./. ``/`` I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd aloud/rb They'll/ppss+md get/vb the/at guys/nns that/wps done/dod it/ppo ./. That'll/dt+md put/vb the/at place/nn back/rb to/in normal/jj ./. Normal/jj ,/, by/in God/np ./. Maybe/rb it's/pps+bez a/at good/jj thing/nn it/pps happened/vbd ./. Maybe/rb they'll/ppss+md stop/vb it/ppo now/rb ,/, once/rb for/in all/abn ./. Clean/vb the/at place/nn up/rp ./. They're/ppss+ber doin/vbg it/ppo now/rb ./. I/ppss hear/vb the/at whole/jj bunch/nn is/bez croakin/vbg out/rp in/in the/at snow/nn ./. They'll/ppss+md get/vb the/at guys/nns that/wps done/dod it/ppo ./. There/ex was/bedz something/pn troubling/vbg him/ppo though/rb :/: as/in yet/rb they/ppss hadn't/hvd* Five/cd days/nns ./. Keerist/uh ./. Prickly/jj twinges/nns of/in annoyance/nn ran/vbd through/in him/ppo ./. His/pp$ eyes/nns blinked/vbd hard/rb ,/, snapping/vbg on/rp and/cc squashing/vbg some/dti bad/jj things/nns that/wps were/bed trying/vbg to/to push/vb their/pp$ way/nn into/in him/ppo ./. A/at tune/nn began/vbd to/to whirl/vb inside/in his/pp$ head/nn ./. One/cd of/in his/pp$ favorites/nns :/: ``/`` Guitar/nn-tl Boogie/nn-tl ''/'' ./. It/pps always/rb came/vbd on/rp ,/, faithfully/rb ,/, just/rb like/cs a/at radio/nn or/cc juke/nn box/nn ,/, whenever/wrb he/pps started/vbd to/to worry/vb too/ql much/rb about/in something/pn ,/, when/wrb the/at bad/jj things/nns tried/vbd to/to push/vb their/pp$ way/nn into/in him/ppo ./. The/at music/nn drove/vbd them/ppo off/rp ,/, or/cc away/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz free/jj to/to walk/vb on/in air/nn in/in a/at very/ql few/ap moments/nns ,/, humming/vbg and/cc jiving/vbg within/rb ,/, beating/vbg the/at rhythm/nn within/rb ./. He/pps glowed/vbd with/in anticipation/nn about/in what/wdt would/md happen/vb to/in the/at culprits/nns when/wrb they/ppss caught/vbd them/ppo ./. Turn/vb the/at bastards/nns over/rp to/in me/ppo --/-- to/in me/ppo and/cc my/pp$ boys/nns --/-- no/at nigger/nn ever/rb got/vbd what/wdt would/md be/be comin/vbg to/in them/ppo --/-- reactionary/jj bastards/nns ./. He/pps had/hvd never/rb heard/vbn the/at word/nn reactionary/jj-nc before/cs his/pp$ life/nn as/cs a/at POW/nn began/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at word/nn he/pps was/bedz proud/jj of/in ,/, a/at word/nn that/wps meant/vbd much/ap to/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps used/vbd it/ppo with/in great/jj pleasure/nn ,/, almost/rb as/cs if/cs it/pps were/bed an/at exclusive/jj possession/nn ,/, and/cc more/ap :/: he/pps sensed/vbd himself/ppl to/to be/be very/ql highly/ql educated/vbn ,/, four/cd cuts/nns above/in any/dti of/in the/at folks/nns back/rb home/nr ./. ``/`` Four/cd cuts/nns at/in least/ap ''/'' ,/, he/pps chuckled/vbd to/in himself/ppl ,/, ``/`` and/cc I/ppss owe/vb it/ppo all/abn to/in them/ppo ''/'' ./. The/at word/nn also/rb made/vbd him/ppo feel/vb hate/nn ,/, sincere/jj hate/nn ,/, for/in those/dts so/rb labeled/vbn ./. He/pps used/vbd it/ppo very/ql effectively/rb when/wrb he/pps wanted/vbd to/to get/vb his/pp$ squad/nn on/in the/at ball/nn ./. It/pps came/vbd up/rp again/rb and/cc again/rb in/in the/at discussion/nn sessions/nns ./. Lousy/jj Reactionary/jj bastards/nns been/ben tryin/vbg to/to fuck/vb up/rp the/at Program/nn for/in months/nns ./. Months/nns ./. Hired/vbn ,/, hard/jj lackeys/nns of/in the/at Warmongering/jj capitalists/nns ./. Not/* captured/vbn ,/, sent/vbn here/rb ./. To/to fuck/vb up/rp the/at program/nn ./. You/ppss guys/nns remember/vb that/dt ./. Remember/vb that/cs He/pps heard/vbd himself/ppl haranguing/vbg them/ppo ./. He/pps saw/vbd himself/ppl before/in them/ppo delivering/vbg the/at speech/nn ./. He/pps laughed/vbd ,/, suddenly/rb ,/, feeling/vbg a/at surge/nn of/in power/nn telling/vbg him/ppo of/in his/pp$ hold/nn over/in them/ppo ,/, seeing/vbg himself/ppl before/in them/ppo ,/, receiving/vbg utmost/jjs respect/nn and/cc attention/nn ./. One/cd day/nn ,/, Ching/np had/hvd told/vbn him/ppo (/( smiling/vbg ,/, patting/vbg him/ppo on/in the/at back/nn )/) as/cs they/ppss walked/vbd to/in the/at weekly/jj conference/nn of/in squad/nn leaders/nns ,/, ``/`` Keep/vb it/ppo up/rp ,/, your/pp$ squad/nn is/bez good/jj ,/, one/cd of/in the/at best/jjt ,/, keep/vb it/ppo up/rp ,/, keep/vb up/rp the/at good/jj work/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps would/md !/. !/. That/dt was/bedz really/rb something/pn ,/, coming/vbg from/in Ching/np ./. ``/`` Really/rb something/pn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, aloud/rb ./. Dirty/jj Reactionary/jj bastards/nns comin/vbg down/in here/rb in/in the/at night/nn and/cc bumpin/vbg off/rp ol/jj Slater/np and/cc those/dts other/ap poor/jj bastards/nns ./. ``/`` They'll/ppss+md get/vb them/ppo by/in God/np and/cc let/vb them/ppo bring/vb them/ppo down/in here/rb to/in me/ppo ,/, just/rb let/vb them/ppo ,/, God/np ,/, I'll/ppss+md slice/vb their/pp$ balls/nns right/ql off/rp ./. ''/'' His/pp$ arm/nn moved/vbd swiftly/rb ,/, violently/rb ,/, once/rb ,/, twice/rb ./. He/pps felt/vbd intense/jj satisfaction/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz tingling/vbg within/rb ./. Before/in him/ppo ,/, mutilated/vbn ,/, bleeding/vbg to/in death/nn ,/, they/ppss lay/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz as/cs if/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben done/vbn ./. ``/`` Bastards/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd aloud/rb ,/, spitting/vbg on/in them/ppo ./. He/pps halted/vbd ,/, and/cc looked/vbd around/rb ./. Rivers/nns of/in cold/jj sweat/nn were/bed suddenly/rb unleashed/vbn within/in him/ppo ./. The/at thought/nn came/vbd back/rb ,/, the/at one/cd nagging/vbg at/in him/ppo these/dts past/ap four/cd days/nns ./. He/pps tried/vbd to/to stifle/vb it/ppo ./. But/cc the/at words/nns were/bed forming/vbg ./. He/pps knew/vbd he/pps couldn't/md* ./. He/pps braced/vbd himself/ppl ./. Somebody'll/pn+md hafta/hv+to start/vb thinkin/vbg ./. He/pps fought/vbd it/ppo ,/, seeking/vbg to/to kill/vb the/at last/ap few/ap words/nns ,/, but/cc on/rp they/ppss came/vbd out/rp ./. He/pps was/bedz trembling/vbg ,/, a/at strange/jj feeling/nn upon/in him/ppo ,/, fully/rb expecting/vbg some/dti catastrophe/nn to/to strike/vb him/ppo dead/jj on/in the/at spot/nn ./. But/cc it/pps didn't/dod* ./. And/cc he/pps took/vbd heart/nn ;/. ;/. the/at final/jj word/nn came/vbd forth/rb ./. Now/rb he/pps heard/vbd it/ppo ,/, fully/rb ;/. ;/. ``/`` bout/in takin/vbg his/pp$ place/nn ''/'' He/pps listened/vbd ,/, waited/vbd ,/, nothing/pn happened/vbd ./. He/pps felt/vbd good/jj ./. His/pp$ old/jj self/nn ./. The/at music/nn arrived/vbd ,/, taking/vbg him/ppo its/pp$ rhythm/nn ./. Stroked/vbd him/ppo ,/, snaked/vbd all/ql through/in him/ppo ,/, the/at lyrics/nns lifted/vbd him/ppo ,/, took/vbd him/ppo from/in one/cd magic/jj isle/nn to/in another/dt ,/, stopping/vbg briefly/rb at/in each/dt Brandon/np ./. He/pps is/bez good/jj ./. Damn/ql good/jj ./. But/cc a/at nigger/nn ./. Johnson/np ./. Jesus/uh ,/, the/at guy/nn says/vbz he/pps is/bez trying/vbg ./. But/cc he/pps isn't/bez* with/in it/ppo ,/, not/* at/in all/abn with/in it/ppo ./. When/wrb I/ppss talked/vbd to/in Ching/np about/in it/ppo ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, Everyone/pn can/md learn/vb ,/, if/cs he/pps is/bez not/* a/at Reactionary/nn or/cc lazy/jj ./. No/at one/pn is/bez stupid/jj ./. That's/dt+bez what/wdt he/pps said/vbd ./. He/pps oughta/md+to know/vb ./. It/pps is/bez plain/jj as/cs hell/nn Johnson/np is/bez no/at reactionary/nn ./. So/rb you're/ppss+ber not/* tryin/vbg ,/, Johnson/np ,/, you/ppss bastard/nn you/ppss ./. He/pps looked/vbd over/rp at/in him/ppo ,/, lying/vbg there/rb ,/, asleep/jj ,/, and/cc he/pps felt/vbd a/at wave/nn of/in revulsion/nn ./. How/wrb he/pps loathed/vbd him/ppo ./. Sleepy-eyed/jj ,/, soft-spoken/jj Johnson/np ,/, Biggest/jjt thorn/nn in/in my/pp$ side/nn of/in the/at whole/jj fucken/vbg squad/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz the/at guy/nn what/wdt always/rb goofed/vbd at/in Question/nn-tl Time/nn-tl ./. Why/wrb couldn't/md* they/ppss have/hv dumped/vbn him/ppo off/rp on/in someone/pn else/rb ?/. ?/. Why/wrb me/ppo ?/. ?/. Why/wrb didn't/dod* the/at damn/jj Reactionaries/nns bump/vb him/ppo off/rp ?/. ?/. Why/wrb Slater/np ?/. ?/. Like/cs a/at particle/nn drawn/vbn to/in a/at magnet/nn he/pps returned/vbd to/in that/dt which/wdt was/bedz pressing/vbg so/ql hard/rb in/in his/pp$ mind/nn ./. The/at music/nn surged/vbd up/rp ,/, but/cc it/pps failed/vbd to/to check/vb it/ppo ./. Who/wps is/bez the/at man/nn to/to take/vb His/pp$ place/nn ?/. ?/. The/at guy/nn with/in most/ap on/in the/at Ball/nn ./. Most/ap on/in the/at ball/nn ./. Handle/vb men/nns ./. Thoroughly/rb Wised/vbn up/rp ./. Knows/vbz the/at score/nn With/in a/at supreme/jj effort/nn ,/, he/pps broke/vbd it/ppo off/rp ./. He/pps turned/vbd to/in the/at window/nn again/rb ./. A/at gnawing/vbg and/cc gnashing/vbg within/in him/ppo ./. The/at snow/nn was/bedz tumbling/vbg down/rp furiously/rb now/rb ./. Huge/jj glob-flakes/nns hitting/vbg the/at ground/nn ,/, piling/vbg higher/rbr and/cc higher/rbr ./. He/pps stared/vbd at/in it/ppo ,/, amazed/vbn ,/, alarmed/vbn ./. The/at whole/jj fucken/vbg sky's/nn+bez cavin/vbg in/rp !/. !/. Keeeerist/uh !/. !/. Lookit/vb+in it/ppo !/. !/. Cover/vb the/at whole/jj building/nn ,/, bury/vb us/ppo all/abn ,/, by/in nightfall/nn ./. Jesus/uh !/. !/. Somebody/pn ,/, got/vbn to/to be/be somebody/pn If/cs I/ppss don't/do* put/vb my/pp$ two/cd cents/nns in/rp soon/rb ,/, somebody/pn else/rb will/md I/ppss know/vb they're/ppss+ber waitin/vbg only/rb for/in one/cd thing/nn :/: for/cs the/at bastards/nns what/wdt done/dod it/ppo to/to be/be nailed/vbn ./. Maybe/rb they/ppss already/rb got/vbd them/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz again/rb tingling/vbg with/in pleasure/nn ,/, seeing/vbg himself/ppl clearly/rb in/in Slater's/np$ shoes/nns ./. Top/jjs dog/nn ,/, sleeping/vbg and/cc eating/vbg right/ql there/rb with/in the/at Staff/nn-tl ./. Ching/np ,/, Tien/np ,/, all/abn of/in them/ppo ./. Top/jjs dog/nn ./. Poor/jj ol/jj Slater/np ./. Jesus/uh ,/, imagine/vb ,/, the/at crummy/jj bastards/nns ,/, they'll/ppss+md get/vb em/ppo ,/, they'll/ppss+md get/vb what's/wdt+bez comin/vbg to/in em/ppo ./. He/pps whirled/vbd about/rb suddenly/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz nothing/pn ,/, though/cs his/pp$ heart/nn was/bedz thumping/vbg wildly/rb ./. Somebody/pn was/bedz up/rp ./. That/dt was/bedz all/abn ./. ``/`` Boy/uh ,/, you're/ppss+ber stirrin/vbg early/rb ''/'' ,/, a/at sleepy/jj voice/nn said/vbd ./. ``/`` Yehhh/rb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Coughlin/np ,/, testily/rb ,/, eyeing/vbg him/ppo up/rp and/cc down/rp ./. ``/`` Lookit/vb+in that/dt come/vb down/rp ,/, willya/md+ppss ''/'' ,/, said/vbd the/at man/nn ,/, scratching/vbg himself/ppl ,/, yawning/vbg ./. ``/`` Yehhh/rb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Coughlin/np ,/, practically/rb spitting/vbg on/in him/ppo ./. The/at man/nn moved/vbd away/rb ./. That's/dt+bez the/at way/nn ./. They'll/ppss+md toe/vb the/at line/nn ./. Goddamn/vb it/ppo ./. Keep/vb the/at chatter/nn to/in a/at minimum/nn ,/, short/jj answers/nns ,/, one/cd word/nn ,/, if/cs possible/jj ./. Less/ap bull/nn the/at more/ap you/ppss can/md do/do with/in em/ppo ./. That's/dt+bez Brown's/np$ trouble/nn ./. All/abn he/pps does/doz is/bez to/to bullshit/vb with/in his/pp$ squad/nn ,/, and/cc they/ppss are/ber the/at stupidest/jjt bastards/nns around/rb ./. Just/rb about/rb to/to get/vb their/pp$ asses/nns kicked/vbn into/in hut/nn Seven/cd-tl ./. Plenty/nn of/in room/nn there/rb now/rb ./. All/abn those/dts dumb/jj 8-Balls/nns croaked/vbd ./. You/ppss can/md do/do anything/pn with/in these/dts dumb/jj fucks/nns if/cs you/ppss know/vb how/wrb ./. Anything/pn ./. They'd/ppss+md cut/vb their/pp$ mothers'/nns$ belly/nn open/jj ./. Give/vb um/ppo the/at works/nns ./. See/vb ,/, he's/pps+bez already/rb snapping/vbg it/ppo up/rp ,/, the/at dumb/jj jerk/nn ./. Coughlin/np grinned/vbd ,/, feeling/vbg supremely/rb on/in top/nn of/in things/nns ./. He/pps watched/vbd the/at snow/nn once/rb again/rb ./. It/pps infuriated/vbd him/ppo ./. It/pps made/vbd no/at sense/nn to/in him/ppo ./. He/pps whirled/vbd around/rb ,/, suddenly/rb hot/jj all/ql over/rp ,/, finding/vbg the/at man/nn who/wps had/hvd been/ben standing/vbg before/in him/ppo a/at few/ap moments/nns back/rb ,/, nailing/vbg him/ppo to/in the/at spot/nn on/in which/wdt he/pps now/rb stood/vbd ,/, open-mouthed/jj ./. ``/`` You/ppss ,/, Listen/vb !/. !/. --/-- name/vb William/np Foster's/np$ Four/cd-tl Internal/jj-tl Contradictions/nns-tl in/in-tl Capitalism/nn-tl ./. Quick/rb --/-- Quick/rb --/-- now/rb ''/'' !/. !/. The/at man/nn shrank/vbd before/in the/at hot/jj fury/nn ,/, searching/vbg frantically/rb for/in the/at answer/nn ./. Finnegan/np woke/vbd up/rp ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at hell/nn of/in a/at noise/nn this/dt time/nn of/in morning/nn ./. He/pps stared/vbd out/in the/at window/nn ./. For/in Christ's/np$ sake/nn !/. !/. The/at whole/jj fucken/vbg sky's/nn+bez caved/vbn in/rp !/. !/. He/pps looked/vbd for/in the/at source/nn of/in the/at noise/nn that/wps had/hvd awakened/vbn him/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz that/dt prick/nn Coughlin/np ./. What/wdt the/at hell/nn was/bedz he/pps up/rp to/in now/rb ?/. ?/. Why/wrb didn't/dod* he/pps drop/vb dead/jj ?/. ?/. How/wrb did/dod they/ppss miss/vb him/ppo when/wrb they/ppss got/vbd Slater/np ?/. ?/. How/wrb ?/. ?/. Then/rb he/pps was/bedz asking/vbg himself/ppl the/at usual/jj early/jj morning/nn questions/nns :/: What/wdt the/at Hell/nn am/bem I/ppss doin/vbg here/rb ?/. ?/. Is/bez this/dt a/at nut-house/nn ?/. ?/. Am/bem I/ppss nuts/jj ?/. ?/. Is/bez this/dt for/in real/jj ?/. ?/. Am/bem I/ppss dreamin/vbg ?/. ?/. From/in somewhere/rb in/in the/at hut/nn came/vbd Coughlin's/np$ voice/nn ./. ``/`` How/wql long/rb did/dod you/ppss study/vb ?/. ?/. How/wql long/rb ,/, buddy/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` For/in Christ's/np$ sake/nn ''/'' !/. !/. A/at voice/nn pleaded/vbd ./. ``/`` Don't/do* Christsake/vb me/ppo ,/, buddy/nn !/. !/. Just/rb answer/vb ./. C'mon/uh --/-- 'mon/uh !/. !/. ''/'' I'm/ppss+bem no/at hero/nn ./. Did/dod I/ppss start/vb the/at damn/jj war/nn ?/. ?/. Automatically/rb ,/, Finnegan/np started/vbd going/vbg over/in today's/nr$ lesson/nn ./. Capitalism/nn-tl rots/vbz from/in the/at core/nn ./. Did/dod I/ppss start/vb the/at damn/jj war/nn ?/. ?/. Who/wps did/dod ?/. ?/. That's/dt+bez a/at good/jj one/cd ./. I/ppss thought/vbd I/ppss knew/vbd ./. Why/wrb don't/doz* Uncle/nn-tl Sam/np-tl mind/vb his/pp$ own/jj fucken/vbg business/nn ?/. ?/. I'll/ppss+md bet/vb both/abx together/rb did/dod ./. I/ppss bet/vb ./. So/rb fuck/vb them/ppo both/abx ./. Goddamn/uh ./. Goddammit/uh ./. Just/rb let/vb me/ppo go/vb home/nr to/in Jersey/np ,/, back/rb to/in the/at shore/nn ,/, oh/uh ,/, Jesus/uh ,/, the/at shore/nn ./. The/at waves/nns breakin/vbg in/rp on/in you/ppo and/cc your/pp$ girl/nn at/in night/nn there/rb on/in the/at warm/jj beach/nn in/in the/at moonlight/nn ./. If/cs I/ppss hafta/hv+to do/do this/dt to/to stay/vb alive/jj by/in God/np I'll/ppss+md do/do it/ppo ./. I/ppss hated/vbd the/at goddamn/jj army/nn from/in the/at first/od day/nn I/ppss got/vbd in/rp anyhow/rb ./. All/abn pricks/nns like/cs Coughlin/np run/vb it/ppo anyway/rb ,/, one/cd way/nn or/cc another/dt ./. Fuck/vb them/ppo ./. He/pps rolled/vbd over/rp and/cc tried/vbd to/to shut/vb out/rp the/at noise/nn ,/, now/rb much/ql louder/jjr ./. He/pps snuggled/vbd into/in the/at blanket/nn ./. Brandon/np dreamed/vbd ./. He/pps was/bedz sitting/vbg on/in top/nn of/in a/at log/nn which/wdt was/bedz spinning/vbg round/rb and/cc around/rb in/in the/at water/nn ./. A/at river/nn ,/, wide/jj as/cs the/at Missouri/np ,/, where/wrb it/pps ran/vbd by/in his/pp$ place/nn ./. The/at log/nn was/bedz spinning/vbg ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz not/* ./. So/rb what/wdt ?/. ?/. Why/wrb should/md I/ppss be/be spinning/vbg just/rb because/cs the/at goddamn/jj log/nn is/bez spinning/vbg ?/. ?/. (/( he/pps asked/vbd this/dt out/rp loud/rb ,/, but/cc no/at one/pn heard/vbd it/ppo over/in the/at other/ap noise/nn in/in the/at hut/nn )/) ./. Over/rp on/in the/at bank/nn ,/, the/at west/nr bank/nn ,/, a/at man/nn stood/vbd ,/, calling/vbg to/in him/ppo ./. He/pps couldn't/md* make/vb out/rp what/wdt he/pps was/bedz saying/vbg ./. No/at doubt/nn it/pps had/hvd to/to do/do with/in the/at log/nn ./. Why/wrb should/md he/pps be/be concerned/vbn ?/. ?/.

ck08

ck08 |@word rousseau:17 persuasive:1 voltaire:8 almost:1 convinced:1 burn:1 book:1 two:2 man:4 ride:1 country:3 go:8 dinner:3 attack:1 dark:1 forest:1 band:1 thief:1 strip:1 everything:2 include:1 clothe:2 must:6 learned:2 say:11 one:10 bandit:3 laugh:1 face:4 persevere:1 chief:3 university:1 study:3 ask:5 refuse:3 believe:2 never:4 attend:1 high:3 institution:1 become:5 corrupt:1 surely:3 many:1 art:4 science:2 annoy:1 question:1 knock:1 shout:1 school:1 even:8 learn:2 read:1 finally:2 bedraggle:1 reach:2 friend:2 home:3 fear:4 arouse:1 distinguished:1 place:1 fine:1 work:8 big:1 library:1 little:11 doubt:1 owner:1 deprave:1 culture:3 surprise:1 however:3 host:1 give:4 fresh:1 put:2 open:2 purse:1 lend:1 money:1 sit:1 good:4 immediately:1 still:5 another:3 favor:1 could:18 pen:1 paper:1 please:1 hurry:1 write:6 essay:1 impromptu:1 howl:1 laughter:1 san:1 souci:1 soon:2 circulate:1 manuscript:2 throughout:1 literary:1 circle:2 europe:1 print:1 sometime:1 later:1 name:2 timon:1 athens:1 famous:1 misanthrope:1 substitute:1 cruel:1 time:6 understandable:1 rich:2 life:5 make:6 simple:1 ever:3 understand:4 subterfuge:1 lie:1 fraud:1 error:1 sin:1 crime:1 poor:1 drive:1 effort:3 overcome:1 great:4 advantage:1 race:1 example:1 strange:1 predicament:1 would:22 find:2 furor:2 first:7 discourse:3 acquire:1 title:1 fame:2 musician:3 composer:8 since:4 begin:2 music:8 teach:1 dream:2 pierce:1 result:1 successful:2 opera:5 facility:1 genre:1 get:3 performance:6 gallant:1 muse:1 invariably:1 fail:2 reason:1 operatic:1 merit:2 day:3 week:2 visit:1 retired:1 swiss:1 jeweler:1 amuse:1 company:1 melody:3 attach:1 importance:2 really:2 amazed:1 discover:1 guest:1 excited:1 delicate:1 song:3 together:1 urge:1 stre:1 onto:1 sort:2 plot:1 delightful:1 operetta:4 nonsense:1 stuff:1 throw:1 away:1 heaven:1 forbid:2 cry:2 lady:4 enchant:1 material:1 leave:1 argue:4 plead:1 promise:2 oh:1 irony:1 bitterness:1 year:2 stoutly:1 reply:1 critic:1 close:2 success:2 reject:2 least:1 appear:4 else:2 hand:1 decry:1 practice:1 well:2 yes:4 perhaps:1 literature:2 keep:2 silent:1 feeling:2 involve:1 spite:2 much:1 fault:2 course:4 rameau:4 whole:3 parisian:2 age:1 type:1 try:2 sweet:1 nothing:1 heart:1 tender:1 memory:1 childhood:1 anyone:1 hum:1 want:1 weep:1 glory:1 crave:1 long:1 weekend:1 piece:5 delighted:1 jean:6 jacques:6 applaud:1 everyone:2 part:1 feeble:1 amateur:1 render:1 insist:1 lose:1 forever:1 royal:6 academy:2 order:1 rate:1 aware:1 seem:2 like:3 hypocrite:1 stand:2 possibly:2 permit:1 public:3 especially:1 trouble:1 contradiction:2 bah:1 every:1 woman:1 experience:1 mean:2 admit:1 though:3 agree:3 indeed:1 private:2 satisfaction:1 dearly:1 love:1 know:6 sound:2 professional:1 train:1 voice:1 simply:1 kind:1 people:4 think:2 duclos:4 historian:1 point:3 impossible:1 rehearse:1 merely:2 see:3 satisfy:1 author:3 curiosity:1 recall:1 armide:1 behind:2 closed:2 door:1 alone:1 bother:2 writer:2 prosopopoeia:1 fabricius:1 known:1 amusing:1 certainly:2 paradoxical:1 duclo:2 way:3 let:1 submitting:1 suggest:1 suspect:1 crazy:1 twist:1 turn:2 emotion:2 afraid:1 may:1 blow:1 pride:2 accept:1 violent:1 matter:1 betray:1 deeply:1 concerned:1 anxious:1 lover:2 obscurity:1 applause:1 thus:1 tear:1 desire:2 necessity:1 remain:1 true:1 proclaimed:1 anonymity:1 suffer:1 several:2 painful:1 screw:1 new:1 height:1 acceptance:1 rehearsal:3 ensue:1 buzz:1 excitement:2 among:4 come:2 run:1 inform:1 news:2 superintendent:1 king:5 amusement:1 demand:1 offer:1 summer:1 palace:3 fontainebleau:1 imagine:1 honor:1 answer:1 strive:1 unimpressed:1 monsieur:1 de:3 cury:2 incense:1 permission:1 certain:1 infuriate:1 plunge:1 commit:1 austerity:1 denial:1 court:3 louis:2 15:2 play:1 role:1 self:1 effacement:1 back:1 forth:1 duke:1 village:1 soothsayer:1 unperformed:1 take:3 around:1 naturally:1 secret:1 large:1 knew:1 musical:1 titillate:1 talk:1 glowing:1 term:1 hear:2 squirm:1 pretend:2 intimate:1 affair:1 sensational:1 listen:1 conversation:1 morning:1 cup:1 chocolate:1 cafe:1 bathe:1 perspiration:1 tremble:2 lest:3 authorship:1 startling:1 effect:1 proclaim:1 suddenly:2 feel:2 confession:1 crucial:1 carriage:1 stable:1 call:1 shave:1 contrary:1 pleased:1 show:1 neglect:1 condition:2 enter:1 hall:2 queen:1 family:1 member:1 aristocracy:1 present:1 grimm:1 abbe:1 raynal:1 stop:2 dress:2 occasion:2 dressed:1 always:1 neither:1 better:1 bad:1 madame:1 pompadour:1 right:2 slovenly:2 slovenliness:1 hair:2 grow:3 whether:1 wash:1 hundred:1 ago:1 wear:1 beard:2 without:1 change:1 fashion:2 real:1 obey:1 mind:1 perform:1 boldness:1 bold:1 addition:1 usual:1 society:1 inane:1 inappropriate:1 remark:1 deep:1 itch:1 relieve:1 walk:1 midst:1

Rousseau/np is/bez so/ql persuasive/jj that/cs Voltaire/np is/bez almost/rb convinced/vbn that/cs he/pps should/md burn/vb his/pp$ books/nns ,/, too/rb ./. But/cc while/cs the/at two/cd men/nns are/ber riding/vbg into/in the/at country/nn ,/, where/wrb they/ppss are/ber going/vbg to/in dinner/nn ,/, they/ppss are/ber attacked/vbn in/in the/at dark/nn of/in the/at forest/nn by/in a/at band/nn of/in thieves/nns ,/, who/wps strip/vb them/ppo of/in everything/pn ,/, including/in most/ap of/in their/pp$ clothes/nns ./. ``/`` You/ppss must/md be/be a/at very/ql learned/jj man/nn ''/'' ,/, says/vbz Voltaire/np to/in one/cd of/in the/at bandits/nns ./. ``/`` A/at learned/jj man/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at bandit/nn laughs/vbz in/in his/pp$ face/nn ./. But/cc Voltaire/np perseveres/vbz ./. He/pps goes/vbz to/in the/at chief/nn himself/ppl ./. ``/`` At/in what/wdt university/nn did/dod you/ppss study/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps asks/vbz ./. He/pps refuses/vbz to/to believe/vb that/cs the/at bandit/nn chief/nn never/rb attended/vbd a/at higher/jjr institution/nn ./. ``/`` To/to have/hv become/vbn so/ql corrupt/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps says/vbz ,/, ``/`` surely/rb you/ppss must/md have/hv studied/vbn many/ap arts/nns and/cc sciences/nns ''/'' ./. The/at chief/nn ,/, annoyed/vbn by/in these/dts questions/nns ,/, knocks/vbz Voltaire/np down/rp and/cc shouts/vbz at/in him/ppo that/cs he/pps not/* only/rb never/rb went/vbd to/in any/dti school/nn ,/, but/cc never/rb even/rb learned/vbd how/wrb to/to read/vb ./. When/wrb finally/rb the/at two/cd bedraggled/jj men/nns reach/vb their/pp$ friend's/nn$ home/nn ,/, Voltaire's/np$ fears/nns are/ber once/rb again/rb aroused/vbn ./. For/cs it/pps is/bez such/abl a/at distinguished/vbn place/nn ,/, with/in such/jj fine/jj works/nns of/in art/nn and/cc such/abl a/at big/jj library/nn ,/, that/cs there/ex can/md be/be little/ap doubt/nn but/cc that/cs the/at owner/nn has/hvz become/vbn depraved/vbn by/in all/abn this/dt culture/nn ./. To/in Voltaire's/np$ surprise/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, their/pp$ host/nn gives/vbz them/ppo fresh/jj clothes/nns to/to put/vb on/rp ,/, opens/vbz his/pp$ purse/nn to/to lend/vb them/ppo money/nn and/cc sits/vbz them/ppo down/rp before/in a/at good/jj dinner/nn ./. Immediately/rb after/in dinner/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, Rousseau/np asks/vbz for/in still/rb another/dt favor/nn ./. Could/md he/pps have/hv pen/nn and/cc paper/nn ,/, please/vb ?/. ?/. He/pps is/bez in/in a/at hurry/nn to/to write/vb another/dt essay/nn against/in culture/nn ./. Such/abl was/bedz the/at impromptu/nn that/cs Voltaire/np gave/vbd to/in howls/nns of/in laughter/nn at/in Sans/fw-in-tl Souci/fw-nn-tl and/cc that/dt was/bedz soon/rb circulated/vbn in/in manuscript/nn throughout/in the/at literary/jj circles/nns of/in Europe/np ,/, to/to be/be printed/vbn sometime/rb later/rbr ,/, but/cc with/in the/at name/nn of/in Timon/np-tl of/in-tl Athens/np-tl ,/, the/at famous/jj misanthrope/nn ,/, substituted/vbn for/in that/dt of/in Rousseau/np ./. How/wql cruel/jj !/. !/. But/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn how/wql understandable/jj ./. How/wrb could/md the/at rich/jj ,/, for/in whom/wpo life/nn was/bedz made/vbn so/ql simple/jj ,/, ever/rb understand/vb the/at subterfuges/nns ,/, the/at lies/nns ,/, the/at frauds/nns ,/, the/at errors/nns ,/, sins/nns and/cc even/rb crimes/nns to/in which/wdt the/at poor/jj were/bed driven/vbn in/in their/pp$ efforts/nns to/to overcome/vb the/at great/jj advantages/nns the/at rich/jj had/hvd in/in the/at race/nn of/in life/nn ?/. ?/. How/wrb ,/, for/in example/nn ,/, could/md a/at Voltaire/np understand/vb the/at strange/jj predicament/nn in/in which/wdt a/at Rousseau/np would/md find/vb himself/ppl when/wrb ,/, soon/rb after/in the/at furor/nn of/in his/pp$ first/od Discourse/nn ,/, he/pps acquired/vbd still/rb another/dt title/nn to/in fame/nn ?/. ?/. This/dt time/nn as/cs a/at musician/nn ./. As/cs a/at composer/nn ./. Ever/rb since/cs he/pps had/hvd first/rb begun/vbn to/to study/vb music/nn and/cc to/to teach/vb it/ppo ,/, Rousseau/np had/hvd dreamed/vbn of/in piercing/vbg through/rp to/in fame/nn as/cs the/at result/nn of/in a/at successful/jj opera/nn ./. But/cc his/pp$ facility/nn in/in this/dt genre/nn was/bedz not/* great/jj ./. And/cc his/pp$ efforts/nns to/to get/vb a/at performance/nn for/in his/pp$ Gallant/jj Muses/nns-tl invariably/rb failed/vbd ./. And/cc for/in good/jj reasons/nns ./. His/pp$ operatic/jj music/nn had/hvd little/ap merit/nn ./. But/cc then/rb one/cd day/nn ,/, while/cs on/in a/at week's/nn$ visit/nn to/in the/at country/nn home/nn of/in a/at retired/vbn Swiss/jj jeweler/nn ,/, Rousseau/np amused/vbd the/at company/nn with/in a/at few/ap little/jj melodies/nns he/pps had/hvd written/vbn ,/, to/in which/wdt he/pps attached/vbd no/at great/jj importance/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz really/ql amazed/vbn to/to discover/vb the/at other/ap guests/nns so/ql excited/vbn about/in these/dts delicate/jj little/jj songs/nns ./. ``/`` Put/vb a/at few/ap such/jj songs/nns together/rb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss urged/vbd him/ppo ./. ``/`` String/vb them/ppo onto/in some/dti sort/nn of/in little/jj plot/nn ,/, and/cc you'll/ppss+md have/hv a/at delightful/jj operetta/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps didn't/dod* believe/vb them/ppo ./. ``/`` Nonsense/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` This/dt is/bez the/at sort/nn of/in stuff/nn I/ppss write/vb and/cc then/rb throw/vb away/rb ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` Heaven/nn forbid/vb ''/'' !/. !/. Cried/vbd the/at ladies/nns ,/, enchanted/vbn by/in his/pp$ music/nn ./. ``/`` You/ppss must/md make/vb an/at opera/nn out/rp of/in this/dt material/nn ''/'' ./. And/cc they/ppss wouldn't/md* leave/vb off/rp arguing/vbg and/cc pleading/vbg until/cs he/pps had/hvd promised/vbn ./. Oh/uh ,/, the/at irony/nn and/cc the/at bitterness/nn of/in it/ppo !/. !/. That/cs after/in all/abn his/pp$ years/nns of/in effort/nn to/to become/vb a/at composer/nn ,/, he/pps should/md now/rb ,/, now/rb when/wrb he/pps was/bedz still/rb stoutly/rb replying/vbg to/in the/at critics/nns of/in his/pp$ Discourse/nn-tl on/in-tl the/at-tl Arts/nns-tl and/cc-tl Sciences/nns-tl ,/, be/be so/ql close/rb to/in a/at success/nn in/in music/nn and/cc have/hv to/to reject/vb it/ppo ./. Or/cc at/in least/ap appear/vb to/to reject/vb it/ppo !/. !/. But/cc what/wdt else/rb could/md he/pps do/do ?/. ?/. You/ppss couldn't/md* on/in the/at one/cd hand/nn decry/vb the/at arts/nns and/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn practice/vb them/ppo ,/, could/md you/ppo ?/. ?/. Well/uh ,/, yes/rb ,/, perhaps/rb in/in literature/nn ,/, since/cs you/ppss could/md argue/vb that/cs you/ppss couldn't/md* keep/vb silent/jj about/in your/pp$ feelings/nns against/in literature/nn and/cc so/rb were/bed involved/vbn in/in spite/nn of/in yourself/ppl ./. But/cc now/rb music/nn too/rb ?/. ?/. No/rb ./. That/dt would/md be/be too/ql much/ap !/. !/. And/cc the/at fault/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz Rameau's/np$ ./. The/at fault/nn was/bedz Rameau's/np$ and/cc that/dt of/in the/at whole/jj culture/nn of/in this/dt Parisian/jj age/nn ./. For/cs it/pps was/bedz Rameau's/np$ type/nn of/in music/nn that/wpo he/pps had/hvd been/ben trying/vbg to/to write/vb ,/, and/cc that/wpo he/pps couldn't/md* write/vb ./. These/dts little/jj songs/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, were/bed sweet/jj nothings/nns from/in the/at heart/nn ,/, tender/jj memories/nns of/in his/pp$ childhood/nn ,/, little/jj melodies/nns that/wpo anyone/pn could/md hum/vb and/cc that/wps would/md make/vb one/pn want/vb to/to weep/vb ./. But/cc no/rb ./. He/pps couldn't/md* appear/vb as/cs a/at composer/nn now/rb ./. That/dt glory/nn ,/, craved/vbn for/in so/ql long/rb ,/, was/bedz now/rb forbidden/vbn to/in him/ppo ./. Still/rb ,/, just/rb for/in the/at ladies/nns ,/, and/cc just/rb for/in this/dt once/rb ,/, for/in this/dt one/cd weekend/nn in/in the/at country/nn ,/, he/pps would/md make/vb a/at little/jj piece/nn out/rp of/in his/pp$ melodies/nns ./. The/at ladies/nns were/bed delighted/vbn and/cc Jean/np Jacques/np was/bedz applauded/vbn ./. And/cc everyone/pn went/vbd to/in work/nn to/to learn/vb the/at parts/nns which/wdt he/pps wrote/vbd ./. But/cc then/rb ,/, after/cs the/at little/jj operetta/nn had/hvd been/ben given/vbn its/pp$ feeble/jj amateur/nn rendering/nn ,/, everyone/pn insisted/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz too/ql good/jj to/to be/be lost/vbn forever/rb ,/, and/cc that/cs the/at Royal/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl of/in-tl Music/nn-tl must/md now/rb have/hv the/at manuscript/nn in/in order/nn to/to give/vb it/ppo the/at really/ql first-rate/jj performance/nn it/pps merited/vbd ./. Rousseau/np was/bedz aware/jj that/cs he/pps must/md seem/vb like/cs a/at hypocrite/nn ,/, standing/vbg there/rb and/cc arguing/vbg that/cs he/pps could/md not/* possibly/rb permit/vb a/at public/jj performance/nn ./. The/at ladies/nns especially/rb couldn't/md* understand/vb what/wdt troubled/vbd him/ppo ./. A/at contradiction/nn ?/. ?/. Bah/uh ,/, what/wdt was/bedz a/at contradiction/nn in/in one's/pn$ life/nn ?/. ?/. Every/at woman/nn has/hvz had/hvn the/at experience/nn of/in saying/vbg no/rb-nc when/wrb she/pps meant/vbd yes/rb ,/, and/cc saying/vbg yes/rb when/wrb she/pps meant/vbd no/rb-nc ./. Rousseau/np had/hvd to/to admit/vb that/cs though/cs he/pps couldn't/md* agree/vb to/in a/at public/jj performance/nn ,/, he/pps would/md indeed/rb ,/, just/rb for/in his/pp$ own/jj private/jj satisfaction/nn ,/, dearly/rb love/vb to/to know/vb how/wrb his/pp$ work/nn would/md sound/vb when/wrb done/vbn by/in professional/jj musicians/nns and/cc by/in trained/vbn voices/nns ./. ``/`` I'd/ppss+md simply/rb like/vb to/to know/vb if/cs it/pps is/bez as/ql good/jj as/cs you/ppss kind/jj people/nns seem/vb to/to think/vb ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. Duclos/np ,/, the/at historian/nn ,/, pointed/vbd out/rp to/in Jean/np Jacques/np that/cs this/dt was/bedz impossible/jj ./. The/at musicians/nns of/in the/at Royal/jj-tl Opera/nn-tl would/md not/* rehearse/vb a/at work/nn merely/rb to/to see/vb how/wrb it/pps would/md sound/vb ./. Merely/rb to/to satisfy/vb the/at author's/nn$ curiosity/nn ./. Rousseau/np agreed/vbd ./. But/cc he/pps recalled/vbd that/cs Rameau/np had/hvd once/rb had/hvn a/at private/jj performance/nn of/in his/pp$ opera/nn Armide/np ,/, behind/in closed/vbn doors/nns ,/, just/rb for/in himself/ppl alone/rb ./. Duclos/np understood/vbd what/wdt was/bedz bothering/vbg Rousseau/np :/: that/cs the/at writer/nn of/in the/at Prosopopoeia/np of/in Fabricius/np should/md now/rb become/vb known/vbn as/cs the/at writer/nn of/in an/at amusing/jj little/jj operetta/nn ./. That/dt would/md certainly/rb be/be paradoxical/jj ./. But/cc Duclos/np thought/vbd he/pps saw/vbd a/at way/nn out/rp ./. ``/`` Let/vb me/ppo do/do the/at submitting/nn to/in the/at Royal/jj-tl Academy/nn-tl ''/'' ,/, he/pps suggested/vbd ./. ``/`` Your/pp$ name/nn will/md never/rb appear/vb ./. No/at one/pn will/md even/rb suspect/vb that/cs it/pps is/bez your/pp$ work/nn ''/'' ./. To/in that/dt Rousseau/np could/md agree/vb ./. But/cc now/rb what/wdt crazy/jj twists/nns and/cc turns/nns of/in his/pp$ emotions/nns !/. !/. Afraid/jj at/in one/cd and/cc the/at same/ap time/nn that/cs his/pp$ work/nn might/md be/be turned/vbn down/rp --/-- which/wdt would/md be/be a/at blow/nn to/in his/pp$ pride/nn even/rb though/cs no/at one/pn knew/vbd he/pps was/bedz the/at author/nn --/-- and/cc that/cs the/at work/nn would/md be/be accepted/vbn ,/, and/cc then/rb that/cs his/pp$ violent/jj feelings/nns in/in the/at matter/nn would/md certainly/rb betray/vb how/wql deeply/rb concerned/vbn he/pps was/bedz in/in spite/nn of/in himself/ppl ./. And/cc how/wql anxious/jj this/dt lover/nn of/in obscurity/nn was/bedz for/in applause/nn !/. !/. And/cc thus/rb torn/vbn between/in his/pp$ desire/nn to/to be/be known/vbn as/cs the/at composer/nn of/in a/at successful/jj opera/nn and/cc the/at necessity/nn of/in remaining/vbg true/jj to/in his/pp$ proclaimed/vbn desire/nn for/in anonymity/nn ,/, Rousseau/np suffered/vbd through/in several/ap painful/jj weeks/nns ./. All/abn these/dts emotions/nns were/bed screwed/vbn up/rp to/in new/jj heights/nns when/wrb ,/, after/in acceptance/nn and/cc the/at first/od rehearsals/nns ,/, there/ex ensued/vbd such/abl a/at buzz/nn of/in excitement/nn among/in Parisian/jj music/nn lovers/nns that/cs Duclos/np had/hvd to/to come/vb running/vbg to/in Rousseau/np to/to inform/vb him/ppo that/cs the/at news/nn had/hvd reached/vbn the/at superintendent/nn of/in the/at King's/nn$-tl amusements/nns ,/, and/cc that/cs he/pps was/bedz now/rb demanding/vbg that/cs the/at work/nn be/be offered/vbn first/rb at/in the/at royal/jj summer/nn palace/nn of/in Fontainebleau/np ./. Imagine/vb the/at honor/nn of/in it/ppo !/. !/. ``/`` What/wdt was/bedz your/pp$ answer/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Jean/np Jacques/np asked/vbd ,/, striving/vbg to/to appear/vb unimpressed/jj ./. ``/`` I/ppss refused/vbd ''/'' ,/, Duclos/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` What/wdt else/rb could/md I/ppss do/do ?/. ?/. Monsieur/np De/np Cury/np was/bedz incensed/vbn ,/, of/in course/nn ./. But/cc I/ppss said/vbd I/ppss would/md first/rb have/hv to/to get/vb the/at author's/nn$ permission/nn ./. And/cc I/ppss was/bedz certain/jj he/pps would/md refuse/vb ''/'' ./. How/wql infuriating/jj all/abn this/dt was/bedz !/. !/. Why/wrb had/hvd not/* this/dt success/nn come/vbn to/in him/ppo before/cs he/pps had/hvd plunged/vbn into/in his/pp$ Discourse/nn-tl ,/, and/cc before/cs he/pps had/hvd committed/vbn himself/ppl to/in a/at life/nn of/in austerity/nn and/cc denial/nn ?/. ?/. Now/rb ,/, when/wrb everything/pn was/bedz opening/vbg up/rp to/in him/ppo --/-- even/rb the/at court/nn of/in Louis/np-tl 15/cd-tl !/. !/. --/-- he/pps had/hvd to/to play/vb a/at role/nn of/in self-effacement/nn ./. Back/rb and/cc forth/rb Duclos/np had/hvd to/to go/vb ,/, between/in M./np De/np Cury/np and/cc Jean/np Jacques/np and/cc between/in the/at Duke/nn-tl D'Aumont/np and/cc Jean/np Jacques/np again/rb ,/, as/cs his/pp$ little/jj operetta/nn ,/, The/at-tl Village/nn-tl Soothsayer/nn-tl ,/, though/cs still/rb unperformed/jj ,/, took/vbd on/in ever/rb more/ap importance/nn ./. And/cc of/in course/nn the/at news/nn of/in who/wps the/at composer/nn was/bedz did/dod finally/rb begin/vb to/to get/vb around/rb among/in his/pp$ closest/jjt friends/nns ./. But/cc they/ppss ,/, naturally/rb ,/, kept/vbd his/pp$ secret/nn well/rb ,/, and/cc the/at public/nn at/in large/nn knew/vbd only/rb of/in a/at great/jj excitement/nn in/in musical/jj and/cc court/nn circles/nns ./. How/wql titillating/vbg it/pps was/bedz to/to go/vb among/in people/nns who/wps did/dod not/* know/vb him/ppo as/cs the/at composer/nn ,/, but/cc who/wps talked/vbd in/in the/at most/ql glowing/vbg terms/nns of/in the/at promise/nn of/in the/at piece/nn after/cs having/hvg heard/vbn the/at first/od rehearsals/nns ./. The/at furor/nn was/bedz such/jj that/cs people/nns who/wps could/md not/* possibly/rb have/hv squirmed/vbn their/pp$ way/nn into/in the/at rehearsals/nns were/bed pretending/vbg that/cs they/ppss were/bed intimate/jj with/in the/at whole/jj affair/nn and/cc that/cs it/pps would/md be/be sensational/jj ./. And/cc listening/vbg to/in such/abl a/at conversation/nn one/cd morning/nn while/cs taking/vbg a/at cup/nn of/in chocolate/nn in/in a/at cafe/nn ,/, Rousseau/np found/vbd himself/ppl bathed/vbn in/in perspiration/nn ,/, trembling/vbg lest/cs his/pp$ authorship/nn become/vb known/vbn ,/, and/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn dreaming/vbg of/in the/at startling/jj effect/nn he/pps would/md make/vb if/cs he/pps should/md proclaim/vb himself/ppl suddenly/rb as/cs the/at composer/nn ./. He/pps felt/vbd himself/ppl now/rb ,/, as/cs he/pps himself/ppl says/vbz in/in his/pp$ Confessions/nns-tl ,/, at/in a/at crucial/jj point/nn of/in his/pp$ life/nn ./. And/cc that/dt was/bedz why/wrb ,/, on/in the/at day/nn of/in the/at performance/nn ,/, when/wrb a/at carriage/nn from/in the/at royal/jj stables/nns called/vbd to/to take/vb him/ppo to/in the/at palace/nn ,/, he/pps did/dod not/* bother/vb to/to shave/vb ./. On/in the/at contrary/jj ,/, he/pps was/bedz pleased/vbn that/cs his/pp$ face/nn showed/vbd a/at neglect/nn of/in several/ap days/nns ./. Seeing/vbg him/ppo in/in that/dt condition/nn ,/, and/cc about/rb to/to enter/vb the/at hall/nn where/wrb the/at King/nn-tl ,/, the/at Queen/nn-tl ,/, the/at whole/jj royal/jj family/nn and/cc all/abn the/at members/nns of/in the/at highest/jjt aristocracy/nn would/md be/be present/rb ,/, Grimm/np and/cc the/at Abbe/np Raynal/np and/cc others/nns tried/vbd to/to stop/vb him/ppo ./. ``/`` You/ppss can't/md* go/vb in/rp that/dt way/nn ''/'' !/. !/. They/ppss cried/vbd ./. ``/`` Why/wrb not/* ''/'' ?/. ?/. Jean/np Jacques/np asked/vbd ./. ``/`` Who/wps is/bez going/vbg to/to stop/vb me/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` You/ppss haven't/hv* dressed/vbn for/in the/at occasion/nn ''/'' !/. !/. They/ppss pointed/vbd out/rp to/in him/ppo ./. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem dressed/vbn as/cs I/ppss always/rb am/bem ''/'' ,/, Rousseau/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` Neither/cc better/rbr nor/cc worse/rbr ''/'' ./. ``/`` At/in home/nn ,/, yes/rb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss argued/vbd ./. ``/`` But/cc here/rb you/ppss are/ber in/in the/at palace/nn ./. There's/rb+bez the/at King/nn-tl ./. And/cc Madame/np De/np Pompadour/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` If/cs they/ppss are/ber here/rb ,/, then/rb surely/rb I/ppss have/hv the/at right/nn to/to be/be here/rb ''/'' ,/, Rousseau/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` And/cc even/ql more/ap right/nn ./. Since/cs I/ppss am/bem the/at composer/nn ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` But/cc in/in such/abl a/at slovenly/jj condition/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt is/bez slovenly/jj about/in me/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. Rousseau/np asked/vbd ./. ``/`` Is/bez it/pps because/rb of/in my/pp$ slovenliness/nn that/cs hair/nn grows/vbz on/in my/pp$ face/nn ?/. ?/. Surely/rb it/pps would/md grow/vb there/rb whether/cs I/ppss washed/vbd myself/ppl or/cc not/* ./. A/at hundred/cd years/nns ago/rb I/ppss would/md have/hv worn/vbn a/at beard/nn with/in pride/nn ./. And/cc those/dts without/in beards/nns would/md have/hv stood/vbn out/rp as/cs not/* dressed/vbn for/in the/at occasion/nn ./. Now/rb times/nns have/hv changed/vbn ,/, and/cc I/ppss must/md pretend/vb that/cs hair/nn doesn't/doz* grow/vb on/in my/pp$ face/nn ./. That's/dt+bez the/at fashion/nn ./. And/cc fashion/nn is/bez the/at real/jj king/nn here/rb ./. Not/* Louis/np-tl 15/cd-tl ,/, ,/, since/cs even/rb he/pps obeys/vbz ./. Now/rb ,/, if/cs you/ppss don't/do* mind/vb ,/, I/ppss should/md like/vb to/to hear/vb my/pp$ own/jj piece/nn performed/vbn ''/'' ./. But/cc of/in course/nn behind/in his/pp$ boldness/nn he/pps didn't/dod* feel/vb bold/jj at/in all/abn ./. He/pps trembled/vbd lest/cs his/pp$ piece/nn should/md fail/vb ./. And/cc this/dt in/in addition/nn to/in his/pp$ usual/jj fear/nn of/in being/beg among/in people/nns of/in high/jj society/nn ,/, his/pp$ fear/nn of/in making/vbg some/dti inane/jj or/cc inappropriate/jj remark/nn ./. And/cc even/ql deeper/jjr than/cs that/dt :/: his/pp$ fear/nn lest/cs in/in this/dt closed/vbn hall/nn he/pps should/md suddenly/rb itch/vb to/to relieve/vb himself/ppl ./. Could/md he/pps walk/vb out/rp in/in the/at midst/nn of/in his/pp$ piece/nn ?/. ?/. Here/rb ,/, before/in the/at court/nn ?/. ?/. Before/in the/at King/nn-tl ?/. ?/.

ck09

ck09 |@word first:3 time:3 laugh:1 since:2 morning:2 begin:2 rider:6 concord:1 good:4 word:1 come:14 spur:1 whoop:1 road:18 horse:8 kick:2 cloud:4 dust:7 shouting:3 god:2 hear:4 ever:2 show:1 yell:1 sight:1 solomon:1 chandler:1 misjudge:1 strength:2 lung:1 think:3 could:4 mile:4 away:8 burst:1 every:1 seam:1 importance:1 observe:1 change:4 whole:1 character:1 man:12 small:1 saddle:3 would:7 like:2 prefer:1 eat:1 meal:1 understandable:1 appreciate:1 sentiment:1 never:4 see:6 afterwards:1 dismount:1 whether:3 stand:3 tall:1 short:1 shoe:1 say:6 know:7 give:1 day:1 tone:1 distinction:1 last:2 thing:6 world:2 resemble:1 war:4 line:1 farmer:1 storekeeper:1 mechanic:1 perch:1 top:1 stone:2 wall:6 dash:3 make:5 feel:6 deal:1 sharp:2 alert:1 situation:1 topple:1 crouch:1 behind:5 people:2 talk:3 contempt:1 british:5 regular:1 prove:1 lot:2 deplorably:1 ignorant:1 whatever:1 redcoat:11 respect:1 term:1 trade:1 kill:2 nauseate:1 apprehension:1 fear:2 hand:2 soak:3 wet:2 hold:5 gun:6 want:2 wipe:2 flint:1 dare:2 state:2 anything:1 prime:1 fire:7 chance:1 put:1 trust:1 two:7 leg:1 important:1 learn:3 run:5 survive:1 gunfire:3 near:1 seem:3 piece:1 stop:3 long:3 enough:3 count:1 twenty:1 brief:1 interval:3 officer:6 tear:2 whip:2 fit:1 go:5 minute:1 simply:1 scout:1 condition:1 pass:5 musket:5 roar:2 rear:2 swing:1 around:2 back:5 direction:2 fine:2 showy:1 skill:1 waste:1 somewhere:1 rifle:2 crack:1 collapse:2 punctured:1 bolster:1 throw:1 except:3 one:8 boot:2 foot:2 catch:1 stirrup:1 half:3 craze:1 weight:1 drag:1 heat:1 leap:1 brain:2 leave:2 lie:4 among:1 crash:1 brush:1 initiation:1 insane:2 symphony:1 play:1 happen:4 common:1 terror:1 flight:1 grin:1 break:3 head:2 ten:1 definition:1 reality:1 become:1 part:2 west:4 must:2 fast:1 slow:2 passage:1 rhythm:1 remember:1 event:1 separate:1 frozen:1 incident:1 recollection:1 death:2 appearance:1 retreating:1 hover:1 indefinitely:1 yet:2 matter:1 second:2 front:3 army:1 view:1 hour:2 rank:5 wound:1 stagger:1 along:1 trail:1 blood:1 drummer:1 piper:1 red:1 coat:1 cover:3 film:1 march:5 bayonet:2 fix:2 face:3 anger:1 torment:1 walk:1 sea:1 committeeman:3 voice:3 call:1 even:1 terrible:1 unreal:1 pause:1 instant:1 glance:1 toward:3 column:4 already:1 another:2 ride:1 side:1 five:1 pace:2 cousin:9 simmon:7 carry:1 load:1 bird:1 shoot:2 opposite:1 rise:1 moment:3 next:4 headless:1 horror:1 bolt:1 suddenly:1 disorganized:1 soldier:2 fill:1 discipline:1 troop:1 four:2 purpose:1 implacable:1 smoke:2 scream:1 fury:2 sound:2 emerge:1 cursing:1 course:1 memory:1 squeeze:1 trigger:1 amazement:1 shoulder:2 force:1 angry:1 mule:1 add:1 crescendo:1 hurl:1 vile:1 language:1 sob:1 aware:1 water:3 pant:2 die:2 grab:2 arm:1 viselike:1 grip:1 fairly:1 pluck:1 sanity:1 plunge:1 extraordinary:1 speed:1 outdistance:1 far:1 everyone:1 else:1 later:1 realize:1 charge:1 hope:1 survival:1 keep:1 tumble:1 deacon:1 gordon:1 cow:2 hole:1 low:1 bit:1 pasture:1 muddy:2 pool:1 middle:1 dozen:1 moo:1 sadly:1 regard:1 perhaps:1 crazy:1 excitement:2 encounter:1 yelling:1 still:2 continue:1 thirst:1 great:1 wade:1 scoop:1 handful:1 isaac:4 pitt:2 lincoln:1 take:5 ball:3 belly:1 though:1 find:1 ground:1 reverend:3 hot:1 brow:1 may:1 appear:2 cruel:1 callous:1 spend:1 sympathize:1 poor:2 mortal:1 shame:1 open:1 also:1 relieved:1 lucky:1 drunk:1 smell:1 gunpowder:1 float:1 fact:1 afraid:1 wait:1 meanwhile:1 reload:1 less:1 quarter:1 trace:1 shape:1 ribbon:1 powder:1 hang:1 wherever:1 look:1 across:1 meadow:1 parallel:1 cluster:3 least:1 fifty:1 militia:2 way:1 joshua:2 lexington:1 new:1 position:1 ahead:1 move:2 group:1 maintain:2 stick:1 spot:1 section:1 offer:1 advice:1 certainly:1 someone:1 argue:1 watch:1 early:1 much:1 brisker:1 narrowness:1 baggage:1 ammunition:1 cart:1 discuss:1 fan:1 little:1 three:4 approach:1 opinion:1 battle:1 north:1 bridge:1 entitle:1 sort:1 veteran:1 status:1 employ:1 tactic:1 likely:1 mattathia:1 dover:2 sense:1 together:1 advantage:1 bless:1 chase:1 outrun:1 settle:1 party:1 decide:1 remain:1 life:1 hurt:1 badly:1 heavens:1 adam:1 trouble:1 get:1 place:1 east:1 turn:1 effort:1 sweat:1 clump:1 tree:2 provide:1 right:1 slacken:1 dead:2 young:1 boy:1 pasty:1 white:1 skin:1 full:1 pimple:1 directly:1 eye:1 strip:1 equipment:1 pull:1 jacket:1 fling:1 name:1 rob:1 fight:1 try:1 outface:2 joseph:1 simmons:1 wide:1 average:1 brave:1

It/pps was/bedz the/at first/od time/nn any/dti of/in us/ppo had/hvd laughed/vbn since/cs the/at morning/nn began/vbd ./. The/at rider/nn from/in Concord/np was/bedz as/ql good/jj as/cs his/pp$ word/nn ./. He/pps came/vbd spurring/vbg and/cc whooping/vbg down/in the/at road/nn ,/, his/pp$ horse/nn kicking/vbg up/rp clouds/nns of/in dust/nn ,/, shouting/vbg :/: ``/`` They're/ppss+ber a-coming/vbg !/. !/. By/in God/np ,/, they're/ppss+ber a-coming/vbg ,/, they/ppss are/ber ''/'' !/. !/. We/ppss heard/vbd him/ppo before/cs he/pps ever/rb showed/vbd ,/, and/cc we/ppss heard/vbd him/ppo yelling/vbg after/cs he/pps was/bedz out/rp of/in sight/nn ./. Solomon/np Chandler/np hadn't/hvd* misjudged/vbn the/at strength/nn of/in his/pp$ lungs/nns ,/, not/* at/in all/abn ./. I/ppss think/vb you/ppss could/md have/hv heard/vbn him/ppo a/at mile/nn away/rb ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz bursting/vbg at/in every/at seam/nn with/in importance/nn ./. I/ppss have/hv observed/vbn that/cs being/beg up/rp on/in a/at horse/nn changes/vbz the/at whole/jj character/nn of/in a/at man/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb a/at very/ql small/jj man/nn is/bez up/rp on/in a/at saddle/nn ,/, he'd/pps+md like/vb as/cs not/* prefer/vb to/to eat/vb his/pp$ meals/nns there/rb ./. That's/dt+bez understandable/jj ,/, and/cc I/ppss appreciate/vb the/at sentiment/nn ./. As/cs for/in this/dt rider/nn ,/, I/ppss never/rb saw/vbd him/ppo before/rb or/cc afterwards/rb and/cc never/rb saw/vbd him/ppo dismounted/vbn ,/, so/rb whether/cs he/pps stood/vbd tall/jj or/cc short/jj in/in his/pp$ shoes/nns ,/, I/ppss can't/md* say/vb ;/. ;/. but/cc I/ppss do/do know/vb that/cs he/pps gave/vbd the/at day/nn tone/nn and/cc distinction/nn ./. The/at last/ap thing/nn in/in the/at world/nn that/wps resembled/vbd a/at war/nn was/bedz our/pp$ line/nn of/in farmers/nns and/cc storekeepers/nns and/cc mechanics/nns perched/vbn on/in top/nn of/in a/at stone/nn wall/nn ,/, and/cc this/dt dashing/vbg rider/nn made/vbd us/ppo feel/vb a/at good/jj deal/nn sharper/jjr and/cc more/ql alert/jj to/in the/at situation/nn ./. We/ppss came/vbd down/rp off/in the/at wall/nn as/cs if/cs he/pps had/hvd toppled/vbn all/abn of/in us/ppo ,/, and/cc we/ppss crouched/vbd behind/in it/ppo ./. I/ppss have/hv heard/vbn people/nns talk/vb with/in contempt/nn about/in the/at British/jj regulars/nns ,/, but/cc that/dt only/rb proves/vbz that/cs a/at lot/nn of/in people/nns talk/vb about/in things/nns of/in which/wdt they/ppss are/ber deplorably/ql ignorant/jj ./. Whatever/wdt we/ppss felt/vbd about/in the/at redcoats/nns ,/, we/ppss respected/vbd them/ppo in/in terms/nns of/in their/pp$ trade/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz killing/vbg ;/. ;/. and/cc I/ppss know/vb that/cs I/ppss ,/, myself/ppl ,/, was/bedz nauseated/vbn with/in apprehension/nn and/cc fear/nn and/cc that/cs my/pp$ hands/nns were/bed soaking/ql wet/jj where/wrb they/ppss held/vbd my/pp$ gun/nn ./. I/ppss wanted/vbd to/to wipe/vb my/pp$ flint/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss didn't/dod* dare/vb to/to ,/, the/at state/nn my/pp$ hands/nns were/bed in/in ,/, just/rb as/cs I/ppss didn't/dod* dare/vb to/to do/do anything/pn about/in the/at priming/nn ./. The/at gun/nn would/md fire/vb or/cc not/* ,/, just/rb as/cs chance/nn willed/vbd ./. I/ppss put/vb a/at lot/nn more/ap trust/nn in/in my/pp$ two/cd legs/nns than/cs in/in the/at gun/nn ,/, because/cs the/at most/ql important/jj thing/nn I/ppss had/hvd learned/vbn about/in war/nn was/bedz that/cs you/ppss could/md run/vb away/rb and/cc survive/vb to/to talk/vb about/in it/ppo ./. The/at gunfire/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz so/ql near/rb that/cs it/pps seemed/vbd just/rb a/at piece/nn up/in the/at road/nn now/rb ,/, stopped/vbd for/in long/rb enough/qlp to/to count/vb to/in twenty/cd ;/. ;/. and/cc in/in that/dt brief/jj interval/nn ,/, a/at redcoat/nn officer/nn came/vbd tearing/vbg down/in the/at road/nn ,/, whipping/vbg his/pp$ horse/nn fit/vbn to/to kill/vb ./. I/ppss don't/do* know/vb whether/cs he/pps was/bedz after/in our/pp$ rider/nn ,/, who/wps had/hvd gone/vbn by/rb a/at minute/nn before/rb ,/, or/cc whether/cs he/pps was/bedz simply/rb scouting/vbg conditions/nns ;/. ;/. but/cc when/wrb he/pps passed/vbd us/ppo by/rb ,/, a/at musket/nn roared/vbd ,/, and/cc he/pps reared/vbd his/pp$ horse/nn ,/, swung/vbd it/ppo around/rb ,/, and/cc began/vbd to/to whip/vb it/ppo back/rb in/in the/at direction/nn from/in which/wdt he/pps had/hvd come/vbn ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at fine/jj and/cc showy/jj rider/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ skill/nn was/bedz wasted/vbn on/in us/ppo ./. From/in above/in me/ppo and/cc somewhere/rb behind/in me/ppo ,/, a/at rifle/nn cracked/vbd ./. The/at redcoat/nn officer/nn collapsed/vbd like/cs a/at punctured/vbn bolster/nn ,/, and/cc the/at horse/nn reared/vbd and/cc threw/vbd him/ppo from/in the/at saddle/nn ,/, except/in that/cs one/cd booted/vbn foot/nn caught/vbd in/in the/at stirrup/nn ./. Half/ql crazed/vbn by/in the/at weight/nn dragging/vbg ,/, the/at dust/nn ,/, and/cc the/at heat/nn ,/, the/at horse/nn leaped/vbd our/pp$ wall/nn ,/, dashing/vbg out/rp the/at rider's/nn$ brains/nns against/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc leaving/vbg him/ppo lying/vbg there/rb among/in us/ppo --/-- while/cs the/at horse/nn crashed/vbd away/rb through/in the/at brush/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz my/pp$ initiation/nn to/to war/vb and/cc the/at insane/jj symphony/nn war/nn plays/vbz ;/. ;/. for/cs what/wdt had/hvd happened/vbn on/in the/at common/nn was/bedz only/rb terror/nn and/cc flight/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc this/dt grinning/vbg ,/, broken/vbn head/nn ,/, not/* ten/cd feet/nns away/rb from/in me/ppo ,/, was/bedz the/at sharp/jj definition/nn of/in what/wdt my/pp$ reality/nn had/hvd become/vbn ./. And/cc now/rb the/at redcoats/nns were/bed coming/vbg ,/, and/cc the/at gunfire/nn was/bedz a/at part/nn of/in the/at dust/nn cloud/nn on/in the/at road/nn to/in the/at west/nr of/in us/ppo ./. I/ppss must/md state/vb that/cs the/at faster/rbr things/nns happened/vbd ,/, the/at slower/rbr they/ppss happened/vbd ;/. ;/. the/at passage/nn and/cc rhythm/nn of/in time/nn changed/vbd ,/, and/cc when/wrb I/ppss remember/vb back/rb to/in what/wdt happened/vbd then/rb ,/, each/dt event/nn is/bez a/at separate/jj and/cc frozen/vbn incident/nn ./. In/in my/pp$ recollection/nn ,/, there/ex was/bedz a/at long/jj interval/nn between/in the/at death/nn of/in the/at officer/nn and/cc the/at appearance/nn of/in the/at first/od of/in the/at retreating/vbg redcoats/nns ,/, and/cc in/in that/dt interval/nn the/at dust/nn cloud/nn over/in the/at road/nn seems/vbz to/to hover/vb indefinitely/rb ./. Yet/cc it/pps could/md not/* have/hv been/ben more/ap than/cs a/at matter/nn of/in seconds/nns ,/, and/cc then/rb the/at front/nn of/in the/at British/jj army/nn came/vbd into/in view/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz only/ap hours/nns since/cs I/ppss had/hvd last/rb seen/vbn them/ppo ,/, but/cc they/ppss had/hvd changed/vbn and/cc I/ppss had/hvd changed/vbn ./. In/in the/at very/ap front/nn rank/nn ,/, two/cd men/nns were/bed wounded/vbn and/cc staggered/vbd along/rb ,/, trailing/vbg blood/nn behind/in them/ppo ./. No/at drummers/nns here/rb ,/, no/at pipers/nns ,/, and/cc the/at red/jj coats/nns were/bed covered/vbn with/in a/at fine/jj film/nn of/in dust/nn ./. They/ppss marched/vbd with/in bayonets/nns fixed/vbn ,/, and/cc as/cs fixed/vbn on/in their/pp$ faces/nns was/bedz anger/nn ,/, fear/nn ,/, and/cc torment/nn ./. Rank/nn after/in rank/nn of/in them/ppo came/vbd down/in the/at road/nn ,/, and/cc the/at faces/nns were/bed all/abn the/at same/ap ,/, and/cc they/ppss walked/vbd in/in a/at sea/nn of/in dust/nn ./. ``/`` Committeemen/nns ,/, hold/vb your/pp$ fire/nn !/. !/. Hold/vb your/pp$ fire/nn ''/'' !/. !/. A/at voice/nn called/vbd ,/, and/cc what/wdt made/vbd it/ppo even/ql more/ql terrible/jj and/cc unreal/jj was/bedz that/cs the/at redcoat/nn ranks/nns never/rb paused/vbd for/in an/at instant/nn ,/, only/rb some/dti of/in them/ppo glancing/vbg toward/in the/at stone/nn wall/nn ,/, from/in behind/in which/wdt the/at voice/nn came/vbd ./. The/at front/nn of/in their/pp$ column/nn had/hvd already/rb passed/vbn us/ppo ,/, when/wrb another/dt officer/nn came/vbd riding/vbg down/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at road/nn ,/, not/* five/cd paces/nns from/in where/wrb we/ppss were/bed ./. My/pp$ Cousin/nn-tl Simmons/np carried/vbd a/at musket/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd loaded/vbn it/ppo with/in bird/nn shot/nn ,/, and/cc as/cs the/at officer/nn came/vbd opposite/in him/ppo ,/, he/pps rose/vbd up/rp behind/in the/at wall/nn and/cc fired/vbd ./. One/cd moment/nn there/ex was/bedz a/at man/nn in/in the/at saddle/nn ;/. ;/. the/at next/ap a/at headless/jj horror/nn on/in a/at horse/nn that/wps bolted/vbd through/in the/at redcoat/nn ranks/nns ,/, and/cc during/in the/at next/ap second/nn or/cc two/cd ,/, we/ppss all/abn of/in us/ppo fired/vbd into/in the/at suddenly/rb disorganized/vbn column/nn of/in soldiers/nns ./. One/cd moment/nn ,/, the/at road/nn was/bedz filled/vbn with/in disciplined/vbn troops/nns ,/, marching/vbg four/cd by/in four/cd with/in a/at purpose/nn as/ql implacable/jj as/cs death/nn ;/. ;/. the/at next/ap ,/, a/at cloud/nn of/in gun/nn smoke/nn covered/vbd a/at screaming/vbg fury/nn of/in sound/nn ,/, out/rp of/in which/wdt the/at redcoat/nn soldiers/nns emerged/vbd with/in their/pp$ bayonets/nns and/cc their/pp$ cursing/vbg fury/nn ./. In/in the/at course/nn of/in this/dt ,/, they/ppss had/hvd fired/vbn on/in us/ppo ;/. ;/. but/cc I/ppss have/hv no/at memory/nn of/in that/dt ./. I/ppss had/hvd squeezed/vbn the/at trigger/nn of/in my/pp$ own/jj gun/nn ,/, and/cc to/in my/pp$ amazement/nn ,/, it/pps had/hvd fired/vbn and/cc kicked/vbn back/rb into/in my/pp$ shoulder/nn with/in the/at force/nn of/in an/at angry/jj mule/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc then/rb I/ppss was/bedz adding/vbg my/pp$ own/jj voice/nn to/in the/at crescendo/nn of/in sound/nn ,/, hurling/vbg more/ql vile/jj language/nn than/cs I/ppss ever/rb thought/vbd I/ppss knew/vbd ,/, sobbing/vbg and/cc shouting/vbg ,/, and/cc aware/jj that/cs if/cs I/ppss had/hvd passed/vbn water/nn before/rb ,/, it/pps was/bedz not/* enough/ap ,/, for/cs my/pp$ pants/nns were/bed soaking/ql wet/jj ./. I/ppss would/md have/hv stood/vbn there/rb and/cc died/vbn there/rb if/cs left/vbn to/in myself/ppl ,/, but/cc Cousin/nn-tl Simmons/np grabbed/vbd my/pp$ arm/nn in/in his/pp$ viselike/jj grip/nn and/cc fairly/rb plucked/vbd me/ppo out/rp of/in there/rb ;/. ;/. and/cc then/rb I/ppss came/vbd to/in some/dti sanity/nn and/cc plunged/vbd away/rb with/in such/jj extraordinary/jj speed/nn that/cs I/ppss outdistanced/vbd Cousin/nn-tl Simmons/np by/in far/rb ./. Everyone/pn else/rb was/bedz running/vbg ./. Later/rbr we/ppss realized/vbd that/cs the/at redcoats/nns had/hvd stopped/vbn their/pp$ charge/nn at/in the/at wall/nn ./. Their/pp$ only/ap hope/nn of/in survival/nn was/bedz to/to hold/vb to/in the/at road/nn and/cc keep/vb marching/vbg ./. We/ppss tumbled/vbd to/in a/at stop/nn in/in Deacon/nn-tl Gordon's/np$ cow/nn hole/nn ,/, a/at low-lying/jj bit/nn of/in pasture/nn with/in a/at muddy/jj pool/nn of/in water/nn in/in its/pp$ middle/nn ./. A/at dozen/nn cows/nns mooed/vbd sadly/rb and/cc regarded/vbd us/ppo as/cs if/cs we/ppss were/bed insane/jj ,/, as/cs perhaps/rb we/ppss were/bed at/in that/dt moment/nn ,/, with/in the/at crazy/jj excitement/nn of/in our/pp$ first/od encounter/nn ,/, the/at yelling/nn and/cc shooting/nn still/rb continuing/vbg up/rp at/in the/at road/nn ,/, and/cc the/at thirst/nn of/in some/dti of/in the/at men/nns ,/, which/wdt was/bedz so/ql great/jj that/cs they/ppss waded/vbd into/in the/at muddy/jj water/nn and/cc scooped/vbd up/rp handfuls/nns of/in it/ppo ./. Isaac/np Pitt/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at men/nns from/in Lincoln/np ,/, had/hvd taken/vbn a/at musket/nn ball/nn in/in his/pp$ belly/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc though/cs he/pps had/hvd found/vbn the/at strength/nn to/to run/vb with/in us/ppo ,/, now/rb he/pps collapsed/vbd and/cc lay/vbd on/in the/at ground/nn ,/, dying/vbg ,/, the/at Reverend/np holding/vbg his/pp$ head/nn and/cc wiping/vbg his/pp$ hot/jj brow/nn ./. It/pps may/md appear/vb that/cs we/ppss were/bed cruel/jj and/cc callous/jj ,/, but/cc no/at one/pn had/hvd time/nn to/to spend/vb sympathizing/vbg with/in poor/jj Isaac/np --/-- except/in the/at Reverend/np ./. I/ppss know/vb that/cs I/ppss myself/ppl felt/vbd that/cs it/pps was/bedz a/at mortal/jj shame/nn for/cs a/at man/nn to/to be/be torn/vbn open/jj by/in a/at British/jj musket/nn ball/nn ,/, as/cs Isaac/np had/hvd been/ben ,/, yet/cc I/ppss also/rb felt/vbd relieved/vbn and/cc lucky/jj that/cs it/pps had/hvd been/ben him/ppo and/cc not/* myself/ppl ./. I/ppss was/bedz drunk/jj with/in excitement/nn and/cc the/at smell/nn of/in gunpowder/nn that/wps came/vbd floating/vbg down/rp from/in the/at road/nn ,/, and/cc the/at fact/nn that/cs I/ppss was/bedz not/* afraid/jj now/rb ,/, but/cc only/rb waiting/vbg to/to know/vb what/wdt to/to do/do next/rb ./. Meanwhile/rb ,/, I/ppss reloaded/vbd my/pp$ gun/nn ,/, as/cs the/at other/ap men/nns were/bed doing/vbg ./. We/ppss were/bed less/ap than/cs a/at quarter/nn of/in a/at mile/nn from/in the/at road/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss could/md trace/vb its/pp$ shape/nn from/in the/at ribbon/nn of/in powder/nn smoke/nn and/cc dust/nn that/wps hung/vbd over/in it/ppo ./. Wherever/wrb you/ppss looked/vbd ,/, you/ppss saw/vbd Committeemen/nns-tl running/vbg across/in the/at meadows/nns ,/, some/dti away/rb from/in the/at road/nn ,/, some/dti toward/in it/ppo ,/, some/dti parallel/rb to/in it/ppo ;/. ;/. and/cc about/rb a/at mile/nn to/in the/at west/nr a/at cluster/nn of/in at/in least/ap fifty/cd Militia/nns-tl were/bed making/vbg their/pp$ way/nn in/in our/pp$ direction/nn ./. Cousin/nn-tl Joshua/np and/cc some/dti others/nns felt/vbd that/cs we/ppss should/md march/vb toward/in Lexington/np and/cc take/vb up/rp new/jj positions/nns ahead/rb of/in the/at slow-moving/jj British/jj column/nn ,/, but/cc another/dt group/nn maintained/vbd that/cs we/ppss should/md stick/vb to/in this/dt spot/nn and/cc this/dt section/nn of/in road/nn ./. I/ppss didn't/dod* offer/vb any/dti advice/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss certainly/rb did/dod not/* want/vb to/to go/vb back/rb to/in where/wrb the/at officer/nn lay/vbd with/in his/pp$ brains/nns dashed/vbn out/rp ./. Someone/pn said/vbd that/cs while/cs we/ppss were/bed standing/vbg here/rb and/cc arguing/vbg about/in it/ppo ,/, the/at British/nps would/md be/be gone/vbn ;/. ;/. but/cc Cousin/nn-tl Simmons/np said/vbd he/pps had/hvd watched/vbn them/ppo marching/vbg west/nr early/rb in/in the/at morning/nn ,/, and/cc moving/vbg at/in a/at much/ql brisker/jjr pace/nn it/pps had/hvd still/rb taken/vbn half/abn an/at hour/nn for/in their/pp$ column/nn to/to pass/vb ,/, what/wdt with/in the/at narrowness/nn of/in the/at road/nn and/cc their/pp$ baggage/nn and/cc ammunition/nn carts/nns ./. While/cs this/dt was/bedz being/beg discussed/vbn ,/, we/ppss saw/vbd the/at militia/nn to/in the/at west/nr of/in us/ppo fanning/vbg out/rp and/cc breaking/vbg into/in little/jj clusters/nns of/in two/cd and/cc three/cd men/nns as/cs they/ppss approached/vbd the/at road/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at opinion/nn of/in some/dti of/in us/ppo that/cs these/dts must/md be/be part/nn of/in the/at Committeemen/nns-tl who/wps had/hvd been/ben in/in the/at Battle/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl North/jj-tl Bridge/nn-tl ,/, which/wdt entitled/vbd them/ppo to/in a/at sort/nn of/in veteran/nn status/nn ,/, and/cc we/ppss felt/vbd that/cs if/cs they/ppss employed/vbd this/dt tactic/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz likely/jj enough/qlp the/at best/jjt one/cd ./. Mattathias/np Dover/np said/vbd :/: ``/`` It/pps makes/vbz sense/nn ./. If/cs we/ppss cluster/vb together/rb ,/, the/at redcoats/nns can/md make/vb an/at advantage/nn out/rp of/in it/ppo ,/, but/cc there's/ex+bez not/* a/at blessed/vbn thing/nn they/ppss can/md do/do with/in two/cd or/cc three/cd of/in us/ppo except/in chase/vb us/ppo ,/, and/cc we/ppss can/md outrun/vb them/ppo ''/'' ./. That/dt settled/vbd it/ppo ,/, and/cc we/ppss broke/vbd into/in parties/nns of/in two/cd and/cc three/cd ./. Cousin/nn-tl Joshua/np Dover/np decided/vbd to/to remain/vb with/in the/at Reverend/np and/cc poor/jj Isaac/np Pitt/np until/cs life/nn passed/vbd away/rb --/-- and/cc he/pps was/bedz hurt/vbn so/ql badly/rb he/pps did/dod not/* seem/vb for/in long/rb in/in this/dt world/nn ./. I/ppss went/vbd off/rp with/in Cousin/nn-tl Simmons/np ,/, who/wps maintained/vbd that/cs if/cs he/pps didn't/dod* see/vb to/in me/ppo ,/, he/pps didn't/dod* know/vb who/wps would/md ./. ``/`` Good/jj heavens/nns ,/, Adam/np ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss thought/vbd one/cd thing/nn you'd/ppss+md have/hv no/at trouble/nn learning/vbg is/bez when/wrb to/to get/vb out/rp of/in a/at place/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss learned/vbd that/dt now/rb ''/'' ,/, I/ppss said/vbd ./. We/ppss ran/vbd east/nr for/in about/rb half/abn a/at mile/nn before/cs we/ppss turned/vbd back/rb to/in the/at road/nn ,/, panting/vbg from/in the/at effort/nn and/cc soaked/vbn with/in sweat/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at clump/nn of/in trees/nns that/wps appeared/vbd to/to provide/vb cover/nn right/ql up/rp to/in the/at road/nn ,/, and/cc the/at shouting/nn and/cc gunfire/nn never/rb slackened/vbd ./. Under/in the/at trees/nns ,/, there/ex was/bedz a/at dead/jj redcoat/nn ,/, a/at young/jj boy/nn with/in a/at pasty/jj white/jj skin/nn and/cc a/at face/nn full/jj of/in pimples/nns ,/, who/wps had/hvd taken/vbn a/at rifle/nn ball/nn directly/rb between/in the/at eyes/nns ./. Three/cd men/nns were/bed around/in him/ppo ./. They/ppss had/hvd stripped/vbn him/ppo of/in his/pp$ musket/nn and/cc equipment/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb they/ppss were/bed pulling/vbg his/pp$ boots/nns and/cc jacket/nn off/rp ./. Cousin/nn-tl Simmons/np grabbed/vbd one/cd of/in them/ppo by/in the/at shoulder/nn and/cc flung/vbd him/ppo away/rb ./. ``/`` God's/np$ name/nn ,/, what/wdt are/ber you/ppss to/to rob/vb the/at dead/jj with/in the/at fight/nn going/vbg on/rp ''/'' !/. !/. Cousin/nn-tl Simmons/np roared/vbd ./. They/ppss tried/vbd to/to outface/vb him/ppo ,/, but/cc Joseph/np Simmons/np was/bedz as/ql wide/jj as/cs two/cd average/jj men/nns ,/, and/cc it/pps would/md have/hv taken/vbn braver/jjr men/nns than/cs these/dts were/bed to/to outface/vb him/ppo ./.

ck10

ck10 |@word summer:1 gambling:1 house:1 close:2 despite:2 threat:2 pierre:2 ameaux:2 gaming:2 card:2 manufacturer:2 dancing:1 longer:3 permit:1 street:3 bordel:2 place:5 prostitution:1 empty:1 slit:1 breech:1 go:7 drunkenness:1 tolerate:1 defiance:1 chinless:2 reprobate:1 jake:4 camaret:4 march:2 aisle:1 st:3 peter:5 one:7 sunday:1 morning:3 follow:3 woman:4 whose:1 dress:1 walk:1 plainly:1 show:2 lack:1 shame:1 plunk:1 front:1 bench:1 turn:1 smirk:1 around:2 john:27 first:2 impulse:1 denounce:1 blasphemy:1 thought:2 occur:1 god:7 would:8 want:2 opportunity:1 use:2 tell:5 calmly:1 open:1 bible:2 read:2 well:2 finish:1 worship:1 service:1 brazen:1 attempt:1 dishonor:1 man:8 next:1 clock:1 strike:2 nine:1 appear:1 council:6 meeting:1 town:1 hall:1 insist:2 couple:1 punish:1 church:10 respect:2 monsieur:5 favre:6 say:6 rudely:1 stick:2 preaching:1 gospel:2 stiffen:1 anger:2 answer:1 ungodly:2 always:3 make:3 point:1 finger:2 sin:1 ever:2 decry:1 evil:1 reply:3 like:6 declaration:1 war:1 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seek:1 revenge:1 sigh:1 length:1 conspiracy:1 bern:5 supper:1 administer:1 unleavened:2 bread:2 furthermore:1 decree:1 word:1 stop:1 spirit:1 matter:1 leavened:1 inconsequential:1 sovereign:1 yield:2 firelight:1 play:1 flow:1 lock:1 rugged:1 feature:1 indicate:1 co:1 operate:1 influence:1 rather:1 chief:1 syndic:1 following:1 molard:1 sick:1 premonition:1 danger:1 suddenly:1 group:1 dog:2 circle:1 run:2 heart:1 thump:1 wildly:1 outskirt:1 rabble:1 brother:1 gaspard:1 shake:2 fist:2 comply:1 rowdy:1 blob:1 nose:1 roar:1 heretic:1 lift:1 silence:1 minister:1 somebody:1 heave:1 stun:1 head:1 blood:1 duck:1 another:2 pig:1 glare:1 teach:1 lesson:1 crowd:1 move:1 dizzily:1 hill:1 pummel:1 stagger:1 forward:1 slip:1 knee:1 melting:1 bevy:1 snap:1 snarl:1 horrible:1 rest:1 lunge:1 growl:1 throat:1 bristle:1 great:1 difficulty:1 clamber:1 sweat:1

That/dt summer/nn the/at gambling/vbg houses/nns were/bed closed/vbn ,/, despite/in the/at threats/nns of/in Pierre/np Ameaux/np ,/, a/at gaming-card/nn manufacturer/nn ./. Dancing/vbg was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr permitted/vbn in/in the/at streets/nns ./. The/at Bordel/np and/cc other/ap places/nns of/in prostitution/nn were/bed emptied/vbn ./. The/at slit/vbn breeches/nns had/hvd to/to go/vb ./. Drunkenness/nn was/bedz no/ql longer/rbr tolerated/vbn ./. In/in defiance/nn ,/, a/at chinless/jj reprobate/nn ,/, Jake/np Camaret/np ,/, marched/vbd down/in the/at aisle/nn in/in St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl one/cd Sunday/nr morning/nn ,/, followed/vbn by/in one/cd of/in the/at women/nns from/in the/at Bordel/np ,/, whose/wp$ dress/nn and/cc walk/nn plainly/rb showed/vbd the/at lack/nn of/in any/dti shame/nn ./. Plunking/vbg themselves/ppls down/rp on/in the/at front/nn bench/nn ,/, they/ppss turned/vbd to/to smirk/vb at/in those/dts around/in them/ppo ./. John's/np$ first/od impulse/nn was/bedz to/to denounce/vb their/pp$ blasphemy/nn ./. But/cc the/at thought/nn occurred/vbd that/cs God/np would/md want/vb this/dt opportunity/nn used/vbn to/to tell/vb them/ppo about/in Him/ppo ./. Calmly/rb he/pps opened/vbd the/at Bible/np and/cc read/vbd of/in the/at woman/nn at/in the/at well/nn ./. He/pps finished/vbd the/at worship/nn service/nn as/cs if/cs there/ex had/hvd been/ben no/at brazen/jj attempt/nn to/in dishonor/nn God/np and/cc man/nn ./. The/at next/ap morning/nn ,/, as/cs the/at clock/nn struck/vbd nine/cd ,/, he/pps appeared/vbd at/in the/at Council/nn-tl meeting/nn in/in the/at Town/nn-tl Hall/nn-tl and/cc insisted/vbd that/cs the/at couple/nn would/md have/hv to/to be/be punished/vbn if/cs the/at Church/nn-tl was/bedz to/to be/be respected/vbn ./. ``/`` I/ppss have/hv told/vbn you/ppo before/rb ,/, and/cc I/ppss tell/vb you/ppo again/rb ''/'' ,/, Monsieur/np Favre/np said/vbd rudely/rb ./. ``/`` Stick/vb to/in the/at preaching/nn of/in the/at Gospel/np ''/'' !/. !/. John/np stiffened/vbd in/in anger/nn ./. ``/`` That/dt is/bez the/at answer/nn the/at ungodly/jj will/md always/rb make/vb when/wrb the/at Church/nn-tl points/vbz its/pp$ fingers/nns at/in their/pp$ sins/nns ./. I/ppss say/vb to/in you/ppo that/cs the/at Church/nn-tl will/md ever/rb decry/vb evil/nn ''/'' !/. !/. John's/np$ reply/nn was/bedz like/cs a/at declaration/nn of/in war/nn ./. Monsieur/np Favre/np sat/vbd down/rp in/in his/pp$ high-backed/jj stall/nn ,/, lips/nns compressed/vbn ,/, eyes/nns glinting/vbg ./. Ablard/np Corne/np ,/, a/at short/jj man/nn with/in a/at rotunda/nn of/in stomach/nn ,/, rose/vbd ./. Every/at eye/nn was/bedz on/in him/ppo as/cs he/pps began/vbd to/to speak/vb ./. ``/`` What/wdt Master/nn-tl Calvin/np says/vbz is/bez true/jj ./. How/wrb can/md we/ppss have/hv a/at good/jj city/nn unless/cs we/ppss respect/vb morality/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Abel/np Poupin/np ,/, a/at tall/jj man/nn with/in sunken/jj cheeks/nns and/cc deep-set/jj eyes/nns ,/, got/vbd to/in his/pp$ feet/nns ./. ``/`` We/ppss all/abn know/vb that/cs Jake/np Camaret/np and/cc the/at woman/nn are/ber brazenly/rb living/vbg together/rb ./. It/pps would/md be/be well/jj to/to show/vb the/at populace/nn how/wrb we/ppss deal/vb with/in adulterers/nns ''/'' ./. Philibert/np Berthelier/np ,/, the/at son/nn of/in the/at famous/jj patriot/nn ,/, disagreed/vbd ./. ``/`` Do/do not/* listen/vb to/in that/dt Frenchman/np ./. He/pps is/bez throttling/vbg the/at liberty/nn my/pp$ father/nn gave/vbd his/pp$ life/nn to/to win/vb ''/'' !/. !/. John/np was/bedz quietly/rb insistent/jj ./. ``/`` There/ex can/md be/be no/at compromise/nn when/wrb souls/nns are/ber in/in jeopardy/nn ''/'' ./. A/at week/nn later/rbr the/at sentence/nn of/in the/at Council/nn-tl was/bedz carried/vbn out/rp :/: Jake/np Camaret/np and/cc the/at woman/nn were/bed marched/vbn naked/jj through/in the/at streets/nns past/in a/at mocking/vbg populace/nn ./. Before/in them/ppo stalked/vbd the/at beadle/nn ,/, proclaiming/vbg as/cs he/pps went/vbd ,/, ``/`` Thus/rb the/at Council/nn-tl deals/vbz with/in those/dts who/wps break/vb its/pp$ laws/nns --/-- adulterers/nns ,/, thieves/nns ,/, murderers/nns ,/, and/cc lewd/jj persons/nns ./. Let/vb evildoers/nns contemplate/vb their/pp$ ways/nns ,/, and/cc let/vb every/at man/nn beware/vb ''/'' !/. !/. John's/np$ thoughts/nns raced/vbd painfully/rb into/in the/at past/nn as/cs he/pps read/vbd the/at letter/nn he/pps had/hvd just/rb received/vbn from/in his/pp$ sister/nn Mary/np ./. Charles/np had/hvd died/vbn two/cd weeks/nns before/rb ,/, in/in early/jj November/np ,/, without/in being/beg reconciled/vbn to/in the/at Church/nn-tl ./. The/at canons/nns ,/, in/in a/at body/nn ,/, had/hvd tried/vbn to/to force/vb him/ppo on/in his/pp$ deathbed/nn to/to let/vb them/ppo give/vb him/ppo the/at last/ap rites/nns of/in the/at Church/nn-tl ,/, but/cc he/pps had/hvd died/vbn still/rb proclaiming/vbg salvation/nn by/in faith/nn ./. Burial/nn had/hvd taken/vbn place/nn at/in night/nn in/in the/at ground/nn at/in the/at public/jj crossroads/nns under/in the/at gibbet/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs his/pp$ enemies/nns could/md not/* find/vb his/pp$ body/nn and/cc have/hv it/ppo dug/vbn up/rp and/cc burned/vbn ./. The/at Abbot/nn-tl of/in-tl St./nn-tl Eloi/np-tl ,/, Claude/np De/np Mommor/np ,/, had/hvd been/ben a/at good/jj friend/nn ,/, but/cc not/* even/rb he/pps thought/vbd Charles/np deserved/vbd burial/nn in/in hallowed/vbn ground/nn ./. John/np closed/vbd his/pp$ eyes/nns and/cc saw/vbd once/rb again/rb the/at little/jj niche/nn in/in his/pp$ mother's/nn$ bedroom/nn ,/, where/wrb she/pps had/hvd knelt/vbn to/to tell/vb the/at good/jj Virgin/nn-tl of/in her/pp$ needs/nns ./. The/at blue-draped/jj Virgin/nn-tl was/bedz still/rb there/rb ,/, but/cc no/at one/pn knelt/vbd before/in her/ppo now/rb ./. Not/* even/rb Varnessa/np ;/. ;/. she/pps ,/, too/rb ,/, prayed/vbd only/rb to/in God/np ./. For/in an/at instant/nn John/np longed/vbd for/in the/at sound/nn of/in the/at bells/nns of/in Noyon-la-Sainte/np ,/, the/at touch/nn of/in his/pp$ mother's/nn$ hand/nn ,/, the/at lilt/nn of/in Charles's/np$ voice/nn in/in the/at square/jj raftered/jj rooms/nns ,/, his/pp$ father's/nn$ bass/jj tones/nns rumbling/vbg to/in the/at canons/nns ,/, and/cc the/at sight/nn of/in the/at beloved/jj bishop/nn ./. But/cc he/pps had/hvd to/to follow/vb the/at light/nn ./. Unless/cs God/np expected/vbd a/at man/nn to/to believe/vb the/at Holy/jj-tl Scriptures/nns-tl ,/, why/wrb had/hvd He/pps given/vbn them/ppo to/in him/ppo ?/. ?/. The/at white-clad/jj trees/nns stood/vbd like/cs specters/nns in/in the/at February/np night/nn ./. Snow/nn buried/vbd the/at streets/nns and/cc covered/vbd the/at slanting/vbg rooftops/nns ,/, as/cs John/np trudged/vbd toward/in St./nn-tl Peter's/np$-tl ./. A/at carriage/nn crunched/vbd by/rb ,/, its/pp$ dim/jj lights/nns filtering/vbg through/in the/at gloom/nn ./. The/at sharp/jj wind/nn slapped/vbd at/in him/ppo and/cc his/pp$ feet/nns felt/vbd like/cs ice/nn as/cs the/at snow/nn penetrated/vbd the/at holes/nns of/in his/pp$ shoes/nns ,/, his/pp$ only/ap ones/nns ,/, now/rb patched/vbn with/in folded/vbn parchment/nn ./. The/at city/nn had/hvd recently/rb given/vbn him/ppo a/at small/jj salary/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz not/* enough/ap to/to supply/vb even/rb necessities/nns ./. As/cs he/pps neared/vbd the/at square/nn ,/, a/at round/jj figure/nn muffled/vbn in/in a/at long/jj ,/, black/jj cape/nn whisked/vbd by/rb ./. John/np recognized/vbd Ablard/np Corne/np and/cc called/vbd out/rp a/at greeting/nn ./. How/wql grateful/jj he/pps was/bedz to/in such/jj men/nns !/. !/. There/ex were/bed several/ap on/in the/at Council/nn-tl who/wps tried/vbd to/to live/vb like/cs Christians/nps ./. Despite/in their/pp$ efforts/nns ,/, the/at problems/nns seemed/vbd to/to grow/vb graver/jjr all/abn the/at time/nn ./. Quickening/vbg his/pp$ steps/nns ,/, John/np entered/vbd the/at vast/jj church/nn and/cc climbed/vbd the/at tower/nn steps/nns to/in the/at bells/nns ./. Underneath/in the/at big/jj one/cd ,/, in/in the/at silent/jj moonlight/nn ,/, lay/vbd a/at dead/jj pigeon/nn ,/, and/cc on/in the/at smaller/jjr bell/nn ,/, the/at Clemence/np ,/, two/cd gray/jj and/cc white/jj birds/nns slept/vbd huddled/vbn together/rb in/in the/at cold/jj winter/nn air/nn ./. John/np leaned/vbd upon/in the/at stone/nn balustrade/nn ./. He/pps brushed/vbd back/rb his/pp$ black/jj hair/nn ,/, shoving/vbg it/ppo under/in his/pp$ pastor's/nn$ cap/nn to/to keep/vb it/ppo from/in blowing/vbg in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns ./. Below/in the/at moon-splashed/jj world/nn rolled/vbd away/rb to/in insurmountable/jj white/jj peaks/nns ;/. ;/. above/in him/ppo the/at deep/jj blue/jj sky/nn glittered/vbd with/in stars/nns ./. He/pps stood/vbd very/ql still/rb ,/, his/pp$ arms/nns at/in his/pp$ sides/nns ,/, staring/vbg up/rp at/in the/at heavens/nns ,/, then/rb down/rp at/in the/at blinking/vbg lights/nns below/rb ./. ``/`` How/wql long/rb ,/, my/pp$ Lord/nn-tl ?/. ?/. How/wql long/rb ?/. ?/. I/ppss have/hv never/rb asked/vbn for/in an/at easy/jj task/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss am/bem weary/jj of/in the/at strife/nn ''/'' ./. Sleep/nn was/bedz difficult/jj these/dts days/nns ./. Indigestion/nn plagued/vbd him/ppo ./. Severe/jj headaches/nns were/bed frequent/jj ./. Loneliness/nn tore/vbd through/in him/ppo like/cs a/at physical/jj pain/nn whenever/wrb he/pps thought/vbd of/in Peter/np Robert/np ,/, Nerien/np ,/, Nicholas/np Cop/nn-tl ,/, Martin/np Bucer/np ,/, and/cc even/rb the/at compromising/vbg Louis/np Du/np Tillet/np ./. An/at occasional/jj traveler/nn from/in Italy/np brought/vbd news/nn of/in Peter/np Robert/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz now/rb distributing/vbg his/pp$ Bible/np among/in the/at Waldensian/jj peasants/nns ./. Letters/nns came/vbd regularly/rb from/in Nerien/np ,/, Nicholas/np ,/, and/cc Martin/np ./. He/pps had/hvd Anthony/np and/cc William/np to/to confide/vb in/in and/cc consult/vb ./. But/cc William/np continued/vbd to/to find/vb a/at bitter/jj joy/nn in/in smashing/vbg images/nns and/cc tearing/vbg down/rp symbols/nns sacred/jj to/in the/at Old/jj-tl Church/nn-tl ./. John/np found/vbd it/ppo difficult/jj ,/, but/cc he/pps held/vbd him/ppo in/in check/nn ./. And/cc Anthony/np was/bedz busy/jj most/ap of/in the/at time/nn courting/vbg this/dt girl/nn and/cc that/dt ./. His/pp$ easy/jj good/jj looks/nns made/vbd him/ppo a/at favorite/nn with/in the/at ladies/nns ./. Geneva/np ,/, instead/rb of/in becoming/vbg the/at City/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl ,/, as/cs John/np had/hvd dreamed/vbn ,/, had/hvd in/in the/at two/cd years/nns since/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben there/rb ,/, continued/vbn to/to be/be a/at godless/jj place/nn where/wrb all/abn manner/nn of/in vice/nn flourished/vbd ./. Refugees/nns poured/vbd in/rp ,/, signing/vbg the/at Confession/nn-tl and/cc rules/nns in/in order/nn to/to remain/vb ,/, and/cc then/rb disregarding/vbg them/ppo ./. Dice/nns rolled/vbd ,/, prostitutes/nns plied/vbd their/pp$ trade/nn ,/, thieves/nns stole/vbd ,/, murderers/nns stabbed/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at ungodly/jj blasphemed/vbd ./. Catholics/nps who/wps were/bed truly/rb Christians/nps longed/vbd for/in the/at simple/jj penance/nn of/in days/nns gone/vbn by/rb ./. Libertines/nns recalled/vbd the/at heroism/nn of/in the/at past/nn and/cc demanded/vbd :/: ``/`` Are/ber we/ppss going/vbg to/to allow/vb the/at Protestant/jj-tl Pope/nn-tl ,/, Master/nn-tl Calvin/np ,/, to/to curtail/vb our/pp$ liberty/nn ?/. ?/. Why/wrb ,/, oh/uh why/wrb ,/, doesn't/doz* he/pps stick/vb to/in preaching/vbg the/at Gospel/np ,/, instead/rb of/in meddling/vbg in/in civic/jj affairs/nns ,/, politics/nn ,/, economics/nn ,/, and/cc social/jj issues/nns that/wps are/ber no/at concern/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc John's/np$ reply/nn was/bedz always/rb the/at same/ap :/: ``/`` Anything/pn that/wps affects/vbz souls/nns is/bez the/at concern/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl !/. !/. We/ppss will/md have/hv righteousness/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Tears/nns burned/vbd behind/in his/pp$ eyes/nns as/cs he/pps prayed/vbd and/cc meditated/vbd tonight/nr ./. Unless/cs the/at confusion/nn cleared/vbd ,/, he/pps would/md not/* be/be coming/vbg here/rb much/ql longer/rbr ./. Monsieur/np Favre's/np$ threat/nn would/md become/vb a/at reality/nn ,/, for/cs he/pps continued/vbd to/to proclaim/vb loudly/rb that/cs the/at city/nn must/md rid/vb itself/ppl of/in ``/`` that/dt Frenchman/np ''/'' ./. The/at slow/jj tapping/nn of/in a/at cane/nn on/in the/at stone/nn steps/nns coming/vbg up/rp to/in the/at tower/nn interrupted/vbd his/pp$ reverie/nn ./. Faint/jj at/in first/rb ,/, the/at tapping/nn grew/vbd until/cs it/pps sounded/vbd loud/jj against/in the/at wind/nn ./. Eli/np Corault/np !/. !/. John/np thought/vbd ./. What/wdt is/bez he/pps doing/vbg here/rb at/in this/dt hour/nn ?/. ?/. He/pps started/vbd down/in the/at steps/nns to/to meet/vb the/at near-blind/jj preacher/nn ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben one/cd of/in the/at early/jj Gospelers/nps in/in Paris/np ./. ``/`` John/np ?/. ?/. Is/bez that/dt you/ppss ?/. ?/. I/ppss came/vbd to/to warn/vb you/ppo of/in a/at plot/nn ''/'' !/. !/. John/np stood/vbd above/in him/ppo ,/, his/pp$ face/nn ashen/jj ./. What/wdt now/rb ?/. ?/. Slowly/rb ,/, like/cs a/at man/nn grown/vbn old/jj ,/, he/pps took/vbd Eli's/np$ hand/nn and/cc led/vbd him/ppo below/rb to/in the/at tower/nn study/nn ,/, guiding/vbg him/ppo to/in a/at chair/nn beside/in the/at little/jj hearth/nn where/wrb a/at fire/nn still/rb burned/vbd ./. ``/`` Plot/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. John/np asked/vbd tiredly/rb ./. ``/`` Monsieur/np Favre/np just/rb paid/vbd me/ppo a/at visit/nn ./. I/ppss went/vbd to/in your/pp$ rooms/nns ,/, and/cc Anthony/np told/vbd me/ppo you/ppss were/bed here/rb ./. Two/cd Anabaptists/nps ,/, Caroli/np and/cc Benoit/np ,/, are/ber to/to challenge/vb you/ppo and/cc William/np to/in a/at debate/nn before/in the/at Council/nn-tl ./. It/pps is/bez to/to be/be a/at trap/nn ./. You/ppss know/vb the/at law/nn :/: if/cs you/ppss lose/vb the/at debate/nn after/cs accepting/vbg a/at challenge/nn ,/, you/ppss will/md be/be banished/vbn ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` What/wdt will/md be/be the/at subject/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` You/ppss are/ber to/to be/be accused/vbn of/in Arianism/np to/to confuse/vb the/at religious/jj who/wps remain/vb loyal/jj ''/'' ./. Anger/nn and/cc fear/nn fused/vbd in/in John/np ./. Ever/rb since/cs the/at fourth/od century/nn a/at controversy/nn had/hvd raged/vbn over/in the/at person/nn of/in Christ/np ./. Those/dts who/wps refused/vbd to/to believe/vb that/cs He/pps was/bedz the/at eternal/jj Son/nn-tl of/in-tl God/np-tl were/bed termed/vbn Arianists/nps ./. Peter/np Caroli/np had/hvd come/vbn to/in Geneva/np ,/, saying/vbg that/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at bishop/nn of/in the/at Church/nn-tl of/in-tl Rome/np-tl and/cc had/hvd been/ben persecuted/vbn in/in Paris/np for/in his/pp$ Reformed/vbn-tl faith/nn ./. He/pps asked/vbd to/to be/be appointed/vbn a/at preacher/nn ./. But/cc Michael/np Sept/np had/hvd unmasked/vbn him/ppo ,/, revealing/vbg he/pps had/hvd never/rb been/ben a/at bishop/nn ,/, but/cc was/bedz an/at Anabaptist/np ,/, afraid/jj to/to state/vb his/pp$ faith/nn ,/, because/cs he/pps knew/vbd John/np Calvin/np had/hvd written/vbn a/at book/nn against/in their/pp$ belief/nn that/cs the/at soul/nn slept/vbd after/in death/nn ./. So/rb John/np had/hvd refused/vbn to/to agree/vb to/in his/pp$ appointment/nn as/cs a/at preacher/nn ,/, and/cc now/rb Caroli/np sought/vbd revenge/nn ./. John/np sighed/vbd ./. ``/`` If/cs William/np agrees/vbz ,/, we/ppss should/md insist/vb on/in a/at public/jj debate/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd at/in length/nn ./. ``/`` There/ex is/bez more/ap to/in the/at conspiracy/nn ./. Bern/np demands/vbz that/cs the/at Lord's/np$-tl Supper/nn-tl be/be administered/vbn here/rb as/cs it/pps used/vbd to/to be/be ,/, with/in unleavened/jj bread/nn ./. Furthermore/rb ,/, Bern/np decrees/vbz that/cs we/ppss must/md do/do as/cs we/ppss are/ber ordered/vbn by/in the/at Council/nn-tl ,/, preach/vb only/rb the/at word/nn of/in God/np and/cc stop/vb meddling/vbg in/in politics/nn ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` It/pps was/bedz always/rb the/at spirit/nn with/in Christ/np ;/. ;/. matters/nns such/jj as/cs leavened/jj or/cc unleavened/jj bread/nn are/ber inconsequential/jj ./. Geneva/np must/md remain/vb a/at sovereign/nn state/nn ./. We/ppss will/md not/* yield/vb to/in the/at demands/nns of/in Bern/np ''/'' !/. !/. The/at firelight/nn played/vbd over/in Eli's/np$ flowing/vbg white/jj locks/nns and/cc rugged/jj features/nns ./. ``/`` Monsieur/np Favre/np indicated/vbd that/cs if/cs I/ppss would/md co-operate/vb ,/, after/cs you/ppss and/cc William/np are/ber banished/vbn ,/, following/in the/at debate/nn ,/, I/ppss will/md be/be given/vbn a/at place/nn of/in influence/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt was/bedz your/pp$ reply/nn to/in that/dt ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` That/cs I/ppss would/md rather/rb be/be banished/vbn with/in two/cd such/jj Christians/nps than/cs be/be made/vbn the/at Chief/jjs-tl Syndic/nn-tl ''/'' !/. !/. The/at following/vbg morning/nn ,/, as/cs John/np entered/vbd the/at Place/nn-tl Molard/np-tl on/in his/pp$ way/nn to/to visit/vb a/at sick/jj refugee/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd a/at premonition/nn of/in danger/nn ./. Then/rb suddenly/rb a/at group/nn of/in men/nns and/cc dogs/nns circled/vbd him/ppo ./. He/pps wanted/vbd to/to run/vb ,/, but/cc he/pps knew/vbd that/cs if/cs he/pps did/dod ,/, he/pps would/md be/be lost/vbn ./. He/pps stood/vbd very/ql still/rb ,/, his/pp$ heart/nn thumping/vbg wildly/rb ./. On/in the/at outskirts/nns of/in the/at rabble/nn the/at Camaret/np brothers/nns and/cc Gaspard/np Favre/np shook/vbd their/pp$ fists/nns ./. ``/`` Are/ber you/ppss going/vbg to/to comply/vb with/in the/at demands/nns of/in Bern/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at chinless/jj Jake/np called/vbd ./. ``/`` Arianist/np ''/'' !/. !/. A/at rowdy/nn with/in a/at big/jj blob/nn of/in a/at nose/nn roared/vbd ./. ``/`` Heretic/jj ''/'' !/. !/. John/np lifted/vbd his/pp$ hand/nn for/in silence/nn ./. ``/`` Know/vb this/dt :/: the/at ministers/nns will/md not/* yield/vb to/in the/at demands/nns of/in Bern/np ''/'' ./. His/pp$ voice/nn shook/vbd a/at little/ap ./. Somebody/pn heaved/vbd a/at stone/nn ./. For/in an/at instant/nn John/np was/bedz stunned/vbn ./. When/wrb he/pps felt/vbd the/at side/nn of/in his/pp$ head/nn ,/, his/pp$ fingers/nns came/vbd away/rb covered/vbn with/in blood/nn ./. Before/cs he/pps could/md duck/vb ,/, another/dt stone/nn struck/vbd him/ppo ./. And/cc another/dt ./. ``/`` Let/vb him/ppo be/be now/rb ''/'' !/. !/. Pierre/np Ameaux/np ,/, the/at gaming-card/nn manufacturer/nn said/vbd ,/, his/pp$ little/jj pig/nn eyes/nns glaring/vbg ./. ``/`` We/ppss have/hv taught/vbn him/ppo a/at lesson/nn ''/'' ./. The/at crowd/nn moved/vbd back/rb and/cc John/np started/vbd dizzily/rb down/in the/at hill/nn ./. Fists/nns pummeled/vbd him/ppo as/cs he/pps staggered/vbd forward/rb ./. Then/rb he/pps slipped/vbd and/cc went/vbd down/rp on/in his/pp$ hands/nns and/cc knees/nns in/in the/at melting/vbg snow/nn ./. At/in once/rb a/at bevy/nn of/in dogs/nns was/bedz snapping/vbg and/cc snarling/vbg around/in him/ppo ./. One/cd ,/, more/ql horrible/jj than/cs the/at rest/nn ,/, lunged/vbd ,/, growling/vbg deep/rb in/in his/pp$ throat/nn ,/, his/pp$ hair/nn bristling/vbg ./. With/in great/jj difficulty/nn John/np clambered/vbd to/in his/pp$ feet/nns and/cc started/vbd to/to run/vb ,/, sweat/nn pouring/vbg down/in his/pp$ face/nn ./.

ck11

ck11 |@word stand:6 shelter:1 tent:6 reject:1 hospital:1 rain:9 drip:2 longer:1 drum:1 adam:17 watch:4 hand:10 touch:4 object:3 improvised:1 counter:1 board:4 lay:2 across:4 two:2 beer:1 barrel:2 course:1 real:1 need:3 rearrange:2 everything:1 quarter:1 inch:1 way:2 hardbake:1 toffee:1 barley:1 sugar:1 sardine:1 bitter:1 condense:1 milk:1 stationery:1 needle:1 could:4 mean:1 make:4 caress:1 anxious:1 movement:1 fall:3 nobody:2 come:5 ruin:1 draw:1 close:4 like:3 cat:1 rub:1 ankle:1 ritual:1 stall:1 vendor:1 forever:1 recognize:3 gesture:5 know:11 meaning:1 see:12 dry:2 old:5 yellowing:1 reach:3 painful:1 solicitude:1 shift:2 aimlessly:1 worth:2 pfennig:1 back:2 bavaria:2 sight:2 heart:3 always:1 die:3 within:2 occasion:1 courage:1 look:8 face:10 whatever:2 may:2 wonder:2 expression:1 wear:2 anxiety:1 taut:1 stoicism:2 remember:3 show:1 concern:1 nothing:1 assume:1 role:2 suffering:3 expiate:1 take:3 affirm:1 history:2 identity:1 torpid:1 befog:1 loneliness:2 land:1 virginia:2 company:2 street:8 freezing:1 loblolly:1 beyond:3 misty:1 gray:3 stretch:2 hutment:2 low:1 diminutive:1 log:2 cabin:1 chink:1 mud:4 doorway:1 man:11 would:8 crouch:3 get:2 roof:2 tenting:1 bough:1 hardtack:4 box:4 fence:1 rail:1 cranky:1 chimney:3 stick:1 hut:10 surmount:1 beef:1 end:1 knock:1 heavy:2 air:2 however:1 device:1 seem:1 help:1 smoke:2 rise:4 sluggishly:1 hang:2 sadly:1 drizzle:3 creep:1 along:1 sop:1 canvas:1 door:4 large:1 inept:1 lettering:1 home:4 sweet:2 simms:12 purdew:12 hero:1 huddle:4 lair:1 name:3 hairy:1 shave:1 young:4 fat:2 thin:1 harden:1 sad:1 gay:1 good:2 bad:1 chaff:1 exchange:1 obscenity:1 curse:1 command:1 weather:1 study:1 understand:2 life:3 lurk:1 behind:3 mask:1 flesh:2 oath:1 banter:2 sadness:1 covertly:1 world:2 hate:3 slack:2 bestubble:1 jaw:1 open:2 emit:1 cruel:1 obscene:1 pale:1 blue:2 eye:2 go:5 watery:1 whisky:2 merriment:1 suddenly:3 vile:1 creature:1 somehow:1 boy:5 must:3 sorrel:1 hair:1 dance:1 gaiety:1 mouth:1 grin:1 trustfully:1 among:1 freckle:1 moment:1 vision:1 hear:5 voice:2 say:6 shall:1 joy:1 think:12 talk:1 something:1 clear:1 simple:1 turn:1 funny:1 thing:2 happen:1 lemme:1 tell:3 sign:2 untellable:1 light:2 afternoon:1 stare:3 opposite:1 thought:1 lie:2 gloom:1 snore:2 bunk:2 fume:1 choke:1 figure:4 poncho:3 armful:1 wood:4 pullen:3 james:3 campmate:1 carry:2 water:2 cooking:1 clean:1 mending:1 occasionally:1 kick:1 butt:1 pain:1 moisture:2 flow:2 give:3 rubberize:1 fabric:1 dull:1 gleam:1 metal:1 humbly:1 lower:1 head:4 push:1 aside:1 award:1 medal:1 honor:1 gallantry:1 antietam:1 empty:2 grayer:1 enormous:1 interest:1 directly:1 emptiness:1 spirit:1 move:4 form:2 swathe:1 army:2 blanket:2 much:1 patch:1 fasten:1 neck:1 cord:1 shapeless:1 foot:3 shoe:1 obvious:1 disrepair:1 wrap:1 turban:2 top:1 ride:1 great:3 hamper:2 piece:1 fling:1 straight:1 ahead:1 run:3 cheek:1 gather:1 tip:1 nose:9 chin:1 enough:1 twitch:1 dislodge:1 drop:1 cling:1 stop:6 one:6 perilously:1 free:1 scratch:7 irish:1 woman:1 build:1 near:1 river:2 wash:1 winter:1 twilight:2 edge:2 camp:1 fly:2 slice:2 mutton:7 bhoy:1 query:1 soft:1 guttural:1 mollie:6 call:1 laugh:2 remove:1 basket:1 word:3 crazily:1 pattern:3 feel:3 trap:1 repetition:1 weep:1 matter:2 demand:3 loud:1 wildly:1 around:1 oh:1 store:1 stock:1 oak:1 chest:1 lock:1 big:2 hasp:1 secure:1 additional:1 chain:1 tie:1 pick:1 cash:2 darken:1 consign:1 jed:1 hawksworth:1 employer:1 check:1 content:1 list:1 item:1 sell:1 mind:1 prospect:1 though:1 fog:1 descend:1 blot:1 valley:1 far:2 dusk:2 singe:3 muffle:1 strong:1 group:1 together:3 strain:1 rock:1 age:1 cleave:1 let:3 hide:1 thee:1 blood:1 thy:1 riven:1 side:1 jew:4 thicken:1 costly:1 greatcoat:2 belong:1 another:1 leave:1 rich:2 house:2 march:1 away:3 cross:1 yonder:1 slide:1 darkly:1 mist:1 plunge:1 dark:1 regiment:2 row:2 thousand:2 night:1 nameless:1 hearth:2 skirmish:1 undershirt:1 lice:1 wet:1 sizzle:1 cornfield:1 maniacal:1 scream:1 lip:3 swing:1 club:1 musket:1 flail:1 beat:1 swirl:1 rebel:1 bayonet:1 fearless:1 glory:1 sweetness:1 pity:2 flood:1 vein:1 aaron:1 blaustein:1 god:1 tired:1 blame:2 glitter:1 chandelier:1 necessary:1 enter:1 mose:6 squat:1 break:1 pan:2 pot:4 boil:2 coal:1 ole:5 buckra:2 money:1 ask:2 softly:1 nod:1 yeah:4 murmur:1 chicken:4 theatrically:1 lick:2 six:1 tit:2 tail:1 lak:1 corkscrew:1 squeal:1 slop:1 giggle:1 fool:1 huh:1 sowbelly:1 salt:2 skipper:2 full:1 jump:1 hoo:1 pig:1 put:1 hole:1 cut:1 fer:2 lob:2 scuse:2 dump:1 crumble:1 lobscouse:1 mumble:1 stir:2 shoulder:1 et:1 tonight:1 fix:1 shake:1

Standing/vbg in/in the/at shelter/nn of/in the/at tent/nn --/-- a/at rejected/vbn hospital/nn tent/nn on/in which/wdt the/at rain/nn now/rb dripped/vbd ,/, no/ql longer/rbr drumming/vbg --/-- Adam/np watched/vbd his/pp$ own/jj hands/nns touch/vb the/at objects/nns on/in the/at improvised/vbn counter/nn of/in boards/nns laid/vbn across/in two/cd beer/nn barrels/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, no/at real/jj need/nn to/to rearrange/vb everything/pn ./. A/at quarter/nn inch/nn this/dt way/nn or/cc that/dt for/in the/at hardbake/nn ,/, or/cc the/at toffee/nn ,/, or/cc the/at barley/nn sugar/nn ,/, or/cc the/at sardines/nns ,/, or/cc the/at bitters/nns ,/, or/cc the/at condensed/vbn milk/nn ,/, or/cc the/at stationery/nn ,/, or/cc the/at needles/nns --/-- what/wdt could/md it/pps mean/vb ?/. ?/. Adam/np watched/vbd his/pp$ own/jj hands/nns make/vb the/at caressing/vbg ,/, anxious/jj movement/nn that/wps ,/, when/wrb rain/nn falls/vbz and/cc nobody/pn comes/vbz ,/, and/cc ruin/nn draws/vbz close/rb like/cs a/at cat/nn rubbing/vbg against/in the/at ankles/nns ,/, has/hvz been/ben the/at ritual/nn of/in stall/nn vendors/nns ,/, forever/rb ./. He/pps recognized/vbd the/at gesture/nn ./. He/pps knew/vbd its/pp$ meaning/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd seen/vbn a/at dry/jj ,/, old/jj ,/, yellowing/vbg hand/nn reach/vb out/rp ,/, with/in that/dt painful/jj solicitude/nn ,/, to/to touch/vb ,/, to/to rearrange/vb ,/, to/to shift/vb aimlessly/rb ,/, some/dti object/nn worth/jj a/at pfennig/nn ./. Back/rb in/in Bavaria/np he/pps had/hvd seen/vbn that/dt gesture/nn ,/, and/cc at/in that/dt sight/nn his/pp$ heart/nn had/hvd always/rb died/vbn within/in him/ppo ./. On/in such/jj occasions/nns he/pps had/hvd not/* had/hvn the/at courage/nn to/to look/vb at/in the/at face/nn above/in the/at hand/nn ,/, whatever/wdt face/nn it/pps might/md be/be ./. Now/rb the/at face/nn was/bedz his/pp$ own/jj ./. He/pps wondered/vbd what/wdt expression/nn ,/, as/cs he/pps made/vbd that/dt gesture/nn ,/, was/bedz on/in his/pp$ face/nn ./. He/pps wondered/vbd if/cs it/pps wore/vbd the/at old/jj anxiety/nn ,/, or/cc the/at old/jj ,/, taut/jj stoicism/nn ./. But/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at need/nn ,/, he/pps remembered/vbd ,/, for/in his/pp$ hand/nn to/to reach/vb out/rp ,/, for/in his/pp$ face/nn to/to show/vb concern/nn or/cc stoicism/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz nothing/pn to/in him/ppo if/cs rain/nn fell/vbd and/cc nobody/pn came/vbd ./. Then/rb why/wrb was/bedz he/pps assuming/vbg the/at role/nn --/-- the/at gesture/nn and/cc the/at suffering/nn ?/. ?/. What/wdt was/bedz he/pps expiating/vbg ?/. ?/. Or/cc was/bedz he/pps now/rb taking/vbg the/at role/nn --/-- the/at gesture/nn and/cc the/at suffering/nn --/-- because/cs it/pps was/bedz the/at only/ap way/nn to/to affirm/vb his/pp$ history/nn and/cc identity/nn in/in the/at torpid/jj ,/, befogged/vbn loneliness/nn of/in this/dt land/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz Virginia/np ./. He/pps looked/vbd out/rp of/in the/at tent/nn at/in the/at company/nn street/nn ./. The/at rain/nn dripped/vbd on/in the/at freezing/vbg loblolly/nn of/in the/at street/nn ./. Beyond/in that/dt misty/jj gray/nn of/in the/at rain/nn ,/, he/pps saw/vbd the/at stretching/vbg hutment/nn ,/, low/jj diminutive/jj log/nn cabins/nns ,/, chinked/vbn with/in mud/nn ,/, with/in doorways/nns a/at man/nn would/md have/hv to/to crouch/vb to/to get/vb through/in ,/, with/in roofs/nns of/in tenting/vbg laid/vbn over/in boughs/nns or/cc boards/nns from/in hardtack/nn boxes/nns ,/, or/cc fence/nn rails/nns ,/, with/in cranky/jj chimneys/nns of/in sticks/nns and/cc dried/vbn mud/nn ./. The/at chimney/nn of/in the/at hut/nn across/rb from/in him/ppo was/bedz surmounted/vbn by/in a/at beef/nn barrel/nn with/in ends/nns knocked/vbn out/rp ./. In/in this/dt heavy/jj air/nn ,/, however/rb ,/, that/dt device/nn did/dod not/* seem/vb to/to help/vb ./. The/at smoke/nn from/in that/dt chimney/nn rose/vbd as/ql sluggishly/rb as/cs smoke/nn from/in any/dti other/ap ,/, and/cc hung/vbd as/ql sadly/rb in/in the/at drizzle/nn ,/, creeping/vbg back/rb down/rp along/in the/at sopping/jj canvas/nn of/in the/at roof/nn ./. Over/in the/at door/nn was/bedz a/at board/nn with/in large/jj ,/, inept/jj lettering/nn :/: home/nn-nc sweet/jj-nc home/nn-nc ./. This/dt was/bedz the/at hut/nn of/in Simms/np Purdew/np ,/, the/at hero/nn ./. The/at men/nns were/bed huddled/vbn in/in those/dts lairs/nns ./. Adam/np knew/vbd the/at names/nns of/in some/dti ./. He/pps knew/vbd the/at faces/nns of/in all/abn ,/, hairy/jj or/cc shaven/vbn ,/, old/jj or/cc young/jj ,/, fat/jj or/cc thin/jj ,/, suffering/vbg or/cc hardened/vbn ,/, sad/jj or/cc gay/jj ,/, good/jj or/cc bad/jj ./. When/wrb they/ppss stood/vbd about/in his/pp$ tent/nn ,/, chaffing/vbg each/dt other/ap ,/, exchanging/vbg their/pp$ obscenities/nns ,/, cursing/vbg command/nn or/cc weather/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd studied/vbn their/pp$ faces/nns ./. He/pps had/hvd had/hvn the/at need/nn to/to understand/vb what/wdt life/nn lurked/vbd behind/in the/at mask/nn of/in flesh/nn ,/, behind/in the/at oath/nn ,/, the/at banter/nn ,/, the/at sadness/nn ./. Once/rb covertly/rb looking/vbg at/in Simms/np Purdew/np ,/, the/at only/ap man/nn in/in the/at world/nn whom/wpo he/pps hated/vbd ,/, he/pps had/hvd seen/vbn the/at heavy/jj ,/, slack/jj ,/, bestubbled/jj jaw/nn open/vb and/cc close/vb to/to emit/vb the/at cruel/jj ,/, obscene/jj banter/nn ,/, and/cc had/hvd seen/vbn the/at pale-blue/jj eyes/nns go/vb watery/jj with/in whisky/nn and/cc merriment/nn ,/, and/cc suddenly/rb he/pps was/bedz not/* seeing/vbg the/at face/nn of/in that/dt vile/jj creature/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz seeing/vbg ,/, somehow/rb ,/, the/at face/nn of/in a/at young/jj boy/nn ,/, the/at boy/nn Simms/np Purdew/np must/md once/rb have/hv been/ben ,/, a/at boy/nn with/in sorrel/jj hair/nn ,/, and/cc blue/jj eyes/nns dancing/vbg with/in gaiety/nn ,/, and/cc the/at boy/nn mouth/nn grinning/vbg trustfully/rb among/in the/at freckles/nns ./. In/in that/dt moment/nn of/in vision/nn Adam/np heard/vbd the/at voice/nn within/in himself/ppl saying/vbg :/: I/ppss must/md not/* hate/vb him/ppo ,/, I/ppss must/md not/* hate/vb him/ppo or/cc I/ppss shall/md die/vb ./. His/pp$ heart/nn suddenly/rb opened/vbd to/in joy/nn ./. He/pps thought/vbd that/cs if/cs once/rb ,/, only/rb once/rb ,/, he/pps could/md talk/vb with/in Simms/np Purdew/np ,/, something/pn about/in his/pp$ own/jj life/nn ,/, and/cc all/abn life/nn ,/, would/md be/be clear/jj and/cc simple/jj ./. If/cs Simms/np Purdew/np would/md turn/vb to/in him/ppo and/cc say/vb :/: ``/`` Adam/np ,/, you/ppss know/vb when/wrb I/ppss was/bedz a/at boy/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz a/at funny/jj thing/nn happened/vbd ./. Lemme/vb+ppo tell/vb you/ppo now/rb ''/'' --/-- If/cs only/rb Simms/np Purdew/np could/md do/do that/dt ,/, whatever/wdt the/at thing/nn he/pps remembered/vbd and/cc told/vbd ./. It/pps would/md be/be a/at sign/nn for/in the/at untellable/jj ,/, and/cc he/pps ,/, Adam/np ,/, would/md understand/vb ./. Now/rb ,/, Adam/np ,/, in/in the/at gray/jj light/nn of/in afternoon/nn ,/, stared/vbd across/rb at/in the/at hut/nn opposite/in his/pp$ tent/nn ,/, and/cc thought/vbd of/in Simms/np Purdew/np lying/vbg in/in there/rb in/in the/at gloom/nn ,/, snoring/vbg on/in his/pp$ bunk/nn ,/, with/in the/at fumes/nns of/in whisky/nn choking/vbg the/at air/nn ./. He/pps saw/vbd the/at sign/nn above/in the/at door/nn of/in the/at hut/nn :/: home/nn-nc sweet/jj-nc home/nn-nc ./. He/pps saw/vbd the/at figure/nn of/in a/at man/nn in/in a/at poncho/nn coming/vbg up/in the/at company/nn street/nn ,/, with/in an/at armful/nn of/in wood/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz Pullen/np James/np ,/, the/at campmate/nn of/in Simms/np Purdew/np ./. He/pps carried/vbd the/at wood/nn ,/, carried/vbd the/at water/nn ,/, did/dod the/at cooking/nn ,/, cleaning/nn and/cc mending/vbg ,/, and/cc occasionally/rb got/vbd a/at kick/nn in/in the/at butt/nn for/in his/pp$ pains/nns ./. Adam/np watched/vbd the/at moisture/nn flow/nn from/in the/at poncho/nn ./. It/pps gave/vbd the/at rubberized/vbn fabric/nn a/at dull/jj gleam/nn ,/, like/cs metal/nn ./. Pullen/np James/np humbly/rb lowered/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ,/, pushed/vbd aside/rb the/at hardtack-box/nn door/nn of/in the/at hut/nn ,/, and/cc was/bedz gone/vbn from/in sight/nn ./. Adam/np stared/vbd at/in the/at door/nn and/cc remembered/vbd that/cs Simms/np Purdew/np had/hvd been/ben awarded/vbn the/at Medal/nn-tl of/in-tl Honor/nn-tl for/in gallantry/nn at/in Antietam/np ./. The/at street/nn was/bedz again/rb empty/jj ./. The/at drizzle/nn was/bedz slacking/vbg off/rp now/rb ,/, but/cc the/at light/nn was/bedz grayer/jjr ./. With/in enormous/jj interest/nn ,/, Adam/np watched/vbd his/pp$ hands/nns as/cs they/ppss touched/vbd and/cc shifted/vbd the/at objects/nns on/in the/at board/nn directly/rb before/in him/ppo ./. Into/in the/at emptiness/nn of/in the/at street/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ spirit/nn ,/, moved/vbd a/at form/nn ./. The/at form/nn was/bedz swathed/vbn in/in an/at army/nn blanket/nn ,/, much/ql patched/vbn ,/, fastened/vbn at/in the/at neck/nn with/in a/at cord/nn ./. From/in under/in the/at shapeless/jj huddle/nn of/in blanket/nn the/at feet/nns moved/vbd in/in the/at mud/nn ./. The/at feet/nns wore/vbd army/nn shoes/nns ,/, in/in obvious/jj disrepair/nn ./. The/at head/nn was/bedz wrapped/vbn in/in a/at turban/nn and/cc on/in top/nn of/in the/at turban/nn rode/vbd a/at great/jj hamper/nn across/in which/wdt a/at piece/nn of/in poncho/nn had/hvd been/ben flung/vbn ./. The/at gray/jj face/nn stared/vbd straight/ql ahead/rb in/in the/at drizzle/nn ./. Moisture/nn ran/vbd down/in the/at cheeks/nns ,/, gathered/vbd at/in the/at tip/nn of/in the/at nose/nn ,/, and/cc at/in the/at chin/nn ./. The/at figure/nn was/bedz close/jj enough/qlp now/rb for/in him/ppo to/to see/vb the/at nose/nn twitching/vbg to/to dislodge/vb the/at drop/nn clinging/vbg there/rb ./. The/at figure/nn stopped/vbd and/cc one/cd hand/nn was/bedz perilously/rb freed/vbn from/in the/at hamper/nn to/to scratch/vb the/at nose/nn ./. Then/rb the/at figure/nn moved/vbd on/rp ./. This/dt was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at Irish/jj women/nns who/wps had/hvd built/vbn their/pp$ own/jj huts/nns down/rp near/in the/at river/nn ./. They/ppss did/dod washing/vbg ./. Adam/np recognized/vbd this/dt one/cd ./. He/pps recognized/vbd her/ppo because/cs she/pps was/bedz the/at one/cd who/wps ,/, in/in a/at winter/nn twilight/nn ,/, on/in the/at edge/nn of/in camp/nn ,/, had/hvd once/rb stopped/vbd him/ppo and/cc reached/vbd down/rp her/pp$ hand/nn to/to touch/vb his/pp$ fly/nn ./. ``/`` Slice/nn o'/in mutton/nn ,/, bhoy/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. She/pps had/hvd queried/vbn in/in her/pp$ soft/jj guttural/jj ./. ``/`` Slice/nn o'/in mutton/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Her/pp$ name/nn was/bedz Mollie/np ./. They/ppss called/vbd her/ppo Mollie/np-tl the/at-tl Mutton/nn-tl ,/, and/cc laughed/vbd ./. Looking/vbg down/in the/at street/nn after/in her/ppo ,/, Adam/np saw/vbd that/cs she/pps had/hvd again/rb stopped/vbn and/cc again/rb removed/vbn one/cd hand/nn from/in the/at basket/nn ./. He/pps could/md not/* make/vb out/rp ,/, but/cc he/pps knew/vbd that/cs again/rb she/pps was/bedz scratching/vbg her/pp$ nose/nn ./. Mollie/np-tl the/at-tl Mutton/nn-tl was/bedz scratching/vbg her/pp$ nose/nn ./. The/at words/nns ran/vbd crazily/rb in/in his/pp$ head/nn :/: Mollie/np-tl the/at-tl Mutton/nn-tl is/bez scratching/vbg her/pp$ nose/nn in/in the/at rain/nn ./. Then/rb the/at words/nns fell/vb into/in a/at pattern/nn :/: ``/`` Mollie/np-tl the/at-tl Mutton/nn-tl is/bez scratching/vbg her/pp$ nose/nn ,/, Scratching/vbg her/pp$ nose/nn in/in the/at rain/nn ./. Mollie/np-tl the/at-tl Mutton/nn-tl is/bez scratching/vbg her/pp$ nose/nn in/in the/at rain/nn ''/'' ./. The/at pattern/nn would/md not/* stop/vb ./. It/pps came/vbd again/rb and/cc again/rb ./. He/pps felt/vbd trapped/vbn in/in that/dt pattern/nn ,/, in/in the/at repetition/nn ./. Suddenly/rb he/pps thought/vbd he/pps might/md weep/vb ./. ``/`` What's/wdt+bez the/at matter/nn with/in me/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps demanded/vbd out/rp loud/rb ./. He/pps looked/vbd wildly/rb around/rb ,/, at/in the/at now/rb empty/jj street/nn ,/, at/in the/at mud/nn ,/, at/in the/at rain/nn ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, what's/wdt+bez the/at matter/nn with/in me/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps demanded/vbd ./. When/wrb he/pps had/hvd stored/vbn his/pp$ stock/nn in/in the/at great/jj oak/nn chest/nn ,/, locked/vbn the/at two/cd big/jj hasps/nns and/cc secured/vbn the/at additional/jj chain/nn ,/, tied/vbn the/at fly/nn of/in the/at tent/nn ,/, and/cc picked/vbn up/rp the/at cash/nn box/nn ,/, he/pps moved/vbd up/in the/at darkening/vbg street/nn ./. He/pps would/md consign/vb the/at cash/nn box/nn into/in the/at hands/nns of/in Jed/np Hawksworth/np ,/, then/rb stand/vb by/rb while/cs his/pp$ employer/nn checked/vbd the/at contents/nns and/cc the/at list/nn of/in items/nns sold/vbn ./. Then/rb he/pps --/-- Then/rb what/wdt ?/. ?/. He/pps did/dod not/* know/vb ./. His/pp$ mind/nn closed/vbd on/in that/dt prospect/nn ,/, as/cs though/cs fog/nn had/hvd descended/vbn to/to blot/vb out/rp a/at valley/nn ./. Far/rb off/rp ,/, in/in the/at dusk/nn ,/, he/pps heard/vbd voices/nns singing/vbg ,/, muffled/vbn but/cc strong/jj ./. In/in one/cd of/in the/at huts/nns a/at group/nn of/in men/nns were/bed huddled/vbn together/rb ,/, singing/vbg ./. He/pps stopped/vbd ./. He/pps strained/vbd to/to hear/vb ./. He/pps heard/vbd the/at words/nns :/: ``/`` Rock/nn of/in Ages/nns ,/, cleft/vbn for/in me/ppo ,/, Let/vb me/ppo hide/vb myself/ppl in/in Thee/ppo !/. !/. Let/vb the/at water/nn and/cc the/at blood/nn From/in Thy/pp$ riven/vbn side/nn flow/vb !/. !/. ''/'' He/pps thought/vbd :/: I/ppss am/bem a/at Jew/np from/in Bavaria/np ./. He/pps was/bedz standing/vbg there/rb ,/, he/pps thought/vbd ,/, in/in Virginia/np ,/, in/in the/at thickening/vbg dusk/nn ,/, in/in a/at costly/jj greatcoat/nn that/wps had/hvd belonged/vbn to/in another/dt Jew/np ./. That/dt other/ap Jew/np ,/, a/at young/jj man/nn too/rb ,/, had/hvd left/vbn that/dt greatcoat/nn behind/rb ,/, in/in a/at rich/jj house/nn ,/, and/cc marched/vbn away/rb ./. He/pps had/hvd crossed/vbn the/at river/nn which/wdt now/rb ,/, beyond/in the/at woods/nns yonder/rb ,/, was/bedz sliding/vbg darkly/rb under/in the/at mist/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd plunged/vbn into/in the/at dark/jj woods/nns beyond/rb ./. He/pps had/hvd died/vbn there/rb ./. What/wdt had/hvd that/dt man/nn ,/, that/dt other/ap young/jj Jew/np ,/, felt/vbn as/cs he/pps stood/vbd in/in the/at twilight/nn and/cc heard/vbd other/ap men/nns ,/, far/rb away/rb ,/, singing/vbg together/rb ?/. ?/. Adam/np thought/vbd of/in the/at hutments/nns ,/, regiment/nn after/in regiment/nn ,/, row/nn after/in row/nn ,/, the/at thousands/nns of/in huts/nns ,/, stretching/vbg away/rb into/in the/at night/nn ./. He/pps thought/vbd of/in the/at men/nns ,/, the/at nameless/jj thousands/nns ,/, huddling/vbg in/in them/ppo ./. He/pps thought/vbd of/in Simms/np Purdew/np snoring/vbg on/in his/pp$ bunk/nn while/cs Pullen/np James/np crouched/vbd by/in the/at hearth/nn ,/, skirmishing/vbg an/at undershirt/nn for/in lice/nns ,/, and/cc a/at wet/jj log/nn sizzled/vbd ./. He/pps thought/vbd of/in Simms/np Purdew/np ,/, who/wps once/rb had/hvd risen/vbn at/in the/at edge/nn of/in a/at cornfield/nn ,/, a/at maniacal/jj scream/nn on/in his/pp$ lips/nns ,/, and/cc swung/vbn a/at clubbed/vbn musket/nn like/cs a/at flail/nn to/to beat/vb down/rp the/at swirl/nn of/in Rebel/nn-tl bayonets/nns about/in him/ppo ./. He/pps thought/vbd of/in Simms/np Purdew/np rising/vbg up/rp ,/, fearless/jj in/in glory/nn ./. He/pps felt/vbd the/at sweetness/nn of/in pity/nn flood/vb through/in him/ppo ,/, veining/vbg his/pp$ very/ap flesh/nn ./. Those/dts men/nns ,/, lying/vbg in/in the/at huts/nns ,/, they/ppss did/dod not/* know/vb ./. They/ppss did/dod not/* know/vb who/wps they/ppss were/bed or/cc know/vb their/pp$ own/jj worth/nn ./. In/in the/at pity/nn for/in them/ppo his/pp$ loneliness/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ./. Then/rb he/pps thought/vbd of/in Aaron/np Blaustein/np standing/vbg in/in his/pp$ rich/jj house/nn saying/vbg :/: ``/`` God/np is/bez tired/vbn of/in taking/vbg the/at blame/nn ./. He/pps is/bez going/vbg to/to let/vb History/nn take/vb the/at blame/nn for/in a/at while/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps thought/vbd of/in the/at old/jj man/nn laughing/vbg under/in the/at glitter/nn of/in the/at great/jj chandelier/nn ./. He/pps thought/vbd :/: Only/rb in/in my/pp$ heart/nn can/md I/ppss make/vb the/at world/nn hang/vb together/rb ./. Adam/np rose/vbd from/in the/at crouch/nn necessary/jj to/to enter/vb the/at hut/nn ./. He/pps saw/vbd Mose/np squatting/vbg by/in the/at hearth/nn ,/, breaking/vbg up/rp hardtack/nn into/in a/at pan/nn ./. A/at pot/nn was/bedz boiling/vbg on/in the/at coals/nns ./. ``/`` Gonna/vbg+to give/vb Ole/jj-tl Buckra/np-tl all/abn his/pp$ money/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Mose/np asked/vbd softly/rb ./. Adam/np nodded/vbd ./. ``/`` Yeah/rb ''/'' ,/, Mose/np murmured/vbd ,/, ``/`` yeah/rb ./. And/cc look/vb what/wdt he/pps done/dod give/vb us/ppo ''/'' ./. Adam/np looked/vbd at/in the/at pot/nn ./. ``/`` What/wdt is/bez it/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps asked/vbd ./. ``/`` Chicken/nn ''/'' ,/, Mose/np said/vbd ,/, and/cc theatrically/rb licked/vbd his/pp$ lips/nns ./. ``/`` Gre't/jj big/jj fat/jj chicken/nn ,/, yeah/rb ''/'' ./. He/pps licked/vbd his/pp$ lips/nns again/rb ./. Then/rb :/: ``/`` yeah/rb ./. A/at chicken/nn with/in six/cd tits/nns and/cc a/at tail/nn lak/in a/at corkscrew/nn ./. And/cc it/pps squealed/vbd for/in slop/nn ''/'' ./. Mose/np giggled/vbd ./. ``/`` Fooled/vbn you/ppo ,/, huh/uh ?/. ?/. It/pps is/bez the/at same/ap ole/jj same/ap ,/, tell/vb me/ppo its/pp$ name/nn ./. It/pps is/bez sowbelly/nn with/in tits/nns on/rp ./. It/pps is/bez salt/nn po'k/nn ./. It/pps is/bez salt/nn po'k/nn and/cc skippers/nns ./. That/dt po'k/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz so/ql full/jj of/in skippers/nns it/pps would/md jump/vb and/cc run/vb and/cc not/* come/vb when/wrb you/ppss say/vb ,/, hoo-pig/uh ./. Had/hvd to/to put/vb my/pp$ foot/nn on/in it/ppo to/to hole/vb it/ppo down/rp while/cs I/ppss cut/vbd it/ppo up/rp fer/in the/at lob-scuse/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps dumped/vbd the/at pan/nn of/in crumbled/vbn hardtack/nn into/in the/at boiling/vbg pot/nn of/in lobscouse/nn ./. ``/`` Good/jj ole/jj lob-scuse/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps mumbled/vbd ,/, and/cc stirred/vbd the/at pot/nn ./. He/pps stopped/vbd stirring/vbg and/cc looked/vbd over/in his/pp$ shoulder/nn ./. ``/`` Know/vb what/wdt Ole/jj-tl Buckra/np-tl et/vbd tonight/nr ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps demanded/vbd ./. ``/`` Know/vb what/wdt I/ppss had/hvd to/to fix/vb fer/in Ole/jj-tl Him/ppo-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/. Adam/np shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ./. ``/`` Chicken/nn ''/'' ,/, Mose/np said/vbd ./.

ck12

ck12 |@word child:4 much:1 part:1 environment:1 eager:1 grow:1 learn:1 experience:2 easthampton:1 summer:2 fritzie:7 say:8 good:3 place:1 even:2 though:1 rob:1 one:7 soft:1 evening:1 marvelous:1 sea:1 bless:1 time:1 sun:1 depart:1 warmth:1 linger:1 smell:1 spume:1 wrack:1 haunt:1 everything:2 amy:6 pick:2 floor:2 begin:2 walk:6 couch:1 reading:1 laura:8 sit:1 easy:1 chair:1 eight:1 foot:2 away:1 infant:1 white:2 terry:1 cloth:1 bathrobe:1 face:5 intense:1 purposeful:1 essay:1 wobbly:1 step:1 toward:3 father:1 wanna:1 gently:2 shove:2 behind:1 make:5 halfway:2 across:2 cottage:1 lose:1 second:1 continue:3 pilgrimage:1 take:4 laugh:1 work:3 concentration:1 achievement:1 minute:4 ten:2 hike:1 unaided:1 soon:2 parade:1 around:7 house:6 flaunt:1 new:5 skill:1 liar:1 logic:1 wisp:1 optimism:1 fragile:1 scent:1 tropical:1 blossom:1 come:6 window:1 euphoria:1 perhaps:1 engender:1 pill:1 give:3 console:1 moment:1 safe:1 back:2 reap:1 share:1 life:2 due:1 parent:5 another:2 chance:1 better:1 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She/pps was/bedz a/at child/nn too/ql much/ap a/at part/nn of/in her/pp$ environment/nn ,/, too/ql eager/jj to/to grow/vb and/cc learn/vb and/cc experience/vb ./. Once/rb ,/, they/ppss were/bed at/in Easthampton/np for/in the/at summer/nn (/( again/rb ,/, Fritzie/np said/vbd ,/, a/at good/jj place/nn ,/, even/rb though/cs they/ppss were/bed being/beg robbed/vbn )/) ./. One/cd soft/jj evening/nn --/-- that/dt marvelous/jj sea-blessed/jj time/nn when/wrb the/at sun's/nn$ departing/vbg warmth/nn lingers/vbz and/cc a/at smell/nn of/in spume/nn and/cc wrack/nn haunts/vbz everything/pn --/-- Amy/np had/hvd picked/vbn herself/ppl off/in the/at floor/nn and/cc begun/vbn to/to walk/vb ./. Fritzie/np was/bedz on/in the/at couch/nn reading/vbg ;/. ;/. Laura/np was/bedz sitting/vbg in/in an/at easy/jj chair/nn about/rb eight/cd feet/nns away/rb ./. The/at infant/nn ,/, in/in white/jj terry-cloth/nn bathrobe/nn ,/, her/pp$ face/nn intense/jj and/cc purposeful/jj ,/, had/hvd essayed/vbn a/at few/ap wobbly/jj steps/nns toward/in her/pp$ father/nn ./. ``/`` Y'all/ppss wanna/vb+to walk/vb --/-- walk/vb ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. Then/rb ,/, gently/rb ,/, he/pps shoved/vbd her/pp$ behind/nn toward/in Laura/np ./. Amy/np walked/vbd --/-- making/vbg it/ppo halfway/rb across/in the/at cottage/nn floor/nn ./. She/pps lost/vbd not/* a/at second/nn ,/, picking/vbg herself/ppl up/rp and/cc continuing/vbg her/pp$ pilgrimage/nn to/in Laura/np ./. Then/jj Laura/np took/vbd her/ppo gently/rb and/cc shoved/vbd her/pp$ off/rp again/rb ,/, toward/in Fritzie/np :/: Amy/np did/dod not/* laugh/vb --/-- this/dt was/bedz work/nn ,/, concentration/nn ,/, achievement/nn ./. In/in a/at few/ap minutes/nns she/pps was/bedz making/vbg the/at ten-foot/jj hike/nn unaided/jj ;/. ;/. soon/rb she/pps was/bedz parading/vbg around/in the/at house/nn ,/, flaunting/vbg her/pp$ new/jj skill/nn ./. Some/dti liar's/nn$ logic/nn ,/, a/at wisp/nn of/in optimism/nn as/ql fragile/jj as/cs the/at scent/nn of/in tropical/jj blossoms/nns that/wps came/vbd through/in the/at window/nn (/( a/at euphoria/nn perhaps/rb engendered/vbn by/in the/at pill/nn Fritzie/np had/hvd given/vbn her/ppo )/) ,/, consoled/vbd her/ppo for/in a/at moment/nn ./. Amy/np had/hvd to/to be/be safe/jj ,/, had/hvd to/to come/vb back/rb to/in them/ppo --/-- if/cs only/rb to/to reap/vb that/dt share/nn of/in life's/nn$ experiences/nns that/wps were/bed her/pp$ due/nn ,/, if/cs only/rb to/to give/vb her/pp$ parents/nns another/dt chance/nn to/to do/do better/rbr by/in her/ppo ./. Through/in the/at swathings/nns of/in terror/nn ,/, she/pps jabbed/vbd deceit's/nn$ sharp/jj point/nn --/-- Amy/np would/md be/be reborn/vbn ,/, a/at new/jj child/nn ,/, with/in new/jj parents/nns ,/, living/vbg under/in new/jj circumstances/nns ./. The/at comfort/nn was/bedz short-lived/jj ,/, yet/cc she/pps found/vbd herself/ppl returning/vbg to/in the/at assurance/nn whenever/wrb her/pp$ imagination/nn forced/vbd images/nns on/in her/ppo too/ql awful/jj to/to contemplate/vb without/in the/at prop/nn of/in illusion/nn ./. Gazing/vbg at/in her/pp$ husband's/nn$ drugged/vbn body/nn ,/, his/pp$ chest/nn rising/vbg and/cc falling/vbg in/in mindless/jj rhythms/nns ,/, she/pps saw/vbd the/at grandeur/nn of/in his/pp$ fictional/jj world/nn ,/, that/dt lush/jj garden/nn from/in which/wdt he/pps plucked/vbd flowers/nns and/cc herbs/nns ./. She/pps envied/vbd him/ppo ./. She/pps admired/vbd him/ppo ./. In/in the/at darkness/nn ,/, she/pps saw/vbd him/ppo stirring/vbg ./. He/pps seemed/vbd to/to be/be muttering/vbg ,/, his/pp$ voice/nn surprisingly/rb clear/jj ./. ``/`` Y'all/ppss should/md have/hv let/nn me/ppo take/vb that/dt money/nn out/rp ''/'' ,/, Andrus/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` 'nother/dt minute/nn I'd/ppss+md have/hv been/ben fine/jj ./. H'all/ppss should/md have/hv let/nn me/ppo do/do it/ppo ''/'' ./. Laura/np touched/vbd his/pp$ hand/nn ./. ``/`` Yes/rb ,/, I/ppss know/vb ,/, Fritzie/np ./. I/ppss should/md have/hv ''/'' ./. Tuesday/nr-hl The/at heat/nn intensified/vbd on/in Tuesday/nr ./. Southern/jj-tl California/np-tl gasped/vbd and/cc blinked/vbd under/in an/at autumn/nn hot/jj spell/nn ,/, drier/jjr ,/, more/ql enervating/vbg ,/, more/ql laden/jj with/in man's/nn$ contrived/vbn impurities/nns than/cs the/at worst/jjt days/nns of/in the/at summer/nn past/jj ./. It/pps could/md continue/vb this/dt way/nn ,/, hitting/vbg 106/cd and/cc more/ap in/in the/at Valley/nn-tl ,/, Joe/np McFeeley/np knew/vbd ,/, into/in October/np ./. He/pps and/cc Irvin/np Moll/np were/bed sipping/vbg coffee/nn at/in the/at breakfast/nn bar/nn ./. Both/abx had/hvd been/ben up/rp since/in 7:00/cd --/-- Irv/np on/in the/at early-morning/nn watch/nn ,/, McFeeley/np unable/jj to/to sleep/vb during/in his/pp$ four-hour/jj relief/nn ./. The/at night/nn before/rb ,/, they/ppss had/hvd telephoned/vbn the/at Andrus/np maid/nn ,/, Selena/np Masters/np ,/, and/cc she/pps had/hvd arrived/vbn early/rb ,/, bursting/vbg her/pp$ vigorous/jj presence/nn into/in the/at silent/jj house/nn with/in an/at assurance/nn that/wps amused/vbd McFeeley/np and/cc confounded/vbd Moll/np ./. The/at latter/ap ,/, thanking/vbg her/ppo for/in the/at coffee/nn ,/, had/hvd winked/vbn and/cc muttered/vbn ,/, ``/`` Sure/rb 'nuff/qlp ,/, honey/nn ''/'' ./. Selena/np was/bedz the/at wrong/jj woman/nn for/in these/dts crudities/nns ./. With/in a/at hard/jj eye/nn ,/, she/pps informed/vbd Moll/np :/: ``/`` Don't/do* sure/vb-nc 'nuff/vb-nc me/ppo ,/, officer/nn ./. I'm/ppss+bem honey/nn only/rb to/in my/pp$ husband/nn ,/, understand/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. Sergeant/nn-tl Moll/np understood/vbd ./. The/at maid/nn was/bedz very/ql black/jj and/cc very/ql energetic/jj ,/, trim/jj in/in a/at yellow/jj pique/nn uniform/nn ./. Her/pp$ speech/nn was/bedz barren/jj of/in southernisms/nns ;/. ;/. she/pps was/bedz one/cd of/in Eliot/np Sparling's/np$ neutralized/vbn minorities/nns ,/, adopting/vbg the/at rolling/vbg R's/nn and/cc constricted/vbn vowels/nns of/in Los/np Angeles/np ./. Not/* seeing/vbg her/pp$ dark/jj intelligent/jj face/nn ,/, one/pn would/md have/hv gauged/vbn the/at voice/nn as/cs that/dt of/in a/at Westwood/np-tl Village/nn-tl matron/nn ,/, ten/cd years/nns out/rp of/in Iowa/np ./. After/cs she/pps had/hvd served/vbn the/at detectives/nns coffee/nn and/cc toast/nn (/( they/ppss politely/rb declined/vbd eggs/nns ,/, uncomfortable/jj about/in their/pp$ tenancy/nn )/) ,/, she/pps settled/vbd down/rp with/in a/at morning/nn newspaper/nn and/cc began/vbd reading/vbg the/at stock/nn market/nn quotations/nns ./. While/cs she/pps was/bedz thus/rb engaged/vbn ,/, McFeeley/np questioned/vbd her/ppo about/in her/pp$ whereabouts/nn the/at previous/ap day/nn ,/, any/dti recollections/nns she/pps had/hvd of/in people/nns hanging/vbg around/rb ,/, of/in overcurious/jj delivery/nn boys/nns or/cc repairmen/nns ,/, of/in strange/jj cars/nns cruising/vbg the/at neighborhood/nn ./. She/pps answered/vbd him/ppo precisely/rb ,/, missing/vbg not/* a/at beat/nn in/in her/pp$ scrutiny/nn of/in the/at financial/jj reports/nns ./. Selena/np Masters/np ,/, Joe/np realized/vbd ,/, was/bedz her/pp$ own/jj woman/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz the/at only/ap kind/nn of/in Negro/np Laura/np Andrus/np would/md want/vb around/rb :/: independent/jj ,/, unservile/jj ,/, probably/rb charging/vbg double/rb what/wdt ordinary/jj maids/nns did/dod for/in housework/nn --/-- and/cc doubly/rb efficient/jj ./. When/wrb the/at parents/nns emerged/vbd from/in the/at bedroom/nn a/at few/ap minutes/nns later/rbr ,/, the/at maid/nn greeted/vbd them/ppo quietly/rb ./. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem awful/ql sorry/jj about/in what's/wdt+hvz happened/vbn ''/'' ,/, Selena/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` Maybe/rb today'll/nr+md be/be a/at good-news/nn day/nn ''/'' ./. She/pps charged/vbd off/rp to/in the/at bedrooms/nns ./. Moll/np took/vbd his/pp$ coffee/nn into/in the/at nursery/nn ./. During/in the/at night/nn ,/, a/at phone/nn company/nn technician/nn had/hvd deadened/vbn the/at bells/nns and/cc installed/vbn red/jj blinkers/nns on/in the/at phones/nns ./. Someone/pn would/md have/hv to/to remain/vb in/in the/at office/nn continually/rb ./. McFeeley/np greeted/vbd the/at parents/nns ,/, then/rb studied/vbd his/pp$ notebook/nn ./. He/pps wanted/vbd to/to take/vb the/at mother/nn to/in headquarters/nn at/in once/rb and/cc start/vb her/ppo on/in the/at mug/nn file/nn ./. ``/`` Sleep/vb well/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps asked/vbd ./. Andrus/np did/dod not/* answer/vb him/ppo ./. His/pp$ face/nn was/bedz bloated/vbn with/in drugging/vbg ,/, redder/jjr than/cs normal/jj ./. The/at woman/nn had/hvd the/at glassy/jj look/nn of/in an/at invalid/nn ,/, as/cs if/cs she/pps had/hvd not/* slept/vbn at/in all/abn ./. ``/`` Oh/uh --/-- we/ppss managed/vbd ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem a/at little/jj groggy/jj ./. Did/dod anything/pn happen/vb during/in the/at night/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Few/ap crank/nn calls/nns ''/'' ,/, McFeeley/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` A/at couple/nn of/in tips/nns we're/ppss+ber running/vbg down/rp --/-- nothing/pn promising/vbg ./. We/ppss can/md expect/vb more/ap of/in the/at same/ap ./. Too/ql bad/jj your/pp$ number/nn is/bez in/in the/at directory/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Didn't/dod* occur/vb to/in me/ppo my/pp$ child/nn would/md be/be kidnaped/vbn when/wrb I/ppss had/hvd it/ppo listed/vbn ''/'' ,/, Andrus/np muttered/vbd ./. He/pps settled/vbd on/in the/at sofa/nn with/in his/pp$ coffee/nn ,/, warming/vbg his/pp$ hands/nns on/in the/at cup/nn ,/, although/cs the/at room/nn was/bedz heavy/jj with/in heat/nn ./. The/at three/cd had/hvd little/ap to/to say/vb to/in each/dt other/ap ./. The/at previous/ap night's/nn$ horror/nn --/-- the/at absolute/jj failure/nn ,/, overcast/vbn with/in the/at intrusions/nns of/in the/at press/nn ,/, had/hvd left/vbn them/ppo all/abn with/in a/at wan/jj sense/nn of/in uselessness/nn ,/, of/in play-acting/vbg ./. Sipping/vbg their/pp$ coffee/nn ,/, discussing/vbg the/at weather/nn ,/, the/at day's/nn$ shopping/nn ,/, Fritzie's/np$ commitments/nns at/in the/at network/nn (/( all/abn of/in which/wdt he/pps would/md cancel/vb )/) ,/, they/ppss avoided/vbd the/at radio/nn ,/, the/at morning/nn TV/nn news/nn show/nn ,/, even/rb the/at front/nn page/nn of/in the/at Santa/np-tl Luisa/np-tl Register/nn-tl ,/, resting/vbg on/in the/at kitchen/nn bar/nn ./. Kidnaper/nn spurns/vbz ransom/nn ;/. ;/. Amy/np still/rb missing/vbg ./. Once/rb ,/, Andrus/np walked/vbd by/in it/ppo ,/, hastily/rb scanned/vbd the/at bold/jj black/jj headline/nn and/cc the/at five-column/jj lead/nn of/in the/at article/nn (/( by/in Duane/np Bosch/np ,/, staff/nn correspondent/nn --/-- age/nn not/* given/vbn )/) ,/, and/cc muttered/vbd :/: ``/`` We/ppss a/at buncha/nn+in national/jj celebrities/nns ''/'' ./. McFeeley/np told/vbd the/at parents/nns he/pps would/md escort/vb them/ppo to/in police/nn headquarters/nn in/in a/at half/abn hour/nn ./. Before/in that/dt ,/, he/pps wanted/vbd to/to talk/vb to/in the/at neighbors/nns ./. He/pps did/dod not/* want/vb to/to bring/vb the/at Andruses/nps to/in the/at station/nn house/nn too/ql early/rb --/-- Rheinholdt/np had/hvd summoned/vbn a/at press/nn conference/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps didn't/dod* want/vb them/ppo subjected/vbn to/in the/at reporters/nns again/rb ./. He/pps could/md think/vb of/in nothing/pn else/rb to/to tell/vb them/ppo :/: no/at assurances/nns ,/, no/at hopeful/jj hints/nns at/in great/jj discoveries/nns that/dt day/nn ./. When/wrb the/at detective/nn left/vbd ,/, Andrus/np phoned/vbd his/pp$ secretary/nn to/to cancel/vb his/pp$ work/nn and/cc to/to advise/vb the/at network/nn to/to get/vb a/at substitute/jj director/nn for/in his/pp$ current/jj project/nn ./. Mrs./np Andrus/np was/bedz talking/vbg to/in the/at maid/nn ,/, arranging/vbg for/in her/ppo to/to come/vb in/rp every/at day/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in the/at four/cd days/nns she/pps now/rb worked/vbd ./. Outside/rb ,/, only/rb a/at handful/nn of/in reporters/nns remained/vbd ./. The/at bulk/nn of/in the/at press/nn corps/nn was/bedz covering/vbg Rheinholdt's/np$ conference/nn ./. In/in contrast/nn to/in the/at caravan/nn of/in the/at previous/ap night/nn ,/, there/ex were/bed only/rb four/cd cars/nns parked/vbn across/in the/at street/nn ./. Two/cd men/nns he/pps did/dod not/* recognize/vb were/bed sipping/vbg coffee/nn and/cc munching/vbg sweet/jj rolls/nns ./. He/pps did/dod not/* see/vb Sparling/np ,/, or/cc DeGroot/np ,/, or/cc Ringel/np ,/, or/cc any/dti of/in the/at feverish/jj crew/nn that/wps had/hvd so/rb harassed/vbn him/ppo twelve/cd hours/nns ago/rb ./. However/rb ,/, the/at litter/nn remained/vbd ,/, augmented/vbn by/in several/ap dozen/nn lunchroom/nn suppers/nns ./. The/at street/nn cleaner/nn had/hvd not/* yet/rb been/ben around/rb ./. One/cd of/in the/at reporters/nns called/vbd to/in him/ppo :/: ``/`` Anything/pn new/jj ,/, Lieutenant/nn-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc he/pps ignored/vbd him/ppo ,/, skirting/vbg the/at parked/vbn cars/nns and/cc walking/vbg up/in the/at path/nn to/in the/at Skopas/np house/nn ./. When/wrb McFeeley/np was/bedz halfway/rb to/in the/at door/nn ,/, the/at proprietor/nn emerged/vbd --/-- a/at mountainous/jj ,/, dark/jj man/nn ,/, his/pp$ head/nn thick/jj with/in resiny/jj black/jj hair/nn ,/, his/pp$ eyes/nns like/cs two/cd of/in the/at black/jj olives/nns he/pps imported/vbd in/in boatloads/nns ./. McFeeley/np identified/vbd himself/ppl ./. The/at master/nn of/in the/at house/nn ,/, his/pp$ nourished/vbn face/nn unrevealing/jj ,/, consented/vbd to/to postpone/vb his/pp$ departure/nn a/at few/ap minutes/nns to/to talk/vb to/in the/at detective/nn ./. Inside/rb ,/, as/ql soon/rb as/cs Mr./np Skopas/np had/hvd disclosed/vbn --/-- in/in a/at hoarse/jj whisper/nn --/-- the/at detective's/nn$ errand/nn ,/, his/pp$ family/nn gathered/vbd in/in a/at huddle/nn ,/, forming/vbg a/at mass/nn of/in dark/jj flesh/nn on/in and/cc around/in a/at brocaded/jj sofa/nn which/wdt stood/vbd at/in one/cd side/nn of/in a/at baroque/jj fireplace/nn ./. Flanked/vbn by/in marble/nn urns/nns and/cc alabaster/nn lamps/nns ,/, they/ppss seemed/vbd to/to be/be posing/vbg for/in a/at tribal/jj portrait/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz amazing/jj how/wrb they/ppss had/hvd herded/vbn together/rb for/in protection/nn :/: an/at enormous/jj matriarch/nn in/in a/at quilted/vbn silk/nn wrapper/nn ,/, rising/vbg from/in the/at breakfast/nn table/nn ;/. ;/. a/at gross/jj boy/nn in/in his/pp$ teens/nns ,/, shuffling/vbg in/rp from/in the/at kitchen/nn with/in a/at sandwich/nn in/in his/pp$ hands/nns ;/. ;/. a/at girl/nn in/in her/pp$ twenties/nns ,/, fat/jj and/cc sullen/jj ,/, descending/vbg the/at marble/nn staircase/nn ;/. ;/. then/rb all/abn four/cd gathering/vbg on/in the/at sofa/nn to/to face/vb the/at inquisitor/nn ./. They/ppss answered/vbd him/ppo in/in monosyllables/nns ,/, nods/nns ,/, occasionally/rb muttering/vbg in/in Greek/np to/in one/cd another/dt ,/, awaiting/vbg the/at word/nn from/in Papa/np ,/, who/wps restlessly/rb cracked/vbd his/pp$ knuckles/nns ,/, anxious/jj to/to stuff/vb himself/ppl into/in his/pp$ white/jj Cadillac/np and/cc burst/vb off/rp to/in the/at freeway/nn ./. No/rb ,/, they/ppss hadn't/hvd* seen/vbn anyone/pn around/rb ;/. ;/. no/rb ,/, they/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb the/at Andrus/np family/nn ;/. ;/. yes/rb ,/, they/ppss had/hvd read/vbn about/in the/at case/nn ;/. ;/. yes/rb ,/, they/ppss had/hvd let/vbn some/dti reporters/nns use/vb their/pp$ phone/nn ,/, but/cc they/ppss would/md no/ql longer/rbr ./. They/ppss offered/vbd no/at opinions/nns ,/, volunteered/vbd nothing/pn ,/, betrayed/vbd no/at emotions/nns ./. Studying/vbg them/ppo ,/, McFeeley/np could/md not/* help/vb make/vb comparison/nn with/in the/at Andrus/np couple/nn ./. The/at Skopas/np people/nns seemed/vbd to/in him/ppo of/in that/dt breed/nn of/in human/jj beings/nns whose/wp$ insularity/nn frees/vbz them/ppo from/in tragedy/nn ./. He/pps imagined/vbd they/ppss were/bed the/at kind/nn whose/wp$ tax/nn returns/nns were/bed never/rb examined/vbn (/( if/cs they/ppss were/bed ,/, they/ppss were/bed never/rb penalized/vbn )/) ,/, whose/wp$ children/nns had/hvd no/at unhappy/jj romances/nns ,/, whose/wp$ names/nns never/rb knew/vbd scandal/nn ./. The/at equation/nn was/bedz simple/jj :/: wealth/nn brought/vbd them/ppo happiness/nn ,/, and/cc their/pp$ united/vbn front/nn to/in the/at world/nn was/bedz their/pp$ warning/nn that/cs they/ppss meant/vbd to/to keep/vb everything/pn they/ppss had/hvd ,/, let/vb no/at one/pn in/rp on/in the/at secrets/nns ./. By/in comparison/nn ,/, Fritzie/np and/cc Laura/np Andrus/np were/bed quivering/vbg fledglings/nns ./. They/ppss possessed/vbd no/at outer/jj fortifications/nns ,/, no/rb hard/jj shells/nns of/in confidence/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss had/hvd enough/ap difficulty/nn getting/vbg from/in day/nn to/in day/nn ,/, let/vb alone/rb having/hvg an/at awful/jj crime/nn thrust/vbn upon/in them/ppo ./. Skopas/np expressed/vbd no/at curiosity/nn over/in the/at case/nn ,/, offered/vbd no/at expression/nn of/in sympathy/nn ,/, made/vbd no/at move/nn to/to escort/vb McFeely/np to/in the/at door/nn ./. All/abn four/cd remained/vbd impacted/vbn on/in the/at sofa/nn until/cs he/pps had/hvd left/vbn ./. He/pps had/hvd spoken/vbn to/in Mrs./np ./. Emerson/np the/at previous/jj day/nn ./. There/ex remained/vbd a/at family/nn named/vbn Kahler/np ,/, owners/nns of/in a/at two-story/jj Tudor-style/jj house/nn on/in the/at south/jj side/nn of/in the/at Andrus/np home/nn ./. Their/pp$ names/nns had/hvd not/* come/vbn up/rp in/in any/dti discussions/nns with/in Laura/np ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd no/at idea/nn what/wdt they/ppss would/md be/be like/in ./. McFeeley/np noted/vbd the/at immaculate/jj lawn/nn and/cc gardens/nns :/: each/dt blade/nn of/in grass/nn cropped/vbn ,/, bright/jj and/cc firm/jj ;/. ;/. each/dt shrub/nn glazed/vbn with/in good/jj health/nn ./. The/at door/nn was/bedz answered/vbn by/in a/at slender/jj man/nn in/in his/pp$ sixties/nns --/-- straight-backed/jj ,/, somewhat/ql clerical/jj in/in manner/nn ,/, wearing/vbg rimless/jj glasses/nns ./. When/wrb Joe/np identified/vbd himself/ppl ,/, he/pps nodded/vbd ,/, unsmiling/jj ,/, and/cc ushered/vbd him/ppo into/in a/at sedate/jj living/vbg room/nn ./. Mrs./np Kahler/np joined/vbd them/ppo ./. She/pps had/hvd a/at dried-out/jj quality/nn --/-- a/at gray/jj ,/, lean/jj woman/nn ,/, not/* unattractive/jj ./. Both/abx were/bed dressed/vbn rather/ql formally/rb ./. The/at man/nn wore/vbd a/at vest/nn and/cc a/at tie/nn ,/, the/at woman/nn had/hvd on/rp a/at dark/jj green/jj dress/nn and/cc three/cd strands/nns of/in pearls/nns ./. ``/`` Funny/jj thing/nn ''/'' ,/, Mr./np Kahler/np said/vbd ,/, when/wrb they/ppss were/bed seated/vbn ,/, ``/`` when/wrb I/ppss heard/vbd you/ppo ringing/vbg ,/, I/ppss figured/vbd it/pps was/bedz that/dt guy/nn down/in the/at block/nn ,/, Hausman/np ''/'' ./. McFeeley/np looked/vbd puzzled/vbn ./. Kahler/np continued/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss fixed/vbd his/pp$ dog/nn the/at other/ap day/nn and/cc I/ppss guess/vb he's/pps+bez sore/jj ,/, so/cs I/ppss expected/vbd him/ppo to/to come/vb barging/vbg in/rp ''/'' ./. Mr./np Kahler/np went/vbd on/rp to/to explain/vb how/wrb Hausman's/np$ fox/nn terrier/nn had/hvd been/ben ``/`` making/vbg ''/'' in/in his/pp$ flower/nn beds/nns ./. The/at dog/nn refused/vbd to/to be/be scared/vbn off/rp ,/, so/rb Kahler/np had/hvd purchased/vbn some/dti small/jj firecrackers/nns ./. He/pps would/md lay/vb in/in wait/nn in/in the/at garage/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at terrier/nn came/vbd scratching/vbg around/rb ,/, he'd/pps+md let/vb fly/vb with/in a/at cherry/jj bomb/nn ./. ``/`` Scared/vbd the/at hell/nn out/in of/in him/ppo ''/'' ,/, Kahler/np grinned/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss hit/vb him/ppo in/in the/at ass/nn once/rb ''/'' ./. Both/abx grinned/vbd at/in the/at detective/nn ./. ``/`` Finally/rb ,/, all/abn I/ppss needed/vbd was/bedz to/to throw/vb a/at little/ap piece/nn of/in red/jj wood/nn that/wps looked/vbd like/cs a/at firecracker/nn and/cc that/ql dumb/jj dog/nn would/md run/vb ki-yi-ing/vbg for/in his/pp$ life/nn ''/'' ./.

ck13

ck13 |@word dim:1 underwater:1 light:3 dress:3 straighten:1 room:13 go:17 across:2 hall:9 kitchen:2 intimidate:1 stove:1 find:4 pilot:1 turn:4 one:7 burner:1 gas:1 flame:1 two:4 inch:1 high:3 teakettle:1 put:5 water:4 boil:1 search:2 icebox:1 several:1 section:1 loaf:2 dark:3 bread:4 butter:3 jam:1 tiny:1 cake:1 ice:1 right:3 breakfast:2 china:1 wrong:1 table:3 silver:1 open:9 every:3 cupboard:1 door:9 pantry:1 settle:1 teacart:2 back:5 bedroom:2 suitcase:3 take:5 powder:2 coffee:4 sugar:3 appear:1 window:4 want:2 call:5 eugene:18 really:2 question:2 leave:5 walk:2 front:5 apartment:9 hesitate:1 knock:2 lightly:1 closed:1 study:3 sleepy:1 voice:3 answer:3 le:1 petit:1 dejeuner:1 harold:14 say:11 accent:1 credit:1 miss:1 sloan:1 school:1 french:1 teacher:1 time:7 betray:1 uncertainty:1 convey:1 appeal:1 whatever:1 reasonable:1 peace:1 love:1 dependable:1 everybody:1 since:2 ordinary:1 conversation:2 impossible:1 least:1 something:4 able:1 offer:3 bowl:1 plate:1 could:8 return:2 pitcher:1 hot:4 milk:1 handle:1 first:3 spoonful:1 cup:3 fill:2 stir:2 sorry:1 work:2 prevent:1 anything:4 today:1 assure:1 expect:2 need:4 entertain:1 teaspoonful:1 powdered:1 sit:3 chair:6 creak:4 move:3 entirely:1 silent:1 openly:1 rude:1 unless:1 ask:6 another:3 place:5 fauteuil:1 alarmingly:1 act:1 rudeness:1 creaking:1 considerable:1 weight:1 think:4 somebody:1 fling:1 fit:1 laughter:1 would:4 end:3 hear:2 sound:1 street:2 cartwheel:1 tired:1 horse:1 plod:1 step:1 indicate:1 photograph:4 wall:3 church:1 stone:1 sculpture:1 tell:1 promptly:1 forget:2 pass:2 marmalade:1 black:3 market:2 forth:1 nothing:1 hotel:1 train:1 journey:1 car:1 use:1 care:1 accept:1 armchair:1 three:2 pajama:1 gown:2 large:1 foot:2 wear:2 yellow:1 turkish:1 slipper:1 toe:1 excuse:1 berlitz:1 english:1 get:4 bathe:1 shrill:1 ring:2 telephone:4 bring:1 realize:1 idea:1 moment:2 bathroom:4 fly:1 come:7 face:1 lather:1 shaving:1 strode:1 tie:1 sash:1 dressing:1 ringing:1 plug:1 sixty:1 cord:1 carry:2 instrument:1 whole:3 length:1 shave:1 tub:3 shake:1 head:1 sabine:1 minute:1 ago:1 barbara:4 dinner:1 tomorrow:1 night:2 hand:2 key:2 caution:1 unlocked:1 enough:1 elapse:1 little:4 likelihood:1 stand:4 look:10 next:1 huge:2 cradle:2 mahogany:2 ornately:1 carve:1 decorate:1 gold:1 leaf:1 important:1 ever:2 see:6 judge:1 must:3 belong:1 mme:3 cestre:2 young:2 woman:1 like:3 alix:3 child:1 wedding:1 day:2 match:1 oval:1 frame:4 bonenfant:1 elderly:1 man:2 grandfather:1 vienot:1 considerably:1 different:2 schoolboy:1 gray:1 haired:1 whose:1 glance:2 direct:1 lifelike:1 mildly:1 accuse:1 contradict:1 gilt:1 kind:1 around:4 dead:1 person:2 professor:1 metal:1 shutter:2 close:2 dining:2 seem:3 still:1 drawing:1 partly:1 make:2 shape:1 sofa:1 upholster:1 brown:2 russet:1 velvet:1 curtain:1 material:1 big:4 oil:1 painting:1 portrait:1 style:1 lancret:1 boucher:1 though:1 individually:1 square:1 form:1 triangle:1 apex:1 sleep:3 bright:1 airy:1 cheerful:1 redoute:3 slowly:1 marble:1 fireplace:1 desk:2 low:1 bookcase:2 criss:2 cross:2 brass:1 wire:2 instead:3 glass:1 pane:1 daybed:1 velour:1 cover:1 pillow:1 portable:1 record:3 player:1 pile:1 classical:1 beside:1 beethoven:1 fifth:1 top:1 da:3 dum:1 music:1 passion:1 besides:1 dusty:1 try:1 lock:1 title:1 read:2 easily:1 theology:1 astral:1 physics:1 history:1 biology:1 political:1 science:1 poetry:1 novel:1 paper:1 touch:1 clock:1 mantel:1 piece:1 scandalize:1 tick:1 loudly:1 shoulder:1 quickly:1 concierge:2 foyer:1 quarter:1 building:1 small:1 clog:1 heavy:1 furniture:1 round:1 oak:1 buffet:1 row:2 unclaimed:1 letter:1 insert:2 mirror:1 wait:2 inside:1 elevator:1 vouillemont:1 guess:2 rather:1 deliver:1 sight:1 flea:1 treasure:1 europe:1 duplication:1 long:1 double:1 booth:1 tour:1 cheap:1 clothing:1 junk:1 sort:1 far:1 eye:1 even:1 everything:1 buy:3 cotton:1 apron:1 shoestring:1 lunch:1 sidewalk:1 cafe:2 overlook:1 intersection:1 broad:1 busy:1 unpicturesque:1 home:3 lose:1 metro:1 hour:1 station:1 change:2 order:1 line:1 afternoon:1 pocket:1 keyhole:1 way:1 sneaker:1 short:1 collar:1 shirt:1 bag:4 explain:1 affair:1 oh:1 shocked:1 well:1 france:2 know:6 explanation:1 probably:1 spend:1 evening:1 friend:1 shop:1 neighborhood:1 ration:1 coupon:1 give:1 blois:1 cheese:1 dozen:1 egg:1 orange:2 peddler:1 land:1 vermouth:1 grateful:1 stillness:1 circumstance:1 may:2 stay:1 old:1 fashioned:1 ceilinge:1 remind:1 ireland:1 east:1 eighty:1 perfectly:1 happy:1 ten:1 heater:1 side:1 pair:1 blue:1 wool:1 swimming:2 trunk:1 feel:3 damp:2 reach:1 bath:1 towel:2 hang:1 rack:1 also:2 quick:1 doorway:1 solve:1 mystery:1 people:3 paris:1 boat:3 river:1 maybe:2 anchor:1 near:1 de:1 la:1 concorde:1 swim:2 pool:1 notice:1 surprise:1 mind:1 matter:1 nice:2 dance:1 wish:1 tweed:1 coat:1 thing:2 proud:1 hurt:1 feeling:1 wet:1 bathing:1 suit:1 point:1 quite:1 innocent:1 party:1 believe:1 instance:1 rhode:1 toward:1 unhesitatingly:1 together:1 chance:1 fortunately:1 embarrassing:1 raise:1 object:1 field:1 case:1 clarify:1

In/in the/at dim/jj underwater/jj light/nn they/ppss dressed/vbd and/cc straightened/vbd up/rp the/at room/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb they/ppss went/vbd across/in the/at hall/nn to/in the/at kitchen/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz intimidated/vbn by/in the/at stove/nn ./. He/pps found/vbd the/at pilot/nn light/nn and/cc turned/vbd on/in one/cd of/in the/at burners/nns for/in her/ppo ./. The/at gas/nn flamed/vbd up/rp two/cd inches/nns high/jj ./. They/ppss found/vbd the/at teakettle/nn ./. And/cc put/vbd water/nn on/rp to/to boil/vb and/cc then/rb searched/vbd through/in the/at icebox/nn ./. Several/ap sections/nns of/in a/at loaf/nn of/in dark/jj bread/nn ;/. ;/. butter/nn ;/. ;/. jam/nn ;/. ;/. a/at tiny/jj cake/nn of/in ice/nn ./. In/in their/pp$ search/nn for/in what/wdt turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be the/at right/jj breakfast/nn china/nn but/cc the/at wrong/jj table/nn silver/nn ,/, they/ppss opened/vbd every/at cupboard/nn door/nn in/in the/at kitchen/nn and/cc pantry/nn ./. While/cs she/pps was/bedz settling/vbg the/at teacart/nn ,/, he/pps went/vbd back/rb across/in the/at hall/nn to/in their/pp$ bedroom/nn ,/, opened/vbd one/cd of/in the/at suitcases/nns ,/, and/cc took/vbd out/rp powdered/vbn coffee/nn and/cc sugar/nn ./. She/pps appeared/vbd with/in the/at teacart/nn and/cc he/pps opened/vbd the/at windows/nns ./. ``/`` Do/do you/ppss want/vb to/to call/vb Eugene/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps didn't/dod* ,/, but/cc it/pps was/bedz not/* really/rb a/at question/nn ,/, and/cc so/rb he/pps left/vbd the/at room/nn ,/, walked/vbd down/in the/at hall/nn to/in the/at front/nn of/in the/at apartment/nn ,/, hesitated/vbd ,/, and/cc then/rb knocked/vbd lightly/rb on/in the/at closed/vbn door/nn of/in the/at study/nn ./. A/at sleepy/jj voice/nn answered/vbd ./. ``/`` Le/fw-at petit/fw-jj dejeuner/fw-nn ''/'' ,/, Harold/np said/vbd ,/, in/in an/at accent/nn that/wps did/dod credit/nn to/in Miss/np Sloan/np ,/, his/pp$ high-school/nn French/np teacher/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, his/pp$ voice/nn betrayed/vbd uncertainty/nn about/in their/pp$ being/beg here/rb ,/, and/cc conveyed/vbd an/at appeal/nn to/in whatever/wdt is/bez reasonable/jj ,/, peace-loving/jj ,/, and/cc dependable/jj in/in everybody/pn ./. Since/cs ordinary/jj breakfast-table/nn conversation/nn was/bedz impossible/jj ,/, it/pps was/bedz at/in least/ap something/pn that/cs they/ppss were/bed able/jj to/to offer/vb Eugene/np the/at sugar/nn bowl/nn with/in their/pp$ sugar/nn in/in it/ppo ,/, and/cc the/at plate/nn of/in bread/nn and/cc butter/nn ,/, and/cc that/cs Eugene/np could/md return/vb the/at pitcher/nn of/in hot/jj milk/nn to/in them/ppo handle/nn first/rb ./. Eugene/np put/vbd a/at spoonful/nn of/in powdered/vbn coffee/nn into/in his/pp$ cup/nn and/cc then/rb filled/vbd it/ppo with/in hot/jj water/nn ./. Stirring/vbg ,/, he/pps said/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem sorry/jj that/cs my/pp$ work/nn prevents/vbz me/ppo from/in doing/vbg anything/pn with/in you/ppo today/nr ''/'' ./. They/ppss assured/vbd him/ppo that/cs they/ppss did/dod not/* expect/vb or/cc need/vb to/to be/be entertained/vbn ./. Harold/np put/vbd a/at teaspoonful/nn of/in powdered/vbn coffee/nn in/in his/pp$ cup/nn and/cc filled/vbd it/ppo with/in hot/jj water/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb ,/, stirring/vbg ,/, he/pps sat/vbd back/rb in/in his/pp$ chair/nn ./. The/at chair/nn creaked/vbd ./. Every/at time/nn he/pps moved/vbd or/cc said/vbd something/pn ,/, the/at chair/nn creaked/vbd again/rb ./. Eugene/np was/bedz not/* entirely/rb silent/jj ,/, or/cc openly/rb rude/jj --/-- unless/cs asking/vbg Harold/np to/to move/vb to/in another/dt chair/nn and/cc placing/vbg himself/ppl in/in the/at fauteuil/nn that/wps creaked/vbd so/ql alarmingly/rb was/bedz an/at act/nn of/in rudeness/nn ./. It/pps went/vbd right/ql on/rp creaking/vbg under/in his/pp$ own/jj considerable/jj weight/nn ,/, and/cc all/abn it/pps needed/vbd ,/, Harold/np thought/vbd ,/, was/bedz for/cs somebody/pn to/to fling/vb himself/ppl back/rb in/in a/at fit/nn of/in laughter/nn and/cc that/dt would/md be/be the/at end/nn of/in it/ppo ./. Through/in the/at open/jj window/nn they/ppss heard/vbd sounds/nns below/rb in/in the/at street/nn :/: cartwheels/nns ,/, a/at tired/jj horse's/nn$ plodding/vbg step/nn ,/, voices/nns ./. Harold/np indicated/vbd the/at photograph/nn on/in the/at wall/nn and/cc asked/vbd what/wdt church/nn the/at stone/nn sculpture/nn was/bedz in/in ./. Eugene/np told/vbd him/ppo and/cc he/pps promptly/rb forgot/vbd ./. They/ppss passed/vbd the/at marmalade/nn ,/, the/at bread/nn ,/, the/at black-market/nn butter/nn ,/, back/rb and/cc forth/rb ./. Nothing/pn was/bedz said/vbn about/in hotels/nns or/cc train/nn journeys/nns ./. Eugene/np offered/vbd Harold/np his/pp$ car/nn ,/, to/to use/vb at/in any/dti time/nn he/pps cared/vbd to/to ,/, and/cc when/wrb this/dt offer/nn was/bedz not/* accepted/vbn ,/, the/at armchair/nn creaked/vbd ./. They/ppss all/abn three/cd had/hvd another/dt cup/nn of/in coffee/nn ./. Eugene/np was/bedz in/in his/pp$ pajamas/nns and/cc dressing/vbg gown/nn ,/, and/cc on/in his/pp$ large/jj feet/nns he/pps wore/vbd yellow/jj Turkish/jj slippers/nns that/wps turned/vbd up/rp at/in the/at toes/nns ./. ``/`` Excuse/vb me/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd in/in Berlitz/np English/np ,/, and/cc got/vbd up/rp and/cc left/vbd them/ppo ,/, to/to bathe/vb and/cc dress/vb ./. The/at first/od shrill/jj ring/nn of/in the/at telephone/nn brought/vbd Harold/np out/rp into/in the/at hall/nn ./. He/pps realized/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd no/at idea/nn where/wrb the/at telephone/nn was/bedz ./. At/in that/dt moment/nn the/at bathroom/nn door/nn flew/vbd open/jj and/cc Eugene/np came/vbd out/rp ,/, with/in his/pp$ face/nn lathered/vbn for/in shaving/vbg ,/, and/cc strode/vbd down/in the/at hall/nn ,/, tying/vbg the/at sash/nn of/in his/pp$ dressing/vbg gown/nn as/cs he/pps went/vbd ./. The/at telephone/nn was/bedz in/in the/at study/nn but/cc the/at ringing/nn came/vbd from/in the/at hall/nn ./. Between/in the/at telephone/nn and/cc the/at wall/nn plug/nn there/ex was/bedz sixty/cd feet/nns of/in cord/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb the/at conversation/nn came/vbd to/in an/at end/nn ,/, Eugene/np carried/vbd the/at instrument/nn with/in him/ppo the/at whole/jj length/nn of/in the/at apartment/nn ,/, to/in his/pp$ bathroom/nn ,/, where/wrb it/pps rang/vbd three/cd more/ap times/nns while/cs he/pps was/bedz shaving/vbg and/cc in/in the/at tub/nn ./. Before/cs he/pps left/vbd the/at apartment/nn he/pps knocked/vbd on/in their/pp$ door/nn and/cc asked/vbd if/cs there/ex was/bedz anything/pn he/pps could/md do/do for/in them/ppo ./. Harold/np shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ./. ``/`` Sabine/np called/vbd a/at few/ap minutes/nns ago/rb ''/'' ,/, Eugene/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` She/pps wants/vbz you/ppo and/cc Barbara/np to/to have/hv dinner/nn with/in her/ppo tomorrow/nr night/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps handed/vbd Harold/np a/at key/nn to/in the/at front/jj door/nn ,/, and/cc cautioned/vbd him/ppo against/in leaving/vbg it/ppo unlocked/vbn while/cs they/ppss were/bed out/rp of/in the/at apartment/nn ./. When/wrb enough/ap time/nn had/hvd elapsed/vbn so/cs that/cs there/ex was/bedz little/ap likelihood/nn of/in his/pp$ returning/vbg for/in something/pn he/pps had/hvd forgotten/vbn ,/, Harold/np went/vbd out/rp into/in the/at hall/nn and/cc stood/vbd looking/vbg into/in one/cd room/nn after/in another/dt ./. In/in the/at room/nn next/rb to/in theirs/pp$$ was/bedz a/at huge/jj cradle/nn ,/, of/in mahogany/nn ,/, ornately/rb carved/vbn and/cc decorated/vbn with/in gold/nn leaf/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at most/ql important-looking/jj cradle/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn ./. Then/rb came/vbd their/pp$ bathroom/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb a/at bedroom/nn that/wps ,/, judging/vbg by/in the/at photographs/nns on/in the/at walls/nns ,/, must/md belong/vb to/in Mme/np Cestre/np ./. A/at young/jj woman/nn who/wps looked/vbd like/cs Alix/np ,/, with/in her/pp$ two/cd children/nns ./. Alix/np and/cc Eugene/np on/in their/pp$ wedding/nn day/nn ./. Matching/vbg photographs/nns in/in oval/jj frames/nns of/in Mme/np Bonenfant/np and/cc an/at elderly/jj man/nn who/wps must/md be/be Alix's/np$ grandfather/nn ./. Mme/np Vienot/np ,/, considerably/ql younger/jjr and/cc very/ql different/jj ./. The/at schoolboy/nn ./. And/cc a/at gray-haired/jj man/nn whose/wp$ glance/nn --/-- direct/jj ,/, lifelike/jj ,/, and/cc mildly/ql accusing/vbg --/-- was/bedz contradicted/vbn by/in the/at gilt/jj and/cc black/jj frame/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at kind/nn of/in frame/nn that/wps is/bez only/rb put/vbn around/in the/at photograph/nn of/in a/at dead/jj person/nn ./. Professor/nn-tl Cestre/np ,/, could/md it/ppo be/be ?/. ?/. With/in the/at metal/nn shutters/nns closed/vbn ,/, the/at dining/vbg room/nn was/bedz so/ql dark/jj that/cs it/pps seemed/vbd still/rb night/nn in/in there/rb ./. One/cd of/in the/at drawing-room/nn shutters/nns was/bedz partly/ql open/jj and/cc he/pps made/vbd out/rp the/at shapes/nns of/in chairs/nns and/cc sofas/nns ,/, which/wdt seemed/vbd to/to be/be upholstered/vbn in/in brown/jj or/cc russet/jj velvet/nn ./. The/at curtains/nns were/bed of/in the/at same/ap material/nn ,/, and/cc there/ex were/bed some/dti big/jj oil/nn paintings/nns --/-- portraits/nns in/in the/at style/nn of/in Lancret/np and/cc Boucher/np ./. Though/cs ,/, taken/vbn individually/rb ,/, the/at big/jj rooms/nns were/bed ,/, or/cc seemed/vbd to/to be/be ,/, square/jj ,/, the/at apartment/nn as/cs a/at whole/nn formed/vbd a/at triangle/nn ./. The/at apex/nn ,/, the/at study/nn where/wrb Eugene/np slept/vbd ,/, was/bedz light/jj and/cc bright/jj and/cc airy/jj and/cc cheerful/jj ./. The/at window/nn looked/vbd out/rp on/in the/at Place/fw-nn-tl Redoute/fw-nn-tl --/-- it/pps was/bedz the/at only/ap window/nn of/in the/at apartment/nn that/wps did/dod ./. Looking/vbg around/rb slowly/rb ,/, he/pps saw/vbd a/at marble/nn fireplace/nn ,/, a/at desk/nn ,/, a/at low/jj bookcase/nn of/in mahogany/nn with/in criss-crossed/jj brass/nn wire/nn instead/rb of/in glass/nn panes/nns in/in the/at doors/nns ./. The/at daybed/nn Eugene/np had/hvd slept/vbn in/in ,/, made/vbn up/rp now/rb with/in its/pp$ dark-brown/jj velours/nn cover/nn and/cc pillows/nns ./. The/at portable/jj record/nn player/nn with/in a/at pile/nn of/in classical/jj records/nns beside/in it/ppo ./. Beethoven's/np$ Fifth/od-tl was/bedz the/at one/cd on/in top/nn ./. Da-da-da-dum/uh Music/nn could/md not/* be/be Eugene's/np$ passion/nn ./. Besides/rb ,/, the/at records/nns were/bed dusty/jj ./. He/pps tried/vbd the/at doors/nns of/in the/at bookcase/nn ./. Locked/vbn ./. The/at titles/nns he/pps could/md read/vb easily/rb through/in the/at criss-crossed/jj wires/nns :/: works/nns on/in theology/nn ,/, astral/jj physics/nn ,/, history/nn ,/, biology/nn ,/, political/jj science/nn ./. No/at poetry/nn ./. No/at novels/nns ./. He/pps moved/vbd over/rp to/in the/at desk/nn and/cc stood/vbd looking/vbg at/in the/at papers/nns on/in it/ppo but/cc not/* touching/vbg anything/pn ./. The/at clock/nn on/in the/at mantel/nn piece/nn was/bedz scandalized/vbn and/cc ticked/vbd so/ql loudly/rb that/cs he/pps glanced/vbd at/in it/ppo over/in his/pp$ shoulder/nn and/cc then/rb quickly/rb left/vbd the/at room/nn ./. The/at concierge/nn called/vbd out/rp to/in them/ppo as/cs they/ppss were/bed passing/vbg through/in the/at foyer/nn ./. Her/pp$ quarters/nns were/bed on/in the/at right/nr as/cs you/ppss walked/vbd into/in the/at building/nn ,/, and/cc her/pp$ small/jj front/jj room/nn was/bedz clogged/vbn with/in heavy/jj furniture/nn --/-- a/at big/jj ,/, round/jj ,/, oak/nn dining/vbg table/nn and/cc chairs/nns ,/, a/at buffet/nn ,/, with/in a/at row/nn of/in unclaimed/jj letters/nns inserted/vbd between/in the/at mirror/nn and/cc its/pp$ frame/nn ./. The/at suitcases/nns had/hvd come/vbn while/cs they/ppss were/bed out/rp ,/, and/cc had/hvd been/ben put/vbn in/in their/pp$ room/nn ,/, the/at concierge/nn said/vbd ./. He/pps waited/vbd until/cs they/ppss were/bed inside/in the/at elevator/nn and/cc then/rb said/vbd :/: ``/`` Now/rb what/wdt do/do we/ppss do/do ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Call/vb the/at Vouillemont/np ,/, I/ppss guess/vb ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss guess/vb ''/'' ./. Rather/rb than/cs sit/vb around/rb waiting/vbg for/cs the/at suitcases/nns to/to be/be delivered/vbn ,/, they/ppss had/hvd gone/vbn sight-seeing/vbg ./. They/ppss went/vbd to/in the/at Flea/nn-tl Market/nn-tl ,/, expecting/vbg to/to find/vb the/at treasures/nns of/in Europe/np ,/, and/cc found/vbd instead/rb a/at duplication/nn of/in that/dt long/jj double/jj row/nn of/in booths/nns in/in Tours/np ./. Cheap/jj clothing/nn and/cc junk/nn of/in every/at sort/nn ,/, as/ql far/rb as/cs the/at eye/nn could/md see/vb ./. They/ppss looked/vbd ,/, even/ql so/rb ./. Looked/vbn at/in everything/pn ./. Barbara/np bought/vbd some/dti cotton/nn aprons/nns ,/, and/cc Harold/np bought/vbd shoestrings/nns ./. They/ppss had/hvd lunch/nn at/in a/at sidewalk/nn cafe/nn overlooking/vbg the/at intersection/nn of/in two/cd broad/jj ,/, busy/jj ,/, unpicturesque/jj streets/nns ,/, and/cc coming/vbg home/nr they/ppss got/vbd lost/vbn in/in the/at Metro/np ;/. ;/. it/pps took/vbd them/ppo over/in an/at hour/nn to/to get/vb back/rb to/in the/at station/nn where/wrb they/ppss should/md have/hv changed/vbn ,/, in/in order/nn to/to take/vb the/at line/nn that/wps went/vbd to/in the/at Place/fw-nn-tl Redoute/fw-nn-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at end/nn of/in the/at afternoon/nn when/wrb he/pps took/vbd the/at huge/jj key/nn out/rp of/in his/pp$ pocket/nn and/cc inserted/vbd it/ppo into/in the/at keyhole/nn ./. When/wrb he/pps opened/vbd the/at door/nn ,/, there/rb stood/vbd Eugene/np ,/, on/in his/pp$ way/nn out/rp of/in the/at apartment/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz wearing/vbg sneakers/nns and/cc shorts/nns and/cc an/at open-collared/jj shirt/nn ,/, and/cc in/in his/pp$ hand/nn he/pps carried/vbd a/at little/jj black/jj bag/nn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* explain/vb where/wrb he/pps was/bedz going/vbg ,/, and/cc they/ppss did/dod not/* ask/vb ./. Instead/rb ,/, they/ppss went/vbd on/rp down/in the/at hall/nn to/in their/pp$ room/nn ./. ``/`` Do/do you/ppo think/vb he/pps could/md be/be having/hvg an/at affair/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Barbara/np asked/vbd ,/, as/cs they/ppss heard/vbd the/at front/jj door/nn close/vb ./. ``/`` Oh/uh no/rb ''/'' ,/, Harold/np said/vbd ,/, shocked/vbn ./. ``/`` Well/uh ,/, this/dt is/bez France/np ,/, after/in all/abn ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss know/vb ,/, but/cc there/ex must/md be/be some/dti other/ap explanation/nn ./. He's/pps+bez probably/rb spending/vbg the/at evening/nn with/in friends/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` And/cc for/in that/dt he/pps needs/vbz a/at little/jj bag/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. They/ppss went/vbd shopping/vbg in/in the/at neighborhood/nn ,/, and/cc bought/vbd two/cd loaves/nns of/in bread/nn with/in the/at ration/nn coupons/nns they/ppss had/hvd been/ben given/vbn in/in Blois/np ,/, and/cc some/dti cheese/nn ,/, and/cc a/at dozen/nn eggs/nns ,/, and/cc a/at bag/nn of/in oranges/nns from/in a/at peddler/nn in/in the/at Place/fw-nn-tl Redoute/fw-nn-tl --/-- the/at first/od oranges/nns they/ppss had/hvd seen/vbn since/cs they/ppss landed/vbd ./. They/ppss had/hvd Vermouth/nn ,/, sitting/vbg in/in front/nn of/in a/at cafe/nn ./. When/wrb they/ppss got/vbd home/nr Harold/np was/bedz grateful/jj for/in the/at stillness/nn in/in the/at apartment/nn ,/, and/cc thought/vbd how/wrb ,/, under/in different/jj circumstances/nns ,/, they/ppss might/md have/hv stayed/vbn on/rp here/rb ,/, in/in these/dts old-fashioned/jj ,/, high-ceilinged/jj rooms/nns that/wps reminded/vbd him/ppo of/in the/at Irelands'/nps$ apartment/nn in/in the/at East/jj-tl Eighties/nns-tl ./. They/ppss could/md have/hv been/ben perfectly/ql happy/jj here/rb for/in ten/cd whole/jj days/nns ./. He/pps went/vbd down/in the/at hall/nn to/in Eugene's/np$ bathroom/nn ,/, to/to turn/vb on/rp the/at hot-water/nn heater/nn ,/, and/cc on/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at tub/nn he/pps saw/vbd a/at pair/nn of/in blue/jj wool/nn swimming/vbg trunks/nns ./. He/pps felt/vbd them/ppo ./. They/ppss were/bed damp/jj ./. He/pps reached/vbd out/rp and/cc felt/vbd the/at bath/nn towel/nn hanging/vbg on/in the/at towel/nn rack/nn over/in the/at tub/nn ./. Damp/jj also/rb ./. He/pps looked/vbd around/in the/at room/nn and/cc then/rb called/vbd out/rp :/: ``/`` Come/vb here/rb ,/, quick/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` What/wdt is/bez it/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/. Barbara/np asked/vbd ,/, standing/vbg in/in the/at doorway/nn ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv solved/vbn the/at mystery/nn of/in the/at little/jj bag/nn ./. There/rb it/pps is/bez and/cc there/ex is/bez what/wdt was/bedz in/in it/ppo ./. But/cc where/wrb do/do people/nns go/vb swimming/vbg in/in Paris/np ?/. ?/. That/dt boat/nn in/in the/at river/nn ,/, maybe/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt boat/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` There's/ex+bez a/at big/jj boat/nn anchored/vbn near/in the/at Place/fw-nn-tl De/fw-in-tl La/fw-at-tl Concorde/fw-nn-tl ,/, with/in a/at swimming/vbg pool/nn in/in it/ppo --/-- didn't/dod* you/ppo notice/vb it/ppo ?/. ?/. But/cc if/cs he/pps has/hvz time/nn to/to go/vb swimming/vbg ,/, he/pps had/hvd time/nn to/to be/be with/in us/ppo ''/'' ./. She/pps looked/vbd at/in him/ppo in/in surprise/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss know/vb ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, reading/vbg her/pp$ mind/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* know/vb what/wdt I'm/ppss+bem going/vbg to/to do/do with/in you/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` It's/pps+bez because/cs we/ppss are/ber in/in France/np ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` and/cc know/vb so/ql few/ap people/nns ./. So/rb something/pn like/cs this/dt matters/vbz more/rbr than/cs it/pps would/md at/in home/nr ./. Also/rb ,/, he/pps was/bedz so/ql nice/jj when/wrb he/pps was/bedz nice/jj ''/'' ./. ``/`` All/abn because/cs I/ppss didn't/dod* feel/vb like/cs dancing/vbg ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* think/vb it/pps was/bedz that/dt ,/, really/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Then/rb what/wdt was/bedz it/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ./. I/ppss wish/vb I/ppss did/dod ./. The/at tweed/nn coat/nn ,/, maybe/rb ./. The/at thing/nn about/in Eugene/np is/bez that/cs he's/pps+bez very/ql proud/jj ''/'' ./. And/cc the/at thing/nn about/in hurt/nn feelings/nns ,/, the/at wet/jj bathing/vbg suit/nn pointed/vbd out/rp ,/, is/bez that/cs the/at person/nn who/wps has/hvz them/ppo is/bez not/* quite/abl the/at innocent/jj party/nn he/pps believes/vbz himself/ppl to/to be/be ./. For/in instance/nn --/-- what/wdt about/in all/abn those/dts people/nns Harold/np Rhodes/np went/vbd toward/in unhesitatingly/rb ,/, as/cs if/cs this/dt were/bed the/at one/cd moment/nn they/ppss would/md ever/rb have/hv together/rb ,/, their/pp$ one/cd chance/nn of/in knowing/vbg each/dt other/ap ?/. ?/. Fortunately/rb ,/, the/at embarrassing/vbg questions/nns raised/vbn by/in objects/nns do/do not/* need/vb to/to be/be answered/vbn ,/, or/cc we/ppss would/md all/abn have/hv to/to go/vb sleep/vb in/in the/at open/jj fields/nns ./. And/cc in/in any/dti case/nn ,/, answers/nns may/md clarify/vb but/cc they/ppss do/do not/* change/vb anything/pn ./.

ck14

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He/pps brought/vbd with/in him/ppo a/at mixture/nn of/in myrrh/nn and/cc aloes/nn ,/, of/in about/rb a/at hundred/cd pounds'/nns$ weight/nn ./. They/ppss took/vbd Jesus's/np$ body/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, and/cc wrapped/vbd it/ppo in/in winding-clothes/nns with/in the/at spices/nns ;/. ;/. that/dt is/bez how/wrb the/at Jews/nps prepare/vb a/at body/nn for/in burial/nn ./. Listed/vbn as/cs present/rb at/in the/at Descent/nn-tl were/bed Mary/np ,/, Mary's/np$ sister/nn ,/, Mary/np Magdalene/np ,/, John/np ,/, Joseph/np-tl of/in-tl Arimathea/np-tl ,/, Nicodemus/np ./. Search/vb as/cs he/pps might/md ,/, he/pps could/md find/vb no/at place/nn where/wrb the/at Bible/np spoke/vbd of/in a/at moment/nn when/wrb Mary/np could/md have/hv been/ben alone/rb with/in Jesus/np ./. Mostly/rb the/at scene/nn was/bedz crowded/vbn with/in mourners/nns ,/, such/jj as/cs the/at dramatic/jj Dell'Arca/np-tl Lamentation/nn-tl in/in Bologna/np ,/, where/wrb the/at grief-stricken/jj spectators/nns had/hvd usurped/vbn Mary's/np$ last/ap poignant/jj moment/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ concept/nn there/ex could/md be/be no/at one/pn else/rb present/rb ./. His/pp$ first/od desire/nn was/bedz to/to create/vb a/at mother/nn and/cc son/nn alone/rb in/in the/at universe/nn ./. When/wrb might/md Mary/np have/hv had/hvn that/dt moment/nn to/to hold/vb her/pp$ child/nn on/in her/pp$ lap/nn ?/. ?/. Perhaps/rb after/cs the/at soldiers/nns had/hvd laid/vbn him/ppo on/in the/at ground/nn ,/, while/cs Joseph/np-tl of/in-tl Arimathea/np-tl was/bedz at/in Pontius/np Pilate's/np$ asking/vbg for/in Christ's/np$ body/nn ,/, Nicodemus/np was/bedz gathering/vbg his/pp$ mixture/nn of/in myrrh/nn and/cc aloes/nn ,/, and/cc the/at others/nns had/hvd gone/vbn home/nr to/to mourn/vb ./. Those/dts who/wps saw/vbd his/pp$ finished/vbn Pieta/np would/md take/vb the/at place/nn of/in the/at biblical/jj witnesses/nns ./. They/ppss would/md feel/vb what/wdt Mary/np was/bedz undergoing/vbg ./. There/ex would/md be/be no/at halos/nns ,/, no/at angels/nns ./. These/dts would/md be/be two/cd human/nn beings/nns ,/, whom/wpo God/np had/hvd chosen/vbn ./. He/pps felt/vbd close/rb to/in Mary/np ,/, having/hvg spent/vbn so/ql long/jj concentrating/vbg on/in the/at beginning/nn of/in her/pp$ journey/nn ./. Now/rb she/pps was/bedz intensely/ql alive/jj ,/, anguished/vbn ;/. ;/. her/pp$ son/nn was/bedz dead/jj ./. Even/rb though/cs he/pps would/md later/rbr be/be resurrected/vbn ,/, he/pps was/bedz at/in this/dt moment/nn dead/jj indeed/rb ,/, the/at expression/nn on/in his/pp$ face/nn reflecting/vbg what/wdt he/pps had/hvd gone/vbn through/rp on/in the/at cross/nn ./. In/in his/pp$ sculpture/nn therefore/rb it/pps would/md not/* be/be possible/jj for/in him/ppo to/to project/vb anything/pn of/in what/wdt Jesus/np felt/vbd for/in his/pp$ mother/nn ;/. ;/. only/rb what/wdt Mary/np felt/vbd for/in her/pp$ son/nn ./. Jesus'/np$ inert/jj body/nn would/md be/be passive/jj ,/, his/pp$ eyes/nns closed/vbn ./. Mary/np would/md have/hv to/to carry/vb the/at human/nn communication/nn ./. This/dt seemed/vbd right/jj to/in him/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at relief/nn to/to shift/vb in/in his/pp$ mind/nn to/in technical/jj problems/nns ./. Since/cs his/pp$ Christ/np was/bedz to/to be/be life/nn size/nn ,/, how/wrb was/bedz Mary/np to/to hold/vb him/ppo on/in her/pp$ lap/nn without/in the/at relationship/nn seeming/vbg ungainly/jj ?/. ?/. His/pp$ Mary/np would/md be/be slender/jj of/in limb/nn and/cc delicate/jj of/in proportion/nn ,/, yet/rb she/pps must/md hold/vb this/dt full-grown/jj man/nn as/ql securely/rb and/cc convincingly/rb as/cs she/pps would/md a/at child/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz only/rb one/cd way/nn to/to accomplish/vb this/dt :/: by/in design/nn ,/, by/in drawing/vbg diagrams/nns and/cc sketches/nns in/in which/wdt he/pps probed/vbd the/at remotest/jjt corner/nn of/in his/pp$ mind/nn for/in creative/jj ideas/nns to/to carry/vb his/pp$ concept/nn ./. He/pps started/vbd by/in making/vbg free/jj sketches/nns to/to loosen/vb up/rp his/pp$ thinking/nn so/cs that/cs images/nns would/md appear/vb on/in paper/nn ./. Visually/rb ,/, these/dts approximated/vbd what/wdt he/pps was/bedz feeling/vbg within/in himself/ppl ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn he/pps started/vbd walking/vbg the/at streets/nns ,/, peering/vbg at/in the/at people/nns passing/vbg or/cc shopping/vbg at/in the/at stalls/nns ,/, storing/vbg up/rp fresh/jj impressions/nns of/in what/wdt they/ppss looked/vbd like/jj ,/, how/wrb they/ppss moved/vbd ./. In/in particular/jj he/pps sought/vbd the/at gentle/jj ,/, sweet-faced/jj nuns/nns ,/, with/in head/nn coverings/nns and/cc veils/nns coming/vbg to/in the/at middle/nn of/in their/pp$ foreheads/nns ,/, remembering/vbg their/pp$ expressions/nns until/cs he/pps reached/vbd home/nr and/cc set/vbd them/ppo down/rp on/in paper/nn ./. Discovering/vbg that/cs draperies/nns could/md be/be designed/vbn to/to serve/vb structural/jj purposes/nns ,/, he/pps began/vbd a/at study/nn of/in the/at anatomy/nn of/in folds/nns ./. He/pps improvised/vbd as/cs he/pps went/vbd along/rb ,/, completing/vbg a/at life-size/nn clay/nn figure/nn ,/, then/rb bought/vbd yards/nns of/in an/at inexpensive/jj material/nn from/in a/at draper/nn ,/, wet/vbd the/at lightweight/jj cloth/nn in/in a/at basin/nn and/cc covered/vbd it/ppo over/rp with/in clay/nn that/wps Argiento/np brought/vbd from/in the/at bank/nn of/in the/at Tiber/np ,/, to/in the/at consistency/nn of/in thick/jj mud/nn ./. No/at fold/nn could/md be/be accidental/jj ,/, each/dt turn/nn of/in the/at drapery/nn had/hvd to/to serve/vb organically/rb ,/, to/to cover/vb the/at Madonna's/np$ slender/jj legs/nns and/cc feet/nns so/cs that/cs they/ppss would/md give/vb substantive/jj support/nn to/in Christ's/np$ body/nn ,/, to/to intensify/vb her/ppo inner/jj turmoil/nn ./. When/wrb the/at cloth/nn dried/vbd and/cc stiffened/vbd ,/, he/pps saw/vbd what/wdt adjustments/nns had/hvd to/to be/be made/vbn ./. ``/`` So/rb that's/dt+bez sculpture/nn ''/'' ,/, commented/vbd Argiento/np wryly/rb ,/, when/wrb he/pps had/hvd sluiced/vbn down/in the/at floor/nn for/in a/at week/nn ,/, ``/`` making/vbg mud/nn pies/nns ''/'' ./. Michelangelo/np grinned/vbd ./. ``/`` See/vb ,/, Argiento/np ,/, if/cs you/ppss control/vb the/at way/nn these/dts folds/nns are/ber bunched/vbn ,/, like/cs this/dt ,/, or/cc made/vbn to/to flow/vb ,/, you/ppss can/md enrich/vb the/at body/nn attitudes/nns ./. They/ppss can/md have/hv as/ql much/ap tactile/jj appeal/nn as/cs flesh/nn and/cc bone/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps went/vbd into/in the/at Jewish/jj quarter/nn ,/, wanting/vbg to/to draw/vb Hebraic/jj faces/nns so/cs that/cs he/pps could/md reach/vb a/at visual/jj understanding/nn of/in how/wrb Christ/np might/md have/hv looked/vbn ./. The/at Jewish/jj section/nn was/bedz in/in Trastevere/np ,/, near/in the/at Tiber/np at/in the/at church/nn of/in San/np-tl Francesco/np-tl a/fw-in-tl Ripa/fw-nn-tl ./. The/at colony/nn had/hvd been/ben small/jj until/cs the/at Spanish/jj-tl Inquisition/nn-tl of/in 1492/cd drove/vbd many/ap Jews/nps into/in Rome/np ./. Here/rb ,/, for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed well/rb treated/vbn ,/, as/cs a/at ``/`` reminder/nn of/in the/at Old/jj-tl Testament/nn-tl heritage/nn of/in Christianity/np ''/'' ;/. ;/. many/ap of/in their/pp$ gifted/jj members/nns were/bed prominent/jj in/in the/at Vatican/np as/cs physicians/nns ,/, musicians/nns ,/, bankers/nns ./. The/at men/nns did/dod not/* object/vb to/in his/pp$ sketching/vbg them/ppo while/cs they/ppss went/vbd about/rb their/pp$ work/nn ,/, but/cc no/at one/pn could/md be/be persuaded/vbn to/to come/vb to/in his/pp$ studio/nn to/to pose/vb ./. He/pps was/bedz told/vbn to/to ask/vb for/in Rabbi/nn-tl Melzi/np at/in the/at synagogue/nn on/in Saturday/nr afternoon/nn ./. Michelangelo/np found/vbd the/at rabbi/nn in/in the/at room/nn of/in study/nn ,/, a/at gentle/jj old/jj man/nn with/in a/at white/jj beard/nn and/cc luminous/jj grey/jj eyes/nns ,/, robed/vbn in/in black/jj gabardine/nn with/in a/at skullcap/nn on/in his/pp$ head/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz reading/vbg from/in the/at Talmud/np with/in a/at group/nn of/in men/nns from/in his/pp$ congregation/nn ./. When/wrb Michelangelo/np explained/vbd why/wrb he/pps had/hvd come/vbn ,/, Rabbi/nn-tl Melzi/np replied/vbd gravely/rb :/: ``/`` The/at Bible/np forbids/vbz us/ppo to/to bow/vb down/rp to/in or/cc to/to make/vb graven/jj images/nns ./. That/dt is/bez why/wrb our/pp$ creative/jj people/nns give/vb their/pp$ time/nn to/in literature/nn ,/, not/* to/in painting/vbg or/cc sculpture/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` But/cc ,/, Rabbi/nn-tl Melzi/np ,/, you/ppss don't/do* object/vb to/in others/nns creating/vbg works/nns of/in art/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Not/* at/in all/abn ./. Each/dt religion/nn has/hvz its/pp$ own/jj tenets/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem carving/vbg a/at Pieta/np from/in white/jj Carrara/np marble/nn ./. I/ppss wish/vb to/to make/vb Jesus/np an/at authentic/jj Jew/np ./. I/ppss cannot/md* accomplish/vb this/dt if/cs you/ppss will/md not/* help/vb me/ppo ''/'' ./. The/at rabbi/nn said/vbd thoughtfully/rb ,/, ``/`` I/ppss would/md not/* want/vb my/pp$ people/nns to/to get/vb in/in trouble/nn with/in the/at Church/nn-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem working/vbg for/in the/at Cardinal/nn-tl of/in-tl San/np-tl Dionigi/np-tl ./. I'm/ppss+bem sure/jj he/pps would/md approve/vb ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt kind/nn of/in models/nns would/md you/ppss prefer/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Workmen/nns ./. In/in their/pp$ mid-thirties/nns ./. Not/* bulky/jj laborers/nns ,/, but/cc sinewy/jj men/nns ./. With/in intelligence/nn ./. And/cc sensitivity/nn ''/'' ./. Rabbi/nn-tl Melzi/np smiled/vbd at/in him/ppo with/in infinitely/rb old/jj but/cc merry/jj eyes/nns ./. ``/`` Leave/vb me/ppo your/pp$ address/nn ./. I/ppss will/md send/vb you/ppo the/at best/jjt the/at quarter/nn has/hvz to/to offer/vb ''/'' ./. Michelangelo/np hurried/vbd to/in Sangallo's/np$ solitary/jj bachelor/nn room/nn with/in his/pp$ sketches/nns ,/, asked/vbd the/at architect/nn to/to design/vb a/at stand/nn which/wdt would/md simulate/vb the/at seated/vbn Madonna/np ./. Sangallo/np studied/vbd the/at drawings/nns and/cc improvised/vbd a/at trestle/nn couch/nn ./. Michelangelo/np bought/vbd some/dti scrap/nn lumber/nn ./. Together/rb he/pps and/cc Argiento/np built/vbd the/at stand/nn ,/, covering/vbg it/ppo with/in blankets/nns ./. His/pp$ first/od model/nn arrived/vbd at/in dusk/nn ./. He/pps hesitated/vbd for/in a/at moment/nn when/wrb Michelangelo/np asked/vbd him/ppo to/to disrobe/vb ,/, so/cs Michelangelo/np gave/vbd him/ppo a/at piece/nn of/in toweling/nn to/to wrap/vb around/in his/pp$ loins/nns ,/, led/vbd him/ppo to/in the/at kitchen/nn to/to take/vb off/rp his/pp$ clothes/nns ./. He/pps then/rb draped/vbd him/ppo over/in the/at rough/jj stand/nn ,/, explained/vbd that/cs he/pps was/bedz supposed/vbn to/to be/be recently/rb dead/jj ,/, and/cc was/bedz being/beg held/vbn on/in his/pp$ mother's/nn$ lap/nn ./. The/at model/nn quite/ql plainly/rb thought/vbd Michelangelo/np crazy/jj ;/. ;/. only/rb the/at instructions/nns from/in his/pp$ rabbi/nn kept/vbd him/ppo from/in bolting/vbg ./. But/cc at/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at sitting/nn ,/, when/wrb Michelangelo/np showed/vbd him/ppo the/at quick/jj ,/, free/jj drawings/nns ,/, with/in the/at mother/nn roughed/vbn in/rp ,/, holding/vbg her/pp$ son/nn ,/, the/at model/nn grasped/vbd what/wdt Michelangelo/np was/bedz after/rb ,/, and/cc promised/vbd to/to speak/vb to/in his/pp$ friends/nns ./. He/pps worked/vbd for/in two/cd hours/nns a/at day/nn with/in each/dt model/nn sent/vbn by/in the/at rabbi/nn ./. Mary/np presented/vbd quite/abl a/at different/jj problem/nn ./. Though/cs this/dt sculpture/nn must/md take/vb place/nn thirty-three/cd years/nns after/in her/pp$ moment/nn of/in decision/nn ,/, he/pps could/md not/* conceive/vb of/in her/ppo as/cs a/at woman/nn in/in her/pp$ mid-fifties/nns ,/, old/jj ,/, wrinkled/vbn ,/, broken/vbn in/in body/nn and/cc face/nn by/in labor/nn or/cc worry/nn ./. His/pp$ image/nn of/in the/at Virgin/nn-tl had/hvd always/rb been/ben that/dt of/in a/at young/jj woman/nn ,/, even/rb as/cs had/hvd his/pp$ memory/nn of/in his/pp$ mother/nn ./. Jacopo/np Galli/np introduced/vbd him/ppo into/in several/ap Roman/jj homes/nns ./. Here/rb he/pps sketched/vbd ,/, sitting/vbg in/in their/pp$ flowing/vbg gowns/nns of/in linen/nn and/cc silk/nn ,/, young/jj girls/nns not/* yet/rb twenty/cd ,/, some/dti about/rb to/to be/be married/vbn ,/, some/dti married/vbn a/at year/nn or/cc two/cd ./. Since/cs the/at Santo/np Spirito/np hospital/nn had/hvd taken/vbn only/rb men/nns ,/, he/pps had/hvd had/hvn no/at experience/nn in/in the/at study/nn of/in female/nn anatomy/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc he/pps had/hvd sketched/vbn the/at women/nns of/in Tuscany/np in/in their/pp$ fields/nns and/cc homes/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz able/jj to/to discern/vb the/at body/nn lines/nns of/in the/at Roman/jj women/nns under/in their/pp$ robes/nns ./. He/pps spent/vbd concentrated/vbn weeks/nns putting/vbg his/pp$ two/cd figures/nns together/rb :/: a/at Mary/np who/wps would/md be/be young/jj and/cc sensitive/jj ,/, yet/rb strong/jj enough/qlp to/to hold/vb her/pp$ son/nn on/in her/pp$ lap/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc a/at Jesus/np who/wps ,/, though/cs lean/jj ,/, was/bedz strong/jj even/rb in/in death/nn a/at look/nn he/pps remembered/vbd well/rb from/in his/pp$ experience/nn in/in the/at dead/jj room/nn of/in Santo/np Spirito/np ./. He/pps drew/vbd toward/in the/at composite/nn design/nn from/in his/pp$ meticulously/rb accurate/jj memory/nn ,/, without/in need/nn to/to consult/vb his/pp$ sketches/nns ./. Soon/rb he/pps was/bedz ready/jj to/to go/vb into/in a/at three-dimensional/jj figure/nn in/in clay/nn ./. Here/rb he/pps would/md have/hv free/jj expression/nn because/cs the/at material/nn could/md be/be moved/vbn to/to distort/vb forms/nns ./. When/wrb he/pps wanted/vbd to/to emphasize/vb ,/, or/cc get/vb greater/jjr intensity/nn ,/, he/pps added/vbd or/cc subtracted/vbd clay/nn ./. Next/rb he/pps turned/vbd to/in wax/nn because/cs there/ex was/bedz a/at similarity/nn of/in wax/nn to/in marble/nn in/in tactile/jj quality/nn and/cc translucence/nn ./. He/pps respected/vbd each/dt of/in these/dts approach/vb techniques/nns ,/, and/cc kept/vbd them/ppo in/in character/nn :/: his/pp$ quill/nn drawings/nns had/hvd a/at scratchiness/nn ,/, suggesting/vbg skin/nn texture/nn ;/. ;/. the/at clay/nn he/pps used/vbd plastically/rb to/to suggest/vb soft/jj moving/vbg flesh/nn ,/, as/cs in/in an/at abdomen/nn ,/, in/in a/at reclining/vbg torso/nn ;/. ;/. the/at wax/nn he/pps smoothed/vbd over/rp to/to give/vb the/at body/nn surface/nn an/at elastic/jj pull/nn ./. Yet/rb he/pps never/rb allowed/vbd these/dts models/nns to/to become/vb fixed/vbn in/in his/pp$ mind/nn ;/. ;/. they/ppss remained/vbd rough/jj starting/vbg points/nns ./. When/wrb carving/vbg he/pps was/bedz charged/vbn with/in spontaneous/jj energy/nn ;/. ;/. too/ql careful/jj or/cc detailed/vbn studies/nns in/in clay/nn and/cc wax/nn would/md have/hv glued/vbn him/ppo down/rp to/in a/at mere/jj enlarging/nn of/in his/pp$ model/nn ./. The/at true/jj surge/nn had/hvd to/to be/be inside/in the/at marble/nn itself/ppl ./. Drawing/vbg and/cc models/nns were/bed his/pp$$ thinking/nn ./. Carving/vbg was/bedz action/nn ./. 10/cd-hl ./.-hl The/at arrangement/nn with/in Argiento/np was/bedz working/vbg well/rb ,/, except/in that/cs sometimes/rb Michelangelo/np could/md not/* figure/vb who/wps was/bedz master/nn and/cc who/wps apprentice/nn ./. Argiento/np had/hvd been/ben trained/vbn so/ql rigorously/rb by/in the/at Jesuits/nps that/cs Michelangelo/np was/bedz unable/jj to/to change/vb his/pp$ habits/nns :/: up/rp before/in dawn/nn to/to scrub/vb the/at floors/nns ,/, whether/cs they/ppss were/bed dirty/jj or/cc not/* ;/. ;/. water/nn boiling/vbg on/in the/at fire/nn for/in washing/vbg laundry/nn every/at day/nn ,/, the/at pots/nns scoured/vbn with/in river/nn sand/nn after/in each/dt meal/nn ./. ``/`` Argiento/np ,/, this/dt is/bez senseless/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps complained/vbd ,/, not/* liking/vbg to/to work/vb on/in the/at wet/jj floors/nns ,/, particularly/rb in/in cold/jj weather/nn ./. ``/`` You're/ppss+ber too/ql clean/jj ./. Scrub/vb the/at studio/nn once/rb a/at week/nn ./. That's/dt+bez enough/ap ''/'' ./. ``/`` No/rb ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Argiento/np stolidly/rb ./. ``/`` Every/at day/nn ./. Before/in dawn/nn ./. I/ppss was/bedz taught/vbn ''/'' ./. ``/`` And/cc God/np help/vb anyone/pn who/wps tries/vbz to/to unteach/vb you/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. Grumbled/vbn Michelangelo/np ;/. ;/. yet/rb he/pps knew/vbd that/cs he/pps had/hvd nothing/pn to/to grumble/vb about/rb ,/, for/cs Argiento/np made/vbd few/ap demands/nns on/in him/ppo ./. The/at boy/nn was/bedz becoming/vbg acquainted/vbn with/in the/at contadini/fw-nns families/nns that/wps brought/vbd produce/nn into/in Rome/np ./. On/in Sundays/nrs he/pps would/md walk/vb miles/nns into/in the/at campagna/fw-nn to/to visit/vb with/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc in/in particular/jj to/to see/vb their/pp$ horses/nns ./. The/at one/cd thing/nn he/pps missed/vbd from/in his/pp$ farm/nn in/in the/at Po/np-tl Valley/nn-tl was/bedz the/at animals/nns ;/. ;/. frequently/rb he/pps would/md take/vb his/pp$ leave/nn of/in Michelangelo/np by/in announcing/vbg :/: ``/`` Today/nr I/ppss go/vb see/vb the/at horses/nns ''/'' ./. It/pps took/vbd a/at piece/nn of/in bad/jj luck/nn to/to show/vb Michelangelo/np that/cs the/at boy/nn was/bedz devoted/vbn to/in him/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz crouched/vbn over/in his/pp$ anvil/nn in/in the/at courtyard/nn getting/vbg his/pp$ chisels/nns into/in trim/nn ,/, when/wrb a/at splinter/nn of/in steel/nn flew/vbd into/in his/pp$ eye/nn and/cc imbedded/vbd itself/ppl in/in his/pp$ pupil/nn ./. He/pps stumbled/vbd into/in the/at house/nn ,/, eyes/nns burning/vbg like/cs fire/nn ./. Argiento/np made/vbd him/ppo lie/vb down/rp on/in the/at bed/nn ,/, brought/vbd a/at pan/nn of/in hot/jj water/nn ,/, dipped/vbd some/dti clean/jj white/jj linen/nn cloth/nn and/cc applied/vbd it/ppo to/to extract/vb the/at splinter/nn ./. Though/cs the/at pain/nn was/bedz considerable/jj Michelangelo/np was/bedz not/* too/ql concerned/vbn ./. He/pps assumed/vbd he/pps could/md blink/vb the/at splinter/nn out/rp ./. But/cc it/pps would/md not/* come/vb ./. Argiento/np never/rb left/vbd his/pp$ side/nn ,/, keeping/vbg the/at water/nn boiled/vbn ,/, applying/vbg hot/jj compresses/nns throughout/in the/at night/nn ./. By/in the/at second/od day/nn Michelangelo/np began/vbd to/to worry/vb ;/. ;/. and/cc by/in the/at second/od night/nn he/pps was/bedz in/in a/at state/nn of/in panic/nn :/: he/pps could/md see/vb nothing/pn out/in of/in the/at afflicted/vbn eye/nn ./. At/in dawn/nn Argiento/np went/vbd to/in Jacopo/np Galli/np ./. Galli/np arrived/vbd with/in his/pp$ family/nn surgeon/nn ,/, Maestro/nn-tl Lippi/np ./. The/at surgeon/nn carried/vbd a/at cage/nn of/in live/jj pigeons/nns ./. He/pps told/vbd Argiento/np to/to take/vb a/at bird/nn out/in of/in the/at cage/nn ,/, cut/vb a/at large/jj vein/nn under/in its/pp$ wing/nn ,/, let/vb the/at blood/nn gush/nn into/in Michelangelo's/np$ injured/vbn eye/nn ./. The/at surgeon/nn came/vbd back/rb at/in dusk/nn ,/, cut/vb the/at vein/nn of/in a/at second/od pigeon/nn ,/, again/rb washed/vbd out/rp the/at eye/nn ./.

ck15

ck15 |@word beth:1 still:7 breath:1 come:12 small:1 jerk:1 gasp:1 thin:1 leg:1 twitch:1 convulsively:1 kate:36 feel:4 little:4 body:1 stiffening:1 arm:2 hear:5 one:3 strangle:1 sound:2 scant:1 flesh:1 grow:3 cool:3 beneath:1 frantic:1 hand:4 child:5 go:14 juanita:16 awake:1 rock:1 dead:2 croon:1 disbelief:1 oh:1 put:2 bed:3 wire:1 jonathan:7 send:2 young:2 presbyterian:1 minister:2 sit:4 beside:1 throughout:1 morning:4 talk:3 god:6 lie:1 stare:1 angrily:1 tell:7 call:4 reject:1 word:3 rebelliously:1 neighbor:1 mrs:7 tussle:4 tragedy:1 always:1 three:2 sigh:1 heavily:1 trouble:1 never:2 hold:4 funeral:2 next:2 crossroad:4 church:1 bury:1 box:1 quiet:1 family:1 plot:1 move:3 preparation:2 service:1 state:3 bewilderment:1 would:10 accept:3 death:5 say:9 think:4 stubbornly:1 letter:6 know:10 another:4 judgment:1 blind:1 panic:1 grief:3 dictum:1 believe:1 desperation:1 curse:1 burn:4 like:3 brand:1 suddenly:1 bond:1 sever:1 nothing:1 leave:3 duty:2 land:3 son:2 joel:13 mutely:1 share:1 pain:3 anguish:1 avert:1 eye:5 ice:2 pack:1 bosom:1 keep:3 week:2 milk:1 dry:1 return:2 life:1 big:5 house:3 shrivel:1 emotion:2 save:2 dedication:1 discipline:1 daily:1 must:3 even:1 steel:1 upstairs:3 nurse:1 room:1 empty:1 nursery:1 although:2 girl:2 try:6 insist:1 back:5 quarter:1 spare:1 remembrance:1 baby:4 droop:1 place:1 wear:2 haunt:1 brooding:1 look:3 attribute:1 day:5 address:1 miss:6 fitzroy:1 bear:1 grafton:3 postmark:1 see:11 slant:1 uneasily:1 yankee:1 colonel:3 federal:4 force:2 take:12 parkersburg:3 rebel:4 mountain:3 contain:2 curiosity:1 forebode:1 portend:1 involvement:1 exist:1 uncle:9 randolph:9 replant:1 bottom:1 difficulty:1 slave:2 include:1 annie:1 sneak:1 soldier:2 break:1 camp:1 work:3 field:1 afternoon:3 school:3 lesson:1 schoolhouse:2 since:3 harper:2 ferry:2 desert:1 boy:1 loss:3 love:1 company:2 ride:4 every:1 evening:2 secret:1 business:1 could:3 fathom:1 claim:1 visit:2 waterfront:1 saloon:1 play:1 card:1 drink:2 crony:1 smell:1 brandy:1 lattimer:4 however:1 get:1 catch:1 pump:1 old:8 fox:1 chuckle:1 everybody:2 harmless:1 deaf:1 man:5 aim:1 whisky:1 ridge:2 pleasure:1 whiskey:1 foot:1 guerrilla:2 moccasin:1 rangers:1 hush:1 smile:1 give:2 black:1 pat:1 blacken:1 fight:2 idea:1 blue:2 light:2 strange:1 fire:2 wink:2 night:3 horseman:1 river:2 road:3 hill:3 trail:1 till:1 dawn:1 stranger:1 begin:1 home:3 jug:1 strap:1 saddle:1 drunkenly:1 singe:1 dan:1 tucker:1 top:1 voice:3 raucously:1 await:1 anxiously:3 watch:3 perplex:1 walk:3 cold:2 sober:1 become:1 clear:1 circulation:1 broadside:1 proclamation:2 general:2 mcclellan:3 threaten:1 reprisal:1 worry:1 reckless:1 draw:2 affection:1 hot:1 summer:3 close:2 snow:2 crack:1 across:1 face:5 ruler:1 let:1 snake:1 loose:1 schoolroom:1 past:1 chore:1 whole:1 incident:1 humiliation:1 bespectacled:1 wrath:1 hard:2 approach:1 twelve:1 year:1 father:2 desperately:1 find:2 way:1 help:2 whenever:1 time:2 blackberry:1 pick:1 together:1 mouth:2 purple:2 scratch:1 tired:1 enough:1 forget:1 tend:1 new:2 colt:1 beau:1 sire:1 enlarge:1 flower:2 garden:2 side:1 yard:2 sometimes:1 last:2 fat:1 bee:1 dusk:1 much:2 except:1 stay:2 world:1 bluff:1 wait:2 peddler:2 bring:3 news:2 write:5 grimly:1 destruction:1 abandon:1 first:2 engagement:1 fall:1 water:1 jack:1 brigade:1 destroy:1 rolling:1 stock:1 b:1 railroad:1 restive:1 ready:1 battle:3 enemy:1 jackson:1 wish:2 bawl:1 ware:1 convention:1 wheeling:1 form:1 government:2 declare:1 richmond:1 east:1 illegal:1 traitor:2 dangle:1 gaudy:1 trinket:1 cheat:1 rich:1 march:1 beverly:2 clean:1 rebs:1 git:1 inter:1 loyal:1 western:2 virginia:3 make:1 oath:2 loyalty:1 around:2 part:1 crow:1 ask:5 proudly:1 sly:1 wicked:1 laugh:1 hell:1 yes:1 fifty:1 already:2 shock:2 mother:1 decision:3 south:3 dear:1 poor:1 dr:1 breckenridge:1 robert:1 organize:1 militia:1 good:1 sorrow:1 maj:1 anderson:1 fort:1 sumter:1 recruit:1 volunteer:1 army:2 spite:1 fact:1 legislature:1 vote:1 neutral:1 john:1 hunt:1 morgan:1 openly:1 fly:1 confederate:2 flag:1 woolen:1 factory:1 rumor:1 spread:1 grassfire:1 valley:1 account:1 garble:1 telegraph:1 office:1 george:1 dey:1 dere:1 manassas:2 junction:1 cause:1 rejoice:1 win:1 ben:1 list:1 crest:1 behind:1 enormous:1 victory:2 bonfire:1 celebrate:1 hurry:2 alarm:1 dot:1 flame:1 among:1 hills:1 scatter:1 faithful:1 pray:1 north:1 realize:1 peace:1 defend:1 victoriously:1 horse:1 rest:1 window:1 lose:1 corn:1 insult:1 great:1 remember:1 fearfully:1 stair:2 landing:1 flush:1 pink:1 excitement:1 run:1 hall:2 kitchen:2 front:1 door:2 stop:2 inside:1 open:1 swiftly:1 marsh:4 frame:1 doorway:1 set:1 vulnerable:1 greet:1 gravely:1 uneasy:2 misgiving:1 parlor:2 shutter:1 sun:1 goodbye:1 sorry:1 doctor:1 terrible:1 quietly:1 twist:1 mention:1 bleak:1 occupy:1 notify:1 order:1 washington:2 potomac:1 serve:1 betray:1 sadly:1 tomorrow:2 permit:1 ground:1 short:1 spell:1 calm:1 well:1 remind:1 woman:1 supper:1 lemonade:1 aide:2 tree:1 pair:1 gentians:1 shake:1 cry:1 seek:1 lip:1 tremble:1 want:2 gravity:1 dilemma:1 niece:1 course:1 bitterness:1 enunciate:1 distinctly:1 paper:1 manumission:1 marry:1 mr:1

Beth/np was/bedz very/ql still/jj and/cc her/pp$ breath/nn came/vbd in/in small/jj jerking/vbg gasps/nns ./. The/at thin/jj legs/nns twitched/vbd convulsively/rb once/rb ,/, then/rb Kate/np felt/vbd the/at little/jj body/nn stiffening/vbg in/in her/pp$ arms/nns and/cc heard/vbd one/cd strangled/vbn sound/nn ./. The/at scant/jj flesh/nn grew/vbd cool/jj beneath/in her/pp$ frantic/jj hands/nns ./. The/at child/nn was/bedz gone/vbn ./. When/wrb Juanita/np awoke/vbd ,/, Kate/np was/bedz still/rb rocking/vbg the/at dead/jj child/nn ,/, still/rb crooning/vbg in/in disbelief/nn ,/, ``/`` No/rb ,/, no/rb ,/, oh/uh ,/, no/rb !/. !/. ''/'' They/ppss put/vbd Kate/np to/in bed/nn and/cc wired/vbd Jonathan/np and/cc sent/vbd for/in the/at young/jj Presbyterian/jj minister/nn ./. He/pps sat/vbd beside/in Kate's/np$ bed/nn with/in the/at others/nns throughout/in the/at morning/nn ,/, talking/vbg ,/, talking/vbg of/in God's/np$ will/nn ,/, while/cs Kate/np lay/vb staring/vbg angrily/rb at/in him/ppo ./. When/wrb he/pps told/vbd her/ppo God/np had/hvd called/vbn the/at child/nn to/in Him/ppo ,/, she/pps rejected/vbd his/pp$ words/nns rebelliously/rb ./. Few/ap of/in the/at neighbors/nns came/vbd ,/, but/cc Mrs./np Tussle/np came/vbd ,/, called/vbn by/in tragedy/nn ./. ``/`` It/pps always/rb comes/vbz in/in threes/nns ''/'' ,/, she/pps sighed/vbd heavily/rb ./. ``/`` Trouble/nn never/rb comes/vbz but/in in/in threes/nns ''/'' ./. They/ppss held/vbd the/at funeral/nn the/at next/ap morning/nn from/in the/at crossroads/nns church/nn and/cc buried/vbd the/at little/jj box/nn in/in the/at quiet/jj family/nn plot/nn ./. Kate/np moved/vbd through/in all/abn the/at preparations/nns and/cc services/nns in/in a/at state/nn of/in bewilderment/nn ./. She/pps would/md not/* accept/vb the/at death/nn of/in such/abl a/at little/jj child/nn ./. ``/`` God/np called/vbd her/ppo to/in Him/ppo ''/'' ,/, the/at minister/nn had/hvd said/vbn ./. God/np would/md not/* do/do that/dt ,/, Kate/np thought/vbd stubbornly/rb ./. Jonathan's/np$ letter/nn came/vbd ,/, as/cs she/pps knew/vbd it/pps would/md ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd accepted/vbn their/pp$ child's/nn$ death/nn as/cs another/dt judgment/nn from/in God/np against/in both/abx Kate/np and/cc himself/ppl ./. In/in blind/jj panic/nn of/in grief/nn she/pps accepted/vbd Jonathan's/np$ dictum/nn ,/, and/cc believed/vbd in/in her/pp$ desperation/nn that/cs she/pps had/hvd been/ben cursed/vbn by/in God/np ./. She/pps held/vbd Jonathan's/np$ letter/nn ,/, his/pp$ words/nns burning/vbg like/cs a/at brand/nn ,/, and/cc knew/vbd suddenly/rb that/cs the/at bonds/nns between/in them/ppo were/bed severed/vbn ./. She/pps had/hvd nothing/pn left/vbn but/in her/pp$ duty/nn to/in his/pp$ land/nn and/cc his/pp$ son/nn ./. Joel/np came/vbd and/cc sat/vbd mutely/rb with/in her/ppo ,/, sharing/vbg her/pp$ pain/nn and/cc anguish/nn ,/, averting/vbg his/pp$ eyes/nns from/in the/at ice/nn packs/nns on/in her/pp$ bosom/nn ./. Juanita/np and/cc Mrs./np Tussle/np kept/vbd Kate/np in/in bed/nn a/at week/nn until/cs her/pp$ milk/nn dried/vbd ./. When/wrb she/pps returned/vbd to/in life/nn in/in the/at big/jj house/nn she/pps felt/vbd shriveled/vbn of/in all/abn emotion/nn save/in dedication/nn to/in duty/nn ./. She/pps disciplined/vbd herself/ppl daily/rb to/to do/do what/wdt must/md be/be done/vbn ./. She/pps had/hvd even/rb steeled/vbn herself/ppl to/to keep/vb Juanita/np upstairs/rb in/in the/at nurse's/nn$ room/nn off/in the/at empty/jj nursery/nn ,/, although/cs the/at girl/nn tried/vbd to/to insist/vb on/in moving/vbg back/rb to/in the/at quarters/nns to/to spare/vb Kate/np remembrance/nn of/in the/at baby's/nn$ death/nn ./. Juanita/np drooped/vbd about/in the/at place/nn ,/, wearing/vbg a/at haunted/vbn ,/, brooding/vbg look/nn ,/, which/wdt Kate/np attributed/vbd to/in the/at baby's/nn$ death/nn ,/, until/cs the/at day/nn a/at letter/nn came/vbd for/in her/ppo addressed/vbn to/in ``/`` Miss/np Juanita/np Fitzroy/np ''/'' ,/, bearing/vbg a/at Grafton/np postmark/nn ./. Seeing/vbg the/at slanting/vbg hand/nn ,/, Kate/np knew/vbd uneasily/rb that/cs it/pps was/bedz from/in the/at Yankee/jj colonel/nn ./. The/at Federal/jj-tl forces/nns had/hvd taken/vbn Parkersburg/np and/cc Grafton/np from/in the/at Rebels/nns-tl and/cc were/bed moving/vbg to/to take/vb all/abn the/at mountains/nns ./. Kate/np tried/vbd to/to contain/vb her/pp$ curiosity/nn and/cc foreboding/nn at/in what/wdt the/at letter/nn portended/vbd ,/, at/in what/wdt involvement/nn existed/vbd for/in Juanita/np ./. Uncle/nn-tl Randolph/np and/cc Joel/np had/hvd replanted/vbn the/at bottom/nn lands/nns with/in difficulty/nn ,/, for/cs more/ap of/in the/at slaves/nns ,/, including/in Annie/np ,/, had/hvd sneaked/vbn off/rp when/wrb the/at soldiers/nns broke/vbd camp/nn ./. Joel/np worked/vbd like/cs a/at field/nn hand/nn in/in the/at afternoons/nns after/in school/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd been/ben at/in lessons/nns in/in the/at schoolhouse/nn since/cs they/ppss returned/vbd from/in Harpers/np$-tl Ferry/nn-tl ./. Kate/np felt/vbd she/pps had/hvd deserted/vbn the/at boy/nn in/in her/pp$ own/jj loss/nn ./. She/pps loved/vbd him/ppo and/cc missed/vbd his/pp$ company/nn ./. Uncle/nn-tl Randolph/np had/hvd been/ben riding/vbg out/rp every/at evening/nn on/in some/dti secret/nn business/nn of/in his/pp$ own/jj ./. What/wdt it/pps was/bedz Kate/np could/md not/* fathom/vb ./. He/pps claimed/vbd to/to be/be visiting/vbg the/at waterfront/nn saloon/nn at/in the/at crossroads/nns to/to play/vb cards/nns and/cc drink/vb with/in his/pp$ cronies/nns ,/, but/cc Kate/np had/hvd not/* smelled/vbn brandy/nn on/in him/ppo since/cs Mrs./np Lattimer's/np$ funeral/nn ./. Joel/np knew/vbd what/wdt he/pps was/bedz about/rb ,/, however/wrb ./. ``/`` You're/ppss+ber gonna/vbg+to get/vb caught/vbn ''/'' ,/, she/pps heard/vbd Joel/np say/vb to/in Uncle/nn-tl Randolph/np by/in the/at pump/nn one/cd morning/nn ./. ``/`` Not/* this/dt old/jj fox/nn ''/'' ,/, chuckled/vbd Uncle/nn-tl Randolph/np ./. ``/`` Everybody/pn knows/vbz I'm/ppss+bem just/rb a/at harmless/jj ,/, deaf/jj old/jj man/nn who/wps takes/vbz to/to drink/vb ./. I/ppss aim/vb to/to keep/vb a/at little/jj whisky/nn still/nn back/rb in/in the/at ridge/nn for/in my/pp$ pleasure/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Whiskey/nn still/nn ,/, my/pp$ foot/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Joel/np ./. ``/`` You're/ppss+ber back/rb there/rb riding/vbg with/in the/at guerrillas/nns ,/, the/at Moccasin/nn-tl Rangers/nns-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` Hush/uh ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Uncle/nn-tl Randolph/np ,/, smiling/vbg ,/, ``/`` or/cc I'll/ppss+md give/vb you/ppo another/dt black/jj eye/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps patted/vbd the/at eye/nn Joel/np had/hvd had/hvn blackened/vbn in/in a/at fight/nn over/in being/beg Rebel/nn-tl at/in the/at crossroads/nns some/dti days/nns back/rb ./. Kate/np had/hvd no/at idea/nn what/wdt they/ppss were/bed talking/vbg of/in ,/, although/cs she/pps had/hvd seen/vbn the/at blue/jj lights/nns and/cc strange/jj fires/nns burning/vbg and/cc winking/vbg on/in the/at ridges/nns at/in night/nn ,/, had/hvd heard/vbn horsemen/nns on/in the/at River/nn-tl Road/nn-tl and/cc hill/nn trails/nns through/in the/at nights/nns till/cs dawn/nn ./. Stranger/nn ,/, Uncle/nn-tl Randolph/np began/vbd riding/vbg home/nr nights/nns with/in a/at jug/nn strapped/vbn to/in his/pp$ saddle/nn ,/, drunkenly/rb singing/vbg ``/`` Old/jj-tl Dan/np-tl Tucker/np-tl ''/'' at/in the/at top/nn of/in his/pp$ voice/nn ./. Hearing/vbg his/pp$ voice/nn ring/vb raucously/rb up/rp from/in the/at road/nn ,/, Kate/np would/md await/vb him/ppo anxiously/rb and/cc watch/vb perplexed/vbn as/cs he/pps walked/vbd into/in the/at house/nn ,/, cold/jj sober/jj ./. What/wdt he/pps was/bedz about/rb became/vbd clear/jj to/in her/ppo with/in the/at circulation/nn of/in another/dt broadside/nn proclamation/nn by/in General/nn-tl McClellan/np ,/, threatening/vbg reprisals/nns against/in Rebel/nn-tl guerrillas/nns ./. She/pps was/bedz taken/vbn up/rp in/in worry/nn for/in the/at reckless/jj old/jj man/nn ./. Kate/np drew/vbd more/rbr and/cc more/rbr on/in her/pp$ affection/nn for/in Joel/np through/in the/at hot/jj days/nns of/in summer/nn work/nn ./. She/pps had/hvd taken/vbn him/ppo out/in of/in the/at schoolhouse/nn and/cc closed/vbn the/at school/nn for/in the/at summer/nn ,/, after/cs she/pps saw/vbd Miss/np Snow/np crack/vb Joel/np across/in the/at face/nn with/in a/at ruler/nn for/in letting/vbg a/at snake/nn loose/jj in/in the/at schoolroom/nn ./. Kate/np had/hvd walked/vbn past/in the/at school/nn on/in her/pp$ morning/nn chores/nns and/cc had/hvd seen/vbn the/at whole/jj incident/nn ,/, had/hvd seen/vbn Joel's/np$ burning/vbg humiliation/nn before/in Miss/np Snow's/np$ cold/jj ,/, bespectacled/jj wrath/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd the/at hardest/jjt pains/nns of/in growing/vbg before/in him/ppo now/rb ,/, as/cs he/pps approached/vbd twelve/cd ./. These/dts would/md be/be his/pp$ hardest/jjt years/nns ,/, she/pps knew/vbd ,/, and/cc he/pps missed/vbd his/pp$ father/nn desperately/rb ./. She/pps tried/vbd to/to find/vb some/dti way/nn to/to draw/vb him/ppo out/rp ,/, to/to help/vb him/ppo ./. Whenever/wrb she/pps found/vbd time/nn ,/, she/pps went/vbd blackberry/nn picking/nn with/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc they/ppss would/md come/vb home/nr together/rb ,/, mouths/nns purple/jj ,/, arms/nns and/cc faces/nns scratched/vbn ,/, tired/vbn enough/qlp to/to forget/vb grief/nn for/in another/dt day/nn ./. He/pps tended/vbd the/at new/jj colts/nns Beau/np had/hvd sired/vbn ./. He/pps helped/vbd Kate/np and/cc Juanita/np enlarge/vb the/at flower/nn garden/nn in/in the/at side/nn yard/nn ,/, where/wrb they/ppss sometimes/rb sat/vbd in/in the/at still/jj evenings/nns watching/vbg the/at last/ap fat/jj bees/nns working/vbg against/in the/at summer's/nn$ purple/jj dusk/nn ./. No/at one/pn went/vbd much/rb to/in the/at crossroads/nns now/rb except/in Uncle/nn-tl Randolph/np ./. They/ppss stayed/vbd in/in their/pp$ own/jj world/nn on/in the/at bluff/nn ,/, waiting/vbg for/in letters/nns and/cc the/at peddler/nn ,/, bringing/vbg the/at news/nn ./. Jonathan/np wrote/vbd grimly/rb of/in the/at destruction/nn of/in Harpers/np$-tl Ferry/nn-tl before/cs they/ppss abandoned/vbd it/ppo ;/. ;/. of/in their/pp$ first/od engagement/nn at/in Falling/vbg-tl Waters/nns-tl after/cs Old/jj-tl Jack's/np$ First/od-tl Brigade/nn-tl had/hvd destroyed/vbn all/abn the/at rolling/vbg stock/nn of/in the/at B/np-tl &/cc-tl O/np-tl Railroad/nn-tl ./. The/at men/nns were/bed restive/jj ,/, he/pps wrote/vbd ,/, ready/jj to/to take/vb the/at battle/nn to/in the/at enemy/nn as/cs Jackson/np wished/vbd ./. The/at peddler/nn came/vbd bawling/vbg his/pp$ wares/nns and/cc told/vbd them/ppo of/in the/at convention/nn in/in Wheeling/np ,/, Which/wdt had/hvd formed/vbn a/at new/jj state/nn government/nn by/in declaring/vbg the/at government/nn at/in Richmond/np in/in the/at east/nr illegal/jj because/cs they/ppss were/bed traitors/nns ./. Dangling/vbg his/pp$ gaudy/jj trinkets/nns before/in them/ppo ,/, he/pps told/vbd of/in the/at Rebel/nn-tl losses/nns in/in the/at mountains/nns ,/, at/in Cheat/np and/cc Rich/np mountains/nns both/abx ,/, and/cc the/at Federal/jj-tl march/nn on/in Beverly/np ./. ``/`` Cleaned/vbd all/abn them/ppo Rebs/nps out'n/rp+in the/at hills/nns ,/, they/ppss did/dod !/. !/. They/ppss won't/md* never/rb git/vb over/in inter/in loyal/jj western/jj Virginia/np ,/, them/ppo traitors/nns !/. !/. The/at Federals/nps is/bez making/vbg everybody/pn take/vb the/at oath/nn of/in loyalty/nn around/in these/dts parts/nns too/rb ''/'' ,/, he/pps crowed/vbd ./. After/cs he/pps had/hvd gone/vbn ,/, Kate/np asked/vbd Uncle/nn-tl Randolph/np proudly/rb ,/, ``/`` Would/md you/ppss take/vb their/pp$ oath/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc the/at old/jj man/nn had/hvd given/vbn a/at sly/jj and/cc wicked/jj laugh/nn and/cc said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Hell/uh ,/, yes/rb !/. !/. I/ppss think/vb I've/ppss+hv taken/vbn it/ppo about/rb fifty/cd times/nns already/rb ''/'' !/. !/. Winking/vbg at/in Joel's/np$ look/nn of/in shock/nn ./. Her/pp$ mother/nn wrote/vbd Kate/np of/in her/pp$ grief/nn at/in the/at death/nn of/in Kate's/np$ baby/nn and/cc at/in Jonathan's/np$ decision/nn to/to go/vb with/in the/at South/nr-tl ``/`` And/cc ,/, dear/jj Kate/np ''/'' ,/, she/pps wrote/vbd ,/, ``/`` poor/jj Dr./nn-tl Breckenridge's/np$ son/nn Robert/np is/bez now/rb organizing/vbg a/at militia/nn company/nn to/to go/vb South/nr-tl ,/, to/in his/pp$ good/jj father's/nn$ sorrow/nn ./. Maj./nn-tl Anderson/np of/in Fort/nn-tl Sumter/np-tl is/bez home/nr and/cc recruiting/vbg volunteers/nns for/in the/at U.S./np-tl Army/nn-tl ./. In/in spite/in of/in the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at state/nn legislature/nn voted/vbd us/ppo neutral/jj ,/, John/np Hunt/np Morgan/np is/bez openly/rb flying/vbg the/at Confederate/jj-tl flag/nn over/in his/pp$ woolen/nn factory/nn ''/'' !/. !/. Rumor/nn of/in a/at big/jj battle/nn spread/vbd like/cs a/at grassfire/nn up/in the/at valley/nn ./. Accounts/nns were/bed garbled/vbn at/in the/at telegraph/nn office/nn when/wrb they/ppss sent/vbd old/jj George/np down/rp to/in Parkersburg/np for/in the/at news/nn ./. ``/`` All/abn dey/ppss know/vb down/rp dere/rb is/bez it/pps were/bed at/in Manassas/np-tl Junction/nn-tl and/cc it/pps were/bed a/at big/jj fight/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at old/jj man/nn told/vbd them/ppo ./. In/in the/at next/ap few/ap days/nns they/ppss had/hvd cause/nn to/to rejoice/vb ./. It/pps had/hvd been/ben a/at big/jj battle/nn ,/, and/cc the/at Confederate/jj-tl forces/nns had/hvd won/vbn ./. Jonathan/np and/cc Ben/np were/bed not/* on/in the/at lists/nns of/in the/at dead/jj or/cc on/in that/dt of/in the/at missing/nn ./. Kate/np and/cc Mrs./np Tussle/np waited/vbd for/in letters/nns anxiously/rb ./. Joel/np went/vbd to/in the/at crest/nn of/in a/at hill/nn behind/in the/at house/nn and/cc lit/vbd an/at enormous/jj victory/nn bonfire/nn to/to celebrate/vb ./. When/wrb Kate/np hurried/vbd in/in alarm/nn to/to tell/vb him/ppo to/to put/vb it/ppo out/rp ,/, she/pps saw/vbd other/ap dots/nns of/in flames/nns among/in the/at western/jj Virginia/np hills/nns from/in the/at few/ap scattered/vbn fires/nns of/in the/at faithful/jj ./. They/ppss all/abn prayed/vbd now/rb that/cs the/at North/nr-tl would/md realize/vb that/cs peace/nn must/md come/vb ,/, for/cs Virginia/np had/hvd defended/vbn her/pp$ land/nn victoriously/rb ./. The/at week/nn after/in Manassas/np the/at sound/nn of/in horses/nns in/in the/at yard/nn brought/vbd Kate/np up/rp in/in shock/nn from/in an/at afternoon's/nn$ rest/nn when/wrb she/pps saw/vbd the/at Federal/jj-tl soldiers/nns from/in her/ppo upstairs/jj window/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd already/rb lost/vbn most/ap of/in their/pp$ corn/nn ,/, she/pps thought/vbd ./. Were/bed they/ppss to/to be/be insulted/vbn again/rb because/cs of/in the/at South's/nr$-tl great/jj victory/nn ?/. ?/. She/pps remembered/vbd McClellan's/np$ last/ap proclamation/nn as/cs she/pps hurried/vbd fearfully/rb down/in the/at stairs/nns ./. At/in the/at landing/nn she/pps saw/vbd Juanita/np ,/, her/pp$ face/nn flushed/vbn pink/jj with/in excitement/nn ,/, run/vb down/in the/at hall/nn from/in the/at kitchen/nn to/in the/at front/jj door/nn ./. Juanita/np stopped/vbd just/rb inside/in the/at open/jj door/nn ,/, her/pp$ hand/nn to/in her/pp$ mouth/nn ./. As/cs Kate/np came/vbd swiftly/rb down/in the/at stairs/nns to/in the/at hall/nn she/pps saw/vbd Colonel/nn-tl Marsh/np framed/vbd in/in the/at doorway/nn ,/, his/pp$ face/nn set/vbn in/in the/at same/ap vulnerable/jj look/nn Juanita/np wore/vbd ./. Kate/np greeted/vbd him/ppo gravely/rb ,/, uneasy/jj with/in misgivings/nns at/in his/pp$ visit/nn ./. ``/`` What/wdt brings/vbz you/ppo here/rb again/rb ,/, Colonel/nn-tl Marsh/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. She/pps asked/vbd ,/, taking/vbg him/ppo and/cc Juanita/np into/in the/at parlor/nn where/wrb the/at shutters/nns were/bed closed/vbn against/in the/at afternoon/nn sun/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss stopped/vbd to/to say/vb goodbye/uh ,/, Mrs./np Lattimer/np ,/, and/cc to/to tell/vb you/ppo how/ql sorry/jj I/ppss was/bedz to/to hear/vb about/in your/pp$ baby/nn ./. I/ppss wish/vb our/pp$ doctor/nn could/md have/hv saved/vbn her/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` It/pps was/bedz a/at terrible/jj loss/nn to/in me/ppo ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Kate/np quietly/rb ,/, feeling/vbg the/at pain/nn twist/vb again/rb at/in the/at mention/nn ,/, knowing/vbg now/rb that/cs Juanita/np must/md have/hv written/vbn to/in him/ppo at/in Grafton/np ./. ``/`` Where/wrb will/md you/ppss go/vb now/rb that/cs you're/ppss+ber leaving/vbg Parkersburg/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. She/pps asked/vbd him/ppo ,/, seeing/vbg Juanita's/np$ eyes/nns grow/vb bleak/jj ./. ``/`` As/cs you/ppss know/vb ,/, General/nn-tl McClellan/np has/hvz been/ben occupying/vbg Beverly/np ./. He/pps has/hvz notified/vbn me/ppo that/cs he/pps has/hvz orders/nns to/to go/vb to/in Washington/np to/to take/vb over/rp the/at Army/nn-tl of/in-tl the/at-tl Potomac/np-tl ./. I/ppss am/bem to/to go/vb to/in Washington/np to/to serve/vb with/in him/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` When/wrb are/ber you/ppss to/to leave/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. Kate/np asked/vbd ,/, watching/vbg them/ppo both/abx now/rb anxiously/rb ./. Their/pp$ eyes/nns betrayed/vbd too/ql much/ap of/in their/pp$ emotions/nns ,/, she/pps thought/vbd sadly/rb ./. ``/`` Tomorrow/nr ./. Would/md you/ppss permit/vb Juanita/np to/to walk/vb about/in the/at grounds/nns with/in me/ppo for/in a/at short/jj spell/nn ,/, Mrs./np Lattimer/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Stay/vb here/rb in/in the/at parlor/nn where/wrb it's/pps+bez cool/jj ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, trying/vbg to/to be/be calm/jj ./. It/pps would/md be/be better/jjr for/in Joel/np and/cc Uncle/nn-tl Randolph/np and/cc Mrs./np Tussle/np not/* to/to see/vb them/ppo ./. Kate/np went/vbd back/rb and/cc reminded/vbd the/at kitchen/nn women/nns of/in the/at supper/nn preparations/nns ./. Then/rb she/pps took/vbd iced/vbn lemonade/nn to/in Marsh's/np$ young/jj aide/nn where/wrb he/pps sat/vbd in/in the/at cool/nn of/in the/at big/jj trees/nns around/in the/at flower/nn garden/nn ./. When/wrb Marsh/np called/vbd to/in his/pp$ aide/nn and/cc the/at pair/nn rode/vbd off/rp down/in the/at River/nn-tl Road/nn-tl where/wrb the/at gentians/nns burned/vbd blue/jj ,/, Juanita/np was/bedz shaken/vbn and/cc trying/vbg not/* to/to cry/vb ./. She/pps sought/vbd Kate/np out/rp upstairs/rb ,/, her/pp$ lips/nns trembling/vbg ./. ``/`` He/pps wants/vbz me/ppo to/to go/vb with/in him/ppo tomorrow/nr ''/'' ,/, she/pps told/vbd Kate/np ./. ``/`` What/wdt do/do you/ppss want/vb to/to do/do ''/'' ?/. ?/. Kate/np asked/vbd ,/, uneasy/jj at/in the/at gravity/nn of/in the/at girl's/nn$ dilemma/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss could/md go/vb with/in him/ppo ./. He/pps knows/vbz me/ppo as/cs your/pp$ niece/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, I/ppss am/bem ./. But/cc I/ppss am/bem a/at slave/nn !/. !/. You/ppss own/vb me/ppo ./. It's/pps+bez your/pp$ decision/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Juanita/np ,/, holding/vbg her/pp$ face/nn very/ql still/jj ,/, trying/vbg to/to contain/vb the/at bitterness/nn of/in her/pp$ voice/nn as/cs she/pps enunciated/vbd her/pp$ words/nns too/ql distinctly/rb ./. ``/`` No/rb ,/, the/at decision/nn is/bez yours/pp$$ ./. I/ppss have/hv held/vbn your/pp$ papers/nns of/in manumission/nn since/cs I/ppss married/vbd Mr./np Lattimer/np ''/'' ./.

ck16

ck16 |@word red:1 glow:1 cove:1 die:1 sky:3 two:4 bed:2 know:4 old:6 people:2 partner:1 share:1 many:2 year:2 need:2 say:4 thing:5 leave:3 unsaid:1 feel:4 deeply:1 sigh:1 fall:1 back:5 well:5 stuff:1 pillow:1 anita:1 put:1 remain:1 candle:1 long:7 snuffer:1 smell:2 scented:1 candlewick:1 comfort:1 awareness:1 body:2 retained:1 pattern:2 dancer:1 guest:1 remember:1 mind:3 grow:1 numb:1 empty:1 image:2 sleep:5 mynheer:3 marvelously:1 high:1 pitch:1 snore:1 damn:1 seahorse:1 ivory:1 tooth:1 watch:2 bedside:1 table:1 ballroom:3 dark:1 give:2 way:2 moonlight:2 come:8 bank:2 french:1 window:1 delay:1 moon:2 clear:2 scud:1 black:4 star:1 sugar:1 silver:1 gray:2 martha:2 schuyler:3 slow:1 careful:1 foot:3 great:4 staircase:1 dress:1 good:2 lace:1 draw:1 silk:1 jeweled:1 shoe:1 buckle:2 hold:3 forward:1 last:3 address:1 portrait:1 wall:3 hear:1 music:1 get:1 deaf:1 must:1 admit:2 stand:3 carpet:1 step:1 lead:4 everyone:2 peter:2 lummox:1 forget:1 order:3 musician:1 large:2 woman:2 smile:1 would:11 morning:4 big:4 foolish:1 baby:1 son:3 time:4 like:6 lose:2 control:1 count:1 move:3 freely:1 forth:1 three:1 generation:1 birthday:1 ball:2 reach:2 majority:1 eighteen:1 first:1 mistress:1 house:2 van:1 rensselaer:1 bride:1 upstate:1 near:3 albany:1 rensselaerwyck:1 handsome:1 booby:1 stare:1 sweating:1 bridegroom:1 pick:1 hem:1 gown:1 eye:3 close:1 slowly:2 begin:4 dance:1 stately:1 minuet:1 around:4 david:11 cortlandt:3 tired:1 beyond:2 almost:1 limit:1 flesh:1 ride:2 hard:2 boston:2 use:4 horseback:1 drive:4 horse:5 sulky:2 borrow:1 every:3 bone:1 top:2 burn:1 oil:1 muscle:1 ready:1 dissolve:1 jelly:1 helpless:1 unable:1 road:7 south:3 along:4 river:6 shade:1 tree:1 silvery:1 landscape:1 setting:1 troll:1 wood:2 god:2 rather:2 hudson:5 valley:3 boyhood:1 memory:2 slap:1 rein:1 powerful:1 wheel:1 hit:1 pothole:1 jolt:1 go:3 cross:1 manhattan:5 harlem:3 height:3 certain:2 farmhouse:2 station:1 liberty:1 send:3 trust:1 messenger:1 dispatch:2 electrify:1 news:2 never:2 think:2 sore:1 haunch:1 colonial:2 war:6 strange:2 everything:1 fit:1 life:2 even:2 away:5 sir:1 francis:1 society:1 right:1 purling:1 bay:6 past:4 fish:5 weir:1 rock:2 ahead:2 sleepy:1 ribbon:1 drench:1 mist:1 walk:1 water:2 white:4 cotton:1 blending:1 merge:1 grace:1 stirring:1 sudden:1 movement:1 crossroad:1 pair:1 pistol:2 saddlebag:3 pull:1 one:3 cock:1 creature:2 float:1 patch:1 berry:2 bush:1 grotesque:1 hen:1 five:1 six:2 tall:1 feature:1 man:7 bewhisker:1 clump:1 loose:1 feather:4 run:3 apocalyptic:1 beast:1 thin:2 leg:1 wing:2 arm:1 flap:1 groin:1 bloody:1 strip:1 skin:1 hang:2 shy:1 dreadful:1 flare:1 nostril:1 take:2 firm:2 hand:2 look:4 see:4 mad:1 glaze:1 insane:1 fear:1 ungainly:1 bird:1 croaking:1 sound:2 crowing:1 torment:1 rooster:1 wary:1 shake:1 tonight:1 chapter:1 10:1 new:5 york:3 lie:2 bleach:1 summer:1 sun:2 hawk:5 fly:2 heated:1 air:1 triangular:1 wedge:1 island:7 thickly:1 settle:1 fifteen:1 thousand:1 citizen:1 lay:1 pig:1 infest:1 street:2 mostly:1 battery:2 bravely:1 north:2 become:2 field:1 farm:4 region:1 across:2 westchester:2 county:2 manor:2 estate:1 original:1 non:1 indian:1 landowner:1 east:4 side:2 indifferent:1 connect:1 western:1 tip:1 protrude:1 brooklyn:1 heights:1 command:1 view:1 harbor:1 fringe:1 housing:1 garden:1 beard:1 behind:2 sandy:1 hayfield:1 husbandry:1 bound:1 snake:1 rail:1 fence:1 graze:1 cattle:2 shore:3 fisher:1 mooncurser:1 smuggler:2 live:1 churn:1 narrow:1 barrier:2 sand:1 fire:1 hungry:1 eatable:1 killable:1 digestible:1 item:1 keep:1 ring:1 anchor:2 ship:6 shelter:1 jersey:2 inlet:1 often:1 throw:1 tidbit:1 overboard:1 paulus:1 hook:1 already:2 call:1 city:1 majesty:1 navy:1 herd:1 hulk:1 indie:1 merchant:2 yacht:1 ketch:1 loyalist:1 battle:1 breed:1 hill:1 seep:1 local:3 provincial:2 congress:1 circle:1 glide:1 low:1 gilt:1 stern:1 wooden:1 sea:2 alternately:1 paint:1 yellow:1 bronze:1 cannon:1 port:1 captain:1 gig:1 mercury:1 row:1 neptune:1 free:2 slave:1 despotism:1 town:2 dweller:1 wait:3 chevaux:1 de:1 frise:1 sharp:1 stake:1 fort:1 point:2 conflict:1 power:1 roll:2 glassy:1 swell:1 tide:1 palisade:1 heavy:1 green:1 timber:1 path:1 open:1 face:3 staten:1 gritty:1 clam:1 shell:1 mud:1 flat:1 nest:1 barn:1 thicket:1 wappinger:1 creek:1 dutchess:1 church:3 fishkill:1 verplanck:1 salt:1 crust:1 rockaway:1 watching:1 activity:1 prepare:1 something:1 explosive:1 happen:2 today:1 tomorrow:1 month:1 perhaps:1 sight:1 british:1 picket:1 boat:1 london:1 lobster:1 infantry:1 ask:1 rebellion:2 day:3 night:1 awake:1 plank:1 spuyten:1 duyvil:1 windowpane:1 turn:1 faint:1 violet:1 weather:1 king:2 bridge:2 toward:1 seem:1 animate:1 wagon:1 usual:1 carriage:1 raise:1 choking:1 june:1 dust:1 meadow:2 militia:2 company:1 drill:1 muskets:1 kentuck:1 rifle:1 kind:1 sword:1 cutlass:1 wraith:1 event:2 flood:1 rub:1 unshaved:1 chin:1 ache:2 kidney:1 cause:1 saddle:1 odyssey:1 pensive:1 introspective:1 downtown:1 proper:1 write:1 transmit:1 government:1 scratch:1 mosquito:1 plague:1 neck:1 hitchcock:1 chair:1 english:2 razor:3 present:1 john:3 hunter:2 find:1 tepid:1 pitcher:1 bit:1 soap:1 lather:2 strop:2 broad:1 leather:1 belt:1 knob:1 bedpost:1 hope:1 self:1 deception:1 suddenly:2 catch:1 delirium:1 spite:1 calumny:1 whig:1 tory:1 soon:1 skill:1 surgeon:1 somehow:1 plan:1 knowledge:1 merely:1 psychic:1 intuition:1 wholly:1 appear:1 surface:1 end:1 matter:2 concept:1 americans:1 bear:1 want:1 could:3 understand:1 moral:1 aridity:1 make:2 loyal:1 usually:1 ledger:1 yet:1 morris:1 manderscheid:1 bankrupt:1 idea:1 unique:1 circumstance:1 test:1 decide:1 injury:1 ingratitude:1 occur:1 doubt:1 hancock:1 heaven:1 poor:1 tarred:1 wretch:1 increase:1 believe:1 final:1 strand:1 abyss:1 nothing:1 perfectability:1 dream:1 short:1 play:2 tenebrous:1 shadow:1 shave:2 sweeping:1 stroke:1 essential:1 part:1 mortality:1 reason:1 imagine:1 peg:1 laugh:1 fill:1 desirable:1 lusty:1 full:1 nuance:1 pleasure:1 joy:1 sensual:1 carefully:1 upper:1 lip:1 mutter:1 meditate:1 finish:1 shaving:1 wash:1 clean:1 comb:1 retie:1 hair:2 proud:1 wear:2 wig:1 powder:1 cheerful:1 refresh:1 presentable:1 wide:1 cut:1 brown:1 suit:1 boot:1 easy:1 falsify:1 sentiment:1 officer:1 shout:1 boy:2 sit:1 future:1 hurry:1 much:1 toss:1 outside:1 dimension:1 stray:1 bullet:1 pack:1 shall:1 pass:1 dim:1 corner:1 service:1 yes:1 spur:1 steeple:1 patriarchal:1 feeling:1 plenitude:1 normal:1 dutch:1 fed:1 squire:1

The/at red/jj glow/nn from/in the/at cove/nn had/hvd died/vbn out/rp of/in the/at sky/nn ./. The/at two/cd in/in the/at bed/nn knew/vbd each/dt other/ap as/cs old/jj people/nns know/vb the/at partners/nns with/in whom/wpo they/ppss have/hv shared/vbn the/at same/ap bed/nn for/in many/ap years/nns ,/, and/cc they/ppss needed/vbd to/to say/vb no/at more/ap ./. The/at things/nns left/vbn unsaid/jj they/ppss both/abx felt/vbd deeply/rb ,/, and/cc with/in a/at sigh/nn they/ppss fell/vbd back/rb on/in the/at well-stuffed/jj pillows/nns ./. Anita/np put/vbd out/rp the/at remaining/vbg candles/nns with/in a/at long/jj snuffer/nn ,/, and/cc in/in the/at smell/nn of/in scented/vbn candlewick/nn ,/, the/at comforting/vbg awareness/nn of/in each/dt other's/ap$ bodies/nns ,/, the/at retained/vbn pattern/nn of/in dancers/nns and/cc guests/nns remembered/vbn ,/, their/pp$ minds/nns grew/vbd numb/jj and/cc then/rb empty/jj of/in images/nns ./. They/ppss slept/vbd --/-- Mynheer/np with/in a/at marvelously/rb high-pitched/jj snoring/nn ,/, the/at damn/jj seahorse/nn ivory/nn teeth/nns watching/vbg him/ppo from/in a/at bedside/nn table/nn ./. In/in the/at ballroom/nn below/rb ,/, the/at dark/nn had/hvd given/vbn way/nn to/in moonlight/nn coming/vbg in/rp through/in the/at bank/nn of/in French/jj windows/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at delayed/vbn moon/nn ,/, but/cc now/rb the/at sky/nn had/hvd cleared/vbn of/in scudding/vbg black/jj and/cc the/at stars/nns sugared/vbd the/at silver-gray/jj sky/nn ./. Martha/np Schuyler/np ,/, old/jj ,/, slow/jj ,/, careful/jj of/in foot/nn ,/, came/vbd down/in the/at great/jj staircase/nn ,/, dressed/vbn in/in her/pp$ best/jjt lace-drawn/jj black/jj silk/nn ,/, her/pp$ jeweled/jj shoe/nn buckles/nns held/vbd forward/rb ./. ``/`` Well/uh ,/, I'm/ppss+bem here/rb at/in last/rb ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, addressing/vbg the/at old/jj portraits/nns on/in the/at walls/nns ./. ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* hear/vb the/at music/nn ./. I/ppss am/bem getting/vbg deaf/jj ,/, I/ppss must/md admit/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. She/pps came/vbd to/in the/at ballroom/nn and/cc stood/vbd on/in the/at two/cd carpeted/vbn steps/nns that/wps led/vbd down/rp to/in it/ppo ./. ``/`` Where/wrb is/bez everyone/pn ?/. ?/. I/ppss say/vb ,/, where/wrb is/bez everyone/pn ?/. ?/. Peter/np ,/, you/ppss lummox/nn ,/, you've/ppss+hv forgot/vbn to/to order/vb the/at musicians/nns ''/'' ./. She/pps stood/vbd there/rb ,/, a/at large/jj old/jj woman/nn ,/, smiling/vbg at/in the/at things/nns she/pps would/md say/vb to/in him/ppo in/in the/at morning/nn ,/, this/dt big/jj foolish/jj baby/nn of/in a/at son/nn ./. There/ex were/bed times/nns now/rb ,/, like/cs this/dt ,/, when/wrb she/pps lost/vbd control/nn of/in the/at time/nn count/nn and/cc moved/vbd freely/rb back/rb and/cc forth/rb into/in three/cd generations/nns ./. Was/bedz it/pps a/at birthday/nn ball/nn ?/. ?/. When/wrb Peter/np had/hvd reached/vbn his/pp$ majority/nn at/in eighteen/cd ?/. ?/. Or/cc was/bedz it/pps her/pp$ own/jj first/od ball/nn as/cs mistress/nn of/in this/dt big/jj house/nn ,/, a/at Van/np Rensselaer/np bride/nn from/in way/nn upstate/rb near/in Albany/np ,/, from/in Rensselaerwyck/np ./. And/cc this/dt handsome/jj booby/nn ,/, staring/vbg and/cc sweating/vbg ,/, was/bedz he/pps her/pp$ bridegroom/nn ?/. ?/. Martha/np picked/vbd up/rp the/at hem/nn of/in her/pp$ gown/nn and/cc with/in eyes/nns closed/vbd she/pps slowly/rb began/vbd to/to dance/vb a/at stately/jj minuet/nn around/in the/at ballroom/nn ./. David/np Cortlandt/np was/bedz tired/vbn beyond/in almost/rb the/at limits/nns of/in his/pp$ flesh/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd ridden/vbn hard/rb from/in Boston/np ,/, and/cc he/pps was/bedz not/* used/vbn to/in horseback/nn ./. Now/rb ,/, driving/vbg the/at horse/nn and/cc sulky/jj borrowed/vbn from/in Mynheer/np Schuyler/np ,/, he/pps felt/vbd as/cs if/cs every/at bone/nn was/bedz topped/vbn by/in burning/vbg oil/nn and/cc that/cs every/at muscle/nn was/bedz ready/jj to/to dissolve/vb into/in jelly/nn and/cc leave/vb his/pp$ big/jj body/nn helpless/jj and/cc unable/jj to/to move/vb ./. The/at road/nn leading/vbg south/nr along/in the/at river/nn was/bedz shaded/vbn with/in old/jj trees/nns ,/, and/cc in/in the/at moonlight/nn the/at silvery/jj landscape/nn was/bedz like/cs a/at setting/nn for/in trolls/nns and/cc wood/nn gods/nns rather/in than/in the/at Hudson/np-tl River/nn-tl Valley/nn-tl of/in his/pp$ boyhood/nn memories/nns ./. He/pps slapped/vbd the/at reins/nns on/in the/at back/nn of/in the/at powerful/jj gray/jj horse/nn and/cc held/vbd on/rp as/cs the/at sulky's/nn$ wheels/nns hit/vbd a/at pothole/nn and/cc came/vbd out/rp with/in a/at jolt/nn and/cc went/vbd on/rp ./. He/pps would/md cross/vb to/in Manhattan/np ,/, to/in Harlem/np-tl Heights/nns-tl ,/, before/in morning/nn ./. There/ex a/at certain/jj farmhouse/nn was/bedz a/at station/nn for/in the/at Sons/nns-tl of/in-tl Liberty/nn-tl ./. He/pps would/md send/vb on/rp by/in trusted/vbn messenger/nn the/at dispatches/nns with/in their/pp$ electrifying/jj news/nn ./. And/cc he/pps would/md sleep/vb ,/, sleep/vb ,/, and/cc never/rb think/vb of/in roads/nns and/cc horses'/nns$ sore/jj haunches/nns ,/, of/in colonial/jj wars/nns ./. Strange/jj how/wrb everything/pn here/rb fitted/vbd back/rb into/in his/pp$ life/nn ,/, even/rb if/cs he/pps had/hvd been/ben away/rb so/ql long/jj ./. Mynheer/np ,/, Sir/np Francis/np ,/, the/at valley/nn society/nn ,/, the/at very/ap smell/nn of/in the/at river/nn on/in his/pp$ right/nr purling/vbg along/rb to/in the/at bay/nn past/in fish/nn weirs/nns and/cc rocks/nns ,/, and/cc ahead/rb the/at sleepy/jj ribbon/nn of/in moon-drenched/jj road/nn ./. A/at mist/nn was/bedz walking/vbg on/in the/at water/nn ,/, white/jj as/cs cotton/nn ,/, but/cc with/in a/at blending/vbg and/cc merging/vbg grace/nn ./. Ahead/rb there/ex was/bedz a/at stirring/nn of/in sudden/jj movement/nn at/in a/at crossroads/nns ./. David/np reached/vbd for/in the/at pair/nn of/in pistols/nns in/in the/at saddlebags/nns at/in his/pp$ feet/nns ./. He/pps pulled/vbd out/rp one/cd of/in them/ppo and/cc cocked/vbd it/ppo ./. A/at strange/jj wood/nn creature/nn came/vbd floating/vbg up/rp from/in a/at patch/nn of/in berry/nn bushes/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at grotesque/jj hen/nn ,/, five/cd or/cc six/cd feet/nns tall/jj ./. It/pps had/hvd the/at features/nns of/in a/at man/nn bewhiskered/jj by/in clumps/nns of/in loose/jj feathers/nns ./. It/pps ran/vbd ,/, this/dt apocalyptic/jj beast/nn ,/, on/in two/cd thin/jj legs/nns ,/, and/cc its/pp$ wings/nns --/-- were/bed they/ppss feathered/vbd arms/nns ?/. ?/. --/-- flapped/vbd as/cs it/pps ran/vbd ./. Its/pp$ groin/nn was/bedz bloody/jj ./. Black/jj strips/nns of/in skin/nn hung/vbd from/in it/ppo ./. The/at horse/nn shied/vbd at/in the/at dreadful/jj thing/nn and/cc flared/vbd its/pp$ nostrils/nns ./. David/np took/vbd a/at firm/jj hand/nn with/in it/ppo ./. The/at creature/nn in/in feathers/nns looked/vbd around/rb and/cc David/np saw/vbd the/at mad/jj eyes/nns ,/, glazed/vbn with/in an/at insane/jj fear/nn ./. The/at ungainly/jj bird/nn thing/nn ran/vbd away/rb ,/, and/cc to/in David/np its/pp$ croaking/nn sounded/vbd like/cs the/at crowing/nn of/in a/at tormented/vbn rooster/nn ./. Then/rb it/pps was/bedz gone/vbn ./. He/pps drove/vbd on/rp ,/, wary/jj and/cc shaken/vbn ./. The/at Sons/nns-tl were/bed out/rp tonight/nr ./. Chapter/nn-hl 10/cd-hl New/jj-tl York/np-tl lay/vbd bleaching/vbg in/in the/at summer/nn sun/nn ,/, and/cc the/at morning/nn fish/nn hawk/nn ,/, flying/vbg in/in the/at heated/vbn air/nn ,/, saw/vbd below/in him/ppo the/at long/jj triangular/jj wedge/nn of/in Manhattan/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz thickly/rb settled/vbn by/in fifteen/cd thousand/cd citizens/nns and/cc laid/vbn out/rp into/in pig-infested/jj streets/nns ,/, mostly/rb around/in the/at Battery/nn-tl ,/, going/vbg bravely/rb north/nr to/in Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl ,/, but/cc giving/vbg up/rp and/cc becoming/vbg fields/nns and/cc farms/nns in/in the/at region/nn of/in Harlem/np-tl Heights/nns-tl ./. From/in there/rb it/pps looked/vbd across/rb at/in Westchester/np-tl County/nn-tl and/cc the/at Hudson/np-tl River/nn-tl where/wrb the/at manor/nn houses/nns ,/, estates/nns ,/, and/cc big/jj farms/nns of/in the/at original/jj (/( non-Indian/np )/) landowners/nns began/vbd ./. On/in the/at east/nr side/nn of/in the/at island/nn of/in Manhattan/np the/at indifferent/jj hawk/nn knew/vbd the/at East/jj-tl River/nn-tl that/wps connected/vbd New/jj-tl York/np-tl Bay/nn-tl with/in Long/jj-tl Island/nn-tl Sound/nn-tl ./. On/in the/at western/jj tip/nn of/in Long/jj-tl Island/nn-tl protruded/vbd Brooklyn/np-tl Heights/nns-tl ./. It/pps commanded/vbd a/at view/nn over/in Manhattan/np and/cc the/at harbor/nn ./. A/at fringe/nn of/in housing/vbg and/cc gardens/nns bearded/vbd the/at top/nn of/in the/at heights/nns ,/, and/cc behind/in it/ppo were/bed sandy/jj roads/nns leading/vbg past/in farms/nns and/cc hayfields/nns ./. Husbandry/nn was/bedz bounded/vbn by/in snake-rail/nn fences/nns ,/, and/cc there/ex were/bed grazing/vbg cattle/nns ./. On/in the/at shores/nns north/nr and/cc south/nr ,/, the/at fishers/nns and/cc mooncursers/nns --/-- smugglers/nns --/-- lived/vbd along/in the/at churning/vbg Great/jj-tl South/jj-tl Bay/nn-tl and/cc the/at narrow/jj barrier/nn of/in sand/nn ,/, Fire/nn-tl Island/nn-tl ./. The/at morning/nn hawk/nn ,/, hungry/jj for/in any/dti eatable/jj ,/, killable/jj ,/, digestible/jj item/nn ,/, kept/vbd his/pp$ eyes/nns on/in the/at ring/nn of/in anchored/vbn ships/nns that/dt lay/vbd off/in the/at shores/nns in/in the/at bay/nn ,/, sheltered/vbn by/in the/at Jersey/nn-tl inlets/nns ./. They/ppss often/rb threw/vbd tidbits/nns overboard/rb ./. The/at larger/jjr ships/nns were/bed near/in Paulus/np Hook/np ,/, already/rb being/beg called/vbn ,/, by/in a/at few/ap ,/, Jersey/np-tl City/nn-tl ./. These/dts were/bed the/at ships/nns of/in His/pp$ Majesty's/nn$-tl Navy/nn-tl ,/, herding/vbg the/at hulks/nns of/in the/at East/jj-tl Indies/nps merchants/nns and/cc the/at yachts/nns and/cc ketches/nns of/in the/at loyalists/nns ./. The/at news/nn of/in battle/nn on/in Breed's/np$ Hill/nn-tl had/hvd already/rb seeped/vbn through/rp ,/, and/cc New/jj-tl York/np-tl itself/ppl was/bedz now/rb left/vbn in/in the/at hands/nns of/in the/at local/jj Provincial/jj-tl Congress/np-tl ./. The/at fish/nn hawk/nn ,/, his/pp$ wings/nns not/* moving/vbg ,/, circled/vbd and/cc glided/vbd lower/rbr ./. The/at gilt/nn sterns/nns of/in the/at men-of-war/nns becoming/vbg clearer/jjr to/in him/ppo ,/, the/at sides/nns of/in the/at wooden/jj sea/nn walls/nns alternately/rb painted/vbn yellow/jj and/cc black/jj ,/, the/at bronze/jj cannon/nn at/in the/at ports/nns ./. The/at captain's/nn$ gig/nn of/in H.M.S./np Mercury/np was/bedz being/beg rowed/vbn to/in H.M.S./np Neptune/np ./. On/in shore/nn ``/`` the/at freed/vbn slaves/nns to/in despotism/nn ''/'' --/-- the/at town/nn dwellers/nns --/-- watched/vbd the/at ships/nns and/cc waited/vbd ./. The/at chevaux/fw-nns de/fw-in frise/fw-nn ,/, those/dts sharp/jj stakes/nns and/cc barriers/nns around/in the/at fort/nn at/in the/at Battery/nn-tl ,/, pointed/vbd to/in a/at conflict/nn between/in the/at town/nn and/cc sea/nn power/nn rolling/vbg in/in glassy/jj swells/nns as/cs the/at tide/nn came/vbd in/rp ./. Across/in the/at bay/nn the/at Palisades/nns-tl were/bed heavy/jj in/in green/jj timber/nn ;/. ;/. their/pp$ rock/nn paths/nns led/vbd down/rp to/in the/at Hudson/np ./. Below/rb in/in the/at open/jj bay/nn facing/vbg Manhattan/np was/bedz Staten/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, gritty/jj with/in clam/nn shells/nns and/cc mud/nn flats/nns behind/in which/wdt nested/vbd farms/nns ,/, cattle/nns barns/nns ,/, and/cc berry/nn thickets/nns ./. Along/in Wappinger/np-tl Creek/nn-tl in/in Dutchess/np-tl County/nn-tl ,/, past/in the/at white/jj church/nn at/in Fishkill/np ,/, past/in Verplanck's/np$-tl Point/nn-tl on/in the/at east/nr bank/nn of/in the/at Hudson/np ,/, to/in the/at white/jj salt-crusted/jj roads/nns of/in the/at Long/jj-tl Island/nn-tl Rockaways/nps there/ex was/bedz a/at watching/nn and/cc an/at activity/nn of/in preparing/vbg for/in something/pn explosive/jj to/to happen/vb ./. Today/nr ,/, tomorrow/nr ,/, six/cd months/nns ,/, even/rb perhaps/rb a/at year/nn The/at fish/nn hawk/nn flew/vbd on/rp and/cc was/bedz lost/vbn from/in sight/nn ./. The/at British/jj ships/nns rolled/vbd at/in anchor/nn ,/, sent/vbd out/rp picket/nn boats/nns and/cc waited/vbd for/in orders/nns from/in London/np ./. Waited/vbn for/in more/ap ships/nns ,/, more/ql lobster-backed/jj infantry/nn ,/, and/cc asked/vbd what/wdt was/bedz to/to be/be done/vbn with/in a/at war/nn of/in rebellion/nn ?/. ?/. David/np Cortlandt/np ,/, having/hvg slept/vbn away/rb a/at day/nn and/cc a/at night/nn ,/, came/vbd awake/jj in/in a/at plank/nn farmhouse/nn on/in the/at Harlem/np-tl River/nn-tl near/in Spuyten/np Duyvil/np ./. He/pps looked/vbd out/rp through/in windowpanes/nns turned/vbn a/at faint/jj violet/nn by/in sun/nn and/cc weather/nn ,/, looked/vbd out/rp at/in King's/nn$-tl Bridge/nn-tl toward/in Westchester/np ./. The/at road/nn seemed/vbd animated/vbn with/in a/at few/ap more/ap wagons/nns than/cs usual/jj ;/. ;/. a/at carriage/nn raising/vbg up/rp the/at choking/vbg June/np dust/nn ,/, and/cc beyond/in ,/, in/in a/at meadow/nn ,/, a/at local/jj militia/nn company/nn drilling/vbg with/in muskets/nns ,/, Kentuck'/np rifles/nns ,/, every/at kind/nn of/in horse/nn pistol/nn ,/, old/jj sword/nn ,/, or/cc cutlass/nn ./. The/at wraith-like/jj events/nns of/in the/at last/ap few/ap days/nns flooded/vbd David's/np$ mind/nn and/cc he/pps rubbed/vbd his/pp$ unshaved/jj chin/nn and/cc felt/vbd again/rb the/at ache/nn in/in his/pp$ kidneys/nns caused/vbn by/in his/pp$ saddle/nn odyssey/nn from/in Boston/np ./. Pensive/jj ,/, introspective/jj ,/, he/pps ached/vbd ./. He/pps had/hvd sent/vbn the/at dispatches/nns downtown/nr to/in the/at proper/jj people/nns and/cc had/hvd slept/vbn ./. Now/rb there/ex was/bedz more/ap to/to do/do ./. Orders/nns not/* written/vbn down/rp had/hvd to/to be/be transmitted/vbn to/in the/at local/jj provincial/jj government/nn ./. He/pps scratched/vbd his/pp$ mosquito-plagued/jj neck/nn ./. From/in the/at saddlebags/nns ,/, hung/vbn on/in a/at Hitchcock/np chair/nn ,/, David/np took/vbd out/rp a/at good/jj English/jj razor/nn ,/, a/at present/nn from/in John/np Hunter/np ./. He/pps found/vbd tepid/jj water/nn in/in a/at pitcher/nn and/cc a/at last/ap bit/nn of/in soap/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps lathered/vbd his/pp$ face/nn and/cc stood/vbd stropping/vbg the/at razor/nn on/in his/pp$ broad/jj leather/nn belt/nn ,/, its/pp$ buckle/nn held/vbd firm/jj by/in a/at knob/nn of/in the/at bedpost/nn ./. He/pps hoped/vbd he/pps was/bedz free/jj of/in self-deception/nn ./. Here/rb he/pps was/bedz ,/, suddenly/rb caught/vbn up/rp in/in the/at delirium/nn of/in a/at war/nn ,/, in/in the/at spite/nn and/cc calumny/nn of/in Whigs/nps and/cc Tories/nps ./. There/ex would/md be/be great/jj need/nn soon/rb for/in his/pp$ skill/nn as/cs surgeon/nn ,/, but/cc somehow/rb he/pps had/hvd not/* planned/vbn to/to use/vb his/pp$ knowledge/nn merely/rb for/in war/nn ./. David/np Cortlandt/np had/hvd certain/jj psychic/jj intuitions/nns that/cs this/dt rebellion/nn was/bedz not/* wholly/rb what/wdt it/pps appeared/vbd on/in the/at surface/nn ./. He/pps knew/vbd that/cs many/ap were/bed using/vbg it/ppo for/in their/pp$ own/jj ends/nns ./. But/cc it/pps did/dod not/* matter/vb ./. He/pps stropped/vbd the/at razor/nn slowly/rb ;/. ;/. what/wdt mattered/vbd was/bedz that/cs a/at new/jj concept/nn of/in Americans/nps was/bedz being/beg born/vbn ./. That/cs some/dti men/nns did/dod not/* want/vb it/ppo he/pps could/md understand/vb ./. The/at moral/jj aridity/nn of/in merchants/nns made/vbd them/ppo loyal/jj usually/rb to/in their/pp$ ledgers/nns ./. Yet/rb some/dti ,/, like/cs Morris/np Manderscheid/np ,/, would/md bankrupt/vb themselves/ppls for/in the/at new/jj ideas/nns ./. Unique/jj circumstances/nns would/md test/vb us/ppo all/abn ,/, he/pps decided/vbd ./. Injury/nn and/cc ingratitude/nn would/md occur/vb ./. No/at doubt/nn John/np Hancock/np would/md do/do well/rb now/rb ;/. ;/. war/nn was/bedz a/at smugglers'/nns$ heaven/nn ./. And/cc what/wdt of/in that/ql poor/jj tarred/vbn and/cc feathered/vbn wretch/nn he/pps had/hvd seen/vbn on/in the/at road/nn driving/vbg down/rp from/in Schuyler's/np$ ?/. ?/. Things/nns like/cs that/dt would/md increase/vb rather/in than/in be/be done/vbn away/rb with/in ./. One/pn had/hvd to/to believe/vb in/in final/jj events/nns or/cc one/pn was/bedz stranded/vbn in/in the/at abyss/nn of/in nothing/pn ./. He/pps saw/vbd with/in John/np Hunter/np now/rb that/cs the/at perfectability/nn of/in man/nn was/bedz a/at dream/nn ./. Life/nn was/bedz a/at short/jj play/nn of/in tenebrous/jj shadows/nns ./. David/np began/vbd to/to shave/vb with/in great/jj sweeping/vbg strokes/nns ./. Time/nn plays/vbz an/at essential/jj part/nn in/in our/pp$ mortality/nn ,/, and/cc suddenly/rb for/in no/at reason/nn he/pps could/md imagine/vb (/( or/cc admit/vb )/) the/at image/nn of/in Peg/np laughing/vbg filled/vbd his/pp$ mind/nn --/-- so/ql desirable/jj ,/, so/ql lusty/jj ,/, so/ql full/jj of/in nuances/nns of/in pleasure/nn and/cc joy/nn ./. He/pps drove/vbd sensual/jj patterns/nns off/rp ,/, carefully/rb shaving/vbg his/pp$ long/jj upper/jj lip/nn ./. It/pps is/bez harder/jjr ,/, he/pps muttered/vbd ,/, to/to meditate/vb on/in man/nn (/( or/cc woman/nn )/) than/cs on/in God/np ./. David/np finished/vbd shaving/vbg ,/, washed/vbd his/pp$ face/nn clean/jj of/in lather/nn ,/, and/cc combed/vbd and/cc retied/vbd his/pp$ hair/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz proud/jj that/cs he/pps had/hvd never/rb worn/vbn a/at wig/nn ./. More/ap and/cc more/ap of/in the/at colonials/nns were/bed wearing/vbg their/pp$ own/jj hair/nn and/cc not/* using/vbg powder/nn ./. He/pps felt/vbd cheerful/jj again/rb ,/, refreshed/vbn ;/. ;/. presentable/jj in/in his/pp$ wide-cut/jj brown/jj suit/nn ,/, the/at well-made/jj riding/vbg boots/nns ./. It/pps is/bez so/ql easy/jj to/to falsify/vb sentiment/nn ./. In/in the/at meadow/nn below/rb ,/, militia/nn officers/nns shouted/vbd at/in their/pp$ men/nns and/cc on/in King's/nn$-tl Bridge/nn-tl two/cd boys/nns sat/vbd fishing/vbg ./. The/at future/nn would/md happen/vb ;/. ;/. he/pps did/dod not/* have/hv to/to hurry/vb it/ppo by/in thinking/vbg too/ql much/rb ./. A/at man/nn could/md be/be tossed/vbn outside/in the/at dimension/nn of/in time/nn by/in a/at stray/jj bullet/nn these/dts days/nns ./. He/pps began/vbd to/to pack/vb the/at saddlebags/nns ./. And/cc all/abn this/dt too/rb shall/md pass/vb away/rb :/: it/pps came/vbd to/in him/ppo out/rp of/in some/dti dim/jj corner/nn of/in memory/nn from/in a/at church/nn service/nn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz a/at boy/nn --/-- yes/rb ,/, in/in a/at white/jj church/nn with/in a/at thin/jj spur/nn steeple/nn in/in the/at patriarchal/jj Hudson/np-tl Valley/nn-tl ,/, where/wrb a/at feeling/nn of/in plenitude/nn was/bedz normal/jj in/in those/dts English-Dutch/jj manors/nns with/in their/pp$ well-fed/jj squires/nns ./.

ck17

ck17 |@word burly:1 leather:1 man:10 wrinkle:1 woman:2 drab:1 black:4 rag:1 carry:1 primitive:1 way:6 almost:2 unchanged:1 feudal:1 time:3 peasant:2 puzzle:1 andrei:20 wonder:2 could:2 go:8 poverty:1 superstition:1 ignorance:1 complete:1 lack:2 desire:2 make:4 either:1 land:3 life:1 flourish:1 remember:3 bathyran:2 meeting:1 long:2 ago:1 tolek:1 alterman:1 return:1 colony:1 palestine:5 national:1 leadership:1 exalt:1 miracle:1 dry:2 swamp:2 irrigate:1 desert:1 fund:1 raise:1 drive:1 buy:1 tractor:1 machinery:1 launch:1 reaction:1 one:5 indifference:1 find:3 meaning:1 late:2 aggravate:1 lublin:15 upland:2 rich:1 seem:1 care:3 unfertile:1 human:3 break:2 back:1 push:1 power:1 brink:1 sit:5 beside:2 alexander:3 brandel:3 rostrum:1 congress:1 zionist:1 loosely:1 knit:1 association:1 diversify:1 ideology:1 berate:1 beat:1 breast:1 approach:1 rise:1 speak:1 hall:1 become:2 silent:2 belief:2 take:4 along:1 path:5 religion:1 labor:2 activism:1 travel:2 blind:3 course:1 thick:2 forest:3 seek:2 dignity:1 beyond:3 merge:1 single:1 great:2 highway:1 end:3 barren:1 erode:1 hill:1 judea:1 singular:1 goal:1 conscience:2 journey:1 always:2 thing:3 different:1 night:1 two:1 thousand:4 year:3 darkness:1 unspeakable:1 abuse:1 continue:1 plague:1 star:1 david:1 fly:2 zion:1 express:1 pure:1 zionism:1 sound:1 good:4 believe:5 heart:4 loathe:1 idea:1 chill:1 malaria:1 leave:4 natural:1 birthright:1 battle:2 tell:5 alex:1 want:3 pole:4 warsaw:10 city:2 tel:1 aviv:1 train:5 punish:1 see:7 smug:1 eye:2 home:3 army:4 chief:1 roman:1 romans:1 face:3 hold:2 hatred:1 let:2 hole:1 death:1 exist:1 without:1 cry:2 protest:1 big:1 glitter:1 room:1 ulanys:3 bow:1 kiss:1 lady:1 hand:2 flirt:1 behind:1 fan:1 miss:1 rak:1 jew:4 day:5 week:2 month:2 betrayal:1 gnaw:1 grind:1 tooth:1 together:1 hate:5 say:2 poland:6 goddamne:2 mother:2 son:2 coffin:1 terrible:1 vision:1 ghetto:5 street:2 flood:1 mind:1 matter:1 fog:1 never:6 live:5 afternoon:1 inch:1 marshal:1 yard:1 railhead:1 fill:2 line:1 car:1 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lipowa:1 7:1 sobibor:1 chelmno:1 poltawa:1 belzec:1 krzywy:1 rog:1 budzyn:1 krasnik:1 ice:1 baths:1 electric:1 shock:1 lashing:1 wild:1 dog:1 testicle:1 crusher:1 ukrainian:1 baltic:1 auxiliary:2 einsatzkommando:1 wade:1 knee:1 deep:2 blood:1 turn:1 drunken:1 dope:1 ride:1 maniacs:1 spring:1 1942:1 operation:2 reinhard:2 begin:1 miniature:1 empty:3 majdan:1 tartarski:1 suburb:1 call:2 majdanek:10 refill:1 draining:1 town:1 around:3 outside:2 gate:1 grow:1 large:1 pattern:1 daily:1 umschlagplatz:1 suspect:1 stop:1 litowski:1 look:3 quickly:1 boundary:1 civil:1 building:1 boulevard:2 portion:1 wall:2 bench:1 open:1 newspaper:1 stretch:1 leg:1 krakow:1 nazi:1 uniform:1 dirty:1 brownish:1 captain:6 androfski:3 glance:1 top:1 paper:2 mustached:1 homely:1 sergeant:1 pump:1 excitedly:1 wait:1 across:1 post:1 office:1 since:3 dawn:1 think:6 may:2 get:9 morning:1 study:1 tear:1 symbol:1 polish:3 officer:1 thin:1 haggard:1 beautiful:1 boot:1 wear:1 shabby:1 jan:3 nodded:1 sniff:1 blow:2 nose:2 vociferously:1 need:1 happy:1 lucky:1 grumble:1 fate:1 try:2 reach:2 free:2 force:1 lead:1 girl:2 trouble:1 marry:1 bad:1 three:1 child:1 responsibility:1 granary:1 nothing:2 like:3 old:1 complain:1 many:2 know:6 twice:1 damned:1 understand:3 able:1 arrangement:1 ask:1 grabski:6 foreman:1 charge:1 bricklayer:1 exactly:1 instruct:1 order:3 inside:5 report:1 government:1 exile:1 london:1 answer:3 ten:1 zloty:2 trust:1 aware:1 twenty:1 four:1 hour:2 betray:1 must:1 everyone:2 really:4 perhaps:3 shred:1 race:1 indignation:1 shake:1 slowly:1 simple:1 soldier:3 well:3 transfer:1 seventh:1 every:1 feeling:1 first:1 mean:1 hell:2 sir:1 company:2 dozen:1 fight:1 defend:1 god:1 teach:1 respect:1 smile:1 germans:2 behave:2 holy:1 hundred:1 insane:2 reason:1 neither:1 allow:1 dishonor:1 ever:1 country:2 lose:1 faith:1 use:1 love:1 someday:1 win:1 equality:1 much:2 world:1 question:1 frighten:1 please:1 small:1 shanty:1 bridge:1 river:1 bystrzyca:1 near:1 rail:1 sweat:1 saturate:1 undershirt:1 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Burly/jj leathered/vbd men/nns and/cc wrinkled/vbn women/nns in/in drab/jj black/jj rags/nns carried/vbd on/rp in/in a/at primitive/jj way/nn ,/, almost/rb unchanged/jj from/in feudal/jj times/nns ./. Peasants/nns puzzled/vbd Andrei/np ./. He/pps wondered/vbd how/wrb they/ppss could/md go/vb on/rp in/in poverty/nn ,/, superstition/nn ,/, ignorance/nn ,/, with/in a/at complete/jj lack/nn of/in desire/nn to/to make/vb either/cc their/pp$ land/nn or/cc their/pp$ lives/nns flourish/vb ./. Andrei/np remembered/vbd a/at Bathyran/jj meeting/nn long/jj ago/rb ./. Tolek/np Alterman/np had/hvd returned/vbn from/in the/at colonies/nns in/in Palestine/np and/cc ,/, before/in the/at national/jj leadership/nn ,/, exalted/vbd the/at miracles/nns of/in drying/vbg up/rp swamps/nns and/cc irrigating/vbg the/at desert/nn ./. A/at fund-raising/nn drive/nn to/to buy/vb tractors/nns and/cc machinery/nn was/bedz launched/vbn ./. Andrei/np remembered/vbn that/cs his/pp$ own/jj reaction/nn had/hvd been/ben one/cd of/in indifference/nn ./. Had/hvd he/pps found/vbd the/at meaning/nn too/ql late/jj ?/. ?/. It/pps aggravated/vbd him/ppo ./. The/at land/nn of/in the/at Lublin/np-tl Uplands/nns-tl was/bedz rich/jj ,/, but/cc no/at one/pn seemed/vbd to/to care/vb ./. In/in the/at unfertile/jj land/nn in/in Palestine/np humans/nns broke/vbd their/pp$ backs/nns pushing/vbg will/nn power/nn to/in the/at brink/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd sat/vbn beside/in Alexander/np Brandel/np at/in the/at rostrum/nn of/in a/at congress/nn of/in Zionists/np ./. All/abn of/in them/ppo were/bed there/rb in/in this/dt loosely/rb knit/vbn association/nn of/in diversified/vbn ideologies/nns ,/, and/cc each/dt berated/vbd the/at other/ap and/cc beat/vb his/pp$ breast/nn for/in his/pp$ own/jj approaches/nns ./. When/wrb Alexander/np Brandel/np rose/vbd to/to speak/vb ,/, the/at hall/nn became/vbd silent/jj ./. ``/`` I/ppss do/do not/* care/vb if/cs your/pp$ beliefs/nns take/vb you/ppo along/in a/at path/nn of/in religion/nn or/cc a/at path/nn of/in labor/nn or/cc a/at path/nn of/in activism/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber here/rb because/cs all/abn our/pp$ paths/nns travel/vb a/at blind/jj course/nn through/in a/at thick/jj forest/nn ,/, seeking/vbg human/nn dignity/nn ./. Beyond/in the/at forest/nn all/abn our/pp$ paths/nns merge/vb into/in a/at single/ap great/jj highway/nn which/wdt ends/vbz in/in the/at barren/jj ,/, eroded/vbn hills/nns of/in Judea/np ./. This/dt is/bez our/pp$ singular/jj goal/nn ./. How/wrb we/ppss travel/vb through/in the/at forest/nn is/bez for/in each/dt man's/nn$ conscience/nn ./. Where/wrb we/ppss end/vb our/pp$ journey/nn is/bez always/rb the/at same/ap ./. We/ppss all/abn seek/vb the/at same/ap thing/nn through/in different/jj ways/nns --/-- an/at end/nn to/in this/dt long/jj night/nn of/in two/cd thousand/cd years/nns of/in darkness/nn and/cc unspeakable/jj abuses/nns which/wdt will/md continue/vb to/to plague/vb us/ppo until/cs the/at Star/nn-tl of/in-tl David/np-tl flies/vbz over/in Zion/np ''/'' ./. This/dt was/bedz how/wrb Alexander/np Brandel/np expressed/vbd pure/jj Zionism/np ./. It/pps had/hvd sounded/vbn good/jj to/in Andrei/np ,/, but/cc he/pps did/dod not/* believe/vb it/ppo ./. In/in his/pp$ heart/nn he/pps had/hvd no/at desire/nn to/to go/vb to/in Palestine/np ./. He/pps loathed/vbd the/at idea/nn of/in drying/vbg up/rp swamps/nns or/cc the/at chills/nns of/in malaria/nn or/cc of/in leaving/vbg his/pp$ natural/jj birthright/nn ./. Before/cs he/pps went/vbd into/in battle/nn Andrei/np had/hvd told/vbn Alex/np ,/, ``/`` I/ppss only/rb want/vb to/to be/be a/at Pole/np ./. Warsaw/np is/bez my/pp$ city/nn ,/, not/* Tel/np Aviv/np ''/'' ./. And/cc now/rb Andrei/np sat/vbd on/in a/at train/nn on/in the/at way/nn to/in Lublin/np and/cc wondered/vbd if/cs he/pps was/bedz not/* being/beg punished/vbn for/in his/pp$ lack/nn of/in belief/nn ./. Warsaw/np !/. !/. He/pps saw/vbd the/at smug/jj eyes/nns of/in the/at Home/nn-tl Army/nn-tl chief/nn ,/, Roman/jj ,/, and/cc all/abn the/at Romans/nps and/cc the/at faces/nns of/in the/at peasants/nns who/wps held/vbd only/rb hatred/nn for/in him/ppo ./. They/ppss had/hvd let/nn this/dt black/jj hole/nn of/in death/nn in/in Warsaw's/np$ heart/nn exist/vb without/in a/at cry/nn of/in protest/nn ./. Once/rb there/ex had/hvd been/ben big/jj glittering/vbg rooms/nns where/wrb Ulanys/nps bowed/vbd and/cc kissed/vbd the/at ladies'/nns$ hands/nns as/cs they/ppss flirted/vbd from/in behind/in their/pp$ fans/nns ./. Warsaw/np !/. !/. Warsaw/np !/. !/. ``/`` Miss/np Rak/np ./. I/ppss am/bem a/at Jew/np ''/'' ./. Day/nn by/in day/nn ,/, week/nn by/in week/nn ,/, month/nn by/in month/nn ,/, the/at betrayal/nn gnawed/vbd at/in Andrei's/np$ heart/nn ./. He/pps ground/vbd his/pp$ teeth/nns together/rb ./. I/ppss hate/vb Warsaw/np ,/, he/pps said/vbd to/in himself/ppl ./. I/ppss hate/vb Poland/np and/cc all/abn the/at goddamned/vbn mothers'/nns$ sons/nns of/in them/ppo ./. All/abn of/in Poland/np is/bez a/at coffin/nn ./. The/at terrible/jj vision/nn of/in the/at ghetto/nn streets/nns flooded/vbn his/pp$ mind/nn ./. What/wdt matters/vbz now/rb ?/. ?/. What/wdt is/bez beyond/in this/dt fog/nn ?/. ?/. Only/rb Palestine/np ,/, and/cc I/ppss will/md never/rb live/vb to/to see/vb Palestine/np because/cs I/ppss did/dod not/* believe/vb ./. By/in late/jj afternoon/nn the/at train/nn inched/vbd into/in the/at marshaling/vbg yards/nns in/in the/at railhead/nn at/in Lublin/np ,/, which/wdt was/bedz filled/vbn with/in lines/nns of/in cars/nns poised/vbn to/to pour/vb the/at tools/nns of/in war/nn to/in the/at Russian/jj front/nn ./. At/in a/at siding/nn ,/, another/dt train/nn which/wdt was/bedz a/at familiar/jj sight/nn these/dts days/nns ./. Deportees/nns ./. Jews/nps ./. Andrei's/np$ skilled/jj eye/nn sized/vbd them/ppo up/rp ./. They/ppss were/bed not/* Poles/nps ./. He/pps guessed/vbd by/in their/pp$ appearance/nn that/cs they/ppss were/bed Rumanians/nps ./. He/pps walked/vbd toward/in the/at center/nn of/in the/at city/nn to/to keep/vb his/pp$ rendezvous/nn with/in Styka/np ./. Of/in all/abn the/at places/nns in/in Poland/np ,/, Andrei/np hated/vbd Lublin/np the/at most/rbt ./. The/at Bathyrans/nps were/bed all/ql gone/vbn ./. Few/ap of/in the/at native/jj Jews/nps who/wps had/hvd lived/vbn in/in Lublin/np were/bed still/rb in/in the/at ghetto/nn ./. From/in the/at moment/nn of/in the/at occupation/nn Lublin/np became/vbd a/at focal/jj point/nn ./. He/pps and/cc Ana/np watched/vbd it/ppo carefully/rb ./. Lublin/np generally/rb was/bedz the/at forerunner/nn of/in what/wdt would/md happen/vb elsewhere/rb ./. Early/jj in/in 1939/cd ,/, Odilo/np Globocnik/np ,/, the/at Gauleiter/fw-nn-tl of/in-tl Vienna/np-tl ,/, established/vbd SS/np headquarters/nns for/in all/abn of/in Poland/np ./. The/at Bathyrans/nps ran/vbd a/at check/nn on/in Globocnik/np and/cc had/hvd only/rb to/to conclude/vb that/cs he/pps was/bedz in/in a/at tug/nn of/in war/nn with/in Hans/np Frank/np and/cc the/at civilian/jj administrators/nns ./. Globocnik/np built/vbd the/at Death's-Head/jj-tl Corps/nn-tl ./. Lublin/np was/bedz the/at seed/nn of/in action/nn for/in the/at ``/`` final/jj solution/nn ''/'' of/in the/at Jewish/jj problem/nn ./. As/cs the/at messages/nns from/in Himmler/np ,/, Heydrich/np ,/, and/cc Eichmann/np came/vbd in/rp through/in Alfred/np Funk/np ,/, Lublin's/np$ fountainhead/nn spouted/vbd ./. A/at bevy/nn of/in interlacing/vbg lagers/nns ,/, work/nn camps/nns ,/, concentration/nn camps/nns erupted/vbd in/in the/at area/nn ./. Sixty/cd thousand/cd Jewish/jj prisoners/nns of/in war/nn disappeared/vbd into/in Lublin's/np$ web/nn ./. Plans/nns went/vbd in/rp and/cc out/rp of/in Lublin/np ,/, indicating/vbg German/jj confusion/nn ./. A/at tale/nn of/in a/at massive/jj reservation/nn in/in the/at Uplands/nns-tl to/to hold/vb several/ap million/cd Jews/nps A/at tale/nn of/in a/at plan/nn to/to ship/vb all/abn Jews/nps to/in the/at island/nn of/in Madagascar/np Stories/nns of/in the/at depravity/nn of/in the/at guards/nns at/in Globocnik's/np$ camps/nns struck/vbd a/at chord/nn of/in terror/nn at/in the/at mere/jj mention/nn of/in their/pp$ names/nns ./. Lipowa/np 7/cd-tl ,/, Sobibor/np ,/, Chelmno/np ,/, Poltawa/np ,/, Belzec/np ,/, Krzywy-Rog/np ,/, Budzyn/np ,/, Krasnik/np ./. Ice/nn baths/nns ,/, electric/jj shocks/nns ,/, lashings/nns ,/, wild/jj dogs/nns ,/, testicle/nn crushers/nns ./. The/at Death's-Head/jj-tl Corps/nn-tl took/vbd in/rp Ukrainian/jj-tl and/cc Baltic/jj-tl Auxiliaries/nns-tl ,/, and/cc the/at Einsatzkommandos/fw-nns waded/vbd knee-deep/rb in/in blood/nn and/cc turned/vbd into/in drunken/jj ,/, dope-ridden/jj maniacs/nns ./. Lublin/np was/bedz their/pp$ heart/nn ./. In/in the/at spring/nn of/in 1942/cd Operation/nn-tl Reinhard/np-tl began/vbd in/in Lublin/np ./. The/at ghetto/nn ,/, a/at miniature/nn of/in Warsaw's/np$ ,/, was/bedz emptied/vbn into/in the/at camp/nn in/in the/at Majdan-Tartarski/np suburb/nn called/vbn Majdanek/np ./. As/cs the/at camp/nn emptied/vbd ,/, it/pps was/bedz refilled/vbn by/in a/at draining/nn of/in the/at camps/nns and/cc towns/nns around/in Lublin/np ,/, then/rb by/in deportees/nns from/in outside/in Poland/np ./. In/in and/cc in/in and/cc in/in they/ppss poured/vbd through/in the/at gates/nns of/in Majdanek/np ,/, but/cc they/ppss never/rb left/vbd ,/, and/cc Majdanek/np was/bedz not/* growing/vbg any/dti larger/jjr ./. What/wdt was/bedz happening/vbg in/in Majdanek/np ?/. ?/. Was/bedz Operation/nn-tl Reinhard/np-tl the/at same/ap pattern/nn for/in the/at daily/jj trains/nns now/rb leaving/vbg the/at Umschlagplatz/np in/in Warsaw/np ?/. ?/. Was/bedz there/ex another/dt Majdanek/np in/in the/at Warsaw/np area/nn ,/, as/cs they/ppss suspected/vbd ?/. ?/. Andrei/np stopped/vbd at/in Litowski/np-tl Place/nn-tl and/cc looked/vbd around/rb quickly/rb at/in the/at boundary/nn of/in civil/jj buildings/nns ./. His/pp$ watch/nn told/vbd him/ppo he/pps was/bedz still/rb early/jj ./. Down/in the/at boulevard/nn he/pps could/md see/vb a/at portion/nn of/in the/at ghetto/nn wall/nn ./. He/pps found/vbd an/at empty/jj bench/nn ,/, opened/vbd a/at newspaper/nn ,/, and/cc stretched/vbd his/pp$ legs/nns before/in him/ppo ./. Krakow/np-tl Boulevard/nn-tl was/bedz filled/vbn with/in black/jj Nazi/np uniforms/nns and/cc the/at dirty/jj brownish/jj ones/nns of/in their/pp$ Auxiliaries/nns-tl ./. ``/`` Captain/nn-tl Androfski/np ''/'' !/. !/. Andrei/np glanced/vbd up/rp over/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at paper/nn and/cc looked/vbd into/in the/at mustached/jj ,/, homely/jj face/nn of/in Sergeant/nn-tl Styka/np ./. Styka/np sat/vbd beside/in him/ppo and/cc pumped/vbd his/pp$ hand/nn excitedly/rb ./. ``/`` I/ppss have/hv been/ben waiting/vbg across/in the/at street/nn at/in the/at post/nn office/nn since/in dawn/nn ./. I/ppss thought/vbd you/ppss might/md get/vb in/rp on/in a/at morning/nn train/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` It's/pps+bez good/jj to/to see/vb you/ppo again/rb ,/, Styka/np ''/'' ./. Styka/np studied/vbd his/pp$ captain/nn ./. He/pps almost/rb broke/vbd into/in tears/nns ./. To/in him/ppo ,/, Andrei/np Androfski/np had/hvd always/rb been/ben the/at living/vbg symbol/nn of/in a/at Polish/jj officer/nn ./. His/pp$ captain/nn was/bedz thin/jj and/cc haggard/jj and/cc his/pp$ beautiful/jj boots/nns were/bed worn/vbn and/cc shabby/jj ./. ``/`` Remember/vb to/to call/vb me/ppo Jan/np ''/'' ,/, Andrei/np said/vbd ./. Styka/np nodded/vbd and/cc sniffed/vbd and/cc blew/vbd his/pp$ nose/nn vociferously/rb ./. ``/`` When/wrb that/dt woman/nn found/vbd me/ppo and/cc told/vbd me/ppo that/cs you/ppss needed/vbd me/ppo I/ppss was/bedz never/rb so/ql happy/jj since/in before/in the/at war/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem lucky/jj that/cs you/ppss were/bed still/rb living/vbg in/in Lublin/np ''/'' ./. Styka/np grumbled/vbd about/in fate/nn ./. ``/`` For/in a/at time/nn I/ppss thought/vbd of/in trying/vbg to/to reach/vb the/at Free/jj-tl Polish/jj-tl Forces/nns-tl ,/, but/cc one/cd thing/nn led/vbd to/in another/dt ./. I/ppss got/vbd a/at girl/nn in/in trouble/nn and/cc we/ppss had/hvd to/to get/vb married/vbn ./. Not/* a/at bad/jj girl/nn ./. So/cs we/ppss have/hv three/cd children/nns and/cc responsibilities/nns ./. I/ppss work/vb at/in the/at granary/nn ./. Nothing/pn like/cs the/at old/jj days/nns in/in the/at army/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss get/vb by/rb ./. Who/wps complains/vbz ?/. ?/. Many/ap times/nns I/ppss tried/vbd to/to reach/vb you/ppo ,/, but/cc I/ppss never/rb knew/vbd how/wrb ./. I/ppss came/vbd to/in Warsaw/np twice/rb ,/, but/cc there/ex was/bedz that/dt damned/vbn ghetto/nn wall/nn ''/'' ``/`` I/ppss understand/vb ''/'' ./. Styka/np blew/vbd his/pp$ nose/nn again/rb ./. ``/`` Were/bed you/ppss able/jj to/to make/vb the/at arrangements/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. Andrei/np asked/vbd ./. ``/`` There/ex is/bez a/at man/nn named/vbn Grabski/np who/wps is/bez the/at foreman/nn in/in charge/nn of/in the/at bricklayers/nns at/in Majdanek/np ./. I/ppss did/dod exactly/rb as/cs instructed/vbn ./. I/ppss told/vbd him/ppo you/ppss are/ber on/in orders/nns from/in the/at Home/nn-tl Army/nn-tl to/to get/vb inside/in Majdanek/np so/cs you/ppss can/md make/vb a/at report/nn to/in the/at government/nn in/in exile/nn in/in London/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` His/pp$ answer/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Ten/cd thousand/cd zlotys/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` Can/md he/pps be/be trusted/vbn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` He/pps is/bez aware/jj he/pps will/md not/* live/vb for/in twenty-four/cd hours/nns if/cs he/pps betrays/vbz you/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` Good/jj man/nn ,/, Styka/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` Captain/nn-tl Jan/np must/md you/ppo go/vb inside/in Majdanek/np ?/. ?/. The/at stories/nns Everyone/pn really/rb knows/vbz what/wdt is/bez happening/vbg there/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Not/* everyone/pn ,/, Styka/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt good/nn will/md it/pps really/rb do/do ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ./. Perhaps/rb perhaps/rb there/ex is/bez a/at shred/nn of/in conscience/nn left/vbn in/in the/at human/nn race/nn ./. Perhaps/rb if/cs they/ppss know/vb the/at story/nn there/ex will/md be/be a/at massive/jj cry/nn of/in indignation/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Do/do you/ppss really/rb believe/vb that/dt ,/, Jan/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I/ppss have/hv to/to believe/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. Styka/np shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn slowly/rb ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem only/rb a/at simple/jj soldier/nn ./. I/ppss cannot/md* think/vb things/nns out/rp too/ql well/rb ./. Until/cs I/ppss was/bedz transferred/vbn into/in the/at Seventh/od-tl Ulanys/nps I/ppss was/bedz like/cs every/at other/ap Pole/np in/in my/pp$ feeling/nn about/in Jews/nps ./. I/ppss hated/vbd you/ppo when/wrb I/ppss first/rb came/vbd in/rp ./. But/cc my/pp$ captain/nn might/md have/hv been/ben a/at Jew/np ,/, but/cc he/pps wasn't/bedz* a/at Jew/np ./. What/wdt I/ppss mean/vb is/bez ,/, he/pps was/bedz a/at Pole/np and/cc the/at greatest/jjt soldier/nn in/in the/at Ulanys/nps ./. Hell/uh ,/, sir/nn ./. The/at men/nns of/in our/pp$ company/nn had/hvd a/at dozen/nn fights/nns defending/vbg your/pp$ name/nn ./. You/ppss never/rb knew/vbd about/in it/ppo ,/, but/cc by/in God/np ,/, we/ppss taught/vbd them/ppo respect/nn for/in Captain/nn-tl Androfski/np ''/'' ./. Andrei/np smiled/vbd ./. ``/`` Since/in the/at war/nn I/ppss have/hv seen/vbn the/at way/nn the/at Germans/nps have/hv behaved/vbn and/cc I/ppss think/vb ,/, Holy/jj-tl Mother/nn-tl ,/, we/ppss have/hv behaved/vbn like/in this/dt for/in hundreds/nns of/in years/nns ./. Why/wrb ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` How/wrb can/md you/ppss tell/vb an/at insane/jj man/nn to/to reason/vb or/cc a/at blind/jj man/nn to/to see/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` But/cc we/ppss are/ber neither/cc blind/jj nor/cc insane/jj ./. The/at men/nns of/in your/pp$ company/nn would/md not/* allow/vb your/pp$ name/nn dishonored/vbn ./. Why/wrb do/do we/ppss let/vb the/at Germans/nps do/do this/dt ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I/ppss have/hv sat/vbn many/ap hours/nns with/in this/dt ,/, Styka/np ./. All/abn I/ppss ever/rb wanted/vbd was/bedz to/to be/be a/at free/jj man/nn in/in my/pp$ own/jj country/nn ./. I've/ppss+hv lost/vbn faith/nn ,/, Styka/np ./. I/ppss used/vbd to/to love/vb this/dt country/nn and/cc believe/vb that/cs someday/rb we'd/ppss+md win/vb our/pp$ battle/nn for/in equality/nn ./. But/cc now/rb I/ppss think/vb I/ppss hate/vb it/ppo very/ql much/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` And/cc do/do you/ppss really/rb think/vb that/cs the/at world/nn outside/in Poland/np will/md care/vb any/dti more/rbr than/cs we/ppss do/do ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at question/nn frightened/vbd Andrei/np ./. ``/`` Please/vb don't/do* go/vb inside/in Majdanek/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem still/rb a/at soldier/nn in/in a/at very/ql small/jj way/nn ,/, Styka/np ''/'' ./. It/pps was/bedz an/at answer/nn that/cs Styka/np understood/vbd ./. Grabski's/np$ shanty/nn was/bedz beyond/in the/at bridge/nn over/in the/at River/nn-tl Bystrzyca/np-tl near/in the/at rail/nn center/nn ./. Grabski/np sat/vbd in/in a/at sweat-saturated/jj undershirt/nn ,/, cursing/vbg the/at excessive/jj heat/nn which/wdt clamped/vbd an/at uneasy/jj stillness/nn before/in sundown/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at square/nn brick/nn of/in a/at man/nn with/in a/at moon-round/jj face/nn and/cc sunken/jj Polish/jj features/nns ./. Flies/nns swarmed/vbd around/in the/at bowl/nn of/in lentils/nns in/in which/wdt he/pps mopped/vbd thick/jj black/jj bread/nn ./. Half/abn of/in it/ppo dripped/vbn down/in his/pp$ chin/nn ./. He/pps washed/vbd it/ppo down/rp with/in beer/nn and/cc produced/vbd a/at deep-seated/jj belch/nn ./. ``/`` Well/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. Andrei/np demanded/vbd ./. Grabski/np looked/vbd at/in the/at pair/nn of/in them/ppo ./. He/pps grunted/vbd a/at sort/nn of/in ``/`` yes/rb ''/'' answer/nn ./. ``/`` My/pp$ cousin/nn works/vbz at/in the/at Labor/nn-tl Bureau/nn-tl ./. He/pps can/md make/vb you/ppo work/nn papers/nns ./. It/pps will/md take/vb a/at few/ap days/nns ./. I/ppss will/md get/vb you/ppo inside/in the/at guard/nn camp/nn as/cs a/at member/nn of/in my/pp$ crew/nn ./. I/ppss don't/do* know/vb if/cs I/ppss can/md get/vb you/ppo into/in the/at inner/jj camp/nn ./. Maybe/rb yes/rb ,/, maybe/rb no/rb ,/, but/cc you/ppss can/md observe/vb everything/pn from/in the/at roof/nn of/in a/at barrack/nn we/ppss are/ber building/vbg ''/'' ./. Grabski/np slurped/vbd his/pp$ way/nn to/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at soup/nn bowl/nn ./. ``/`` Can't/md* understand/vb why/wrb the/at hell/nn anyone/pn wants/vbz to/to go/vb inside/rb that/dt son-of-a-bitch/nn place/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Orders/nns from/in the/at Home/nn-tl Army/nn-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` Why/wrb ?/. ?/. Nothing/pn there/rb but/in Jews/nps ''/'' ./. Andrei/np shrugged/vbd ./. ``/`` We/ppss get/vb strange/jj orders/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` Well/rb --/-- what/wdt about/in the/at money/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Andrei/np peeled/vbd off/rp five/cd one-thousand-zloty/nn notes/nns ./. Grabski/np had/hvd never/rb seen/vbn so/ql much/ap money/nn ./. His/pp$ broad/jj flat/jj fingers/nns ,/, petrified/vbn into/in massive/jj sausages/nns by/in years/nns of/in bricklaying/nn ,/, snatched/vbd the/at bills/nns clumsily/rb ./. ``/`` This/dt ain't/bez* enough/qlp ''/'' ./. ``/`` You/ppss get/vb the/at rest/nn when/wrb I'm/ppss+bem safely/rb out/in of/in Majdanek/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss ain't/bem* taking/vbg no/at goddamned/vbn chances/nns for/in no/at Jew/np business/nn ''/'' ./. Andrei/np and/cc Styka/np were/bed silent/jj ./.

ck18

ck18 |@word get:13 real:2 dramatic:2 would:29 impressed:1 remember:1 play:1 hedda:1 gabler:1 highschool:1 dramatics:1 course:2 want:6 back:6 break:1 record:2 nothing:2 free:1 whole:1 goddam:1 world:3 could:11 think:4 say:8 deliver:1 gem:1 order:1 another:1 drink:6 forget:2 thelma:7 kentucky:1 derby:1 fifty:2 dollar:4 spend:2 eileen:26 drunk:4 together:6 like:6 use:4 old:4 day:4 stare:1 across:1 table:3 crazy:2 hand:4 partly:1 wring:1 neck:2 ornery:1 mostly:1 wonderful:2 touch:1 sober:1 attractive:1 woman:3 call:4 wild:1 right:5 evening:5 turn:2 hell:3 move:1 broadway:1 ginmill:2 routine:1 dance:1 little:7 tiny:1 dancing:1 step:1 hummed:1 tune:1 hardly:1 notice:1 try:4 pick:1 strange:2 man:8 time:6 ready:2 walk:2 pull:1 talk:1 understandingly:1 sweet:2 husky:1 voice:2 good:3 happiness:1 hook:1 decency:1 tell:6 meet:4 friend:2 home:3 late:1 scratch:1 eye:6 cry:1 stamp:1 foot:1 come:8 phone:2 booth:1 know:6 hate:2 take:5 hudson:2 street:3 make:7 carry:1 upstairs:1 cling:1 let:4 go:7 jacket:1 chair:1 straw:1 hat:1 place:2 smelt:1 kind:1 hair:4 lotion:1 pimplike:1 character:1 ballestre:2 shake:1 listen:3 precious:8 suddenly:2 mysterious:1 allow:1 absolute:1 freedom:1 jealous:1 bring:1 husband:3 object:2 well:2 poke:1 nose:1 slug:1 really:2 funny:1 begin:1 laugh:4 still:4 grab:1 start:1 roll:1 bed:2 flesh:1 blood:1 plaster:1 saint:1 wake:1 horrible:1 never:7 life:4 feel:6 remorseful:1 anything:1 night:4 wife:1 hangover:1 declare:1 lift:1 head:3 pillow:1 lie:2 cover:1 jab:1 motion:1 forefinger:1 look:4 coffeepot:1 stumble:1 undershirt:1 find:3 way:7 around:3 damn:1 kitchenette:2 smell:2 sickish:1 hairtonic:1 somebody:1 else:1 apartment:1 stiffen:1 honest:2 stand:1 dog:1 fight:2 percolator:1 bleary:1 barely:1 see:2 smooth:4 olivefaced:1 guy:2 new:2 spring:1 overcoat:1 taffycolore:1 fedora:1 brown:1 eyebrow:1 mustache:1 oval:1 face:3 without:1 expression:1 speak:1 screech:1 joseph:1 maria:1 francis:2 xavier:2 bowman:1 exboyfriend:1 exhusband:1 give:3 nasty:1 ever:3 hear:2 either:2 property:1 sidewalk:1 enjoy:1 situation:3 imagine:1 psychologist:1 instead:1 sock:1 poor:3 bastard:1 fellowfeeling:1 maybe:1 lowdown:1 hound:1 first:3 thing:4 cook:1 breakfast:1 coffeecup:1 handsome:1 queen:1 among:1 courtier:1 even:1 nerve:1 telephone:2 write:2 bond:1 prove:1 strong:1 ask:1 send:1 clothe:2 express:1 address:1 near:1 pleasant:1 note:2 beautiful:1 last:1 part:1 goodbye:1 forever:1 word:1 add:1 postscript:1 beg:1 careful:1 must:2 great:2 weakness:1 underline:1 three:1 afterwards:1 learn:1 big:3 scene:1 away:1 finish:1 trust:1 squeeze:1 drama:1 shack:1 filthy:1 fourth:1 floor:1 attic:1 phrase:1 advisedly:1 something:2 positively:1 indecent:1 relationship:1 eat:1 till:1 later:1 always:2 sleep:1 hall:1 bedroom:1 stair:1 pay:3 rent:1 throw:1 boy:1 needle:1 sure:2 attention:1 twotime:1 safe:1 side:1 sight:1 worried:1 racket:1 pimp:1 procurer:1 seem:4 civil:1 spoken:1 tough:1 selfeffacing:1 manner:1 treat:1 valet:1 whenever:1 clean:2 meal:1 serve:1 work:2 business:2 money:2 pocket:1 disconnect:1 telegram:1 special:1 messenger:1 disappear:1 several:1 connection:1 hurt:1 smile:1 put:1 lead:1 question:1 oh:1 international:1 spy:1 shout:1 screechy:1 devil:1 happy:2 relief:1 though:1 sometimes:2 buy:1 leave:3 untouched:1 liquor:1 ride:1 pretty:1 hard:2 guess:1 occasionally:1 push:2 far:1 narrow:1 cruel:1 bony:1 skull:1 show:1 kill:1 every:1 handle:1 much:1 common:1 trouble:1 cost:1 hit:1 need:2 ten:1 fifteen:1 wheedle:1 raise:1 kale:1 hock:1 respectable:1 uptown:1 cent:2 pat:10 town:2 heavy:1 jim:2 bullet:1 curly:1 reddish:1 pokerfaced:1 humor:1 brain:1 charm:1 thick:1 beefy:1 violent:1 may:1 lecher:1 plugugly:1 churchgoing:1 catholic:1 love:2 sister:2 irish:1 clannishness:1 stick:1 spite:1 politic:1 everything:1 dinner:1 swell:1 steak:1 house:1 tear:1 god:2 hath:1 join:1 etcetera:1 religious:1 people:1 except:1 kate:1 keep:1 girl:3 mischief:1 worry:1 since:1 lose:1 job:4 fashion:1 magazine:1 hollywood:1 editor:1 art:1 apparel:1 help:2 demure:1 communion:1 blow:1 water:1 brother:1 ice:1 cream:1 baby:3 thought:1 happen:2 soon:1 count:1 finger:1 enough:1 live:1 six:1 week:1 meanwhile:1 bubble:1 sentiment:1 settle:1 honor:1 obey:1 quit:1 east:1 christening:1 separate:1 hundred:1 bill:1 towards:1 layette:1 fix:1 contact:1 labor:2 movement:2 name:1 frank:1 sposato:4 muscle:1 portwatcher:3 union:1 retire:1 longshoreman:1 small:1 seafarer:1 towboat:1 barge:1 act:2 watchmen:1 wharf:1 elderly:1 responsible:1 dangerous:1 thieving:1 awful:1 port:1 york:1 one:1 reason:1 protection:1 muscleman:1 front:1 stiff:2 agent:1 redhook:1 local:1 retired:1 wobbly:1 structural:1 iron:1 worker:2 gouge:1 fellow:1 thirty:1 year:1 radicalism:1 recommendation:1 wait:1 hire:1 gray:1 weatherbeaten:1 countenance:1 certainly:1 working:1

She/pps was/bedz getting/vbg real/ql dramatic/jj ./. I'd/ppss+md have/hv been/ben more/ql impressed/vbn if/cs I/ppss hadn't/hvd* remembered/vbn that/cs she'd/pps+hvd played/vbn Hedda/np Gabler/np in/in her/pp$ highschool/nn dramatics/nn course/nn ./. I/ppss didn't/dod* want/vb her/ppo back/rb on/in that/ql broken/vbn record/nn ./. ``/`` Nothing's/pn+bez free/jj in/in the/at whole/jj goddam/jj world/nn ''/'' ,/, was/bedz all/abn I/ppss could/md think/vb of/in to/to say/vb ./. When/wrb I'd/ppss+hvd delivered/vbn myself/ppl of/in that/dt gem/nn there/ex was/bedz nothing/pn to/to do/do but/cc order/vb up/rp another/dt drink/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ./. I'd/ppss+hvd forgotten/vbn all/abn about/in Thelma/np and/cc the/at Kentucky/np-tl Derby/nn-tl and/cc how/wrb it/pps was/bedz Thelma's/np$ fifty/cd dollars/nns I/ppss was/bedz spending/vbg ./. It/pps was/bedz just/rb me/ppo and/cc Eileen/np getting/vbg drunk/nn together/rb like/cs we/ppss used/vbd to/to in/in the/at old/jj days/nns ,/, and/cc me/ppo staring/vbg at/in her/ppo across/in the/at table/nn crazy/jj to/to get/vb my/pp$ hands/nns on/in her/ppo partly/rb because/cs I/ppss wanted/vbd to/to wring/vb her/pp$ neck/nn because/cs she/pps was/bedz so/ql ornery/jj but/cc mostly/rb because/cs she/pps was/bedz so/ql wonderful/jj to/to touch/vb ./. Drunk/jj or/cc sober/jj she/pps was/bedz the/at most/ql attractive/jj woman/nn in/in the/at world/nn for/in me/ppo ./. I/ppss was/bedz crazy/jj about/in her/ppo all/abn over/rp again/rb ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at call/nn of/in the/at wild/jj all/ql right/rb ./. That/dt evening/nn turned/vbd out/rp to/to be/be hell/nn like/cs all/abn the/at others/nns ./. We/ppss moved/vbd down/in Broadway/np from/in ginmill/nn to/in ginmill/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at same/ap old/jj routine/nn ./. Eileen/np got/vbd to/to dancing/vbg ,/, just/rb a/at little/jj tiny/jj dancing/vbg step/nn to/in a/at hummed/vbn tune/nn that/cs you/ppss could/md hardly/rb notice/vb ,/, and/cc trying/vbg to/to pick/vb up/in strange/jj men/nns ,/, but/cc each/dt time/nn I/ppss was/bedz ready/jj to/to say/vb to/in hell/nn with/in it/ppo and/cc walk/vb out/rp she'd/pps+md pull/vb herself/ppl together/rb and/cc talk/vb so/ql understandingly/rb in/in that/dt sweet/jj husky/jj voice/nn about/in the/at good/jj times/nns and/cc the/at happiness/nn we'd/ppss+hvd had/hvn together/rb and/cc there/rb I/ppss was/bedz back/rb on/in the/at hook/nn ./. I/ppss did/dod have/hv the/at decency/nn to/to call/vb up/rp Thelma/np and/cc tell/vb her/ppo I'd/ppss+hvd met/vbn old/jj friends/nns and/cc would/md be/be home/nr late/jj ./. ``/`` I/ppss could/md scratch/vb her/ppo eyes/nns out/rp ''/'' ,/, Eileen/np cried/vbd and/cc stamped/vbd her/pp$ foot/nn when/wrb I/ppss came/vbd back/rb from/in the/at phone/nn booth/nn ./. ``/`` You/ppss know/vb I/ppss don't/do* like/vb my/pp$ men/nns to/to have/hv other/ap women/nns ./. I/ppss hate/vb it/ppo ./. I/ppss hate/vb it/ppo ''/'' ./. She/pps got/vbd so/ql drunk/jj I/ppss had/hvd to/to take/vb her/ppo home/nr ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at walk/nn up/rp on/in Hudson/np-tl Street/nn-tl ./. She/pps just/rb about/rb made/vbn me/ppo carry/vb her/ppo upstairs/rb and/cc then/rb she/pps clung/vbd to/in me/ppo and/cc wouldn't/md* let/vb me/ppo go/vb ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at man's/nn$ jacket/nn on/in the/at chair/nn and/cc a/at straw/nn hat/nn on/in the/at table/nn ./. The/at place/nn smelt/vbd of/in some/dti kind/nn of/in hair/nn lotion/nn these/dts pimplike/jj characters/nns use/vb ./. ``/`` What/wdt about/in Ballestre/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. I/ppss had/hvd to/to shake/vb her/ppo to/to make/vb her/ppo listen/vb ./. ``/`` Precious/jj ./. What/wdt about/in him/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. Suddenly/rb she/pps was/bedz very/ql mysterious/jj and/cc dramatic/jj ./. ``/`` Precious/jj and/cc I/ppss allow/vb each/dt other/ap absolute/jj freedom/nn ./. We/ppss are/ber above/rb being/beg jealous/jj ./. He's/pps+bez used/vbn to/in me/ppo bringing/vbg home/nr strange/jj men/nns ./. I'll/ppss+md just/rb tell/vb him/ppo you're/ppss+ber my/pp$ husband/nn ./. He/pps can't/md* object/vb to/in that/dt ''/'' ./. ``/`` Well/uh I/ppss object/vb ./. If/cs he/pps pokes/vbz his/pp$ nose/nn in/in here/rb I'll/ppss+md slug/vb him/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` That/wps really/rb would/md be/be funny/jj ''/'' ./. She/pps began/vbd to/to laugh/vb ./. She/pps was/bedz still/rb laughing/vbg when/wrb I/ppss grabbed/vbd her/ppo and/cc started/vbd rolling/vbg her/ppo on/in the/at bed/nn ./. After/in all/abn I'm/ppss+bem made/vbn of/in flesh/nn and/cc blood/nn ./. I'm/ppss+bem not/* a/at plaster/nn saint/nn ./. Waking/vbg up/rp was/bedz horrible/jj ./. Never/rb in/in my/pp$ life/nn have/hv I/ppss felt/vbn so/ql remorseful/jj about/in anything/pn I've/ppss+hv done/vbn as/cs I/ppss did/dod about/in spending/vbg that/dt night/nn with/in my/pp$ own/jj wife/nn ./. We/ppss both/abx had/hvd hangovers/nns ./. Eileen/np declared/vbd she/pps couldn't/md* lift/vb her/pp$ head/nn from/in the/at pillow/nn ./. She/pps lay/vbd under/in the/at covers/nns making/vbg jabbing/vbg motions/nns with/in her/pp$ forefinger/nn telling/vbg me/ppo where/wrb to/to look/vb for/in the/at coffeepot/nn ./. I/ppss was/bedz stumbling/vbg in/in my/pp$ undershirt/nn trying/vbg to/to find/vb my/pp$ way/nn around/in her/pp$ damn/jj kitchenette/nn when/wrb I/ppss smelt/vbd that/dt sickish/jj sweet/jj hairtonic/nn smell/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz somebody/pn else/rb in/in the/at apartment/nn ./. I/ppss stiffened/vbd ./. Honest/jj I/ppss could/md feel/vb the/at hair/nn stand/nn up/rp on/in the/at back/nn of/in my/pp$ neck/nn like/cs a/at dog's/nn$ that/dt is/bez going/vbg to/to get/vb into/in a/at fight/nn ./. I/ppss turned/vbd around/in with/in the/at percolator/nn in/in my/pp$ hand/nn ./. My/pp$ eyes/nns were/bed so/ql bleary/jj I/ppss could/md barely/rb see/vb him/ppo but/cc there/ex he/pps was/bedz ,/, a/at little/jj smooth/jj olivefaced/jj guy/nn in/in a/at new/jj spring/nn overcoat/nn and/cc a/at taffycolored/jj fedora/nn ./. Brown/jj eyes/nns ,/, eyebrow/nn mustache/nn ./. Oval/nn face/nn without/in an/at expression/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./. We/ppss didn't/dod* have/hv time/nn to/to speak/vb before/cs Eileen's/np$ voice/nn was/bedz screeching/vbg at/in us/ppo from/in the/at bed/nn ./. ``/`` Joseph/np Maria/np Ballestre/np meet/vb Francis/np Xavier/np Bowman/np ./. Exboyfriend/nn meet/vb exhusband/nn ''/'' ./. She/pps gave/vbd the/at nastiest/jjt laugh/nn I/ppss ever/rb heard/vbd ./. ``/`` And/cc don't/do* either/dtx of/in you/ppo forget/vb that/cs I'm/ppss+bem not/* any/dti man's/nn$ property/nn ./. If/cs you/ppss want/vb to/to fight/vb ,/, go/vb down/rp on/in the/at sidewalk/nn ''/'' ./. She/pps was/bedz enjoying/vbg the/at situation/nn ./. Imagine/vb that/dt ./. Eileen/np was/bedz a/at psychologist/nn all/ql right/rb ./. Instead/rb of/in wanting/vbg to/to sock/vb the/at poor/jj bastard/nn I/ppss found/vbd myself/ppl having/hvg a/at fellowfeeling/nn for/in him/ppo ./. Maybe/rb he/pps felt/vbd the/at same/ap way/nn ./. I/ppss never/rb felt/vbd such/abl a/at lowdown/jj hound/nn in/in my/pp$ life/nn ./. First/od thing/nn I/ppss knew/vbd he/pps was/bedz in/in the/at kitchenette/nn cooking/vbg up/rp the/at breakfast/nn and/cc I/ppss was/bedz handing/vbg Eileen/np her/pp$ coffeecup/nn and/cc she/pps was/bedz lying/vbg there/rb handsome/jj as/cs a/at queen/nn among/in her/pp$ courtiers/nns ./. I/ppss couldn't/md* face/vb Thelma/np after/in that/dt night/nn ./. I/ppss didn't/dod* even/rb have/hv the/at nerve/nn to/to call/vb her/ppo on/in the/at telephone/nn ./. I/ppss wrote/vbd her/ppo that/cs I'd/ppss+md met/vbd up/rp with/in Eileen/np and/cc that/ql old/jj bonds/nns had/hvd proved/vbn too/ql strong/jj and/cc asked/vbd her/ppo to/to send/vb my/pp$ clothes/nns down/rp by/in express/nn ./. Of/in course/nn I/ppss had/hvd to/to give/vb her/ppo Eileen's/np$ address/nn ,/, but/cc she/pps never/rb came/vbd near/in us/ppo ./. All/abn she/pps did/dod was/bedz write/vb me/ppo a/at pleasant/jj little/jj note/nn about/in how/wrb it/pps was/bedz beautiful/jj while/cs it/pps lasted/vbd but/cc that/cs now/rb life/nn had/hvd parted/vbn our/pp$ ways/nns and/cc it/pps was/bedz goodbye/uh forever/rb ./. She/pps never/rb said/vbd a/at word/nn about/in the/at fifty/cd dollars/nns ./. She/pps added/vbd a/at postscript/nn begging/vbg me/ppo to/to be/be careful/jj about/in drinking/vbg ./. I/ppss must/md know/vb that/cs that/dt was/bedz my/pp$ greatest/jjt weakness/nn underlined/vbn three/cd times/nns ./. Afterwards/rb I/ppss learned/vbd that/cs Eileen/np had/hvd called/vbn Thelma/np on/in the/at telephone/nn and/cc made/vbd a/at big/jj scene/nn about/in Thelma/np trying/vbg to/to take/vb her/pp$ husband/nn away/rb ./. That/wps finished/vbd me/ppo with/in Thelma/np ./. Trust/vb Eileen/np to/to squeeze/vb all/abn the/at drama/nn out/in of/in a/at situation/nn ./. And/cc there/rb I/ppss was/bedz shacked/vbn up/rp with/in Eileen/np in/in that/dt filthy/jj fourth/od floor/nn attic/nn on/in Hudson/np-tl Street/nn-tl ./. I/ppss use/vb the/at phrase/nn advisedly/rb because/cs there/ex was/bedz something/pn positively/rb indecent/jj about/in our/pp$ relationship/nn ./. I/ppss felt/vbd it/ppo and/cc it/pps ate/vbd on/in me/ppo all/abn the/at time/nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb how/wrb right/jj I/ppss was/bedz till/in later/rbr ./. What/wdt I/ppss did/dod know/nn was/bedz that/cs Precious/jj-tl was/bedz always/rb around/in ./. He/pps slept/vbd in/in the/at hall/nn bedroom/nn at/in the/at head/nn of/in the/at stairs/nns ./. ``/`` Who/wps do/do you/ppo think/vb pays/vbz the/at rent/nn ?/. ?/. You/ppss wouldn't/md* have/hv me/ppo throw/vb the/at poor/jj boy/nn out/rp on/in the/at street/nn ''/'' ,/, Eileen/np said/vbd when/wrb I/ppss needled/vbd her/ppo about/in it/ppo ./. I/ppss said/vbd sure/jj that/dt was/bedz what/wdt I/ppss wanted/vbd her/ppo to/to do/do but/cc she/pps paid/vbd no/at attention/nn ./. Eileen/np had/hvd a/at wonderful/jj way/nn of/in not/* listening/vbg to/in things/nns she/pps didn't/dod* want/vb to/to hear/vb ./. Still/rb I/ppss didn't/dod* think/vb she/pps was/bedz twotiming/vbg me/ppo with/in Precious/jj-tl right/ql then/rb ./. To/to be/be on/in the/at safe/jj side/nn I/ppss never/rb let/vb Eileen/np get/vb out/in of/in my/pp$ sight/nn day/nn or/cc night/nn ./. Precious/jj-tl had/hvd me/ppo worried/vbn ./. I/ppss couldn't/md* make/vb out/rp what/wdt his/pp$ racket/nn was/bedz ./. I'd/ppss+hvd thought/vbn him/ppo a/at pimp/nn or/cc procurer/nn but/cc he/pps didn't/dod* seem/vb to/to be/be ./. He/pps was/bedz smooth/jj and/cc civil/jj spoken/vbn but/cc it/pps seemed/vbd to/in me/ppo there/ex was/bedz something/pn tough/jj under/in his/pp$ selfeffacing/jj manner/nn ./. Still/rb he/pps let/vb Eileen/np treat/vb him/ppo like/cs a/at valet/nn ./. Whenever/wrb the/at place/nn was/bedz cleaned/vbn or/cc a/at meal/nn served/vbn it/pps was/bedz Precious/jj-tl who/wps did/dod the/at work/nn ./. I/ppss never/rb could/md find/vb out/rp what/wdt his/pp$ business/nn was/bedz ./. He/pps always/rb seemed/vbd to/to have/hv money/nn in/in his/pp$ pocket/nn ./. The/at phone/nn had/hvd been/ben disconnected/vbn but/cc telegrams/nns came/vbd for/in him/ppo and/cc notes/nns by/in special/jj messenger/nn ./. Now/rb and/cc then/rb he/pps would/md disappear/vb for/in several/ap days/nns ./. ``/`` Connections/nns ''/'' was/bedz all/abn he/pps would/md say/vb with/in that/dt smooth/jj hurt/jj smile/nn when/wrb I/ppss put/vbd leading/vbg questions/nns ./. ``/`` Oh/uh he's/pps+bez just/rb an/at international/jj spy/nn ''/'' ,/, Eileen/np would/md shout/vb with/in her/pp$ screechy/jj laugh/nn ./. Poor/jj devil/nn he/pps can't/md* have/hv been/ben too/ql happy/jj either/rb ./. He/pps got/vbd no/at relief/nn from/in drink/nn because/cs ,/, though/rb sometimes/rb Precious/jj-tl would/md buy/vb himself/ppl a/at drink/nn if/cs he/pps went/vbd out/rp with/in us/ppo in/in the/at evening/nn ,/, he'd/pps+md leave/vb it/ppo on/in the/at table/nn untouched/jj ./. When/wrb I/ppss was/bedz in/in liquor/nn I/ppss rode/vbd him/ppo pretty/ql hard/rb I/ppss guess/vb ./. Occasionally/rb if/cs I/ppss pushed/vbd him/ppo too/ql far/rb he'd/pps+md give/vb me/ppo a/at look/nn out/in of/in narrowed/vbn eyes/nns and/cc the/at hard/jj cruel/jj bony/jj skull/nn would/md show/vb through/in that/dt smooth/jj face/nn of/in his/pp$ ./. ``/`` Some/dti day/nn ''/'' ,/, I/ppss told/vbd Eileen/np ,/, ``/`` that/dt guy/nn will/md kill/vb us/ppo both/abx ''/'' ./. She/pps just/rb wouldn't/md* listen/vb ./. Getting/vbg drunk/nn every/at night/nn was/bedz the/at only/ap way/nn I/ppss could/md handle/vb the/at situation/nn ./. Eileen/np seemed/vbd to/to feel/vb the/at same/ap way/nn ./. We/ppss still/rb had/hvd that/dt much/ap in/in common/jj ./. The/at trouble/nn was/bedz drinking/vbg cost/vbd money/nn ./. The/at way/nn Eileen/np and/cc I/ppss were/bed hitting/vbg it/ppo up/rp ,/, we/ppss needed/vbd ten/cd or/cc fifteen/cd dollars/nns an/at evening/nn ./. Eileen/np must/md have/hv wheedled/vbn a/at little/ap out/in of/in Precious/jj-tl ./. I/ppss raised/vbd some/dti kale/nn by/in hocking/vbg the/at good/jj clothes/nns I/ppss had/hvd left/vbn over/rp from/in my/pp$ respectable/jj uptown/nn life/nn ,/, but/cc when/wrb that/dt was/bedz gone/vbn I/ppss didn't/dod* have/hv a/at cent/nn ./. I/ppss don't/do* know/vb what/wdt we/ppss would/md have/hv done/vbn if/cs Pat/np O'Dwyer/np hadn't/hvd* come/vbn to/in town/nn ./. Pat/np O'Dwyer/np looked/vbd like/cs a/at heavier/jjr Jim/np ./. He/pps had/hvd the/at same/ap bullet/nn head/nn of/in curly/jj reddish/jj hair/nn but/cc he/pps didn't/dod* have/hv Jim's/np$ pokerfaced/jj humor/nn or/cc his/pp$ brains/nns or/cc his/pp$ charm/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at big/jj thick/jj beefy/jj violent/jj man/nn ./. Now/rb Pat/np may/md have/hv been/ben a/at lecher/nn and/cc a/at plugugly/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz a/at good/jj churchgoing/jj Catholic/jj and/cc he/pps loved/vbd his/pp$ little/jj sister/nn ./. Those/dts O'Dwyers/np had/hvd that/cs Irish/jj clannishness/nn that/wps made/vbd them/ppo stick/vb together/rb in/in spite/in of/in politics/nn and/cc everything/pn ./. Pat/np took/vbd Eileen/np and/cc me/ppo out/rp to/in dinner/nn at/in a/at swell/jj steak/nn house/nn and/cc told/vbd us/ppo with/in tears/nns in/in his/pp$ eyes/nns how/wrb happy/jj he/pps was/bedz we/ppss had/hvd come/vbn together/rb again/rb ./. ``/`` Whom/wpo God/np hath/hvz joined/vbn ''/'' etcetera/rb ./. The/at O'Dwyers/np were/bed real/ql religious/jj people/nns except/in for/in Kate/np ./. Now/rb it/pps would/md be/be up/rp to/in me/ppo to/to keep/vb the/at little/jj girl/nn out/in of/in mischief/nn ./. Pat/np had/hvd been/ben worried/vbn as/cs hell/nn ever/rb since/cs she'd/pps+md lost/vbn her/pp$ job/nn on/in that/dt fashion/nn magazine/nn ./. It/pps had/hvd gone/vbn big/jj with/in the/at Hollywood/np girls/nns when/wrb he/pps told/vbd them/ppo his/pp$ sister/nn was/bedz an/at editor/nn of/in Art/nn-tl And/cc-tl Apparel/nn-tl ./. How/wrb about/in me/ppo trying/vbg to/to help/vb her/ppo get/vb her/pp$ job/nn back/rb ?/. ?/. All/abn evening/nn Eileen/np had/hvd been/ben as/ql demure/jj as/cs a/at little/jj girl/nn getting/vbg ready/jj for/in her/pp$ first/od communion/nn ./. It/pps just/rb about/rb blew/vbd us/ppo both/abx out/rp of/in the/at water/nn when/wrb Eileen/np suddenly/rb came/vbd out/rp with/in what/wdt she/pps came/vbd out/rp with/in ./. ``/`` But/cc brother/nn I/ppss can't/md* take/vb a/at job/nn right/ql now/rb ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd with/in her/pp$ eyes/nns on/in her/pp$ ice/nn cream/nn ,/, ``/`` I'm/ppss+bem going/vbg to/to have/hv a/at baby/nn ,/, Francis/np Xavier's/np$ baby/nn ,/, my/pp$ own/jj husband's/nn$ baby/nn ''/'' ./. My/pp$ first/od thought/nn was/bedz how/wrb had/hvd it/ppo happened/vbn so/ql soon/rb ,/, but/cc I/ppss counted/vbd back/rb on/in my/pp$ fingers/nns and/cc sure/rb enough/qlp we'd/ppss+hvd been/ben living/vbg together/rb six/cd weeks/nns ./. Pat/np meanwhile/rb was/bedz bubbling/vbg over/rp with/in sentiment/nn ./. Greatest/jjt thing/nn that/wps ever/rb happened/vbd ./. Now/rb Eileen/np really/rb would/md have/hv to/to settle/vb down/rp to/to love/vb honor/vb and/cc obey/vb ,/, and/cc she'd/pps+md have/hv to/to quit/vb drinking/vbg ./. He'd/pps+md come/vb East/nr-tl for/in the/at christening/nn ,/, by/in God/np he/pps would/md ./. When/wrb we/ppss separated/vbd that/dt evening/nn Pat/np pushed/vbd a/at hundred/cd dollar/nn bill/nn into/in Eileen's/np$ hand/nn to/to help/vb towards/in a/at layette/nn ./. Before/cs he/pps left/vbd town/nn Pat/np saw/vbd to/in it/ppo that/cs I/ppss was/bedz fixed/vbn up/rp with/in a/at job/nn ./. Pat/np had/hvd contacts/nns all/abn over/in the/at labor/nn movement/nn ./. A/at friend/nn of/in Pat's/np$ named/vbn Frank/np Sposato/np had/hvd just/rb muscled/vbn into/in the/at Portwatchers'/nns$-tl Union/nn-tl ./. The/at portwatchers/nns were/bed retired/vbn longshoremen/nns and/cc small/jj time/nn seafarers/nns off/in towboats/nns and/cc barges/nns who/wps acted/vbd as/cs watchmen/nns on/in the/at wharves/nns ./. Most/ap of/in them/ppo were/bed elderly/jj men/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz responsible/jj and/cc sometimes/rb dangerous/jj work/nn because/cs the/at thieving/vbg is/bez awful/jj in/in the/at port/nn of/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ./. They/ppss weren't/bed* as/ql well/rb paid/vbn as/cs they/ppss should/md have/hv been/ben ./. One/cd reason/nn the/at portwatchers/nns let/vb Sposato/np take/vb them/ppo over/rp was/bedz to/to get/vb the/at protection/nn of/in his/pp$ musclemen/nns ./. Sposato/np needed/vbd a/at front/nn ,/, some/dti labor/nn stiff/nn with/in a/at clean/jj record/nn to/to act/vb as/cs business/nn agent/nn of/in the/at Redhook/np local/nn ./. There/rb I/ppss was/bedz a/at retired/vbn wobbly/jj and/cc structural/jj iron/nn worker/nn who'd/wps+hvd never/rb gouged/vbn a/at cent/nn off/in a/at fellow/nn worker/nn in/in my/pp$ thirty/cd years/nns in/in the/at movement/nn ./. For/in once/rb radicalism/nn was/bedz a/at recommendation/nn ./. Sposato/np couldn't/md* wait/vb to/to get/vb me/ppo hired/vbn ./. With/in my/pp$ gray/jj hair/nn and/cc my/pp$ weatherbeaten/jj countenance/nn I/ppss certainly/rb looked/vbd the/at honest/jj working/vbg stiff/nn ./. The/at things/nns a/at man/nn will/md do/do for/in a/at woman/nn ./.

ck19

ck19 |@word one:8 fact:1 rector:32 could:11 overlook:1 truth:2 deny:1 long:2 two:5 human:1 work:5 together:2 project:1 would:21 competition:2 escape:2 expect:2 grave:1 matter:3 devoted:1 man:2 fully:1 give:7 life:3 lord:4 never:6 extinguish:1 spark:1 pride:1 definition:1 individual:1 job:3 mission:15 may:1 equal:2 eye:3 certainly:1 servant:1 natural:1 fletcher:5 strive:1 position:1 make:8 decision:1 even:2 prey:1 spirit:4 know:4 exalted:1 office:3 hierarchy:1 church:2 ambition:2 bishopry:1 die:1 early:1 career:1 clear:1 victory:3 talk:2 colonel:1 sure:3 much:4 desire:1 due:1 devotion:1 ego:1 demand:1 satisfied:1 intertwine:1 separate:1 want:8 desperately:1 see:5 kayabashi:12 defeat:1 communist:1 village:7 root:1 stand:1 triumphant:2 triumph:1 perhaps:1 part:2 eternal:1 plan:4 link:1 god:1 drive:1 indefatigable:1 force:1 good:4 world:1 sigh:2 foolish:1 try:4 fathom:2 area:1 faith:1 suffice:1 without:2 question:2 motive:1 content:1 thought:1 eventual:1 however:1 bring:4 sweet:1 indeed:1 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oh:1 guess:1 right:3 guest:1 afternoon:2 three:3 convenience:1 hang:1 note:1 hesitancy:1 voice:1 conversation:1 something:1 beg:1 inquire:1 safe:2 traveler:1 laugh:1 despite:1 add:1 san:1 road:2 condition:1 party:3 arigato:1 gosaimasu:1 relief:1 click:1 idea:1 visit:3 trip:2 sign:1 great:2 weakness:1 indication:1 equally:1 confidence:1 available:1 latter:1 must:1 feel:1 fairly:1 certain:1 order:2 easily:1 misinterpret:1 people:1 unlikely:1 mere:1 associate:1 specific:1 purpose:1 arrive:1 call:1 think:3 kitchen:1 mrs:1 yamata:1 prepare:1 tea:2 sushi:1 visitor:2 formal:1 english:1 china:1 silver:1 service:1 donate:1 outside:2 inspect:1 ground:1 fujimoto:2 pile:1 cutting:1 side:1 lawn:2 compound:3 effortlessly:1 spotless:1 initial:1 impression:2 finish:1 clean:1 press:1 many:2 pamphlet:1 stock:1 hundred:1 thousand:1 enact:1 tableau:1 explain:2 effect:3 create:2 picture:1 busy:3 deceive:1 exactly:2 display:1 activity:2 graphic:1 impressive:1 nod:2 arrange:1 thing:3 request:1 next:1 stop:1 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pleasant:1

There/ex was/bedz one/cd fact/nn which/wdt Rector/np could/md not/* overlook/vb ,/, one/cd truth/nn which/wdt he/pps could/md not/* deny/vb ./. As/ql long/jj as/cs there/ex were/bed two/cd human/nn beings/nns working/vbg together/rb on/in the/at same/ap project/nn ,/, there/ex would/md be/be competition/nn and/cc you/ppss could/md no/at more/rbr escape/vb it/ppo than/cs you/ppss could/md expect/vb to/to escape/vb the/at grave/nn ./. No/at matter/nn how/wrb devoted/vbn a/at man/nn was/bedz ,/, no/at matter/nn how/wrb fully/rb he/pps gave/vbd his/pp$ life/nn to/in the/at Lord/nn-tl ,/, he/pps could/md never/rb extinguish/vb that/dt one/cd spark/nn of/in pride/nn that/wps gave/vbd him/ppo definition/nn as/cs an/at individual/nn ./. All/abn of/in the/at jobs/nns in/in the/at mission/nn might/md be/be equal/jj in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in the/at Lord/nn-tl ,/, but/cc they/ppss were/bed certainly/rb not/* equal/jj in/in the/at eyes/nns of/in the/at Lord's/np$ servants/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz only/rb natural/jj that/wps Fletcher/np would/md strive/vb for/in a/at position/nn in/in which/wdt he/pps could/md make/vb the/at decisions/nns ./. Even/rb Rector/np himself/ppl was/bedz prey/nn to/in this/dt spirit/nn of/in competition/nn and/cc he/pps knew/vbd it/ppo ,/, not/* for/in a/at more/rbr exalted/vbn office/nn in/in the/at hierarchy/nn of/in the/at church/nn --/-- his/pp$ ambitions/nns for/in the/at bishopry/nn had/hvd died/vbn very/ql early/rb in/in his/pp$ career/nn --/-- but/cc for/in the/at one/cd clear/jj victory/nn he/pps had/hvd talked/vbn about/rb to/in the/at colonel/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* sure/jj how/wrb much/ap of/in this/dt desire/nn was/bedz due/jj to/in his/pp$ devotion/nn to/in the/at church/nn and/cc how/wrb much/ap was/bedz his/pp$ own/jj ego/nn ,/, demanding/vbg to/to be/be satisfied/vbn ,/, for/cs the/at two/cd were/bed intertwined/vbn and/cc could/md not/* be/be separated/vbn ./. He/pps wanted/vbd desperately/rb to/to see/vb Kayabashi/np defeated/vbd ,/, the/at Communists/nns-tl in/in the/at village/nn rooted/vbd out/rp ,/, the/at mission/nn standing/vbg triumphant/jj ,/, for/cs in/in the/at triumph/nn of/in the/at Lord/nn-tl he/pps himself/ppl would/md be/be triumphant/jj ,/, too/rb ./. But/cc perhaps/rb this/dt was/bedz a/at part/nn of/in the/at eternal/jj plan/nn ,/, that/dt man's/nn$ ambition/nn when/wrb linked/vbn with/in God/np would/md be/be a/at driving/vbg ,/, indefatigable/jj force/nn for/in good/nn in/in the/at world/nn ./. He/pps sighed/vbd ./. How/wrb foolish/jj it/pps was/bedz to/to try/vb to/to fathom/vb the/at truth/nn in/in an/at area/nn where/wrb only/rb faith/nn would/md suffice/vb ./. He/pps would/md have/hv to/to work/vb without/in questioning/vbg the/at motives/nns which/wdt made/vbd him/ppo work/vb and/cc content/vb himself/ppl with/in the/at thought/nn that/cs the/at eventual/jj victory/nn ,/, however/wrb it/pps was/bedz brought/vbn about/rb ,/, would/md be/be sweet/jj indeed/qlp ./. His/pp$ first/od move/nn was/bedz to/to send/vb Hino/np to/in the/at village/nn to/to spend/vb a/at few/ap days/nns ./. His/pp$ arm/nn had/hvd been/ben giving/vbg him/ppo some/dti trouble/nn and/cc Rector/np was/bedz not/* enough/ap of/in a/at medical/jj expert/nn to/to determine/vb whether/cs it/pps had/hvd healed/vbn improperly/rb or/cc whether/cs Hino/np was/bedz simply/rb rebelling/vbg against/in the/at tedious/jj work/nn in/in the/at print/nn shop/nn ,/, using/vbg the/at stiffness/nn in/in his/pp$ arm/nn as/cs an/at excuse/nn ./. In/in any/dti event/nn Rector/np sent/vbd him/ppo to/in the/at local/jj hospital/nn to/to have/hv it/ppo checked/vbd ,/, telling/vbg him/ppo to/to keep/vb his/pp$ ears/nns open/jj while/cs he/pps was/bedz in/in the/at village/nn to/to see/vb if/cs he/pps could/md find/vb out/rp what/wdt Kayabashi/np was/bedz planning/vbg ./. Hino/np was/bedz elated/vbn at/in the/at prospect/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz allowed/vbn to/to spend/vb his/pp$ nights/nns at/in an/at inn/nn near/in the/at hospital/nn and/cc he/pps was/bedz given/vbn some/dti extra/jj money/nn to/to go/vb to/in the/at pachinko/fw-nn parlor/nn --/-- an/at excellent/jj place/nn to/to make/vb contact/nn with/in the/at enemy/nn ./. He/pps left/vbd with/in all/abn the/at joyous/jj spirit/nn of/in a/at child/nn going/vbg on/in a/at holiday/nn ,/, nodding/vbg attentively/rb as/cs Rector/np gave/vbd him/ppo his/pp$ final/jj instructions/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz to/to get/vb involved/vbn in/in no/at arguments/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps was/bedz to/to try/vb to/to make/vb no/at converts/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps was/bedz simply/rb to/to listen/vb and/cc report/vb back/rb what/wdt he/pps heard/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at ridiculous/jj situation/nn and/cc Rector/np knew/vbd it/ppo ,/, for/cs Hino/np ,/, frankly/rb partisan/jj ,/, openly/rb gregarious/jj ,/, would/md make/vb a/at poor/jj espionage/nn agent/nn ./. If/cs he/pps wanted/vbd to/to know/vb anything/pn ,/, he/pps would/md end/vb up/rp asking/vbg about/in it/ppo point-blank/rb ,/, but/cc in/in this/dt guileless/jj manner/nn he/pps would/md probably/rb receive/vb more/ql truthful/jj answers/nns than/cs if/cs he/pps tried/vbd to/to get/vb them/ppo by/in indirection/nn ./. In/in all/abn of/in his/pp$ experience/nn in/in the/at mission/nn field/nn Rector/np had/hvd never/rb seen/vbn a/at convert/nn quite/ql like/cs Hino/np ./. From/in the/at moment/nn that/cs Hino/np had/hvd first/rb walked/vbn into/in the/at mission/nn to/to ask/vb for/in a/at job/nn ,/, any/dti job/nn --/-- his/pp$ qualifications/nns neatly/rb written/vbn on/in a/at piece/nn of/in paper/nn in/in a/at precise/jj hand/nn --/-- he/pps had/hvd been/ben ready/jj to/to become/vb a/at Christian/jj ./. He/pps had/hvd already/rb been/ben studying/vbg the/at Bible/np ;/. ;/. he/pps knew/vbd the/at fundamentals/nns ,/, and/cc after/cs studying/vbg with/in Fletcher/np for/in a/at time/nn he/pps approached/vbd Rector/np ,/, announced/vbd that/cs he/pps wanted/vbd to/to be/be baptized/vbn and/cc that/dt was/bedz that/dt ./. Rector/nn had/hvd never/rb been/ben able/jj to/to find/vb out/rp much/ap about/in Hino's/np$ past/nn ./. Hino/np talked/vbd very/ql little/jj about/in himself/ppl except/in for/in the/at infrequent/jj times/nns when/wrb he/pps used/vbd a/at personal/jj illustration/nn in/in connection/nn with/in another/dt subject/nn ./. Putting/vbg the/at pieces/nns of/in this/dt mosaic/nn together/rb ,/, Rector/np had/hvd the/at vague/jj outlines/nns of/in a/at biography/nn ./. Hino/np was/bedz the/at fourth/od son/nn of/in an/at elderly/jj farmer/nn who/wps lived/vbd on/in the/at coast/nn ,/, in/in Chiba/np ,/, and/cc divided/vbd his/pp$ life/nn between/in the/at land/nn and/cc the/at sea/nn ,/, supplementing/vbg the/at marginal/jj livelihood/nn on/in his/pp$ small/jj rented/vbn farm/nn with/in seasonal/jj employment/nn on/in a/at fishing/vbg boat/nn ./. Without/in exception/nn Hino's/np$ brothers/nns turned/vbd to/in either/cc one/pn or/cc both/abx of/in their/pp$ father's/nn$ occupations/nns ,/, but/cc Hino/np showed/vbd a/at talent/nn for/in neither/dtx and/cc instead/rb spent/vbd most/ap of/in his/pp$ time/nn on/in the/at beach/nn where/wrb he/pps repaired/vbd nets/nns and/cc proved/vbd immensely/rb popular/jj as/cs a/at storyteller/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd gone/vbn into/in the/at Japanese/jj navy/nn ,/, had/hvd been/ben trained/vbn as/cs an/at officer/nn ,/, had/hvd participated/vbn in/in one/cd or/cc two/cd battles/nns --/-- he/pps never/rb went/vbd into/in detail/nn regarding/in his/pp$ military/nn experience/nn --/-- and/cc at/in the/at age/nn of/in twenty-five/cd ,/, quite/ql as/cs a/at bolt/nn out/in of/in the/at blue/jj ,/, he/pps had/hvd walked/vbn into/in the/at mission/nn as/cs if/cs he/pps belonged/vbd here/rb and/cc had/hvd become/vbn a/at Christian/jj ./. Rector/nn was/bedz often/rb curious/jj ;/. ;/. often/rb tempted/vbn to/to ask/vb questions/nns but/cc he/pps never/rb did/dod ./. If/cs and/cc when/wrb Hino/np decided/vbd to/to tell/vb him/ppo about/in his/pp$ experiences/nns ,/, he/pps would/md do/do so/cs unasked/jj ./. Rector/nn had/hvd no/at doubt/nn that/wps Hino/np would/md come/vb back/rb from/in the/at village/nn bursting/vbg with/in information/nn ,/, ready/jj to/to impart/vb it/ppo with/in his/pp$ customary/jj gusto/nn ,/, liberally/rb embellished/vbn with/in his/pp$ active/jj imagnation/nn ./. When/wrb the/at telephone/nn rang/vbd on/in the/at day/nn after/cs Hino/np went/vbd down/rp to/in the/at village/nn ,/, Rector/np had/hvd a/at hunch/nn it/pps would/md be/be Hino/np with/in some/dti morsel/nn of/in information/nn too/ql important/jj to/to wait/vb until/in his/pp$ return/nn ,/, for/cs there/ex were/bed few/ap telephones/nns in/in the/at village/nn and/cc the/at phone/nn in/in Rector's/np$ office/nn rarely/rb rang/vbd unless/cs it/pps was/bedz important/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz surprised/vbn to/to find/vb Kayabashi's/np$ secretary/nn on/in the/at other/ap end/nn of/in the/at line/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz even/ql more/ql startled/vbn when/wrb he/pps heard/vbd what/wdt Kayabashi/np wanted/vbd ./. The/at oyabun/fw-nn was/bedz entertaining/vbg a/at group/nn of/in dignitaries/nns ,/, the/at secretary/nn said/vbd ,/, businessmen/nns from/in Tokyo/np for/in the/at most/ap part/nn ,/, and/cc Kayabashi/np wished/vbd to/to show/vb them/ppo the/at mission/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd never/rb seen/vbn one/cd before/rb and/cc had/hvd expressed/vbn a/at curiosity/nn about/in it/ppo ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ''/'' ?/. ?/. Rector/nn said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss guess/vb it/ppo will/md be/be all/ql right/rb ./. When/wrb would/md the/at oyabun/fw-nn like/vb to/to bring/vb his/pp$ guests/nns up/in here/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` This/dt afternoon/nn ''/'' ,/, the/at secretary/nn said/vbd ./. ``/`` At/in three/cd o'clock/rb if/cs it/pps will/md be/be of/in convenience/nn to/in you/ppo at/in that/dt time/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` All/ql right/jj ''/'' ,/, Rector/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss will/md be/be expecting/vbg them/ppo ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz about/rb to/to hang/vb up/in the/at phone/nn ,/, but/cc a/at note/nn of/in hesitancy/nn in/in the/at secretary's/nn$ voice/nn left/vbd the/at conversation/nn open/jj ./. He/pps had/hvd something/pn more/ap to/to say/vb ./. ``/`` I/ppss beg/vb to/to inquire/vb if/cs the/at back/nn is/bez now/rb safe/jj for/in travelers/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. Rector/np laughed/vbd despite/in himself/ppl ./. ``/`` Unless/cs the/at oyabun/fw-nn has/hvz been/ben working/vbg on/in it/ppo ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, then/rb checked/vbd himself/ppl and/cc added/vbd :/: ``/`` You/ppss can/md tell/vb Kayabashi-san/np that/cs the/at back/nn road/nn is/bez in/in very/ql good/jj condition/nn and/cc will/md be/be quite/ql safe/jj for/in his/pp$ party/nn to/to use/vb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Arigato/fw-uh gosaimasu/fw-vb ''/'' ./. The/at secretary/nn sighed/vbd with/in relief/nn and/cc then/rb the/at telephone/nn clicked/vbd in/in Rector's/np$ hand/nn ./. Rector/np had/hvd no/at idea/nn why/wrb Kayabashi/np wanted/vbd to/to visit/vb the/at mission/nn ./. For/in the/at oyabun/fw-nn to/to make/vb such/abl a/at trip/nn was/bedz either/cc a/at sign/nn of/in great/jj weakness/nn or/cc an/at indication/nn of/in equally/ql great/jj confidence/nn ,/, and/cc from/in all/abn the/at available/jj information/nn it/pps was/bedz probably/rb the/at latter/ap ./. Kayabashi/np must/md feel/vb fairly/ql certain/jj of/in his/pp$ victory/nn in/in order/nn to/to make/vb a/at visit/nn like/cs this/dt ,/, a/at trip/nn which/wdt could/md be/be so/ql easily/rb misinterpreted/vbn by/in the/at people/nns in/in the/at village/nn ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn ,/, it/pps was/bedz unlikely/jj that/cs any/dti businessmen/nns would/md spend/vb a/at day/nn in/in a/at Christian/jj mission/nn out/in of/in mere/jj curiosity/nn ./. No/rb ,/, Kayabashi/np was/bedz bringing/vbg his/pp$ associates/nns here/rb for/in a/at specific/jj purpose/nn and/cc Rector/np would/md not/* be/be able/jj to/to fathom/vb it/ppo until/cs they/ppss arrived/vbd ./. When/wrb he/pps had/hvd given/vbn the/at call/nn a/at few/ap moments/nns thought/nn ,/, he/pps went/vbd into/in the/at kitchen/nn to/to ask/vb Mrs./np Yamata/np to/to prepare/vb tea/nn and/cc sushi/fw-nn for/in the/at visitors/nns ,/, using/vbg the/at formal/jj English/jj china/nn and/cc the/at silver/nn tea/nn service/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben donated/vbn to/in the/at mission/nn ,/, then/rb he/pps went/vbd outside/rb to/to inspect/vb the/at grounds/nns ./. Fujimoto/np had/hvd a/at pile/nn of/in cuttings/nns near/in one/cd side/nn of/in the/at lawn/nn ./. Rector/np asked/vbd him/ppo to/to move/vb it/ppo for/in the/at time/nn being/beg ;/. ;/. he/pps wanted/vbd the/at mission/nn compound/nn to/to be/be effortlessly/rb spotless/jj ./. A/at good/jj initial/jj impression/nn would/md be/be important/jj now/rb ./. He/pps went/vbd into/in the/at print/nn shop/nn ,/, where/wrb Fletcher/np had/hvd just/rb finished/vbn cleaning/vbg the/at press/nn ./. ``/`` How/wrb many/ap pamphlets/nns do/do we/ppss have/hv in/in stock/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Rector/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss should/md say/vb about/rb a/at hundred/cd thousand/cd ''/'' ,/, Fletcher/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` Why/wrb ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` I/ppss would/md like/vb to/to enact/vb a/at little/jj tableau/nn this/dt afternoon/nn ''/'' ,/, Rector/np said/vbd ,/, He/pps explained/vbd about/in the/at visit/nn and/cc the/at effect/nn he/pps wished/vbd to/to create/vb ,/, the/at picture/nn of/in a/at very/ql busy/jj mission/nn ./. He/pps did/dod not/* wish/vb to/to deceive/vb Kayabashi/np exactly/rb ,/, just/rb to/to display/vb the/at mission/nn activities/nns in/in a/at graphic/jj and/cc impressive/jj manner/nn ./. Fletcher/np nodded/vbd as/cs he/pps listened/vbd to/in the/at instructions/nns and/cc said/vbd he/pps would/md arrange/vb the/at things/nns Rector/np requested/vbd ./. Rector's/np$ next/ap stop/nn was/bedz at/in the/at schoolroom/nn ,/, where/wrb Mavis/np was/bedz monitoring/vbg a/at test/nn ./. He/pps beckoned/vbd to/in her/ppo from/in the/at door/nn and/cc she/pps slipped/vbd quietly/rb outside/rb ./. He/pps told/vbd her/ppo of/in the/at visitors/nns and/cc then/rb of/in his/pp$ plans/nns ./. ``/`` How/wrb many/ap children/nns do/do you/ppo have/hv present/rb today/nr ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps said/vbd ./. She/pps looked/vbd back/rb toward/in the/at schoolroom/nn ./. ``/`` Fifteen/cd ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` No/rb ,/, only/rb fourteen/cd ./. The/at little/jj Ito/np girl/nn had/hvd had/hvn to/to go/vb home/nr ./. She/pps has/hvz a/at pretty/ql bad/jj cold/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss would/md like/vb them/ppo to/to appear/vb very/ql busy/jj today/nr ,/, not/* busy/jj exactly/rb ,/, but/cc joyous/jj ,/, exuberant/jj ,/, full/jj of/in life/nn ./. I/ppss want/vb to/to create/vb the/at impression/nn of/in a/at compound/nn full/jj of/in children/nns ./. Do/do you/ppo think/vb you/ppo can/md manage/vb it/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. Mavis/np smiled/vbd ./. ``/`` I'll/ppss+md try/vb ''/'' ./. As/cs Rector/np was/bedz walking/vbg back/rb toward/in the/at residential/jj hall/nn ,/, Johnson/np came/vbd out/rp of/in the/at basement/nn and/cc bounded/vbd up/rp to/in him/ppo ./. The/at altercation/nn in/in the/at coffee/nn house/nn had/hvd done/vbn little/ap to/to dampen/vb his/pp$ spirits/nns ,/, but/cc he/pps was/bedz still/rb a/at little/ql wary/jj around/in Rector/np for/cs they/ppss had/hvd not/* yet/rb discussed/vbn the/at incident/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss think/vb I've/ppss+hv fixed/vbn the/at pump/nn so/cs we/ppss won't/md* have/hv to/to worry/vb about/in it/ppo for/in a/at long/jj time/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv adjusted/vbn the/at gauge/nn so/cs that/cs the/at pump/nn cuts/vbz out/rp before/cs the/at water/nn gets/vbz too/ql low/jj ./. ''/'' ``/`` Fine/jj ''/'' ,/, Rector/np said/vbd ./. He/pps looked/vbd out/rp over/in the/at expanse/nn of/in the/at compound/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to take/vb a/at lot/nn of/in activity/nn to/to fill/vb it/ppo ./. ``/`` Have/hv you/ppss ever/rb operated/vbn a/at transit/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` No/rb ,/, sir/nn ''/'' ,/, Johnson/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` You/ppss are/ber about/rb to/to become/vb a/at first-class/nn surveyor/nn ''/'' ,/, Rector/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` When/wrb Konishi/np gets/vbz back/rb with/in the/at jeep/nn ,/, I/ppss want/vb you/ppo to/to round/vb up/rp two/cd or/cc three/cd Japanese/jj boys/nns ./. Konishi/np can/md help/vb you/ppo ./. You'll/ppss+md find/vb an/at old/jj transit/nn in/in the/at basement/nn ./. The/at glass/nn is/bez out/in of/in it/ppo ,/, but/cc that/dt won't/md* matter/vb ./. It/pps looks/vbz pretty/ql efficient/jj and/cc that's/dt+bez the/at important/jj thing/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps went/vbd on/rp to/to explain/vb what/wdt he/pps had/hvd in/in mind/nn ./. Johnson/np nodded/vbd ./. He/pps said/vbd he/pps could/md do/do it/ppo ./. Rector/np was/bedz warming/vbg to/in his/pp$ over-all/jj strategy/nn by/in the/at time/nn he/pps got/vbd back/rb to/in the/at residential/jj hall/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz rather/abl a/at childish/jj game/nn ,/, all/abn in/in all/abn ,/, but/cc everybody/pn seemed/vbd to/to be/be getting/vbg into/in the/at spirit/nn of/in the/at thing/nn and/cc he/pps could/md not/* remember/vb when/wrb he/pps had/hvd enjoyed/vbn planning/vbg anything/pn quite/ql so/ql much/rb ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* sure/jj what/wdt effect/nn it/pps would/md have/hv ,/, but/cc that/dt was/bedz really/rb beside/in the/at point/nn when/wrb you/ppss got/vbd right/ql down/rp to/in it/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz not/* going/vbg to/to lose/vb the/at mission/nn by/in default/nn ,/, and/cc whatever/wdt reason/nn Kayabashi/np had/hvd for/in bringing/vbg his/pp$ little/ql sight-seeing/vbg group/nn to/in the/at mission/nn ,/, he/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to be/be in/rp for/in a/at surprise/nn ./. He/pps found/vbd Elizabeth/np in/in the/at parlor/nn and/cc asked/vbd her/ppo to/to make/vb sure/jj everything/pn was/bedz in/in order/nn in/in the/at residential/jj hall/nn ,/, and/cc then/rb to/to take/vb charge/nn of/in the/at office/nn while/cs the/at party/nn was/bedz here/rb ./. When/wrb everything/pn had/hvd been/ben done/vbn ,/, Rector/np went/vbd back/rb to/in his/pp$ desk/nn to/to occupy/vb himself/ppl with/in his/pp$ monthly/jj report/nn until/in three/cd o'clock/rb ./. At/in two/cd thirty/cd he/pps sent/vbd Fujimoto/np to/in the/at top/nn of/in the/at wall/nn at/in the/at northeast/jj corner/nn of/in the/at mission/nn to/to keep/vb an/at eye/nn on/in the/at ridge/nn road/nn and/cc give/vb a/at signal/nn when/wrb he/pps first/rb glimpsed/vbd the/at approach/nn of/in Kayabashi's/np$ party/nn ./. Then/rb Rector/np ,/, attired/vbn in/in his/pp$ best/jjt blue/jj serge/nn suit/nn ,/, sat/vbd in/in a/at chair/nn out/rp on/in the/at lawn/nn ,/, in/in the/at shade/nn of/in a/at tree/nn ,/, smoking/vbg a/at cigarette/nn and/cc waiting/vbg ./. The/at air/nn was/bedz cooler/jjr here/rb ,/, and/cc the/at lacy/jj pattern/nn of/in the/at trees/nns threw/vbd a/at dappled/vbn shadow/nn on/in the/at grass/nn ,/, an/at effect/nn which/wdt he/pps found/vbd pleasant/jj ./.

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She/pps concluded/vbd by/in asking/vbg him/ppo to/to name/vb another/dt hour/nn should/md this/dt one/cd be/be inconvenient/jj ./. The/at fish/nn took/vbd the/at bait/nn ./. He/pps replied/vbd that/cs he/pps could/md not/* imagine/vb what/wdt importance/nn there/ex might/md be/be in/in thus/rb meeting/vbg with/in a/at stranger/nn ,/, but/cc --/-- joy/nn of/in joys/nns ,/, he/pps would/md be/be at/in home/nr at/in the/at hour/nn mentioned/vbn ./. But/cc when/wrb she/pps called/vbd he/pps had/hvd thought/vbn better/rbr of/in the/at matter/nn and/cc decided/vbd not/* to/to involve/vb himself/ppl in/in a/at new/jj entanglement/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz told/vbn by/in the/at manservant/nn who/wps opened/vbd the/at door/nn that/cs his/pp$ lordship/nn was/bedz engaged/vbn on/in work/nn from/in which/wdt he/pps had/hvd left/vbn strict/jj orders/nns he/pps was/bedz not/* to/to be/be disturbed/vbn ./. Claire/np was/bedz bitterly/rb disappointed/vbn but/cc determined/vbn not/* to/to let/vb the/at rebuff/nn daunt/vb her/pp$ purpose/nn ./. She/pps wrote/vbd again/rb and/cc now/rb ,/, abandoning/vbg for/in the/at moment/nn the/at theme/nn of/in love/nn ,/, she/pps asked/vbd for/in help/nn in/in the/at matter/nn of/in her/pp$ career/nn ./. She/pps could/md act/vb and/cc she/pps could/md write/vb ./. His/pp$ lordship/nn was/bedz concerned/vbn in/in the/at management/nn of/in Drury/np-tl Lane/nn-tl but/cc ,/, if/cs there/ex were/bed no/at opportunities/nns there/rb ,/, would/md he/pps read/vb and/cc criticize/vb her/pp$ novel/nn ?/. ?/. At/in last/rb he/pps consented/vbd to/to meet/vb her/ppo ,/, and/cc following/vbg that/dt brief/jj interview/nn Claire/np wrote/vbd him/ppo a/at yet/rb more/ql remarkable/jj proposal/nn :/: Have/hv you/ppss any/dti objection/nn to/in the/at following/vbg plan/nn ?/. ?/. On/in Thursday/nr evening/nn we/ppss may/md go/vb out/in of/in town/nn together/rb by/in some/dti stage/nn or/cc mail/nn about/in the/at distance/nn of/in ten/cd or/cc twelve/cd miles/nns ./. There/rb we/ppss shall/md be/be free/jj and/cc unknown/jj ;/. ;/. we/ppss can/md return/vb the/at following/vbg morning/nn She/pps concluded/vbd by/in asking/vbg for/in a/at brief/jj interview/nn --/-- ``/`` to/to settle/vb with/in you/ppo where/wrb ''/'' --/-- and/cc she/pps threw/vbd in/in a/at tribute/nn to/in his/pp$ ``/`` gentle/jj manners/nns ''/'' and/cc ``/`` the/at wild/jj originality/nn of/in your/pp$ countenance/nn ''/'' ./. She/pps opened/vbd his/pp$ reply/nn with/in trembling/vbg fingers/nns he/pps agreed/vbd !/. !/. And/cc he/pps would/md see/vb her/ppo that/dt evening/nn ./. Victory/nn at/in last/rb !/. !/. At/in their/pp$ meeting/nn he/pps told/vbd her/ppo not/* to/to bother/vb about/in ``/`` where/wrb ''/'' --/-- he/pps would/md attend/vb to/in that/dt ./. There/ex was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at new/jj forte-pianos/nns in/in the/at room/nn and/cc ,/, as/cs Claire/np rose/vbd to/to go/vb ,/, he/pps asked/vbd her/ppo to/to sing/vb him/ppo one/cd song/nn before/cs she/pps left/vbd ./. She/pps sang/vbd him/ppo Scott's/np$ charming/jj ballad/nn ``/`` Rosabelle/np-tl ''/'' ,/, which/wdt was/bedz the/at vogue/nn of/in the/at moment/nn ./. She/pps had/hvd never/rb sung/vbn better/rbr ./. ``/`` Your/pp$ voice/nn is/bez delightful/jj ''/'' ,/, he/pps approved/vbd with/in a/at warm/jj smile/nn ./. ``/`` Tomorrow/nr will/md be/be a/at new/jj experience/nn --/-- I/ppss have/hv never/rb before/rb made/vbd love/nn to/in a/at nightingale/nn ./. There/ex have/hv been/ben cooing/vbg doves/nns ,/, chattering/vbg magpies/nns ,/, thieving/vbg jackdaws/nns ,/, a/at proud/jj peacock/nn ,/, a/at silly/jj goose/nn ,/, and/cc a/at harpy/jj eagle/nn --/-- whom/wpo I/ppss was/bedz silly/jj enough/qlp to/to mate/vb with/in and/cc who/wps is/bez now/rb busy/jj tearing/vbg at/in my/pp$ vitals/nns ''/'' ./. And/cc so/cs they/ppss went/vbd ,/, he/pps choosing/vbg of/in all/abn places/nns an/at inn/nn near/in Medmenham/np-tl Abbey/nn-tl ,/, scene/nn a/at generation/nn ago/rb of/in the/at obscene/jj orgies/nns of/in the/at Hellfire/nn-tl Club/nn-tl ./. He/pps regaled/vbd Claire/np with/in an/at account/nn of/in the/at mock/jj mass/nn performed/vbn by/in the/at cassocked/jj bloods/nns ,/, which/wdt he/pps had/hvd had/hvn at/in firsthand/nn from/in old/jj Bud/np Dodington/np ,/, one/cd of/in the/at leaders/nns of/in the/at so-called/jj ``/`` Order/nn-tl ''/'' ./. Each/dt wore/vbd the/at monkish/jj scourge/nn at/in his/pp$ waist/nn but/cc this/dt ,/, it/pps seems/vbz ,/, was/bedz not/* employed/vbn for/in self-flagellation/nn ./. Naked/jj girls/nns danced/vbd in/in the/at chancel/nn of/in the/at Abbey/nn-tl ,/, the/at youngest/jjt and/cc seemingly/rb the/at most/ql innocent/jj being/beg chosen/vbn to/to read/vb a/at sermon/nn filled/vbn with/in veiled/vbn depravities/nns ./. The/at jaded/vbn amorist/nn conjured/vbd up/rp pictures/nns of/in the/at blasphemous/jj rites/nns with/in relish/nn ./. Alas/uh ,/, all/abn that/dt belonged/vbd to/in the/at age/nn of/in ``/`` Devil/nn-tl Dashwood/np-tl ''/'' and/cc ``/`` Wicked/jj-tl Wilkes/np-tl ''/'' ,/, abbot/nn and/cc beadsman/nn of/in the/at Order/nn-tl !/. !/. The/at casual/jj seduction/nn of/in a/at seventeen-year-old/jj bluestocking/nn seemed/vbd tame/jj by/in comparison/nn ./. They/ppss passed/vbd close/rb by/in the/at turn/nn to/in Bishopsgate/np ./. A/at scant/jj half/abn mile/nn away/rb Shelley/np and/cc Mary/np were/bed doubtless/rb sitting/vbg on/in their/pp$ diminutive/jj terrace/nn ,/, the/at air/nn about/in them/ppo scented/vbn with/in stock/nn ,/, and/cc listening/vbg to/in the/at nightingale/nn who/wps had/hvd nested/vbn in/in the/at big/jj lime/nn tree/nn at/in the/at foot/nn of/in the/at garden/nn ./. Charming/jj and/cc peaceful/jj --/-- but/cc what/wdt were/bed charm/nn and/cc peace/nn compared/vbn to/in high/jj adventure/nn ?/. ?/. Alone/rb with/in the/at fabulous/jj Byron/np !/. !/. How/wrb many/ap women/nns had/hvd longed/vbn for/in the/at privilege/nn that/wps was/bedz hers/pp$$ ./. How/wrb was/bedz she/pps to/to behave/vb ,/, Claire/np wondered/vbd ./. To/to be/be passive/jj ,/, to/to be/be girlishly/rb shy/jj was/bedz palpably/rb absurd/jj ./. She/pps was/bedz the/at pursuer/nn as/ql clearly/rb as/cs was/bedz Venus/np in/in Shakespeare's/np$ poem/nn ./. And/cc while/cs her/pp$ Adonis/np did/dod not/* suffer/vb from/in inexperience/nn ,/, satiety/nn might/md well/rb be/be an/at equal/jj handicap/nn ./. No/rb ,/, she/pps would/md not/* pretend/vb modesty/nn ,/, but/cc neither/cc must/md she/pps be/be crudely/rb bold/jj ./. Mystery/nn --/-- that/dt was/bedz the/at thing/nn ./. In/in the/at bedroom/nn she/pps would/md insist/vb on/in darkness/nn ./. With/in his/pp$ club/nn foot/nn he/pps might/md well/rb be/be grateful/jj ./. At/in the/at inn/nn ,/, which/wdt was/bedz situated/vbn close/rb to/in a/at broad/jj weir/nn ,/, Byron/np was/bedz greeted/vbn by/in the/at landlord/nn with/in obsequious/jj deference/nn and/cc addressed/vbn as/cs ``/`` milord/fw-nn ''/'' ./. The/at place/nn was/bedz evidently/rb a/at familiar/jj haunt/nn and/cc Claire/np wondered/vbd what/wdt other/ap illicit/jj loves/nns had/hvd been/ben celebrated/vbn in/in the/at comfortable/jj rooms/nns to/in which/wdt they/ppss were/bed shown/vbn ./. The/at fire/nn in/in the/at sitting/vbg room/nn was/bedz lighted/vbn ./. ``/`` What/wdt about/in the/at bedroom/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Byron/np inquired/vbd ./. ``/`` Seems/vbz to/in me/ppo last/ap time/nn I/ppss was/bedz here/rb the/at grate/nn bellowed/vbd out/rp smoke/nn as/cs it/pps might/md have/hv been/ben preparing/vbg us/ppo for/in hell/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` We/ppss found/vbd some/dti owls/nns had/hvd built/vbn a/at nest/nn in/in the/at chimney/nn ,/, milord/fw-nn ,/, but/cc I/ppss promise/vb you/ppo you'll/ppss+md never/rb have/hv trouble/nn of/in that/dt sort/nn again/rb ''/'' ./. So/cs ,/, not/* only/rb had/hvd he/pps been/ben here/rb before/rb ,/, but/cc it/pps seemed/vbd he/pps might/md well/vb come/vb again/rb ./. Claire/np felt/vbd suddenly/rb small/jj and/cc cheap/jj ,/, heroine/nn of/in a/at trivial/jj episode/nn in/in the/at voluminous/jj history/nn of/in Don/np Juan/np ./. A/at cold/jj supper/nn was/bedz ordered/vbn and/cc a/at bottle/nn of/in port/nn ./. When/wrb Napoleon's/np$ ship/nn had/hvd borne/vbn him/ppo to/in Elba/np ,/, French/jj wines/nns had/hvd started/vbn to/to cross/vb the/at Channel/nn-tl ,/, the/at first/od shipments/nns in/in a/at dozen/nn war-ridden/jj years/nns ,/, but/cc the/at supplies/nns had/hvd not/* yet/rb reached/vbn rural/jj hostelries/nns where/wrb the/at sweet/jj wines/nns of/in the/at Spanish/jj peninsula/nn still/rb ruled/vbd ./. As/cs they/ppss waited/vbd for/in supper/nn they/ppss sat/vbd by/in the/at fire/nn ,/, glasses/nns in/in hand/nn ,/, while/cs Byron/np philosophized/vbd as/ql much/rb for/in his/pp$ own/jj entertainment/nn as/cs hers/pp$$ ./. ``/`` Sex/nn is/bez overpriced/vbn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` The/at great/jj Greek/jj tragedies/nns are/ber concerned/vbn with/in man/nn against/in Fate/nn-tl ,/, not/* man/nn against/in man/nn for/in the/at prize/nn of/in a/at woman's/nn$ body/nn ./. So/rb don't/do* see/vb yourself/ppl as/cs a/at heroine/nn or/cc fancy/vb this/dt little/jj adventure/nn is/bez an/at event/nn of/in major/jj importance/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` The/at gods/nns seemed/vbd to/to think/vb sex/nn pretty/ql important/jj ''/'' ,/, she/pps rebutted/vbd ./. ``/`` Mars/np and/cc Venus/np ,/, Bacchus/np and/cc Ariadne/np ,/, Jupiter/np and/cc Io/np ,/, Byron/np and/cc the/at nymph/nn of/in the/at owl's/nn$ nest/nn ./. That/dt would/md be/be Minerva/np ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ./. Wasn't/bedz* the/at owl/nn her/pp$ symbol/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Byron/np laughed/vbd ./. ``/`` So/rb you/ppss know/vb something/pn of/in the/at classics/nns ,/, do/do you/ppss ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Tell/vb me/ppo about/in Minerva/np ,/, how/wrb she/pps behaved/vbd ,/, what/wdt she/pps did/dod to/to please/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` I'll/ppss+md tell/vb you/ppo nothing/pn ./. I/ppss don't/do* ask/vb you/ppo who/wps 'tis/pps+bez you're/ppss+ber being/beg unfaithful/jj to/in ,/, husband/nn or/cc lover/nn ./. Frankly/rb ,/, I/ppss don't/do* care/vb ''/'' ./. For/in a/at moment/nn she/pps thought/vbd of/in answering/vbg with/in the/at truth/nn but/cc she/pps knew/vbd there/ex were/bed men/nns who/wps shied/vbd away/rb from/in virginity/nn ,/, who/wps demanded/vbd some/dti degree/nn of/in education/nn in/in body/nn as/ql well/rb as/cs mind/nn ./. ``/`` Very/ql well/rb ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I'll/ppss+md not/* catechize/vb you/ppo ./. What/wdt matter/vb the/at others/nns so/ql long/jj as/cs I/ppss have/hv my/pp$ place/nn in/in history/nn ''/'' ./. She/pps was/bedz striking/vbg the/at right/jj note/nn ./. No/at man/nn ever/rb had/hvd a/at better/jjr opinion/nn of/in himself/ppl and/cc indeed/rb ,/, with/in one/cd so/ql favored/vbn ,/, flattery/nn could/md hardly/rb seem/vb overdone/vbn ./. Brains/nns and/cc beauty/nn ,/, high/jj position/nn in/in both/abx the/at social/jj and/cc intellectual/jj worlds/nns ,/, athlete/nn ,/, fabled/jj lover/nn --/-- if/cs ever/rb the/at world/nn was/bedz any/dti man's/nn$ oyster/nn it/pps was/bedz his/pp$ ./. The/at light/jj supper/nn over/rp ,/, Claire/np went/vbd to/in him/ppo and/cc ,/, slipping/vbg an/at arm/nn about/in his/pp$ shoulder/nn ,/, sat/vbd on/in his/pp$ knee/nn ./. He/pps drew/vbd her/ppo close/rb and/cc ,/, hand/nn on/in cheek/nn ,/, turned/vbd her/pp$ face/nn to/in his/pp$ ./. Her/pp$ lips/nns ,/, moist/jj and/cc parted/vbn ,/, spoke/vbd his/pp$ name/nn ./. ``/`` Byron/np ''/'' !/. !/. His/pp$ hand/nn went/vbd to/in her/pp$ shoulder/nn and/cc pushed/vbd aside/rb the/at knotted/vbn scarf/nn that/dt surmounted/vbd the/at striped/vbn poplin/nn gown/nn ;/. ;/. then/rb ,/, to/to better/jjr purpose/nn ,/, he/pps took/vbd hold/nn of/in the/at knot/nn and/cc with/in dextrous/jj fingers/nns ,/, untied/vbd it/ppo ./. The/at bodice/nn beneath/rb was/bedz buttoned/vbn and/cc ,/, withdrawing/vbg his/pp$ lips/nns from/in hers/pp$$ ,/, he/pps set/vbd her/ppo upright/rb on/in his/pp$ knee/nn and/cc started/vbd to/to undo/vb it/ppo ,/, unhurriedly/rb as/cs if/cs she/pps were/bed a/at child/nn ./. But/cc ,/, kindled/vbn by/in his/pp$ kiss/nn ,/, his/pp$ caressing/vbg hand/nn ,/, her/pp$ desire/nn was/bedz aflame/jj ./. She/pps sprang/vbd up/rp and/cc went/vbd swiftly/rb to/in the/at bedroom/nn ./. Lord/nn-tl Byron/np poured/vbd himself/ppl another/dt glass/nn of/in wine/nn and/cc held/vbd it/ppo up/rp to/in the/at candle/nn flame/nn admiring/vbg the/at rich/jj color/nn ./. He/pps drank/vbd slowly/rb with/in due/jj appreciation/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz an/at excellent/jj vintage/nn ./. He/pps rose/vbd and/cc went/vbd to/in the/at bedroom/nn ./. Pausing/vbg in/in the/at doorway/nn he/pps said/vbd :/: ``/`` The/at form/nn of/in the/at human/nn female/nn ,/, unlike/in her/pp$ mind/nn and/cc her/pp$ spirit/nn ,/, is/bez the/at most/ql challenging/jj loveliness/nn in/in all/abn nature/nn ''/'' ./. When/wrb Claire/np returned/vbd to/in Bishopsgate/np she/pps longed/vbd to/to tell/vb them/ppo she/pps had/hvd become/vbn Byron's/np$ mistress/nn ./. By/in odd/jj coincidence/nn ,/, on/in the/at evening/nn of/in her/pp$ return/nn Shelley/np chose/vbd to/to read/vb Parisina/np-tl ,/, which/wdt was/bedz the/at latest/jjt of/in the/at titled/vbn poet's/nn$ successes/nns ./. As/cs he/pps declaimed/vbd the/at sonorous/jj measures/nns ,/, it/pps was/bedz as/ql much/ap as/cs Claire/np could/md do/do to/to restrain/vb herself/ppl from/in bursting/vbg out/rp with/in her/pp$ dramatic/jj tidings/nns ./. ``/`` Although/cs it/pps is/bez not/* the/at best/jjt of/in which/wdt he/pps is/bez capable/jj ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Shelley/np as/cs he/pps closed/vbd the/at book/nn ,/, ``/`` it/pps is/bez still/rb poetry/nn of/in a/at high/jj order/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` If/cs he/pps would/md only/rb leave/vb the/at East/nr-tl ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Mary/np ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem tired/vbn of/in sultans/nns and/cc scimitars/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` The/at hero/nn of/in his/pp$ next/ap poem/nn is/bez Napoleon/np Bonaparte/np ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Claire/np ,/, with/in slightly/rb overdone/vbn carelessness/nn ./. ``/`` How/wrb do/do you/ppss know/vb that/dt ''/'' ?/. ?/. Demanded/vbn Mary/np ./. ``/`` I/ppss was/bedz told/vbn it/ppo on/in good/jj authority/nn ''/'' ,/, Claire/np answered/vbd darkly/rb ./. ``/`` I/ppss mustn't/md* tell/vb ,/, I/ppss mustn't/md* tell/vb ''/'' ,/, she/pps repeated/vbd to/in herself/ppl ./. ``/`` I/ppss promised/vbd him/ppo I/ppss wouldn't/md* ''/'' ./. Chapter/nn-hl 9/cd-hl winter/nn came/vbd ,/, and/cc with/in it/ppo Mary's/np$ baby/nn --/-- a/at boy/nn as/cs she/pps had/hvd wished/vbn ./. William/np ,/, he/pps was/bedz called/vbn ,/, in/in honor/nn of/in the/at man/nn who/wps was/bedz at/in once/rb Shelley's/np$ pensioner/nn and/cc his/pp$ most/ql bitter/jj detractor/nn ./. With/in a/at pardonable/jj irony/nn Shelley/np wrote/vbd to/in the/at father/nn who/wps had/hvd publicly/rb disowned/vbn his/pp$ daughter/nn :/: ``/`` Fanny/np and/cc Mrs./np Godwin/np will/md probably/rb be/be glad/jj to/to hear/vb that/cs Mary/np has/hvz safely/rb recovered/vbn from/in a/at very/ql favorable/jj confinement/nn ,/, and/cc that/wps her/pp$ child/nn is/bez well/rb ''/'' ./. At/in the/at same/ap time/nn another/dt child/nn --/-- this/dt one/cd of/in Shelley's/np$ brain/nn --/-- was/bedz given/vbn to/in the/at world/nn :/: Alastor/np-tl ,/, a/at poem/nn of/in pervading/vbg beauty/nn in/in which/wdt the/at reader/nn may/md gaze/vb into/in the/at still/jj depths/nns of/in a/at fine/jj mind's/nn$ musings/nns ./. Alastor/np-tl was/bedz published/vbn only/rb to/to be/be savagely/rb attacked/vbn ,/, contemptuously/rb ignored/vbn ./. Shelley/np sent/vbd a/at copy/nn to/in Southey/np ,/, a/at former/ap friend/nn ,/, and/cc another/dt to/in Godwin/np ./. Neither/dtx acknowledged/vbd the/at gift/nn ./. Only/rb Mary's/np$ praise/nn sustained/vbd him/ppo in/in his/pp$ disappointment/nn ./. She/pps understood/vbd completely/rb ./. Not/* a/at thought/nn nor/cc a/at cadence/nn was/bedz missed/vbn in/in her/pp$ summary/nn of/in appreciation/nn ./. ``/`` You/ppss have/hv made/vbn the/at labor/nn worth/jj while/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd to/in her/ppo ,/, smiling/vbg ./. ``/`` And/cc in/in the/at future/nn ,/, since/cs I/ppss write/vb for/in a/at public/nn of/in one/cd ,/, I/ppss can/md save/vb the/at poor/jj publishers/nns from/in wasting/vbg their/pp$ money/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` A/at public/nn of/in one/cd ''/'' ,/, Mary/np echoed/vbd reprovingly/rb ./. ``/`` How/wrb can/md you/ppss say/vb such/abl a/at thing/nn ?/. ?/. There/ex will/md be/be thousands/nns who/wps will/md thrill/vb to/in the/at loveliness/nn of/in Alastor/np-tl ./. There/ex are/ber some/dti even/rb now/rb ./. What/wdt about/in that/dt dear/jj ,/, clever/jj Mr./np Thynne/np ?/. ?/. I/ppss am/bem sure/jj he/pps is/bez in/in raptures/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` Poor/jj Mr./np Thynne/np ,/, he/pps always/rb has/hvz to/to be/be trotted/vbn out/rp for/in my/pp$ encouragement/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` There/ex are/ber other/ap Mr./np Thynnes/nps ./. Not/* everyone/pn is/bez bewitched/vbn by/in Byron's/np$ caliphs/nns and/cc harem/nn beauties/nns ''/'' ./. Mary's/np$ supercritical/jj attitude/nn toward/in Byron/np had/hvd nothing/pn to/to do/do with/in his/pp$ moral/jj disrepute/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz resentful/jj of/in his/pp$ easy/jj success/nn as/cs compared/vbn with/in Shelley's/np$ failure/nn ./. The/at same/ap month/nn that/dt Alastor/np-tl was/bedz published/vbn ,/, Murray/np sold/vbd twenty/cd thousand/cd copies/nns of/in The/at-tl Siege/nn-tl Of/in-tl Corinth/np-tl ,/, a/at slovenly/jj bit/nn of/in Byronism/np that/cs even/rb Shelley's/np$ generosity/nn rebelled/vbd at/in ./. The/at lordly/jj poet/nn was/bedz at/in low-water/nn mark/nn ./. The/at careless/jj writing/nn was/bedz in/in keeping/vbg with/in his/pp$ mood/nn of/in savage/jj discontent/nn ./. On/in all/abn sides/nns doors/nns were/bed being/beg slammed/vbn in/in his/pp$ face/nn ./. The/at previous/jj scandals/nns ,/, gaily/rb diverting/vbg as/cs they/ppss were/bed ,/, had/hvd only/rb served/vbn to/to increase/vb his/pp$ popularity/nn ./. Now/rb ,/, under/in the/at impact/nn of/in his/pp$ wife's/nn$ disclosures/nns ,/, he/pps was/bedz brought/vbn suddenly/rb to/in the/at realization/nn that/cs there/ex was/bedz a/at limit/nn to/in tolerance/nn ,/, however/wql brilliant/jj ,/, however/wql far-famed/jj the/at offender/nn might/md be/be ./. He/pps tried/vbd defiance/nn and/cc openly/rb flaunted/vbd his/pp$ devotion/nn to/in his/pp$ half/abn sister/nn ,/, but/cc he/pps soon/rb saw/vbd ,/, as/cs did/dod she/pps ,/, that/cs this/dt course/nn if/cs persisted/vbn in/rp would/md involve/vb them/ppo in/in a/at common/jj ruin/nn ./. For/in the/at moment/nn there/ex was/bedz no/at woman/nn in/in his/pp$ life/nn ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz this/dt vacuum/nn that/wps had/hvd given/vbn Claire/np her/pp$ opportunity/nn ./. But/cc the/at liaison/nn successfully/rb started/vbd in/in the/at last/ap days/nns of/in autumn/nn was/bedz now/rb languishing/vbg ./. Byron/np ,/, since/in the/at separation/nn from/in his/pp$ wife/nn had/hvd been/ben living/vbg in/in a/at smallish/jj house/nn in/in Piccadilly/np-tl Terrace/nn-tl ./. He/pps refused/vbd to/to bring/vb Claire/np to/in it/ppo even/rb as/cs an/at occasional/jj visitor/nn ,/, claiming/vbg that/cs his/pp$ every/at move/nn was/bedz watched/vbn by/in spies/nns of/in the/at Milbankes/np ./.

ck21

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Beckworth/np handed/vbd the/at pass/nn to/in the/at colonel/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd thought/vbn that/cs the/at suggestion/nn of/in taking/vbg it/ppo himself/ppl would/md tip/vb the/at colonel/nn in/in the/at direction/nn of/in serving/vbg his/pp$ own/jj order/nn ,/, but/cc the/at slip/nn of/in paper/nn was/bedz folded/vbn and/cc absently/rb thrust/vbn into/in the/at colonel's/nn$ belt/nn ./. Despite/in his/pp$ yearning/nn ,/, the/at colonel/nn would/md not/* go/vb down/rp to/to see/vb the/at men/nns come/vb through/in the/at lines/nns ./. He/pps would/md remain/vb in/in the/at tent/nn ,/, waiting/vbg impatiently/rb ,/, occupied/vbn by/in some/dti trivial/jj task/nn ./. --/-- Beckworth/np ./. --/-- Sir/nn ?/. ?/. --/-- Fetch/vb me/ppo the/at copies/nns of/in everything/pn B/np and/cc C/np companies/nns have/hv requisitioned/vbn in/in the/at last/ap six/cd months/nns ./. --/-- The/at last/ap six/cd months/nns ,/, sir/nn ?/. ?/. --/-- You/ppss heard/vbd me/ppo ./. There's/ex+bez a/at lot/nn of/in waste/nn going/vbg on/rp here/rb ./. It's/pps+hvz got/vbn to/to stop/vb ./. I/ppss want/vb to/to take/vb a/at look/nn ./. This/dt is/bez no/at damned/vbn holiday/nn ,/, Beckworth/np ./. Get/vb busy/jj ./. --/-- Yes/rb ,/, sir/nn ./. Beckworth/np left/vbd the/at tent/nn ./. Below/rb he/pps could/md see/vb the/at bright/jj torches/nns lighting/vbg the/at riverbank/nn ./. He/pps glanced/vbd back/rb ./. The/at colonel/nn crouched/vbd tensely/rb on/in one/cd of/in the/at folding/vbg chairs/nns ,/, methodically/rb tearing/vbg at/in his/pp$ thumbnail/nn ./. The/at bombproof/jj was/bedz a/at low-ceilinged/jj structure/nn of/in heavy/jj timbers/nns covered/vbn with/in earth/nn ./. It/pps stood/vbd some/dti fifty/cd paces/nns from/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at bank/nn ./. From/in the/at outside/nn ,/, it/pps seemed/vbd no/at more/ap than/in a/at low/jj drumlin/nn ,/, a/at lump/nn on/in the/at dark/jj earth/nn ./. A/at crude/jj ladder/nn ran/vbd down/rp to/in a/at wooden/jj floor/nn ./. Two/cd slits/nns enabled/vbd observers/nns to/to watch/vb across/in the/at river/nn ./. The/at place/nn smelled/vbd strongly/rb of/in rank/jj ,/, fertile/jj earth/nn ,/, rotting/vbg wood/nn and/cc urine/nn ./. The/at plank/nn floor/nn was/bedz slimed/vbn beneath/in Watson's/np$ boots/nns ./. At/in least/ap the/at Union/nn-tl officer/nn had/hvd been/ben decent/jj enough/qlp to/to provide/vb a/at candle/nn ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at place/nn to/to sit/vb ,/, but/cc Watson/np walked/vbd slowly/rb from/in the/at ladder/nn to/in the/at window/nn slits/nns and/cc back/nn ,/, stooping/vbg slightly/rb to/to avoid/vb striking/vbg his/pp$ head/nn on/in the/at heavy/jj beams/nns ./. In/in the/at corner/nn was/bedz the/at soldier/nn with/in the/at white/jj flag/nn ./. He/pps stood/vbd stiffly/rb erect/jj ,/, clutching/vbg the/at staff/nn ,/, his/pp$ body/nn half/ql hidden/vbn by/in the/at limp/jj cloth/nn ./. Watson/np hardly/rb looked/vbd at/in him/ppo ./. The/at man/nn had/hvd come/vbn floundering/vbg aboard/rb the/at flat-bottomed/jj barge/nn at/in the/at last/ap instant/nn ,/, brandishing/vbg the/at flag/nn of/in truce/nn ./. Someone/pn had/hvd hauled/vbn him/ppo over/in the/at side/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps had/hvd remained/vbn silent/jj while/cs they/ppss crossed/vbd ./. An/at officer/nn with/in a/at squad/nn of/in men/nns had/hvd been/ben waiting/vbg on/in the/at bank/nn ./. The/at men/nns in/in the/at boats/nns had/hvd started/vbn yelling/vbg happily/rb at/in first/od sight/nn of/in the/at officer/nn ,/, two/cd of/in them/ppo calling/vbg him/ppo Billy/np ./. When/wrb the/at boat/nn had/hvd touched/vbn ,/, the/at weaker/jjr ones/nns and/cc the/at two/cd wounded/vbn men/nns had/hvd been/ben lifted/vbn out/rp and/cc carried/vbn away/rb by/in the/at soldiers/nns ./. Watson/np had/hvd presented/vbn his/pp$ pouch/nn and/cc been/ben led/vbn to/in the/at bombproof/jj ./. The/at officer/nn had/hvd told/vbn him/ppo that/cs both/abx lists/nns must/md be/be checked/vbn ./. Watson/np had/hvd given/vbn his/pp$ name/nn and/cc asked/vbn for/in a/at safe-conduct/nn pass/nn ./. The/at officer/nn ,/, surprised/vbn ,/, said/vbd he/pps would/md have/hv to/to see/vb ./. Watson/np had/hvd nodded/vbn absently/rb and/cc muttered/vbd that/cs he/pps would/md check/vb the/at lists/nns himself/ppl later/rbr ./. He/pps had/hvd peered/vbn through/in the/at darkness/nn at/in the/at rampart/nn ./. The/at men/nns he/pps would/md take/vb back/rb across/in the/at river/nn stood/vbd there/rb ,/, but/cc he/pps turned/vbd away/rb from/in them/ppo ./. He/pps wanted/vbd no/at part/nn of/in the/at emotions/nns of/in the/at exchange/nn ,/, no/at memory/nn of/in the/at joy/nn and/cc gratitude/nn that/wps other/ap men/nns felt/vbd ./. He/pps had/hvd hoped/vbn to/to be/be alone/rb in/in the/at bombproof/jj ,/, but/cc the/at soldier/nn had/hvd followed/vbn him/ppo ./. Though/cs Watson/np carefully/rb ignored/vbd the/at man/nn ,/, he/pps could/md not/* deny/vb his/pp$ presence/nn ./. Perhaps/rb it/pps would/md be/be better/jjr to/to speak/vb to/in him/ppo ,/, since/cs silence/nn could/md not/* exorcise/vb his/pp$ form/nn ./. Watson/np glanced/vbd briefly/rb at/in him/ppo ,/, seeing/vbg only/rb a/at body/nn rigidly/rb erect/jj behind/in the/at languid/jj banner/nn ./. --/-- We/ppss won't/md* be/be too/ql long/jj ./. If/cs my/pp$ pass/nn is/bez approved/vbn ,/, I/ppss may/md be/be a/at half/abn hour/nn ./. The/at soldier/nn answered/vbd in/in a/at curious/jj ,/, muffled/vbn voice/nn ,/, his/pp$ lips/nns barely/rb moving/vbg ./. Watson/np turned/vbd away/rb and/cc did/dod not/* see/vb the/at man's/nn$ knees/nns buckle/vb and/cc his/pp$ body/nn sag/vb ./. --/-- Yes/rb ,/, sir/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd acknowledged/vbn the/at man/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz easier/jjr to/to think/vb now/rb ,/, Watson/np decided/vbd ./. The/at stiff/jj figure/nn in/in the/at corner/nn no/at longer/jjr blocked/vbd his/pp$ thoughts/nns ./. He/pps paced/vbd slowly/rb ,/, stooping/vbg ,/, staring/vbg at/in the/at damp/jj ,/, slippery/jj floor/nn ./. He/pps tried/vbd to/to order/vb the/at words/nns of/in the/at three/cd Union/nn-tl officers/nns ,/, seeking/vbg to/to create/vb some/dti coherent/jj portrait/nn of/in the/at dead/jj boy/nn ./. But/cc he/pps groped/vbd blindly/rb ./. His/pp$ lack/nn of/in success/nn steadily/rb eroded/vbd his/pp$ interest/nn ./. He/pps stopped/vbd pacing/vbg ,/, leaned/vbd against/in the/at dank/jj ,/, timbered/vbn wall/nn and/cc let/vb his/pp$ mind/nn drift/vb ./. A/at feeling/nn of/in futility/nn ,/, an/at enervation/nn of/in mind/nn greater/jjr than/cs any/dti fatigue/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb known/vbn ,/, seeped/vbd through/in him/ppo ./. What/wdt in/in the/at name/nn of/in God/np was/bedz he/pps doing/vbg ,/, crouched/vbn in/in a/at timbered/vbn pit/nn on/in the/at wrong/jj bank/nn of/in the/at river/nn ?/. ?/. Why/wrb had/hvd he/pps crossed/vbd the/at dark/jj water/nn ,/, to/to bring/vb back/rb a/at group/nn of/in reclaimed/vbn soldiers/nns or/cc to/to skulk/vb in/in a/at foul-smelling/jj hole/nn ?/. ?/. He/pps grew/vbd annoyed/vbn and/cc at/in the/at same/ap time/nn surprised/vbn at/in that/dt emotion/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz conscious/jj of/in a/at growing/vbg sense/nn of/in absurdity/nn ./. Hillman/np had/hvd written/vbn it/ppo all/abn out/rp ,/, hadn't/hvd* he/pps ?/. ?/. Wasn't/bedz* the/at report/nn official/jj enough/qlp ?/. ?/. What/wdt did/dod he/pps hope/vb to/to accomplish/vb here/rb ?/. ?/. Hillman/np had/hvd ordered/vbn him/ppo not/* to/to leave/vb the/at far/jj bank/nn ./. Prompted/vbn by/in a/at guilty/jj urge/nn ,/, he/pps had/hvd disobeyed/vbn the/at order/nn of/in a/at man/nn he/pps respected/vbd ./. For/in what/wdt ?/. ?/. To/to tell/vb John/np something/pn he/pps would/md find/vb out/rp for/in himself/ppl ./. The/at figure/nn in/in the/at corner/nn belched/vbd loudly/rb ,/, a/at deep/jj ,/, liquid/nn eruption/nn ./. Watson/np snorted/vbd and/cc then/rb laughed/vbd aloud/rb ./. Exactly/rb !/. !/. The/at soldier's/nn$ voice/nn was/bedz muffled/vbn again/rb ,/, stricken/vbn with/in chagrin/nn ./. He/pps clutched/vbd the/at staff/nn ,/, and/cc his/pp$ dark/jj eyes/nns blinked/vbd apologetically/rb ./. --/-- 'scuse/vb me/ppo ,/, sir/nn ./. --/-- Let's/vb+ppo get/vb out/in of/in here/rb ./. Watson/np ran/vbd up/in the/at ladder/nn and/cc stood/vbd for/in a/at second/od sucking/vbg in/in the/at cool/jj air/nn that/wps smelled/vbd of/in mud/nn and/cc river/nn weeds/nns ./. To/in his/pp$ left/nr ,/, the/at two/cd skiffs/nns dented/vbd their/pp$ sharp/jj bows/nns into/in the/at soft/jj bank/nn ./. The/at flat-bottomed/jj boat/nn swung/vbd slowly/rb to/in the/at pull/nn of/in the/at current/nn ./. A/at soldier/nn held/vbd the/at end/nn of/in a/at frayed/vbn rope/nn ./. Three/cd Union/nn-tl guards/nns appeared/vbd ,/, carrying/vbg their/pp$ rifles/nns at/in ready/jj ./. Watson/np stared/vbd at/in them/ppo curiously/rb ./. They/ppss were/bed stocky/jj men/nns ,/, well/rb fed/vbn and/cc clean-shaven/jj ,/, with/in neat/jj uniforms/nns and/cc sturdy/jj boots/nns ./. Behind/in them/ppo shambled/vbn a/at long/jj column/nn of/in weak/jj ,/, tattered/vbn men/nns ./. The/at thin/jj gray/jj figures/nns raised/vbd a/at hoarse/jj ,/, cawing/vbg cry/nn like/cs the/at call/nn of/in a/at bird/nn flock/nn ./. They/ppss moved/vbd toward/in the/at skiffs/nns with/in shocking/jj eagerness/nn ,/, elbowing/vbg and/cc shoving/vbg ./. Four/cd men/nns were/bed knocked/vbn down/rp ,/, but/cc did/dod not/* attempt/vb to/to rise/vb ./. They/ppss crept/vbd down/in the/at muddy/jj slope/nn toward/in the/at waiting/vbg boats/nns ./. The/at Union/nn-tl soldiers/nns grounded/vbd arms/nns and/cc settled/vbd into/in healthy/jj ,/, indifferent/jj postures/nns to/to watch/vb the/at feeble/jj boarding/nn of/in the/at skiffs/nns ./. The/at crawling/vbg men/nns tried/vbd to/to rise/vb and/cc fell/vbd again/rb ./. No/at one/pn moved/vbd to/in them/ppo ./. Watson/np watched/vbd two/cd of/in them/ppo flounder/vb into/in the/at shallow/jj water/nn and/cc listened/vbd to/in their/pp$ voices/nns beg/vb shrilly/rb ./. In/in a/at confused/vbn ,/, soaked/vbn and/cc stumbling/vbg shift/nn of/in bodies/nns and/cc lifting/vbg arms/nns ,/, the/at two/cd men/nns were/bed dragged/vbn into/in the/at same/ap skiff/nn ./. The/at third/od crawling/vbg man/nn forced/vbd himself/ppl erect/jj ./. He/pps swayed/vbd like/cs a/at drunkard/nn ,/, his/pp$ arms/nns milling/vbg in/in slow/jj circles/nns ./. He/pps paced/vbd forward/rb unsteadily/rb ,/, leaning/vbg too/ql far/ql back/rb ,/, his/pp$ head/nn tilted/vbd oddly/rb ./. His/pp$ steps/nns were/bed short/jj and/cc stiff/jj ,/, and/cc ,/, with/in his/pp$ head/nn thrown/vbn back/rb ,/, his/pp$ progress/nn was/bedz a/at supercilious/jj strut/nn ./. He/pps appeared/vbd to/to be/be peering/vbg haughtily/rb down/in his/pp$ nose/nn at/in the/at crowded/vbn and/cc unclean/jj vessel/nn that/dt would/md carry/vb him/ppo to/in freedom/nn ./. He/pps stalked/vbd into/in the/at water/nn and/cc fell/vbd heavily/rb over/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at flat-bottomed/jj barge/nn ,/, his/pp$ weight/nn nearly/rb swamping/vbg the/at craft/nn ./. Watson/np looked/vbd for/in the/at fourth/od man/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd reached/vbn the/at three/cd passive/jj guards/nns ;/. ;/. he/pps crept/vbd in/in an/at incertain/jj manner/nn ,/, patting/vbg the/at ground/nn before/in him/ppo ./. The/at guards/nns did/dod not/* look/vb at/in him/ppo ./. The/at figure/nn on/in the/at earth/nn halted/vbd ,/, seemingly/rb bewildered/vbn ./. He/pps sank/vbd back/rb on/in his/pp$ thin/jj haunches/nns like/cs a/at weary/jj hound/nn ./. Then/rb he/pps began/vbd to/to crawl/vb again/rb ./. Watson/np watched/vbd the/at creeping/vbg figure/nn ./. He/pps felt/vbd a/at spectator/nn interest/nn ./. Would/md the/at man/nn make/vb it/ppo or/cc not/* ?/. ?/. If/cs only/rb there/ex was/bedz a/at clock/nn for/in him/ppo to/to crawl/vb against/in ./. If/cs he/pps failed/vbd to/to reach/vb the/at riverbank/nn in/in five/cd minutes/nns ,/, say/vb ,/, then/rb the/at skiffs/nns would/md pull/vb away/rb and/cc leave/vb him/ppo groping/vbg in/in the/at mud/nn ./. Say/vb three/cd minutes/nns to/to make/vb it/ppo sporting/vbg ./. Still/rb the/at guards/nns did/dod not/* move/vb ,/, but/cc stood/vbd inert/jj ,/, aloof/jj from/in the/at slow-scrambling/jj man/nn ./. The/at figure/nn halted/vbd ,/, and/cc Watson/np gasped/vbd ./. The/at man/nn began/vbd to/to creep/vb in/in the/at wrong/jj direction/nn ,/, deceived/vbn by/in a/at slight/jj rise/nn in/in the/at ground/nn !/. !/. He/pps turned/vbd slowly/rb and/cc began/vbd to/to crawl/vb back/rb up/in the/at bank/nn toward/in the/at rampart/nn ./. Watson/np raced/vbd for/in him/ppo ,/, his/pp$ boots/nns slamming/vbg the/at soft/jj earth/nn ./. The/at guards/nns came/vbd to/in life/nn with/in astonishing/jj menace/nn ./. They/ppss spun/vbd and/cc flung/vbd their/pp$ rifles/nns up/rp ./. Watson/np gesticulated/vbd wildly/rb ./. One/cd man/nn dropped/vbd to/in his/pp$ knee/nn for/in better/jjr aim/nn ./. --/-- Let/vb me/ppo help/vb him/ppo ,/, for/in the/at love/nn of/in God/np !/. !/. The/at guards/nns lowered/vbd their/pp$ rifles/nns and/cc their/pp$ rifles/nns and/cc peered/vbd at/in Watson/np with/in sullen/jj ,/, puzzled/vbn faces/nns ./. Watson/np pounded/vbd to/in the/at crawling/vbg man/nn and/cc stopped/vbd ,/, panting/vbg heavily/rb ./. He/pps reached/vbd down/rp and/cc closed/vbd his/pp$ fingers/nns on/in the/at man's/nn$ upper/jj arm/nn ./. Beneath/in his/pp$ clutch/nn ,/, a/at flat/jj strip/nn of/in muscle/nn surged/vbd on/in the/at bone/nn ./. Watson/np bent/vbd awkwardly/rb and/cc lifted/vbd the/at man/nn to/in his/pp$ feet/nns ./. Watson/np stared/vbd into/in a/at cadaverous/jj face/nn ./. Two/cd clotted/vbn balls/nns the/at color/nn of/in mucus/nn rolled/vbd between/in fiery/jj lids/nns ./. Light/jj sticks/nns of/in fingers/nns ,/, the/at tips/nns gummy/jj with/in dark/jj earth/nn ,/, patted/vbd at/in Watson's/np$ throat/nn ./. The/at man's/nn$ voice/nn was/bedz a/at sweet/jj ,/, patient/jj whisper/nn ./. --/-- Henry/np said/vbd that/cs he'd/pps+md take/vb my/pp$ arm/nn and/cc get/vb me/ppo right/ql there/rb ./. But/cc you/ppss ain't/ber* Henry/np ./. --/-- no/rb ./. --/-- It/pps don't/do* matter/vb ./. Is/bez it/pps far/rb ?/. ?/. How/wrb far/rb could/md it/ppo be/be ,/, Watson/np thought/vbd bleakly/rb ,/, how/wrb far/rb can/md a/at blind/jj man/nn crawl/vb ?/. ?/. Another/dt body/nn length/nn or/cc all/abn the/at rest/nn of/in his/pp$ nighted/jj life/nn ?/. ?/. --/-- Not/* far/rb ./. --/-- You/ppss talk/vb deep/rb ./. Not/* like/cs us/ppo fellas/nns ./. It/pps raises/vbz the/at voice/nn ,/, bein/beg in/in camp/nn ./. You/ppss Secesh/np ?/. ?/. --/-- yes/rb ./. Come/vb on/in ,/, now/rb ./. Can/md you/ppss walk/vb ?/. ?/. --/-- Why/wrb ,/, course/nn I/ppss can/md ./. I/ppss can/md walk/vb real/ql good/jj ./. Watson/np stumbled/vbd down/in the/at bank/nn ./. The/at man/nn leaned/vbd his/pp$ frail/jj body/nn against/in Watson's/np$ shoulder/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz no/at heavier/jjr than/cs a/at child/nn ./. Watson/np paused/vbd for/in breath/nn ./. The/at man/nn wheezed/vbd weakly/rb ,/, his/pp$ fetid/jj breath/nn beating/vbg softly/rb against/in Watson's/np$ neck/nn ./. His/pp$ sweet/jj whisper/nn came/vbd after/in great/jj effort/nn ./. --/-- Oh/uh ,/, Christ/uh ./. I/ppss wish/vb you/ppo was/bedz Henry/np ./. He/pps promised/vbd to/to take/vb me/ppo ./. --/-- hush/uh ./. We're/ppss+ber almost/rb there/rb ./. Watson/np supported/vbd the/at man/nn to/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at bank/nn and/cc passed/vbd the/at frail/jj figure/nn over/in the/at bow/nn of/in the/at nearest/jjt skiff/nn ./. The/at man/nn swayed/vbd on/in a/at thwart/nn ,/, turning/vbg his/pp$ ruined/vbn eyes/nns from/in side/nn to/in side/nn ./. Watson/np turned/vbd away/rb ,/, sickened/vbn for/in the/at first/od time/nn in/in many/ap months/nns ./. He/pps heard/vbd the/at patient/jj voice/nn calling/vbg ./. --/-- Henry/np ?/. ?/. Where/wrb are/ber you/ppss ,/, Henry/np ?/. ?/. --/-- Make/vb him/ppo lie/vb down/rp !/. !/. Watson/np snatched/vbd a/at deep/jj breath/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd not/* meant/vbn to/to shout/vb ./. He/pps stood/vbd with/in his/pp$ back/nn to/in the/at skiff/nn ./. The/at men/nns mewed/vbd and/cc scratched/vbd ,/, begging/vbg to/to be/be taken/vbn away/rb ./. Watson/np spoke/vbd bewilderedly/rb to/in the/at dark/jj night/nn flecked/vbn with/in pine-knot/nn torches/nns ./. --/-- Goddamn/vb you/ppo !/. !/. What/wdt do/do you/ppo do/do to/in them/ppo ?/. ?/. Intelligence/nn jabbed/vbd at/in him/ppo accusingly/rb ./. He/pps was/bedz angry/jj ,/, sickened/vbn ./. He/pps had/hvd not/* felt/vbn that/cs during/in the/at afternoon/nn ./. No/rb ,/, nor/cc later/rbr ./. All/abn his/pp$ emotions/nns had/hvd been/ben inward/rb ,/, self-conscious/jj ./. In/in war/nn ,/, on/in a/at night/nn like/cs this/dt ,/, it/pps was/bedz only/rb the/at outward/rb emotions/nns that/wps mattered/vbd ,/, what/wdt could/md be/be flung/vbn out/rp into/in the/at darkness/nn to/to damage/vb others/nns ./. Yes/rb ./. That/dt was/bedz it/pps ./. He/pps was/bedz sure/jj of/in it/ppo ./. John's/np$ type/nn of/in man/nn allowed/vbd this/dt sort/nn of/in thing/nn to/to happen/vb ./. What/wdt a/at fool/nn he/pps had/hvd been/ben to/to think/vb of/in his/pp$ brother/nn !/. !/. So/rb Charles/np was/bedz dead/jj ./. What/wdt did/dod it/pps matter/vb ?/. ?/. His/pp$ name/nn had/hvd been/ben crossed/vbn off/in a/at list/nn ./. Already/rb his/pp$ cool/jj body/nn lay/vbd in/in the/at ground/nn ./. What/wdt words/nns had/hvd any/dti meaning/nn ?/. ?/. What/wdt had/hvd he/pps thought/vbn of/in ,/, to/to go/vb to/in John/np ,/, grovel/vb and/cc beg/vb understanding/nn ?/. ?/. To/to confess/vb with/in a/at canvas/nn chair/nn as/cs a/at prie-dieu/fw-nn ,/, gouging/vbg at/in his/pp$ heart/nn until/cs a/at rough/jj and/cc stupid/jj hand/nn bade/vbd him/ppo rise/vb and/cc go/vb ?/. ?/. Men/nns were/bed slaughtered/vbn every/at day/nn ,/, tumbled/vbn into/in eternity/nn like/cs so/ql many/ap torn/vbn parcels/nns flung/vbn down/in a/at portable/jj chute/nn ./. What/wdt made/vbd him/ppo think/vb John/np had/hvd a/at right/nn to/to witness/vb his/pp$ brother's/nn$ humiliation/nn ?/. ?/. What/wdt right/nn had/hvd John/np to/in any/dti special/jj consideration/nn ?/. ?/. Was/bedz John/np better/jjr ,/, more/ql deserving/jj ?/. ?/. To/in hell/nn with/in John/np ./. Let/vb him/ppo chafe/vb with/in impatience/nn to/to see/vb Charles/np ,/, rip/vb open/jj the/at note/nn with/in trembling/vbg hands/nns and/cc read/vb the/at formal/jj report/nn in/in Hillman's/np$ beautiful/jj ,/, schoolmaster's/nn$ hand/nn ./. John/np would/md curse/vb ./. He/pps believed/vbd that/cs brave/jj boys/nns didn't/dod* cry/vb ./. Watson/np spat/vbd on/in the/at ground/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz grimly/rb satisfied/vbn ./. He/pps had/hvd stupidly/rb thought/vbn himself/ppl compelled/vbn to/in ease/vb his/pp$ brother's/nn$ pain/nn ./. Now/rb he/pps knew/vbd perfectly/rb that/cs he/pps had/hvd but/in longed/vbn to/to increase/vb his/pp$ own/jj suffering/nn ./.

ck22

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I/ppss would/md not/* want/vb to/to be/be one/cd of/in those/dts writers/nns who/wps begin/vb each/dt morning/nn by/in exclaiming/vbg ,/, ``/`` O/uh Gogol/np ,/, O/uh Chekhov/np ,/, O/uh Thackeray/np and/cc Dickens/np ,/, what/wdt would/md you/ppo have/hv made/vbn of/in a/at bomb/nn shelter/nn ornamented/vbn with/in four/cd plaster-of-Paris/nn ducks/nns ,/, a/at birdbath/nn ,/, and/cc three/cd composition/nn gnomes/nns with/in long/jj beards/nns and/cc red/jj mobcaps/nns ''/'' ?/. ?/. As/cs I/ppss say/vb ,/, I/ppss wouldn't/md* want/vb to/to begin/vb a/at day/nn like/cs this/dt ,/, but/cc I/ppss often/rb wonder/vb what/wdt the/at dead/jj would/md have/hv done/vbn ./. But/cc the/at shelter/nn is/bez as/ql much/rb a/at part/nn of/in my/pp$ landscape/nn as/cs the/at beech/nn and/cc horse-chestnut/nn trees/nns that/wps grow/vb on/in the/at ridge/nn ./. I/ppss can/md see/vb it/ppo from/in this/dt window/nn where/wrb I/ppss write/vb ./. It/pps was/bedz built/vbn by/in the/at Pasterns/nps ,/, and/cc stands/vbz on/in the/at acre/nn of/in ground/nn that/dt adjoins/vbz our/pp$ property/nn ./. It/pps bulks/vbz under/in a/at veil/nn of/in thin/jj ,/, new/jj grass/nn ,/, like/cs some/dti embarrassing/vbg fact/nn of/in physicalness/nn ,/, and/cc I/ppss think/vb Mrs./np Pastern/np set/vb out/rp the/at statuary/nn to/to soften/vb its/pp$ meaning/nn ./. It/pps would/md have/hv been/ben like/cs her/ppo ./. She/pps was/bedz a/at pale/jj woman/nn ./. Sitting/vbg on/in her/pp$ terrace/nn ,/, sitting/vbg in/in her/pp$ parlor/nn ,/, sitting/vbg anywhere/rb ,/, she/pps ground/vbd an/at axe/nn of/in self-esteem/nn ./. Offer/vb her/ppo a/at cup/nn of/in tea/nn and/cc she/pps would/md say/vb ,/, ``/`` Why/wrb ,/, these/dts cups/nns look/vb just/rb like/cs a/at set/nn I/ppss gave/vbd to/in the/at Salvation/nn-tl Army/nn-tl last/ap year/nn ''/'' ./. Show/vb her/ppo the/at new/jj swimming/vbg pool/nn and/cc she/pps would/md say/vb ,/, slapping/vbg her/pp$ ankle/nn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss suppose/vb this/dt must/md be/be where/wrb you/ppss breed/vb your/pp$ gigantic/jj mosquitoes/nns ''/'' ./. Hand/vb her/ppo a/at chair/nn and/cc she/pps would/md say/vb ,/, ``/`` Why/wrb ,/, it's/pps+bez a/at nice/jj imitation/nn of/in those/dts Queen/nn-tl Anne/np-tl chairs/nns I/ppss inherited/vbd from/in Grandmother/nn-tl Delancy/np ''/'' ./. These/dts trumps/nns were/bed more/ql touching/jj than/cs they/ppss were/bed anything/pn else/rb ,/, and/cc seemed/vbd to/to imply/vb that/cs the/at nights/nns were/bed long/jj ,/, her/pp$ children/nns ungrateful/jj ,/, and/cc her/pp$ marriage/nn bewilderingly/rb threadbare/jj ./. Twenty/cd years/nns ago/rb ,/, she/pps would/md have/hv been/ben known/vbn as/cs a/at golf/nn widow/nn ,/, and/cc the/at sum/nn of/in her/pp$ manner/nn was/bedz perhaps/rb one/cd of/in bereavement/nn ./. She/pps usually/rb wore/vbd weeds/nns ,/, and/cc a/at stranger/nn watching/vbg her/ppo board/vb a/at train/nn might/md have/hv guessed/vbn that/cs Mr./np Pastern/np was/bedz dead/jj ,/, but/cc Mr./np Pastern/np was/bedz far/rb from/in dead/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz marching/vbg up/in and/cc down/in the/at locker/nn room/nn of/in the/at Grassy/jj-tl Brae/nn-tl Golf/nn-tl Club/nn-tl shouting/vbg ,/, ``/`` Bomb/vb Cuba/np !/. !/. Bomb/vb Berlin/np !/. !/. Let's/vb+ppo throw/vb a/at little/ap nuclear/jj hardware/nn at/in them/ppo and/cc show/vb them/ppo who's/wps+bez boss/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz brigadier/nn of/in the/at club's/nn$ locker-room/nn light/jj infantry/nn ,/, and/cc at/in one/cd time/nn or/cc another/dt declared/vbd war/nn on/in Russia/np ,/, Czechoslovakia/np ,/, Yugoslavia/np ,/, and/cc China/np ./. It/pps all/abn began/vbd on/in an/at autumn/nn afternoon/nn --/-- and/cc who/wps ,/, after/in all/abn these/dts centuries/nns ,/, can/md describe/vb the/at fineness/nn of/in an/at autumn/nn day/nn ?/. ?/. One/pn might/md pretend/vb never/rb to/to have/hv seen/vbn one/cd before/rb ,/, or/cc ,/, to/in more/ap purpose/nn ,/, that/wps there/ex would/md never/rb be/be another/dt like/cs it/pps ./. The/at clear/jj and/cc searching/vbg sweep/nn of/in sun/nn on/in the/at lawns/nns was/bedz like/cs a/at climax/nn of/in the/at year's/nn$ lights/nns ./. Leaves/nns were/bed burning/vbg somewhere/rb and/cc the/at smoke/nn smelled/vbd ,/, for/in all/abn its/pp$ ammoniac/jj acidity/nn ,/, of/in beginnings/nns ./. The/at boundless/jj blue/jj air/nn was/bedz stretched/vbn over/in the/at zenith/nn like/cs the/at skin/nn of/in a/at drum/nn ./. Leaving/vbg her/pp$ house/nn one/cd late/jj afternoon/nn ,/, Mrs./np Pastern/np stopped/vbd to/to admire/vb the/at October/np light/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at day/nn to/to canvass/vb for/in infectious/jj hepatitis/nn ./. Mrs./np Pastern/np had/hvd been/ben given/vbn sixteen/cd names/nns ,/, a/at bundle/nn of/in literature/nn ,/, and/cc a/at printed/vbn book/nn of/in receipts/nns ./. It/pps was/bedz her/pp$ work/nn to/to go/vb among/in her/ppo neighbors/nns and/cc collect/vb their/pp$ checks/nns ./. Her/pp$ house/nn stood/vbd on/in a/at rise/nn of/in ground/nn ,/, and/cc before/cs she/pps got/vbd into/in her/pp$ car/nn she/pps looked/vbd at/in the/at houses/nns below/rb ./. Charity/nn as/cs she/pps knew/vbd it/pps was/bedz complex/jj and/cc reciprocal/jj ,/, and/cc almost/rb every/at roof/nn she/pps saw/vbd signified/vbn charity/nn ./. Mrs./np Balcolm/np worked/vbd for/in the/at brain/nn ./. Mrs./np Ten/np Eyke/np did/dod mental/jj health/nn ./. Mrs./np Trenchard/np worked/vbd for/in the/at blind/jj ./. Mrs./np Horowitz/np was/bedz in/in charge/nn of/in diseases/nns of/in the/at nose/nn and/cc throat/nn ./. Mrs./np Trempler/np was/bedz tuberculosis/nn ,/, Mrs./np Surcliffe/np was/bedz Mothers'/nns$-tl March/nn-tl of/in-tl Dimes/nns-tl ,/, Mrs./np Craven/np was/bedz cancer/nn ,/, and/cc Mrs./np Gilkson/np did/dod the/at kidney/nn ./. Mrs./np Hewlitt/np led/vbd the/at birthcontrol/nn league/nn ,/, Mrs./np Ryerson/np was/bedz arthritis/nn ,/, and/cc way/nn in/in the/at distance/nn could/md be/be seen/vbn the/at slate/nn roof/nn of/in Ethel/np Littleton's/np$ house/nn ,/, a/at roof/nn that/wps signified/vbd gout/nn ./. Mrs./np Pastern/np undertook/vbd the/at work/nn of/in going/vbg from/in house/nn to/in house/nn with/in the/at thoughtless/jj resignation/nn of/in an/at honest/jj and/cc traditional/jj laborer/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz her/pp$ destiny/nn ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz her/pp$ life/nn ./. Her/pp$ mother/nn had/hvd done/vbn it/ppo before/rb her/ppo ,/, and/cc even/rb her/pp$ old/jj grandmother/nn ,/, who/wps had/hvd collected/vbn money/nn for/in smallpox/nn and/cc unwed/jj mothers/nns ./. Mrs./np Pastern/np had/hvd telephoned/vbn most/ap of/in her/pp$ neighbors/nns in/in advance/nn ,/, and/cc most/ap of/in them/ppo were/bed ready/jj for/in her/ppo ./. She/pps experienced/vbd none/pn of/in the/at suspense/nn of/in some/dti poor/jj stranger/nn selling/vbg encyclopedias/nns ./. Here/rb and/cc there/rb she/pps stayed/vbd to/to visit/vb and/cc drink/vb a/at glass/nn of/in sherry/nn ./. The/at contributions/nns were/bed ahead/rb of/in what/wdt she/pps had/hvd got/vbn the/at previous/jj year/nn ,/, and/cc while/cs the/at money/nn ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, was/bedz not/* hers/pp$$ ,/, it/pps excited/vbd her/ppo to/to stuff/vb her/pp$ kit/nn with/in big/jj checks/nns ./. She/pps stopped/vbd at/in the/at Surcliffes'/nps$ after/in dusk/nn ,/, and/cc had/hvd a/at Scotch-and-soda/np ./. She/pps stayed/vbd too/ql late/jj ,/, and/cc when/wrb she/pps left/vbd ,/, it/pps was/bedz dark/jj and/cc time/nn to/to go/vb home/nr and/cc cook/vb supper/nn for/in her/pp$ husband/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss got/vbd a/at hundred/cd and/cc sixty/cd dollars/nns for/in the/at hepatitis/nn fund/nn ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd excitedly/rb when/wrb he/pps walked/vbd in/rp ./. ``/`` I/ppss did/dod everybody/pn on/in my/pp$ list/nn but/cc the/at Blevins/np and/cc the/at Flannagans/nps ./. I/ppss want/vb to/to get/vb my/pp$ kit/nn in/rp tomorrow/nr morning/nn --/-- would/md you/ppss mind/vb doing/vbg them/ppo while/cs I/ppss cook/vb the/at dinner/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` But/cc I/ppss don't/do* know/vb the/at Flannagans/nps ''/'' ,/, Charlie/np Pastern/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` Nobody/pn does/doz ,/, but/cc they/ppss gave/vbd me/ppo ten/cd last/ap year/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz tired/vbn ,/, he/pps had/hvd his/pp$ business/nn worries/nns ,/, and/cc the/at sight/nn of/in his/pp$ wife/nn arranging/vbg pork/nn chops/nns in/in the/at broiler/nn only/rb seemed/vbd like/cs an/at extension/nn of/in a/at boring/vbg day/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz happy/jj enough/qlp to/to take/vb the/at convertible/jj and/cc race/vb up/in the/at hill/nn to/in the/at Blevins'/np$ ,/, thinking/vbg that/cs they/ppss might/md give/vb him/ppo a/at drink/nn ./. But/cc the/at Blevins/np were/bed away/rb ;/. ;/. their/pp$ maid/nn gave/vbd him/ppo an/at envelope/nn with/in a/at check/nn in/in it/ppo and/cc shut/vbd the/at door/nn ./. Turning/vbg in/rp at/in the/at Flannagans'/nps$ driveway/nn ,/, he/pps tried/vbd to/to remember/vb if/cs he/pps had/hvd ever/rb met/vbn them/ppo ./. The/at name/nn encouraged/vbd him/ppo ,/, because/cs he/pps always/rb felt/vbd that/cs he/pps could/md handle/vb the/at Irish/nps ./. There/ex was/bedz a/at glass/nn pane/nn in/in the/at front/jj door/nn ,/, and/cc through/in this/dt he/pps could/md see/vb into/in a/at hallway/nn where/wrb a/at plump/jj woman/nn with/in red/jj hair/nn was/bedz arranging/vbg flowers/nns ./. ``/`` Infectious/jj hepatitis/nn ''/'' ,/, he/pps shouted/vbd heartily/rb ./. She/pps took/vbd a/at good/jj look/nn at/in herself/ppl in/in the/at mirror/nn before/cs she/pps turned/vbd and/cc ,/, walking/vbg with/in very/ql small/jj steps/nns ,/, started/vbd toward/in the/at door/nn ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, please/vb come/vb in/rp ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ./. The/at girlish/jj voice/nn was/bedz nearly/rb a/at whisper/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz not/* a/at girl/nn ,/, he/pps could/md see/vb ./. Her/pp$ hair/nn was/bedz dyed/vbn ,/, and/cc her/pp$ bloom/nn was/bedz fading/vbg ,/, and/cc she/pps must/md have/hv been/ben crowding/vbg forty/cd ,/, but/cc she/pps seemed/vbd to/to be/be one/cd of/in those/dts women/nns who/wps cling/vb to/in the/at manners/nns and/cc graces/nns of/in a/at pretty/jj child/nn of/in eight/cd ./. ``/`` Your/pp$ wife/nn just/rb called/vbd ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, separating/vbg one/cd word/nn from/in another/dt ,/, exactly/rb like/cs a/at child/nn ./. ``/`` And/cc I/ppss am/bem not/* sure/jj that/cs I/ppss have/hv any/dti cash/nn --/-- any/dti money/nn ,/, that/dt is/bez --/-- but/cc if/cs you/ppss will/md wait/vb just/rb a/at minute/nn I/ppss will/md write/vb you/ppo out/rp a/at check/nn if/cs I/ppss can/md find/vb my/pp$ checkbook/nn ./. Won't/md* you/ppss step/vb into/in the/at living/vbg room/nn ,/, where/wrb it's/pps+bez cozier/jjr ''/'' ?/. ?/. A/at fire/nn had/hvd just/rb been/ben lighted/vbn ,/, he/pps saw/vbd ,/, and/cc things/nns had/hvd been/ben set/vbn out/rp for/in drinks/nns ,/, and/cc ,/, like/cs any/dti stray/nn ,/, his/pp$ response/nn to/in these/dts comforts/nns was/bedz instantaneous/jj ./. Where/wrb was/bedz Mr./np Flannagan/np ,/, he/pps wondered/vbd ./. Travelling/vbg home/nr on/in a/at late/jj train/nn ?/. ?/. Changing/vbg his/pp$ clothes/nns upstairs/rb ?/. ?/. Taking/vbg a/at shower/nn ?/. ?/. At/in the/at end/nn of/in the/at room/nn there/ex was/bedz a/at desk/nn heaped/vbn with/in papers/nns ,/, and/cc she/pps began/vbd to/to riffle/vb these/dts ,/, making/vbg sighs/nns and/cc and/cc noises/nns of/in girlish/jj exasperation/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss am/bem terribly/rb sorry/jj to/to keep/vb you/ppo waiting/vbg ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` but/cc won't/md* you/ppss make/vb yourself/ppl a/at little/ap drink/nn while/cs you/ppss wait/vb ?/. ?/. Everything's/pn+bez on/in the/at table/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` What/wdt train/nn does/doz Mr./np Flannagan/np come/vb out/rp on/in ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Mr./np Flannagan/np is/bez away/rb ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ./. Her/pp$ voice/nn dropped/vbd ./. ``/`` Mr./np Flannagan/np has/hvz been/ben away/rb for/in six/cd weeks/nns ./. ''/'' ``/`` I'll/ppss+md have/hv a/at drink/nn ,/, then/rb ,/, if/cs you'll/ppss+md have/hv one/cd with/in me/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` If/cs you/ppss will/md promise/vb to/to make/vb it/ppo weak/jj ''/'' ./. ``/`` Sit/vb down/rp ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` and/cc enjoy/vb your/pp$ drink/nn and/cc look/vb for/in your/pp$ checkbook/nn later/rbr ./. The/at only/ap way/nn to/to find/vb things/nns is/bez to/to relax/vb ''/'' ./. All/abn in/in all/abn ,/, they/ppss had/hvd six/cd drinks/nns ./. She/pps described/vbd herself/ppl and/cc her/pp$ circumstances/nns unhesitatingly/rb ./. Mr./np Flannagan/np manufactured/vbd plastic/nn tongue/nn depressors/nns ./. He/pps travelled/vbd all/abn over/in the/at world/nn ./. She/pps didn't/dod* like/vb to/to travel/vb ./. Planes/nns made/vbd her/ppo feel/vb faint/jj ,/, and/cc in/in Tokyo/np ,/, where/wrb she/pps had/hvd gone/vbn that/dt summer/nn ,/, she/pps had/hvd been/ben given/vbn raw/jj fish/nn for/in breakfast/nn and/cc so/cs she/pps had/hvd come/vbn straight/rb home/nr ./. She/pps and/cc her/pp$ husband/nn had/hvd formerly/rb lived/vbn in/in New/jj-tl York/np-tl ,/, where/wrb she/pps had/hvd many/ap friends/nns ,/, but/cc Mr./np Flannagan/np thought/vbd the/at country/nn would/md be/be safer/jjr in/in case/nn of/in war/nn ./. She/pps would/md rather/rb live/vb in/in danger/nn than/cs die/vb of/in loneliness/nn and/cc boredom/nn ./. She/pps had/hvd no/at children/nns ;/. ;/. she/pps had/hvd made/vbn no/at friends/nns ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv seen/vbn you/ppo ,/, though/rb ,/, before/rb ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd with/in enormous/jj coyness/nn ,/, patting/vbg his/pp$ knee/nn ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv seen/vbn you/ppo walking/vbg your/pp$ dogs/nns on/in Sunday/nr and/cc driving/vbg by/in in/in the/at convertible/jj ./. ''/'' The/at thought/nn of/in this/dt lonely/jj woman/nn sitting/vbg at/in her/pp$ window/nn touched/vbd him/ppo ,/, although/cs he/pps was/bedz even/ql more/rbr touched/vbn by/in her/pp$ plumpness/nn ./. Sheer/jj plumpness/nn ,/, he/pps knew/vbd ,/, is/bez not/* a/at vital/jj part/nn of/in the/at body/nn and/cc has/hvz no/at procreative/jj functions/nns ./. It/pps serves/vbz merely/rb as/cs an/at excess/jj cushion/nn for/in the/at rest/nn of/in the/at carcass/nn ./. And/cc knowing/vbg its/pp$ humble/jj place/nn in/in the/at scale/nn of/in things/nns ,/, why/wrb did/dod he/pps ,/, at/in this/dt time/nn of/in life/nn ,/, seem/vb almost/ql ready/jj to/to sell/vb his/pp$ soul/nn for/in plumpness/nn ?/. ?/. The/at remarks/nns she/pps made/vbd about/in the/at sufferings/nns of/in a/at lonely/jj woman/nn seemed/vbd so/ql broad/jj at/in first/od that/cs he/pps didn't/dod* know/vb what/wdt to/to make/vb of/in them/ppo ,/, but/cc after/in the/at sixth/od drink/nn he/pps put/vbd his/pp$ arm/nn around/in her/ppo and/cc suggested/vbd that/cs they/ppss go/vb upstairs/rb and/cc look/vb for/in her/pp$ checkbook/nn there/rb ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv never/rb done/vbn this/dt before/rb ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd later/rbr ,/, when/wrb he/pps was/bedz arranging/vbg himself/ppl to/to leave/vb ./. Her/pp$ voice/nn shook/vbd with/in feeling/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps thought/vbd it/ppo lovely/jj ./. He/pps didn't/dod* doubt/vb her/pp$ truthfulness/nn ,/, although/cs he/pps had/hvd heard/vbn the/at words/nns a/at hundred/cd times/nns ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv never/rb done/vbn this/dt before/rb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss always/rb said/vbd ,/, shaking/vbg their/pp$ dresses/nns down/rp over/in their/pp$ white/jj shoulders/nns ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv never/rb done/vbn this/dt before/rb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss always/rb said/vbd ,/, waiting/vbg for/in the/at elevator/nn in/in the/at hotel/nn corridor/nn ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv never/rb done/vbn this/dt before/rb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss always/rb said/vbd ,/, pouring/vbg another/dt whiskey/nn ./. ``/`` I've/ppss+hv never/rb done/vbn this/dt before/rb ''/'' ,/, they/ppss always/rb said/vbd ,/, putting/vbg on/in their/pp$ stockings/nns ./. On/in ships/nns at/in sea/nn ,/, on/in railroad/nn trains/nns ,/, in/in summer/nn hotels/nns with/in mountain/nn views/nns ,/, they/ppss always/rb said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I've/ppss+hv never/rb done/vbn this/dt before/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Where/wrb have/hv you/ppss been/ben ''/'' ?/. ?/. Mrs./np Pastern/np asked/vbd sadly/rb ,/, when/wrb he/pps came/vbd in/rp ./. ``/`` It's/pps+bez after/in eleven/cd ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss had/hvd a/at drink/nn with/in the/at Flannagans/nps ''/'' ./. ``/`` She/pps told/vbd me/ppo he/pps was/bedz in/in Germany/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` He/pps came/vbd home/nr unexpectedly/rb ''/'' ./. Charlie/np ate/vbd some/dti supper/nn in/in the/at kitchen/nn and/cc went/vbd into/in the/at TV/np room/nn to/to hear/vb the/at news/nn ./. ``/`` Bomb/vb them/ppo ''/'' !/. !/. He/pps shouted/vbd ./. ``/`` Throw/vb a/at little/ap nuclear/jj hardware/nn at/in them/ppo !/. !/. Show/vb them/ppo who's/wps+bez boss/nn ''/'' !/. !/. But/cc in/in bed/nn he/pps had/hvd trouble/nn sleeping/vbg ./. He/pps thought/vbd first/rb of/in his/pp$ son/nn and/cc daughter/nn ,/, away/rb at/in college/nn ./. He/pps loved/vbd them/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz the/at only/ap meaning/nn of/in the/at word/nn that/cs he/pps had/hvd ever/rb known/vbn ./. Then/rb he/pps played/vbd nine/cd imaginary/jj holes/nns of/in golf/nn ,/, choosing/vbg his/pp$ handicap/nn ,/, his/pp$ irons/nns ,/, his/pp$ stance/nn ,/, his/pp$ opponents/nns ,/, and/cc his/pp$ weather/nn in/in detail/nn ,/, but/cc the/at green/nn of/in the/at links/nns seemed/vbd faded/vbn in/in the/at light/nn of/in his/pp$ business/nn worries/nns ./. His/pp$ money/nn was/bedz tied/vbn up/rp in/in a/at Nassau/np hotel/nn ,/, an/at Ohio/np pottery/nn works/nns ,/, and/cc a/at detergent/nn for/in window-washing/nn ,/, and/cc luck/nn had/hvd been/ben running/vbg against/in him/ppo ./. His/pp$ worries/nns harried/vbd him/ppo up/rp out/in of/in bed/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps lighted/vbd a/at cigarette/nn and/cc went/vbd to/in the/at window/nn ./. In/in the/at starlight/nn he/pps could/md see/vb the/at trees/nns stripped/vbn of/in their/pp$ leaves/nns ./. During/in the/at summer/nn he/pps had/hvd tried/vbn to/to repair/vb some/dti of/in his/pp$ losses/nns at/in the/at track/nn ,/, and/cc the/at bare/jj trees/nns reminded/vbd him/ppo that/cs his/pp$ pari-mutuel/jj tickets/nns would/md still/rb be/be lying/vbg ,/, like/cs leaves/nns ,/, in/in the/at gutters/nns near/vb Belmont/np and/cc Saratoga/np ./. Maple/nn and/cc ash/nn ,/, beech/nn and/cc elm/nn ,/, one/cd hundred/cd to/to win/vb on/in Three/cd-tl in/in the/at fourth/od ,/, fifty/cd to/to win/vb on/in Six/cd-tl in/in the/at third/od ,/, one/cd hundred/cd to/to win/vb on/in Two/cd-tl in/in the/at eighth/od ./. Children/nns walking/vbg home/nr from/in school/nn would/md scuff/vb through/in what/wdt seemed/vbd to/to be/be his/pp$ foliage/nn ./. Then/rb ,/, getting/vbg back/rb into/in bed/nn ,/, he/pps thought/vbd unashamedly/rb of/in Mrs./np Flannagan/np ,/, planning/vbg where/wrb they/ppss would/md next/ap meet/vb and/cc what/wdt they/ppss would/md do/do ./. There/ex are/ber ,/, he/pps thought/vbd ,/, so/ql few/ap true/jj means/nns of/in forgetfulness/nn in/in this/dt life/nn that/cs why/wrb should/md he/pps shun/vb the/at medicine/nn even/rb when/wrb the/at medicine/nn seemed/vbd ,/, as/cs it/pps did/dod ,/, a/at little/ql crude/jj ?/. ?/.

ck23

ck23 |@word though:2 note:1 clearly:1 nephews:4 see:7 ten:1 year:7 since:1 last:4 journey:1 eastward:1 witness:1 uncle:3 izaak:6 lower:1 rocky:1 soil:1 aside:1 due:1 notification:1 certain:1 major:1 event:1 life:4 two:10 marriage:1 birth:1 one:11 divorce:2 christmas:1 easter:1 card:1 traditional:1 sort:1 thin:4 link:1 widow:1 thought:2 discrete:1 look:10 mouth:3 taste:2 lemon:1 grasp:2 chair:3 arm:1 bring:4 body:3 upright:2 like:3 bird:1 alert:1 flight:1 turn:5 walk:2 stiffly:2 parlor:1 dainty:1 legged:1 escritoire:2 warped:1 crack:1 fifty:1 atmosphere:1 sea:7 spray:1 extract:1 limp:1 vellum:1 sheet:1 write:1 letter:5 abel:15 mark:15 tremble:2 hand:2 pen:3 tight:1 press:1 paper:1 word:3 come:8 sharply:1 smoothly:1 authoritatively:1 would:7 drop:1 lip:3 regal:1 grimly:1 lack:1 quaver:1 age:1 thwart:1 effort:1 amazing:1 run:3 spoken:1 ragged:1 string:1 please:2 soon:1 conveniently:1 stalk:1 broad:1 nibbed:1 important:1 matter:1 discuss:2 afraid:1 much:2 amuse:1 small:4 child:3 oblige:1 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pole:1 nonsense:1 stroke:1 bad:2 incredible:1 selfishness:1 show:1 boyhood:1 precede:1 funeral:1 never:3 close:1 absolutely:1 sealing:1 grave:1 fly:2 relentlessly:1 stubbornly:1 reign:1 crash:1 ominous:1 reality:1 move:2 property:2 receipt:1 suddenly:1 insistent:1 contrition:1 blot:1 shameful:1 covetousness:1 cape:1 ann:1 end:3 stretch:1 horizon:2 golden:1 loosely:1 finger:1 around:1 purposeful:1 deliberate:1 set:1 plainly:1 sandy:1 hair:1 already:1 begin:1 recede:1 easily:1 world:1 comfortably:1 categorize:1 vacation:1 traffic:1 heavy:1 approach:2 mention:1 maneuver:1 next:1 lane:1 probably:1 get:1 crotchety:1 mean:1 uh:2 well:1 budge:1 without:2 express:2 invitation:1 kind:1 glance:1 closer:1 hug:1 briefest:1 allusion:1 guilt:1 imagine:1 miss:1 add:1 ignore:1 half:1 bid:1 confirmation:1 possible:1 right:1 air:2 special:1 strength:1 leave:1 fecund:1 warmth:1 farmland:1 behind:1 smell:1 coast:1 primeval:1 compose:1 equal:1 part:1 salt:1 clam:1 seaweed:1 northern:1 tree:1 ahead:1 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It/pps was/bedz not/* as/cs though/cs she/pps noted/vbd clearly/rb that/cs her/pp$ nephews/nns had/hvd not/* been/ben to/to see/vb her/ppo for/in ten/cd years/nns ,/, not/* since/cs their/pp$ last/ap journey/nn eastward/rb to/to witness/vb their/pp$ Uncle/nn-tl Izaak/np-tl being/beg lowered/vbn into/in the/at rocky/jj soil/nn ;/. ;/. that/wps aside/rb from/in due/jj notification/nn of/in certain/jj major/jj events/nns in/in their/pp$ lives/nns (/( two/cd marriages/nns ,/, two/cd births/nns ,/, one/cd divorce/nn )/) ,/, Christmas/np and/cc Easter/np cards/nns of/in the/at traditional/jj sort/nn had/hvd been/ben the/at only/ap thin/jj link/nn she/pps had/hvd with/in them/ppo through/in the/at widowed/vbn years/nns ./. Her/pp$ thoughts/nns were/bed not/* discrete/jj ./. But/cc there/ex was/bedz a/at look/nn about/in her/ppo mouth/nn as/cs though/cs she/pps were/bed tasting/vbg lemons/nns ./. She/pps grasped/vbd the/at chair/nn arms/nns and/cc brought/vbd her/pp$ thin/jj body/nn upright/rb ,/, like/cs a/at bird/nn alert/jj for/in flight/nn ./. She/pps turned/vbd and/cc walked/vbd stiffly/rb into/in the/at parlor/nn to/in the/at dainty-legged/jj escritoire/nn ,/, warped/vbn and/cc cracked/vbn now/rb from/in fifty/cd years/nns in/in an/at atmosphere/nn of/in sea/nn spray/nn ./. There/ex she/pps extracted/vbd two/cd limp/jj vellum/nn sheets/nns and/cc wrote/vbd off/rp the/at letters/nns ,/, one/cd to/in Abel/np ,/, one/cd to/in Mark/np ./. Once/rb her/pp$ trembling/vbg hand/nn ,/, with/in the/at pen/nn grasped/vbd tight/jj in/in it/ppo ,/, was/bedz pressed/vbn against/in the/at paper/nn the/at words/nns came/vbd sharply/rb ,/, smoothly/rb ,/, as/ql authoritatively/rb as/cs they/ppss would/md dropping/vbg from/in her/pp$ own/jj lips/nns ./. And/cc the/at stiffly/rb regal/jj look/nn of/in them/ppo ,/, she/pps saw/vbd grimly/rb ,/, lacked/vbd the/at quaver/nn of/in age/nn which/wdt ,/, thwarting/vbg the/at efforts/nns of/in her/pp$ amazing/jj will/nn ,/, ran/vbd through/in her/pp$ spoken/vbn words/nns like/vb a/at thin/jj ragged/jj string/nn ./. ``/`` Please/vb come/vb down/rp as/ql soon/rb as/cs you/ppss conveniently/rb can/md ''/'' ,/, the/at upright/jj letters/nns stalked/vbd from/in the/at broad-nibbed/jj pen/nn ,/, ``/`` I/ppss have/hv an/at important/jj matter/nn to/to discuss/vb with/in you/ppo ''/'' ./. To/in Abel/np :/: ``/`` I/ppss am/bem afraid/jj there/ex is/bez not/* much/ap to/to amuse/vb small/jj children/nns here/rb ./. I/ppss should/md be/be obliged/vbn if/cs you/ppss could/md make/vb other/ap arrangements/nns for/in your/pp$ daughters/nns ./. You/ppss may/md stay/vb as/ql long/jj as/cs you/ppss wish/vb ,/, of/in course/nn ,/, but/cc if/cs arranging/vbg for/in the/at care/nn of/in the/at girls/nns must/md take/vb time/nn into/in account/nn ,/, I/ppss think/vb a/at day/nn or/cc two/cd should/md be/be enough/ap to/to finish/vb our/pp$ business/nn in/in ''/'' ./. To/in Mark/np :/: ``/`` Please/vb give/vb my/pp$ regards/nns to/in Myra/np ''/'' ./. She/pps signed/vbd the/at letters/nns quickly/rb ,/, stamped/vbd them/ppo ,/, and/cc placed/vbd them/ppo on/in the/at hall/nn table/nn for/in Raphael/np to/to mail/vb in/in town/nn ./. Then/rb she/pps went/vbd back/rb to/in the/at wicker/nn chair/nn and/cc resolutely/rb adjusted/vbd her/pp$ eyes/nns to/in the/at glare/nn on/in the/at water/nn ./. ``/`` My/pp$ nephews/nns will/md be/be coming/vbg down/rp ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd that/dt evening/nn as/cs Angelina/np brought/vbd her/pp$ dinner/nn into/in the/at dining/vbg room/nn ,/, the/at whole/jj meal/nn on/in a/at vast/jj linen-covered/jj tray/nn ./. She/pps looked/vbd at/in the/at girl/nn speculatively/rb from/in eyes/nns which/wdt had/hvd paled/vbn with/in the/at years/nns ;/. ;/. from/in the/at early/jj evening/nn lights/nns of/in them/ppo which/wdt had/hvd first/od startled/vbn Izaak/np to/to look/vb at/in her/ppo in/in an/at uncousinly/jj way/nn ,/, they/ppss had/hvd faded/vbn to/in a/at near-absence/nn of/in color/nn which/wdt had/hvd ,/, possibly/rb from/in her/pp$ constant/jj looking/nn at/in the/at water/nn ,/, something/pn of/in the/at light/nn of/in the/at sea/nn in/in them/ppo ./. Angelina/np placed/vbd the/at tray/nn on/in the/at table/nn and/cc with/in a/at flick/nn of/in dark/jj wrist/nn drew/vbd off/rp the/at cloth/nn ./. She/pps smiled/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at teeth/nns gleamed/vbd in/in her/pp$ beautifully/rb modeled/vbn olive/jj face/nn ./. ``/`` That/dt will/md be/be so/ql nice/jj for/in you/ppo ,/, Mrs./np Packard/np ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ./. Her/pp$ voice/nn was/bedz ripe/jj and/cc full/jj and/cc her/pp$ teeth/nns flashed/vbd again/rb in/in Sicilian/jj brilliance/nn before/cs the/at warm/jj curved/vbn lips/nns met/vbd and/cc her/pp$ mouth/nn settled/vbd in/in repose/nn ./. ``/`` Um/uh ''/'' ,/, said/vbd the/at old/jj lady/nn ,/, and/cc brought/vbd her/pp$ eyes/nns down/rp to/in the/at tray/nn ./. ``/`` You/ppss remember/vb them/ppo ,/, I/ppss suppose/vb ''/'' ?/. ?/. She/pps glinted/vbd suspiciously/rb at/in the/at dish/nn before/in her/ppo :/: ``/`` blowfish/nns ./. I/ppss hope/vb Raphael/np bought/vbd them/ppo whole/jj ''/'' ./. Angelina/np stepped/vbd back/rb ,/, her/pp$ eyes/nns roaming/vbg the/at tray/nn for/in omissions/nns ./. Then/rb she/pps looked/vbd at/in the/at old/jj woman/nn again/rb ,/, her/pp$ eyes/nns calm/vb ./. ``/`` Yes/rb ''/'' ,/, she/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` I/ppss remember/vb that/cs they/ppss came/vbd here/rb every/at summer/nn ./. I/ppss used/vbd to/to play/vb with/in the/at older/jjr one/cd sometimes/rb ,/, when/wrb he'd/pps+md let/vb me/ppo ./. Abel/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. The/at name/nn fell/vbd with/in lazy/jj affectionate/jj remembrance/nn from/in her/ppo lips/nns ./. For/in an/at instant/nn the/at old/jj aunt/nn felt/vbd something/pn indefinable/jj flash/vb through/in her/pp$ smile/nn ./. She/pps would/md have/hv said/vbn triumph/nn ./. Then/rb Angelina/np turned/vbd and/cc with/in an/at easy/jj grace/nn walked/vbd toward/in the/at kitchen/nn ./. Jessica/np Packard/np lifted/vbd her/ppo head/nn and/cc followed/vbd the/at retreating/vbg figure/nn ,/, her/pp$ eyes/nns resting/vbg nearly/rb closed/vbd on/in the/at unself-conscious/jj rise/nn and/cc fall/nn of/in the/at rounded/vbn hips/nns ./. For/in a/at moment/nn she/pps held/vbd her/pp$ face/nn to/in the/at empty/jj doorway/nn ;/. ;/. then/rb she/pps snorted/vbd and/cc groped/vbd for/in her/pp$ fork/nn ./. There's/ex+bez no/at greater/jjr catastrophe/nn in/in the/at universe/nn ,/, she/pps reflected/vbd dourly/rb ,/, impaling/vbg tender/jj green/jj beans/nns on/in the/at silver/nn fork/nn ,/, than/cs the/at dwindling/vbg away/rb of/in a/at family/nn ./. Procreation/nn ,/, expansion/nn ,/, proliferation/nn --/-- these/dts are/ber the/at laws/nns of/in living/vbg things/nns ,/, with/in the/at penalty/nn for/in not/* obeying/vbg them/ppo the/at ultimate/jj in/in punishments/nns :/: oblivion/nn ./. When/wrb the/at fate/nn of/in the/at individual/nn is/bez visited/vbn on/in the/at group/nn ,/, then/rb (/( the/at warm/jj sweet/jj butter/nn dripped/vbd from/in her/ppo raised/vbn trembling/vbg fork/nn and/cc she/pps pushed/vbd her/pp$ head/nn forward/rb belligerently/rb )/) ,/, ah/uh ,/, then/rb the/at true/jj bitterness/nn of/in existence/nn could/md be/be tasted/vbn ./. And/cc indeed/rb the/at young/jj garden/nn beans/nns were/bed brackish/jj in/in her/pp$ mouth/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz the/at last/ap living/nn of/in the/at older/jjr generation/nn ./. What/wdt had/hvd once/rb been/ben a/at widespread/jj family/nn --/-- at/in one/cd time/nn ,/, she/pps knew/vbd ,/, there/ex were/bed enough/ap Packards/nps to/to populate/vb an/at entire/jj county/nn --/-- had/hvd now/rb narrowed/vbn down/rp to/in the/at two/cd boys/nns ,/, Abel/np and/cc Mark/np ./. She/pps swung/vbd her/pp$ eyes/nns up/rp to/in the/at blue/nn of/in the/at window/nn ,/, her/pp$ jaws/nns gently/rb mashing/vbg the/at bitter/jj beans/nns ./. What/wdt hope/nn lay/vb in/in the/at nephews/nns ,/, she/pps asked/vbd the/at intensifying/vbg light/nn out/rp there/rb ,/, with/in one/cd married/vbn to/in a/at barren/jj woman/nn and/cc the/at other/ap divorced/vbn ,/, having/hvg sired/vbn two/cd girl/nn children/nns ,/, with/in none/pn to/to bear/vb on/in the/at Packard/np name/nn ?/. ?/. She/pps ate/vbd ./. It/pps seemed/vbd to/in her/ppo ,/, as/cs it/pps seemed/vbd each/dt night/nn ,/, that/cs the/at gloom/nn drew/vbd itself/ppl in/rp and/cc became/vbd densest/jjt at/in the/at table's/nn$ empty/jj chairs/nns ,/, giving/vbg her/ppo the/at frequent/jj illusion/nn that/cs she/pps dined/vbd with/in shadows/nns ./. Here/rb ,/, too/rb ,/, she/pps talked/vbd low/rb ,/, quirking/vbg her/pp$ head/nn at/in one/cd or/cc another/dt of/in the/at places/nns ,/, most/ql often/rb at/in Izaak's/np$ armchair/nn which/wdt faced/vbd her/ppo across/in the/at long/jj table/nn ./. Or/cc it/pps might/md have/hv been/ben the/at absent/jj nephews/nns she/pps addressed/vbd ,/, consciously/rb playing/vbg with/in the/at notion/nn that/cs this/dt was/bedz one/cd of/in the/at summers/nns of/in their/pp$ early/jj years/nns ./. She/pps thought/vbd again/rb of/in her/pp$ children/nns ,/, those/dts two/cd who/wps had/hvd died/vbn young/jj ,/, before/in the/at later/jjr science/nn which/wdt might/md have/hv saved/vbn them/ppo could/md attach/vb even/rb a/at label/nn to/in their/pp$ separate/jj malignancies/nns ./. The/at girl/nn ,/, her/pp$ first/od ,/, she/pps barely/rb remembered/vbd ./. It/pps could/md have/hv been/ben anyone's/pn$ infant/nn ,/, for/cs it/pps had/hvd not/* survived/vbn the/at bassinet/nn ./. But/cc the/at boy/nn the/at boy/nn had/hvd been/ben alive/jj yesterday/nr ./. Each/dt successive/jj movement/nn in/in his/pp$ growing/nn was/bedz recorded/vbn on/in the/at unreeling/vbg film/nn inside/in her/ppo ./. He/pps ran/vbd on/in his/pp$ plump/jj sticks/nns of/in legs/nns ,/, freezing/vbg now/rb and/cc again/rb into/in the/at sudden/jj startled/vbn attitudes/nns which/wdt the/at camera/nn had/hvd caught/vbn and/cc held/vbn on/in the/at paling/vbg photographs/nns ,/, all/abn carefully/rb placed/vbn and/cc glued/vbn and/cc labeled/vbn ,/, resting/vbg in/in the/at fat/jj plush/nn album/nn in/in the/at bottom/nn drawer/nn of/in the/at escritoire/nn ./. In/in the/at cruel/jj clearness/nn of/in her/pp$ memory/nn the/at boy/nn remained/vbd unchanged/jj ,/, quick/jj with/in the/at delight/nn of/in laughter/nn ,/, and/cc the/at pain/nn with/in which/wdt she/pps recalled/vbd that/dt short/jj destroyed/vbn childhood/nn was/bedz still/rb unendurable/jj to/in her/ppo ./. It/pps was/bedz one/cd with/in the/at desolate/jj rocks/nns and/cc the/at alien/jj water/nn on/in those/dts days/nns when/wrb she/pps hated/vbd the/at sea/nn ./. The/at brothers/nns drove/vbd down/rp together/rb in/in Mark's/np$ small/jj red/jj sports/nns car/nn ,/, Mark/np at/in the/at wheel/nn ./. They/ppss rarely/rb spoke/vbd ./. Abel/np sat/vbd and/cc regarded/vbd the/at farm/nn country/nn which/wdt ,/, spreading/vbg out/rp from/in both/abx sides/nns of/in the/at road/nn ,/, rolled/vbd greenly/rb up/rp to/to where/wrb the/at silent/jj white/jj houses/nns and/cc long/jj barns/nns and/cc silos/nns nested/vbd into/in the/at tilled/vbn fields/nns ./. He/pps saw/vbd the/at land/nn with/in a/at stranger's/nn$ eyes/nns ,/, all/abn the/at old/jj familiarness/nn gone/vbn ./. And/cc it/pps presented/vbd itself/ppl to/in him/ppo as/cs it/pps would/md to/in any/dti stranger/nn ,/, impervious/jj ,/, complete/jj in/in itself/ppl ./. There/ex was/bedz stability/nn there/rb ,/, too/rb --/-- a/at color/nn which/wdt his/pp$ life/nn had/hvd had/hvn once/rb ./. That/dt is/bez what/wdt childhood/nn is/bez ,/, he/pps told/vbd himself/ppl ./. Solid/jj ,/, settled/vbn lost/vbn ./. In/in the/at stiff/jj neutral/jj lines/nns of/in the/at telephone/nn poles/nns he/pps saw/vbd the/at no-nonsense/nn pen/nn strokes/nns of/in Aunt/nn-tl Jessica's/np$ letter/nn ./. What/wdt bad/jj grace/nn ,/, what/wdt incredible/jj selfishness/nn he/pps and/cc Mark/np had/hvd shown/vbn ./. The/at boyhood/nn summers/nns preceding/vbg their/pp$ uncle's/nn$ funeral/nn might/md never/rb have/hv been/ben ./. They/ppss had/hvd closed/vbn over/rp ,/, absolutely/rb ,/, with/in the/at sealing/nn of/in old/jj Izaak's/np$ grave/nn ./. The/at small/jj car/nn flew/vbd on/rp relentlessly/rb ./. The/at old/jj woman/nn ,/, stubbornly/rb reigning/vbg in/in the/at house/nn above/in the/at crashing/vbg waters/nns took/vbd on/rp an/at ominous/jj reality/nn ./. Abel/np moved/vbd and/cc adjusted/vbd his/pp$ long/jj legs/nns ./. ``/`` I/ppss suppose/vb it/pps has/hvz to/to do/do with/in the/at property/nn ''/'' ,/, Mark/np had/hvd said/vbn over/in the/at telephone/nn when/wrb they/ppss had/hvd discussed/vbn their/pp$ receipt/nn of/in the/at letters/nns ./. Not/* until/cs the/at words/nns had/hvd been/ben spoken/vbn did/dod Abel/np suddenly/rb see/vb the/at old/jj house/nn and/cc the/at insistent/jj sea/nn ,/, and/cc feel/vb his/pp$ contrition/nn blotted/vbn out/rp in/in one/cd shameful/jj moment/nn of/in covetousness/nn ./. He/pps and/cc Mark/np were/bed the/at last/nn of/in the/at family/nn ,/, and/cc there/rb lay/vb the/at Cape/nn-tl Ann/np-tl property/nn which/wdt had/hvd seemed/vbn to/to have/hv no/at end/nn ,/, stretching/vbg from/in horizon/nn to/in horizon/nn ,/, in/in those/dts golden/jj days/nns of/in summer/nn ./. Now/rb Abel/np turned/vbd his/pp$ head/nn to/to look/vb at/in his/pp$ brother/nn ./. Mark/np held/vbd the/at wheel/nn loosely/rb ,/, but/cc his/pp$ fingers/nns curved/vbd around/in it/ppo in/in a/at purposeful/jj way/nn and/cc the/at deliberate/jj set/nn of/in his/pp$ body/nn spoke/vbd plainly/rb of/in the/at figure/nn he'd/pps+md make/vb in/in the/at years/nns to/to come/vb ./. His/pp$ sandy/jj hair/nn was/bedz already/rb beginning/vbg to/to thin/vb and/cc recede/vb at/in the/at sides/nns ,/, and/cc Abel/np looked/vbd quickly/rb away/rb ./. Mark/np easily/rb looked/vbd years/nns older/jjr than/cs himself/ppl ,/, settled/vbn ,/, his/pp$ world/nn comfortably/rb categorized/vbn ./. The/at vacation/nn traffic/nn was/bedz becoming/vbg heavier/jjr as/cs they/ppss approached/vbd the/at sea/nn ./. ``/`` She/pps didn't/dod* mention/vb bringing/vbg Myra/np ''/'' ,/, Mark/np said/vbd ,/, maneuvering/vbg the/at car/nn into/in the/at next/ap lane/nn ./. ``/`` She's/pps+bez probably/rb getting/vbg old/jj --/-- crotchety/jj ,/, I/ppss mean/vb --/-- and/cc we/ppss figured/vbd uh-uh/uh ,/, better/rbr not/* ./. They've/ppss+hv never/rb met/vbn ,/, you/ppss know/vb ./. But/cc Myra/np wouldn't/md* budge/vb without/in an/at express/nn invitation/nn ./. I/ppss feel/vb kind/nn of/in bad/rb about/in it/ppo ''/'' ./. He/pps gave/vbd Abel/np a/at quick/jj glance/nn and/cc moved/vbd closer/rbr to/in the/at wheel/nn ,/, hugging/vbg it/ppo to/in him/ppo ,/, and/cc Abel/np caught/vbd this/dt briefest/jjt of/in allusions/nns to/in guilt/nn ./. ``/`` I/ppss imagine/vb the/at old/jj girl/nn hasn't/hvz* missed/vbn us/ppo much/rb ''/'' ,/, Mark/np added/vbd ,/, his/pp$ eyes/nns on/in the/at road/nn ./. Abel/np ignored/vbd the/at half-expressed/jj bid/nn for/in confirmation/nn ./. He/pps smiled/vbd ./. It/pps was/bedz barely/ql possible/jj that/cs his/pp$ brother/nn was/bedz right/jj ./. He/pps could/md tell/vb they/ppss were/bed approaching/vbg the/at sea/nn ./. The/at air/nn took/vbd on/rp a/at special/jj strength/nn now/rb that/cs they'd/ppss+hvd left/vbn the/at fecund/jj warmth/nn of/in the/at farmland/nn behind/rb ./. There/ex was/bedz the/at smell/nn of/in the/at coast/nn ,/, like/cs a/at primeval/jj memory/nn ,/, composed/vbn of/in equal/jj parts/nns salt/nn water/nn ,/, clams/nns ,/, seaweed/nn and/cc northern/jj air/nn ./. He/pps turned/vbd from/in the/at flying/vbg trees/nns to/to look/vb ahead/rb and/cc saw/vbd with/in an/at inward/rb boy's/nn$ eye/nn again/rb the/at great/jj fieldstone/nn house/nn which/wdt ,/, built/vbn on/in one/cd of/in the/at many/ap acres/nns of/in ancestral/jj land/nn bordering/vbg the/at west/nr harbor/nn ,/, had/hvd been/ben Izaak's/np$ bride-gift/nn to/in his/pp$ cousin-wife/nn as/cs the/at last/ap century/nn ended/vbd ./. Mark's/np$ thoughts/nns must/md have/hv been/ben keeping/vbg silent/jj pace/nn beside/in his/pp$ own/jj ,/, climbing/vbg the/at same/ap crags/nns in/in dirty/jj white/jj sneakers/nns ,/, clambering/vbg out/rp on/in top/nn of/in the/at headland/nn and/cc coming/vbg upon/in the/at sudden/jj glinting/vbg water/nn at/in the/at same/ap instant/nn ./. ``/`` Remember/vb the/at Starbird/np ?/. ?/. ''/'' Mark/np asked/vbd ,/, and/cc Abel/np lifted/vbd his/pp$ eyes/nns from/in the/at double/jj lines/nns in/in the/at middle/nn of/in the/at road/nn ,/, the/at twin/nn white/jj ribbons/nns which/wdt the/at car/nn swallowed/vbd rapidly/rb as/cs it/pps ascended/vbd the/at crest/nn of/in the/at hill/nn and/cc came/vbd down/rp ./. ``/`` The/at Starbird/np ,/, ''/'' Abel/np said/vbd ./. There/ex was/bedz the/at day/nn Uncle/nn-tl Izaak/np-tl had/hvd ,/, in/in an/at unexpected/jj grandiose/jj gesture/nn ,/, handed/vbd over/rp the/at pretty/jj sloop/nn to/in Abel/np for/in keeps/nns ,/, on/in condition/nn that/cs he/pps never/rb fail/vb to/to let/vb his/pp$ brother/nn accompany/vb him/ppo whenever/wrb younger/jjr the/at boy/nn wished/vbd ./. The/at two/cd of/in them/ppo had/hvd developed/vbn into/in a/at remarkable/jj sailing/vbg team/nn all/abn of/in this/dt happening/vbg in/in a/at time/nn of/in their/pp$ lives/nns when/wrb their/pp$ youth/nn and/cc their/pp$ brotherhood/nn knitted/vbd them/ppo together/rb as/cs no/at other/ap time/nn or/cc circumstance/nn could/md ./. They/ppss seemed/vbd then/rb to/to have/hv had/hvn a/at single/ap mind/nn and/cc body/nn ,/, a/at mutuality/nn which/wdt had/hvd been/ben accepted/vbn with/in the/at fact/nn of/in their/pp$ youth/nn ,/, casually/rb ./. He/pps saw/vbd the/at Starbird/np as/cs she/pps lay/vbd ,/, her/pp$ slender/jj mast/nn up/rp and/cc gently/rb turning/vbg ,/, its/pp$ point/nn describing/vbg constant/jj languid/jj circles/nns against/in a/at cumulus/nn sky/nn ./. Both/abx of/in them/ppo had/hvd known/vbn the/at feeling/nn of/in the/at small/jj life/nn in/in her/ppo waiting/vbg ,/, ready/jj ,/, for/in the/at two/cd of/in them/ppo to/to run/vb up/rp her/pp$ sails/nns ./. The/at Starbird/np had/hvd been/ben long/jj at/in the/at bottom/nn of/in the/at bay/nn ./. They/ppss came/vbd unexpectedly/rb upon/in the/at sea/nn ./. Meeting/vbg it/ppo without/in preparation/nn as/cs they/ppss did/dod ,/, robbed/vbn of/in anticipation/nn ,/, a/at common/jj disappointment/nn seized/vbd them/ppo ./. They/ppss were/bed climbing/vbg the/at hill/nn in/in the/at night/nn when/wrb the/at headlights/nns abruptly/rb probed/vbd solid/jj blackness/nn ,/, became/vbd two/cd parallel/jj luminous/jj tubes/nns which/wdt broadened/vbd out/rp into/in a/at faint/jj mist/nn of/in light/nn and/cc ended/vbd ./. Mark/np stopped/vbd the/at car/nn and/cc switched/vbd off/rp the/at lights/nns and/cc they/ppss sat/vbd looking/vbg at/in the/at water/nn ,/, which/wdt ,/, there/ex being/beg no/at moon/nn out/rp ,/, at/in first/rb could/md be/be distinguished/vbn from/in the/at sky/nn only/rb by/in an/at absence/nn of/in stars/nns ./.

ck24

ck24 |@word eye:3 old:2 never:2 see:7 well:10 heat:2 whisky:10 would:24 glare:2 noise:2 grow:2 red:1 raise:1 rage:1 decide:1 hate:1 pedersen:11 kid:25 die:4 kitchen:3 away:2 could:6 watch:2 entertain:1 han:21 make:5 go:20 snapping:1 step:1 drafty:1 hall:1 pa:21 lump:1 cover:4 end:1 like:14 dung:1 snow:7 snore:1 whistle:1 oh:3 care:10 get:28 wake:3 give:3 slit:1 maybe:2 lose:1 one:9 hiding:3 place:3 bargain:1 mad:2 enough:2 sober:1 hurry:1 though:2 cold:4 shovel:2 think:9 push:1 shoulder:2 call:1 name:2 stop:3 snoring:1 move:2 except:1 roll:1 little:2 shove:2 slide:1 skinny:1 neck:3 head:7 fuzze:1 dandelion:1 seed:1 face:3 turn:2 wall:2 pale:1 shadow:1 nose:1 plaster:1 look:6 much:2 pig:2 drunk:3 bully:1 sure:3 still:2 asleep:1 cagey:1 sonofabitch:1 shake:3 harder:1 pap:3 hey:3 say:15 lean:2 far:2 know:10 better:2 always:4 sleep:4 close:2 reach:1 smart:3 put:7 mother:1 naked:1 dough:3 arm:5 come:10 duck:1 catch:1 side:2 water:4 back:9 cough:1 wink:1 hand:1 hit:2 fist:2 pillow:2 hell:8 anything:4 try:3 throat:4 clear:1 mean:1 horse:1 rear:1 bitter:1 miss:1 big:14 hans:10 send:1 tell:2 fat:5 find:16 crib:3 pull:1 taste:1 mouth:7 froze:1 good:3 rub:5 nothing:5 steal:2 lie:1 freeze:3 laugh:3 hide:4 understand:4 goddamn:2 tooth:1 gnaw:1 mustache:1 want:5 cock:3 god:1 dammit:2 something:6 fool:4 shout:1 breathe:1 hard:1 long:2 black:1 hair:1 wrist:1 curl:1 around:3 cuff:1 nightshirt:1 even:4 teach:2 drop:1 pot:4 slam:1 door:2 begin:2 throw:1 thing:2 dump:1 banister:1 shit:2 sick:2 axe:3 bother:1 wipe:1 chop:1 part:1 may:2 lock:1 fit:1 house:1 awful:2 humor:1 whenever:1 feel:2 memory:1 present:1 stir:1 chest:3 growl:1 eager:1 animal:1 hear:2 curse:1 way:4 downstairs:1 lay:1 steam:1 towel:5 stomach:1 leg:1 foot:1 run:3 table:1 pasty:1 sticking:1 behind:2 awake:1 leave:1 ask:1 yeah:1 likely:2 best:1 take:5 scare:1 axis:1 listen:1 jorge:3 sassing:1 bad:4 bust:1 neither:4 flung:1 anybody:1 dry:1 crack:1 else:1 spirit:1 wound:1 tight:2 ready:1 jump:1 surprise:5 near:1 man:1 year:1 first:2 every:2 morning:1 wash:1 scar:1 chin:2 cut:2 boot:1 cleat:1 heave:1 dirty:1 sock:1 pop:1 fly:1 nearly:1 easy:2 remember:2 spatter:1 yellow:1 inside:1 yes:1 need:2 instead:1 pail:1 porch:1 upstairs:1 expect:2 quick:1 must:1 bottle:2 three:1 white:1 feather:1 label:1 hold:7 angrily:1 queer:1 careful:1 pawing:1 drawer:1 snake:1 length:1 angry:1 heroic:1 especially:1 sometimes:2 cheat:1 fair:1 straight:1 valuable:1 since:2 foil:1 finally:1 unscrewed:1 cap:1 word:1 hunt:2 winter:2 spring:1 privy:1 knack:1 enjoy:1 luck:1 ago:1 many:1 seem:1 figure:3 use:1 pride:2 guess:1 woman:1 pour:2 tumbler:1 warm:1 skin:2 frostbite:1 belly:1 thaw:1 slow:1 ought:1 color:1 poke:1 toe:1 clothe:2 fill:1 without:1 second:1 drip:1 help:1 prop:1 open:3 touch:1 hope:1 keep:1 pile:1 floor:1 pool:1 right:4 lift:3 flop:1 fall:1 choke:4 shut:2 anyway:1 jesus:1 carefully:1 finger:1 wet:1

His/pp$ eyes/nns were/bed old/jj and/cc they/ppss never/rb saw/vbd well/rb ,/, but/cc heated/vbn with/in whisky/nn they'd/ppss+md glare/vb at/in my/pp$ noise/nn ,/, growing/vbg red/jj and/cc raising/vbg up/rp his/pp$ rage/nn ./. I/ppss decided/vbd I/ppss hated/vbd the/at Pedersen/np kid/nn too/rb ,/, dying/vbg in/in our/pp$ kitchen/nn while/cs I/ppss was/bedz away/rb where/wrb I/ppss couldn't/md* watch/vb ,/, dying/vbg just/rb to/to entertain/vb Hans/np and/cc making/vbg me/ppo go/vb up/in snapping/vbg steps/nns and/cc down/in a/at drafty/jj hall/nn ,/, Pa/nn-tl lumped/vbd under/in the/at covers/nns at/in the/at end/nn like/cs dung/nn covered/vbn with/in snow/nn ,/, snoring/vbg and/cc whistling/vbg ./. Oh/uh he'd/pps+md not/* care/vb about/in the/at Pedersen/np kid/nn ./. He'd/pps+md not/* care/vb about/in getting/vbg waked/vbn so/cs he/pps could/md give/vb up/rp some/dti of/in his/pp$ whisky/nn to/in a/at slit/nn of/in a/at kid/nn and/cc maybe/rb lose/vb one/cd of/in his/pp$ hiding/vbg places/nns in/in the/at bargain/nn ./. That/dt would/md make/vb him/ppo mad/jj enough/qlp if/cs he/pps was/bedz sober/jj ./. I/ppss didn't/dod* hurry/vb though/cs it/pps was/bedz cold/jj and/cc the/at Pedersen/np kid/nn was/bedz in/in the/at kitchen/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz all/ql shoveled/vbn up/rp like/cs I/ppss thought/vbd he'd/pps+md be/be ./. I/ppss pushed/vbd at/in his/pp$ shoulder/nn ,/, calling/vbg his/pp$ name/nn ./. I/ppss think/vb his/pp$ name/nn stopped/vbd the/at snoring/nn but/cc he/pps didn't/dod* move/vb except/in to/to roll/vb a/at little/ap when/wrb I/ppss shoved/vbd him/ppo ./. The/at covers/nns slid/vbd down/in his/pp$ skinny/jj neck/nn so/cs I/ppss saw/vbd his/pp$ head/nn ,/, fuzzed/jj like/cs a/at dandelion/nn gone/vbn to/in seed/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ face/nn was/bedz turned/vbn to/in the/at wall/nn --/-- there/ex was/bedz the/at pale/jj shadow/nn of/in his/pp$ nose/nn on/in the/at plaster/nn --/-- and/cc I/ppss thought/vbd ,/, Well/uh you/ppss don't/do* look/vb much/rb like/cs a/at pig-drunk/jj bully/nn now/rb ./. I/ppss couldn't/md* be/be sure/jj he/pps was/bedz still/rb asleep/rb ./. He/pps was/bedz a/at cagey/jj sonofabitch/nn ./. I/ppss shook/vbd him/ppo a/at little/ap harder/jjr and/cc made/vbd some/dti noise/nn ./. ``/`` Pap-pap-pap-hey/uh ''/'' ,/, I/ppss said/vbd ./. I/ppss was/bedz leaning/vbg too/ql far/rb over/rp ./. I/ppss knew/vbd better/rbr ./. He/pps always/rb slept/vbd close/rb to/in the/at wall/nn so/cs you/ppss had/hvd to/to lean/vb to/to reach/vb him/ppo ./. Oh/uh he/pps was/bedz smart/jj ./. It/pps put/vbd you/ppo off/rp ./. I/ppss knew/vbd better/rbr but/cc I/ppss was/bedz thinking/vbg of/in the/at Pedersen/np kid/nn mother-naked/jj in/in all/abn that/dt dough/nn ./. When/wrb his/pp$ arm/nn came/vbd up/rp I/ppss ducked/vbd away/rb but/cc it/pps caught/vbd me/ppo on/in the/at side/nn of/in the/at neck/nn ,/, watering/vbg my/pp$ eyes/nns ,/, and/cc I/ppss backed/vbd off/rp to/to cough/vb ./. Pa/nn-tl was/bedz on/in his/pp$ side/nn ,/, looking/vbg at/in me/ppo ,/, his/pp$ eyes/nns winking/vbg ,/, the/at hand/nn that/wps had/hvd hit/vbn me/ppo a/at fist/nn in/in the/at pillow/nn ./. ``/`` Get/vb the/at hell/nn out/in of/in here/rb ''/'' ./. I/ppss didn't/dod* say/vb anything/pn ,/, trying/vbg to/to get/vb my/pp$ throat/nn clear/jj ,/, but/cc I/ppss watched/vbd him/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz like/cs a/at mean/jj horse/nn to/to come/vb at/in from/in the/at rear/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz better/jjr ,/, though/cs ,/, he'd/pps+md hit/vb me/ppo ./. He/pps was/bedz bitter/jj when/wrb he/pps missed/vbd ./. ``/`` Get/vb the/at hell/nn out/in of/in here/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl sent/vbd me/ppo ./. He/pps told/vbd me/ppo to/to wake/vb you/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` A/at fat/jj hell/nn on/in Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl ./. Get/vb out/in of/in here/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` He/pps found/vbd the/at Pedersen/np kid/nn by/in the/at crib/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Get/vb the/at hell/nn out/rp ''/'' ./. Pa/nn-tl pulled/vbd at/in the/at covers/nns ./. He/pps was/bedz tasting/vbg his/pp$ mouth/nn ./. ``/`` The/at kid's/nn+bez froze/vbn good/rb ./. Hans/np is/bez rubbing/vbg him/ppo with/in snow/nn ./. He's/pps+hvz got/vbn him/ppo in/in the/at kitchen/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Pedersen/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` No/rb ,/, Pa/nn-tl ./. It's/pps+bez the/at Pedersen/np kid/nn ./. The/at kid/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Nothing/pn to/to steal/vb from/in the/at crib/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Not/* stealing/vbg ,/, Pa/nn-tl ./. He/pps was/bedz just/rb lying/vbg there/rb ./. Hans/np found/vbd him/ppo froze/vbn ./. That's/dt+bez where/wrb he/pps was/bedz when/wrb Hans/np found/vbd him/ppo ''/'' ./. Pa/nn-tl laughed/vbd ./. ``/`` I/ppss ain't/hv* hid/vbd nothing/pn in/in the/at crib/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` You/ppss don't/do* understand/vb ,/, Pa/nn-tl ./. The/at Pedersen/np kid/nn ./. The/at kid/nn ''/'' --/-- ``/`` I/ppss goddamn/ql well/rb understand/vb ''/'' ./. Pa/nn-tl had/hvd his/pp$ head/nn up/rp ,/, glaring/vbg ,/, his/pp$ teeth/nns gnawing/vbg at/in the/at place/nn where/wrb he'd/pps+hvd grown/vbn a/at mustache/nn once/rb ./. ``/`` I/ppss goddamn/ql well/rb understand/vb ./. You/ppss know/vb I/ppss don't/do* want/vb to/to see/vb Pedersen/np ./. That/dt cock/nn ./. Why/wrb should/md I/ppss ?/. ?/. What/wdt did/dod he/pps come/vb for/in ,/, hey/uh ?/. ?/. God/uh dammit/uh ,/, get/vb ./. And/cc don't/do* come/vb back/rb ./. Find/vb out/rp something/pn ./. You're/ppss+ber a/at fool/nn ./. Both/abx you/ppss and/cc Hans/np ./. Pedersen/np ./. That/dt cock/nn ./. Don't/do* come/vb back/rb ./. Out/rp ./. Out/rp ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz shouting/vbg and/cc breathing/vbg hard/rb and/cc closing/vbg his/pp$ fist/nn on/in the/at pillow/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd long/jj black/jj hairs/nns on/in his/pp$ wrist/nn ./. They/ppss curled/vbd around/in the/at cuff/nn of/in his/pp$ nightshirt/nn ./. ``/`` Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl made/vbd me/ppo come/vb ./. Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl said/vbd ''/'' --/-- ``/`` A/at fat/jj hell/nn on/in Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl ./. He's/pps+bez an/at even/ql bigger/jjr fool/nn than/cs you/ppss are/ber ./. Fat/jj ,/, hey/uh ?/. ?/. I/ppss taught/vbd him/ppo ,/, dammit/uh ,/, and/cc I'll/ppss+md teach/vb you/ppo ./. Out/rp ./. You/ppss want/vb me/ppo to/to drop/vb my/pp$ pot/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps was/bedz about/rb to/to get/vb up/rp so/cs I/ppss got/vbd out/rp ,/, slamming/vbg the/at door/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to see/vb he/pps was/bedz too/ql mad/jj to/to sleep/vb ./. Then/rb he/pps threw/vbd things/nns ./. Once/cs he/pps went/vbd after/in Hans/np and/cc dumped/vbd his/pp$ pot/nn over/in the/at banister/nn ./. Pa'd/nn+hvd-tl been/ben shit-sick/jj in/in that/dt pot/nn ./. Hans/np got/vbd an/at axe/nn ./. He/pps didn't/dod* even/vb bother/vb to/to wipe/vb himself/ppl off/rp and/cc he/pps chopped/vbd part/nn of/in Pa's/nn$-tl door/nn down/rp before/cs he/pps stopped/vbd ./. He/pps might/md not/* have/hv gone/vbn that/dt far/rb if/cs Pa/nn-tl hadn't/hvd* been/ben locked/vbn in/in laughing/vbg fit/vbn to/to shake/vb the/at house/nn ./. That/dt pot/nn put/vbd Pa/nn-tl in/in an/at awful/jj good/jj humor/nn whenever/wrb he/pps thought/vbd of/in it/ppo ./. I/ppss always/rb felt/vbd the/at memory/nn was/bedz present/rb in/in both/abx of/in them/ppo ,/, stirring/vbg in/in their/pp$ chests/nns like/cs a/at laugh/nn or/cc a/at growl/nn ,/, as/ql eager/jj as/cs an/at animal/nn to/to be/be out/rp ./. I/ppss heard/vbd Pa/nn-tl cursing/vbg all/abn the/at way/nn downstairs/rb ./. Hans/np had/hvd laid/vbn steaming/vbg towels/nns over/in the/at kid's/nn$ chest/nn and/cc stomach/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz rubbing/vbg snow/nn on/in the/at kid's/nn$ legs/nns and/cc feet/nns ./. Water/nn from/in the/at snow/nn and/cc water/nn from/in the/at towels/nns had/hvd run/vbn off/in the/at kid/nn to/in the/at table/nn where/wrb the/at dough/nn was/bedz ,/, and/cc the/at dough/nn was/bedz turning/vbg pasty/jj ,/, sticking/vbg to/in the/at kid's/nn$ back/nn and/cc behind/nn ./. ``/`` Ain't/bez* he/pps going/vbg to/to wake/vb up/rp ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` What/wdt about/in your/pp$ pa/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` He/pps was/bedz awake/jj when/wrb I/ppss left/vbd ''/'' ./. ``/`` What'd/wdt+dod he/pps say/vb ?/. ?/. Did/dod you/ppo get/vb the/at whisky/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` He/pps said/vbd a/at fat/jj hell/nn on/in Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` Don't/do* be/be smart/jj ./. Did/dod you/ppo ask/vb him/ppo about/in the/at whisky/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Yeah/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Well/uh ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` He/pps said/vbd a/at fat/jj hell/nn on/in Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl ''/'' ./. ``/`` Don't/do* be/be smart/jj ./. What's/wdt+bez he/pps going/vbg to/to do/do ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Go/vb back/rb to/to sleep/vb most/ql likely/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` You'd/ppss+hvd best/rbt get/vb that/dt whisky/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` You/ppss go/vb ./. Take/vb the/at axe/nn ./. Pa's/nn+bez-tl scared/vbn to/in hell/nn of/in axes/nns ''/'' ./. ``/`` Listen/vb to/in me/ppo ,/, Jorge/np ,/, I've/ppss+hv had/hvn enough/ap to/in your/pp$ sassing/nn ./. This/dt kid's/nn+bez froze/vbn bad/rb ./. If/cs I/ppss don't/do* get/vb some/dti whisky/nn down/in him/ppo he/pps might/md die/vb ./. You/ppss want/vb the/at kid/nn to/to die/vb ?/. ?/. Do/do you/ppo ?/. ?/. Well/uh ,/, get/vb your/pp$ pa/nn and/cc get/vb that/cs whisky/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Pa/nn don't/do* care/vb about/in the/at kid/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Jorge/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` Well/uh he/pps don't/do* ./. He/pps don't/do* care/vb at/in all/abn ,/, and/cc I/ppss don't/do* care/vb to/to get/vb my/pp$ head/nn busted/vbn neither/rb ./. He/pps don't/do* care/vb ,/, and/cc I/ppss don't/do* care/vb to/to have/hv his/pp$ shit/nn flung/vbn on/in me/ppo ./. He/pps don't/do* care/vb about/in anybody/pn ./. All/abn he/pps cares/vbz about/in is/bez his/pp$ whisky/nn and/cc that/dt dry/jj crack/nn in/in his/pp$ face/nn ./. Get/vb pig-drunk/jj --/-- that's/dt+bez what/wdt he/pps wants/vbz ./. He/pps don't/do* care/vb about/in nothing/pn else/rb at/in all/abn ./. Nothing/pn ./. Not/* Pedersen's/np$ kid/nn neither/rb ./. That/dt cock/nn ./. Not/* the/at kid/nn neither/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` I'll/ppss+md get/vb the/at spirits/nns ''/'' ,/, Ma/nn-tl said/vbd ./. I'd/ppss+hvd wound/vbn Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl up/rp tight/rb ./. I/ppss was/bedz ready/jj to/to jump/vb but/cc when/wrb Ma/nn-tl said/vbd she'd/pps+md get/vb the/at whisky/nn it/pps surprised/vbd him/ppo like/cs it/pps surprised/vbd me/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps ran/vbd down/rp ./. Ma/nn-tl never/rb went/vbd near/in the/at old/jj man/nn when/wrb he/pps was/bedz sleeping/vbg it/ppo off/rp ./. Not/* any/dti more/rbr ./. Not/* for/in years/nns ./. The/at first/od thing/nn every/at morning/nn when/wrb she/pps washed/vbd her/pp$ face/nn she/pps could/md see/vb the/at scar/nn on/in her/pp$ chin/nn where/wrb he'd/pps+hvd cut/vbn her/ppo with/in a/at boot/nn cleat/nn ,/, and/cc maybe/rb she/pps saw/vbd him/ppo heaving/vbg it/ppo again/rb ,/, the/at dirty/jj sock/nn popping/vbg out/rp as/cs it/pps flew/vbd ./. It/pps should/md have/hv been/ben nearly/rb as/ql easy/jj for/in her/ppo to/to remember/vb that/dt as/cs it/pps was/bedz for/in Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl to/to remember/vb going/vbg after/in the/at axe/nn while/cs he/pps was/bedz still/rb spattered/vbn with/in Pa's/nn$-tl yellow/jj sick/jj insides/nns ./. ``/`` No/rb you/ppss won't/md* ''/'' ,/, Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl said/vbd ./. ``/`` Yes/rb ,/, Hans/np ,/, if/cs they're/ppss+ber needed/vbn ''/'' ,/, Ma/nn-tl said/vbd ./. Hans/np shook/vbd his/pp$ head/nn but/cc neither/dtx of/in us/ppo tried/vbn to/to stop/vb her/ppo ./. If/cs we/ppss had/hvd ,/, then/rb one/cd of/in us/ppo would/md have/hv had/hvn to/to go/vb instead/rb ./. Hans/np rubbed/vbd the/at kid/nn with/in more/ap snow/nn rubbed/vbd rubbed/vbd ./. ``/`` I'll/ppss+md get/vb more/ap snow/nn ''/'' ,/, I/ppss said/vbd ./. I/ppss took/vbd the/at pail/nn and/cc shovel/nn and/cc went/vbd out/rp on/in the/at porch/nn ./. I/ppss don't/do* know/vb where/wrb Ma/nn-tl went/vbd ./. I/ppss thought/vbd she'd/pps+hvd gone/vbn upstairs/rb and/cc expected/vbd to/to hear/vb she/pps had/hvd ./. She/pps had/hvd surprised/vbn Hans/np like/cs she/pps had/hvd surprised/vbn me/ppo when/wrb she/pps said/vbd she'd/pps+md go/vb ,/, and/cc then/rb she/pps surprised/vbd him/ppo again/rb when/wrb she/pps came/vbd back/rb so/ql quick/rb like/cs she/pps must/md have/hv ,/, because/cs when/wrb I/ppss came/vbd in/rp with/in the/at snow/nn she/pps was/bedz there/rb with/in a/at bottle/nn with/in three/cd white/jj feathers/nns on/in its/pp$ label/nn and/cc Hans/np was/bedz holding/vbg it/ppo angrily/rb by/in the/at throat/nn ./. Oh/uh ,/, he/pps was/bedz being/beg queer/jj and/cc careful/jj ,/, pawing/vbg about/rb in/in the/at drawer/nn and/cc holding/vbg the/at bottle/nn like/cs a/at snake/nn at/in the/at length/nn of/in his/pp$ arm/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz awful/ql angry/jj because/cs he'd/pps+hvd thought/vbn Ma/nn-tl was/bedz going/vbg to/to do/do something/pn big/jj ,/, something/pn heroic/jj even/rb ,/, especially/rb for/in her/ppo I/ppss know/vb him/ppo I/ppss know/vb him/ppo we/ppss felt/vbd the/at same/ap sometimes/rb while/cs Ma/nn-tl wasn't/bedz* thinking/vbg about/in that/dt at/in all/abn ,/, not/* anything/pn like/cs that/dt ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at way/nn of/in getting/vbg even/jj ./. It/pps wasn't/bedz* like/cs getting/vbg cheated/vbn at/in the/at fair/nn ./. They/ppss were/bed always/rb trying/vbg so/cs you/ppss got/vbd to/to expect/vb it/ppo ./. Now/rb Hans/np had/hvd given/vbn Ma/nn-tl something/pn of/in his/pp$ --/-- we/ppss both/abx had/hvd when/wrb we/ppss thought/vbd she/pps was/bedz going/vbg straight/rb to/in Pa/nn-tl --/-- something/pn valuable/jj ;/. ;/. but/cc since/cs she/pps didn't/dod* know/vb we'd/ppss+hvd given/vbn it/ppo to/in her/ppo ,/, there/ex was/bedz no/at easy/jj way/nn of/in getting/vbg it/ppo back/rb ./. Hans/np cut/vb the/at foil/nn off/rp finally/rb and/cc unscrewed/vbd the/at cap/nn ./. He/pps was/bedz put/vbn out/rp too/rb because/cs there/ex was/bedz only/rb one/cd way/nn of/in understanding/vbg what/wdt she'd/pps+hvd done/vbn ./. Ma/nn-tl had/hvd found/vbn one/cd of/in Pa's/nn$-tl hiding/vbg places/nns ./. She'd/pps+hvd found/vbn one/cd and/cc she/pps hadn't/hvd* said/vbn a/at word/nn while/cs Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl and/cc I/ppss had/hvd hunted/vbn and/cc hunted/vbn as/cs we/ppss always/rb did/dod all/abn winter/nn ,/, every/at winter/nn since/cs the/at spring/nn that/cs Hans/np had/hvd come/vbn and/cc I/ppss had/hvd looked/vbn in/in the/at privy/nn and/cc found/vbn the/at first/od one/cd ./. Pa/nn-tl had/hvd a/at knack/nn for/in hiding/vbg ./. He/pps knew/vbd we/ppss were/bed looking/vbg and/cc he/pps enjoyed/vbd it/ppo ./. But/cc now/rb Ma/nn-tl ./. She'd/pps+hvd found/vbn it/ppo by/in luck/nn most/ql likely/rb but/cc she/pps hadn't/hvd* said/vbn anything/pn and/cc we/ppss didn't/dod* know/vb how/wrb long/jj ago/rb it'd/pps+hvd been/ben or/cc how/wrb many/ap other/ap ones/nns she'd/pps+hvd found/vbn ,/, saying/vbg nothing/pn ./. Pa/nn-tl was/bedz sure/jj to/to find/vb out/rp ./. Sometimes/rb he/pps didn't/dod* seem/vb to/in because/cs he/pps hid/vbd them/ppo so/ql well/rb he/pps couldn't/md* find/vb them/ppo himself/ppl or/cc because/cs he/pps looked/vbd and/cc didn't/dod* find/vb anything/pn and/cc figured/vbd he/pps hadn't/hvd* hid/vbd one/cd after/in all/abn or/cc had/hvd drunk/jj it/ppo up/rp ./. But/cc he'd/pps+md find/vb out/rp about/in this/dt one/cd because/cs we/ppss were/bed using/vbg it/ppo ./. A/at fool/nn could/md see/vb what/wdt was/bedz going/vbg on/rp ./. If/cs he/pps found/vbd out/rp Ma/nn-tl found/vbd it/ppo --/-- that'd/wps+md be/be bad/jj ./. He/pps took/vbd pride/nn in/in his/pp$ hiding/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz all/abn the/at pride/nn he/pps had/hvd ./. I/ppss guess/vb fooling/vbg Hans/np and/cc me/ppo took/vbd doing/vbg ./. But/cc he/pps didn't/dod* figure/vb Ma/nn-tl for/in much/ap ./. He/pps didn't/dod* figure/vb her/ppo at/in all/abn ,/, and/cc if/cs he/pps found/vbd out/rp a/at woman/nn it'd/pps+md be/be bad/jj ./. Hans/np poured/vbd some/dti in/in a/at tumbler/nn ./. ``/`` You/ppss going/vbg to/to put/vb more/ap towels/nns on/in him/ppo ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` No/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Why/wrb not/* ?/. ?/. That's/dt+bez what/wdt he/pps needs/vbz ,/, something/pn warm/jj to/in his/pp$ skin/nn ,/, don't/do* he/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Not/* where/wrb he's/pps+bez froze/vbn good/jj ./. Heat's/nn+bez bad/jj for/in frostbite/nn ./. That's/dt+bez why/wrb I/ppss only/rb put/vbd towels/nns on/in his/pp$ chest/nn and/cc belly/nn ./. He's/pps+hvz got/vbn to/to thaw/vb slow/rb ./. You/ppss ought/md to/to know/vb that/dt ''/'' ./. Colors/nns on/in the/at towels/nns had/hvd run/vbn ./. Ma/nn-tl poked/vbd her/pp$ toe/nn in/in the/at kid's/nn$ clothes/nns ./. ``/`` What/wdt are/ber we/ppss going/vbg to/to do/do with/in these/dts ''/'' ?/. ?/. Big/jj-tl Hans/np-tl began/vbd pouring/vbg whisky/nn in/in the/at kid's/nn$ mouth/nn but/cc his/pp$ mouth/nn filled/vbd without/in any/dti getting/vbg down/in his/pp$ throat/nn and/cc in/in a/at second/od it/pps was/bedz dripping/vbg from/in his/pp$ chin/nn ./. ``/`` Here/rb ,/, help/vb me/ppo prop/vb him/ppo up/rp ./. I/ppss got/vbd hold/vb his/pp$ mouth/nn open/jj ''/'' ./. I/ppss didn't/dod* want/vb to/to touch/vb him/ppo and/cc I/ppss hoped/vbd Ma/nn-tl would/md do/do it/ppo but/cc she/pps kept/vbd looking/vbg at/in the/at kid's/nn$ clothes/nns piled/vbn on/in the/at floor/nn and/cc the/at pool/nn of/in water/nn by/in them/ppo and/cc didn't/dod* make/vb any/dti move/nn to/to ./. ``/`` Come/vb on/rp ,/, Jorge/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` All/ql right/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Lift/vb ,/, don't/do* shove/vb lift/vb ''/'' ./. ``/`` O.K./uh ,/, I'm/ppss+bem lifting/vbg ''/'' ./. I/ppss took/vbd him/ppo by/in the/at shoulders/nns ./. His/pp$ head/nn flopped/vbd back/rb ./. His/pp$ mouth/nn fell/vbd open/jj ./. The/at skin/nn on/in his/pp$ neck/nn was/bedz tight/jj ./. He/pps was/bedz cold/jj all/ql right/rb ./. ``/`` Hold/vb his/pp$ head/nn up/rp ./. He'll/pps+md choke/vb ''/'' ./. ``/`` His/pp$ mouth/nn is/bez open/jj ''/'' ./. ``/`` His/pp$ throat's/nn+bez shut/vbn ./. He'll/pps+md choke/vb ''/'' ./. ``/`` He'll/pps+md choke/vb anyway/rb ''/'' ./. ``/`` Hold/vb his/pp$ head/nn up/rp ''/'' ./. ``/`` I/ppss can't/md* ''/'' ./. ``/`` Don't/do* hold/vb him/ppo like/cs that/dt ./. Put/vb your/pp$ arms/nns around/in him/ppo ''/'' ./. ``/`` Well/uh Jesus/uh ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz cold/jj all/ql right/rb ./. I/ppss put/vb my/pp$ arm/nn carefully/rb around/in him/ppo ./. Hans/np had/hvd his/pp$ fingers/nns in/in the/at kid's/nn$ mouth/nn ./. ``/`` Now/rb he'll/pps+md choke/vb for/in sure/jj ''/'' ./. ``/`` Shut/vb up/rp ./. Just/rb hold/vb him/ppo like/cs I/ppss told/vbd you/ppo ''/'' ./. He/pps was/bedz cold/jj all/ql right/rb ,/, and/cc wet/jj ./. I/ppss had/hvd my/pp$ arm/nn behind/in his/pp$ back/nn ./.

ck25

ck25 |@word mid:1 fifty:1 time:6 long:4 past:4 establishment:1 name:1 wish:1 lionize:1 yet:2 almost:2 decade:1 since:2 swear:1 lecture:1 never:1 doubt:1 structure:1 would:15 receive:1 always:4 unqualified:1 success:1 could:6 longer:2 build:1 anything:1 whether:1 private:3 residence:1 pennsylvania:1 county:1 church:1 brazil:1 without:4 obvious:1 take:4 task:1 develop:1 airy:1 technique:1 fanciful:1 sometimes:3 even:6 playful:1 building:3 public:1 feel:5 assure:1 sense:2 recognition:1 quality:1 authentic:1 uniqueness:1 establish:1 artist:1 vision:1 disputable:1 value:2 stowey:5 rummel:1 internationally:1 famous:1 crafter:1 genuine:1 americana:1 foreign:1 eye:3 original:1 designer:1 whose:3 inventive:1 childishness:1 steel:3 concrete:1 make:5 believably:1 sincere:1 personality:1 live:2 thirty:4 year:6 stone:1 farmhouse:1 wife:2 remarkably:1 childish:1 thing:4 rise:1 half:2 six:2 every:3 morning:1 french:1 coffee:2 corn:1 flake:1 smoke:2 four:1 cigarette:1 read:3 last:1 sunday:1 herald:1 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expression:2 ever:1 keep:4 deep:1 voice:2 full:1 food:1 cook:2 explosive:1 settle:1 seat:1 whenever:1 fall:4 love:1 rut:1 dirt:2 driveway:2 cold:2 mad:2 away:2 really:1 get:2 life:3 week:1 forty:3 nine:3 lanky:1 woman:2 breed:1 austere:1 narrow:1 distinction:1 steeple:1 architecture:1 ago:1 stubborn:1 sort:1 prayer:1 eyebrow:1 definite:1 heavy:1 two:3 line:2 move:1 upward:1 forehead:1 great:2 brown:1 hair:3 shoulder:2 blindness:1 gray:1 startled:1 horse:1 ultimately:1 bear:1 end:1 ancestral:1 divorce:1 money:1 making:1 besides:1 estate:1 intact:1 personally:1 sloppy:1 blow:1 nose:1 soak:1 wet:1 dangling:1 waist:1 garden:1 eat:1 dinner:2 calf:1 sink:1 depravity:1 peasanthood:1 disappear:1 bathe:1 brush:1 breath:2 broken:1 nail:1 rest:1 table:3 leaf:1 thoughtless:1 delicacy:1 grace:1 history:1 speak:2 instant:2 ferociously:1 proud:1 adamant:1 certain:1 question:1 personal:1 differently:1 departure:2 clear:1 rather:1 sharp:1 drive:1 carefully:1 god:1 sake:1 call:1 attain:1 humorous:1 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He/pps was/bedz in/in his/pp$ mid-fifties/nns at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, long/jj past/in the/at establishment/nn of/in his/pp$ name/nn and/cc the/at wish/nn to/to be/be lionized/vbn yet/ql once/rb again/rb ,/, and/cc it/pps was/bedz almost/rb a/at decade/nn since/cs he/pps had/hvd sworn/vbn off/rp lecturing/vbg ./. There/ex was/bedz never/rb a/at doubt/nn any/dti more/rbr how/wrb his/pp$ structures/nns would/md be/be received/vbn ;/. ;/. it/pps was/bedz always/rb the/at same/ap unqualified/jj success/nn now/rb ./. He/pps could/md no/at longer/jjr build/vb anything/pn ,/, whether/cs a/at private/jj residence/nn in/in his/pp$ Pennsylvania/np county/nn or/cc a/at church/nn in/in Brazil/np ,/, without/in it/ppo being/beg obvious/jj that/cs he/pps had/hvd done/vbn it/ppo ,/, and/cc while/cs here/rb and/cc there/rb he/pps was/bedz taken/vbn to/in task/nn for/in again/rb developing/vbg the/at same/ap airy/jj technique/nn ,/, they/ppss were/bed such/ql fanciful/jj and/cc sometimes/rb even/rb playful/jj buildings/nns that/cs the/at public/nn felt/vbd assured/vbn by/in its/pp$ sense/nn of/in recognition/nn after/in a/at time/nn ,/, a/at quality/nn of/in authentic/jj uniqueness/nn about/in them/ppo ,/, which/wdt ,/, once/rb established/vbn by/in an/at artist/nn as/cs his/pp$ private/jj vision/nn ,/, is/bez no/at longer/jjr disputable/jj as/in to/in its/pp$ other/ap values/nns ./. Stowey/np Rummel/np was/bedz internationally/rb famous/jj ,/, a/at crafter/nn of/in a/at genuine/jj Americana/np in/in foreign/jj eyes/nns ,/, an/at original/jj designer/nn whose/wp$ inventive/jj childishness/nn with/in steel/nn and/cc concrete/nn was/bedz made/vbn even/ql more/ql believably/rb sincere/jj by/in his/pp$ personality/nn ./. He/pps had/hvd lived/vbn for/in almost/rb thirty/cd years/nns in/in this/dt same/ap stone/nn farmhouse/nn with/in the/at same/ap wife/nn ,/, a/at remarkably/rb childish/jj thing/nn in/in itself/ppl ;/. ;/. he/pps rose/vbd at/in half-past/jj six/cd every/at morning/nn ,/, made/vbd himself/ppl some/dti French/jj coffee/nn ,/, had/hvd his/pp$ corn/nn flakes/nns and/cc more/ap coffee/nn ,/, smoked/vbd four/cd cigarettes/nns while/cs reading/vbg last/ap Sunday's/nr$ Herald/nn-tl Tribune/nn-tl and/cc yesterday's/nr$ Pittsburgh/np-tl Gazette/nn-tl ,/, then/rb put/vbd on/in his/pp$ high-topped/jj farmer's/nn$ shoes/nns and/cc walked/vbd under/in a/at vine/nn bower/nn to/in his/pp$ workshop/nn ./. This/dt was/bedz an/at enormously/rb long/jj building/nn whose/wp$ walls/nns were/bed made/vbn of/in rocks/nns ,/, some/dti of/in them/ppo brought/vbn home/nr from/in every/at continent/nn during/in his/pp$ six/cd years/nns as/cs an/at oil/nn geologist/nn ./. The/at debris/nn of/in his/pp$ other/ap careers/nns was/bedz piled/vbn everywhere/rb ;/. ;/. a/at pile/nn of/in wire/nn cages/nns for/in mice/nns from/in his/pp$ time/nn as/cs a/at geneticist/nn and/cc a/at microscope/nn lying/vbg on/in its/pp$ side/nn on/in the/at window/nn sill/nn ,/, vertical/jj steel/nn columns/nns wired/vbn for/in support/nn to/in the/at open/jj ceiling/nn beams/nns with/in spidery/jj steel/nn cantilevers/nns jutting/vbg out/rp into/in the/at air/nn ,/, masonry/jj constructions/nns on/in the/at floor/nn from/in the/at time/nn he/pps was/bedz inventing/vbg his/pp$ disastrous/jj fireplace/nn whose/wp$ smoke/nn would/md pass/vb through/in a/at whole/jj house/nn ,/, visible/jj all/abn the/at way/nn up/rp through/in wire/nn gratings/nns on/in each/dt floor/nn ./. His/pp$ files/nns ,/, desk/nn ,/, drafting/vbg board/nn and/cc a/at high/jj stool/nn formed/vbd the/at only/ap clean/jj island/nn in/in the/at chaos/nn ./. Everywhere/nn else/rb his/pp$ ideas/nns lay/vb or/cc hung/vbd in/in visible/jj form/nn :/: his/pp$ models/nns ,/, drawings/nns ,/, ten-foot/jj canvases/nns in/in monochromes/nns from/in his/pp$ painting/nn days/nns ,/, and/cc underfoot/rb a/at windfall/nn of/in broken-backed/jj books/nns that/wps looked/vbd as/cs though/cs their/pp$ insides/nns had/hvd been/ben ransacked/vbn by/in a/at maniac/nn ./. Bicycle/nn gear-sets/nns he/pps had/hvd once/rb used/vbn as/cs the/at basis/nn of/in the/at design/nn for/in the/at Camden/np-tl Cycly/nn-tl Company/nn-tl plant/nn hung/vbd on/in a/at rope/nn in/in one/cd corner/nn ,/, and/cc over/in his/pp$ desk/nn ,/, next/in to/in several/ap old/jj and/cc dusty/jj hats/nns ,/, was/bedz a/at clean/jj pair/nn of/in roller/nn skates/nns which/wdt he/pps occasionally/rb used/vbd up/rp and/cc down/rp in/in front/nn of/in his/pp$ house/nn ./. He/pps worked/vbd standing/vbg ,/, with/in his/pp$ left/jj hand/nn in/in his/pp$ pocket/nn as/cs though/cs he/pps were/bed merely/rb stopping/vbg for/in a/at moment/nn ,/, sketching/vbg with/in the/at surprised/vbn stare/nn of/in one/cd who/wps was/bedz watching/vbg another/dt person's/nn$ hand/nn ./. Sometimes/rb he/pps would/md grunt/vb softly/rb to/in some/dti invisible/jj onlooker/nn beside/in him/ppo ,/, sometimes/rb he/pps would/md look/vb stern/jj and/cc moralistic/jj as/cs his/pp$ pencil/nn did/dod what/wdt he/pps disapproved/vbd ./. It/pps all/abn seemed/vbd --/-- if/cs one/cd could/md have/hv peeked/vbn in/in at/in him/ppo through/in one/cd of/in his/pp$ windows/nns --/-- as/cs though/cs this/dt broken-nosed/jj man/nn with/in the/at muscular/jj arms/nns and/cc wrestler's/nn$ neck/nn was/bedz merely/rb the/at caretaker/nn trying/vbg his/pp$ hand/nn at/in the/at boss's/nn$ work/nn ./. This/dt air/nn of/in disengagement/nn carried/vbd over/rp to/in his/pp$ apparent/jj attitude/nn toward/in his/pp$ things/nns ,/, and/cc people/nns often/rb mistook/vbd it/ppo for/in boredom/nn in/in him/ppo or/cc a/at surrender/nn to/in repetitious/jj routine/nn ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz not/* bored/vbn at/in all/abn ;/. ;/. he/pps had/hvd found/vbn his/pp$ style/nn quite/ql early/rb in/in his/pp$ career/nn and/cc he/pps thought/vbd it/ppo quite/ql wonderful/jj that/cs the/at world/nn admired/vbd it/ppo ,/, and/cc he/pps could/md not/* imagine/vb why/wrb he/pps should/md alter/vb it/ppo ./. There/ex are/ber ,/, after/in all/abn ,/, fortunate/jj souls/nns who/wps hear/vb everything/pn ,/, but/cc only/rb know/vb how/wrb to/to listen/vb to/in what/wdt is/bez good/jj for/in them/ppo ,/, and/cc Stowey/np was/bedz ,/, as/cs things/nns go/vb ,/, a/at fortunate/jj man/nn ./. He/pps left/vbd his/pp$ home/nr the/at day/nn after/in New/jj-tl Year's/nn$-tl wearing/vbg a/at mackinaw/nn and/cc sheepskin/nn mittens/nns and/cc without/in a/at hat/nn ./. He/pps would/md wear/vb this/dt same/ap costume/nn in/in Florida/np ,/, despite/in his/pp$ wife/nn Cleota's/np$ reminders/nns over/in the/at past/ap five/cd days/nns that/cs he/pps must/md take/vb some/dti cool/jj clothes/nns with/in him/ppo ./. But/cc he/pps was/bedz too/ql busy/jj to/to hear/vb what/wdt she/pps was/bedz saying/vbg ./. So/cs they/ppss parted/vbd when/wrb she/pps was/bedz in/in an/at impatient/jj humor/nn ./. When/wrb he/pps was/bedz bent/vbn over/rp behind/in the/at wheel/nn of/in the/at station/nn wagon/nn ,/, feeling/vbg in/in his/pp$ trouser/nn cuffs/nns for/in the/at ignition/nn key/nn which/wdt he/pps had/hvd dropped/vbn a/at moment/nn before/rb ,/, she/pps came/vbd out/in of/in the/at house/nn with/in an/at enormous/jj Rumanian/jj shawl/nn over/in her/pp$ head/nn ,/, which/wdt she/pps had/hvd bought/vbn in/in that/dt country/nn during/in one/cd of/in their/pp$ trips/nns abroad/rb ,/, and/cc handed/vbd him/ppo a/at clean/jj handkerchief/nn through/in the/at window/nn ./. Finding/vbg the/at key/nn under/in his/pp$ shoe/nn ,/, he/pps started/vbd the/at engine/nn ,/, and/cc while/cs it/pps warmed/vbd up/rp he/pps turned/vbd to/in her/ppo standing/vbg there/rb in/in the/at dripping/vbg fog/nn ,/, and/cc said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Defrost/vb the/at refrigerator/nn ''/'' ./. He/pps saw/vbd the/at surprise/nn in/in her/pp$ face/nn ,/, and/cc laughed/vbd as/cs though/cs it/pps were/bed the/at funniest/jjt expression/nn he/pps had/hvd ever/rb seen/vbn ./. He/pps kept/vbd on/rp laughing/vbg until/cs she/pps started/vbd laughing/vbg with/in him/ppo ./. He/pps had/hvd a/at deep/jj voice/nn which/wdt was/bedz full/jj of/in good/jj food/nn she/pps had/hvd cooked/vbn ,/, and/cc good/jj humor/nn ;/. ;/. an/at explosive/jj laugh/nn which/wdt always/rb carried/vbd everything/pn before/in it/ppo ./. He/pps would/md settle/vb himself/ppl into/in his/pp$ seat/nn to/to laugh/vb ./. Whenever/wrb he/pps laughed/vbd it/pps was/bedz all/abn he/pps was/bedz doing/vbg ./. And/cc she/pps was/bedz made/vbn to/to fall/vb in/in love/nn with/in him/ppo again/rb there/rb in/in the/at rutted/vbn dirt/nn driveway/nn standing/vbg in/in the/at cold/jj fog/nn ,/, mad/jj as/cs she/pps was/bedz at/in his/pp$ going/vbg away/rb when/wrb he/pps really/rb didn't/dod* have/hv to/to ,/, mad/jj at/in their/pp$ both/abx having/hvg got/vbn older/jjr in/in a/at life/nn that/wps seemed/vbd to/to have/hv taken/vbn no/at more/ap than/in a/at week/nn to/to go/vb by/in ./. She/pps was/bedz forty-nine/cd at/in this/dt time/nn ,/, a/at lanky/jj woman/nn of/in breeding/vbg with/in an/at austere/jj ,/, narrow/jj face/nn which/wdt had/hvd the/at distinction/nn of/in a/at steeple/nn or/cc some/dti architecture/nn that/dt had/hvd been/ben designed/vbn long/jj ago/rb for/in a/at stubborn/jj sort/nn of/in prayer/nn ./. Her/pp$ eyebrows/nns were/bed definite/jj and/cc heavy/jj and/cc formed/vbd two/cd lines/nns moving/vbg upward/rb toward/in a/at high/jj forehead/nn and/cc a/at great/jj head/nn of/in brown/jj hair/nn that/wps fell/vbd to/in her/pp$ shoulders/nns ./. There/ex was/bedz an/at air/nn of/in blindness/nn in/in her/pp$ gray/jj eyes/nns ,/, the/at startled-horse/nn look/nn that/wps ultimately/rb comes/vbz to/in some/dti women/nns who/wps are/ber born/vbn at/in the/at end/nn of/in an/at ancestral/jj line/nn long/jj since/in divorced/vbn from/in money-making/nn and/cc which/wdt ,/, besides/rb ,/, has/hvz kept/vbn its/pp$ estate/nn intact/jj ./. She/pps was/bedz personally/rb sloppy/jj ,/, and/cc when/wrb she/pps had/hvd colds/nns would/md blow/vb her/pp$ nose/nn in/in the/at same/ap handkerchief/nn all/abn day/nn and/cc keep/vb it/ppo ,/, soaking/ql wet/jj ,/, dangling/vbg from/in her/pp$ waist/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb she/pps gardened/vbd she/pps would/md eat/vb dinner/nn with/in dirt/nn on/in her/pp$ calves/nns ./. But/cc just/rb when/wrb she/pps seemed/vbd to/to have/hv sunk/vbn into/in some/dti depravity/nn of/in peasanthood/nn she/pps would/md disappear/vb and/cc come/vb down/rp bathed/vbn ,/, brushed/vbn ,/, and/cc taking/vbg breaths/nns of/in air/nn ,/, and/cc even/rb with/in her/pp$ broken/vbn nails/nns her/pp$ hands/nns would/md come/vb to/to rest/vb on/in a/at table/nn or/cc a/at leaf/nn with/in a/at thoughtless/jj delicacy/nn ,/, a/at grace/nn of/in history/nn ,/, so/rb to/to speak/vb ,/, and/cc for/in an/at instant/nn one/pn saw/vbd how/wrb ferociously/rb proud/jj she/pps was/bedz and/cc adamant/jj on/in certain/jj questions/nns of/in personal/jj value/nn ./. She/pps even/rb spoke/vbd differently/rb when/wrb she/pps was/bedz clean/jj ,/, and/cc she/pps was/bedz clean/jj now/rb for/in his/pp$ departure/nn and/cc her/pp$ voice/nn clear/jj and/cc rather/ql sharp/jj ./. ``/`` Now/rb drive/vb carefully/rb ,/, for/in God's/np$ sake/nn ''/'' !/. !/. She/pps called/vbd ,/, trying/vbg to/to attain/vb a/at half/ql humorous/jj resentment/nn at/in his/pp$ departure/nn ./. But/cc he/pps did/dod not/* notice/vb ,/, and/cc was/bedz already/rb backing/vbg the/at car/nn down/rp to/in the/at road/nn ,/, saying/vbg ``/`` Toot-toot/uh ''/'' !/. !/. To/in the/at stump/nn of/in a/at tree/nn as/cs he/pps passed/vbd it/ppo ,/, the/at same/ap stump/nn which/wdt had/hvd impaled/vbn the/at car/nn of/in many/abn a/at guest/nn in/in the/at past/ap thirty/cd years/nns and/cc which/wdt he/pps refused/vbd to/to have/hv removed/vbn ./. She/pps stood/vbd clutching/vbg her/pp$ shawl/nn around/in her/pp$ shoulders/nns until/cs he/pps had/hvd swung/vbn the/at car/nn onto/in the/at road/nn ./. Then/rb ,/, when/wrb he/pps had/hvd it/ppo pointed/vbn down/in the/at hill/nn ,/, he/pps stopped/vbd to/to gaze/vb at/in her/ppo through/in the/at window/nn ./. She/pps had/hvd begun/vbn to/to turn/vb back/rb toward/in the/at house/nn ,/, but/cc his/pp$ look/nn caught/vbd her/ppo and/cc she/pps stood/vbd still/rb ,/, waiting/vbg there/rb for/in what/wdt his/pp$ expression/nn indicated/vbd would/md be/be a/at serious/jj word/nn of/in farewell/nn ./. He/pps looked/vbd at/in her/ppo out/in of/in himself/ppl ,/, she/pps thought/vbd ,/, as/cs he/pps did/dod only/rb for/in an/at instant/nn at/in a/at time/nn ,/, the/at look/nn which/wdt always/rb surprised/vbd her/ppo even/ql now/rb when/wrb his/pp$ uncombable/jj hair/nn was/bedz yellowing/vbg a/at little/ap and/cc his/pp$ breath/nn came/vbd hard/rb through/in his/pp$ nicotine-choked/jj lungs/nns ,/, the/at look/nn of/in the/at gaunt/jj youth/nn she/pps had/hvd suddenly/rb found/vbn herself/ppl staring/vbg at/in in/in the/at Tate/np-tl Gallery/nn-tl on/in a/at Thursday/nr once/rb ./. Now/rb she/pps kept/vbd herself/ppl protectively/rb ready/jj to/to laugh/vb again/rb and/cc sure/rb enough/qlp he/pps pointed/vbd at/in her/ppo with/in his/pp$ index/nn finger/nn and/cc said/vbd ``/`` Toot/uh ''/'' !/. !/. Once/rb more/rbr and/cc roared/vbd off/rp into/in the/at fog/nn ,/, his/pp$ foot/nn evidently/rb surprising/vbg him/ppo with/in the/at suddenness/nn with/in which/wdt it/pps pressed/vbd the/at accelerator/nn ,/, just/rb as/cs his/pp$ hand/nn did/dod when/wrb he/pps worked/vbd ./. She/pps walked/vbd back/rb to/in the/at house/nn and/cc entered/vbd ,/, feeling/vbg herself/ppl returning/vbg ,/, sensing/vbg some/dti kind/nn of/in opportunity/nn in/in the/at empty/jj building/nn ./. There/ex is/bez a/at death/nn in/in all/abn partings/nns ,/, she/pps knew/vbd ,/, and/cc promptly/rb put/vbd it/ppo out/in of/in her/pp$ mind/nn ./. She/pps enjoyed/vbd great/jj parties/nns when/wrb she/pps would/md sit/vb up/rp talking/vbg and/cc dancing/vbg and/cc drinking/vbg all/abn night/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps always/rb seemed/vbd to/in her/ppo that/wps being/beg alone/rb ,/, especially/rb alone/rb in/in her/pp$ house/nn ,/, was/bedz the/at realest/jjt part/nn of/in life/nn ./. Now/rb she/pps could/md let/vb out/rp the/at three/cd parakeets/nns without/in fear/nn they/ppss would/md be/be stepped/vbn on/rp or/cc that/cs Stowey/np would/md let/vb them/ppo out/in one/cd of/in the/at doors/nns ;/. ;/. she/pps could/md dust/vb the/at plants/nns ,/, then/rb break/vb off/rp suddenly/rb and/cc pick/vb up/rp an/at old/jj novel/nn and/cc read/vb from/in the/at middle/nn on/rp ;/. ;/. improvise/vb cha-chas/nns on/in the/at harp/nn ;/. ;/. and/cc finally/rb ,/, the/at best/jjt part/nn of/in all/abn ,/, simply/rb sit/vb at/in the/at plank/nn table/nn in/in the/at kitchen/nn with/in a/at bottle/nn of/in wine/nn and/cc the/at newspapers/nns ,/, reading/vbg the/at ads/nns as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at news/nn ,/, registering/vbg nothing/pn on/in her/pp$ mind/nn but/cc letting/vbg her/pp$ soul/nn suspend/vb itself/ppl above/in all/abn wishing/vbg and/cc desire/nn ./. She/pps did/dod this/dt now/rb ,/, comfortably/rb aware/jj of/in the/at mist/nn running/vbg down/in the/at windows/nns ,/, of/in the/at silence/nn outside/rb ,/, of/in the/at dark/jj afternoon/nn it/pps was/bedz getting/vbg to/to be/be ./. She/pps fell/vbd asleep/rb leaning/vbg on/in her/pp$ hand/nn ,/, hearing/vbg the/at house/nn creaking/vbg as/cs though/cs it/pps were/bed a/at living/nn a/at private/jj life/nn of/in its/pp$ own/jj these/dts two/cd hundred/cd years/nns ,/, hearing/vbg the/at birds/nns rustling/vbg in/in their/pp$ cages/nns and/cc the/at occasional/jj whirring/vbg of/in wings/nns as/cs one/cd of/in them/ppo landed/vbn on/in the/at table/nn and/cc walked/vbd across/in the/at newspaper/nn to/to perch/vb in/in the/at crook/nn of/in her/pp$ arm/nn ./. Every/at few/ap minutes/nns she/pps would/md awaken/vb for/in a/at moment/nn to/to review/vb things/nns :/: Stowey/np ,/, yes/rb ,/, was/bedz on/in his/pp$ way/nn south/nr ,/, and/cc the/at two/cd boys/nns were/bed away/rb in/in school/nn ,/, and/cc nothing/pn was/bedz burning/vbg on/in the/at stove/nn ,/, and/cc Lucretia/np was/bedz coming/vbg for/in dinner/nn and/cc bringing/vbg three/cd guests/nns of/in hers/pp$$ ./. Then/rb she/pps fell/vbd asleep/rb again/rb as/ql soddenly/rb as/cs a/at person/nn with/in fever/nn ,/, and/cc when/wrb she/pps awoke/vbd it/pps was/bedz dark/jj outside/rb and/cc the/at clarity/nn was/bedz back/rb in/in her/pp$ eyes/nns ./. She/pps stood/vbd up/rp ,/, smoothing/vbg her/pp$ hair/nn down/rp ,/, straightening/vbg her/pp$ clothes/nns ,/, feeling/vbg a/at thankfulness/nn for/in the/at enveloping/vbg darkness/nn outside/rb ,/, and/cc ,/, above/in everything/pn else/rb ,/, for/in the/at absence/nn of/in the/at need/nn to/to answer/vb ,/, to/to respond/vb ,/, to/to be/be aware/jj even/rb of/in Stowey/np coming/vbg in/rp or/cc going/vbg out/rp ,/, and/cc yet/rb ,/, now/rb that/cs she/pps was/bedz beginning/vbg to/to cook/vb ,/, she/pps glimpsed/vbd a/at future/nn without/in him/ppo ,/, a/at future/nn alone/rb like/cs this/dt ,/, and/cc the/at pain/nn made/vbd her/pp$ head/nn writhe/vb ,/, and/cc in/in a/at moment/nn she/pps found/vbd it/ppo hard/jj to/to wait/vb for/in Lucretia/np to/to come/vb with/in her/pp$ guests/nns ./. She/pps went/vbd into/in the/at living/vbg room/nn and/cc turned/vbd on/rp three/cd lamps/nns ,/, then/rb back/rb into/in the/at kitchen/nn where/wrb she/pps turned/vbd on/rp the/at ceiling/nn light/nn and/cc the/at switch/nn that/wps lit/vbd the/at floods/nns on/in the/at barn/nn ,/, illuminating/vbg the/at driveway/nn ./. She/pps knew/vbd she/pps was/bedz feeling/vbg afraid/jj and/cc inwardly/rb laughed/vbd at/in herself/ppl ./. They/ppss were/bed both/abx so/ql young/jj ,/, after/in all/abn ,/, so/ql unready/jj for/in any/dti final/jj parting/nn ./. How/wrb could/md it/ppo have/hv been/ben thirty/cd years/nns already/rb ,/, she/pps wondered/vbd ?/. ?/. But/cc yes/rb ,/, nineteen/cd plus/cc thirty/cd was/bedz forty-nine/cd ,/, and/cc she/pps was/bedz forty-nine/cd and/cc she/pps had/hvd been/ben married/vbn at/in nineteen/cd ./. She/pps stood/vbd still/rb over/in the/at leg/nn of/in lamb/nn ,/, rubbing/vbg herbs/nns into/in it/ppo ,/, quite/ql suddenly/rb conscious/jj of/in a/at nausea/nn in/in her/pp$ stomach/nn and/cc a/at feeling/nn of/in wrath/nn ,/, a/at sensation/nn of/in violence/nn that/wps started/vbd her/ppo shivering/vbg ./.

ck26

ck26 |@word say:17 time:7 come:7 enjoy:1 bride:2 room:5 company:3 tiny:1 weaning:1 house:9 albright:6 boy:5 always:3 take:7 till:3 could:13 get:10 farm:1 big:5 fill:2 run:2 sister:1 law:1 find:3 bed:2 everyone:2 home:6 still:3 anything:4 linda:17 kay:17 give:2 ask:5 accept:1 reprieve:1 without:1 really:4 grateful:1 attend:1 dying:2 something:3 never:7 experience:1 certainly:1 imagine:3 think:6 duty:1 would:18 bobby:16 joe:16 wife:2 make:8 curtain:1 window:2 little:4 keep:4 spotless:1 neat:1 shabby:1 cook:4 good:2 meal:2 thing:2 promise:1 people:4 die:6 hospital:1 car:2 highway:1 night:7 go:14 day:9 dinner:1 sometimes:3 supper:3 first:2 marry:2 work:4 field:2 drive:5 wherever:1 fresh:2 hot:2 rain:1 know:6 complain:1 cause:1 four:1 five:2 cousin:8 east:1 texas:1 age:1 naturally:1 around:6 together:1 reason:2 thus:1 new:2 pattern:2 begin:2 develop:1 granny:4 lie:1 head:1 hardly:1 dent:1 pillow:1 open:3 eye:1 look:4 milk:1 soup:1 stop:1 expect:2 next:2 minute:1 two:3 hundred:1 mile:1 burial:1 may:3 well:4 unpack:1 suitcase:1 linger:1 establish:1 put:2 breakfast:1 dish:1 mop:1 linoleum:1 rug:1 sit:13 porch:4 old:6 man:5 noon:1 maybe:2 rest:4 gun:2 creek:1 road:3 towards:1 town:3 woman:6 child:3 stay:2 voice:3 low:1 living:2 sound:1 like:5 chicken:1 shut:2 coop:1 play:1 away:1 barn:2 loft:1 pasture:1 behind:2 maintain:1 proper:1 quietness:1 someone:1 wipe:1 powdery:1 gray:2 dust:3 settle:1 everything:1 evaporative:1 cooler:2 move:2 door:2 though:1 question:1 whether:1 way:2 clog:1 throat:1 heat:1 parch:1 ice:7 water:3 clean:2 box:1 buy:1 fifty:1 pound:1 block:1 electric:1 refrigerator:1 nowhere:1 near:1 provide:1 enough:1 crowd:1 eat:2 drink:2 one:3 afternoon:1 cluck:1 softly:1 carload:1 pull:1 gate:1 cadillac:3 black:1 close:3 tight:1 climb:1 cool:1 unwrinkled:1 fat:1 couple:1 describe:1 thick:3 middle:2 aged:2 girl:2 ten:2 twelve:1 much:5 embrace:1 exclaim:2 ada:2 john:2 lura:1 howard:14 offer:1 chair:2 seat:1 guest:1 inquiry:1 explanation:1 vacation:1 canada:1 explain:1 muffled:1 must:1 use:1 boom:2 news:1 catch:1 nearly:2 soon:1 suggestion:1 spite:1 protest:1 thirsty:1 escape:1 stuffy:1 air:2 smother:1 soft:1 hurry:1 kitchen:1 pitcher:1 set:1 glass:2 tray:1 carry:1 picture:1 tall:1 roundly:1 slim:1 bit:1 sophisticated:1 yellow:2 sheath:1 graceful:1 swingy:1 walk:1 learn:1 twirler:2 school:1 band:1 almost:2 immediately:2 ashamed:1 feel:5 vain:1 place:2 toss:1 back:3 long:2 hair:2 smile:1 shyly:1 enter:1 help:2 see:4 neither:1 believe:1 pass:1 oh:4 mama:4 fondly:1 baby:1 summer:1 let:1 right:2 smart:1 younger:1 yes:1 laugh:3 year:3 young:1 ernest:2 along:3 tumor:1 joke:1 funny:1 blush:3 hear:1 muffle:1 laughter:1 redder:1 anyway:1 uncomfortable:1 second:1 oil:3 business:1 odessa:1 lucke:1 money:1 gosh:1 thirty:1 guess:1 married:1 half:1 grown:1 kid:4 bother:1 pay:1 mind:1 windbag:1 else:1 fix:2 antelope:6 season:2 double:1 j:1 talk:4 wake:1 listen:1 chance:1 kill:1 want:5 thin:1 account:1 drouth:1 ever:1 visit:1 hell:1 quick:1 bye:1 daughter:1 debora:2 refuse:1 ride:1 caliche:1 top:1 finally:1 tell:6 interesting:1 life:2 round:1 teenager:1 future:4 farmer:2 sweetheart:2 secretary:1 homemaker:2 sophomore:1 start:1 steady:1 football:1 player:1 president:1 easy:1 senior:1 plan:1 graduate:1 need:2 since:1 raise:1 sigh:1 lucky:1 course:1 kind:1 raw:1 deal:1 different:1 mistaken:1 bring:2 try:1 whole:2 even:2 piece:1 steak:1 roast:1 grandma:1 bedroom:1 cry:1 dress:1 every:1 papa:1 front:1 breeze:1 full:1 moon:1 past:1 light:1 smoke:1 everybody:1 shame:1 agree:1 possum:2 hunting:2 moonlight:1 three:1 declare:1 uncle:1 bill:1 farnworth:1 side:1 family:1 leave:1 comfortable:3 many:1 prefer:1 edge:2 foot:1 ground:1 lean:1 wall:2 spot:1 darn:1 sight:1 exactly:1 touch:1 actually:1 hold:1 hand:1 seem:2 perhaps:1 flesh:2 contact:1 aware:1 anyone:1 sorry:1 fact:1 flatter:1 become:1 center:1 story:1 sell:1 stock:1 bob:1 hope:1 bing:1 crosby:1 person:1 fight:1 fire:1 rage:1 six:1

But/cc they/ppss all/abn said/vbd ,/, ``/`` No/rb ,/, your/pp$ time/nn will/md come/vb ./. Enjoy/vb being/beg a/at bride/nn while/cs you/ppss can/md ''/'' ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at room/nn for/in company/nn in/in the/at tiny/jj Weaning/vbg-tl House/nn-tl (/( where/wrb the/at Albright/np boys/nns always/rb took/vbd their/pp$ brides/nns ,/, till/cs they/ppss could/md get/vb a/at house/nn and/cc a/at farm/nn of/in their/pp$ own/jj )/) ./. So/rb when/wrb the/at Big/jj-tl House/nn-tl filled/vbd up/rp and/cc ran/vbd over/rp ,/, the/at sisters-in-law/nns found/vbd beds/nns for/in everyone/pn in/in their/pp$ own/jj homes/nns ./. And/cc there/ex was/bedz still/rb not/* anything/pn that/cs Linda/np Kay/np could/md do/do ./. So/rb Linda/np Kay/np gave/vbd up/rp asking/vbg ,/, and/cc accepted/vbd her/pp$ reprieve/nn ./. Without/in saying/vbg so/rb ,/, she/pps was/bedz really/ql grateful/jj ;/. ;/. for/cs to/to attend/vb the/at dying/nn was/bedz something/pn she/pps had/hvd never/rb experienced/vbn ,/, and/cc certainly/rb had/hvd not/* imagined/vbn when/wrb she/pps thought/vbd of/in the/at duties/nns she/pps would/md have/hv as/cs Bobby/np Joe's/np$ wife/nn ./. She/pps had/hvd made/vbn curtains/nns for/in all/abn the/at windows/nns of/in her/pp$ little/jj house/nn ,/, and/cc she/pps had/hvd kept/vbn it/ppo spotless/jj and/cc neat/jj ,/, shabby/jj as/cs it/pps was/bedz ,/, and/cc cooked/vbd good/jj meals/nns for/in Bobby/np Joe/np ./. She/pps had/hvd done/vbn all/abn the/at things/nns she/pps had/hvd promised/vbn herself/ppl she/pps would/md do/do ,/, but/cc she/pps had/hvd not/* thought/vbn of/in this/dt ./. People/nns died/vbd ,/, she/pps would/md have/hv said/vbn ,/, in/in hospitals/nns ,/, or/cc in/in cars/nns on/in the/at highway/nn at/in night/nn ./. Bobby/np Joe/np was/bedz gone/vbn all/abn day/nn now/rb ,/, not/* coming/vbg in/rp for/in dinner/nn and/cc sometimes/rb not/* for/in supper/nn ./. When/wrb they/ppss first/rb married/vbd he/pps had/hvd been/ben working/vbg in/in the/at fields/nns all/abn day/nn ,/, and/cc she/pps would/md get/vb in/in the/at car/nn and/cc drive/vb to/to wherever/wrb he/pps was/bedz working/vbg ,/, to/to take/vb him/ppo a/at fresh/jj hot/jj meal/nn ./. Now/rb there/ex was/bedz no/at work/nn in/in the/at fields/nns ,/, nor/cc would/md there/ex be/be till/cs it/pps rained/vbd ,/, and/cc she/pps did/dod not/* know/vb where/wrb he/pps went/vbd ./. Not/* that/cs she/pps complained/vbd ,/, or/cc had/hvd any/dti cause/nn to/to ./. Four/cd or/cc five/cd of/in the/at cousins/nns from/in East/jj-tl Texas/np-tl were/bed about/rb his/pp$ age/nn ,/, so/rb naturally/rb they/ppss ran/vbd around/rb together/rb ./. There/ex was/bedz no/at reason/nn for/in her/ppo to/to ask/vb what/wdt they/ppss did/dod ./. Thus/rb a/at new/jj pattern/nn of/in days/nns began/vbd to/to develop/vb ,/, for/cs Granny/np Albright/np did/dod not/* die/vb ./. She/pps lay/vbd still/rb on/in the/at bed/nn ,/, her/pp$ head/nn hardly/rb denting/vbg the/at pillow/nn ;/. ;/. sometimes/rb she/pps opened/vbd her/pp$ eyes/nns and/cc looked/vbd around/rb ,/, and/cc sometimes/rb she/pps took/vbd a/at little/ap milk/nn or/cc soup/nn ./. They/ppss stopped/vbd expecting/vbg her/ppo to/to die/vb the/at next/ap minute/nn ,/, but/cc only/rb in/in the/at next/ap day/nn or/cc two/cd ./. Those/dts who/wps had/hvd driven/vbn hundreds/nns of/in miles/nns for/in the/at burial/nn would/md not/* go/vb home/nr ,/, for/cs she/pps might/md die/vb any/dti time/nn ;/. ;/. but/cc they/ppss might/md as/ql well/rb unpack/vb their/pp$ suitcases/nns ,/, for/cs she/pps might/md linger/vb on/rp ./. So/cs the/at pattern/nn was/bedz established/vbn ./. When/wrb Linda/np Kay/np had/hvd put/vbn up/rp her/pp$ breakfast/nn dishes/nns and/cc mopped/vbn her/pp$ linoleum/nn rugs/nns ,/, she/pps would/md go/vb to/in the/at Big/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./. There/ex was/bedz not/* anything/pn she/pps could/md do/do there/rb ,/, but/cc that/dt was/bedz where/wrb everyone/pn was/bedz ,/, or/cc would/md be/be ./. Bobby/np Joe/np and/cc the/at boys/nns would/md come/vb by/rb ,/, say/vb ``/`` How's/wrb+bez Granny/np ''/'' ?/. ?/. And/cc sit/vb on/in the/at porch/nn a/at while/nn ./. The/at older/jjr men/nns would/md be/be there/rb at/in noon/nn ,/, and/cc maybe/rb rest/vb for/in a/at time/nn before/cs they/ppss took/vbd their/pp$ guns/nns off/rp to/in the/at creek/nn or/cc drove/vbd down/in the/at road/nn towards/in town/nn ./. The/at women/nns and/cc children/nns stayed/vbd at/in the/at Albrights'/nps$ ./. The/at women/nns ,/, keeping/vbg their/pp$ voices/nns low/jj as/cs they/ppss worked/vbd around/in the/at house/nn or/cc sat/vbd in/in the/at living/vbg room/nn ,/, sounded/vbd like/cs chickens/nns shut/vbn up/rp in/in a/at coop/nn for/in the/at night/nn ./. The/at children/nns had/hvd to/to play/vb away/rb from/in the/at house/nn (/( in/in the/at barn/nn loft/nn or/cc the/at pasture/nn behind/in the/at barn/nn )/) ,/, to/to maintain/vb a/at proper/jj quietness/nn ./. Off/rp and/cc on/rp ,/, all/abn day/nn ,/, someone/pn would/md be/be wiping/vbg at/in the/at powdery/jj gray/jj dust/nn that/wps settled/vbd over/in everything/pn ./. The/at evaporative/jj cooler/nn had/hvd been/ben moved/vbn to/in Granny's/np$ room/nn ,/, and/cc her/pp$ door/nn was/bedz kept/vbn shut/vbn ;/. ;/. so/cs that/cs the/at rest/nn of/in the/at house/nn stayed/vbd open/jj ,/, though/cs there/ex was/bedz a/at question/nn as/in to/in whether/cs it/pps was/bedz hotter/jjr or/cc cooler/jjr that/dt way/nn ./. The/at dust/nn clogged/vbd their/pp$ throats/nns ,/, and/cc the/at heat/nn parched/vbd them/ppo ,/, so/cs that/cs the/at women/nns were/bed always/rb making/vbg ice/nn water/nn ./. They/ppss had/hvd cleaned/vbn up/rp an/at old/jj ice/nn box/nn and/cc begun/vbn to/to buy/vb fifty-pound/jj blocks/nns of/in ice/nn in/in town/nn ,/, as/cs the/at electric/jj refrigerator/nn came/vbd nowhere/rb near/in providing/vbg enough/ap ice/nn for/in the/at crowds/nns who/wps ate/vbd and/cc drank/vbd there/rb ./. One/cd afternoon/nn ,/, as/cs the/at women/nns sat/vbd clucking/vbg softly/rb ,/, a/at new/jj carload/nn of/in people/nns pulled/vbd up/rp at/in the/at gate/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz a/at Cadillac/np ,/, black/jj grayed/vbn with/in the/at dust/nn of/in the/at road/nn ,/, its/pp$ windows/nns closed/vbn tight/rb so/cs you/ppss knew/vbd that/cs the/at people/nns who/wps climbed/vbd out/in of/in it/ppo would/md be/be cool/jj and/cc unwrinkled/jj ./. They/ppss were/bed an/at old/jj fat/jj couple/nn (/( as/cs Linda/np Kay/np described/vbd them/ppo to/in herself/ppl )/) ,/, a/at thick/jj middle-aged/jj man/nn ,/, and/cc a/at girl/nn about/rb ten/cd or/cc twelve/cd ./. There/ex was/bedz much/ap embracing/nn ,/, much/ap exclaiming/vbg ./. ``/`` Cousin/nn-tl Ada/np !/. !/. Cousin/nn-tl John/np ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` Cousin/nn-tl Lura/np ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` Cousin/nn-tl Howard/np ''/'' !/. !/. ``/`` And/cc how/wrb is/bez she/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` About/rb the/at same/ap ,/, John/np ,/, about/rb the/at same/ap ''/'' ./. All/ql the/at women/nns got/vbd up/rp and/cc offered/vbd their/pp$ chairs/nns ,/, and/cc when/wrb they/ppss were/bed all/abn seated/vbn again/rb ,/, the/at guests/nns made/vbd their/pp$ inquiries/nns and/cc their/pp$ explanations/nns ./. ``/`` We/ppss were/bed on/in our/pp$ vacation/nn in/in Canada/np ''/'' ,/, Howard/np explained/vbd ,/, in/in a/at muffled/vbn voice/nn that/wps must/md have/hv been/ben used/vbn to/in booming/vbg ,/, ``/`` and/cc the/at news/nn didn't/dod* catch/vb up/rp with/in us/ppo till/cs we/ppss were/bed nearly/rb home/nr ./. We/ppss came/vbd on/rp as/ql soon/rb as/cs we/ppss could/md ''/'' ./. There/ex was/bedz the/at suggestion/nn of/in ice/nn water/nn ,/, and/cc --/-- in/in spite/in of/in the/at protest/nn ``/`` We're/ppss+ber not/* really/rb thirsty/jj ''/'' --/-- Linda/np Kay/np ,/, to/to escape/vb the/at stuffy/jj air/nn and/cc the/at smothering/vbg soft/jj voices/nns ,/, hurried/vbd to/in the/at kitchen/nn ./. She/pps filled/vbd a/at big/jj pitcher/nn and/cc set/vbd it/ppo ,/, with/in glasses/nns ,/, on/in a/at tray/nn ./. Carrying/vbg it/ppo to/in the/at living/vbg room/nn ,/, she/pps imagined/vbd the/at picture/nn she/pps made/vbd :/: tall/jj and/cc roundly/ql slim/jj ,/, a/at bit/nn sophisticated/jj in/in her/pp$ yellow/jj sheath/nn ,/, with/in a/at graceful/jj swingy/jj walk/nn that/cs she/pps had/hvd learned/vbn as/cs a/at twirler/nn with/in the/at school/nn band/nn ./. Almost/rb immediately/rb she/pps was/bedz ashamed/jj of/in herself/ppl for/in feeling/vbg vain/jj ,/, at/in such/abl a/at time/nn ,/, in/in such/abl a/at place/nn ,/, and/cc she/pps tossed/vbd back/rb her/pp$ long/jj yellow/jj hair/nn ,/, smiling/vbg shyly/rb as/cs she/pps entered/vbd the/at room/nn ./. Howard/np (/( the/at thick/jj middle-aged/jj man/nn )/) was/bedz looking/vbg at/in her/ppo ./. She/pps felt/vbd the/at look/nn and/cc looked/vbd back/rb because/cs she/pps could/md not/* help/vb it/ppo ,/, seeing/cs that/cs he/pps was/bedz neither/cc as/ql old/jj nor/cc as/ql thick/jj as/cs she/pps had/hvd at/in first/rb believed/vbn ./. ``/`` And/cc who/wps is/bez this/dt ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps asked/vbd ,/, when/wrb she/pps passed/vbd him/ppo a/at glass/nn ./. ``/`` Oh/uh that's/dt+bez Linda/np Kay/np ''/'' ,/, Mama/nn-tl Albright/np said/vbd fondly/rb ./. ``/`` She/pps married/vbd our/pp$ baby/nn boy/nn ,/, Bobby/np Joe/np ,/, this/dt summer/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Let's/vb+ppo see/vb ''/'' ,/, Cousin/nn-tl Ada/np said/vbd ./. ``/`` He's/pps+bez a/at right/ql smart/jj younger/jjr than/cs the/at rest/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Oh/uh yes/rb ''/'' ,/, Mama/nn-tl laughed/vbd ./. ``/`` He's/pps+bez ten/cd years/nns younger/jjr than/cs Ernest/np ./. We/ppss didn't/dod* expect/vb him/ppo to/to come/vb along/rb ;/. ;/. thought/vbd for/in the/at longest/jjt he/pps was/bedz a/at tumor/nn ''/'' ./. This/dt joke/nn was/bedz not/* funny/jj to/in Linda/np Kay/np ,/, and/cc she/pps blushed/vbd ,/, as/cs she/pps always/rb did/dod ;/. ;/. then/rb ,/, hearing/vbg the/at muffled/vbn boom/nn of/in Howard's/np$ laughter/nn ,/, blushed/vbn redder/jjr ./. ``/`` Who/wps is/bez Howard/np ,/, anyway/rb ''/'' ?/. ?/. She/pps asked/vbd Bobby/np Joe/np that/dt night/nn ./. ``/`` He/pps makes/vbz me/ppo uncomfortable/jj ''/'' ./. ``/`` Oh/uh he's/pps+bez a/at second/od cousin/nn or/cc something/pn ./. He/pps got/vbd in/in the/at oil/nn business/nn out/rp at/in Odessa/np and/cc lucked/vbd into/in some/dti money/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` How/wrb old/jj is/bez he/pps ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Gosh/uh ,/, I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ./. Thirty-five/cd ,/, I/ppss guess/vb ./. He's/pps+hvz been/ben married/vbn and/cc got/vbn this/dt half-grown/jj kid/nn ./. If/cs he/pps bothers/vbz you/ppo ,/, don't/do* pay/vb him/ppo any/dti mind/nn ./. He's/pps+bez just/rb a/at big/jj windbag/nn ''/'' ./. Bobby/np Joe/np was/bedz thinking/vbg about/in something/pn else/rb ./. ``/`` Say/vb ,/, did/dod you/ppss know/vb they're/ppss+ber fixing/vbg to/to have/hv a/at two-day/jj antelope/nn season/nn on/in the/at Double/jj-tl J/np-tl ''/'' ?/. ?/. He/pps was/bedz talking/vbg about/in antelope/nn again/rb when/wrb they/ppss woke/vbd up/rp ./. ``/`` Listen/vb ,/, I/ppss never/rb had/hvd a/at chance/nn to/to kill/vb an/at antelope/nn ./. There/ex never/rb was/bedz a/at season/nn before/rb ,/, but/cc now/rb they/ppss want/vb to/to thin/vb 'em/ppo out/rp on/in account/nn of/in the/at drouth/nn ''/'' ./. ``/`` Did/dod he/pps ever/rb visit/vb here/rb when/wrb he/pps was/bedz a/at kid/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. Linda/np Kay/np asked/vbd ./. ``/`` Who/wps ''/'' ?/. ?/. ``/`` Howard/np ''/'' ./. ``/`` Hell/uh ,/, I/ppss don't/do* know/vb ./. When/wrb he/pps was/bedz a/at kid/nn I/ppss wasn't/bedz* around/rb ''/'' ./. Bobby/np Joe/np took/vbd a/at gun/nn from/in behind/in the/at door/nn ,/, and/cc with/in a/at quick/jj ``/`` Bye/uh now/rb ''/'' was/bedz gone/vbn for/in the/at day/nn ./. Almost/ql immediately/rb Howard/np and/cc his/pp$ daughter/nn Debora/np drove/vbd up/rp in/in the/at Cadillac/np ./. ``/`` We're/ppss+ber going/vbg after/in ice/nn ''/'' ,/, Howard/np said/vbd ,/, ``/`` and/cc thought/vbd maybe/rb you'd/ppss+md go/vb along/rb and/cc keep/vb us/ppo company/nn ''/'' ./. There/ex was/bedz really/rb no/at reason/nn to/to refuse/vb ,/, and/cc Linda/np Kay/np had/hvd never/rb ridden/vbn in/in a/at Cadillac/np ./. Driving/vbg along/in the/at caliche-topped/jj road/nn to/in town/nn ,/, Howard/np talked/vbd ./. Finally/rb he/pps said/vbd ,/, ``/`` Tell/vb me/ppo about/in yourself/ppl ''/'' ,/, and/cc Linda/np Kay/np told/vbd him/ppo ,/, because/cs she/pps thought/vbd herself/ppl that/cs she/pps had/hvd had/hvn an/at interesting/jj life/nn ./. She/pps was/bedz such/abl a/at well-rounded/jj teenager/nn ,/, having/hvg been/ben a/at twirler/nn ,/, Future/jj-tl Farmers/nns-tl sweetheart/nn ,/, and/cc secretary/nn of/in Future/jj-tl Homemakers/nns-tl ./. In/in her/pp$ sophomore/nn year/nn she/pps had/hvd started/vbn going/vbg steady/rb with/in Bobby/np Joe/np ,/, who/wps was/bedz a/at football/nn player/nn ,/, Future/jj-tl Homemakers/nns-tl sweetheart/nn ,/, and/cc president/nn of/in Future/jj-tl Farmers/nns-tl ./. It/pps was/bedz easy/jj to/to see/vb that/cs they/ppss were/bed made/vbn for/in each/dt other/ap ,/, and/cc they/ppss knew/vbd what/wdt they/ppss wanted/vbd ./. Bobby/np Joe/np would/md be/be a/at senior/nn this/dt year/nn ,/, and/cc he/pps planned/vbd to/to graduate/vb ./. But/cc there/ex was/bedz no/at need/nn for/in Linda/np Kay/np to/to go/vb on/rp ,/, since/cs all/abn she/pps wanted/vbd in/in life/nn was/bedz to/to make/vb a/at home/nr for/in Bobby/np Joe/np and/cc (/( blushing/vbg )/) raise/vb his/pp$ children/nns ./. Howard/np sighed/vbd ./. ``/`` You/ppss lucky/jj kids/nns ''/'' ,/, he/pps said/vbd ./. ``/`` I'd/ppss+md give/vb anything/pn if/cs I/ppss could/md have/hv found/vbn a/at girl/nn like/cs you/ppo ''/'' ./. Then/rb he/pps told/vbd Linda/np Kay/np about/in himself/ppl ./. Of/in course/nn he/pps couldn't/md* say/vb much/ap ,/, really/rb ,/, because/cs of/in Debora/np ,/, but/cc Linda/np Kay/np could/md imagine/vb what/wdt kind/nn of/in woman/nn his/pp$ wife/nn had/hvd been/ben and/cc what/wdt a/at raw/jj deal/nn he/pps had/hvd got/vbn ./. It/pps made/vbd her/ppo feel/vb different/jj about/in Howard/np ./. She/pps was/bedz going/vbg to/to tell/vb Bobby/np Joe/np about/in how/wrb mistaken/vbn she/pps had/hvd been/ben ,/, but/cc he/pps brought/vbd one/cd of/in the/at cousins/nns home/vb for/in supper/nn ,/, and/cc all/abn they/ppss did/dod was/bedz talk/vb about/in antelope/nn ./. Bobby/np Joe/np was/bedz trying/vbg to/to get/vb Linda/np Kay/np to/to say/vb she/pps would/md cook/vb one/cd if/cs he/pps brought/vbd it/ppo home/nr ./. ``/`` Cook/vb a/at whole/jj antelope/nn ''/'' ?/. ?/. She/pps exclaimed/vbd ./. ``/`` Why/wrb ,/, I/ppss couldn't/md* even/rb cook/vb a/at piece/nn of/in antelope/nn steak/nn ;/. ;/. I/ppss never/rb even/rb saw/vbd any/dti ''/'' ./. ``/`` Oh/uh ,/, you/ppss could/md ./. I/ppss want/vb to/to roast/vb the/at whole/jj thing/nn ,/, and/cc have/hv it/ppo for/in the/at boys/nns ''/'' ./. Linda/np Kay/np told/vbd him/ppo he/pps couldn't/md* do/do anything/pn like/cs that/dt with/in his/pp$ Grandma/nn-tl dying/vbg ,/, and/cc he/pps said/vbd well/rb they/ppss had/hvd to/to eat/vb ,/, didn't/dod* they/ppss ,/, they/ppss weren't/bed* all/abn dying/vbg ./. Linda/np Kay/np felt/vbd like/cs going/vbg off/rp to/in the/at bedroom/nn to/to cry/vb ;/. ;/. but/cc they/ppss were/bed going/vbg up/rp to/in the/at Big/jj-tl House/nn-tl after/in supper/nn ,/, and/cc she/pps had/hvd to/to put/vb on/in a/at clean/jj dress/nn and/cc fix/vb her/pp$ hair/nn a/at little/ap ./. Every/at night/nn they/ppss all/abn went/vbd to/in Mama/nn-tl and/cc Papa/np Albright's/np$ ,/, and/cc sat/vbd on/in the/at open/jj front/jj porch/nn ,/, where/wrb they/ppss could/md get/vb the/at breeze/nn ./. It/pps was/bedz full-of-the-moon/nn (/( or/cc a/at little/ap past/rb )/) ,/, and/cc nearly/rb light/jj as/cs day/nn ./. They/ppss all/abn sat/vbd around/rb and/cc drank/vbd ice/nn water/nn ,/, and/cc the/at men/nns smoked/vbd ,/, and/cc everybody/pn had/hvd a/at good/jj time/nn ./. Once/rb in/in a/at while/nn they/ppss said/vbd what/wdt a/at shame/nn it/pps was/bedz ,/, with/in Granny/np dying/vbg ,/, but/cc they/ppss all/abn agreed/vbd she/pps wouldn't/md* have/hv wanted/vbn it/ppo any/dti other/ap way/nn ./. That/dt night/nn the/at older/jjr men/nns got/vbd to/in talking/vbg about/in going/vbg possum-hunting/nn on/in a/at moonlight/nn night/nn ./. Bobby/np Joe/np and/cc two/cd or/cc three/cd of/in the/at other/ap boys/nns declared/vbd they/ppss had/hvd never/rb been/ben possum-hunting/nn ,/, and/cc Uncle/nn-tl Bill/np Farnworth/np (/( from/in Mama/nn-tl Albright's/np$ side/nn of/in the/at family/nn )/) said/vbd he/pps would/md just/rb get/vb up/rp from/in there/rb and/cc take/vb them/ppo ,/, right/ql then/rb ./. After/cs they/ppss had/hvd left/vbn ,/, some/dti of/in the/at people/nns moved/vbd around/rb ,/, to/to find/vb more/ql comfortable/jj places/nns to/to sit/vb ./. There/ex were/bed not/* many/ap chairs/nns ,/, so/cs that/cs some/dti preferred/vbd to/to sit/vb on/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at porch/nn ,/, resting/vbg their/pp$ feet/nns on/in the/at ground/nn ,/, and/cc others/nns liked/vbd to/to sit/vb where/wrb they/ppss could/md lean/vb back/rb against/in the/at wall/nn ./. Howard/np ,/, who/wps had/hvd been/ben sitting/vbg against/in the/at wall/nn ,/, said/vbd he/pps needed/vbd more/ql fresh/jj air/nn ,/, and/cc took/vbd the/at spot/nn on/in the/at edge/nn of/in the/at porch/nn where/wrb Bobby/np Joe/np had/hvd been/ben sitting/vbg ./. ``/`` You'll/ppss+md be/be a/at darn/nn sight/nn more/ql comfortable/jj there/rb ,/, Howard/np ''/'' ,/, Ernest/np said/vbd ,/, laughing/vbg ,/, and/cc they/ppss all/abn laughed/vbd ./. Linda/np Kay/np felt/vbd that/cs she/pps was/bedz not/* exactly/rb more/ql comfortable/jj ./. Bobby/np Joe/np had/hvd been/ben sitting/vbg close/rb to/in her/ppo ,/, touching/vbg her/ppo actually/rb ,/, and/cc holding/vbg her/pp$ hand/nn from/in time/nn to/in time/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps seemed/vbd at/in once/rb that/cs Howard/np sat/vbd much/ql closer/jjr ./. Perhaps/rb it/pps was/bedz just/rb that/cs he/pps had/hvd so/ql much/ql more/ap flesh/nn ,/, so/cs that/cs more/ap of/in it/ppo seemed/vbn to/to come/vb in/in contact/nn with/in hers/pp$$ ;/. ;/. but/cc she/pps had/hvd never/rb been/ben so/ql aware/jj of/in anyone's/pn$ flesh/nn before/rb ./. Still/rb she/pps was/bedz not/* sorry/jj he/pps sat/vbd by/in her/ppo ,/, but/cc in/in fact/nn was/bedz flattered/vbn ./. He/pps had/hvd become/vbn the/at center/nn of/in the/at company/nn ,/, such/jj stories/nns he/pps had/hvd to/to tell/vb ./. He/pps had/hvd sold/vbn oil/nn stock/nn to/in Bob/np Hope/np and/cc Bing/np Crosby/np in/in person/nn ;/. ;/. he/pps had/hvd helped/vbn fight/vb an/at oil-well/nn fire/nn that/wps raged/vbd six/cd days/nns and/cc nights/nns ./.